Species Diversity of Penicillium in Southwest China with Discovery of Forty-Three New Species
1
State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2
School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2023, 9(12), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121150
Submission received: 8 October 2023
/
Revised: 22 November 2023
/
Accepted: 22 November 2023
/
Published: 28 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Classification and Taxonomy of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and Related Genera (Eurotiales), 2nd Edition)
Abstract
:Penicillium species are ubiquitous in all kinds of environments, and they are of industrial, agricultural and clinical importance. In this study, soil fungal diversity in Southwestern China was investigated, and that of Penicillium turned out to be unexpectedly high. The survey included a total of 179 cultures of the genus isolated from 33 soil samples. Three-locus phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons were carried out. The examinations revealed that they belonged to two subgenera (Aspergilloides and Penicillium), 11 sections (Aspergilloides, Canescentia, Citrina, Exilicaulis, Fasciculata, Gracilenta, Lanata-Divaricata, Penicillium, Ramosum, Robsamsonia, and Sclerotiorum), 25 series, and 74 species. Forty-three species were discovered as new to science, and a new series, Simianshanica, was established in sect. Aspergilloides. Additionally, 11 species were recorded for the first time in China. Species isolation frequency and distribution of the group were also discussed.
1. Introduction
Species of Penicillium are ubiquitous in environments worldwide and are of industrial, agricultural, and clinical importance. They can be isolated from various substrates: soil, air, fresh water, marine sediments, plants, animals, food, indoor environments, infected human-beings, etc. They have been reported across the world: deserts [1,2], the Arctic [3,4], the Antarctic [5,6,7], high-altitude glaciers [8], and even in the mesosphere [9,10]. They also have an immense impact on human societies. Penicillium janthinellum Biourge produces xylanases which are widely adopted in the food and pharmaceutical industries [11]. Penicillium decumbens Thom has been utilized for cellulolytic enzyme production at an industrial scale, and a novel cellobiohydrolase purified from it was discovered to be efficient for bioethanol production [12]. For food fermentation, P. nalgiovense Laxa and P. salamii G. Perrone et al. are used in the production of sausages [13], and P. camemberti Thom and P. roqueforti Thom are used in the production of white and blue cheeses, respectively [14]. Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom was reported to significantly increase the release of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium from rocks and promote leguminous plant growth for bioremediation [15]. Penicillin, originally discovered in P. rubens Biourge, the first antibiotic, has saved millions of lives throughout history [16], and is mainly produced by P. chrysogenum Thom [17]. On the other hand, Penicillium species cause food spoilage and produce many kinds of mycotoxins, e.g., nephrotoxic citrinin and hepatotoxic patulin produced by P. expansum Link [18]. Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. is the major causal agent of postharvest decay in citrus fruits [19]; recently, it was even reported in a COVID-19 patient, causing pulmonary co-infection as an extremely rare human pathogen [20].
This genus was established by Link in 1809 with P. expansum as its type species. According to the monographic study, Penicillium was classified into two subgenera, 32 sections, 89 series, and 483 species [21]. More recently, additional 75 new species of this genus were described from different countries (by the end of September 2023), e.g., P. donggangicum L. Wang, P. linzhiense H.K. Wang & R. Jeewon and P. soli Doilom et al. from China [22,23,24], P. fusiforme B.D. Sun et al. from Netherlands [25], P. melanosporum Rodr.-Andr. et al. from Spain [26], P. claroviride Visagie & Yilmaz from South Africa [27], P. silybi Labuda et al. from USA [28], P. vascosobrinhoanum R.N. Barbosa & J.D.P. Bezerra from Brazil [29], and P. allaniae Y.P. Tan et al. from Australia [30]. There are more than 550 species currently recognized in Penicillium.
In China, 77 Penicillium species were recorded in Flora Fungorum Sinicorum vol. 35 Pennicilium et Teleomorphi Cognati [31]. Among them, eight were typified by the Chinese materials, i.e., P. guizhouanum H.Z. Kong from Guizhou Province, P. heteromorphum H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi, P. nodulum H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi and P. shennongjianum H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi from Hubei, P. incoloratum L.Q. Huang & Z.T. Qi from Beijing, P. jiangxiense H.Z. Kong & Z.Q. Liang from Jiangxi, and P. formosanum H.M. Hsieh et al. and P. ulaiense H.M. Hsieh et al. from Taiwan Province. Afterwards, 40 new species of the genus were further added: 14 in Hainan (P. sanshaense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, P. austrosinense L. Cai et al., P. flaviroseum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. globosum L. Cai et al., P. griseoflavum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. hainanense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. jianfenglingense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. laevigatum L. Cai et al., P. rubriannulatum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. soliforme L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. spinuliferum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. viridissimum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang, P. danzhouense C. Liu et al. and P. tenue C. Liu et al.), P. austrosinicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, P. exsudans X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang and P. zhanjiangense C. Liu et al. from Guangdong, P. guangxiense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang and P. hepuense L. Wang from Guangxi, P. choerospondiatis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang and P. verrucisporum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang from Hunan, P. brevistipitatum L. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang and P. saturniforme (L. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang) Houbraken & Samson from Jilin, P. persicinum L. Wang et al. and P. samsonianum L. Wang et al. from Qinghai, P. fusisporum L. Wang and P. zhuangii L. Wang from Shaanxi, P. kongii L. Wang and P. linzhiense from Tibet, P. yunnanense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang and P. soli from Yunnan, P. chroogomphum F. Xu et al. from Beijing, P. macrosclerotiorum L. Wang et al. from Chongqing, P. fujianense Z.Y. Zhang et al. from Fujian, P. glycyrrhizacola A.J. Chen et al. from Gansu, P. terrarumae Houbraken et al. from Guizhou, P. compactum L. Wang & Houbraken from Heilongjiang, P. donggangicum from Liaoning, P. jiaozhouwanicum L. Wang from Shandong, and P. xinjiangense A.J. Chen et al. from Xinjiang [22,23,24,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. In total, there are more than 100 Penicillium species distributed in China and 48 of them were originally described from this country.
In this study, soil fungal diversity in some areas of Chongqing Municipality and Sichuan Province in Southwestern China was surveyed and unexpectedly high species diversity of Penicillium was discovered.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Materials
Cultures were isolated from soil samples collected from different sites of Chongqing City and a small part of Sichuan Province, Southwestern China, in 2020. Soil fungi were isolated by using the standard dilution plating technique. Four dilution gradients (10−1, 10−2, 10−3 and 10−4) were adopted and PDA with chloramphenicol was chosen as the selective medium. Dried cultures were deposited in the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (HMAS), and living ex-type strains were preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC).
2.2. Morphological Observations
Morphological characterization was conducted following standardized methods [46]. Four standard growth media were used: Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA, yeast extract Oxoid), malt extract agar (MEA, Amresco, Solon, OH, USA), yeast extract agar (YES), and potato dextrose agar (PDA). The methods for inoculation, incubation, microscopic examinations, and digital recordings followed our previous studies [42,47,48,49,50,51].
2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing
DNA was extracted from the cultures grown on PDA for 7 days using the Plant Genomic DNA Kit (DP305, TIANGEN Biotech, Beijing, China). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene regions were conducted with the routine methods [46]. The products were purified and subject to sequencing on an ABI 3730 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). Although the ITS region, the proposed universal DNA barcode for fungi, is helpful to classify a Penicillium species at series level, it is not sufficient to distinguish them at species level. ITS sequences are still provided here as they might be beneficial to other researchers.
2.4. Phylogenetic Analyses
Forward and reverse sequences newly generated in this study were assembled using Seqman v. 7.1.0 (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI, USA). The assembled sequences were deposited at GenBank. The sequences used for phylogenetic analyses are listed in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7. Sequences of the combined loci (BenA, CaM and RPB2) of each of the datasets were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.221 [52], then manually edited and combined in BioEdit v. 7.1.10 [53] and MEGA v. 6.0.6 [54], and analyzed to infer the phylogenies of different groups of Penicillium. Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were conducted using RAxML-HPC2 [55] on XSEDE 8.2.12 on CIPRES Science Gateway v. 3.3 [56] with the default GTRCAT model. Bayesian inference (BI) analyses were performed with MrBayes v. 3.2.5 [57]. Appropriate nucleotide substitution models and parameters were determined using Modeltest v. 3.7 [58]. The consensus trees were viewed in FigTree v. 1.3.1 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed on 3 June 2015)).
3. Results
A total of 33 soil samples were collected in 10 days of 2020 from Southwest China, including 28 from Chongqing Municipality, 4 from Dazhou City of Sichuan Province, and 1 from Ankang City of Shaanxi Province. In isolation of the samples, 179 Penicillium cultures were obtained and subsequently placed in five sections of subgen. Penicillium and six sections of subgen. Aspergilloides.
Seven 3-locus (BenA + CaM + RPB2) datasets were correspondingly compiled, i.e., subgen. Penicillium (Table 1), sect. Aspergilloides (Table 2), sect. Citrina (Table 3), sect. Exilicaulis (Table 4), sect. Gracilenta (Table 5), sect. Lanata-Divaricata (Table 6) and sect. Sclerotiorum (Table 7) of subgen. Aspergilloides. Detailed characteristics of the datasets were given in Table 8. Phylogenies inferred from single gene datasets for each subgenus or section were also given in Supplementary Figures S1–S21.
Abbreviations of models: GTR + I + G (general time reversible model with invariant sites and Gamma distribution); SYM + I + G (symmetrical model with invariant sites and Gamma distribution); TIMef + G (equal-frequency transition model with Gamma distribution); TrN + I + G (Tamura–Nei model with invariant sites and Gamma distribution); TrN+G (Tamura–Nei model with Gamma distribution); TVM + I + G (transversion model with invariant sites and Gamma distribution).The dataset of subgen. Penicillium contained 53 samples including 38 ex-type cultures of the known species belonging to different series of sects. Canescentia, Fasciculata, Penicillium, Ramosum, and Robsamsonia, 14 newly isolated cultures, and 1 outgroup of sect. Eladia. Twelve isolates were identified as five known species, but two cultures (CS 28-01 and CS 26-07) represented two new species in ser. Canescentia of sect. Canescentia and ser. Camembertiorum of sect. Fasciculata, respectively (Figure 1 and Figures S1–S3, Table 1).
The dataset of sect. Aspergilloides contained 50 samples including 31 ex-type cultures of the known species belonging to sers. Glabra, Livida, Spinulosa, Thomiorum and Verhageniorum, 18 isolates from this study, and 1 outgroup of ser. Thiersiorum. Six isolates were determined as known species, i.e., P. glabrum of ser. Glabra and P. aurantioviolaceum of ser. Thomiorum. The remaining 12 represent 4 new species of ser. Livida, Spinulosa, Thomiorum and a newly proposed series (Figure 2 and Figures S4–S6, Table 2).
The dataset of sect. Citrina contained 51 samples including 34 ex-type cultures of the known species belonging to sers. Citrina, Sumatraensia and Westlingiorum, 16 isolates from this study, and 1 outgroup of ser. Gallaica. Seven isolates were identified as six known species, while the other nine ones represented five new species: three in ser. Sumatraensia and two in ser. Westlingiorum (Figure 3 and Figures S7–S9, Table 3).
The dataset of sect. Exilicaulis contained 34 samples including 27 ex-type cultures of the known species belonging to sers. Lapidosa and Restricta, six isolates from this study, and one outgroup of ser. Alutacea. CS02-06 was P. smithii of ser. Lapidosa, while the other five cultures formed a distinct lineage representing a new species in ser. Restricta (Figure 4 and Figures S10–S12, Table 4).
The dataset of sect. Gracilenta contained 14 samples including 7 ex-type cultures of the known species belonging to sers. Angustiporcata, Estinogena, Gracilenta, and Macrosclerotiorum, 6 isolates from this study, and 1 outgroup of sect. Stolkia. These six isolates were determined as three new species: two in ser. Estinogena and one in ser. Macrosclerotiorum (Figure 5 and Figures S13–S15, Table 5).
The dataset of sect. Lanata-Divaricata contained 161 samples including 87 ex-type cultures of the known species belonging to sers. Dalearum, Janthinella, Rolfsiorum, and Simplicissima, 73 isolates from this study and 1 outgroup of ser. Oxalica. Eighteen isolates represented eight new species: four in ser. Simplicissima, two in ser. Rolfsiorum, and one in sers. Dalearum and Janthinella, respectively. The remaining 55 were identified as 13 known species (Figure 6 and Figures S16–S18, Table 6).
The dataset of sect. Sclerotiorum contained 90 samples including 43 ex-type cultures of the known species belonging to sers. Adametziorum, Herqueorum, and Sclerotiorum, 46 isolates from this study, and 1 outgroup of sect. Griseola. Eleven isolates could be identified as four known species of sers. Adametziorum and Sclerotiorum. The remaining 35 represented 20 undescribed new species: 14 in ser. Herqueorum and 6 in ser. Sclerotiorum (Figure 7 and Figures S19–S21, Table 7).
4. Taxonomy
4.1. New Series
Penicillium series Simianshanica X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, ser. nov.
Fungal Names: FN571493.
Etymology: Named after the type species of the series, Penicillium simianshanicum.
Type species: Penicillium simianshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides.
Diagnosis: Series Simianshanica is phylogenetically close to ser. Verhageniorum (Figure 2). The species of this series is of monoverticillate conidiophores, different from the ones in ser. Verhageniorum having biverticillate or divaricate conidiophores [59]. Additionally, it is also characterized by white mycelia, wide margins of the colonies, and bluish green conidia en masse on the four media, rough-walled stipes and subglobose and rough-walled conidia.
4.2. New Species
Penicillium additum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 8.
Fungal Names: F N571533.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the protrusions produced at colony margins on PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-03 (holotype HMAS 247884, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25145).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870831, BenA OR051180, CaM OR051355, RPB2 OR062046.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 28–30 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 30–34 mm; YES 35–37 mm; PDA 23–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate or plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments greenish yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to light brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to orange brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to orange brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 200–575 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 5, 9.0–10.5 × 4.0–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 8.5–9.5 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia oval to broad fusiform, finely rough-walled, 3.5–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. umkhoba (PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in six bp for BenA, two bp for CaM and seven bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on YES at 25 °C (35–37 vs. 24–26 mm), rough-walled stipes and shorter phialides (8.5–9.5 vs. 8–13 μm) [27]. The protrusions at colony margins on PDA differs from the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 8.
Penicillium additum (CS16-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 8.
Penicillium additum (CS16-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium asterineum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 9.
Fungal Names: FN571534.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the star-like radiate branches in colonies, especially on reverse view.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS05-03 (holotype HMAS 247885, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25146).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870857, BenA OR051206, CaM OR051381, RPB2 OR062071.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–40 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–37 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 35–37 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates bright yellow, clear, massive; reverse buff to yellow, with red brown radiate branches at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, with light-color radiating branches; margins moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, with red radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse yellow brown, with red brown radiate branches or patches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers, light pinkish orange at margins, with light-colored radiate branches; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse red, yellow at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth–rough-walled, 100–300 × 2.5–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–9 per metula, 7.0–10 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose–ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. ferraniaense (PP = 0.98, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 20 bp for BenA, four bp for CaM and 12 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA (35–40 vs. 25–28 mm), MEA (34–37 vs. 25–28 mm) and YES (40–42 vs. 21–23 mm) at 25 °C, and much longer stipes (100–300 vs. 50–80 μm) [60]. The red brown radiate branches on CYA reverse differs this species from the traditional concept of P. sclerotiorum.
Figure 9.
Penicillium asterineum (CS05-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 9.
Penicillium asterineum (CS05-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium beibeiense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 10.
Fungal Names: FN571535.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-05 (holotype HMAS 247886, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25147).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870859, BenA OR051208, CaM OR051383, RPB2 OR062073.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–36 mm; YES 45–46 mm; PDA 31–33 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concentrically and radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse vivid green; soluble pigments orange; exudates bright yellow at the centers, but hyaline at margins; reverse orange.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments orange; exudates absent; reverse orange.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave or protuberant at centers, red hyphae present at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to somewhat buff at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 60–165 × 2.0–2.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 7–9 per stipe, 7.5–10 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-08.
Notes: This species is closely related to P. maximae (Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 12 bp for BenA, six bp for CaM and 15 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in vivid green or bluish green conidia en masse on CYA and YES at 25 °C, lacking pinkish orange mycelia at margins on MEA, colony reverse orange instead of red brown on CYA, MEA and YES, and subglobose but not ellipsoidal conidia [61].
Figure 10.
Penicillium beibeiense (CS02-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Figure 10.
Penicillium beibeiense (CS02-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Penicillium brachycaulis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 11.
Fungal Names: FN571536.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the short stipes.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wuxi County, Hongchiba National Forest Park, 31°33′3″ N 109°1′36″ E, in soil under Larix sp., 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS24-11 (holotype HMAS 247887, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25148).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870832, BenA OR051181, CaM OR051356, RPB2 OR062047.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 27–28 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–30 mm; YES 30–31 mm; PDA 24–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to light brown, somewhat brownish at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange, orange at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse dirty orange, orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 115–240 × 2.5–4.0 μm; rami 2, 32–33 × 3.5–8.0 μm; metulae 5–6, 9–16 × 3.0–5.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 6.5–12 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth to finely rough-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm.
Notes: This species is closely related to P. ellipsoideum (Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and nine bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rates on CYA (27–28 vs. 34–35 mm) and YES (30–31 vs. 35–37 mm) at 25 °C, faster growth rate on PDA (24–26 vs. 20–21 mm), lacking dark green patches on reverse of CYA, longer metulae (9–16 vs. 8–13.5 μm), and subglobose conidia. The shorter stipes differs from the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 11.
Penicillium brachycaulis (CS24-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Figure 11.
Penicillium brachycaulis (CS24-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Penicillium celere X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 12.
Fungal Names: FN571560.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the fast growth rate on PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Beiping Town, 31°58′17″ N 108°47′5″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS28-05 (holotype HMAS 247911, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25172).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870848, BenA OR051197, CaM OR051372, RPB2 OR062062.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 42–44 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 38–39 mm; YES 44–45 mm; PDA 44–46 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse yellow brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to red brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse pale pinkish.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 275–725 × 4.0–5.0 μm; rami 2–3, 15–28 × 3.5–7.0 μm; metulae 4–7, 10–14 × 3.0–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–9 per metula, 9–11 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.0–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species appears to be a distinct lineage in ser. Herqueorum (Figure 7). Morphologically, it differs from P. umkhoba in faster growth rates on CYA (42–44 vs. 28–31 mm), MEA (38–39 vs. 28–32 mm), and YES (44–45 vs. 24–26 mm) at 25 °C, red brown on YES reverse, terverticillate conidiophores and smooth-walled conidia [27]. The faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C differs from the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 12.
Penicillium celere (CS28-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D–F); (G) = 10 µm.
Figure 12.
Penicillium celere (CS28-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D–F); (G) = 10 µm.
Penicillium chengkouense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 13.
Fungal Names: FN571537.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Penicillium section Canescentia series Canescentia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Beiping Town, 31°58′17″ N 108°47′5″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS28-01 (holotype HMAS 247888, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25149).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870783, BenA OR051044, CaM OR051223, RPB2 OR051397.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 26–27 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 22–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins very wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse bluish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins very wide, irregular; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse bluish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to reddish brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white and light yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation very sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to light brown, with radiate branches and brown patches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant, slight sulcate; margins wide, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to red brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, terverticillate to quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 85–275 × 2.0–2.5 μm; branches 2, 9.0–28 × 2.0–2.5 μm; rami 2, 9.0–32 × 2.0–2.5 μm; metulae 4–6, 8.5–14 × 1.5–3.0 μm; phialides 5–7, acerose to ampulliform, tapering into thin neck, 6.0–8.0 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia globose to subglobose, rough-walled, brown, 2.5–3.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm.
Notes: This species is phylogenetically close to P. yarmokense with strong support (BP = 88, PP = 1.00, Figure 1). It differs from the latter in five bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and 11 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in smooth and shorter stipes (85–275 vs. 400–600 μm) and shorter metulae (8.5–14 vs. 10–20 μm) [62].
