A Comprehensive Review of Water-Based Nanolubricants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of Water-Based Nanolubricants
2.1. Preparation Methods
2.2. Nanoadditives in Water
2.2.1. Pure Metals
2.2.2. Metal and Non-Metal Oxides
2.2.3. Metal Sulphides
2.2.4. Carbon-Based Materials
2.2.5. Composites
2.2.6. Nitrides
2.2.7. Carbides
2.2.8. Others
Types | Nanoadditives | Size | Shape | Concentration | Stirring | Stability Duration | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals | Cu | 3 nm | Spherical | 0.1–2.0 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 10, 20 min | - | Zhao et al. [46] |
2 nm | - | 0.5–5 wt.% | - | Zhang et al. [47] | |||
Ag | 10–100 nm | - | 1 g/L | - | 5 to 19 days | Odzak et al. [97] | |
Au | 26.7 nm | - | 0.018 vol% | Irradiation for 1–18 h | 1 month | Kim et al. [98] | |
Metal and non-metal oxides | Al2O3 | 0.197 µm | Spherical | - | Ultrasonication for 10 min | Few minutes | Radice et al. [48] |
30, 150, and 500 nm | Spherical | 0.2–8 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 10 min | 3 days | He et al. [16] | ||
CeO2 | 10–40 nm | - | 0.05 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 2 min | 4 days | Zhao et al. [53] | |
CuO | 60 nm wide and 230 nm long | Nanorod or spindle | 0.1–2.0 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 60 min | 8 h | Zhao et al. [54] | |
γ-Fe2O3 | 5 nm | - | 0.1–1 wt.% | - | 1 h | Pardue et al. [55] | |
Fe3O4 | - | Chain like | 1 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 1 h | 40 days | Lv et al. [99] | |
MoO3 | 80–100 nm | 2D | 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 wt.% | - | - | Sun et al. [56] | |
SiO2 | 100 nm | - | 0.5 wt.% | - | 1 h | Ding et al. [58] | |
30 nm | Spherical | 0.1–1 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 10 min | - | Bao et al. [59,100] | ||
20 nm | Spherical | 0.5 wt.% | - | 30 days | Lv et al. [101] | ||
TiO2 | 30 nm | - | 0.1–2.0 wt.% | Stirring for 0.5 h | - | Gao et al. [102] | |
20 nm | Spherical | 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 wt.% | Mechanical stirring and ultrasonic | - | Gu et al. [103] | ||
0.2–0.4 µm | - | 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 wt.NaPa/TiO2 % | Stirring and ultrasonication | - | Ohenoja et al. [104] | ||
40 nm | Non-spherical | 1.5 vol.% | Ultrasonication for 2 h | - | Najiha et al. [105] | ||
15 nm | Spherical | 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 vol.% | Ultrasonic vibration | Several days | Kayhani et al. [106] | ||
20 nm | Spherical | 0.2–8.0 wt.% | Mechanical and ultrasonication for 10 min | 7 days | Wu et al. [13,14,15,27,29] | ||
20 nm | Spherical | 0.5–4.0 wt.% | Ultrasonic stirring | - | Huo et al. [26] | ||
300 nm | Spherical | 2.0–4.0 wt.% | Mechanical stirring | 48 h | Wu et al. [24] | ||
50 nm | Spherical | 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 30 min | - | Kong et al. [49] | ||
~20 nm | - | 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 wt.% | Magnetic stirring | - | Ukamanal et al. [107] | ||
90 nm | - | 0.5–1.5 wt.% | Magnetic stirring | 7 days | Meng et al. [52] | ||
20 to 50 nm | - | 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 wt.% | - | - | Sun et al. [50] | ||
40 nm | - | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt.% | Ultrasonication | 30 min | Wang et al. [108] | ||
20–25 nm | - | - | Magnetic heat for 1 h | 7 days | Zhu et al. [51] | ||
SiO2, TiO2, ZnO | 100 nm | Spherical | ASNPs 3 wt.%, AZNPs 1 wt.%, ATNPs 1 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 6 h | - | Cui et al. [109] | |
ZnO, CuO | ZnO (4.5 & 27 nm); CuO (7.5, 45 nm) | - | 1 g/L | Ultrasonication for 30 min | 19 days | Odzak et al. [97] | |
WO3 | 50 nm | Spherical | 0–1 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 2 h | 5 days | Xiong et al. [57] | |
Metal sulphides | Ag2S | 2–10 nm | - | - | Sonication for 10 min | 1 h | Kuznetsova [61] |
CuS | 4 nm | Uniform spherical | 0.1 to 2.0 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 10 min, 1 h | 2 days | Zhao et al. [62] | |
MoS2 | - | - | 0.1 g | - | 10 days | Wu et al. [110] | |
100–300 nm | layered | - | Stirring for 10, 20 min | - | Zhang et al. [111] | ||
