FOOD PRODUCTS PRESS

An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.

Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants
Plant Alkaloids
Lyle E. Craker, PhD
Senior Editor
A Guide to Their Discovery
and Distribution
Plall' Alkaloids: A Guide 10 Their DiscovelY and Distribution
by Robert F. Raffauf

Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plams: Recent Advallces

ill BolallY. Horticulture, alld Pharmacology.
Volumes 1-4, ed ited by Lyle E. Craker and James E. Simon
Robert F. Raffa uf, FLS, FMAS

Related lilies of interest from Food Products Press:

Opillm Poppy: BotollY, Chemistry, and Pharmacology

by L. D. Kapoor

Th e HOllest Herbal: A Sensible Guide [0 the Use of Herbs

and Related Remedies, Third Edition by V<lITO E. Tyler

Herbs ojC/lOice: 71!e 711erapelltic Us'e oj Phy tomedicil/a/s

by ValTo E. Tyler

Food Prodltcts Press

An l!nprinl of The H<lwOrlh Press, Ine.
New York . London
 CONTENTS

Foreword V II
Richard EVQ1ls Schultes

Preface IX

Alkaloid Test Results

Append ix 225

Bibli ography 229

Generic Index 23 1

Publi sh ed hy

. i"ood Produels l'Tess, a~ imprint "fThe Haworth "ress, 11Ie .. 10 Alice Sired.. Binghamton, NY
13904·1580

t) 1996 by The Il aworth Press, li te. All righls reserved. No pm! o f Ihi s wurk n~ly be rCllfoduccd
or IIli liz.:d in Any form Of by HII)' meliUS, e!cClronic 01 mech:Ulicnl. iucl utlillg phott)Cllllyilll!.
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in wri ting {Iurn Ihe J)u bl i >h~r, J>ri n\L'd in tlie Uniled SiDles uf Amerrca.

Ralfaur, n ober! F. (Koher! I'muci s). 1916-

l)l~nl alka loid s 11 guide to the ir d iscovery and dislr i\)lIli on { Robert F. Rllilnuf.
p. em.
Includes hihl iogmphical l clcrcnccs (p. ) ~nd i lideA .
ISB N 1·56022·860· I (Ilk. pape r)
I. Alkaloids. 2. BQ(nni cal chemisl ry.1. Til le.
QKK98.MIOS 1996
581.19'242ok20 90·5319
CII'
 Foreword
ABO UT HIE AUTUOI!

Robert F. Raffauf, PhD, is Pro fessor Emeri tus of Phannacognosy During scveral years of fie ld work in the Northwcst A I ~lazon i ~, I
a nd Medicinal Chemistry at Northeastern University in Boston. li e li ved and worked with members of many o f the AmaZOnian Indian
cu rrently hollis an appo intment as Research Associate at the Botani- tribes. Il was an ex traord inary opp0l1unity 10 obsclve, apprcciate,
ca l Museum o f Harvard University, where he has also taught Il c and record their local customs, rituals, and particularly, as a botan ist ,
has served as Visi ting Professor at the School of Pharmacy at the their intelligent uses of the plants of the fo rests in which they lived.
Uni vers ity of Pue rto Rico and al the Schoo l o f Bio log ica l Sciences The imp0l1ance of lhis information, beyond simply creating an inter-
of lhe National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico. Dr. Ranilll f has led estin g ethnobotanieal record, was not entire ly obviolLs at the time.
numerous expeditions in Illa n y paris of the world in the SC:U'C ~l for Afi cr my return to more academic pursuits, I met the a uthor ·of
new plants o f pOIe ntia I medic ina l value and has lectured ex tenSIve ly the fo ll ow ing pages, the n a che mi st for II major North American
on thi s and related matters, including the rain fo rests and conserva- pharmaceuti ca l compnny, with an interest primarily in that portion
tion . li e is the aut hor of eight books, 69 journa l publications, and of my notes den ling with the treatment of disease as it WHS under-
four patents, and he conti nues to work with graduate students inter- stood by the Indian peoples. Some philliS, it was thought, could be
ested in nat ural products researc h. A 50-year member or the Ameri- sources o f new c hemica l compounds lo r cventual use in our own
ca n Che mica l Society, Dr. RafTauf is <ll so a Fe llow of the Linnca n system of medicine. Furthermore, in (I n u t ~Clllpl t o reach that g?(l I,
Society o f London and of the America n Associat ion of Advance- the addition o f che mical and phannacologlc(l i data to thc botalllca l
ment of Science. In 1988, he was awarded an appoi ntme nt as Resi- record would expa nd our knowledge of the ra in fo rest and its plant
dent Schola r at the Rocke feller Study Cen ter in Bell agio, Ita ly. ami <lIli mal inhabi tants. A collabora tion seemed a natural and log-
ical consequence.
As a resu lt o f the work described in th is book, many pla nts have
been the subj ects of further botan ical, chemical, and pha lmncologi-
ca l research. This integra ted, interdisciplinary approach has been of
great advantage to our students, thosc in my cO ~l rses at Harvard
Un iversity as well as those of Professor Raffaul at t:'!011heastern
Un iversity. A number of our students have even carncd out fi e ld
work in variolls pa rts of trop ical A1I1erica . Wi th the m we have been
able to co-author a nu mber of techn ical papers on aspects o f the
wea lth of natural resources in the Western Amaw ll and to supply
them with challenging prob lems in the numerous disc ipl ines bear-
ing on rain fores t science. Together we ha ve published two books
(The Healillg Forest, Ville 0/ tli"e SO Il I) exte nding our know ledge of
the biodivers ity o f this vas t area of So lith America.
1'11/ PLANT ALKALOIDS

It is Ollr hope that the inFonnation which my colleague has as~

sembled here will continue to encourage academic as well as com~
mercial resea rch on the uselulncss of plants to humans and con trib~ Preface
ute to cu rrent efforts at conservation of Amazonian resources, some
of which are on the verge of extinction as a result of continued
uncontrolled devastation in many areas o f these marvelous forests.
The sen rch for plant alkaloids ofnovcl chemical structure having
~Richard Evans Schultes. PhD. FMLS
potential va lue as medicinal agents, as toxic principles, or as ap~
Jeffrey Professor of Biology.
propriate starling materials for synthetic modification lead ing to
Emeritus Direc!OI; Botanical Museum,
other useful products, has occupied the attention of phytochemisls
Harvard University,
for over 150 years. In 1950, about 2,000 of these substa nces were
Cambridge, Massachusetts
recognized; by 1970 thi s number had increased to about 4,000 and
20 years later 10,000 were known .. In recent times, they have been
considered as uscthl taxonomic markers in attempts to construct
more "natural" systems of plant classification through chemotax~
onomy, and as suitable substances for the study of biosynthctic
pathways in plant metabolism. During the laller part of the present
century, emphasis on the conservation of plant resources and the
ethl1obotanical information concerning their use by many of the
world's aboriginal societ ies has given added impetus to the imp or~
tance of the continued study of the "chemical factory," represented
by the large unexploited portion of the plant kingdom before much
or it disappear!> under the pressures incident to the mass movements
of peoples and the increase in the world's population . Both li re in
large part responsible for devastation of many noms, particularly
those of the rain forests. Not on ly will a number of spec ies be lost
even before they arc known and named by botanists, but litemlly
thousands of chemical compounds new to sc ience will disappear
forever.
During the past 40 years I have been involved, in one way or
another, with the screening of several thousand plants for the presence
of alkaloids as potential medicinal agents under the auspices of a
number of governmental, industrial, and academic institutions. Under~
lying this activity has been the hope thai the discovery of new eom ~
pounds of this class would lead to substances at least as usefi.1 as tJlose
which similar studies have produced in the pasL. This screeni ng has
been done on lI·esh plant material in the field, on small quant ities laken
ix
 PLAN1'ALKALO/VS Pre/act!

fmrn hcrbmium specimcns, and in thc labo ratOty using a few grams o f then, not an infallible result (Ab isch and Re ichstein, 1960). Fal~c
d ricd malerialmade avai lable by bot.anists, colk"Ctors, herb dca lers, and positi vc tests arc given by many Iypes of nolla lkal~idal plant con~ht.
my personal collections in many p<u1S of the world. uents with a variety of alkal uidal rcagents (Habib, ~980). Ballck.
Va ri olls methods for the screening of largc numbers of p lant Rivier and Plowman ( 1982) have pointed ou t the Importance o f
sam plcs for alka loids have been lI sed by many investigators more or methods used in field drying lind p reservation of herbar!um speci·
less sliccessfully (Fam sworth, 1966). Seveml of thcse were used, mens with respect to the rel iabi lity o f the result~ obtamcd when
depending on the faci lities available at the time, but most o f the tcsting them. A plea for such testing nnd a revt~w o f the .n~ore
results reported herei n were obtained by simplc methods described elegant methods fo r its accomp lishme nt has been given. b y Plllllp~·
some yea rs ago (RarTa uf, 1962a; RafTauf and A ltschul, 1968). In the son ( 1982). Furlhennore,lIs every plant collector has (ll scovered , It
fi e ld, these invo lve spoiling a droplet of pl ant sap on filt er paper and is not always practica l in a g iven instance to co llect all of tl~e parts of
applyi ng a drop let o f DmgcndorfT's rcagcnt ; the development o f II a pl ant in which alkaloid s may occur. Nonethe less, an estimated 85
red·onlllge color iwJ icates the presence of alkaloids. In the laboralo· percent of nlkal oid·colltaining p lants ca n bc d~tcctcd b y the methods
ry or herba rium, simplc extracts of dried plant material may bc used , described here; a number of known a lkalOida l p lants have b~en
wit h certain limitations, for thc samc purpose (Balic k, Ri vier, and
included in thc survcy to serve us controls. .'
Plowman , 1982). Ilerbarium specimens representing otherwise re latively Inacces·
Methods may be adapted to needs of the investigator; tests for somc
sible specics of several famili es (Apocyno~eac, Bomba~aceac, L~.
speci fi c types of nitrogenolls compounds may be included (e.g .• in·
copodiaceae, Lytliraceae, Orchidaceae, Rubtaceae) wcr~ mdudc,d III
doles. simplc amines. and amino acids). All npprox imation of the
Ihis survey. Small samples were selected fr~)1n sheets III the. Gra~.
quantity o f alkaloid in n sample may be made by compming the
Oakes Ames, and Arnold Arborctum herb<lna of Ilarvard Untvers~·
intensity of the color produced in thc DragendorfT test with those
ty under the guidance of Pro fessor Richard Evan~ Schul~es, Emen-
produced by standard alkaloid solutions of known concentratioll . fiy
tus Director o f the Botanical Museum , whose assistance IS grateful·
using the Dragcndorn' fC.lgent as a spray, it is also possible 10 conduct
thin-layer chromatographic studies in the fi cld . Several yt..'ars ago, in an Iyacknowledged. .
attempt to devise a method for the idenlification of specific compounds Not all of this testing was done by me; some of It was done by
in a particular alkaloid-positive collection, 11 pol1able laooratOlY was anthropologists, ethnobota ni sts, ~ Ild pl,allt col.lectors in the cou rse of
assemb led for the evaluation of small extracts o f fres h plant material field work sponsored by academiC or IIldUSlrllll programs und~r .my
by chromatographic analysis using alumina-coa ted microscope slides direction some by laboratory tech nicians under my su p c rv l s l~n ,
and samples of the alkaloids expected to be prescnt. In the course of somc by ' fonner students as preliminary exerci~s ill phytochelnl s·
the study, it was found that some o f the compou nds were present only try, and some in coll aboration wi th phytochemica l. programs sup-
during a re:'itlicted portion of the plant 's growth cycle. We now know porled by the COli lici ls o f Scientific and lndustnal Resenrch of
that, in some cases at least, alkaloids are indeed further modi lied by the Austra lia and South Africa. Porti ons of the test rcsults from these
plants thnl produce them. pmg rams which had been at my disposal, I~ave been include~l he.re
An advantage o f these simple methods is {Iwt they allow such for completencss in order to cOll vey some Id ea of the alkal?ld diS·
studi es to bc done far Irom a source of electric power and other tribution in plant fam il ies represented in the sou thern hel~lsph~re.
amenities of lhe laboratory. But it is also tme thutt hcre arc a Ilumber Further data 0 11 these s tudies,. as well as the results of the Isolation
of ullcertainties in such procedures; nol al! n itrogcl1-eo ntni n illg sub- and pharmacologica l testin g o f a large number of nlka lo ids, arc to be
stances will react with e ither DragendortT's or Mayer's reagen t. A fOllnd in a rccent excelle nt publica tion by the Melbourne group
ballery o f test reagents wou ld give a mo re de fin itive althoug h, even (Coliins et aI. , \ 990).
ALKALOID TEST RESULTS
 A
ACANTH ACEAE
346 gelJcl'U; 4,300 sp ecies

This is a pantropica l fami ly wi th four centers of diversi fication:

Amazon, Centra l America, Africa, and Indo-Malaysia. Its c1assili-
cation has not been. and may not yet be, a ma llcr of agreement
among taxonomists, but althe momen l lhc fam ily wOllld seem to be
divided into three subfamilies with a close relationship of severa l
members to the Scrophulariaceac . Some members arc cu hivated as
ornamentals.
Alkaloids have been detected previously in a few genera. In this
study of about 400 samples representing 297 species, six known
alkaloidal species were included: Acanthus ilicifolius (1/2), Adha!o-
da vasica, Anisoles sessi/ijlorus, f-lypoestes verticillaris (2/4), Macro-
rtmgia /ungistrobus, Rhinacont/lIls commllnis (112).
Alkaloids we re also detected in the fo ll owi ng: Angkafal1thus
lrQl1SVaafeflsis (2/2), Allisacaflthus illsignis, Aphelaf/dra deppeana
(1 /4), Asystasia atripficiJolia, A. we/wifchii, Barfel'ia matopoellsis,
B. Ivlllndi/o!ia, B. sinensis, Blechllln pyramidalum (113), Blepha!'is
boerhaaviJolia, B. 11/argillata, B. lIatalensis, Btephan's sp., Cmss(fn-
dra spinescens, Dicfiptera cfinipodio, Duvemoya (= Justicia) aco-
ni/iJolia, D. adhatoides ( 1/2), Dyscho!'iste hirsutissimo ( 1/4), Ecbo-
lium sp., Elylraria acaulis, E. squamosa (3/3), Hellligmphis hirta
(whole plant), I-1emigmphis spp. (2/2 ), Hypoesfes aristata (113),
Ja cobinia (= Jlls/icia) .~picigera (112), Justicia america no, J . allsel-
liana, J. elegantllla, J. jlava (112), J. montalla, J. orchioides,
J protracta (2/2), J salviae/olia, J. thymi/olio, 1. lrinervia, J. ven-
lricosa, Mirandea grisea, Monechma atherstol1ei, M. australis,
M. ineal/uIII, Monechmo sp. ( 1/3 ), Net/racanth"s aji'iclllltls ( 1/2),
OrthO{aClus lI/onlallus (1 12, leaves and fl owe rs), Peris/raphe cer-
Ill/a, Ph/ogacanthus thyrsiflorus (1 /2, root), Rultya ova/a (1/2),
Sallchezia lhinophila (bark), Siphonoglossa ramosa.
-'

•
 PLANTALIVILOIDS /1lkaloia Te.rl Resu/ls 5

The alkaloids of AdlUltoda vasica have been rev iewed (Jain, lophylllllll sp., Haplan/hlls lIi1gherriellsis, Hcm igmphis e/egolls val'.
1984). Acallthlls iJiCijiJ/iIiS contains bcnzoxazolinc¥2-one; the alka¥ crellala, H. hirta, H latebrosa, Hemigraphis spp. (2), Hellrya
loids of Acallthl/s mollis have been reporled (Wolf ct al., 1985) and (= Telramerillm) Yl1ca/(ll1el/s is, Hygrophila taxi/olia, H salici/olia,
new spennine-type alkaloids have becn isolated from Aphe/alldm /-/ygrophi/a .\jJp. (4), /1. .v)illo.m, Hypoesles jloriblllldll , H p/I(llop~
piJosa (Tawil el aI., 1989). In vie}v of the native use of at least one soides, I-/. pUI'plll'ea, !sag/ossa grall/ii, isog/o::"sa !J1)., I. stipitata,
species of Justicia as a hallucinogcn jn South Amcrica (Schultes and I. woodi;, Jacobillia (== Justicia) aschellbomimw, J. candicans,
Holmstcdt, 1968), the report of its presumed content of Ilyptam ine J. heterophylla, 1. iIlC(lIU1, 1. mexicalla, J. pal/icil/ala, J. sellow;wUl,
needs corroboration. In this cOIUleetion, the several listed alkaloid- Jacobillia spp. (2), J. stellata, Juslicia al1gal/oides, J. belollica,
positive species from other pariS of the world should be of interest. J. belol1icoides, J. beyrichii, J. bmsilialla, J. campeciJialla, J. calll-
Negative tests were obtained from the following species: AcolI- py/ostemoll, J. cheirial/tll ijolia, J.jiII'Caia, J. gel1dal'llssa, 1. kirkialla,
tllOpsis cardlli/olia, A canthlls ebracteatu.~·, A. 1II0/lis, AdelloslI/a g/u¥ J. kraussii, J. mexic(lIw, J. odorala, 1. ova/a, J. pelio/aris, J. pro-
tinosum, Adhatoda sp., Allcy/acallilms baillesii, Allisacalltlms gOIl- cllmbells, J. secllnda, Jus/icia spp . (5), Lepidagalltis /ormosensis,
zalezii, A. qlladrifolills, A . ocholerenae, A. lllllrheri, A. lulellsis, L. illclIrva, L. microchilo, L. persimilis, Lepidagathis sp., Mackaya
A. wrightii, Anisolesji)/'II/osissiI1lIIS, Aphe/alldm auriontiaca, A. blal/-
bella, Macronmgia /ormosissima, Mel/dOl/cia coccinea, M. hoJJ~
cherial/a, A. clWlllissol1ialla, A. deppeana, A. ifl(:erta, A. pilosa,
mOllllseggitllla, M. sefiowiww, Mel/dOl/cia sp. (thi s gellus is some-
Alplle/antll'll ::'1)., ASleracalltha (== Hygrophila) spinosa, Asystasia
times placed in a famil y of its own, Mendonciaceac), MOllee/llna
gallgelica, A. schimperi, A. varia, Baderia a/bostellala, 8. cristata,
debile, M. divarica/lIlIl, M.jimhricatum, M. lIIo/issiuIII, M. pselldo-
B. cros.wlIIdrijormis, 8. discolor, 8. e/egans, 8. guemii, B. herero-
triclm, B. kirkii, B. lwu:ijulill, B. /ugal'dii, B . mical/s, B. vbtllsa, palululII, M. scabridlllll , Monechma spp. (2), Odolltollema ca/ysta-
B. pl'elorieflsl:5. B. priol/Uoides, B. pUllgell.l', IJ. pyramidata, IJ. rall- chum, 0. cilspidatulll, Odolltol/ema spp. (2), Pachyslaeliys cocci-
dii, B. rigida, B. 'scandens, Barleria sp., Beloperol/e (== Jilsticia) Ilea, Pe"i.~·/rop"e bica/yclI/a((l, P. grandibrachiat(J, P. lIata/ellsis,
ca/i/ornica, B. comasa, B./ragilis, B. gllt/ata, Be/operolle .\p., Ble- PelalidiuIII wvmariculI1, P. barlerioides, P. braeleollllll, P. oblongi-
chum nipPolI/CIIIII, B. plagiogy/'ijIorus, BlechuIII ::.p., B/epIUl/'is Cll- [oliulII, P. /'ubescells, PIU/u/apsis belollica, P. imbricato, Ph/oga-
pellsis, B. diw:/'sispilla, B. gllllllacea, B. maderaspatellsis, B/epharis canlhtls Ihyrsijlorus, Pselldel'lllltiJemulII praecox, Pseuderal1the-
sp., 8. squarrosa, Bravaisia illlegerrillla, Cal'iowrightia g/abrata, mum spp. (2), i?hillacollflius xerophi/us, Rllel/ja alba, R. a/bicoillis,
C. glandu/osa, C. selpyJ/i/olia, Cal'iowrighlia spp. (2), C"aetacan- R. a/bijlora, R. bourgei, R. c% rata, R. cordala, R. /orlllosa,
,hus seliger, Chae/ollly/ax hatschbachii, ChilenwthemulI/ vio/a- R. ill/lIlda/a, R. macropilyl/a, N. I/Iulijlora, R. lIudifiora val'. yuca/a-
celllll, Codol/acant/llIs pal/eijloms, Crabbell allgLlstifolia, C. hirsula, 110, R. palmeri, R. patu/a, R. pellinslI/aris, R. pi/osa, R. prostrata,
Crossal/dra greellsfockii, C. ulldululae/olia, Cyrtal/lhera pohlialla, Rllellia spp. (4), R. speciosa, R. tubero.m, R. tweet/ialla, Rlmgia
Daedalacallihus (= Erallihemum) I1lOlIfallu.\·, D. lIerVOSlIS, D. pur- parvijlora, Rl/spolia hypocralel'ijol'lIIi.<:, Sallchezia I/obilis, Sclero-
purescens, Dialllhera (= J/I:)·ticia) ovala, Diapedilllll (= Diclipfera) chilOl/ harveyalllls, Sel'icographis (== JU'<:ficia) cordifolia, Sipl/ofI(}~
assurgel1s, D. chillellsis, D. lIIicral/lhllS, D. I/obilis, D. pedullcula- glossa pilosella, S. Iubu/o:w, Slellalldrillm ba/'bawlII, S/1Vbi/alllhes
ris, D. pringlel, D. resupil/ata, D. rigidissima, Disperma (== Duos- cllsia, S./ormosallus, Teliostocliya (= Lepidagathis) alopecuroides,
penna) crena/lilli, Dysc/lOriste declIlIlbells, D. fischeri, D. ovala, 7etramer;UIII aure/ill/, T. lIi::'1);dlllll, 7: su/'elllll, Thllllbergia all/oena,
D. microphylla, D. quadrangularis, D. rogersii, DyscilOriste sp., T. atriplici/olia, T. el'(~cl{J, T...ji'agr(llls, 'J: gmlldijIora, T. /anci/olia,
D. verticil/aris, Ebermaiera (= Staltrogylle) cOl'1liclilata, Echo/ill//! T lIota/ellsis, 'l1l11l1belgia sp. (the genus is sometimes placed in
(Jlllplexicallle, E. lilllwealfllll, E. revo/Ilf11I11, mytraria bromoides, Thunbergiaceae), Thyrsacall llllls (= Odolttonellla) callistaL'hyu.~,
Enm/helllfllll eidomdo, E. lIel'l'OSIIIII, GrapfopllyllwlI piC/lilli, Grap- Tricallthera gigolltell.
10 l'LAN'J'ALKALOJDS Alk(f/o;ll 'fb i Re.fI4lrs /I

Redfearn, 198 1). Their biosynthesis of the Scetefilllll alkalo ids has sifolium, LophOlocmplis (= Sagillaria) gtlayamell,\';,\', Sagifl{lria
been studied (lierbert and Kallah, 1989). lanc{(olia, and S. sag illarifolia.

REFERENCES
ALSTROEMBRIACEAB
Ilerbert. It B. Knd E. Kallah, Tetrahedron Lellers 30 (1989) p. 141. 4 genera; 200 ,\1Jecies
Jeffs, P. W. inn/e Alkaloids 19 (1981) p. 1, Academic Press, New York.
JefTs, P. W.o T. M. Capps, lind R. Redfearn, .lOIII'IUlf of Organic Chell/iS/If 47
(1982)p.3611 . This sma ll group of Central and SOllth America n plants has been
Ri zk. A.M ., II . I. !leiba, B. A. Ma 'aycvgi. and K. H. Batanouny, fo'iloler(lpia 57 considered by some taxonomists as a fami ly in its own rig ht. Others
(1986) p. I. ha ve placed it as a divi sion of the Amaryllidaccac. Mabbcric"y, who
follows Cronqui st's system of classificat io n, now lists even the
Amaryllidaccae as a s ubdi vision of the Liliaccac. The chemi stry o f
ALANGIACEAE these taxa is suffic ientl y <!iOc rent to argue for their separa tc fami ly
J gelllts; /7 IJpecies status, which wi ll be maintained here.
No alkaloids arc known nor were they detected in 15 samp les
The one genus, Alaflgilllll . of the tropics and semitropics of the representing four species of AIsflVemeria and nine of BOfllarea:
O ld World , is ric h in alka lo ids, not all of whi ch have had stnlctura l Alstroemeria il1odora. A. pelegril/a. A/slroemeria .\1)P. (2), BOil/area
ass ignments. Considerable synonymy exists in the family. The acutijolia, B. edlilis, B. IIirlella, B. orata , D. sa/icoides, Domarea
c hemistry of A/{lllg illm lamarckii has been studied in somc deta il spp. (4).
and positi ve lests fo r alkalo ids were o btained from the single smn-
pi c o f Ind ian origin included in thi s study.
ALOEACEAE
7 gellera: 400 l1Jecies
ALISMATACBAB
11 gellera; 95 species Thc fa mily, characteristic of Arabia and Soulh Africa with some
species in o ther parts of Africa and Madagascar, has been separated
This is a cosmopolitan family but it oceurs mainly in temperate from the Liliaceae. Species have been introduced elsewhere. Several
and tropi cal regions of the northern hemi sphere. Some species arc have bcen lIsed as a source of laxat ive ant hraquinones and as a
used as ornamentals, o thers are fam iliar aquarium plant s, and the component ofcosmetic preparations. A loe is one of the oldest dmgs.
roots o f Sagittaria are used as food in China . Twenty-two samples Ilositi ve alkaloid tests are apt to be due 10 Ihe fonna tion of com-
of 16 specics were tested and pos iti vc results were given by I:.'c" il/o- plexes of nonalkalo idal cDnstituents wit h the Dragendorff reagen t;
dums /"(U/iCfIflS (2/2), Sagittaria engelmal/I/i(ll/(/ , S. grall/ illea ( 1/2), alkaloids are not known in the liun ily.
and S. /a l i/olia. The fami ly is not known fo r the presence of alka- Pos itive tests were obtained here with Aloe c(lII/IVllii , A. cleclIrlla,
loids; there arc but two ea rlier report s of thcir occurrence. A. exee/sa, A. g lobliligemllla, A. Utfora/is, A. III/IIIC"ii, A. orlh%-
Negative tests were obtai ned for AIi.wllI plantago, A. p/alliagoll- plio (212), and A. SI!flidta.
qllalica, A. :mbcorclafllm, A. trillillle, CaMes;a panwssijolia, Echi- On the other hand, 17 ot her species of Aloe, one of Gasteria. and
/lndortls cordi/alills, E. grtmdijl"rlls, E. Vir~(lIUS, LiIllOphy toll vhw- th ree of HOlVorthia were nega ti ve: Aloe clwbmulii, A. christianii,
 PLANT /lLKALO/IJS A/hl/loid Test Reslllt.f 15
14

l lippcastrtllfl jJlllliceulfl, /-lippeaslmm Sp., Ilymelluca/Jis keyensis, thera Rhus amerilla, R. batopliyllo, R. copallillll, R. delltala,
I/. ocddelllaJis, Narcissus sp.t Zephynmthes tlllllllflSCO, Z. carilillta, R. d;;secta, R. dregealla, R. dura , R. ernest;, R. eros~, R. g/~br~,
Z. raseo. R. giollcn, R. hypolellCll, R. i1llegrifolia, R. illterm~dw, R. klrk.ll,
Negat ive results were obtained fo r Alllmy/lis vinolllm, At/oigall- R. Irmcea, R. klllr;,ut, R. legati, R. lellCllllllltl, R. /ollglpes, R. longls-
tllIIS (= CyrwIIIllIIs) brel'ijlorus, Brm'oa gemillijlora, Brut/faca 1'111- pil/a, R. lucida, R. IIwg(lli~'m~lItalla, R. ",~c,"!,phylla, R. 1II01l!s,
chella. Cri",lm macrowflllii, C. mflCrtllllherum, and an uniden ti fied R. nataiellsis, R. ovala, R. pymltles, R. ql/arllllUlIIa, R. l-e"lIIat~"IO­
Crillllm species. lUI, R. rigida, R. rosll/oi"ini/olia, R. sill/ii, Rhlls spp. (2), ~. S/~lII~s­
eem, R. succedellla, R. Imitel/sis, R. tellllillerVlIs, R. ter~b/1lt"!roflfl.'
R. tomelllosa R. (rilubllta, R. typhilllt, R. ulUlu/ala, ScllfIlllS ellglen,
REFE RENCE S. //Iolfe SC/tfIlIlS sp., S. (crebin(hi/ulius, S. weimwmii/olius, Sclero-
Gl1Indon, M. F., N,,/umf Prodllcts Reports Ii (1989) p. 79. cmyll c~Jfra, Semecol'pus alra, S. clUtei/or",is, Sl~/Odillgillm argu-
tum, Spollt/ias cYllllu:rea, S. duleis, S. mOil/bill , S. .I'U~Pll~-ea.
S. veIlOS(I. Tclpirim gl/ai(lIIel/sis, 111JI1'Osodilllll paraellsls, ";'XICO-
ANA CA RI)IA CEA E del/dron radical/s.
73 gel/ era; 850 !111ecie!l'

Representatives of Ihis mainly trop ica l fam il y ex tend in to north ANNONACEAE

temperate regions of Eurasia and North America. Several are of 128 gel/era; 2, 050 species
economic importance (cashew and pistachio nuts, mango fmit, Jac-
quer) and some arc known for their conlent of substances high ly This is a fam ily of the Old World tropics, but Asimina is also
irritating 10 the ski n (unlshiol and its relatives). Seven species hove fou nd in temperate regions including the United States. The Anno-
been reported 10 give positive tesls for olkaloids. In this study, 170 naceae are famil iar as a source of edible fruits throughout the world
samplcs from 11 1 species gave on ly one positive test for 0 !:lpecies (custard apple, cherintoya, sou rsop, etc.). .
previollsly considered alkaloidal, Dracolliome/oll lIIaglliferum . At least 50 genera includ ing some 75 specIes a.rc known to b.e
Othcrs lou lld positive in Ihis survey included AslrOllfllm jlaxinijo- alkaloidal; benzyli :roqu inol incs, aporphines, berbenne!:l, and a vari-
lililn (212), Buehallallia arborescens, Lmll/ea s/Ilhlmmlllii, L. wel- ety of other N-containi ng compounds arc fo~nd throughol~t the
witchii, RlllIs (lIIgusli/olia, R. ciliata, R. illCisll, and R. vb-ens (112). fami ly Rccent rev icws of some of thesc constituents are aV31 lable
The lollow ing species were negative: Actil/ocheitajilici"ia, Ana- (Cave 'et aI., 1989; Waterman, 1985; Zhong and X~e, 1988). T he
cardiUIII gigalltellln, A. micmcephalwlI, A. occidell/ale, Astmllium following record of posit ive alka loid tests was obtalllcd from 240
graveolells, A. microcalyx, Astm llium sp., A. ufei, 8leplwrocmya samples comprisi ng 155 species. .
invoillcrigera (in Blepharocaryaceae by some au thoritic!:l), 811c11ll- These pl ants. known to be alka loidal, were rccoglllzed: AII."o."a
nanin heteropilylla, Comoc/lldia p/atyphylla, COllloc/odin sp., Coli- 1II01ltall(l, A. muricata (2/4) , A. reticu/ala, A. squamosa, Asmlllw
I1I1S coggygria, Dobillea \llIlgaris, Dracol1lomelOIl dno, D. sylvestre, triloba (516), Gllatteria 'psi/opus (4/4), l'lexlilobus mOl/opetalus
Ellroschimls papl/wl/ls, HarpephyllulII caffi'Uln, Heeria argenlea, (1/2), MOl/odora myristica; Popowio piso~wp(l, .R(ll/ weflhoffla
I-/. dispar, fI. il/signis, H pal/icll/osa, H. reliellluw, lIeeria ~pp. (4), leiehllmrdlii, Rollillia ml/cosa (8/9), Trivall'(lna pllllll/a (212), Xylo-
J-I. stellopliyfla, Lalll/ea discolor, L. edllJis. L(w rophyJ/lIs capell- pia aethiopica, X. paplllll/a. .
sis, Ulhmea brasiliellsis, L. lIIo/feoides, M{lIlgifera illdka, OdifUI Other positive lests included Alphollsea sp., Anllolla (/,.eIUlr~a
(= LWlllaea) wodier. Ozoroa l-eticufata, Pistacia chillell.\·is, /~ illteg- (3/3) , A. clllysophyl/a, A. crassf/lora ( 1/2), A. exSIlCC{/, A. pail/Sins.
e,.,.i/l/tl, /~ mc:xicmw , Pro/Or/illS /ollgijiJ/ia, Rhodosplwera rllOdall - A. senegaiellsis (5/1), A1II/(ma .'iP". (2), A. srellophylla, A,.tabollJIS
 16 I'I..ANTAtKALOIDS AJk(l/oid 1est Results 17

1I/OlIleiro.wte ( 112), A. o(/oralissima (slcm), Asimillu /ollsi/olia, A I'OC YNACEA E'

A. lIashii, A. parl'ijlora, A. speciosa, Bocagegop.\'is multiflora, Ca· 215 g ellera,' 2, 100 species
/lallga b/aillii (4/4), C. adorala (516), Cleisfochlamys kirkii ( 1/3),
Cleistopholis palells (1 /3 ), Cremalmpel'lIIu fJolyphleblllll, Cymbo-
p etaftllll pellduliflorum (212), Desmos sp., Duguelitl afT. all/ozonica, Th is fa mi ly is almost cosmopolitan but c hie ny tropica l with
D. oc/arata, Duguelia spp. (3), D. spix;Iltl, D. surillamellsis ( 112), some representati ves in the temperate zones. It is noted for many
Elllleastemoll schweilljimhii, Ephedra/JI/lUs omuzollicus, Ephe- ornamenta ls, some spec ies that yield rubber (Fill/lumia , wlldol-
dralllhlls sl'p. (2), Fusaeu Jongi/olia (3/3), Goniotfl%mus sp., phia). and several use ful drugs (SlIvpluJl/I/IIIS, Acokalllhem, ClIIha-
Guolferia b1aillil' (3/3), G. calva, G. t!lIckemw, G. dura (bark), ralllhlls. Rallvo/fia). Many arc tox ic.
G. dOl/gaw, G. megaphylla, G. micll lls, G. oc/orata (bark, Icaf), The Apocynaceae is probab ly the most thoroughl y investigated
Gllatleria .\PP. (7118) , MOl/adom gram/if/ora (2/3 ), Oxymitr(l sp. , family for alka loidal plants; about 1,000 of these compollnds have
Paplla/,hia spp. (2), Phaeal/tJlIIs I1IllClVpodllS (212), Polyatlhill or- been isolated from its Illany Illcmbers. Th is inte nsc intcrcst fo l-
lIIi"wlft (2/3 ), /~ glauca, P. obtollgijolia (212) , Polyat/hia sp., Popo- lowed the isolation and c haracterizat ion of reserpine and ils re la-
Will jilsca, P. obO)l{ll ul1I , Popowia sp ., Psellduvaria spp. (212) , Rolli- tives frolll the traditional India n drug Rauvoljia selpel/ /illa and the
nia sp ., 7e fnlmerrlll l/llls dl/ckei, VI/ol/opsis sp., V llaria c:llftlllae, discovery of thc ant ilc ukc mic alka loids of Clllharantlllls. Th e study
UVll ria sp ., Xy/opia (l mazollica (4/4), X amlllalica (2/4), X. oehmll- reported here was donc, in part, during Ihe limc these even Is look
tlUI, X. sericea, Xy/opia sp .• X tomel/losa. place and, as a resull, a degree of emphas is was placed on screening
Negati vc tcsts were obtaincd for the following: Allaxagorea doli- " unusua l" rcprescnlatives of the fa mi ly. Some 775 samples includ-
ehoe011}1I, Allluma ambo/ay, A. dioica, A. globiflora, A. jiqllilah", ing 443 species were exam ined.
A . IOllgijlora. A. fOllgipeps, A. mel/tico/a, AIII/OIUI spp. ( I I). ArlaiJo- Many of the species recognized as a lkaloidal by other investiga-
fly... brachyperalus, Cyat/lOca/yx ramll/ijlOI'llS, C. ridleyi, Cymbope- tors were eonfi nned as such: AI/all/allda eat/Illrlicll (417), A/slonia
falum bra.~· i1iel/se . Desmos dlllJ'II111SclwiIlS, DlIglie fill fillfi1racea , II/acrophyJ/a, Alyxia olivaej(mlli.f. A. I'fIscifo/ia, Aspidosperma dis-
Gllalteria llllstralis, G. il/sclIlpta, G. me/iodora, Guatteria spp. color, A. macroCQ1pOII , A . megaloc(IIpulI, A. pyri/ofium . Clltlllll"UlI-
( 10), /so/.~lIa Campal/II/a ta, Miliusa ve/llliua, Mitrel/a (= Fissis fig- Ihlls 1"OsellS (4/4), Dip/orhYllclllls condylocmpoll (617) . ErvatllllJia
ilia) kel/lll, OXlllulm /m/ceo/ala, Po/yullliu ll}., Ro/linia do/abripe- didlO/ollla (5 15), FUIlf/lmia ajriclma ( 1/2), F elaslica (8/8), F. lali-
Ill/lI , R. eXlllbida, R. exsllcca, R. /llllrifolia . Rollil/ia spp . (6), Sacco- folia (3 /5), Gabunia odomtissim{l (4/9), GeissospermulII vel/azii,
pela/llm (= Milius{l) lomenlosum, Vvaria ajielii, Xy/upia benl/wllli, Haplophytoll cimicidwII, f{olllrrheJla!ebrifuga, If. ItIlllfsbergii, Ma-
~ jhllescens, X. gralUliflora, X IillgllSlijo/ill, X. /OllgsdOljitma, coubea glliallesis (212 ), Ma/ouelia arbollw, M. Iw/wqlwrillll (6/7) ,
A: . malayal/a, Xy /opia spp. (7). NeriulII oleander, Ochrosia ellipticll (214) , Pllgianlllll cerifera (212),
Parsonsia siraminea, P. velutiml ( 112), Peschierea affillis (6/6).
P/eiocarpa mlltica (8/8), Raullo/fia clifJ1'll, U. chillel/sis, R. deglleri,
R. hir.l'lIla , R. malliensis, R. telraphy l/a, R. verlicil/alo, R. viridis,
REFERENCIZS
R. VOII/ilorill (2/2), Uhazya SlriC/(l (5/5), Stemmadellia dOllllell-
smithii (212), s. galeoflillllll ( 1/2), S. obo)lata (3 /4), 7ldJem aemOllla-
Cave, A , M. Lebeour, lUld B. K. Cassels, Aflm/nids (J\Clldcl11ic I'I'ess) JJ ( 1989)
M l~. '. /la tiicholoma, T e/egalls, T. l){/IU/acqui, 7: fidelii, T rigida,
C.we, A., M. Lebeou r, and P. G. Waterman, Alktl/oifk Chelllic(ll alld Biological r rupicu/a (3/3 ), Tonduzia /onKi/olia (212), J1,llesia g /abra (4/4),
Pel;~pec/il'(!.~ J ( 19X5) Pll. 133-270. /linea ilia/or, V. millar, Voacal/ga /110111'.1';;, rVriglllill lo/llellfosll (flllit).
Zhong, S. und Xie, N., Z IiOIlgJ:IIO Yaoke Daxllc Xllcbo 19 (19tH!) p. 156 (Chem. In add llion. the follow ing were pos iti ve : AI/amanda violacea
J\bs. 109; 986 1] u).
( 112), Alstonia boollei (2/3), A. cOl/goensis, A. costa/a, A. glabriflo-

.
18 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alk(lioitl1esl lkfllfts 19

rtl , A. mOlllana, Alttonill spp. (214), A. vilells;s (2/2), Alyxia (mll(l/Jltm ~ cf. plllle;, A. cJllsiophyJ/a, A, dispJwemcarpa,. A. {~?ratophylla,
sis, A. bllxifo/ia, A. cOllcatellata (1(2),1Alyxia c[ markgrafia (212). A, ellip/iea, A, ely /h rosperma , A. j1oribullda , A. forbesl/, A. gfallco~
A.jlallf!scens, A.fi"agnms (I12), A. lancen/ala, A. laurinll, A. /oesselia- phylla, A. Iwillallensis, A, iliei/olia , A. intermedia, A. lamii, A. /at~I ,
IIll, A. ILicida (112), A. pllllClalll, /I, sinem';s (112), A. spicaro, A. zeyltm- A, laxij1ora, A. levine;, A. /el/cogyne, A. Jillearifolia, A. Illz(J "en'i~s,
iea, Ambelania ~p.• Amsonia breviflora, Apocynum ollllro.memifolilllll. A. microbllxus, A, mOlllieola, A. myrtillae/olia, A. mUII/mlllana,
A. ClImporum, Aspidospentl1l cruellfum (hark, fmit), A. olivacelll/l, A. oroplrila, A. parvifolia, A, pisiform;s, A, pseu.d~sill.ellsis, A. pur~
Aspidmperma ~pp. (4/5), Baissea wuljhorstii, Beallmon(ia gnmdiflora pur-eoc/ada, A. reil/wardii, A. revo/uta, A, roma,tl1lijolta, 1' sc"'e~~1,­
(3 /5). BealllllOlllia !l]J., Bona/usia hirlula, B. swulI1ho, B. lefraslachya, teri, A. scabrida, A. scam/ells, A. Selpelllllta, A. slbuyalle,m ,
/J. lInt/lllafa, Carissa bispinosa ( 112), C. gral/dijlom ( 112), c.
tallcea/a- A. sorgerensis, Alyxia '\PP. (2), A. srellala, A. slfbaip;IIa, A. torquea-
la (112), Carmlhersia carrulhersia, Cij/al/drops;s (= M e!adil/lts) I/OVO- ta, A, torresialla, A. yunkullialla, Anchorllia sp., Allcylobothrys pet-
gllillensis, COllopharyngia eiegalls, C. hol,'!ii (212), E'rvalamia erio· ersimw, Allgadellia berleri, A. lil/denialla, Anodendmll , affine,
phom (1/2), fhmferia ajric(lIl(1 (3/3), H zeylanica (212), Kop,via A. axillare, A. bellflwmjaflllm, A, candolleallum, A. corlOcelllll,
jrulico.\'(l (212), Lmuiolphi{/ kirkii, Lepilliopsis tematellsis (212), A1(l ~ A. {aeve, A. loheri, A. /IIal1l1briafUIII , A. oblollgijoliwlI, A. pallicula-
couhea gLiianesis (212), Ma/oLielia fwfuracea (3/3), M. Ilifida , Maf/(Ie~ (!1m, A. punctafullt, Apocynllm cfl,,"abilllllll, A, sibriclllll, Arria o~'­
villa ctllleifolia, M. iIIustris (whole planO, Mar,w/ellia rubm/lisca, Me~ bict/laris, Aspidosperma polyneltroll, Aspidmperma sp., Camerarw
loilinus kmrlolphoides, M mOllogyllus (212), Oehrosia S(lIIr1wicellsis allgllsti/olia, C. belizellsis, C. lull/olia, C. IOl/gil, C. retfls~, CariS!):~1
(2/2), OdolllOdcnia sp., Pagiantha dichotoma ( 112), P. heYlleana, edufis, C. haematocll1pa, C. macl'Ocmpa, CarrulherslO bmssfI,
p. oligantha, P. pll/meria/olia, P. spilaemcmpa, i~ :mbglobosa, C. dal'OlIensis, C. maegregorii, C. pi/osa, C. lati/olia, C. scalldells,
P tilurstollii, Parsonsia albiflora, P. helicclllilra, Peschierea australis, Cerbera jloribwu/a, C. odal/am, Cer/)era ,rpp. (3), Cli((llldr~
P. bahia, P. laela, Peschiel'ea spp. (6n ), Plumeria rubra, Preslonia orien/alis, COlldy/ocmpon rOlt'voljiae, Cormla m(lcrocmpa, C. utl -
mexjC(lIIa (212), Preslollia sp., Rauvolfia heterophylla (212), R. oxy- lis, Ecdysalltlrera rosea, EcMtes Ilm~ellata, F?rste,.of/ia leptocarp~,
phy/fa, R. s(lIIdwicellsis, R. sempetjlorells (whole plant) R. suaveolenv, F iuscJl1latltii, F. riedelii, F. ru/a, «()rs/emma spp. (3), F tlty,:sm.
Slemmailen;a ebracteata, S. gr(lIIdij1ora, S. IXI/me,.i, Slemmadellia spp. dea flimatarrt1'l1s arlielllalus, H. braclcatus, II. obovalaus, Hlma -
(4/4), Stmphanthus gratus, Tabemaemolluwa alba (1 /3), T (Illgulata, /all;lws spp, (14), If. subcarllosa, H. steyermmtii, icllllOCll1PUS jr~l­
T bllrter; (m), 1: citrifolia (313). T. cras,m . 7: grandi/lora, T /il/ort/lis lescells, Kopsia j1av;da, /"ll1ulolplt;a buchalla/i.i, L: caperrsIs,
(2/2), T lIuU"illla, T l1Iuricala (212), T ob/ongi/ol;a, T IXlcifica, L. owarellsis, L. IIgal/dellS;S, /"(lsegllca erecta, /"YOIISlfJ rrmculara, Ma -
T p\J'clwtri/o!ia, T slIl/allho (3/3), 1flhemaemonlllll(1 spp, (619), clVs;phol/;a brachysipllOn, M, hypo/euca, M. fongi/lora, M. I1I(1Cro ·
1: Sll!lI%ha, T. .1'lIbmoJ/is (212), nJell(!lia perllvi(llla, 1;·ac:he/o:.permlllll sipholl , M. /1Iartii, M. petraea, MaclYJsip"~lIia S{JP· (5),. M. ve/ame,
jragralls (bark), 1'rachelospermumjasminoides, Un:eola brachycepha· Malldev;lla filiformis, M. /oliasa, M. /UI/i/Ol'mlS, M. llIllllaculat~.'
la, Yinca /al/tea (2(2), V pffsilla, Vinca spp. (212), VO(fCaflgll "atalell~ M. kanvil/skii, M. lesigna, Malldevilla spp, (17), M. steycrmarkll,
sis, Wrighlia pubescells. M. st/bcarnosa, M. sllbsaggirala, Melorlif/us batten·, M. sual'colellS,
Negative tests were obtained from the follow ing: Acokmllhera Mesechiles trifit/a, M. triJolia, NeriuIII int/icllII/, N. odorul1l, 0(/011-
ob/angi/olia, A. opposilifofia, A. scliimperi, Adenium multi/lol'llm, todenia gral1diflora, PaehypodiulI/ Jeolii, P sal/fldersii, P. sl~cclllen­
Agallosma OCUli/illata, A. aganosma, A. cOIyophyllata, A, cymostl, tum, ?agicmtlia maclVcmpa, P. megacarpa, P. P(~lI~~(1CqUf, Par~~
A. gracile, A. /1Iarginata, A. sch!echteriana, A. velul;,w, AI/amanda hallcomia sp" P peruvialla, Parsons;a baudoU1ff, P. bmssll ,
spp. (3), Alstonia macrophyl/a, A/stonia spp. (2), A/yxia aCI//i/olia , P brlll/ellsis, P CWlescellS, P. cap.mlal'is, P. camea. P cOlllusa,
A, aff/llis, A. amOelltl, A. miakel/sis, A. bodinieri, A. bracte%sa, P. crebri/lora , P ellmmillgimlO, P curvisepala, ~ e~lIlis, P. /ll.J\I~,
A. brevipes, A. eael/milla, A. celas/rilla , Alyxill cf. de/oliala , Alyxia P. hetemphyl/a, P javonica, P. fa evis, Plata, P. ltJaclIla, P. 1II01tssl-
20 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid lesl ReMI /is 21

ma, P. mlata.I~ rubra, Parsol1sia sP't P vell/ricos", Pe/taste,\' .\1'., The fo llowing spccics were negativc: Jlex (ll/omala, /. amlrem i-
Peschierea australis, Plumeria (u':lIli/iJlia, P. oiJtm'a, Plumeriopsis ca, I. asprella, I. bioritellsis,l. bwfordii, 1. c/talllaedIJifo/ia, J. co r~
ahollai, POlfsia grrll1tiijlora, P. faxijlom, P ovala , PreSIOllia (lCllti- mila , I. discolor,I. diuretica , I. dtll1losa, I.jOl"IIIOS(1I1(1 , I. IUlIl ceal/a,
falia, P. agglulillQ{a, P.. amanuensis, P.. balticlisis, P. brachypoda, I. impressivella, J. ;lIcana, I. incanw ra, I. jell1tanii, I. l(levigala,
P.. cOGIi/a, P.. cOllcolor, P. gualamalellsis, P. IUlss/eri, P. isrhmica, I. microdo11fo , J. mitis, I. opoca, J. parag/./ariellsis, l. parvifolia,
p. lilldleytllw, I~ lilldmmlllii, P' margillflta, P.. mollis, P 0/)0\1(1((1, l. pllbescells, J. rOlullda , l. serrata, /lex spp. (5), flex cf. versfeeghii,
P peregrina, P porlohellellsis, P ljllillqU(mgu/aris, P. riedeJii, I. verlicil/ma, l. verticil/ara, I. vitis-idaea, I. vOlI/iroria.
P so/alli/olia, Pres/onia spp. (5), P. IOmelllosa, P /rijida, Pteralyxia P/telline COlllosa. SphcllosremOlI lIIiakcllsis, SphellosremOIl cf.
macroc(lI1)(l, /?auvo/jia lilleari.s.epala, R. seJlowii, Rhabdadellin bi- arfilkensis, and S. papllflllW1/ were also negative; they arc some-
color, R. bifiol'a, R. macrostomG, Sabajlorida, Secondacia dellsij1o- times placed in families of their own, Phellinaceae and Sphclioste-
ra, SkyulI/(!ms sP't Stipecoma pe/tata, Strophanthus gerardii, monaceae rcspectively.
S. hi.\pidus, S. II/teolus, S. pelel"siallll,~', S. Sarll/elltosu.\', S. specioslIs,
S. weJwitchii, TabernaemolltmlO heYflealla, Tabemaemolllana spp.
(4), 7(mllladellia sp., T. stellaris, 111evetia lIeriifolia, T ovata, ARACEAE
1: peruviana, T rhelJetoides, Urceola javallica, U. lucida, U. philip- 106 gellel"ll; 2,950 species
pillel/sis, U. IOrulosa, Urechites alldriellxii, U. IUlea, Val/oris hey-
The family is most ly tropical and subtropical but extends into
/lei , V. so/allocea, Wrighria saligllfl, Wrighr/a .w
temperate areas including a few rep resentat ives in the United Stales.
Several samples of the less common genera in thi s extensive
In the New World, we recognize some genera as ornamentals
fami!y were suppli ed in the form of g leanings from herbarium
(e.g., the calla lily); in the Old World, some roots arc lIsed as food
specimens.
(e.g., la ro) as are the flU its or MOlIslera spec ies.
Alkaloids 'are known for somc 25 genera (35 species) in the
A QUiFOLIACEAE family; coniinc, hydroxytryptamine, berberines, and an assortment
4 gelleraj 420 ,~pecies of other N-con laining compounds has been identified.
Ninety-four samp les representing 73 species were exa mined in
Most of the species in this family are in the genus J/ex, which has this study. C%cosia esculenla, Symplocmplis joetic/us, and Zmlle-
three centers of di stribution: South America, North America, and deschia aerhiopica (1 15) had becn previous ly reported as alkalo id-
the SOllth Pacific. The genus is important as a source of lumber and positive.
ornamental s (holly) and, in South America, as a basis for trad itional Severa l o ther spec ies were found here to give positive tests as
cancine-containing drinks (mate and guayusa). well: Acorlls calamlls, A. gmminell.'i, AJocasio odora, AlIfllllriulII
The chemi stlY of the famity is that of the major genus (lJex) sp. (113 ), Cyrlospermo jolll1slolli, PeJlwuJra virgillica, SympJocar-
known for its contcn t of ca fTeinc and theobromine along with cyano- pus joelidus, 1}pllOlIilllJl divaricalul1I, Urospallw saggitaefolilllll
glucosides of a SOlt which do not liberate HeN on usual hydrolysis. (112), Zallredeschia meltlllolellca , Z. rehmwlI1ii.
Of the 42 species of /lex tested, only fo ur were regarded as Some of the literature reports of the presence of alka loids ill this
posi ti ve: I. C(lssille, I. coriacea, I. crellata, and. J. glabra (213). family may have resulted from the use of ammonium hydroxide
I. cassille and I. crellata had previously been repo'lted as a lkaloid- during isolation. This practice.,.has bcen shown to convert certain of
posi ti ve. The puri nes do not give definitive alka lo id tests with the the plant constihlenls to N-conta ining compounds, which then react
DragendorlT reagent and are not considered true a lka lo ids by some as alka loids in standard testing procedures.
investigators. Negative tests were obtained wit h the following spec ies: A carus
 22 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloir/1est Ue:,;ult.\· 2.1

graminells var. p"sillus, Aglaonel/la modes/lilli, A/ocasia intiica, arbore'lIIl, D. CUI/eall/III, D. parlliflorum , D. peJlucidopullctatus,
AmolpilopltllJllIs glabra, A. mOIl/ric/lOrdia, Allt/lllriulIl me.xicallulII, Didymopallax Ol1gllslissillll1, D. morotololli, Didymopflllax spp. (3),
A. perla/orad/alUm, AllfhuriuIII spp. (2), A. scam/ells, Arisaemo dra- D. vinosfl1I1, Dizygotheca (= Sc/iejJlera) coel/osa, Dizygorlteca sp.,
COlli/ifill, A. japoniculII, A. tripIJylllllll, Amlll maculallllll, Calla sp., Giliberlia . (l/"borea, G, clmeato, Ilec/era helix, l/ep/apJeu/"uIII
C%casia allliquorum, EpiprelllulIl pilllUltlllll, fle/erops;s sp., Lasio (= SchejJlera) arborico/ulII . H. octophyllulII, Ii. velllltosulII, K~lo­
spinosa, MOils/era perlllsa, MOIl/richart/ia (= Amorphophallus) ar- pfmax (= E/elliherococclls) pic/llS, Kissotielldl"OlI (= Po/yscUlS )
borescens, Montridwrdia :,p., Drolltilllll aqua/lelllll, PhiloqelldrolJ mistraliamllll, Mackillftiya macrosciadia, Melyta sp., Myodocarpll:<;
ill/be, P inaeqllilarerum, P obliquijoliulII, P rut/gemwllI, P seqlline, sp., Neopw/{/x arboreulIJ, N. colellsoi, N. simplex, Oreopanax capl-
P sel/OI/1Il, Philudendron spp. (7), Pistia stmtioides, Pothos see- {(III/Ill, O. echillops, 0. JUIIIIIIII, 0. sa lvinia, Oreopmwx spp ,. (2),
Rhodospatha I'Oseospadix, Richardia (= Zallledeschia) bra-
II/atllli, 0. xa/apensis, Pallax gillsellg, P/emndra (= Sclle.Dlera) stahltall~,
siliensis, R. scabra, SpathiphyllulII cochieari.\1)(lllwlII, Spathiphyl- p. lIifiellSis, Polyscias baljouriana, P elegal/s, P jiJicijolio, P gll/I-
111111 sp., Sty/ochitofl flata/ellsis , S. p fi beru/lIs, Sty/oclli/OII sp" joy/el, P. sambucijoli(l, Pse/ldOp(lIIflX crassijolillm, P edgerleYi,
Symllltherias (= Amorphophallfls) syfl'atica, SYllgonium lIamasii, p. les!wllii, SchlejJ1em digitat{/, S. oClophylla, S. rail1'llllialla, Telra-
S. podophyllum, Syngonilllll sp., S. lIeJ/osiwlIIlII, Urospatha sp., pal/ax papyrijerus, Terrap/asfll/(/m (= Gastollia) sp., 7ieghemopa-
Xal/thosol1l(J mcru/ozae, X. //lexical/11m, X. rolmstw;, X. saggi(l!o- 1I0X (= Polyscias) elegalls.
lill lll , X. lIiolacewlI.

