A Global Overview of Diversity and Phylogeny of the Rust Genus Uromyces

Abstract

Uromyces is the second-largest plant pathogenic rust genus, is responsible for numerous diseases, and has major effects on both agricultural and non-agricultural plants. The genus is generally characterized by its unicellular teliospores that help to characterize it and distinguish it from another important rust genus, Puccinia. In this study, a global overview of the diversity and distribution of Uromyces is presented based on both online and offline resources. The information obtained was analyzed for numerical and graphical summaries to provide the diversity and distribution of the genus by country and continent. Besides this, broad taxonomical aspects, a brief life cycle, and other comparative aspects on diversity and distribution were also provided. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS and nLSU DNA sequence data available in GenBank and published literature was performed to examine the intergeneric relationships of Uromyces. The results obtained revealed that the rust genus is found distributed over 150 countries, territories, and occupancies of the world on around 647 plant genera belonging to 95 plant families. Phylogenetic studies based on LSU and ITS sequence data revealed that Uromyces species are polyphyletic and require more DNA-based analyses for a better understanding of their taxonomic placement.

1. Introduction

Uromyces (Link) Unger, a genus of rust fungi, was proposed by Unger (1833). The genus contains several important plant pathogens, parasitizes in both monocots and dicots throughout the world, and affects a range of crops, causing a varying amount of yield loss annually, with losses being very severe in many cases. This genus shares synonymy with numerous genera of fungi such as Alveomyces Bubák., Capitularia Rabenh., Coeomurus Gray., Dichlamys Syd. & P. Syd., Groveola Syd., Haplopyxis Syd. & P. Syd., Haplotelium Syd., Hypodermium subgen. Uromyces Link., Klebahnia Arthur., Nielsenia Syd., Poliotelium Syd., Poliotelium Syd., Pucciniola L. Marchand., Teleutospora Arthur & Bisby., Telospora Arthur., Trochodium Syd. & P. Syd., and Uromycopsis Arthur. Hypodermium subgen. Uromyces Link 1816 has been considered the Basionym of this genus [1]. Uromyces is the second largest genus of rust fungus after Puccinia in the family Pucciniaceae, which contains more than 1568 epithets and more than 800 reported species [1,2,3,4,5]. This genus produces unicellular teliospores that help to characterize it and distinguish it from another important rust genus, Puccinia.

Species of Uromyces occur on a wide variety of plant hosts around the world. The most important ones are caused by Uromyces spp. that cause infections and damage to various agricultural crops such as alfalfa or lucerne rust (Uromyces straitus J. Schröt.), bean rust [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger], beet rust [Uromyces betae (Pers.) Tul.], carnation rust [Uromyces dianthi (Pers.) Niessl], chickpea rust (Uromyces ciceris-aerietinus Jacz.), clover rust (Uromyces trofolii-repentis Liro), and pea rust [Uromyces pisi (DC.) G.H. Otth.] [2]. The Uromyces species was recorded on the host plants belonging to the families Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Loranthaceae, and Poaceae, and among these, Loranthaceae is known to be the most affected. However, the known distribution of most Uromyces species on Loranthaceae is restricted to Mexico and Central and South America [6].

The present manuscript is focused on providing a global overview of the diversity and distribution of the genus Uromyces. Based on the combined ITS and LSU DNA sequence data available in GenBank and published literature, phylogenetic analyses were performed to examine the intergeneric relationships of Uromyces. In addition, broad taxonomical aspects, a brief life cycle, and other comparative aspects of its diversity and distribution are also provided.

2. Taxonomy of the Genus Uromyces

The genus Uromyces belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota, the second-largest [7] phylum after Ascomycota in the kingdom Fungi; both phyla are considered higher fungi and share 97% of all fungal species [3,8,9,10,11]. Taxonomically, Uromyces contains rusts under the class Pucciniomycetes and order Pucciniales. Based on telial morphology, the spermogonial and aecial type, basidiospores, and uredinial characteristics, 13 rust families were proposed by Cummins and Hiratsuka [2]. However, Aime [12] and Aime and McTaggart [5] proposed several changes in basal systematics of rust fungi based on molecular studies along with morphological characteristics. This resulted in the introduction of many new families and the transmission of many genera and species. The Wijayawardene et al. [3] included 21 genera with Uromyces and 4961 species in the rust family Pucciniaceae. The recent higher-level classification for rust fungi provided recently by Aime and McTaggart [5] proposed the inclusion of 23 genera (including Uromyces) and 9 likely belonging to the family Pucciniaceae. The genus Uromyces was described by Unger in 1833 with Uromyces appendiculatus Pers. as the type species of the genus. Uredo appendiculatus Pers. was considered as a basionym for the type species, now regarded as Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link 1816. The detailed taxonomy of the genus Uromyces is described as follows:

Uromyces (Link) Unger, Exanth. Pflanzen (Wien): 277 (1833):

=

Alveomyces Bubák, Annln K.K. naturh. Hofmus. Wien 28 (1–2): 190 (1914);

=

Capitularia Rabenh., Bot. Ztg. 9 (25): 449 (1851);

=

Coeomurus Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 541 (1821);

=

Dichlamys Syd. & P. Syd., Annlsmycol. 17(2/6): 105 (1920), (1919);

=

Groveola Syd., Annlsmycol. 19 (3–4): 173 (1921);

=

Haplopyxis Syd. & P. Syd., Annlsmycol. 17 (2/6): 105 (1920), (1919);

=

Haplotelium Syd., Annlsmycol. 20 (3/4): 124 (1922);

=

Hypodermium subgen. Uromyces Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 8: 28 (1816), (1815);

=

Klebahnia Arthur, Résult. Sci. Congr. Bot. Wien 1905: 345 (1906);

=

Mapea Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 22: 46 (1906);

=

Nielsenia Syd., Annlsmycol. 19 (3–4): 171 (1921);

=

Nigredo (Pers.) Roussel, Fl. Calvados, Edn 2: 47 (1806);

=

Peridipes Buriticá & J.F. Hennen, RevtaAcad. Colomb. Cienc. Exact. Fís. Nat. 19 (no. 72): 50 (1994);

=

Poliotelium Syd., Annlsmycol. 20 (3/4): 124 (1922);

=

Puccinella Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 15: 18 (1860);

=

Pucciniola L. Marchand, Bijdr. Natuurk. Wetensch. 4: 47 (1829);

=

Rubigo (Pers.) Roussel, Fl. Calvados, Edn 2: 46 (1806);

=

Teleutospora Arthur & Bisby, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 48: 38 (1921);

=

Telospora Arthur, Résult. Sci. Congr. Bot. Wien 1905: 346 (1906);

=

Trichobasis Lév., in Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 12: 785 (1849);

=

Trochodium Syd. & P. Syd., Annlsmycol. 17(2/6): 106 (1920) (1919);

=

Uredo Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 1: 214 (1801);

=

Uromycopsis Arthur, Résult. Sci. Congr. Bot. Wien 1905: 345 (1906).

Classification:

Pucciniaceae, Pucciniales, Pucciniomycetes, Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi

Type of species:

Uromyces appendiculatus Pers., Observ. Mycol. (Lipsiae) 1: 17 (1796).

The characteristic one-celled teliospores of the genus Uromyces distinguish it from Puccinia, which has two-celled teliospores. Spermogonia subepidermal, Group V (type 4). Aecia subepidermal, erumpent, Aecidium-type (with peridium and catenuate, mostly verrucose aeciospores) or Uredo-type (with mostly echinulate aeciospores borne singly on pedicels). Uredinia, mostly the Uredo type, is subepidermal and erumpent and consists of echinulate urediniospores with various pores, borne singly on pedicels. Telia are subepidermal, erumpent, or remains covered by the epidermis with pedicellate, one-celled teliospores borne singly on pedicels with a mostly pigmented wall. Basidia is external in nature. The species of Uromyces produce macrocyclic and heteroecious modes of the life cycle, as well as many endocyclic, microcyclic, or autoecious species [2,5].

The phylogenetic analyses of different DNA loci revealed that Uromyces, along with the genus Puccinia in the family Pucciniaceae, is not monophyletic [5]. The generic name of Uromyces was recommended to be protected over Uredo [13]. Uredo betae, as one of the initially included species of this genus when described in 1801 by Persoon, is now considered a synonym of Uromyces beticola. Since Uromyces appendiculatus and U. beticola are regarded as congeneric, Uromyces and Uredo are synonyms. Previously, the name Uredo was used in cases where sexual morph was lacking and the species could not be described in the “correct” sexually typified genus. The reason why the name Uromyces was protected over Uredo is due to two major reasons: Uredo belongs to many different rust genera, and secondly, Uromyces is a commonly used generic name. The generic name Uromyces was already conserved over Coeomurus Link ex Gray 1821 and Pucciniola L. Marchand 1829 [13].

3. Biology, Pathogenicity, and Life Cycle of Uromyces

Rusts represent one of the largest groups of plant pathogens and have historically posed a major threat to farmers around the world. These diversified fungi are obligate biotrophic parasites distributed in all geographical areas on a wide range of wild and cultivated plants. The two major plant groups, cereals and legumes, suffer the most from rust infections [14]. The genus Uromyces consists of a number of plant pathogens responsible for many harmful plant diseases.

3.1. Disease Symptoms of Uromyces

Uromyces, as a pathogen, affects major hosts such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), clover (Trifolium sp.), and pea (Pisum sativum) belonging to plant families, Fabaceae and Poaceae [2,15]. The rust diseases caused by Uromyces spp. are characterized by numerous small, rust-like orange/yellow or brown pustules formed on infected plant tissues. Uromyces, as a plant pathogen, kills the diseased plant cells and forms a light yellow halo around diseased pustules. Dark brown to black-brown telia are usually formed by the rust fungi during infection. The severity of the disease causes a loss of photosynthetic area in infected plants, resulting in a reduction in overall plant performance. Since rust disease is affected by low temperatures and heavy rain in spring and autumn, this can affect the severity of the disease. The rust diseases caused by Uromyces are generally autoecious (one plant host) and macrocyclic (produce five spore stages in the life cycle) in nature [2]. The appearance of rust disease symptoms varies in different hosts. A single species of Uromyces can infect multiple hosts and cause variable symptoms. The rust on pea (Pisum sativum) caused by Uromyces pisi and Uromyces viciae-fabae produce minute, whitish, slightly raised spots that enlarge and rupture the epidermis to produce reddish-brown, irregular pustules on the stems, pods and lower surface of leaves. Initially, the pustules contain abundant powdery urediniospores, but eventually, they turn dark brown to black as overwintering teliospores are produced [16]. Similarly, Uromyces viciae-fabae is also reported to cause lentil rust with disease symptoms of circular yellowish-white pycnidia and aecial cups on leaflets, which later become oval to circular, brown uredial pustules; and dark brown to black, elongated telia [17]. Such variability in disease symptoms caused by different Uromyces species can also be observed in other crops (Figure 1).

3.2. Life Cycle

The species of rust genus Uromyces are generally macrocyclic in nature, i.e., exhibit all five spore forms known in Pucciniales. In addition, these fungi exhibit an autoecious life cycle, meaning that all spore forms are produced on a single host. However, the endocyclic or microcyclic nature with a heteroecious mode of the life cycle was observed in some species of Uromyces [2,5]. The general life cycle process of Uromyces spp. involves the germination of diploid teliospores in the spring with a metabasidium after overwintering on plant debris. The metabasidium produces four haploid basidiospores after meiosis. These basidiospores with two different mating types germinate and start infection by producing different infection structures on the surface of the host plant. Once an infection is established, the production of pycnia containing pycniospores of two mating types and receptive hyphae takes place. After, the spermatization of pycniospores of pycnia of different mating types and subsequent dikaryotization takes place in aecial primordia, along with a subsequent exchange.

After the aecium is fully developed, the mature aeciospores infect the host surface by germinating and producing infection structures. Eventually, this infection leads to the production of uredia with urediospores. With the repeated infection of the host plant, these urediospores are produced in large quantities during the summer. Surprisingly, urediospores can disseminate thousands of kilometers with the help of the wind. When suitable hosts are found, these spores differentiate into telia, which ultimately produce unicellular diploid teliospores in the winter [17,18]. A general life cycle of the rust genus Uromyces is presented in Figure 2 below.

3.3. The Rusts as Classical Biocontrol Agents

Uromyces is the causal agent of rust disease on numerous agricultural, horticultural, and forest plantations. Rust fungi of this genus are considered a major economic threat due to possible yield losses from reduced production. Rust diseases on pea, beans, lentils, polyhouse flower crops, clover, and many more are some of the hosts infected by this genus. In addition to their identity as the causative agent of rust, the Uromyces species also shows potential for the biological control of various phytopathogenic fungi, weeds, etc. The biology and effectiveness of Uromyces heliotropii were studied by Hasan and Aracil [19], where they found the rust to effectively control an annual weed heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum L.).

They evaluated the biocontrol potential of the rust in a greenhouse and field inoculation experiments and observed that the rust rapidly killed infected plants and reduced or prevented seed production. Similarly, Anderson et al. [20] conducted a study to evaluate the potential of three rusts naturally infecting Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) in Argentina, Uromyces pencanus, Puccinia graminella, and P. nassellae, as biocontrol agents. They found U. pencanus to be most effective due to the damage it inflicts on its host in the field. A list of species of Uromyces studied as biocontrol agents is given in

Table 1. List of species of Uromyces with biocontrol potential.

Species of Uromyces	Target Organism (Plants)	Reference
Uromyces rumicis	Rumex ckpus	[21]
Uromyces galegae	Galega officinalis	[22]
Uromyces heliotropii	Heliotropiu meuropaeum	[19]
Uromyces pencanus	Nassella neesiana	[20,23,24,25]
Uromyces pisi-sativi	Cytisus scoparius	[26]
Uromyces pisi-sativi	Chamaecytisus palmensis	[26]
Uromyces pisi-sativi	Lupinus polyphyllus	[26]

.

Rust fungi as biocontrol agents are mainly studied in their use against plant weeds. The biocontrol ability of some species of Puccinia was investigated, such as as P. abrupta var. partheniicola on different growth stages of Parthenium hysterophorus [27,28], Puccinia arechavaletae on Cardiospermum grandiflorum [29], Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae on Impatiens glandulifera [30], and Prospodium transformans on Tecoma stans var. stans [31]. A number of studies on Uromyces species have been carried out by a number of researchers (see Table 1), but the assessment of species from other rust genera has not yet been well established. Furthermore, the broad aspects of the rust fungi as biocontrol agents based on biochemical and molecular approaches still need to be explored.

4. Data Collection and Molecular Analysis

4.1. Data Collection and Compilation

This paper was compiled based on the information obtained from an extensive search of peer-reviewed publications, field guides, monographs, books, conference proceedings, project reports, and other offline and online resources. This information was updated as recently as December 2020. The information obtained was compiled firstly as a table depicting names of species of Uromyces, their hosts along with the family, the locality of occurrence, and the reference of scientific publication. The scientific names of the hosts and fungi were then cross-verified for scientific entities. The host name given in the original citation was sometimes changed to be consistent with the current taxonomy based on The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org; accessed on 20 April 2022). The names of rust fungi genus/species as reported in the cited publications were replaced by currently accepted names according to the websites MycoBank (www.mycobank.org; accessed on 20 April 2022) and Species Fungorum (www.speciesfungorum.org; accessed on 20 April 2022). Fungal Databases, US National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA, an important online source of plant pathogens and their hosts, was also noted during the compilation [32]. An attempt was made to summarize all available literature on diversity and distribution of Uromyces spp.; only the most appropriate references were included in this study.

4.2. Analyses of Collected Data

After inserting the collected data into the primary database as a table, they were analyzed for numerical and graphical summaries. First, the information was analyzed by providing a comparative representation of the diversity and distribution of rust fungi (Uromyces) by country and continent. Thereafter, distribution patterns based on substrate types (herb, shrub, and tree) were constructed to understand the host preference of these rust fungi. In addition, the data of the host family were also presented. The publication indices of Uromyces spp. in terms of year, decade, and era are analyzed and presented in this paper. In addition, the references in other languages are translated into English so that the scientific community can understand them easily.

4.3. Molecular Data Analyzing

DNA sequence data of Uromyces species from the LSU and ITS rDNA were downloaded from GenBank and through earlier published literature. A checklist of molecular studies on Uromyces sp. along with the name of isolate and references were also prepared and presented in

Table 2. GenBank and voucher/culture collection accession numbers of Uromyces species included in the phylogenetic study.

Taxa	Isolate Name	GenBank Accession No.		References
		ITS	LSU
Uromyces acetosae	DAOM 159824	HQ317557	HQ317557	[39]
Uromyces acuminatus	DUCC506	‒	KC570451	[40]
	CT-V080623-3	GU109282	‒	[41]
Uromyces aemulus	HSZ0345	AF511081	AF511081	[42]
Uromyces aloes	2020-6-28-0005	MT136509	‒	Unpublished
	WM 3290	‒	DQ917740	[43]
Uromyces alopecuri	DAOM 234714	HM131363	HM131363	[44]
Uromyces alyxiae	BPI 871816	‒	KY764186	Unpublished
Uromyces anthyllidis	EB19	FJ468411	‒	[45]
Uromyces ari-triphylli	BPI 871111	DQ354529	DQ354528	[12]
Uromyces betae	BPI910289	KY764187	‒	Unpublished
Uromyces beticola	PDD:101534	KX985757	KX985757	[46]
Uromyces bidenticola	ZP-R1366	‒	MK518671	Unpublished
Uromyces caricis-sempervirentis	GZU 10-94	‒	DQ917714	Unpublished
Uromyces chenopodii-fruticosi	K(M)107793	‒	MT053261	[47]
Uromyces ciceris-arietini	BPI 879192	FJ468398	GU058030	[48]
	‒	GQ914998	‒	[49]
Uromyces clignyi	DAOM 192217	HM131364	‒	[44]
Uromyces coloradensis	DAOM 181557	HQ317565	‒	[39]
	DAOM187619	HQ317564	‒	[39]
Uromyces coronatus	DAOM 32991	HM131365	‒	[44]
	BPI 910293	‒	KY764191	Unpublished
Uromyces dactylidis	PRC692	KM667950	‒	[50]
	TUB 14997	‒	DQ917745	[43]
Uromyces dianthi	BPI 141961	‒	KY764192	Unpublished
Uromyces dolicholi	DAOM 116149	HQ317563	‒	[39]
Uromyces durus	IBAR11149	LC203758	‒	[51]
Uromyces eragrostidis	BPI004474	‒	KY575113	Unpublished
Uromyces erythronii	DE-soo-43285	MH205917	MH205917	[52]
Uromyces euphorbiae	F425	AF180158	‒	[53]
	BPI 863673	‒	KT750330	Unpublished
Uromyces ficariae	WM 1398	‒	AF426204	[33]
Uromyces gageae	HMJAU:8558	MG742207	MG742207	[54]
	U242	DQ250133	DQ250133	[55]
Uromyces geranii	BRIP 60100	‒	KX999898	[56]
Uromyces gladioli	‒	‒	GU936633	[57]
Uromyces graminicola	URO 3	KR264705	‒	[58]
Uromyces halstedii	U1673	MG905913	‒	[59]
Uromyces hawksworthii	UB:22382	KR821137	‒	[60]
	UB:22875	KR821138	‒
	UB:22875	‒	NG059990
Uromyces hedysari-obscuri	DAOM 189699	HQ317573	‒	[39]
	DAOM 223015	‒	HQ317572
Uromyces ixiae	RSA191	‒	DQ917738	[43]
	RSA8	‒	DQ917739	Unpublished
Uromyces japonicus	TNS:F:61987	LC203759	LC203759	[51]
Uromyces jonesii	DAOM 137431	HQ317559	HQ317559	Unpublished
Uromyces junci	GZU 11-98	‒	AF426203	[33]
Uromyces klotzschianus	BA91	MF044015	‒	[61]
	BA92	MF044016	‒
	BA93	‒	MF044017
Uromyces lespedezae-procumbentis	BPI 910294	KY764193	‒	Unpublished
Uromyces lomandracearum	BRIP:59022	‒	KM249862	[62]
Uromyces lupini	DAOM 233961	HQ317570	HQ317570	[39]
Uromyces magnusii	PDD:94487	KX985755	‒	[46]
Uromyces minor	MVAP50000151	MK045314	‒	Unpublished
Uromyces musae	DAOM 192221	HQ317556	‒	[39]
Uromyces muscari	DAOM 75626	HQ317552	HQ317552	[39]
Uromyces neotropicalis	MCA2533	‒	DQ021885	[63]
Uromyces novissimus	R20	‒	EU851147	[57]
Uromyces orientalis	BRIP 60934	KX999899	‒	[56]
Uromyces otaviensis	NA 305	‒	DQ917715	[43]
Uromyces peglerae	BPI 843311	‒	KY575116	Unpublished
Uromyces pisi-sativa	‒	DQ521591	‒	Unpublished
	BRIP 60151	‒	KX999900	[56]
Uromyces plumbarius	070P06138145	KP313731	‒	[64]
	RK44	‒	JQ312671	[65]
Uromyces polygoni-avicularis	DAOM 181565	‒	HQ317558	[39]
Uromyces probus	BPI 893209	KT267172	‒	[66]
Uromyces rebeccae	FDWSRU 15-022	MN386999	MN386999	[47]
Uromyces reichertii	6421	AF511084	AF511084	[42]
Uromyces rumicis	PDD:93529	KX985763	‒	[46]
	BPI 910298	‒	KY764197	Unpublished
Uromyces salsolae	FDWSRU 05-090	MN381162	MN381162	[47]
Uromyces scaevolae	BRIP:57517	KF690686	KF690686	[67]
Uromyces scutellatus	E328	AF180200	AF180200	[53]
Uromyces setariae-italicae	BPI 863744	KY575068	‒	Unpublished
Uromyces setariae-italicae	BPI 863750	‒	KY575069	Unpublished
Uromyces socius	BPI 910302	‒	KY764200	Unpublished
Uromyces sporobolicola	DAOM 114294	HQ317560	HQ317560	[39]
Uromyces striatus	U-675	HQ412651	‒	[68]
	DAOM 240966	HQ317512	‒	[39]
Uromyces striolatus	E405	AF180201	AF180201	[53]
Uromyces strobilanthis	BPI 893253	‒	KY798375	Unpublished
Uromyces tenuicutis	BRIP 60012	‒	KX999904	[56]
Uromyces transversalis	NZ11 PDD-99990	JQ777025	‒	Unpublished
	CA1124	JQ776984	‒	Unpublished
	PUR:N16743	‒	MF374730	[69]
Uromyces trifolii	‒	‒	GU936634	[57]
Uromyces trifolii-repentis	R217	EU014070	‒	[70]
	BRIP 57653	‒	KX999905	[56]
Uromyces viciae-fabae	TSH_R6320	AB115665	‒	[71]
	WM 1365	‒	AF426199	[33]
Uromyces vignae	H92019	AB115731	‒	[72]
	H50721	AB115726	‒
	BRIP 60213	‒	KX999906	[56]
	BRIP 60213	‒	KX999906
Uromyces wedeliae	BRIP 60000	‒	KX999907	[56]

. The relevant publications on molecular analyses were also consulted [5,12,33,34]. Individual nucleotide sequences of LSU and ITS were aligned distinctly using MAFFT 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/; accessed on 1 April 2022) [35], followed by manual checking and editing where necessary in BioEdit v. 7.0.9 [36]. The sequences of taxa containing poorly aligned portions, incomplete data, missing sequence data, and gaps were trimmed. The ITS and LSU sequences alignment was converted to NEXUS format (.nxs) using ClustalX 2.1 (http://www.clustal.org/clustal2/; accessed on 1 April 2022) for Phylogenetic Analysis Using PAUP (PAUP) analysis. The aligned LSU and ITS single-gene datasets and a concatenated dataset of LSU and ITS genes were analyzed with PAUP 4.0b10 [37]. These datasets were run after completing the program output tree in the Bootstrap.tre file. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values greater than 60% are considered good bootstrap supports and are given above each node. Phylogenetic trees are visualized using the FigTree v1.4.0 program [38] and reorganized in Microsoft power point.

5. Distribution, Diversity, and Molecular Data Analysis of Uromyces

5.1. Phylogenetic Analyses

In the phylogenetic results, Uromyces were separated into two complexes in both ITS and LSU sequence data. Both complexes of ITS and LSU share many similar sequences. The incomplete sequences were mostly found in the Uromyces sequence dataset, e.g., ITS1 and 5.8S or ITS1, 5.8S complete, and ITS partial or 28S partially. Approximately 50% of the sequences had up to 300 nucleotides, while the remaining sequences had up to 800 nucleotides. Incomplete sequences can result in two complexes in a single genus. Therefore, complete gene sequences from ITS and LSU are needed to analyze these complex clades (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

5.2. Morphological Diversity and Distribution

The results compiled on diversity and distribution revealed that the rust genus Uromyces comprised a total of 1500 species that occurred worldwide as obligate parasitic fungi on vascular plants [3,4]. After combing through the different online databases [1,32,73], a total of 988 species were included in this paper. Similar to all fungi, its distribution shows great variations in different parts of the world. The tremendously changing climates across the world lead to diversified flora, resulting in a wide diversity and distribution of rust fungi. With regard to global diversity, it is pertinent to note here that Uromyces varies in diversity among countries and continents. These rust fungi generally show a macrocyclic nature and autoecious mode of the life cycle [2,5], which confirms their morphological diversity on specific hosts in particular regions. The broad host range in microcyclic and heteroecious life cycles was also found in Uromyces species.