height 3.5 nm | Chain like layered | 0.05 and 0.1 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 1, 2, 3 h | 10 days | Wang et al. [64] | ||
100 nm | - | 0.3–0.5 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 10 min | 16 h | Meng et al. [63] | ||
Composites | graphene-SiO2 | Graphene (5 nm thick, interlayer distance 0.34 nm); SiO2 (30 nm) | SiO2 spherical, graphene multi-layered sheet | Graphene:SiO2 (0.4:0.1, 0.3:0.2, 0.2:0.3, and 0.1:0.4) | Stirring for 1hr, ultrasonic bathing for 2 h | - | Xie et al. [112] |
GO-SiO2 | GO (1−2 nm thick); SiO2 (30−40 nm) | GO sheet wrinkled folded | 0.03–0.5 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 24 h | 60 days | Guo et al. [83] | |
GO-SiO2 | GO (4–6 nm); SiO2 (25–30 nm) | GO lamellar wrinkled, SiO2 spherical | 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.20 wt.%. | Mechanical stirring for 30 min, ultrasonication | - | Huang et al. [19] | |
CNT-SiO2 | CNT (inner diameter 8 nm, outer diameter 15 nm); SiO2 (30 nm) | SiO2 spherical, CNT tubular | 0.5 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 1 h, ultrasonic bathing for 2 h | - | Xie et al. [113] | |
GO-TiO2 | TiO2 (25 nm) | TiO2 spherical | 0.5 wt.% (0.3 wt.% GO-0.2 wt.% TiO2) | Stirring for 20 min, sonicating for 40 min | 30 days | Du et al. [84] | |
GO-Al2O3 | GO (4~6 nm thick, 10~50 𝜇m lateral sizes), Al2O3 (15, 30 & 135 nm) | Layered | 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 30 min, ultrasonic probe for 30 min | 1 h | Huang et al. [20] | |
GO-Al2O3 | GO (10–50 μm in diameter; 1–2 nm thick); Al2O3 (30 nm) | GO layered; Al2O3 near-spherical | 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, and 0.20 wt.% | Mechanical stirring for 10 min, ultrasonic agitation process | - | Huang et al. [21] | |
GO-TiO2/ZrO2 | TiO2/ZrO2 (25 nm); GO (3–5 nm thick, 1.5–5.5 μm lateral) | 2D GO; zero dimension TiO2/ZrO2 | 0.5 wt.% | Magnetic stirring and ultrasonication for—30 min, 1 h | - | Huang et al. [12] | |
GO-TiO2-Ag | - | - | 0.05 wt.% | Sonication for 4 h | - | Zayan et al. [114] | |
PTEE-SiO2 | 413.6 nm (SiO2 layer 20–30 nm) | PTFE rod-like or spherical | 0.2, 1 and 3 wt.% (PTFE:SiO2–0.57:0.43) | Ultrasonication for 20 min | 12 h | Wang et al. [115] | |
Cu-SiO2 | 20 nm average (Silica layer thick 2 nm) | network-like silica, Cu spherical | 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt.% | Magnetic stirring | - | Zhang et al. [116] | |
- | Sphere | 0.4 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 15 min | 30 days | Liu et al. [117] | ||
MoS2-Al2O3 | MoS2-Al2O3 (144.8 nm), MoS2 (178.6 nm), Al2O3 (35.4 nm) | Laminar | 2.0 wt.% | Electro-magnetic stirring | 168 h | He et al. [118] | |
Al2O3, MoS2, hBN, and WS2 | Al2O3 (<100 nm), hBN (70−80 nm), MoS2 (80−100 nm), WS2 (80−100 nm) | Al2O3 (spherical); hBN, MoS2, and WS2 (layered structure) | 1% each | Ultrasonic bath for 1 h | 24 h | Kumar et al. [119] | |
Fe3O4-MoS2 | MoS2 (100–400 nm), Fe3O4 (10 nm), Fe3O4 on MoS2 (30–60 nm) | Laminated structure | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 wt.% | Ultrasonication | - | Zheng et al. [86] | |
MWCNT-Fe2O3 | Fe2O3 (20–30 nm); MWCNT (10–30 µm length, 10–20 nm outer diameter, 3–5 nm inner diameter) | Multi-walled carbon nanotube | 0.1–1.5 vol.% (Fe2O3 80%, MWCNT 20%) | Sonication for 120 min | 1 month | Giwa et al. [120] | |
Ag-C | 350–400 nm (C shell 100–120 nm thick) Ag 130–180 nm | Core spherical, NPs elliptical (core like short rod) | Ag 28 wt.% in Ag-C | Magnetic stirring for 30 min, ultrasonication for 60 min | 5 days | Song et al. [121] | |
TiO2-Ag | TiO2 (40 nm) | Ellipsoidal | 0.05, 0.1, 0.1, 0.25, 0.3 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 2 h | 1 month | Li et al. [85] | |
ZnO-Al2O3 | ZnO (70 nm), Al2O3 (45 nm) | ZnO elongated, Al2O3 spherical | 0.1–23 wt.% | Ultrasonic bath for 30 min | - | Gara et al. [122] | |
WO3-Mn3B7O13Cl | 22.4 nm | Spherical | 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7and 0.9 wt.% | Ultrasonic vibration for 1 h | 48 h | Liang et al. [123] | |
Carbon-based materials | Carbon | outer diameter ~177 nm | Toroidal | 2.0, 1.5, 1.2, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 60 h | 4 months | Peña-Parás et al. [65] |