ARALiACEA E A RA UCA RIACEAE

57 g ell ent,' 800 sp ecie!1' 2 g ellerll ; 32 sp ecies

This is primaril y a tropica l fam ily wit h centers of distribu tion in Members of this fam ily are ornamental southern pi nes fa miliar to
Indo-Malaysia and tropica l America. Three genera arc found in the horticulturists. In the southern hemisphere, except in Africa and
Un ited States. southeast Asia, some are the source of lumber and res ins.
English ivy and ot hers are culti vated as ornamenta ls; some are Therc has been but one positive tCSI for alka loids recorded for
.. used <IS med icine (t be traditional Chinese dnlg ginseng belongs in this small gymnospelm fa mily (Agalh is allsrralis). A test of tb is
thi s fami ly). species was negati ve as well as tests on A. moorei, A. ova(~.'
Several unnamed alkaloids have been recorded in some ten gen- A. rob/lsla, Agothis sp., A. virellsis, Anlllcaria bididellii, A. COOkll,
era of the nun ily. Qui nazoli nes have been chamctcrized from the A. cflllllillglwm ii, A . excelsa. and A. fltlei.
genus Mackill /aya; the known alkaloida l M. schlechteri was also
found posi ti ve ill thi s study.
Positive tests were li kewise obtained with the fo llowing species: A RlS 1'OLOCflIACEAE
Aralia mcelllosa ( 1/4), Clissollia pal/icll/ala, C. thyrsiflora, C. 11111- 7 g'efl era,' 410 sp ecie..;
bellijera ( 1/3 ), Dendrop(lIIax peJl/lcipllllclata (115), Didymopwwx
rremllllllll (112), Gasrol/ia pap"tllla, SeemaJmtlralitl gerrardii. Th is is essentially a tropi ca l fa mily but some representatives
The foll owing species were negative: Acalllhopallax Irijoliallls, occur in the temperate zone.
Aralia cali/arnica, A. hispida, A. /Iumilis, A. l/IulicallJis, A. regelia- Nitrophenan th rcnes and their reduced (am ino) cOllnlelparls .<lS
/la, A. spinosa, AstIVtricha asperijoJia, A. jlocosca, Bra,~·.\'{lia acti- well as quarternary aporphines are characterist ic. Some spec ies
llopiJylla, Cussollia kirkii, C. naw/ensis, C. spicata , Dendropmrllx have been used as med icina ls.

l
24 Pi.ANTALKALOIDS Alk(l/oid 7;.s/ Resllits 25

Positive tesls for a lkaloids were obtained with the followin g PIIS wriglttimws, Tylophol'a l/laC/'ophylla, 'I: ovata, Xysma/obilllll
species prev ious ly known to be alka loidal : Aris(olo chia elegalls. ulldlllallllll.
A. gigallfea, A. fagala. In addition, an unide ntified Aris/% c/Jia sp. The fo llow ing species gave negative tests: Arlll!iia serico/era ,
was found 10 be positive (1/3). Asclepias albicallS, A. ampfexicalllis, A. allgustijiJlia, A. oW'iculalll,
Negative resuits were obta ined for Arisrolochia burchellii, A. bidclIJata, A. bmchysJep/wllia, A. burchellii, A. cali/ol'lliclI ,
A. dh~)I/}IlI, A.jalisc(lIIa, A. kallklillellsis, A . macrophylla, A. pau/is- A. cOlltrayerba, A. fililol'l/!is, A. gibba, A. glaberl'i1l1(1, A. glal/ces-
talla, ArislOJoc/lia spp. (3), A. 11:;mlgll!aris, Asarum c(llladellse. celiS, A. incomala, A. melmulta, A. mexicalla. A. Ileglecla. A. oello~
A. tell/ollii, A. laitoellse. t/telVides, A. orata, A. oraloides, A. ova to , A . pring/ei, Asclepias JPp·
(2), A. Jpeciosa, A. suhulala, A. syriaca, A. verticil/ala, Aspidog!os-
Slim bijlorum, B/epJwl'Odoll IIII1Cf'OlIatum , n.sleudeliwlI/l/I. Bl'achys-
ASCLEPIADACEAE teflll(l pygmaelllll , C({mllul1la piCHlllthoides. C. Cempegio abyssinica,
347 genera,' 1, 850 species C. occu/la, Ch/orocodoll (= Mondia) while;, Cosmostigmo racel/lo-
slim. Oyptofepis capensis, C clyploJepoides, Cynane/wlII aji"icOlIllIlJ,
Although thi s famil y is pantropica l, most of its members arc C. ellipticum, CjloribundwlI. C /reemrllli, C klmthii, C o/JtuSijO/illlll,
Sout h American. A few genen) extend into temperate reg ions; olle C. parvijlo/'l/III , C prillg/ei, Disc"idia raffiesifllla, Dischidia sp.,
of these is lhe familia r milkweed , Asclepias syriaC(l . Some arc Dilassa acel'Osa, D. ridelii, D. edlllllndoi, Ditassa !'p., Dregea abys-
ornamentals, some yield rubber, others are livestock poisons. The sil/iea, Finlaysollia obovata, Fockea /ugardii, E multiflora, Glossos-
taxonomy of the family is 1I0t a matter of gencra l agreeme nt. telllla carsollii, Gomphoempus (= Asclepias) aureus, G. g/aucophyl-
Few alkaloids ha ve been found in thi s relatively large fam ily. Ius , Gomphocm1Jl1s sp. , GOll%bus cll1),salllhus, G. broadwayi,
Those in CJyplOlepis, CYlI(lfIcllIIlIl, Pergu/aria, 7jliophora, and Vill- G. piloslls. G. prodllctllS, G. IIIl!florus. GYlllllema lalemijlorus,
ce/oxiculIl have been characterized, some have been synthes ized. G. syiveslre, Hoya bicarillala, Marsdenia hilarialla . M. macrophy lla,
olhers have yel to be isolated in pure form. M. mexicalla, M. pringJei, M. IUbmjilscli. Male/ea IIil'sIiIa. M.pavonii.
In this study, 182 species were tested wi th the followi ng pre- Mafa/ea sp., Melaslelllla (= CY/UlIIchum) ongllslifolium , Melaste/ma
viollsly known alkaloidal plants found positive: Asclepias cums- sp .• Micl'O/oma lewlI./!foliul1I , MOlldia whilei, Olealldm wallichii.
slll'ica (2/ 13) , A. linaria (2/5), Ca!olropis gigalllea (l/3), Ectadiop- Orrhosia urceo/ala, Oxypela/llm amouial1ulIl. 0. banksii, 0. 1'01/-
s is oblol1g{ji)Jia (1 /2 ). MOl'sdellia cOlldurango. O$um. 0. pedicil/allilll, Oxypetallllll spp. (9) , 0. sub/allatllm, Pachy-
T hese spccies were also positive: Asclepias con/ijolia ( 112). CllI1Jl1,\' appel/dicit/allis, P va/idus. Pel/talrapis cYllallchoides, Pergll-
A. fil.'icicula/a, A. jhlficosa. A. hUlI/islrala. A . I'OlImdifoiia . A. sub- laria spp. (2), Pilosligma (= COl/stamilla) thollnil/gii. Raphionllcme
vcrlicilla/(l (214), A. veslira, Bleplwrodon sp., Caralluma mammi- burkei, R. elala, R.jlanogllni, R. hil'SIl!a, Rioel'euxia picta, R. londo-
Jiaris, Caml/ullla sp., CJyplolepis oblollgifolia (1 /2), CYIl(lllclllllll sa, Sarcoloblls clausum, Sarc%bus cf. globosus , S e/eglllls, S. vimi-
mi(reoJa, C. lIigrulII , C. praecox , Gomplwcmpus physocwpus, Go- /lale, S. mosel/sii, Sarcoslemma spp. (3), SchiSlOgylle W·, Schizog!os-
lIoJolJIIs gOIlUCWpIlS, G. obliqlllls, Hemidesl1l1ls illdiclls ( 1/2), He/- slim petherickalllllll, Secamolle albill;;, S. j;'ulescel/s, s. parvi/olill,
eros/emma ("·Ol/il/Illll, H paplJ(lIla. l-Ioodill sp., Kal/(lhia JallijIora S. geftleffii, Stapelia variegata, Stomatostelllllla 1IlOlIleiroae, Stu/Jilia
( 1/2), Marg(lrelta rosea, Mar.wJel/ia dregei. M. ros,rrala , Micr%ma (= Orbea) lapscollii, Thcazzea apicll/ala, 1i:lssadia pmpilliqua, 7jl/o-
iI/callum, M. massollii. M. saggitalwlI (112), PachycQ/1JUS rigida. phora grQlulijlora, Villcetoxicijlll sp.
P salber. Peclillaria brevi/oba, Pelliarrhillum illSipidlllll, Pergllla- The follow ing genera have been placed in a sepa rate fam ily,
ria daemia-extensa (3/1 0), Pelgu/aria sp., Secamolle gal'al'dii, Sla- Periplocaccac, by sor'ne taxonomists: Filliaysullia, J/emisdeslllus,
peJia giganlea (2/3), S. oJivacea , S. schillZii, Slapelia sp., Toxocal'- Montiia , RapiJionocme , SlOmatoslellllJlll , T(lcazzea.
 26 PLANT ALKA LOIDS /11kaloid 'lesl Results 27

B or.HlInenta ls; others are used for fo ods-a leafy vegetable (Basel/a)
and a starchy root of the Andes (UI/Ileus).
" Eigh t samples representin g five species gave negat ive tests for
alkaloids, Which have not yet been found in the fami ly: Allredem
BALANI TACEAE
vesicaria , Basella rllbra, BOffssi1lgallltia (= AI/federa) basel/oides,
J gelllls; 25 ~;J1ecies
B. leptoslachys, B. rfllllosa.
The genus Balanites of tropical Asia and Africa is now li sted
among the Zygophyllaceae by some au thorities. The seeds of som e
species yie ld oi ls used in soap making; others are medici nal. BATACEAE (BATJDA CEAE)
One sa mple o f an undetemlined species gave II positive test for J gel/lis; 2,fjpecies
alkaloids in th is st udy. The chemistry o f the fami ly is ot herwise
unknow n, although alkaloids are known for the Zygop hyllaceae. This is a family of the shorelines of the tropics and subtropics o f
the New World and Hawaii . It is of no known economic importance.
Indolic glucosinolates have been reported in Batis maritima, but a
BALANOPA CACEAE tcst of th is species did not give a reaction wit h DragendorfT's reagent.
J gellUS; 9 species

T his sma ll famil y is nati ve to the southwest Pacific including BEGONIACEAE

Queensla nd in Austra lia. It has no economi c uses. 2 gel/era; co. 900.\pecies
One species, Bplallops austra!imlll, gave a nega tive test for alka-
loid s. Noth ing is known oCthe chem istry of the fami ly.
The nunily has wide distribution throughout the tropics, especially
ill South America. Varieties o f many species have been developed by
BALSAMINA CEAE horticulturists and grown as familiar garden and house plants.
2 gellertl j 850 species Alkaloids are not known in the fami ly. Twenty~s i x samples repre~
senting 21 spec ies were tested without positive resu lt : Begol1ia
These plants arc wide ly di stri buted hut arc most abundant in the bafSOlllillf!.ll, B. cajJi'(l, B. jhltico.WI, B. gmcilis, B. herac/ei/o/ia,
Asian and African tropics. Severa l species arc orname ntals. B. hispida, B. illcamala, B. inciso-serrata, B. macdollgaJlii, B. lIe-
Alkaloids have been reported for two species of Impatiens but 12 lllmbii/olia, B. palmaris, B. prillceae, B. ramfa iensis, B. I'icinijolia,
sa.mples jncl ~I~l ing lhe following II species were tested in thi~ survey B. scam/ellS, Begonia spp. (4), 11. tovarellsi,fj, B. u/m({o/ia.
without poSitive results: Impatiens btflora, I. cecili, I. chillensis,
I. dlll/liei,. /. kirkii, I. pallida, Impatiells .11J!). (3), I. sylvicola, I. IIl/iflora.
IJERBERIDA CEAE
15 gel/era; 570 species
IJASELLACEAE
4 gel/em; 15 !J1Jecies A fcw members of tile fam ily arc fou nd in South America but as
a group the l3erberidaceae are chie fl y north temperate. Many are
This family is fo und mostly in tropica l America and the West llsed as o rnamenta ls and some bea r edible 1I'Lli!.
Indies, with one species nat ive to Asia. Some are cult ivated as
Earl ier taxonomists included 12 genera in the fa mil y, II o f whi ch

•
34 PLANT A LKALOIDS Alk(lloid Test Uesu/ts 35

A pos it ive lest for alka lo ids had been reported for the p ineapple, rea, B. arfda, B. ariel/sis, lJ. attenuata, B. bieolor, IJ bipilllwta,
Allo"a.~ COIIIOSUS. Tests on 45 samples Includi ng 4 1 species in ten /1. cilronella, 13. cOIIJusa, 11. copal/ifera, B. cOIycemJ'i.'i, B. crell{Jla,
o ther genera fai led to g ive a p.os itivc result. These spec ies were n. CIIl/eaW, Bwsera sp. aff. CII/leata , Bur-sera sp. aff. del/ticl/lala ,
negative: Aec!Jmcll hraCleata, A. dis/ieolllha, A. 0/'11(//0, Anollos B. diversija{ia, B. excelsa, 8.fagolloides, 11. go/eouiana, B. g /ob ,.i-
.WllillliS, BiIlhetgia macro/epsis, Broil/clio pinguil/, Bromelin sp., Jolia, B. g mlldtfolia , B. graveo/ens, B. heleresthes, B. him/sial/a,
Dyckia croeea , D. sel/owa, Dyckia -w. Hechtia ghresbreghlii, B. illstabilfs, B. jomllensis, 13. kerberi, B. IWIC:(jo/ia, B. leptoph!o-
H. glomera/a , H po(/mllha, fl. lexalla, Pilca irllia karwillskirllla. cos, B. IOl/gipes, B. mierophyila, 11. /// oreJensis, B. mu/tUuga,
Qllcsllelia illbriCllta, 7i1/anclsio achyrostachys, T. olldrieuxii, T. be1r- B. lIesopola, B. oeclilla, B. odoraltl, B. palmeri, B. penieil!ata,
tlUlmifllla, T bulbosa, T CaplIHl1edllSae, T./asciel/fata , 1: iOllonlha, B. sarcopoda, B. sehlechlelldalii, B. s imal'llba, Bursera sp. alT.
T jU llcea, T. /tll'ida, 7: recurvafa, T. schiee/eallo, Til/alii/sin spp. (6), simaruba, B. sllbmoniliformis, 8. lerebelltJlIls (lClllllillaw, B. lomell-
r. tellllijt>/ia, Vriesia cal'inata , V. !riburgellsis, v. gladioliffiwa, loso, 8. IriJolillla, 8 . Irim era , 8. vejar-vasquez;i, CWJ(lrilllll aCl/lifo-
V plolYllelllG, Vl'iesia sp., V. vagalls . lilllll, C. album, C. ausimlascilllll, C. Clllslmlimllllll, C. malI/elise,
C. pimelllll1, C. viliense, CVl/llllipJw ra aji-ic(ma , C. cwyaf{fu/ia,
C. eell/lis, C. glam/llio.WI, C. harveyi, C. marlo/hii, C. merkeri,
BIIUNIACEA E C. mollis, C. l1eglec/(l , C. pyracallll!oides, C. rehmmmii, C. schim ~
J1 gen era; 69 ~1Jecie.\' peri, C. lellufpeliolala, Elaphriw/I simarollba, Garllga jloriblll1c/a,
f1apla/alms jloriblillcills, H. gicmdu/oslIs, H. leeijolills, H. robllS/ IlS,
T he fami ly is SOllth African; some are cult ivated for cut nower.s. Protium copal, P. gllianellsis, P heptaphylllllll, P klein;;, P. "odulo-
No a lkaloids are known. Eight samp les representing seven spe- SI/III , P. p araens fs, P p o/yhrollllll , ProtiulII spp. (4), P. .\j)f·lIcealllllll ,
c ies gave but one posit ive result , Bel'zelia imermedia. The rema in - p. lelllli/olilllll, P. III1i/olia/llm, Telragaslris balsamifera, 1hlllillnick-
der were ne gative: Berzelia abmlal/ofdes, LJ. /allugillosa, Bmllia ia rhoijolia.
laevis, H. /wdijlora , Nebelia (= Bl"llnia) paleacea , Swavia radiata.

B UXACEAE
IJURSERA CEAE 5 ge" era; 60 species
8 gell e/'fl; 540 specie:,'
T he fam il y is primari ly of the tropics and subtropics or the Old
T his fa mily occurs in tropical America and in the nOl1hcastern World . Pachysandra procllmbel/s of the eastern United States is a
portions o f Africa. The latter region's species are most famil iar as common g rou nd cover; S illlmolldsia is the source of a substitute for
sources of frankincense and myrrh since biblical times. Some have whale oil. Ot hers are ornamenta ls.
lise as ornamentals. The " Buxus alka loids," as the nitroge nous compounds isolated
Positi ve' a lka loid tests have been recorded for spec ies of Comllli- from this fam il y arc com mon ly known , have been recorded rrom 33
pJw/"{/ , BoslVellia, and Protium. fn thi s study, a tota l of 149 samples spec ies. The gen us Simmrmdsia has been p laced in a fami ly o f its
including 95 species gave positive results for Prolium macgregorii own, Simll1ondsiaceac; its seed s have been reported to give a pos i·
( 1/4), P neglectll/II, <I nd one other undetermined species of that tive alka lo id test but ot her than a cyanog lycoside, no alko loid has
gen us. been iso lated.
Negative tests were obla ined for the remainde r of the samp les: 'I\vo sa mples were tested: Bux lIs lallci/olia was positive , Sacro~
l10swellia serrala, LJllnem ap tem , I1llrsera sp. a ll'. ap tera, B. arho- cocca Iwokeriana was no t.

L
36 PIANl'ALKALOIf)S Afkflluill71:st Iksuf,~' 37

c CA LLITRICI1ACEAE
1 gCllm;; 17 .\1)ecies

This unige ncric family has been included in olhers by taxono-

CA BOMI!A CEAE mists over the years and is now generally accepted <I S a ramily of its
2 gellera,- 8 lpecies own. It is or no economic importance.
Litt le chemical work has been done ; alkaloids are nol known.
This is n fami ly of aq uat ics of the trop ical and wann temperate Only one species, Callilric/te stagllolis, gave a positi ve lest (112);
areas. They arc onen lIsed in aquaria. Earlier litera ture has the C. helerophylla and C. vem(l were ncgat ive.
genera in the Nymphaccac but Cronquist gives them separate fam i-
ly status.
Alkaloids arc nol known; Brasel/in schreberi and Cabomba caro- CA LYCANTIJACEAE
lillimw tested negative. J gellem ; 9 '~11ecies

This small rami ly is of imporlance as ornamentals with rragrant

nowers. A lka loids are common in the family.
CACTACEAE
The known posit ive species, Calycmrthus.!loridus ( 112), C. glau-
.110 g ell era j 1,650 sp ecies
cus (2/2 ). and C. occidellla/is were a lso fOll nd positive in this study,
as was Chimoflalll/ws praecox.
T he COlctaceae are indigenous to the New World. They arc eco-
nomically important as omamcntals ; the fruits of OPlllllilJ arc used
as food ; the peyote (Lophophora williams;;) is a well-known ha llu-
CALYCERACEAE
c inogen.
6 gellerll; 55 .'11ecies
Severa l genera of the family are alkaloidal; the alkaloids are of
several types and have been the subject of reviews. Samp les (36) This smal l famil y is related 10 the Compos ilae but has none of its
covering 33 species were tested to give, as expected, pos it ive lesls economic importance. Alkaloids are nol known .
for Nylocertls lim/allis, /...ophoeerus sehottii, LophopJlOrtI william- Neither Acicmpha spat/wIota nor Boopis bllpleuroidcs gave pos-
sii, f'aehyeerells peelell. itive tesls in this study.
Alkaloids were also detected in the followi ng spec ies: Ccreus .'p.,
HchillOCllctw; elllleaC(IIrlllllS, E. roetleri, E. sarissophorus, Opfllliia
dillcllii. CA Mi'ANULA CEAE
Negative reslills were obla ined w ith the ro llowing: Clyptoeerr!lls 87 gellerll,' 1,950 .vp ecies
:'1)., Echillocactlls acalltJlOdes, E. horizDlrlll(llolliu,~', 1::. ingells, Eclri-
" oeerells JOllgiseflls, E. lIIojavellsis, E. slall/inclls, /-Je/iocercus spe- The fa mily is importan l chie ll y ror its large number of ornamen-
cius/ls , Mammilaria dioica, Myrlillo cacllls gcollle(riz(lIIS , Oprllliia ta ls. It has wide d ist ribu tion throug houllhe temperate and SUbtropi-
atrispilll1, 0. aurimrliaca, 0. callwbrigcIIsis, 0. CrtlllaCea, 0. hllmi- cal reg ions w it h somc reprc,,<;en illt ives us uall y confined 10 high
j i/sa, 0. imbrica(a, O. Jeplocaulis, 0. occidellla/is, 0. tomeflfosa , elevations o r the tropics. Some taxonomists have had Lobelia in a
Pereskia aCflleala, Percskia sp., Rhipsalis baccijera, R. cassytlra. rami ly of its own (L6bcliaeeae), but this genus is now genera lly
TexOCllCtliS me/ocacfijormis. included wi th the ot her beU fl owers. A lka lo ids are known, parlicu-

.
38 PLANT ALKALOIJ)S Alkaloid 'Jest Remlls 39

larly in the genera Lobelia and CamplwlI/a . Lobeline has medicinal C hemical investigation of the flunil y has bec n sca nl; (.apsico-
use and has served as a substitute for nicotine in attempts 10 "curc" dendron (= Cilllwmodelll/ron) ma(/agllscarie1lsis has yielded a
the nicotine habit. quarternary base.
One hundred and twenty samples of the f.1mily were tested rcpre~ Six samples represe nting two s pec ies were tested with a positive
sell ling 96 species; severnl positive resu lts were obtained /i'OIll sa lll ~ result obtained for Cllpsicodelldroll dillisii ( 1/5 ). lI'arbllrgia IIgal/ -
pies known from carlier reports to have been alkaloidal : Campwwla densis was negative.
cmpalhiclI, C. mediulII, Is%il/a /ollgijlom, I.obelia ollceps, L. car-
dillalis (212), L. cJiffOl'liol1(l, L.flllgem, L. injlula, L. tangelll/o (212) .
Other alkaloid-positi ve species included the fOllowing: C. colli- CANNA CEA E
Ilia, C. g/olllerara, C. Inti/olia, C. mediI/III, C. tolllmllsilliwUI, Cell- J gel/us; 25 .~pecies
lropOgoll .W. CY(l1lea (lllgllstffolia, Cyphia assimilis, C. bulbosa,
C. elata, flippobromo /ongiji)/ia (2 /2), Is%l1l(l petmea, Lobelia an: The Can na family is primarily one of the New Worl d tropics;
aglllllla, L. ol/ceps, L. cardinalis, 1.. chinensis, L. c1iffortial/a, L. e.xal- .
according to some tuxonomists, three spec ies are indigenous to As ia
{(Ita , L. decipiells, 1.. lulgf!lIs, L. grllilla (1 /2 ), L. hassle"; (3/3),
and Africa. A few arc lIsed as ornamen tal s.
I •. laxij10m (6110), 1. lIicotil/ac/alia (212), L. pyramidalis, L. shUt-
lillie is known of til!': c hemistry ofthis family; a lkalo ids have not
fuae, L. syphilitica, Lobelia spp. (3/6), L. splendells, L. stellophyl/a,
yet been detected. Tests on 13 samples including nine species of
Phylellma orhicu/are, Siphocampy/y/ls d/lpfoserratus, Siphocampy-
Canna were wi thout posilive result: Call1la coedt/ca, C. j1acddll ,
IllS .'II'. ( 112), S. su(furells, S. IImbellalus, S verticil/allis, lVahfellber-
C. generalis, C. illdiC(l, e WlIla spp. (5).
giaarenaria, IV, ballksimw, IV, ca/ed()lIicll.
Negative tests were obtained with the following species: Campa/IU-
10 americana, C. allcheri, C. barba/a, C. caespifosa, C. /clles/rellattl,
C. jilic(lulis, C. gllrgllllica, C. porlellsch/agilma, C. prellellfhoides, CA PPARIDA CEAIi
C. waldellsteillill. Campmwmoea (= Codollopsis) /accin{{ofia, Centro- 45 generaj 675 .~pec:ies
PlJgolI spp. (2), C. sllril/ameIlSis, C/ermolltia persici/o/ia, C. kakeUlUl,
Codollopsis Itlllci/olill, Cyphia /riphyJJa , Lobelia (II/gli/ala, L. coem/ea, T his ram ily is pa lcot ropi c and close ly related to the mustards
L cOIvllopi/olia, L ehrenbergii, L era/tata, L. /il/earis, L. lIlu/a, (Cntciferae). One member is familiar as the kitehcn spice, cape rs
L. pilli/olill, Lobelia spp. (3), 1. fOmemosa, PhyJloclwris (= RI/thiel/a) (Capparis spinosa). Others are cultivated as garden omamc nta ls.
slIbcon/attl, Pratia (= Lobelia) cOllc%r, P rellijimnis, PrismalOCarplls Nitrogen-containing subs tances are known.
dijJwms, P. pedlillclI/ata, P. rogers;;, Siphocmllpylus Iycoides, SiphQ- One hundred and nineteen samples including 81 species were
campyllls sp., 7hodallis biflora, T. pelfo/iata, Wahlellbergia llIubvsa- tested to give the known positive Capparis lomelllosl/ alo ng with a
ceo, W marginoto, Wahlellbergia sp., W lI/ullilaUl. nllmber or other species: /Joscia lIlbifrllllCa (112), B. loelida 112),
B. mossambicensis, B. salicijiJlill (2/3), Cadaba ap/tyJ/a ( 112),
C. lemitaria (1/2), Cappdris angllsti/olia, C. asperijolia, C. brassii,
CANELLACE;lE C. elythmclllpa, C. inCal/ll (416), C. illdicll, C. odoratissima ( 112),
.5 genera,· 16 species C. oleoides. C. verrucosa, C. zcylallicll, C. zipelliaulI, COllr/Jol/ia
(= Maerua) gil/lica (213), Crnlael'{/ bent/wlllii, C. lapia (1 /4).
This small famil y occurs in the tropical regions of the Curibbcan , ForchlwII/lIleria pallidll ( 112), F (r{fo/iata, Ma erua allgo!ell.\·is,
Madagascar, .md Africa. The genus Canella is va lued as an oma- M caffra, M. silgrii, M. parvijo/ia, M pllhescells. Thilachillm afri-
mental and hy some as a condiment (wild c innamon). Cal/1U1I (112).

L
 42 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alknloid Jest Results 43

CA RYOCARACEAE S verecullda, Siphollychia (/;ffllsa, spergttla arl'ensis, S. .hOCCOII~i,

2 gel/em; 24 specie:,' S. macro/hecl/, S. marilla, Stella ria aqllalica. S. ansallefl.\'fS,
S. clIspidara, S. micrantJw, S. jamesiallo, .S'. media, S. memorum,
This is a small fami ly of tropical America. The more important S neg/ecw, S. ovaW, Stellaria sp. (2), S. u"gll/vsa.
genu s, CllIyvCtlr, is i l source of good lumber and its nut s yield a
bullerlike. edible fixed oil.
No pos itive alkaloid tests were obtained with samples of Cmyo- CASUA RTNACEAH
car brasiliellse, C. glahrllm, C. microcmplllll, C. VillOSlllll. 4 gelter,,; 70 sp ecies

This is an Australian ramil y rurnishing timber and ornamental

CA RYOPflYLLACEAE trees. Litt le is known o f its chemistry ; a lkaloids have not. been
89 geltera; 1,070 .~lJede.\· detected. All sa mpl es tested he re wcre negat ive: Cas~ lfIril/~1 crlstat.a,
e. deplanchemw, C. eqllisetijo lia, C. glallca, C. lepulophlollt,
This is essentially a north temperate zone family wi th a few C.litroralis, C. po/alllophila, Ca.waril/(l jp., GYllllloStolll(f pOPIl(IlW.
n:prescntativcs in south temperate regions and in the tropics at high
altitudes. It is known for its many ornamental flowers, inCluding the
fami liar carnation. CELASTRACEAE
In earlier lilem lure there appear rcports of the sporadic occur- 94 gellem; 1,100 specie.Ii
rence o f alkaloids in the fami ly. One hundred and sixteen samples
representing 78 species were tested. In agreement with earlier stud· Taxonomists have shifted the genus Hippncralea from this fami-
ics, Di(lIIl1ll1s caruthisiallorllm and LYllchflisflor.cllcllli wcre round ly to o ne of its own and back aga in . It ~i l1 ~ t~at~d here as. a
to be alkaloid-positive as well as the rollowing species: Agrostelll- member or the Ceiastraccae, a ramily orw lde dlstnbutlOn except III
lila walkeri, Corrigiola lit/oratis (212), Diallthus aJ/wO()(/i, D. a{pi- the arctic regions. li s o nly economic importance is ~s a source of
1111.\', D. Ilrmeria, D. arventellsis, D. bolusii, D. deltoides , D . iI/leger, ornamentals and of khat (Callw edulis), a populur stimulant or the
' . DiwrtJws sp., D,Ylllarill cordata (1/5), Lye/Illis alpilla, PoJlichia Midd le East. .
Clllllpestris, Silene lacinUla, S colijomicll. It contains alkaloids among which are the may tansinoids, wh ich
Negative tests were obtained with the fo llowing samples: Arenll- have had considerable interest as antitumor agents. Samples ( 165)
ria b,yoidej', A. clIro/in;mw, A. declIsslllfl, A. Imll/gil/osa, A. /yco- or 92 species gave the roHowing as positives pr~viously k.no~n :
podioides, A. l1/acrodenia, A. replam, Cardionema ramosissimll, Catha edulis (213), EUOllYlIIlIS atropUlp"rells, Nippocmtea IIIdlea,
Cemslium arvel/se, C. brachypodill11l, C. cuspidatlllll , C. glowera- MaytellllS /llOssmllbicell.~·is.. .. ' .
111111, C. keys.w:ri, C. ""PUfllll/lII, C. rivlliare, Cerastium sp., Corri- In addition, the fo llOWing species wcre poSitIve: Bhesa archob?ldta-
giola WUl/fltI , eltcllbalus baccijera, Ditlnrhus tlrmerill, D. ba.w- lIa Cmsille crocea, C. kmi,j'siw/ll (113), Ce/as/rtfs le(ramert/s, EIlOllY-
tiCII.\·, D. lIlooiemis, D. //(IlI/tIel/j'is, D. sllperbm, Kohlrallschia /II~S /allceifolia, E. yeddelfsis (112), Gyllllfosporia (= Maytell liS) selle-
(= Pelrorhagia) profijera, LycJlIIis alba, L. a/pilla, Paronychia bra- galellSis (212), Nortogia (= HarlOgiel/a) capellsis (10), Hippocratea
siliww, P. mexic(lIU/, Polycmpea cO/ymbo.WI, /~ eritlllfhn , P spicl/- (lcapulc:clIs;s, !-I. lIitida, we,meriel/a crena/((, Loesllenel/a 11Iacralllha,
ta, Po/ycmlJOII telraphylllllll, Sagil/fl jap(mic(l, S. P(IPIl{J/W, S pro- Maytelllls g/llucesellS, M. guian(!sis (2/4), M. nell/oroSI/S, Maytemlj··W
('/lmbells, Sapollaria ocymoides, S. officiI/a lis, Silel/e lIlItirrhil/a, (2/5), Sa/acia illsiglli.\', 7Npfelygiltll/ rege/ii (3/3). .
S capemi.\·, S. clIrolil/iww, S clicuba/lIs, S. lacillialfl, S. stella/a, The following were negati ve: ACfmtl/ollwlIIlIIlS nphyl/lIs, Cassme

L
44 Pl.ANTALKALO/DS Alk(lloid Tesl Uesulls 45

aelhioph:a, C. capellsis, C. maritimulII , C. fJapillo:m, C. pubescells. CEIIA1Vl'IIYLACEAE

C. letragolla, CeJasil'lls lIIuflospermoides, C. 1I0l'oguilleellsis, C. orb- J gelllu',' 2 species
icularis, C. pring/ei, C. pUl/claiUs, C. seal/delis, CroCOXY/OII fralls-
vao/ellse, ElaeodelldrOIl (= Cas~' ill e) cur/ljJelldufulII, E. capel/se, This is a family of cosmopol itan aquatic plants oOen used in
E. giallcLlIII, Euollymus oCilla-rhombi/alia, E. aiala, E. bUlIgella, aquaria. but in nature it also serves as a shelter for disease-bearing
E. echillallls, E. lalleum, E. nikoimsis, E. oxyplryllus, E. sieboldia- snails and mosquitos. Ceratophylfum demerslIlI1 was alkaloid-negative.
nus, E. Il'icilocmplIs, Euonymus sp. ; Goupia glabra. GYlllllosporia
montana (= Maylelllls cmarginala), LopllOpela/ul1I toricellclIse,
Mayfel/us aei/millaills, Mayfellus sp . afT. rigida. M . aloterl/aides, CEJlCIDll'lJYLLA CEAE
M. cymosus, M. Wei/oLia, M. aleoldes, M. pedllllcularis, M. phy/- 1 gelll's; J species
lant/wides, M. scnega/ells;s, M. ulldala, M. IIm/ulatlls, Microlrapis
/ok iellellsis, MortOllia hidalgellsis, M. 11l/iseplIla, M. palmeri,
CerefdipiJyllllllljapolliclll1l is indigenolls to China and Japan and
M. scaberrima, Orthosphellia mexicalla, Perro(lelia alpcstris, P. ari-
has some importance for its lumber and as an ornamental. Li llie is
sal/ellsis, Perrottefia sp., P/ellckia popull/ea, Plellckia sp., Pseudo-
known of it s chcmisllY; three samples were negative for alkaloids.
cassillc Irtmsvaalcllsis, Pleroce/asll"lls echillatlls, Pterocelastrus
sp., PlItterlickia l'erI"llCO.WI, Ilhacoma sCOI pia (= Cros:mpela!wll),
Salacia elythrocarpa, S. papUl1l1a, S. somria, Sc/wefferia pilosa,
S. sfellophylla, Sip/wl/odoll celeslrilleus, S. pellalfls, Wimmeria aca- CIJENOPODIACEAE
plt/cellsis, W. cOllcolor, W. COli/usa, W. perci/olia, Wimme";a sp., 120 gel/era,' 1,300 .~pecie.~·
ZillolVielVia illfegerrima.
Members of this J~lln il y arc found most often in xerophytic and
halophytic habitats and arc of worldwide distribution. Fa miliar
foodstuffs (e.g., beels, spinach, Swiss chard) and wormwood (Che-
CENTROLEl'lDACEAE lIopodiwlI allthe/millitic lllII) are members of th is family.
3 gellera,. 28 lpeciel' Betacyanins and betaxanthins, along with alkaloids in somc gen-
era, arc found in the family but no one type is prominent or consid-
This small family ranges rrom southeast Asia to Austra lia. It is of ered characteristic. Or87 sp6cies tested in this survey, the following
no known economi c importance. Neither alkaloids nor othcr chcmi- were confirmed alka loid-positive as indicated in the cariipr work on
ca l consti tucnts of the family Imve been dcscri bed. CellllV/cpis the famil y: Atriplex COl/esceliS (2/8), A. sell/ibaceata, A. I'esfita ,
philippellsis was negati ve ror alkaloids. Beta vulgaris, Chellopodiulll albulII (117), Salso/a ka/i, Suaeda frui-
licosa. S. linearis.
Additional alkaloidal species included the rollowing: Alrip/ex
po/yempo ( 1/2), A. rosae, Chenopodilllll ambrosoides (113),
CEl'HALOTAXACEAE
C. /Julla/iae (1 /3), Lophiocmpus bllrc"ellii (now placed in the Phy-
1 gelllu'" 4 species
tolaccaeeae), SpilVstacliys (= Helerosfachys) africolIlls, Sllaeda ni-
grescens. ...
This unigenenc Asian fam ily is cu lti vated as an omamental. Negative tests were obtained with the following: Aflelllvljea oc-
Alkaloids arc not known but in the present su rvey Cephafofax/I\' cidellfalis, AIII/IIVel/eIllUIII africa/IUIII, Atriplex acallihocal]){l , A. all-
/orlUliei gave a positive test. gulafa, A. arel1Ol"ia , A. cilleria, A. cOlljel'lijolia, A. exPOIlSlI, A. "y_
"
...
,
 46 PL1NT ALKALOIDS Alk(lloid Test Remits 47

melle/y lm, A. jllbata, A. lentiformis, A. lim bata, A. lilli/olia, The fo llowing species were negative: Cistlls ladenife rus, C. villo-
A. muelleri, A. fIll/ricala , A. liummllJdria, A. o/Jovota, A. patu/a , SIIS, Halimifllll exalwtflm , l-Ielianthemlllll cOI)lmbosum, H g/oll/em-
A. pell((Uulra, A. serenana, Bas:ii./a divaricata, B. hirsula. B. obJiqlli· tllm, Helianthellllllll sp., I-ludsollia ericoides, Lee/lea millOI', L. race-
(.'1Ispis, B. paradoxa, Blackiella (= A/rip/ex) inflaw, Chenopodium moso , L. tripe/aw, L lIillosa.
aClimillatum, C. albulII , C. arizollicllm, C. hOl rys, C. bushiafllllll,
C. call1lensis, C. cali/orniculIl, C. filicifolillm . C. foetidlllll. C. fre-
mOllti, C. graveo/ells, C. missouriellsis, C. multifidI/III , C. mum/e, . CLETflR ACEAE
C. lIitrariaceuIII, C. ruhrufll, Chenopodium spp., C. strictum, eye/a- I gem,s; 64 species
loma fIIriplicifolillm. Ellchylaena tomentosa, EUl'Otia !mwta. Ex-
omis axyroide.\', E. mictVphyJllllll. Kochia sciclanw, MOllo/epis 11111- This unigeneric fami ly is most ly American. A few species are
WJ/iww, RJwgotiia baccata, R. lilli/olia, R. spillescens, R. matillio, lIsed as omamenta ls for their fragrant flowers.
Salico1'llia australis, S. bigelovii, S. ellropaea, S. glabrescells, Alkaloids are unknown . Tests on 23 samples including 13 spe-
S. pacifica, S. I'irginico, Safsold'pesti/er, Safsofa ~J)p. (2), S. subser.- cies of Clethra were without posi ti ve result Clethra acumillala,
icea, S. zeyheri, Sacrobatus vermiculatlls, Spiflacia oleracea , SlIae- e. alni/olia, e. broadwayana, C. laevigata, C. Imwta, C. macl'O-
da cali/omico, S. di/fllSO, S. mexicalla, S. torreyi(llla. phylla, C. merical/a, C. querci/olia, c. scebra, Clethra spp. (3),
C. sllal'eolells.

CflLORA NTflACEAE
4 gellertli 56 .'~Jlec:ie.~· COCflLO:';PbRMACbAc·
2 gel/em,' 20-25 specie.v
With the excepti on of a single genus in the New World, this is a
fami ly of the tropics and semitropics of the Old World . Chloralltlms This small family of tropical distribution is now included by
glaber is used as an ornamental in California . Mabberley in the Bixaceac; Coch/oJpermWII viti/olium is used as an
There has been littlc chemical investigation of the family; a lew ornamental.
amides have been characterized in Chloranthus. The seeds of Allloreux;a have been reported to give a positive test
No alkal oids were detected in Chloral/tlms elMior, C. glaber, for alkaloids; a more recent report has alkaloids in Coch/ospermlllll
Hedyoslllum arlOcarpus, H brasilietlse, He(/yosnllllll spp. (2) . plal/chonii. In this st udy, nine samples representing five spec ies
gave positi ve results for Coch!ospemml/l gillivrae; and C. vili/oli"",
(1/5); Amorellxia palmatijida , Coch/oJpermum orillocellse, and
CISTACEAE C. religiostlm were negative .
7 genera; J 35 ,\1)ecies

The Cistaccoe ore found in the wamlcr parts of the northern COMBRETACEAE
hemi sphere, particularly in the Medi terranean region. Their only 20 gel/em; 500 specie...
economic importance is as ornamentals.
Thc family has had very little chemical investigation ; alkaloids This is a pantropical family of little present economic value.
IUlVe not been found except for a positive test in an unidentified Tel'",il/alia catappa is cultivated for ils edible nuts, and a few other
species of Cistlls obta ined in the present survey. genera are ornamental s.

•
48 PLANTALKALOIDS AlkaloitJ 'liw Ucsults 49

Alkaloids (ca ffeine, hannans, oxazolidincs, pyridincs) are testis, C. comlllullis, C. eyallea, C. diall/hi/olio, C. t1iffllsa, C. ecklo-
known. One hundred and cleven samples encompass ing 73 spec ies lIialla, C. eusi/olia, COlllm eli"a ereclfI. C. el1!c/a vaL allg lls ti/olia,
gave posili ve tests as fo llows: BuchclIllvia kleillii , 11. serico'1Ja, C. /orskalaei, C. gerl'(lrdi, C. kirk;;, C. kl1!bsilma, C. lIudiflora ,
Bucida bllseras, B . l/I(lcros/(l chYll (In), Com bre/11111 apiculaflllll C. obliqua, C. pallida, C. scabra, Cotl/lllelitw spp. (6), C. sllbu/ata ,
(2/3). C. caffrulII, C. elyrhmphyl/um, C. here/veils/! (113), Termillal· C. lexocalla, C. lubems(l , C. umbel/ala, Cyallo fis araclllloides.
,
ia (//1Iazollica . C kelVellsis, C. lalla/a, C. topidosa, C. Ilodijlora , Cymbispatha
These species were negative: Allogeisslls pendula, A. schimperi, commelilloides, IJicho rjsalidra hexandnl, Flosc;opa glabrala ,
BllchclIll via afT. sericarpa, B. tomelltosa, Cacollcia (= Combrelllm) F. glomera la, F scandells, ForrCS fia chillcnsis, Gibasis knnvillskya-
coedl/cu. Ca/ycopleris jloriblmda, Clllycopteris (= Gelo/Iia) sp., 11(1 , G. lincar;s, G. plilchella, Pollia japollica, [(hoeo (= Tradescon-
Combretlllll cacoucia, C. argeliteulII, C. ell/J rum , C. c(lla.~/'vides, lia) disc% r, 1lJyrsailihemllill II/(l crophy/la, 7i,utl/lin erec/a, r jil-
C. cOecil/emll , C. extellsfllll , C. /arill oslIlII , C[l'IIiliCOSIIIII, C. goss- gax, r IOllgipetlllllculala, T. eree/a , 1i'adeseolllia erassi/olia ,
weileri, C. sueillz;i, C. imberbe, C. kraussii, C. laxem, C. mecho- T. jlllmillellsis, 7: lil/earis, r olliellsis, T. virgill;w/(l , '/;-ipogwu/ra
wimwIJI , C. lIIicrophyllulIl, C. molle, C. mossambicellse, C. obova- amplex, T. disgrega, Zebril/O (= 1hulesealltia) pel/dula .
IUIII , C. ovalijl)JiulII , C. pt/lliculalulIl , C. pla/ypetalulII, Combrellll"
spp. (5), C. sulue" se, C. Jrillitense, C. zeyheri, CUIIOC(/I,/)/I:,. erecJlIs,
Laglll/cll/oria racemosa, LUlllllilzero tiUorea, Ple/eopsi.\' myrli/olia,
COMPOS/TAE
Quisqllolis il/dica , Romaillela ,'p., Tcmllillalia mjll/w, r alls/mlis ,
1,314 genera; 21,000 .\1Jecie.41
7: bal/erica, T cafllppll, T dichofoma, T. gia/)rafll, T. g ll iallellsis,
7: lucida , 7: miCI'OCtll,/)(I , 1: mollis, T. /llIIellera , r myrinca/lm ,
T. obidensis, 1: prill/ioides, r sc/lIllllallllialla, 7: sericea, 7i.mllillalia The composites ea n :almost compete with the orc hids for the title
spp. (3), r /omentosa , T. trichopoda, 711ivll gltllICOCa/l)(l. of llie largest fa mily of flowering plants. They are found worldwide
and in almost a ll habitats and have econom ic importance as a source
of foods (e.g., lettuce, artichokes), insectic ides (pyrcthnlln). dyes
COMMELINACEAE (sam ower), fol k medicines, and many omamcntais.
42 gellera; 620 species Alkaloids arc not uncommon in the filtni ly but many are o f un-
known struc ture. They incl ude amidcs, fOllnd in several genera,
This family has a wide distribution throughout the tropics and which have becn consi dered a lkaloids in the broadest sense. Per-
sUbtropics. It has lillie economic importance except for a few mem- haps most fami liar of all are the ill kaloids of Senecio and relatives.
bers cultivated as omamentals. which are of importance as slock poisons.
Litt le chemistry of the family is known; a lkaloids ha ve not been Sesquiterpene lac,tones are a lso found throughout the famil y and
reported except in an obscure Korean refe rence to COllfllle/illa COII/ - some of these may be respons ible for report s of positive alka loid
Ill/lI/is. tests, inasmuch as their structural fea tures can give pos itive reac-
In thi s study. 10 I samp les representing 77 species were tested to tions wi lh the DragendorrT reagent.
give two positive results: Cyallo/is vaga and Mlin/allllia semiteres. The ready avai labi lity of mcmbers of lhis large fam ily resu lted in
The remaindcr were negative: AlleiJellla aeqlliIlO'i~ia/e , A. al1gllsli- a large numbcr of sampl es for testing and a tolal of over 2,000
folia, A. ehillalllwellsis, A. divergel/s, A. gel/iclI/aW , A. Iwckii, species were examined. In k~cp in g wi th carlicr li terature reports,
·A. jolllls/rnlii, A. malabariculII , A. lIiehu/sollii, A. p/agiocapsa, the foll owing were found positive: Acallihosperil/ll hispidllm ( 1/4),
A. pulcheJla, Cal/isiajragralls, Campeiia zOIlOl,ia, CO/1/lI/eiilla a/ri- Achillea millejiJ/i1l1ll (312), Agera/1I1Il cOllyzoides (1/6), Ambrosia
calla, C. aspel'll. C. bellglwlensis, C. brac/eosa , C. ceci/ae, C. coe- maritima, Arc/IIIIII minus, Arlemesia Iridel/tala, 8accharis cordifo-
50 PLAN7'ALKAtOlDS Alkaloid Test Results 51

lin ( 1/3),/1. Iw/mifolia (314), Bidens pi/osa (2/ 16), Caca/iafloridll- lipliCll, B. trallsvaale"si.~, Brnchymeris mOlltalla, BrickeJlia cali/or-
11(1 (1/5), Calendula officillalis (1/3), Cell tal/rea CYllIlIIS, C. lIIacl/lo- nico (213), B. cordi/olio, B. cou/teri (112), B. diJlitsa ( 1/3), B. /acilla-
sa ( 1/6), c. melitensis, Ce" trllt/{erum IIIIl/ielil" (2/7), Coreopsis la ( 1/2), B. pendula (113), B. thyrsiflora, B. tomentella, Cacalia
basilis, C. lanceo/ala, Cosmos slIlplmrel/s, Dic:oma al/omala, Emi- i(lI/ceoiata,. C. sltlcata, Calea serrata, Caiea sp. (1 / 19), Calendula
lia sonchi/olia ( 1/3), Erechites IIteraci/olia (114). ErellUlIIlllIIs sp., Calli/epis leptophylla, C. salici/olia, Calosleplume divaricafa
~phaerocephala (112), EupatoriulII oc/oralllm, E. per/o/ialllm (217). ( 112), Cm]Jhephorus cOl y mbosfls, Cmp/we/wete grahami, Cassi"ia
E. purpurellm , E. mtrmdifolillm (212), E. sero /illulII , He/ellium 011- compacta, C. phylietle/alia, C. retorttl, C. rhizocephalia , Cell fipeda
//llIIl/ale (518), /Jeliallihus Of/UtiS (213) , Liatr;s spicllla , Matricaria orbicularis , Chacllactis douglasii, C. giabl"llscula ( 1/3), Chondro-
cJwlllomil/a (2/4). OSlem'permlllll spillescens. ParthelliulII hystero- phortl I/Iulala , C/llysnpsis sp. (1 /3), Cillysalllhemoides mOl/ili/e ra
pllOrlls, Senecio doug/asii ( 1/2), S. glahe/llls ( 1/2), S. gram;nifolifls, ( 1/2), CIIIysocol/la fermi/olia , CJllysoma (= Solidago) pllllCijlOClI lo-
s. ililegel'rillllls (2 /2 ), s. jacobaea, S. j Ullcells, S. pterop"o""s, c.
sa, CluysotJWlllllltS viscidijlorlls ( 112), lIauseOSIiS (4/4) , C/IIYso~
S. vimilla/is, S. vulgaris, Solidago serrala (2/ \0), 1tm(lCelllm vIII· tllalllll11s sp ., CillemriajhlficelOl"IIIlI, C. Iyrara, Cirsillm rwtiersonii,
gare (4/6), Verbesina em:eloides (617), V serrala , Xallihium Plil/- C/ibadiuIII sp., C"i<:/Is spp. ( 1/9), ConyUt cal/adellsis (2/2), C. chi·
gells (112), A..\·II'IIII/(lI'illlll ( 1/4). leI/sis, C. /wchsteuerii, C. ivae/olia, C. sophiaejolia ( 1/2), Coreop-
I)ositi ve tests were a lso obtai ned lor the followin g: Acmllhoce- sis rhay acophi/a ( 112), COl"Cthrogyllc jilagillijolia (1 /3), Cosmos
p/m/us cm/umba (212), Acanlhosperum hmsililll1l , AClltlthosper- ocel/atus, Cow/a /eploloiJa , Crassoceplw/um manflli, Cyallwdille
ilium sp., Ageratum cOlymhosulII (317), A. gaumeri, A. slllicijolium Iyrata (112), Dahlia cncci" ea (1 /3), D. scapigeroides, Dicoma ca-
( 1/3), A. scnbl"llscu/um (112), Ambrosia orhorescens, A. ortemesi/o· pellsis, D. gerrardii, Dil11011Jlwtheca po/yptera, Dispal'go erieoides,
Ua (516), A. cumol/ensis, A. hispida (212), A . peru viol/a ( 112), DoelJellel"gia (= Aster) reaclI/ala , Dugesia mexiclm a, Dyssodia ae-
A. phy flos/achys, Amelliwi strigoslIs, AllisopapplIs a/ricmllls, AII- erosa ( 1/3), D. seled ( 1/3), E/ep/uwtopus mollis (2/6). Encefia/ari-
themis al"l'ellsis (112), A. coW/a ( 1/3), ApJopapplI~' (= /-/ap fopapplls) lIosa (112), E. caiijorllica (212), Erechites afkillsollio (1 /2), Erigeron
Spillll/OSIIS, Archebaccharis 11l11CrollOta ( 112), Arc/otheco calendula (II/nUIiS ( 112), K /oJiostls, E. plrilode/phicus (1/4), E. quercijolius,
(112), Arctotis " calllis, A. Cllprea , A. /eiocarpa, Arnica mOl/lata, E. SCllpOSUS ( 1/4), Eriophy/lum ambigllulIl, E. confertiflorlllll ,
Artemesia afra ( 112), A. amilia, A. calijornica (2 /3), A. capillaris E. mil/tical/Ie, Er/ollgea illyallgallo, Espe/etia spp . (2/3), Eupato-
' (1 12), A. dOllglosiOlw, A. drammcllioides, A. indoricial/u, A. k/otz- rium adellopirorum ( 112), II ajricllllUIII (1/2), E. afT. havanellsis,
chimw (1 /2), A. mexical/a (214), Artemisia sp. ( 1/2), Aspi/ia africa- E. pllzcuarellse, E. a/bUill (2n), E. amplijolium (213), E. (ll"OlIIali -
lUI (2/4), Aster llethiopiclIS, A. echillO/llS, A, hyssopi/olil/s, Aster .\7)., CIlI1l, E. tlSChellbomimwlII (2/9), E. hrevipe.\· (2/3), E. ca/ophylllllll
A thallru'jo ji,scicllltlta , A. pinnata, A. tomelltosa (212), A. trijllrClttlt, (214), E capilli/oUIIIII (1/2), E. compositifo/ill/ll ( I n), E. crelllliatulII ,
Hacchoris ca/l'escells, B. cl/rilibells is, B. e/aeaglloities, B. elioc/a- E. clilleijiJlium , E. tiubium ( In), E. jislulosum, E. greggii, E. hysso-
do , B. em01yi (212), B. glomerl/iijlora, B. megopotamica, B. mille· pifolilllll (212), t:. irrasllm , E. IiIli/oIiUIII, E. littorale (212), £. /ingus-
f lora , B. pi/piaris, B. p/atypotia (2/2), BaccJwris.w ( 1/24), B. trip trimm' (119), E. lIIariel(llllllll ( 1/9), E. mikmlOides, E. "wllllllliaria,
mel"tl, B. Irin ervis ( 117), B. I'll/llhieri (112), B. vimillea (3/3), Bahia E. peli%re (1/4), E. pygllocepJw/um (11 14), E. reCllrlllll/S (2/2),
absinthijolia (5/5 ), B. all/hell/oides (212), B. schaffner;, 8. xylopoda E. malleI/sis, E. scorolldollioldes (3/6), E. serr{l/um (2/3), E. spilla-
(2/4), Brl/du ll/a rlllglls1{(olia, Bal.'>lllllorhiz(l deltoides ( 1/2), BW"I"oe- cifo/illm, E. tomeI/will/III, E. valitherimlllll1 (1 /3 ), E. wrightii (3 /4).
lea se!1Siliflom , Berkheya arll/(I/(I, B. Jerox, B. ollOpor;di/o lia, EIllYops abrolalJijolills ( 1/2), E. allgo/ensis, E. asparagoides,
B. zeyheri ( 112), Ber/wuJiem PlllI/ita (1/2), Bidells aI/rea (3/6), E'. lalerijlortls, E. laxlls, E. linearis, E. IiIli/OUIlS, E. mllitifidus (2/3),
IJ. /eru/ae/olia (215), /J. sqllarro,m (In) , IJ. triplillervio (2112), E. peclillallls, E. -'"/llltlwcells, ElII)IOPS sp. cr. /ollgipes, Flaveria
Blail/l'iIlea gayww (212), Borrichia arborescens, Bmchy/aena el- Iilleallls, Floreslilla pedllla (2/3), Fluorel1sia cel"l/ua (2/6), Fnmser-