The genus Uromyces predominantly showed its great diversity in North America in comparison to other continents. Almost 834 (30%) species are described here, which is the highest among all continents. The diversity of the genus is known in other continents of the world as follows: Asia, with 633 (23%) species described; Europe, with 622 (23%) species; North America, with 321 (12%) species; Africa, with 313 (11%) described species; and Australia, with 32 (1%) species described. The genus appears to be well-represented in North American, Asian, and European counties. After dispersal by various modes, such as wind, water, or insect vectors, the propagules of rust fungi germinate and infect plant tissues of specific hosts. Entry of these pathogens takes place either by natural openings such as lenticels and stomata or by wounds or injuries caused by various physical agents [74].

Human anthropogenic activities also play an important role in the global distribution of these organisms. So far, Uromyces species have been found on every land on earth except Antarctica. To understand the distribution of the Uromyces species, we analyzed their distributions across continents and terrestrial ecoregions. More than 150 countries and territories or occupancies showed the distribution of this rust genus. Although only 73 sequences of ITS and nLSU Uromyces species were identified based on molecular characteristics, respectively, the majority of the species are still identified morphologically. This may impact the number and distribution pattern of the Uromyces species as molecular-based research on the rust fungi progress. In comparison to all continents, the highest distribution of 834 species of Uromyces was recorded over 66 regions of different countries and dependencies of North America. The distribution pattern observed in other continents was observed as follows: 633 species in 26 countries and dependencies of Asia; 622 species in 33 countries and dependencies of Europe; 321 species in 17 countries and dependencies of South America; 313 species in 27 countries and dependencies of Africa; and 37 species in 3 countries, islands, or dependencies of Oceania. The array of this global distribution of Uromyces species reveals their vast diversity and justifies its position as the second-largest genus of rust fungi (Figure 5 and Figure 6).

Distribution: America, Kazakhstan, India, Brazil, Syria, México, Russia, Cyprus, Ecuador, Uzbekistan, New Guinea, Cape Province, Algeria, Tunisia, Japan, Norway, China, Uganda, Hawaii, Argentina, Canada, Siberia, France, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, Colombia, Romania, Costa Rica, Israel, Chile, Switzerland, Ivory Coast, Uganda, Turkey, Kenya, Morocco, Britain, New Zealand, Malaysia, Philippines, Iran, Greece, Madagascar, Romania, Australia, Yunnan, Tadzhikistan, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Myanmar, Namibia, Costa Rica, Taiwan, Nepal, Italy, Cuba, Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq, Peru, Tibet, Croatia, Sudan, Ecuador, Jamaica, Sweden, Bolivia, Spain, Austria, Tunisia, Kenya, Norway, Kansas, Peru, Poland, and Venezuela.

5.3. Distribution Patterns of Rust Fungi (Uromyces) by Substrate Types

Uromyces, being the second-largest rust genus after Puccinia, contains a number of important plant pathogens. The species of Uromyces attacks nearly all categories of plants and causes great damage to both plant and their products. Uromyces is a genus of rust fungi that infects both monocots and dicots throughout the world. Analyses of the available literature on host diversity of Uromyces revealed that a total of 647 plant genera belonging to 95 plant families were found to be infected by these rust fungi. Uromyces is particularly reported in plant families such as Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Iridaceae, Poaceae, and Rubiaceae. The highest occurrences of Uromyces spp. were observed in Poaceae and Fabaceae, with 105 and 103 infected host genera, respectively. A number of other families that have an infection in up to 50 plant genera have also been observed, including Acanthaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Loranthaceae, Oleaceae, Poaceae, and Polygonaceae. A study on the diversity and distribution of Uromyces in India by Gautam and Avasthi [75] revealed that nearly 180 plant species belonging to 85 genera and 32 families were found to be infected with Uromyces spp. Among all families, Fabaceae and Poaceae were found to be the most infected with different species of Uromyces. A family-wise comparison of the genera of infected host plants is shown in Figure 7.

5.4. Global Host Range of Uromyces Species

The host range of Uromyces species showed their occurrence in 647 plant genera of 95 plant families. They are reported to be infected by various species of Uromyces, such as: Abrus, Abuilon, Acacia, Acalypha, Acantholimon, Acanthophyllum, Acetosa, Achyranthes, Acidanthera, Acorus, Aconitum, Actinostemon, Adenostyles, Aegopogon, Aellenia, Aeluropus, Agropyron, Agrostis, Aira, Albizia, Albuca, Alhagi, Allium, Aloe, Alopecurus, Alstroemeria, Alysicarpus, Alyxia, Amblytropis, Ambrosia, Amischotolype, Amphicarpaea, Amphilophis, Anabasis, Anaphalis, Anarthrophyllum, Ancrumia, Andropogon, Aneilema, Anemone, Anguria, Anguria, Anisotome, Anomatheca, Anotis, Anthacanthus, Anthericum, Antholyza, Aphelandra, Apios, Apluda, Ardisia, Arenaria, Argyrolobium, Arisaema, Aristida, Armeria, Arnica, Artemisia, Arthrocnemum, Asclepias, Ascyrum, Aspalathus, Asperula, Aspilia, Aster, Astragalus, Astrebla, Atriplex, Atylosia, Avenella, Avenula, Babiana, Baccharis, Bahia, Baltimora, Bartholina, Basella, Bauhinia, Beckeropsis, Beckmannia, Bellevalia, Beloperone, Benedictella, Beta, Bidens, Blainvillea, Boissiera, Bolboschoenus, Boltonia, Bomarea, Bonaveria, Bongardia, Borreria, Bothriochloa, Bouvardia, Brachiaria, Bradburya, Briza, Brodiaea, Bromus, Bryzopyrum, Bufonia, Buforrestia, Bulbine, Bupleurum, Buxus, Cacalia, Caccinia, Cachrys, Cajanus, Calamagrostis, Calandrinia, Callicarpa, Callisia, Calopogonium, Caltha, Calycotome, Calyptridium, Camptosema, Campylotropis, Canavalia, Capillipedium, Caragana, Carex, Cassia, Caucalis, Cayaponia, Celosia, Celtis, Centropogon, Centrosema, Cerastium, Ceratocarpus, Ceratoides, Cestrum, Chaetobromus, Chaetochloa, Chaetolimon, Chamaecrista, Chamaecytisus, Chamaesyce, Chasmanthe, Chenopodium, Chesneya, Chiloglottis, Chionodoxa, Chloris, Chlorophytum, Chorizanthe, Cicer, Cicuta, Cimacoptera, Cirsium, Cissus, Cladostachys, Cladrastis, Claytonia, Cleome, Climacoptera, Clitoria, Clutia, Cnidoscolus, Cnidoscolus, Colchicum, Collomia, Cologania, Colutea, Combretum, Commelina, Commiphora, Convolvulus, Corallocarpus, Cordia, Coronilla, Cosmos, Crepis, Crocosmia, Crocus, Crotalaria, Cruckshanksia, Cucubalus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Curculigo, Cyanotis, Cyathula, Cymbopogon, Cynosurus, Cyperus, Cypholepis, Cytisus, Dactylis, Dactyloctenium, Dalbergia, Danthonia, Deeringia, Dendroseris, Deschampsia, Desmodium, Desmostachya, Dianthus, Dichanthium, Dichromena, Dicliptera, Dierama, Digitaria, Diodia, Dipcadi, Dipogon, Discaria, Distichlis, Dodecatheon, Dolicholus, Dolichos, Doronicum, Dorycnium, Dorycnopsis, Dorystaechas, Doyerea, Dracaena, Drimiopsis, Echinocephalum, Edwardsia, Ehretia, Ehrharta, Eleocharis, Emex, Emmeorhiza, Enargea, Endymion, Engysiphon, Epicampes, Eragrostis, Eremopogon, Eremopyrum, Eriochloa, Eriogonum, Eriophyllum, Eriosema, Eriospermum, Erodium, Ervum, Erythrina, Erythronium, Eulophia, Euphorbia, Euryops, Excoecaria, Exotheca, Fatoua, Ferraria, Ferula, Festuca, Ficaria, Fimbristylis, Flemmingia, Fleurya, Floscopa, Freesia, Fritillaria, Gagea, Galactia, Galega, Galinsoga, Galium, Galphimia, Gamanthus, Gaudichaudia, Gaura, Gayophytum, Geissorhiza, Genista, Gentiana, Geranium, Gilliesia, Gladiolus, Glaux, Glyceria, Glycyrrhiza, Gnaphalium, Gomphrena, Gossypium, Gouania, Grindelia, Guizotia, Gurania, Gypsophila, Habrochloa, Haemanthus, Halenia, Halimodendron, Halocharis, Haloxylon, Hardenbergia, Hedysarum, Helianthus, Helichrysum, Helictotrichon, Heliopsis, Heliotropium, Helleborus, Helmontia, Hemarthria, Heracleum, Hesperantha, Heteranthera, Heteromorpha, Heteropogon, Hewittia, Hibiscus, Hippocrepis, Hippomarathrum, Holcus, Homogyne, Honckenya, Hookera, Hordeum, Hosackia, Houstonia, Hyacinthoides, Hyacinthus, Hydrocotyle, Hymenocarpos, Hyparrhenia, Hypericum, Hypoestes, Hypoxis, Hypsela, Indigofera, Inga, Ipomoea, Iresine, Isathne, Ixia, Jacobinia, Jacquemontia, Jasminum, Jatropha, Jaumea, Juncus, Juniperus, Justica, Kalidium, Karroochloa, Kochia, Koeleria, Krameria, Krascheninnikovia, Kummerowia, Kyllinga, Lablab, Laburnum, Lachenalia, Lantana, Lapeirousia, Lasiacis, Lasiocorys, Lathyrus, Ledenbergia, Leersia, Lembotropis, Lens, Leonotis, Leontice, Leopoldia, Leptochloa, Lerchenfeldia, Lespedeza, Leucocoryne, Ligularia, Lilium, Limonium, Lloydia, Loeselia, Lomandra, Loranthus, Lotononis, Lotus, Lupinus, Luzula, Lychnis, Lygeum, Lysimachia, Maackia, Maianthemum, Mallotus, Manettia, Manihot, Massonia, Mattiastrum, Medicago, Meibomia, Melandrium, Melanolepis, Melanthera, Melasphaerula, Medica, Melilotus, Melothria, Menyanthes, Mercurialis, Merremia, Messerschmidia, Microchloa, Microlespedeza, Microtis, Miersia, Mikania, Milium, Milla, Mimusops, Minuartia, Modecca, Moehringia, Momordica, Monocymbium, Montanoa, Moraea, Mucuna, Muehlenbeckia, Muhlenbergia, Mulinum, Muricauda, Musa, Muscari, Myosotis, Myrsine, Nassauvia, Nassella, Noaea, Nothoscordum, Nymphoides, Ocimum, Odontonema, Oenanthe, Oenothera, Olsynium, Onagra, Onobrychis, Ononis, Ophiorrhiza, Oreopolus, Ormosia, Ornithogalum, Ornithopus, Orobus, Orthosiphon, Oryctanthus, Oryza, Oxytropis, Pachylophus, Panicum, Parietaria, Paspalum, Paspalum, Passiflora, Pavonia, Peireskia, Peltandra, Pennisetum, Pentace, Pentaschistis, Peplis, Peracarpa, Perymenium, Petrorhagia, Petrosimonia, Peucedanum, Phaca, Phacelurus, Phalaris, Phaseolus, Phleum, Phlogacanthus, Phlox, Phoradendron, Phragmites, Phrygilanthus, Phthirusa, Physanthyllis, Phyteuma, Piptanthus, Pisum, Pittosporum, Plantago, Poa, Poinsettia, Poiretia, Poitea, Polemannia, Polemonium, Pollia, Polycnemum, Polygala, Polygonum, Polymnia, Polytrias, Polyxena, Pontederia, Pozoa, Prangos, Pratia, Primula, Priva, Pseudarthria, Pseuderanthemum, Psoralea, Psychotria, Pteracanthus, Pulicaria, Quinchamalium, Ranunculus, Rapanea, Rapanea, Ratibida, Rhinacanthus, Rhinopetalum, Rhynchospora, Rhynchosia, Ribes, Roepera, Romulea, Rosa, Rottboellia, Rudbeckia, Ruellia, Rumex, Rytidosperma, Sabinea, Salicornia, Salmea, Salpichroa Salsola, Sapium, Saururus, Scaevola, Schismus, Schizachyrium, Schizeilema, Scilla, Scirpus, Scleranthus, Scleria, Sclerochloa, Scribneria, Secale, Secamone, Securigera, Sedum, Selliera, Selysia, Senecio, Sesbania, Seseli, Sessea, Setaria, Sigesbeckia, Silene, Silphium, Simethis, Siphocampylus, Siphocampylus, Sisyrinchium, Sium, Smilacina, Smilax, Snowdenia, Solanum, Solaria, Solidago, Sophora, Sorghum, Sparaxis, Sparganium, Spartina, Spergularia, Spermacoce, Sphaeralcea, Sphenostylis, Sporobolus, Spraguea, Stellaria, Stenorrhynchus, Stipa, Strobilanthes, Strumaria, Struthanthus, Stylochaeton, Suaeda, Swainsona, Teramnus, Tessaria, Tetraena, Tetragonolobus, Thalictrum, Thapsia, Thelymitra, Themeda, Thermopsis, Thyrsacanthus, Tithymalus, Tournefortia, Toona, Tradescantia, Tragus, Triadenum, Trianosperma, Tribolium, Trichocline, Tricholaena, Trichoneura, Trichosanthes, Tricoryne, Trifolium, Trigonella, Tripogandra, Tripogon, Tripsacum, Trisetum, Triteleia, Tritonia, Trochomeriopsis Tulipa, Tylosema, Ulex, Uraria, Urginea, Urochloa, Valerianella, Veratrum, Verbascum, Veronica, Vicia, Vigna, Vilfa, Viola, Viscaria, Viscum, Vitis, Vossia, Vulpia, Watsonia, Wedelia, Wilbrandia, Wulffia, Zantedeschia, Zebrina, Zexmenia, Zigadenus, Zizania, Zizaniopsis, and Zygophyllum. This compiled information depicts the broad host range of these rust fungi. The association of Uromyces species with some host plants is given in Figure 8, while detailed information on the diversity, host range, and distribution of Uromyces species is summarized in

Table 3. Diversity, host range, and distribution of species of Uromyces.