Figure 13.
Penicillium chengkouense (CS28-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 13.
Penicillium chengkouense (CS28-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium chongqingense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 14.
Fungal Names: FN571538.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Gracilenta series Estinogena.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS03-01 (holotype HMAS 247889, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25150).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870822, BenA OR051098, CaM OR051275, RPB2 OR051444.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 36–38 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 25–27 mm; YES 55–56 mm; PDA 25–27 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, radially sulcate, slightly protuberant at centers, some with sectors; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; reverse olive, yellow at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous to floccose; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse bluish brown to greyish, yellowish at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, deep, strongly sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse bluish grey, yellow at margins, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse grey, pale grey at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate, occasionally quaterverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 60–125 × 3.5–4.5 μm; rami 2, 12.5–22.5 × 4.0–4.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 9–19 × 3.5–5.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6 per metula, 8–13 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS03-02; ibid., CS03-08.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. guarroi with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 5). It differs from the latter in 53 bp for BenA, 69 bp for CaM and 70 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on MEA at 25 °C (25–27 vs. 41–43 mm), faster growth rate on YES (55–56 vs. 49–51 mm), terverticillate instead of biverticillate conidiophores, shorter stipes (60–125 vs. 88–215 μm), much longer metulae and phialides (9–19 vs. 5–10 μm and 8–13 vs. 6–9 μm, respectively) and larger conidia (3.0–4.5 vs. 2.0–2.5 μm) [63].
Figure 14.
Penicillium chongqingense (CS03-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 14.
Penicillium chongqingense (CS03-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium coccineum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 15.
Fungal Names: FN571539.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the red color on PDA reverse.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-02 (holotype HMAS 247890, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25151).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870868, BenA OR051217, CaM OR051392, RPB2 OR062082.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 32–34 mm; YES 41–42 mm; PDA 30–31 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins moderately wide, entire or undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates orange or hyaline, clear; reverse light orange.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, with a few red patches at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia orange; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse vivid orange red.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 50–275 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–10 per stipe, 7.5–11.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-01; ibid., CS18-15.
Notes: This species is close to P. jacksonii in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 29 bp for BenA and 24 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on YES at 25 °C (41–42 vs. 30–32 mm) and longer stipes (50–275 vs. 80–135 μm) [64].
Figure 15.
Penicillium coccineum (CS15-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Figure 15.
Penicillium coccineum (CS15-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Penicillium coffeatum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 16.
Fungal Names: FN571540.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the coffeecolor on CYA reverse.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Rolfsiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, North mountain slope, 29°5′35″ N 107°14′47″ E, in soil, 25 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS10-15 (holotype HMAS 247891, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25152).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870815, BenA OR051121, CaM OR051298, RPB2 OR051466.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 44–47 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 41–42 mm; YES 52–53 mm; PDA 49–51 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse to moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline to brown or absent; reverse coffee color.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers or not, with light-colored radiate branches; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to brownish, with light brown sectors or radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to pale brown, with brown radiations.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse pale brownish, with light brown radiate branches.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate or biverticillate, occasionally quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 50–225 × 2.0–3.0 μm; rami 2–3, 14–32.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 1–3, 15–22 × 2.0–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–5 per metula, 10–16 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.5–5.0 × 3.0–4.0 μm.
Notes: This species forms a distinct lineage in ser. Rolfsiorum (Figure 6). It seems to have close relationship with P. hainanense and P. vasconiae, but differs from them in its terverticillate conidiophores [43,65].
Figure 16.
Penicillium coffeatum (CS10-15). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C); (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 16.
Penicillium coffeatum (CS10-15). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C); (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium creberum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 17.
Fungal Names: FN571541.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the dense phialides of the fungus.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-09 (holotype HMAS 247892, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25153).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870833, BenA OR051182, CaM OR051357, RPB2 OR062048.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 26–27 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–36 mm; YES 41–42 mm; PDA 23–24 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; reverse orange at margins, with olive to dark green radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to orange brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow to orange with brown radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow to orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 350–515 × 3.5–4.0 μm; metulae 5, 10–13.5 × 4.0–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–8 per metula, 7.5–9 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-08.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. flosculum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on PDA at 25 °C (23–24 vs. 29–31 mm) and somewhat shorter phialides (7.5–9.0 vs. 8.5–12 μm) and conidia (3.0–3.5 vs. 3.5–4.5 μm). But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 17.
Penicillium creberum (CS02-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 17.
Penicillium creberum (CS02-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium dabashanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 18.
Fungal Names: FN571542.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Penicillium section Fasciculata series Camembertiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Gaoguan Town, at the riverside of Ren River, 31°49′40″ N 109°0′24″ E, in soil under a palm tree, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS26-07 (holotype HMAS 247893, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25154).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870786, BenA OR051047, CaM OR051226, RPB2 OR051400.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 24–26 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 22–23 mm; YES 31–32 mm; PDA 23–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates tiny, clear; reverse buff to yellow.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire, protuberant; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates tiny, clear; reverse yellow, pale orange at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly protuberant and with funiculose hyphae at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire or irregular, protuberant; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates clear, hyaline, present at the centers; reverse yellowish, orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate to quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled to rough-walled, 100–285 × 3.0–3.5 μm; branches 2, 21–28 × 3.0–4.0 μm; rami 2, 14–30 × 3.0–5.0 μm; metulae 3–5, 14–24 × 3.0–4.0 μm; phialides 4–6, ampulliform to acerose, tapering into thin neck, 12–15 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.5–5.5 (–7.5) × 3.0–4.5 μm.
Notes: This new species is a sister of P. crustosum in the phylogenetic tree with strong supports (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 1). It differs the latter in 14 bp for BenA, six bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rates on CYA 25 °C (24–26 vs. 35–40 mm) and MEA (22–23 vs. 25–40 mm), shorter stipes (100–285 vs. 200–400), longer metulae (14–24 vs. 10–15 μm) and phialides (12–15 vs. 9–11 μm), and larger conidia (3.5–5.5 × 3.0–4.5 vs. 3.5–4.0 × 2.8–3.2 μm) [62].
Figure 18.
Penicillium dabashanicum (CS26-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 20 µm, also for (B); (E) = 15 µm, also for (D); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 18.
Penicillium dabashanicum (CS26-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 20 µm, also for (B); (E) = 15 µm, also for (D); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium dazhouense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 19.
Fungal Names: FN571543.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-19 (holotype HMAS 247894, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25155).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870871, BenA OR051220, CaM OR051394, RPB2 n.a.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 33–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 31–33 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 34–36 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concentrically sulcate at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellowish buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated and fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellowish buff to reddish brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia orange; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 50–140 × 2.5–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 6–10 per metula, 7.5–10 × 3.0–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. guanacastense wit strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in eight bp for BenA and 14 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (33–36 vs. 25–33 mm), orange color on MEA reverse and smooth-walled conidia [66].
Figure 19.
Penicillium dazhouense (CS33-19). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 17.5 µm; (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 19.
Penicillium dazhouense (CS33-19). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 17.5 µm; (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium ellipsoideum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 20.
Fungal Names: FN571544.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the ellipsoidal conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-01 (holotype HMAS 247895, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25156).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870835, BenA OR051184, CaM OR051359, RPB2 OR062050.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–35 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 28–32 mm; YES 35–37 mm; PDA 20–21 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, slightly sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange, with dark green patches, yellow at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown, with light brownish patches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown, yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse orange with margin paler.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 135–315 × 3.0–4.0 μm; metulae 5–8, 8–13.5 × 3.5–6.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–9 per metula, 6.5–10 × 3.0–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-11; ibid., Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Beiping Town, 31°58′17″ N 108°47′5″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS28-04. Shaanxi Province, Ankang City, Langao County, 32°2′45″ N 108°50′51″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS29-01.
Notes: This species is closely related to P. brachycaulis (Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and nine bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rates on CYA (34–35 vs. 27–28 mm) and YES (35–37 vs. 30–31 mm) at 25 °C, slower growth rate on PDA (20–21 vs. 24–26 mm), green patches on reverse of CYA, shorter metulae (8–13.5 vs. 9–16 μm), and much narrow, ellipsoidal conidia. But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 20.
Penicillium ellipsoideum (CS20-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 20.
Penicillium ellipsoideum (CS20-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium fengjieense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 21.
Fungal Names: FN571545.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-01 (holotype HMAS 247896, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25157).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870765, BenA OR051156, CaM OR051333, RPB2 OR051489.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 40–41 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 44–46 mm; YES 46–48 mm; PDA 37–39 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly concave at centers, radially sulcate, orange brown at central areas; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white, light brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, concave at centers; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow, light brown at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate to terverticillate; stipes rough- or smooth-walled, 200–325 × 2.2–3.0 μm; rami 2–3, 11–14 × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 2–4, 9.0–17 × 2.0–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 3–7 per metula, 7.0–9.0 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm; sclerotia ellipsoidal or irregular, 30–120 × 28–115 μm.
Notes: This species is a distinct lineage in ser. Simplicissima (Figure 6). It produces sclerotia on different media, similar to that of P. tanzanicum on MEA. But it is distinguished from the latter in buff not orange CYA reverse, partly terverticillate conidiophores, shorter stipes (200–325 vs. 200–875 μm) and smooth-walled conidia [67].
Figure 21.
Penicillium fengjieense (CS15-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B) Young sclerotium; (C) Surface of mature sclerotium; (D–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (D–G); (C) = 15 µm.
Figure 21.
Penicillium fengjieense (CS15-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B) Young sclerotium; (C) Surface of mature sclerotium; (D–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (D–G); (C) = 15 µm.
Penicillium flemingii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 22.
Fungal Names: FN571546.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming (1881.08–1955.03).
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Exilicaulis series Restricta.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Gaoguan Town, at the riverside of Ren River, 31°49′40″ N 109°0′24″ E, in soil under a palm tree, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS26-22 (holotype HMAS 247897, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25158).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ867293, BenA OR051093, CaM OR051270, RPB2 OR051441.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 17–18 mm; CYA 37 °C 13–15 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 19–21 mm; YES 21–22 mm; PDA 19–20 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments pink; exudates greenish yellow, clear; reverse pale orange buff.
On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, like the flower of Chrysanthemum, concave at centers, deep to the bottom and making the media ripped; margins narrow, irregular, protuberant; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments light yellow brown; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse pale pinkish.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments absent; exudates green to yellow; reverse white.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow; reverse buff.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, green to yellow; reverse pale buff to cream.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 7–24 × 1.5–2.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 3–5 per stipe, 4.0–6.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm; conidia subglobose, rough-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Gaoguan Town, at the riverside of Ren River, 31°49′40″ N 109°0′24″ E, in soil under a palm tree, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS26-45; ibid., CS26-59; ibid., CS26-80; ibid., CS26-88.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. restrictum with strong support (BP = 90, PP = 1.00, Figure 4). It differs the latter in 12 bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and 5 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in buff to pink colonial reverses on CYA and green to yellow exudates on MEA [62].
Figure 22.
Penicillium flemingii (CS26-22). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (B); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 22.
Penicillium flemingii (CS26-22). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (B); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium flosculum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 23.
Fungal Names: FN571547.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the flower-like colonies on YES.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-03 (holotype HMAS 247898, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25159).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870839, BenA OR051188, CaM OR051363, RPB2 OR062053.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 29–31 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 32–34 mm; YES 38–40 mm; PDA 29–31 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant, slightly sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments green; exudates yellow, clear; reverse light orange, with dark green sectors or radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange, with light brown radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, yellow hyphae present at centers and joint areas; margins narrow, entire or fimbriate; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange, with light brown radiate branches.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes finely rough-walled, 310–460 × 3.5–4.5 μm; rami 2, 22.5–30 × 4.0 μm; metulae 5–6, 9–13 × 4.0–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–10 per metula, 8.5–12 × 3.0–4.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.5–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. creberum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on PDA at 25 °C (29–31 vs. 23–24 mm) and longer phialides (8.5–12 vs. 7.5–9.0 μm) and conidia (3.5–4.5 vs. 3.0–3.5μm). But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 23.
Penicillium flosculum (CS33-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (E,F).
Figure 23.
Penicillium flosculum (CS33-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (E,F).
Penicillium jiangjinense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 24.
Fungal Names: FN571548.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-14 (holotype HMAS 247899, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25160).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870840, BenA OR051189, CaM OR051364, RPB2 OR062054.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 24–25 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–35 mm; YES 33–35 mm; PDA 25–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse vivid green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse light orange, with greenish radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown, with brownish radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange with clear radiations.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brownish orange, with brownish patches at central areas.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 210–300 × 3.0–4.5 μm; metulae 4–6, 10–16 × 3–5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–9 per metula, 8.5–12.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, rough-walled, 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. neoherquei with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 10 bp for CaM and one bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rates on CYA (24–25 vs. 18–22 mm), MEA (34–35 vs. 25–30 mm) and YES (33–35 vs. 27–30 mm), vivid green instead of dark dull green conidia en masse on CYA, with green branches on reverse of CYA, orange brown reverse of YES and longer phialides (8.5–12.5 vs. 8–10 μm) [68].
Figure 24.
Penicillium jiangjinense (CS04-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 24.
Penicillium jiangjinense (CS04-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium jinfoshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 25.
Fungal Names: FN571549.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Thomiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°1′30″ N 107°11′35″ E, in soil, 26 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS12-10 (holotype HMAS 247900, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25161).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870813, BenA OR051074, CaM OR051253, RPB2 OR051425.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 48–49 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 39–41 mm; YES 54–55 mm; PDA 51–54 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, sulcate and slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream yellow at margins, light brown at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, plain; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous to floccose; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow at margins, brown with interwoven cracks at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish with a pinkish tint, light pinkish orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate, occasionally divaricate; stipes rough-walled, 60–160 × 2.5–4.0 μm; branch 18 × 3.0–3.5 μm; phialides acerose to ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–9, 8.5–13.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia narrow ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.5–4.8 × 2.2–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°1′30″ N 107°11′35″ E, in soil, 26 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS12-11.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. aurantioviolaceum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 100, Figure 2). It differs from the latter in five bp for BenA, 17 bp for CaM and 21 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, these two species do not produce sclerotia; while P. jinfoshanicum differs from P. aurantioviolaceum in shorter stipes (60–160 vs. 200–400) and smooth conidia [62].
Figure 25.
Penicillium jinfoshanicum (CS12-10). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 25.
Penicillium jinfoshanicum (CS12-10). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium jinyunshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 26.
Fungal Names: FN571550.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-01 (holotype HMAS 247901, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25162).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870766, BenA OR051157, CaM OR051334, RPB2 OR051490.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–34 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 36–38 mm; YES 44–45 mm; PDA 29–33 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, usually with sectors; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow, whitish at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers, with light-colored sectors; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse rose color.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, pink and protuberant at centers, with sectors; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, rose color at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain, with sectors without sporulation; margins moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse rose color.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 160–375 × 2.0–3.0 μm; rami 2, 20–28 × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 11–17.5 (–20) × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 7.5–10 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-02; ibid., CS02-10; ibid., CS03-06; ibid., CS03-07.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. laevigatum and P. wandoense with strong support (BP = 99, PP = 100, Figure 6). Penicillium laevigatum was isolated from acidic soil of Hainan Province, China [43], and P. wandoense was from freshwater of South Korea [69]. Molecular divergences between them are limited (one bp for BenA, none for CaM and five bp for RPB2), and their morphological distinctions are obscure. Thus, they should represent the same species, and P. laevigatum has the priority. Penicillium jinyunshanicum differs from P. laevigatum in 16 bp for BenA, 16 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, its rose color on MEA, YES and PDA in reverse view at 25 °C distinguishes it from its sister taxon.
Figure 26.
Penicillium jinyunshanense (CS02-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 26.
Penicillium jinyunshanense (CS02-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium johnpittii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 27.
Fungal Names: FN571551.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late distinguished mycologist John Ingram Pitt (1937.03–2022.03).
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Gracilenta series Macrosclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wuxi County, Gulu Town, Changlong Village, 31°19′24″ N 109°26′39″ E, in soil, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS23-04 (holotype HMAS 247902, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25163).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870826, BenA OR051102, CaM OR051279, RPB2 OR051448.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 30–32 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–38 mm; YES 47–49 mm; PDA 30–32 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse olivaceous, yellowish at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse grey, yellowish at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, deep, strongly sulcate; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse green to olivaceous, buff at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse olivaceous and paler at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate or divaricate; stipes smooth-walled, 50–100 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 13.5–27 × 2.5–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–6 per metula/stipe, 8–12 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to broad ellipsoid, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-02.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. macrosclerotiorum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 5), but differs from the latter in 13 bp for BenA, 21 bp for CaM and eight bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it grows much faster on MEA at 25 °C (29–38 vs. 15–17 mm), but slower on YES (47–49 vs. 54–56 mm). Greenish grey conidia en masse are produced by this species on CYA and YES, while P. macrosclerotiorum has pea green conidia en masse on the same media [34].
Figure 27.
Penicillium johnpittii (CS23-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 27.
Penicillium johnpittii (CS23-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium pauciramulum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 28.
Fungal Names: FN571552.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the fewer number of rami.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Dalearum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-09 (holotype HMAS 247903, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25164).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870726, BenA OR051111, CaM OR051288, RPB2 OR051457.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–34 mm; CYA 37 °C 12–14 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 38–40 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 38–39 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers, radially sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, occasionally with yellow brown patches.
On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers like volcanic vents, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture tight; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, irregularly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse buff to yellowish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation very sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellow brown with brownish cracks at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, irregularly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, terverticillate to quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 75–250 × 2.0–3.0 μm; branches 2, 14–18 × 2.5–3.0 μm; rami 2, 10–47 × 2.0–3.5 μm; metulae 2–3, 10–33 × 2.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 3–5 per metula, 5.0–10 × 2.5–4.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-10; ibid., CS04-11.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. ausonanum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 6). It differs from the latter in one bp for BenA, four bp for CaM and six bp for RPB2. Morphologically, the new species is obviously different from the latter in slower growth rate on CYA (32–34 vs. 58–59 mm), MEA (38–40 vs. 61–62 mm) and YES (40–42 vs. 67–71 mm) at 25 °C and on CYA (12–14 vs. 38–39 mm) at 37 °C, terverticillate or quaterverticillate conidiophores, longer stipes (75–250 vs. 20–120 μm) and larger conidia (3.0–4.5 vs. 2.0–3.0 μm) [63].
Figure 28.
Penicillium pauciramulum (CS04-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (D) = 15 µm; (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 28.
Penicillium pauciramulum (CS04-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (D) = 15 µm; (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium qii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 29.
Fungal Names: FN571553.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late Chinese mycologist Zu-Tong Qi (1926.12–2010.01), who described nine new species of Aspergillus and five ones of Penicillium from this country.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Sumatraensia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-09 (holotype HMAS 247904, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25165).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870878, BenA OR051080, CaM OR051257, RPB2 OR051430.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 31–32 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 19–20 mm; YES 37–38 mm; PDA 19–21 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear, massive; reverse buff to orange brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brown to light purplish brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 135–275 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 2–4, 12–17 × 3.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7.5–9 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to broad ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-05; ibid., CS18-27.
Notes: This species has close relationships to P. cerradense and P. sumatraense (Figure 3). It differs from P. sumatraense in 15 bp for BenA, 15 bp for CaM and 28 bp for RPB2, and differs from P. cerradense in 26 bp for BenA, 22 bp for CaM and 25 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, P. qii has slower growth rate on MYA at 25 °C (19–20 vs. 30–45 mm) than P. sumatraense [62]; and has faster growth rate on MYA at 25 °C (19–20 vs. 15 mm), slower growth rate on PDA at 25 °C (19–21 vs. 30 mm) than P. cerradense [70]. Additionally, P. qii does not produce sclerotia which are commonly found in P. cerradense.
Figure 29.
Penicillium qii (CS18-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 29.
Penicillium qii (CS18-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium rarum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 30.