L
54 PLIINTALKAI~ OIDS Alktl/oi(/ Test Result... 55

I"{I, V. trachyphylla ( l /2), Wedelia mello/riche, I/Yethitl llngllsli/olia, A. rej1exlls, A. /"OllIndi/olius, A. schlechteri. A. schreberi, A. :')COpll-
Xallihilllll iwliclIlII ( 1/3), X. pem""J1/va"ictll1l (212), Zt,lllZllllia (11/ - lorum, A. simplex, A . spectabilis, Aster spp . (2), A. spmoslIs,
gusta (m), z. glo/)()sa, Z. 1II(Jllissima (2/2), Z. mOlllagnae/olia A. slIblilallls, A. laiwflllesis, A. tel/nceti/olius, A. lelliji,lius, A . 1111/-
(215), z.
robil1soll ;a ( 113), Z. fI~i1ob(l (2/3). Zexmenia lalliolli/olia bellatus, A . . wallen", AlIllulIllIsia ncerosa, A. dell/ata, A. parvij1om,
( 1/3), Zifmia p eruvi(lI1a. Athrixia elata, A . helerophylla, A. phylicolides , A. rosmorinijolill,
Negati ve tests were obtained with the foll ow ing: AcanthD:ll'cr- A/mclylis itmcea, Atrichoser;s platyphylla, Bacc/wridaslrllm
lilt/III{lustra/e, Achaelogeroll ascetldens, Achillea borealis, Achy- (= COllyza) /riplinervillill, 811ccharis 1Il1gllsfijolia, B. allgLlsliceps,
roc/ille a/ata, A..Wlttlroides, AchrocJ;IIe spp. (2), Acfill omeris alte/"- B. allomala, B. articulata, B. (lxi/aris, B. cn/vescells, B. camporum,
IIi/olia, A. retrap/era, Alief/neall/oil bieolor, Adenopappus B. cassil/ifiJlia, B. conferta, B. douglas;;, B. tlraclillclijo/ia, B. elm-
pel:~'icaef(J/jtlm , Adellostemma brasilialllllll, A. cafJnm~, A. vi.~·co­ cemlla, B. elliplic(l, B. erigeroides, B. glludicllflwu/imw, B. gllliino-
Slim, Agollippca (= Jaegeria ) bellidiflora, Ageratum calldie/lflll , sa, B. helichysoides. 8. hetefVphy lla, B. ;lillita, 8. lateralis, B. /ill -
A. c;/aSS()ClII]1l1l1/ , A. !tolls /ol/ioIlUm , A. littorale, A. IOllgi/o/il/lII, Ag- glls/rilla, 8. lIIacrocephala, B. III/tillella, B . orgyalis, B. p ell1a{,lera,
emtlllll spp. (2), A. /ol1lenlo.wl1I, Agiabampoa cOligesta, AgrialltJllIs B. plulllm erae , B. pOlos/lla, B. pLibertlla, B. r(lmll~o'~'a , 8. ramijlora,
empctrijoliwlI , Alberlil/ia brasiliensis, Afdall/a delliata, A/om;a 8. sarl/wides, B. sebaslia l1opo lilmw, B. serraejolll1, B. serrulata ,
wend/amlii, Ambrosia cOIiferlijiora, A. polystachyia, A. Irijida, Am- B. sessiliflora , B. soralescem, BaccJwris spp . (22), B. sub;.,pal/thu-
//I ubium a/ala, Allm:ycllls depresslIs, Allap/w/is cOlltorta , A. lorentz- lata B. tarcl101WlltllOides, 8. Ill esioides, B. Irimem, Ii . Irill ervi.,·,
ii, A. morrisollicola, A. nagasawai, A. mllrglirilclI, A. sll/)ulllbella- B. ~accilloides, B. varians, B. I'allthieri , B. vemolloides, B. weirii,
111111, AI/axetoll tll:>perulll, Allisocol1la tlCallUS, Allisopappfls Baeria (= Laslhellia) clllysostoma , BoiJeya mll/timt!iala, B. IllIlr-
callescellS, A . delltatllS, A. lastii, AlIlel/lwri(lllcodiuica, A. plalliag i- beri, 8a/dllillo IIlIijlOI"ll , Balsamorlliza sagittata. Barroetea setosa,
flifolia, A. ro.~ea, Anthemis aizoon, A. IUlIIskllechlii, Aphallostephlls B. sllbligem , Berkheya barbato, 8erklreya sp. alT. carli"~ps!s ,
}wII/ilis, Aplopappus (= flaplopappus) Iwrlwegi, A. /;>1)i1l0:ws, B. decllrrells, B. echifillceae. B.frllticosa. B. lIeleropllylla, 8. IIIS/g-
A. veneills, Ap/osrephilllll (= Hap/os/ephilllll ) /asscrilloide.... Ara- lIis. B. pbll1alifo/ia, B. radllla, B. semillil'ea, B. se/ijem , 11. ,\peciosa,
cium (= Crepis) loll/cmlWII, A. asperijoJitl, A. g /mu/Illosa. A. hiera- Berkheya sp., B. Spillosilllllll, Berlmuliera lyra/a , BidellS (w tlle-
cioitles, Archibaccharis hine//a, A. mllcronaw, A. sescel1ticeps, moides, B. alllhriscoides, B. bit!ellloides, B. bigelovii, B. b ipillllOW,
A. am/rogyna, Arclill'" lappa, Arctotis candida, A. laevis, A. pctio- B. biternata, B. Cel"fllla, 8. COII/osa, B. corollala, B. cyllapiijo/ia ,B.
law, A. swclwdijolia, Amica chamissonis, A. cordi/olia , Artemesia discoides, B. gardlleri, B. graveo/ells, 8 . insecta, B. mitis, B. osllll"ll-
mUllla. A. axillaris, Aspilia brachyphyllll, A. carulhii , A. " bsilllhlll1l, lioides, B. p olylepis. B. racemosa, B. rllbiclllldu/a, B. sege/lIIlI ,
A . fIIlstmlis, A. balcJuw dru lJI , A. dra cunclilus, A. dllbia, A. ludov;- B. semi/aw, B. sc/wjfileri, B. schimperi, 8. serrll!a[(J, BidellS spp.
CiWlfI , A. Pycllocephala, A. rothrockii, Artemesia sp., A. sleJ/(lrialln , (5), B. \III/gala, Blallc/lelia heterol;cha, BleplUlripapplIs sCllber, BIIl -
A. vlligaris, A.foliacea, A.foliosa, A . helialllhoides, A. lael'issillUl, meo aw·ita, B. balsamifera, B. glomerala, B.jacqllemoll/ii, B. /acera,
A. lillearifolia, A. kotschy i, A. mOlllevidellsis, A . procilmbellS, B. lacina/a, 8. my riocephnlll, B. pufJigera , B. riparia, B. spectabilis,
A. scll/III/;eri, A. selosa, Aspilia .~pp. (2), A. verbeno/des, Asler B. virells, Borric/lia /hlfescells, llmchyglottis repam/m, Brachy laena
ageralOities, A . a/p/tlIIS, A. bakeriallm", A. carnlial/II.,', A. cordijo- discolor, ll. lIeriijo/ia, B. rofwuJata, Bmchymeris (= Phymmper-
!illS. A. declllllhem', A. di varica/II:", A . ericaejo!ills, A. exilis, ilium ) bolusi/, Brasilia sieW, Brickel/ia caval/illesH, 8. cOllduplicara,
A. jiliji)/ills, A. gracilis, A. gylllllocepllllil/s, A. Jwp/opappus, B. cOlymbosa, B. g ilitil/osa, B. nelsollii, B. IIlltal/ticeps, /J. mll(mS,
A. hir.mtic{lIllis , A. j llllcells, A. lima, A. Iinl!arijo!iLls, A. Ju leus, B. odontophy lla , B. pacayellsis, B. palmeri, B. p(miclliala, 8 . pring-
A. mncrophylllls, A. II/ olllevidensis. A. lIIuricalLls, A . lIovn-ang!iae, lei, B. p ll/cherrill/o, B. scoparill , Brickellia '\PP· (3), B. spimtlosa,
A. parens, A. pegleme, A. piloslls, A. prclIltlllhoides, A. pllnicells. B. squarrosa, B. verbellllcen, B. veronicaejolia, Cocnlia (= Anw-

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58 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkllioid 'Iesf Remlls 59

E. lIeaeflnUIII. E. lie/sol/ii, E. oligocephalum. E. or/cgne, E. orgalle- II debilis, H. glVsserallls, H radula, fleJi(lIlllllls spp. (2), Ii. leph-
sis, E. ova/iflorum, E. palmare, £. pazcuarel/se, E. piiOSIIIII, E. P0rl';- rodes, II. Iliberoslls, Helich'yslllll aell/mlllll, H. adseel/dells, H. al-
ginoslIlII, E. polyceplut{um, E. pnmellaefolium, E. PycIlocephalulII, hoides, H. appendicu/allllll, H. argyrophyllulII , H. argym\'plrael'lllll,
E. pu/chellum. E. pUII/illlln, E. quadrtmgulare. E. rJlOmboic!eulIl, H. alirrixifo/illlll, H. altreonitells, H. crijpuJII, H cyli"dricum, H. caes-
E. riparium, E. rligoslIm, E. saggitij1orwlI. F semiserratum, ElIpa- pilillllll, H. ceraslioides, I/. cOlrjerlifoliltlll, H. coriaceulII, H. crt's-
lorilllll ~pp. (40), E. spinacijoliulII, E. spillosarum, l!:. spa/JIII/allllll, pllm, If. eYlllosum, H. decol'lllll, H, ericllefolilllll, H. felimml,
E. subpellllillervilllll, E. subillfegrllm, E. tashimi, E. letragolliulII. H. faelidlllll, H. krallssli, I/. kirkii, II. lallciJolilllll, H. ialiJolium,
It thyrosoitleulII, E. treml/fum, E. vemic:oslIIll, Elllyops alJulIlosillC, If. Ilicilioides, 1I. micollillefolium, H mlilldlii, H. llIldij1orum,
e. brel'ipapPlIs, 1\, oligog/osslts, E. rupesfris, E. lellllissimlls, ~
H. lIitens, H. orbiculare, H. pmuluralLllII, fl. panicliiallllll, Ii. penl-
E. virgil/eus, Elileims palmeri, Fi/ago cali/ornica, Flal/eria (lIIgu.\'· zioides, H pelio/amm, H. p/alyplel"lll1l, H. rllgll/usUfII, H. sesa-
Ii/olia, F. ollo",o/a, F. (l lIstralasica, F. bidenti.\', F repolI(/a. Flaveria moides, H. selOSlIlII, flelicJuysulll .\PP, (3), H. splendit/lIlII, H. slenop-
.\p., F lrillervia, F/eisc/lllulIlliia argula, Flollrt!lISia re.\'illosa, I'nll1- le1'll1ll, H. SWYIlI/erlOnii, H. IlwpSIIS, II. IfIllbmculigel"lllll, H. IlI/dalUlII,
seria (= Ambmsia) acaflfhocarpa, F cOll(erl(/lora, F malvaceae, If. vestitlllll, /I. zeyheri, Heliopsis lIIlIllla, H. helillflilwides, ll. 1011-
Gaillardia aesliva/is, C. jJfI/cheJla, C. iOl/kiev, GaliwlOga ciliatfl, gipes, H. proculllbells, Helip/(Jl'fllll gf/apJwloides, H ~peciosissi-
COlllocliaeta (= GI/oplmlium) spicala, Gall/olepis (= Sleil'Odiscus) 11111111, Helminlhia (= Pieris) echioides, Hemizollia cOlymboso,
cllly.wlflthemoides, C. Irijllrcalfl, C. brachypada, Carllieum albllm, fl, kelloggii, N. l1Iu/liclllllis, l1erlio (= OlhOlmo) a/ala, Helero/epis
G. piwwlijidulII, Cazal1ia lillearis, G. krepsimlfl, C. pygmllea, saliella, HetelVsperma pimrallll1l, Heterolhalamlls sp., Ilelemlheca
G. rigida, Geigeria schil1Zii, Cerbera gial/dlllo.m, G. (lspiliflom, eh'ysopsidis, H. grmuliJlora, II. jlll/loides, II. Sllb(Ltil/aris, Hidal-
G. crocea, C. disc%r, G. nataiellsis, G. piloseJ/oides, Cibbllria goa lemMa, Hieraeil/III abseissllm, 11. eOlllaliceps, H. erespidisper-
iJiciJolia, G. scabra, Cllaphalilllll aff. brevicaspll, G. atlelllwtul1l, 11111111, H. jlagellare, II. jlorelllilllllll, 1I. greelle;, H. grOllOvii,
G. belleolells, C. bicolor, G. caliJomiculII, G. charta/ellll/ , C. chi- /I. /elicotriehiulII, H, pl'lllellSe, Hieraeil/III sp., Hippia frutescells,
/e"se, G. diaiclIlIJ, G. iIypolellclIl1l, G. imlicllm , G. il/voll/crall/III, fl. pilosa, Hirpicillm becJwanese, If. gracilis, H. illlegrifo/illm, lio}
G.jap(micuIII, C. /ave"duli[olillm, G.leplOphyJlIlIII, G. Jllleo-albllm, me;ste,.ia pluriseta, Nil/sea w.!slila, Hym ellostephillm (= Viglliera)
G. milnu:eplwllll1l , G. morii, G. multiceps, G. oblllsiJolilllll, G. occi- cordallllll, /iypericopllylllllll Oligo/elise, UypocllOeris alala, H. rad-
delllalis, G. oxyphy/l/llll, G. peregrilllllll, G. pWlmrescells, G. plll'- iCllla, Hypochoeris ~p., fcltillyolhere laliJolia, Icltillyolhere sp., Ijlo-
purelllll, G, ramosissimlllll, G. rhodwlilllII. G"aplw/ium spp. (12), go llristlllllIa, I, reflexa, bill/II cappa, I. glumeraill, I. he/el/imll,
C. spicatum, Coc/malia hypo/ellca, Gongylolepis marlil/iwlfl, Gor- I. pal/iclliafa, I. roy/calla, lilli/a sp.,lmtiopsis (= PodocolI/a) seapo-
ce;xia sp., Gorleria cO/ymbosa, GnU/gea maderaspalww, Gri"de- sa, /osteplume helerop/lyl/a, Iscllllea elachoglossa, Isoempha op-
lia gladulo.m, G. illll/oides, Guardiola alJglI.\·liji)/ia, C. mexic(lIIa, posiliJolia, lsosligmll sp., I. spec;oslIlII, Iva eiliala, Ixeris japullica,
Gllizolia abyssiflic:a, G. sCllbra, Gulenbergia gossweileri, Gulen- I. microceplw/a, lxiolaella brevicompta, Jaegeria Irirla, Jaegeria
bergia sp., GI/lierrezia grandis, G. lIIicl"ocepllllla, G. sarollrrae, sp., Jalllllea pedllncLllaris, Jllngiajloriblillda, Kallimia (= Mikol/ia)
Gymllosperm(/ glLllinosa, GYflura allgll/o:m, G. crepioities, G. tit'- ohluflgijolill, K. lI ilida, Keysseria gibbsiae, K. /'tIdicans, Krigill vir-
varicata, G. jlfll1a, G. formosana, G. segelum, G. l'ibelJilla, Halo- gil/it'll, Klilmill (= Briekellia}rosmarilli[olia, Laehllosperllllllll eric;-
cmpha IYl'flta, H scaposa, Haplopappl/s aeal/lis, H cooperi, foliulII, Laclllea capel/sis, L. jloridalla, L. grallli"ijo!ia, L. iniyha-
II. divaricalll.\·, H lillearijolills, H. palmeri, H. sqlwrroslI.\', I/. .\·r% - cea, L. canadellsis, L. biellllis, L. debilis, L. sativa, L. scariola,
I/({eru,\', Hap/osiephilllll j(llwrinoities, Hewbaell (= fielel/illlll) scor- Lac/Ilca sp" Lagascea allgllslijolia, L. decipiells , L. ghllldlilo.WI,
ZfllleriJolia, lIedypnois crelicll, lie/enilllll (/mpltiboJIIIII, N. mexica- L. "elianlliiJolia, L. heleropapplIs, L. ruhra, Lagel/phora slipilala,
1111111, 1-1. microc:epIIllIIlJII, 1-1. seorzolleraeJoliul/I , II. deeapelflills, Laggera (= Bllimea) aiota, La/maea asplelli[oJia, Layia gJalldIlJo.m,
 66 PLANTALKALOIDS Alk(lloid Jest Resllits 67

ris, QuallloC/il /)1)" Riven /Jp., Seddera sp., Turbill;a cOIymbosa. tests were obt<lined for COIy/us americalla, C. avellana, C. comura,
1.' liO/llbii, r. oblongata. T oellotheroides, T shirellsis, T slIffl1lticosa. C. mstrata, C. sieboJdian.1, and C'OIYllucarpus laevigalUs. which is
".
sometimes placed in a fam ily of its own, Corynocarpaceae, a posi-
tion not of general agreement. This species had been reported earli-
CORIARIA CEAE er to give a positive test for alkaloids.
I gelllts; 5 species
This unigeneric family is wide ly distributed; some arc lIsed for "CRASSULACEAE
orname ntals and the fru its of some are poisonous. 35 generll; 1,500 sp ecies
Only one species, Coriaria myrtifr)/ia, hus been repol1ed 10 givj.! a
test for alkaloids; in this study six samples representing fOllr species The family is widely distributed but on ly a few members occur in
of the genus were negative: C. japoflica, C. papuQlw, C. r/I,w:ijo/ia, South America a nd a lmost none in Austra li a and Oceania. They
C ,hym!folia. have limited use as ornamenta ls,
Alkaloi~ls have been found in a few species. In this survey, 81
samp les of 64 species were tested to give, as the only positive, the
CORNACEAE known Bryophylluf1I daigmf1lontiallllll1 . Crassula expallsa, C. mariti-
12 genera; 90 ~1}ecies ma (112), CrasslIla !>p. cr cOIJlmbosa, C. vagi/ana ( 1/3), Echeveria
pllbescens, SedulII oxypetaillm, and Sedlllll sp. (115), which were nol
T hese few gcncra fo und mostly in temperate North America and known, were also posi tivc.
Asia are used c hiefly as ornamentals. Negative tests were obtained for n,yophy/llllll pillllaflllfl, Cotyle-
The genus Cormls has been reporled 10 contain alkaloids. In this don decllssala, C. leu(.vphyl/a, C. orgicillata, C. pallicll/ala, C. ramo-
study, a tolal of 39 samples of 32 species gave but one pos itive test, sissiwlI , C. wallichii, C. wickellsii, Cmssula acinaci/ormis, C. acttti-
Aucuba japonica (1/3). folia, C. alsilloides, C. arborescclIs, C. argelltea, C. argyrophy/la,
Earlier, th is Huni ly had been split into a number of smaller fami- C. cephalophora, C. ciliata, C. fa1cata, c. lycopodioides, C. me-
lies, all sa mples of which were negative for alkaloids: Cllrtisia dell- sembryallthemoides, C. multicava, C. lIodft/osa , C. parvisepa/a,
·,tata (Curtisiaccac), Criscelina littoralis. C. lucida, G. ruscijulia C. rubiclmda, C. mpestr;s, C. southii, C. letmgolla, C. thorncroflii,
(G riscelinaceae), J-Ie/willgia I"punica (Helwingiaceae), Nyssa biflora Dud/eya jarinosa, D. lallceo/ala, D. saXOSll, Echeveria carnicolol',
(now in Nyss<ll:l:ae). Macrocarpium has been assigned to Comus; E. coccinea, C. fit/ganes, E. glauca, E. lIuda, Kalane/we latiniata,
M. officillale was a lkaloid-negative, as were the following species of K. longiflora, K. palliculala, K. pillnara, K. ro/ulld!folia, Kalal/clloe
Cormls: C. aiterni/olia, C amOlllum, C califomica, C. disciflora, spp. (2), K spat/wlata, K thYl'siflol'a, (= Crassula) subulala, Sedum
C. exce/sa, Cjlorida, C. koosa, C. JlII/allii, C. obliqua, C. officif/a!is, bulbifel'um, S. delldraideutll, S. hemsleyallwn, S. liebmmmiallulIl,
C. racemosa, C. sessilis, C st%ni/era, C s{ricla. S. minimum, S. moral/ense, S. obfllsatlllll, S. sarmelltoStlfll, S. teJe-
phium, S lerna/um.
COR YLA CEAE
35 genera; 1,500 species CRUCIFERAE
90 gellera; 3,000 .\jJecieJ
111is nOlth or south temperate mountain f.lmily I-Iegnauer places in
the Betulaceae, Willis in the Corylaccae; Cronquist cqulltes thc two. The mustard family is primarily of the coo l areas of the norlhclll
The chemistry of the tamily is unknown; no posili ve a lkaloid hemisphere and is important for the number of food crops it yields:
70 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alk(lioitl Test Results 71

sphaericlIs. Tricilosllllilies palmata, T JWlIlophy"", T (/ioica , lis, J. mOlllicoia, 1. lIlorrisollicola , 1. silicicoia, Lihocedrlls allslro-
T kirilowii. Troc/lOmeria hooker;, 1: mdcrocmpa . caledollica , I.. biciwillii, L. decllr/"ens, L. fo rmosmw, L. paplfal1llS,
, Papllacedrus l)(tpuanlls, Tilltja Oriellflllis, WicirillglOIlia cllpres-
soides.
CUNONIACEAE
24 gel/em; 340 ~l'ecles
. CYCA DACEAE
Related 10 Ihe Saxifragaccae. this family is confined almost ex- 1 gellus; 20 .VJecie!';
clusively to the southern hemisphere. It is of lillie economic )mpor-
lance; some species arc used as ornamen tals, and one as timber in The unigeneric cycad fami ly is found from East Africa to Japan
New Zealand. and Australia. Other genera, form erl y placed in thi s fam il y, are now
A lkaloids have been reported present in the family. Thirt.y sam- included in the Zamim:cae (q.v.) by some botanists: Bowenia, Ellce-
pl es representing 25 spec ies tested in thi s study rai led to give a plzalar/os , Lepidozamia , Ma crozamia , and Zamia . Srangeria has
positi ve result: Belallgera (= Lamanollia) speciosa, Cemtopeta/llm been separated by some authors into the S tan ge ria~eac. .
sflccirubrum , CWI01l;a capellsis, Omollia .\p., Geissois sp., G. mOl/ - The pith o f the sago " palm ," Cycas circillalis, IS used as food 111
lalla, Gil/beea papllalla, Lamammia .~peciosa, L. l enlata, Pw/{:lreria India aner preparation to remove toxic alkaloidal constituents that
(4), Pilltylophlls Irijoliaills , Pullea stozeri, Schizomeria ovala,
,\J)jJ. occur in thi s ge nus and in the Zamiaceae.
Spiraelilhemlllll .'1pp. (3), Weinmannia pallllilli/olia, W ledermmm ii, Samples of Cycas circinalis, C rcVOlllta, and C. taiwallialla were
IV. m cemosa, W silvicola , Weillmmmia spp. (2). alkalo id-negative.

CUPRESSACEAE CYCLANTIIA CEAE

17 generaj /l 3 .\pecies lJ gellertlj 190 species

Th is is a cosmopolitan family with several members important as A famil y of herbs, shrubs, and lianas of the West Indies and
timber. gums, and resi ns as well as ornamentals. South America, some o f these plants furn ish thatch and brooms; the
There have been a couple of reports of the presence of alkaloid s fiber of one species is used for making Panama hats.
in the fami ly, but these have not been characterized nor do they Alka loids are not known in the family; two species of Carludovi-
make a significant contribution to the otherwise tcrpenoid chemi s- ea were tested with negative result: C. pa/mata , Carilidovica sp. alf.
try of the family. alrollil"€IlS.
III thi s study, the following gave pos iti ve alkaloid tests: Chamae-
cyparisjc;;:lIlOsellsis (2 /2), Jlmiperus virgil/iamul! (113), TII/Ua occi-
dentalis. CYPERACEAE
Nega ti ve tests were obtained with the followin g: Callilris elldJi- 1I 5 genera; 1,600 ~pecieJ
cheri, Challlaecyparis obwsa, C. pisi/em, CJwmaecyparis sp. ,
C. /hyoides, CilpresslIs bellthamii, Cforbesii, C pygmaea, C IIUt- The sedges have a worldwide d istribut ion, ch iefl y in the su barc-
croca'1)(1 , JUllipel"lls bermlldialla, 1. cali/ornica, J. deppeana, ti c and temperate zones of bolh the Ilorthem and southern hemi -
J. jlaccida, J . jrlt /icetis, J. 1II01/0Spemlll, J. mOllosperma var. graci- spheres. They arc closely allied to the grasses. Cyperus papyrus is

L
74 PLANTALKALO IDS Alkaloid Jesl Resulls 75

DIASPENSIACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE
5 genera; J3 !'petie!)' 8 gellera,' 630 species
,
This is a New World family found in cool 10 arct ic regions of the The yams const itute a trop ica l and warm-temperate family
northern hemisphere.
known as a source of food and for the sapogenins from which
Some a f C occasionally cu ltivated as orna mentals. Alka loids are
ste roid hormones are synthesized.
not known. Alkaloids are known in a few members of the family. Tests 011 45
Three samples (onc each of three species) were tested to give a
samples which included 37 species resulted in three posit ives in plants
positive result tor Shorlia exappelldicula and negative results for known to be alkaloidal (Dioseorea dlllnetorulIl, D. hi.\]Jida, D. a/ala)
Pyxidanthera harbulata and Shorlia troosa/pina . '~
and in two of 13 other unidentified Dioscorea species. The remainder
were negative: Dioscorea abyssiniea, D. alata, D. batalas, D. bue/w-
nanii, D. bulbi/era, D. COl1lposita, D. cOlin!folia, D. doryopllOrlI,
D1CHAPETALA CEAE
D. dregeana, D. eseulenta, D. helllicl)lpta, D. hirlij/ora, D. mexicana,
3 gellera; 125"'pecie.\'
D. penfaphylla, D. qllarliniana, D. reftlsa, D. sylvatica, D. trifida,
These tropica l trees, shmbs, and lianas are known for their ability TUllius edldis.
to accumulate fluo rine in the 10nn of fluoroacctic acid. They are
toxic to slock <lnd some are actually cultivated for poisons used on
pest an imals in A frica. Alkaloids of the pyridine type have been DfPSACACEAE '
recorded in the family. 8 genera,' 250 specie!)'
Seven samples that included four species were tested in this sur-
vey. One o f three samples of Dichapefaillm fimorieflSe was positive. T he Mediterranean hasin and neighboring Eurasia and A fri ca are
D. vesfifum, Ihpum gllianensis, and 7: singlltaris were negative. the arcas of distribution of this fami ly. Some are om amenta l, a few
are medicinal in Asia, and a couple of species furnish the teasel
used in dressing cloth.
DILLENIA CEAE A lkaloid s of the iridoid type are found in the family. Of eight
12 gellera; 300 lpecie!)' samples tested in thi s survey, Ceplia/aria attenuata (2/2 ), Dipsacus
/u/lonlll1l, and D. sy/veslris were positive; Ceplia/aria cephalobo-
This is a fam ily of the wa nn and tropical zones, especially those frys and three species of Scabriosa were negaLive: S. ajriealla,
of Australia . Some members arc used as timbers, others yield edible S. albanesis, S. columharia.
fmits, and a few are considered ornamentals.
Caffeine. and "some a lkaloid- like substances" have been noted
in the fa mily. Forty-six samples representing 34 species were tested DIPTEROCARPACEAE
w ithout positive result : Curatella americana, Davilla aspera, 16 genera; 530.'pecie.,·
D. elliptica, D. kunlhii, D. Ilicit/a, D. rugosa, Davilla sp., Dillenia
aiala, D. montana, D . papllana, D. philippinellsis, DolioearplIs sp., Thc Dipterocarpaceae constitute a tropical fam ily found especial-
D. seliowianlls, Hibbertia aspera, H c(lndicans, H. g/aberrima, ly in Malaysia. It yie lds timber, resins, and an ed ible fat from o ne
H. methanoides, H. sericea, Hibbertia !)PP. (3), Tefraeem nomfiana, genus (Shorea).
T seandells, T. se/lowiana, Worlllia (= Dilfenia) hiflora, Worlllia sp. The presence of alkaloids has been recorded for Marqllesia. Ten

.L
76 PlANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test Re!iII11$ 77

samples representing six species of other genera were negative in D. vaccinioides, D. viIJosa, D. virgil/jana , D. virgara, D. wilylealla,
thi s survey: AIl;soptera kostermQllsii, A. polyandra, DipteIVCW1JllS Euclea neulifolia, E. crispa, E. dapJllloides, E. divillorum, E. !all-
allgolensis, MOl/otes adenophyllus, M. au/eunei, M. globeI'. E. fJolyafldra, E. fJseudebenus, E. racemosa,
ceo/ala, E. Iwtalellsis,
E. schimperi, Euclea sp., E. l omelllOsa, E. /lIu/uiata , Maba (= Dios-
pyros) hemicycloides, M. il/consIans, !?oyel1G (= Diospyros) ly-
DROSERACEAE cioides.
4 genera; 85 sj}ecie~'

This is a cosmopolitan family of insectivorou s plants known as ELAEAGNACEAE

sundcws (Dmsera). 3 genera,. 45 specie...
Alkaloids have not been recorded in the family. Seven spec ies of
Drosera were tested to yield one positive result, D. ~palh ulata; The family ranges through the wann temperate regions of the
D. auricu[ma, D. capellsis, D. neocaledonica, D. peltata, and two northern hemisphere to the trop ics, mostly in southern Asia, Eu-
undetermined species were negative . rope, and North America. Some members are culti vated as orna-
menta ls.
Alkaloids, including f3-carbo lines, are found in the three genera
of the fami ly. In the present survey, they were detected in Eleagllus
E lati/olia, prev iously known to contain alkaloids, as we ll as in
E. macrophylla, E. multiflora, and E. pUllgells (1 /6), while E. um-
bel/ala, E. Wil:Wllii, and Shepherdia arguta were negati ve.
EIJENACEAE
2 genera,. 485.\pecies
ELAEOCARPACEAE
With major representation in tropical and warm zones and a few 10 genera,. 520 species
lCmperate specics, the Ebenaccae are known for limbers (ebony)
and flllits (persimmons). This is a famil y of the warm a nd trop ical regions excepting the
There have been occasional reports of the presence of alkaloids. continent of Africa. It has some local uses for timber and fruit, and
In this study, testing of 105 samples in 69 species yielded on ly one a few species are cons idered ornamental.
positive result, Euclea polyalldra. I). Hegnaucr puts the famil y in the Ti liaceae. The Elaeocarpaeeac

The foll ow ing were nega tive: Diml'Yros ajJiflis, D. ulistro-ajl'ica- arc known to contai n alkaloids in several genera . Of 47 sam ples
no, D. batocaf/a, D. dichrophylla, D. digylla, D. discolor, D. ebe- tested. the following species previously repOltcd to contai n alka-
noster, D. ebellum, D. embryopteris; D. erial/lha, D. ferrea, loids were al so fOllnd positi ve here: EiaeOC011JuS densiJlorus,
D. galpinii, D. glabra, D. guia/mem';s, D. hebeclIIpa, D. hillebrall- E. do/icliosly/uS, E. jJolydactylus. Seven other species were also
dii, D. ierellsis, D. illcollstans, D. kanjilalii, D. kirkii, D. lycioides, detennined to be posi tive: Aceratium megalosporum , Aristotelia
D. mabola, D. melilloni, D. lIIe~piliformis, D. morrisial1a, D. I1UII/- auslralascia, A. serrato, ElaeQcarpus altisectus, E. archboldianus,
mularia, D. palmeri, D. paniclliata, D. papllal/a, D. peekelii, an unidentified Elaeocarplls sp., and a Peripentadellia sp .
D. peregrillfl, D. qllitoellsis, D. rotulldi/olia, D. scabrida, D. simii, Negative tests were (l)btained for the following: Arisloteliajrtlticosa,
Dioscorea :,pp. (8). D. subrolllta . D. (omentosa, D. undabunda, ElaeocOlpus bifidllS, E. chinensis, E. japonicus, E. ,\]J!wericus, E. syl-
 78 PLANl'AtKALOIlJS Alknloid TeSI Uesllfl.~ 79

Sericola sp., S/oallea brevipes, S. dm.ycarpa,

veSlris, I!'. IIfiwllIS, chondria pumila, Richea gwmii, Sprengelia illC(lnWla, Slyphe/ia sua-
S. delltalfl. S. gnmtiif/ortl, S. guiallellsij. S. /asiocoma, S. pwr/iaea, veofem, S. rameiameiae, Tmchoc(ll7Jll deknckii. 1: papfiflIl(l.
S. sc/lllmmllli, Sloam::a .\PP. (3), Val/eo
, stipillaris.

EI'IJEDEACEAE
ELATINACEAE J gellus; 40 species
1 gellera,' 12 sp ecie.\'
Once considered part of the G nclaceae, Ephedra is now placed in
The two genera in this small family are aquatic o r swa mp (!we ll. a fa mily o f its own. A northern hemisphere genus with some repre-
ers of temperate and parti cularl y tropic zones. They have no known sentation in southern South America, c··p hedra is the source o f the
economic imporla nce. ancient Chinese dlllg Ma-huallg from whi ch the alkaloid ephedrine
Alkaloids are not known in the family. Three sampl es including and its re latives llsed in modern medicine are obta ined.
IwO species or Bergio, B. decllmbells and 11. g/lifillosa, were tested One of two samples of E. pedlmeulata gave a positive t~s t for
with nega ti ve resull. alkaloids; samples of E. a~pera . E. Jrijim:a, and E. californica (hd not.

EMPETRACEAE EQUISITACEA E
3 genera: 5 .\'Pecies .I gelllls,' 29 species

These evergreens are found in north lempemlc mountainous rc. The family is cosmopolitan except for Australia and New Zea-
gions and ex tend from the Arc tic to Ihe An tarctic. Some arc culti- land. Thc majority of the species are Impica l lo SUbtropica l. H9I1i:')c-
vated as ornamentals. !tllll is known as the scouri ng nlsh for ils fo nner lise as a pollshlllg
A lkaloids are not known nor were positive tests obtoined on two agent due to the accumu la tion of si lica in the ti ssues.
samples or Ceralio/a ericoides. Alka loids are known in the family, but in the present shldy. only
two pos iti ve tesls were obtoined wi th 12 sam ~les i~c lll dingeigh t
spec ies: Equiselllm ramosissimlllll ond o ne u l1l~enld'ied .~ TI~t! rest
EPACRlDACEAE wcre negative: E. arvel/se, E. bogoJense, E. laeVlgatllm , Eqlllsetlll1l
3/ gellera; 400 .']lecies spp. (2), E. telmateia .

The filmily occurs from Indo-Ma laysio 10 A ustrolio wilh a few

ER ICACEAE
species IO~lI1d in Soulh A merica. A sing le posit ive alkaloid lest ha s
been reported fo r a species o f Lellcopogoll .
103 gener"i 3,350 specie.'!
•
Thirty-seven samples representing 30 species in the filmily gave but The famil y is cosmopo litan with the exception of deserts. It con-
one positive result, Slyphelia (= Cyalhodes)julliperilla. Species includ- tains many o f Ollr fami liar ornamenta ls (rhododendron, azalea. etc.),
ing the fOllowing were negative: Bmehy/o/JIa ciliata, B. scorreclmii, truils (blueberries, cranberries, and re latives), briar, and wintergreen.
Cyalhodes aeelVStl, C jil.l"cic:ulaltl, DracophyllulII jilijolilllll, D. recur- A few genera have been reported to give positive olkaloid tests
VI/III, DmcophyJfll1l/ .'Pp. (4), L::/Jacris a/pina, I.ellcopogoll albic(lfIs,
and some of the isolated compounds have been studied. Considering
L. IOllgislylis, L. parviflorus. L. richei, LeuMpngoll spp. (7), Pel/ta-
the sizc of the fam ily, few alko loids have becn described.

L
82 PLAN'I 'A l.KA LOIDS Alkaloid 1est Results 83

E. ova/11m, E. pictllln, E. suiJemSIIII1, ElythmxylulII spp. (9), ilnd Necta- (1/5), C. dioiclIS, Cfelgllsol/U, c.jla vens, C. glabelllls, C g lal/dl/-
rope/alum ZII luel/se. ' loslls ( 1/2), C gossypifolia, C gralissimlls (2/3), c. gualemalellSis,
, C. 'al/dleyi, C megalobolrys, (212), c. palallostigma, C. pUl/ ctatlls,
C. reitzii, C rivlllaris, C. solimal/ (112), OVWII Spp. (4120), C. sleell-
EUCOMMIACEAE kampialla, C. subgralissimus, Dalechampia galpillii, D. ca/ycillllm
J gelltls; I species (2/2), D. gracile (2 /2), D. memhral/aCelll1l (3/5) , Elaeophorbia dru-
pifera, ElldospermulIl chillese, Eremocmpus setigel"lls, EI)'lhrococ-
The one species of Ihis fam ily is Chinese and is cultivated as an ca berberidea, Euphorbia angularis, E. cypllrissias ( 1/3), E. jlori-
o rnamental. Alkaloids have nol been reported but o ne o f three dmw (112), E. 111011 fieri , E. recfirama, Euphorbia spp. (2/ 12),
samples of Eucolllmia uJmoides gave a positive test. E. striata, EXQcecllria daJ/achyalla, Flueggea mocrocmpa, F. mi-
crocmpa, Glochidioll sp., Hevea guiallel/sis, Hyerol/ima laxijlora,
Jalmpila campeslris. 1. schlechteri, Lingelsheimia (= DI)'peles)
EUPIIORBIACEAE gilgiolla , Mabea sp. (1/2), MlIC(l/"{lllgll/mrteri, Mallows ape/ra , M.
321 gellem; 7,950 species IIepalellsis. M. pal/iclIlala, Miclv cocca mercurialis (1 /2), Pera alli-
sotricha, Phyl/(lI1tlllls J!uitrms, P orbiclilalus, PltyJ/allfltlls spp.
This large famil y is cosmopolitan except for arctic areas, wi th (2/ 16), pycllocollla comula, Sapium j alllaicellSis, S. sebiferllm
centers of distribution in tropica l America and Africa. It is of major ( 1/3), Sebasti(mia sc:/lOttiallll, Securillega mmijlora, Sliregada afri-
economic imporlance as Ine source of mbbcr, lung and castor oil s, a C(1IW, Synadenium ca meron;;.
basic food crop (manillal, nat ive 10 SOllth America and introduced Alka loids were not detected in the follow ing samples: Acalypha
into Africa and sOlltheast Asia), and fami liar ornamentals (croton, allellii, A. angustata, A. australis, A. brevicaulis, A. caperollioides,
poin sett ia). A. caWnlS, A. crellala, A. flagellata, A. / rliticoSlI, A. glabrala,
Severa l types of alkaloids afC found throughout the fam ily ; the ir A. gracilellS, A. gmcilis, A. hederacea, A. Icmgialla , A ca~)lpha sp. afl".
chemical and biological propen ies have been reviewed (Hirata, langiana, A. macrostachyoides, A. maerostacl/ya, A. lIeptullica,
1975). In th is survey, 808 samples representing 623 species were A. oligodolllha , A. oreopila, A. omata, A. ostryaefolia, A. plt/eoides,
testcd. Some of these included well-known alkaloida l plants: Acaly- A. psilostachy.~, A. rhomboidea, A. senel/sis, Acalypha .5pp. (6),
pllll illdica, AlcllOrnea cordi/olia, Astroc(ls;a phyllallthoides, Cro- A. stochyura, A. 1I11;bracteata, A. lVilkes;(lIIa, Adelia harbil/el''';s,
Ion amhemictls, C. centidijolius, C. draco, C. lil/eari!>', C. rhamifo- Adel/oc/ine mercuria/is, Adriana klotzschii, Alchornea castanaefolia,
fius, Euphorbia atota (112), Fluegga virosa, Hy mellocardia acida A. keeitmgensis, A. triplillervia, A. sidi/olia, Alellriles/ordii, A. 1110-
(112) , RicillllS communis (3113), Secllrillega v;rosa. /lItcm"t, Aleurites :.p., Amanoa glliallellsis, Amperea xipllOc/ada,
Other species of ma ny of the same genera likewise gave positi ve Andraclllle ovalis, Andms/achys jolll/sonii, Allfidesma g/wesembilla,
results: Acalypha arvel/sis (1/3), A. ciliata , A. declllllbefls, AlellOr- A.japollica, A. parviflora, A. platypltylll/lIt, A. pl/lvinafttm, Alltides-
Ilea cordata ( 1/2), A. hirtelJa, A. laxiJlora, A. rugosa, A. trilllera, ilia sp., Aporuso chinellsis, Baloghia llIcida, Bernardia mpera,
Alchomeopsis trimera, Andraclme decaisnei, Antidesl/!a polyall- IJ. iborata, B. mexicaltll, B. 11lyricijolia, Bemardia sp., Beyera les-
tlmlll , A. vellellosum ( 1/2 ) (the genus is place d in the Stilaginaceae cltel/al/ltia, BischoJJia jawmica, B. trijoliata, Breyltia cermw, B. [rll-
by some taxonomists), Bernardia il/terrllpta (1/3), Bridefio mo/lis ticosa, B. nivosa, B. oblongijolia, BreYllia sp., Bridelia cat/wrtica,
( 112), ChrozopllOra sp., Clulio obyssinico, C. ajJillis, C. plllchel/o IJ. dllvigl1eaudii, IJ. micrantha, IJ. mimlfij1ora, B. lIIolloica, B. stipl/-
( 112), Clutia sp. ( 1/3), C. slVYlll1erlOllii, Cmloll cajucara (212) , laris, CapetVllia btletll1eriacea, C(lperollia sp., Cep/wlocmtoll pl/es-
C. cali/ol"lliclIs ( 112), C. ciliatog/(mdulosi.\· (2/3), c. cortesiwlIIs cltelii, Claoxyloll allgllStijiAiulII, C. discolor, Cleisfalltlws apodtls,

L
88 PLANTALlG1LOIDS Alkafoill Test Reslilts 8Y

Aspi(/iaceae IJlec/IIUlceae
Som etim e.\' illeluded ill A!)plelliaceae* 10 gel/era; 260 species
Allgiopteris (= Ol/oelell) lygoliifolia. A. slibopPosilijolia, DIYop-
ten"s amplissima. D. decursivo-pilillatQ, D. elylhrosa, D. go/dialla, Sometimes tree fern s or climbers. Wee/mulII capellse, B. discol·
D, gyml1osora, D. illlermedia, D. /udoviciallo. D. margillalis. or, B. fluviatile, B. g ialldlilolum , B. imperiale, B. mcrilicllse,
D. IIoveboracellsis, D. oligophebia-lasioca, D. pa/eaeea, D. patens, B. flipponicum, B. orientale, /J. serrallllum , B/eellllum sp ., Sadleria
D. parasitica, D. schimperialla. D. scottii, D. fheiypleris, Olloc/eo cyatheoides, Stenochlaello palustris, Woodwardia ai'eolala , W or-
sellsibilis (212), Parallema cycatheoides, Po/yha/ria cerviflll, Poly- ielltalis, W ulligemmata , IV virgil/iea.
s/ichufII lIeu/ealllln, P amobilis. P. ja lcalipilllll1/11, P. hal/cocki;,
p. lepidocallioll, P mOllfevidense, P. /1/UnituIII , P lIepa{ellse, P vesri-
flllll, Pter;:; aqua/il/ia, P. cretica, P. dispw; P. ellsi/ormis. P. [auriei, CyMh eaceac
p. semipillllaro, P. semipimwta dispar, P. vittata, 1(~ctari(l ileraciei· 2 gellera; 625 ~Jlecies
[olia, T :m glripilylla, Woocisia obtusa.
A n unidentified species of D,yopfer;s and olle of Pteris were Trce ferns of warm to trop ica l regions, on en in montane rorests.
positive . Alsophila corcovadeflsis, A. g lahra, Obotillill barometz (now in
Thyrsopteridaceac). Cyalhea dealbata, C. dregei. C. medullaris.
ASfJlelliaceae C. laiwaneflsis, Dicksollia bammelz. D. squarrosa (both in Dickso·
78 gellem ; 2,200 specie...
niaceae), GYlllflosphaem [o/"Illosa f/a, G. poliophy lla, Hemitelia
T hese include several othcr fam ilies by some authorities: cos mo· (= Cyathea) capensis.
pulitan epiphytes or. rock planls.
Asplenium bulbiferum, A. ellsiforme, A. flaccidulII, A. laSCfl)itii·
[olillll/, A. Illcidum, A. prolollgalUlll, Asplcllium sp., A. wig hlii, Gel- Davalliaceae
el·(lch oJficil/arum, Ctellitis apicijlora, C. liawtllilllllii, C. eatonii, I J gelle,,"; 220 .\]Jedes
C. km vakall/ii, C. subglwu/ulosa, C. trie//Orachis.
Trie/wlI/alles (= A3p/ellillm) makinoi, in I-Iymcnophyllnt:cae by . Found in wa ml and tropical regions; mostl y epiphytic. Some-
some authorities, was positive . times included in O leandraceac. Arthmpten:" oblilerata, DallolJia
mariosii, HUll/ala parvllla, 1-1. repens, Hy molepis pllflctata, Leucoste-
A tlty riaceae* gia immersa.
Included in the Aspleniaceae. Athy rilllll ang llstllllt, A. austra/e,
A. arisal1ellse, A. lallceum . A. oppositipi1/lwlIl. Diplazilllll lal1Celllll ,
D. dilafatlllll , D. l){lI/tomellse, D. kowakclillii, D. maximulIl , D. pha· D ell II slaedtillcefl C
le/epis, D. pseudoederleillii. 24 genera; 410 species; cosmopolitan

Includes Lindsacaccae and Monaeosoraceac by some a uthorities.

·Whell family status is in doubt, the number of genera and species are also in Dellllstaedlia hirsuta, p.
plUlcti/obulo, D. scabra, D. scandens,
question; 1herefore, 1he numbers are not given here. This note applies where aster· Histiopteris illcisa, Hypolepis pUl/cata, Micro/epis hookerimw,
isk I1ppears. M. serosa, Paesio scuberula, Pteridium aqlliliwlIll .
90 PLA NT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test ResullJ 91

DicbolJiaceae boetaceae
2 gelJertt; 26 '~l'edes 2 gellem; 77 ~1}ecies
'.
rn tropica l America, the soulhwest Pacific, and the island of Cosmopolitan aquatics except in the isla nd s of the Paci fi c; re-
St. Helena. Often incl uded in Cyatheaccac. iJicksonia barometz, lated to Lycopodilllll a nd Selagiflella.lsoetes lIol'ogllilleellsis.
D. squ(lrrf)s(I.

Lillti.meaeef/e*
Gleiche"iaceae
4 genera; 410 ...pedes In Den nst aedti aceae by some authorities. Lil1dsaya barbiclI/ma,
L. clli//'(/Ia, 1.. orbicli/a/a, Odoll/moria chillensis, Sphenomeris chi-
Of tropica l and wallll south temperate zones. Dic:rallopteris fj~ llem·i.~·, S. chu.mlla, Stell%llla (= Sphellomeris) chrismllllll.
/learis, D. splel/dida , Gleichellia botanica, G. cUlining/lflil/ii,-e. di-
emptl , G. dicha/oma , G. erecta, G. iil/earis, Gleichenia sp., G. vello-
sa, O. vl/leania, C. warbllrgi, Micropleris (= Dicranopteris) glallca,
Lomariop!I'itiaceue*
M. !ollgissima.
In Aspleniaeeae by some authori ties. E/apJ/Og/os.wl1I spp. (2),
Graimilitliaceae E. waglleri.
JI geIJertl; 500 specie.,.

Of cloud fo rests and tropi cal and Austra lian mountains. Ctellop- Mmwcosoraceae *
teris cllrlisii, C. obliqllfltuS.
Usuall y included in Dennstaedtiaceae. MOI/ClChosorwlI subdigi-
tatum.
Gymllogrammat:eae*
I
Included in Adianlaceac by some authorities. COlliogramme jll-
Marllltiaeeae
rermedia , Hemiof/ifis elegall.\·.
7 gCl/era; 100 species

Hymellopllyllaceae
33 genera,' 460 specie.\'
!I Of tropica l and warm zones. Allgioptel'is (= Olloe/ea) spp. (2),
included in Aspidiaceae. .

Filmy fems ofl ropica l and some temperate regions. Some taxon-
omists include these wi th the Asplcniaceae. Tricholl/alles lI!akilloi JI1arsiliacellC
gave a positive alkaloid test; the rest were negative: Cl'epitiolllanes 3 gellera; 70 species
makinoi. Mecodilll1l po/yalllllOs, Selellot/esmilllll obscurLlI1l, Vall-
dellboschia radicolls. Warm and tropica l a reas. Mnrsilia brownii.
.2 PUIN'/'ALKALOIDS Alkllfoid Ji:SI Ue.m/l.f 93

Olealldraceae* tropical, family. It supplies some foods, medicines, and cu ltivated

omamentals.
Included by some in the Davalliaccae. Oleandra wailichii, Ar- Arthromeris [ehlllcml/ii, Cheilalltlies al/gusijoJia, Cyciophorus lin-
thropleris ablilerata, Nephrolepis auriculata, N. hiserrata, N. exal- gua, C. alateUus, C. linearijoliu'i, DIYllaria rigidllla, Lemnaphyllum
tala, N. hirsufu/a. subroslralulII, Lepisorus heterolepis, L. kawakamii, L. inji-aplanicos-
talus, L. monilisorus, L obscurivenulosus, L. fhllllbergianus, Loxo-
gramme ramolijrolldigera, L. salictfolia, Ollychiw!I japolliclllII,
Ophioglossaceae
4 gellera; 65 species
0. soliculosulIl. Pessopteris crassifo/ia, PhYl1lalodes 'scolopel/dria,
P diversifolium, Pleuropeltis sp.. Polypodiulll achrosticoides, P eliv-
Mainly temperate herbs with some tropical epiphytes. Botri- erSUIII, P /ormosallulII, p. /ortllnei, P. juglandijolium, P. polypo-

cilium vi/ginfanum, Ophioglossum vlllgorum. doides, P. resei, Polypodilllll spp. (4), P taiwaniallulll, P. tectum,
P. virginiallulIl. Pselldodrynaria corollalls, Pyrrosia adll(lSCeIlS,
P. mallis. P polydacfyfus, P. sheareri.
OSlIIlIlIdaceae
3 genera; /9 !lpecies
Psilotaceae
Tropical and temperate ferns often cultivated as ornamentals. 2 gellera; 5-9 '\l'ecie~;
Liptopteris superba, Osmul/da cinnamomea, O. datvl/ianulIl, 0. ja-
poniea,o. rega/is. Tropical and subtropical epiphytes or rock pla nts. Psi/otum 11«-
dum.
Parkeriaceue
I gen"s; 4 _,pec:ies Pteridaceae*
Floati ng ferns of warm and tropical regions; some are eaten. Included in Adiantaceae. ACI'OSliciw/1I aureul1l.
Ceratopleris thalictroides.

PlagiogyJoiaceae Schiurc:eae
4 gellera; 150 species; stlbcosmopolilall
J genlls; 37 .',pecies

Found in eastern Asian and American forests Oil mountain Mostly in warm to trop ical areas. Anemia spp. (5), Lygodium
ridges. Plagiogyria fa/cara, P. formosa/lao japOIJiClllII, L. microphyJlulII, L. reticu/atlllll, Mohria cajJrorul1l,
Sc/iizaea dicllOlOma, S. digilata, S. malaccana.

l'O/J'I}(}(/iaceae
52 gellera; 550 specie!)' Silloplerida('eae *

A large group of ferns that, at one time or another, includcd many In Adiantaceae by some authorities. A/euritopteris/arillosa, Pe/-
of the families later separated from this cosmopol itan, but primarily laea/alcala, P. nitidula, Cheilalllhes tel/ui/olia.

-,
 •

94 PLANTALKALOIDS Alkaloid 1es/ ReslIl/s 95

T" elypleritlaceue gijolia, Casearw cluliaejolia, C. decandm, C dolichophyJJa,

30 gellera j 900 jp ecies; , ,,,bcosmopoU/tlII C e,ythrocmpa, C. eSClilellla , C. glllallellsio;, C inaequi/(lfera,
, Cjllvilensis, C.j/modii, C. nigricolIs, C. pringlei, C. rhYllochophyl-
Abacopten:.. 'riphyJla, 111elypteris decursil'O-piIllUltll, T p ellll- fa, FlacollrLia catllpltmCla, F. illdicn , I;: ralllolllclli, F. rukam,
igem. F. sepiaria, f : zippe/ii, Hasseltia mexicana, Homalillm den/alulII ,
H. pedicillatum , H Irichoslemoll, J-J. zeyJa"icuIIJ , lly dllocmplls all-
the/milltica, Idesill polycmpa, Kiggelarin ajriclma, £netta procem,
Tllry sopteriduceue L. suaveoJe"s, Li"dackeria Jali/olia , Lbl(Jackeria sp. afT. may"esis,
3 g ellera; 20 species Light/oolia abyssi"ica, 1... a/bel/s, L. IIlIItOlli, L. parvijoJia, L. perali ~
folia, L. tel/ella, MayI/ O toxica , Mlllltingia ca/almrfl, a l/coba lal/d-
Of Macronesia and the tropics genera ll y except Africa. Some na, 0. .~pillosa, Pallgilllll edll Je, Paropsia hrazzemlfl, Prokia crucis,
include Dicksolliaceae (q .v.). Cibotiul1I barometz. Rawsonia lucida, RYlll1ia pyri/era, R. speciosa, Rypamsa calotrj ~
cha, Rypllrosa sp. Cf.jllllllllica, 1hchadellill philippjllensis, n il/ler-
ia grmu/iflora, XyJosma ce/aslril/I1I , X ci/ialifoliulII, X. jlexllosllm ,
Villaria ceae "/! X. g/aberrimllm, X. palmeri, Xylolltec(J krlllls!>·iana.