Species	Host	Locality	Reference
Uromyces abbreviatus Arthur	Psoralea purshii and P. physodes	California, Idaho (Western USA), Nevada, and Washington (USA)	[76,77,78]
Uromyces acantholimonis Syd. & P. Syd.	Acantholimon libanoticum	Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Turkey	[79,80,81]
Uromyces acetosae J. Schröt.	Acetosa pratensis, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, R. acetoselloides, R. alpestris, and R. scutatus	Bulgaria, Czech Republic, China, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, México, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Russia, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom	[80,82,83,84]
Uromyces achrous Syd. & P. Syd.	Dalbergia sissoo	India, Pakistan	[85,86]
Uromyces aconiti Fuckel	Aconitum apetalum, A. barbatum, A. carmichaelii, A. delavayi, A. delavayi, A. lycoctonum, A. macrorhynchum, A. monticola, A. umbrosum, A. umbrosum, and A. volubile	China and Japan	[87,88,89,90,91]
Uromyces aconiti-lycoctoni (DC.) G. Winter	Aconitum apetalum	California, Finland, Romania, and Spain	[78,92]
Uromyces acori T.S. Ramakr. & Rangaswami	Acorus calamus	India, China, Japan, and Thailand	[93,94,95,96,97,98,99]
Uromyces actinostemonis H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Actinostemon concolor	Brazil	[100,101,102,103]
Uromyces acuminatus Arthur	Arenaria lateriflora, Collomia linearis, Dodecatheon pulchellum, Honckenya peploides, Lysimachia ciliata, Maianthemum canadense, Phlox glaberrima, P. pilosa, Polemonium reptans, Smilacina stellate, Spartina alterniflora, S. alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, S. gracilis, S. patens, and S. pectinata	Alberta, Bulgaria, California, Canada, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North America, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Rhode Island, Saskatchewan, Wisconsin, and Wyoming	[41,104]
Uromyces acutatus Fuckel	Gagea bohemica and G. villosa	Germany	[105]
Uromyces adelphicus Syd.	Milium trichopodium	Syria	[106]
Uromyces aecidiiformis (F. Strauss) C.C. Rees	Fritillaria pallidiflora, F. pineticola, F. ussuriensis, Lilium bulbiferum, and L. candidum	China, Greece, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom	[91,105,107,108,109]
Uromyces aegopogonis Dietel & Holw.	Aegopogon cenchroides, A. geminiflorus, A. gracilis, and A. tenellus	México	[106,110]
Uromyces aeluropodinus Tranzschel	Aeluropus littoralis	Ukraine	[111]
Uromyces aeluropodis-repentis Nattrass	Aeluropus repens	Cyprus, Turkey, and Ukraine	[80,106]
Uromyces aemulus Arthur	Allium acuminatum, A. brevistylum, A. brandegei, A. douglasii, A. gooddingii, A. tolmiei, and A. validum	Arizona, California, Colorado, Canada, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming	[112,113,114,115,116]
Uromyces affinis G. Winter	Alstroemeria aurantiaca, A. caryophyllaea, A. inodora, A. isabellana, A. nemorosa, Curculigo scorzoneraefolia, Hypoxis decumbens, H. erecta, and H. hirsuta	Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Florida, Missouri, Mississippi, and Puerto Rico	[102,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125]
Uromyces agnatus Arthur	Jatropha stimulosa	Florida	[112]
Uromyces agropyri Barclay	Agropyron sp.	India	[126]
Uromyces agrostidis (Gonz. Frag.) A.L. Guyot	Agrostis capillaris and Ranunculus repens	Europe	[39]
Uromyces aimeae Berndt	Cucurbitaceae	Ecuador	[127]
Uromyces airae-flexuosae Ferd. & Winge	Aira flexuosa, Avenella flexuosa, Deschampsia beringensis, Deschampsia flexuosa, and Lerchenfeldia flexuosa	Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Poland, and Russia	[82,83,106,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135]
Uromyces albidum Kirgizb.	Acanthophyllum pungens	Uzbekistan	[106]
Uromyces albiziae Henn.	Albizia procera	Indonesia	[136]
Uromyces albucae Kalchbr. & Cooke	Albuca altissima, A. aurea, A. minor, A. canadensis, A. juncifolia, and A. wakefieldii	Kenya, Malawi, South Africa	[137,138,139,140,141,142]
Uromyces albus (Clinton) Dietel & Holw.	Vicia americana and V. linearis	California and Nebraska	[78,143]
Uromyces algeriensis P. Syd. & Syd.	Scilla obtusifolia and Scilla sp.	Algeria, Cyprus, and Tunisia	[144,145]
Uromyces alhagi Szemb.	Alhagi camelorum and A. sparsifolium	Russia and Uzbekistan	[146]
Uromyces allii-monanthi Y. Harada	Allium monanthum	Japan	[147]
Uromyces allii-sibirici Gjaerum	Allium sibiricum	Norway	[148,149]
Uromyces allii-victorialis Liou & Y.C. Wang	Allium fistulosum, A. macrostemon, and A. victorialis	China	[90]
Uromyces aloes (Cooke) Magnus	Aloe spp.	India, Japan, and South Africa	[43,133,139,150,151,152,153,154]
Uromyces alopecuri Seym.	Alopecurus aequalis, A. amurensis, A. arundinaceus, A. arundinaceus, A. geniculatus, A. japonicas, A. pratensis, Ranunculus sceluratus, R. sieboldii, and R. vernyi	China, Colorado, Japan, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas, Turkey, and Wyoming	[80,92,96,155,156]
Uromyces alpestris Tranzschel	Euphorbia cyparissias	Bulgaria, Germany, Spain, and Switzerland	[82,157,158,159,160]
Uromyces alsinis Tranzschel	Minuartia hamata and M. meyeri	Turkey	[80,161]
Uromyces alstroemeriae (Dietel) Henn.	Alstroemeria revoluta, A. aurantiaca, A. caryophyllaea, A. inodora, A. ligtu, A. isabellana, A. nemorosa, and A. subrosulacea	America, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile	[143,162,163,164,165,166,167]
Uromyces alysicarpi Wakef. & Hansf.	Alysicarpus glumaceus, A. monilifer, A. vaginalis, and A. violaceus	India, Malawi, Uganda, South Africa, and Zambia	[138,139,141,168,169,170,171,172]
Uromyces alyxiae Arthur	Alyxia oliviformis	Hawaii	[173,174,175,176]
Uromyces ambiens Cooke	Buxus sempervirens and B. wallichiana	India and Pakistan	[177,178]
Uromyces ambiguus (DC) Lév.	Allium ampeloprasum, A. angulosum, A. atroviolaceum, A. babingtonii, A. descendens, A. fistulosum, A. rotundum, A. schoenoprasum, A. sibiricum, A. ursinum, A. vineale, and A. waldsteinii	Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Japan, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom	[82,105,133,135,145,179]
Uromyces americanus Speg.	Cicuta bulbifera, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, H. umbellata, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Scirpus americanus, S. acutus, S. californicus, S. lacustris, S. olneyi, S. validus, Sium cicutifolium, and Sium suave	Alabama, Argentina, Canada, California, Delaware, Indiana, Nebraska, Puerto Rico, Texas, Uruguay, Virgin Islands, West Indies, and Wisconsin	[180,181,182,183,184,185]
Uromyces amoenus Syd. & P. Syd.	Anaphalis alpicola, A. busua, A. contorta, A. margaritacea, and Gnaphalia margaritacea	Canada, California, China, Idaho, Japan, Michigan, Montana, Nepal, Oregon, Russia, South Dakota, and Washington	[79,94,186,187,188,189,190]
Uromyces amphidymus Syd. & P. Syd.	Glyceria acutiflora, G. borealis, G. fluitans, and G. septentrionalis	America, Indiana, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin	[79,191,192,193]
Uromyces amphilophis-insculptae T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram	Amphilophis insculpta	India	[194]
Uromyces amurensis Kom.	Maackia amurensis, M. floribunda, M. hupehensis, M. tashiroi, and M. reticulata	China, Japan, Korea, and Russia	[92,94,96,108,109]
Uromyces anabasis Kazenas	Anabasis aphylla	China	[195]
Uromyces anagyridis Roum.	Anagyris foetida, A. mongolicus, A. nanus, Piptanthus concolor, and P. nepalensis	China, Cyprus, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Spain, and Turkey	[80,81,96,108,109,196,197,198]
Uromyces andropogonis Tracy	Andropogon elliottii, A. emersus, A. glomeratus, A. perforatus, A. ternarius, A. saccharoides, A. virginicus, Sorghum halepense, Viola papilionacea, V. pedata, V. pedata, V. striata, and V. tricolor	Alabama, Arkansas, Bolivia, Carolina, Chile, Columbia, Connecticut, Delaware, Ecuador, Florida, India, Indiana, Illinois, Jersey, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New North Georgia, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia	[171,172,199,200,201,202,203,204,205]
Uromyces andropogonis-annulati Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler	Andropogon annulatus, A. abyssinicus, A. brevifolius, A. brevifolius, A. hirtiflorus, A. ischaemum, A. longipes, A. multinervis, A. pilosellus, A. platyphyllus, A. schottii, Bothriochloa insculpta, B. ischaemum, B. pertusa, Cymbopogon giganteus, Dichanthium annulatum, D. aristatum, D. caricosum, D. nodosum, Exotheca abyssinica, Hemarthria altissima, Hyparrhenia hirta, Monocymbium ceresiiforme, and Themeda triandra	Barbados, Cuba, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, México, New Guinea, Pakistann, Philippines, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tunisia, and West Indies	[85,87,88,122,139,168,171,172,201,206,207,208,209]
Uromyces anguriae H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Anguria warmingiana, Gurania pycnocephala, Helmontia cardiophylla, and Wilbrandia verticillata	Brazil and French Guiana	[127,210,211,212]
Uromyces anomathecae Cooke	Anomatheca cruenta	South Africa	[123,138,169,213]
Uromyces anotidis Petch	Anotis richardiana	Sri Lanka	[214]
Uromyces anotidis-monospermatis T.S. Ramakr. & Sundaram	Anotis monosperma	India	[215]
Uromyces anthacanthi H.S. Jacks.	Anthacanthus spinosus	Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and West Indies	[125,184,216,217,218]
Uromyces anthemophilus Vestergr.	Bauhinia longifolia and Bauhinia sp.	Mato Grosso	[102,219]
Uromyces antholyzae Syd. & P. Syd.	Antholyza abyssinica	Ethiopia and South Africa	[138,142,169]
Uromyces anthyllidis (Grev.) J. Schröt.	Anagyris spp., Astragalus spp., Benedictella spp., Coronilla spp., Dorycnium spp., Hedysarum spp., Hippocrepis spp., Lathurus spp., Lotus spp., Lupinus spp., Medicago spp., Ononis spp., Trifolium spp., Trigonella spp., and Vicia spp.	Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Itlay, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia	[81,220,221,222]
Uromyces antiguanus Cummins	Desmodium orbiculare and Desmodium sp.	Guatemala (USA) and México	[171,172,223,224,225]
Uromyces antioquiensis Mayor	Rhynchospora polyphylla and R. nervosa	Colombia	[119,226,227]
Uromyces antipae Săvul. & O. Săvul.	Rosa lutea	Romania	[228]
Uromyces aphelandrae Syd.	Aphelandra pectinata	Costa Rica	[218,224,229]
Uromyces apiosporus Hazsl.	Primula minima and Primula suffrutescens	Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Romania, and California	[78,82,135,230,231]
Uromyces apludae Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler	Apluda mutica, Indigofera linifolia, and I. cordifolia	India, Guinea, Pakistan, and Philippines	[85,208,232,233]
Uromyces appelianus Gassner	Passiflora foetida and Cayaponia sp.	Brazil, India, and Uruguay (USA)	[127,211,212,234]
Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link	Amphicarpaea spp., Cajanus sp., Dolichos spp., Lablab sp., Phaseolus spp., and Vigna spp.	Worldwide	[92,195,235,236,237,238]
Uromyces appendiculatus var. azukicola Hirata	Phaseolus angularis	Japan	[239]
Uromyces aquiriensis Berndt	Cucurbitaceae	Acre (Israel)	[127]
Uromyces araucanus Dietel & Neger	Senecio otites	La Araucania (Chile)	[162,240]
Uromyces archerianus Arthur & Fromme	Chloris elegans	Africa, China, Kenya, Malawi, and México (USA)	[108,109,110,171,172,241,242,243,244,245]
Uromyces arenariae Tranzschel	Arenaria graminea, A. gypsophiloides, and A. serpyllifolia	Armenia, Romania, and Turkey	[80,161,246]
Uromyces arenariae-grandiflorae Mayor	Arenaria saponarioides	Turkey	[80]
Uromyces argaeus Maire	Rumex tuberosus	Asia	[247]
Uromyces argutus F. Kern	Spartina alterniflora and S. glabra	Florida	[106,242,248]
Uromyces argyrolobii Doidge	Argyrolobium amplexicaule and Sesbania sp.	KwaZulu-Natal and Zimbabwe (South Africa)	[138,249,250]
Uromyces ari-triphylli (Schwein.) Seeler	Arisaema spp., Peltandra virginica, and Zantedeschia sp.	Britain, California, Canada, Florida, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, México, Washington, and Virginia	[185,187,251,252,253,254,255,256]
Uromyces arizonicus Tracy & Galloway	Eriogonum racemosum	Arizona (USA)	[257]
Uromyces armeriicola Speg.	Armeria chilensis	North, Central, and South America, and West Indies	[120,125,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265]
Uromyces asclepiadis Cooke	Asclepias spp.	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, California, Florida, Maine, Peru, Puerto Rico, México, and Texas	[100,118,119,123,124,262,266]
Uromyces asperulae McAlpine	Asperula conferta and A. oligantha	Australia	[267,268]
Uromyces aspiliae H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Aspilia phyllostachya, Aspilia sp., and Wedelia saltensis	Argentina and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)	[102,210,269]
Uromyces aspiliellus Vienn. -Bourg.	Aspilia latifolia	Ivory Coast	[270]
Uromyces aspiliicola Cummins	Aspilia asperifolia, A. africana, A. kotschyi, Guizotia sp., and Wedelia sp.	Malawi, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda	[168,271,272,273,274,275]
Uromyces astragali-alopecuri Gjaerum	Astragalus alopecurus	Turkey	[276]
Uromyces astragali-atropilosuli Gjaerum	Astragalus atropilosulus var. bequaertii	Kenya	[276]
Uromyces astragalicola Henn.	Astragalus adsurgens	North Dakota and Utah	[277,278]
Uromyces astragali-pseudoutrigeris Gjaerum	Astragalus pseudoutriger	Turkey	[276]
Uromyces atlanticus Guyot & Malençon	Hippocrepis scabra	Morocco	[279]
Uromyces atriplicis McAlpine	Atriplex confertifolia, A. paludosa, A. semibaccata, and A. vesicaria	Australia, Britain, and Colorado	[280,281,282]
Uromyces atropidis Tranzschel	Atropidis distantis	Turkey	[161]
Uromyces aureus Dietel & Holw.	Allium trinulatum, A. validum, Allium sp., and Chlorogalum pomeridianum	California and Washington (USA)	[78,186,187]
Uromyces auriculae (Magnus) A. Buchheim	Primula auricula	Austria and Germany	[160,283]
Uromyces azorellae Cooke	Pozoa trifoliate and Schizeilematrifolio latum	New Zealand	[213,284]
Uromyces babianae Doidge	Babiana disticha	Western Cape Province (South Africa)	[249,285]
Uromyces baccarinii Syd. & P. Syd.	Wedelia sp.	Eritrea	1937 [286,287]
Uromyces badius Syd.	Haemanthus coccineus, H. pumilio, H. rotundifolius, and H. sanguineus	South Africa	[138,167,288]
Uromyces baeumlerianus Bubák	Melilotus spp.	Austria, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, Poland, Spain, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine	[81,82,96,289,290]
Uromyces bahiensis Perd. Sánch.	Loranthaceae	Panama	[15]
Uromyces basellae Syd. & P. Syd.	Basella rubra	Malaysia	[15]
Uromyces bauhiniae Henn.	Bauhinia bongardii, B. cuyabensis, B. hiemalis, B. longiflora, B. pauletia, and B. ungulata	Brazil and México	[102,291,292]
Uromyces bauhiniicola Arthur	Bauhinia chlorantha and B. pringlei	México	[291]
Uromyces beckeropsidis E. Castell.	Beckeropsis nubica	Eritrea and Euthopia	[106,293,294]
Uromyces beckmanniae H.S. Jacks.	Beckmannia eruciformis and B. syzigachne	Oregon	[295]
Uromyces behenis (DC.) Unger	Silene spp.	Worldwide	[296,297]
Uromyces belemensis F.C. Albuq. & Figueiredo	Ormosia nobilis	Brazil	[219,298]
Uromyces beloperones G.F. Laundon	Beloperone californica, B. purpusii, and Jacobinia mexicana	Arizona, California, and México	[116,218,299,300]
Uromyces bermudianus Cummins	Cyperus paniculatus	Bermuda	[224,233]
Uromyces bethelii Arthur	Silene verecunda	California	[301]
Uromyces beticola (Bellynck) Boerema, Loer. & Hamers	Beta vulgaris	Bulgaria, Israel, and Turkey	[80,81,82,302]
Uromyces bicolor Ellis	Allium spp.	California, Idaho, Kansas, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Maine, New York, Ohio, and Texas	[186,191,303,304,305]
Uromyces bidenticola (Henn.) Arthur	Bidens spp. and Cosmos caudatus	Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and the Southern United States	[96,121,306,307,308,309,310]
Uromyces bidentis Lagerh.	Bidens spp. and Cosmos caudatus	Central and South America, Southern United States, and West Indies	[118,119,152,184,264,311,312,313]
Uromyces bisbyi Savile	Eriogonum parvifolium	California	[314]
Uromyces blainvilleae Berk.	Blainvillea spp.	Brazil, Chinas, India, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania	[152,195,210,315,316,317]
Uromyces blandus Syd.	Phragmites vulgaris	China and Philippines	[318,319]
Uromyces boissierae Vienn. Bourg.	Boissiera pumilio	Iran	[320]
Uromyces bolusii Massee	Aspalathus pachyloba	South Africa	[138,321,322]
Uromyces bomareae Henn.	Bomarea sp.	Brazil	[167,261,323]
Uromyces bonaerensis Speg.	Gomphrena elegans	Buenos Aires	[324]
Uromyces bonae-spei Bubák	Tritonia scillaris and Acidanthera pallida	Southern Africa	[325]
Uromyces bonaveriae P. Syd.	Bonaveria securidaca and Securigera securidaca	Greece	[326,327]
Uromyces borealis Peck	Hedysarum boreale, H. mackenzii, and Rumex arifolius	Canada and Finland	[328,329]
Uromyces bornmuelleri Magnus	Bongardia chrysogonum and Leontice armeniaca	Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Turkey	[81,196,330]
Uromyces borreriae Henn.	Borreria verticillata	Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)	[331]
Uromyces bosseri Vienn. Bourg.	Trochomeriopsis diversifolia	Madagascar	[127,332]
Uromyces bothriochloae-intermediae Gorlenko	Bothriochloa intermedia	China	[108,109]
Uromyces bouvardiae Syd. & P. Syd.	Bouvardia spp.	Guatemala and México	[281,292,333]
Uromyces bradburyae H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Bradburya pubescens, B. virginiana, Centrosema pubescens, and C. virginianum	Brazil	[101,102]
Uromyces brandzae Săvul.	Lathyrus aureus, L. venetus, and Orobus vernus	Romania and Ukraine	[111,126,228]
Uromyces brasilianus Speg.	Senecio brasiliensis	Buenos Aires	[334]
Uromyces brasiliensis Trotter	Jacquemontia spp.	Brazil, China, and México	[102,335,336]
Uromyces bravensis Cummins	Sporobolus argutus and S. pyramidalis	The Dominican Republic and Texas	[171,172,337]
Uromyces bresadolae Tranzschel	Euphorbia sp.	Itlay	[157]
Uromyces briardii Har.	Euphorbia sp.	Germany	[338]
Uromyces brizae Gäum., E. Müll. & Terrier	Briza media	France	[339]
Uromyces brodiaeae Ellis & Harkn	Brodiaea spp., Hookera hyacinthina, and Triteleia ixioides	California, Oregon, and Washington (USA)	[187,340]
Uromyces bromicola Arthur & Holw.	Bromus coloratus and B. lithobius	Chile	[199]
Uromyces brominus Gucevič	Bromus riparius	Ukraine and Russia	[106,111]
Uromyces buforrestiae Cummins	Buforrestia imperforata	Ghana	[341]
Uromyces bugranae A.L. Guyot	Ononis columnae and O. striata	France, Switzerland	[342]
Uromyces bulbinicola Doidge	Bulbine bulbosa	South Australia	[249,343]
Uromyces bulbinus Thüm.	Bulbine sp.	Australia and New Zealand	[344]
Uromyces bunsteri (Neger) H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Sisyrinchium cuspidatum, S. graminifolium, and Sisyrinchium sp.	Chile	[166]
Uromyces bupleuri Magnus	Bupleurum spp.	China, Greece, Iran, Morocco, and Tibet	[91,190,220,345,346]
Uromyces bylianus Doidge	Liliaceae	KwaZulu-Natal	[249]
Uromyces cacaliae (DC.) Unger	Adenostyles spp. and Cacalia spp.	Austria, Germany, Japan, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Switzerland	[92,135,159,160]
Uromyces cacciniae Jørst.	Caccinia strigosa and Mattiastrum sp.	Afghanistan and Iran	[347,348]
Uromyces cachrydis Har.	Cachrys pterochlaena, Hippomarathrum boissieri, H. crassilobum, H. siculum, and Prangos sp.	Cyprus, Israel, Libya, Morocco, and Portugal	[81,349]
Uromyces caladii (Schwein.) Farl.	Arisaema spp., Peltandra spp., and Muricauda dracontium	Carolina, Georgia, Iowa, Minnesota, México, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, and West Virginia	[133,155,253,255]
Uromyces calamagrostidis Uljan.	Calamagrostis arundinacea	The former Soviet Union	[106]
Uromyces callicarpae (Petch) Fujik. ex S. Ito	Callicarpa spp.	China, Japan, and Taiwan	[94,96,97]
Uromyces calopogonii Cummins	Calopogonium galactioides	Guatemala	[171,172,224,350]
Uromyces calotheus Syd.	Urginea	Sierra Leone	[351]
Uromyces calycotomes Gäum. & Terrier	Calycotome spinosa	France	[220]
Uromyces calystegiae de Bary ex Fuckel	Convolvulus arvensis	America, Australia, Italy, and Germany	[352]
Uromyces camphorosmae (Castagne) Har.	Camphorosma monspeliaca	France	[353]
Uromyces canavaliae J.M. Yen	Canavalia microcarpa	China and Taiwan	[97,108,109]
Uromyces capensis Doidge	Oenothera biennis	Western Cape Province	[138]
Uromyces capitatus Syd. & P. Syd.	Desmodium yunnanensis	China, India, and Pakistan	[96,156,354,355,356,357]
Uromyces caraganae (Thüm.) Magnus	Caragana arborescens	Portugal	[358,359]
Uromyces caraganicola Henn.	Caragana chamlagu	Asia, Africa, and Europe	[81,225,236,360,361,362,363]
Uromyces caricis-brunneae Morim.	Carex brunnea	Japan	[94]
Uromyces caricis-dolichocarpae Azbukina	Carex dolichocarpa	Sakhalin (Russia)	[364]
Uromyces caricis-rafflesianae Mayor	Carex rafflesiana	Philippines	[365]
Uromyces caricis-schmidtii Tomilin	Carex schmidtii	Khabarovsk	[297,366]
Uromyces caricis-sempervirentis E. Fisch.	Carex sempervirens, C. sempervirens, C. stenophylla, Phyteuma betonicifolium, and P. orbiculare	Austria, Europe, Germany, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, and Turkey	[43,80,160]
Uromyces carneus (Nees) Har.	Astragalus alpinus and Oxytropis campestris	Finland and Wyoming	[329,367,368]
Uromyces carpathicus Namysł.	Geranium phaeum	Poland	[369,370]
Uromyces carthagenensis Speg.	Manihot spp.	Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay	[371,372]
Uromyces cassiae-mimosoidis (Doidge) Doidge	Cassia mimosoides and Chamaecrista mimosoides	South Africa	[138,171,172,285]
Uromyces castaneus P. Syd. & Syd.	Desmodium incanum, D. purpureum, and Desmodium sp.	Argentina and Brazil	[171,269]
Uromyces cayaponiae Henn.	Cayaponia sp.	Santa Catarina	[127]
Uromyces cearensis Berndt & F.O. Freire	Ipomoea sp.	Brazil	[373]
Uromyces cedrelae (Henn.) Henn.	Toona serrata	Indonesia	[177,374]
Uromyces celosiae Dietel & Holw.	Celosia latifolia	Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, and México	[167,263,269,308,375,376]
Uromyces celtidis Dietel	Celtis sp.	Brazil	[102,375]
Uromyces cenisiae A.L. Guyot	Ononis cenisia	France	[342]
Uromyces ceratocarpi Syd. & P. Syd.	Ceratocarpus arenarius	China and Russia	[91,144]
Uromyces cestricola Speg.	Cestrum pubeens and C. strigilatum	Argentina and Bolivia	[334,377]
Uromyces chaetobromi Gjaerum	Chaetobromus dregeanus and C. schraderi	South Africa	[244,378]
Uromyces chaetolimonis Korbonsk.	Chaetolimon sogdianum	Tajikistan	[379]
Uromyces charmelii Liou	Phyteuma charmelii	France	[380]
Uromyces chenopodii J. Schröt	Chenopodium sp., Salsola spp., and Suaeda spp.	Around the world	[381]
Uromyces chenopodii-fruticosi (DC.) M. Abbasi & Aime	Suaeda maritima	England and Germany	[47]
Uromyces chesneyae Tranzschel & Erem.	Chesneya astragalina	Central Asia and Russia	[382,383]
Uromyces chevalieri A.L. Guyot	Drimiopsis sp.	Chari and Tropical Africa	[384,385]
Uromyces chilensis Dietel & Neger	Lathyrus magellanicus and L. multiceps	Chile	[162,386]
Uromyces chiovendae Bacc.	Cissus sp.	Somalia	[287]
Uromyces chloridis Doidge	Chloris myriostachya, C. pilosa, and C. virgate	Uganda and South Africa	[138,249]
Uromyces chlorogali Dietel & Holw.	Chlorogalum pomeridianum	California and Washington (USA)	[186,187,387]
Uromyces chorizanthis Ellis & Harkn.	Chorizanthe pungens	California	[340,388]
Uromyces christensenii J. Anikster & I. Wahl	Muscari parviflorum and Hordeum bulbosum	Israel	[389,390]
Uromyces chubutensis Speg.	Poa chubutensis	Chubut	[391]
Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot) Jacz. & G. Boyer	Cicer arietinum, Trigonella polycerata, and Vicia spp.	Brazil, India, Kenya, Libya, México, Morocco, and Pakistan	[81,221,357,392]
Uromyces ciceris-soongaricae S. Ahmad	Cicer songaricum	Pakistan	[393]
Uromyces circinalis Kalchbr. & Cooke	Scilla prasina	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces circumscriptus Neger	Loranthus spp., Struthanthus complexus, and Phrygilanthus spp.	Argentina, Brazil, and Chile	[394]
Uromyces cisneroanus Speg.	Excoecaria biglandulosa var. serrata and Sapium spp.	Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Venezuela	[100,101,103,269,324]
Uromyces cladomanes Traverso	Vitis sp.	Somalia	[287]
Uromyces cladrastidis Kusano	Cladrastis shikokiana	Japan	[92]
Uromyces clarus H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Iresine angustifolia, I. celosia and Iresine sp.	Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Venezuela, and West Indies	[167,263,376]
Uromyces clavatus Dietel	Lathyrus spp. and Vicia spp.	Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay	[143,240,395]
Uromyces claytoniae Cooke & Peck	Claytonia caroliniana	Canada and New York	[104,185,396]
Uromyces clignyi Pat. & Har.	Andropogon spp., Bothriochloa spp., Capillipedium sp., Cymbopogon sp., Dichanthium spp., Eremopogon sp., Exotheca sp., Hemarthria spp., Heteropogon sp., Monocymbium sp., Schizachyrium sp., Sorghum sp., and Themeda spp.	Uganda, Australia, Cameroon, China, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Japan, Kenya, México, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia	[110,152,171,172,243,244,356,397]
Uromyces clignyioides Gjaerum	Monocymbium ceresiiforme	Zimbabwe	[244]
Uromyces clitoriae Arthur	Clitoria mexicana	México	[172,398]
Uromyces clivalis Mitter	Argyrolobium flaccidum	India	[357,399]
Uromyces clutiae Kalchbr. & Cooke	Clutia sp.	Kenya	[400]
Uromyces cnidoscoli Henn.	Cnidoscolus vitifolius and Jatropha sp.	Argentina and Brazil	[103,282,291]
Uromyces cobresiae Korbonsk.	Carex sp.	Uzbekistan	[146]
Uromyces colchici Massee	Colchicum spectabile and C. bavaricum	Great Britain and Turkey	[133,401,402]
Uromyces collinus J.F. Hennen & Cummins	Bauhinia sp.	México	[133,292,403]
Uromyces cologaniae Arthur	Cologania spp. and Teramnus uncinatus	Costa Rica, Guatemala, México, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela	[259,281,306,310,398]
Uromyces coloradensis Ellis & Everh.	Astragalus sp. and Vicia spp.	Arizona, California, Canada, Colorado, Iowa, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin (USA)	[225,404]
Uromyces columbianus Mayor	Melanthera spp.	Florida, West Indies, and Central and South America	[76,77,120,122,226,306]
Uromyces coluteae Arthur	Colutea arborescens	Austria	[299]
Uromyces combreti Thaung	Combretum	Myanmar	[405]
Uromyces comedens P. Syd. & Syd.	Jasminum pubescens	India and Dominican Republic	[118,119,144,224,406]
Uromyces commelinae Cooke	Amischotolype sp., Aneilema spp., Callisia spp., Commelina spp., Cyanotis spp., Cyanotis spp., Pollia spp., Tradescantia spp., Tripogandra sp., and Zebrina sp.	Worldwide	[222,407]
Uromyces compactus Peck	Aster spinosus, Boltonia diffusa, and Baccharis sp.	Arizona, México, and Texas	[116,337,408,409]
Uromyces comptus P. Syd. & Syd.	Ipomoea bipinnatipartita	Namibia, South Africa, and Tanzania	[126,138,165,384]
Uromyces congoensis Syd. & P. Syd.	Bauhinia sp.	The Democratic Republic of the Congo	[410]
Uromyces conicus Jørst.	Cleome sp.	Bolivia	[411]
Uromyces coordinatus Arthur	Euphorbia spp. and Tithymalus palmeri	California and Utah	[103,114,404,412]
Uromyces corallocarpi W.T. Dale	Corallocarpus emetocatharticus and Doyerea emetocathartica	Trinidad and Tobago, México, and West Indies	[127,211,212,308]
Uromyces cordiae Henn.	Cordia sp.	Rio de Janeiro	[413]
Uromyces coronatus Yoshin.	Helictotrichon milanjianum, Oryza sativa, Zizania spp., and Zizaniopsis sp.	China, Florida, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Uganda	[39,94,95,96,97,262,414]
Uromyces coronillae Vienn.-Bourg.	Coronilla rostrate and C. varia	Israel and Switzerland	[81,220]
