Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny Reveal Five New Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) from Southern China

Abstract

The genus Laccaria is a type of cosmopolitan and ecologically important fungal group. Members can form ectomycorrhizal associations with numerous trees, and some species are common edible fungi in local markets. Although some new species from China are recently published, the species diversity of Laccaria is still unclear in China. In this study, some samples of Laccaria were collected from southern China, and morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses based on the multilocus dataset of ITS-LSU-tef1-rpb2 confirmed five new species. Laccaria miniata, L. nanlingensis and L. neovinaceoavellanea were collected from subtropical broad-leaved forests, and L. rufobrunnea and L. umbilicata were collected from subtropical mixed forests of southwest China. Full descriptions, illustrations, comparisons with similar species and phylogenetic analysis are provided.

1. Introduction

Laccaria Berk. & Broome (Agaricales, Hydnangiaceae) is an important fungal group with high ecological and economic values. Species in Laccaria are widely reported from every continent except Antarctica and can form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) relationships with a wide range of trees, such as Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae and Salicaceae [1,2]. Laccaria is considered a model genus for understanding ectomycorrhizal (ECM) ecology and evolution; some species are reported that can act as pioneer species and can be frequently found in recently disturbed sites and young forest stands, play important roles in primary and secondary succession, and are useful for ecological protection and restoration [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. In addition, some Laccaria species are edible and common in local markets [12]; for example, L. aurantia, L. bicolor, L. moshuijun and L. vinaceoavellanea are commercial mushrooms in Sichuan Province, China [13].

In general, Laccaria members are mainly characterized by the collybioid to omphaloid basidiocarp; the convex to plane or umbilicate, and usually dry pileus; thick, waxy, sinuate to subdecurrent, often widely spaced lamellae, echinulate basidiospores, the hymenium typically devoid of pleurocystidia, and the clamped hyphae [8,14,15,16,17,18]. It is not difficult to recognize the genus Laccaria due to its distinct morphological characteristics; however, infrageneric species identification is difficult in many instances due to the overlapping morphological features [18,19,20]. Recent studies show that molecular data are helpful in species identification of this genus [1,2,17,18,20,21,22]. The discovery of Laccaria new species has been rapidly increasing in recent years [23]. To date, about 110 species have been reported worldwide [2,23], but most of them were originally described from Europe and North America [1,8,20,24,25,26,27,28,29]. In China, 25 Laccaria species have been reported, including 17 species originally described from China [1,2,17,22,30,31,32,33,34].

During the survey of macrofungi in southern and southwestern China, some distinct Laccaria samples were collected. Based on morphological feature studies and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, five species are confirmed as new to science. Therefore, they are formally introduced herein, containing the full morphological descriptions, color photographs, line drawings, comparison with similar species, and a phylogenetic tree to show their placement and uniqueness.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Morphological Studies

Photographs of fresh basidiocarps were taken in the field. Specimens were dried and deposited in the Fungarium of Guangdong Institute of Microbiology (GDGM). Descriptions of macro-morphological characters and habitats were obtained from photographs and field notes. Color codes follow Kornerup and Wanscher [35]. Microscopic observations were carried out on tissue sections stained with 5% KOH and 1% aqueous Congo red under a light microscope (Olympus BX51, Tokyo, Japan) with magnification up to 1000×. For basidiospore descriptions, the abbreviation [n/m/p] denotes n spores measured from m basidiomata of p collections; the notation (a–)b–c(–d) describes basidiospore dimensions, where the range b–c represented 90% or more of the measured values and ‘a’ and ‘d’ were the extreme values; ‘av.’ represents the mean range of basidiospore length × width. Q referred to the length/width ratio of an individual basidiospore, and Q_m referred to the average Q value of all basidiospores ± sample standard deviation. All microstructure line drawings were made based on rehydrated materials.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to observe the surface of basidiospores. Lamellar fragments of the dried specimens were fastened to aluminum stubs and coated with gold palladium. Then, they were observed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (Thermo Scientific Apreo 2S HiVac, Brno, Czech Republic) with an accelerating rate of 5 kV.

2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and Sequencing

Genomic DNA samples were extracted from voucher specimens using the Sangon Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Primer pairs ITS1F/ITS4 [36], LR0R/LR7 [37], EF1-983F/EF1-1967R [38] and bRPB2-6F/bRPB2-7.1R [39] were used to amplify ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2, respectively. PCR reactions were performed in a total volume of 25 μL containing 0.5 μL template DNA, 11 μL sterile deionized water, 0.5 μL of each primer and 12.5 μL 2× PCR mix (DreamTaq^tm Green PCR Master Mix, Fermentas, MA, USA). Amplification reactions were performed in a TProfessional Standard Thermocycler (Biometra, Göttingen, Germany) under the following conditions: 95 °C for 4 min; then 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 60 s, annealing at 53 °C (ITS, LSU)/50 °C (tef1)/52 °C (rpb2) for 60 s, extension at 72 °C for 60 s and a final extension at 72 °C for 8 min. The PCR products were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gels and then sent for sequencing on an ABI Prism^® 3730 Genetic Analyzer (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA) at the Beijing Genomic Institute (BGI) using the same PCR primers. The raw sequences were assembled and checked with SeqMan implemented in Lasergene v7.1 (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI, USA). The newly generated sequences in this study were submitted to GenBank.

2.3. Phylogenetic Analyses

Sequences generated in this study and those downloaded from GenBank were combined and used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Detailed information of specimens included in this study was given in

Table 1. Taxa included in molecular phylogenetic analyses and their GenBank accession numbers. Accession numbers in bold indicate newly generated sequences in this study. Taxa marked with T represent type specimens.