130, 170, 200 and 250 nm | Spherical | 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 wt.% | Ultrasonication | 5–10 h | Wang et al. [124] | ||
Carbon nanotube | 10–20 nm diameter; 1–2 μm axial dimension | Short and tube | 0.1 wt.% | Sonication for 2 h | 30 min | Peng et al. [125] | |
90 nm diameter | Long rod like | 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 wt.% | Stirring for 0.5, 1, 3 h | - | Sun et al. [126] | ||
20–30 nm in outer diameter; 10–30 µm in length | Pentagonal and heptagonal | 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 wt.% | Proper stirring | 12 days | Min et al. [127] | ||
SWCNTs (2 nm diameter), MWCNTs (25 ± 10 nm diameter) | Sphere | 50–100 μL | - | Few hours | Kristiansen et al. [128] | ||
8–50 nm in diameter, 0.5–30 µm in length | - | - | Magnetic stirring and ultrasonication for 2 h | 168 h | Ye et al. [129] | ||
Carbon dots | CDs-IL 4.4 nm | Spherical | 3, 12.2, 34.9, 19.4 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 6 h | 60 min | Tang et al. [130] | |
Sulphur doped CQDs 4.8 nm | Spherical | 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 30 min | 7 days | Xiao et al. [131] | ||
CDs-GO 3–4 nm | - | 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/mL | - | 6 months | Hu et al. [66] | ||
Graphene | 1 nm | - | 23.8, 69.9, and 110 mg/mL | Magnetic stirring for 12 h | 1 month | Liang et al. [67] | |
100 nm | 2D nanosheet | 0.2 mg/mL | Stirring for 4 h | - | Fan et al. [132] | ||
Size several micrometres, interlayer spacing 0.63 nm | Crystal | 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/mL | Ultrasonication for 30 min | - | Ma et al. [133] | ||
0.67–0.87 nm | Multiple layered | 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL | Stirring for 4 h, ultrasonication 8 h | - | Ye et al. [134] | ||
2 nm | - | 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 4, 5, and 8 mg/mL | - | - | Qiang et al. [135] | ||
- | Flat flake | 0.1, 1 wt.% | - | 30 days | Piatkowska et al. [136] | ||
Diamond | 3–10 nm | spherical | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 wt.% | Probe sonication, stirring | - | Mirzaamiri et al. [137] | |
5–10 nm | - | 0.01−0.07 wt.% | Simple stirring | - | Jiao et al. [68] | ||
Graphene oxide | 1.20 & 1.45 nm | Sheet | 0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL | Ultrasonication for 30 min | 1 week | Fan et al. [73] | |
10–50 μm thick, 0.335 nm high | Single monolayer | 0.01 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 5 min | - | Kinoshita et al. [138] | ||
4 nm | - | 0–2 wt.% | Ultrasonication | - | Elomaa et al. [139] | ||
200–1000 nm | Transparent nanosheet | 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1 wt.% | Ultrasonication | 12 days | Min et al. [72] | ||
0.5–5 μm diameter; 0.8–1.2 nm thick | - | 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt.% | Sonication for 2 h | - | Singh et al. [140] | ||
500 nm–5 μm diameter; 0.8–1.2 nm thick | Ultra-thin | 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 vol.% | Ultrasound, stirring | 3 months | Bai et al. [141] | ||
20–30 nm outer diameters; 10–30 µm length | 2D sheet | 0.5 mg/mL | Stirring for 30 min | 5 weeks | Song et al. [70] | ||
0.335 nm thick | Ultrathin and transparent | 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/mL | Stirring for 24 h, ultrasonication | 2 weeks | Gan et al. [142] | ||
10–50 μm lateral size; 1–2 nm thick | Spherical | 0.06 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% | Stirring for 30 min, ultrasonic bath for 10 min | 7 days | He et al. [17] | ||
2–5 nm thick 10–20 μm lateral size | - | 0.1 wt.% | Stirring for 30 min ultrasonic bath for 20 min | 50 days | Meng et al. [76] | ||
1 nm thick | initially sheet shape, then parabolic shape | 0.2 mg/mL | Sonication | - | Kim et al. [143] | ||
1.3 nm | Thin film | 0.05 to 1.0 mg/mL | Mechanical stirring for 30 min | 8 months | Hu et al. [75] | ||
0.8 μm lateral size 1.96 nm thick | Bathtub | 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.1 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 12 h, ultrasonication for 1 h | 90 days | Liu et al. [74] | ||
GO & carbon | C (30–60 nm) and GO (30–60 nm) | C onion-like spherical; GO 2D nanosheet | C 0.06 wt.%; GO 0.02–0.06 wt.% | - | - | Su et al. [80] | |