Fungal Names: FN571554.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the fewer number of metulae.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Sumatraensia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-04 (holotype HMAS 247905, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25166).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870881, BenA OR051083, CaM OR051260, RPB2 OR051432.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 28–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 17–23 mm; YES 32–42 mm; PDA 18–21 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse buff to brownish.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to pale brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff with brownish cracks.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to light brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate, biverticillate or monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 285–515 × 2.0–3.0 μm; rami 2, 14–20 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 2–5, 10–15 × 2.0–3.0 (–4.5) μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7–8.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-05; ibid., Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-06.
Notes: This species has close relationship with P. qii and P. vulgatum (Figure 3). It differs from P. qii in 8 bp for BenA, 12 bp for CaM and 30 bp for RPB2; and differs from P. vulgatum in 7 bp for BenA, 8 bp for CaM and 34 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, P. rarum has terverticillate or monoverticillate conidiophores which are seldom found in P. qii and P. vulgatum. Additionally, the new species grows slower than P. vulgatum on MEA and YES at 25 °C, especially on PDA at 25 °C (18–21 vs. 23–25 mm).
Figure 30.
Penicillium rarum (CS15-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 15 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 30.
Penicillium rarum (CS15-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 15 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium scruposum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 31.
Fungal Names: FN571555.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the rough-walled conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wanzhou City, Wangerbao Nature Reserve, Longju Town, Wutong Village, 30°36′26″ N 108°38′24″ E, in soil, 28 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS13-09 (holotype HMAS 247906, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25167).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870841, BenA OR051190, CaM OR051365, RPB2 OR062055.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 26–27 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–31 mm; YES 39–40 mm; PDA 25–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse orange, green to olive at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse orange with a brown tint.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments orange; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes finely rough-walled, 185–435 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 9–23 × 2.5–6.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–9 per metula, 8.5–11.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, rough-walled to echinulate, 3.5–4.0 × 3.0–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wanzhou City, Wangerbao Nature Reserve, Longju Town, Wutong Village, 30°36′26″ N 108°38′24″ E, in soil, 28 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS13-19; ibid., CS13-20.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. subasperum with strong support (BP = 96, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 14 bp for BenA, 20 bp for CaM and 15 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (26–27 vs. 30–32 mm), finely rough-walled stipes, larger metulae (9–23 × 2.5–6.5 vs. 8.5–13.5 × 3.0–4.5 μm) and echinulate conidia.
Figure 31.
Penicillium scruposum (CS13-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 31.
Penicillium scruposum (CS13-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium shihii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 32.
Fungal Names: FN571556.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named after the late Chinese microbiologist You-Kuang Shih (1905.10–1991.01). He is a pioneer on taxonomy of this group, and published five Aspergillus taxa and three Penicillium species.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Livida.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS22-03 (holotype HMAS 247907, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25168).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870799, BenA OR051060, CaM OR051239, RPB2 OR051412.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 40–42 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 58–60 mm; YES 54–56 mm; PDA 57–60 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly concave at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins wide, entire; mycelia colorless; texture velutinous; sporulation dense, sporulation area irregular, star-shaped; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange yellow and paler at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish blue; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown and yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia colorless; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange brown, greenish yellow at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate or biverticillate; stipes smooth–rough-walled, 400–575 × 2.0–4.5 μm; metulae 2, 28–32 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides obovate to ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 9–12.5 × 3.0–5.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal, rough-walled, 4.0–6.0 × 3.0–4.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-40; ibid., CS20-44; Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS30-12; ibid., in soil of ant hole, CS31-05; in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS32-01.
Notes: This species is a member of Ser. Livida and sister to the other known species: P. kananaskense, P. lividum and P. odoratum (=P. lividum according to Pitt [62]), but of significant differences in sequence (Figure 2). Morphologically, it differs from P. kananaskense in faster growth rates on CYA (40–42 vs. 27–35 mm) and MEA (58–60 vs. 43–52 mm) at 25 °C, longer stipe (400–575 vs. 200–400 μm) and broader phialides (3.0–5.5 vs. 2.5–4.0 μm) [71]; and it differs from P. lividum and P. odoratum in faster growth rate on MEA (58–60 vs. 40–45 mm) at 25 °C, broader phialides (3.0–5.5 vs. 2.5–3.0 μm) and larger conidia (4.0–6.0 × 3.0–4.5 vs. 3.5–4.0 × 2.5–3.0 μm) [62].
Figure 32.
Penicillium shihii (CS22-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 32.
Penicillium shihii (CS22-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium sichuanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 33.
Fungal Names: FN571557.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Gracilenta series Estinogena.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS32-04 (holotype HMAS 247908, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25169).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870825, BenA OR051101, CaM OR051278, RPB2 OR051447.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 31–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 26–29 mm; YES 47–49 mm; PDA 27–30 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain or sulcate, slightly protuberant or concave at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments yellow or absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse olive and pale orange at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers or not; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse dark mouse grey, pale orange at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse dark purplish, pale orange at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow or absent; exudates absent; reverse dark mouse grey, yellowish at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 25–135 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 3–5, 12.5–15.5 × 3.0–4.0 μm; phialides acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 10–12 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. estinogenum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 5), It differs from the latter in 40 bp for BenA and 58 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in smooth-walled stipes [21].
Figure 33.
Penicillium sichuanense (CS32-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (D,G); (F) = 7.5 µm, also for (E).
Figure 33.
Penicillium sichuanense (CS32-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (D,G); (F) = 7.5 µm, also for (E).
Penicillium simianshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 34.
Fungal Names: FN571558.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Simianshanica.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-04 (holotype HMAS 247909, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25170).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870805, BenA OR051066, CaM OR051245, RPB2 OR051418.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–34 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 37–39 mm; YES 40–41 mm; PDA 39–40 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly concave at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse light orange yellow.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, with funiculose hyphae at centers, protuberant or not; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse brownish yellow with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish to pale buff.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes septate, rough-walled, 80–160 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 8–12, 8–14 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose, rough-walled, 3.0–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-05; ibid., CS04-08.
Notes: This species is phylogenetically close to taxa of ser. Verhageniorum but having significant branch distance (Figure 2). The species of ser. Verhageniorum have biverticillate or divaricate conidiophores [59], but P. simianshanicum differs from them in monoverticillate conidiophores. A separate series, ser. Simianshanica, has been proposed to accommodate this morphologically distinct species.
Figure 34.
Penicillium simianshanicum (CS04-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 34.
Penicillium simianshanicum (CS04-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium sphaerioides X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 35.
Fungal Names: FN571563.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the shape of the conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-11 (holotype HMAS 247914, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25175).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870850, BenA OR051199, CaM OR051374, RPB2 OR062064.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 25–28 mm; YES 44–46 mm; PDA 19–22 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellow to orange, with brown radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse light orange, with brownish radiate branches or patches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous to funiculose; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange, yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments orange; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 135–285 × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 8.5–12 × 2.5–5.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–6 per metula, 7.5–11 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, finely rough-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-12; ibid., Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-03.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. scruposum and P. subasperum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from P. scruposum in 23 bp for BenA, 26 bp for CaM and 21 bp for RPB2; and differs from P. subasperum in 21 bp for BenA, 19 bp for CaM and 23 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs from P. scruposum in faster growth rates on CYA (34–36 vs. 26–27 mm) and YES (44–46 vs. 39–40 mm), slower growth rate on PDA (19–22 vs. 25–26 mm), irregular margins on PDA, shorter stipes (135–285 vs. 185–435 μm) and metulae (8.5–12 vs. 9–23 μm), fewer phialides per metula (5–6 vs. 6–9) and subglobose conidia; and differs from P. subasperum in faster growth rate on YES (44–46 vs. 37–39 mm) and slower growth rate on PDA (19–22 vs. 24–25 mm).
Figure 35.
Penicillium sphaerioides (CS02-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 35.
Penicillium sphaerioides (CS02-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium subasperum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 36.
Fungal Names: FN571561.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the rough-walled conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-02 (holotype HMAS 247912, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25173).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870849, BenA OR051198, CaM OR051373, RPB2 OR062063.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 30–32 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–31 mm; YES 37–39 mm; PDA 24–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, slightly sulcate; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates bright yellow, clear, massive; reverse yellow to orange, with greenish patches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange, with reddish brown radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow to orange, with brownish red radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments orange brown; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 125–315 × 2.5–4.0 μm; rami 2, 8.0–18 × 3.0–4.0 μm; metulae 2–4, 8.5–13.5 × 3.0–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 7.5–9.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, rough-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. scruposum with strong support (BP = 96, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 14 bp for BenA, 20 bp for CaM and 15 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (30–32 mm vs. 26–27), smooth-walled stipes, smaller metulae (8.5–13.5 × 3.0–4.5 vs. 9–23 × 2.5–6.5 μm) and rough-walled instead of echinulate conidia.
Figure 36.
Penicillium subasperum (CS04-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Figure 36.
Penicillium subasperum (CS04-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Penicillium subglobosum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 37.
Fungal Names: FN571559.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the subglobose to ellipsoidal conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-01 (holotype HMAS 247910, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25171).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870844, BenA OR051193, CaM OR051368, RPB2 OR062058.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 27–29 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 28–29 mm; YES 31–36 mm; PDA 21–23 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments light green or light brown; exudates yellow, clear; reverse light brownish orange.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse yellow brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange brown with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse orange brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 110–245 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 5–7, 9–13.5 × 3.5–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 7–10.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, finely rough-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-02; ibid., CS16-04; ibid., Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-26.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. sanshaense with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 20 bp for BenA and 26 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (27–29 vs. 21–23 mm), yellow brown instead of reddish brown on YES reverse, shorter stipes (110–245 vs. 200–500 μm) and subglobose and rough-walled conidia [42].
Figure 37.
Penicillium subglobosum (CS16-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 37.
Penicillium subglobosum (CS16-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium subrutilans X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 38.
Fungal Names: FN571562.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the pink patches on reverse of PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Rolfsiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″N 109°56′11″E, in soil, October 29 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-14 (holotype HMAS 247913, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25174).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870816, BenA OR051137, CaM OR051314, RPB2 OR051479.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 35–36 mm; YES 45–47 mm; PDA 40–41 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse buff, with light brown radiate branches, whitish at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with interwoven light brown cracks.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, with light-colored sectors; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white, with pinkish patches.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate or biverticillate; stipes strongly rough-walled, 160–375 × 2.5–3.5 μm; rami 2, 22–31 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 2–4, 11–23 × 2.5–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 8.5–11.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–4.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-27; ibid., CS20-58.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. camponotum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 6). It differs from the latter in three bp for BenA, nine bp for CaM and nine bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on MEA (35–36 vs. 48–55 mm) and YES (45–47 vs. 53–60 mm) at 25 °C, shorter stipes (160–375 vs. 220–620 μm) and smooth-walled conidia [67].
Figure 38.
Penicillium subrutilans (CS20-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 38.
Penicillium subrutilans (CS20-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium taii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 39.
Fungal Names: FN571564.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named after the late distinguished mycologist Professor Fang-Lan Tai (1893.05–1973.01), one of the founders of Mycology and Plant Pathology of China.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-09 (holotype HMAS 247915, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25176).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870778, BenA OR051170, CaM OR051347, RPB2 OR051496.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 37–39 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 37–39 mm; YES 44–46 mm; PDA 32–34 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear, tiny; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly concave at central areas; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate and strongly sulcate at centers, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 175–500 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 2–3, 11–20 × 2.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7.5–10 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, finely rough-walled, 3.0–3.5 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS30-11.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. globosum and P. yuyongnianii (BP = 74, PP = 100, Figure 6). It differs from P. globosum in six bp for BenA, eight bp for CaM and seven bp for RPB2; and it differs from P. yuyongnianii in three bp for BenA, eight bp for CaM and five bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it grows faster than P. globosum on CYA (37–39 vs. 21–22 mm), MEA (37–39 vs. 21–24 mm) and YES (44–46 vs. 17–19 mm) at 25 °C, and no growth on CYA at 37 °C [43]; and it differs from P. yuyongnianii in fast growth rate on MEA (37–39 vs. 22–24 mm) and PDA (32–34 vs. 21–24 mm) at 25 °C, and subglobose and finely rough-walled conidia.
Figure 39.
Penicillium taii (CS16-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 39.
Penicillium taii (CS16-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium tangii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 40.
Fungal Names: FN571565.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named in memory of Chinese medical microbiologist Fei-Fan Tang (1897.07–1958.09). He is famous for performing the first isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis, and the first production of penicillin in China during World War II was also conducted by his team.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Spinulosa.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-07 (holotype HMAS 247916, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25177).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870808, BenA OR051069, CaM OR051248, RPB2 OR051421.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 36–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C 2–4 mm; MEA 31–37 mm; YES 36–37 mm; PDA 37–38 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, sulcate and slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates tiny, clear; reverse cream.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins moderately wide to wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins moderately narrow, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins moderately wide, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth to slightly rough-walled, 50–337.5 × 2.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–14, 7.5–9.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, rough-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. subspinulosum with strong support (BP = 91, PP = 0.97, Figure 2). It differs the latter in three bp for BenA, eight bp for CaM and three bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in shorter stipe (50–337.5 vs. 200–400 μm) [59].
Figure 40.
Penicillium tangii (CS04-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 12.5 µm; (F) = 10 µm, also for (G).
Figure 40.
Penicillium tangii (CS04-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 12.5 µm; (F) = 10 µm, also for (G).
Penicillium tardicrescens X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 41.
Fungal Names: FN571566.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the slow growth rate on PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS14-24 (holotype HMAS 247917, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25178).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870853, BenA OR051202, CaM OR051377, RPB2 OR062067.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 24–25 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 27–28 mm; YES 30–31 mm; PDA 18–19 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, radially sulcate, with sectors; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments greenish yellow; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange, with dark green patches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brownish orange, with brownish patches at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins, with red patches at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow brown; exudates absent; reverse light brownish orange, slightly brownish at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 200–350 × 2.5–4.5 μm; metulae 4–6, 10–12.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–6 per metula, 9–11 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, finely rough-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a distinct lineage in ser. Herqueorum and seems to have close relationship with P. malachiteum (Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 35 bp for BenA, 60 bp for CaM and 42 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in lacking of sclerotia on the media [61].
Figure 41.
Penicillium tardicrescens (CS14-24). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 41.
Penicillium tardicrescens (CS14-24). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium tengii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 42.
Fungal Names: FN571567.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named after the late distinguished mycologist and plant pathologist Professor Shu-Chun Teng (1902.12–1970.05), one of the founders of Mycology and Forest Pathology of China.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Janthinella.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Gaoguan Town, Donghong Village, 31°47′11″ N 108°59′29″ E, in soil, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS27-03 (holotype HMAS 247918, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25179).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870735, BenA OR051120, CaM OR051297, RPB2 OR051465.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 31–32 mm; CYA 37 °C 10–12 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 38–40 mm; YES 38–39 mm; PDA 41–42 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greyish brown; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse cream to buff.
On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, papillate at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, light brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, concave at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to light brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate, biverticillate or monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 100–425 × 1.5–3.0 μm; rami 2, 17.5–30 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 2–4, 10–29 × 2.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6 per metula, 8.5–14.5 × 2.0–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. koreense with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 6). It differs from the latter in 11 bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and five bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate (10–12 vs. 15–19 mm) on CYA at 37 °C, shorter stipes (100–425 vs. 200–800 μm) and fewer phialides per metula (4–6 vs. 6–10) [72].
Figure 42.
Penicillium tengii (CS27-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Figure 42.
Penicillium tengii (CS27-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Penicillium vulgatum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 43.
Fungal Names: FN571568.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to its typical morphology in this series: conidia en masse bluish green to dull green, conidiophores biverticillate, conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled to finely roughened.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Sumatraensia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-03 (holotype HMAS 247919, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25180).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870884, BenA OR051086, CaM OR051263, RPB2 OR051434.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–35 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 23–24 mm; YES 42–43 mm; PDA 23–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear, massive; reverse buff to pale brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, deep; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light cinnamon brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 175–425 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 3–4, 12–16 × 2.5–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7–9 × 2.0–2.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 × 2.0–2.8 μm.
Notes: This species is closely related to P. jenningsiae and P. rarum in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3). It differs from P. jenningsiae in 8 bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2, and differs from P. rarum in 7 bp for BenA, 8 bp for CaM and 34 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, this species differs from P. rarum in lacking terverticillate or monoverticillate conidiophores; and differs from P. jenningsiae in longer stipes (175–425 vs. 100–250 μm) [30].
Figure 43.
Penicillium vulgatum (CS15-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 43.
Penicillium vulgatum (CS15-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium wangwentsaii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 44.
Fungal Names: FN571569.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late Chinese distinguished plant taxonomist Wen-Tsai Wang (1926.06–2022.11). He is a leading taxonomic authority on several difficult plant families in China, including Boraginaceae, Gesneriaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rubiaceae, Urticaceae and Vitaceae, and described 28 new genera, 303 new taxa at the tribal, sectional, and series ranks, ca. 1370 new species, and 242 new combinations.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Westlingiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-42 (holotype HMAS 247920, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25181).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870887, BenA OR051089, CaM OR051266, RPB2 OR051437.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 33–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C 3–4 mm; MEA 28–37 mm; YES 39–47 mm; PDA 39–40 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow, fimbriate; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse bright yellow, with light brown radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments pink; exudates absent; reverse reddish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins narrow, fimbriate; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments pink; exudates absent; reverse yellow, with blackish radiate branches at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to light yellow.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 90–350 × 2.5–3.0 μm; rami 2, 17–18 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 3–5, 10–16 × 2.0–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6, 8.0–13 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose to obovate, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. cairnsense with strong support (BP = 82, PP = 1.00, Figure 3). It differs from the latter in one bp for BenA, one bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in occasionally terverticillate conidiophores instead of a large portion terverticillate ones, shorter stipes (90–350 vs. 200–400 μm) and longer phialides (8–13 vs. 7–9 μm) [73].
Figure 44.
Penicillium wangwentsaii (CS20-42). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 44.
Penicillium wangwentsaii (CS20-42). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium wanyuanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 45.
Fungal Names: FN571570.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-06 (holotype HMAS 247921, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25182).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870854, BenA OR051203, CaM OR051378, RPB2 OR062068.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 28–30 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 36–38 mm; YES 36–38 mm; PDA 27–30 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green at central areas, greyish purple at periphery; soluble pigments yellow brown; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse dirty orange, with a brown tint at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, funiculose at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, slightly orange brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire or undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green at central areas, dull green at periphery; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, plain; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse light dirty orange, orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth to finely rough-walled, 235–275 × 3.5–4.5 μm; metulae 7–8, 10–12.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 6–8 per metula, 7.5–10 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-09.
Notes: This species is closely related to P. herquei (Figure 7). It differs from the ex-type strain of the latter species in 13 bp for BenA, 26 bp for CaM and 21 bp for RPB2. Because of the wide species concept held in the previous literatures [61,62], the morphological difference between them was obscure. The greyish purple conidia en masse on CYA makes this species different from the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 45.
Penicillium wanyuanense (CS33-06). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D,E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 45.
Penicillium wanyuanense (CS33-06). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D,E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium wulientehii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 46.
Fungal Names: FN571571.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late epidemiologist Lien-teh Wu (1879.03–1960.01), who pioneered the use of face mask and defeated a plague epidemic in northeastern China during 1910s.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS32-02 (holotype HMAS 247922, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25183).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870856, BenA OR051205, CaM OR051380, RPB2 OR062070.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 26–27 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–31 mm; YES 37–40 mm; PDA 24–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments greenish yellow; exudates brown and hyaline, clear; reverse dirty orange, with a few dark patches at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, reddish at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins, brownish at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse orange with margins lighter.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes finely rough-walled, 200–425 × 3.0–4.5 μm; metulae 6–7, 8–12.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–8 per metula, 8–11 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is closely related to P. creberum and P. flosculum (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from P. creberum in 17 bp for BenA, 22 bp for CaM and 14 bp for RPB2; and differs from P. flosculum in 12 bp for BenA, 19 bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs from P. creberum in slower growth rate on MEA at 25 °C (29–31 mm vs. 34–36 mm), longer phialides (8–11 vs. 7.5–9 μm) and conidia (3.0–4.5 vs. 3.0–3.5 μm); it differs from P. flosculum in slower growth rates on CYA (26–27 mm vs. 29–31 mm), MEA (29–31 mm vs. 32–34 mm) and PDA (24–26 mm vs. 29–31 mm) and lacking of dark green radiate branches on CYA reverse. But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of P. herquei.