Taxa	Specimens	Locality	GenBank Accession Nos.				References
			ITS	LSU	tef1	rpb2
Laccaria acanthospora (T)	AWW485	Tibet, China	JX504102	JX504186	KU686073	KU685916	[21]
L. acanthospora	HKAS45998	Tibet, China	JX504161	KU685870	_	KU686069	[1]
L. affinis	GMM7618	France	KM067852	_	_	_	[48]
L. affinis	GMM7619	France	KM067853	_	_	_	[48]
L. affinis	GMM7602	France	KM067842	_	_	_	[48]
L. alba	GMM6131	China	JX504131	JX504210	KU686079	KU685930	[21]
L. alba	KUN 20120807-69	China	MG519542	MG519583	MG551649	MG551616	[1]
L. alba	AWW438	China	JX504094	JX504178	KU686072	KU685912	[1]
L. amethysteo-occidentalis	AWW557	USA	MT279220	MT279200	MT436061	MT431174	[49]
L. amethysteo-occidentalis	AWW556	Canada	JX504107	JX504191	_	KU685919	[1]
L. amethystina	GMM7633	France	JX504154	JX504228	_	_	[21]
L.  angustilamella	GMM6171	France	JX504132		_	_	[21]
L.  angustilamella	HKAS58714	Tibet, China	JX504168	JX504244	_	_	[21]
L.  anglica	AngFr	France	GQ406459	_	_	_	[49]
L.  anglica	ScoFr	France	GQ406468	_	_	_	[49]
L. araneosa (T)	KNU20120912-40	Korea	MG519548	MG519588	MG551654	MG551621	[50]
L.  araneosa	KUN20120912-25	Korea	MG519550	MG519590	MG551656	MG551623	[1]
L.  araneosa	SFC20130917-21	Korea	MG519549	MG519589	_	MG551622	[1]
L. aurantia (T)	KUN-F78557	Yunnan, China	JQ670895	_	_	_	[22]
L.  aurantia	HKAS122365	Yunnan, China	ON794252	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. aurantia	MB-FB-001106	Yunnan, China	JQ670895	_	_	_	[22]
L.  bicolor	BicSer	France	GQ406463	_	_	_	[49]
L.  bicolor	LbC	United Kingdom	MF958447	_	_	_	[51]
L.  bicolor	AWW585	USA	JX504111	_	_	_	[21]
L.  bicolor	CBS:559.96	Netherlands	MH862598	_	_	_	[52]
L. bullipellis (T)	AWW465	Tibet, China	JX504100	JX504184	_	KU685914	[21]
L. canaliculata	GMM7222	Australia	KU685664	KU685807	_	KU685950	[1]
L. canaliculata	GMM7264	Australia	KU685674	KU685817	_	KU685957	[1]
L. canaliculata	GMM7267	Australia	JX504137	JX504213	KU686093	KU685960	[1]
L. canaliculata	GMM7251	Australia	KU685669	KU685812	KU686090	KU685955	[1]
L. dallingii	Corrales 543	Panama	MT279238	MT279213	MT436076	MT431187	[53]
L. dallingii (T)	Corrales 571	Panama	MT279240	MT279214	_	_	[53]
L. diospyricola	SN 10	India	MK776767	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. fagacicola (T)	HKAS90435	Yunnan, China	MW540806	_	_	_	[2]
L.  fagacicola	HKAS107731	Yunnan, China	MW540807	_	_	_	[2]
L. fengkaiensis (T)	HKAS106739	Guangdong, China	MN585657	_	_	_	[33]
L.  fengkaiensis	HKAS106741	Guangdong, China	MN585658	_	_	_	[33]
L.  fengkaiensis	LF 1841	China	MT822919	_	_	_	[54]
L. fibrillosa	GMM7508	New Zealand	KU685706	KU685847	_	KU685989	[1]
L. fibrillosa	GMM7562	New Zealand	KU685714	KU685855	_	KU685996	[1]
L. fortunensis	Corrales 74	Panama	MT279246	_	_	_	[53]
L. fortunensis	Corrales 75	Panama	MT279247	_	_	_	[53]
L. fortunensis	Corrales 25	Panama	MT279245	_	_	_	[53]
L. fulvogrisea (T)	KUN-F78556	Yunnan, China	JQ670896	_	_	_	[22]
L.  fulvogrisea	KUN-FB-101105	Yunnan, China	JQ681210	_	_	_	[22]
L.  fulvogrisea	MB-FB-001101	Yunnan, China	JQ670896	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. galerinoides	F1081213	Chile	KU685634	KU685778	KU686078	KU685929	[1]
L. galerinoides	F1080983	Argentina	KU685632	KU685776	KU686077	KU685927	[1]
L. gomezii	F1102433	Costa Rica	_	MT279205	_	MT431180	[1]
L. gomezii	GMM7173	Costa Rica	MT279227	MT279207	MT436071	MT431182	[51]
L. griseolilacina	SFC20190919-48	South Korea	MT322981	MT322983	MT333269	MT333266	[23]
L. himalayensis (T)	AWW484	Tibet, China	JX504101	JX504185	_	KU685915	[21]
L.  himalayensis	AWW445	Tibet, China	JX504096	JX504180	_	_	[21]
L.  himalayensis	AWW463	Tibet, China	JX504098	JX504182	_	KU685913	[21]
L. indohimalayana	KD 17-46	India	MK575505	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. indohimalayana (T)	KD 17-20	India	MK584157	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. indohimalayana	CAL 1754	India	NR_171835	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. japonica (T)	TNS-F64167	Honshu, Japan	KU962988	_	_	_	[32]
L.  japonica	SFC20130704-34	Korea	MG519521	MG519568	MG551596	MG551598	[55]
L.  japonica	SFC20130928-07	Japan	KU962975	MG519565	MG551632	MG551594	[55]
L.  japonica	SFC20120726-28	Japan	MG519520	MG519567	MG551634	MG551597	[1]
L. laccata	SMI199	Canada	FJ845416	_	_	_	[56]
L. laccata	L16	Mexico	MF039229	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. laccata	DAVFP:26723	Canada	JF899561	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. laccata	Sporome	Mexico	KY969630	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. laccata var. pallidifolia	HMJAU26932	China	KM246792	_	_	_	[20]
L. laccata var. pallidifolia	GMM7605	France	JX504146	KU685901	KU686154	KU686048	[21]
L. laccata var. pallidifolia	lac 1370	USA	DQ149849	_	_	_	[20]
L. lateritia	GMM7531	Australia	KU685709	KU685850	KU686118	KU685992	[1]
L. lateritia	GMM7221	Australia	KU685663	KU685806	_	KU685949	[1]
L. lateritia	GMM7250	Australia	KU685668	KU685811	_	KU685954	[1]
L.longipes	MQ 18R253-QFB30769	Canada	MN992191	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.longipes	HMJAU26933	China	KM246793	_	_	_	[31]
L.  macrobasidia	HBAU15557	China	MW871602	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  macrocystidia	GMM7616	France	KM067850	KU685863		KU686004	[48]
L.  macrocystidia	GMM7612	France	KM067841	KU685861	KU686122	KU686002	[48]
L.  macrocystidia	GMM7626	France	KM067856	KU685865	KU686125	KU686006	[48]
L.  masoniae	GMM7443	Australia	JX504139	JX504215	_	_	[21]
L.  masoniae	GMM7240	Australia	KU685667	KU685810	_	KU685953	[21]
L.  masoniae	GMM7200	Australia	KU685656	KU685799	KU686084	KU685941	[21]
L.  miniata  (T)	GDGM76043	Guangdong, China	OR689440	OR785476	_	_	This study
L.  montana	C5442	Switzerland	OR419936	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  montana	M5464	Switzerland	OR419935	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  montana	TWO 319	USA	DQ149862	_	_	_	[32]
L. moshuijun (T)	HKAS93732	Yunnan, China	KU962989	_	_	_	[32]
L.  moshuijun	MB-001113	China	KU962985	_	_	_	[32]
L. moshuijun	HMAS 131870	China	ON877154	_	_	_	[32]
L.  murina	Nara_LaM90	Japan	AB211271	_	_	_	[55]
L.  murina	FBSR-535	Pakistan	OQ881021	_	_	_	[57]
L.  murina	ASIS24249	Korea	MG519552	MG519592	MG551658	MG551625	[55]