Uromyces correntinus J.C. Lindq.	Rhynchospora tenuis	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces corrugatus Speg.	Vicia patagonica	Argentina and Brazil	[126,180]
Uromyces costaricensis Syd.	Lasiacis sp. and Panicum altissimum	Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Florida, México, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela	[106,229,294]
Uromyces costesianus Speg.	Sphaeralcea velutina	Chile	[386,416]
Uromyces crassipes Dietel & Neger	Rumex spp.	Argentina, Chile, and Peru	[269,281,376,417]
Uromyces crassivertex Dietel	Lychnis miqueliana and Lychnis sp.	China and Japan	[92,94,418]
Uromyces crepidis-fraasii Kaps. Gotsi	Crepis fraasii	Greece	[419]
Uromyces cretensis Petr.	Coronilla parviflora and C. rostrata	Greece	[420,421]
Uromyces cristatulus Tranzschel	Euphorbia sp.	Australia, Germany, Hungary, and Russia	[157]
Uromyces cristatus J. Schröt. & Niessl	Dianthus caryophyllus, Lychnis viscaria, Viscaria alpina, and V. vulgaris	Portugal, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Norway, Poland, and Sweden	[105,128,129,135,158]
Uromyces cristulatus Tranzschel	Euphorbia barrelieri, E. petrophila, E. salicifolia, and E. seguieriana	Bulgaria and Ukraine	[82,111,157,422]
Uromyces croci Pass.	Crocus spp.	Bulgaria, Israel, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine	[81,82,165,422]
Uromyces crotalariae-nitens Salazar-Yepes & Buriticá	Crotalaria nitens	Colombia	[423]
Uromyces cruchetii Mayor	Borreria tenella	Colombia	[226]
Uromyces cruckshanksiae Cummins & Bonar	Cruckshanksia bustillosii, C. palma, Oreopolus glacialis, and O. palmae	Argentina and Chile	[233,240,415]
Uromyces cucubali Hirats. & Hashioka	Cucubalus baccifer	China, Japan, and Taiwan	[89,96,97]
Uromyces cucullatus Syd. & P. Syd.	Baltimora recta, Perymenium spp., Wedelia spp., and Zexmenia spp.	Cuba, Costa Rica Guatemala, México, and Panama	[124,281,398,424,425]
Uromyces cucumivorus Berndt	Cucumis melo var. flexuosus	Iraq	[127]
Uromyces cuenodii Maire	Silene eriocalycina	Iraq	[196]
Uromyces cuspidatus G. Winter	Festuca spp., Melica laxiflora, Muhlenbergia spp., and Poa chubutensis	Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile	[106,199,240]
Uromyces cyanotidis Cummins	Cyanotis capitata	Papua New Guinea	[233,426]
Uromyces cyathulae Henn.	Cyathula globulifera	Eritrea	[287,427]
Uromyces cyperi Henn.	Cyperus sp.	Eritrea	[287,427]
Uromyces cypericola Gjaerum	Cyperus albostriatus and C. cyperoides	Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda	[428,429]
Uromyces cyprius Vienn.-Bourg.	Rumex cyprius	Iran	[430]
Uromyces cystopiformis Lagerh.	Centropogon sp. and Siphocampylus sp.	Costa Rica, Ecuador	[165,310,431]
Uromyces cytisi J. Schröt.	Caragana arborescens, Cytisus polytrichus, Genista aucheri, G. tinctoria, and Laburnum anagyroides	Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey	[80,111,432]
Uromyces dactylidis G.H. Otth	Agrostis spp., Alopecurus spp., Anemone sp., Avenula sp., Dactylis spp., Festuca spp., Poa spp., Ranunculus spp., and Trisetum sp.	Arizona, Armenia, Australia, Bulgaria, Pakistan, Canada, China, Checz Republic, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Virginia, Vermont, and other temperateregions of the world	[43,80,82,105,113,368,409,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441]
Uromyces dactyloctenii Wakef. & Hansf.	Dactyloctenium aegyptium	China, Japan, Kenya, Namibia, Samoa, Tanzania, Tonga, and Uganda	[140,168,274,442,443]
Uromyces dactylocteniicola (Speg.) J.C. Lindq.	Dactyloctenium aegyptium	Central Africa, the Philippines, and South America	[106]
Uromyces danthoniae McAlpine	Danthonia spp. and Rytidosperma spp.	Australia and New Zealand	[245,280,313]
Uromyces decoratus Syd. & P. Syd.	Crotalaria spp.	China, Costa Rica, Guinea, Ghana, India, Japan, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Venezuela	[85,86,94,96,97,152,171,172,281,290,312,356,357,444,445]
Uromyces deeringiae Syd. & P. Syd.	Cladostachys polysperma and Deeringia spp.	China, Japan, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Taiwan	[92,167,232,309,446,447]
Uromyces delagoënsis Bubák	Lapeirousia delagoensis	Mozambique	[249]
Uromyces dendroseridis Keissl.	Dendroseris micrantha	Chile	[240]
Uromyces densus Arthur	Bidens pilosa	Puerto Rico	[76,77]
Uromyces desmodii Cooke	Desmodium canescens	South Carolina and Brazil	[448]
Uromyces desmodiicola Jørst.	Desmodium albiflorum	Brazil	[102,171,449]
Uromyces desmodii-leiocarpi Henn.	Desmodium leiocarpum	Brazil	[171,450]
Uromyces devoluensis Gäum.	Senecio doronicum	France	[451]
Uromyces dianthi (Pers.) Niessl	Arenaria leptoclados, Bufonia spp., Cerastium brachypetalum, Dianthus spp., Euphorbia spp., Gypsophila spp., Petrorhagia spp., Silene sp., Vaccaria sp., and Vicia sp.	Australia, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Brazil, California, Chile, Cuba, Germany, Japan, Kenya, Madagascar, New York, Poland, Romania, Spain, Thailand, Texas, Turkey, Ukraine, and Washington (USA)	[80,82,94,105,111,135,140,452]
Uromyces dianthi-caryophylli Monchot	Dianthus sp.	France	[453]
Uromyces dichromenae W.T. Dale	Dichromena radicans	Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and West Indies	[264,308]
Uromyces dictyospermae Ellis & Everh. ex Tranzschel	Euphorbia spp., Jatropha spp., and Tithymalus sp.	California, Florida, Minnesota, Montana, Oklahoma, and Washington (USA)	[103,157,187,254,262,278,388,454,455,456]
Uromyces didymae Gapon.	Veronica polita	Uzbekistan	[457]
Uromyces dieramatis Doidge	Dierama spp.	South Africa	[123,138,139,273,458]
Uromyces dietelianus Pazschke	Bauhinia spp.	Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay	[100,101,269,297]
Uromyces digitariae-adscendentis Y.C. Wang	Digitaria spp.	China and Taiwan	[96,97]
Uromyces dilucidus Cummins	Sisyrinchium striatum	Argentina	[415,459]
Uromyces diniensis A.L. Guyot	Ononis fruticosa	France	[460]
Uromyces dinteri Mennicken, W. Maier & Oberw.	Tetraena spp.	Namibia and Egypt	[385]
Uromyces dipcadi Gjaerum	Dipcadi viride	Kenya	[461,462]
Uromyces discariae G. Cunn.	Discaria toumatou	New Zealand	[284,313,463]
Uromyces dispersus Hirats. f.	Apios fortunei	Japan	[222]
Uromyces dobremezii Durrieu	Euphorbia stracheyi	Nepal	[464]
Uromyces doebbeleri Berndt	Hypericum irazuense	Costa Rica	[310]
Uromyces dolichi Cooke	Dolichos axillaris	Brazil, China, Madagascar, Puerto Rico, Zimbabwe, and Uganda	[108,109,125,171,172,250,465]
Uromyces dolicholi Arthur	Cajanus spp., Dolicholus spp. and Rhyncosia spp.	Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Florida, India, Japan, Jamaica, Kenya, Panama, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Taiwan, Texas, Venezuela, and West Indies	[96,97,138,227,310,357,466,467,468,469]
Uromyces dolichosporus Dietel & Holw.	Tournefortia spp.	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Jamaica, México, West Indies, and Venezuela	[100,101,263,269,308,375,456]
Uromyces doricus Maire	Silene spp.	Bulgaria and Greece	[82,308,327,470]
Uromyces dorystaechadis Gjaerum & Bahç.	Dorystaechas hastata	Turkey	[471]
Uromyces drimiopsidis Doidge	Drimiopsis maculata	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces dubiosus Henn.	Lantana sp.	Goiás	[291]
Uromyces ducellieri Maire	Anabasis aphylla	China	[91,96,472]
Uromyces dusenii Dietel & Neger	Gilliesia graminea, G. monophylla, Miersia chilensis, and Ornithogalum biflorum	Chile	[166,240,417]
Uromyces echinodes Kunze ex Henn.	Asclepiadaceae	Suriname	[473]
Uromyces ecklonii Bubák	Freesia refracta	Kenya and South Africa	[138,140]
Uromyces eclipsis Berndt	Zygophyllum morgsana	South Africa	[234]
Uromyces edwardsiae G. Cunn.	Edwardsia spp. and Sophora spp.	New Zealand	[284,463,474]
Uromyces ehrhartae McAlpine	Ehrharta stipoides	Australia and New Zealand	[106,280,313,474]
Uromyces ehrhartae-giganteae Doidge	Ehrharta spp.	South Africa	[138,249,378,429]
Uromyces elegans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Lagerh.	Trifolium spp.	Florida, Kenya, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Uganda	[168,261,455,475]
Uromyces eleocharidis Arthur	Eleocharis spp.	Iowa, Kansas, North and South Dakota, and Washington (USA)	[155,278,301,466,476]
Uromyces ellipticus Dietel & Neger	Glycyrrhiza astragalina	Chile	[240,477]
Uromyces ellisianus Henn.	Euphorbia marginata	Minnesota	[277]
Uromyces emmeorhizae Syd.	Emmeorhiza umbellata	Venezuela	[478]
Uromyces epicampis Dietel & Holw.	Epicampes macroura, Melica laxiflora, and Muhlenbergia spp.	Arizona, California, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, and Texas	[106,116,199,240,281,337,479]
Uromyces eragrostidicola Gjaerum	Eragrostis rigidior and Eragrostis sp.	Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe	[244]
Uromyces eragrostidis Tracy	Anthericum torreyi, Cypholepis yemenica, Desmostachya bipinnata, Eragrostis spp., and Tripogon chinensis	Arizona, Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Brazil, China, Georgia, Ghana, India, Israel, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mississippi, México, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Texas, West Indies, and Venezuela	[90,110,116,141,171,172,199,208,243,244,250,480]
Uromyces eriochloae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler	Eriochloa spp.	China, Indonesia, Japan, Madagascar, and Philippines	[85,90,232,309,465]
Uromyces eriogoni Ellis & Harkn.	Eriogonum virgatum	California	[340,388]
Uromyces eriospermi Kalchbr. & Cooke	Eriospermum spp.	South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe	[137,138,250,274]
Uromyces ermelensis Doidge	Indigofera sp.	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces ervi (Wallr.) Westend.	Ervum spp., Lens spp., Pisum sativum, and Vicia spp.	Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Taiwan, and Ukraine	[82,96,128,220,393,481,482]
Uromyces erythrinae Lagerh.	Erythrina sp.	Ecuador	[165]
Uromyces erythronii (DC.) Pass.	Erythronium sp., Lilium spp., and Tulipa spp.	Bulgaria, China, Germany, Greece, Japan, Japan, Korea, and Spain	[82,92,96,158,179,483]
Uromyces eugenei-mayorii M. Morelet	Ulex europaeus	Italy	[451]
Uromyces eugentianae Cummins	Gentiana spp. and Halenia guatemalensis	Canada, Iowa, Norway, and Washington (USA)	[129,187,252,484,485,486]
Uromyces eulophiae Gjaerum	Eulophia paivaena subsp. borealis	India, Rwanda, and Uganda	[318,487,488]
Uromyces euphaeus Syd.	Hypoxis glabella	Australia	[489]
Uromyces euphlebius Syd. & P. Syd.	Phoradendron calyculatus, and Phoradendron sp.	México	[15,490]
Uromyces euphorbiae Cooke & Peck	Acalypha communis, Chamaesyce sp., Euphorbia spp., and Poinsettia heterophylla	Afghanistan, Argentina, Azirona, Brazil, California, Canada, China, Cuba, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, India, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Mississippi, Mauritius, New York, Pakistan, Panama, South Africa, Texas, Uganda, Venezuela, West Indies, and Zambia	[96,102,203,209,227,255,263,269,300,308,310,318,348,469,475,488,491,492]
Uromyces euphorbiae-connatae Speschnew	Euphorbia sp.	Russia	[493]
Uromyces euphorbiae-javanicae E. Fisch.	Euphorbia javanica	Indonesia	[309]
Uromyces euphorbiae-lunulatae Liou & Y.C. Wang	Euphorbia esula, E. kansui, and E. lunulata	China	[96,108,109]
Uromyces euphorbiae-nicaeensis Unamuno	Euphorbia nicaeensis	Spain	[494]
Uromyces euphorbiae-polytimeticae Zenkova	Euphorbia polytimetica	Tajikistan	[495]
Uromyces euphorbiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Tranzschel	Euphorbia spp.	Brazil, Colombia, Madagascar, South Africa, and Zimbabwe	[102,138,157,250,465]
Uromyces eurotiae Tranzschel	Ceratoides latens, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides, and K. latens	China, Turkey, and Uzbekistan	[80,91,146,161]
Uromyces euryopsidicola A.R. Wood & M. Scholler	Euryops empetrifolius and E. tenuissimus	South Africa, North and Western Cape Province	[496]
Uromyces evastigatus Cummins	Phthirusa pyrifolia	El Salvador	[15]
Uromyces fallens (Arthur) Barthol.	Trifolium pratense	Iran	[497]
Uromyces fatouae Henn.	Fatoua pilosa	Japan	[498]
Uromyces fedtschenkoi Faizieva	Rumex fedtschenkoi	Uzbekistan	[457]
Uromyces ferganensis Tranzschel & Erem.	Stipa caucasica, S. holosericea, and S. lessingiana	Iran, Siberia, and Russia	[106,382,499]
Uromyces ferrariae Doidge	Ferraria sp.	South Africa and Zimbabwe	[138,250]
Uromyces ferulae Juel	Ferula spp. and Heracleum cachemiricum	Australia, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, and Morocco	[81,500]
Uromyces ferulaginis Lindr.	Feruladinis silvaticae	Poland	[501]
Uromyces festucae-nigricantis Gonz. Frag.	Festuca nigricans	Morocco and Spain	[279,502]
Uromyces ficariae (Schumach.) Lév.	Ficaria spp. and Ranunculus spp.	Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iran, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, and Ukraine	[80,82,83,105,111,128,129,132,432,438,503]
Uromyces fiebrigii Henn. & Vestergr.	Bauhinia sp.	Paraguay	[216]
Uromyces fiorianus Sacc.	Peucedanum fraxinifolium and Peucedanum sp.	South Africa	[138,504]
Uromyces fischerianus Mayor	Ranunculus glacialis	Switzerland	[119]
Uromyces fischeri-eduardi Magnus	Vicia spp.	Bulgaria, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, and Turkey	[80,82,135,505]
Uromyces flavicomae Liou	Euphorbia flavicoma	France	[506]
Uromyces flemmingiae Henn.	Flemmingia sp.	Uganda	[507]
Uromyces fleuryae J.M. Yen	Fleurya podocarpa	Gabon	[508]
Uromyces floralis Vestergr.	Bauhinia hiemalis, B. cuyabensis, B. holophylla, B. rufa, and Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[102,216]
Uromyces floscopae Syd. & P. Syd.	Floscopaperuviana and Floscopa sp.	Brazil	[102,509]
Uromyces fontii Gonz. Frag.	Peplis acutangula	Morocco	[510]
Uromyces formosus Syd. & P. Syd.	Dianthus libanotis	Israel and Iran	[81]
Uromyces foveolatus Juel	Bauhinia hirsuta, B. mirandina, and Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[100,101,102,511]
Uromyces fragilipes Tranzschel	Agropyron squarrosum, Agrostis spp., Deschampsia spp., Eremopyrum bonaepartis, Festuca spp., Hordeum spp., and Scribneria bolanderi	California, Iran, Pakistan, and Russia	[106,161,347,412,512,513]
Uromyces fraserae Arthur & Ricker	Frasera speciosa	Wyoming	[514]
Uromyces fremonti Syd. & P. Syd.	Oenothera fremontii	Kansas	[79]
Uromyces fulgens Bubák	Chamaecytisus spp., Cytisus spp., and Lembotropis nigricans	Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Itlay, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia	[82,220,421]
Uromyces fuscatus Arthur	Polygonum alpinum	Idaho and Utah	[281]
Uromyces fusisporus Cooke & Massee	Acacia neriifolia, A. salicina, and Acacia sp.	Australia	[177,515]
Uromyces gaeumannii Mayor & Vienn. Bourg.	Hippocrepis spp.	France, Greece, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia	[220,516]
Uromyces gageae Beck	Gagea spp., Lloydia triflora, and Ornithogalum umbellatum	Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, China, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Sweden, and Ukraine	[54,80,82,128,135,222,228,440]
Uromyces galactiae Rezende & Dianese	Galactia pedunculata	Brazil	[517]
Uromyces galegae Sacc.	Astragalus glycyphylloides and Galega spp.	Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, Turkey, and Yugoslavia	[80,82,220,421]
Uromyces galegicola Woron.	Galega orientalis	Armenia, Romania, and Turkey	[80,228,518,519]
Uromyces galii Dietel	Galium aparine and G. spurium	Japan	[222,414]
Uromyces galii-californici Linder	Galium californicum and Galium sp.	California	[520]
Uromyces galphimiae Dietel & Holw.	Galphimia glauca and G. humboldtiana	México	[456,479]
Uromyces garanbiensis (Hirats. f. & Hashioka) Sawada	Ehretia dicksonii	Taiwan	[521]
Uromyces gaubae Petr.	Caltha introloba	Australia	[346,522]
Uromyces gausseni Mayor & Vienn.-Bourg.	Dorycnopsis gerardii	France	[516]
Uromyces geissorhizae Henn.	Geissorhiza sp.	Western Cape Province	[523]
Uromyces gemmatus Berk. & M.A. Curtis	Convolvulus parviflorus and Convolvulus sp.	Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, India, Japan, Jamaica, México, Taiwan, West Indies, and Venezuela	[94,96,97,100,101,122,264,306,319,524,525]
Uromyces genistae Fuckel	Cytisus capitatus, Genista tinctoria, Genista sp., and Tithymalus cyparissias	Czech Republic, Morocco, and Turkey	[80,83,220,525]
Uromyces geranii (DC.) G.H. Otth & Wartm.	Erodium spp. and Geranium spp.	Australia, Bulgaria, China, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, and Zimbabwe	[80,82,87,88,94,96,128,179,208,436,526]
Uromyces geraniicola Speg.	Geranium patagonicum	Chile	[240,258]
Uromyces ghaznicus Petr.	Limonium sp.	Afghanistan	[527]
Uromyces giganteus Speg.	Kalidium foliatum and Suaeda spp.	Australia, Arizona, China, California, Idaho, Texas, and Ukraine	[47,96,300,337,421]
Uromyces gigantiformis Salazar-Yepes & Buriticá	Bidens sp.	Colombia	[423]
Uromyces gilgitae S. Ahmad	Sophora alopecuorides	Pakistan	[528]
Uromyces gladioli Henn.	Babiana spp., Geissorhiza spp., Gladiolus spp., Moraea ramose, and Romulea spp.	Cuba, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda	[138,140,168,273,291,458,529,530]
Uromyces globosus Dietel & Holw.	Sapium spp.	México	[103,456,479]
Uromyces glyceriae Arthur	Glyceria spp.	Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin (USA)	[39,191,299]
Uromyces glycyrrhizae (Rabenh.) Magnus	Glycyrrhiza spp.	Armenia, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Caucasus, Czech Republic, China, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Itlay, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Turkey, and Uzbekistan	[39,78,80,81,82,91,96,116,146,196,278,317,327,356,393,409,531,532,533,534,535,536]
Uromyces gnaphalii Ellis & Everh.	Gnaphalium sp.	Colorado	[388]
Uromyces gouaniae F. Kern	Gouania domingensis, G. lupuloides, Ledenbergia macrantha, and Ledenbergia sp.	Guatemala and México	[281,486,537]
Uromyces goyazensis Henn.	Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[291,538]
Uromyces graminis (Niessl) Dietel	Caucalis platycarpos, Ferula communis, Melica spp., and Thapsia garganica	Afghanistan, Armenia, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Romania, Spain, Portugal, and Ukraine	[82,111,158,228,348,421,519,534,539]
Uromyces grandiotii Gäum.	Ancrumia cuspidata	Chile	[540]
Uromyces greenstockii Doidge	Ipomoea greenstockii	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces guatemalensis Vestergr.	Bauhinia inermis, B. ungulata, and Bauhinia sp.	Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Venezuela	[216,281,444,541]
Uromyces guayacuru Speg.	Statice brasiliensis	Buenos Aires	[542]
Uromyces gueldenstaedtiae Liou & Y.C. Wang	Populus sp.	China	[543]
Uromyces guerkeanus Henn.	Lotus spp. and Tetragonolobus biflorus	Belarus, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Iraq, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia	[196,220,422,426,544]
Uromyces guraniae Mayor	Gurania sp.	Brazil and Colombia	[127,212,226]
Uromyces gypsophilae Cooke	Gypsophila sp.	Asia, Europe, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq	[80,82,165,196,317,346,545,546,547]
Uromyces habrochloae Gjaerum	Habrochloa bullockii	Malawi	[244]
Uromyces hainanicus J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei	Ipomoea sumatrana	China	[319]
Uromyces halimodendri Solkina	Halimodendron argenteum and H. halodendron	China and Uzbekistan	[198,220]
Uromyces handelii Bubák	Lotus gebelia	Iraq	[220,548]
Uromyces haraeanus Syd. & P. Syd.	Scirpus spp.	China, Japan, and Russia	[90,92,297,549]
Uromyces hardenbergiae McAlpine	Hardenbergia monophylla	Australia	[280]
Uromyces hariotianus Lagerh.	Odontonema callistachyum, Pseuderanthemum cuspidatum, Pseuderanthemum sp., andThyrsacanthus strictus	Costa Rica and México	[218,281,550]
Uromyces harmsianus (Henn.) Doidge	Crotalaria spp.	India, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda	[138,168,171,172,551]
Uromyces haussknechtii Tranzschel	Euphorbia thamnoide and E. pilosa	India and Syria	[157,350]
Uromyces hawksworthii É.S.C. Souza, Z.M. Chaves, W.R.O. Soares, Pinho & Dianese	Phthirusa stelis	Brazil	[60]
Uromyces hedysari-obscuri (DC.) Carestia & Picc.	Hedysarum spp.	Alaska, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, China, Germany, France, Finland, Hungary, India, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, and Tajikistan	[94,96,220,357,436,535,552,553]
Uromyces hedysari-paniculati (Schwein.) Farl.	Desmodium spp. and Meibomia spp.	America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Indiana, Jamaica, Massachusetts, México, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, West Indies, and Vermont	[87,88,171,172,185,191,310,415]
Uromyces heimerlianus Magnus	Ervum spp., Euphorbia spp., Lathyrus spp., and Vicia spp.	Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia	[220,519,554]
Uromyces heimii Mayor & Vienn. Bourg.	Medicago arborea	France	[516]
Uromyces helichrysi Lagerh.	Helichrysum plicatum, Helichrysum rupestre, and Helichrysum siculum	Algeria, Greece, and Turkey	[80,421,435]
Uromyces heliotropii Sred.	Heliotropium spp.	Australia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Pakistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan	[80,81,111,145,393,421,555,556]
Uromyces hellebori-thibetani J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei	Helleborus thibetanus	China	[195]
Uromyces hemmendorfii Vestergr.	Bauhinia forficata	São Paulo	[219]
Uromyces hermonis Magnus	Euphorbia herniariifolia and E. peplus	Greece and Iraq	[196,345,421]
Uromyces herterianus Dietel	Borreria verticillata, Diodia sp. and Spermacoce verticillata	Argentina, French Guiana, and Uruguay	[395,415,557]
Uromyces hessii Berndt	Zantedeschia angustiloba	Angola	[558]
Uromyces heterantherae (Henn.) P. Syd. & Syd.	Heteranthera reniformis	Brazil	[102,144]
Uromyces heterodermus Syd. & P. Syd.	Erythronium spp.	Alberta, California, Canada, Columbia, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington (USA)	[79,185,187,559]
Uromyces heterogeneus Cooke	Hibiscus syriacus	India	[126,560]
Uromyces heteromallus Syd.	Haloxylon recurvum	Pakistan	[208,356,561,562,563]
Uromyces heteromorphae Thüm.	Heteromorpha spp. and Peucedanum spp.	Eritrea, Malawi, and South Africa	[138,273,287,564]
Uromyces hewittiae Syd. & P. Syd.	Hewittia bicolor and Hewittia sp.	Philippines	[565]
Uromyces hidakaensis Muray. & Takeuchi	Pisum sativum	Japan	[222,566]
Uromyces himalaicus Y. Ono, Adhikari & Rajbh.	Lilium sp.	Nepal	[567]
Uromyces hippocrepidis Syd. & P. Syd.	Hippocrepis ciliate and H. comosa	Greece, France, Spain, and Switzerland	[220,421,568]
Uromyces hippomarathri Lindr.	Hippomarathrum crispum, H. libanotis, and H. microcarpum	Iran and Morocco	[279,317,569]
Uromyces hippomarathricola Sousa da Câmara	Hippomarathrum pterochlaenum	Portugal	[570]
Uromyces hobsonii Vize	Jasminum spp.	Euthopia, India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka	[140,571,572]
Uromyces holci Jørst.	Holcus setiger, Karroochloa sp., Schismus barbatus, S. scaberrimus, and Tribolium echinatum	Namibia and South Africa	[124,378]
Uromyces holubii Doidge	Dracaena sp.	Gauteng	[573]
Uromyces holwayi Lagerh.	Chlorophytum sp. and Lilium spp.	China, California, Canada, Idaho, Iowa, Japan, New York, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oregon, Pakistan, and Washington (USA)	[94,96,187,412,559]
Uromyces hordeastri A.L. Guyot	Bellevalia flexuosa, Hordeum spp., and Muscari parviflorum	France and Israel	[81,126]
Uromyces houstoniatus J. Sheld.	Houstonia spp. and Sisyrinchium spp.	Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts, Missouri, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin (USA)	[191,251]
Uromyces howei (Peck) De Toni	Asclepias curassavica, A. guatemalensis, and A. nivea	Bermuda, Cuba, Guatemala, Jamaica, and Peru	[260,281,308,574]
Uromyces huallagensis Henn.	Desmodium sp.	Peru	[575]
Uromyces hyacinthi W. Schneid.	Hyacinthus fastigiatus	Canada	[115]
Uromyces hyalinus Peck	Sophora nuttalliana, S. sericea, and S. stenophylla	Arizona, Colorado, México, and Wyoming	[116,225,292,559,576]
Uromyces hybridi W.H. Davis	Trifolium hybridum	Connecticut, India, Massachusetts, Maine, and Vermont	[191,577,578]
Uromyces hyderabadensis Ramachar, K.N. Rao & Bagyan.	Atylosia scarabaeoides	India	[579]
Uromyces hydrocotylicola J.Y. Zhuang	Hydrocotyle sp.	China	[96,580]
Uromyces hymenocarpi Jaap	Hymenocarpos circinnatus	Croatia, Greece, Israel, and Turkey	[80,81,421,581]
Uromyces hyparrheniae Gjaerum	Hyparrhenia spp.	Angola, Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Uganda	[243,244]
Uromyces hyparrheniicola Gjaerum	Hyparrhenia dregeana	South Africa	[243]
Uromyces hyperici (Schwein.) M.A. Curtis	Ascyrum hypericoides, Elodea sp., and Hypericum spp.	China, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Japan, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Maine, New York, Texas, Uganda, Vermont, and Wisconsin (USA)	[89,90,186,202,251,262,582,583]
Uromyces hyperici-frondosi (Schwein.) Arthur	Hypericum spp. and Triadenum virginicum	Brazil, Chile, California, Colombia, Guatemala, Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, South Africa, and Vermont	[78,101,118,119,138,191,281,520,584]
Uromyces hypericinus Speg.	Hypericum brasiliense	Formosa	[180]
Uromyces hypoestis Tarr & G.F. Laundon	Hypoestes verticillaris	South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe	[218,250,274]
Uromyces hypsophilus Speg.	Euphorbia sp.	Mendoza	[391]
Uromyces ictericus Cummins	Iresine celosia and Iresine sp.	Costa Rica and Guatemala	[167,233,310]
Uromyces ignobilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Arthur	Muhlenbergia sp. and Sporobolus spp.	Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Indonesia, Hawaii, México, Pakistan, Texas, and Venezuela	[76,122,171,172,306,309,356,430,431,445,456,559,585,586]
Uromyces illotus Arthur & Holw.	Mucuna andreana, M. rubro-aurantiacea, M. sloanei, and M. urens	The Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, and Guatemala	[281,406,571]
Uromyces imperfectus Arthur	Bauhinia spp.	Jamaica, Nicaragua, and Venezuela	[225,308,444,586]
Uromyces inaequialtus Lasch	Cerastium sp., Melandrium sp., and Silene sp.	Argentina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, Greece, Japan, Nepal, Norway, Romania, Taiwan, South Africa, Sweden, and Ukraine	[82,91,92,97,111,128,135,142,185,188,240,415,421,587]
Uromyces inayatii Syd. & P. Syd.	Apluda aristata and A. mutica	India and Papua New Guinea	[85,426]
Uromyces indicus Pat.	Sporobolus indicus	Barbados	[588,589]
Uromyces indigoferae Dietel & Holw.	Indigofera spp.	Argentina, Arizona, Costa Rica, China, Guatemala, Florida, India, México, Panama, Texas, and Venezuela	[90,116,171,172,262,281,292,357,375,415,425,492,559,590]
Uromyces induratus Syd., P. Syd. & Holw.	Dicliptera spp., Jacobinia sp., and Justicia racemosa	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, and México	[102,218,292,310,333]
Uromyces infarctus Berndt	Cayaponia sp.	Costa Rica	[127]
Uromyces inflatus (Cooke) McKenzie	Anisotome sp.	New Zealand	[591]
Uromyces ingicola Henn.	Inga sp.	Amazonas	[575]
Uromyces ingiphilus Speg.	Inga edulis	Argentina	[592]
Uromyces insignis P. Syd. & Syd.	Echinocephalum latifolium and Melanthera latifolia	Brazil	[102,219]
Uromyces insularis Arthur	Clitoria cajanifolia	Puerto Rico	[466]
Uromyces intricatus Cooke	Chorizanthe sp., Eriogonum spp., and Gayophytum ramosissimum	Arizona, Canada, California, Idaho, Oregon, Montana, and Washington (USA)	[185,187,300,412,448]
Uromyces invisus (Speg.) Speg.	Solanum sisymbriifolium	Argentina	[415,592]
Uromyces ipatingae F.A. Ferreira & Y. Hirats.	Clitoria fairchildiana	Brazil	[219,593]
Uromyces iresines Lagerh.	Iresine spp.	Argentina, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala	[118,119,144,167,281]