Figure 46.
Penicillium wulientehii (CS32-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Figure 46.
Penicillium wulientehii (CS32-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Penicillium wushanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 47.
Fungal Names: FN571572.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Westlingiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS21-01 (holotype HMAS 247923, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25184).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870889, BenA OR051091, CaM OR051268, RPB2 OR051439.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–35 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 32–34 mm; YES 39–40 mm; PDA 28–30 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, funiculose at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellowish orange, with lignt brown cracks, orange at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse dirty yellow.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 200–525 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 5, 11–13 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides acerose to ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 4–7 per metula, 8–10 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth- to slightly rough-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. raphiae in the phylogenetic tree with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 100, Figure 3). It differs from the latter in seven bp for BenA, 19 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2. Additionally, it has faster growth rate on MEA (32–34 vs. 21–25 mm) and YES (39–40 vs. 31–35 mm) at 25 °C, orange colonial centers on YES and slightly larger conidia (2.5–3.0 vs. 1.8–2.5 μm) [73].
Figure 47.
Penicillium wushanicum (CS21-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C,D,G); (E) = 7.5 µm, also for (F).
Figure 47.
Penicillium wushanicum (CS21-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C,D,G); (E) = 7.5 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium wuxiense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 48.
Fungal Names: FN571573.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wuxi County, Hongchiba National Forest Park, 31°33′3″ N 109°1′36″ E, in soil, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS25-12 (holotype HMAS 247924, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25185).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870872, BenA OR051221, CaM OR051395, RPB2 OR062085.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–33 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 27–28 mm; YES 34–35 mm; PDA 31–32 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse cream to buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, reddish at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to orange, cream at margins, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse raddish orange, lighter at centers and margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 110–150 × 2.0–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 8–12 per stipe, 10–11.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. cainii with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 10 bp for BenA, 12 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (32–33 vs. 23–29 mm), longer stipes (110–150 vs. 70–80 μm) and phialides (10–11.5 vs. 7.5–10 μm) and larger (2.5–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 vs. 2.0–2.5 μm in diam) and ellipsoidal conidia [64].
Figure 48.
Penicillium wuxiense (CS25-12). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 17.5 µm; (C) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 48.
Penicillium wuxiense (CS25-12). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 17.5 µm; (C) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium xuanhanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 49.
Fungal Names: FN571574.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS31-04 (holotype HMAS 247925, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25186).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870873, BenA OR051222, CaM OR051396, RPB2 OR062086.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 30–31 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 27–29 mm; YES 35–36 mm; PDA 27–28 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate, with white sectors; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow and hyaline, clear; reverse cream to buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers with pink hyphae; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange, red brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white, red at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellowish buff at centers and margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate or divaricate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 45–150 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–12 per stipe, 9–11 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of P. asterineum and P. ferraniaense (BP = 83, PP = 1.00, Figure 7). It differs from P. asterineum in 13 bp for BenA, three bp for CaM and 11 bp for RPB2; and differs from P. ferraniaense in nine bp for BenA, five bp for CaM and eight bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs from P. asterineum in slower growth rate on CYA (30–31 vs. 35–40 mm), MEA (27–29 vs. 34–37 mm) and YES (35–36 vs. 40–42 mm) at 25 °C, lacking of red radiate branches on the reverse of CYA and MEA, divaricate conidiophores, shorter stipes (45–150 vs. 100–300 μm) and larger conidia (3.0–3.5 vs. 2.5–3.0 μm); and it differs from P. ferraniaense in faster growth rate on CYA (30–31 vs. 25–28 mm) and YES (35–36 vs. 21–23 mm) at 25 °C, red brown reverse on MEA and YES, and longer stipes (45–150 vs. 50–80 μm) [60].
Figure 49.
Penicillium xuanhanense (CS31-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 49.
Penicillium xuanhanense (CS31-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium yuyongnianii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. Figure 50.
Fungal Names: FN571575.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named in memory of the late distinguished mycologist Professor Yong-Nian Yu (1923.04–2014.08).
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wanzhou City, Wangerbao Nature Reserve, Longju Town, Wutong Village, 30°36′26″ N 108°38′24″ E, in soil, 28 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS13-01 (holotype HMAS 247926, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25187).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870820, BenA OR051175, CaM OR051352, RPB2 OR051499.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 22–24 mm; YES 37–39 mm; PDA 21–24 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, furrows with white hyphae; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant or funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with brownish branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 300–900 × 2.5–4.5 μm; rami 2–3, 19–23 × 3.0–4.0 μm; metulae 4–5, 10–15 × 3.0–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6 per metula, 7.5–9.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to broad ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS14-23.
Notes: This species is a sister to P. globosum and P. taii (BP = 74, PP = 1.00, Figure 6). The molecular and morphological differences between this taxa and P. taii have been given in the Notes of the latter. This fungus differs from P. globosum in three bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and six bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in fast growth rate on CYA (35–37 vs. 21–22 mm) and YES (37–39 vs. 17–19 mm) at 25 °C, no growth on CYA at 37 °C, terverticillate conidiophores and ellipsoidal conidia [43].
Figure 50.
Penicillium yuyongnianii (CS13-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–E,G); (F) = 7.5 µm.
Figure 50.
Penicillium yuyongnianii (CS13-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–E,G); (F) = 7.5 µm.
4.3. New Records for China
Penicillium aurantioviolaceum Biourge, La Cellule 33(1): 282, 1923.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Thomiorum.
Strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-37; ibid., CS20-38; ibid., CS21-02; ibid., CS22-04.
Notes: This species was originally described from Puerto Rico [62], and had been isolated from Japan, Madagascar and Zambia [59], and was recently reported from South Korea [74]. Compared with the ex-type culture, the studied Chinese strains have identical sequences for BenA, one bp difference for CaM, and three bp differences for RPB2, which are treated as intra-specific variations.
Penicillium cainii K.G. Rivera, Malloch and Seifert, Stud. Mycol. 70: 147, 2011.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS21-03. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-11.
Notes: This species was initially discovered in Canada [64], and then reported from South Korea [75]. The strain CS33-11 has sequence similarity with the ex-type culture, but CS21-03 shows a few divergences.
Penicillium circulare Hyang B. Lee, P.M. Kirk & T.T.T. Nguyen, Fungal Diversity 96: 97, 2019.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-06; ibid., CS16-07; ibid., Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-12; ibid., CS18-14. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-08.
Notes: This species was first reported from South Korea [69], and now discovered from different areas of Southwestern China. The strains examined have identical BenA and RPB2 sequences with the ex-type culture, but has four bp differences for CaM.
Penicillium cosmopolitanum Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, Stud. Mycol. 70: 91, 2011.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Westlingiorum.
Strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, Lingguan Cave, 29°1′55″ N 107°11′57″ E, in soil of dry stream, 26 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS11-04.
Notes: This species was discovered from Europe (Denmark, The Netherlands and Poland), Oceania (New Zealand), and Asia (South Korea) [73,74]. The Chongqing strain has identical BenA, CaM and RPB2 sequences with the ex-type.
Penicillium hetheringtonii Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson, Fungal Diversity 44: 125, 2010.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Citrina.
Strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil of bamboo grove23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS01-09.
Notes: This species was originally isolated from beach soil in Florida [76], and then discovered in marine environment in Jeju Island, South Korea [77]. This Chinese collection extends its distribution to mountainous region.
Penicillium jenningsiae Y.P. Tan, Bishop-Hurley, E. Lacey & R.G. Shivas, Index of Australian Fungi 3: 8, 2022. Figure 51.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Sumatraensia.
Strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-04. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-13.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 37–38 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–30 mm; YES 42–43 mm; PDA 30–32 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear, massive; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, deep; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments pink to light purple; exudates absent; reverse purplish brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 200–315 × 2.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 10.5–14 × 2.5–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7–9.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm; conidia subglobose to broad ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm.
Notes: This species was recently described from Australia based on BenA and RPB2 sequence divergences [30]. The two strains examined in this study have identical BenA sequences with the ex-type culture, but CS02-04 has five bp differences for RPB2 from the ex-type culture. Due to illustration and description on different media of this species was not given in the protologue, this species was described and illustrated in detail.
Figure 51.
Penicillium jenningsiae (CS02-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C,D,G); (E) = 7.5 µm, also for (F).
Figure 51.
Penicillium jenningsiae (CS02-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C,D,G); (E) = 7.5 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium koreense S.B. Hong, D.H. Kim & Y.H. You, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24(12): 1607, 2014.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Janthinella.
Strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Wulong Village, 31°12′17″ N 109°47′31″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS19-06.
Notes: This species was reported from South Korea [72], and appeared in Southwestern China. The strain examined has two bp differences for BenA and five bp for CaM from the Korea material.
Penicillium smithii Quintan., Avances en Alimentación y Mejora Animal 23: 340, 1982.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Exilicaulis series Lapidosa.
Strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-06.
Notes: This species was originally isolated from Secale cereal in Spain, and was thought to be distribute in Australia and Indonesia [78]. The Chinese strain was determined as P. smithii with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00, Figure 4), but it still has some sequence divergences, i.e., four bp for BenA, eight bp for CaM and two bp for RPB2. This is attributed to intra-specific variation.
Penicillium uttarakhandense Rajeshk., N. Ashtekar, Visagie, G. Anand & Yilmaz, Persoonia 46: 493, 2021. Figure 52.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima
Strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-36; ibid., Wuxi County, Hongchiba National Forest Park, 31°33′3″ N 109°1′36″ E, in soil under Larix sp., 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS24-01; ibid., CS24-06.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 36–38 mm; CYA 37 °C 7–9 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 42–44 mm; YES 41–42 mm; PDA 28–29 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers, radially sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse yellow brown.
On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse yellow and grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green and dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse greenish yellow.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores quaterverticillate, terverticillate or biverticillate; stipes usually rough-walled, sometimes smooth-walled, 125–300 × 2.5–4.0 μm; branches 2–3, 12.5–31.5 × 3.0–4.0 μm; rami 2–3, 9.0–31.5 (–54) × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 2–6, 8.5–17.5 × 2.5–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 7.5–12.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal, rough-walled, 3.5–4.0 (–6.0) × 2.5–3.5 (–5.0) μm.
Notes: This species was recently described from Northern India [60]. The Chinese material examined share identical BenA sequence with the ex-type culture, but have two bp divergences for CaM and one bp for RPB2, which are treated as intraspecific variations. The morphological difference between the Chinese strains and the type is obscure. This record extends the distribution of the fungus to East Asia.
Figure 52.
Penicillium uttarakhandense (CS24-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (E); (C) = 15 µm; (D) = 17.5 µm; (F) = 10 µm, also for (G).
Figure 52.
Penicillium uttarakhandense (CS24-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (E); (C) = 15 µm; (D) = 17.5 µm; (F) = 10 µm, also for (G).
Penicillium vasconiae C. Ramírez & A.T. Martínez, Mycopathologia 72(3): 189, 1980.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Rolfsiorum.
Strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-23.
Notes: This species was originally described from Spain [65], and was subsequently reported rarely in other regions of the world. The Chinese strain has two bp differences for BenA, six bp for CaM and four bp for RPB2, which are treated as intra-specific variations. It might be the first record in Asia.
Penicillium westlingii K.W. Zaleski, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Math. Nat., Sér. B: 473, 1927.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Westlingiorum.
Strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, North mountain slope, 29°5′35″ N 107°14′47″ E, in soil, 25 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS10-16.
5. Discussion
A total of 179 cultures of Penicillium were isolated from 33 soil samples collected in Southwest China, and subsequently identified and classified into 2 subgenera (Aspergilloides and Penicillium), 11 sections (Aspergilloides, Canescentia, Citrina, Exilicaulis, Fasciculata, Gracilenta, Lanata-Divaricata, Penicillium, Ramosum, Robsamsonia, and Sclerotiorum), 25 series, and 74 species with different isolation frequencies. Based on 3-locus phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons, 43 species were discovered as new to science, and a new series Simianshanica was established in sect. Aspergilloides. Additionally, 11 species were recorded for the first time from China.
Different species have different isolation frequencies. Penicillium brasilianum and P. ochrochloron of sect. Lanata-Divaricata were from seven soil samples, respectively, and P. daleae of this section and P. shihii of sect. Aspergilloides were from five samples, respectively. In contrast, 46 species were discovered from only a single sample, such as P. chengkouense from sample CS28, P. dabashanicum from CS26, P. jinfoshanicum from CS12, and P. simianshanicum from CS04 (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7). On the other hand, different soil samples harbored various levels of Penicillium diversity. There are nine species in sample CS20: P. aurantioviolaceum, P. brasilianum, P. ellipsoideum, P. paraherquei, P. shihii, P. subrutilans, P. uttarakhandense, P. vasconiae, and P. wangwentsaii; eight species in sample CS02: P. beibeiense, P. creberum, P. janczewskii, P. jenningsiae, P. jinyunshanicum, P. smithii, P. soliforme, and P. sphaerioides; eight species in CS33: P. brevistipitatum, P. cainii, P. circulare, P. dazhouense, P. flosculum, P. jenningsiae, P. johnpittii, and P. wanyuanense; and seven species in CS04: P. adametzii, P. jiangjinense, P. pauciramulum, P. simianshanicum, P. sphaerioides, P. subasperum, and P. tangii. Five samples contained only one species: P. ochrochloron in CS07, P. brasilianum in CS17, P. koreense in CS19, P. tengii in CS27, and P. ellipsoideum in CS29. Aspergillaceae was not found in sample CS06. This gives the hint that different soil samples, even though from the nearby localities, might have different compositions of fungal communities.
Among the 74 species, seven belong to subgen. Penicillium and the remaining 67 in subgen. Aspergilloides: two in sect. Exilicaulis, three in Gracilenta, six in sect. Aspergilloides, 11 in Citrina, 21 in Lanata-Divaricata, and 24 in Sclerotiorum. Among the 43 new species, two belong to subgen. Penicillium and the rest 41 are in subgen. Aspergilloides: one in sect. Exilicaulis, three in Gracilenta, four in sect. Aspergilloides, five in Citrina, eight in Lanata-Divaricata, and 20 in Sclerotiorum. Section Sclerotiorum is the most speciose, and embrace most of the new species of this study. For the 20 new species of the section, 14 of them are in ser. Herqueorum, six in ser. Sclerotiorum, but none in ser. Adametziorum. As the previous study clearly pointed out, “it should be noted, however, that preliminary data show that this clade (ser. Herqueorum) represents a species complex, with several species undescribed” [61]. As a result, three species of the series had been described from South China by our team: P. choerospondiatis, P. sanshaense and P. verrucisporum [42]. This could partly explain that why so many new species appeared in this series. In addition, so many undescribed species discovered in series Herqueorum and Sclerotiorum might indicate that East Asia is the diversification center of them. East Asia had been reported as diversification center of many plants, e.g., Galium of Rubiaceae [79], Panax of Araliaceae [80] and Pinus of Pinaceae [81]. Many described species of ser. Sclerotiorum from East Asia and Southeast Asia could be the additional evidence: P. acidum, P. circulare, P. daejeonium and P. ulleungdoense from South Korea, P. austrosinicum and P. exsudans from China, P. viticola from Japan, P. hirayamae from Thailand, P. johnkrugii from Malaysia, and P. sclerotiorum from Indonesia (Table 7).