Included in Adiantaceac. Vittariajlexuosa, Viuaria oW. V taenio-

phyl/a,
FLA GE LLA RIACE AE
2 ge" ertl j 4 !>]Jecies
FLA CO UR T1A CEAE
This is a small I:'lmily of the Old World tropics of no part icu lar
economic importance. The genus (Flagellaria) had been reported to
T his is a family of pantropical distribution, some members of
wh ic h are used as ornamentals a nd a few others for their edible conta in alkaloids but four species were fou nd negat ive in this study:
fru it. Perhaps best known is Hytillocmpils for c halmoogra oil Flagel/aria gllianeflsis, F i"dica, Flagellaria sp., and JojllviJIea
which , for ma ny years, was the on ly treatment for leprosy. eiegans. This last species is now considered in a fami ly of its own
The occurrence of alkaloids in the family is sporadic; fairly well by some authorities.
known are those of Ryaflia for their insecticidal activity. Positive
results were obtained with 16 spec ies, includi ng Casearia jylvestri.~,
c.
known to con tain alkaloids: Casearia g randiflora (112), JasiophyJ. FO UQUIE R1AC/;"AE
la, C. lIi(l(/a, c,'asearia ,\PP, (3/9), DOllyalis caffi'a (2/2), DovyaJis sp., / gellll.\',' JJ sp ecies
Nomaliu;n joetidul1!, Neopringlea illtegrifhlia, Ptychocmpus
(= Neoptyc!wcwpus) opodallihus (113), Ryal/ja allgllstijo/ia, Scopolia FOllquieria is a Mex ican genus ex tending northward into the
zeyheri, Trimeria trillelVlls, XyJosma e/JipticlIl/I, ZueJJallia gLlidonia, southwestcrn portions o f the Un ited States. A fcw species have
The fo llowing were negative: Abatia me.xic(Uw , A. lome f/lOSa, limi ted use as ornamentals.
Aberia sp., Aphloia ,hei/ormis, ASleriastig m(l (= JlydnocOIplIs) Alkaloi ds are not known nor we re pos itive tesls obtained on six
macrocfII1Jll, Baileynxyloll lancen/mum, Ballam gllilmellsis, H. to- samples representing F('mquieria/orlllosa, I;: s hrevei, and F. sp lell ~
melllOsa, Calollcoba .\'lIjJruticosa, Carpolroche cl'ispidemala, C. 10 11- deliS.

.-
96 I'LA NTALKA LOJDS A/kll/oid 1est Re.l·u/l.v 97

FRANKENIACEAE Alkaloids are known but from very few genera . In this study, the
3 gell era; 30 species fo llow ing were positi vc : Chel/ohmthlls alol/ls, Chirollia baccifera,
C. melalllpy rijiJ/ia, C. le/mgol/iu , C. ImI1 Sv(lo/ensis, F:xochaeflilllll
T he family occurs worldwide but is represcn ~ cd primarily in ,the (= SuiJea ) grtlllde, Frasertl Ileg/ecta, Genrial/o acalllis, G. adsur-
Mcd itl,;rrancan area . A limited number are cullivated as novelttes.
gells (2/3), G. andre wsii, C. bisetae, G. IUlea , G. purdolllii,
Fl'fJllkenia was reported to contain alkaloids but o ne sample of each G. sparlwcea, G. sllperba, G. verna , lIa/ellia brel'icnl"llis ( 1/4),
o f two un identified species failed to give a positive tcst. OlphiuIII jrulescells, Sflbalia dijJorlllis.
Negative lests were obtained on the fo llow ing species: Caloli·
FUMA RIACEAE siantllUs pedLlIlclI/atus. C. speciosus, Ca/olisialllhlls sp., Cheiollall-
/ 8 gel/ era; 450 lpecie.,· thus a/allis, ChirOllia paillstris, Coutol/bea spicara, Curtia eUllferta ,
Ely/hraea aff. ellirilloides, E. felralliera, ExaclllII perrolletii,
Long considered a subfam ily of the Papavcraccae, ~his f~mily is E. le/ragOl/ulII , Gell/iwl(l billidifblia , G. cinere{{t)lia , G. crt/ciala,
of Old World d istributioll , chie fl y of temperate ASia, w ith fou r
G. decumbells, C. diemellsis, G. formosal/a, G. j Ulliperino, G. par-
genera in South Africa and three in the United Siaies. A few orna-
vi/alia , G. pOl]Jlryr;o, G. mexieolla, G. seprell!/itia, G. wu/ujewi,
menia ls have economic importance. Gentiallella amllrel1a, /-fa/ellia Itillloll;, H plal/taginea, !-la/enia
Alkaloids are found in severa l genera of the fa mil y; they are
spp. (2), LimllanthemulIl cllristatum , L. lrulllbo/dliallulII , LisianlJllIs
chemicall y similar, and in many cases identical, to those fou nd in
brirtollii, Schu/tesia glliallellsis, Swertia I"lwtiaiellsis.
the Papavcraccac . One unidentified species of COlydalis was nega-
ti ve alt hough the genus is onc of thc alka loidal genera of the fami ly.
GERANIACEAE
14 genera; 730 sp ecie,,·
G
The Geraniaccac have wide d istribution in both the temperate
and tropi cal regions o f both hemi spheres . Thc fami ly is known for
GARR YACEAE
its om ornental s and fragran t o ils.
I genlls; 13 ~JJecies
A fcw alka loid-posi ti ve species havc bcen recorded , includ ing
This is a famil y of westem North and Central America with one Geranium Sal/g uilleul1I, which was found positive here, bu t they
species in Jamaica. A few are used as omamcntal s. appea r to be uncommon considering the size of the family. Gerani-
A lka loid s arc known in the fam ily. In the present study, two um potelltillaefo liul1I (1 /2), Pe/argolliulII burtolliae (212), P illqui-
spccics of Ganya, G. laurifolia and G. veatch i i, wc.rc positive, .the \ nolls, P laleripes, P scabrum, and P 2olla/e (212) were likewise
latter known to be a lkalo ida l. Two o tJlcrs werc ncgatIVe : G. longifo- positive.
lia and G. ovala. T he followi ng plan ts were alkaloid-negative: Erodium circtlla-
rillllZ , E. crinitLlIll, Geranium maculatlllll, G. arislisepalllm , G. bel-
GENTlANACEAE lum, G. bicknellii, G. Cal"OlilliwllIlII , G. /rayaIOIl/IIII, G. Iremandesii,
74 genera,' 1,200 !!l'ecies G. illcanulII , G. kerberi, G. liliacillll1, G. me.xiC(lllUlII, C. lIyassense,
G. ocel/alulII, G. omi/hopo(/.um, G. potenlil/oides, G. pllrpllrascens,
Ge ntians ha ve worldwide distribution with concent ration in the G. robertiallulII , G. scltiedemrulll , G. seemmmi, Gel"llllilllll spp. (3) ,
temperate zones. Ma ny members of the family are used as orna· G. vlI/canico/a, MOIfsonia hijlnra, M. bUI"kealla, M. 01lara, M. spe-
mentals. ciosa, MUllson ia sp., M. lIIlIbellllta, Peiargollilltll llichemilloides,
98 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test Results 99

P. aiteraus, P. flngulosum, P. aC(mifiphyllulII, P. becllUOlliclll1!, GLOBULARIACEAE

P. capita/lilli, P. emu/icallS, P coranspifuliwlI , P. cordatllm, P. ele- gel/era; 250 .'pecie.\'
J(}
gems, P. jlavlIlII. P graveo/ens, . .? grossu/arioides, P. hirtum, P hel:-
mmmiae/oliulIl, p. lael'igallllll, P labafulII, P. 1Il0reanUIII, P. ~ll!/:rhl­ This Old World, primarily Mediterranean, fa mily has no known
folium, P. ova/e, P pandurae/orme, P. peltaUIII,I, P qllercijob~lm, economic iiilporiance, nor is it known for the presence of alkaloids.
P. radllla, P rehmallllii, P. reniforme, Pe/argolllllm sp., P. samc~.­ It has been fonned largely by a comb ination of genera form erly
lae/alit/lIl , P SlIblingoSIlI1l , p. viti/alit/III , Sarcoc~~IOl~ patersOIlIl, assigned to the Scrophulariaceac.
Viviania rtIbl'iflora (now in a family of its own , Vlvmmaceac). When tested, the following were positive: Dischisma erinoides
(3/3), flebenstrefia den/ara, Se/ago compacta, S. cOIymhosa,
S. elata, S. holt/bU, S. hyssopijolia (2/2), s. natalensis (2/2),
GESNERIACEAE S. spuria (2/2), S. thwrbergii, S. verbenacea, Walafrida gel/jcIIla,
146 gellera; 2,400 !lJJecies W saxlili.... , W synnertonii.
Negative tests were obtained with the following: Agatltelpis
The family is represented primaril y in the tropical a~d sl.lbtro~i­
ang ustijolia, Globularia cordijolia, Hebenstretia comosa, J-/. del//a-
cal areas of both hemispheres and is important economically for Its
la, II. jruticosa, Se/ago fruticosa, S. g/Iltinosa, S. /ongipedicillata,
ornamentals, some especially for rock gardens. . .
Only a few genera have been recorded as alkalOidal. In tlu~ Selago spp. (2), S. t1WIIISOllii, S. triquetra.
survey, one positive result was obtained : Rhobdot~tamnlls solandn
The remainder were negative: AciJimelles grmulijlora, A. hetero- GNETACEAE
phy lfa, A. pu/Chefla, Achimenes sp. (2), A es~ /'Yll(mthus ralll~sissi­ 1 gel/lis; 28 species
ilia Alloplectlls patrisii, A. strigoslls, Bes /ena glabra, Beslerw sp.,
Bo~a swin/wi, Chirita bicol"lluta, B. urticaejo/ia, CO/III/mea ely- The one tropical genus includes lianas and sometimes trees and
throplioea, C. schiediana, Co/umnea sp., CorYlholon/a sp., Cyrtan- shrubs. There are repons of alkaloids in G. indicum and G. parlliJo-
dro sp., Dlymonia serrl/lata, Hypocyrlo (= Nemat(m~hus) tessman- /ium but 11 samples which ·included four species were negative in
nii, fl. macu/ata, /santhera dis color, Kohlerw deppeall~.' the tests conducted here: C. gnemon, G. lali/oJillm, G. nodiflorum ,
K. fruticosa, K. hir:w ta, K. hOlldensis, K. IOllgifolia, K. martel/SII , G. nodosum.
Lysiollotus war/eyensis, Paliav(lll(l prasinata, Paliavana sp. (2),
Rechsteilleria cllrlijlora, R. spicala, RhynchoglosslIl1I h%glosSll m,
GOODENIACEAE
R. ohliqllllm, Slreptocarplls parvijlorus.
16 genera; 430 specie.'!

GINKGOACEAE This is generally considered an Austra lasian family, but one ge-
1 genus; 1 species nus, Scaevola, has pantropicai distribution along coasta l areas of
both hemispheres.
A single spec ies, Ginkgo bi/oba, is the only one surviving since Alkaloids have been found in a few genera of the family, but
Jurass ic times . Once worldwide, the genus is I\OW confined to tem- these may be artifacts arising from the lise of ammonia during
ple gardens in China except where intro~uced ~Ise.where. isolation. Twenty-seven samples were tested to give the followin g
It contains a quinoline carboxy lic aCId den val1ve a~~1 has bc~1'! positive results: Goodel/ia mtllndiJolia, Scaveo/a gaudichaudiana-
recorded as alkaloidal. Two of seven samples gave posItive tests 11' both of which were known to be pos itive--and Scaveo/a lellseveslia,
thi s study. S. montana, S. plumier;, S. opposilijolia, S. sericiea, Scaveo/a sp.
100 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid 1esl Results IOJ

Negati ve were: Dampiera disc% r, D. plIIpurea, Goodellia ar- D. {og~/i:Jlia, D. lOf/gijlora, D. moglia, D. mieroballche, D. sall~
lIIi/ialla , G. bellidifo/ia, G. ovala, G. Nlm elii , G. steJligel'll, Lesche- guillalis, D. scolorulJI, D. sericea, D. schill/adallo, D. viulascells,
nallilia hiloba, Seaveo/a a/bida , S. hispida, S. lIilida, S. avali/olia, Diplac/mejilscata, DistichUs spica/a , D. slricla, Echinochloa colo~
S. parvijolia, Seaveo/a spp. (4), Velleia paradoxa . 1111111, E. crtlsgalli, Ehrhartia colyeil/a, Eletlsine illdica , E1ymus cill-
ercus, Elymlls ~p" E. viliosfls, Ellferopogoll gracilior, Eragros/is
all/abilis, E. bulbi/era, E. eyline/rica, E. diJfusa, 1::. pi/osa, H. puhu-
GRAMINEAE
Ii/era, Eremochloa ci/iaris, E. colll/wm , E. opiuroides, Eriochloa
635 genera; 9,000 specie.\'
pracera, Eularia praelllosa, £. vimillea, F'esilica par l'igluma,
The grasses arc the most widely distributed of the plant fam ilies F. parl'ilimba, GlIaduo ollgllsti/olia, Ha ckelochloa gmllularis, Ile'~
and of the greatest importance in furni shin g the basic foods, for eropogOIl con tol'l us, Hierochloe odorala, H. redo/ellS, /-Iolcll.<; /allll~
humans and anima ls (rice, wheal, corn , oats, etc.) and many denved tllS, If. mol/is, H braclryalltherum, H jubatum, H vulgare, /-Iystrix
products (e.g., oils. alcohol, paper) . . . . . patula, Impera/o brasiliensis, I. ciliore, I. cyJill drica, Isaehaeum
Many alkaloid s have been characteri zed 111 Ihls large famil y, yet crassipes formosamlllr , l. globosa, f. mulieu"" I. .~e/uceu m, Lagums
lllany genera appear to await investigation for these substances. In ovaWs, Lasiactts di varica/a, 1. /ali/o/ium, L. rasclfolia, L. rugeni,
this survey, the followin g gave positive tests: Agropyron repel/s , L. sloallei, Leersia hexalldra, Leplaspis urceo/alum , Leptochloa
Alldropogoll schoellallthus, AlllllOxantlillm odom/lill' , Cymhopogoll chillellsis, L. dubfa, Lepturus repel/s, Lolium lIIultijlorum , Lvpa~
lIarc/IiI/S, C. citraHis (prev iollsly known), Glyceria oblusa, /-IO/ 'de~ t!rerum gracile, L. clatlllll, Melica jrutescells, M. ollOei, M. rueell/o-
IWIII /eporilllll, Ichant/ills vivins (2/2), LOJiIllIl pere~lIIe (2/2) (pre~ so, M. sarlllelllosa, Merostachys lemata, Microstegium ciliatuIII,
viously known), Pha/aris (If'ulldillacea (1 /2 ) (previously known), MiscallllwlII sinellsis, Mllhlellbergia l-epens, M. rigida, M implica-
Spillifex lit/orells. la, Nastus productus, NutllOdol1llwllia self/olia, Olyra latf/olia ,
The majorilY or the spec ies tested were negative : AglVpyroll 0. micral/lha, Oplismellus composilus, 0. jormos{ll/us, 0. wulula/i-
ciliare, Agrostis alba, A. avenllcea, Alopeel/rus aequalis, A. gellicu~ [alia, O,yza lati/olia, 0. perelll/ia, 0. saliva, O,yzopsis hymel/aides,
latus, AndropogoJl gerardi, A. myrtiflortls, A. miclVstachYlIs, 0. pUl/gens, Ottoch/oa I/odosa , Palliclllil aquaticlllll, P. c1andesli~
A. sacchmvides , A. sC0'1)arills, Alldropogoll sp., A. l'irgifliclIs, IIUIII , P distielrulII , P. Irallii , P illcom/lIIl1 , P. illdicUIII, P. pa/ells,
Apludall111/ior, Arislida chillewjis, Arrhellall/helllll ela/ills, Arthrax~ P. repel/s , P /richoides, P virgatulII, P xan tllOpltYSIIIII , P ziza ~
Oil hispidlls. Anmciillaria lliitakayamewjis, Anmdillella selosa , Ave~ lIioides, PaspalulII orbiculare, P cOl/juga/wlI, P. c!asytrichulII,
lUI f alUa, Axollopus sicclls, Bambllsa dolichoclada, B. oldhami, P. dilata/UlII, P [o rmOSlill/flll, P lineare, P. 10Jlg{folium, P. orbiclI ~
B. pervariahilis, Bambusa sp., BOlhrichloa isclw emlllll, Boutelolla , P. plicatlllulII, P. sClObiculallllll, PmjJolulII 3jJP. (3), P tJllmber-
lare,
clwsei, B. cllrtipel1dllJa, Brach iaria diS((l chy a , B. replallS, Brachy~ gU, Pellllisellllll alopecuroides, P lalifoliulII , P. villosulII , Perolis
podilllll jormosallul1l, Briza ,major, B. media, B. millor, B. IVtullda~ indica , Plla/aris ca/i/omicll, P carolil1iCll/(l , P.. luberosa, Phrag-
/a, iJriza .'11'., LJromus cathartiClls, B, commlllClllIs, B. dlalldrlls, miles COIIIIIIWlis, P Iwrka, Phy ifos/(fcliys bambusoides, P auteus,
B. inennis, B. rigidlls, B. rubel/s, B. Illiio/Oides, Ca lamoclrloafilifo~ Phyllostaelrys sp., Piptochae/illlll f imbriatulII, Poa acrofeuco,
lia, Capillipedium parvi/lorum, C. glabrum, C. kawa~llOt~l1se, p. O/lIIua, P caespiloso, P epifeuca, P g racillimo, PogollalltherulII
Cel/clints calyell/allis , C. echillatus, C. p(llJcijlorus, C.tn bulmdes, pal/iceulII, PoJypogoll higecmveri, P l/I(1ril;IIII1.\·, RhYllchetytrul1I m~
Chloris vi/gala , Chllsqueo oligophy l/a , Coix dislichlllll, C. /acluy~ sewn, Ro/hboe/lia exaltata, Sar;charulll spOf/talleulII , Sacciolepis
ma-jobi, C. lIIa-yuell, C,yplOcoCCUIII patells, C. tor/ilis, CYllodoll myosuroides, SehizaehyriulII sallguil1ewn, Selaria jibedi, S gel1icu~
dacty/olI, C. !iemiUlulu/ato, DOlllholli mexicalla. D. roolllii, [)es~ lOla, S g/auca, S. griesbhehii, S palmi/alia, S poiretiana, Setaria
elw/JIpsia klossii, Digi/aria ascendens, D. chil1ellsis, D. hemyi, sp., Sitallioll IWI/selli, SorghastrulII IIIl1alls, Sorghum bieolor,
106 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test Re~'1I11s 107

N itrogenous substances, but not a lkaloids in the strict sense, arc There is a single report of the presence of alkaloids in Phacelia but
found in the famil y. Eight species (nine samp les) were tested with tests on three species of the genus have been reported as alkaloid frec.
one positive result: Aescuius cafifol'llica (1/2). In the present study, no positive tests were noted. The following
Five o ther species of Aescullls were negative: Aesculus assamia, were negative: Codoll lVyenii, C. schenkii, Eriodictyon lrichocalyx,
A . hippoc{lstanelllll, A. parvijlora, A. pavia, Aesclliw- ,~p. E. crassi/olium, HydlViea spinosa, Nama bij7ora, N. del/swlI,
N. dichotomum, N. origalli/olilll1l, N. palmeri, N. parvijlora, N. rupi~
cotum, N. sericellJII, N. :~ubpelio/are, N. uflduialtlm, N. didw/onum
HUMIRIACEAE chasmogamum, Nemophi/a menziesii, N. /remontii, PhaceJia helem-
H genera; 50 species phylla, P. humilis, P. imbricata, P. iongipes, P. ramosissima, Phacelia
sp., P I'iscida, P. ptalycarpa, Pholistoma allrilllm, Wigandia ktllltliii,
The family name is somet imes spe lled Houmi riaceae; it is tropi- W. scorpioides.
cal South American, occurring as far north as Costa Rica and with
some representation in western Africa.
The family is not known for alkaloids; only one sample in Ihis /lYI'OXIDACEAE
survey was positive: Vantanea guianensis . The remainder were neg- 7 ge"erai 120 !)pecies
ative: Humiria balsamifera, H. jloribllflcia, HlImiria !'p., Hlimirias-
trtllll piraparanense, Saccog/ollis guiallellsis, S. Itelli, Saccogloflis Lawrence has thc mcmbers or thi s " fami ly" in Amary llidaceac,
sp., Vallfallea cOlltracta, V. cuplt/aris, Vanlanea spp. (2). Wi lli s in Hypoxidaceac, Cronquist (Mabberley) in Liliaceac. Two
sam ples, Curciiago orchioides and Hypoxis ohtusa, were negat ive.

llYDROCIIARITACEAE
16 genera; 90 specie!)' I
The fam il y is cosmopol itan, found in wann fresh and salt waters
of the world. Some arc used as aquarium plants.
ICACINACEAE
Alkaloids arc not known. Tests of ten samples representing seven
60 ge"era; 320 specie..
spccies yielded no positive result. The follow ing were negative: Elo-
dea nutlallii, flydrilla verticillata, Lagmvsiphon major, L. muscoides,
T he Iacacinaceae constitute a tropical family with a few temper-
LilllnobiulIl spongia, Olleiia alisl11oides, liliiesneria americana.
ate representatives. Some are lIsed for timber and others for local
food and medicine.
The alkaloids of the fnmily arc of the e metine type (Wiegrebc,
HYDROI'f1YLLACEAE Kramer, and Shmnma, 1984). Thirty-five samples consti hlting 27
22 gellera; 275 .\pecies species were tested wi th the following positive res ults: Cassinopsis
ilici/olia (2/2, previously known), C. till[folia, Gaslrolepis sp., HlI-
This fam il y is almost cosmopolitan, found chiefly in the dry miraflthera rupesfris ( 1/3). Medu.Wlllthera papuana (now assigned
regions of western North America south to the Straits of Magellan to its own family, Mcdusandraceae), StemOflllrilS pap"amls, Urall-
with some represen tation elsewhere, excep t Austra lia. dra IIm bellata.
108 PLANTALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test Results 109

Nega tive lests were given by Apodyfes dimidata, CitlVllella bras- guinea, I. vbginica, lxia polystachya, Lapeirousia flssifolia, Letll~
sii, C. cOllgonila, C. pallicutala, Discophora guiallel1sis, EmmoliulII monia californica, Libertia fJulchella, Micrant/lUs tubufosus, Mo~
filgifolilllll, E. nilellS, E. nilidum. Eml1lotiulII sp., Humiranthera spi- mea moggii, M. pofyslachya, Moraea .\p., M. spalhulala,
nosa, H. duckei, LopllOpyxis maillgayi, Lopl/Opyxis sp., Peripterigy- Neomarica coemlea, OrtllOSal1thlls sp., Patersollia jragilis, Romll~
fum lIIo[uCCQnum, Polyporandra sealldens, Pomqueiba guianensis, lea rosen, Si.'uyinchjutll bellulIl, S. exaf/afum, S. nidulare, Sisyrifl~
P. paraellsi.~·, P sericea, PyrenacCllllha grandijJora, P kamassana, chium spp. (3), S. sMa/lilli, Sparaxis gralldij7ora, Sphenostigma
StemOflllrus sp. sellowiana, TIgrida "'p., 7htonia crocala, T. crocoSJllijlora, Walso~
The position of Periptelygillm is not clear; according to Mabber- Ilia angusla, W merial/a, W piJIansii, W pyramidala, W speclabi~
ley, the genus is Cardiopteris in the fa mi ly Cardiopleridaceae whi le lis, W lrallsvaalensis.
Will is has it in Pc riptcryg iaceac = Cardioptcrygiaccac. A lest of
P. IJIO/llCC(lIlUIII, as indi cated above, was negati ve.

RE FERENCE J
Wicgrcbc, W., W. J. Kramcr, and M. Sha11lllla, Journal vf Nallll'al Pmriucls 47
(1984)p.397.
JUGLANDA CEAE
7 genera; 59 sp ecies
IIIJDA CEAE
92 genera; 1,800 .\'p ecies
The fa mily has two areas of distribu tion: north tempera te New
This cosmopolitan fa mily, represented especially well in Soulh World with extension through Celllral America and westem South
A fri ca, the eastern Med iterranean, and Cen tral and Sou th America, America to Argentina, and temperate Asia to Java and New Gu inea.
is known for its garden fl owers, the spice saffron, and the genus Iris The trees are va lued as timber and cabinet woods and, of course, for
for its perfume oi ls. wal nuts, hickory nuts, and pecans.
Alkaloids in the usual sense are not found , but several genera 5-Hydroxytryptami ne has been found in walnu ts (Jug/ans regia);
yield tyram ine derivat ives and amino acids, some of which may be otherwise alka loids are not known in the fami ly. No pos iti ve tests
responsible for reporls of alkaloids. Of 72 species, the fo llowing were obtained for the followi ng: Cmya glabra, C. ovala, C. pecan,
were positive in th is study: Arislea eckloflii, Ferraria antherosa, C. tOll/elllosa, Engel/tardia (lcerifolia, E. colebrooki(lIla, E. cllfYso~
F refinela, Gladiolus expersus, Homeria breynicllla, Lapeirollsia [epis, £. rigida, E.jormosolla, Jug/ans allanthifolia, 1. calijomica,
gralldijlora, Nivenia stokoei, SisyrinchiulII allgLJslijolilllll ( 1/2 ), 1. c:ineria, J. mollis, J. n(gra , J. regia, Prerocmya rhoifolil1.
S. lIIacrocephallllll.
Negative were Anapalilla nervosa: Aris/ea aji'jeana, A. bakeri,
A. schizo/aena, A. 5piralis, A. thyrsijlora, Babi{l/wjalcata, B. pa/u~ J ULIANACb"AE
la, Bobarlia illdica, B. macrospatha , B. robusta, c.rocosmia aurea, 2 genera; 5 5p ecies
C. crocosmaflora, Cypella plumbea, Dieles sp., D. vegela, Fen'aria
bee/wanica, Gladiolus alropurpureu5', G. melleri, G. 1Il1illijlorlls, This fa mily is found from Peru north to Centra l America. It has
G. palusler, Gladio/us sp., G. 5ymmetranlhus. G. villoslls, lIollleria yieldcd some dyestuffs. A lkaloids are not known. A sample of
pallida, lrisjosleriww, 1. ilertlVegii, I. hoell/pjim', I. plllllila, 1. S{lI/- AmphiplefygiulII adstringens, thc source of a red dye, was negative.
110 PJ~NT ALKALOJl)S
Alkfl/oi(J Te.u Reslllls III

J UNCACEAE
were tested; three of those were known to be a lkaloidal Ii-om earl ier
10 gellertlj 325 species
reports: Marrrlbiul1I vlligare (1 15), Nepeta cataria, Roslllarilllis ojJi-
A family of temperate and Cold regions including mountainous cil/a/is (1 /3).
areus ofSolllh America, the JUllcaceac have their greatest diversity Other positives included Acmceplrnlus sp. ( 1/4), Aeolal/tlrlls par-
in the soulhcm hemisphere. Some species arc lIsed for the weav ing vifolius, Anisomeles indica (2/3), Bal/ola a/rical/a (212), Cedronel/a
of mats lind caning of chairs while others arc ornamental. sp., Conradina C(fnescens, Dysoplryl/a (= Pogostemon) cruciaJa,
Cyanogenes is has been noted in the family and there have been Eisholtzia slalill/ollia, Elldostel//oll Jerelicalliis (112), /Jedeoma PII-
reports of "unnamed a lkaloids," bu t none of the 23 samples repre· legeoides, Hoslmulia opposita (3 /4), Ityplil' slIbtilis, H. IIlig/nosa ,
sent ing 18 species gave II positive leSI for alkaloids: JUI/ e lls (lCl/fIlS, f-1. verticil/ala, Iboza (= Tetradenia ) brevispicala (112), I. riparia
J. brev;caudalwi, J. blllol1;s, J. decipiells, J. exerflls. J . '/eersii, (113), LasiocOlys (= Leucas) capel/sis ( 112), Leolloli.\· leollums
1. /olllalophylllls, J. maritimlls, J. orthophylllls, J. papillosll!)', J. palli- (2/2), L. leollitis, /,. melhtri, L. lIepelaejolia (3/8 ), L. sihiriC/ls (117),
dllS, J. pc/ocarplIs, J. setchllellsis, 1. sete/wellsis var. qlfllsoicles, Lellcas sp., Melissa pal'vijlora (114), Mel/lha a(opecl/l'Oides, Mo-
.III11CII,\' .~'fJ., [/tzu/a effllsa, Priol1;ulI1 sel'ralllm , Xerotes sp. (= Lo- nan/a plIllctata ( 112), Orlhosiphr}/f rlliJiclllulllS, Peril/a jhlJeScells,
mwulra, now in Xanlhonhoeaceac). Plee/ranthlls calycinlls, Pogostemoll parviflorlls, PycJl(lIItilclIIlIlII
virginimw11I (1 /2 ), P. incmll/III, Salazar;a mexicana, Salvia apimw
J UNCA GINA CIiAE ( 1/2), S. llZllrea, S. blillowejlora ( 1/4), S. brevijlora (112), S chl1me-
4 gellemi 18 speciel' /oeg(III(f ( 1/2), S. clmules/ina, S. cOlmivellS, S. kerfii, S. lellcopllylJa,
S. namaellsis, S. polystachya (117), s. rlmcinata, S. scssei ( 1/3).
This is it small fa mily of herbs found in the wetareus of temper- SClltellaria illemw (1 /2), s. pallciflora, Stachys sp. £ItT. bigelovii,
ate and cold regions. Some species of Triglochill are edible; others S. albel1.<;, S. burchelli, S nigriellns, S. rigida ( 112), S. tillmbergii,
are toxic due to cyanogenesis, common in the family. Triglochill Tetrac/ell cOlllleri, Tellcrill11l Clllladense (2/3), T. cllbellse (2/2), Till-
maritima and T striatum were a lkaloid negnlive. flea sp., Trichostema parishU.
The following were negative: Aerocephaills indicus, Aeoltmlhlls
katallgensis, A. relwuumii, Agaslache barbeii, A. lIIex/elmo, A. 1'11-
L gosa, Ajllga macl'Osperma, A. dichlyocarpa. Alvesia roslllarinijolill,
BeciwlI anguslijoliwlI, 8. bllrchelliamml, B. homb/ei, B. ky"alllllll,
B. ohnvlItllm, Brune/la vulgariS, Cedrone/la ourtantillca, C. mexi·
LABIATAE C(lIla, C. comracta, ClillOpotiilll1l coccillelllll , C. eolhmokea,
221 genera,' 5,600 species C. cOl/jillis, C. drmllllulII, C. opposilijolilllll, Co/ells amma/iclls,
The nli nt fhmil y is sometimes called the Lamiaceae. It consists
C. amboil/iclls, C. barba/tis, C latifolills, C. lIeochillls, C. rehllllllJllii,
chiefl y o f cosmopo litan herbs prominent in Ihe area ii-om the Medi- Colells sp., Collillsonill allisara, C. callodellsis, Craniotome versi-
terrancan to cenlral Asia. The m ints have long heen lIsed illllledicme, color, CUlli/1l ga/ioides, C. godioide~', C. Iytltrifolia, C. origallflides,
as spices, a nd in some perfu mes. They are familiar ki tchen herbs C pyncafllha, Eishollzia palril/i, Elldos/emol/ obtllsijolillS, E. lel/lli-
(mini, basil , oregano, etc.). Many ure cultivated as ornmnenlais. floms, E"gelaraslrtllII djalollellse, Gordollgi(llllexicmw, Gellio.\1)O-
Scsq ui tc rpcnoid alkaloids arc fo und in somc mcmbcrs of lhc rum angolellSe, G. !J(/!lIdoSIlIll, Glechoma hederacea, Hedeoma
ifllnily, stac hyd rine and many pscudo- or profoalkaloids in others. dntmmomJii, Ii. palmeri, II. po/ellS, Helllizygia bracleosa, H. ellio-
Six hundred lind twenty-two samples rep resenting 405 species Iii, Ii. lalidells, H obermeyerae, H. pelio/ala, Ii. rehlllllllllii, Hemi-
zygia sp., H. lhol'1lcl'Ojlii, Hesperozygis myrlOides, Hosflmdia verti-
112 PLANT ALlV1LOIDS Alkaloid 'lest Uesulls 113

ciliata, Hoxis capitata, HypOs albida, H. asperrimo, J-/. capitala, S hyptoides, S. iodantlta, S isochroma, S. kanvillskii, S. laclulOsta-
J-/. complicata, J-J. crillita, H. ditassoides, J-/. emolyi, H gaudic!wu- chys, S /aevis, S. lang/assei, S. lasial/tha, S. lasioeeplw/a, S. lavan-
dU, H. illtermpta, H. /appacea, H. laxiflora, H. [u(escel/s, H. mari- duloides, S. leptophylla, S leplOstachys, S. leucamha, S. IOllgislyla,
folia, H. II/ufabilis, Ii. paraensis, J-/. nervosa, H. lIudicQulis, S Iymia, S. mandnmsis, S me/issodora, S. mellijera, S. merlii,
J-l. pectillata, H plectranthoides, H. radiata, 1-1. recurvata, I-f. rhom- S mexicana, S. mexic(ll/{J mil/ol', S. mexicona neurepia, S lIIicl'O-
boidea, 11. rltytidea, Hyptis !'pp. (i 5), H. spicata, /-1. spicigera, phylla, S. miClvphylla neurepia, S /1/0CblOi, S. IWI/a , S. lIipponica
H. suaveolclIs, H. umbrosa, H. urtico/des, H. vesfila, /-I. vilfosa, fomwsafla, S pachyphylla, S paral/ensis, S patel/s,. S pCI'blollda,
Iboza galpillii, LamiulII omplexicaule. Leonolis dysopilylla, L. mi- Salvia ap. afT. poiystachya, S. pruinosa, S. prunelioides, S. puberu~
crophylla, L. lIIuJlissimG, Leonolis sp. , Leonurus sikillicus, Lepechi- la, S. pulchella, S. pwpurea, S. reflexa, S. regIa, S. riparia,
nia /leisollii, Lepechillia ::.peciosa, L. spicata, Lel/cas aspera, S. rubiginosa, S. sanctaeluciac, S. scapijol'lllis, S. seluiosa, S. siJym-
1.. decemdefllata, L. glabrata, L. lallata var. candida, L. martinicell- bri/olia, S spathacea, Salvia spp. (\8), S. stricta, S tliyrs!f/ora,
sis, L. miicllljiallll, L. neujliseafla, Lycopus spp. (2), Mar~ypianthes S [iliaefolia, S. triangularis, S. IIflieoslala, S. 1Il'twpuna, S. veroni-
chamue{bys, Mentha llquatica, M. arvel/sis, M. /ollgi/olia, M. me- cae/olia, Satureja cliillensis parvijlora, S. macrostemma, S. rigida,
1Il01'OSUIII,M. piperiIQ, M. pu/egilll1l, M. rO/llluJi/olium, MesOl/a pro- Sculellaria austillac, S. coeru/ea, S. incana, S. /ateri/olia, S pOI0.\'i-
cumbel/s, Micl'Omeria b(j1ora, Monarda austromontana, M. didy- lIa, S. racemosa, S repel/S, Soldia regia, Stacllys aethiopica,
ma, M. .fisiu/osa, MOllardella villosa, NautllOchi/us lahiatus, S. agraria, S ajugoides, S bigelovii, S. bllllata, S. coccillea,
NepeLOides JP., Ocimum alllericallulII, 0. basiliclIlII, 0. fruticolo - S. drummondii, S grandi/olio, S illtegri/olia, S mulliflora, S I/epe-
sum, 0. gmtissimwll, 0. micranlhuIJI, 0. s(lI/ClUm, 0. seliowii, Oci- tae/olia, S. pring/ei, S repens, S. rugosa, Stachys sp., SlIzukia shiki-
mum spp. (2), 0. suave, 0. urtici/oliuIII, Ort//Odon jorm osanum, kUllellsis, Sync/ostemoll dellsiflorus, S. argenlells, S. macrophyllus,
0. fallceo/alum, OrtilOsiphon aristallts, 0. lubi/ormis, Peltodon Teucrium racemOSU11/, T. aji"icllnum, T illtegri/olium, r visdidum,
IOllgipes, P. radielllls, P. rugosus, Perilla sp., Phyllesfegia gralldi- Tinnea jllttea,r vestita, T zambesiaca, Ihchostema dic!lO!Omum,
flora, Pleetrcmlhw; calycil/us, P coe/sa, P grandidentatw', P cylin- T. imwlum, T lanceoialum, T. setacewll .
dl'aceus, P dolichopodus, P eckloni, P ji'tllicosus, P hirlus,
P hoslulldioides, P laxijlorus, P. ",yrianthus, P lIli/nmu/aris, LACISTEMATACEAE
P Ol1eanus, P. saecatus, P sanguil/eus, P. sWY"llerlollU, l~ tomellto- 1 gelUt.\·; 14 .\j1ecie.\·
so, Plectrallthus JP., Pogoslemoll coblin, PoliomilltiJa glabrescens,
p. longijlora, Po/iolllinlha sp., Prostallthera melissi/olia, P slrfati- This is a small group of tropical American trees and shrubs. Little
flom, P ellplirasioides, Prunella vu/garis, Pseudocl/1/ila sp., is known of the chemistry of the family; alkaloids have not been
P. mOl/talla, Pycllallthemum iI/callum, Pycnoslachys dewildm(ll/ia- rcIJ,Ortcd.
lIa, P kassneri, P. relicu/ata, P ur/icijolia, Raphiodoll echilJus, No positive tests were obtained with Lacistema aggregatum,
RhabJocaulol/ gracilis, R. lavendu{oides, Rlwbdocaulon :,pp. (2), L. pubescens, two unide ntified Lacisiema spp., and one of Lozania.
R. lIillosa, Salvia aji'iealla coerulea, S. q{rfeana IWea, S. amarissi-
ma, Sapia/Ill, S. azurea, S. cardillalis, S. chamadedlyoides,
LARDIZABALACEAE
S. cimabarina, S. c1eve/andii, S. eoccil/ea, S. c:olumbariae, S con-
8 gellem; 21 species
color, S clllleijolia, S curvijlora, S. dolomilica, S dlyopliila, '.
S elegalls, S. emasiata, S. exce/sa, S. jilipes, S. geslleraejlora, The family extends from Japan and China to the Himalayas with
S. glechomaefolia, S gracilis, S. greggii, S. guaranilfea, S. hauil1u- two genera in Chile. Some fruits are edible but have achieved no
Ius, S. Iwyatalla, S he{ialllhemi/olia, S. hirsula, S. hispanica, economic importance.
 114 PUNT ALKALOIDS I1lkaloitl '! esf Res/Ills 115

Alk<l loids are not known. Tests conducted in this study on Akebia spp. (2/5), Phoebe atlelluata, P. (ri{mae, P. lampicensis, Ul1lbe/lula-
tongeracemosa, A. qllillllta, and Stountomb hexap/iyl/a were negative. ria califarnica ( 112).
, The fo llowing were negative: AcrodiclidiwlI allreu"', A. PUclllll),.
A ctiflodaph~Je tIlllshaensis, A. lIlo,.,.isonellse. A. pedicillala, Aiollea
LA URACEAE densijlora, Aniba hurchelli. A. jirmu!a, A. guiallcnsis, A. 110slmon-
45 gel/eta; 2,200 specie.'! niana, A. ovalifolia. A. pammmsis, Aniba sp.t Beilschmiedia mexi-
eana, 8. rohliana, Beilschmiedia sp., Benzoin glaucum, Bm'bollia
Most representatives of the fam ily arc found in tropica l southeast (= Persea) cordata, B. lanceo/ala, CinnamomulIJ baileymwlIl.
As.ia with a few in Africa and the Mediterranean area. The Jami ly C. ellgler;WIIII1l, CimWfII01f1l1m sp. <lIT. gilgiammr, C. inslilari-flw//-
enjoys economic importance for its aromat ic oils used as spices, tanllm, C.japonicum, C. miemnl/lllm, C. obillsijolillm, C. quadran-
med icinals, fla vors, and odors (cinnamon, camphor, sassa fra s, etc.) gulum, C. seflowianlllll, C. vi/·ens, C. zeyf<mielllll, Oyploemya Jieb-
and for the familiar fruit , avocado. ertiana, C. lIIackififlofliaflll, C. mosehata, C. ob/ala. C. wyliei.
Alkaloi ds are found throughout the family and reviews of their Elldriandra g/mlca, E. grmul!flora, 1:.'. sieber;, Endlicheria {lrllllci-
occurrence and structures are available (G uinande8u, LeBoeuf, and flora, EIIlf/iclieria -'"p. alT. aruflcijlora, E. longicaudata. E. panicll-
Cave, 1975; Kamctani , Ihara, and Honda, 1976). In this study, 37 1 lata, Laurus esoinosa, L. capitala, L. COllllll llllis, Licaria eoriacea,
samples representing 177 species were tested. Severa l of them had L. //Ialiuba, Licaria sp.t Machi/us arisaensis, M. lliullbergii, Nec-
been reported as alkaloidal earlier: Alseodaplme archboidiallu, tandra coriacea, N. dioica, N. g/abrescens, N. lanceo/ata, N. lucida,
Cas,\ylha fi/i/ormis (9114), C. /aubatii (314), Clyptocmya cimUlmo- N. reetinervia, N. relieu/ala, N. rigida, N. sa1lgllillea, NeocillflOlI1o-
mifolia , C. chinensis (3 /3), c. elythroxy/oll, Lallrus lIobilis, Ulldera mllm delavayi, Neolitsell kOllishii, N. parvigemma, N variabilJima,
membnlllacea (2/2), L. umbellata, Lit.~ea cllbeba (213), L. glutillosa Ocotea abbreviata, O. aciplly/Ja, 0. aculi/olia, 0. buflata, 0. cana/-
(2/3 ), L. reticula/a, Neolitsea aCllminatissima (3/5), Ocotea (= Nec- jeu/ala,o. cambobellsis, O. corymbosa, 0. ellsi/olia, 0. g/aziovii,
ulIIdra) rodioei, Phoebe demel/sU , Sassafras a/bid"lII. 0. g/omerala, 0. guiallellsis, 0. flotata, 0. opaca, O. opi/era,
Other alkalo id-pos itive sampl es included: Actinodaplme I/aloell- 0. poro:w , Ocolea sp. aff. preciosa, 0. rubigiflosa, O. Irist;s,
. sis (1 13), A. tomelltosa, Aiol/ea scllOmburgkii (212), Aniba cyfilUlri- O. viridis, Perseo americana, P cOlriata, P gratissjma, P pa/llstris,
. folia, A. fragran s, A. porvijlora, A. roseodom, Beilscilmiedia spp. P. VCllosa, Phoebe ehrenbergii, P. jrmflosana, Phoebe sp. , Sassafras sp.,
(4/5 ), B. grammiella (bark), Cassy tl!a omerical/a, C. cilio/aw, Sylvia italllba, Systemoflodaphlle sp., Urbtmodendroll verrucosum .
C. glabella, C. pubescens, C. racemoStl, Cilillamomllm calliphora
( 115 ), C./oureirei, Cbmamomllm spp. (2/2), CryptocQlyafoveoiata,
C. lalijo/ia, C. paucijlora, Cryptocmya spp. (516), c. saliglill ( 112), REFERENCES
Delultlsia lIovoguilleensis, Embuia sp., Endliehera tSc!lIldimw, Li- Guinandeau, 1-1 ., M. LeBoeuf, and A. Cave, Uoydja 38 ( 1975) p. 275 .
coria americalla, L. camera, Lical"ia jp . ( 112), Lilldera bellzoill Karnelani. T., M. lhfl ra, and T. Honda, Heterocycles 4 (1976) p. 483.
(3/3), Litsea akonellsis, L. domarellsis, L. g/allcescells (1/5), Lilsea
spp. (8/ 11), Nectandra globo.m, N. simwta, NeClalldra jpp. (8114),
N. sllperba, N. surinamensis, Neofi/sea acu/()Irillervia (1/2), N. cas- LEC Yl1J1VA CEAE
sia, N. dealbala, N. kotoensis, Neolitsea .w , Oeafen barceJlellsis, 20 gellertl,' 280 species
0. gialldlliosa, O. hypoglallca, 0. II/acropoda (2/2), 0. I'IIbra,
0. simulmu', 0. sc!lOmbllrgkialla, 0. spixol!a, Ocolea spp. (6/33 ), The trees of Ihis famil y, found especially in thc rai n foresls of
Persea ramissollis, 1'. mf%men/osfl ( 112), P. jit/igillosa, Persea South America, yie ld limber and the fami liar Brazil nuts.
116 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alk(j/oid Tesl Rc:w flS 117

A lkal oids from the genus Couroupifa have been described. Three E. berfel"O(lIla, R. breviflora, E. c/i iapasellsis, E. crisfaga lli (112),
olher genera gave positive leslS in the survey reported here: t"':J'c/,- E.flabellijormis (2/2), E.filsca, E. herbacea (2/2), E. occidelltalis,
weilera )U1"<IIIO , E. ucayaliellsis, Ho!opyxidlllll (= Lecythis) jaral/a, E. poeppigiana, Elythroplr/oem chlorostachya (2/6), E. gllilleellse,
Lec:ythis paraellsis (212). Gleditsia triallcallt/ws (2/6) , Hovea heleropilylla, H. IOllgijolill
Negat ive results were obtained with the followin g: AI/antoll/o (4/4), 1-1. IOllgipes (15/ 15), Il. tri!'perma, Illdigofera clldecaphylla
Iineafa, Barring/ollfa acufuJlgufa, '8. asiatica, B. edulis, B. gracilis, ( 1/3 ), I. sujji"uticosa (118), Lupillus (wJersonii (2/2), L. arboreus
B. racemosa, /Jarrillglollia ~1JJ). (3), Caril/ialla eslrellellsis, Cow'a- (3 /3 ), L. elegans, 1. excubiflls, L. lIallUS, L. perellllis,.L. succulel/lus,
tar; p ulchra, Couralari sp., COl/rollplfa g uiallensis. l!sclnveiJera L. villosus, L. IVeslialllls, Melilotlls alba ( 112 ), M illdica (1 /6),
amazonica, E\'chweiJera sp. aff. adora , Eschl1'eilera spp. (2), Gus- Qrmasia emargillala , Parkillsollia aculeala (114) , Pelaloslylis labi-
tal/ia hexapelala, Gustavia spp. (2), Lecylhis zabucajo, Napoleollo clleoides, Pithecellobiumjle;cicallie (2/2), P SOli/WI (3 /3 ), PodaJy ria
imperialis, Plane/lOlIia paplfallll. colyptrala, Prosopis jlllijlora (9/1 0), Somalleo sall/ml, Sophora 10-
melliosa (414), S. allgllstifo/ia , S. jlavescells (2/2), S. secII/IJ({lora
LEGUMlNOSAE (3/3), S. telraptera (3 /3) , SpartiuIII j tlllCeUIII, Templetollia retllsa,
657 genera; 16,400 ~l'ecies Tepilrosia candida (112). .
Ma ny other samples were likew ise posit ive: Abrus cantollellsis,
This is one orlhe largest fami lies of fl owering plants, cosmopoli. A. jrulicosus, Acacia adullca, A. Wleura, A. allfileJmilltico, A. ar-
tan in distribution , and w ith many species introduced in severa l get/lea. A. armata, A. chocollesis, A. cowlimUl, A. erubescells (1/2),
paris of the world . Three subfam ilies are cons idered as separate A. [errugillea, A. gira[fa e, A. IIebeclada ( 1/2 ), A. hol'icerica,
famili es by some taxonomists. A. in/sia, A. /ep/ocm]Ja, A. /"Iea (112), A. mackolhyrsa ( 1/2),
Econom ica ll y the famil y is important as a major source of fo od A. mellifem (3/3), A. lIig rescens, A. Ililidifolia , A. polycallllw (212),
for the world: peas; beans, forage, as welllJs gums, res ins, and oils, A. schweill!urthii, A. sop/lOme, AcrocQ/pus frax ill iji}IiIl.~·, AeschY1lo-
but several species are toxic to grazi ng animals. The literature ofthc melle bracteosa, Albizzia brevi/olia, A. zygia, A. all/ullesiana, AI/l-
1~\In i ly is vast. phita/eo intermedia, A OtllS subg/allca, Argyrolobium tmnsvaa/ellse,
Rev iews of the chemistry of the famil y have becn published A. shirense, AspaJathus lactea, A. quillque[olia, A. spinosa (3 /3),
(A rora , 1983; Salatino and Gottlieb, 1981). A lkaloids are common Aspalathus spp. (4/9), Astragalus rosmarillaefo/ius, Ateleia IHero-
throughout. in the study reported here some 2,600 samples that carpa , Bauhinia garipepeIJSis (212), B. tholll/il/gii, Bo/usallthus spe-
incl uded 1,636 species were tested to g ive a tota l of 353 positives. ciOSIlS (2/2 ). Brollglliarlia mollis, lJ. g/abm/a (212) , lJ. illtermetlia
Many o f these were prev ious ly known: Abrus praeca/orills, Acacia (3/3), B. pan yi, JJutea I/IUIIOSperll/o, Cae.WI/pinia crista, C. fe n·ea,
complallara , A. cOllcilllla, A. hm])ophylla, A. kelliewelliae, A. IOllgi- Ca /pul"llia jloribunda, C. illlrusa, C. subdecalldra, Call1pisanJra
folia, A. Ilai/olia, A. po/ys/achya, A. !J·ellegal, A. venieilla/a (2/2), /auri/o/ia ( 112), CallG valia ensi/ormis ( 1/4 ), c. marilillla (2 /4),
AeschYllomene illdiea, A. j ulibrissill (1 /3 ), Argyr%bium megarhi- C. lineata, Cassia adial/li/olia (2/4). C. a/ala ( 117), c. jloribullda,
ZU lli , /)apt isia alba, B. /all ceolala, B. psammllophila, B. simplic({o- C. go/dmallllii ( 112 ), c. javallica, C. Iu eells, C. mimosoides ( 116),
/in, B. tim:toria (3 /3 ), Cnllialldm por/oricensis (213), Ca/pumia C. pelersimlO ( 1/2), C. poJyalllha, C. shilllleri, Cassia !.pp. (6/53),
1"O.'iea (115), Cassia abs/ls, C. cal"llaval, C. excelsf!, C. /aevigata C. spec[abilis (3/3), Challloecris/a (= Cassia)!ascicuJata , Cliloria
(2/6), C. leptoempa (112), C. sialllea, Crota/aria agatijlora, !Jp. aIT. arborea, C. rllbigillosa (112), C. [em eata (2/6), CoeJidiulII
C. a/ara, C. (l llagyroides (2 /2 ), C. illcalla, C. verrllcosa (2 /4), Cyti- [ou rcadei, C. spinosum , Colvil/ea raeelllosa (112) , Copaijem ball-
sus scoparia (3/3), Da/ea tIIberculata (2/6), Dolichos lablab, EJlfa- lIIialla, ('rota/aria c{ljiellsis ( 112), C. comosa, C. tloidgeae, C. lall-
do phaseoloides, Elylhrilla aiJyssillicll (2 /2). E. americana (3/4), ceo/ata (2 14), c. lIaraiellsis, C. Illlw/itia (112), C. lIubica, C. plero-