oxidised wood-derived nano carbons 640–1300 nm and GO 50–200 nm | aggregated chain-like | 0.001 and 1 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 30 min | 1 month | Kinoshita et al. [144] | ||
GO & chitosan | GO 0.05–0.2 μm | GO optical 3D; copolymer brush-like | 2 mg/mL | Stirring for 6, 12 h ultrasonication | 30 days | Wei et al. [145] | |
GO & 3-APS | 3-APS (525.39 nm) | - | 2 mg/mL | Stirring for a certain period | - | Li et al. [146] | |
GO & graphene | GO 4.2 nm, graphene 5 nm | Multi-layered | 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 wt.% | Stirring for 1 h, ultrasonic bath 2 h | - | Xie et al. [77] | |
GO & diamond | GO 2.5 nm and nanodiamond 2–10 nm | GO laminar | 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 9 h | - | Wu et al. [78] | |
GO 30 nm, 2–3 nm thick; modified diamond 30 nm | GO lamellar and MD 3D structure | GO colloid (0.7 wt.%) and MD colloid (0.5 wt.%) | Ultrasonic ethanol bath for 5 min | 2 months | Liu et al. [79] | ||
GO & graphitic CN | graphitic carbon nitride and GO 10–50 µm lateral size, 1–2 nm thick | unique one-layer | 0.06 wt.% each | Stirring for 30 min, ultrasonic bath for 10 min | - | He et al. [18] | |
PEGlated graphene | 20 nm | laminar | 0.005, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 wt.% | Mechanical stirring for 3, 4 h | 7 days | Hu et al. [147] | |
Polymers | Cellulose | Length 200 ± 25 nm, Size 1–50 μm | Chain like, crystalline | 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4 wt.% | - | - | Shariatzadeh et al. [148,149] |
Fullerene–styrene and –acrylamide | 3–40 nm | Ideal spherical | 0.5 wt.% | Lei et al. [150] | |||
average 46 nm | Ideal spherical | 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 & 0.8 wt.% | - | - | Jiang et al. [151] | ||
Hydrogel | - | Fibrous-3D network | 3, 4 & 5 wt.% | Stirring for 3–4 h, mechanical sheared | - | Wang et al. [152] | |
Naphthalene | - | - | 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 mol/L | Stirring for 24 h | - | Yang et al. [153] | |
Metal salts | LaF3 | LaDTP-10 (19.6 nm) and LaDTP-20 (8.5 nm) | LaDTP-10 polycrystalline; LaDTP-20 sphere | 1 wt.% | Continuous magnetic stirring for 1 h | - | Zhang et al. [154] |
Proton type-ionic liquids | - | Chain like | 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 & 1 wt.% | Stirring for 2 h | Zheng et al. [155] | ||
- | Bilayered | 1 wt.% | Stirring for 12 h | - | Dong et al. [156] | ||
- | brushy-like soft layer | 0.1 & 1 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 2 h, ultrasonication for 10 min | 60 min | Khanmohammadi et al. [157] | ||
- | - | 1 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 10 min | - | Kreivaitis et al. [158] | ||
Nitrides | Hydroxylated boron nitride (HO-BNNS) | 0.6–0.8 nm | Thin flat | HO-BNNS/water-glycol (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 wt.%) | Ultrasonic process for 30 min | 5 days | Bai et al. [89] |
Hexagonal boron nitride | 76.14 nm | - | 0.2 to 1.0 wt.% | Ultrasonication | 7 days | He et al. [159] | |
- | - | 0.1–5.0 vol.% | - | - | Abdollah [160] | ||
300 nm wide and 30 nm thick | - | 1, 0.05 or 0.01 wt.% | Sonicator bath for 20 h | 30 days | Cho et al. [88] | ||
Silicon nitride | Silica 20, 50, 100, 200 nm | - | - | - | - | Lin et al. [161] | |
Carbides | Nb2C | 20 nm (Nb2C), 12 nm (MO-Nb2C), 6 nm (CO-Nb2C) | Accordion like, Crystalline | 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/mL | Magnetic stirring for 6, 12 h, 7 days; ultrasonic stirring | CO-Nb2C 15 days; MO-Nb2C 30 days | Cheng et al. [90] |
Ti3C2 | Lateral size 0.2–3 µm Layer thick 20 nm | Layered, Planar | 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 wt.% | Magnetic stirring for 1 h | - | Nguyen et al. [91] | |
Others | Black phosphorus | 3.9 nm | Crystalline | 0.001–0.02 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 8 h | 2 weeks | Tang et al. [92] |
500 nm | Honey-comb | 91.17% (wt.%) | Ultrasonication for 10 h | - | Wang et al. [162] | ||
100 nm wide; 7 nm thick | Multilayered | 35, 70, and 200 mg/L | Stirring for 10 min, ultrasonication | - | Wang et al. [163] | ||
LDH | 19.73 nm wide; 8.68 nm thick | - | 0.5 wt.% | Ultrasonication | - | Wang et al. [94] | |