For the 48 Penicillium species previously described from China, it can be summarized that they are from 21 provinces or province-level administrative divisions: 14 from Hainan, 3 in Guangdong and Hubei, respectively, 2 species from 10 provinces, respectively (Beijing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jilin, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Tibet, and Yunnan), and 1 from eight provinces, respectively (Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, and Xinjiang). In contrast to only 1 new species, P. macrosclerotiorum, reported from Chongqing [34] and none from Sichuan, 43 new species were discovered from some parts of the same area in this study. This might be attributed to two reasons. First, Southwestern China possesses three of the 35 global biodiversity hotspots [82], thus the level of biodiversity there is very high. For example, two new species of Talaromyces discovered during this exploration had been reported previously [49]. Second, dense sampling leads to more discovery of undescribed species. Diao et al. [43] collected samples from seven different sites (Diaoluo Mountain, Jianfengling, Lingshui, Qixianling, Wanning, Wuzhishan and Xinglong) of Hainan Province, and discovered 11 new species from acidic soil. Visagie and Yilmaz [27] collected 6 soil samples from a National Park and 18 Penicillium species were identified, including 6 new ones. More explorations or surveys are badly needed in the under-investigated areas of this country.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jof9121150/s1, Figure S1: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Penicillium inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S2: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Penicillium inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S3: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Penicillium inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S4: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Aspergilloides inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S5: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Aspergilloides inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S6: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Aspergilloides inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S7: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Citrina inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S8: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Citrina inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S9: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Citrina inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S10: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Exilicaulis inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S11: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Exilicaulis inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S12: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Exilicaulis inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S13: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Gracilenta inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S14: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Gracilenta inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S15: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Gracilenta inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S16: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Lanata-Divaricata inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S17: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Lanata-Divaricata inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S18: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Lanata-Divaricata inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S19: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Sclerotiorum inferred from BenA dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S20: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Sclerotiorum inferred from CaM dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap. Figure S21: Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Sclerotiorum inferred from RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z.; Methodology, X.-C.W. and Z.-K.Z.; Software, X.-C.W.; Validation, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z.; Formal analysis, X.-C.W. and Z.-K.Z.; Investigation, X.-C.W.; Resources, W.-Y.Z.; Data curation, X.-C.W.; Writing—original draft, X.-C.W.; Writing—review & editing, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z.; Visualization, X.-C.W.; Supervision, W.-Y.Z.; Project administration, W.-Y.Z.; Funding acquisition, X.-C.W. and W.-Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32270008) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2303000).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data are contained within the article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Huan-Di Zheng, Zhao-Qing Zeng and Chang Liu (Institute of Microbiology, CAS) for collecting the soil samples jointly.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Goncalves, V.N.; Cantrell, C.L.; Wedge, D.E.; Ferreira, M.C.; Soares, M.A.; Jacob, M.R.; Oliveira, F.S.; Galante, D.; Rodrigues, F.; Alves, T.M.; et al. Fungi associated with rocks of the Atacama Desert: Taxonomy, distribution, diversity, ecology and bioprospection for bioactive compounds. Environ. Microbiol. 2016, 18, 232–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boucherit, Z.; Flahaut, S.; Djoudi, B.; Mouas, T.N.; Mechakra, A.; Ameddah, S. Potential of halophilic Penicillium chrysogenum isolated from Algerian saline soil to produce laccase on olive oil wastes. Curr. Microbiol. 2022, 79, 178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sonjak, S.; Frisvad, J.C.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. Penicillium mycobiota in arctic subglacial ice. Microb. Ecol. 2006, 52, 207–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, T.; Wang, N.F.; Zhang, Y.Q.; Liu, H.Y.; Yu, L.Y. Diversity and distribution of aquatic fungal communities in the Ny-Alesund Region, Svalbard (High Arctic): Aquatic fungi in the Arctic. Microb. Ecol. 2016, 71, 543–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duran, P.; Barra, P.J.; Jorquera, M.A.; Viscardi, S.; Fernandez, C.; Paz, C.; Mora, M.L.; Bol, R. Occurrence of soil fungi in Antarctic pristine environments. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 7, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coelho, L.D.; de Carvalho, C.R.; Rosa, C.A.; Rosa, L.H. Diversity, distribution, and xerophilic tolerance of cultivable fungi associated with the Antarctic angiosperms. Polar Biol. 2021, 44, 379–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Menezes, G.C.A.; Camara, P.; Pinto, O.H.B.; Carvalho-Silva, M.; Oliveira, F.S.; Souza, C.D.; Reynaud Schaefer, C.E.G.; Convey, P.; Rosa, C.A.; Rosa, L.H. Fungal diversity present on rocks from a polar desert in continental Antarctica assessed using DNA metabarcoding. Extremophiles 2021, 25, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rafiq, M.; Nadeem, S.; Hassan, N.; Hayat, M.; Sajjad, W.; Zada, S.; Sajjad, W.; Hasan, F. Fungal recovery and characterization from Hindu Kush mountain range, Tirich Mir glacier, and their potential for biotechnological applications. J. Basic Microbiol. 2020, 60, 444–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imshenetsky, A.A.; Lysenko, S.V.; Kazakov, G.A. Upper boundary of the biosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978, 35, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hupka, M.; Kedia, R.; Schauer, R.; Shepard, B.; Granados-Presa, M.; Vande Hei, M.; Flores, P.; Zea, L. Morphology of Penicillium rubens biofilms formed in space. Life 2023, 13, 1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chavez, R.; Bull, P.; Eyzaguirre, J. The xylanolytic enzyme system from the genus Penicillium. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 123, 413–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, L.; Wang, F.; Gao, F.; Wang, L.; Zhao, J.; Qu, Y. Purification and characterization of a novel cellobiohydrolase (PdCel6A) from Penicillium decumbens JU-A10 for bioethanol production. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102, 8339–8342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Magista, D.; Ferrara, M.; Del Nobile, M.A.; Gammariello, D.; Conte, A.; Perrone, G. Penicillium salamii strain ITEM 15302: A new promising fungal starter for salami production. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2016, 231, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kalai, S.; Anzala, L.; Bensoussan, M.; Dantigny, P. Modelling the effect of temperature, pH, water activity, and organic acids on the germination time of Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti conidia. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2017, 240, 124–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhuang, J.; Liu, C.; Wang, X.; Xu, T.; Yang, H. Penicillium simplicissimum NL-Z1 induced an imposed effect to promote the leguminous plant growth. Front. Microbiol. 2021, 12, 738734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. Fleming’s penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens. IMA Fungus 2011, 2, 87–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barreiro, C.; Martin, J.F.; Garcia-Estrada, C. Proteomics shows new faces for the old Penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 2012, 105109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frisvad, J.C.; Smedsgaard, J.; Larsen, T.O.; Samson, R.A. Mycotoxins, drugs and other extrolites produced by species in Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. Stud. Mycol. 2004, 49, 201–241. [Google Scholar]
- Costa, J.H.; Bazioli, J.M.; Pontes, J.G.D.; Fill, T.P. Penicillium digitatum infection mechanisms in Citrus: What do we know so far? Fungal Biol. 2019, 123, 584–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iturrieta-Gonzalez, I.; Giacaman, A.; Godoy-Martinez, P.; Vega, F.; Sepulveda, M.; Santos, C.; Toledo, V.; Rivera, G.; Ortega, L.; San Martin, A.; et al. Penicillium digitatum, first clinical report in Chile: Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patient. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houbraken, J.; Kocsube, S.; Visagie, C.M.; Yilmaz, N.; Wang, X.C.; Meijer, M.; Kraak, B.; Hubka, V.; Bensch, K.; Samson, R.A.; et al. Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species. Stud. Mycol. 2020, 95, 5–169. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Doilom, M.; Guo, J.W.; Phookamsak, R.; Mortimer, P.E.; Karunarathna, S.C.; Dong, W.; Liao, C.F.; Yan, K.; Pem, D.; Suwannarach, N.; et al. Screening of phosphate-solubilizing fungi from air and soil in Yunnan, China: Four novel species in Aspergillus, Gongronella, Penicillium, and Talaromyces. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 585215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, L.J.; Jeewon, R.; Dhandevi, P.; Durairajan, S.S.K.; Li, H.; Lin, F.C.; Wang, H.K. A novel species of Penicillium with inhibitory effects against Pyricularia oryzae and fungal pathogens inducing Citrus diseases. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2021, 10, 604504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, K.X.; Shan, X.N.; Ruan, Y.; Deng, J.; Wang, L. Three new Penicillium species isolated from the tidal flats of China. PeerJ 2022, 10, e13224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, B.D.; Visagie, C.M.; Chen, A.J.; Houbraken, J. A taxonomic review of Penicillium section Charlesia. Mycol. Prog. 2021, 20, 1383–1397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez-Andrade, E.; Stchigel, A.M.; Cano-Lira, J.F. New xerophilic species of Penicillium from soil. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Visagie, C.M.; Yilmaz, N. Along the footpath of Penicillium discovery: Six new species from the Woodville Big Tree Forest Trail. Mycologia 2023, 115, 87–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labuda, R.; Bacher, M.; Rosenau, T.; Gasparotto, E.; Gratzl, H.; Doppler, M.; Sulyok, M.; Kubátová, A.; Berger, H.; Cank, K.; et al. Polyphasic approach utilized for the identification of two new toxigenic members of Penicillium section Exilicaulis, P. krskae and P. silybi spp. nov. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbosa, R.N.; Bezerra, J.D.P.; Santos, A.C.S.; Melo, R.F.R.; Houbraken, J.; Oliveira, N.T.; Souza-Motta, C.M. Brazilian tropical dry forest (Caatinga) in the spotlight: An overview of species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces (Eurotiales) and the description of P. vascosobrinhous sp. nov. Acta Bot. Bras. 2020, 34, 409–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, Y.P.; Shivas, R.G. Index of Australian Fungi No. 3; Zenodo: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022; p. 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kong, H.Z. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum: Penicillium et Teleomorphi Cognati; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2007; Volume 35, p. 284. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Zhou, H.B.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. Penicillium persicinum, a new griseofulvin, chrysogine and roquefortine C producing species from Qinghai Province, China. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2004, 86, 173–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Zhuang, W.Y. Penicillium brevistipitatum, a new species isolated from Jilin Province, China. Mycotaxon 2005, 93, 233–240. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Zhang, X.M.; Zhuang, W.Y. Penicillium macrosclerotiorum, a new species producing large sclerotia discovered in south China. Mycol. Res. 2007, 111, 1242–1248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Zhuang, W.Y. Eupenicillium saturniforme, a new species discovered from Northeast China. Mycopathologia 2009, 167, 297–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, A.J.; Tang, D.; Zhou, Y.Q.; Sun, B.D.; Li, X.J.; Wang, L.Z.; Gao, W.W. Identification of ochratoxin A producing fungi associated with fresh and dry liquorice. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e78285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Wang, L. Penicillium kongii, a new terverticillate species isolated from plant leaves in China. Mycologia 2013, 105, 1547–1554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Yu, Y.; Wang, L. Penicillium fusisporum and P. zhuangii, two new monoverticillate species with apical-swelling stipes of section Aspergilloides isolated from plant leaves in China. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e101454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houbraken, J.; Wang, L.; Lee, H.B.; Frisvad, J.C. New sections in Penicillium containing novel species producing patulin, pyripyropens or other bioactive compounds. Persoonia 2016, 36, 299–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rong, C.B.; Ma, Y.W.; Wang, S.X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, L.Q.; Ma, K.; Dou, S.J.; Yang, Y.L.; Xu, F. Penicillium chroogomphum, a new species in Penicillium section Ramosa isolated from fruiting bodies of Chroogomphus rutilus in China. Mycoscience 2016, 57, 79–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Q.X.; Houbraken, J.; Li, Q.R.; Xu, Y.; Hyde, K.D.; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Wang, Y. Diversity of Penicillium species isolated from heavy metal polluted soil in Guizhou Province, China. Phytotaxa 2016, 273, 167–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.C.; Chen, K.; Zeng, Z.Q.; Zhuang, W.Y. Phylogeny and morphological analyses of Penicillium section Sclerotiora (Fungi) lead to the discovery of five new species. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 8233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diao, Y.Z.; Chen, Q.; Jiang, X.Z.; Houbraken, J.; Barbosa, R.N.; Cai, L.; Wu, W.P. Penicillium section Lanata-divaricata from acidic soil. Cladistics 2018, 35, 514–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.Y.; Li, X.; Chen, W.H.; Liang, J.D.; Han, Y.F. Culturable fungi from urban soils in China II, with the description of 18 novel species in Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes). MycoKeys 2023, 98, 167–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Wang, X.C.; Yu, Z.H.; Zhuang, W.Y.; Zeng, Z.Q. Seven new species of Eurotiales (Ascomycota) isolated from tidal flat sediments in China. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visagie, C.M.; Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J.C.; Hong, S.B.; Klaassen, C.H.; Perrone, G.; Seifert, K.A.; Varga, J.; Yaguchi, T.; Samson, R.A. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Stud. Mycol. 2014, 78, 343–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.C.; Chen, K.; Xia, Y.W.; Wang, L.; Li, T.H.; Zhuang, W.Y. A new species of Talaromyces (Trichocomaceae) from the Xisha Islands, Hainan, China. Phytotaxa 2016, 267, 187–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.C.; Chen, K.; Qin, W.T.; Zhuang, W.Y. Talaromyces heiheensis and T. mangshanicus, two new species from China. Mycol. Prog. 2017, 16, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.K.; Wang, X.C.; Zhuang, W.Y.; Cheng, X.H.; Zhao, P. New species of Talaromyces (Fungi) isolated from soil in southwestern China. Biology 2021, 10, 745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.C.; Zhuang, W.Y. New species of Aspergillus (Aspergillaceae) from tropical islands of China. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.C.; Zhuang, W.Y. New species of Talaromyces (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales) from Southwestern China. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katoh, K.; Standley, D.M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 772–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, T.A. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl. Acids. Symp. Ser. 1999, 41, 95–98. [Google Scholar]
- Tamura, K.; Stecher, G.; Peterson, D.; Filipski, A.; Kumar, S. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 2725–2729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stamatakis, A. RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 2006, 22, 2688–2690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, M.A.; Pfeiffer, W.; Schwartz, T. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 November 2010; pp. 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Ronquist, F.; Teslenko, M.; van der Mark, P.; Ayres, D.L.; Darling, A.; Hohna, S.; Larget, B.; Liu, L.; Suchard, M.A.; Huelsenbeck, J.P. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 2012, 61, 539–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Posada, D.; Crandall, K.A. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 1998, 14, 817–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houbraken, J.; Visagie, C.M.; Meijer, M.; Frisvad, J.C.; Busby, P.E.; Pitt, J.I.; Seifert, K.A.; Louis-Seize, G.; Demirel, R.; Yilmaz, N.; et al. A taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of Penicillium section Aspergilloides. Stud. Mycol. 2014, 78, 373–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crous, P.W.; Cowan, D.A.; Maggs-Kolling, G.; Yilmaz, N.; Thangavel, R.; Wingfield, M.J.; Noordeloos, M.E.; Dima, B.; Brandrud, T.E.; Jansen, G.M.; et al. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1182–1283. Persoonia 2021, 46, 313–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visagie, C.M.; Houbraken, J.; Rodriques, C.; Silva Pereira, C.; Dijksterhuis, J.; Seifert, K.A.; Jacobs, K.; Samson, R.A. Five new Penicillium species in section Sclerotiora: A tribute to the Dutch Royal family. Persoonia 2013, 31, 42–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pitt, J.I. The Genus Penicillium and Its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces; Academic Press Inc.: London, UK, 1979; p. 634. [Google Scholar]
- Torres-Garcia, D.; Gene, J.; Garcia, D. New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 2022, 86, 103–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivera, K.G.; Seifert, K.A. A taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of the Penicillium sclerotiorum complex. Stud. Mycol. 2011, 70, 139–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramirez, C.; Martinez, A.T. Some New species of Penicillium recovered from the atmosphere in Madrid and from other substrata. Mycopathologia 1980, 72, 181–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivera, K.G.; Díaz, J.; Chavarría-Díaz, F.; Garcia, M.; Urb, M.; Thorn, R.G.; Louis-Seize, G.; Janzen, D.H.; Seifert, K.A. Penicillium mallochii and P. guanacastense, two new species isolated from Costa Rican caterpillars. Mycotaxon 2012, 119, 315–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visagie, C.M.; Renaud, J.B.; Burgess, K.M.N.; Malloch, D.W.; Clark, D.; Ketch, L.; Urb, M.; Louis-Seize, G.; Assabgui, R.; Sumarah, M.W.; et al. Fifteen new species of Penicillium. Persoonia 2016, 36, 247–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crous, P.W.; Boers, J.; Holdom, D.; Osieck, E.R.; Steinrucken, T.V.; Tan, Y.P.; Vitelli, J.S.; Shivas, R.G.; Barrett, M.; Boxshall, A.G.; et al. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1383–1435. Persoonia 2022, 48, 261–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hyde, K.D.; Tennakoon, D.S.; Jeewon, R.; Bhat, D.J.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Rossi, W.; Leonardi, M.; Lee, H.B.; Mun, H.Y.; Houbraken, J.; et al. Fungal diversity notes 1036–1150: Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Divers. 2019, 96, 1–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrade, K.C.R.; Fernandes, R.A.; Pinho, D.B.; de Freitas, M.M.; Filho, E.X.F.; Pessoa, A.; Silva, J.I.; Magalhaes, P.O. Sequencing and characterization of an L-asparaginase gene from a new species of Penicillium section Citrina isolated from Cerrado. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 17861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seifert, K.A.; Frisvad, J.C.; Mclean, M.A. Penicillium kananaskense, a new species from Alberta soil. Can. J. Bot. 1994, 72, 20–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- You, Y.H.; Cho, H.S.; Song, J.; Kim, D.H.; Houbraken, J.; Hong, S.B. Penicillium koreense sp. nov., isolated from various soils in Korea. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 24, 1606–1608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. Taxonomy of Penicillium section Citrina. Stud. Mycol. 2011, 70, 53–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, M.S.; Lee, J.W.; Kim, S.H.; Park, J.H.; You, Y.H.; Lim, Y.W. Penicillium from rhizosphere soil in terrestrial and coastal environments in South Korea. Mycobiology 2020, 48, 431–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deng, J.X.; Ji, S.H.; Paul, N.C.; Lee, J.H.; Yu, S.H. A new record of Penicillium cainii from soil in Korea. Mycobiology 2013, 41, 112–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Houbraken, J.A.M.P.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. Taxonomy of Penicillium citrinum and related species. Fungal Divers. 2010, 44, 117–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, M.S.; Eom, J.E.; Fong, J.J.; Lim, Y.W. New record and enzyme activity of four species in Penicillium section Citrina from marine environments in Korea. J. Microbiol. 2015, 53, 219–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Visagie, C.M.; Seifert, K.A.; Houbraken, J.; Samson, R.A.; Jacobs, K. A phylogenetic revision of Penicillium sect. Exilicaulis, including nine new species from fynbos in South Africa. IMA Fungus 2016, 7, 75–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.E.; Sun, L.; Peng, D.L.; Chen, G.J.; Sun, H.; Nie, Z.L. The significance of recent diversification in the Northern Hemisphere in shaping the modern global flora revealed from the herbaceous tribe of Rubieae (Rubiaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2022, 177, 107628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuo, Y.J.; Wen, J.; Zhou, S.L. Intercontinental and intracontinental biogeography of the eastern Asian—Eastern North American disjunct Panax (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae), emphasizing its diversification processes in eastern Asia. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2017, 117, 60–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.Y.; Jin, W.T.; Wei, X.X.; Wang, X.Q. Phylotranscriptomics reveals the evolutionary history of subtropical East Asian white pines: Further insights into gymnosperm diversification. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2022, 168, 107403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marchese, C. Biodiversity hotspots: A shortcut for a more complicated concept. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2015, 3, 297–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Penicillium inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 1.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Penicillium inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 2.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Aspergilloides inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 2.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Aspergilloides inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 3.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Citrina inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 3.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Citrina inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 4.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Exilicaulis inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 4.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Exilicaulis inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 5.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Gracilenta inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 5.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Gracilenta inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 6.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Lanata-Divaricata inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 6.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Lanata-Divaricata inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 7.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Sclerotiorum inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Figure 7.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Sclerotiorum inferred from the combined BenA, CaM, and RPB2 dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% (left) or posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 (right) are indicated at nodes. Asterisk denotes 100% bootstrap or 1.00 posterior probability.
Table 1.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Penicillium used in phylogenetic analyses.
