Abstract
The present review documents the diversity of marine fungi collected in Portuguese marine environments (sandy beaches, salt marshes and marinas) from studies over the past 30 years and results from new data. One hundred and ninety fungal species are reported (mainly identified by morphology, with 63 species at the same time identified by molecular approaches), of which 156 are currently listed as marine fungi in www.marinefungi.org. Twenty-two new species are exclusive to Portugal. Substratum specificity was observed in Portugal for 77 marine species but reduced to 26 considering the occurrence on multiple substrata for some of these species reported in other parts of the world. Worldwide data also confirmed a core group of more than 20 generalist marine fungi, which colonized the different categories of substrata (woody, herbaceous, and other marine sources). Most marine species are exclusively saprobes (100) or saprobe/parasite/pathogen (27). Temperate (85) and cosmopolitan (45) species are dominant, but some species were also found in tropical or tropical/subtropical regions (7 and 4, respectively). Ascomycota species were the dominant group (184), mostly as asexual morphs (120); with few Basidiomycota (5 species) and Mucoromycota (1 species). Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Nigrospora sphaerica, Scedosporium boydii, Stemphylium vesicarium, and Trichoderma lixii are new records for Portugal. Other species were isolated in Portugal for the first time on new substrata: Stachybotrys chartarum (from seawater), Corollospora maritima and Zalerion maritima (from sand), and Lulworthia cf. purpurea (from a drift culm).
Funding source: Foundation for Science and Technology Portugal to CESAM
Award Identifier / Grant number: FCT/MCTS projects UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/20
About the authors
Egídia Azevedo: MSC in diversity of soil fungi (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2003); PhD in microbiology/mycology (Universidade de Lisboa, 2012); research interests are fungi, especially marine fungi, classical taxonomy, diversity, ecology, and molecular identification; member of cE3c (Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações climáticas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa) and CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro).
Margarida Barata: Ph.D. in microbiology/mycology in 1997 (Universidade de Lisboa); professor of mycology (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa); currently working in the Plant Soil Ecology Group at cE3c; research focuses on filamentous fungi, classical taxonomy, diversity, and ecology, mainly on marine and soil ecosystems; member of cE3c (Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações climáticas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa).
Maria Filomena Caeiro: PhD in biology/genetics (Universidade de Lisboa, 1998); professor of genetics, molecular biology, and virology (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa); full member of CESAM Lisboa (http://www.cesam.ua.pt/MFCaeiro); reviewer activity and member of the editorial board of Biology (https://publons.com/author/1322588/maria-caeiro#profile); main research interest is the application of molecular approaches to collaborative projects involving molecular detection, identification and phylogenetic analyses (eukaryotic viruses, marine fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, algae), gene expression and evaluation of susceptibility to potential antiviral agents (viruses).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank their Master students at Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa for their involvement in their marine mycology research projects, and Francisco Caeiro for his contribution to the edition of figures and for providing helpful comments and English revision. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. E.B. Gareth Jones and Prof. Dr. K.-L. Pang for all the support and involvement in the revision process leading to the final version of this manuscript.
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Re search ethics: The procedures regarding this article are in accordance with the national laws.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Research funding: This work was funded by Foundation for Science and Technology Portugal to CESAM, through FCT/MCTS projects UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020.
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Data availability: The Sanger sequences generated in this study are publicly available under the accession numbers OL741778-OL741786, OQ679053, and OR398902, in the NCBI GenBank database.
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Supplementary Material
This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2022-0078).
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