..
~
118 PLA N'I'ALKAI_O fDS A/kula;t/ 7est Ik mll.S /1 9

emile, C. sa/tiona (214 ), Crow/aria spp. (6/20), c.striata, P. racemOSlllll , Platym isciulII Po~yslIlcJlIlm, Pleiosp ora (= Phaeno-
C. teretifolia. C. vitelli,w, Crlldia o/J IOIIga, Cymbosell/(l I'OSellS, hoffillallia) cajani/olia (212), P. /ateohm cleop /a ta , Poda/yr;a cllnei-
CytislIS "'p., Dalhergill arbfltijlorq, D. eC(l!>lophylllllll (1I4). Da/he,.· folia , P. glauco , P. my rti/Jijo /ia , Pot/a/y rio sp., Podop eta /llf11
gin .w ( 116), O. violacea (rn.it), Daleo cali/omica ( 1/2), Daviesia (= Orlllosif~ ) ormond;; ( 1/3 ), Poeciffllllhe effusa , Priest/eya hils llla.
mimosoides, D. ulicintl, Derris jpp. indel. (4/8), D. II r1/CIl , Desmo- Prosopis il1s ftlartllll , J~ palmeri , Psora lea ael/leala, P. o/igophylla,
(lium spp . (3/ 13), D. Illlcillllflim ( In), Dichros tachys g /omerata P po/yslicla. Pterocm1ms m hrii, Pterogyne nilens, Pllitenea hllrt-
( 1/3), D. lIytl S(lI/ a ( 1/3 ). Dimo'1Jhalldra mollis, DolicilOs sp., Dussill mallii, P. s llbtemata, P. pillosa , Pycnospora Illfeola , Rajilia opposi-
sf'. , Ebellops/:" (= Pilhecellobilllll)Jlexictlll lis (212), Elepl/(lIIfO,."hiza la, R. o va/a, RhyncJlOsia albissilllll (112), R. mOllophy lJa, R. /lilem ·,
goetz;; ( 112). Entada !>J1., Eriosema ellipticlllII , t:. glomerOIll/1/ (212 ), R. pallciflora , Sophora I'ici/o/ia , SrypJmode lldl'01I coriaceulII , SII-
E. psora/oides, E,ylhrillli iudica, E. IHimewllI , E. Iysistemt)/J (2/2 ), ther/wu/ia jrutescells, S lVail1sollia /mrkillii, Swartzia s jmplex var.
E. stricla , EI )'lhrilltl spp. (5/6), Gompho!obilllll virga/lilli , Glilhaw '· grandiflora , S lVar/zia sp . ( 1/3), SlVeelia e/egfllls, S. dasycmpa,
ria coelojp ermwlI (2/3), Guihmdilll/ (= Ca esalp il/ia) cris ta . Novea Sweetja sp ., Ttlchigalia pal/jeulata ( 113), ulchigafia sp ., Temp/elo-
(lCllfjfiJ/ia. II. chorizemi/olia. Hym enolohiulII sp. , IIIdigofera erect(l Ilia egena , Tephrosia orilll/ca (113), r aslrogaloides, r forbeJii,
(113), 1. (l1I.~'tr(llis, 1. heterolricha (1 /3 ), 1. .wlIlgllinea , Indigo/em sp. T pal/jcll/ala (2 /2), 7: polysw chy oides , Tephrosia sp., T. Sil/apOlI ,
( 1/6), /, S//IIllItrmw ( 1/2), Lathyrus Jati/olills (1 /4), '~ ebeck i(l cys- T loxicaria, 1: tZlllleemis, T. vogelii, Trifolium burchelJiammr ,
toides (1 12), L. macrrmtha, L. plukelletimw (3/3 ), l .. pilI/gem', T ca roliniamllfr , T hy brid ll'" (2/3 ), 'I: pmtel/se ( 1/4), Vicia villosa
L. spine.w:e" s, L e:~iser/ia lI1acroslachya, Lellcaena macrocm p a , (1/3 ), Vigna I1l1da , Vigna sp ., Virg ilia di val'icala, V. oroboides, Wi/-
'~ o" chocarp"s cOIISlriCfl/S, L0I1c1lOcm1J1ls !:J1J·, LOIOllOl1i,\' Ilm bella/(l , borgia obcortiala , Wisteria jloriblllula, Zomia diphy /la (1 /4).
Lolollollis .w., Lotlls cltjhuahllalla, L. crassi/olills, LllpillllS a /pes- Negative tests were also common: Acacia acw/emis, A. acu/ae-
tris, I.. c/wmissonis, L. cOllferllls, L. cl/llll1lico/a, L. densiflorus , lissima, A . allgl/stissima, A. allisophy l/a , A. alaxacan/ha, A. ber/al/ -
L. ehrenbergeri, L. gigmlleus, L. g ray i, L. /tir:mtissimlls, L. Jeuco- tieria , A. bilimekii, A . bor/eae, A. bralldegiolla, A. caffra, A . cOllf u-
phy lllls, / •. /rlllgi/o Jills, L. ll1lells (212), L. sell/lhls (212), LllpillllS spp. sa, A. cOlIslricro , A. com igera , A. cortlteri, A. crassi/olia ,
(1611 8), L. sp arsiflorus, L. sqllamaeCtllI/is, L. stiversii, L. s llbmOIl - A. cymbispitUl, A. da vyi,A. decllr,-ens, A. do lic/w stodya, A,fam e·
tWillS, I.. IIl/ cillatlls (2/2), Machaerill/1/ mocrophy /bmr , M. mll/ti/o- sialla, A. jilicicoides, A. gerrardii, A. gilleltiae, A. glomerata,
liallllll, Machaerillm sp. ( 1/6), Macr%billl1l acociae/olil/III , M. are- A. greggii, A . haematoxylon , A. /til/jann, A. jacquemonlia, A. j l/Ilci-
IIaria , M% /obilllll lldelloc/es ( 112), M. ca/ycillll/ll , M. eXlldolls, folia , A. karroo, A. kempemUl, A. koa, A. /eic hharotii, A. macranrlra,
M. lII(lcmcalyx, Medicago Irispida (1 12), M. poly ll/Olpha (1 /2), MiI- A. maidellii, A . lIIe/wl()xy lon , A, mi/cheJ/ii, A . lIi/o/ica, A. pal/icII/a -
lelia .nlrller/a l/dii, M. s ruhimanii, Mimosa plldiea (2/6), Mirbelia la, A. parvijIora, A. patens, A. penllallfla, A. permixta, A. pilleto-
dilaraw , Mo/denlwwera b/allchellii ( 114 ), Mora paraellsis, MlIIrdu · rum , A. p olyphy lla , A . rehmwmii, A. retil/oides, A . relivemia ,
ICll sericca (3/4 ), Neptllnia oleracea, Ormosia fllllazollica var. I'elle- A. robusla , A. roell/erial/a , A. sieberialla, A . simplicijolia, Acacia
IIi/era (seed), 0. coufillhoi (2/2), 0. microcalyx, O,./1/osio sp . (1 /4), sp ., A. spirorbis, A . sal/Veo/ells , A. suballgulara, A, telluispilla,
O. loledoona , OxylobiwlI ilici/olil/III , Parkia sp ., Parochelfts com· A. lelragmlOplry/la , A. tortilis, A , tortuosa , A. Imijuga, A. villosa,
IlIImis, Pew 'sonia arislata, P fili/olia ( 112), Pearsollio .~1). (1 /2 ), A. wriglttii, A. x{/1l1hophloea ~ At/entllltltera abrosperma , A. pavoni-
Pelltac/etlwo macrophylla, Pllfleflohojjimlllia (= Pem :wllia ) cajoni- lIa , At/esmia ciliala, A . paraellsis, Adesmia spp. (2), A eschYllomelle
/o lia , Phaseolus lalhy mides (1 /2), PJlflseolu!:J' :,p . (117), P vII/garis, abyssillica, A. am01pJlOides, A. asp enl , A. brasilial/a , A. lIJil1los ijo-
Phy lJodilllll pll/chelJum , PilheceJlobiulII afT. dumoslIlII , P. (/l'horeulII Jia , A. lIyassana, A. rehmwlllii, A, schill/peri, A. seJlo wii, A. sensiti·
(1 /2), P. berrerialllmr , /~ ciricillllale, P. eochleallum ( 112), P. j l/PIIII- \la , A. Irigolloca'1)(l, Affollsea ed wallii, Afielia bijuga, A. clIa,,-
ba, P. /al/ceulatllln (1 /2), P /allgsdorjii (212), p. leptophy llUJII ( In), zel/sis, Allicia zygomeris, Alhizia adiallihifulia , A. amara,
122 PJ..ANTALKALOIDS Alkafuitl 'lesl ReslIlIs 123

C. po/diana, C. prostrata, C. pI/mila, C. quil/quifolia, C. recta, lIIanieulll, Dumasia vil/osa, Elephantor/"hiza elepil(Ultina, Rlizabe-
C. replans, C. relllsa, C. rogersjj, C. ~wlggittalis, C. schiedialla, Iha duekei, Entada abyssinica, E. polyphylla, H. pofystachya,
C. sericea, C. senega/ens;s, C. sc;ricifolia, C. similis, C. spectabilis, };. pursaetha, E. scam/ens, E. spicala, Enlerolobillm scllOmbllrgh-
C. :.;tipularis, C. strehlow;;, C. trifoliastrllm, C. usaramensis, C. vir- kii, E. cyc.~ocaIJJlIIIl, E. till/bouva , Eriosema affine, E. burkei,
gliiala, CruJia amazonica, C. parivoa, C. tomel/tosa, Oyptosepa- E. cliinellse, E. eordatum, E. eng/eranl/m, E. glabrttm, H. grandi-
film pseudo/axlls, Cyclopia gellis/aides, Cyclopia .~p . , C. subterna- florI/ill, E. heterophyllwn, E. longijoliuln, E. paucijlorum, E.· poly-
ta, Cymbosema roseulIl, CYl10metra sp., Dahlstedtia pinna/a, staehyum, E. salignuln, Eriosema spp. (2), E. vio/aeeulII,
Da/bergia armata, D. brasiliensis, D. delisa, D. glandu/osa, Emillia antennulifera, Erythrina falcata, E. latissima, E. relicu-
D. lumcei, D. lanceo/ala, D. millettii, D. monetaria, Dr IIi/Mula, lata, E. rubrinerva, E. poJyadenia, Elythrophloem africanlllll,
D. oboVQtQ, D. sisso, D. sericea, D. variabilis, Dalhergiella nyas- Eschweilera timbuchensis, Euchresta IwrsejieJdii, Eysellhardtia
sae, Dalea aculifi)lia, D. alopecuroides, D. arborescens, D. citrio- alllO/phoides, E. polystachya, Flemingia bracheata, F conges/a,
dora, D. crassijolia, D. eysenlwrdtioides, D. fi>rmosa, D. fremontii, F graiJamiuna, F. strobili/era, Galactea apiiji)/ia, G. mac1"O-
D. jhlfescells, D. hlllnilis, D. incoflspicua, D. !asiostac!lya, D. lefl- p"yila, G. pretiosa, G. speeiosa, G!edftsia aquatiea, G. dorrida,
costoma. D. lozanoi, D. mol/issima, D. 1I11/(lIIS, D. pogonotheNl, Gleditsia .1'1'., Gliricidia sepium, Glottidill/II vesicarium, Glycine
D. polyadellia, D. psoraleojdes, D. schoUii, D. seemanni, D . serj- javaniea, G. koidzllmii, G. max, G. soya, G. wightii, Glycyrrhiza
cea, Dalea spp. (2), D. submollllll!a, D. triphylla, D. uncijera, Dat/- lepidota, Gomplwlohium III/CillalUm, Guibourtia conjugata, GIIsta-
bentonia pUllicea, Daviesia brevijolia, D. corymbosa, D. latijolia, via brasiliana, G. poeppigiana, Gymnocladlls dioiells, Haematoxy-
D. wyallialla, Delonix regia, Derris elegans, D. elliptica, D. jlori- lon campechial1l1l11, H brasiletto, Hardel/bergia relllsa, Hmpalia
bunda, D. glabrescells, D. pteroca'1Ja, D. rariflora, D. trijoliala, brassiliensis, Hedysarllm sp., Heterostemoll mimosioides, HojJ-
Desmalllhlfs virgatus, Desmodilll1l abscendens, D. amplifoliulIJ, mmlf/seggia sanderso1li, H. densiflom, H melanosticta, Holo-
D. asperum, D. axillare, D. barbatuIII, D. bllergerj, D. cajfrum, calyx bulat/se, Hovea lougipes, HUUllllaria elisabethvilleana,
D. calladellse, D. camon, D. ciliare, D. cineriulfI, D. discolor, Hymenaea courbaril, Ii. strigonocmpa, Hymel/aea sp., Hymen% -
D. dispersuIII, D. eJegans, D. gyrans, D. he/enae, D. heterocarpum, blum exeelsum, H. heteroempum, H pelraellltl, H ob/ongi/o/ia,
D. helerophyllll/1/, D. hirtum, D. laxijlorul1I, D. laxus, D. l1Iicrophyl- Hypocalyptus obcardatus,lndigofera a/tel/ans, 1. angllst!folia,1. an-
blln, D. orbiculare, D. ovalijoliulll, D. panicillatum, D. pelplexllm, tunesiana, I. argyroides, l. arrecta, I. astragalinll, I. aU'feeps,
D. plicatum, D. polycmplllll, D. pringlei, D. pllrpureum, D. repan- I. brevidells, 1. blttaye;, 1. earoliniana, 1. cireblllata, J. C01ll0sa,
dUIIl, D. salicijolium, D. sC01piunts, D. sequax, D. sequax sifllt(/- I. coriaeea, 1. congesta, l. demissa, 1. drepmlOcarpa,l. emlocepha-
111111, D. spirale, D. styraeijoliul1I, D. tallganyikense, D. trijlorul1I, la, I. enlleaphylla, I. gastigata, I. ./imshawei, J. frandosa, l. frlltes~
D. torll/Oiillm, D. triquetrum, D. wnbellaflllll, D. variegutlllll, D. veil IlS- eens, l. garkeafla, 1. hedyantha, l. heterophylla, I. hewittii, I. hirslI-
trulIl, Detarilllll senegalellse, Dia/ium guiullellse, D. sehleehteri, ta, 1. hilm'is, I. holubii, J. /lOmblei, l. in/wlIlballensis, l. lilli/olia,
Diehrostar;hys glomerata, D. cinerea, Dillwynia jloribullda, I. longibarbata, I. Il/par{lIIa, l. l1!a/acostaehys, I. melalllldellia,
D. g/aberrima, D. retorta, D. sericea, Dimo'1Jhandra multiflora, I. microphylla, I. miel"Oc(lIpa, 1. nebrawlIiana, I. nummularijolia,
D. parvijlora, Dimorphalldra sp ., Dinizia exee!sa, Dioclea exee/sa, l. pongolana, J. podoCml){l, J. rhynchoempa, I. schillZii, l. schill/-
D. ereeta, D. guianefisis, D. macmcarpa, D. megacarpa, D. rejlexa, peri, l. sessilijolia, J. selijlora, I. sordida, I. spica/a,1. slellophylla,
Dioclea -"p., D. vio/acea, D. virgata, DipiJysa robinioides, Diplotro- l. stenoplera, I. stricla, I. sukfrutfeosa, I. subttlata, I. sllbilli/era,
pis martiusii, D. purpurea, Diptrix lIudipes, Do/icllOs da/tonii, I. swaziensis,l. teila, I. tesmanii,1. tinctoria, I. tOll/entasa, I. tristis,
D. eriocaulis, D. gibboslls, D. gulu/u, D. lignosus, D. mulosanlls, l. tristoides, I. vieioides, l. welwitchii, l. wi/liamsonii, I. zo/lingel"ia-
D. pselldocajamls, D . subeapitatlls, D. lrillervattls, DoryeniulII ger- /la, Inga (lct/mil/ala, I. cinnalllomea, I. jlagelli/ormis, I. hartii,

-'--
/24 n.ANT AU<AtOIDS Alkllloi(/ 'Jest Uesults 125

I. heterophylla, 1. ingoides, I. laurilla, 1. lepto/vba, II/ga sp. alT. M. mgyrophyllo, M. benlletfii, M. capita/a, M. coriacea, M. 1I0VO'
IUllgi/olia , I. lI1argillata, I. lIubili.'l, l. lIuda, 1. obu/sa, l. radialis, guilleel/sis, M. mOl/osper-ma, M. poggei, M. pl"Urita, M. rostala,
I. sessilis, I. sefijera , llIga .\PP. (7), I. spuria, f. .'Ifelloptera,l. thibau- M. sloanei, Mlleilerafrutescells, Myrospermllllljrlltescells, Neorall-
dial/CI, I. veilitilla, l. vel/osa,I. vestita, I. vllipilla, lllocarpus edulis, tallellia lugardii, Neormllanellia spp. (2), Neptllllia 1II0110Sperl/l(l,
II/ocmplis ~pp. (2), 1111sia bijl/ga, fsoherlil1j(l tomelllO.'la, Kel/lledya N. glazovii, N. plel/a, N. plVstmta, Newtollia hildebrandtii, NissoJia
prostrata, Kotscilya aeschYllomenofdes, K. caillliljera, K. stlvbilall- pringlei, N. wislizellii, OJyllea testata, Ophrestia relllsa, Ormocar-
Ih a, Krameria citisoides, K. cuspidala, K. glolJdllloso, K. grayi, pum bibracteaflllll, 0. oriel/taie, 0. trichocarpllm, Qrlllosia arbo-
K. /lovae, K. ixina, Krameria spp. (2), Klll/1merowia .'Ilipulacea, rea, 0. occillea, 0. II/acropllylla, 0. 1Il01l0Sperma, O. lIobi/is,
K. stria/(l, Lall/prolabium jl"uticOSfJlII, Lo/hyrus iaetijlol"lls, 1... lIIa/"i- O. paf(Jensis, Otoplera burchellii, Ougeillia dalbergioides, Pm'api-
lilllUS, L. pmtellSis, L. vesfillls, Lespedeza eapit(1w, L. CIII/eata, padenia rigida, Pachyrrhizus erosfls, P. tuiJeroslIs, PW'kia auricula-
L. ilirla, L. illtermedia, L. repens, 1... sericea, Lespedeza spp. (2), fa, P. biglwulu/osa, P. pendula, P. IIlei, Parkillsollia a/rical/a, Pear-
L. violaeea, L. I'irgillica , Lesser/ia pal/eijlora, Leueaena eseulenta, sonia afherstollei, PellOgYl/e cuilltei, P. porphyroeardia, Pe/fogylle
L. g/abralo, L. glauca, L. lellcoeepila/a, L. m(1crophyl/a, Leucaella sp., Peltophorlflll aji"icmlll/1/, P. brasiliem;e, P. vogeliam.111I, Pel1ta-
sp., Lis/fa he/erophylla, LOllchocwpus eapassa, L. castifloi, 1. gud- derhra macmloba, Perifllldra eoeell/ea, P. duleis, P mediter-muecI,
lemillialllis, L. iati/oliLts, L. leLtcallthus, L. m illimiflorus, 1... palmeri, Perialldra sp., Pela/ostemollfeayi, P graCilis, P pillnafllm, Phaseu-
L. pUl/ctarus, L. sericeus, LOllchoearpus spp. (4), L. subg/allces- IllS adellallt/lIJs, P arropurpllrells, P aure/ls, P. calcaralus, P. for-
celis, Lotollollis baillesii, L. erial/tlia, 1... solitudillis, L. leobordia, moslIs, P. hlllatlls, P. mungo, P pedicillatlls, P. piloSIlS, P. semiexec-
Lotus corniculatus, L. gralldijlorus, L. haydonii, L. lIamulellsis, IllS, I~ specio.'llJ:)·, Phaseolus spp. (8), P. sublobalus, P trillervills,
L. lIewldellsis, L. oblollgi/olills, L. scoparius, Llletzellburgia reitzii, Phylacilllll bmcteosul1l, PhyJ/ocfllpus riedellii, Phy/lota phylli·
Lupinlls a/pesrris, L. coudatlls, L. hil/arianuIII, L. ve/lltiIlIlS, Lysi/o- coides, Piliosfigma tlwllningii, Piptadellia g01localltha, P. laxa,
ili a (lcapulccnsis, Lo' divarieata, L. sabicll, L. trigemilla, LysipliyJ- p peregrina, Pip({ldelli(l .~l)P . (2), Pithece/lobilllll a caflellse, P. bre-
111m cll/lIIinghamii, Machaerilllll acu/ealllm, M. jloribllndllm, vifi>lilllll, P. calostachys, P. calilijIorul1l, P. dlllce, f~ elastiehophyl-
M. illlllldatlllll, M. kuhlm{lIIllii, M. scJeroxyJulI, Macrolobium aca- 111m, P. lali/oliulII , P. /ueidlllll, P /usorium, Pithecel/o/)iul/I spp . (3),
ciaefolilllll, M. campestre, M. gracile, M. IIIl1llijllgllm, M. pendulum, P. unguis-cati, Plathymenia reticulata, Platy[obiuIII triallglliare,
Macr%bium sp., Malliltoa p/urijllga, Medicago arabica, M. dell - Platymiscillm jloribulldulII, P. trinita/is, P. yueatal/IIIII, Pongalllia
ticulaw, M. Illpulilla, M. millima, M. po/ym()lpila, M. sativa, Medi- g/abra, Poiretja lali/olia, Poiretia spp. (4), P te/raphylla, POllga-
cago spp. (2), Melalloxyloll brmlllia, Melilotus alba, M. indica, /Ilia pillnata, POllgalllia sp., Prosopis spicigera, Pseudarlhl"ia hook-
M. ojicil/alis, MicIVlespedeza stricto, Millettia at/riel/lata, M grall- eri, Pseudoeardia zumbesiaca, Psoralea aphylla, P. bracteafa,
dis, M. reticula, M. thol/llingii, M. die/siano, M. ovali/olia, P clllldicalls, P. foliosa, P. jrl/ticalls, P IIirla, P lupille/llls, P 1111-
M. pulcilra, M. speciosa, M. lIsaramellsis, Mimosa acapilicensis, cIulll, P. obtusifolia, P. patens, P pinllata, P fJ.wraloides, P repellS,
M. acerba, M. aeu/eaticmpa, M. barretoi, M. bimucrwlOta, M. biull- P restidoides, Psoralea sp., P. verrucosa, P. willl/sii, Pleroea'1Jl1s
ci/era, M. bralldegeci, M. ca/odendroll, M. ca/ot/wlllnos, M. coel"ll- amazolliclls, P. aCllpulcel/sis, P. {mgo/ellSis, P. brelwllii, P. illdicllS,
lell, M. cOllgesti/olia, M. exfellsa, M. jlocu/osa, M. futl/racca, P. officil/a/is, P. rohrii, P rotul1difolillS, Pterocmplis spp. (2),
M. halllata, M. illvisa, M. lacerala, M /alescells, M .. /ellcaelloides, P. I'ida/iollus, PtelVdoll pllbescells, Pterodoll sp., Pterolobilllll stel-
M. microplerus, M. mU/lipiIllCl, M. niederieinii, M . pigm, M. poly- Ia/UIII, Pteroloma triquetruIII, ,flleraria hirslIta, P. lobara, P. tlIlW-
mil/la, M. pseudoille(llUl, M. I"lllllosissima, M. rigida, M. scabreJ/a. bergicllla, P. tOl/killellsis, Pu/wllea aitissima, P angllsti/o/ia, P. gra-
M. scl/OII/burgkij, M. sicyocmpa, Mimosa spp. (20), M. zygophyl/a, veulells, P mollis, P. scabm, P striela, P tellllifolia, P microphyllo,
MogJ/{lIIia grahamina, M. lineata , Mora exce/sa, MUCIllIll a/lissim(1, P. polijolia, pycIIOSPOI"(I Ifltescens, P lIerV()Sa, R(ljllia amp/exicall-
 126 PLANTALKALOfDS Alkaloid Test R esults m
lis, R. angll/aW, R. axil/ads, R. cuneijoJia, R. pel/aliota, RhyncJlO· £ollemia ilici/olia , Z. parael/sis, Zomia capensis, Z. glocltidala,
sia nibiJlora, R. aWitmlis, R. carihaea, R. clil'o /,ulII . R. cOIylijolia, Zamia sp.
R. cllnlling/wllIii, R. cyanosperqlllm , R. eJJIIS(l, R. /ongeramosa,
R. memnollia , R. minima, R. nervosa. R. plwseo!oides. R. pitcheria,
R. pyramidalis, R. resinosa, R. s{)1tlida , Rhy"cilosla spp. (4), Robi- REFERENCES
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S. brachypetala, S. capitala, Serianfhes sp ., Sesbania cannabina, London (1983).
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S. exaltata, S. exasperata, S. grandiJIora, S. grandi/olia, S. macron-
tha, S. /1/a CrocOI]Jll, S. miclVphylla, S. mossambicensis, S. pllflicea,
S. roxbllrghii, S. sericea, S. sesban, S. speciosa, Sesbania sp.,
S. tetraptera, Smithia cOIl/erta, S. tilymoboTU, Sophora japollica, LEMNACEA E
Sophora sp ., Sphaerolobium vimineulII, Spilellostylis angusti/.o/ia, 6 gell era; 30 species
S. enxta, S. briartii, S. stenocarpa, Stizolobiul1l (= Mu cuna) cac/li-
nensis, Sfrongyolodofl macrobo/I)IS, Slrophosty/es he/I'D/a, S. um- The duckweeds a re fo und in fre sh wa ter throughout the world
bel/ala, Sllyphnodendroll borbatimam, S. j/oribwulum, S. pu{cher- and are used as ornamentals in aquaria.
rima, Sflyphllodendron spp. (2), Sty/osantltes gracilis, S. gllianensis, Alkal oids are not known fo r the fam ily, and three sampJcs, Lem-
Stylosanthes sp. , S. montevideflsis, S. viscosa, S. fruticosa, s. 'mexi- lIa minor, L. valdivialla, and Spirodela polyrhiza, gave negative
cana , Swaillsonia burkittil, S. callescellS, S. cmiferfa, S. lesserti/o- lests in this study.
lia, S. procllmbells, S. luteo/a, S. maerostaehy a , Swartzia allerna,
S. illgaejo/ia, S. laflgsdorfJia, S. madagascariellsis, S. simplex,
S. Slipu/at(l, S. stipuli/era, S. trillitellsis, Sylitra bijlora, Tachyga/ia LEN1'18ULARIACEAE
cavipes, Tamarindus indica, Tephrosia sp . nff. riJondanlha, T ca- 4 gen eru; 245 species
pensis, T cordata, 7: dasyphylla, T deem'a, T ehrenhergiat/o,
" T g ralldijlora, T. /epida, T leucalltlta, T JitloraJis, T lOllgipes, This is a fa mily of the marsh vegetation of all con tinents. Some
T. flOlla, T nicaragllellsis, T nitells, T. obovata, 7: pisc%ria, species are grow n in aqmlfia.
'/: poJystaehya, T. pllrpurea, T rasea, 7: sphaerosperma, T. vi/losa, Alkaloids have not been recorded for the fa mi ly. Of nine speci es
T virginiana, T zombensis, Teramnus I'o/ubilis, 71,ermopsis mallis, tested here, Ulriculariajirmtlla was positive, and U. aI/rca, U. me/i-
Torresia acreana, TOllnatea Simplex, n'i/olilll1l a[ricafllllll, T. agari- ell/ala, U. stellaris, U. traflsrllgosa, U. \lulgaris, and three undeter-
cum , T. angllslijoJium, T inearnalufll, T itlvolucraillm, T mOJ/oen- mined Ufricu/aria spec ies were negati ve.
se, T repel/s, 1: reslIpinalum , n'igolleJ/a IIncala, Tylosell/a /asso-
glens is, Umfiza lis/erial/a, Uraria lagopodoides, V(Uu/asia ref usa,
til/airea g lliallensis, V sericea, tilt(lireopsis ,\peciosa, Vida anglls- UUACEAE
Ii/olia, V. bel/gila/ens is, V. cracca, V. faba, V. gigaJ/lea, V. hirsllta, 294 gellera; 4,500 species
V. saliva, V. tetrasperllla, Vigna decipiens, V. gazellsis, V longiloba,
V. l/llea, V. Illfeola, V. marina, V. sinensis, Vigna sp., V. vexillala , T he fi gures given here for the number of genera and species in
V. wilmsii, VOllcapolla americana, WaJ/aeeodelldroll ceiebicllIJI, Wi- thi s fam ily are those of Cronqui st, via Mabbc rl ey, who places sever-
borgia serieea, Wisteria brachYllollys, W japollica, W. sinensis, al other lilylike families in th is large group. These plants have a

.L
 128 PLANTALKALOIDS Alkaloid Jest ResullS 129

wide distribution, especia lly in warm temperate and tropical re- sum, C crispuI/I, C. capense, C. kymatodes, Ch{orophylUlII sp.,
gions. In add ition to many ornamenta ls, crop plants such as aspara- COllvallaria :'1'., Cyanella hyacilllhoides (someLi mes Tcchophilia-
gus and the onions and their relatives make this fam il y of consider- eeac), C lutea, Danae gallae, Dial/ella congesta, D. el1si/olia, D.
able economic imporlance. il/termedia, D. javalltea, D. salldwic:ensis, D. tasmanica, Dipcadi
Alkaloids arc common in the fam ily. Among 200 species tested gfaucull1, DispermulIl kawakamii, Drimfa aila, D. zombel/sis,
in this study, severa l plants were known to have been alkaloidal Echealldia macrocm]Ja, E. panicufala, E. reflexa, Echemulia :,p.,
from reports in the carlier literature: Allium christophi (sometimes Eriospermum belfelldel1ii, E. coopert, Eucomis sP'.' E. undulatll,
placed in the Alliaceae), Amial1thuIII (= Zigadelllls) 1II1Iscaeloxicum, Fritilial'ia mefeagris, Gforiosa simplex, G. virescens, I-1elolliopsis
A. pJumosus (113), Camptorrhiza strumosa, Colchicum luteum, Di- lllllbellala, Hemerocallis fit/va, Herreria sp., He~qJerocallis Ilndllla-
pidax (= Oxillotis) triquetra (1/2), Gloriosa sllperba (113), SlIIilaci- ta, Jphigenia indica, Kniphofia ensifolia, K. multiflora, Kniphojia
Ila racemosa, Veratrum viride. :'1'., K. sp/endida, K. uvaria, Lachellalia UlI!folia, Lilium canadcl1se,
The follow ing posit ive species had not bcen listed prev iously as L. marlagoll, L. washingtonianum, Lifiope //luscari, L. spicata, Lil-
alkaloida l: Album kirkii, A. melleri, Allium eernuum, A. karata- Ionia rigid{(olia, MaiallllIellllll1l calladellse, Massonia lati/olia, No -
viellse, A,~paragus a,<,]Jeragioides (112), A . farieiflus, A. ojJieinalis lhuscoroul/1 bivalve, N. lfIontevideme, Not/lOsceptntlll (= KrlljJ/lOfia)
(112), A. pearsolli, A. racemosus (314), A. relro/rae/us, A. rivalis, andondellSe. Ophiopogol/ japonicus, Op/liopogoll sp., Omit"ogalum
Allium sp ., A. suaveolens (112), A. Ihullbergiallus, A. virgatus, Bes- ecklonii, 0. smmdersiae, 0. thyrsoides, 0. umbel/atum, 0. zeyheri,
sera e/egalls, Bilibille /ruteseells, B. llarcfssijiJ/ia (112), Bulbillella Polygonalul1l cal/alicu/alum, P. commulalum, l~ officina/e, P nmcina-
hooked, Burchardia sp., Chlorophytum :'fJp. (2/3), Dlymophila tum, Pseudogal/onia sp., Rhipogollum scandens, Schelhammera pe-
moorei, Eriospermum abyssillielllll, E. galpinii, Heme1'Ocallis eel- dUllculata, Schizobasis allgolel/sis, Schizobasis sp., Scilla fanceae{olia,
jill, Lachellalia pendula, Lilium philadelphicum, L. superbllm 0/4), s.
S. megaphylfa, S. /la/a/el/sis, S. rigidifolia, Scilla spp. (2), zamhesfa-
Schelhammera multiflora, S. pedUflculata (112), Scilla cllinellsis, co, Semele {lndmgyna, Smilacina /ormosana, S thyrsoidea, SteIlO1l-
S. flatalellsis, Scilla sp. (114), Stypalldra australis, 1bfieldia ealyeu- Illium ji'igidul1I, lI'achyandra ciliata, r /alcala, r laxa, 1heyrtis /01'-
lata, Vrginea (::::: Drimia) allissima, Veratrum californicul1l, mosal/O, T/ormosana var. gfallduloso, 1i1lbaghia/f1J/ans, T. violacea,
V. woodii, Wurmbea spicata (1/2), Zigadellus brevibraeteatus, Thlipa mieheliana, T latria, VIgil/eo dl'egei, U epigell, U. mll/lisetosa,
Z. exaltatus, 2.jremolltii, Z. glaberrillils. !-'vularia sessili/olia, Xeronema lIloorei, Xel'OphylJul1l lenox.
Negative tests were obtained for the fo ll ow ing: Agapantlllls inap-
terus, Agapallllws sp., Albuca altissima, A. canadensis, Albuco sp., LIMNANTHACEAE
Aletrisjarillosa, A. spica la, Aliium !all/thii, A . seaposum, Allium sp., 2 gellera; 8 species
triquetrum, A. vineale, Androeymbium eapense, Antherilllll clltamy- Th is is a small rami ly or North American culLivaLcd ornamentals.
dophyllul1l, A. whytei, A. manlllll, Asparagus aethiopicll.l', A. ango- Alkaloids are not known except for a recorded pos itive tcst for
leI/sis, A. eapensis, A. eocitinchinellsis, A. jaleatus, A. lucidus, Lillll/an/lles douglash'; in this study a sample of Floerkea prosperi-
A. JIIuitij1orus, Asparagus sp., A. sprengeri, A. striatus, A. undula- nacoides was negat ive.
IllS, Asp//Odelus fistulosus, Astelia nadeaudi, A. lIeocaledonica,
A. JlerVo.Wl, A. papuana, A. solandri, Bowiell volubilis, iJrodiaea
LINACEAE
lu/ea, B. pulchella, Blflbifle abyssinica, B. aloides, B. asphode-
15 genera; 300 species
lioides, IJ. torti/alia, ea/oehorlus barbatlls, C. c/avaflls, C kenne-
dy;, C. macrocarpa, C purpureus, Camptorrhizll hyssopifolilllll, The fami ly is cosmopo litan bUL found mosLly In the temperate
Ch/orogalul1l pomeridianeum, Chlorophytum COIIIOSWI1, C papillo- zoncs of both hem ispheres.
130 PLANTALKALOIDS AlkaloitJ Test Results 131

The genus Limllll yields nax and linseed oil ; other spec ies are c.:Ieista "obilis , A. gralJ(Nllonl , A. schweill/urthii, Budd/eja cordata
lIsed as ornamentals. 1
(1/4), B. c/avidii (1/2), B. /obuJala, B. lind/ayalla, l3. saligl/a ( 112),
Not mllch is known of the chembitry of the fam ily; the presence EmOlya .'il/aveo/ens, Fagmea tahilensis, GOlJlphos/igllla virgaflllll,
n f alkaloids has been reported in '/-Iugonia oreogella and H. pellic:il- Mitras(fcme. a/sinoities, Ne ubergia cOlynocmpa , Nuxia jloribllnda
lan/hell/11m and in two species of Linum. Of ten samples represent- (1 /2), Polalia amam (2/2 ), Strychnos coccu/oitles, S. coelo.11Jer-
ing e ight species, IIl1gollia orienla/is and OchtocosIIIUS lemairea- mllm , S. co/ubrill(l (1 /3 ), S. ilmOClla (1/2), S. II/cida , S. mitis,
/IllS were posi ti ve; Durandell jenkillsii, D. pallida, Hebepelaium
S. paul/reusis, S. pungens (2/3), S. 1'Olltietetoides, Sirychnos ~pp. (4) .
hWllirijoliulII, Lillum orizabae, L. scliiedeollwll, and Saccoglotcis Negati ve tests were obta ined with the followin g species: Allfho-
all'. giliallellsis were nega tive. c1eis/(f zambe~· ia ca, AII/ollia ovata, Buddleja matia!!ascariensis,
B. americana, B. arleui/olia, 8. asiatica, B. brasiliensis, B. eleg(lIIs,
LOASACEAE B. l!IImbo/dtiana, B. marrubiijolia, B. micropliylla, B. parvijlom,
15 genera; 260 ,\ pecie.\' B. pelioliata, B. saJigna, B. salviijo/ia, B. scordioides, B. sessiliflo-
ra, B. speciosissima, Buddleja .'11'1'. (2), B. vetula, COlltllOvia co-
Mosl representatives of this primarily American famil y are fo und 'ynscmpa, C. seemanii, Fagraea berteriana, F. boriellii, F ceilani-
in western South America. A few are in Africa and Arabia. ca, F. elliplic(/, F. mceIllO.WI, F. sa//ico/a, Gel/ios/ollla mjilkellse,
Little chemica l work has bcc:n done with the fami ly; Men/zelia G. lingllstrijolillm, G. rllpes/re, Geniosloma $p., G. weinlandii, La-
decapelalo is known to be alkaloida l. In this survey, MelltzeJia bart/eo lini/olia, Mitrasacme eJala, M. pygmaea, Neubergio kochii,
dispersa , M. hispida ( 1/2), and M. /oel/ical/lis as well as Peta{anyx Nllxia cOllgesta, N. oppositifolia, Polypremlim procllmbens, Spige-
thurberi ( 1/2 ) gave positive results. Eleven o ther spec ies were nega- lia anlhe/mia, S. IlIIm boldlialla, S. ",my/muJica, S. sp/endells, Spi-
tive: Cevallia silllUlfa, ElIc"ide cabala, GrollOllia /ul/gijlam, Kisse- gelia spp. (3), Soychllos brasiliensis, S. bmchya(((, S. cogem·,
Ilia capensis, Loo.w I"tIpestris, Melltzelia ospe/"a, Melltzelia daviso- S. g /a bra, S. guiallensis, S. hirsllta, S. pet/illiCit/ala, S. pseudoquina,
lIiolla, M. ilirslltissima, M. \'eatchiww, M. IVrighlii, Ortiga (= LoaMI) StlycJlIIOS spp. (4), S. spinosa, S. tepicellsis, S. usambarellsis.
brallea. Milrasacllle and Spigelia have been assigned to a fami ly of their
own, Spigeliaceae by some authorities.
LOGANIACEAE
29 gel/era; 600 ,\1,ecies LORANTIIACEAE
70 gellertlj 940 specie~·
Thi s is a pant ropieal and wann temperate family weJ1 represented
in South America. It is the source of sevemltypes of eurares and the Some members occur in temperate zones, but this fami ly is pri-
drug strychnine, which is now primarily used as a rat poison. Some maril y tropica l. Its econom ic importance derives largely from the
species are c ullivatt:d as omamenta ls. familiar mi stl etoe (ViSClIIlI a/blllll).
Interest in the armw and dart poisons of South America and Africa Alkalo ids have been noted in some genera but positive tests may be
has rcsultt:d in a considerable knowledge of the a lkaloids of this fami- the result of parasitic growth on other plants Ihat contain alkaloids.
ly. Posi tive tesls obtained on the following species were expected 01'83 species tested, the following gave positive results: Aspidix-
based on earl ier studies: Ge/semilllll eiegalls, G. sempervirens, Strych- ia (= Viscllm) al/gu/uta ( 112), LorantlllIs kraussiallus, PlllJrm/{/ell~
nos llllgo/ells;s, S. erichsonii, S. angustiflora, S. ballcnljiiflllll, S. cO/Il- dnm brachysfachyum (2/3 ), P. cOmlflllla(ulII, P robinsonii, Phora-
s.
brina (113) , s. hemmingsii, S.jobertimlfl (stem), slI/Mlllwmil. delfdroll ~pp. (2/ 11 ), Slm/Iiall/hIls diversifolills, S. microphyllllS,
Ot her positive tests were obtained w ith the followin g: AI/tl!o- ViSCIIIII combreticoJa (2/2), Vellcleae, V l'errucoSlIIlI .

L
 IJl f'LANTALKALOIDS Alk(lfoid Test Results IJJ

Negative tests were obtained with the following: Amyema mique/ii, There were, however. severa l species wh ich were expected to
A. quandallg, A. sCaI/dens, Amylotheca hollrungii, ArceutllObium react posi ti vely but which did not. This may have bee n due to the
flmericonum , A. cryplopodulII, A. vagillatum, Aspidixia aI'lieulala, methods used ori gin ally in preparing the herbarium species (sec
A. liquidombol'ico/a, Delldrophtlwe filicafa, Dis/rial/lites molliflora, page xi). These samples in cluded 1. alpinum, L. jastigalllm,
Hyphear olVa/ura, Korilla/sella articulata, Lor(lI/tlms brownei, L. dre- L.falVcetfii, L. sabilloejaliu/1/, and L. stichellse.
gei, L. eiegalls, L. eyJesii, L. fongi/olius, L. minor, L. ngamiClls, The fo llowing were also positive: L. adpmssuIII ( 1/2), L. OllllOticlIIII
L. oleaefotills, L. rubromargbw/lIs, L. 'ruhmviridis. L. seurm/us, Lo- (3/3), L. Onl1otillUI1I (61 12), var. acrifoliu/1I ( 1/4), var. jJllllgells (3/6),
nlll/hus spp. (3), L. subcylindricus, L. woodi;, L. zeyher;. Lys(lIIia ex- var. aqualupial/ul1I, L. billardieri, L. carillalum (2/2), L. clavatllm
OCUlpa. PhOrfllldclldm1l bolleanum, P. ca/ifomiculII, P. cameuIII, (13132), var. illtegerrilllllll, var.laurentiallum, var. megaslttchYOII (114),
P. crassi/oliulII, P.jlov€Scells, Pforestierae, R. macrocarpa. P.julliper- var. subremotum, val". variegatum, L. cOl/p/anatum (7/15), subsp. afl-
WII, P. piperiodes, P. lequilense, P. velutilmm, P. vil/osum, Phlygilall- ceps ( Ill), var. 1l0voguillense, var. validum, L. crassum, L. cryplomer-
,hus aculi/atilts, P. palmeri, Phthirusa pyrijblia, Phthimsa sp., Psi/ta- iaflulll, 1. dichotolllum, L. diels;i, L. empefrifolium, L. filiforme,
canthut dichrous, Psitlacallthlls sp., SCUlTllla liquidambarico/a, L. foliosum, L. [on/ii (212), L. hamillOlJii, L. hedermmmii, L. hippuris,
S /·hododendricola, S. rito2allel1sis, Slm/fla" t/llls .'Op., S. stapliylinus, L. hookeri (212), L. immdalUl1l var. big/ovel (316), L. japollicftm ,
ViSCUIII arliclilalllm, V. lIIu /lillerve, V. lIell'OSlllll , V. orientale, V. rotUI/- L. laterale (1 12), L. /erelieau/e, L. lillijolium ( l iS), L. lucidltlwlI (8/9),
difolilllll, Viscum sp., V. subselTalulII, V. IricOSlatum , V. verrUCOSUIIl. L. l1Ial/dio-camera, L. lIIulti,spicatum ( 1/2), L. o/tsll/wlllij, L. parksii,
A separate fa mily, the Viscaceae, has been created (Cronqui st) to L. passeril/oides, L. phyllantlwm (4/5), 1. pillifoliul1l (212), L. pithy-
accommodate Phoradelldroll, Vis cllm, Kartha/sel/a, and Arceutho- oides, L. polytrichoides, L. porophilum (212) , L. prostratum (415),
biwlI. L. pseudophlegll/aria, L. reJlexul1l (213), L. salvinoides, L. samOa/111m,
L. scariosulII ( 113), L. selago vaT. apreSSlIlII on ), var. miyoslriallum
LYCOPODIACEAE (W), var. pate"s (1/2.), var. recurVUlII, L. sieboldii, L. somae, Lycopo-
2-5 gellera; 100+ sp ecies dium spp. (15/ 18), L. squanusum (114), t . silchellse var. llikoellSe,
L. taxifolium (212), L. tomellloslllll, L. tubu/osul/I, L. variulII, L. veitch ii,
The family is cosmopolitan except for very arid regions; it is L. warneckei, L. wighlimltllll (2/2).
abundant ill tropica l an d subtropi cal fo rests. The spores were fo r- . Several species were negative, possibly due in part to the methods
merl y used medici nally (lycopodi um powder). employed in preservation of the specimens: L. affine. L. allllOtillum
The fa mily is known to be alkaloida l (Brossi, 1985). Most of the var. alpestn!, L. brevibracteatulIl, L. cancel/alum, t . casallr;lloides,
teSIS performed in this survey were done on bits of material se lected L. cemulllII, f. pungens , var. salakellse, f. vulcalliwwlIl,1. chamaecy-
from herbarium specimens. , parissus, L. clavatum var. lagoflus, var. mOllostachya, L. complafllam
A tota l of J 34 Lycopodium species and their va riet ies were ), var. platyrhi2ollla, f. ifllermedium, x. tris fachyulIl, L. /liniforme,
tested. Those previous ly known to be alkaloid-positive, and like- L. /ZipPllrideulII , L. p/aly,.hizoma, L. robustum, 1. sikkimellse,
wise found to be so here, included Lycopodium alopecllroides L. skutchii, L. sub/alciforme, L. lrifoliatulIl, L. ruerkheimii, L. Ullder-
(9/1 0), L. carolil1iallUIIl (216), L. cemuum (7/3 2), L. elm'alulII woodiallUlII , L. watsOlliamlill.
(1 8/40 ), L. cOlltiglllllll, L. del/sum (2/3), L. jlabeNiforme (7/9),
L. gllidioides, L. immdatum (8/ 16), L. /atemle ( 112), L. obscul"Um ,
(711 9), L. phlegmaria (3/3 ), L. SGllrUrus, L. se/ago ( 14/ 17), L. serf"{l- REFERENCE
lum (3/3), L. slichellse va r. lIikoense, L. Irisfachy uIII (4/8), L. verti·
cil/atum (2/2), and L. volubilis (6/6). Brossi. A. (Ed.) The Alkoloillf. 26 ( 1985) 241, Acade mic Press, Inc. Orlando, FL.
134 P1.ANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid 1esl Reslilis 135

LYTHRACEAE L.flexuoswn, L. gracile, L. sa/karia, Nesaea lieptamera, N. hispi-

26 gellerll; 580 spec';es dula , N. schillzji, Orias exee/sa, Pehria compacta, Pemphis acidu-
, la, Peplis glabra, Peplis spp. (2), Physocaly mna sp., Pleurophora
The fami ly is abu ndantly represented in the American tropics but pUl1gells, Rotala indica, Ro/a/a sp ., R. stagialla .
has wide distribution elsewhere, including some spec ies in temper-
ate zones. In add ition to use as omamcmai s. one genus, Lawsoflia ,
has been the source of the dye henna since ancient limes.
Littl e of the chemis try of the Lythraccae was known prior to Ihe
M
19605 beyond reports of the qualitative presence o f alkaloid s in al
few gene ra. With the recognition of the novel alka loid stluclurcS in MAGNOLIACEAE
Decodoll and f-1eimia, an ex aminati on of material fro m other genera 7 gel/em; 200 species
gleaned from herbarium specimens was undertaken. '111C publi shed
results arc in cl uded in those reported here. A tropical to wann temperate rcllllily with some extension into
Two hundred and thirty samples tested included several known north temperate zones (e.g., the tulip tree, Uriodelldroll tuJipije ra);
from earlier litera ture to be positive: Decodon verticil/allis (17/ 17), the magnolias are familiar in our ga rdens and city parks. Some from
J-/eimia myrfifo/ia (18/ 18), H. salieifo/ia ( 10/ 13), L egel:~ troemj(J th is family are lIsed as timber.
indica (1/3), L. speciosa ( 1/3), Lal1'sonia/anceo/atlllll (2/3). The family is known to be alkaloidal: Liriodendroll tlllipifem
The followin g were also positive: Anthelylium (= Gilloria) roh,.ii (4/4), Magn olia acuminala, M. grandif/ora (6/10), M. kohlls, and
(212), Cuphea lallceolala ( 117), Cuphea spp. (312 1), Gilloria gillo ~ Miehelia champaca were positive as literature re ferences had indi-
rofdes, G. glabra (2/3), G. nudiflora (2/6), l/aftia bucllU, H pulell- cated. E/meril/a papllano, Magnolia coco, M. ji'aseri, M. pyramida-
ra, Lawsollia i"erlllis ( In ), Lythrul1I acinijoliulII (1/2), L. hyss()pifO ~ la, M. sieho/dii (212), Magnolia spp. (3/3), M slel/ala (3 /3),
/ia (3/3), Lylhrum spp. (2/2), L. lilleare, L. maritimum , Nesaeo M. virginimw (4/4), M. forbesii, M. fuscata (2/3), and 'flllmmw
IOllg ipes, Rotalo romosior (1 /3 ), Woodfo rdiafruticosa ( 1/4). mexicolla (114) were also positi ve.
These members of the fa mily were negative: Adelloria fl()ribllll ~ There were, however, negative results as foll ows: Illicium arbo-
{la , Alzalea verticil/ata, Ammallia allricillata, A. bacci/era, A. coc- rescellS, I . floridwUls, I. leueanlhum , I. parviJ1omm, lIIicium sp .,
cinea, A . multiflora, A. prieriallo, A. ramosoir, A ..fellegalensis, I. verwn (the genus is considered as a separate family, lIIic iaccae,
A. teres, Crenea sllrinamellsis, Cuphea aequipetala, Crlphea sp. afT. by somc taxonomists), Kadsllra japollica (in Schizandraceae hy
jontllellsis, C. bllstwllalltlio, C. earfliagellesis, C. cyanea, C. hook- some authorities), Magn olia tripewla, M. obovata, and Miche/ia
erimw , C. hyssopifolia, C. iI/grata, C. itzoCClmellsis, C. joruflensis, compressa formosana.
C. lil/arioides, C. lilli/olio, C /lavea, C. (obophom, C. IWea,
C. macl/lata, C. mesoSlemOll, C. p elio/ata, C. philombria, C. pinero-
M /j LPlGHIACEAE
rum, C. pmcumhells, C. racemosa, C. salici/olia, C. speciosa,
C. slygialis, C. wrig ht;;, Dip/wiodon buxi/olillS, D. candol/ei, D. 68 gelleft,; 1,100 species
cmisiamls, Diplusodoll spp. (6), Galpillia tral1svaalica, Gil/oria This is a family of Ihe wann region s, especia ll y those of SOllth
americana, G. koellllealla, G. .\pillosa, Grislea (= Pehria) seclllula , America, where Baflisteriopsis and its relat ives supply one of the
La/oensia Ilumlmt/arifolia, L. paean', L. plillieifolia, Lafoellsia sp., major hallucinogenic preparations of the western Amazon area.
[.. speci()sa, Lagerstroell/ia parviJlora, L. pyriformis, Lagerstroe~ Alkaloids, particularl y oc-carbo lines, are found in Ihe family
!IIi(f spp. (2/2), L. speciosa, wwsonia alba, Ly/hrlllll ca/ijomicllll1, though not so frequent ly as olle might expect. Tests 011 11 4 samples

L
 136 "LA NTALKALOJDS JJ7

represent ing 80 species gave the following posjlivcs: Ballisleriopsis Alka loids are not common; of the 2 18 species tested in this
caapi ( 1/2), Cobi (= Cal/aellm) paraeusis (both prev iollsly known); study, two had been reported 10 contain them: Sit/a conli/olia ( 117)
Ba"isteria (= Heteropteris) call/pest,.;s (1 /2), B. cOlil/ijolia, BUf/· and Urella lobnta (1/10). Others thaI gave positive tesls included:
chasia giom/Illifera, B. /illdelliallll, B. palmeri (2/3), Dicelfa brae- Abuti/ol1 (lllglllalllm, A. hirtum, A, illdiclllll (1 /2), A. ramOSIiIII, Hi -
[coso (I n), Echillopferis gilllu/Il/o.m (1 /4), MlIlpighia glabra (1/3), bisclls aSllVlllargi/lat/l.f;, II. elliotiae, N, mnl/ihol (112), II. lIIl1ster-
Mascagllia II/(lcroptera, M. ovala. SillllllS (1 /2), /-l. sliI"I"athellsis, Malva pllsilln, MalvlIstmlll /acteum,
Negati ve tesls were obtained with the following: Acridocarpus Pavol/ia cOllcel/ala, Sit/a chrysolltlw, S, serrati/o/ia, Splweralacea
,,«(aIiIIlS, Aspidocmpa sericea. lJallistcria (= IlelelVpleris) call/- allgllsti/olia (215) , s. "asw/aW ( 1/3), Thespesia /all/pas ( In),
pest/';s, B. COlillifo/io, B. lIluricata, B. palmeri. B(mbiteria spp. (2), T. pOpUlI/ell (116).
Brll/is/eriaps;s lucida, Brachypteris ovala, BIII1c1wsia l1ifi(/a, Most tests were negative: Abe/mosc/lIIs mose/wllIs, Ablltilofl all-
B. pr;slI/(/ [ocarpa, lJurdachia spaemC{lf]}(I. Byrsollima (llI/azol/iea, dl"ewsimmm, A. cuIstlv-afi'icallulII, A. calliplzyJ/III11, A. crisp"III,
B. ciliata, B. coriacca, B. cmssa, B. crassijolia, B. CUI/ealn, A. ellip/icl/m, A. ellg/erimllllll, A. gigollleulII , A, gralldijlor1/III,
B. jnpll /'el/sis, B. /axijlora, Byrsollima spp. (4), lJ. spicafa, B. vel'- A. hellllsleyalllllll, A, hypo/el/culII, A. i/lCfllIIIS, A, leucopetalulIl,
bascifil/ia, Call/area aJJiflis, Camarea sp" Diacidia jJal'l'ijlora, Di- A. paucijlorus, A. pictlllll, A. pO/Yllndrum, A. Pycllotlon, A, ralllillo-
ceI/o braeleosa, Dip/opleds sp., Gnlphimio glauco, Galldiciwlldia I"/Im, A, .wl/l/era/iw1///II, A. striatllm, Alloda has/a/a, A. incal'lla/a,
jilipcllt/II/a, Ileleropieri.\· aceroides, H. (lelleO, 1-1. IIl(lclVstachya, A. parviflora, Alloda sp., AUlflz(l garckemw, Bakeridesia macrocar-
Ii. mal'limw, Himea t/ipholiphylla, H velil/illa, Malpighia sp.,
pa, B, Illjillen'a, Bastaniia lIiscosa, Bastardiopsis del/sijlora, Bogen-
Mascagllia cOllcil1lw, M. ovalifolia, M. pulybo/lya, Ma:"cagllia sp., bardia crispa, CiellJl.legosili digitata, C. hildebralldt;i, C. gossypijo-
Peixoto tomelllosa, Rhyssopteris sp., R. timoriel/sis, Splledalllllo- Ua, C. helerophyJla, Gaya gr(llu/ijlora, GossypiwlI bal"baden.~e,
C:CUpll:" cmgolellsis, S. ga/phimifoliils, S. prtlriens, SliglllaphyJ/olI sp. G. herbaceulII, G. 1I;':'>IItl//1/, G, pU'1mreLlIII, Hampea appendiciliaia
ef. brachiallllll, S, ciliatwlI, S. convolvillallllll, StigmaphyJ/olI sp. var. IOllgicalyx, l-I. eW)lphylla, l-I. ;IItegerrima, l-I. lali/alia, l-I. lIIi-
atrjll/gells, S. littorale, Tetrap/eris discolor, T salici/olin, 7et/"op- cmlltha, if. flutricia, if. punctlliota, H Ivvimsae, /-I. splwloc0I1}a,
teris .\11 ., 7: sqllanvsa, Tll1ya"is dosycm1Ja, T. ghmell, T. glauco,
fI. sl/iJllala, l-I. tomclltu.WI, Ii, thespesioides, /-I. lri/obala, llibiscus
7i-iaspis leedertziae, T. mactVpteroll, 7: rogersii, 7hstellateia OilS-
aculealus, II. allenii, H. (1rIIOtlicmIlS, /-I. articu/a/us, /-I. allellllalus,
tralasille, 1i"islellateia sp.
J-/. bijim:atlls, /-I. caesills, /-I. clllyphylJllS, H. cllmlllbinus, H cardia-
phyllus, If. dellilda/us, I-/. diJlersijo/il/s, H. dOllgolensis, Ii. engleri,
REFERENCE H. esclIlelilus, II. ficlIllleus, II, jilSCIlS, N, IIierialllls, H. hood/alldia-
nus, H. irritallS, H. meeusei, N, moschell/os, H. IIlli/abilis, H palldll~
Schultes, R.E. and R.F. Raft1ur, TIle Healil/g Fores/, Dioscorides Press, PorUnnd,
OR (1990). ), ri/ormis, 1-1. pl'lIteritlls, i I. rllUII(/olll11l1s, H. roslIsinellsis, H, sabdarif-
fa, II. schizope/(l/us, 1-1. schiflZii, II. sidi/ol"mis, !-I. sillellsis, l-libiSCI1S
spp. (9), H. spiralis, H ,WII"lii, H syriacus, H. ti/iaceus, II. triollUlII,
MALVACEAE H. tubiJIortls,li. viti/alills, fiQherin poplI/llca,lIiamlia bakeri, Kosfe-
116 get/era,- 1,550 specie!)" lelzyka buelflleri, Kydia calycllia, Lagwwria patersollii, Lavatera
cre(ica, L. kashmirialla, I.. plebeja, Malachra a/cei/olia, M. capitala,
This is a cosmopolitan, but especially tropical, fami ly. It is known as M. !asciafa, Ma/ncOllwlIIlIlIS jasciculallllus, Malissoa cmymbosa,
the source of cotlon and many species of hibiscus used as ommnenta/s Mall/a lIeglecta, M. parvijlura, Malva sp., Malvastnll/l rollllldiflora,
and the makings of a drink common in castem Africa. The vege!..1ble M. spicalulII, M. coromalldeliwwJ//, MlIlvavi.\·clIs llrborells, M. CUI/-
okra, Abelmoschus esculentus, also comes from this fam ily. za/ii, M. grallClijlorus, Ma/veopsis groSSI/larine/aliI/III, M. Sc:abm.WI,