L.  nanlingensis	GDGM84949	Guangdong, China	OR689441	OR785477	OR826274	OR835198	This study
L.  nanlingensis  (T)	GDGM84954	Guangdong, China	OR689442	OR785478	OR826273	OR835199	This study
L. negrimarginata (T)	BAP360	Tibet, China	JX504120				[21])
L. negrimarginata	GMM7631	Tibet, China	JX504153	JX504227	KU686130	KU686011	[21]
L. negrimarginata	HMAS272239	Tibet, China	ON877189	_	_	_	[30]
L.  neovinaceoavellanea  (T)	GDGM52852	Jiangxi, China	OR689447	OR785479	_	_	This study
L. neovinaceoavellanea	GDGM53063	Jiangxi, China	OR689448	OR785480	_	_	This study
L. neovinaceoavellanea	GDGM89621	Yunnan, China	OR689449	OR785481	_	_	This study
L.  nitrophila	Corrales 467	Panama	MT279233	_	_	_	[51]
L.  nitrophila	Corrales 595	Panama	MT279236	MT279211	MT436074	MT431186	[51]
L.  nitrophila	Corrales 423	Panama	MT279235	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  nobilis	nob1469	USA	DQ149854	_	_	_	[20]
L.  nobilis	nob42527	USA	DQ149861	_	_	_	[20]
L.  nobilis	F1091206	USA	KU685636	KU685779	_	_	[1]
L.  ohiensis	GMM7564	New Zealand	KU685715	KU685856	_	KU685997	[1,21]
L.  ohiensis	GMM7593NZ	New Zealand	KU685718	KU685860	KU686121	KU685994	[1]
L.  oblongospora	OblFr	France	GQ406466	_	_	_	[49]
L.  ochropurpurea	JMP0038	USA	EU819479	_	_	_	[58]
L. ochropurpurea	PRL3777	USA	JX504169	JX504246	_	KU686024	[21]
L. ochropurpurea	PRL4777	USA	KU685721	KU685883	_	KU686025	[21]
L. pallidorosea (T)	HKAS107730	Yunnan, China	MW540808	_	_	_	[2]
L. pallidorosea	HKAS53170	Yunnan, China	MW540809	_	_	_	[2]
L. paraphysata	PDD:80007	New Zealand	KM975424	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. paraphysata	PDD:95230	New Zealand	KM975427	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. parva (T)	SFC20120919-05	Korea	MG519529	MG519573	MG551640	MG551604	[59]
L. parva	SFC20121001-08	Korea	MG519530	MG519574	_	_	[59]
L. parva	SFC20120906-01	Korea	MG519527	MG519572	MG551639	MG551602	[59]
L. populina (T)	GDOR411	Italy	Mn871894	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. prava (T)	HKAS106742	Guangdong, China	MN585660	_	_	_	[33]
L. prava	HKAS106745	Guangdong, China	MN585661	_	_	_	[33]
L. proxima	GMM7584	Russia	KU685717	KU685858	KU686120	KU685999	[1]
L. proxima	GMM7596	France	JX504142	JX504217	KU686151	KU686045	[1]
L. proxima	GMM7631	France	JX504152	JX504226	_	_	[1]
L. pseudomontana	Cripps 1771	USA	DQ149870	_	_	_	[20]
L. pseudomontana (T)	Cripps 1625	USA	DQ149871	_	_	_	[20]
L. pumila	GMM7637	France	JX504156	JX504229	KU686158	_	[21]
L. pumila	GG125_86	Netherlands	GU234161	_	_	_	[60]
L. roseoalbescens	LM5042	Mexico	KJ874327	KJ874330	_	_	[18]
L. roseoalbescens	LM5099	Mexico	KJ874328	KJ874331	_	_	[18]
L. roseoalbescens	VB4678	Mexico	KJ590509	KJ590510	_	_	[18]
L. roseoalbescens	VB4677	Mexico	KJ590508	KJ590511	_	_	[18]
L. rubroalba	HKAS90766	Yunnan, China	KX449359	_	_	_	[17]
L. rubroalba	HKAS90751	Yunnan, China	KX449360	_	_	_	[17]
L. rubroalba	HMAS131833	China	ON877153	_	_	_	[17]
L. rufobrunnea  (T)	GDGM82878	Yunnan, China	OR689443	OR785482	OR826272	OR835197	This study
L. rufobrunnea	GDGM89627	Yunnan, China	OR689444	OR785483			This study
L. salmonicolor (T)	GMM7596tibet	Tibet, China	JX504143	JX504218	KU686151	KU686045	[21]
L. salmonicolor	GMM7602	Tibet, China	JX504145	JX504220	_	_	[21]
L. squarrosa	DM63	Mexico	MF669958	MF669965	_	_	[61]
L. squarrosa	DM121	Mexico	MF669960	MF669967	_	_	[61]
L. squarrosa	DM93	Mexico	MF669959	MF669966	_	_	[61]
L. stellata	SYC 207	Panama	KP877339	_	_	_	[62]
L. stellata	SYC 109	Panama	KP877340	_	_	_	[62]
L. stellata	Corrales 27	Panama	MT279231	MT279210	_	MT431185	[51]
L. striatula	HMJAU59796	China	OR468697	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. striatula	1475 PREMIX	USA	OQ612526	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. striatula	CNV105	USA	MT345281	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. tetraspora	F1080957	Argentina	KU685631	KU685775	_	_	[1]
L. tetraspora	CT-4259	Argentina	MH930294	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. torosa	SFC20150902-17	France	MG519561	_	_	_	[50]
L. torosa	KA12-1306	France	MG519562	_	_	_	[50]
L. tortilis (T)	ASIS22273	Korea	MG519533	_	_	_	[50]
L. tortilis	GMM7635	France	JX504155	KU685906	KU686156	KU686053	[21]
‘L. tortilis’	AWW545	USA	JX504106	JX504190	_	KU685917
‘L. tortilis’	F1116205	USA	KU685641	KU685785	_	_	[1]
L.  trichodermophora	GO-2010-082	Mexico	KC152152	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  trichodermophora	HC-PNNT-099	Mexico	KT875034	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  trullisata	PRL7587	Tibet, China	JX504170	JX504247	KU686153	KU686047	[21]
L.  trullisata	WCG2075	–	KM067894	_	_	_	[48]
L.  umbilicata	GDGM82883	Yunnan,China	OR689445	OR785485	OR826270	OR835194	This study
L.  umbilicata  (T)	GDGM82911	Yunnan,China	OR689446	OR785486	OR826268	OR835192	This study
L. versiforma (T)	SFC20120926-01	Korea	MG519556	MG519594	MG551660	MG551627	[50]
L.  versiforma	ASIA20939	Korea	MG519557	MG519595	MG551661	MG551628	[50]
L.  versiforma	KUN20120924-82	China	MG519559	MG519596	MG551662	MG551629	[50]
L.  violaceonigra	GMM7520	New Zealand	KU685707	KU685848	_	KU685990	[1]
L.  violaceonigra	GMM7580	New Zealand	KU685716	KU685857	_	KU685998	[1]
L.  violaceonigra	GMM7533	New Zealand	KU685710	KU68585	_	KU685993	[1]
L.  vinaceoavellanea	SFC201200907-18	Korea	MG519536	MG519578	_	MG551611	[50]
L.  vinaceoavellanea	ASIS23860	Korea	MG519538	_	MG551645	MG551613	[50]
L.  vinaceoavellanea	SFC20120907-10	Korea	MG519539	MG519580	MG551646	MG551614	[50]
L.  vinaceoavellanea	TNS A2986	Korea	JN942810	_	_	JN993520	Direct Submission
L.  vinaceobrunnea	GO-2009-360	Mexico	KC152154	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  vinaceobrunnea	GO-2009-316	Mexico	KC152155	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L.  vinaceobrunnea	GO-2009-308	Mexico	KC152153	_	_	_	Direct Submission
L. yunnanensis (T)	KUN-F78558	Yunnan, China	JQ670897	_	_	_	[22]
L. yunnanensis	HMAS271371	Yunnan, China	ON877187	_	_	_	[22]
L. yunnanensis	HMAS264310	China	KX496978	_	_	_	Direct Submission
Mythicomyces corneipes	AFTOL972	Germany	DQ404393	AY745707	DQ029197	DQ447929	Direct Submission
M.corneipes	DAOM178138	Germany	_	_	_	_	Direct Submission