Uromyces isachnes Petch	Isathne kunthiana	Sri Lanka	[594]
Uromyces itoanus Hirats. f.	Kummerowia stipulacea, K. striata, and Microlespedeza spp.	China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan	[89,90,483,595,596]
Uromyces ixiae (Lév.) G. Winter	Acidanthera spp., Antholyzasp., Babiana spp., Engysiphon sp., Geissorhiza sp., Gladiolus spp., Hesperantha spp., Ixia spp., Lapeirousia spp., Melasphaerula spp., Romulea sp., and Sparaxis spp.	Kenya and South Africa	[123,140]
Uromyces jacksonii Arthur & Fromme	Agrostis spp., Deschampsia spp., Festuca spp., and Hordeum spp.	California, Idaho, Oregon, Michigan, and Washington (USA)	[241,559]
Uromyces jamaicensis Vestergr.	Bauhinia spp.	Cuba, El Salvador, Jamaica, México, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela	[184,216,292,306,308,444,541]
Uromyces janiphae (G. Winter) Arthur	Jatropha spp. and Manihot sp.	Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Panama, Puerto Rico, México, and Venezuela	[76,118,119,125,431,456,511,597]
Uromyces japonicus Berk. & M.A. Curtis	Orchidaceae	Bulgaria, China, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine	[51,82,96,135,160,598,599]
Uromyces jatrophae Dietel & Holw.	Jatropha multifida	Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, México, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands	[102,103,184,227,308,479,597]
Uromyces jatrophicola Henn.	Cnidoscolus sp. and Jatropha sp.	Brazil	[103,600]
Uromyces joffrinii Delacr.	Vanilla planifolia	France	[476]
Uromyces johowii Dietel & Neger	Vicia macraei, V. nigricans, and Vicia sp.	Chile	[282,494]
Uromyces jonesii Peck	Ranunculus sp.	California, Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming	[187,300,368,412,601]
Uromyces jordianus Bubák	Euphorbia cyparissias	Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, and Ukraine	[82,220,602]
Uromyces junci Tul.	Ambrosia psilostachya, Arnica spp., Aster spp., Bahia dissecta, Cirsium spp., Eriophyllum sp., Grindelia sp., Helianthus spp., Jaumea spp., Juncus spp., Juniperus litoralis, Luzula alopecurus, and Pulicaria dysenterica	Arizona, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Canada, California, Chile, Colorado, Florida, Germany, Idaho, Israel, Japan, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Poland, Romania, Spain, Wyoming, and Wisconsin (USA)	[81,82,105,116,135,185,187,262,377,386,559,603]
Uromyces juncicola Speg.	Juncus stipulatus	Mendoza	[180]
Uromyces junci-effusi P. Syd. & Syd.	Juncus spp.	Arizona, California, Canada, Idaho, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming	[114,116,144,185,187,191,202,262,559]
Uromyces juncinus Thüm.	Junco acutiflori	Italy	[604]
Uromyces kaernbachii Henn.	Abrus precatorius	Papua New Guinea	[136]
Uromyces kaimontanus Hirats. f. & S. Sato	Veratrum album, V. grandiflorum, V. nigrum, and V. puberulum	China, Japan	[222,605]
Uromyces kalmusii Sacc.	Euphorbia sp.	China, Germany, Poland, and Russia	[105,135,606,607]
Uromyces karjaginii Uljan.	Seseli cuneifolium	Azerbaijan	[608]
Uromyces kawakamii Syd. & P. Syd.	Euphorbia serrulata	China, Japan, and Taiwan	[94,97,108,446]
Uromyces kentaniensis Doidge	Antholyza aethiopica and Chasmanthe aethiopica	South Africa	[249,322]
Uromyces kenyensis J.F. Hennen	Chloris gayana, C. myriostachya, and C. roxburghiana	Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe	[171,242,460]
Uromyces kigesianus Cummins	Pittosporum abyssinicum	Uganda	[609]
Uromyces kisantuensis Henn.	Dolichos sp.	The Democratic Republic of the Congo	[610]
Uromyces klebahnii E. Fisch.	Astragalus spp. and Oxytropis sp.	Austria, Bulgaria, France, Italy, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, and Turkey	[80,82,220]
Uromyces klotzschianus B. Ali	Rumex dentatus	Pakistan	[61]
Uromyces kochiae Syd. & P. Syd.	Kochia prostrata	China, Russia, Turkey, and Uzbekistan	[144,146,198,402]
Uromyces kochianus Gäum.	Geranium nodosum	Switzerland	[611]
Uromyces koeleriae Uljan.	Koeleria caucasica	Russia	[106]
Uromyces komarowii Bubák	Solidaginis virgaureae	Czech Republic	[612]
Uromyces kondoi Miura	Amblytropis multiflora	China, Japan, and Pakistan	[89,156,356]
Uromyces krameriae Arthur	Krameria spp.	Florida and Texas	[262,281]
Uromyces krantzbergensis Doidge	Anthericum sp.	Namibia	[138]
Uromyces kunigamiensis Shimab.	Fimbristylis dichotoma and Fimbristylis sp.	China and Japan	[108,222]
Uromyces kurtzii Henn.	Senecio spp.	Argentina	[415,613]
Uromyces kwangensis Henn.	Justicia sp.	Congo	[218,610]
Uromyces kwangsianus Cummins	Fimbristylis sp.	China and Taiwan	[614,615]
Uromyces lachenaliae Doidge	Lachenalia spp. and Polyxena ensifolia	South Africa	[123,138]
Uromyces laevigatus Syd. & P. Syd.	Aneilema spp.	Ghana and Tanzania	[318,549,616]
Uromyces laevis Körn.	Euphorbia spp.	Bulgaria, Germany, Iran, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine	[80,82,105,111,228,617,618]
Uromyces langtangensis Durrieu	Anaphalis nepalensis	Nepal	[463]
Uromyces lapeyrousiae Petr.	Lapeyrousia	Tanzania	[231]
Uromyces lapponicus Lagerh.	Astragalus spp. and Oxytropis spp.	Alaska, Canada, China, Colorado, Finland, Idaho, India, Iran, Japan, Mongolia, Norway, Oregon, Pakistan, Russia, Sweden, and Turkey	[80,96,128,129,130,131,357,368,436,449,535,619]
Uromyces largus Arthur & Cummins	Chamaesyce lata	Colorado	[87,88]
Uromyces laserpitii-graminis E. Fisch.	Laserpitii sileris and Melica ciliata	Southern Europe and Northern Africa	[106]
Uromyces lasiocorydis Henn.	Lasiocorys abyssinica	Eritrea	[287,426]
Uromyces lathyrinus Speg.	Lathyrus spp. and Vicia spp.	Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay	[100,101,102,219,620]
Uromyces latimammatus J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei	Ipomoea sumatrana	China	[621]
Uromyces lazistanicus Petr.	Orobus roseus	Armenia and Turkey	[220]
Uromyces lenticola Petr.	Lens esculenta	Iran	[430]
Uromyces leonotidis Bagyan., Gjaerum & M. Raju	Leonotis nepetifolia	India	[622]
Uromyces leptaleus Syd.	Stellaria laxa	China, Japan, Philippines, and Taiwan	[89,90,97,565,623]
Uromyces leptochloae Wakef.	Leptochloa obtusiflora	Kenya and Uganda	[140,168]
Uromyces lereddei Dupias	Colutea arborescens	France	[220,624]
Uromyces lespedezae (Thüm.) Peck	Lespedeza capitata	Vermont	[583]
Uromyces lespedezae-bicoloris F.L. Tai & C.C. Cheo	Lespedeza bicolor and L. formosa	China	[108,109,625]
Uromyces lespedezae-macrocarpae Liou & Y.C. Wang	Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lespedeza bicolor, and L. formosa	China	[108,109]
Uromyces lespedezae-procumbentis (Schwein.) Lagerh.	Campylotropis spp., Kummerowia spp., and Lespedeza spp.	Canada, China, Georgia, India, Japan, Korea, Missouri, Taiwan, and Pennsylvania	[94,108,109,185,202,255,357,482,596]
Uromyces lespedezae-sericeae S. Ahmad	Lespedeza sericea	Pakistan	[208]
Uromyces libycus Trotter	Lotus pusillus	Libya	[197,626]
Uromyces ligulariae Hirats. & Hoshioka	Ligularia tussilaginea var. formosana	China, Japan, Taiwan	[94,97,109,627]
Uromyces limonii-caroliniani Savile & Conners	Limonium carolinianum	Canada, Mississippi, and Texas	[185,559,628]
Uromyces limosellae F. Ludw.	Limosella sp.	Australia	[280]
Uromyces loculatus Cummins	Kyllinga alba	Zambia	[341]
Uromyces loculiformis T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.	Chlorophytum attenuatum	China, India, and Nepal	[96,464,629]
Uromyces lomandracearum J. Walker & van der Merwe	Lomandra longifolia and Lomandra sp.	Australia	[62,630]
Uromyces longipedicellaris Ramachar & A. Sudh. Rao	Rumex vesicarius	Pakistan	[631]
Uromyces longipes (Lasch) Tranzschel	Pedicularis sp.	Russia	[382]
Uromyces loranthi H.S. Jacks.	Loranthus	Brazil	[376]
Uromyces lotononidicola Berndt	Lotononis cytisoides	South Africa	[632]
Uromyces lugubris Kalchbr.	Euphorbia cyparissias	South Africa	[137]
Uromyces lupini Berk. & M.A. Curtis	Lupinus spp.	Arizona, California, Canada, Colorado, México, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming	[116,185,187,368,412,454,598]
Uromyces lupinicola Bubák	Lupinus spp.	Bulgaria, Finland, Lithuania, Norway, and Spain	[158,363,587,612]
Uromyces lychnidis Tracy & Earle	Lychnidis drummondii	Utah	[633]
Uromyces lygei P. Syd. & Syd.	Lygeum spartum	Sardegna	[325]
Uromyces macnabbii Cummins	Chionochloa spp. and Danthonia spp.	New Zealand	[284,591]
Uromyces macounianus Ellis & Everh.	Euphorbia maculata var. affinis and E. serpyllifolia	Canada and British Columbia	[103,388,634]
Uromyces macowanii Bubák	Scilla prasina	Africa	[612]
Uromyces magnatus (Arthur) Arthur	Polygonatum sp. and Vagnera sp.	Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, and Wisconsin	[306,307]
Uromyces magnusii Kleb.	Medicago minima	China, Turkey, and Ukraine	[80,96]
Uromyces maireanus P. Syd. & Syd.	Ornithogalum spp.	Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania	[142,144,318]
Uromyces major Arthur	Muhlenbergia reverchonii, Muhlenbergia sp., and Sporobolus indicus	Belize, México, Texas, Trinidad, and Tobago	[112,117,635]
Uromyces malloti Henn.	Mallotus moluccanus and Melanolepismulti glandulosa	Guinea, New Papua, and the Philippines	[136,177]
Uromyces mangenotii Mayor & Vienn. Bourg.	Vicia pubescens	France	[516]
Uromyces manihoticola Henn.	Manihot spp.	Brazil	[102,103,291]
Uromyces manihotis Henn.	Manihot spp.	Brazil, Colombia, Cuba	[102,227,291]
Uromyces manihotis-catingae Henn.	Manihot spp.	Brazil	[102,600]
Uromyces marinus Guyot & Malençon	Medicago marina	Morocco	[220,279]
Uromyces martinii Farl.	Melanthera spp., Bidens spp.	Florida	[225,262,636]
Uromyces massoniae Doidge	Massonia latifolia	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces mayorii Tranzschel	Euphorbia spp.	California and Colombia	[227,412]
Uromyces mbelensis Henn.	Indigofera	The Democratic Republic of the Congo	[610]
Uromyces megalosporus Speg.	Tessaria absinthioides	Tucumán	[371]
Uromyces meimerlianus Magnus	Vicia sp.	Germany	[531]
Uromyces melandrii Dietel & Neger	Melandrium cucubaloides	Los Lagos	[162]
Uromyces melantherae Cooke	Melanthera brownii	Ghana, South Africa, and Uganda	[138,168,616]
Uromyces melasphaerulae Syd. & P. Syd.	Melasphaerula graminea	Western Cape Province	[424]
Uromyces melothriae Henn.	Melothria tomentosa	Eritrea	[287,427]
Uromyces menyanthis Azbukina & Zenkova	Menyanthes trifoliata	Primorye	1966 [637]
Uromyces mercurialis Henn.	Mercurialis leiocarpa	China, Japan, and Taiwan	[94,96,97]
Uromyces mexicanus Dietel & Holw.	Desmodium	Arizona, Costa Rica, México	[116,171,310,479]
Uromyces meygounensis Petr.	Euphorbia bungei	Iran	[638]
Uromyces microchloae Syd. & P. Syd.	Microchloa setacea	Bolivia, Brazil, Central Africa, Sudan, and Uganda	[106,168,199,394]
Uromyces microsorus Kalchbr. & Cooke	Prunus armeniaca	South Africa	[137]
Uromyces microtidis Cooke	Microtis porrifolia	Australia and New Zealand	[245,313,639]
Uromyces miersiae Gäum.	Miersia chilensis	Chile	[540]
Uromyces mikaniae Viégas	Mikania sp.	Brazil	[219,640]
Uromyces mimusops Cooke	Mimusops sp.	South Africa	[641]
Uromyces minimus Davis	Muhlenbergia sylvatica	Canada, Michigan, Oregon, and Wisconsin	[185,635]
Uromyces minor J. Schröt.	Medicago denticulata, Pisum sativum, and Trifolium spp.	Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, California, Caucasus, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Montana, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Texas, Ukraine, New Zealand, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming	[220,313,355,357,559,642]
Uromyces minutus Dietel	Carex spp.	Alabama, Central and Eastern United States, Iowa, Mississippi, Texas, and Wisconsin	[255,475,559,643,644]
Uromyces miurae Syd. & P. Syd.	Fritillaria kamtschatcensis	Alaska, Canada, Idaho, Japan, Russia, and Washington (USA)	[94,185,187,645,646]
Uromyces moehringiae S. Ito & Hirats. f.	Moehringia lateriflora	Japan	[94,297]
Uromyces moesiacus Lindtner & Vienn. Bourg.	Lathyrus nissolia	Yugoslavia	[451]
Uromyces mogianensis Bubák	Fritillaria graeca, F. rhodocanakis, Rhinopetalum arianum, R. gibbosum, and R. karelinii	Afghanistan, Greece, and Uzbekistan	[421,555,612]
Uromyces mongolicus U. Braun & G. Hirsch	Euphorbia kozlovii	Mongolia	[535,647]
Uromyces monspessulanus Tranzschel	Euphorbia serrata	Balearic Islands, Libya, and Spain	[129,157,197,648]
Uromyces montanoae Arthur & Holw.	Montanoa dumicola, M. pittieris, M. hibiscifolia, and Montanoa sp.	Costa Rica and Guatemala	[225,281,310]
Uromyces montanus Arthur	Lupinus mexicanus	Guatemala and México	[281,398]
Uromyces montis-ferrati Maire	Euphorbia luteola	Northern Africa	[649]
Uromyces moraeae Syd. & P. Syd.	Moraea spathacea	South Africa	[138,144]
Uromyces mucunae Rabenh.	Mucuna pruriens	China, Cambodia, Japan, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Taiwan, Tanzania, South Africa, Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, and Uganda	[97,209,273,309,465,565,605,650,651,652]
Uromyces muhlenbergiae S. Ito	Muhlenbergia japonica	Japan	[635]
Uromyces mulgedii Lindr.	Lactuca sp.	The Czech Republic and Turkey	[569]
Uromyces mulini J. Schröt.	Mulinum integrifolium	Argentina and Chile	[240,331,415]
Uromyces musae Henn.	Musa spp.	Congo, Fiji, and Philippines	[565,610,653,654]
Uromyces muscari (Duby) Niess	Bellevalia spp., Chionodoxa spp., Dipcadi erythraeum, Endymionspp., Gagea sp., Hyacinthoides spp., Leopoldia spp., Muscari spp., Ornithogalum sp., Scilla spp., and Urginea spp.	Afghanistan, Bulgaria, California, Canada, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Iran, Italy, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, and Turkey	[80,81,82,105,123,124,179,317,318,389,534,655]
Uromyces mussooriensis Syd. & P. Syd.	Stipa sibirica	India	[106,656]
Uromyces myosotidis Bahç.	Myosotis sp.	Turkey	[471]
Uromyces myristica Berk. & M.A. Curtis	Euphorbia bicolor	Texas	[657]
Uromyces myrsines Dietel	Ardisia compressa, Icacorea sp., Myrsine spp., and Rapanea spp.	Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Uruguay	[100,101,143,310]
Uromyces mysticus Arthur	Hordeum jubatum	California, Canada, Colorado, Idaho, Israel, and Utah	[81,112,114,185,412,559]
Uromyces namaqualandus Mennicken, W. Maier & Oberw.	Roepera cordifolia	Namibia	[384]
Uromyces nassauviae J.C. Lindq.	Nassauvia lagascae	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces nassellae Cummins	Nassella pubiflora	Bolivia	[106]
Uromyces natalensis Magnus	Euphorbia spp.	Madagascar and South Africa	[169,465]
Uromyces natricis A.L. Guyot	Ononis rotundifolia	France	[342]
Uromyces nattrassii Cummins	Statice spicata	Cyprus	[350]
Uromyces naucinus Berndt	Cayaponia sp.	Ecuador	[127]
Uromyces necopinus Cummins	Hypoxis hirsuta	Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York	[167,233]
Uromyces neotropicalis J.R. Hern. & Aime	Cayaponia rigida, C. selysioides, and Cucurbita sp.	Guiana and Guyana	[63,557]
Uromyces nevadensis Harkn.	Primula suffrutescens	California	[78,658]
Uromyces nidificans Tranzschel	Aellenia subaphylla, Cimacoptera korshinskyi, Salsola arbuscula, and Salsola sp.	Central Asia, Iran, and Uzbekistan	[146,161,346]
Uromyces niteroyensis Rangel	Panicum spp. and Setaria spp.	Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, French Guiana, and México	[102,110,395,415,659]
Uromyces nordenskjoldii Dietel	Vicia darapskyana and Vicia sp.	Argentina and Chile	[415]
Uromyces notabilis Wakef.	Cyperus sp. and Kyllinga sp.	Uganda	[168,462]
Uromyces nothoscordi Syd. & P. Syd.	Nothoscordum striatum	Texas	[660]
Uromyces novissimus Speg.	Trianosperma ficifolia	Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Panama, México, and West Indies	[48,324,469]
Uromyces numidicus Maire	Geranium atlanticum	Northern Africa	[649]
Uromyces nyikensis Syd. & P. Syd.	Gladiolus nyikensis	Malawi	[424]
Uromyces nymphoidis Săvul.	Nymphoides peltata	Romania	[228]
Uromyces oaxacanus Dietel & Holw.	Jatropha urens	Arizona, Belize, Guatemala, and México	[103,116,281]
Uromyces oberwinklerianusBerndt	Acalypha sp.	Costa Rica	[310]
Uromyces obesus Durrieu	Heteropogon contortus	Nepal and Uganda	[244,464]
Uromyces oblectaneus H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Rhynchospora corymbosa, R. exaltata, and Rhynchospora sp.	Brazil	[166,219]
Uromyces oblongisporus Ellis & Everh.	Artemisia tridentata	China and Wyoming	[225,661]
Uromyces oblongus Vize	Medicago polymorpha and Trifolium spp.	California and Washington	[78,454,662]
Uromyces obscurus Dietel & Holw.	Phaseolus sp.	México	[456,479]
Uromyces occidentalis Dietel	Euphorbia spp., Lupinus spp., and Tithymalus spp.	Arizona, California, Colorado, México, Montana, Nevada, Nigeria, Oregon, and Utah	[114,116,187,292,316,412,663]
Uromyces occultus J.C. Lindq.	Juncus densiflorus var. pohlii	Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and México	[102,486,664]
Uromyces ocimi Hansf.	Ocimum menthifolium	Uganda	[168]
Uromyces oedipus Dietel	Sophora japonica	Japan	[665]
Uromyces oenotherae Burrill	Oenothera linifolia	Illinois	[582]
Uromyces oliveirae J. Anikster & I. Wahl	Bellevalia eigii	Israel	[390]
Uromyces ononidis Pass.	Euphorbia spp. and Ononis spp.	Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Italy, Libya, Poland, Morocco, Romania, Spain, and Turkey	[80,81,82,105,111,220,532,666,667]
Uromyces ophiorrhizae Gäum.	Ophiorrhiza longiflora	Indonesia	[309]
Uromyces orbicularis Dietel	Desmodium spp.	Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia	[143,171,269]
Uromyces orchidearum Cooke & Massee	Chiloglottis spp.	Australia	[268]
Uromyces orientalis Syd. & P. Syd.	Indigofera spp.	Australia, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Japan, Kenya, Pakistan, Malawi, Philippines, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia	[85,168,171,172,357]
Uromyces ornatipes Arthur	Phrygilanthus sonorae	México	[15,76,77]
Uromyces ornithogali (Wallr.) Niessl	Gagea arvensis, Ornithopus nanum, and Ornithopus sp.	Romania, Portugal, Spain, and Ukraine	[111,158,179,228]
Uromyces ornithopodioides Gonz. Frag	Ornithopus isthmocarpus and O. compressus	Portugal	[317]
Uromyces orobi-tuberosi (Pers.) Liro	Gladiolus sp.	Finland	[668]
Uromyces orthosiphonis T.S. Ramakr. & Sriniv.	Orthosiphon glabratus	India	[152,669]
Uromyces otakou G. Cunn.	Poa spp.	New Zealand	[591,670]
Uromyces otaviensis Mennicken, W. Maier & Oberw.	Ipomoea verbascoidea	Namibia	[385]
Uromyces ovalis Dietel	Leersia oryzoides	Japan	[671]
Uromyces ovirensis Jaap	Primula wulfeniana	Austria	[672]
Uromyces pachyceps Lagerh.	Ipomoea sp.	Brazil, Ecuador	[126]
Uromyces pallidus Niessl	Chamaecytisus spp., Cytisus spp., and Lembotropis nigricans	Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia	[105,135,220,673]
Uromyces panici-sanguinalis Rangel	Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum sanguinale, and Panicum sp.	Brazil, Cuba, Grenada, and Venezuela	[171,674,675]
Uromyces pannosus Vestergr.	Bauhinia candicans	Brazil	[216]
Uromyces papillatus Kalchbr. & Cooke	Heteromorpha arborescens	South Africa	[137]
Uromyces paradoxus Syd. & P. Syd.	Commiphora zimmermannii and Commiphora sp.	Kenya and Mozambique	[138,140,676]
Uromyces parilis Syd.	Rumex occultans	Israel	[81]
Uromyces paspalicola Arthur & Holw.	Paspalum racemosum	Ecuador	[199,294]
Uromyces paulshoekensis Mennicken, W. Maier & Oberw.	Roepera foetida	South Africa and Northern Cape Province	[384]
Uromyces pavgii R.N. Goswami & Ngachan	Achyranthes aspera	India	[677]
Uromyces pavoniae Arthur	Pavonia racemosa	Puerto Rico	[259,678]
Uromyces pazschkeanus Henn.	Vigna sp.	Eritrea	[287,427]
Uromyces peckianus Farl.	Aristida spp., Atriplex spp., Bryzopyrum sp., Chenopodium spp., Distichlis spp., Houstonia spp., Plantago spp., and Salicornia spp.	Alabama, California, Canada, Florida, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, New York, Texas, and Wisconsin (USA)	[185,187,262,455,475,559,636]
Uromyces peglerae Pole-Evans	Digitaria spp.	Kenya, India, Malavi, Mauritius, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe	[171,172,232,441,447]
Uromyces peireskiae Dietel	Peireskia grandifolia, P. sacharosa, and Peireskia sp.	Argentina and Brazil	[394,415]
Uromyces pencanus (Dietel & Neger) Arthur & Holw.	Nassella spp. and Stipa spp.	Argentina, Australia, Bovilia, Chile, andNew Zealand	[24,199,415]
Uromyces penniseti S. Ahmad	Pennisetum lanatum	Pakistan	[536,679]
Uromyces pentaceae D.K. Agarwal	Pentace burmanica	India	[680]
Uromyces pentaschistidis Gjaerum	Pentaschistis airoides	South Africa	[243]
Uromyces peracarpae S. Ito & Tochinai	Peracarpa carnosa and P. circaeoides	Japan and Russia	[94,297]
Uromyces peraffinis Dietel	Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces pereskiae H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Pereskia aculeata, P. grandifolia, and Pereskia sp.	Argentina and Brazil	[269,681]
Uromyces perigynius Halst.	Carex spp., Ratibida columnaris, Rudbeckia spp., and Solidago spp.	Bermuda, Canada, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington, and Wisconsin	[185,187,191,252,260]
Uromyces perlebiae Vestergr.	Bauhinia spp.	Brazil	[102,216]
Uromyces permeritus Cummins	Tournefortia sarmentosa and Tournefortia sp.	Papua New Guinea	[223,426]
Uromyces persicus Syd. & P. Syd.	Astragalus spp., Oxytropis spp., and Phaca spp.	Alaska, Alberta, Austria, Canada, Colorado, India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Norway, Oregon, Russia, Siberia, Sweden, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan	[220,357,682]
Uromyces petitmenginii Maire	Minuartia globulosa and M. mereyi	Greece, Turkey	[80,421,470]
Uromyces phacae-frigidae (Wahlenb.) Har.	Astragalus spp. and Phaca spp.	Alaska, Canada, Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Norway, Russia, and Sweden	[367,436,553,646]
Uromyces phalaridicola Katajev	Phalaris minor	Turkmenistan	[106]
Uromyces phaseolicola Speg.	Phaseolus prostratus	Argentina	[126,180]
Uromyces phlei-michelii Cruchet	Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, and P. michelii	Morocco and Switzerland	[126,279]
Uromyces phlogacanthi Gäum.	Phlogacanthus celebicus	Indonesia	[309,683]
Uromyces phtirusae Mayor	Phthirusa pyrifolia	Colombia	[15,226]
Uromyces phyllachoroides Henn.	Cynosurus elegans	Tunisia	[684]
Uromyces physanthyllidis Vienn.-Bourg.	Physanthyllis tetraphylla	Greece	[544]
Uromyces phyteumatum (DC.) Niessl	Phyteuma spp.	The Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Spain	[128,158,159,228,440]
Uromyces pianhyensis Henn.	Wedelia spp.	Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and West Indies	[264,312,571,600]
Uromyces pictus Thüm.	Abutilon elaeocarpoides and Abutilon sp.	Galapagos Islands and Ethiopia	[571,685,686]
Uromyces pieningii Cummins	Ipomoea argentaurata and Ipomoea pes-caprae	Ghana and Indonesia	[126,341]
Uromyces pisi-sativi (Pers.) Liro	Astragalus spp., Colutea sp., Cytisus scoparius, Euphorbia sp., Galega officinalis, Genista spp., Lathyrus spp., Lotus spp., Medicago spp., Onobrychis spp., Pisum spp., Trifolium pratense, Ulex europaeus, and Vicia sp.	Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Libya, Turkey, Serbia, and Uzbekistan	[80,81,329]
Uromyces pittospori Henn.	Pittosporum abyssinicum	Eritrea	[287,687]
Uromyces planiusculus (Mont.) Jørst.	Rumex frutescens	Tristan da Cunha	[688]
Uromyces plantaginis Vestergr.	Plantago barbata and P. tubulosa	Argentina	[165,415]
Uromyces plumbarius Peck	Gaura spp., Oenothera spp., Onagra biennis, and Pachylophus marginatus	California, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Iowa, México, Minnesota, Mississippi, Oregon, Texas, and Utah	[114,155,185,187,262,475,559]
Uromyces poae-alpinae Rytz	Poa alpina and Ranunculus montanus	Germany and Poland	[135,160]
Uromyces poinsettiae Speg.	Poinsettia heterophylla	Argentina	[689]
Uromyces poiretiae Syd.	Poiretia scandens	Venezuela	[431,690]
Uromyces polemanniae Kalchbr. & Cooke	Polemannia spp.	South Africa	[137,142]
Uromyces poliotelis Syd.	Anguria sp., Gurania sp., and Selysia prunifera	Costa Rica	[127,229]
Uromyces politus (Berk.) McAlpine	Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii	Australia	[280,343]
Uromyces polycnemi McAlpine	Polycnemum pentandrum	Bulgaria, Britain, Iran, and Ukraine	[82,280,317,422]
Uromyces polygalae Grove	Polygala spp.	Mongolia and Uganda	[535,691]
Uromyces polygoni-avicularis (Pers.) G.H. Otth	Polygonum nepalense	Nepal	[692,693]
Uromyces polymniae (Henn.) Dietel & Holw.	Polymnia spp.	Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and México	[219,269,281,375]
Uromyces polymorphus Peck & Clinton	Lathyri sp.	New York	[694]
Uromyces polytriadicola Arthur & Cummins	Polytrias amaura	Philippines	[232]
Uromyces pontederiae W.R. Gerard	Pontederia cordata	Argentina, Brazil, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Virginia	[415,559,695]
Uromyces pontederiicola Speg.	Pontederia sagittata	Argentina and India	[34,592]
Uromyces poonensis W.D. More & Moniz	Sesbania aegyptiaca, S. grandiflora, and S. sesban	India	[357,696]
Uromyces porcensis Mayor	Inga ingoides	Colombia	[226]
Uromyces porosus (Peck) H.S. Jacks.	Vicia americana and V. sparsifolia	Iowa	[155,295,454]
Uromyces pozoae Dietel & Neger	Pozoa hydrocotylifolia	Chile	[240,417]
Uromyces praetextus Vestergr.	Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[216]
Uromyces prangi Har.	Hippomarathrum cristatum and Prangos sp.	Bulgaria and Iran	[82,347]
Uromyces pratensis Juel	Poa pratensis, Ranunculus auricomus, and R. cassubicus	Finland	[329]
Uromyces pratiae Speg.	Hypsela reniformis and Pratia repens	Argentina, Brazil, and Ecuador	[123,219,415]
Uromyces pretoriensis Doidge	Commelina africana	Ghana, Uganda, Namibia, and South Africa	[138,168,443]
Uromyces primaverilis Speg.	Allium striatellum	Argentina, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Michigan, Missouri, Texas, Oklahoma, and Uruguay	[305,415,455,542,559]
Uromyces primulae-integrifoliae (DC.) Niessl	Primula deorum and P. integrifolia	Bulgaria and Switzerland	[82,159]
Uromyces prismaticus Vienn. Bourg.	Secale montanum	Iran	[320]
Uromyces privae Syd. & P. Syd.	Priva lappulacea	Cuba and Venezuela	[697,698]
Uromyces probus Arthur	Olsynium grandiflorum and Sisyrinchium spp.	Canada, California, Idaho, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington	[66,112,185,187,559]
Uromyces procerus J.C. Lindq.	Festuca procera	Chile	[240]
Uromyces propinquus P. Syd. & Syd.	Desmodium sp. and Rhopalotria mollis	Mexico	[325]
Uromyces prosopidis (Jacz.) Jacz.	Prosopis farcta	Iran	[699]
Uromyces pseudarthriae Cooke	Pseudarthria robusta	South Africa	[700]
Uromyces psoraleae Peck	Psoralea lanceolata	Arizona, Canada, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, South Africa, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming	[142,185,187,300,368,559,701]
Uromyces psychotriae Henn.	Psychotria sp.	Brazil	[219,575]
Uromyces pteroclaenae Lindr.	Cachryde sp.	Algeria	[501]
Uromyces pulchellus Ellis & Everh.	Silene douglasii and Silene sp.	California and Washington (USA)	[78,388]
Uromyces pulvinatus Kalchbr. & Cooke	Euphorbia inaequilatera	South Africa	[702]
Uromyces punctiformis Syd. & P. Syd.	Vigna strobiliphora	Mexico	[703]
Uromyces purpureus Lagerh.	Liliaceae	Angola	[704]
Uromyces pustulatus Wakef.	Bauhinia fassoglensis	Uganda and Kenya	[140,168]
Uromyces puttemansii Rangel	Panicum spp. and Setaria spp.	Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Honduras, Jamaica, México, Panama, Uruguay, and Venezuela	[126,171,674]
Uromyces pyriformis Cooke	Acorus calamus	Iowa, Illinois, Japan, Massachusetts, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, New York, and Taiwan	[92,155,574,596]
Uromyces quaggafonteinus Mennicken & Oberw.	Ehrharta calycina	South Africa	[378,429]
Uromyces quinchamalii Neger	Quinchamalium spp.	Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile	[415,705]