19.42 nm wide; 8.59 nm thick | Layered | 0.1–1.0 wt.% | Stirring for and ultrasonication | - | Wang et al. [93] | ||
Chitosan | 70–145 nm | Crystalline | 0–0.5 wt.% | Ultrasonication for 15 min | 30 days | Li et al. [95] | |
Stearic acid | - | 2D layered | 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 & 1.0 mg/mL | Ultrasonication | - | Ye et al. [96] |
3. Dispersion Stability of Nanoadditives
3.1. Evaluation Methods
3.1.1. Microscopy
3.1.2. Zeta Potential Test
3.1.3. UV-Vis Spectral Analysis
3.1.4. Dynamic Light Scattering
3.1.5. Sedimentation
3.1.6. Other Methods
3.2. Factors Affecting Dispersion Stability
3.2.1. pH Control
3.2.2. Ultrasonication
3.2.3. Surface Modification
3.2.4. Surfactant Addition
NPs Type | Surface Modifier | Surfactant |
---|---|---|
Pure metals | Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) dithiocarbamic acid (HAD) [46], Methoxylpolyethyleneglycol xanthate potassium (MPEGOCS2K) [47] | Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [46,97] |
Metal and non-metal oxides | polyethylene glycol-200 [59], oleic acid (OA) [102], polyethyleneimine (PEI) [13,15,26,27,28], sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) [50], KH-570 [103] | (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPS) [85], sorbitan monostearate [53], polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [54,97], polyethylene glycol (PEG) [54], cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) [24,25,51,52,99], sodium silicate [51,52], snailcool [24], hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) [101] |
Metal sulphides | Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) dithiocarbamic acid (HDA) [62], sodium oleate soap, triethanolamine oleate, fatty alcohol polyethylene glycol ether (MOA), polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether (OP-4) [110], | (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPS) [61], cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) [111], oleic acid, triethanolamine [111], |
Carbon-based materials | Dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) [68], | humic acid (HA) [128], sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) [119,120], Triton X-100 (C34H62O11) [67] |
Composites | hexadecyldithiophosphate (DDP) [117], 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTS) [116], polydopamine (PDA) [118], | sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) [124,125], polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [119], Igepal CO-520 [117], cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) [119,184] |
Others | dialkyl polyoxyethylene glycol thiophosphate ester (DTP-10, DTP-20) [154], oleylamine [93] | benzalkonium chloride [90], sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) [159], SHMP (sodium hexametaphosphate), 1,4-butylene glycol [203], coconut diethanol amide (CDEA) [204] |
3.3. Theories of Dispersion Stability
4. Tribo-Testing Methods
4.1. Four-Ball
4.2. Pin-on-Disk
4.3. Ball-on-Disk
4.4. Ball-on-Plate
4.5. Ball-on-Three-Plates
4.6. Block-on-Ring
4.7. Others
Tribometer | Nanoparticle | Test Parameters | Testing Results | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Force | Speed | Temp. & Duration | Wear Reduction | Friction Reduction | Optimum Concentration | |||
Four-balls | hBN | 100 N | 120–440 rpm | Room temp., 30 min | 95.73% | 60% | 0.05 wt.% | Bai et al. [89] |
Capped Cu | - | 1450 rpm | 25 °C, 30 min | - | - | - | Zhang et al. [47] | |
Cu-SiO2 | 50 N | 1450 rpm | 25 °C, 30 min | 37% | - | 1 wt.% | Zhang et al. [116] | |
hBN | 392 N | 1200 rpm | 25 °C, 30 min | 14.6% | 29.1% | 0.7 wt.% | He et al. [159] | |
Novel C | 0–7200 N | 500 rpm | 25 °C, 18 s | 96% | 76% | 1.2–2.0 wt.% | Peña-Parás [65] | |
MWCNT | - | 1450 rpm | Room temp., 30 min | - | - | - | Peng et al. [125] | |
CDs-IL | 30–80 N | 600 rpm | Room temp., 30 min | 64% | 57.5% | 0.015 wt.% | Tang et al. [130] | |
Fe3O4-MoS2 | 294 N | 0.479 m/s | 30 min | 29.7% | 34.6% | - | Zheng et al. [86] | |
LaF3 | 100–900 N | 1450 rpm | 20 °C, 30 min | - | - | 0.75–1 wt.% | Zhang et al. [154] | |
fullerene–styrene | 200 N | 1450 rpm | 20 °C, 30 min | - | - | - | Lei et al. [150] | |
fullerene–acrylamide | 200 N | 1450 rpm | 20 °C, 30 min | - | - | - | Jiang et al. [151] | |