| Subgenus | Section | Series | Species | Strain | Locality | Substrate | ITS | BenA | CaM | RPB2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. allsoppiae Visagie et al. 2021 | CBS 138943 T | South Africa | soil | JX140830 | JX140992 | JX157384 | KP016895 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. arizonense Frisvad et al. 2016 | CBS 141311 T | USA | soil | MH492021 | MH492019 | MH492020 | MH492022 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. canescens Sopp 1912 | CBS 300.48 T | UK | soil | AF033493 | JX140946 | MN969241 | JN121485 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. chengkouense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS28-01 = CGMCC 3.25149 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870783 | OR051044 | OR051223 | OR051397 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. corvianum Visagie & Seifert 2016 | CBS 141000 T | Italy | soil | KT887875 | KT887836 | KT887797 | MN969170 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. dunedinense Visagie et al. 2014 | CBS 138218 T | New Zealand | house dust | KJ775678 | KJ775171 | KJ775405 | MN969116 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. eickeri Visagie et al. 2021 | CBS 138939 T | South Africa | mite from Protea repens infructescence | JX140824 | JX140979 | JX157365 | KP016876 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. elizabethiae Visagie & Frisvad 2021 | NRRL 917 T | UK | soil | KP016840 | KJ866964 | KJ867021 | KP016918 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. griseoazureum Moreau & Moreau ex C. Ramírez 1982 | CBS 162.42 T | France | sand dunes | KC411679 | KP016919 | KP016823 | KP016852 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. irregulare Torres-García et al. 2022 | FMR 17859 T | Spain | fluvial sediment | LR814181 | LR814144 | LR814151 | LR814182 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. janczewskii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 221.28 T | Poland | soil under Pinus sp. | AY157487 | MN969386 | MN969267 | JN406612 |
| CS02-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870784 | OR051045 | OR051224 | OR051398 | ||||
| CS10-08 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870785 | OR051046 | OR051225 | OR051399 | ||||
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. jensenii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 327.59 T | Japan | forest soil | AY443470 | JX140954 | AY443490 | JN406614 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. linzhiense H.K. Wang & R. Jeewon 2021 | CCTCC M2019870 T | China: Tibet | soil | MT461156 | MT461157 | MT461162 | n.a. |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. murcianum C. Ramírez & A.T. Martínez 1981 | CBS 161.81 T | Spain | sandy soil | MN431400 | MN969419 | MN969341 | MN969202 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. nigricans Bainier ex Thom 1930 | CBS 354.48 T | France | unknown | KC411755 | KJ866965 | KJ867012 | KP016857 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. radiatolobatum Lörinczi 1972 | CBS 340.79 T | Romania | soil | KC411745 | MN969413 | MT066183 | MN969168 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. scottii Visagie et al. 2021 | CBS 138951 T | South Africa | soil | JX140812 | JX140991 | JX157383 | KP016894 |
| Penicillium | Canescentia | Canescentia | P. yarmokense Baghd. 1968 | CBS 410.69 T | Syria | soil | KC411757 | MN969407 | MN969314 | JN406553 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. biforme Thom 1910 | CBS 297.48 T | USA | French cheese | KC411731 | MN969373 | KU896823 | KU904346 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. camemberti Thom 1906 | CBS 299.48 T | USA | Camembert cheese | AB479314 | FJ930956 | KU896825 | MN969109 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. caseifulvum F. Lund et al. 1998 | CBS 101134 T | Denmark | Danablu cheese | KJ834504 | AY674372 | KU896826 | KU904347 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. cavernicola Frisvad & Samson 2004 | CBS 100540 T | USA | unknown | KJ834505 | KJ834439 | KU896827 | KU904348 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. commune Thom 1910 | CBS 311.48 T | USA | cheese | AY213672 | MN969377 | KU896829 | KU904350 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. crustosum Thom 1930 | CBS 115503 T | UK | lemon | AF033472 | MN969379 | DQ911132 | MN969114 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. dabashanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS26-07 = CGMCC 3.25154 T | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ870786 | OR051047 | OR051226 | OR051400 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. discolor Frisvad & Samson 1997 | CBS 474.84 T | Israel | Raphanus sativus | AJ004816 | AY674348 | KU896834 | KU904351 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. echinulatum Raper & Thom ex Fassat. 1977 | CBS 317.48 T | Canada | culture contaminant | AF033473 | AY674341 | DQ911133 | KU904352 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. palitans Westling 1911 | CBS 107.11 T | Germany | unknown | KJ834514 | KJ834480 | KU896847 | KU904360 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. solitum Westling 1911 | CBS 424.89 T | Germany | unknown | AY373932 | MN969398 | KU896851 | KU904363 |
| Penicillium | Fasciculata | Camembertiorum | P. speluncae Visagie & N. Yilmaz 2020 | DAOMC 251701 T | Canada | swab of deer mouse fur | MG490869 | MG490889 | MG490959 | MN170741 |
| Penicillium | Penicillium | Penicillium | P. expansum Link 1809 | CBS 325.48 T | USA | fruit of Malus sylvestris | AY373912 | AY674400 | DQ911134 | JF417427 |
| CS11-01 | China: Chongqing | soil in a cave | OQ870787 | OR051048 | OR051227 | OR051401 | ||||
| CS11-02 | China: Chongqing | soil in a cave | OQ870788 | OR051049 | OR051228 | OR051402 | ||||
| CS11-03 | China: Chongqing | soil in a cave | OQ870789 | OR051050 | OR051229 | OR051403 | ||||
| CS28-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870790 | OR051051 | OR051230 | OR051404 | ||||
| CS30-02 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870791 | OR051052 | OR051231 | OR051405 | ||||
| Penicillium | Penicillium | Penicillium | P. marinum Frisvad & Samson 2004 | CBS 109550 T | Japan | sandy soil | KJ834512 | AY674392 | KU896842 | KU904357 |
| Penicillium | Ramosum | Scabrosa | P. scabrosum Frisvad et al. 1990 | CBS 683.89 T | Denmark | soil associated with Zea mays | DQ267906 | DQ285610 | FJ530987 | JN406541 |
| CS28-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870792 | OR051053 | OR051232 | OR051406 | ||||
| CS28-21 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870793 | OR051054 | OR051233 | OR051407 | ||||
| Penicillium | Ramosum | Virgata | P. virgatum Nirenberg & Kwaśna 2005 | CBS 114838 T | New Caledonia | soil of field of Glycine max | AJ748692 | KJ834500 | KJ866992 | JN406641 |
| CS26-77 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ870794 | OR051055 | OR051234 | OR051408 | ||||
| CS26-78 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ870795 | OR051056 | OR051235 | n.a. | ||||
| Penicillium | Robsamsonia | Robsamsonia | P. brevistipitatum L. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2005 | CGMCC 3.6887 T | China: Jilin | soil | DQ221696 | DQ221695 | KU896824 | JN406528 |
| CS33-12 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870796 | OR051057 | OR051236 | OR051409 | ||||
| Penicillium | Robsamsonia | Robsamsonia | P. compactum L. Wang & Houbraken 2016 | CGMCC 3.15411 T | China: Heilongjiang | soil | KM973207 | KM973203 | KM973200 | KT698909 |
| Penicillium | Robsamsonia | Robsamsonia | P. concentricum Samson et al. 1976 | CBS 477.75 T | Germany | colon of Cervidae | KC411763 | AY674413 | DQ911131 | KT900575 |
| Penicillium | Robsamsonia | Robsamsonia | P. coprobium Frisvad 1990 | CBS 561.90 T | Norway | pig feed | DQ339559 | AY674425 | KU896830 | KT900576 |
| Penicillium | Robsamsonia | Robsamsonia | P. coprophilum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seifert & Samson 1986 | CBS 110760 T | Cuba | dung of Aves | AF033469 | AY674421 | KU896831 | JN406645 |
| Penicillium | Robsamsonia | Robsamsonia | P. fimorum Frisvad & Houbraken 2016 | CBS 140575 T | Denmark | dung of mouse | KU904343 | KT698889 | KT698898 | KT698908 |
| Penicillium | Robsamsonia | Robsamsonia | P. robsamsonii Frisvad & Houbraken 2016 | CBS 140573 T | Denmark | dung of mouse | KU904339 | KT698885 | KT698894 | KT698904 |
| Penicillium | Eladia | Eladia | P. sacculum E. Dale 1926 | CBS 231.61 T | UK | soil | KC411707 | KJ834488 | KU896849 | JN121462 |
GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. The phrase ‘n.a.’ is the abbreviation of ‘not available’.
Table 2.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Aspergilloides used in phylogenetic analyses.
Table 2.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Aspergilloides used in phylogenetic analyses.
| Subgenus | Section | Series | Species | Strain | Locality | Substrate | ITS | BenA | CaM | RPB2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Glabra | P. armarii Houbraken et al. 2014 | CBS 138171 T | Australia | house dust | KM189758 | KM089007 | KM089394 | KM089781 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Glabra | P. bussumense Houbraken 2014 | CBS 138160 T | The Netherlands | soil | KM189458 | KM088685 | KM089070 | KM089457 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Glabra | P. frequentans Westling 1911 | CBS 105.11 T | unknown | unknown | KM189525 | KM088762 | KM089147 | KM089534 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Glabra | P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling 1911 | CBS 125543 T | unknown | unknown | GU981567 | GU981619 | KM089152 | JF417447 |
| CS14-37 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870797 | OR051058 | OR051237 | OR051410 | ||||
| CS25-45 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870798 | OR051059 | OR051238 | OR051411 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Glabra | P. pulvis Houbraken et al. 2014 | CBS 138432 T | South Africa | house dust | KM189632 | KM088876 | KM089263 | KM089650 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Glabra | P. purpurescens (Sopp) Biourge 1923 | CBS 366.48 T | Canada | soil | KM189561 | KM088801 | KM089186 | KM089573 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Glabra | P. rudallense Houbraken et al. 2014 | CBS 138162 T | Australia | soil | KM189504 | KM088741 | KM089126 | KM089513 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Livida | P. lividum Westling 1911 | CBS 347.48 T | UK | unknown | KM189582 | KM088825 | KM089211 | KM089598 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Livida | P. kananaskense Seifert et al. 1994 | CBS 530.93 T | Canada | soil under Pinus contorta var. latifolia | KM189780 | KM089030 | KM089417 | KM089804 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Livida | P. odoratum M. Chr. & Backus 1962 | CBS 294.62 T | USA | peaty soil | KC411730 | KJ834478 | KM089363 | JN406583 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Livida | P. shihii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS22-03 = CGMCC 3.25168 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870799 | OR051060 | OR051239 | OR051412 |
| CS20-40 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870800 | OR051061 | OR051240 | OR051413 | ||||
| CS20-44 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870801 | OR051062 | OR051241 | OR051414 | ||||
| CS30-12 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870802 | OR051063 | OR051242 | OR051415 | ||||
| CS31-05 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870803 | OR051064 | OR051243 | OR051416 | ||||
| CS32-01 | China: Sichuan | soil of ant hole | OQ870804 | OR051065 | OR051244 | OR051417 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Simianshanica | P. simianshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS04-04 = CGMCC 3.25170 T | China: Chongqing | soil of ant hole | OQ870805 | OR051066 | OR051245 | OR051418 |
| CS04-05 | China: Chongqing | soil of ant hole | OQ870806 | OR051067 | OR051246 | OR051419 | ||||
| CS04-08 | China: Chongqing | soil of ant hole | OQ870807 | OR051068 | OR051247 | OR051420 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. grancanariae C. Ramírez et al. 1978 | CBS 687.77 T | Canary Islands | air | KM189529 | KM088766 | KM089151 | KM089538 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. palmense C. Ramírez et al. 1978 | CBS 336.79 T | Canary Islands | air | KJ834515 | GQ367508 | GQ367534 | JN406566 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. roseomaculatum Biourge 1923 | CBS 137962 T | unknown | unknown | KM189755 | KM089004 | KM089391 | KM089778 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. spinulosum Thom 1910 | CBS 374.48 T | Germany | culture contaminant | AF033410 | KJ834493 | GQ367524 | JN406558 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. sterculiniicola Houbraken 2014 | CBS 122426 T | USA | compost | KM189464 | KM088693 | KM089078 | KM089465 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. subspinulosum Houbraken 2014 | CBS 137946 T | New Zealand | house dust | KM189483 | KM088719 | KM089104 | KM089491 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. tangii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS04-07 = CGMCC 3.25177 T | China: Chongqing | soil of ant hole | OQ870808 | OR051069 | OR051248 | OR051421 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Spinulosa | P. trzebinskii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 382.48 T | Poland | forest soil | KM189784 | KM089034 | KM089421 | KM089808 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. aurantioviolaceum Biourge 1923 | CBS 137777 T | Puerto Rico | unknown | KM189756 | KM089005 | KM089392 | KM089779 |
| CS20-37 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870809 | OR051070 | OR051249 | OR051422 | ||||
| CS20-38 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870810 | OR051071 | OR051250 | n.a. | ||||
| CS21-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870811 | OR051072 | OR051251 | OR051423 | ||||
| CS22-04 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870812 | OR051073 | OR051252 | OR051424 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. austroafricanum Houbraken & Visagie 2014 | CBS 137773 T | South Africa | leaves of Phaenocoma prolifera | KM189610 | KM088854 | KM089241 | KM089628 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. cartierense Houbraken 2014 | CBS 137956 T | The Netherlands | soil | KM189564 | KM088804 | KM089189 | KM089576 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. contaminatum Houbraken 2014 | CBS 345.52 T | UK | culture contaminant | KM189554 | KM088793 | KM089178 | KM089565 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. crocicola T. Yamam. 1956 | CBS 745.70 T | Japan | corms of Crocus sativus | KM189581 | KJ834445 | KM089210 | JN406535 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. fusisporum L. Wang 2014 | CGMCC 3.15338 T | China: Shaanxi | leaves of Rhododendron | KF769424 | KF769400 | KF769413 | MN969117 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. grevilleicola Houbraken & Quaedvlieg 2014 | CBS 137775 T | Australia | leaf of Grevillea ilicifolia | KM189630 | KM088874 | KM089261 | KM089648 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. jejuense M.S. Park & Y.W. Lim 2015 | CBS 138646 T | South Korea | Pollicipes mitella | KF818464 | KF818461 | KF818470 | KF818467 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. jinfoshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS12-10 = CGMCC 3.25161 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870813 | OR051074 | OR051253 | OR051425 |
| CS12-11 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870814 | OR051075 | OR051254 | OR051426 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. roseoviride Stapp & Bortels 1935 | CBS 267.35 T | Germany | soil in a beech forest | KM189549 | KM088787 | KM089172 | KM089559 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. thomii Maire 1917 | CBS 225.81 T | USA | pinecone | KM189560 | KM088799 | KM089184 | KM089571 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. valentinum C. Ramírez & A.T. Martínez 1980 | CBS 172.81 T | Spain | Air | KM189550 | KM088788 | KM089173 | KM089560 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thomiorum | P. yezoense Hanzawa ex Houbraken 2014 | CBS 350.59 T | Japan | butter | KM189553 | KM088792 | KM089177 | KM089564 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Verhageniorum | P. ranomafanaense Houbraken & F. Hagen 2014 | CBS 137953 T | Madagascar | Soil | KM189541 | KM088779 | KM089164 | KM089551 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Verhageniorum | P. verhagenii Houbraken 2014 | CBS 137959 T | Belgium | mosses under Myrica gale | KM189708 | KM088955 | KM089342 | KM089729 |
| Aspergilloides | Aspergilloides | Thiersiorum | P. thiersii S.W. Peterson et al. 2004 | CBS 117503 T | USA | old stroma of Hypoxylon | AF125936 | KJ834497 | AY741726 | JN121434 |
GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. The phrase ‘n.a.’ is the abbreviation of ‘not available’.
Table 3.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Citrina used in phylogenetic analyses.
Table 3.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Citrina used in phylogenetic analyses.
| Subgenus | Section | Series | Species | Strain | Locality | Substrate | ITS | BenA | CaM | RPB2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Citrina | P. citrinum Thom 1910 | CBS 139.45 T | unknown | unknown | AF033422 | GU944545 | MN969245 | JF417416 |
| CS18-10 | China: Chongqing | Soil | OQ870874 | OR051076 | n.a. | OR051427 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Citrina | P. gorlenkoanum Baghd. 1968 | CBS 408.69 T | Syria | Soil | GU944581 | GU944520 | MN969259 | JN606601 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Citrina | P. hetheringtonii Houbraken et al. 2010 | CBS 122392 T | USA | beach soil | GU944558 | GU944538 | MN969263 | JN606606 |
| CS01-09 | China: Chongqing | soil in bamboo grove | OQ870875 | OR051077 | n.a. | OR051428 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Citrina | P. sizovae Baghd. 1968 | CBS 413.69 T | Syria | Soil | GU944588 | GU944535 | MN969298 | JN606603 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Citrina | P. steckii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 260.55 T | Panama | cotton fabric treated with copper naphthenate | GU944597 | GU944522 | MN969300 | JN606602 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Citrina | P. tropicoides Houbraken et al. 2010 | CBS 122410 T | Thailand | soil of rainforest | GU944584 | GU944531 | MN969303 | JN606608 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Citrina | P. tropicum Houbraken et al. 2010 | CBS 112584 T | India | soil between Coffea arabica | GU944582 | GU944532 | MN969304 | JN606607 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | P. cerradense Cruvinel et al. 2021 | DCFS6a T | Brazil | Soil | MT006126 | MT416533 | MT416534 | MT416532 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | P. jenningsiae Y.P. Tan et al. 2022 | BRIP 45936a T | Australia | compost | n.a. | OL741657 | n.a. | OL741660 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | CS02-04 | China: Chongqing | Soil | OQ870876 | OR051078 | OR051255 | OR051429 | |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | CS33-13 | China: Sichuan | Soil | OQ870877 | OR051079 | OR051256 | n.a. | |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | P. qii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS18-09 = CGMCC 3.25165 T | China: Chongqing | Soil | OQ870878 | OR051080 | OR051257 | OR051430 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | CS18-05 | China: Chongqing | Soil | OQ870879 | OR051081 | OR051258 | n.a. | |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | CS18-27 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870880 | OR051082 | OR051259 | OR051431 | |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | P. rarum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS15-04 = CGMCC 3.25166 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870881 | OR051083 | OR051260 | OR051432 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | CS15-05 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870882 | OR051084 | OR051261 | n.a. | |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | CS18-06 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870883 | OR051085 | OR051262 | OR051433 | |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | P. sumatraense Svilv. 1936 | CBS 281.36 T | Indonesia | heath soil | GU944578 | JN606639 | MN969301 | EF198541 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Sumatraensia | P. vulgatum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS15-03 = CGMCC 3.25180 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870884 | OR051086 | OR051263 | OR051434 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. aquadulcis Hyang B. Lee & T.T.T. Nguyen 2021 | CNUFC JT1301 T | South Korea | freshwater | OK356194 | OK105100 | OK105102 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. atrofulvum Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 109.66 T | Democratic Republic of the Congo | soil | JN617663 | JN606677 | JN606387 | JN606620 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. aurantiacobrunneum Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 126228 T | Denmark | air of cake factory | JN617670 | JN606702 | MN969238 | MN969106 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. cairnsense Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 124325 T | Canada | soil | JN617669 | JN606693 | MN969240 | MN969108 |
| CS25-11 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870885 | OR051087 | OR051264 | OR051435 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. christenseniae Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 126236 T | Costa Rica | forest soil | JN617674 | JN606680 | MN969243 | JN606624 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. chrzaszczii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 217.28 T | Poland | woodland soil | GU944603 | JN606758 | MN969244 | JN606628 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. cosmopolitanum Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 126995 T | The Netherlands | heathland soil | JN617691 | JN606733 | MN969249 | MN969113 |
| CS11-04 | China: Chongqing | soil in a cave | OQ870886 | OR051088 | OR051265 | OR051436 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. decaturense S.W. Peterson et al. 2004 | CBS 117509 T | USA | old resupinate fungus | GU944604 | JN606685 | MN969252 | JN606621 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. godlewskii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 215.28 T | Poland | soil under pine | JN617692 | JN606768 | MN969258 | JN606626 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. manginii Duché and R. Heim 1931 | CBS 253.31 T | unknown | soil | GU944599 | JN606651 | MN969274 | JN606618 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. miczynskii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 220.28 T | Poland | soil under conifer | GU944600 | JN606706 | MN969277 | JN606623 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. neomiczynskii A.L.J. Cole et al. 2011 | CBS 126231 T | New Zealand | soil | JN617671 | JN606705 | MN969278 | MN969128 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. nothofagi Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 130383 T | Chile | soil under Nothofagus | JN617712 | JN606732 | JN606507 | MN969129 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. outeniquaense Visagie & Yilmaz 2023 | CBS 147414 T | South Africa | soil | MT949903 | MT957405 | MT957450 | MT957476 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. pancosmium Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 276.75 T | Canada | old basidioma of Armillaria mellea | JN617660 | JN606790 | MN969284 | MN969130 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. pasqualense Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 126330 T | Easter Is., Chile | soil | JN617676 | JN606673 | MN969286 | JN606617 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. quebecense Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 101623 T | Canada | air in sawmill | JN617661 | JN606700 | JN606509 | JN606622 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. raphiae Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 126234 T | Costa Rica | soil under Raphia | JN617673 | JN606657 | MN969292 | JN606619 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. sucrivorum Visagie & K. Jacobs 2014 | CBS 135116 T | South Africa | mite inside infructescence of Protea repens | JX140872 | JX141015 | JX141506 | MN969140 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. ubiquetum Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 126437 T | Costa Rica | soil | JN617680 | JN606800 | MN969306 | MN969142 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. vancouverense Houbraken 2011 | CBS 126323 T | Canada | soil under maple | JN617675 | JN606663 | MN969307 | MN969143 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. waksmanii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 230.28 T | Poland | woodland soil | GU944602 | JN606779 | MN969310 | JN606627 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. wangwentsaii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS20-42 = CGMCC 3.25181 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870887 | OR051089 | OR051266 | OR051437 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. wellingtonense A.L.J. Cole et al. 2011 | CBS 130375 T | New Zealand | soil | JN617713 | JN606670 | MN969311 | JN606616 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. westlingii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 231.28 T | Poland | soil under conifer | GU944601 | JN606718 | MN969312 | JN606625 |
| CS10-16 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870888 | OR051090 | OR051267 | OR051438 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Westlingiorum | P. wushanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS21-01 = CGMCC 3.25184 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870889 | OR051091 | OR051268 | OR051439 |
| Aspergilloides | Citrina | Gallaica | P. gallaicum C. Ramírez et al. 1980 | CBS 167.81 T | Spain | air | JN617690 | JN606837 | JN606548 | JN606609 |
GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. The phrase ‘n.a.’ is the abbreviation of ‘not available’.
Table 4.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Exilicaulis used in phylogenetic analyses.