Uromyces ramacharii Ravinder & Bagyan.	Ocimum sp.	India	[706]
Uromyces ranunculi-distichophylli Semadeni	Ficaria sp. and Ranunculus sp.	Africa, America, China, Canada, Europe, Iran, Japan, and Russia	[106]
Uromyces rapaneae Henn.	Rapanea sp.	São Paulo	[450]
Uromyces ratoides Jørst.	Cayaponia spp.	Ecuador	[124,212]
Uromyces ratus H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Cayaponia spp.	Brazil	[210,212]
Uromyces rayssiae J. Anikster & I. Wahl	Scilla hyacinthoides	Israel	[390]
Uromyces rebeccae Bruckart, M. Abbasi & Aime	Suaeda californica	California	[47]
Uromyces regius Vestergr.	Bauhinia candicans	Brazil	[216,219]
Uromyces reichei Dietel	Milla bivalvis and Triteleia gaudichaudiana	Chile	[240,415]
Uromyces reichertii J. Anikster & I. Wahl	Scilla hyacinthoides and Hordeum bulbosum	Israel	[81]
Uromyces renovatus P. Syd. & Syd.	Lupinus sp.	Czech Republic, Greece, Israel, Kenya, Finland, Portugal, and Spain	[81,131,140,144,158,707]
Uromyces reticulatus (Thüm.) Bubák	Allium victorialis	Portugal and Spain	[158,612]
Uromyces reynoldsii Thaung	Modecca bracteata and Trichosanthes spp.	Myanmar	[212]
Uromyces rhinacanthi Cummins	Rhinacanthus nasutus	Ghana, West Africa	[218,609]
Uromyces rhodesicus Wakef.	Bauhinia galpinii and B. macrantha	South Africa and Zimbabwe	[138,250]
Uromyces rhynchosporae Ellis	Rhynchospora spp.	Brazil, Bermuda, California, Cuba, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Japan, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, West Indies, and Vermont	[94,166,191,202,306,307,388,412,559]
Uromyces ribicola H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Ribes albifolium and R. andicola	Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia	[101,126,227]
Uromyces rickerianus Arthur	Polygonum spp. and Rumex spp.	Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming	[187,368]
Uromyces riloensis Hinkova	Doronicum cordifolium	Bulgaria	[82]
Uromyces rostratus Henn.	Eriosema sp.	Rio de Janeiro	[331]
Uromyces rottboelliae Arthur	Rottboellia compressa, R. exaltata, and R. speciosa	Congo, India, and Philippines	[171,708]
Uromyces rubidus Arthur & Holw.	Andropogon condensatus	Brazil	[199]
Uromyces rudbeckiae Arthur & Holw.	Rudbeckia spp. and Solidago spp.	Canada, China, Idaho, Florida, Japan, Korea, Iowa, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, Taiwan, Texas, Wyoming	[94,108,109,185,483,559]
Uromyces ruelliae Holw.	Beloperone californica, Beloperone sp., Justicia brandegeana, and Ruellia sp.	Arizona, California, Florida, México, and Nevada	[218,262,409,412]
Uromyces rugosus Arthur	Lupinus sp.	México	[398]
Uromyces rugulosus Pat.	Campylotropis spp. and Lespedeza spp.	China	[96]
Uromyces ruiz-leali J.C. Lindq.	Anarthrophyllum elegans	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G. Winter	Emex australis, Ficaria spp., Medicago spp., Ranunculus ficaria, and Rumex spp.	Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Malawi, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Sicily, South Africa, Spain, Romania, Sweden, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Russia	[75,80,82,128,135,142,158,245,279,313,468,519,534]
Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G. Winter	Rumicis sp.	Australia, Morocco, and Switzerland	[709]
Uromyces rumicum (DC.) Fuckel	Rumicis hydrolapathi	Egypt and Minnesota	[179,710]
Uromyces rzedowskii J.F. Hennen & Cummins	Ledenbergia macrantha	México	[292,403]
Uromyces sabineae Arthur	Poitea spp. and Sabinea punicea	Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico	[184,486]
Uromyces saginatus Syd.	Urginea altissima	Namibia, Zimbabwe	[138,250]
Uromyces sakawensis Henn.	Solidago virgaurea	Japan	[711]
Uromyces salicorniae (DC.) de Bary	Arthrocnemum glaucum and Salicornia spp.	China, Germany, Finland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and United Kingdom	[105,133,135,195,228,329]
Uromyces salmeae Arthur & Holw.	Galinsoga sp. and Salmea scandens	Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and West Indies	[125,184,225,264,281,282,406]
Uromyces salpichroae H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Salpichroa diffusa and Salpichroa sp.	Bolivia and Ecuador	[210]
Uromyces salsolae Rabenh.	Climacoptera sp., Gamanthus gamocarpus, Gossypium hirsutum, Halocharis hispida, Noaea spp., Petrosimonia spp., and Salsola spp.	Algeria, China, Cyprus, Finland, Israel, Japan, Mongolia, Morocco, Pakistan, Russia, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine	[80,81,111,146,198,228,329,435,535]
Uromyces sasaensis Gjaerum	Valeriana kilimandscharica and V. volkensii	Uganda	[317,712]
Uromyces satarensis P.B. Chavan & Bakare	Blainvillea acmella and B. latifolia	China and India	[319,713]
Uromyces saulensis Berndt	Selysia prunifera	France	[127]
Uromyces saururi Henn.	Saururus chinensis and S. loureiroi	China, Japan, and Taiwan	[96,97,222]
Uromyces saussureae P. Karst.	Saussurea sp.	Japan, Siberia	[714]
Uromyces savulescui Rayss	Limonium sinuatum and Limonium sp.	The Canary Islands, Greece, and Israel	[81,327]
Uromyces scaberulus L. Guo & Y.C. Wang	Lespedeza bicolor, L. cuneate, L. cyrtobotrya, and L. formosa	China	[156]
Uromyces scaevolae G. Cunn.	Scaevola albida, S. calendulacea, S. spinescens, and S. radicans	Australia and New Zealand	[67,313]
Uromyces schanginiae Thüm.	Suaeda spp.	California and Egypt	[710,715]
Uromyces schinzianus Henn.	Bauhinia fassoglensis, B. reticulate, and B. thonningii	Somalia, South Africa, and Uganda	[138,168]
Uromyces schismi Jørst.	Schismus scaberrimus	South Africa	[411]
Uromyces schoenanthi Syd. & P. Syd.	Andropogon schoenanthus, Apluda mutica, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Polytrias amaura, and P. diversifolia	India, New Guinea, Pakistan, and the Philippines	[152,201,318]
Uromyces schweinfurthii Henn.	Acacia ehrenbergiana, A. flava, and A. seyal	South Yemen and Ethiopia	[287,687]
Uromyces scillinus (Durieu & Mont.) Har.	Scilla autumnalis	Algeria and Europe	[451]
Uromyces scirpi-maritimi Hirats. f. & Yoshin.	Bolboschoenus maritimus, Glaux maritima, Scirpus fluviatilis, and S. maritimus	Japan and Russia	[222,297]
Uromyces scirpinus Syd.	Scirpus supinus	Philippines	[232]
Uromyces scleranthi Rostr.	Minuartia spp. and Scleranthus spp.	Australia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, and Ukraine	[80,107,128,280,329,422]
Uromyces scleriae Henn.	Scleria spp.	Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Nigeria, Rio de Janeiro, Saint Lucia, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and West Indies	[122,184,219,264,323,431]
Uromyces sclerochloae Tranzschel	Sclerochloa dura	Central Asia (Turkmenistan and Iran)	[161,383]
Uromyces scleropoae Baudyš & Picb.	Scleropoa ridiga	Croatia	[451]
Uromyces scrophulariae (DC.) Fuckel	Scrophularia auriculata	Carmarthenshire and Wales	[716]
Uromyces scutellatus (Schrank) Niessl	Euphorbia spp.	Bulgaria, Chile, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan	[43,80,82,105,111,146,179,196,228,236,347,386]
Uromyces secamones Wakef.	Secamone platystigma	Uganda	[168]
Uromyces sedi Gäum.	Sedum anacampseros	France	[717]
Uromyces seditiosus F. Kern	Aristida spp. and Plantago spp.	Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia	[537,559,718]
Uromyces seligeri Tranzschel & Erem.	Lathyrus grandiflorus and L. sylvestris	Greece and Russia	[220,382,421]
Uromyces sellierae G. Cunn.	Selliera radicans	New Zealand	[67]
Uromyces semnanensis Gjaerum	Astragalus fridae	Iran	[276]
Uromyces senecionicola Arthur	Cacalia sp., Senecio roldana, and Senecio sp.	México	[292,398]
Uromyces senecionis-gigantis Gjaerum	Senecio gigas	Ethiopia	[719]
Uromyces senorensis J.F. Hennen & Cummins	Compositae	Mexico	[703,720]
Uromyces sepultus Mains	Setaria tenax	America, México	[721]
Uromyces seseli-graminis E. Fisch.	Arrhenatherum elatius, Melica ciliate, and Poae sp.	Europe	[106]
Uromyces seselis Sousa da Câmara	Seseli tortuosum	Portugal	[722]
Uromyces sesseae Lagerh.	Sessea sp.	Ecuador	[325]
Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino	Brachiaria spp., Chaetochloa spp., Eriochloa spp., Lasiacis spp., Setaria spp., and Urochloa spp.	Worldwide	[294]
Uromyces shahrudensis Petr.	Onobrychis sp.	Iran	[723]
Uromyces shearianus Arthur		Arizona, California, Colorado, México, Utah, and Wyoming	[114,292,412,559]
Uromyces shikokianus Kusano	Cladrastis platycarpa and C. shikokiana	Japan	[222]
Uromyces sii-latifolii P. Karst.	Sium latifolium	Britain and Russia	[714]
Uromyces silenes (Schltdl.) Fuckel	Arenaria glabrescens, Arenaria sp., and Silene spp.	California, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Pennsylvania, Portugal, Turkey, Utah, and Washington (USA)	[80,114,454,559]
Uromyces silenes-chloraefoliae Vienn.-Bourg.	Silene chlorifolia	Iran	[320]
Uromyces silenes-ponticae Const.	Silene spp.	Bugaria, Iraq, Libya, Romania, Portugal, and Turkey	[80,82,196,228,532]
Uromyces silksvleyensis Mennicken & Oberw.	Bartholina burmanniana	Western Cape Province	[378]
Uromyces silphii (Syd. & P. Syd.) Arthur	Aster macrophyllus, Helianthus spp., Heliopsis helianthoides, Juncus spp., and Silphium spp.	Argentina, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, México, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Poland, Texas, Uruguay, Washington, Wisconsin, and Vermont	[185,187,191,292,415,559]
Uromyces simulans Peck	Vilfa sp.	Colorado	[724]
Uromyces siphocampyli-gigantei Berndt	Siphocampylus giganteus	Ecuador	[725]
Uromyces sisyrinchiicola Speg.	Sisyrinchium iridifolium	Chile	[258]
Uromyces skottsbergii Jørst.	Enargea marginata	Argentina and the Falkland Islands	[726,727]
Uromyces smilacis Mayor	Smilax sp.	Colombia	[226,227]
Uromyces snowdeniae Cummins	Snowdenia scabra	Kenya	[140]
Uromyces socius Arthur & Holw.	Loranthus spp. and Struthanthus spp.	Guatemala and México	[15,281]
Uromyces solani Dietel & Holw.	Solanum appendiculatum	Colombia, Guatemala, and México	[227,281,456,479]
Uromyces solariae Dietel	Solaria miersioides	Chile	[240]
Uromyces solidaginis (Sommerf.) Fuckel	Solidago spp.	Colorado, Finland, Idaho, Japan, Montana, Oregon, Poland, Russia, Washington, and Wyoming	[92,329,454,559]
Uromyces solidaginis-caricis Arthur	Carex varia	Indiana	[728]
Uromyces solidus Berk. & M.A. Curtis	Desmodium strictum	North Carolina	[657]
Uromyces sommerfeltii Hyl., Jørst. & Nannf.	Solidago spp.	China, Canada, Germany, Finland, Idaho, Japan, Russia, Mississippi, Montana, Nepal, Norway, Oregon, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Turkey	[80,94,129,130,131,135,185,187,436,475,567]
Uromyces sonorensis J.F. Hennen & Cummins	Merremia palmeri	México	[729]
Uromyces sophorae Peck	Sophora alopecuroides, S. sericea, and S. mollis	Pakistan and México	[563,730]
Uromyces sophorae-flavescentis Kusano	Sophora alopecuroides, S. angustifolia, S. flavescens, S. jaubertii, and S. japonicum	China, Japan, Korea, Turkey, Russia, and Uzbekistan	[96,146,297,483]
Uromyces sophorae-japonicae Dietel	Sophora japonica	Japan	[92,731]
Uromyces sophorae-vicifoliae F.L. Tai	Sophora viciifolia	China	[732]
Uromyces sparaxidis Syd. & P. Syd.	Sparaxis lineata, S. tricolor, and Sparaxis sp.	South Africa	[142]
Uromyces sparganii Cooke & Peck	Acorus calamus, Hypericum virginicum, and Sparganium eurycarpum	Canada, Iowa, Indiana, India, Michigan, Mississippi, New York, Nebraska, and Wisconsin	[152,185,475]
Uromyces sparsus (Kunze & J.C. Schmidt) Lév.	Arenaria marina, Spergularia spp. and Stellaria patens	Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Nepal, Norway, Romania, and Ukraine	[82,111,128,135,179,188,228,329]
Uromyces spartii-juncei P. Syd. & Syd.	Spartium junceum	France, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia	[220]
Uromyces speciosus Holw.	Frasera macrophylla	Colorado and New México	[559,733]
Uromyces spegazzinii (De Toni) Arthur	Commelina angustifolia, C. elegans, C. erecta, C. nudiflora, and C. virginica	Florida, Taiwan, Texas, and the Virgin Islands	[299,447]
Uromyces spermacoces (Schwein.) Thüm.	Diodia teres, D. virginiana, Diodia sp., and Spermacoce tenuior	Brazil, Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Texas	[202,203,262,455,584]
Uromyces sphaericus H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Perymenium ecuadoricum	Ecuador	[210,219]
Uromyces sphaerocarpus Syd. & P. Syd.	Indigofera potaninii, I. pseudotinctoria, I. tinctoria, and Indigofera sp.	China and Japan	[96,734]
Uromyces sphaerophysae Pospelov ex Nevod.	Swainsona salsula	China	[198]
Uromyces splendens A. Blytt	Astragalus oroboides	Norway	[735]
Uromyces sporoboli Ellis & Everh.	Allium spp., Sporobolus spp.	Bolivia, Chile, Indiana, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Puerto Rico, Texas, and Wisconsin	[199,386,559,635]
Uromyces sporobolicola J.C. Lindq.	Sporobolus marginatus, S. pyramidalis, and S. pyramidatus	Argentina, India, Pakistan, and México	[171,415,488,736]
Uromyces sporoboloides Cummins	Sporobolus berteroanus	Ecuador	[737]
Uromyces spragueae Harkn.	Calyptridium umbellatum, C. umbellatum var. caudiciferum, Spraguea umbellate, and Spraguea sp.	California, Oregon, and Wyoming	[186,559,658]
Uromyces standleyanus Arthur	Gaudichaudia schiedeana	El Salvador	[301]
Uromyces statices Berk. & M.A. Curtis	Statice sp.	California	[598]
Uromyces statices-mucronatae Malençon	Statice mucronata	Morocco	[279]
Uromyces statices-sinensis Liou & Y.C. Wang	Statice sinensis	China	[543]
Uromyces steironematis Arthur	Spartina michauxiana	Nebraska	[738]
Uromyces stellariae Syd. & P. Syd.	Stellaria kotschyana	Iran	[739]
Uromyces stellariae-saxatilis L. Guo & Y.C. Wang	Stellaria media, S. saxatilis, S. vestita, and Stellaria sp.	China	[96]
Uromyces stenorrhynchi Henn.	Stenorrhynchus sp.	Peru	[740]
Uromyces stipinus Tranzschel & Erem.	Stipa rubens	Russia	[106]
Uromyces strauchii Doidge	Clutia daphnoides	Southern Africa	[138]
Uromyces striatellus Tranzschel	Euphorbia esula, E. leptocaula, E. sieboldiana, and Euphorbia sp.	China, Iran, Japan, Ukraine, and Russia	[94,108,109,157,297]
Uromyces striatus J. Schröt.	Argyrolobium spp., Cicer arietinum, Ervum lens, Euphorbia spp., Hosackia sp., Hymenocarpos circinnatus, Lathyrus odoratus, Lens culinaris, Lotus spp., Manihot esculenta, Medicago lupulina, Melilotus spp., Pisum spp., Trifolium spp., and Vicia spp.	Worldwide	[104,165,220,222,225]
Uromyces striolatus Tranzschel	Euphorbia aff-esula, E. boissieriana, E. cyparissias, E. esula, and Euphorbia sp.	Bulgaria, China, Iran, and Pakistan	[82,108,157,317,356]
Uromyces strobilanthis Barclay	Pteracanthus urticifolius,Strobilanthes alata, S. dalhousieana, and Strobilanthes sp.	India, Pakistan, Taiwan, and the Philippines	[218,563,565]
Uromyces strumariae A.R. Wood	Strumaria gemmata	Western Cape Province	[741]
Uromyces struthanthi Perd.-Sánch.	Struthanthus sp.	Panama	[15]
Uromyces stylochaetonis Doidge	Stylochaeton natalense	KwaZulu-Natal	[249]
Uromyces sublevis Tranzschel	Euphorbia baetica, E. petrophila, and E. tictoria	Lebanon, Portugal, and Ukraine	[157,158,422,449]
Uromyces substriatus Syd. & P. Syd.	Lupinus argenteus	Montana	[79]
Uromyces suksdorfii Dietel & Holw.	Lychnis drummondii, Lychnis sp., Silene oregano, S. pacifica, S. scouleri, and Silene sp.	Arizona, California, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, México, and Washington	[114,116,187,454,559]
Uromyces superfixus Vestergr.	Bauhinia mirandina, B. mollis, and Bauhinia sp.	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Venezuela	[216,394,431]
Uromyces superfluus P. Syd. & Syd.	Panicum antidotale and P. depauperatum	America, India, and Pakistan	[144,171,294]
Uromyces superstomatalis Berndt	Cayaponia rigida	France	[127]
Uromyces suzukii Sawada ex Hirats. f.	Sigesbeckia orientalis	China, Japan, and Taiwan	[94,108,319]
Uromyces symaethidis W. Schneid.	Simethis bicolor	Italy	[742]
Uromyces tairae Hirats. f.	Messerschmidia argentea	Japan	[743]
Uromyces tarapotensis Henn.	Camptosema sp.	Peru	[575]
Uromyces teheranicus Petr.	Trifolium retense	Iran	[744]
Uromyces tehuelches Speg.	Alstroemeria patagonica	Argentina	[167,592]
Uromyces tener J. Schröt.	Manettia gracilis	Brazil	[219,331]
Uromyces tenuicutis McAlpine	Parietaria judaica and Sporobolus spp.	Australia, China, Fiji, Ghana, Guyana, Grenada, India, Japan, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, México, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Sierra, Taiwan, Uganda, Virgin Island, West Indies, and Zimbabwe	[97,171,172,184,243,244,280,615]
Uromyces tenuistipes Dietel & Holw.	Desmodium spp. and Meibomia sp.	Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, and México	[172,479,597,745]
Uromyces teodorescui Rayss	Onobrychis crista-galli	Israel and Palestine	[81]
Uromyces tepicensis J.F. Hennen & Cummins	Loeselia amplectens	México	[292]
Uromyces tessariae (Speg.) J.C. Lindq.	Tessaria absinthioides	Spain	[746]
Uromyces thapsi Opiz ex Bubák	Verbascum spp.	Greece, Romania, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan	[111,146,158,228,421]
Uromyces thellungi Maire	Rumex roseus, R. simpliciflorus, and R. vesicarius	Canary Islands, Iran, Israel, and Pakistan	[472]
Uromyces thelymitrae McAlpine	Thelymitra antennifera and T. flexuosa	Australia	[81,280,317,356]
Uromyces thermopsidicola Shimab.	Thermopsis chinensis	Japan	[222]
Uromyces tinctoriicola Magnus	Euphorbia spp.	Armenia, Germany, Iraq, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, Romania, and Ukraine	[80,196,228,422,519]
Uromyces tingitanus Henn.	Rumex spp.	The Canary Islands, Libya, and Morocco	[197,279]
Uromyces tolerandus H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Manihot esculenta and Manihot sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces tomentellus Cooke	Leguminosae sp.	California	[747]
Uromyces tordillensis Speg.	Euphorbia serpens and E. ovalifolia	Argentina, Chile, Córdoba, and Uruguay	[371,386]
Uromyces tosensis Henn.	Commelina communis	Japan	[711]
Uromyces tournefortiae Henn.	Tournefortia sp.	Brazil	[600]
Uromyces tragi Wakef. & Hansf.	Tragus berteronianus	Malawi and Uganda	[168,273]
Uromyces transcaspicus Petr.	Astragalus angustidens	Turkmenistan	[748]
Uromyces transversalis (Thüm.) G. Winter	Crocosmia spp., Freesia refracta, Gladiolus spp., Tritonia spp., and Watsonia spp.	Argentina, Australia, Brazil, California, Cuba, England, Florida, France, Malwai, Martinique, Mauritius, México, New Zealand, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia, and Zimbabwe	[69,142,209,250,273,487,530,650]
Uromyces tranzschelii Syd. & P. Syd.	Euphorbia crenulata, E. lucida, E. montana, E. palmeri, E. robusta, and E. robusta	Azirona, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming	[103,157,187,292,368,412]
Uromyces traucoensis Monteal. & Oehrens	Selliera radicans	Chile	[749]
Uromyces triandrae T.S. Ramakr. & Sriniv.	Themeda triandra	India	[669]
Uromyces trichoclines Henn.	Trichocline polymorpha	Brazil	[219,323]
Uromyces tricholenae Gonz. Frag. & Cif.	Tricholaena rosea	Dominican Republic	[750]
Uromyces trichoneurae Doidge	Astrebla elymoides, A. lappacea, A. pectinate, A. squarrosa, Trichoneura grandiglumis, and T. lisboae	Australia, India, South Africa	[169,488,751]
Uromyces tricorynes McAlpine	Tricoryne elatior	Australia	[245,267]
Uromyces trifolii-megalanthi (Dietel & Neger) H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Trifolium peruvianum and Trifolium sp.	Brazil, Chile, and Peru	[101,126]
Uromyces trifolii-purpurei Const.	Trifolium campestre, T. eriosphaerum, T. purpureum, T. scabrum, T. stellatum, and Trifolium sp.	Bulgaria, Greece, France, Israel, Italy, Russia, Romania, and Spain	[81,82,126,228,327]
Uromyces trifolii-repentis Liro	Trifolium spp.	Worldwide	[225,361]
Uromyces trigonellae Pass.	Trigonella spp.	Bulgaria, Israel, Romania, and Turkey	[80,81,82,197,228,357]
Uromyces trigonellae-occultae Henn.	Trigonella occulta	Egypt	[752]
Uromyces tripogonicola Payak & Thirum.	Tripogon lisboae	India	[753]
Uromyces tripogonis-sinensis Y.C. Wang	Tripogon chinensi and T. lisboae	China and India	[106,108,109]
Uromyces tripsaci F. Kern & Thurst.	Tripsacum dactyloides	Ecuador and Venezuela	[431,754]
Uromyces triquetrus Cooke	Ascyrum hypericoides, Hypericum spp., and Triadenum japonicum	Argentina, Brazil, California, Canada, China, Colombia, Indiana, Indonesia, Iowa, Maine, México, Missouri, Mississippi, Taiwan, Oregon, Japan, and Wisconsin	[96,97,187,219,252,255,292,412,415,449,475]
Uromyces triseti Katajev	Trisetum cavanillesii	Turkmenistan	[106]
Uromyces triteleiae Dietel & Neger	Brodiaea porrifolia, Leucocoryne alliacea, and Triteleia porrifolia	Chile	[162,166,240,415]
Uromyces trollii-caroli Ulbr.	Trifolium sp.	Germany and India	[34,755]
Uromyces trollipii Kalchbr. & MacOwan	Roepera foetida and Zygophyllum foetidum	South Africa	[138,385]
Uromyces tropaeoli Ranoj.	Tropaeolum major	Yugoslavia	[212]
Uromyces truncatulus Trotter	Geranium versicolor	Greece	[421]
Uromyces truncicola Henn. & Shirai	Sophora japonica and Sophora sp.	China, Japan, and Korea	[468,483,734]
Uromyces tuberculatus Fuckel	Euphorbia spp.	The Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, China, Finland, Germany, Iran, Malaysia, Romania, Pakistan, Portugal, Spain, and Uzbekistan	[105,129,130,228,317,318,329,356]
Uromyces tulipae Dietel	Tulipa edulis	Japan	[756]
Uromyces tungurahuensis Syd.	Aspilia lanceolata	Ecuador	[757]
Uromyces turcomanicus Katajev	Muscari leucostomum, Hordeum bulbosum, H. marinum, and H. spontaneum	Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Russia, and Turkmenistan	[126,243,244]
Uromyces tylosemae Gjaerum	Tylosema fassoglensis	Uganda and Sudan	[428]
Uromyces uleanus Dietel	Euphorbia sp.	Brazil	[143,219]
Uromyces umiamensis Berndt & Baiswar	Cucumis sp. and Momordica cochinchinensis	India	[127,212,234]
Uromyces undulatoparietis B. Li	Ligularia hookeri	China	[108,109]
Uromyces undulatus Tranzschel	Euphorbia condylocarpa and Euphorbia sp.	Armenia and Iran	[157,318]
Uromyces unioniensis Viégas	Desmodium sp. and Meibomia sp.	Brazil	[394,640]
Uromyces unitus Peck	Calandrinia leeana	Washington (USA)	[758]
Uromyces urariae B. Li	Uraria lagopodioides	China	[759]
Uromyces urbanianus Henn.	Oryctanthus spicatus	Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, México, and Trinidad and Tobago	[15,227,473]
Uromyces urgineae M.S. Patil	Urginea indica	India	[397]
Uromyces ushuwaiensis Speg.	Impatiens hochstetteri	Ethiopia	[258,760]
Uromyces ustalis Tranzschel	Ranunculus repens	Siberia	[761]
Uromyces usterianus Dietel	Myrtaceae	Colombia and São Paulo	[762]
Uromyces valens F. Kern	Carex aestivalis, C. lupulina, and C. utriculata	Indiana, North Carolina, and Wisconsin	[763,764,765]
Uromyces valerianae (Schumach.) Fuckel	Valerianella spp.	Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Scotland, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and Ukraine	[80,82,90,94,128,132,133,135,138,228,283,421,440]
Uromyces valerianae-microphyllae Berndt	Valeriana microphylla	Ecuador	[766]
Uromyces valerianae-wallichii (Dietel) Arthur & Cummins	Valeriana spp.	China, Japan, Taiwan, India, and Pakistan	[87,88,94,108,109,356]
Uromyces valesiacus E. Fisch.	Vicia ervilia and V. onobrychioides	Albania, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Romania, Switzerland, Turkey, and Yugoslavia	[82,126,220]
Uromyces vanderystii Henn.	Teramnus labialis	The Democratic Republic of the Congo	[610]
Uromyces vankyorum Berndt	Atriplex lampa	Argentina	[282]
Uromyces venustus Dietel & Holw.	Cestrum nitidum	México	[292,375]
Uromyces veratri (DC.) J. Schröt.	Adenostyles spp., Homogyne alpine, Ligularia spp., and Veratrum spp.	Austria, Bulgaria, China, Germany, Japan, Korea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, and Turkey	[82,135,158,222,228,231,283,402]
Uromyces verbasci Niessl	Verbascum spp.	Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, and Ukraine	[82,105,135]
Uromyces verrucosae-craccae Mayor	Vicia cracca	France and Switzerland	[126,220]
Uromyces verruculosus J. Schröt.	Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cucubalus baccifer, Dianthus armeria, Lychnis spp., Melandrium spp., and Silene spp.	Armenia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Germany, Indiana, Iran, Michigan, New York, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Texas, Turkey, Ukraine, and Wisconsin	[105,107,135,228,317,422,519]
Uromyces verus H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Bauhinia rufa	Brazil	[101]
Uromyces vesicatorius (Bubák) Nattrass	Lens esculenta and L. leontopetalum	Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, and Turkey	[80,81,196,599]
Uromyces vesiculosus G. Winter	Zygophyllum spp.	Australia	[245]
Uromyces vestergrenii P. Syd. & Syd.	Bauhinia tomentosa	India and Sri Lanka	[165]
Uromyces viciae-craccae Const.	Ervum lens, Euphorbia sp., Lathyrus aphaca, Lens spp., and Vicia spp.	Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Itlay, Kazakhstan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Siberia, Switzerland, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia	[82,135,220,767,768]
Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.	Vicia spp., Lathyrus spp., and Pisum spp.	Worldwide	[71,222,236,238,769]
Uromyces viciae-unijugae S. Ito	Vicia unijuga	Japan	[92]
Uromyces vicinus H.S. Jacks. & Holw.	Ipomoea sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces vicosensis R.T. Almeida	Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces viegasii R.T. Almeida	Bauhinia forficata and Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[219,394]
Uromyces viennot-bourginii J. Anikster & I. Wahl	Bellevalia eigii and Hordeum spontaneum	Israel	[81]
Uromyces vignae Barclay	Desmodium spp., Dipogon spp., Lablab sp., Phaseolus sp., Sphenostylis sp., and Vigna vexillata	Worldwide	[71,222,225]
Uromyces vignae-luteolae Henn.	Vigna luteola	Congo	[610]
Uromyces vignae-sinensis Miura	Vigna sinensis	China and Japan	[89,96]
Uromyces visci T. Majewski & K.A. Nowak	Viscum congolense	Rwanda	[551]
Uromyces volkartii Gäum. & Terrier	Trisetum flavescens	Switzerland	[770]
Uromyces vossiae Barclay	Phacelurus speciosus, Rottboellia sp., and Vossia speciosa	India and Pakistan	[106,294,771]
Uromyces vulpiae Sousa da Câmara	Vulpia broteri	Portugal	[772]
Uromyces waipoua McNabb	Hypericum gramineum and H. japonicum	New Zealand	[313]
Uromyces wartoensis Petr.	Astragalus wartoensis	Armenia and Turkey	[220,276]
Uromyces wedeliae Henn.	Wedelia bicolour, W. biflora, W. chinensis, W. menotriche, and W. prostrata	China, Eritrea, Fiji, Japan, Micronesia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Tonga	[94,97,108,109,287,565,654]
Uromyces wedeliae-biflorae Boedijn	Wedelia biflora	Indonesia	[309]
Uromyces wellingtonicus T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.	Sporobolus indicus	India	[629]
Uromyces wiehei Cummins	Thalictrum rhynchocarpum	Kenya, Malawi, and Uganda	[318,609,712]
Uromyces wolfii Cummins	Borreria laevis	Venezuela	[609]
Uromyces wulffiae Henn.	Wulffia baccata, W. maculata, W. scandens, W. stenoglossa, and Wulffia sp.	Brazil	[219,394,575]
Uromyces wulffiae-stenoglossae Dietel	Wulffia baccata, W. maculata, W. stenoglossa, and Wulffia sp.	Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and West Indies	[120,219,264,431,557]
Uromyces yakushimensis Hirats. f. & Katsuki	Trichosanthes bracteata, T. multiloba, and T. palmata	Japan and Myanmar	[94,127,212]
Uromyces yoshinagae Henn.	Pisum sativum	Honshu	[360]
Uromyces yurimaguasensis Henn.	Clitoria guianensis and Clitoria sp.	Belize and Peru	[172,575,721]
Uromyces zeyheri Bubák	Ixia scillaris, I. scillaris, and Tritonia pallida	South Africa	[123,138,165]
Uromyces zigadeni Peck	Zigadenus paniculatus	Utah	[328]
Uromyces zizaniae-latifoliae Sawada	Zizania latifolia	Taiwan	[773]