GO-TiO2 | 392 N | 1200 rpm | 20 °C, 30 min | - | - | 0.5 wt.% | Du et al. [84] | |
MoO3 | 392 N | 1200–1760 rpm | 1800 s | - | - | 0.4 wt.% | Sun et al. [56] | |
MoS2 and MoO3 | 392 N | 1200–1760 rpm | 1800 s | - | - | 0.3–0.5 wt.% | Meng et al. [63] | |
Multilayer-MoS2 | 588 N | 1200 rpm | 30 days | - | - | - | Zhang et al. [111] | |
SiO2 | - | 1760 rpm | Room temp., 10 s | - | - | 0.3 wt.% | Bao et al. [59] | |
Dual-Coated TiO2 | 147 N | 1440 rpm | - | 34.8% | 0.17% | 1.6 wt.% | Gu et al. [103] | |
OA–TiO2 | - | 1450 rpm | 25 °C, 30 min | - | - | 0.5 wt.% | Gao et al. [102] | |
Nano-TiO2 | 196 N | 60 rpm | 30 min | 30.6% | 64.9% | 0.7 wt.% | Sun et al. [50] | |
Nano-TiO2 | 200 N | 1200–1450 rpm | Room temp., 30 min | - | - | 0.5 wt.% | Kong et al. [49] | |
Nano-TiO2 | 392 N | 1200–1760 rpm | 30 min | 47.4% | 33.8% | - | Meng et al. [52] | |
Eu doped | 392 N | - | 60 min. | 0.62–0.37 mm | 0.083–0.065 | 0.5 wt.% | Liang et al. [123] | |
Eu | - | - | 45–55 °C, 2 h | 0.62–0.35 mm | 0.083–0.055 | 0.6 wt.% | Xiong et al. [57] | |
Pin-on-disk | hBN | 400–600 N | 300 rpm | 25 °C, 30 min | 14.6% | 29.1% | 0.7 wt.% | He et al. [159] |
Ceria | - | 50 mm/s | Room temp., 30 min | 49% | 20% | 0.05–0.2% | Zhao et al. [53] | |
Cr2O3 | 20–150 N | 50 mm/s | - | - | - | - | Cheng et al. [223] | |
GO | 10 N | 0.02 m/s | 21–23 °C, 30 min | - | 57% | 1 wt.% | Elomaa et al. [139] | |
Two phase fluids | 20 N | 100 rpm | 22 °C | - | ~0.05 | - | Pawlak et al. [224] | |
Ball-on-disk | Ag-C | 1–9 N | 100–500 rpm | Room temp., 30 min | 40.4% | 80.6% | 1.0 wt.% | Song et al. [121] |
Polyalkylene Glycol | 3 N | 24 mm/s | Room temp. | - | Around 20% | 0.5 wt.% | Wang et al. [94] | |
Al2O3 (also disk on ball) | 4–10 N | 10–40 mm/s | - | 40–50% | 40–50% | - | Radice and Mischler [48] | |
C dots | 10 N | - | Room temp., 1 h | 38% | 39.66% | Hu et al. [66] | ||
CQD | 2 N | 150 cycles/min | Room temp., 12 min | - | 30% | - | HuaPing et al. [131] | |
Urea modified C | 3–7 N | 200–400 rpm | 30 min | 96.70% | 80.86% | 0.15 wt.% | Min et al. [127] | |
Hexagonal BN | 5.64 N | 10.2 mm/s | Room temp, 30 days | - | - | - | Cho et al. [88] | |
DDP-Cu | 1–4 N | - | 25 °C, 30 min | 60.5% | 45.5% | 0.2–0.4 wt.% | Liu et al. [117] | |
Diamond | - | 80 mm/s | 30 °C | 88% | 70% | 2 wt.% | Mirzaamiri [137] | |
γ-Fe2O3 | 4 N | 0.20 m/s | Room temp. | - | - | 0.6 wt.% | Pardue et al. [55] | |
GO/Chitosan | 100 N | - | - | 47% | 84% | - | Wei et al. [145] | |
Graphene quantum dots | 100 N | - | Room temp., 60 min | 58.5% | 42.5% | - | Qiang et al. [135] | |
GO-MoS2 | 0.5–3 N | 60 rpm | 25 °C | - | 50% | - | Liu et al. [225] | |
FGO | 5 N | 300 r/min | 30 min | 88.1% | 41.4% | 0.7 wt.% | Min et al. [72] | |
GO | 5–20 N | 0.005–0.1 m/s | Room temp | 68% | 78.5% | 0.1 wt.% | Singh et al. [140] | |
GO-OLC | 2–10 N | 200 rpm | Room temp | - | - | 0.06 wt.% | Su et al. [80] | |
Nanofilm GO | 2 N | 12 mm/s | 25 °C, 60 min | 79.7% | 43.6% | - | Li et al. [146] | |
SiO2-GO | 10 N | - | 25–35 °C | 78.3% | - | 0.05 wt.% | Guo et al. [83] | |
PEGlated graphene | 10 N | - | 30 min | 81.23% | 39.04% | 0.05 wt.% | Hu et al. [147] | |
Hydroxide | 2N | 0.024 m/s | 25 °C. 45 min | 43.2% | 83.1% | 0.5 wt.% | Wang et al. [93] | |
Al2O3-WS2-MoS2 | 10 N | 320 rpm | Amb. Temp. | 23.4% | 53.89% | - | Kumar et al. [119] | |
Black phosphorus | 10–70 N | - | - | 97.1% | 25% | - | Wang et al. [162] | |
BP | 8–15 N | 150 r/min | 30 min | 61.1% | 32.4% | - | Wang et al. [163] | |
Si3N4 | 15, 30, 60 N | 0.25 m/s, 0.5 m/s | 27 °C, 3600 s | - | - | - | Lin et al. [161] | |
Ti3C2 | 3–10 N | 120 rpm, 0.126 m/s | 24–26 °C, 1 h | 48% | 20% | 5 wt.% | Nguyen and Chung [91] | |
TiO2 | 5 N | 50 mm/s | 25 °C, 30 min | - | 16.3% | 0.4–8.0 wt.% | Wu et al. [14] | |
TiO2 | 20–80 N | 50 mm/s | 10 min | 70.5% | 84.3% | 4 wt.% | Wu et al. [25] | |
NaCl saline | 10–100 | 50 mm/s | 1 h | - | - | 3.5 wt.% | Wu et al. [226] | |
ZnO and Al2O3 | 10 N | 100 mm/s | - | - | 56.9% | - | Gara and Zou [122] | |
Ceramics | 30 N | 0.5 m/s | Room temp., 3600 s | 54.0% | 78.8% | - | Cui et al. [109] | |
Chitosan | 5–30 N | 12–36 mm/s | 25 °C, 30 min | 69% | 40% | 0.3 wt.% | Li et al. [95] | |