•
138 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test 1?elmlf.~ 139

Ma/veopsis sp., ModioJa caroliniana, Modalias/rum malvifolilllll, M. tobagensis, Noro"tea brasiliellsis, SOlfrollbea exauricu/ata,
Mof/tieroa ptarmicifolia, Notoxylil101i lIus}rale. Pariti (= Hibiscus) S guiane"sis, S pachyphylfa.
liliaceulII, Pavollia columeJla, P eJylhrolema. P jruticosa, P. garck-
emw, P "irsUla, P. leptocalyx, P. malvacea. P. melallommata,
P. microphylla, P. missiollul1I, P. pall;clliala , P. patells, P. pO/yll/or. MARTYNIACl!Al!
plw. P. praemorsa. P. schrankii, P(lvOl/ia spp. (5), P. IrfllIsvaalellsis, J~ genera;
95 species
Pe/wen aCfltifiJ/ia, Pseudabwilon spicatum, Radyera urells, Robill50-
nella minmdai, Sida nelita, S. cordi/olia, S. cUlpillijolia, S. corruga- Many taxonomic assignments in thi s New World tropica l family
((I, Sida .~1). afT. corrugata, S. dregei, S. filipes, S. g/utillosa, S. hel;~ arc questionable. Cronquist has the family as Pedaliaceae with one
lIlaplirodita, S. hoepjnerii, S. humilis, S. lillijolia, S. m(lcmt!oll~ species of !v/artynia while others have two. No positive results were
S. IIllllticmdis, S. palmeri, S. panicu!ata, S. proclImbells, S. rhombi/o- obtained on testing samp le s labeled Martynia (lIl/llla and Probosci-
iia, Sida 5pp. (3), S. spinusa, S. sftbspic.:CI!u, Sicla/(u.:eCl lIIu/!ijicla, dea ji"agrans.
S. oregalJa, Sphllera/aceo ombigua, S. (ll/gllsli/oft'a, S. e/egWls,
S. orclIlIii, S. parvij/ora, S. sl/bhaslala, S. Vifl{o/ia, Thespesio acufi/o-
ba, T palellijer, 1;';clisia fri/olia, 1yplw/aea jrWicosa, Wissadu/a MAYACACl!Al!
amplissilllo, W conlrata, W paraguayensis. J gem,s,' 4 .'pecies

These are South American fresh water aquatics, with one species
MARANTACl!Al!
in Angola. Alkaloids are not known nor were they found in one
3 1 genera,' 550 species
undetennined species of Maya ca.
The family is well distributed in the American tropics. It is the
source of arrowroot, a wax, and fibers u~ed to weave baskets. There
has been recent interest in 111OumatococcliS as a source of a protein Ml!LASTOMATACl!Al!
.J,OOO times sweeter than sucrose. 215 gel/era; 4, 750 ~1,ecies
Lillie is known of the chcmistry of the family. Seventeen samples
including 14 species were tested to give two positive results: Ca/alhea This is <I fa mily of tropica l <lml wann regions, especially of South
al/ouia, 7710lia gel/icu/ala. The remainder were negative: Calalllea America. It yields lumber, dyes, and some ornamentals.
cyclophora, C. insignis, C. macrosepala, DOllax cWlIIaeformis, lsclmo- Alkaloids arc not known in the fam il y; only three of 194 specie s
sipholl obliqulIs, Maran/a anmdinacea, M. gibba, Mamilla 31)., My- tested in thi s survey gave positive results: Cambessedesia sp., C/i-
IYJ.mUl conlli/olia, Plu),nillm sp., SllVlIlanlhe /oflckal, Thalia sp. demia rIIbra (112), and Tibollchimt lnngi/o/ia (112). The remainder
were negative: Acalllhel1(l sprucei, Aciotis aCII/ijlom, AcisGlllhera
sp., Adelbouys marginatri, Arlhrm·tema fragile, A. lIlacrodeslllum,
MARCGRA VIA Cl!Al! Arthrostema spp. (2), Astronia sp., Bel/ucia grosslliarioides, B. illl ~
5 genera; 108 species perialis, Blakea rosea , Cambessedesia hi/ariana, Centradenia sali-
cijiJlia, Clidemia capile/lalrl, C. hirlll, C. ilivo/Ilcrala, Clidemia .\p.
This is a fiunily of tropical America; lillie of ils chemistry is known. cf. spllanalha, Conosregia icostllu/ra, C. xa/epellsis, DissOlis calles-
Eight samples <lncl eight species were lestcd for alkaloids wi th cens, D. debilis , D. multijlora , D. phaeo/richa, D. princeps,
negative results: !v/arcgravia hartii, M. elegam·, M. lIorantes, D. pulchra, Dissolis .\])., Graffellrieda cmyophyl/acea, G. I'IIpesrris,

L
140 PLANTALKALOIIJS Alkaluid 'lht Iksults 141

CraJJellrieda sp., Hellrielfea multiflora, H ramijlora, Hellriettea Alkaloids have been reported in severa l genera but no particular
sp., Helerocen/I'OII aiatulII, N. oceidel/talis, Lavoisiera clllyophylla, type appears to be characteristic. In the stud y reported here,. ~wo
L. cordata, L. gen/ialloides, L. phyllodycilla, 1. puleltelia, Lavoi- species reported earlier to contain alkaloids were found POSlI1VC:
siera spp. (3), Leandm australis, 1. barbillel'vis, L. eeltinala, Entalldophragll111 caudatl1m (4/5) and Melia azadirach (6/23). Olh-
L. melanodesma, L. pec/inata, L. polysrachya, L. ru/escens, Leal/- er posit ive spec ies included the followin g: Aglaia goebeliwl(l,
dm spp. (4), /...oreya aCllti/olia, Macairea se/lIIltesii, Maie/a gllia- Amoora mhiillka, Azadirachta indica (2/3), Cipadessa Ji"uficosa,
lIensis, M. malabariclllll, M. polyamltill1l, M sallguilleulII, M. sep- Dysoxy/um billectari/erllm, D. rufum, Ekebelgia cppellsis ( 1/2),
lelllllervililll, Melastollla sp., Melllecy/oll edu/e, M. til/croriuIII, E. meyeri, E. ptel'Ophylla, GI/area rusbyi (1 /3), G. 'richi/oides (2/2),
M. umbella(uII/, Merial/ia sp., Micollia aeillodel/droll, M. a/biealls, Ptel'Oxy/on obliqllum (212) (assigned by some authorities to a sma ll
M. al1lazollica, M. aplostachya, M. cI/I)'sophyl/a, M. (;jUal/ta, South Al"rican fami ly, Pterox.ylaceac), 1i"ichiJia /wvallellsis, 7: hir/a,
M. cilleraseells, M. cilll/alllomijolia, M. cluysophylla, M. discolo r, T. paUida, 7: priel/rial/a, T. roka.
M. dispariti:,', M. dodec(lIulra, M. e,ylhrollit!w, M. guianensis, Negative resu lts wcre obtained with the following: Aglai(l ellipti-
M. hyelllalis, M. klein ii, M. klugii, M. Iucera, M. laevigala, ji)lia, A . odorata, A. sal1loe1lsis, A. sepil/dina , Aglaia .\p., C(lmpa
M. lanala, M. lepidota, M. /illguslrilla, M. lingllslroides, M. macro- guiallcllsis, Cedrela mexic(llla, C. odomla, C. sinellsis, Cedre/a·\1J·,
lis, M. magnifica, M. malagriphyJ/a, M. mexicalla, M. lIIillUlijlora, Chukrasia tahularis, Cipadessa bacci/era, Dllvalia radiata, Dysox-
M. lIIuaollflta, M. myrialllha, M. nervosa, M. pau/ellsis, M. pluke- yl1l111 a rborescens, D. cclll/os/achyllfll , D. galldichalldi(lfIl1l11, D. len-
netii, M. poeppigii, M. seJ/owialla, M. serralllla, Miconia spp. (12), ticil/are, D. opPositijolilllll, D. pacilyphylllllll, D. pettigrewiallulII,
M. stellostacltya, M. theaezans, M. tomentosa, M. lristi.\·, M. wittii, D. spec/abi/e, Dysoxyillfll .'pp. (6), D. variable, Ekebergia benegue-
Micro/epis majuscula, M. oleae/olia, Microlicia spp. (3), Mono - leI/sis, Elltalldop"ragma .'p., GI/area exce/sa, C. glabra ,
chae/lIlI/ c:alcara/ltm, M. depenllllll/ , M. pring/ei, MOl/rim chamis- G. guam, C. guidollia, G. tllerckheimia, G. verrucclliosa, Klwya
sOl/ialla, M. gralldijlora, M. huberi, M. myrtijolia, M. segolialla, nyasica, Lam'ium domestlcl/III, Melia sp., NYlllallia capeflsis, Swie-
MOllrira sp., Myriospora egellsis, Nepsera aqualica, Osbeckia chi- tenia Jwmilis, S. mac1'Opliylla, S. mahagolli, Swietenia sp., 1001/(1
/lellsis, 0. crilla/a. Ossaea alllygdaloides, Pachycelltria jormosalla, ciliata, Trichilia casarettii, T elegam', T ellletiea, T. millutiflom,
oxyspora pal/lcu/ala, Pachyloma coriaceulII, Plero/epis glomerala, T. parvi/olio, T. raraimalltl, Trichilia spp. (4), T. stellatomentosa.
P/erolepis sp., Rhexia mariana, R. vi/gilljClI, Telrazygia bic%r, T. (rillitellSis, T. /riphyllar;a, Turraea floribll llda, 1: lIi/otica, T ob~
TIbollchil/a aeopogOIl, T. bowlJ(lcalltl, 7: ' ceras(ijblia, T. clavata, iallciju/ia, T. oblllsijolia, VavaelJ spp. (2), XyloclIIpl/s gralllllilm .
r dubill, T halschbachii, T holosericea, 7: kleil1ii, T lepido/a,
7: lf1ar/illsimw, 7: mexicol/a, T mOl/licola, T lIoudillielllw, T pi/oSll,
1: pwpllssii, T. milzii, T schiediww, T se/lowiaflll, T. seliowii, \ MELIANTHACEAE
Tihouchina spp. ( 12), T. ursina, 'lucoea aris/ala, 1iembleya parvi- 2 gel/em; 8 species
flora, '/i"istemma il/comple/lIIlI, T virwjwwm .
These two genera or tropical and sOlLthem Africa furni sh decora-
tive shnlbs and trecs. Greyia, in this family by Hegnauer and in a
MELIACEAE famil y o f it~ own (Grcy iaceae) by another aut hority, has becn fOllnd
5 / gel/ em; 575 .\1Jecies to be alkaloidal but two species o r Bers(llIIa (8. tJ'(lllsvaa/ellsis and
8. tysolliana) and four of Melial1thus (M. comosus, M. illsigllis,
A tropical family with a few subtropica l represen tatives, the Mc- M. /IIajOl; and M. villbsus 1IIajor), along with Greyia radlkofe ri,
liaceac y ic ld lumber, including mahogany, and some ornamcntals. were negat ive.
 142 PLANT A L KALOIDS Alkaloid 1i:.fl Reslllts 143

MEN DONCIACEAE MENYAN l'HACEAE

2 genera; 80 species 5 gell em ; 40 species

T his is a n aquatic fami ly furnishing 1\ rew local medic inals, some

No alkaloids have been found in this small fam ily of tropica l
cultivated ornamenta ls, and a numbcr of weeds.
America and Africa. Fou r species of Mendollcia tested in this study Alkaloids are not known in the ramily; an unide ntified species or
were alkaloid·negative: M. coccinea, M. !lOffmallflseggimw, M. seJ~ Nymphoides (= Lim1ulIlt)wlIIlIlIl) gave a pos itive tes t in this study.
iowicmu, Melldollica .\p.
,
MON IMIACEAE
35 gellem ,' 450 species
MENISI'EHMACEA E
78 gen era; 5 70 !<1J1ecies Th e Monimiacene comprise an a lka lo idal frllnily o f warm and
tropica l regions that furn ishes some ornamenta ls and timber used
mos tl y loca ll y. They have litt le economic importa nce.
A few species of this alkaloidal fami ly of tropical and wa rm Severa l co llect ions tested in this sll1dy were known to contain
climates extend into tem perate zones. Various genera/species have alka lo ids: DapJmwuJra die/sii (212), D. tellllipes, DOIJlphora am-
been used as fis h poisons, medicina ls, cont raceptives, sweeteners, matica, D. sassafras, Dlyadodaplllle Ilovoguine" se, Laurelia novo-
and a few ornamentals. zealandiae (818), Palmeria m!akianll (2/2), P fengerimw, Siparuna
The alkaloids of several genera have been iden tified and their plant gllianellsis (4/5).
sources incl uded in this study were also positive: Abuta grmu/if/ora Other positive species included Kibara pap"ana, Kibara sp.,
(313), A"tizoma angus/ifolia, CholldrodelUbvn toxicoferum (2n), Lel'ieria spp. (3/3), L. ael/Illinata ( 1/2), Siparw/a amazonica,
C (OmeIllOSllm, Cissampelos lIlucro1lafa (4/4), c. pareira (4/6), Coc- S. lernala (bark) (212) , Xymalos monospom.
cu/us hit:wtIlS, Fawcettia tinosporoides, Menispemw/1I c(lIladem'e, Pa- Negative tests were obtained with the fo llowing: Hedycatya ar-
. chygone pflbescens, Pycnarrhena azantha, San:opetalum hW1Ieyalllll1l, borea, Levieria !litem;, Mollill edia laurino, MoJlinedia sp., Siparu-
Stephania abyssinica, S. hel'llwuJijiJlia, S. japollic(l. na sp. aff. nicaragllellsis, SipantJfa spp. (5), Siparuna cf. thecapho-
O thcr species were likewise positi ve: Abllta sp., Antizoma wpen- ra, Trimenia papuww.
sis, Cissampelos ol'alifolia, Cissampe/os spp. (2/2), c. tom/osa,
Cocc fllfls louri/o/iffs (3/3), Hyperbaena mexicallG, Legnephom
moorei, Pleogyne clIIlIIilfghamii, Pycllarrhenu allslmlialla, Pyc- MOHACE AE
If(lrrhena sp. a fr. Iffcida, Sphellocentrllilf jolly w lllm (stem, bark, 48 ge..lfera,· 1,200 !)lWt:;e.v
wood), Stephania glahra (3/3), Stephania sp., 7Wacora wUl'1leckei,
Tillospora caJJra, T. gragosilm ( 1/2), T sinellsis. A famil y or tropica l and 'warm areas with some in temperate
The fo llow ing species were negati ve: AbU/a griesbachii, Ano- regions, the Moraccae furn ish severa l edibl e rmits, including mul-
lIIospermllll/ folivimflllll, A. schombllrgkii, C!Wl1drOi/em/roll platy- be rries and li gs. The well-known a nd economi ca lly importan t hops
pliyJllllII , Cissalllpe/os (lIu/rommplia, CocclIllIS 'ribulus, Parabaelle as well as Callnabis were prev ious ly included in this ram ily.
tuhen:lIlat", Stephania Sal'l1Iel/tosa, 'nl/ospora cordi/olia, T. smila- Alka loids and a lkaloid-like substances had been reported and
cina, Zanal/ia indica. were found in a rew of the spec ies tested here, includ ing Callnabis
/46 /'Lt1NT ALKALOIDS Alka/oid Test Results 147

Traces of alkaloids had been reported in species of Myoporlllll . Virola calophy/la, V. cal/oplrylloidea, Vim/a .\Pp. (3 /4), V. Sltrin-
One of these, M. ,wlI1dwicellse, was likewise positive in the tests amens;s.
.
ajrlC(lIIo.
.
reported here a long with M. crassifoliulII, Myoporum .\1)., and Qjria The following species were negative: CompSOllellrfl ra cemosa,
Dialyaflflrera (= Oloba) parvijolia, lrimll}lf!rft p(l1"(I~"sis, Iri{l"tI~e~'a
These species were negative: Eremophila bigllolliij/ora, H. jiee- sp., Knema cOIl/erta , K. hookeriana, K. i"te,.medl~,. K. /a(e1"lc~a,
lingii, E. gi/e~ii. E. /atrobei, E. sireh/uwii, Myoporlllll (l el/miml/wlI , Myristica casIO/we/olia, M. /ragnms, At~. grm ~~/ijollO. M..~I/ ,.m­
M. deserti, M. im'lI/are. omensis, M. wallie";;, Pycllamlw scJllvellijitrtllll, Vim/a carlnata,
II: odorijera, II: o/eijera,' V. sebijera.

MYRICACEAE
3 gellerrl; 50 ~J1ecies MYROTHAMNACEAE
J gelll/ ,~,' 2 .VJecie~·
The family is widespread, almost cosmopo litan. The wax of the .
fruit of some members is used to make bayberry ca ndles, and Illany This is a unigeneric famil y of Sout h Africa and Madagns~ar.
fruits of the iluni ly are eaten. Alka lo ids are not known; Myrot!wmlHls fIabalfifolia was negallvc
Traditiona l alka loids have not been found, but spennidinc amides when tesled in this study.
have been isolated from the ponen of Myrica gale. In the tests
reported here, Myrica asplellifoJia gave a positive test; the following
did not: COmplOl/ill peregrina, Myrica burmalllla, M. cali/omico, MYRSINACEAE
M. cel'i/era, M. cOllijera, M. cordi/olio, M. illodora, M. mexicalla, 37 genera; 1,250 species
M. oblongata, M. pilllii/era, M. rubra, M. serrato , M . tomelltQsa.
Some members of Ihis tropi cal to warm temperate family have
had use as ornamentals. Some occur in the Old World, but most arc
MYRISTlCACBAB New World species.
19 gell era; 440 species Positi ve alkaloid tests have been recorded for Maesa and Ropa-
nea hut .amino acids are most eharactcrist ic of the family.
From lowland min forests come nutmeg and mace; some mem- A few positive result s were obta ined on testing or 92 samples
bers of the rilmily yield a wax of limitcd usc and a hallucinogen of representing 56 species: Ardisia crispo ( 1/2), Mae:w japoflica (1 /3),
the nOl1 hwesl Amazon. M. ianceo/ata (1 /4), Myr;sille le,\'serthma, Tapeinosperma sp.
Members of the fami ly contain many substances of possib le in- The following were negat ive: Aegiceras comiClllatulll, Ardisia COIII-
teres t as bioact ivc compounds, bu t the tryptam ines or species of fJressa, A. camara, A. cOn/lldelltata, A. crellata, A. esca/~illioides,
Amazonian Viro/a have had specia l attcntion for their ha llucinogen- A. japollica, A. liebmollllii, A. orenata, A. PIII/ctata, A. qlllllqllego-
ic effects. na, Ardisia spp. (3), A. squall/II/osa, COIIOIlIO'1J11lI (= Cybianllllls)
At the time thi s alka lo id survey was undertaken, several mem- pel'llviQllQ, Cyhiollllllls spp. (3), Embelia mlsfm/iOl](l, E. /ae/a,
bers of the fami ly now known to contain a lkaloids had not been E. oblollgijolia, Embelia spp. (2), Heberdellia pelldlllij/ol'O, Mae.m
studied . Positive tests on these are included in the result s reported /orIllOSal1a, M. lIeoca/etioniclI, M. per/o/'ills, M. lellera, Myrsille
here. The following species were alkaloid-positive: GYlllllacNIII- a/ric(lIw, M . aIls/ralis, M. divl1ricafllS, M. /essertialla , M. salicilla,
them palljell/ma, Kllema commllnis ( 1/2), My ristica caglll'cllcIISis , M. seglline, Parathesis mefanOsficta, P. serrufafll, PorOlvca sp.,
 148 I'LANTALKALOJDS Alkaloid "lbl ReSIIII,t 14.
Uapal/ ea fer~:lIgi~le(J, R. guianel1sis, R. jurgellsellii, R. melalloph- giwll) kurzU, 1. ramos;ssima, Kllllzea pnmifera, Leptospel"l/WII/ eri-
I~eo.\·.' R. IIcnij(J/W, Rapallea ""PI'. (4), H.. /Imbellala, R. vaccillioides, coides, L. scoparfllm, Lysicmpus ollgllstijofius, Meamsia (= Metmsid-
7apelllospermll sp., Weigel/ia slIrin{Jmellsis.
eros) cordata, Marlieria sp., Me/a/euea dea/bata, M. ericifolia,
M. gibbosa, M. gllidioides, M. /ellcadelldroll, M. neg/ecta, M. Ilodosa,
MYRTACI,AE M. quillquenervia, M. sqllamea, MellVsidelVs (mgllslijolius, M. collina,
J20 ge"era; 3,850 ~l)edes M. maCl"Opus, M. pelforata, M. mbustlls, M. excelsa, M. lIervu/osa,
MetlVsidems spp. (5), Mitral/tiles maria-aemiliae, MOOlT!a (= Cloezia)
. A warm-temperate family, most strongly represented in Austra- .\p., Myrr.:eugellia acmphylla, M. ellosma, M mylt:ioides, M. reglleflia-
1m, I.h~ Myrtaceae have given us Eucalyptus, edible fruits, sp ices, no, Myrcia (lClimillatissillla, M. bracteala, M. castlensis, M. cOldifo1ia,
medlcmals, and ornamentals. M dejlexa, M. glabl"ll, M. Ilatschbachii, M. herillgii, M. Iwal/ocel/sis,
Posili v~ alkaloid tests !mvc been reported for severa l genera but M. nblecla, M. pal"(lellSis, M. paivae, M. pubipetala, M. I"Ostmta, Myr-
no alka lOid has !,CI b:cn l~olated and characterized. A few positive cia spp. (3), M. .\plelldens, M. !>phaeroca'1Ja, M. .~y/Jlatica, M. tomelllO-
tests wer~ obtamed In tlus study: Eucalyptus g/obos /ls, Eugenia j'{/, Myrciaria cilio/ala, M. clf!>pidata, M. delicafllla, M. hatschhachii,

a~lIher~/. ~. at~npu/lcfal.a, ,E. ~f'eIlUI(lla (112), E. dOll/illguell.\"i.~·, My,-- M. leI/ella, MYl'rltillilim l'uhiflorulII, Myrtus bullafa, M. COIIIII/Ullis,
CIQ Inevllwl/ls, M. eari/o/w, M. jal1m; (1/2), Pill/ellla braWl, M. obcordata, Myr/Us sp., Dctamyrlus behramal1l1ii, 0. pleiopefala,
PseudocOIYllophy/llls oculllilla/US, Syzygiwl/ lIla/aceelisis. Pimenta dioicll, P officillalis, Pimellla sp., Plillia pilmata, Pisdilllll
Most .of the 300-plus samples tested were negative: Acmel/ll arbol'eum, P caUleyal/ulIl, P. ehl'ellbelgii, P. gilajava, P halschbachii,
(~5)'zygw/IJ) acumillatissima, A. smithii, AI/gop/tora cos/ala, Baeckea P. littorale, P. sartorimllllll, Psidilll1l spp. (2), RhodwlIl1ia trillervia,
jl"l,i.tescellS, ~. ramosissima, Bacckea sp., liritoa (= Campomal1esia) RllOdomyrlus ca/ophlebia, R. 1Il(lCf'QCOIpa, R. 1/ovoguilleellsis, R. pill-
aeuJa, CallIs/emoll brachyal/drus, C. citrillus, C tal/ceo/atus Ilalillervis, R. tomellloSu, Sipholleugellia widgreallkma, SYllcOl]Jia [(lU-
C. pJlOel/ic~lIs, C villerait:\·, Calycopwi glabra, ClllyptnmtlIes coflcill~ rijolia, SyzygiulIl adelphiculII, S. clavijlo/lIIl1, S. con/all/Ill, S. cumillii,
lIa,c:. pamcufatll, c. IeitzIi, CalYPlrallthes jp., Caiyplrogellia hatsch- S. gerrmr/ii, S. gU;Ileense, S. huif/ellse, S. jambolallullI, S. jombos,
S. rubigillousum, SyzygiulIl spp. (4), S. tetragollium, TllIyptomelle
bacilli, C. IIl1crophyila, Calythrix tefragollia, Campo/luwesia llurea
C. halschkll~hii, .c. aroma/iea, C. caerulescells, Cleistocao'x upcrcula~ mainsolllleurii, 1hstania cOIlierta, T exilijlora, T glat/ca, T IOllgiva/is,
IUS, Dalwllll~ IIII~mpeto/a, Deeasperll1llmjorbesii, D. ji-uticosum, EIl- Tristallia spp. (2), Xmuhostemoll c!lIysantlws, Xalll"ostemoll.~p.
C!!lyptU'i . bndgesl(lI1(1, E. 9peiiocQlpa, E. deg/lipla, E !astigata,
E. g/o!Jou/eu,. E. o~iiqLla, E. sidelVxyloll, 1::. siebel"i, Eucalyptus spp.
(?), E. !~I-e..tlcOrJllS,. E. vitrea, Eugenia acapulcensis, E. baileyi,
E: ballksll, E. botequlIlI€IISis, E. bmchipoda, E. bmsiliellsi\·, E. capel/- N
SIS, E. ea,ryophyllala, _ ,E. COIl/usa, E. capuli, E. cOIYllalltha, E. COIyIlO-
carr:a , E. costala,. E. cumini, E. ejJida, E. gral1dis, E. immdala,
E. Ja~lIbokllla, E. Jambos, E. lIIalaccellSis, E. micmcmpa f. IVbusta NAJADACEAH
E. mlCI?~!,ylla, E. mirandae, E ",antico/a, E. /latalilia, E. neurocalyx: / gellus; 35 species
~. patl'l.m, E. jJlur~/ora, E. posolleura, H. jJllflicafjiJlia, E. pyrffo1"lll/:~,
E. ,"apalla, E. ,:ublcunda, E. s(IIu/lVicemis, Eugenia !>pp. (II), E. tier- This is a lilm il y of cosmopo litan fresh water aqua lics. Alkaloids
n~y{l/l~, E. III1ij/ora, E. velTlIcosa, E zlIluel1sis, Feijoa selloll'i(///{f, arc not known.
J'el/zlm (= ':!yrtella) ob/~,~a, Gomidesia (= Myn:ia) al/acan/iae/ofia, In the tests recorded here, neither Najas marilla nor two unidenti-
G.jlage/!al"ls, G. ,~pectal)Ilis, t-Ietempyxl:\' /wtalellsis, ./ambosa (= Syzy- fied species of Najas were posilive.

,
150 PLA NT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid 1est Results 151

NELUMBONACEAE gypsoph iloides, Mirabilis laevis, M. /o llgijlora , M. lIyctagina, Mi-

I gellw;; 2 species rabilis sp ., M. Iculiloba, Neea gJomeru/iflora, N. ovali/olia , N. p.'iy-
cholrioides, Neea spp. (2), Okellia hy pogaea, OxybapJms (= Mira -
These water lilies are orname~'ta l aquatics of eastern Asia and bilis ) comalfls, 0. glabri/olills, PhaeoplilulIl .\pillOSlllll, Pisonia
North America, onen included earlier in Ihe Nymphacaceae. aCl1lellta, P. bl'llflOniallllm, P. cuspidata, P. dimu/ra , P. eggersiolla,
The two species are alkaloida l; in the present study. six samp les p. JOllgiroslris, P. lIlu/Jeri(lfw , P. o!fersimlll, P. .m lici/o /ia, P. limbe/-
of NeJllmbo II/tea and li ve of N. IIuei/ era were a l kal o id ~ po s ili ve as Ii/e ra, Pisoniella arbdrescens, Sa/pianlhus arell(lrius, S. plllpllms-
has been recorded in earlier literature. celiS, Torrubia (= Pisollia) obtllsata.

NYMPlIAEACEAE
NEPENTIIACEAE 6 genera; 60 specie.Ii
I gellll ...; 70 !lpecit!.\'
These are aquatic s in fresh water, lIsed as ornamentals and lounct
These insectivorous pitcher plants are foun el from the Seychelles worldwide. Alkalo ids me likewi se known a nd those ofNup'IfIr have
and MadagaSC<lf to Australia and New Caledonia. They afC often been described .
culti vated as novelties. As expected, NlIfJhar advena (212 ), N. /uteutll (5/ 5), and N. 0<10-
Alkaloids have not been discovered in the fam ily; Nepenthes rata (112) were positive, as were N. /Oll/S ( 1/3) and N. stellala .
I1I /mbilis and two undetennined species of the genus were negative Nymphaea IlIlea, N. capensis , N. macuJata , and an undete llnined
in the tests conducted here. species o f Ny mphllea were negati ve.

N YSSA Ct."'A E
N YCTA GINA CEAE 3 genera,' 8 species
34 gellera; 350 !>.]Iecies
This is a fam il y of easte rn North America and Asia, closel y
The fmnily is found in the tropics and subt ropics of both hemi- related to the Comaccae and included in that family by some bota-
spheres but mainly in the New World. Its members have some usc ni sts. Some membe rs are used as timber, others as ornamenta ls.
as ornamentals. Only the antitumor alkaloids o f Camptotheca have been re-
Cyanogenesis a nd alkaloidlike substances (bctanid ins) occur in ported . Davidia illvolucrata, as tested here, was positive (1 /3) (it is
the fami ly; positive alkalo id tests have been recorded for a few sometimes placed in a fa mil y of its own, Davidiaceae); three spe-
genera, including Mirabilis jalapa, which was positive (115 ) in this cies of Nyssa we re negative: N. b{{Tora. N. ogeche, N. sylvatica.
study. T he following were also posi ti ve: Ceodes /III/belli/e ra, Com-
",iempus pe,lIlandrus, Mirabilis bigloveii ( 1/2), Neea opposiri/olia.
Negat ive species included the following: AhlVllia iarifolia, A. mari-
rima, A. pogo flarJw, A. fIIrbirtata , A. wllbeilata, A. viilo.m , Aclei-
o
.wm lhes IOl/gif'ora , A. illcamara , A. pseudaggregMa , Ailiollia sp. ,
OCflNACEAE
IJoerhavia gmm/is, B. illtermedia, B. allisophy lla, B. caribaea,
B. diJJ/I.m , JJ. ereeta, B. verticil/ala, JJ. viseosa, IJOljgaillvillea sp ec-
37 gelleruj 460 spedes
tabiJis , Ciriba sp ., COllllllicmp"s (= Boer/wllia) ajric(lIIl1s, C.j{llla- This fam ily is found especially in Brazil; it yields some timber
cissilllllS, C. pllllll hag ineus, C. scondens, CypJlOm eris (= Boerha via) and cultivated ornamental s.

L
152 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkolvid "[est Restllt~· 153

Alkaloids are 1101 known. Of 32 species tested, positive results due, probably, to pseudoalkaloids of iridio id si ruetlll'e and to qui-
were obtained here ror: Luxemburgia oClandra , Oelllla preloriel/sis, nine-type alkaloids in Jasmimllll along with other pyridinoids.
Ollrateaflexollsa. Schllurmallia hel/llillgsii. The following known alkaloidal species gave positive tests in
Negmive tesls were obta ined with samp les of Blastemamlllls sp., thi s survey as well : Jasmilllllll domaliigemm, J schumOlmii, Lill-
Brackeflridgea (Justraliana. E/va:,'ia e/vaseoides, Luxembwgia spp. glls/rulII ol/ali/olium, L. sillellse (113), Lil/ociem (= ChiollG/llltus)
(2), Oelllla atropWpllrea, O. ho/stii, 0. ieptoc/ada, O. /ol/gipes, axiIJaris, Olea ellropaea. These were also positive: Chimllll1thus
O. lIIossambicellsis, 0. flatalitia , a.' 0 'collllorii, O. pulchm, virgil/iclls (2/3), Fmxilllls dipelala ( 112), Jasmillllll/ allgu/are,
0. scJnveil!fill"thialla, OeluUl sp., Ourafea (JlIgusli/o/ia, O. aroma/i- J didymium, J jlumillellse ( 1/3), J lIlultipartiltllll , J jJselldOallflslo-
ca, O. discvpiwrtl, 0. parviflora, 0. sellowii, OW'atea spp. (5), mosam, J quinatlllll, JasmillulII spp. (2/4), J streplopus, UllgIIS-
Plane/wI/ella al//eridijera, P clllIrtacea, P eos/fl/a , P. myrsilloides, /rllmjapollicum (2/5), L. microcmpum, L. /lOvoguillellse, Linociera
P pollimallialla, P. loricelleflSis, Sallvagesia erecta, S. lillearifolia, brassii, [il/ociem spp. (4/4), Olea capellsis (112), 0. exaapemta,
Waf/acea insigllis. Schrebem argyrotrichia.
There were also a number of alkaloid -negative species: Chionall-
thus re/uslIs, C. serrll/atlls, FOlltallesia for/ullei, FOlltinalis sp.,
OLACACEAE Forcstiera allgtlSIi/oJia, F phiilyreoides, F pllberula, F racemosa,
29 genera; 200 specie.\· F. tomelltosa, Fraxi/llls allleric:aIlCl, F. berlclI1dieriana, F. excelsior,
F. greggii, F. grifJithii, F. insu/aris, F. nigra, F. oregona, F. Ol'llllS,
The Olaeaecac fu rni sh part or the local spices and some medi- F. paLlcijlora, P pellll.~ylvallic(l, F p%sina, F I'lifescells, I;: IIMet',
cines in tropical and southern Africa. The fa mily is very vari able GYlllllefaea lallceo/ala, Jaslllillllm azoriclIlII, 1. breviflortllll, 1. gra-
and, at present, is an accumulation of plants that were previous ly cile, J. humile revoflllulII, J. mesl1yi, J. officil/alis,1. primulinulII,
considered included ih several families. 1. ptlhescens, 1. rottleriaflum, 1. IVxbwghimllllll, J. simplicijoliwlI,
Alkaloids or alkaloid like compounds arc known from about ha lf 1. stellolobilllll, 1. slIbtriplinerve, UllglIS/rull/ II/cidlllll, L. obtllsi/o-
a dozen genera of the family. In the present study, the following IiUIII, 1.. vulgare, Linociem foveola/a, L. malldiocalUl, Menodora
gave posit ive tests: Heisleria spp. (2), Lirisoma macl'Ophyfla, Olax helialllhemoides, M. scoparill, Notafaea miCIVC(7)(1, Olea africn-
di.'l.l:itijlorus, 0. subscmpionoidea. l1a, 0. apetala, OSIII(lIItJIlIS americana, 0. jragralls, 0. ilicifolillS,
Negati ve tests were obtained with the foll owing: Allacalosa pa- a. sandwicellsis, 0. sieboldii, OsmantJlIls sp., Osmaria bllrkwoodi,
PUllIW, Curupim tefeensis, l'leis(eria scanfiells, H sessilis, Min- Schrebera a/ala, Syringa persica.
quartia gllianellsis, Olax lVightialla, P/ychope/al/lll/ olacoities, 1e-
x.
trostylidium, Ximellia americana, X. cajJra, parvijlora. ,.
OUNIACEAE
OLEACEAE ' I gel/lis; 8 species
24 genera,' 900 ~l't!cies
Thi s small family of eastern and southern Africa has no econom-
'n le f<unily of the olive, known and widely used since ancient times, ic importancc. \
supplies also limber (e.g., ash) and cultivated omamcnlals and shl1lbs Cya nogenesis is known but alkaloids have not bccn lou nd . Th ree
(e.g., lilac, jasmine), some of which are also lIsed in perfumery. samp les representing three species of Olillia were tested wit hout
A few genera have given positive alka loid lesls in earlier surveys positive results: OUllia cymosa, 0. emargillata, O. radiala .

....
 Alk"loitI1e.~I Results 155
154 I'LANTA LKAWIDS
ilia and Rhopaiopifill, but specific com pounds have been neithe r
ONA GRA CEA E isolated nor ident ified. In thi s study four species of Agonandra were
24 gell era; 650 !,-pecles tested with negati ve result: A. brasiliensis, A. oblllsijolia, A. raee~
A cosmop,olilnn family, it is fourid principally in warm and tern· mosa, AgOfltllldra sp.
p'~rate
Amenca. A familiar member, cult ivated as an orn amental, is
i 'lIc1isia. ORCIIIDACEAE
. A few pos it ive alkaloid lests had been recorded earlier, but li ttl e Over 700 gellertl; about 30,000 species
IS k;lO~v.n of t1~e chemical nal~l rc of the c~mpoun d s.
I o~ l t.lve re~ lIlt s ~ere oblamed on testmg Diplandra (= Lopezia) The orchids curren tly are considered to be the largest famil y of
l~pezlO/(les, FlIchsl,a thymi/olia ( 1/2), Jussiaea declirrens (= Lut/wi- fl owering plants. Both Will is a nd Mllbberlcy ci te about 17,000
gw) ( 112), Lopez/Q sp., Ludwigia palustris ( 1/2) Semeialldra species; other authorit ies put the number in the ne ighborhood of
(= Lopezia) gUlIIdijIora. ' 30,000. Except for their horticultura l va lue, only one genus, Vanilla,
The fo ll ~w ing species were negative: Balsduvalia dellsijlora, Cir- yields an importa nt product.
C!'~(l q~/(l(lnsulc(lta, Clarkia rhomboidea, C. speciosa, C. III/gulet/lata. Considering the size of the fa mily, its chemistry is not that we ll
Ep"ob~lfm biffardi~~'iwlllm , E. boup/ane/ialllon, E. colorallllll, E. hirsu- known. Alkaloids were c.IetectcLi in some genera as carly as 1892,
t lllll, ~' . IIOOg~~lIdll, E, keysseri, E. lVa/sollii, Fuchsia arborescells, and records now ex ist for their presence in some 800 species of 180
F bO~IVIWUl , F c~ccinc{l, F cylindracea, F excorlica, F illfermctlia, genera . To this record, several of the follow ing species may now be
~ mlc~,oac~lIem:'s, F microphyl/a, F lIIif/lllij/ora, F parvij/OI'll, added. With few exceptions, they were tested as herbarium sped·
F. f~gUl, . /'IIC/tSIO :fpp. (5), F telnu/aclyia, Gallta (lIIglistiJo1ia, mens in the Oakes Ames Herbarium of Harvard University; in
G. b,emlls, G. coccmea, G. tripe/ala, Gayophyllllll diffhsUIII , HflUya deference to the sil".£ of the fam ily, samples were taken fro m every
eiegam, H. haydeana, JlIssiaea affinis, 1. ef'Ccta, 1. /uliobracleolala, tenth sheet regardless of genus or species.
J. ieploCa'1)(l, 1. fongi/olia, 1. perllviana, Jllssiaea JP. aff. perllvialla, E ight of the species tested were known to contain alkaloids from
J. repells,1. sericea, Jlu:riaea spp. (4),1. slIffhllicosa, Lopezia hir:fllta, previolls studies: Bromheadia fl"lay.wmiana (1/3 ), Chysis bractes~
L. pubescells, L. raeemosa, L. Mellota, LlldlVigia a/temi/olia, L. ruein· cellS, Compy/ocelltrlllll micrant/wm, Lockhmtia oerstedii, Maxilltl-
tf~IIS,
L. ef'C~IlI, L. "ys~opifolia, L. lalifolia, L. micrantJIfl, L. /lawns, ria/ulgens, Onddillm Plllllilll l1l (212), Rodrigllezia decom , Tricho·
L. octOl/a/vls, L. purvijlora, L. pi/osa, L. pros/mia, L. plIbeseer,s, piliaJragnms.
L. stell~rrap/~e, .Oellothera a/yssoides, 0. biennis, 0. cae,r,1)ito~ill, A few others were li kewise pos itive: Agros/ophyJ/u/1/ obscllrum,
0. c~le/l'{lIIfhifi)lIa, 0. dalli/o!'mis, 0. deeorliclllls, 0. deltoide.\·, Ano/a (= RhynchostyJis) Iwillanellsis, Amclmis /ongicalllis, Bollea
0. dlssec!a, O. drll1m."ondii, 0. greggii, 0. hookeri, 0. hllmifllsa, coelestis, I1mssia callc/ata, BulbophyllulII blumei, B. coch/eatlltll,
U. kzml"/(~lIa~ 0. /aclIlala, 0. rosea, Dellolhera sp., 0. speciosa, Ca!tmlhe alpina var.jimbricata, C. ellsijolia, C. lamellosa, C. pu/ch-
0. tanaceti/o/Ill, 0. le/raptera, 0. xylocmpa, Riesellbachia (= Lopezia) ra ( 112), Cataselltm ifllegerrillllm (2/3), C. ploniceps, C. rllssellia-
racemosa, Zallsclmeria (= /;;pi/obium) calijhrnica, Z. !ali/olia. 11l1ll1, C. sua ve, Chameallllllls (= Geogenanthlls) wenielii, Chon·
dm rrhynclw lendyalla, Clei.yoslOma (= Sarcanthus) spat/llliall/III,
Dembvhiwll anosum, Dendmphy1axfillwlis, Epidelldrum gladiatl/III
OPILIA CEAE
(212), Eulophia ango/ellsis, E. clitellijera, Galemu!ra balleri, G. bey·
9 gellera; 28 .\ pecies ric/tii, G. devonian(l (212), Liparis neglecla, Liparis sp., Lyeaste
virginalis, Maxillaria bracteor/lm, M. de1lS1I (212), M.jriedrichstlwlii
T his is.a t rop i ~a l fam ily yie lding a fc::w edible fm ils.
(112), M. biolleyi, OdOlltOglo.\·SlIIll pardillm, Oncit/ill/II ol'afi/abilllll,
Alkal oid react ions have been oblili ned on lesting species of Op~

.L
156 PLANTALIV1LOlDS Alkaloid Jesf Resllits 157

0. paralleme, 0. superbiel1S, 0. ligrillum, OmilllOcephaJlls trip/erus, A. cOl/genera, A. cornula, A. crotalilla , A. cUl/eala, A. dendro-
PaclJyphyllum dislicilum, Pachyphyllum .~p.. Pescatoria /ellllllllllli, boides, A. effusa, A. elmer;, A. fel/ixii, A. foliosa, A. grwuliflora,
PllOlidola chillellsis, Phreatia cOllgestQ, Plocogiotlis bicallosa. Po· A. illjillldibuli/ormis, A. irigellsis, A. killaba/uellsis, A. bracteata,
dochilus IC11U;S (1/3), Polycycllis muscifera, Rangaeris rhipsalisocia, A. /alibracleata , A. longirostra/a, A. /ucballellsis, A. lucida, A. fuzo-
Rellomliera e/ongata, Saccolabium iuzonellse, S. sQxico/llm, Spatho- nellsis, A. malilldallgensis, A. maqllilillgellsis, A. magllibracleata,
g/ouis cllIYSQIlIIUl. TricllOpillia sp., 'T. tortifill, TrigOllidill1ll egerlo- A. micralltha, A, 11l1lricata, A. ova lis, A. pOllcijlora, A. pelldu/a,
n;(mum (113), Zygopela/olllrisfe. A. philippillensis, A. po/yalltha, A. p seudopellduia, A. ramosa,
Substances yieldi ng indigo through hydrolysis of indican in the A. reflexa, A. tona, A. unci/erus, A. Illidulaw, A. vallikorellsis,
presence of oxygen during drying of the plant paris arc found in A. weberi, A. xylriophora, Araclmanllle (= Aracllllis) juJillgii,
severa l species of the family. Arachllis all/WlllenS;s, A. clarksi, A. lOllgicaulis, Ascocellirum aLl-
Of the lota l of 1,245 species of orchids examined, most were rialltiacum, Ascotainia (= Taillia) elmeri, Aspasia epidelldroidej',
found 10 be a lkaloid-negative. However, it is fair to note that many A. prillcipessa, A. variegata, IJi/rellaria aurallliaca, 8. aurea,
of these had been li sted by others as positive, suggesting a set of B. harrisoniae, lJ. /ollg icomis, B. sabu/osa, Blelia calellulata,
fal se negativt: rt:~;ults Jut: lo any ont: fat:lor or a combination of the B.florida, B. gracile, /J. palmeri, B. pall/la, B. pll1p"rea, B. reflexa,
fa ctors discussed in the Preface with respect to herbarium speci- B. tuberosa, 8. wagneri, Brassia al/ellii, B. bidens, B. chlorops,
mens and their preservation. B. gireolldiallo, B. /ollgissima, B. muculala, B. verrllcosa, B. wag-
Negative tests included the following: Acampe multiflora, Acall- neri, B. warszewiczii, Blvmlreadia alticola, B. bomeellsis, Bufbo-
lholripPllm bie%r, A. papuanwlI. A. mar/inial/11m, Acim~/a allicola, phy//uIII adenopellllulII, 8. affine, B. aji"ical1 l1m , B. amatlllll, B. ama-
A. sllperba, Acriopsis javanica, A. philippensis, Acr%phia coch- nicum, B. twgllstifolium, B. nntelllli/erum, B. (lustatum, B. bai/ey;,
lealis, A. lamellata, A. Iristis, AdellocDs (= Sarcoehiltls) vi/'ells, B. banti1alltJIlII1I, B. bataallense, B. bohmillum, B. bu}o, IJ. calama-
AelYlIIgis cr. j'omalellsis, A. lauren/ii, Aeridesjackiallulff, A. lawren- ria, B. capitatum, B. coe/ogylle, B. cOlleilll/m, B. crassic(llJ[lalUIII,
ciae, A. lineare, A. IIIII/tif/ora, A. odoratuIlI, A. quillfJlleVlIlllera, B. croceUIII, B. cwningii, B. cllpreulII, B. dasypetalul1l, 8. dear;;,
A. radicoslll1l, Agallisia cyallea, A..fimbricata, A. pil/che/la, Agros- B. delilescens, B. d;slalls, B. drymoglossllm, B. dlliitellse, B. ebrac-
tophyllllm bicmpidalum, A. appel/dicu/oides, A. brachialUlII, A. ca/- lealum, B. e/adiuIII, B. elldolrachys, B. eximuIII, B. falcolum,
/OSI/111, A. cari1loides, A. COlljilSlllll, A. coslalum, A. dellbergeri, B./oseul1l, B. gracile, B. gralldijlorlllll, B. guamellse, B. Itarposepa -
A. grami1lifoJiIlI1l, A. hassellii, A. i1locepha/uIII, A. javalliclIlII, fum, B. ltaslatlll1l, B. i1ymellobraclealllm, B. igllellm, B. imbricatulll,
A. laxum, A. /elicoceplw/ulII, A. fongi/oliu"" A. longifolilll1l var. B. ifiCOIlSpicllIII, B. jaeqlletii, B. kwangtllllgense, B. lanceolalum,
obtusi/olillm, A. IOllgivagillalulIl, A. luzollew;e, A. malil/dangel/se, n. linderi, B. /ollgij/orllm, B. magllivaginatum, B. makaya-
A. meams;i, A. megalurus, A. mucrollatum, A. palauellse, A. pal/- IlUIll, B. maximum, B. medusea, B. lIIembranifoliuIII, B. millday-
icu/allllll, A. parvijlorum, A. pe!orioides, A. pililippillellsis, A. sac- aense, B. monlellse, B. Ilageli, B. nebulosum, B. 1l1lrUWllll1l, B. "yas-
Call/III, A. spicalum, A. stipulatllm , A. SUII/OlmIlUm, A. supelposi- sum, B. ocllroleucum, H. vllali/oliulII, B. oveogellum, B. oveonastes,
IUIII , A. IIIIij1orillm, A. wellzelii, A. zey/anicum, Allcislrochilus B. oxypetalulII, H. pacilYlleurol1, H. pachyrrhacis, B. pallidijloruIII,
rolhw:hildi(lIIa , AIlgmeculIl imbricfltlllll, A. birrimeflse, A. cOl/chif B. parvilobium, B. palells, B. pergracile, B. plwcopogoll, B. pobe-
erum, A. dislie/WIII, A. gilywwe, A. infudibu/are, A. sc/wf/erimlllm, guil/i, B. pOflapellse, B. popayallellse, B. praea/tum, B. preticei,
A. SUbllllltWII , AI/gll/oa virgillfllis, AI/sellia gigalllea, A. gig(llliell H. projilSUlII, B. pubertl/ulII, B. plll]JUraSCens, B. pygmaeum,
val". lIi/otica, AnthogOl1iulIl graci/e, Aplectrum hymel/ale, Appel/di- B. radiatlllll, B. rhizOl1lllfOSI~III, B. solaceellse, B. schizopetalulII,
cilIa alba, A. (IIICepS, A. Qllemophila, A. (lIIgustifo/ia, A. bi/aria, B. sigmoidellum, H'I smilhalltlllll1l , B. talliten.\·e, B. libelicum,
A. bracleosa, A. buxifolia, A. callosa, A. c1eislogma, A. ciemel/siae, B. trimel/i, B. trigellllll, B. UlJijlOI"llIll, B. vaginatwlI, B. veiutillulll ,

•
/58 PI..ANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test Results 159

8 . ,>olkellsii, B. VU/cflllicllm , Calan/lre alta, C. llllg flstijolia, C. a,.- filllll, C. mackim/(mi, C. pendlill/III, C. ps elldo"irells , C. Irtlcyalillm,
cUllla , C. arislwellsis, C. hllccillijem , C. I ceciliae, C. cla valll, C. IIslli/alllm , C. viresce" s, C. YWlllall ell.ris, CYllorkis egerlonia·
C. compicuo, C. cm y mbo:m, C. _,crllm ellflta , C. curcl/lioides, 1111111 , C. sielli/erlfm , C. ventricosum, C. warscewiczii, CyprepediulIl
C. da vidii, C. delavayi, C. dellsiflora, C. discolor, C. emarg ill - ac({ule , C. irapefll1UIII , CyrilidulII (= Cyrlorchis) bllchJiellii, Cyrro.
C. eng/crimw , C. ellsifolia, Cj1ava. C.juestermwmii, Cjilrca-
(I ta , podium brciadwoy i, C. cristallflll, C. paraellse, C. pl/lIClallllll,
ta, C. gracillima , C. g racilis, C. ha/conellsis, C. "atturii, C. helllisii, C. PW1J1il1!um , Cy1'lorchis lIIollrierae, C. praeterlllissa , Dendrobiuf1I
C. hem y i, C. holo/ellca, C. j apollica , C. lacerata, C. lilleari/oba, sp., Delldrobilflll acwlJinatissimllt1l. DiaphmwlIlhe jragralltissillla,
C. /illkillell.\'is, C. Jy rogJossa, C. moqlli/ingellsis, C. mflsllca, D. bidells, Diadellilllll micraf/rhum , Dichaea cilio/alll, D. dalllmer-
C. m(lcgl'l!gorii, C. mega/oplln, C. me.xiclIIw , C. nephrog lossa , i(flw, Dichaea echi1lOc(1)(l , D. glauca, D. grami"oides, D. histric;-
C. plmlfog illefl , C. pllbemJlI, C. plIlJJIlrea, C. rej1exa. C. I'llOdo- lIa , D. lallkesrerii, D. morrisii, D. f1IlIricttta, D. plillfIIl/ellSis,
chi/a, C. scI/liebel/ii, C. ~l)ecio.m> C. striata, C. sy/vatica, C. whiten· D. pel/dlt/a, D. picta, D. powellii, D. trill/a, D. willtieIlOwi(lIIa,
sis, C. tricarilltlla, C. vflllpellimw, C. ventilabrum, C. veralrij(J/ill, Diploprora championii, Dipodium cnsi/olium, D. paludosllm, DOI·i·
C. I'olkensi; , Ca/yptmchillllll preussii. C. christywllflll , CamaridiwlI lis philippil/ellsis, Earitla /J/'OI/smickii, E. dep lanchei, E. laxiol',
(= Maxil1w'ia) ocltrolellelllll, Camamtis papuw/{/, C pltilippillcnsis, E. /III/ crol/ala, E. plana, E. valida, ElleantJlIIs capitatlls, f:j;ihlasll/s
C. hrellesii, C. j amaicellse, C. carrel1iae, COlllpy locelltrlllll negfec· (lcl/mil/atlls , l::. me,.,.iIIii, E. sc!lIIltzei, E. ol'1lilltioides, Epidel/dml/l
!um, C. ollrotlei, C. !lIcrckhcimii, C. schicdci, CatascilllII cOlifi· cochleawm , l::. di.fforme, E. gOlljoe/wcllis , H. f/)agllellse, E. mos ellii,
jormes , C. di/eCIIIIII , C. disc%r, C. i"terrimul1I, C. /amiufI(/lIl/ , E. fIIllsicicola, E. {Jchracellm , H. parol/thiclls, E. radicans, Ej;idell-
C. macl//atum , C. macrocarpum , C. oerstedii, C. saccatulIl , C. tabu· drum spp. (5), E. voricosum, Epipactus gig(Ullea, Eria sellili.r,
/are, C. virit/ojIorum, C. warscewiczii, Cllllleya mmmliaca, Ceplta· E. lay/o";, E. valloverberghii, E. ve",ricos a, E. VII/pilla , E. whit/or.
fallgillm sp ., CepJialcmgraeclI1II (= Allcistrorhy ncllfls ) capitallllll , dU, E. woodial/a, E. zamhoagellsis, Eriopsis hi/oba, E. sprucei,
CeNll osty lis'caespilosa, C. capitala, C. disc/wrellsis, c. jIavescells, Ery cilla echillma, Eulophill sp., E. sqllalida, E. sUlchy odes, E. ste-
C. gracilis, C. grmu/ij1ora, C. kill/tensis, C. tali/()lill, C. Imipecala , I/ophy /la , E. s lI·icta , E. vimns, E. zeyheri, Elilophidilim (= Oeceo-
C. Icucal/lha, C. /ohert, C. ma/accellsis, C. miCrlllltJUl, C. philippi· clades) alIa, E. (lIlgo/ellsis, £. beravcIJsi.,·, E. c(iff m , E. cala,,·
lIells;s, C. ramosa , C. 11Ibra, C. scirpoides, C. sel/ilis, C. simplex, Ihoides , E. caricifolia, E. c/avicor;"s, E. eoch/earis, E. cOlI/peslri.,·,
c. . :mblllala, C. teres, C. wellzelii, Chamaeallg is odoraliss;ma , E. CIICUI/O/(I, E. dahlilllllllll , E. dregi(ma , E. eCriS/(IIO, t ellsala,
Cheimdellia imillumii, Chilopogol1 (= Appendicllla ) bracyealllm , E. gracilis. E. guineellsis, E. hilde/)ram/lii, E. hor/JIusjii, E. horsfill-
C. dislicJlIIlII , C. kif/aba/llensis, Chitollallihera aporoMes, C. bra.\·· Iii, E. IivillgslOl/iwlfI , E. fOllgi/olia , E. /olilahifls, E. macgregori;,
sU, C. gracilis, C. /orenlzii, C. oberolloides, C. tenllis, Chondror· E. mackjllllOlli, E. t1wc/m·tachYll , E. lII(Jcll/arllm, E. micrantlUl,
hyncha chestertoni, C. o/bicona, C. elldresii, C. lipscombia, ClIIY· E. nuda, E. ova/i/o/ia, E. paiVC(lIIll, E. petersii, E. poilallei,
socy cnis rhom/)og/ossum , C. schlimii, Chysis aurea, C/eisu.\·(OIllO E. p ulchrum, 1::. schimperi(lf1(l, Elilophill sp., Finetia (= Neojinelia
(= SarcalllJlIIs ) exp(IIISUm, C. muculoslIm, Comparetlia j alcata, Co· = /io/cog/ossum)jIacota, Glilealldm balle ri, G. beyrichii, G. devo·
ral/orhiz(l II/(l crtlfltlw, C. maclllala, C. merlensi(lIIa , C. o(/olltorlli· lIial/a, G. grafflilloides , G, jllt/cea, G. jUllceoides, G. panll/aellsis,
za, C. striata, C. rriji(/a, C. wisreriallfl, COIymllhes eiegallUIlIII, G. pubicellrrum, GastlVclii/.lIs calceofaris, Geodortllll cUrillum,
C. macral/lha, C. speciosa, Crell/astra tri/o/)a, O ypwrrhena flma - G. dUal/tartl/lI, G. IIIII(IIIS, G. piC/IIIII , G. purpU,.euIII, Glomera ball/ ~
w, O )II){OCel/ll'llm co/earml/III, Cryptocllilus sWlguillea, Cyallaero· bllsijormis, G. elythrosma, 0 . keysseri, G. macdol/aldii, G. mOil·
chis llrtllldillfle, Cymbidium ali/aliulIl, C allgllslifolillm , C. mropur· lana , G. rllgu/osa, G. schul/zei, G. siellocentroll, G. /elluis, Gongo·
purel/lIl, C. devol/imlllllJ , C. e/egal/s, C. ell.\·ijiJ/iuIII , C. j aberi, ra cassidell, G. galea/a, G. lIIt/clilala , G. !nll/cala, G. Ill/jc% r,
C. fllliayso/l iwlllm, C. jlOribUlldlllll, C. gnmdiflo/'lIl11 , C. IOllgifo· Goodyera oblollgi/o/ia, G. procera , Go vel/ia liliacea , G. IIl/lica,