.

5.5. Endemic/Native Uromyces Species

The distribution of rust fungi is governed by various ecological factors that affect their host range and endemism. As with other biotrophic pathogens, rust fungi are also found to be co-evolved with their host plants, which possibly justifies their host specificity and narrow host range. However, cross-infection in rust fungi is also observed, which opens up the need for further investigation of their host range. Among various rust fungi, the genus Uromyces also exhibited a broad host diversity among different terrestrial regions of the world. An analysis of data collected in the present study revealed the restriction of the Uromyces species towards a single host. More than 400 species of Uormyces were found to be endemic to more than 100 countries, provinces, or islands. The distribution of endemic species of Uromyces showed that the highest number of endemic species was found in Brazil (41 species) and South Africa (33 species). Other countries, such as China (18), Chile (18), Japan (17), India (17), México (15), France (12), Argentina (11), Australia (11), and Ecuador (11), showed a medium to low endemic distribution of these fungi. If we compare the continental distributions, it is clear from the geographical heat map that there is a big difference between the prevalence of endemic species in North and South America. In fact, South America showed the occurrence of the endemic Uromyces species. Similarly, Asia also holds a high number of species endemic to the different countries or regions in the continent. The distribution of the endemic species was found to be scattered compared to European countries; however, the number of endemic species in this region was comparatively high. Detailed information on the distribution of endemic or native Uromyces species is presented in

Table 4. World distribution of endemic/native Uromyces species.