. Sequence matrices of ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 were aligned separately with software MAFFT v7 using the E-INS-i strategy [40] and manually adjusted in MEGA 6 [41]. The ambiguously aligned regions and introns of the two protein-coding genes of tef1 and rpb2 were retained in the final analyses. Phylogenetic analyses were performed in PhyloSuite [42]. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were inferred using IQ-TREE [43] under the Edge-linked partition model (TPM2u+F+R4 for ITS and rpb2, TN+F+R3 for LSU, and TIM2e+G4 for tef1) for 5000 ultrafast bootstraps [44], as well as the Shimodaira–Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood-ratio test [45]. Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenies were inferred using MrBayes 3.2.6 [46], and the best models of the multilocus datasets were searched via PartitionFinder 2 [47] for each locus, i.e., GTR+F+I+G4 for ITS and tef1, K80 + I + G for LSU, and SYM + I + G4 for rpb2. BI analysis using four chains was conducted by setting generations to 200,000 and the stoprul command with the value of stopval set to 0.01; trees were sampled every 1000 generations, the initial 25% of sampled data were discarded as burn-in and posterior probabilities (PP) were then calculated from the posterior distribution of the retained Bayesian trees. The phylogenetic trees were visualized in FigTree v1.4.23.

3. Results

3.1. Molecular Phylogeny

The combined dataset (ITS+LSU+tef1+rpb2) used for phylogenetic analyses consisted of 378 sequences from 185 collections, including 30 sequences (10 for ITS, 10 for nrLSU, 5 for tef1 and 5 for rpb2) newly generated in the present study. The final alignment contained 2802 characters (704, 889, 614 and 595 for ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2, respectively). Mythicomyces corneipes (Fr.) Redhead & A.H. Sm. was selected as the outgroup based on recent studies [2,33]. The phylogeny tree derived from the ML analysis with both PP and BS support values is shown in Figure 1. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Laccaria is a well-supported monophyletic group; specimens collected from China in the current study formed five highly supported monophyletic lineages within the genus. Three new species, L. neovinaceoavellanea, L. rufobrunnea and L. umbilicata, clustered together with L. diospyricola, L. fengkaiensis, L. prave, L. vinaceoavellanea, L. violaceotincta and L. yunnanensis, and formed a well-supported subclade. Laccaria miniata showed a close relationship with L. glabripes, L. paraphysata and L. ohiensis. Two specimens named L. nanlingensis formed a monophyletic clade.

3.2. Taxonomy

Laccaria miniata Ming Zhang, sp. nov.; Figure 2a,b, Figure 3a,b and Figure 4.

Fungal Name: FN571672

Diagnosis—Laccaria miniata is distinguished by its small red basidiocarps with relatively longer stipes, longer basidia usually with two sterigmata (up to 11 μm long), globose to subglobose basidiospores, and the absence of cheilocystidia and caulocystidia.

Etymology—‘miniata’ refers to the red basidiocarp.

Type—CHINA. Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, Huadu District, Hongxiuquan Reservoir, elevation of 150 m, in a broad-leaved forest mainly dominated by Fagaceae trees, 23°27′ N, 113°12′ E, elevation of 100 m, 14 March 2019, Ming Zhang (GDGM76043), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689440, 28S = OR785476.

Basidiocarps small, omphalinoid. Pileus 10–15 mm broad, convex to applanate, hygrophanous, glabrous to subtomentose, red (9A7–11A7), with a deep red (10C8–11C8) center, gradually fading to reddish orange to yellowish red (7A7–8A7) toward margin; margin entire, translucent-striate; context pale red (9A3–11A3). Lamellae sinuate to adnate, distant, pastel red (8A4–10A4), pastel pink (11A4) to red (9A6); lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 35–60 mm long, 1.5–2 mm thick, subcylindrical, subglabrous to fibrillose, sometimes slightly longitudinally striate, red (9A7–11A7) to deep red (10C8–11C8); basal mycelium white to grayish white (1A1–1A2). Odor and taste unknown.

Basidiospores (excluding ornamentation) [60/3/2] 8–10.5(11) × 8–10 μm, av. 9.37 ± 0.83 × 8.80 ± 0.60, Q = 1–1.11, Q_m = 1.06 ± 0.04, globose to subglobose, hyaline, echinulate, crowded; spines 0.5–1 μm long. Basidia 40–58 × 8–15 μm, clavate, hyaline, mostly two-spored, occasionally four-spored; sterigmata 6–11 μm long. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia not observed. Pileipellis, a cutis, composed of appressed, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm) filamentous hyphae 5–15 μm wide, colorless to slightly brownish. Lamellar trama regular, composed of thin-walled filamentous hyphae 5–12 μm wide. Stipitipellis is composed of appressed, parallel, simply septate, thin-walled, colorless hyphae 3–15 μm wide. Caulocystidia lacking. Clamp connections present.

Habitat and distribution—Single, scattered or in groups on soil in subtropical broad-leaved forests dominated by Fagaceae (Castanopsis fissa, C. spp.) trees. Currently known to be from southern China.

Notes—Laccaria miniata is mainly characterized by its tiny pileus, relatively slender stipe (stipe length 3–5 times that of pileus diameter), and the absence of pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia. On the base of the morphological features given above, the new species can be placed either in sect. Laccata or in sect. Bisporae of Laccaria [29].

Laccaria pumila Fayod, originally reported from France, is similar to L. miniata for having small basidiocarps; however, the former differs by its red-brown to orange-brown pileus usually fading to buff, pinkish flesh lamellae, interwoven pileipellis hyphae, larger basidiospores measuring (10)11–16.5(20) × (7.8)10–14.5(16) µm, and the north temperate habitations [55]. Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke differs by the relatively larger basidiocarps, broadly elliptical basidiospores (8.5–9.5 × 6.7–8 μm), and the north temperate habitations [63,64]. Laccaria longipes G.M. Muell., originally reported from North America, also has long stipes; however, L. longipes differs by its larger basidiocarp, orange-brown to buff pileus, and subglobose to broadly elliptical basidiospores (av. 7.6–7.8 × 6.8–7.2 μm in size) [63].

Phylogenetic analysis shows L. miniata is close to L. glabripes McNabb, L. ohiensis (Mont.) Singer and L. paraphysata (McNabb) J.A. Cooper. Laccaria glabripes, originally reported from New Zealand, differs from L. miniata by its flesh pink to reddish brown pileus with a darker center, more robust stipe, and shorter four-spored basidia (32–48 × 7–10.5 μm) [65]; Laccaria ohiensis, originally reported from North America, differs by its relatively larger basidiocarp (pileus up to 35–50 mm in diameter), reddish brown to dark reddish brown pileus with finely furfuraceous tomentum on surface, larger basidiospores (9.5–12.5 µm in diameter) and two-spored basidia [59,65]; L. paraphysata differs by its relatively larger basidiocarp (pileus up to 35 mm broad), reddish brown to dark reddish brown pileus, irregularly shaped and simple branched paraphyses, and the presenting of cheilocystidia [65]. In addition, L. paraphysata is currently only known to be from New Zealand and grows under native bush and scrub dominated by Leptospermum spp. [65].

Laccaria nanlingensis Ming Zhang, sp. nov.; Figure 2c,d, Figure 3c and Figure 5.

Fungal Name: FN571673

Etymology—‘nanlingensis’ refers to the locality of the type species in Nanling National Nature Reserve.

Diagnosis—Laccaria nanlingensis is characterized by its relatively larger basidiocarp, orange to brownish red pileus, pale red to grayish red lamellae, and small basidiospores (6.5–7.5 × 6–7 μm).

Type—CHINA. Guangdong Province, Shaoguan City, Nanling National Nature Reserve, 24°56′ N, 113°3′ E, elevation of 1000 m, 27 March 2021, Ming Zhang (GDGM84954), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689442, 28S = OR785478, tef1 = OR826273, rpb2 = OR835199.