L
160 PI..ANTALKALO/DS A lkaloid 'Jest UeSliltl 16 1

G. SlIper/)a, G. lItriCII/a/a, Gramma/ophy/JulII SpeciOSIIIIl. G. scrip· rea, M. ramollellsis, M. reichenheimi"a , M. ringens , M. ruJescetls,
1Illll , G. multiflorum, Gussollea (= Solel/allgis) chi/ocmstae, Habe- M. sal/guillea, M. s(ll1gllinolellta , M. SCIl,.ri/is , M. serrlllalll,
"aria clypeata. N. elliomulltha, H. guillemilli, H. repens. Habel/aria M. sigll/oidea , M. sophronilis , M. spilolalllllll, M. slcllopliylla,
spp. (6), H. slrictissill/u, Hexalectris brevicflillis, H. grwu/iflora, M. s/ria/a, M. sllperjlue, M. /(Ifill/Cl e, M. lel/uifo /ia , M. IOl/duzii,
Houl/ella b,vckelllllrstial/a. 1-1. roraimellsis, HUIlt/eya burlii, Ii. lu- M. trigona, M . umbra/ilis, M. Iln cala, M. urballilll/(J , M. valenzltela-
eida, Ii. me/ellg";s, Hybochillls iIlC(mspiculls, IUlle (= SlIlIipia) (111 - I/a , M. variabilis, M. vandiformis, M. vio/acea, M. villosa,
dersoni, [OllOpS;S pallicufata, I. satyroides , I. utrieu/arioides , Kef M. lVereklei, M. IVrighlii, M. xalliliolenea , M . xy /obiiJlora , Medioca~
erSle;lIia Jactea, K. parvilabris, K. fJlIlchella. K. (olimell.\'is, /ar erena/ulum, Mediocala,. sp . cr. doelersii, M. mOll/jeola , M. pyg-
Killgi ella (= Kif/git/fum) decumbells. KoellellSleinia gramillea. La- maelllll, M. paradoxulI1 , M. robusllllll , M. siphylluIII, M. tlllij1orulII ,
cael/a specfabilis, Laelin Jl'eciosa, L. caril/ollls, Lemurorchis ma- M. wlIlikorellSe, MelladelliuIII (= Zygusepalum) labroslllll , Mesospi-
dagascariellsis, Leochilius gracilis, L. orlcidioides, L. pygmaeus, IIidium lVarscelViezii, MiclVdelia exilis, Mic/"Osacclls IUI/g icalcam-
L. IricllSpid(lIIlS, Leochilus lilerckheimii, Us:wcllilill.\" (= EII/ophia) /IIS, Micm/is lIt1iflom, Mil/Ollill em/ersii, M. j1avesce"s, ""ormodes
allfellllisepa/us, L. arellarills, L. krebsii, L. oliverimitls , L. pOlphy- aromaliea, M. a/roplII])W'IlIll , M. IIw clliata, Mormo/yca polyphy lla,
rog/OSSlfS, L. ruwellzo";ens;s, L. sceptulIl, L. validw', L. wakejieldii, M. rigel/s, MystaciduIII dis/iehtllll , M. xan/hupol/iniulIf, Nageliella
USlrosra chys bidells, L. pellucida, Lock/Ulrlia hercodulIlCl, L. mi- plllpurea, Neudellfhamia gracilis, Neod/yus rhudullellra , Nolylia
cmllt/w, L. pallida. L. (Jllloeua, L. elegam,.. Luisia joxlVorlhyi, barkeri, N. bicolor, N. blle/lliel/ii, N. /afi/obia, N. replico/a, N. sa-
L. IYIlllosii, L. feuui/o/ia, L. lerelijoli(l. L. Irichorhiza, Lycasle aru- gitfi/era, N. sylvesfris, N. vellezue/alla, Octarrhello amesi(JIl(J,
lIIa/ica, L. barring/ouiae, L. campbellii, L. calldida, /'•. costa/a, 0. angraecoides, 0. cauiescells, 0. gemmi/era, 0. /Jarvllla, Odoll-
L. erllelltll, L. deppei, L. dowialla , L. gigalltea, L. /oclIsra , L. macro- 10giossuIIl angusti/o/ium , O. bietolliellse, O. brachyplerum, 0. bre-
phy l/(I, L. powellii, I.. xy /riophora, Maeradenia bmsavolae, M. /11- vifolium,o. cerwJllfesii, O. cOIIl/allarioides, 0. corda/ulII , O. eger-
tescells, Ala/axis chreubergii, Malleo/a cOl/stricta, M. palll,~trjs , tOllii, O. gl'lJllde, 0. /w/lii, O. Jaevis, O. macula/uIII, 0. miralldulII,
Max il/aria aciculflris , M. aClimillata, M. aff/llis, M. aggregalfl, 0. IIebllloslllll , 0. oerstedii , O. pendulum , O. potyxalll/lIlm, 0. put-
M. alba, M. altico/a , M. fllllp/iJlora, M. aneeps , M. angus/issima, ehellllm , O. mmosissil/lu/II, O. reic:hellheimii, 0. rossii, 0. .~·cI"iep­
M. appel/dicll/oides, M. aracllllitijlora, M. aurea, M. brachype((lia , eriwlIlm, 0. stella/um, O. stellog /osSUIII, Ol/cidium ampliatum,
M. brachy bulboll, M. braeleatlllll, M. bre vilabia. M. camaridii, O. rlllsi/erulll, 0. armillare, 0. allrelllll , O. ascendens, 0. baueri,
M. call/pal/Illata, M. cO/mellii, M. colora((l, M. eoeell/ea , M. eOll/er- O. bicallosum , 0. bijoliulII, 0. blal/chelii, O. braehyalldrum,
ta, M. eobal/el1sis, M. erassifolia, M. crassiealllis, M. etellostachys, 0. b,yolopholulII, O. e abagrae, 0. cavelldishiclllllm, 0. eeba/-
M. curlipes , M. devallxialla , M. densiflom , M. delldroboides, lo[a,o. charlaginellse, 0. ehejrophorul1l, 0. chrysopterulll, O. cris-
M. divillijlora , M. dis/icha, M. dibuma, M. elalior, M. elollgala, pUIII , o. crisfagalli, o.jalcipeta/um , o.jlexllOStllll , 0. globuliferum,
M. elU/resii, M. euelllla((l, M. exaltata, M. fasciculll/a, M. fal-
I. 0. harfawIII, 0. heteral/llrulII, O. hyphoemaliculII, 0. ineervllm,
caw, M. jenlimmdiu(J, M. jloribllllda,' M. jlava, M. jraelijlexa, 0. ill/ermedilllll , 0. iSlhmii, 0. j olulIIllis, 0. /etlCOC"illllII, O. lieb-
At. fimem , M. filcata, M. gramillifo/is, M. hislriol/iea, M. il/alldita, mallnii,o. IOllgifolifllll, o.lllr/dlllll , 0. maerall/hwII, 0. maeulalllm,
M. /epidota, Iv/. lillearifolia, M. IOllgibraclea/a, M. mapiriellsis, 0. 1II0l/tanulII, O. n"gratl/III, 0. lIubigelllllll, O. oblollgatlll1l, 0. oh-
M. IIJlIIjlla/a, M. maleo/ells, M. meridellsis, M. mallJagris, M. mi- 'YZ(Jtulll, O. oelima/oelii/ulII, O. omi/llorIrYllehulII, 0. pal/ali/eliSe,
erophytoll, M. miliUS, M. lIal/ega/ellsi;'., M. IIage/ii, M. IW,Hl(a, O. pa"dllriforme, 0. pergamelleul/I, 0. pilffe";, 0. poJycladi/llll,
M. " ioea, M. "o[y/ioglossa, M. oreoeharis, M. pariblt/bo.m , M. pas- 0. polyodenium, 0. powellii, D. pulehel/ulII, O. pusillllll/, 0. ramif-
tellsi;,', M. pfllu;ijlora, M. pan1i/ahia, M pallen/lilli, M. pfell/rlll/haides, emili , 0. rejlexlllII , O. ~'eJi'a e/IIII1 , O. re/wmlll, 0. slIrcoties, 0. splw-
M. pfell/ico/a. M. po wellii, M. pll/chra, M. Pllllc/ostria/o , M. plll]JU- eelaflllll, O. siellotis, O. stipita/Illll , 0. letr(lpelalulIf, 0. litallia,
162 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test Results 163

0. triquetrum, 0. (mila, 0. tuerckheimii, 0. unij7orum, 0. Ilrophy/~ forme, s. gramel/se, S. lIIinialum, S. miscnllll, S roseulIl, S. SlIcci-
lum,o. variegatum, 0. vemilabrum, 0. vipehnum, O. warscewiczii, sum, SarcalltJllIs (= Cleisostoma) arevipes, S. biclispidalltS, S. b!(i-
0. wcnlworlhianum, 0. wydleri, 0. '(:cbrinlllll, Ornithidillm (= Max- dus, S clemeniae, S deo/bal/lS, S. eloJ/galus, S illseetijtw,
illaria) chlorolcucum, O. coecil/juin, 0. del/sum, 0. pro/ijerum, S. merrillianlts, S. micrantJllIs, S. pachyphyllus, S roslmlis, S. strio-
OmilltidiulII sp . cr.
Ullceps, 0. vestiilllll. Ornithocephallls bicomis, /otus, S. suliu/attls, S. furbineus, S. lItriC:U/OSIIS, S. weberi, Sarcochi-
0. gladia/lfs, Omi/lloehi/lls il/sClls, Ofoslylis brachystalix, Oxyan- Ius appendicllialus, S calceolus, S emarginatm, S. fa/callis,
'hera (= The/asis) elata, Pachyphyllwll Iwrtwegii, P. sqllarroslllll. s. hyslrix, s. japoniclls; S. /ey/ellsis, S. /ongicalcarlls, s. moond,
P mllscoides, Peristeria elata, P penciltla, Pescatoria cerino, S. pallidus, S. philippillense, Sarcochi/us sp., S. feres, S. lIniflorus,
Phailis tallkervillii, Phalaenolepis peloletii, P. /lidemanlliana, Sarcos/oma javanica, Satyrillm cameum, S corrijo/i/(II/, S. mem-
P eqllcsl,.is, P amabilis, Phrealia amesii, Paris/uti/era, P. caulig- bratwcellln, S. ncplwlellse, Scaphyg/olfis /ivida, S. ocellatul1l, Sce-
era, P, collina, P densiflora. P iuzonensis, P matlhewsii, P mi- /ochi/us octonis, Schoel/orchis Ilicrmulia, S. jlll1cijolia, S. vaflover-
cropfly/olI, P myosuriforme, P obtusa, P. petio/ala, P. pusifla, berghia, S. gemata, S densiflora, SepaJoslIcclfS humills,
P. reineckei, P. samoellsis, P secunda, P. semiorbicularis, P. sphaer- Sigmatoslalix bmchyscion, S hymenal/lha, S. gUll/emalens;s, S. rae/i-
nell/pa, P. slenoslaehya, P. slllcala, P. 1"011lS01lii, P. lIpolcnsis, cons, Sobralia .~p., So/enangis davala, S. scalldel/.~, ~p(J/I/Ogfotfis
p IIroslachya, J~ valloverberghii, J~ yunkeri, Pilophyllul1I laricinllfll, aurea, S. carolinensis, S. fortunei, S. micromisiaca, S. pacifica,
Plantallthera maridosimorum, Pleurolhallis gl'Obyi, P. arenata, S. plicata, S. vieillardii, Spathoglottis sp., S. tomellfosa, SpiHlIIlhes
Plocoglottis acuminata, P. copelandii, P foetida, P javal/ica, auranliaca, S. cinnaharino, S. spira lis, Stanltopea costaricensis,
P IlIcballensis, P maculata, P. mine/arens/s, Poaephyllllm parviJlo- S. econ/lIta, S graveolens, S grandijlora, S. haseioviana, S. Iter-
rum, Poc/oclli/us bimacu/allls, P. clillrallls, P. clllllingii, P. folcaflls, lIandesii, S intermedia, S. oCli/ata, S. ralldii, S. saccata, S. ware/ii,
P. inlricatus, P longitobus, P. lllscens, P. ma/abariclIs, P. microchi- Slallmchitus fasciatlls, Staumpsis (:::: Triehog/ottis) fasciata, Stelis
ius, P pili/nos us, P. saxatili.l', P. sca/pcllijonnis, P scillroides, ptlberll/a, SferlOrrhynchos paraguayensis, Slo/zia nyssana, Sym-
P. sel'pylli/olills, P. similis, !~ uncata, P. viellardii, Po/ycycnis leh- phoglossum sangliinul1I, Sysleioglossllm costaricense, S. aCl/mil/a-
manii, P. villata, Polyrrhlza (= Dendrophylax) gracilis, P linderli, lll/II, Taeniopltyllllm fascico/a, Taelliophyllum .\p., Tefjpogun angus-
Po~yslachya (ljfillis, P cerea, P clavata, P. c%mbiwUl, P cultrifor- Ii/olillm, T endrcsiallllfll, T graciJipes, T. phalaerw, Thecnstele
ml.\·, P dClldrobiiflora, P. dolichophylla, P. estrellensis, P. foliosa, elmeri, T. zollingera, The/asis carinata, T elongata, T micrantha,
P. filsiformis, P. holstii, P. ill/bricata, P. keimsiana, P. !axijlora, 1: trip/era, Theodorea (= RodriguezieJ/a) gomezoides, Thrixsper-
P. leonensis, P. lineala, P. luteo/a, P. masayensis, P mimlta, mum agusaneme, T amp/exicau!e, T araclmites, T. celltipeda,
P. nigrescells, P. oc/orata, P o/tonialla, P. relusilobo, P. rhodop- T. comalls, T graejrei, T hail/allellse, T IOllgipilosum. T trichoglot~
tera, P. shega, P. simplex, P. spetalla, P. stllhlmannii, P. fay/oriana, lis, T. wellzelii, ToeneophyllulI/ sp., Trichocentrum candidum,
P vil/osa, P. vlI/eanica, P. zambesiaea, Pomatocalpa bic%r, 7: capitatllm, r hoegei, T. macu/alum, T. panduratul1I, T. pfavii,
P. densiflora, P. lali/olilll1l, P. viteJlinlll1l, Pterygodiul1l caffruIII, TriclIog/ollis bataaellsis, T brachiata, T. fasciata, T glliberlii,
Quekcttia micromem, Renanthera alba, R. bilillguis, R. coccinea, 1: iOllosma, T. !anceo/aria, T. latisepa/a, T. lehmmlllii, T logerimw,
R. imschootialla, R. matutil/a, R. philippil/elTsis, R. storiei, Rhipido- 1: /uzonellsis, 7: lIIagnicull(}sa, T. lIIilldallllemsis, 7: perezii, T phi-
glossuIII (= Diaphanml/he) ruti/llm, Rhyncl/Ostylis nt/usa, R. v;o/a- lippinensis, T relUsa, T rha/ellsis, T. rosea, T lelluis, TrichopiJia
eea, Robiquetia pamherina, R. leuta, R. merrillii, R. vaf/overberg- fragrans, T iaxa, T lellcoxanlha, T margillafa, T rostrata, T. SIW -
hii, Rodriguezia candida, R. batelll(llmU, R. decO/'a, R. epipltyta, vis, T. I/lria/bae, 7i'idac/yJe anthomaniaca, T. lillearifo/ia, T Iridac-
R. lehm(lllllii, R. micl"Ol'ilylla, R. secunda, R. rejracla, SaccolabiulII {yllles, Trigonidium egertonianum, T eqllifones, T latifolillm,
calceo/are, S. constrictlllll, S clIrisiflorllm, S disticlllllll, S jili- T. /ankesleri, 7hzcuxis/alcata.

L
1M PLANTALKALOII)S Alkaloid 7esf Results /65

OROBANCIIACEAE of the nitrogen-containing compounds have been found in tbe seed,

17 genera,. 130 species which was not tested in the experiments reported here.
Hyphaelle crillata and Phoenix reclillata gave positive tests; the
This is a family especially of the northern hemisphere and the remainder of the species tested were negative: Areca catechu, Are-
subtropics of the Old World. IL has no real economic importance. castrul1l romallzojjiallum, AstmcmJI1I11I acu/ealissimum. Aftaleya
Reports of posi ti ve alkaloid tests in "three gcnera have appeared, dubiuQ, Bactris mexicana, Brahea du/cis, Calamus australis,
but in this study th e five sa mples tcsted wcre negative: Aegilletlll C. /1/mgaritae. Cmyota urens, Clwmaedorea IllImilis, C. tindel/ia-
indica, Conopho/is americana, Epifagus virgil/jal/a, Orobanche no, Coccolhrillax orgel/lea, DeslI/ollcuS chillallllellsis, Diplothe-
jascicu/ata, O. /udovicial1a. 1IIiuI1I call/pestris, Elaeis guineensis, Erythea pimo, Lepidocmyum
sp .. Nypafruticafls. Plectocomiopsis sp.. Pritchardia sp .. Reinhard-
(ia elegalls, R. graciliOl; Rhopalostylis sap/da, Sabol bermudal/a,
OXALIDACEAE S. palmetto, Serenoa repel/s.
8 gel/em,' 575 species

With tropical and a few temperate spccies, this fam ily furni shes I'ANDANACEAE
some edible fruits and tubers as well as ornamcntals and several 3 genera,' 675 l]Jecies
weeds.
Alkaloids arc not known; the accumulation of oxalatcs is common. The family is found in the Old World tropics and as far south as
Twcnty-eight species were tested wilhout a positive result Ave/Thoa New Zealand. The leaves have a number of local uses (e.g., thatch,
carambolu, A. bilimhi, Biophytul1l abyssil1icuIII, B. delldmides, B. sell- cloth) and some fruits a re edible.
silivum, Monoxalis mbllsla, OXtdis a/pina, 0. barrel/ieri, 0. bowie;, Occasional posit ivc tests for alkaloids have been noted earlier in
0. cemllU, 0. cOl'll/cll/aia, 0. decap"ylla, 0. europhea, 0. gOl/iorrhi- the family. Here, of 22 samp les representing 18 species, on ly thrce
za, 0. gray;, 0. lawsonii, 0. Ileaei, 0. occidentafis, 0. pes-caprae, gave positi ve tests: Calearia celebica, Micmdesmis puberula
0. pril1g/d, 0. l"epel/S, 0. sepium, Oxatis spp. (6). (branches), and Pandanus teclorius (1/3).
T he following were neg,llivc: Freycilletia arborea, F ballksii,
F. demissa, Freycinetia lpp. (3), F storkii, PalldallUS forsteri,
p p. odoralissimus, Pal/danus spp. (5), P. thurs/ollii.

,, PAPAVERACEAE
PALMAE
198 gellera,- 1,600 speciel' 23 gellem,' 210 species

Tropical and warm areas support palms'. Only a few occur in This is a well-known north temperatc family if for no other reason
Afri ca. than as the source of opium described i.n the earliest historical writ·
In many areas or the world, parts of the entire plant serve many ings. It supplics many cultivated ornamentals as well as sccds that
different purposes: food (coconut, sago), waxes, fmit s, timber, are used in some pmis of the world as a source of ed ible oil.
thatch, etc. A number are familiar as cu ltiva ted omamcntals. The entire Ifllnily is alkaloidal ; known plants also found to be
Positive alka loid tcsts ha vc been reported for several genera of alkaloidal in this screen ing program include: Adlumia .fimgosa,
the family, which is rich in potential hiodynamic constituents. Many Argemone alba, A. grwu/ijlora, A. mexical/o (7/8), A. //luI/ita, Che-
166 PLANTALKALOIDS Alkaloid 7esl ReSt/lis 167

lidouillln majlls, CmydaJis calla (root), c. incisa, Eschschollzia oi lseeds (sesame) and edible frui ts (Pl'Oboscidea) . The fa mil y is
cali/ornica, /1wmemmmia fillll(lf';acjolia (4/.4), Papaver aClileallll1l , placed in the Mnrtyn iaceae by some authorities.
Sang uinaria canadensis. In additioq , the following were pos itive: Positive tests were obtai ned ror I-Impagophytum peg/eme and
Argemone cOIymbosa, A. oc/trolellca, Hoccol/ia arhorea (2/3), PtelvdiscLls !twidus; alkaloids arc 1101otherwise known in the fami ly.
B. ji-urescens (2/2), Bocc(mia V)" Del/droll/eeoll rigida, Dicentra Negative (ests were obtai ned with the la llowing species: Cerato~
scam/ens, EschscJw/lzia capitosa, Fumaria sp. (this genus is some- theca sesamoides. C. triloba, DicclVcaryum zallgllebariclIl1I, 1-101"-
times placed in a ramily of its own, Fumariaceae), Sangllinaria sp. pogophYlum proclimbells" Orgeria /o llgifolill, Plerodisclfs sp., Rog-
Two samples that should have given positive tests based o n liter- erio IOl/gif/om, Sesamothallllllis guel"ichii, S. lugardii, SeS(llIIlIm
atu re information did not do so at the time of colIcc lion: COIydalis a/alllm, S. illdicflm, S triphyllllll/.
cava (leaf and stem) and C. gffmca.

PEN, jEA CEAE

PASSIFLORACEAE 7 gettcrtl; 2J spccie,\'
18 geIJem,- 530 .\l'ccies
The home of the famil y is the Cape area of southern Afri ca.
Tropical and wann temperate areas are the ranges of this fami ly, Some species are lIsed locally as medic inals.
especia lly in the Americas. Some spec ies yie ld ed ible fmit s, olhers Alkaloids are not known in the fami ly. No positive t,ests were
arc ornamentals, and a few have heen used medicina lly. obtained with BrachysiplwlIl"Ilpeslris, Panaca aClltijolia. P IIIlfCro-
Alka loids have been reported part icularly in Passijlora, where nata , P myrloides, P. ovata, Sarcocol/a/ormos(l, and Sa/tera ,wrco-
harman has been identified in several species. The foll owing gave col/a.
positive tests as to be expected from earli er reports: Passijlora
edt/lis (2/4), P./oelida (3/9), P laurifolia.
PHILYDRA CEAE
Other posi tive species included Adellia digiUlla, Passijlora spp.
(6126), P l'esper/iIlio, Hlcsollia (= Passij/om ) mallicala. 4 gellera; 5 ~pecies
' Negative tests were given by: Adenia glllllmijera, A. senellsis,
The family extends from Australia through southeast Asia lip to
Adellia ,~"p., Dilkca jo/wlllesii, MitoslO/1la g/aziovii, Pas,\'iflora alata, sOllthern Japan , Neither a lkaloids nor economic uses are known,
P. caei'll lea, P cocciflea, P. filipes, P foe /ida Imll/gil/osa, P. h ae/1la~
Philydrllfl/ /allllginoslllll was negative for alkaloids in thi s study.
t().~·tigll/a . P ji/eki, P. mClllbnlt1acea, P mexiclIlla, P qlladrangu/aris,
p I'IIbia, I~ sermlifolia, P. serrato-digitata, P. se/alla , P sexflora,
P Jpeciosa, P. slIberosa, P. I'iridijlora, TlJ'phoslemmfl apetaillm, PIlYTOL ACCACEAE
r JUlllllinglolliamllll. T sal/del:~'olli, T viride. 18 gencra; 65 Jpecics

The tropical and warm ar~as. especiall y those of the Americas,

PEDALlACEAE are homc to this family. Some of the genera previously included in
18 gel/em; 95 J1Jecies it have been shifled into other families, but they arc included in the
results cited below. Other than a fcw omamenl a\s and the use of
This fami ly is fou nd in warm and tropical Clreas especia ll y illong PhytoJacca americana leaves as a potherb, the famil y has litt le
coasts; some species are aquatic, and some arc of importance as econom ic importance.
168 /'LANT ALKAI_OIDS Alkaloid '[est Results 169

Alka lo id lests have been given by a few plants ill thi s ramil y; P glabra, P IOl1lberlialla, P fu chuensis, P. messilliww, I~ 1110110-
those may have been due to lhe presence of beta cyan ins and betax· phyl/a , P morrisollicola, P. lIIurictlla, P. lIIurrayalla , P. pinasfer,
ant hi lls, which arc not a lways considered as alkaloids in the strictest P. quadrifoJia, P.. radiat(J, P mjlexa, P resillos a , P rigida, P !lJllves-
sense. Positi ve tesls were given here by a few species known to Iris, P laiwtlllellsis, I~ torreyalla, P virginiolla, Pselldotsuga maCIV-
contain alkaloids: Phyloiacca americana (217), P icosllndra (1 /4), cmpa, P menziesii, nuga carolillialla, 1: chinensis, T chillel/sis
P oClandra (2/4), and Rivinia hUlllilis ( 1/3). formosal/a , T heterophylla.
Codollocarpus COlillijoJius and Didymolheca tltesioides (both
now assigned by some taxonomists to Gyrostclllonaccae) as well as PIPERACEAE
Gisekia a/ricaI/o (now placed in Aizoaceae) were likewise positi ve. 14 genei'll; 1, 940 species
The remaining spec ies tested were negative: Achatocarpus nigri-
CallS, Codollocarplls allenuatus, Galles/a cororema, Gisekia plwr- This is a tropi cal fami ly that flll1li shcs <I wide variety of peppers
" aceoides, Limeum sp., L. suicalll/ll , L. viSCOSUIII , Microlea debilis , lIsed as food , spices, stimulants, folk medicines, and often ho use
Peliveria hexaglochin, Phaulolham flus spinescens, PhyLOlacca aci- pl<lnts.
nosa, P decatldra, P dioicll, P dodecandra, P f. IIIOlls lrtlOsa, In add itio n to the ami des responsibl e fo r the sharp taste of pep-
I~ heptandm, P rivillioides, Phyrolacca spp. (3), P lhyrsifoliulII, pers, a lka loids of various lypes including aporphines have been
Segllieria americana , S. gflomlllicia, Seguieria sp., SemOll villea found in the fmnil y.
/eltestrala, SlegllO,\perma halmijolia . The fo llow ing species known to give positive a lka loid tests were
li kewi se found to do so in this study: Piper amalago, P. melhysli-
cum , P. peepuloides. Further positive tests we re obtailled wi th Pep-
I'INACEAE eroll/ ia retusa, P ulllbilicata, Piper sp. afT. Gmalago, P arborellm
9 genera; 194 .\1Iecies (112), P betle, P. gaulller;, P g llilleellse, P. hamiltonii.
Negative tests were o btained w ith the fo llowing: Macropiper
Many of the trees onen thought of as pi nes ac tually belong in exce/sum, QUal/ia corcovadellsis, 0. mar/jolla, 0. ovata, QItOllia
other botanical famili es. Thi s fami ly is a north temperate one ex- sp., Peperomia ambica , P dilldygulellsis, P.ltemalldii/olia , P. mach-
tend ing south to centrol America and the West Indies with some rostachya, P pellucida, P quodrijolia, Peperolllia sp ., P. Ul' villiw/a,
representation in Sumatra and Java. It is well known as a sou rce of Piper banksii, P. ber/al/died, P bOlogense, P brachyrachis , P ca-
lu mber, o mamenta ls, paper pulp, edible seeds, <lnd naval stores pellse, P cemUll1II var. g rabricaule, P cel'mwm , P cordvval1llm,
(resins <lnd turpentine). p. diallc1'/lm, P tii/at£ltlllll , P / aiokadsura, P. folculispicU In , P g OIl-
OccasiOiml reports of <llkaloids and amino acids have appearcd dichalldiallulII, P gel/ieulalulII , P. graeffei, P g uaymllulII, P hispi-
with respect to spccies of Abies m1(1 PiIlUS, bu t the famil y is best dUll!, P iquitosellse, P /eucalltltlllll, P IOllgum, P. margillat(l,
known fo r its assortment of terpcl1oids. P mi.Wlllense, P. l/igruIII, P. peltalum, P. sal'm elllaSIIIII, P. speclabi-
A few earlier-known positives were encounte red here: P;lIW,' lis, P. tubercula/lilli, P u"edi, P. I'(l /'iegatum , Po/homorp"e pella/a,
armandii, P. cOlIlJeri, P. mOllophyJ/a, and P sabiafla, as we ll as 4/7 P. limbeI/o la , Sarcorhachis obI lisa.
s<lmples of 'lSuga canadellsis.
The rest of a total of 48 species tested were negati ve: Abies
I'ITTOSPORA CEAE
cOl/color, A./raseri, A. gua((lll/a /ellsis, A. kawakamii': A. magllifica,
9 gel/em; 240 specie."
Cedl'lls aJlalltica, C. deodara , Larix decidua , L. iaricilla, Picea
bl'ewel'ialla, P obovata, I~ rubewi, Pill Wi aristata, P. bUlIgealla , Th is Old World farllily o fth e wann and tropica l areas, cspecially
P. caribaea, P. cembroides, P. clausa , P. COl/tor/a, P /o /'m osalla, in Austral ia, has two gencra in Ma laysia.
170 Pl.ANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid 1esl Results 171

The oi ls have been used in compounding fragrances; alkaloids PLUMBAGINACEAE

have been reported but apparentl y have not been characterized. 22 genera; 440 !>1Jecies
PiflOSPOl"II1ll jerrug;ncllm (1/9) aqd P pCllulIldrum were alka l o j ~
c1al by Ihc tests used here, the former hav ing been reported posi tive The family is cosmopolitan and occurs especia lly near the sea.
in earlier litemture. The fo llowing were negative: Billardiem cymosa, Positive alka loid tests have been recorded for the wood of
Cilrioballls spillesce1ls, Pitlosporum brackenridge;, P. brae/eola· Armeria and Plal/tago and for the root of Slalice. These are likely
111111, P. crassijolilllll, P. daphllljJilylloides, P eriO/OIllO, P. ellgefl- quaternary bases-chol ine and its relatives. However, no positive
foides. l~ glabl'lllll, P. oligOCCl'1Jl1m, P. penlolldruIII, P phyllirae- tests were obtained using the leaves <In(l stems of the following:
dioides, P PUlJiji)/iIll/l, P ramijlorulII, P !>'illll(lllllll. Pittosporlllll Armeria formosa, Ceratosligma pllllllbagilloides, Dyemp!JylulII
::.pp. (3), P. sllbcafum, P. (em(ijolium. I~ IObim, P lImbella/tllII, africafllllll , Limol1iulII brasiliellse, L. carolillillllllfll, L. (b-egeallulII,
P lllldulatlllll. P viridqjlorulII, L. kr(ll(ssiaflUIIl, L. Iilli/olil/lIl, L. scabrulI/, L. scabrum avel/aceum,
M. dispel:m. Plumbago auricula/a, P. capel/sis, P. /m]Jenliae. P
pulchella, P zeylallica, Sla/ice (= Armeria) sinensis.
PUNTAGINACEAE
3 gellcra,' 255 ,\pecies
I'ODOCARPACEAE
T his is a cosmopolitan family of which one genus, Plantago, 12 ge"el'a; J55 !)l'ecies
yields the familiar laxative, psyllium seed.
Iridoid and other pseudoa lkaloids have been found in several The family is widely di stributed, found most ly in the sOllthel1l
species but ollen in very small amounts and in the seeds or wood hemisphere but in Asia north to Japan, in the mountains of tropical
rather than in the leaves and stems. Africa, and also in Central America. Its minor economic importance
Plall/ago lanceolala, reported to be alkalo idal, was also found so depends on its usc as timber and ornamentals.
( 112) here, along with one of three samples of P major. The remain- The fami ly is not known for alkaloids; two pos it ive tests were
d ~ r of the species tested were negative: Plantago asiatica, P mm- obtained during the course of this study: Podocmplls fidcaills and
dellsis, P caliJerillae, P coro//Opm, P depouperala, P. dregeana, P spicatlls. Twenty-th ree other species of the genus were negative:
P gaJeotlialla, P. itlSlt/aris, P. /anceolala, P major var. kimume, P. ajfillis, P amarllS, l~ archboldii, P. blumei, P. compac/lIs,
P. media, Plfllllago !Jpp. (5), P toll/censis, P va";a, P virgifl;ca. P dacry dioides, P. ela/us, P. e/ongaflls;' P. fermghlOides, P. glli-
dioides, P. Iwllii, P henke/!ii , P. lambertN, P. lati/olil/s, P macro-
pllylllls, P. miljaflills, P. Ilagaia, P. lleriifolills, P. Ilil'alis, P. sel/olVii,
POdOCOf])IIS .'11'. , P. lolara, P. \Valliclliana.
PLATANACEAE
J gelllts,' 6-7 !>pecies

This is a northern hemisphere family of "plane trees" lIsed as PODOSTEMACEAE

lumber and as s treet trees in cities in sp ite of the untidiness they 50 ge" cl'fl; 275 species
creat.e due to the ir flaking bark.
Alka loids are not known in the fam ily nor were Lhey found III A family mostly of tropical Asia and America, the Podostcma-
testing PJfllanlis acari/olia, P. occide1ltalis, and P. racemos{/. ceae yield a few local foods (salad greens), and the Amazon Indians

L
 In PI..ANTALKALOIDS Alkaloid 1bl RC~'lllfs 17J

prepare a salt from the leaves of RhYIIC:o{acis /lobitis. Alkaloids MOllllillia j a/apellsis (3/4), MOII/lillia sp., Mura/lia a!opecllroides.
have not been reported . M. heisteria, M. pallcijlora, M ..mtllreioic/es ( 112), Pofygalll q{jillis,
Two sampl es of Torrellt/co/a queenslandico were negative. P. a/bidi, P. bracteolata, P. chillensis, P. ericaefolia, P. florjbullda,
p. / 1'IIticosa, P '/Otten/oua (1 /2). P ka!axariells;s. I~ IUfea, P. Iycopo-
diaides, P. myrlijolia ( 1/3), P panieulala (2/5), P pilli/o/ia, Polyga-
POLEMONIACJ<."'AE /a spp. (2/ 13), I~ III/cilia/a, P. vi/gala , Secllridaca longipedwu:uJata
20 gellem; 275 species (112), S. rivinaefo lia .
The following we re negati ve: Bredemeyera lucida, ComeJpermo
This is n famil y of westem and northern Ame rica and Eurasia. vo /ubile, Dididalilhera sp ., Epirixallthes cylhu/rica , MOllllillia
O ther than a few cultivated ornamenta ls, it has no economic impor- schlechle1ldalia1la, M. syll'arica, Moutabea gllillllellsis, MOlltabea
tance. sp., Mllraltia divaricalll, M. fili/ormis , M. maClvceras, M. rlwm ~
Positive alkalo id tests have been recorded for three genera in the noides, PoJygtlJa flllgl/sliji,Ua, P. l1rellicoJa, P. (lspaJa/he, P. lIrilla/a ,
fami ly, but the compounds ha ve not yet becn iso lated and character- P brevifolia, P ceJosioides, P coma/a, P ga/pill;;, P j apollica,
ized. In thi s study, the follow ing gave positive tests: DOllplalldia p. Ja1l cijidia, P. Jillgllslfuides, P. maclVdellia, P mogllillimlO,
gemilliflora ( 1/2), Brias/rt/m wilcoxii ( 112), Cilia capitatn (112), I~ //lollis, P. pallcljlora , P. pringlei, P senega, P spectabilis,
G. cOlvllopifo/ia, G. rigidula (1/3) (previously reported), Phlox P. sphelloplera, P triphy lla , Secllridaca calophylla, S. dil'el'sijolia,
macil/ala, Po/emv llillllJ joliosissillllllll . S hostmanlli.
Negativc tests were obtained ror the fo llowing: Allophyllum di-
varicarum, Collomia linearis, Eriaslrum dellsijlorlllll , E. plllrifo-
iiI/ill. Gilia Imij/ora, G. oph/halmoides, G. splendells, Lang/oisia
I'OHGONACEAE
maUhelVsii, l.. PIlIICUlUl, Leplodacty loll calijomiclllll , L.illalllhils (111- 51 genera; 1,/50specie.v
drosaceus, Loeselia ci/ima, L coerulea, L. gltmdulosa, l.. mexica-
Thi s famil y is almost cosmopolitan but is especially prominent in
na, N(lI'arelIia brewer;, N. inlerlexla, N. sqllanvsa , Phlox divarica~
the north temperate zone. Members are used as food, timber, tan ~
ta , I~ drllll1momlii, P. macu/ata, P. pal1iculaltl, P. stal1s/JllIy i,
ning material s, and culti vated omamental s.
Polemollium gralldijlorum, P. leptalls, P. mexicllIuIIII , P pulcherri-
Alkaloids have been detected in a lew genera and somc or these
mum .
have been charncterizcd as protoalkaloids (e.g. , be nzylam incs).
One hundred and eighty*lwo samples representing 122 species
were tested; the rollowing were positive: An/igolloll fltl vescells,
POLYGALA CEAE Cocc%ba floriblllu/a (2/3 ), Coccoloba .\1)P. ( 2/2), c. trip/tlris,
18 gellera,. 950 species Gymllopodium J1oribundtlm. Mu ehlellbeckia sp. (112). Polygol1ltm
Iimballlm, P senega/elise, P. ser,.ulaillm, Rumex laliceo/allls.
With the excepti on or its absence in the western Pacific, the Negative tests were obtaincd with the fo llowi ng: AntigO/lOll /ep ~
family can be considered cosmopo litan. Some members arc culti- tOpliS, Brllllflichia cirrhosa, CllOrizollthe (lIlgwilifo/ia, C. b''CI1ieor-
va ted o rnamentals; several species o f Po/yga/a have been mediei* 1m, C. corruga /a , C. diffuse, C. m em/Jranacea, C. thurberi , C. uria-
na ll y lIsed. . riSIa/a, Cocc%ba ascelUlells, C. barbadellsis, C. cozlillielellsis,
I)osilive alkaloid tests have been rccorded and small amount s or C. j allax. C. U/t eells is, C. schie(]j(Jlla, Cocc%ba sf'p. (3), c. lIVi/-
« -earbolincs havc becn identifi ed in Polyg"Ill telllHl ijo lia . In this em, C. williams;i, ElIJex,(llistralis, Eriogoll/l11J allg ll/oSIIIIJ , E. cille-
study, posit ive tests were also obtained for Comespel'lIIa rell/alll, reUlIl, E. deserticofa, E. e/ollgatuIII , E. heerllumii, E. illjlallllll,
/74 PLANT AL.KALOJDS Alkaloid Test Remits 175

E. kennedy ;, E. lalijolilll1l, E. mohavense, E. moiestllllf, E. Illldllm, Alkaloids are known. in but two genera of the fam ily, including
K parvi/alillm, E. umbel/aillm, FllgopynlliJ cymosum, Mueh/ell- Portu/~ca ?Ieracea, whIch gave one positive result in fi ve sam ples
beck;a adpressa, M. axil/aris, M. COUW1exa, M. m(mlleo/a, M. platy- tested. In thIS s~ud y. Olher pos iti ves incl uded: Lewisia rediv;va ( 112),
elada, M. /{mlllijolia, OXygOlllllll dregeallum, 0. S;nltlllUm , Oxygo- MOlltlO pel/o/wta ( 112), Portll/acafoliosa, P. pi/o.WI (1/2), 1ft/filum
1111111 sp., O).yfileca dem/roidea, Polygollel/a polygama . Polygotlllt1l panieillatum (1 12).
acum if/aIUm, P amphibillm, P. arenaSlrW]l, P. avicillare, I~ caespi- Species of severa l other genera were negati ve: Allacampseros
lOS/WI , P. cliff/elise, P. coccinllfll, P. cri,ytalllm , P cllspidatum, sl/hl/uta, A. telepltiastrlJlI1, A. lIsta/ata, Calolldrillia ba/ollensis,
P. ereclllm, P. hydropiper, P hydropiperoides, P. lapafhifolilllll , C. tubero:m, Clllyptricli~{m mOIl(lndrum , C. umbel/atllln, Ceraria
P. mexical/lIm, P nepalense, P 1l0dOSlllll. P. orientale, P. pedill/cu- namaqllefl.~is, Claytollill vjrgillica, MOlltia /amprosperma, M. "'ex;.
lare, P. pennsy/vallicllm, P. peljolialllm, J~ persicaria, P. plebium. calla, M. pel/oliara, M. sibirica, Por/ulaca bicolOl; P. corollala,
P. pOI'/oricellse, P pseudojaponicllm, P preroctl'1J11f1l, P. pulchrum, P cyanosperma, P. .liltrolia, P. hatschbachii, P. kermesiana, P. Iml.
P. PfIllClfltWII, P. rIll/ Cilla/tllII , P. sagittafllm, P. soliCijr)IiUIII , J~ scan· ceola~a, ~ mlt~rollala, p 11/1O/(/II/a, Portulaca spp. (3), Por/ulacaria
delis, P. selll;cosUIII, Polygonum spp. (4), P /lwl/bergii, Plerococclis {1ra, "flilmopslsjrulescells, 7hlillUIII caffhllll, T crispatullllll, 7: CUf/-
OjriCOlIllS, Prerostegia (bymarioides, RlImex acetosel/o, R. angio· cijolium, Talillum :.pp. (2).
ca'1)l1s, R. bf'OWllii, R. conglomeratus, R. cordallls, R. craSSIlS,
R. crispus, R. dentallls, R. hastalu/m', R. japollicus. R. madaio,
R. ltIaritilllus, R. obtusijolius, R. pallcijolills, R. rhodesiclls, R. sa· POTAMOGETONACEAE
gittafLIs, Rumex spp. (3), R. woodii, Ruprecht;a coriacea, R. f usca, 2 genera; 90 specie.-r; .
R. 11Ixiflora, R. pallMa, Triplarb; cumillgimw, 7: suriflamellsis,
7: tomen{()sa. This is a family of cos mopolitan fres h waler herbs. Two spec ies
of Po.lamogel?" and ~ne of Phyllospadix have been reported to
PONTEDERlACEAE ~ontaln alkalOIds. h~ thIS survey, Potamogetoll indiclls gave a posi.
7 genera; 3 J species live tes~; others did not: Potamogetoll epihydrus, P folioslIs,
' . A fa mily o f tropical and wann areas, particularl y of North Amer· P grammells, P. octandrlls, P. pectinatus, P. pelfoliatus, P. polycon.
ica, the Pontederiaceac has a few north temperate species. Poss ibly us, P. polygamlls, P. richardii, Zostera sp.
the Illosl fam ili ar is the aquatic weed £icllllo,."ia .
EichllOmia crassipes had been found earlier to contain putres·
cinc, spermid ine, and other polyamines; two out of four samples of PRIMULACEAE
ii , along with E. specio.\'(l and MmlOclloria hastata (112) gave posi· 22 ge" em,' 800 specie!t.'
li ve lests in thi s study. The follow ing were nega tive: Hetenmthera
dubia, H. :.pecioso, II. rein./irmis, Monoe/wrio vllgillafis, POl/teder· A subcosmopolitan fa mily of the northern hemisphere, the Pri.
ill corda la, P lanceo/ata. mulaceae arc known for tl,eir ga rden fl owers. Occas ional alka loids
have been noted in Cye/amell and p,.imula .
PORl'ULACACEAE . The fo llo~j ng gave positi ve tests in this study: Anagal/is arvel/.
SIS (117~, LyslllJachia Ciliata, L. rllitmel'imJa, L. vlllgaris ( 1/3), Prim.
21 gel/ em,' 400 !t.pecie.\'
II/a a/plco/a, P. j!oribullda, P. sikkimellsis.
A few edible species are fOllnd in thi s famil y, wh ich inhabits Negative species included the followi ng: Allagallis .\p., Alldro.
warm to tropical areas; others are used as ornament<ll s. dace WI/bella /a, Ardisialldra wellsleine;, Dodecatheoll jeffreyi,

L
176 PLANTA LKALOlDS Alkaloid "lest Results 177

D. meadia, Lysimachia ardisioides, L. capillipes, L. qlladriji.)fia, S. florida, S. filsCI/O/iu, S. knightii, S. kraussii, Spatalia squamala,
L. maurilalla, L. recurvata, Prillluia auricula, P. cal/delabra, P dell- Slenocmpus saliglllls, Siellocmpus sp.
liculala, P japol/ica, Samvlus ebractealus, S. parvij1onls, S. poro-
SIiS, S. repen.t, S. valerandi, Triellfalis lalijolia.
PUNICACEAE
1 gel/ lis; 2 sp ecies
PROTEACEAE
75 gellera ; [ ,350 !ll'ecies
When not cult ivated elsewhere, this fa mily is fou nd from south-
The Proteaceae occur mostly in the trop ics and subtropics of the eastern Europe to the Himalayas . Jt is noted for the pomegranate,
southern hem isp here, especial ly Australia and southern Alrica. PUI/ica granatum, known since biblica l times. This has long been
Alkaloids, including pyrrolidincs and tropanes, are known. Th is known to be alkaloidal, and nine of 13 samples gave positive tests
study ind icated positive tests for the fo llow ing: Adelloslephallus in this sUlvey.
(= Ellplassa) glliallellsis, Leucadendron sp., Persoollia IOnl, Prolea
lallrijoJia (112), P. lIIicalls, P lIeriifo/ia.
These species were negative: Aulax clleorijofia, A. pallasia, Aus- PYROLA CEAE
tromuellera trille/via, Ballksia del/tata, B. margillala, Beauprea sp ., 4 gen era; 42 !lp ecies
BrabejiulII slellalijo/ium, COllospermulII mitcheJlii, C. palens,
C. taxijoliulII, Euplassa legalis, Fallrea macllaughtonii, E saliglla, The fa mily ranges from the north temperate zone to Sumatra with
F. speciosa, Fillschia carrii, E ch/oroxalltha, E rufa, Grevillea some rep resentatives in the south tempera te zonc. Nine samplcs,
aquifo/iulII , G. deeara, G. huegelii, G. helerochrollla, G. ilicijalia, which included members of the fou r genera of the family, were
G. papllalla, G. paralic /a, G. robllsl(1, G. rubigillosa, GrevilJea SPI'· negative for the presence of alkaloids: Chimaphila wnbellata,
(3), G. wickham ii, Hakea acicularis, H. lIIuel/erialla, H. persieha- Monotropa hypopilhis, M. uniflora, Pyrola rOlufldljolia, P. secullda,
/la , H roJlrala, H rugosa, 11. suberea, He/icia alhijlora, H clemel/- Sarcodes sanguinea.
siae, H cochinchi/lellsis, H. formosana, H. hypoglallca, H. insculp- Cronquist has split the fami ly, ass igning Monotropa and Sar-
la, H. oblllsata, ["felicia sp . , Knighlsia dip/aI/chit, K. exce/sa, codes to a separate family, Monotropaceae.
Lelfcadel1droll abscelldens, L. argellleum, L. collcilllllll, L. discolor,
1. fuscijlorum, 1. grandijlol"uIII, L lanigerulII, 1. plUIIlOSUIII, L. spa-
Ihll ialum , L strictulll, L. lorllllll, L. venosulI!, Lellcmpermul/1 album,
L. allenualUm, L. candicalls, L. catheril1ae, L. COnOC(lflJUI1l, L. cri- ,
/,
Q
Ilifllm , L. lineare, L. /lulanS, I,. proslratum, L. puberum, L. saxosum,
Macadamia lernijoJia, Mimel es /yrigera , Parallolllus medius,
P rejlexlIs, Parallumus jp. , Persoollia falcata, P jUlliperalla, Pro- QUlINACEAE
tea acaulis, P arbollrea, P cajJra, P cynaroides, P.. eximia, P. gau- 4 genera; 44 sp ecies
gedi, P. glabra, P. humij1ora, Po. maclVcepliala, P. 1I1l.t!libracteata,
P. petio/arts, P. pu/Chra, P. l"Cpells, P. revolUla, P. rliodalllha, Prolea This is a family of tropical America, especially Amazonia.
sp., P sllbveslita, P. SllS(lflllea, P. we/witschit, RhapaJa rhombi/alia, Seven samples representing "seven specics were tested withou t
Roupu/(/ jjJ., ROllpala comsill/ilis, R. lIIolltana, ROllpala spp. (5), pos itive resu lts: Quana crllegeriana, Q. glaziovii, Q. leplOc/ada,
Serruria acrocarpa, S. adscelldells, S. artem esiaejolia, S. bolusii, Q. pteridophy lla, Quiilla sp. , Q. tillijolia, Tow'olia gUianensis.
178 f'LANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid '1cst UcslIll.f 179

These spec ies were negative: Ac((lea rubra, Adonis aestil'alis,

R Anemone rjtiji)/ia, Anemone sp., Anemone virginiana, A. I'iti/olia,
Aquilegia alpilla, A.jollesii, Caltha howeJlU, C. palustris, Cimici/II-
ga racemo.m , Clema/is ariSfafa, C. brachiala, C. dioica, C. djosco·
IIAFFLBSIACBAF. reifolia, c. druII/mondil, C. glycinoides, C. gOllrimm, C. hemyj,
8 gen era; 50 specie.~· C. leptophylla. C. lesc henal/ltii, C. ligllslici/olia , C. micropiJyJla,
C. oweniae, C. pitcheri, C. pycilloides, C. serjcea, C. taiwallimm,
In Ih is tropica l family with a few species in temperate zones, the C. vbginjalla, C. welwitsJ;liii, Clematopsis homblei, Coptis groell-
moSI famous genus is RajJlesia, which produces the largest flower ImuJica, Glal/cidflllll pa/malum, Hepatica triloba, Knowltonia I'esi-
in the plan t world. cataria, Paeonia albijlol"(l, P. brown ii, P. cali/ornica, P lactiflom,
The family is not known lor alka loids; Cronquist assigns Mitra.~·· Rall/lllcltllts abortjva, R. aqltali/is, R. blt/boslls, R. delphilli/o/ills,
lemon (= Mitrasfemma) to its own family, Mitrastcmmataccae, but R. dOlliwlIlS, R.!orreri, R. j aponiclls , R. fappacells , R. macol/llii,
admits, fortunate ly, that this is a matter or opi nion and open to R. pseud%wii, R. l'epells, R. sibbaldiae!olills, Rammcllllls sp.,
reasonable argument to the contrary. R. st%nifer, 71w/iclrlllll lIIillUS, T sessile.
A positive alkaloid lest was o btained from an undetermined Pilo-
s/yles sp., but another, P. IIleisolmis, as welt as Atfitrwitemol/ yama-
IIBSEDACBAB
motoi. gave negative results.
6 genera,' 75 !lpecies