Individual additives | 3 N | 20 mm/s | Room temp. 1 h | - | 12%, 30% | 0.05%, 0.1% | Tomala et al. [203] | |
Ball-on-plate | Hard C microsphere | 100–300 mN | 10 mm/s | 30 min | - | - | 0.1 wt.% | Wang et al. [124] |
Cu | 1–4 N | 0.02 m/s | 22 °C, 30 min | 85–99.9% | 80.6% | 0.6 wt.% | Zhao et al. [46] | |
CuO | - | 20 mm/s | 22 °C, 30 min | 72.6–89.1% | 43.2–52.2% | 0.8 wt.% | Zhao et al. [54] | |
Nano diamond | 1 N | 360 rpm | 25 °C, 30 min | - | 40% | - | Jiao et al. [68] | |
Graphene and GO | 1–8 N | 0.08 m/s | 30 min | 13.5% | 21.9% | 0.5 wt.% | Xie et al. [77] | |
Fluorinated GO | 20 N | 4 mm/s | Room temp., 2000 s | 47% | - | - | Fan et al. [73] | |
MGO | 5–25 N | - | Room temp., 3000 s | 74% | - | - | Gan et al. [142] | |
GO-ND | 0–1 N | 0.4 mm/s | 25 °C, 1800 s | - | - | 0.1 wt.% GO, 0.5 wt.% ND | Wu et al. [78] | |
GO-MD | - | - | 250 s | - | 0.6–0.01 | 0.7 wt.% GO, 0.5 wt.% MD | Liu et al. [79] | |
Graphene water-based | 10 N | 0.01 m/s | - | - | - | 0.1 wt.% graphene flakes. 1% wt.% graphite | Piątkowska et al. [136] | |
Graphene-SiO2 | 3 N | 0.08 m/s | Room temp., 30 min | 79% | 48.5% | 0.5 wt.% | Xie et al. [112] | |
Monolayer GO | 1.88 N | 0.5 mm/s | - | Marginal after 60,000 cycles | ~0.05 after 60,000 cycles | 0.01 wt.% | Kinoshita et al. [138] | |
Oxide graphene | 10 N | 120 rpm | 10 min | - | - | <0.1 wt.% | Song and Li [70] | |
Metal doped CDs | 40–500 N | - | 20–120 min | Up to 43.1% | Up to 73.5% | 1.0 wt.% | Tang et al. [227] | |
Reduced GO | 50–200 N | 4mm/s | - | 70 μm after 100,000 cycles | Around 0.1 after 100,000 cycles | 0.01 wt.% | Kim and Kim [143] | |
PEI-RGO | - | 9000 r/min | - | 45% | 54.6% | 0.05 wt.% | Liu et al. [74] | |
Protic ionic (PILs) | 2–4 N | - | 30 °C, 30 min | 85% | 80% | 1 wt.% | Kreivaitis et al. [158] | |
MoS2 | 20 N | - | 25 °C | - | - | 0.1 wt.% | Wang et al. [64] | |
Naphthalene | 100 N | 1475 rpm | 30 min | - | - | - | Yang et al. [153] | |
BPQDs | 40–300 N | 10 mm/s | 30 °C, 20–120 min | 56.4% | 32.3% | 0.005 wt.% | Tang et al. [92] | |
CNT/SiO2 | 5 N | 120 rpm | 10 min | - | 66.4% | 0.5 wt.% | Xie et al. [113] | |
rGO | 20 mN | 4 mm/s | - | - | 12 times | 5 μL/min | Kim et al. [228] | |
Ball-on-three-plates | Alumina | 10–40 N | 20 to 100 mm/s | 10 min | 22% | 27% | 2 wt.% | He et al. [16] |
g-C3N4/GO | 10–35 N | 25 to 125 mm/s | 25 °C | 19.6% | 37% | 0.06 wt.% | He et al. [18] | |
pH-GO | 20 N | 50 mm/s | - | 17.1% | 44.4% | 0.06 wt.% | He et al. [17] | |
MR fluid | 0.5 N | 1.18 m/s | 2–10 min | - | - | 1 vol% | Rosa et al. [229] | |
Block-on-ring | Novel C | 245 N | 300 rpm | 1200 s | 96% | 76% | 2 wt.% | Peña-Parás [65] |
GO-Al2O3 | 10 to 30 N | 100 to 400 mm/s | 20–25 °C, last 7 min | - | 47–64% | 0.06 wt.% | Huang et al. [21] | |
ZrO2/TiO2 | 100 N | 400 mm/s | - | 65% | 25% | - | Huang et al. [12] | |
GO-SiO2 | 20 N | 109 rpm | Ambient Temp. | - | - | 0.16 wt.% | Huang et al. [19] | |
Ring-on-plate | Alkyl glucopyranosides (AGPs) | 50 N | 0.1 m/s | Room temp, 1 h | - | >95% | - | Chen et al. [222] |
Ball-on-block | MWCNT | 50 N | - | 30 min | 66% | - | - | Ye et al. [129] |
urea-modified FG | Ye et al. [134] | |||||||
Stearic acid | - | - | 30–500 °C | 57–90% | 68–83% | - | Ye et al. [96] | |
Piston ring-on-cylinder | Cellulose | 50 N | 130–300 rpm | Room temp. | >50% | ~75% | 2 wt.% | Shariatzadeh and Grecov [148,149] |
2 ball-plate | Px-CNTs | 5 N | 120 rpm | 10 min | - | 66.4% | 0.5 wt.% | Sun et al. [126] |
5. Lubrication Mechanism
5.1. Rolling/Ball Bearing Effect
5.2. Protective Film/Tribo-Film
5.3. Mending Effect
5.4. Polishing/Smoothing Effect
5.5. Synergistic Effect
5.6. Exfoliation
5.7. Hydration Lubrication
6. Application of Water-Based Nanolubricants in Metal Rolling
6.1. Physicochemical Properties of Applied Lubricants
6.2. Hot Rolling of Steels
6.2.1. Rolling Force
6.2.2. Surface Morphology of Rolled Steel
6.2.3. Oxidation Behaviour of Steel
6.2.4. Microstructure of Rolled Steel
6.3. Cold Rolling of Steels
6.4. Cold Rolling of Non-Ferrous Metals
7. Conclusions and Outlook
- Ensuring long-term dispersion stability of nanoadditives in water is still a big challenge. The interaction among different lubricant components needs to be investigated for the perfection of the theories of dispersion stability.