Basidiocarps small to medium, omphalinoid. Pileus 30–55 mm broad, convex to applanate, with a shallowly depressed center, dry or hygrophanous, glabrous, orange, reddish orange, orange-red, brownish orange to brownish red (5A6–8A6, 6C6–8C6), slightly fading to light orange to pale orange when dry, with obviously radial translucent striate, especially toward margin; margin entire, involute when young, applanate to wavy when old; context pinkish white to purplish white (13A2–14A2). Lamellae sinuate to adnate, distant, concolorous with pileus or darker to pale red to grayish red (9A4–10A4, 9C4–10C4); lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 25–70 mm long, 2–5 mm thick, cylindrical, subglabrous, occasionally slightly longitudinally striate, concolorous with pileus; basal mycelium white. Odor and taste unknown.

Basidiospores (excluding ornamentation) [60/3/2] 6.5–7.5 × 6–7 μm, av. 6.95 ± 0.15 × 6.37 ± 0.45, Q = 1–1.16, Q_m = 1.09 ± 0.07, globose to subglobose, hyaline, echinulate, not crowded, distant; spines 0.5–1 μm long. Basidia 35–48 × 8–12 μm, clavate, hyaline, four-spored; sterigmata 6–10 μm long. Pleurocystidia lacking. Cheilocystidia 40–60 × 4–6 μm, filamentous to narrowly clavate, thin-walled, colorless and hyaline, abundant. Pileipellis a cutis with repent hyphae, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm) filamentous hyphae 5–13 μm wide, colorless to slightly brownish. Lamellar trama regular, composed of thin-walled filamentous hyphae 5–10 μm wide. Stipitipellis is composed of appressed, parallel, simply septate, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm), colorless to yellow-brown hyphae 4–8 μm wide. Caulocystidia 50–67 × 7–9 μm, clavate, scarce, sometimes subcapitate to irregularly shaped, slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm), colorless to yellow-brown, scattered. Clamp connections present.

Habitat and distribution—Single, scattered or in groups on soil in subtropical broad-leaved forests mainly dominated by Fagaceae trees. Currently known to be from southern China.

Additional specimens examined—China. Guangdong Province, Shaoguan City, Ruyuan County, Nanling National Nature Reserve, 24°56′ N, 113°3′ E, elevation of 1000 m, 27 March 2017, Ming Zhang (GDGM84949), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689441, 28S = OR785477, tef1 = OR826274, rpb2 = OR835198.

Notes—Laccaria fagacicola Yang-Yang Cui, Qing Cai & Zhu L. Yang, L. himalayensis A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell. and L. yunnanensis Popa, Rexer, Donges, Zhu L. Yang & G. Kost are similar to L. nanlingensis. However, L. fagacicola differs from L. nanlingensis by its brownish orange to brownish pileus, relatively larger basidiospores (7–9 × 6.5–8 μm) and basidia (45–60 × 9–12 μm) [2]. Laccaria himalayensis differs by its larger basidiospores (av. 8.1–9.0 μm) and growing in mixed-temperate alpine conifer forests with Abies, Acer, Larix, Pinus and Salix [1]. Laccaria yunnanensis differs in having larger basidiocarps, brownish to flesh-colored pileus, flesh-colored lamellae, relatively larger basidiospores (8–9 × 8–10 μm), and the presence of pleurocystidia (55–65 ×15–25 μm) [22]. In addition, L. torosa H.J. Cho & Y.W. Lim also resembles L. nanlingensis; however, L. torosa, reported from Korea, differs in having larger basidiocarps, orange-brown to brown pileus fading to pale orange buff when dry or old, and larger basidiospores (8–9×8–9.5 μm) [50].

Phylogenetic analysis (Figure 1) showed that two specimens labeled as L. nanlingensis clustered together as an independent clade in the genus Laccaria, although its relationship to other Laccaria species is unclear.

Based on the morphological features, such as the dry or hygrophanous and reddish orange to brownish red pileus, the brownish red to grayish red lamellae, globose basidiospores with Q = 1–1.16, and the four-spored basidia, L. nanlingensis can be placed in the Laccaria sect. Laccata [29].

Laccaria neovinaceoavellanea Ming Zhang & X.L. Gao, sp. nov.; Figure 2i, Figure 3d,e and Figure 6.

Fungal Name: FN571685

Diagnosis—Laccaria neovinaceoavellanea is distinctive by its pastel pink to pale violet pileus with a depressed center, globose to subglobose basidiospores with spines up to 2 μm long, and the presence of clavate, subcapitate to irregularly shaped caulocystidia.

Etymology—‘neovinaceoavellanea’ refers to the species similar to L. vinaceoavellanea.

Type—CHINA. Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City, Congyi County, Yangling National Forest Park, 25°37′ N, 114°19′ E, elevation of 400 m, 31 August 2016, Ming Zhang (GDGM52852), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689447, 28S = OR785479.

Basidiocarps small, omphalinoid. Pileus 15–40 mm broad, convex to applanate, with a depressed center, dry or hygrophanous, subglabrous to subtomentosus, pastel pink, rose, purplish pink to pale violet (11A3–16A3) at mass, grayish magenta to dull violet (13D3–15D3) at center, with obviously radial translucent-striate, especially toward margin; margin entire, involute when young, applanate to wavy when old; context white to pinkish white or purplish white (13A2–14A2). Lamellae sinuate to adnate, distant, concolorous with pileus or paler; lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 30–70 mm long, 2–5 mm thick, cylindrical, subglabrous to fibrillose, occasionally slightly longitudinally striate, pastel red, rose to purplish pink (8A4–14A4); basal mycelium white. Odor and taste unknown.

Basidiospores (excluding ornamentation) [30/2/2] 7–8 × 7–8 μm, av. = 7.6 ± 0.4 × 7.35 ± 0.42, Q = 1–1.14, Q_m = 1.04 ± 0.04, globose to subglobose, hyaline, echinulate, crowded; spines 1–2 μm long, 0.8–1.5 μm wide at base. Basidia 30–50 × 10–14 μm, clavate, hyaline, four-spored; sterigmata 4–6 μm long. Pleurocystidia lacking. Cheilocystidia 25–50 × 4–8 μm, filamentous to narrowly clavate, thin-walled, colorless and hyaline, abundant. Pileipellis a cutis with repent and occasionally suberect, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm) filamentous hyphae 6–18 μm wide, colorless to slightly brownish. Lamellar trama regular, composed of thin-walled filamentous hyphae 5–10 μm wide. Stipitipellis composed of appressed, parallel, simply septate, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm), colorless to yellow-brown hyphae 3–8 μm wide. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, infrequently branching, simple septate, thin-walled, colorless hyphae 3–8 μm wide. Caulocystidia 30–50 × 5–10 μm, clavate, sometimes subcapitate to irregularly shaped, slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm), colorless to yellow-brown, scattered. Clamp connections present.

Habitat and distribution—Single, scattered or in groups on soil in subtropical broad-leaved forests mainly dominated by Fagaceae. Currently known to be from southwestern and southern China.

Additional specimens examined—China. Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City, Congyi County, Yangling National Forest Park, 25°37′ N, 114°19′ E, elevation of 400 m, 2 September 2016, Ming Zhang (GDGM53063), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689448, 28S = OR785480; Yunnan Province, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Lufeng County, Guangtong Town, elevation of 2200 m, 29 August 2022, Xue-lian Gao 16 (GDGM89621), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689449, 28S = OR785481.