Table 4.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Exilicaulis used in phylogenetic analyses.
| Subgenus | Section | Series | Species | Strain | Locality | Substrate | ITS | BenA | CaM | RPB2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. aotearoae Visagie & Seifert 2016 | CBS 140999 T | New Zealand | clay | KT887874 | KT887835 | KT887796 | MN969174 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. atrosanguineum B.X. Dong 1973 | CBS 380.75 T | Czech | seeds of Triticum | JN617706 | KJ834435 | KP016771 | JN406557 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. burgense Quintan. ex Visagie 2016 | CBS 325.89 T | Spain | soil | KC411736 | KJ834437 | KP016772 | JN406572 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. diabolicalicense Visagie & Seifert 2016 | CBS 140967 T | New Zealand | beneath moss and Nothofagus | KT887840 | KT887801 | KT887762 | MN969175 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. hemitrachum Visagie & K. Jacobs 2016 | CBS 139134 T | South Africa | air | FJ231003 | JX141048 | JX157526 | KP064642 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. lapidosum Raper & Fennell 1948 | CBS 343.48 T | USA | canned blueberries | MN431392 | KJ834465 | FJ530984 | JN121500 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. maclennaniae H.Y. Yip 1981 | CBS 198.81 T | Australia | rhizoplane of Gahnia radula | KC411689 | KJ834468 | KP016791 | KP064648 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. melinii Thom 1930 | CBS 218.30 T | USA | forest soil | AF033449 | KJ834471 | KP016792 | JN406613 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. namyslowskii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 353.48 T | Poland | soil under Pinus | AF033463 | JX141067 | KP016795 | JF417430 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. raciborskii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 224.28 T | Poland | soil under conifer | AF033447 | JX141069 | KP016800 | JN406607 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. smithii Quintan. 1982 | CBS 276.83 T | Spain | Secale cereale | KC411723 | KJ834492 | KP016806 | JN406589 |
| CS02-06 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ867292 | OR051092 | OR051269 | OR051440 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. terrenum D.B. Scott 1968 | CBS 313.67 T | South Africa | soil | AM992111 | KJ834496 | KP016808 | JN406577 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. velutinum J.F.H. Beyma 1935 | CBS 250.32 T | The Netherlands | sputum from man | AF033448 | JX141170 | MT478037 | KP064682 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Lapidosa | P. xanthomelinii Visagie & K. Jacobs 2016 | CBS 139163 T | South Africa | soil | JX140921 | JX141120 | JX157495 | KP064683 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. allaniae Y.P. Tan et al. 2022 | BRIP 74886a T | Australia | soil | OP903475 | OP921956 | OP921954 | OP921955 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. arabicum Baghd. 1968 | CBS 414.69 T | Syria | soil | KC411758 | KP016750 | KP016770 | KP064574 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. archerae Y.P. Tan et al. 2022 | BRIP 72549c T | Australia | soil | OP903477 | OP921961 | n.a. | OP921960 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. chalabudae Visagie 2016 | CBS 219.66 T | Ukraine | soil | KP016811 | KP016748 | KP016767 | KP064572 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. cinereoatrum Chalab. 1950 | CBS 222.66 T | Ukraine | forest soil | KC411700 | KJ834442 | KP125335 | JN406608 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. flemingii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS26-22 = CGMCC 3.25158 T | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ867293 | OR051093 | OR051270 | OR051441 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | CS26-45 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ867294 | OR051094 | OR051271 | OR051442 | |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | CS26-59 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ867295 | OR051095 | OR051272 | n.a. | |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | CS26-80 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ867296 | OR051096 | OR051273 | n.a. | |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | CS26-88 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ867297 | OR051097 | OR051274 | OR051443 | |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. heteromorphum H.Z. Kong & Z.T. Qi 1988 | CBS 226.89 T | China: Hubei | soil | KC411702 | KJ834455 | KP016786 | JN406605 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. katangense Stolk 1968 | CBS 247.67 T | Congo | soil | AF033458 | KP016757 | KP016788 | KP064646 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. krskae Labuda et al. 2021 | CBS 147776 T | Austria | culture contaminant | MW794123 | MW774594 | MW774595 | MW774593 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. kurssanovii Chalab. 1950 | CBS 625.67 T | Ukraine | maize-field soil | EF422849 | KP016758 | KP016789 | KP064647 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. meridianum D.B. Scott 1968 | CBS 314.67 T | South Africa | soil | AF033451 | KJ834472 | KP016794 | JN406576 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. philippinense Udagawa & Y. Horie 1972 | CBS 623.72 T | Philippines | soil | KC411770 | KJ834482 | KP016799 | JN406543 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. restrictum J.C. Gilman & E.V. Abbott 1927 | CBS 367.48 T | Honduras | soil | AF033457 | KJ834486 | KP016803 | JN121506 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Restricta | P. silybi Labuda et al. 2021 | CBS 147777 T | USA | Silybum marianum | KF367458 | MW774592 | MW774591 | AB860248 |
| Aspergilloides | Exilicaulis | Alutacea | P. alutaceum D.B. Scott 1968 | CBS 317.67 T | South Africa | soil | AF033454 | KJ834430 | KP016768 | JN121489 |
GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. The phrase ‘n.a.’ is the abbreviation of ‘not available’.
Table 5.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Gracilenta used in phylogenetic analyses.
Table 5.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Gracilenta used in phylogenetic analyses.
| Subgenus | Section | Series | Species | Strain | Locality | Substrate | ITS | BenA | CaM | RPB2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Angustiporcata | P. angustiporcatum Takada & Udagawa 1983 | CBS 202.84 T | Nepal | soil | KC411690 | KJ834431 | MN969235 | JN406617 |
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Estinogena | P. chongqingense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS03-01 = CGMCC 3.25150 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870822 | OR051098 | OR051275 | OR051444 |
| CS03-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870823 | OR051099 | OR051276 | OR051445 | ||||
| CS03-08 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870824 | OR051100 | OR051277 | OR051446 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Estinogena | P. estinogenum A. Komatsu & S. Abe ex G. Sm. 1963 | CBS 329.59 T | Japan | soil | MN431388 | MN969381 | MN969255 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Estinogena | P. guarroi Torres-Garcia et al. 2022 | FMR 17747 T | Spain | fluvial sediment | LR814139 | LR814134 | LR814140 | LR814145 |
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Estinogena | P. sichuanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS32-04 = CGMCC 3.25169 T | China: Sichuan | soil of ant hole | OQ870825 | OR051101 | OR051278 | OR051447 |
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Gracilenta | P. gracilentum Udagawa & Y. Horie 1973 | CBS 599.73 T | Papua New Guinea | soil | KC411768 | KJ834453 | MN969260 | JN121537 |
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Macrosclerotiorum | P. apimei R.N. Barbosa et al. 2018 | CBS 142502 T | Brazil | honey | MF278310 | LT854641 | LT882717 | LT854650 |
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Macrosclerotiorum | P. aquaticum Hyang B. Lee et al. 2018 | CNUFC YSW8-1 T | South Korea | plant debris in freshwater | KY587453 | KY587450 | KY587447 | KY587449 |
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Macrosclerotiorum | P. johnpittii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS23-04 = CGMCC 3.25163 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870826 | OR051102 | OR051279 | OR051448 |
| CS33-02 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870827 | OR051103 | OR051280 | OR051449 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Gracilenta | Macrosclerotiorum | P. macrosclerotiorum L. Wang et al. 2007 | CGMCC 3.6581 T | China: Chongqing | soil | KJ834511 | KJ834469 | AY678538 | JN121432 |
| Aspergilloides | Stolkia | Stolkia | P. stolkiae D.B. Scott 1968 | CBS 315.67 T | South Africa | soil | AF033444 | JN617717 | AF481135 | JN121488 |
GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. The phrase ‘n.a.’ is the abbreviation of ‘not available’.
Table 6.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Lanata-Divaricata used in phylogenetic analyses.
Table 6.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Lanata-Divaricata used in phylogenetic analyses.
| Subgenus | Section | Series | Species | Strain | Locality | Substrate | ITS | BenA | CaM | RPB2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. abidjanum Stolk 1968 | CBS 246.67 T | Côte d’Ivoire | soil | GU981582 | GU981650 | MN969234 | JN121469 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. amphipolaria Visagie et al. 2016 | CBS 140997 T | Antarctica | soil | KT887872 | KT887833 | KT887794 | MN969177 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. ausonanum Torres-Garcia et al. 2022 | FMR 16948 T | Spain | fluvial sediment | LR655808 | LR655809 | LR655810 | LR655811 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. austrosinense L. Cai et al. 2018 | CGMCC 3.18797 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495007 | KY495116 | MN969328 | KY495061 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. daleae K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 211.28 T | Poland | soil under conifer | GU981583 | GU981649 | MN969251 | KF296427 |
| CS01-10 | China: Chongqing | soil in bamboo grove | OQ870719 | OR051104 | OR051281 | OR051450 | ||||
| CS01-11 | China: Chongqing | soil in bamboo grove | OQ870720 | OR051105 | OR051282 | OR051451 | ||||
| CS03-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870721 | OR051106 | OR051283 | OR051452 | ||||
| CS05-01 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870722 | OR051107 | OR051284 | OR051453 | ||||
| CS09-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870723 | OR051108 | OR051285 | OR051454 | ||||
| CS12-09 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870724 | OR051109 | OR051286 | OR051455 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. griseopurpureum G. Sm. 1965 | CBS 406.65 T | UK | soil under Coniferae | KF296408 | KF296467 | MN969261 | KF296431 |
| CS24-03 | China: Chongqing | soil under Larix sp. | OQ870725 | OR051110 | OR051287 | OR051456 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. guaibinense J.P. Andrade et al. 2018 | CCDCA 11512 T | Brazil | soil | MH674389 | MH674391 | MH674393 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. jianfenglingense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18802 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495016 | KY495125 | MN969334 | KY495069 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. pauciramulum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS04-09 = CGMCC 3.25164 T | China: Chongqing | ant hole soil | OQ870726 | OR051111 | OR051288 | OR051457 |
| CS04-10 | China: Chongqing | ant hole soil | OQ870727 | OR051112 | OR051289 | OR051458 | ||||
| CS04-11 | China: Chongqing | ant hole soil | OQ870728 | OR051113 | OR051290 | OR051459 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. penarojense Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 113178 T | Colombia | leaf litter | GU981570 | GU981646 | MN969287 | KF296450 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. rubriannulatum L. Cai et al. 2018 | CGMCC 3.18804 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495029 | KY495138 | MN969336 | KY495080 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. singorense Visagie et al. 2014 | CBS 138214 T | Thailand | house dust | KJ775674 | KJ775167 | KJ775403 | MN969138 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. stangiae A.L. Alves & P.V. Tiago 2022 | URM 8347 T | Brazil | forest soil | MW648590 | MW646388 | MW646390 | MW646392 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. vanderhammenii Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 126216 T | Colombia | leaf litter | GU981574 | GU981647 | MN969308 | KF296458 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. viridissimum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18796 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495004 | KY495113 | MN969339 | KY495059 |
| CS03-05 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870729 | OR051114 | OR051291 | OR051460 | ||||
| CS08-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870730 | OR051115 | OR051292 | OR051461 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Dalearum | P. zonatum Hodges & T.J. Perry 1973 | CBS 992.72 T | USA | soil | GU981581 | GU981651 | MN969315 | KF296461 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. brefeldianum B.O. Dodge 1933 | CBS 235.81 T | North America | human alimentary tract | AF033435 | GU981623 | EU021683 | KF296421 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. caperatum Udagawa & Y. Horie 1973 | CBS 443.75 T | Papua New Guinea | soil | KC411761 | GU981660 | MN969242 | KF296422 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. cluniae Quintan. 1990 | CBS 326.89 T | Spain | soil | MN431386 | MN969376 | MN969246 | KF296424 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. coeruleum Sopp 1923 | CBS 141.45 T | unknown | unknown | GU981606 | GU981655 | MN969247 | KF296425 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. cremeogriseum Chalab. 1950 | CBS 223.66 T | Ukraine | forest soil | GU981586 | GU981624 | MN969250 | KF296426 |
| CS09-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870731 | OR051116 | OR051293 | OR051462 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. curticaule Visagie & K. Jacobs 2015 | CBS 135127 T | South Africa | sandveld fynbos soil | FJ231021 | JX091526 | JX141536 | KF296417 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. donggangicum L.Wang 2022 | CGMCC 3.15900 T | China: Liaoning | soil of tidal flats | MW946996 | MZ004914 | MZ004918 | MW979253 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. ehrlichii Kleb. 1930 | CBS 324.48 T | Poland | unknown | GU981578 | GU981652 | MN969253 | KF296428 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. elleniae Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 118135 T | Colombia | leaf litter | GU981612 | GU981663 | MN969254 | KF296429 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. glaucoroseum Demelius 1923 | CBS 138908 T | USA | soil | MN431390 | MN969383 | MN969257 | MN969119 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. janthinellum Biourge 1923 | CBS 340.48 T | Nicaragua | soil | GU981585 | GU981625 | MN969268 | JN121497 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. javanicum J.F.H. Beyma 1929 | CBS 341.48 T | Indonesia | root of Camellia sinensis | GU981613 | GU981657 | MN969269 | JN121498 |
| CS23-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870732 | OR051117 | OR051294 | OR051463 | ||||
| CS23-40 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870733 | OR051118 | OR051295 | OR051464 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. koreense S.B. Hong et al. 2014 | CBS 141338 T | South Korea | bamboo field soil | KJ801939 | KM000846 | MN969317 | MN969159 |
| CS19-06 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870734 | OR051119 | OR051296 | n.a. | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. levitum Raper & Fennell 1948 | CBS 345.48 T | USA | modelling clay | GU981607 | GU981654 | MN969270 | KF296432 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. limosum S. Ueda 1995 | CBS 339.97 T | Japan | marine sediment | GU981568 | GU981621 | MN969271 | KF296433 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. lineolatum Udagawa & Y. Horie 1977 | CBS 188.77 T | Japan | soil | GU981579 | GU981620 | MN969272 | KF296434 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. ludwigii Udagawa 1969 | CBS 417.68 T | Japan | polished seed of Oryza sativa | KF296409 | KF296468 | MN969273 | KF296435 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. malacosphaerulum Visagie & K. Jacobs 2015 | CBS 135120 T | South Africa | sandveld fynbos soil | FJ231026 | JX091524 | JX141542 | KF296438 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. melanosporum Rodr.-Andr. et al. 2021 | FMR 17424 T | Spain | soil | LR655192 | LR655196 | LR655200 | LR655204 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. meloforme Udagawa & Y. Horie 1973 | CBS 445.74 T | Papua New Guinea | soil | KC411762 | GU981656 | MN969276 | KF296440 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. michoacanense Rodr.-Andr. et al. 2021 | FMR 17612 T | Mexico | soil | LR655194 | LR655198 | LR655202 | LR655206 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. nordestinense J.E.F. Santos & R.N. Barbosa 2022 | URM 8423 T | Brazil | pollen | OV265270 | OV265324 | OV265272 | OM927721 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. ortum Visagie & K. Jacobs 2015 | CBS 135669 T | South Africa | soil | JX091427 | JX091520 | JX141551 | KF296443 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. raperi G. Sm. 1957 | CBS 281.58 T | UK | soil in field of Brassica oleracea | AF033433 | GU981622 | MN969291 | KF296453 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. reticulisporum Udagawa 1968 | CBS 122.68 T | Japan | soil | AF033437 | MN969394 | MN969293 | KF296454 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. setosum T.K. George et al. 2022 | CBS 144865 T | India | Withania somnifera | KT852579 | MF184995 | MH105905 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. siccitolerans Rodr.-Andr. et al. 2021 | FMR 17381 T | Spain | soil | LR655193 | LR655197 | LR655201 | LR655205 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. soli Doilom et al. 2020 | KUMCC 18-0202 T | China: Yunnan | rhizosphere soil of Quercus rubra | MT152337 | MT161681 | MT178249 | MT384372 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. tengii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS27-03 = CGMCC 3.25179 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870735 | OR051120 | OR051297 | OR051465 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. uruguayense Guevara-Suarez et al. 2017 | CBS 143247 T | Uruguay | soil | LT904729 | LT904699 | LT904698 | MN969200 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Janthinella | P. yunnanense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18794 T | China: Yunnan | acidic soil | KY494990 | KY495099 | MN969340 | KY495048 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. annulatum Visagie & K. Jacobs 2015 | CBS 135126 T | South Africa | air | JX091426 | JX091514 | JX141545 | KF296410 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. bissettii Visagie & Seifert 2016 | CBS 140972 T | Canada | soil of Picea forest | KT887845 | KT887806 | KT887767 | MN969178 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. camponotum Visagie et al. 2016 | CBS 140982 T | Canada | Camponotus pennsylvanicus | KT887855 | KT887816 | KT887777 | MN969179 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. coffeatum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS10-15 = CGMCC 3.25152 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870815 | OR051121 | OR051298 | OR051466 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. excelsum Taniwaki et al. 2015 | IBT 31516 T | Brazil | shell of Bertholletia excelsa | KR815341 | KP691061 | KR815342 | MN969166 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. flaviroseum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18805 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495032 | KY495141 | MN969329 | KY495083 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. fructuariae-cellae M. Lorenzini et al. 2019 | CBS 145110 T | Italy | grape berry | MK039434 | KU554679 | MK045337 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. hainanense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18798 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495009 | KY495118 | MN969333 | KY495062 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. ochrochloron Biourge 1923 | CBS 357.48 T | USA | copper sulphate solution | GU981604 | GU981672 | MN969280 | KF296445 |
| CS05-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870736 | OR051122 | OR051299 | OR051467 | ||||
| CS05-05 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870737 | OR051123 | OR051300 | OR051468 | ||||
| CS07-01 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870738 | OR051124 | OR051301 | OR051469 | ||||
| CS07-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870739 | OR051125 | OR051302 | OR051470 | ||||
| CS08-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870740 | OR051126 | OR051303 | n.a. | ||||
| CS08-04 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870741 | OR051127 | OR051304 | OR051471 | ||||
| CS09-01 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870742 | OR051128 | OR051305 | OR051472 | ||||
| CS09-05 | China: Chongqing | soil | n.a. | OR051129 | OR051306 | n.a. | ||||
| CS10-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870743 | OR051130 | OR051307 | OR051473 | ||||
| CS10-14 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870744 | OR051131 | OR051308 | OR051474 | ||||
| CS13-10 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870745 | OR051132 | OR051309 | OR051475 | ||||
| CS22-01 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870746 | OR051133 | OR051310 | OR051476 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. piscarium Westling 1911 | CBS 362.48 T | Germany | cod-liver oil emulsion | GU981600 | GU981668 | MN969288 | KF296451 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. pulvillorum Turfitt 1939 | CBS 280.39 T | UK | soil | AF178517 | GU981670 | MN969289 | KF296452 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. rolfsii Thom 1930 | CBS 368.48 T | North America | fruit of Ananas sativus | JN617705 | GU981667 | MN969294 | KF296455 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. rotoruae O’Callahan & Vaidya 2020 | CBS 145838 T | New Zealand | Pinus radiata timber stake | MN315103 | MN315104 | MN315102 | MT240842 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. soliforme L. Cai et al. 2018 | CGMCC 3.18806 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495038 | KY495147 | MN969337 | KY495047 |
| CS02-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870747 | OR051134 | OR051311 | OR051477 | ||||
| CS05-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870748 | OR051135 | OR051312 | OR051478 | ||||
| CS09-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870749 | OR051136 | OR051313 | n.a. | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. subrubescens Houbraken et al. 2013 | CBS 132785 T | Finland | soil of Helianthus tuberosus field | KC346350 | KC346327 | KC346330 | KC346306 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. subrutilans X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS20-14 = CGMCC 3.25174 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870816 | OR051137 | OR051314 | OR051479 |
| CS20-27 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870817 | OR051138 | OR051315 | n.a. | ||||
| CS20-58 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870818 | OR051139 | OR051316 | OR051480 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. svalbardense Frisvad et al. 2007 | CBS 122416 T | Norway: Svalbard | glacial ice | GU981603 | DQ486644 | KC346338 | KF296457 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. terrarumae Houbraken et al. 2016 | CBS 131811 T | China: Guizhou | soil contaminated by heavy metals | MN431397 | KX650295 | MN969323 | MN969185 |
| CS14-17 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870750 | OR051140 | OR051317 | n.a. | ||||
| CS23-08 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870751 | OR051141 | OR051318 | OR051481 | ||||
| CS23-26 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870752 | OR051142 | OR051319 | n.a. | ||||
| CS23-48 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870753 | OR051143 | OR051320 | n.a. | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Rolfsiorum | P. vasconiae C. Ramírez & A.T. Martínez 1980 | CBS 339.79 T | Spain | soil | GU981599 | GU981653 | MN969309 | MN969144 |
| CS20-23 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870819 | OR051144 | OR051321 | OR051482 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. alagoense L.O. Ferro et al. 2019 | URM 8086 T | Brazil | leaf endophyte of Miconia | MK804503 | MK802333 | MK802336 | MK802338 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. araracuaraense Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 113149 T | Colombia | leaf litter | GU981597 | GU981642 | MN969237 | KF296414 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. brasilianum Bat. 1957 | CBS 253.55 T | Brazil | herbarium exsiccata | GU981577 | GU981629 | MN969239 | KF296420 |