- For the application in metal rolling, the formulation of water-based nanolubricants needs to be optimised to further enhance their physicochemical properties in terms of dispersion stability, wettability, and extreme pressure property. Special attention should be given to the strategies for reducing material and preparation costs of the applied nanolubricants.
- The application of water-based nanolubricants in hot steel rolling has exhibited positive effects on the decreases in rolling force, rolled surface roughness, and oxide scale thickness, and also enabled refined grains in microstructure. However, the lubrication effects on controls of profile, flatness, and texture have been rarely involved. More studies are also needed to examine the grain refinement mechanism and attain maximally refined grains, which is a promising and economical technique to significantly promote the overall properties of hot rolled steels.
- For the case of application of cold steel rolling, it is of vital importance to have more focus on the study of the corrosive property of applied water-based nanolubricants. In addition to the lubrication effects on rolling force and surface quality, extra attention should be paid to those on rolling texture and shape control.
- Although certain water-based nanolubrication mechanisms in rolling of steels have been proposed through analysis of post-rolling specimen by means of electron microscopy, in situ observation of NPs and demonstration of their motion behaviour have not been specifically conducted. To have a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the lubrication mechanisms, varying rolling parameters such as rolling temperature, rolling reduction, and speed should be employed, and corresponding multi-scale numerical simulation can be carried out.
- As pointed out earlier, work roll service life can be prolonged using water-based nanolubricants, which largely reduces the roll changing frequency and thus enhances the productivity of rolling mill. However, no research has been conducted to quantitatively evaluate the wear of work rolls under water-based nanolubrication conditions.
- The use of green lubricant is becoming mainstream in sustainable manufacturing. It is of vital importance to develop a cost-effective recycling technology for waste water-based nanolubricants.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Workpiece & Dimensions | Lubricant | Benchmark | Rolling Temp. | Rolling Reduction | Rolling Speed | Decrease in % | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild steel with 30 mm in thickness | 2% anatase TiO2, SHMP | Dry condition & Water | ~950–750 °C | ~81.8% in five passes | - | Up to 20% in the final pass | [273] |
Mild steel 300 × 50 × 8 mm3 | 0.4–8% TiO2, 0.004–0.08% PEI, 10% glycerol | Dry condition & Water | ~1050–850 °C | ~30% in one pass | 0.35 m/s | Up to 8% | [29] |
Mild steel 300 × 100 × 8 mm3 | 1–8% TiO2, 0.01–0.08% PEI, 10% glycerol | Dry condition & Water | ~850 °C | ~30% in one pass | 0.35 m/s | Up to 6.8% | [28] |
Mild steel 300 × 91 × 8.5 mm3 | 2% & 4% TiO2, 0.2% & 0.4% SDBS, 10% glycerol | Water | ~850 °C | ~30% in one pass | 0.35 m/s | Up to 8.3% | [25] |
Mild steel 100 × 70 × 30 mm3 | MoS2-Al2O3, glycerol, TEOA, SDBS, and SHMP | Base fluid | ~1000–800 °C | ~86.7% in five passes | 1 m/s | Up to 26.9% | [118] |
Mild steel 300 × 100 × 12 mm3 | 2% & 4% TiO2, 0.1% & 0.2% SDBS, 10% glycerol, 1% Snailcool | Water | ~850 °C | ~27% in one pass | 0.35 m/s | Up to 8.1% | [24] |
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Morshed, A.; Wu, H.; Jiang, Z. A Comprehensive Review of Water-Based Nanolubricants. Lubricants 2021, 9, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9090089
Morshed A, Wu H, Jiang Z. A Comprehensive Review of Water-Based Nanolubricants. Lubricants. 2021; 9(9):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9090089
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorshed, Afshana, Hui Wu, and Zhengyi Jiang. 2021. "A Comprehensive Review of Water-Based Nanolubricants" Lubricants 9, no. 9: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9090089