Notes—Laccaria amethystina Cooke and L. vinaceoavellanea Hongo are morphologically similar to L. neovinaceoavellanea. Laccaria amethystina is different by an initially purple pileus gradually fading to buff or brownish, dark purple lamellae, finely to coarsely hairy or scaly stipe concolorous with pileus, and relatively larger basidiospores (7–10 μm in diameter) ornamented with longer spines (1.5–3 μm long) [8,28,66,67]. Laccaria vinaceoavellanea differs by a larger basidiocarp (pileus up to 60 mm broad), grayish buff, brownish vinaceous to vinaceous-buff pileus with furfuraceous at the margin, and relatively larger basidiospores (7.4–9.2 × 7.4–9.2 µm) [8,68].

Phylogenetic analysis (Figure 1) showed that L. neovinaceoavellanea is closely related to L. vinaceoavellanea, L. violaceotincta K.P.D. Latha, K.N.A. Raj & Manim. and L. yunnanensis. However, L. violaceotincta, originally reported from India, differs by its strongly hygrophanous and glabrous pileus, reddish gray or violet grays stipe covered with fine fibrils, and the presence of both two- and four-spored basidia [59]. Laccaria yunnanensis differs by its brownish to flesh-colored basidiocarp, flesh-colored lamellae, and larger basidiospores measuring (7.5)8–9 × (7.5)8–10 μm [22].

Based on the morphological features, such as the purplish pink to pale violet basidiocarps, globose basidiospores with Q = 1–1.14, four-spored basidia, and the colorless to slightly brownish pileipellis hyphae, L. neovinaceoavellanea can be placed in the Laccaria sect. Violaceae [29].

Laccaria rufobrunnea Ming Zhang & X.L. Gao, sp. nov.; Figure 2e,f, Figure 3f and Figure 7.

Fungal Name: FN571674

Diagnosis—Laccaria rufobrunnea is distinctive in the genus Laccaria by its brownish orange to brownish red pileus, pastel red to purplish pink lamellae, white to pinkish white stipe, and the absence of caulocystidia.

Etymology—‘rufobrunnea’ refers to the brownish-red pileus color.

Type: China. Yunnan Province, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Nanhua County, 25°15′N, 101°16′ E, elevation of 1900 m, 26 August 2020, Ming Zhang (GDGM82878), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689443, 28S = OR785482, tef1 = OR826272, rpb2 = OR835197.

Basidiocarps small, omphalinoid. Pileus 12–35 mm broad, convex to subapplanate, hygrophanous, glabrous, brownish orange to brownish red (6C7–9C7), with a darker center, usually fading to brownish yellow (5C7) in dry condition; margin entire, involute to incurved when young, incurved to decurved when old, obscurely translucent-striate; context brownish gray (5C2–8C2). Lamellae sinuate to adnate, distant, pastel red, pink to purplish pink (10A4–14A4), usually changing pinkish white to purplish white in dry condition or old (10A2–14A2); lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 20–40 mm long, 3–5 mm thick, cylindrical, subglabrous, occasionally slightly longitudinally striate, white to pinkish white (7A2–10A2); basal mycelium white. Odor and taste unknown.

Basidiospores (excluding ornamentation) [60/3/2] 8–9 × 7–8 μm, av. 8.15 ± 0.23 × 7.57 ± 0.5, Q = 1–1.14, Q_m = 1.08 ± 0.06, globose to subglobose, hyaline, echinulate, not crowded, subdistant; spines 1–2 μm long. Basidia 40–54 × 10–15 μm, clavate, hyaline, four-spored; sterigmata 5–7 μm long. Pleurocystidia lacking. Cheilocystidia 35–50 × 3–7 μm, filamentous to narrowly clavate, thin-walled, colorless and hyaline, abundant. Pileipellis a cutis with repent hyphae, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm) filamentous hyphae 5–12 μm wide, colorless to slightly brownish. Lamellar trama regular, composed of filamentous hyphae 3–6 μm wide. Stipitipellis composed of appressed, parallel, simply septate, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm), colorless to yellow-brown hyphae 3–9 μm wide. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, infrequently branching, simple septate, thin-walled, colorless hyphae 3–9 μm wide. Caulocystidia lacking. Clamp connections present.

Habitat and distribution—Single, scattered or in groups on soil in subtropical mixed forests mainly dominated by Fagaceae trees (such as Quercus yunnanensis, Q. variabilis, Castanopsis hystrix, Castanopsis spp.) and pine trees (such as Pinus khasys, Pinus yunnanensis). Currently known to be from southwestern China.

Additional specimen examined—China. Yunnan Province, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Lufeng County, Guangtong Town, elevation of 2200 m, 29 August 2022, Xue-lian Gao 26 (GDGM89627), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689444, 28S = OR785483.

Notes—Laccaria rufobrunnea is characterized by its brownish orange to brownish red pileus, pastel red to purplish pink lamellae, white to pinkish white stipe, and the absence of caulocystidia. On the basis of the morphological features described above, L. rufobrunnea can be placed in Laccaria sect. Violaceae [29].

Phylogenetic analysis supported L. rufobrunnea as a distinct lineage in Laccaria, and close to L. prava Fang Li and L. umbilicata Ming Zhang. However, L. prava differs by its larger basidiocarp (pileus up to 7.5 cm broad), reddish white to pastel red pileus with strongly striate or rugulose-sulcate, reddish white to grayish red lamellae, longer stipe and smaller basidiospores measuring 6.5–7.5 × 7–8 μm [33]; L. umbilicata differs by its pale orange to light orange pileus, orange white to pinkish white lamellae without purple tinge, broader basidiospores (8–10 μm in diameter) and the present of caulocystidia (present study).

Laccaria umbilicata Ming Zhang, sp. nov.; Figure 2g,h, Figure 3g,h and Figure 8.

Fungal Name: FN 571682

Diagnosis—Laccaria umbilicata is characterized by a pale orange to light orange colored pileus, white to orange-white stipe, globose to subglobose basidiospores (7)8–10 × (7)8–10 μm, and the absence of pleurocystidia.

Etymology—‘umbilicata’ refers to the umbilicate pileus.

Type—China. Yunnan Province, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Nanhua County, 25°15′ N, 101°16′ E, elevation of 1990 m, 26 August 2020, Ming Zhang (GDGM82911), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689446, 28S = OR785486, tef1 = OR826268, rpb2 = OR835192.

Basidiocarps small, omphalinoid. Pileus 10–28 mm broad, convex to applanate, a depressed center, dry or hygrophanous, glabrous, pale yellow, pale orange to light orange (4A3–6A3, 4A5–6A5), slightly changing light brown to brown (5D7–6D7) when in dry condition, especially toward margin; margin entire, involute when young, applanate when old, with obscurely translucent-striate; context white to orange white (5A1–5A2). Lamellae sinuate to adnate, distant, orange-white, to pinkish white (5A2–7A2), sometimes pale orange to pastel red in dry conditions (5A3–7A3); lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 20–40 mm long, 2–3 mm thick, cylindrical, subglabrous, occasionally slightly longitudinally striate, white, yellowish white to orange-white (4A2–5A2); basal mycelium white. Odor and taste unknown.