| CS13-08 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870754 | OR051145 | OR051322 | OR051483 | ||||
| CS13-12 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870755 | OR051146 | OR051323 | OR051484 | ||||
| CS17-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870756 | OR051147 | OR051324 | n.a. | ||||
| CS20-08 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870757 | OR051148 | OR051325 | n.a. | ||||
| CS24-02 | China: Chongqing | soil under Larix sp. | OQ870758 | OR051149 | OR051326 | OR051485 | ||||
| CS26-24 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ870759 | OR051150 | OR051327 | n.a. | ||||
| CS26-53 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ870760 | OR051151 | OR051328 | n.a. | ||||
| CS26-56 | China: Chongqing | soil under a palm tree | OQ870761 | OR051152 | OR051329 | n.a. | ||||
| CS28-06 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870762 | OR051153 | OR051330 | OR051486 | ||||
| CS28-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870763 | OR051154 | OR051331 | OR051487 | ||||
| CS32-03 | China: Sichuan | soil of ant hole | OQ870764 | OR051155 | OR051332 | OR051488 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. cataractum Visagie et al. 2016 | CBS 140974 T | Canada | nuts of Carya cordiformis | KT887847 | KT887808 | KT887769 | MN969180 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. echinulonalgiovense S. Abe ex Houbraken & R.N. Barbosa 2018 | CBS 328.59 T | Japan | soil | GU981587 | GU981631 | KX961269 | KX961301 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. fengjieense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS15-01 = CGMCC 3.25157 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870765 | OR051156 | OR051333 | OR051489 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. globosum L. Cai et al. 2018 | CGMCC 3.18800 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495014 | KY495123 | MN969330 | KY495067 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. griseoflavum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18799 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495011 | KY495120 | MN969331 | KY495064 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. guangxiense L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18793 T | China: Guangxi | soil | KY494986 | KY495095 | MN969332 | KY495045 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. infrabuccalum Visagie et al. 2016 | CBS 140983 T | Canada | Camponotus pennsylvanicus | KT887856 | KT887817 | KT887778 | MN969181 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. jinyunshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS02-01 = CGMCC 3.25162 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870766 | OR051157 | OR051334 | OR051490 |
| CS02-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870767 | OR051158 | OR051335 | OR051491 | ||||
| CS02-10 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870768 | OR051159 | OR051336 | OR051492 | ||||
| CS03-06 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870769 | OR051160 | OR051337 | n.a. | ||||
| CS03-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870770 | OR051161 | OR051338 | OR051493 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. laevigatum L. Cai et al. 2018 | CGMCC 3.18801 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil | KY495015 | KY495124 | MN969335 | KY495068 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. mariae-crucis Quintan. 1982 | CBS 271.83 T | Spain | Secale cereale | GU981593 | GU981630 | MN969275 | KF296439 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. newtonturnerae Y.P. Tan et al. 2022 | BRIP 74909a T | Australia | soil | OP903478 | OP921964 | OP921962 | OP921963 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. onobense C. Ramírez & A.T. Martínez 1981 | CBS 174.81 T | Spain | andosol | GU981575 | GU981627 | MN969281 | KF296447 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. panissanguineum Visagie et al. 2016 | CBS 140989 T | Tanzania | soil near termite mound | KT887862 | KT887823 | KT887784 | MN969182 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. paraherquei S. Abe ex G. Sm. 1963 | CBS 338.59 T | Japan | soil | AF178511 | KF296465 | MN969285 | KF296449 |
| CS20-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870771 | OR051162 | OR051339 | OR051494 | ||||
| CS20-15 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870772 | OR051163 | OR051340 | n.a. | ||||
| CS20-20 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870773 | OR051164 | OR051341 | n.a. | ||||
| CS20-21 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870774 | OR051165 | OR051342 | n.a. | ||||
| CS20-25 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870775 | OR051166 | OR051343 | n.a. | ||||
| CS20-31 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870776 | OR051167 | OR051344 | n.a. | ||||
| CS20-80 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870777 | OR051168 | OR051345 | n.a. | ||||
| CS21-05 | China: Chongqing | soil | n.a. | OR051169 | OR051346 | OR051495 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. pedernalense Laich & J. Andrade 2018 | CBS 140770 T | Ecuador | Litopenaeus vannamei | KU255398 | KU255396 | MN969322 | MN969184 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom 1930 | CBS 372.48 T | South Africa | flannel bag | GU981588 | GU981632 | MN969297 | JN121507 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. skrjabinii Schmotina & Golovleva 1974 | CBS 439.75 T | Russia | soil | GU981576 | GU981626 | MN969299 | EU427252 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. spinuliferum L. Cai & X.Z. Jiang 2018 | CGMCC 3.18807 T | China: Hainan | acidic soil with Litchi chinensis | KY495040 | KY495149 | MN969338 | KY495090 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. subfuscum Visagie & Yilmaz 2023 | CBS 147455 T | South Africa | soil | MT949907 | MT957412 | MT957454 | MT957480 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. taii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS16-09 = CGMCC 3.25176 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870778 | OR051170 | OR051347 | OR051496 |
| CS30-11 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870779 | OR051171 | OR051348 | OR051497 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. tanzanicum Visagie et al. 2016 | CBS 140968 T | Tanzania | soil near termite mound | KT887841 | KT887802 | KT887763 | MN969183 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. uttarakhandense Rajeshk. et al. 2021 | NFCCI 4808 T | India | garden soil | MN967315 | MN972443 | MN972445 | MN972447 |
| CS24-01 | China: Chongqing | soil under Larix sp. | OQ870780 | OR051172 | OR051349 | OR051498 | ||||
| CS20-36 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870781 | OR051173 | OR051350 | n.a. | ||||
| CS24-06 | China: Chongqing | soil under Larix sp. | OQ870782 | OR051174 | OR051351 | n.a. | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. vickeryae Y.P. Tan & R.G. Shivas 2022 | BRIP 72552a T | Australia | soil | OP903479 | OP921966 | n.a. | OP921965 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. wandoense Hyang B. Lee et al. 2019 | CNUFC-WT31-1 T | South Korea | freshwater | n.a. | MK080564 | MK080566 | MK080562 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. wotroi Houbraken et al. 2011 | CBS 118171 T | Colombia | leaf litter | GU981591 | GU981637 | MN969313 | KF296460 |
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Simplicissima | P. yuyongnianii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS13-01 = CGMCC 3.25187 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870820 | OR051175 | OR051352 | OR051499 |
| CS14-23 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870821 | OR051176 | OR051353 | OR051500 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Lanata-Divaricata | Oxalica | P. oxalicum Currie & Thom 1915 | CBS 219.30 T | USA | soil | AF033438 | KF296462 | MN969283 | JN121456 |
GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. The phrase ‘n.a.’ is the abbreviation of ‘not available’.
Table 7.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Sclerotiorum used in phylogenetic analyses.
Table 7.
Species and sequences of Penicillium subgen. Aspergilloides sect. Sclerotiorum used in phylogenetic analyses.
| Subgenus | Section | Series | Species | Strain | Locality | Substrate | ITS | BenA | CaM | RPB2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. adametzii K.W. Zaleski 1927 | CBS 209.28 T | Poland | soil under conifers | JN714929 | JN625957 | KC773796 | JN121455 |
| CS04-01 | China: Chongqing | soil of ant hole | OQ870828 | OR051177 | n.a. | OR062043 | ||||
| CS08-01 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870829 | OR051178 | OR051354 | OR062044 | ||||
| CS08-05 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870830 | OR051179 | n.a. | OR062045 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. adametzioides S. Abe ex G. Sm. 1963 | CBS 313.59 T | Japan | JN686433 | JN799642 | JN686387 | JN406578 | |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. alexiae Visagie et al. 2013 | CBS 134558 T | Tunisia | soil of Quercus suber forest | KC790400 | KC773778 | KC773803 | KX961291 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. amaliae Visagie et al. 2013 | CBS 134209 T | South Africa | infructescence of Protea repens | JX091443 | JX091563 | JX141557 | KX961292 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. angulare S.W. Peterson et al. 2004 | CBS 130293 T | USA | old polypore on dead stump of conifer | AF125937 | KC773779 | KC773804 | JN406554 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. arianeae Visagie et al. 2013 | CBS 134559 T | The Netherlands | soil | KC773833 | KC773784 | KC773811 | KX961294 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. barbosae S. Ramos et al. 2021 | URM 7705 T | Brazil | sugarcane soil | MW191494 | MG452818 | MW183245 | LR898886 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. bilaiae Chalab. 1950 | CBS 221.66 T | former Soviet Union | soil | JN714937 | JN625966 | JN626009 | JN406610 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. brocae S.W. Peterson et al. 2003 | CBS 116113 T | Mexico | feces of Hypothenemus hampei | AF484398 | KC773787 | KC773814 | JN406639 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. jugoslavicum C. Ramírez & Munt.-Cvetk. 1984 | CBS 192.87 T | former Yugoslavia | seed of Helianthus annuus | KC773836 | KC773789 | KC773815 | JN406618 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. lilacinoechinulatum S. Abe ex G. Sm. 1963 | CBS 454.93 T | Japan | AY157489 | KC773790 | KC773816 | KX961293 | |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. limae S. Ramos et al. 2021 | URM 7706 T | Brazil | sugarcane soil | MW191493 | MG452820 | MW183244 | LR898888 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. mellis R.N. Barbosa et al. 2018 | CBS 142499 T | Brazil | honey produced by Melipona scutellaris | MN431398 | MN969417 | MN969327 | LT854652 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. reconvexovelosoi J.P. Andrade et al. 2019 | CCDCA 11500 T | Brazil | leaf litter | n.a. | MN497417 | MN497418 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Adametziorum | P. restingae J.P. Andrade et al. 2014 | CBS 140379 T | Brazil | soil | KF803355 | KF803349 | KF803352 | MN969134 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. additum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS16-03 = CGMCC 3.25145 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870831 | OR051180 | OR051355 | OR062046 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. brachycaulis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS24-11 = CGMCC 3.25148 T | China: Chongqing | soil under Larix sp. | OQ870832 | OR051181 | OR051356 | OR062047 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. celere X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS28-05 = CGMCC 3.25172 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870848 | OR051197 | OR051372 | OR062062 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. choerospondiatis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2017 | CGMCC 3.18411 T | China: Hunan | fruits of Choerospondias axillaris | KX885063 | KX885043 | KX885053 | KX885034 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. creberum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS02-09 = CGMCC 3.25153 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870833 | OR051182 | OR051357 | OR062048 |
| CS16-08 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870834 | OR051183 | OR051358 | OR062049 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. ellipsoideum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS20-01 = CGMCC 3.25156 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870835 | OR051184 | OR051359 | OR062050 |
| CS20-11 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870836 | OR051185 | OR051360 | n.a. | ||||
| CS28-04 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870837 | OR051186 | OR051361 | OR062051 | ||||
| CS29-01 | China: Shaanxi | soil | OQ870838 | OR051187 | OR051362 | OR062052 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. flosculum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS33-03 = CGMCC 3.25159 T | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870839 | OR051188 | OR051363 | OR062053 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. herquei Bainier & Sartory 1912 | CBS 336.48 T | France | leaf of Agauria pirifolia | JN626101 | JN625970 | JN626013 | JN121494 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. jiangjinense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS04-14 = CGMCC 3.25160 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870840 | OR051189 | OR051364 | OR062054 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. malachiteum (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Houbraken & Samson 2011 | CBS 647.95 T | Japan | soil | KC773838 | KC773794 | KC773820 | MN969125 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. neoherquei Labuda et al. 2022 | CBS 148692 T | USA | mushroom sporocarp | MW341222 | OL840853 | OL840855 | MW349119 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. sanshaense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2017 | CGMCC 3.18413 T | China: Hainan | soil | KX885070 | KX885050 | KX885060 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. scruposum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS13-09 = CGMCC 3.25167 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870841 | OR051190 | OR051365 | OR062055 |
| CS13-19 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870842 | OR051191 | OR051366 | OR062056 | ||||
| CS13-20 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870843 | OR051192 | OR051367 | OR062057 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. sphaerioides X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS02-11 = CGMCC 3.25175 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870850 | OR051199 | OR051374 | OR062064 |
| CS02-12 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870851 | OR051200 | OR051375 | OR062065 | ||||
| CS04-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870852 | OR051201 | OR051376 | OR062066 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. subasperum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS04-02 = CGMCC 3.25173 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870849 | OR051198 | OR051373 | OR062063 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. subglobosum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS16-01 = CGMCC 3.25171 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870844 | OR051193 | OR051368 | OR062058 |
| CS16-02 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870845 | OR051194 | OR051369 | OR062059 | ||||
| CS16-04 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870846 | OR051195 | OR051370 | OR062060 | ||||
| CS18-26 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870847 | OR051196 | OR051371 | OR062061 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. tardicrescens X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS14-24 = CGMCC 3.25178 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870853 | OR051202 | OR051377 | OR062067 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. umkhoba Visagie & Yilmaz 2023 | CBS 147457 T | South Africa | soil | MT949912 | MT957417 | MT957459 | MT957485 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. verrucisporum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2017 | CGMCC 3.18415 T | China: Hunan | soil | KX885069 | KX885049 | KX885059 | KX885040 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. wanyuanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS33-06 = CGMCC 3.25182 T | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870854 | OR051203 | OR051378 | OR062068 |
| CS33-09 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870855 | OR051204 | OR051379 | OR062069 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Herqueorum | P. wulientehii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS32-02 = CGMCC 3.25183 T | China: Sichuan | soil of ant hole | OQ870856 | OR051205 | OR051380 | OR062070 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. acidum Hyang B. Lee et al. 2018 | CNUFC DLW4-1 T | South Korea | plant debris in water | KY587441 | KY587439 | KY587442 | KY587446 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. asterineum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS05-03 = CGMCC 3.25146 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870857 | OR051206 | OR051381 | OR062071 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. austrosinicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2017 | CGMCC 3.18410 T | China: Guangdong | rotten fruit | KX885061 | KX885041 | KX885051 | KX885032 |
| CS03-04 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870858 | OR051207 | OR051382 | OR062072 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. beibeiense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS02-05 = CGMCC 3.25147 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870859 | OR051208 | OR051383 | OR062073 |
| CS02-08 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870860 | OR051209 | OR051384 | OR062074 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. cainii K.G. Rivera et al. 2011 | CCFC 239914 T | Canada | nuts of Juglans nigra | JN686435 | JN686366 | JN686389 | MT156346 |
| CS21-03 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870861 | OR051210 | OR051385 | OR062075 | ||||
| CS33-11 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870862 | OR051211 | OR051386 | OR062076 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. circulare Hyang B. Lee et al. 2019 | CNUFC GEU220-1 T | South Korea | forest soil | n.a. | MK481057 | MK481061 | MK481053 |
| CS16-06 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870863 | OR051212 | OR051387 | OR062077 | ||||
| CS16-07 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870864 | OR051213 | OR051388 | OR062078 | ||||
| CS18-12 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870865 | OR051214 | OR051389 | OR062079 | ||||
| CS18-14 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870866 | OR051215 | OR051390 | OR062080 | ||||
| CS33-08 | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870867 | OR051216 | OR051391 | OR062081 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. coccineum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS15-02 = CGMCC 3.25151 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870868 | OR051217 | OR051392 | OR062082 |
| CS18-01 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870869 | OR051218 | n.a. | OR062083 | ||||
| CS18-15 | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870870 | OR051219 | OR051393 | OR062084 | ||||
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. daejeonium S.H. Yu & H.K. Sang 2013 | KACC 46609 T | South Korea | fruits of Vitis cv. Cheongsoo | JX436489 | JX436493 | JX436491 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. dazhouense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS33-19 = CGMCC 3.25155 T | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870871 | OR051220 | OR051394 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. exsudans X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang 2017 | CGMCC 3.18412 T | China: Guangdong | rotten fruit | KX885062 | KX885042 | KX885052 | KX885033 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. fernandesiae R.N. Barbosa et al. 2018 | CBS 142500 T | Brazil | nests of Melipona scutellaris | MF278314 | MN969416 | LT854649 | LT854654 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. ferraniaense Houbraken & Di Piazza 2021 | CBS 147595 T | Italy | compost | MW694951 | MW689336 | MW689338 | MW689340 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. guanacastense K.G. Rivera et al. 2012 | CCFC 239912 T | Costa Rica | caterpillar of Eutelia | JN626098 | JN625967 | JN626010 | KX961295 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. hirayamae Udagawa 1959 | CBS 229.60 T | Thailand | milled Oryza sativa | JN626095 | JN625955 | JN626003 | JN121459 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. jacksonii K.G. Rivera et al. 2011 | CCFC 239937 T | Canada | soil | JN686437 | JN686368 | JN686391 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. johnkrugii K.G. Rivera et al. 2011 | CCFC 239943 T | Malaysia | forest soil | JN686447 | JN686378 | JN686401 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. kalander Visagie & Yilmaz 2023 | CMW 56202 T | South Africa | soil | MT949914 | MT957421 | MT957461 | MT957487 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. mallochii K.G. Rivera et al. 2012 | CCFC 239917 T | Costa Rica | leaf of Spondias mombin | JN626104 | JN625973 | JN626016 | KX961296 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. maximae Visagie et al. 2013 | CBS 134565 T | USA | weathering treated cellophane | EU427298 | KC773795 | KC773821 | MN969126 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. meliponae R.N. Barbosa et al. 2018 | CBS 142495 T | Brazil | honey by Melipona scutellaris | MF278315 | MN969418 | LT854648 | LT854653 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. sclerotiorum J.F.H. Beyma 1937 | CBS 287.36 T | Indonesia | air | JN626132 | JN626001 | JN626044 | JN406585 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. tolerans Y.P. Tan et al. 2022 | BRIP 64090a T | Australia | soil | OK639006 | OL741658 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. ulleungdoense D.H. Choi & J.G. Kim 2021 | KACC 48990 T | South Korea | root of Phedimus takesimensis | MN640087 | MN737487 | MN745074 | MN756007 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. vanoranjei Visagie et al. 2013 | CBS 134406 T | Tunisia | soil of Quercus suber forest | KC695696 | KC695686 | KC695691 | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. viticola Nonaka & Masuma 2011 | JCM 17636 T | Japan | fruit of Vitis | AB606414 | AB540174 | n.a. | n.a. |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. wuxiense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS25-12 = CGMCC 3.25185 T | China: Chongqing | soil | OQ870872 | OR051221 | OR051395 | OR062085 |
| Aspergilloides | Sclerotiorum | Sclerotiorum | P. xuanhanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov. | CS31-04 = CGMCC 3.25186 T | China: Sichuan | soil | OQ870873 | OR051222 | OR051396 | OR062086 |
| Aspergilloides | Griseola | Griseola | P. griseolum G. Sm. 1957 | CBS 277.58 T | UK | acid dunes | EF422848 | EF506213 | EF506232 | JN121480 |
GenBank accession numbers in bold indicate the newly generated sequences. The phrase ‘n.a.’ is the abbreviation of ‘not available’.
Table 8.
Detailed characteristics of the datasets.
| Dataset | No. of Seq. | Length of Alignment (bp) | Model for BI |
|---|---|---|---|
| subgen. Penicillium | 53 | 1867 | TIMef + I + G |
| sect. Aspergilloides | 50 | 1839 | SYM + I + G |
| sect. Citrina | 51 | 1983 | GTR + I + G |
| sect. Exilicaulis | 34 | 1919 | TrNef + I + G |
| sect. Gracilenta | 14 | 2073 | TrN + I + G |
| sect. Lanata-Divaricata | 161 | 1960 | TVM + I + G |
| sect. Sclerotiorum | 90 | 2123 | GTR + I + G |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Wang, X.-C.; Zhang, Z.-K.; Zhuang, W.-Y. Species Diversity of Penicillium in Southwest China with Discovery of Forty-Three New Species. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121150
AMA Style
Wang X-C, Zhang Z-K, Zhuang W-Y. Species Diversity of Penicillium in Southwest China with Discovery of Forty-Three New Species. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(12):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121150
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xin-Cun, Zhi-Kang Zhang, and Wen-Ying Zhuang. 2023. "Species Diversity of Penicillium in Southwest China with Discovery of Forty-Three New Species" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 12: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121150
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
