Geopyxis carbonaria

Appearance

The fruitbodies of ''Geopyxis carbonaris'' are cup shaped, 1–2 cm wide, and have fringed whitish margins. The inner spore-bearing surface of the cup, the hymenium, is brick red and smooth, while the exterior surface is a dull yellow, and may be either smooth or have blister-like spots . The stipe is small , whitish in color, and expands abruptly into the cup. The brownish flesh of the fungus is thin and brittle. It does not have any distinctive taste, but has an unpleasant smell when crushed in water. The edibility of the fungus is not known, but the fruitbodies are insubstantial and unlikely to be harvested for eating.In mass, the spores are whitish. The spores are elliptical, smooth, hyaline, devoid of oil droplets , and have dimensions of 13–18 by 7–9 µm. They are thin walled and germinate and grow rapidly in vitro in the absence of external stimuli. The asci are 190–225 by 9–10 µm. The paraphyses are slightly club-shaped, unbranched, and have irregular orange-brown granules, with tips up to 5 µm wide, and are not forked or lobed. The hypothecium, the layer of cells below the hymenium, is made of densely packed, small irregular cells.

Naming

The closely related vulcan elf cup has a pale orange to yellowish fruitbody that is deeply cup shaped before flattening in maturity, and its crushed flesh often has an odor of sulfur. It may be distinguished microscopically by its paraphyses, which lack the orange-brown granules characteristic of ''G. carbonaria''. It also has larger spores, measuring 14–22 by 8–11 µm. Unlike ''G. carbonaria'', it grows on substrates other than burned wood, including mosses, and needle duff. ''Tarzetta cupularis'', which grows habitats similar to ''G. carbonaria'', is distinguished microscopically by its spores that contain two oil droplets. Other genera with similar species with which ''G. carbonaria'' may be confused in the field include ''Aleuria'', ''Caloscypha'', ''Melastiza'', and ''Sowerbyella''.

Distribution

''Geopyxis carbonaria'' is widespread on burned soil or charcoal in the spring and throughout the growing season. It is one of the most common pioneer species found on burned ground. The charred litter on the forest floor increases the underlying soil pH as well as the availability of minerals. Fruitbodies are produced from 16 to 139 weeks after a forest fire in areas with coniferous trees. Most fruitbodies are produced in the first year after a burn. The fungus prefers fruiting in microhabitats with thin postfire duff near standing burned tree trunks. ''Geopyxis carbonaria'' fruitbodies are often found in the same post-fire stands as morels, although the former is usually more abundant. Because the pixie cup fruits earlier than morels, it may serve as an indicator of imminent morel fruiting. Other cup fungi often found fruiting in the same area as ''G. carbonaria'' include those from the genera ''Aleuria'', ''Anthracobia'', ''Peziza'', and ''Tarzetta''.

The fungus is found in Europe , and is widespread throughout North America. The North American distribution extends north to Alaska. In 2010, it was reported for the first time from Turkey.

Habitat

''Geopyxis carbonaria'' is widespread on burned soil or charcoal in the spring and throughout the growing season. It is one of the most common pioneer species found on burned ground. The charred litter on the forest floor increases the underlying soil pH as well as the availability of minerals. Fruitbodies are produced from 16 to 139 weeks after a forest fire in areas with coniferous trees. Most fruitbodies are produced in the first year after a burn. The fungus prefers fruiting in microhabitats with thin postfire duff near standing burned tree trunks. ''Geopyxis carbonaria'' fruitbodies are often found in the same post-fire stands as morels, although the former is usually more abundant. Because the pixie cup fruits earlier than morels, it may serve as an indicator of imminent morel fruiting. Other cup fungi often found fruiting in the same area as ''G. carbonaria'' include those from the genera ''Aleuria'', ''Anthracobia'', ''Peziza'', and ''Tarzetta''.

The fungus is found in Europe , and is widespread throughout North America. The North American distribution extends north to Alaska. In 2010, it was reported for the first time from Turkey.Although primarily a saprotrophic fungus involved in the post-fire breakdown of duff and coniferous roots, ''Geopyxis carbonaria'' has been shown to be capable of forming ectomycorrhizae with Norway spruce . It had been demonstrated earlier in laboratory experiments that the fungus has a biotrophic interaction with lodgepole pine . The hyphae of ''G. carbonaria'' were able to infect the cortex of the tree seedling, but did not penetrate the endodermis. These traits suggest that the fungus is a moderate pathogen, with limited ability to cause reductions in seed germination. Additionally, the fungus produces the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, and can break down the complex organic polymer lignin—features characteristic of saprotrophic fungi. The formation of a rudimentary Hartig net, a characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi, indicated that ''G. carbonaria'' might be capable of forming mutualistic relationships under the right conditions. Vrålstad and colleagues suggest that its below-ground association with spruce roots protects it from physical damage in the event of a fire, and the extensive fruitbody production after a fire may reflect "a successful fungal escape from a dying host where the fungus no longer can maintain its biotrophic association".

Large fruitings of the fungus are often associated with damage to the host tree, such as that which occurs with burning. A field study conducted in Norway demonstrated that fruit bodies were more likely to be found in areas that were heavily burned, compared to locations with light to moderate burning where the trees remained viable, or in clearcut areas. Fruiting was much denser in spruce forests—with up to 700–1000 fruitbodies per square meter—than in pine forests, where fruitbodies were sporadic. Fruitbodies grew by the millions in the year following the Yellowstone fires of 1988.