Basidiospores (excluding ornamentation) [60/3/2] (7)8–10 × (7)8–10 μm, av. 9.03 ± 0.75 × 8.67 ± 0.82, Q = 1–1.125, Q_m = 1.04 ± 0.06, globose to subglobose, hyaline, echinulate, not crowded, subdistant; spines 1.5–3 μm long, up to 2 μm wide at base. Basidia 40–45 × 10–14 μm, clavate, hyaline, four-spored; sterigmata 6–10 μm long. Pleurocystidia lacking. Cheilocystidia 30–47 × 3–8 μm, filamentous to narrowly clavate, thin-walled, colorless and hyaline, abundant. Lamellar trama subregular, composed of thin-walled filamentous hyphae 3–6 μm wide. Pileipellis a cutis with repent and occasionally suberect, thin to slightly thick-walled (ca. 0.5–1 μm) filamentous hyphae 3–18 μm wide, colorless to slightly brownish. Subhymenium composed of filamentous hyphae 3–10 μm wide. Stipitipellis composed of appressed, parallel, simply septate, thin to slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm), colorless to yellow-brown hyphae 3–8 μm wide. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, infrequently branching, simple septate, thin-walled colorless hyphae 3–8 μm wide. Caulocystidia 28–38 × 4–6 μm, clavate, sometimes subcapitate, slightly thick-walled (0.5 μm), colorless to yellow-brown, scattered. Clamp connections present.

Habitat and distribution—Single, scattered or in groups on soil in subtropical mixed forests mainly dominated by Pinus yunnanensis Franchet, mixed with a small number of Fagaceae trees. Currently, it is only known to be from southwestern China.

Additional specimens examined—China. Yunnan Province, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Nanhua County, 25°15′ N, 101°16′ E, elevation of 2000 m, 26 August 2020, Ming Zhang (GDGM82883), GenBank accession nos.: ITS = OR689445, 28S = OR785485, tef1 = OR826270, rpb2 = OR835194; same locality and data (GDGM82851), GenBank accession nos.: 28S = OR785484, tef1 = OR826271, rpb2 = OR835195.

Notes—Laccaria umbilicata can be easily distinguished from other Laccaria species by its pale orange to light orange pileus with a depressed center, orange-white to pinkish white lamellae, white to orange-white stipe, and the absence of pleurocystidia. Based on the morphological features described above, the new species can be placed in the Laccaria sect. Laccata [29].

Laccaria alba Zhu L. Yang & Lan Wang is morphologically similar to L. umbilicata; however, L. alba differs by its white to whitish basidiocarp, pinkish lamellae and smaller caulocystidia measuring 10–15 × 4–6 µm [30].

Phylogenetically, three specimens named L. umbilicata formed a distinct lineage in Laccaria, and sister to L. prava; however, L. prava can be easily distinguished by its larger basidiocarps (pileus up to 7.5 cm broad) and smaller basidiospores (6.5–7.5 × 7–8 μm) [33]. The two species together with L. diospyricola, L. fengkaiensis, L. neovinaceoavellanea, L. rufobrunnea, L. violaceotincta, L. vinaceoavellanea and L. yunnanensis formed a well-supported Asian distribution subclade (BS/BPP=100%/1), among which, L. diospyricola and L. violaceotincta originally reported from southwestern India, L. vinaceoavellanea reported from Japan, and the others from China.

4. Discussion

Laccaria is a monophyletic group in the family Hydnangiaceae [2,23,69]. Five species-level lineages representing five new species from China were uncovered in the Laccaria clade.

Previous studies based on morphological characteristics divided Laccaria into several different infrageneric classifications [14,29,70,71]. For example, Bon [70] and Ballero and Contu [71] divided the genus Laccaria into three sections (sect. Maritimae, sect. Amethystinae and sect. Laccata), and the section Laccata was further divided into several subgroups. Singer [14] recognized five stirps (stirp Trullissata, stirp Amethystina, stirp Laccata, stirp Galerinoides, and stirp Purpureobadia) in Laccaria. However, Pázmány [48] established two subgenera (subg. Maritimae and subg. Laccata ‘as Laccaria’) in the genus Laccaria, and the subg. Laccata was further divided into five sections (sect. Bisporae, sect. Laccata, sect. Obscurae, sect. Purpureobadia and sect. Violaceae). However, those systematic arrangements were often unstable, unnatural and contradictory, and were not supported by phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences. Thus, the infrasubgeneric classification of Laccaria is still unclear, and more studies are needed to improve it.

Because the species in Laccaria are very similar in morphology, and the characters of some species change greatly in different growth stages and humidity conditions, there can be difficulties in terms of species identification. The basidiospore dimensions play a crucial role in species identification in most macrofungi groups, but in Laccaria, this characteristic may be confusing because some species share similar size and shape basidiospores. For example, the five new species described above all share with globose to subglobose basidiospores with a Q-value between 1 to 1.1 and the size of basidiospores between 7–10 μm in diameter, except L. nanlingensis. However, the length and density of spines on the spore surface can be a useful distinguishing feature; for example, L. acanthospora, L. alba and L. angustilamella have longer spines that can reach up to 5–6 μm long, while L. miniata and L. prava have shorter spines that are less than 1 μm long (see

Table 2. A morphological comparison of species in Laccaria described from China.