Uromyces Species	Host	Country	Reference
Uromyces actinostemonis	Actinostemon concolor	Brazil	[103]
Uromyces acutatus	Gageabohemica and G. villosa	Germany	[105]
Uromyces aegopogonis	Aegopogon cenchroides, A. geminiflorus, A. gracilis, and A. tenellus	México	[106]
Uromyces aeluropodinus	Aeluropus littoralis	Ukraine	[111]
Uromyces agnatus	Jatropha stimulosa	Florida	[112]
Uromyces agropyri	Agropyron sp.	India	[126]
Uromyces aimeae	Cucurbitaceae	Ecuador	[127]
Uromyces albiziae	Albizia procera	Indinesia	[136]
Uromyces allii-monanthi	Allium monanthum	Japan	[147]
Uromyces allii-sibirici	Allium sibiricum	Norway	[149]
Uromyces allii-victorialis	Allium fistulosum, A. macrostemon, and A. victorialis	China	[90]
Uromyces alsinis	Minuartia hamata and M. meyeri	Turkey	[80]
Uromyces alyxiae	Alyxia oliviformis	Hawaii	[176]
Uromyces amphilophis-insculptae	Amphilophis insculpta	India	[194]
Uromyces anabasis	Anabasis aphylla	China	[195]
Uromyces anomathecae	Anomatheca cruenta	South Africa	[169]
Uromyces anotidis	Anotis richardiana	Sri Lanka	[214]
Uromyces antioquiensis	Rhynchospora polyphylla and R. nervosa	Colombia	[119,226,227]
Uromyces antipae	Rosa lutea	Romania	[228]
Uromyces aphelandrae	Aphelandra pectinata	Costa Rica	[218]
Uromyces aquiriensis	Cucurbitaceae	Israel	[127]
Uromyces araucanus	Senecio otites	Chile	[240]
Uromyces arenariae-grandiflorae	Arenaria saponarioides	Turkey	[80]
Uromyces argutus	Spartina alterniflora and S. glabra	Florida	[106]
Uromyces asperulae	Asperula conferta and A. oligantha	Australia	[268]
Uromyces aspiliellus	Aspilia latifolia	Ivory Coast	[270]
Uromyces astragali-alopecuri	Astragalus alopecurus	Turkey	[276]
Uromyces astragali-atropilosuli	Astragalus atropilosulus	Kenya	[276]
Uromyces astragali-pseudoutrigeris	Astragalus pseudoutriger	Turkey	[276]
Uromyces atlanticus	Hippocrepis scabra	Morocco	[279]
Uromyces azorellae	Pozoa trifoliate and Schizeilema trifoliolatum	New Zealand	[284]
Uromyces babianae	Babiana disticha	Western Cape Province	[285]
Uromyces baccarinii	Wedelia sp.	Eritrea	[287]
Uromyces badius	Haemanthus coccineus, H. pumilio, H. rotundifolius, and H. sanguineus	South Africa	[167]
Uromyces bahiensis	On leaves of Loranthaceae	Panama	[15]
Uromyces bauhiniicola	Bauhinia chlorantha and B. pringlei	México	[398]
Uromyces beckmanniae	Beckmannia eruciformis and B. syzigachne	Oregon	[295]
Uromyces belemensis	Ormosia nobilis	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces bermudianus	Cyperus paniculatus	Bermuda	[224]
Uromyces bethelii	Silene verecunda	California	[301]
Uromyces bisbyi	Eriogonum parvifolium	California	[314]
Uromyces boissierae	Boissiera pumilio	Iran	[320]
Uromyces bolusii	Aspalathus pachyloba	South Africa	[322]
Uromyces bomareae	Bomarea sp.	Brazil	[167]
Uromyces bonaerensis	Gomphrena elegans	Buenos Aires	[324]
Uromyces bonae-spei	Tritonia scillaris and Acidanthera pallida	Southern Africa	[325]
Uromyces bonaveriae	Bonaveria securidaca and Securigera securidaca	Greece	[327]
Uromyces borreriae	Borreria verticillata	Rio de Janeiro	[331]
Uromyces bosseri	Trochomeriopsis diversifolia	Madagascar	[127]
Uromyces bothriochloae-intermediae	Bothriochloa intermedia	China	[108,109]
Uromyces bradburyae	Bradburya pubescens, B. virginiana, Centrosema pubescens, and C. virginianum	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces brizae	Briza media	France	[339]
Uromyces bromicola	Bromus coloratus and B. lithobius	Chile	[199]
Uromyces buforrestiae	Buforrestia imperforata	Ghana	[341]
Uromyces bulbinicola	Bulbine bulbosa	Australia	[249]
Uromyces bunsteri	Sisyrinchium cuspidatum and S. graminifolium	Chile	[166]
Uromyces calopogonii	Calopogonium galactioides	Guatemala	[172]
Uromyces calotheus	Urginea sp.	Sierra Leone	[351]
Uromyces calycotomes	Calycotome spinosa	France	[220]
Uromyces caricis-brunneae	Carex brunnea	Japan	[94]
Uromyces caricis-schmidtii	Carex schmidtii	Khabarovsk	[297]
Uromyces cassiae-mimosoidis	Cassia mimosoides and Chamaecrista mimosoides	South Africa	[172]
Uromyces cearensis	Ipomoea sp.	Brazil	[373]
Uromyces cedrelae	Toona serrata	Indonesia	[177]
Uromyces celtidis	Celtis sp.	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces cenisiae	Ononis cenisia	France	[342]
Uromyces chaetobromi	Chaetobromus dregeanus and C. schraderi	South Africa	[378]
Uromyces chilensis	Lathyrus magellanicus and L. multiceps	Chile	[386]
Uromyces chiovendae	Cissus sp.	Somalia	[287]
Uromyces chorizanthis	Chorizanthe pungens	California	[388]
Uromyces christensenii	Muscari parviflorum and Hordeum bulbosum	Israel	[390]
Uromyces chubutensis	Poa chubutensis	Chubut	[391]
Uromyces ciceris-soongaricae	Cicer songaricum	Pakistan	[393]
Uromyces circinalis	Scilla prasina	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces cladomanes	Vitis sp.	Somalia	[287]
Uromyces cladrastidis	Cladrastis shikokiana	Japan	[92]
Uromyces clignyioides	Monocymbium ceresiiforme	Zimbabwe	[243]
Uromyces clitoriae	Clitoria mexicana	México	[172]
Uromyces clivalis	Argyrolobium flaccidum	India	[357]
Uromyces cobresiae	Carex sp.	Uzbekistan	[146]
Uromyces collinus	Bauhinia sp.	México	[292]
Uromyces coluteae	Colutea arborescens	Austria	[299]
Uromyces combreti	Combretum sp.	Myanmar	[405]
Uromyces conicus	Cleome sp.	Bolivia	[411]
Uromyces correntinus	Rhynchospora tenuis	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces costesianus	Sphaeralcea velutina	Chile	[386]
Uromyces crepidis-fraasii	Crepisfraasii sp.	Greece	[419]
Uromyces cretensis	Coronilla parviflora and C. rostrata	Greece	[421]
Uromyces crotalariae-nitens	Crotalaria nitens	Colombia	[423]
Uromyces cruchetii	Borreria tenella	Colombia	[226]
Uromyces cucumivorus	Cucumis melo	Iraq	[127]
Uromyces cuenodii	Silene eriocalycina	Iraq	[196]
Uromyces cyanotidis	Cyanotis capitata	Papua New Guinea	[426]
Uromyces cyathulae	Cyathula globulifera	Eritrea	[287]
Uromyces dendroseridis	Dendroseris micrantha	Chile	[240]
Uromyces densus	Bidens pilosa	Puerto Rico	[76,77]
Uromyces desmodiicola	Desmodium albiflorum	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces desmodii-leiocarpi	Desmodium leiocarpum	Brazil	[172]
Uromyces dieramatis	Dierama spp.	South Africa	[273]
Uromyces dilucidus	Sisyrinchium striatum	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces diniensis	Ononis fruticosa	France	[460]
Uromyces dipcadi	Dipcadi viride	Kenya	[487]
Uromyces discariae	Discaria toumatou	New Zealand	[313]
Uromyces dispersus	Apios fortunei	Japan	[222]
Uromyces dobremezii	Euphorbia stracheyi	Nepal	[464]
Uromyces doebbeleri	Hypericum irazuense	Costa Rica	[310]
Uromyces dorystaechadis	Dorystaechas hastata	Turkey	[471]
Uromyces drimiopsidis	Drimiopsis maculata	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces dubiosus	Lantana sp.	Goiás	[291]
Uromyces ducellieri	Anabasis aphylla	China	[91]
Uromyces dusenii	Gilliesia graminea, G. monophylla, Miersia chilensis, and Ornithogalum biflorum	Chile	[240]
Uromyces echinodes	Asclepiadaceae	Suriname	[473]
Uromyces eclipsis	Zygophyllum morgsana	South Africa	[234]
Uromyces edwardsiae	Edwardsia spp. and Sophora spp.	New Zealand	[284]
Uromyces ehrhartae-giganteae	Ehrharta spp.	South Africa	[429]
Uromyces ellipticus	Glycyrrhiza astragalina	Chile	[240]
Uromyces ellisianus	Euphorbia marginata	Minnesota	[277]
Uromyces emmeorhizae	Emmeorhiza umbellata	Venezuela	[478]
Uromyces eriogoni	Eriogonum virgatum	California	[388]
Uromyces ermelensis	Indigofera sp.	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces erythrinae	Erythrina sp.	Ecuador	[165]
Uromyces euphlebius	Phoradendron calyculatus	México	[15]
Uromyces euphorbiae-javanicae	Euphorbia javanica	Indonesia	[309]
Uromyces euphorbiae-lunulatae	Euphorbia esula, E. Kansui, and E. lunulata	China	[108,109]
Uromyces evastigatus	Phthirusa pyrifolia	El Salvador	[15]
Uromyces fiebrigii	Bauhinia sp.	Paraguay	[216]
Uromyces fiorianus	Peucedanum fraxinifolium and Peucedanum sp.	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces flemmingiae	Flemingia sp.	Uganda	[507]
Uromyces fleuryae	Fleurya podocarpa	Gabon	[508]
Uromyces floralis	Bauhinia hiemalis, B. cuyabensis, B. Holophylla, and B. rufa	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces floscopae	Floscopa peruviana	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces fontii	Peplis acutangula	Morocco	[510]
Uromyces foveolatus	Bauhinia hirsuta and B. mirandina	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces fuscatus	Polygonum alpinum	Idaho and Utah	[281]
Uromyces fusisporus	Acacia neriifolia and A. salicina	Australia	[177]
Uromyces fremonti	Oenothera fremontii	Kansas	[79]
Uromyces galactiae	Galactia pedunculata	Brazil	[517]
Uromyces galii	Galium aparine and G. spurium	Japan	[222]
Uromyces galii-californici	Galium californicum and Galium sp.	California	[520]
Uromyces galphimiae	Galphimia glauca and G. humboldtiana	México	[456]
Uromyces garanbiensis	Ehretia dicksonii	Taiwan	[521]
Uromyces gaubae	Caltha introloba	Australia	[522]
Uromyces gausseni	Dorycnopsis gerardii	France	[516]
Uromyces geissorhizae	Geissorhiza sp.	Western Cape Province	[523]
Uromyces geraniicola	Geranium patagonicum	Chile	[240]
Uromyces gigantiformis	Bidens sp.	Colombia	[423]
Uromyces globosus	Sapium spp.	México	[103]
Uromyces gnaphalii	Gnaphalium sp.	Colorado	[388]
Uromyces goyazensis	Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[538]
Uromyces grandiotii	Ancrumia cuspidata	Chile	[540]
Uromyces greenstockii	Ipomoea greenstockii	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces guayacuru	Statice brasiliensis	Buenos Aires	[542]
Uromyces habrochloae	Habrochloabul lockii	Malawi	[244]
Uromyces hainanicus	Ipomoea sumatrana	China	[319]
Uromyces handelii	Lotus gebelia	Iraq	[220]
Uromyces hardenbergiae	Hardenbergia monophylla	Australia	[280]
Uromyces hawksworthii	Phthirusa stelis	Brazil	[60]
Uromyces heimii	Medicago arborea	France	[516]
Uromyces hellebori-thibetani	Helleborus thibetanus	China	[195]
Uromyces hessii	Zantedeschia angustiloba	Angola	[558]
Uromyces heterantherae	Heteranthera reniformis	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces heterogeneus	Hibiscus syriacus	India	[126]
Uromyces heteromallus	Haloxylon recurvum	Pakistan	[563]
Uromyces hewittiae	Hewittia bicolor	Philippines	[565]
Uromyces hidakaensis	Pisum sativum	Japan	[222]
Uromyces himalaicus	Lilium sp.	Nepal	[567]
Uromyces holubii	Dracaena sp.	Gauteng	[573]
Uromyces huallagensis	Desmodium sp.	Peru	[575]
Uromyces hyderabadensis	Atylosia scarabaeoides	India	[579]
Uromyces hydrocotylicola	Hydrocotyle sp.	China	[96]
Uromyces hypericinus	Hypericum brasiliense	Formosa	[180]
Uromyces hypsophilus	Euphorbia sp.	Mendoza	[391]
Uromyces indicus	Sporobolus indicus	Barbados	[589]
Uromyces infarctus	Cayaponia sp.	Costa Rica	[127]
Uromyces inflatus	Anisotome sp.	New Zealand	[591]
Uromyces ingicola	Inga sp.	Amazonas	[575]
Uromyces ingiphilus	Inga edulis	Argentina	[592]
Uromyces insignis	Echinocephalum latifolium and Melanthera latifolia	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces insularis	Clitoria cajanifolia	Puerto Rico	[466]
Uromyces invisus	Solanum sisymbriifolium	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces ipatingae	Clitoria fairchildiana	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces isachnes	Isathne kunthiana	Sri Lanka	[594]
Uromyces jatrophicola	Cnidoscolus sp. and Jatropha sp.	Brazil	[103]
Uromyces juncicola	Juncus stipulatus	Mendoza	[180]
Uromyces johowii	Vicia macraei, V. nigricans, and Vicia sp.	Chile	[282]
Uromyces kentaniensis	Antholyza aethiopica and Chasmanthe aethiopica	South Africa	[322]
Uromyces kigesianus	Pittosporum abyssinicum	Uganda	[609]
Uromyces kochianus	Geranium nodosum	Switzerland	[611]
Uromyces koeleriae	Koeleria caucasica	Russia	[106]
Uromyces krantzbergensis	Anthericum sp.	Namibia	[138]
Uromyces kurtzii	Senecio spp.	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces kwangensis	Justicia sp.	Congo	[218]
Uromyces langtangensis	Anaphalis nepalensis	Nepal	[463]
Uromyces largus	Chamaesyce lata	Colorado	[87,88]
Uromyces sp.	Lasiocorys abyssinica	Eritrea	[287]
Uromyces latimammatus	Ipomoea sumatrana	China	[621]
Uromyces leonotidis	Leonotis nepetifolia	India	[75]
Uromyces lereddei	Colutea arborescens	France	[220]
Uromyces lespedezae	Lespedeza capitata	Vermont	[583]
Uromyces lespedezae-bicoloris	Lespedeza bicolor and L. formosa	China	[108,109]
Uromyces lespedezae-macrocarpae	Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lespedeza bicolor, and L. formosa	China	[108,109]
Uromyces lespedezae-sericeae	Lespedeza sericea	Pakistan	[208]
Uromyces libycus	Lotus pusillus	Libya	[197]
Uromyces lomandracearum	Lomandra longifolia	Australia	[62]
Uromyces loranthi	Loranthus sp.	Brazil	[376]
Uromyces lotononidicola	Lotononis cytisoides	South Africa	[632]
Uromyces lygei	Lygeum spartum	Sardegna	[325]
Uromyces macnabbii	Chionochloa spp. and Danthonia spp.	New Zealand	[591]
Uromyces mangenotii	Vicia pubescens	France	[516]
Uromyces manihoticola	Manihot spp.	Brazil	[103]
Uromyces manihotis-catingae	Manihot spp.	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces marinus	Medicago marina	Morocco	[220]
Uromyces martinii	Melanthera spp. and Bidens spp.	Florida	[262]
Uromyces massoniae	Massonia latifolia	South Africa	[138]
Uromyces megalosporus	Tessaria absinthioides	Tucumán	[371]
Uromyces melandrii	Melandrium cucubaloides	Los Lagos	[162]
Uromyces melasphaerulae	Melasphaerula graminea	Western Cape Province	[424]
Uromyces melothriae	Melothria tomentosa	Eritrea	[287]
Uromyces meygounensis	Euphorbia bungei	Iran	[638]
Uromyces miersiae	Miersia chilensis	Chile	[540]
Uromyces mikaniae	Mikania sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces mimusops	Mimusops sp.	South Africa	[700]
Uromyces moehringiae	Moehringia lateriflora	Japan	[297]
Uromyces mongolicus	Euphorbia kozlovii	Mongolia	[535]
Uromyces montis-ferrati	Euphorbia luteola	Northern Africa	[649]
Uromyces moraeae	Moraea spathacea	South Africa	[144]
Uromyces mussooriensis	Stipa sibirica	India	[106]
Uromyces myosotidis	Myosotis sp.	Turkey	[470]
Uromyces myristicus	Euphorbia bicolor	Texas	[657]
Uromyces namaqualandus	Roepera cordifolia	Namibia	[384]
Uromyces nassauviae	Nassauvia lagascae	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces nassellae	Nassell apubiflora	Bolivia	[106]
Uromyces natricis	Ononis rotundifolia	France	[342]
Uromyces nattrassii	Statice spicata	Cyprus	[350]
Uromyces naucinus	Cayaponia sp.	Ecuador	[127]
Uromyces nevadensis	Primula suffrutescens	California	[78]
Uromyces notabilis	Cyperus sp. and Kyllinga sp.	Uganda	[487]
Uromyces nothoscordi	Nothoscordum striatum	Texas	[660]
Uromyces numidicus	Geranium atlanticum	Northern Africa	[649]
Uromyces nymphoidis	Nymphoides peltata	Romania	[228]
Uromyces oberwinklerianus	Acalypha sp.	Costa Rica	[310]
Uromyces oblectaneus	Rhynchospora corymbosa and R. exaltata	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces obscurus	Phaseolus sp.	México	[456]
Uromyces ocimi	Ocimum menthifolium	Uganda	[168]
Uromyces oedipus	Sophora japonica	Japan	[665]
Uromyces oenotherae	Oenothera linifolia	Illinois	[582]
Uromyces oliveirae	Bellevalia eigii	Israel	[390]
Uromyces ophiorrhizae	Ophiorrhiza longiflora	Indonesia	[309]
Uromyces orchidearum	Chiloglottis spp.	Australia	[268]
Uromyces ornatipes	Phrygilanthus sonorae	México	[15]
Uromyces ornithopodioides	Ornithopus isthmocarpus and O. compressus	Portugal	[317]
Uromyces orthosiphonis	Orthosiphon glabratus	India	[152]
Uromyces otakou	Poa spp.	New Zealand	[591]
Uromyces otaviensis	Ipomoea verbascoidea	Namibia	[385]
Uromyces ovalis	Leersia oryzoides	Japan	[671]
Uromyces ovirensis	Primula wulfeniana	Austria	[672]
Uromyces pannosus	Bauhinia candicans	Brazil	[216]
Uromyces papillatus	Heteromorpha arborescens	South Africa	[137]
Uromyces parilis	Rumex occultans	Israel	[81]
Uromyces paspalicola	Paspalum racemosum	Ecuador	[294]
Uromyces pavgii	Achyranthes aspera	India	[677]
Uromyces pavoniae	Pavonia racemosa	Puerto Rico	[259]
Uromyces pazschkeanus	Vigna sp.	Eritrea	[287]
Uromyces penniseti	Pennisetum lanatum	Pakistan	[536,679]
Uromyces pentaceae	Pentace burmanica	India	[680]
Uromyces pentaschistidis	Pentaschistis airoides	South Africa	[243]
Uromyces peraffinis	Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces perlebiae	Bauhinia spp.	Brazil	[102]
Uromyces phalaridicola	Phalaris minor	Turkmenistan	[106]
Uromyces phaseolicola	Phaseolus prostratus	Argentina	[126]
Uromyces phlogacanthi	Phlogacanthus celebicus	Indonesia	[309]
Uromyces phtirusae	Phthirusa pyrifolia	Colombia	[15]
Uromyces phyllachoroides	Cynosurus elegans	Tunisia	[684]
Uromyces physanthyllidis	Physanthyllis tetraphylla	Greece	[544]
Uromyces pittospori	Pittosporum abyssinicum	Eritrea	[287]
Uromyces planiusculus	Rumex frutescens	Tristan da Cunha	[688]
Uromyces plantaginis	Plantago barbata and P. tubulosa	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces poiretiae	Poiretia scandens	Venezuela	[431]
Uromyces polemanniae	Polemannia spp.	South Africa	[142]
Uromyces poliotelis	Anguria sp., Gurania sp. and Selysia prunifera	Costa Rica	[127]
Uromyces politus	Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii	Australia	[343]
Uromyces polygoni-avicularis	Polygonum nepalense	Nepal	[693]
Uromyces polytriadicola	Polytrias amaura	Philippines	[232]
Uromyces poonensis	Sesbania aegyptiaca, S. grandiflora, and S. sesban	India	[357]
Uromyces porcensis	Inga ingoides	Colombia	[226]
Uromyces porosus	Vicia americana and V. sparsifolia	Iowa	[155]
Uromyces pozoae	Pozoa hydrocotylifolia	Chile	[240]
Uromyces pratensis	Poa pratensis, Ranunculus auricomus, and R. cassubicus	Finland	[329]
Uromyces prismaticus	Secale montanum	Iran	[320]
Uromyces procerus	Festuca procera	Chile	[240]
Uromyces pseudarthriae	Pseudarthria robusta	South Africa	[700]
Uromyces psychotriae	Psychotria sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces pulvinatus	Euphorbia inaequilatera	South Africa	[702]
Uromyces quaggafonteinus	Ehrharta calycina	South Africa	[429]
Uromyces ramacharii	Ocimum sp.	India	[706]
Uromyces rapaneae	Rapanea sp.	São Paulo	[450]
Uromyces ratoides	Cayaponia sp.	Ecuador	[212]
Uromyces ratus	Cayaponia spp.	Brazil	[212]
Uromyces rayssiae	Scilla hyacinthoides	Israel	[390]
Uromyces rebeccae	Suaeda californica	California	[47]
Uromyces regius	Bauhinia candicans	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces reichei	Milla bivalvis and Triteleia gaudichaudiana	Chile	[415]
Uromyces reichertii	Scilla hyacinthoides and Hordeum bulbosum	Israel	[81]
Uromyces reynoldsii	Modeccabracteata and Trichosanthes spp.	Myanmar	[212]
Uromyces riloensis	Doronicum cordifolium	Bulgaria	[82]
Uromyces rostratus	Eriosema sp.	Rio de Janeiro	[331]
Uromyces rubidus	Andropogon condensatus	Brazil	[199]
Uromyces rugosus	Lupinus sp.	México	[398]
Uromyces rugulosus	Campylotropis spp. and Lespedeza spp.	China	[96]
Uromyces ruiz-leali	Anarthrophyllum elegans	Argentina	[415]
Uromyces rzedowskii	Ledenbergia macrantha	México	[292]
Uromyces sakawensis	Solidago virgaurea	Japan	[711]
Uromyces sasaensis	Valerianakilimandscharica and V. volkensii	Uganda	[712]
Uromyces satarensis	Blainville acmella and B. latifolia	China and India	[319]
Uromyces saulensis	Selysia prunifera	France	[127]
Uromyces scaberulus	Lespedeza bicolor, L. cuneate, L. cyrtobotrya, and L. formosa	China	[156]
Uromyces scirpinus	Scirpus supinus	Philippines	[232]
Uromyces secamones	Secamone platystigma	Uganda	[168]
Uromyces sedi	Sedum anacampseros	France	[717]
Uromyces seligeri	Lathyrus grandiflorus and L. sylvestris	Greece and Russia	[421]
Uromyces sellierae	Selliera radicans	New Zealand	[67]
Uromyces semnanensis	Astragalus fridae	Iran	[276]
Uromyces senecionicola	Cacalia sp. and Senecio roldana	México	[292]
Uromyces senecionis-gigantis	Senecio gigas	Ethiopia	[719]
Uromyces seselis	Seseli tortuosum	Portugal	[722]
Uromyces sesseae	Sessea sp.	Ecuador	[325]
Uromyces shahrudensis	Onobrychis sp.	Iran	[723]
Uromyces shikokianus	Cladrastis platycarpa and C. shikokiana	Japan	[222]
Uromyces silenes-chloraefoliae	Silene chlorifolia	Iran	[320]
Uromyces silksvleyensis	Bartholina burmanniana	Western Cape and South Africa	[378]
Uromyces simulans	Vilfa sp.	Colorado	[724]
Uromyces siphocampyli-gigantei	Siphocampylus giganteus	Ecuador	[725]
Uromyces smilacis	Smilax sp.	Colombia	[227]
Uromyces snowdeniae	Snowdenia scabra	Kenya	[140]
Uromyces solariae	Solaria miersioides	Chile	[240]
Uromyces solidaginis-caricis	Carex varia	Indiana	[728]
Uromyces solidus	Desmodium strictum	North Carolina	[657]
Uromyces sonorensis	Merremia palmeri	México	[729]
Uromyces sophorae-japonicae	Sophora japonica	Japan	[92]
Uromyces sophorae-viciifoliae	Sophora viciifolia	China	[732]
Uromyces sparaxidis	Sparaxis lineata and S. tricolor	South Africa	[142]
Uromyces sphaericus	Perymenium ecuadoricum	Ecuador	[210]
Uromyces sphaerophysae	Swainsona salsula	China	[198]
Uromyces splendens	Astragalus oroboides	Norway	[735]
Uromyces sporoboloides	Sporobolus berteroanus	Ecuador	[737]
Uromyces standleyanus	Gaudichaudia schiedeana	El Salvador	[301]
Uromyces statices	Statice sp.	California	[598]
Uromyces statices-mucronatae	Statice mucronata	Morocco	[279]
Uromyces steironematis	Spartina michauxiana	Nebraska	[738]
Uromyces stellariae	Stellaria kotschyana	Iran	[739]
Uromyces stellariae-saxatilis	Stellaria media, S. saxatilis, and S. vestita	China	[96]
Uromyces stenorrhynchi	Stenorrhynchus sp.	Peru	[740]
Uromyces stipinus	Stipa rubens	Russia	[106]
Uromyces strauchii	Clutia daphnoides	Southern Africa	[138]
Uromyces struthanthi	Struthanthus sp.	Panama	[15]
Uromyces substriatus	Lupinus argenteus	Montana	[79]
Uromyces superstomatalis	Cayaponia rigida	France	[127]
Uromyces tarapotensis	Camptosema sp.	Peru	[575]
Uromyces teheranicus	Trifolium retense	Iran	[744]
Uromyces tehuelches	Alstroemeria patagonica	Argentina	[167]
Uromyces tener	Manettia gracilis	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces tepicensis	Loeselia amplectens	México	[292]
Uromyces thelymitrae	Thelymitra antennifera and T. flexuosa	Australia	[81]
Uromyces thermopsidicola	Thermopsis chinensis	Japan	[222]
Uromyces tolerandus	Manihot esculenta	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces tomentellus	Leguminosae sp.	California	[747]
Uromyces tosensis	Commelina communis	Japan	[711]
Uromyces tournefortiae	Tournefortia sp.	Brazil	[600]
Uromyces transcaspicus	Astragalus angustidens	Turkmenistan	[748]
Uromyces traucoensis	Selliera radicans	Chile	[749]
Uromyces triandrae	Themeda triandra	India	[669]
Uromyces trichoclines	Trichocline polymorpha	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces tricholenae	Tricholaena rosea	Dominican Republic	[750]
Uromyces tricorynes	Tricoryne elatior	Australia	[245]
Uromyces trigonellae-occultae	Trigonella occulta	Egypt	[752]
Uromyces tripogonicola	Tripogon lisboae	Maharashtra	[753]
Uromyces triteleiae	Brodiaea porrifolia, Leucocoryne alliacea, and Triteleia porrifolia	Chile	[415]
Uromyces trollipii	Roepera foetida and Zygophyllum foetidum	South Africa	[385]
Uromyces truncatulus	Geranium versicolor	Greece	[421]
Uromyces tulipae	Tulipa edulis	Japan	[756]
Uromyces tungurahuensis	Aspilia lanceolata	Ecuador	[757]
Uromyces uleanus	Euphorbia sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces umiamensis	Cucumis sp. and Momordica cochinchinensis	India	[127]
Uromyces undulatoparietis	Ligularia hookeri	China	[108,109]
Uromyces unioniensis	Desmodium sp. and Meibomia sp.	Brazil	[394]
Uromyces unitus	On living leaves of Calandrinia leeana	Washington	[758]
Uromyces urariae	Uraria lagopodioides	China	[759]
Uromyces urgineae	Urginea indica	India	[397]
Uromyces valerianae-microphyllae	Valeriana microphylla	Ecuador	[766]
Uromyces vankyorum	Atriplex lampa	Argentina	[282]
Uromyces venustus	Cestrum nitidum	México	[375]
Uromyces verus	Bauhinia rufa	Brazil	[100]
Uromyces vesiculosus	Zygophyllum spp.	Australia	[245]
Uromyces viciae-unijugae	Vicia unijuga	Japan	[92]
Uromyces vicinus	Ipomoea sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces vicosensis	Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces viegasii	Bauhinia forficata and Bauhinia sp.	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces viennot-bourginii	Bellevalia eigii and Hordeum spontaneum	Israel	[81]
Uromyces vignae-luteolae	Vigna luteola	Congo	[610]
Uromyces visci	Viscum congolense	Rwanda	[551]
Uromyces volkartii	Trisetum flavescens	Switzerland	[770]
Uromyces vulpiae	Vulpia broteri	Portugal	[722]
Uromyces waipoua	Hypericum gramineum and H. japonicum	New Zealand	[313]
Uromyces wedeliae-biflorae	Wedelia biflora	Indonesia	[309]
Uromyces wellingtonicus	Sporobolus indicus	India	[629]
Uromyces wolfii	Borreria laevis	Venezuela	[609]
Uromyces wulffiae	Wulffia baccata, W. maculata, W. scandens, and W. stenoglossa	Brazil	[219]
Uromyces yoshinagae	Pisum sativum	Honshu	[360]
Uromyces zeyheri	Ixia scillaris, I. scillaris, and Tritonia pallida	South Africa	[123]
Uromyces zigadeni	Zigadenus paniculatus	Utah	[328]
Uromyces zizaniae-latifoliae	Zizania latifolia	Taiwan	[773]

and Figure 9.

6. Discussion

Uromyces is the second-largest rust genus, the species of which are phytopathogenic to any category of plants, causing severe damage and reducing growth and yields. The present study provides literature-based complete information on this rust in a single compilation. In addition to being distributed worldwide on vascular plants, Uromyces species cause several damaging diseases on major agricultural crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), clover (Trifolium sp.), and pea (Pisum sativum). This study contributes to a better understanding of the taxonomy of these rust fungi in terms of their taxonomic placement, biology, pathogenicity, life cycle, diversity, and distribution. The information presented in this study helps to better understand all possible aspects of Uromyces in a single document.

The genus Uromyces is distributed globally on around 647 plant genera belonging to 95 plant families. Poaceae and Fabaceae are the most affected families, with the occurrence of more than 100 species of Uromyces. However, these fungi infect about 95 species; their occurrence on Poaceae and Fabaceae reflects the specificity of these rusts to grasses and legumes. In addition to host diversity, the distribution of species of Uromyces exhibited a wide range across the globe. The distribution of this genus extends to over 150 countries, territories, and occupancies of the world. In its continental diversity distribution, North America is followed by Asia, Europe, South America, Africa, and Oceania, respectively. A large variation in the geographical distribution along with the vast diversity of hosts demonstrated the impact of significantly changing climatic zones on rust fungi. Besides this, more than 400 Uromyces species are endemic to more than 100 countries, provinces, and islands. This may be due to the climatic conditions and precise distribution of hosts. Available studies on global diversity and distribution are rare; however, regional descriptions are available. A checklist of rust fungi of New Zealand provided by Mckenzie [313] reported the occurrence of 31 species of Uromyces. Similarly, Bahcecioglu and Kabaktepe [80] reported 74 species from Turkey, while Afshan and Khalid [536] reported 15 species of the grass family Poaceae from Pakistan. In India, 97 species of Uromyces have been reported on various hosts [75]. A total of 61 Uromyces species were reported from Portugal, whereas about 91 were from Iran [430]. The occurrence of species of Uromyces reported from different countries also supports the broad diversity of these fungi on a wide range of hosts.

Although 988 species of Uromyces investigated in the present study are found all over the world, only 73 species are known to have DNA sequence data. As in the case of other rust fungi, the species of Uromyces are also difficult to culture, which may be one of the major factors behind the reduced availability of molecular data. In addition, the isolation of DNA directly from rust fungi present on a natural host and then its sequencing is not simple or easy, which also affects the molecular studies of these fungi. Phylogenetic studies based on LSU and ITS sequence data revealed that Uromyces species are polyphyletic taxa and required more DNA-based analyses for a better understanding of their taxonomic placement. The polyphyletic nature of Uromyces species was also confirmed by Aime and McTaggart [5] in their study to propose a higher ranking classification for rust fungi, with notes on genera. Similarly, this was also proposed by Gautam et al. [34] during their study on Indian Pucciniales with the description of the taxonomic outline, including important descriptive notes. Overall, the present study proposes the requirement of fresh collections of Uromyces species and their molecular characterization to generate molecular data so that their phylogenetic relationships can be explained more precisely. The development of a universal digital platform exclusively for global rust fungi should be developed for the benefit of researchers working on this specific group of fungi.

7. Conclusions

Being the second-largest plant pathogenic rust genus, Uromyces showed a great variation with respect to its diversity and distribution. After a complete analysis of information gathered in the present study, it was concluded that the species of rust genus Uromyces are distributed globally. Their distribution has been reported in over 150 countries and territories or occupancies of the world. However, the genus Uromyces predominantly showed its great diversity in North America in comparison to other continents. Approximately 647 plant genera belonging to 95 plant families are reported to be affected by these rust pathogens. Apart from this, the endemic nature of this genus is also revealed, which concluded that more than 400 species of Uormyces are found to be endemic in more than 100 countries. The biocontrol nature of some species of Uormyces is also elucidated in this study. Moreover, analyses of LSU and ITS sequence data revealed the polyphyletic nature of species of Uromyces. Further DNA-based analyses of rust disease caused by Uromyces are still required to develop a better understanding of their taxonomic placement.