Species	Habit	Pileus Diameter	Pileus Color	Lamellae Color	Spores Size	References
L. acanthospora	On sandy banks in mixed temperate alpine forest. Distributed in Tibet.	4–15 mm	Orange	Light orange	7–10 × 7–10 µm (av. 8.3–8.4 × 8.9–9.2 µm); spines 2–6 µm long	[21]
L. alba	In mixed forests with Abies, Betula, Fraxinus, Picea, Pinus, Quercus, Tilia and Ulmus. Distributed in Yunnan.	7–32 mm	Reddish brown to orange, fading to buff	Pink-salmon	7–10 × 7–11 µm (av. 8.5 × 8.6 µm); spines 1–5 (–6) µm	[21]
L.  angustilamella	In forests dominated by Quercus and Lithocarpus. Distributed in Yunnan.	20–30 mm	Pinkish flesh-colored, slightly darker on radial striations, fading to buff with age or on drying	Pinkish	(8)8.5–11.5(12) × (7.5)8–11 µm (av. 9.2 ± 0.8 × 8.6 ± 0.8 µm); spines (2.0) 2.5–5 µm long	[30]
L.  anthracina	In mixed forest, near Pinus wallichiana. Distributed in Tibet.	25–65 mm	Dark grayish brown, dark brownish gray to brownish black, fading to grayish brow after drying	Pinkish brown	(6.5)7–9.5(11) × (6.5)7–9(10.5) μm; spines 1.5–2.5 μm long	[34]
L.  aurantia	In mixed broad-leaved forests dominated by Quercus and Lithocarpus. Distributed in Yunnan.	35–40 mm	Vividly orange	Orange	(8)9–10 (11) × (7) 8–10 μm; spines (0.75) 1–1.5 (1.75) μm	[22]
L.  bullipellis	In mixed temperate alpine conifer forest with Abies, Picea, Pinus, Rhododendron, Sorbus and Gamblea. Distributed in Tibet.	22 mm	Brown to orange-brown	Brown to orange-brown	6–9 × 6–10 µm (av. 8.3 µm); spines 1–2 µm long	[21]
L.  fagacicola	In subtropical broad-leaved forests with trees of Fagaceae. Distributed in Yunnan.	20–45 mm	Brownish orange to brownish	Brownish orange	(6.5)7–9(10) × 6.5–8(9) μm, (av. 7.7 ± 0.6 × 7.4 ± 0.5); spines 1–2(2.5) μm long	[2]
L. fengkaiensis	In broad-leaved forests dominated by Fagaceae, such as Lithocarpus haipinii, L. litseifolius, L. glaucus, L. uvariifolius, Castanopsis fissa, and C. faberi. Distributed in Guangdong.	50–90 mm	Orange-white, pale orange when young, light orange to pale red, pastel red with age	Pastel red to grayish red	5.2–6.3 × 5.1–6.3 μm; spines 0.5–1.2 μm long	[33]
L.  fulvogrisea	In mixed broad-leaved forests with Quercus, Eucalyptus, Lithocarpus and Ficus. Distributed in Yunnan.	<30 mm	Gray with a violet to reddish brown tinge	Initially whitish, grayish to brownish with age	(7.5) 8–10 × 8–11 (7.5) μm; spines (1.5) 1.7–2.5 μm long	[22]
L. himalayensis	In mixed temperate alpine conifer forest with Abies, Acer, Larix, Pinus and Salix. Distributed in Tibet.	6–34 mm	Brown at disk, orange-pink toward the margin	Orange-pink	6.5–10 µm (av. 8.1–9 µm); spines (0.5–) 1–3 µm	[21]
L.  miniata	In subtropical mixed forests with trees of Fagaceae (Castanopsis fissa, C. spp.) and Pinaceae (Pinus massoniana). Distributed in Guangdong.	10–15 mm	Red at mass, with a deep red center, fading to reddish orange to yellowish red toward the margin	Pastel red, pastel pink to red	8–10.5(11) × 8–10 μm, (av. 9.37 ± 0.83 × 8.8 ± 0.6); spines 0.5–1 μm long	Present study
L.  moshuijun	In subtropical mixed forests with Piuns yunnanensis, Cunninghamia lanceolata and other broad-leaved trees. Distributed in Guizhou.	Up to 30 mm	Violet to bluish with a brown tinge at the center	Deep violet	(7.5)8–9 × (8)9–10 μm; spines 1-1.5 μm	[32]
L.  nanlingensis	In subtropical, broad-leaved forests mainly dominated by Fagaceae trees. Distributed in Guangdong.	30–55 mm	Orange, reddish orange, orange-red, brownish orange to brownish red, fading to light orange to pale orange when dry	Concolorous with pileus or darker to pale red to grayish red	6.5–7.5 × 6–7 μm, av. 6.95 ± 0.15 × 6.37 ± 0.45; spines 0.5–1 μm long.	Present study
L.  negrimarginata	In mixed temperate alpine conifer forest with Abies, Acer, Larix, Pinus, Quercus and Salix. Distributed in Tibet.	5–15 mm	Orange-brown fading to buff; squamules dark blackish brown to dark brown.	Pale pink to pinkish Gray	7–10 × 6–10 µm (av. 7.8–9 × 7.4–8.9 µm); spines up to 2 µm	[21]
L.  pallidorosea	In subtropical broad-leaved forests with trees of Fagaceae. Distributed in Yunnan.	10–25 mm	Brownish to pinkish at center, becoming cream to white towards margin	White to pinkish	(6)7–9(10) × (6)6.5–8.5(9) μm, (av. 8 ± 0.7 × 7.75 ± 0.6); spines 1.5–2 (3) μm long	[2]
L.  prava	In broad-leaved forests dominated by Fagaceae, such as Lithocarpus glaber, L. corneus, Cyclobalanopsis pachyloma, Castanopsis faberi and C. fissa. Distributed in Guangdong.	30–75 mm	Pastel red, pale red to reddish white, even to white with age or on drying.	Reddish white to grayish red	6.5–7.5 × 7–8 μm; spines 0.5–1 μm long	[33]
L.  rubroalba	In a tropical forest dominated by Fagaceae and other broad-leaf trees. Distributed in Yunnan.	22–40 mm	Reddish white when moist or young, becoming white to paler when dry	Flesh-colored	(5) 6–9 (10) × 5–7 (8) μm; spines 1.2–2.7 μm long	[17]
L.  rufobrunnea	In subtropical mixed forests mainly dominated by Fagaceae trees and pine trees. Distributed in Yunnan.	12–35 mm	Brownish orange to brownish red, usually fading to brownish yellow in dry condition	Pastel red, pink to purplish pink, usually changing pinkish white to purplish white in dry condition	8–9 × 7–8 μm, av. 8.15 ± 0.23 × 7.57 ±0.5; spines 1–2 μm long	Present study
L.  salmonicolor	In mixed temperate alpine forests with Betula, Larix and Picea. Distributed in Tibet.	10–35 mm	Reddish brown, to pale brown-buff	Pinkish salmon	7.5–10 µm (av. 8.5 µm); spines 1–3 µm long	[21]
L.  umbilicata	In subtropical mixed forests mainly dominated by Pinus yunnanensis, mixed with a small number of Fagaceae trees. Distributed in Yunnan.	10–28 mm	Pale yellow, pale orange to light orange, changing light brown to brown when in dry condition	Orange-white, to pinkish white, sometimes pale orange to pastel red in dry conditions	(7)8–10 × (7)8–10 μm, av. 9.03 ± 0.75 × 8.67 ± 0.82; spines 1.5–2 (2.5) μm long	Present study
L. neovinaceoavellanea	In subtropical broad-leaved forests dominated by Fagaceae. Distributed in Jiangxi.	15–40 mm	Pastel pink, rose, purplish pink to pale violet at mass, grayish magenta to dull violet at center	Concolorous with pileus or paler	7–8 × 7–8 μm, av. 7.6 ± 0.4 × 7.35 ± 0.42; spines 1–2 μm long	Present study
L.  yunnanensis	In subtropical forests. Distributed in Yunnan.	60–100 mm	Brownish to flesh-colored	Flesh-colored	(7.5)8–9 × (7.5)8–10 μm; spines 1–1.5 μm long	[22]

); L. miniata, L. neovinaceoavellanea and L. umbilicata have relatively more crowded spines than L. nanlingensis, and L. rufobrunnea (see Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8). In the description of the above five species, the words ‘crowded’, ‘subdistant’, and ‘distant’ were used to distinguish the different densities of spines on basidiospores surfaces.

In addition, basidia size and whether they are two- or four-spored can be useful distinguishing features. Most species of Laccaria have four-spored basidia, while L. echinospora, L. fraterna and L. nigra have two-spored basidia, L. aurantia, and the new species L. miniata have both two- and four-spored basidia, which are infrequent in Laccaria.

Additionally, ecological information such as host plant species and habitat are also important and can provide useful clues for species identification. Laccaria miniata and L. nanlingensis collected from subtropical broad-leaved forests of southern China and could be associated with trees of Fagaceae; L. rufobrunnea and L. umbilicata distributed in subtropical mixed forests (which mainly dominated by Fagaceae trees and pine trees) of southwest China; and L. neovinaceoavellanea can naturally distributed in subtropical broad-leaved forests of southern and southwestern China, and can form symbiotic relationship with Fagaceae trees. On the basis of our study, the main morphological characters and ecological information of each species in Laccaria described from China are summarized in Table 2.

Although many species of Laccaria have been reported in China, most species are mainly reported from southwestern regions, and the species recognition of Laccaria in China is still in its infancy, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. In the past, many Chinese samples of Laccaria were inaccurately labeled as L. laccata, L. bicolor, L. amethystea and L. vinaceoavellanea [72,73,74,75]. Phylogenetic studies have made some species well-understood in China, and the discovery of new species in Laccaria is rapidly increasing [2,17,21,22,31,32,33,34,50]. However, the distribution of L. amethystea, L. bicolor and L. laccata in China still needs to be investigated. A broader taxon sampling coupled with both molecular and morphological data is needed to fully understand the species diversity of Laccaria in China.