This is a fami ly of the Old World, especially of the temperate

IIANUNCUIACEAE zone. It yiclds some dyestulTs and a few ornamenta ls.
58 gel/era; 1,750 species Glucosinolales and an assorlment of o dd am ino acids and alka-
lo idlike compounds are known, particularly in thc genus Reseda.
Primaril y a north temperate family, the Ranunculaceae is fflln iliar Six samples were tested and gave one positive, previously known
to li S as the 1i.1Inily of buttercups and other weeds. result, Reseda lutea/a ( 1/2), and three nega ti ves: Oligomeris ore-
. Aporphine and bcnzylisoquinolinc alkaloids are fo und through- gealla,o. lilli/alia, and Reseda lutea.
out the nuni ly. and several of the genera known 10 be positive were
also found so in the survey reportcd here: Aconirl//1/!erox, Anemo-
nella ("ahetroides, Aqllilegia bertolonii, A . mckenna, Delphinium RESTIONACBAE
cardinale, D. glauc//II/ (2 /2), T"aficlrtllll dasycmpulII (717), T.Ie-m/- 18 gellera; 400 species
leri, T henulIIdezii, T. poJygamulIl, Xallthorltiza apiifolia.
In addition, the following were positive: Allemone a/pin(J, Con fin ed to the southern hemisphere, the Restionaceae occur
A. pulsatilla, A. sylvestris, Aquilegia jlabe/!aU/, A. glalldlllO!m, especia lly in Austral ia lind South Africa. Some species are used
A. scoplilorum, A. vulgaris, Clematis chi1lellsis, C. paniculata, Cle- locally as lhatch. ,
motopsis scabios!lo!ia (1/3), Colubrina reclillafa, Delphinillm pari- Alkaloids are not known in the family. In this study, 27 sa mples
shU, D. punyi, D. pedatisecllIII/, DelphiniulII sp. (112), Pllisatilla representing 2 1 species gave but one positive test: Willdellovia striata.
a/pjna, Ramfllculu.\· c(lf/tonellsis, R. dichotomus, R. fIIult!fitiliS (112), The remai nder tested were negat ive: ell/momoi.'! virgata, Chol/-
R. we/yU, 71lf1lictrlllll cafjrulII (2/2), T. diofcllll1 (2/2 ), T rllYllcllo- dropelalllm ebraCleatllm, C. IIIUCl'OlIaflllll, C. panicuJatllm, E/egia
cmpllm , Tlwlictl"llll/ sp., Trollills albiflol"l/.~·. galpillii, Efegia sp., E. verliciflaris, HypodisclIs albo-flrislallls,

l
180 i'LAN7'/ltKALOIDS Alkaloid '/bt ReslIlIs 181

/1. aris/(l{us, Leptocmpus simplex, Res(io cillcillllalUs, R. fiJi/armis, C. Iycioides. C. mexicolla , C. plIffyi, C. om/alia sp. nIT. wfll"l/ockii,
R. perp/olls, R. s ieberi, Res/io spp. (2), S/aberhoa cemua, ThOlII- Crumellaria polygaloides, GouQllia /ollgispicata , G. polygallla.
Ilvc/wr/us argenlells, T dichotOIllUS, r/rllticosIiS. Goual/ia spp. (2), G. stipularis, G. (omen/ostl, Karlvillskia Iwm-
bold/iana, K. //lexical/a, K. pllbescens, Microrhamlllls ericoides,
Phylica clypfalldroides, P ericoides, P. ()xiIJaris, Phylica spp. (2),
RHABDODENDIUCEAE
P vil/osa, Phyllogeiloll discolor, P zeylteri, Pomader,.is kf//1/eraho.
J gelltls,' 6 spe.cies
p. oraria, P pliylicffulia, RJwmnidill1ll sp., Rho/lIIms cali/ornica,
Found in the northern part of South Amcrica, this dimunitivc R. caroliniolla , R. /ormOSOIl(l, R. ilieifo/la, R. teplophyJlus, R. 111;-
famil y has no recorded alkaloids; a sample of R/wbdodelldron ama· cropllylfa, R. nakalwrai, N. oel/oplia, R. pial/ellsis, R. purshimllls,
ZOIl /CUII/ and Rhabdodelldroll dell/Matus gave a negative lest for R. sectfpetala , R. !>'e/"mla, NhallJIIIIS spp. (2), Sagerelia aIT. elegalls,
these substances. SClitia buxijoJia, S. lIlyrlina , Smylhea l(lfu:ellfa, SpyririiulIl plIrv((o-
liUIII, S. vexillifemlll, Stenalltllemum scorteelll/ii, Venti/ago eeoral-
lala , II: marieraspatana, Venti/ago sp. cf. mierocmpa, Zizyphus
RHAMNACEAE abyssillica, Z. alllole, Z mexicalla, Z. xyiopJwrtls.
53 gelle,,"j 875 !>pecies
The Rhamnaccae are cosmopolitan with l:onccntration in tropical RlIIZOI'HORACEAE
and wann regions. TIley furnish a well-known laxative Cascara 16 gelleraj 130 !>pecies
(Rhall/llus purshiallus), as well as edible fiuilS, dyes, and ornamentals.
Alkaloids have been found in the family and several species A J:1Jl1ily primarily of the O ld World tropjcs, the Rhizophoraccac
known to be positivc were a lso iden tiJied in this study: Alphilollia are used in some areas for timber and tanning.
maerocQlpa, Ceallot/lIIS alllericallUS (212), c. imegerrimus (1/2), Tropanes and thiolane-type alkaloid substances have been found
1·lovellia dulcis (1/3), Zizyphus jfljuba (113), z.
mauritania (2 /4), in the fami ly. Tests here included 35 samp les, of which five species
z.
Z. //IUC/Vllatll (317), oelloplia. gave positivc tests: 8rugiera sexaflgula, Carallia braehiata, C. fati-
Other positive species included: Ado/pllia illfesta (1/3 ), Ampelo- folia (these three were previously known), IJrllgiera exaristllta
zizypllus wl/dumieus (112), CCllllOlllus mielVphyllus, C. palmeri, ( 1/2), Cassipourea gerrardi (3/3).
C. spillo.ws (2/2), Co/ubrilla reelillata, Com/alia oblllsi/o/ia (1 /2), Other species of the sa me genera were negative: Bl"lIgiera conju-
Emmellospora a/philonoides, Gouallia longipetala, G. lupu/oides, gata, B. gy/JI/lorhiza, 8. parvijlora, B. rheedii. Corailia intege/"/"i-
G. po/ygama (114), Krugiodelldroll ferrewII (2/2), Phylica dodli ma, Cassipoureo gWlI/1IIjlulI, C. axil/llris, Rh izophora apiclilata,
( 1/4), P. olaefolia ( 1/2), P. pal/jculala, P. pubescells, P. rogersii R. mallgle, R. IIIIlCl"onata, R. samoellsis, R. sty/osa.
(2/2), P. ~picafa, P sfiplilaris (3/3), P. rigidifo/ia, RhlJllllllls aClIllli-
I/ati/o lia (1/6), R. pnmoides.
Negative species included the following: A/philol/ia exee/sa, ROSACEAE
A. neocaledonica, Berchemia jloribllnda, B. lilleala, B. racemosa, 107 gellefflj 3,100 species
CeallotJlIls coemleus, C. cordulatlls, C. crnssijoliu.I", C. CUI/earus,
C. d;varicallls, c. greggii, C. iI/callUS, C. megacmpus, C. pillefo- This is a we ll-known, subcosmopo litan family especially of
1"11111 , Ceallothus sp. , C. tomelilosus, C. veiulil//ls, C. ver/"ueoslls, warm temperate regions. Many' of our common fnlits, fragrant oils,
Coluhrilla asiatica, C. fertugillo.WI, c. glomerala, C. greggii, and popular garden plants are found in (his family.
C. palmeri, C. recfillata, CondaUa bmlldegei, C. fi,sciclllata , Alkaloids occasionally occur (di terpenes, hydroxytryptamine,
/82 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test UcslIlts 183

ptle nylalklamincs) and cyanogenesis is common in many seeds of gistyla, L. micranlha, L. octandra, L. rigida, Licallia sp. aO: spru-
the fru its. Nonetheless, such compounds are not that common con- cei, L. vaupesana, Lind/eyella mespiloiries, Malus sieboldii' arbo-
sidering the s ize oflhe fami ly. rescens, Mespilus germGnica, Mitchel/a repells, Moquilea sp.,
In the survey reported here, pdsilivc tests were given by the M. lllilis, Neillia sinescens, N. thyrsifolia, Neonalea sp., Parilltlri
fo llowing: Aronia arbutifolia (2/2), A. atroplIIpllrea, A. melanocar- cllratelli/olia, P nOllda, P pap"anum, P. glaberrillluII/, P ;lIslIla-
pa, Dlyas suendermanni, Gellm pedersU, Hirteila americana (1/2), rl/m, P nonda, P. lallrillllm, Photillia arbutifolia, P. glabra, P parvi-
Licania sp. (1/3), Osmarollia (= Oem/erial cerasiformis, Parinari flora, P sel'mlala, P taiwanensis, P viIJosa, PhysocmplIs capita-
capensis, P glandll/osa, Potentilla Jwemalochrlls, PrimllS se/olVii, tus, P opulijolius, Polentilla cQlldicans, P egedei, P foesterial/a,
PrUI1US sp. (liS), Pursliia glandll/osa (2/2), Pyraclln(ha le/alldii, P Jruticosa, P JII/gens, P gracilis, P. megaleasa, P. nOl'l'egic(l,
Rhodo/ypos scam/ens (2/2 ), Rubus odoratlls, Spiraea japonica. P paputlna, P petinisecla, P pllmila, P. recta, P. richardii, P sim-
Most of the species tested were negative: Acaell(l elongata, plex, Poterilllll polyamlllll, PrimarillllJ obtllsi/olillm, Prinsepia
A. ellpatoria. A. micmphylla , A. ovina, Acemw sf'., Adellostoma scandens, Prill/II.\' americal/a, P ondersonii, Pallium, P. buergeria-
JW'ciCU!lltUIIl, A. sparsijo/ium, Agrimonia eupatoria, A. hirslIUl, lIa, P brasiliensis, P. brachybofria, P. capilli, P. caroliniana,
A. parviflora, A. prolijera, Alchemilla elollgata, A. procumbens, P corlapico, P"llllllS sp. cf. costata, P. Jasciclllata, P ji'emontii,
Amelrmchier asiatica, A. canadensis, A. denticlllata, A. III/milis, P. gazelle-peninslilae, P. glomerata, P. grisea, P iJicijoJia, P. lyollii,
A. pumila, Ameianclllls oblollgi/olia, Amygdalus (= Primus) persi~ P oligalltlw, P pullei, P schlerchteri, P serrulata, P. jamasakllra,
ca, Argentina larrea, Anmclls dioictls, Cercocmpus belllloides, P japollica, P. Illume, P ocholerellae, P. persica, P. phaeosticta,
C. ledijlorus, C. macrophylflls, C. paucidentatus, Chaenomeies ie~ P. sargentii, P serntil/a, P serofina virens, P. umbellata, P. virgini-
gel/aria, Chamaebatia jiJliolosa, Chamael'atiaria milleJoilum, ca, P yedocnsis, Pselldocydollia sinensis, Purshia lridenta!a, Pyra-
Ch,ysobalalllls icaco, Cl!fforlia baccans, C. burchellii, C. crenata, cant/w allantoides, P koidwlI/i, Pyrus americana, P pyri/o!ia,
C. cuneata, C. Jalcata, c. gramillea, C. ilic~roJia, C. "Welllla, P. sikkimensis, Rhaphio/epis lillkillellsis, R. 1Il1lbellala, Rosa brac-
C. odorala, C. polygoni/olia, C rtisci/oJia, C. strobelifera, Coieo~ feara, R. carolina, R. genlijolia, R. gymllocmpa, R. lacl'igata,
gYlle ramosissima, Cotoneaster acuminata, C bullata, C. cOllgesta, R. rosijolia, R. samh,.ica plIbe.~eens, R. tlliwllllellsis, R. webbianll,
C. dammeri, CJrancheli, C. morrisonensis, C. sa/ici/oJia, COllepill R. wichtlsaiana, Rubus adeno/richl/s, R. a/n{{oliallls, R. archboldia-
bracteosa, C. divaricata, C leptostychya, C. polywulra, CO)V{Jflia nus, R. buergeri, R. colyell/oides, R. cissoides, R. cOllduplicatlls,
erieaejhUa, C. mexiclllla, C plieata, Cralaeglls columbiana, R. degalls, R. ellipticlls, R. cuphlebophyllus, R. /llscicu/atlls,
C. mexieana, C. michauxii, C. monogyna, C. phaenopyrulll, C pin- R.Jraxini/olills, R. lacinato-sfipu/atlls, R. laerter.virdis, R. lambetia-
nalijida, C. pyracanthoides, C. rosei, Crataegus sp., Cydonia ja- nilS, R. lellcodermis, R. /oremzialllls, R. ludwigi;, R. moluccanlls,
ponica, Dyras drummondii, D. oClopetala, Dllchesnea indica, Erio- R. montiswilite/mi, R. pari/oUlls, R. parvijlortls, R. pinna/W"
bO!Jya japonica, Exochorda racemos{J, E. serrayi/olia, Fragaria R. piptopetaills, R. pumillls, R. reflexus, R. rigidlls, R. rosaeJol-
col/ilia, F. mexicalla, F. platypetala, Fragaria spp. (3), F. vesca, ius, R. semiala!a, R. sinkoellsis, Rubus spp. (5), R. taiwallialllls,
Galitllll aspere/Jllm, GaliulIl sp., Gellm borisii, G. japonicum, R. tiliacem', R. triloba, R. trivialis, R. ursinus, R. tlrlieifolills,
G. pyrellaiculIl , G. virginictllll, Griellllll Illlmijilsum, Heteromeles R. VUi/OliLlS, Sangllisorba minor" S. occidentalis, Sericotheca jissa,
arblltifolia, Hirtella aff. americana, If. drllidsii, H hebeclada, S pacliydisca, S. ve/fuJil/a, Spiraeajaponicaformosmw, S. pl'lmi/o-
H. palliclilata, fI. proealta, H. racemosa, Hirtella ~1)P. (2), H. tenta- lia, S (()mentosa, S. l'(1ccinijo/ia, S. vei/chii, Slephallandra it/eisa,
clliala, H. triandra, Hoiodisclis disc%r, H. dUI1/0SIlS, Horke/ia Sll'Onvaesia davidial/a, Vcluqllelillill angusti/olia.
ctmea/a, ll'csia santolinoides, Lellc(Jsidea sericea, Licania arborea, Several of the genera listed here as Rosaceae have since been
L. higlandll/osa, L. C(ll1esceI1S, L. glabra, L. hetefOlJlorpha, L. 101/- placed in a separate family, the Chrysobaia naceae. These include
 /84 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alk(lloid 1esl J<es,llis 185

/-fir/ella , Licflllia. Paril/ari. CluysobaJal1l1s, COllepia , Moquilea (1/3), Borreria sp. (4/4 ), B. sllaveolens, B. valerimlOides, CallthiulII
(= Licallia). ParillClrium (= Parinari). hispidum, C. llOrridlllll, C. IIIlil/ellse, C. rafl(lii, COIpacoce scarpa,
Catesbaea spillosa, Cephaelis bareel/of/a (lcaf. stem , root), Ce-
RUBIACEAE phaelis spp. (2), c. fOmell losa (3 /5), Ceplwlallllllls alllygdalifolills,
630 gellera; 10,000 .'.pecies C. glabratus, Chimarrltis turbillata (414), Chiococca alba (118),
COlltarea hexalldra (3 /5), COLltarea ...p. ( 112), Crllsea spp. (213).
This is another of the very large (1milics of the plant kingdom, Diodia lIatalel/sis, D. pros/mIa, D. virgillialla , Diplospora sp. , Di·
panlropicai and subtropical in di stribution with some members ex· drichielia (= Carphalea) pubescens, Ellterosperm um (= 1hrenna)
tending into the temperate zones of both the northern and southcl1l rhodesiaclll1l (1 12), EXOSlel1lll caribaeLlI1l (2/5), E. IOllgijolium , Fa-
hemispheres. It is of great economic importance as the source of ramea spp. (5115), 17eretia aerugiliesceJls, Galilllll busse; (112),
coffee, several dmgs, native medi cines, dyes, and many ornamentals. G. capel/se, G. lomenloslIlII , Gardellilllll(lcgilli/"Ovei, G. .~]Jalhlllijo­
Several genera of the fam ily have been assigned to II separate lia (I /3 ), GelliplI brasiliensis (1 /2 ), G. clllsifolia, Hall/elio erecta,
famil y, Naucleaceae, by somc taxonomists. The family is consid· Halllelia sp . (1 /3 ), H. versicolor (3/3), fiedyolis sp., Ii. lellellijlora,
ered here in it s ex tended and generall y accepted sense. Many of the flillia parasilica ( 113), Isertia kaen iOlw (2/3 ), I. IOllgifolia (3/3);
tests on the relatively uncommon species were conducted on small I. rosea (1 /3), Ixora beckleri, Ixora sp. (1/2), I. Ill/dulala , I. william·
samples gleaned from herbarium specimens. sii (2/3), Kohautia a/1/atymbica ( 1/2), Ko/wutia sp. ( 1/2), KUlcllll-
The famil y is known for alkaloids of many structural Iypes, in - bea sp., Leptactilla bellglleiellsis (2/2). Mitragylla parvij10ra ( 112),
cluding those of quinine, emetine, stryc hninc, and harman. Under- Morbula sp . (1 /2), Mussaellda elythrophyl/a ( 1/3), Myrmecodia
standab ly, many of the species tested in this survey of over 1,100
alliiollil, Nouclen rhy"chophy/lll , Naculea sp., O/den/alldia ajJiliis
sa mples were found to be alkaloid-positive, having been recorded
(112) , 0. auricularia, 0. pellucida, Paederia foelens, P sCGndens
as such in earlier literature: Afltlwcephulus cadamba ( 112), Alltirhea
( 112), Palicourell cOlldenmta, P cOlymbifera (515), P. CIVcea (212),
putamil/osa (212), Bobea elatior, Borreria verticillata, Call/llium
P. galleotiana ( 112), P. guiallellsis, P. macrophyl/a, P. obscul"Qla,
odoratlllll , Cephalanlhus occidelltalis (4/8), C. pubescells, Exosle-
IIIll salicta-Iliciae, Gardenia jasmilloides (2/3), Hall/elia patells
P. rigida, Pa/icourea spp. (5/ 13), Pavellallssimilis (113), P. barber-
tonensis, P. edelltllla, P. eyelsil, P gracillima, P. harborii, P. lanceo-
(7/ 10), Hodgkillsonia ovalij1ora, lserlia hypoleuca (212), Mitragyl/a
ajricalla, M. ciliata (3 /3), M. iI/ennis, M.javallica, M. rotlllldifolia lata (2/2), P. macIVphylla, P. /"C\,o!uta, P. sc/Illmallnialla , P. zeyizeri,
(212), M. ,."brostipulata (2/2), M. speciosa (164 samples of this Pentas allgustifolia, P. lIobilis, Porllal/dia gr(lluliflora (515), Poso-
spec ies were tested in conjunction with the collection oflarge quan- queria trillitatis, Pseudocillchonll (= PallsYIIstalia) ajricana (515),
tities for ex traction and isolation of specific alkaloids), M. stipillusa \.. PsycllOtria barbiflora (2/2), p. broweri (212), P. coelospermulll,
( 11 11 1), Nauclea latifolia, N. maillgayi. M. officinalis, Oidelllalldia .p horizollialis, P. lupulilla, P. micodoll, P. oleoides, l~ orilloides
bijlom, Paederia rigida (112), Pillklleya pilbells (212 ), Rubia cordi- (root) (1 /2), P. ovoidea, P. polycephala, P. rubra ( 1/3). PJychotrill
fo lia (1/2), Sarcocephailis esculellfus, Vncaria bernaysii, U. ferrea spp. (1 1122), P. suturella ( 1/2) (leaf and fru it), Ralldia aff. cinerea,
(113),u. longiflora. R. cochincliillel/sis (l /2), R. formosa ( 1/2), Relbunium sp . ( 1/2 ),
Alkaloids of the following species that tes ted posj live in this Remijia amazollica, R. p en/vianfl , Hell/ijia sp., Rondeletia galeottii.
study have apparently not. yet been reported: Acral/thera veiutiller- Rothmallnia capensis, Sarcocep!!alliS esclilenllls, Sickingia (= Simi-
via, Alseisjlorihullda, Aiseis sp., Alllirhea tellllifolia, AJperula cy- ra) JP. (stems) (1 /2), S. tillc/orirl (2/2), Stalldleya pilll/ata, Strallssia
/ulIlcllica, Basal/acalltha spillosa, Bathysa austmlis, B. meridiollal- (= Psychotria) kaduUll"o , Ttmmna allenuala, Thysallospermlllll
is, BO/"I"eria cO/ymho.WI (212), B. dihrachiala, B. saxic% , B. scabra (= Coptosapelta) dijfusllm (1 /3), Ihcalysia cacondellsis, Vllcaria
186 /'LA N'i'AI,KALOI f)S Alktlfoitf TeSI Resulfs 187

u.
glliflllCIISis ( 1/2), macrophyl/a (212). U. philippells;s, U. sinensis, Diplospora allstralis, Duggena lri/'.\'lIla, Dfl/'oia gellipoides, D. hi"slI-
U. lomerllmm (3/3), VOlIgllcria madagascm';ellsis. lu, Elaeagia sp., Emmenopterys hem)!;, Emmeorhyza umbel/ata, Er·
The following species were n~gative: Acral/tllera jrwescells. 1Iodea al/gusta, Exostema brachycmpllm, E. ileg{lIIa, E. lil/eatllm,
Adina cordi/olia , A. galpini, A. globiflom, A. microcephnla, A. 1111111;- E. mexicfllllllll, E. pel'llvitmllm, Fagodia agreslis, F jingrafls,
folia, A. pillllifera, A. polyceplwla, A. racemosa, A. rubella, A. mbe.\'- F monticola; F. odora/a, F. letmqllelra, Faramea anisoca/yx, F. capil·
cell,)', Adilla ,\1)., Agllthisanthemllm (= Oldelllmu/iu) bojeri, A. globo- lipes, F. maynensis, I·: occidcIII(f/is. F. qllillqllejlOl1lm, F rectil1ervia,
SLlIII , Aliberlia COllilii, A. edllJis, A. grandi/10m, A. IIlllgnfl, A. ,)·essilis. Faramea spp. (2), F. subbasiliaris, Feir/itlmuilisa elliplica, F. pa·
AmaioI/(l cOI),lIIbosa, A. gliiallcIIsis, Amamcarplls spp. (2). Am/wee- roctlsis, F alI paraem;is, F. mdgeoides, Ferelia cantlroides, Galillm
,,11ll/Wi (= OldelllwuJia) jlldjells, A. lIIacmphyJlfls, Argostemma btyo- al/lJIIstijoliulIJ, G. aparille, G. aschel/homii, G. !ormosOIm, G. hallii,
philum, Atherospermum aetliiopiclIlII, A. lJerbaceum, A. IiUorclllII. G. mexicanulII, G. /IIollugo, G. /lflllal/ii, G. pllbells, Galilllll spp. (3),
A. P(1II1IClilotlllll , A. ralldii, AtherospermwlI sp., 8m/lisa cOIymbifera, C. ~pU/"iUIII , G. stellalllm, G. trijlomlll, Galopilla aspem, G. clr·
J)a,wlIIacanllw phyllosepala, Basa/mcantlUt spp. (4), B..\1JiIlOSU, lJa· caeoides, Gan/ellia angusta, G. allgllstifolia, G. bmchytlw/1/III1S,
lhysa sliplI/aris, IJlepharidilll1l mexic(JI//(III , Borrel'ia anl(!llsis, C. conmta, C. j1orida, G. gwnmiji!l'fI, G. jasmilloiries, G. lati/olia,
B. capituta , 8. elyngioides, B. laevis, IJ. /ati/olio, B. oCYllloides, G. lIeuberia, G. resinifllla, Gmriellia wp. (2). G. lIn'ilIeI', Gellipa
B. pOllyO, B. scabra, 11. stricta, B. slIoveo!ens, B. slIbllll/gaw, /JO/l- americana, Genipa !Jp. (2), (iollJdia lermillalis, G/'umilea (= Mapouria
wmlia cJuysalltha, B. leianlha, B. lil/earis, 8. fongijlom, B. nlflflijlo· = Psycholria) capen\'is, G. kirk;;, Guetl{//"(Ia comblls;;, G. crispiji)/ia,
m, 11. scaM/a, 11. temi/olia, B. vimillCllis, Burchel/ia bu/halilla, C. platyphylla, G. scabra, Gueuw"(la spp. (7), G. speciosa, G. Ur/l-
IJ. capemis, ClllycophYl/llm c{lIldidissimll/ll, C. spmcewlIIlII, Call· guayensis, Hom elia I'Ovirosac, Hamelia spp. (2), NamillOliia .rlfaveo·
tllium coprosmoides, C.finngula, C. gi/fil/allii, C. grenzii, C. inerme, lells, Nedyo/is aCllltmgllla, fI. corymbosa, H Joganioitles, Hedyotis
C. laclescens, C. lati/olilllll, C. lIIurrillii, C. qlleinzii, C. selijlol'lll1l, sp., H. tenelliflora, Neil/sia crilli/a, Hemidiodia sp., J-/offillwlllia chia-
C. vulgare, Capimllll decorlicalls, Carin fa (= Geopllila) sp., Ceplwe· pellsis, H CIJ'I)/Ollellfrl, H {il:IiCO/O'-, fI. lellticillala, H. mexic{ma,
lis /)arcellalla, e. colOlnta, C. elata, e. mucosa, Cephaeli.\· spp. (3), HOllslonia acerosa, H. mrgusli/olia, /-Iollstonia coerula. llymenodlc·
Ceplwlfll1lll11s ber/flnd;eri, C. nowlellsis, C. sa/ici/olills, Chmwlia lyOn exce/Sllm, Ii j1oribwulllm, Ilypnopirytoll jormicarul1l, /serNa
can'ij/om, Chiococca pachyphylfa, CJwmelia obtusa, e. corr/i/olia, COmllll/lalll, I. /roelmei, I. parvijlora, Ixom beckleri, I. bmchiata,
Cinchona sp., Coccocypselum Imrceo/alUm, C. repe/ls, Coccocypse· I. coccinea, I. jinlaysonicma, I. francavillalla, J. macrothyrosa, I. ado·
/lim '~1)P. (2), Coffea arabica, C. benga/ensis, Coffea spp. (2), COIroS· rata, f. pubcSCCl/s, lxol'{f .\'1'1'. (3), J. l,-iflora, f. vellulosa, Ko/wl/Jin
IOmilllll I/awlense, Coprosma acero.WI, C. arborea, C. australis, gracifi/olia, Ko/ralilia sp., Krallssia jloribwltla, Lagynias australis,
C. chessemallii,C. cllnninghamii,C.foetidissima, e.joliosa, Lasialltlws chinensis, L. clirlisii, L plagiophylllls, L. t(1li/riroi, L. teihei·
C. microcaq)(l, C. nodeolldiulla, C. 1l00'Dgllinellsis, C. pmvijlora, zanensis, Liposloma capita/lilli, Luclilia gmfissima, L. illlel1l1edia,
C. pilosa, C. prisca, C. p!-;elldocuneola, C. repel/s, C. rlralllnoides, L. pinceana, L. YW/1/anensis, Mac/raollia brasiliensis, M. coulteri,
C. robllstu, CoproSIl/O spp. (3), c. lel/lli/olia, COl/s.W/rea hydrallgei. Ma/anea lIIacrophylla, M. sarmenlosll, Mflflellia conti/alia, M. g/a·
jolia, C. pllmilliara, COllwrea 100i/alia, C. ptelVspermia, C. speciosa, ziowii, M. gracilis, M. {flljl/quinelvia, Manellia spp. (2), Mephitida
COlltarea sp., Craterisper/IJIIIII lallrillllm, CrossopfelYX jebri/lIglllll, (= IJasicmlhus) jormo.mllo, N, 1/igricaI]Ja, Milciw/lu sp., Milmcw··
Crusea alloca, C. brachyphyl/a, C. ca/ocepha/a, C. eDccil/ea, plllll hirslltllm, Morinda cilrijo/ia, M. hillianticl'i. M. myoc, Morillda
e. conJtlatu, C. hispida, Crusea sp., C. sl/bl/lala, DamllOCal/lllIIs sp., M. umbel/ala, Mlls.m el/da arcllla, M. ji'OlItlo.m, M. parvijlnra,
il/diCIIS, Decliellxia dllsellii, Deciiellxia spp. (8), D..\pergll/i/o/io, M. pubescells, M. taihokuclISis, MyrmeCOfl(lIIc1eo slrigosa, Nfl/le/ea
Deppea grmu/iftora, Didymaea mexicmUl, DidYlllaea sp., Diodill cltalmersii, N. corr/ata, N. diderichii, N. esclI/ellfa, N. j lmgJmJmii,
arel/DSa, D. brasiliensis, D. "i~pid/lla, Diodia spp. (5), D. teres, N. oriefllalis, N. robinson;;, NOIle/ea spp. (4), N. slIbdila, N. lenfllli·

L
 ,

Atka/Dill 'lest Results 191

190 PLANT ALKALOIDS

M. omplwlocorpa, Mllrraya sp., Orixa japonica, Phellodendron

c/iinense, PilocruplIs gigolltells, P longipd, Pilocarpus sp. (l /~),
s
Skimmia ariesanellsis (2/3), Swingle,a gllltillosa, Teclea notalenSlS,
Tec1ea sp. , Todclalia (lcllieata (stem) (1 /2),1: grandi/ulia, Triphasia
/rijo!ia, Vepris rejlexll (2/2), Vepris sp. (112), V. lIIulu/ala (2/2), SAB1ACEAE
3 gel/emj 48 specie..
Zanthoxylum (lvicelllwe (3/3), Z. blackbul'llia, Z. cOllspersipwlcta-
11/111 (2/2), z. t/om;fliaI1WfI, l.jug/andijolilllll , Z. plllviatale, Z. ptero-
The fam ily consists of trees, shrubs, and lianas of Southcast Asia
p odium (212), Z. silllilialls. and trop ical America.
In sp ite of the abu ndance of alkaloids in the fam ily, a number of An early rcpol1 ofa positive alkaloid tcst in a species of Melio...-
species tested negative for these compounds: Acmadenia deflSifl~­ 1110 exists, but cyanoge nesis is more characteri stic of this small
ro, A. jUlliperiana, Acrollychia cooper;, A. /awijolia, Ac"roll~cllIa family. In the present instance, six species of Meliosma and one of
afT. ponyi, A. oblollgifo lia, At/enol/dm bmcliyphylla, A. cuspulata, Sabia failed to give positive tesls: MeJiosma dentata, M. IlIlmiJis,
A. ji"agral/s, A. sel])yllacea, Adiscantltlls sp ., Aegele I1wrmelo!)', M. myriol/f!w, M. rhotfolia, M. rigida, Meliosma sp. , Sabia pallci~
AgalllOsma hijida, A. cere/olil/lII , A. colfil/a, A. 11/arijolia, A. milllj/~" flora.
A. ovala, A. peglerae, A. selpyllacea, Agathosma sp., Asterolasw
muelleri, Boellllinghalfsia albijlora, B01'OI/ia caeruiescem', B. 11011(/,
B. parvijlora, B. pilu.WI, Bosisloa sapindijormis, Casimiroll pl/bes- SALlCACEAE
celiS, Chatas exotica, C. pal/ku/ata, Citrus c%cynthlls, C. tiecll- 2 gel/era,' 435 species
malia, C. .\"l/t/ki, Citrus spp. (4), ClallSellfi brevislyla, C. ill~ica,
Clat/sena sp., Coleollema album, Correa reflexll, CIl!)I){lria pelllo- Thi s is a subcosmopolilan family with concentrat ion in the north-
gyne, Decatropis hic%r, Dictyolollla inc{lllescens, Diosma aspala- ern hemisphere. The famil y of the weeping wi llow, it has been
thoides, D. vlIlgaris, Eremocitflls glallca, Eriosle"uJII difformis, known since biblical times and was the source of salicylic acid for
E~ellbeckia inlermedia, E. pumila, Evodia hOl/wickii, E. glallca, the Greek physicians, which lcd, eventually, to the synthcsis of
E, hemyi, E. lepta, E. pte/ae/olia, Evoitia spp. (4), Evodielfa 1100- aspirin for the relief of minor pain. Pliable, thin branc hes are L1sed in
glmuJii, Fagara capel/sis, I~ hymetllllis, F klein ii, F micr~ca~p~, basket weaving, and some timber is produced.
F. nifida, Fernnia efeplulIIfll11l , Geijera .mlicijolia, GIYCOSIIIIS cltn- A couple of isolated reports of the presence of alkaloids in Salix
/olia, G. pelltaphyJ/a, Nor!ia brasi/iana, J-f. /ollgijolill, Nor/ia spp. and Populus have been recorded , but it is not known to be an
(3), Lilllol/ia cremilala, Me/icope sessiliJlom, M. Slipitalll, Metro- alkaloidal fami ly. In this study, positive tests wcre obtained for
doma nigra, M. pllbescells, MicromelulII pt/bescells, Mllrraya koe- Populus /remonlii, Salix gracilislyla, and S. purpurea. Eight other
nigii, Myrto!!s;s spp. (2), Paramigya griffith ii, Peleo eillsisejolia, species of Populus and 24 of Salix were negat.ive: Popullls alba,
P wawreana, Phebalilllll decamalllllll, P llOttii, P rollmdijolilllll , P. balsam(fera, P. de/toides, P. gralldidentala, P. mOlllicola, P. tre-
Pliebalium sp. , Phellodendroll japOlliCIlI1l , Pilocmp"s sp. , Polyas- IIIlIfoides, P. trichocwpa, P YWlllanensis, Salix baby/ol/iea, S. bOI/-
tel' bOlvllOides, POllcirlls trifoliala, Raplltia sp ., Severino buxijo1io, p/alldiona, S. capellsis, S. caprea, S. caroJillimw, S. cilillellSis,
T/w1//1/os11/0 aji"icalllllll, Zanthoxylum sp., Ziera compacta, Z. laxi- S. cordata, S. discolor, S. jmgi/is, S. jlllvopllbescens, S. IIIIII/ilis,
S. il/terior, S. laevigota, S. lasiolepis, S. lucida, S. nigra, S. oxylepis,
flora .
Evodia (= Ellodia) is consi dered by some authors to be Me/icope S. rigidll, S. scolllerialla, S. sericea, Salix sp., S. sllbsermta,
S. tristis, S. warbllrgii, S. woodii.
+ Telradil/1II.

L
192 PLANTALKALOlDS Alkaloid Test Results J93

SAIYA DORA CEAE severn I edible fmits (e.g., akcc, litchi), timbers, soap substitutes,
3 generu,' 11 species and fish poisons (saponins). In South America, a ca ITeine-contain-
ing drink, guarana, is popular, and the western Amazonian Indians
T he fam ily is characteristic of the xerophytic arcas of wann parts derive a stimu lant drink from Pallllillia yoco.
of the O ld Worid. Twigs- "chew sticks"- are used by some African Although the xanthines (e.g., caffe ine) are found in some mem-
peoples as toolh blUshes. ' bers of the famity and do not g ivc demonstrable Dragcndorff tests,
Five samples representing four species were tested for alkaloids
there are other reports of unidentified alka loids. In thi s survcy, the
w ith the fo llowing results: Azima tetracantha (1/3) was known to be
previously known alkaloid-positive spec ies Cardiospermum halica-
positive while three species of SalvaJora gave negative results:
babuII! (117) and Sapindus mukal'Ossii ( 1/5) were pos itive as were
S. angustifolia, S. indica, S. australis.
the following: Atalaya hemig/auca, Diclyonellra bamberi, Dodonea
viscosa (1/10), Neopring/ea integrijo/ia, Seljallia sp., Urvillea ul-
SANTALACEAE maceae ( 1/3), XanfllOcems sorbi{olia (2/2).
36 gellera,' 500 species Negative tests were obtained with the fo llowing: Alecl1yol1 f'Jr.e/~.
SUIII, Allophylus aji'icanlls, A. cobbe, A. divaricallls, A. eduJis,

Members of the fami ly are found in warm to tropical areas A. gilioides, A. me/wlOcwpUS, A. /lGlalclIsis, A. petiolu/alus, A. ser-
around the world . Essential oi ls (c.g., sandalwood), some edible ratus, Allophy/I/s spp. (2), Antidesma parvijoliulII, Arylera sOIdida,
fruits und tubers, as well as timber arc obtained from the fami ly. Alalaya alata, A. val'iJhlia, A. virens, lJIighia sapida, B. IlIlijugala,
Several genera/species of the fami ly arc known to contain alka- Caltfiospermulll corilldulll, Cardiospermum ,~p., Cupallia glabm,
loids. In this study, positive results were obtained on testing Exocar- C. ob/ollgifolia, C. rubigil1osa, C vernalis, Cupanopsis macmpelala,
pos aphylla, Rhoiacarpos capensis, ThesiulII australe (1 /2), T hystrix Dictyoneura ob/usa, Dimocarplis longan, Dislichoslemoll hispidll-
(112), T/aneiulafwlI, 1: magalismontallum, and T. virgatuill. IllS, Dodollea attclluala, D. jamaicensis, D. stenophylla, Erioglossum
Alka loid-negative species included tbe following: Ant/wbolus rubigillosulII, Elythrophysa IrGl1Svaa/ensis, Euphoria fungal/a, Fili-
jillfolius, CO/pOOII compressum, Exocarpos hOl1laloclada, E. neo- cium decidells, Guida acutijolia, G. coriacea, l-/arplll/ia cupanoides,
cafedoniclls, E. phyllantllOides, Exocmpus sp ., E. strictus, Hellslo-
. H imbricala, H. pendula, Heterodendron olae/olium, llippobl'OlIIUS
l1'iajrulescefls, H. qlleens/andica, O:.yridocmpos lIalalensis, 0. COI1l-
pressa, Pyroiaria pubera, Santa/uIII acuminalulII, S/reydlletisum, pallcijlorus, Jagera pselidorlllls, Koelrueteriajormosalla, K. panicu-
S. lanceolalum, S. lIIurrayanlllll, Scleropyrum auriallfiaculII, 71le- lata, Lecaniodiscus /raxillifolia, Litchi chinensis, Malayba arbores-
sium cadnalUm, T. eidu/e, r exile, T. /OUOSUIII, T hi,'>pidu/um, I cens, M. e/aeagnoides, M guianellsis, M juglandifolia, Matayba sp.,
T. jIlIlCijOJiIlIlJ, r lIamaquellse, T. scabrulIl, 1I1esiuIII spp. (2), .'. Melicocca bijuga, MischocQlPus retliSus, Neopringlea viscosa, Pap-
T. strictum, T. sllbaphyllulII, T. transvaalellse. pea capensis, Paullinialuscescens, P. Ilobilis, P. pinnala, P frigollia,
Pomelia pinna/a, Pseudima ji'utescells, Ralonia sp., Sapil/dus sapo-
naria, Schleichera o/eosa, Serjania arborea, S. brachystachya,
SAPINDACEAE S caracassalla, S elegans, S aec/a, S graCilis, S. pal/eidentata,
144 gel/eru; 1,325 sp ecies S. piicalo, S. schiedeana, S. lfifo/iata, S. trigrelra, Talisia hemidasya,
T. iexaphylia, 1blisia sp. afr. pediceliaris, 1blisia sp ., Thouillia Ilil/o-
A few of the members of thi s family are from temperate regions, sa, Thovillidium decal/drum, Toec:hillll1 dame/irma, Tristiropsis acu-
but most are found in wann to tropica l areas. The family yields tangula, T callarioides, Unglladia speciosa .

•
194 PLANTAtKALOIDS AlkalOId Tcst Results 195

SA PO TACEAE SA RRACENIACEAE
107 ge" em ; 1,000 !1p'l!cies 3 gell ertl; 15 sp ecies

The members of this fam ily are mostly tropica l with a few te rn· These insectivorous plants are found in both eastem and western
perale representatives. Several economic products come from the portions of North America as well as northeastern sections of South
America.
fami ly: the latex is lIsed in chewi ng gum; edib le frui ts, oils, gutta·
pereha, and timber are also produced. A proteinaceous sweetener In earl y rcports, two $pecies of Sarl'llcenia gave posit ive tests for
severa l ti mes sweeter tha n sugar is also known from the fam ily. 31kalo ids but more rccc.nt refere nces mention only the presence of
ami no acids.
Several genera have been reported 10 contain alka loids. T hree
species of Ihese were encountered in this study: Mimuspos elellgi Two samples representing two species of Sarracenill, s.jlava and S.
lellcophy//a, failed to give an indication of the presence of alb loids.
(2/4). Plane/wI/ella cotillijo/ia, P. thyrsoitlea. In addition, thc fo l·
lowing we re positive: Auslromimusops (= Vitilliariopsis) (/i.~pur,
Bequarliiodellclroll megalismOnf{lfw, Bllmelia lactovirells, B. ver,.u- ,
SAURURACEA E
cli/osa, Clllocmpum sp., Chrysophyllum gOllocarp"III, Dipholis sal-
5 gen era; 7 species
icifolia (213), Cllfysophyllllnl sp., Mastichodelldron joetidissimlllll,
Oxythece (= NeO).ythece) elegalls (112), Planchollella 11Ochrentein- Th is small fami ly is found in North Ameri ca a nd cnstern Asia. A
eri, Plalle/wIlella spp. (2 /2), POllteria eng/eri, Sideroxy/oll capirU, substi tuted benzamide has been isola ted from a species o f HOl/ttIlY-
S. guiallellsis. Ilia, but in the present study no positive alkaloid tests were obtained
Negat ive tests were given by the following: Achras sapota, Bas- on tes ting Allemopsis cali/omica, HOlltlllynia cordata, Saurllrlls
sila latifolia. Bumelia cei<lSlrina, B. /anuginosa, B. occidelltalis, CerlllItlS, and S. cllillensi.'!.
Calocarpfllrl mammosum, C. sapota, CI"ysophyllllm argenteum .
C. balata, C. cainto, C. clausen;;, C. j llltlln, C. mexicanum. C. pricll-
rei, C. plllcherl'illlUm, C. roxburghii, C. soboli}erum, C. viridijo- SAXIFRA GACEAE
liul1I, Ecclillllsa sangllino/ellta, Ecclillllsa sp., Lllcllma campechill- 36 genera; 4 75 !Jp ecies
' 1/0 , L. palmeri, L. parilY, L. serpentaria, Lucuma sp., Madhllca
indica, Mflllilkara biden/Ma, M. macClulayae, M. fl/ochisia, M . pa- The taxonomy of th is fami ly appears 10 be qu ite complex. It has
mensis , M . subserica, M. zlIpotilla, Martillsiclla imperialis, Micro- been maintai ned as a group; it has also becn sp lit into severa l
pllo/is cruegeriana, Mimusops cafJm , M. huberi, M. roxburg hiana , fam ilics, some o f which have, in turn , been fu rther dividcd by other
M. rujllla, M. siqueirae, M. zeyheri, Pa/aquilllll cr. lobbiallllllJ, taxonomi sts. T hose genera which have been assigned to the Grossu-
Piallcliollclla allteridifera, P charac flIcea, P firma, P. macropoda, la riaceae are treated separately in thi s account (see thai fami ly head-
P. myrsilloides, P. poh/II/(l/lJIia!llllll , P. sarcospermoides, PieclOco- ing) ; those cons idercd by some taxonomists to belong to the Ily-
miopsis geminiflorus, POllteria caill/ ito, P. eiegalls, P. guiallellsis, drangeaceae ,Ire m ai nt a in~ d here in the Sax ifragaeeae.
p. lasiOcmlJa, P. luzonlensis, P mac/ayulI(l, P. 1I//I(:': rocOIpa, P. lIla- It is a sUbcosmopoiitan family found mostly in north temperate
cruphylfa, P. megalismoll/ana, P. multiflora, P. opposUifo/ia, P. pa- and cold reg ions. A few eulti'vated ornamentals a nd edib le fruit s are
riri, P. relicu/ata, l~ salicijo/ia, Pouteria spp . (3), P. speciosa, its on ly economic imporlance.
P tora, P. I'irescens, SarclIuius brasiliensis, S;deroxyloll dulci/erum, Only thrce of 75 samp les tested gave pos itive alkaloid lesls:
S. jerrugillellm, S. illerme, S. meyer;, Sideroxyloll sp., Sideroxyloll Astilbe rivularis, Hydral/gea arborescens, Vahlia capellsis.
tempisqlle. The fo llowing wcre negative : Astilbe cilillellsis, A. iOllgicmpa,

l
196 PLANTALKALOlDS Alkaloilf Test Results IY7

A. lIl{Jcn~flom, Bal/rem mbioides, 8ergenia crass(fo/ia, B. liguiata, ovala, M. parviflora, Mallrandya (= Asarilla) antirrhilljiora (2 /3 ),
C. major, Dec:umQl'ia barbara, DeUlzia cO/ymbosa, D. crenata, M. erllbescells, Moniera (= Bacopa) trifolia (5/5), Nemcsia .sl).,
D. pu/chra, D. scabra, D. laiwQnensis, !-Ieuchem americana, Pedicularis canadensis (4/9), P mexicana, P pectillata (2/2), Pel!(-
H. mexicalla, 11. micralllha, Hydrangea angustipetala, H. arbores- slemm! antirrhinodes (2/2), P apateticus (1 /3 ), P atrorubells,
celIS, 1-1. aspera, H. bretsc!meideri, H. c/iillensis, H. harrensis, P harbatlls, P call/pallulatum (4/6), P cellfranfhifolius, P cordifo-
H. infegri/olia, H. /ongijolia. H. IlIacrophyJla, H. apuJoides, !ius, P digitalis (3/4), P caronii, P floridus, P genlial/oides (1/3),
H. palliculata, H. petio/al'is, Il. quercifolia, H. radiata, H. serrata, P graci/ell/us, P grillellii, P hefelVphyllus, P hidalgensis, P hirsutus
/. cilillellsis, I. oJdhamii, I. virginiea, Mite/fa breweri, M. jormosa- (2/3), P kUlllhii (4/4), P laeftls (2/3 ), P 1IIl1ltijlorlls, P. lIewbenyi
IIQ, Molllillia cG1J1ophyliacea, Pellihorum sedaides, Philadelphus (112), Pentstemoll sp., P. speclabilis, Poiycarena clmeijulia, Russelia
coronarills, P lewisii, P. madrensis, P mexicanus, PhyllonOlno lali- teres, Scoparia du/cis (3/14), SClvphularia calijornica, S. lallceolala
clIspis, Polyosma r/tytopholia, Saxifraga aizoon, S. decipiens, (112), Seymeria pee/illata, Slemodia viscosa, Striga asiatica ( 112),
S. hm"fii, S. pellta<iactylis, S. st%ni/era, S. virgil/iellsis, Schizoph- SUlera caeruJea, S. glabrata, S. griquensis, S. in/egerrima, Verbas-
ragmG hydrangioides, S. ifllegrifolia, Tim'ella ullijoliata, Vahlia di- cum olympicum, Wulfellia carenlhica, Zaluzianskya maritima (2/2).
cJlOtoma, Whipp/ea modesta. Alkaloids had previously been recorded in Scoparia duleis.
Negative results were obtained wi th the [allowing: Adenosma
glutblOsa, Alectra kirkii, A. senega/ellsis, AI/aslrabe il1legerrima,
SCROPHULARIACEAE Angelonia allgusl{folia, Allgelonia sp., Antirrhinul1l cou/ferial/a,
222 genera; 4,450 species A. majlls, Aptosimwn mar/othii, Aureo/aria jlava, Bacopa caroli-
niana, B. e/Ollgala, B. mOlllliera, B. procumbens, BllcJlIlera crllcia-
This is a cosmopolitan family noted for a number of ornamentals ta, B. elongafa, B. hel/riqllesU, B. hispida, B. illtegrifolia, 11. mexi-
and for the fmno lls cardiotonic digitalis. calla, B. lomelltosa, B. virgala, Buttonia superba, Calceolaria sp.,
Alkaloids have been reported in several genera and species, but Capraria bijlora, C. saxifrageojo/ia, Castilleja agreslis, C. angusti-
they do not contribute to the chemistry of the family in a major way. folia, C. applegatei, C. arvel/sis. C. breweri, C. disticha, C. dougla -
Some of the plants parasitize those of other families and are known sii, C. exilis, C. falcala, c. glalldu/osa, C. hirsllta, C. integra,
to take up the alkaloids oflhe laller (e .g., Pedicularis). C illlegrifolia, C. latobracteala, C. laxa, C. lil/eariaefolia, C. Ii-
Positive tests were obtained in this study for the followin~: Ange- . thaspermoities, C. lIIinata, C. p/agiostoll1a, C. psiltacillCl, C. schaff-
IOllia illlegerrima (2/4), A. salicariaefolia ( 1/3), AptosimulII calyci- neri, Castilleja spp. (2), C. wightii, Cite/one g/abra, Collinsia bart-
nl/III, A. depressum, A. illdivisUIIl, A. leucorrhizulII, A. lineare (1/2), siaefolia, C. torrey;, COl/obea scoparioides, Diascia il/legerrima,
A. orgalloides, A. spillcscens, Bowkeria cymosa (212), Castilleja ). Digitalis purpurea, D. lanata, Eril1us alpinus, Escobedia curialis,
foliolosa, C. lati/olia, C. mexicalla, C. scorzoneraefolia (114), £. linearis, ESlerhazya ialifolia. E. splendens, E. splel/dida, Ester-
C. tenui/olia (3/4), Diascia capsularis, D. imgleri, Diplacus (= Mi- hazya jp., Euphrasia callosa, E. hwnijitsa, Freylinia lropica, Ger-
IIlU/US) ca/ycilllls, D. longijlorus, E/ytraria acaulis, E. squamosa ardia COrll/IIUllis, G. fascicularis, G. genistijblia, G. peduncularis,
(this genus name is included in e ith er Acanthaceae or Scrophularia- G. racemulosa, G. lellllijolia, Gerardia sp., Graderia scabra, Grad-
ceac by Willis, but in Acanthaceac only by Mabberlcy), FreyJinia eria sp ., G. subintegra, Gratiala perl/viana, G. virginiana, Halleria
lallceo/ata, Hebel/slrelia illlegr(folia (in the Globulariaccac by efliptica, H lucida, Hebe odora,JI. speciosa, H. stricta, If. lel1uis,
Cronquist), Lamourouxia multijida, L. pring/eri (2 /2) , L. telluifolia Ii tetragolla, 11. vel/ustula, JJebel/stretia cO/1/osa, H deI/lata,
(2 /3), Leucocmpus a/atus, Lellcophylluln viresccns ( [/2), Liml1o- If. jrllticosa, Hemiphragma heterophyllulII, /-Ie/pestis monlliera,
phi/a il/C/ica, Lindernia dubia, Macralllhera flaminea, Manulea ob- llyoballche sal/guinea, Lamollrollxia exserla, L. graCilis, L. lanceo-

.'
/98 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkaloid 7b"/ Ucsldts }99

lata, L. rhillamhijolia, L. l'iscos(I, Leucophyllul/I ambiguulII , L. C(lII- Alkaloids have not been discovered in the famil y. In the tesls o f
didll/1/ , /,. jhlfescells, L. griseum, L. mimd, L. pringlei, L. revolu- the samples collected in thi s study, Selogillella calldata, S. il/vol-
flllll , L. lex{J/I/lII/ , Umopllila jlldic{J ~.L. rugosa, Linaria calladensis, ve" ...·. and S. /ollgipin1/o gave posi tive results while tht: remainder
L. cymba/aria, L. pilli/olia, L. I'lIlga ris, Lilldellbergia po/yalllila, were negative: S. al'ellico/a, S. atmviridis, S. c(llldata, S deliculata,
L. IIrlicaeJolia, Lillt/ert/ia {m/ipoda, Mallrlmtiya hardaymw, S deaderleblii, S. galeolii, S illvo/vells, S Im'ardei, S lepidophylla,
M. en~cla, Mazlis japolliclIS, Mecart/ollia (lel/millata, Mefampyrum S. lep/ophyl/o, S. /ollgipifllW, S. mollel/dO/jif, Selagil/ella jl'p. (2),
iiI/care, Melasma "ispidlllll, M. rhinamhoides, Microdoll cyli"dri- S. stellophylla, S. tamaris.citw.
CIIS, Mimuius auriallliclIs, M. h;colol', M. bigelovii. M. brel/fpes,
M. cardinalis, M. gJabmllls, M. gracilis, M. moseha/us, M. lIepa/ell- S IMA ROUB ACEAE
sis, M. pilasl/s , M. pllllicellS, M. I'il/gens, M torrey;, M. viscidus, 22 genera; J 70 species
Molwvea cOIl/erIiflora, MOlliem cllnei/olia, Morgallia jIoribw J(/a ,
Nelsonia calleSCe1lS, Nemesia capellsis, N. pllbescells, Nemesia sp., This is a tropica l ramily with a couple or members in temperate
N%clli/us sp., Orf/tocorpus pll1p"raSCells, Parentllcellia IOIi/olia, As ia. Some are used medicinally, some ror their oilsecds, some for
Palliowni{l kowakomii, P tomell(osa, Pediclllaris semibarbata, timber, a nd some as ornamentals, especially Ailanthus, whi ch has
PenlslemOIl azureus, P brel'iflol'lIs, P. bridgesit', P. con/usus, been introduced and naturalized in North America and central and
P. dellstlls, P Jut/Iii, P. Iwr(wegii, P heterodoxlIs, P. incer/lIs, southem Eu rope.
P. isopllyllfls, P. pringlei, P. speciuslIs, P. ter/lli/olills, Physocaiyx Alka loids are known in the ram il y includin g !X-carbolines (har-
allrflllliclIS, P. major, Physocalyx sp., Rlisselia coccinea, R. cUl/ea- man) and canth inone. Of 26 species tested, the rollowing were
ra, R. eqlliselijormis, R. jioribllll(/o, R. retro/'sa, R. rolllnd{(olia, previous ly known to be alkaloidal and also gave positive tests in
R. sarmenfO:W, Russelia .\p., R. syrillgae/olia, R. lenuis, R. tel1wpe- this Shldy: Ailanthfls altissima (2/4 ), A . excelsa, Alvaradoa omo l'-
fra, U. ver(icillaw, R. villosa, Scoparia divaric{lta , Scroplllllal'ia phoides (1/3), Picrasllla javanica (1 /4).
cali/ornica, S. lallceofara, S. mari/muJica, Seymeria decllrra, Seym- The fo llow ing also gave positive tests: Quassisa mulra, Sill/aba
eria sp., Sih/I/O/pia pichiflcheflsis, Sopllbia delphinijo/ia, Stemodia (= Quassia) cedroll (5/6), Q. jerrI/gillea, Sil1lorDuba ('" Quossia)
hyptoides, S. mocralll/w, Slriga bilabialo, S. gesllerioides, S. maslI- glauco (112).
ria, Sltlem accl'escem>" S. albiflora, S. amplexicaulis, S. ospala- Negative results were obtained for Alvaradoa hllmiU~, Castelo texa-
thioides, S. almpll11)11/'ea, S. auriol/lica, S. burkeana, S. carval/wi, na, C. for(tlUsa, EUlyco/lla apicIIlata, Ki,.kia aCl/minata, K. willl/sU,
S cmssicaulis, S. jIoribllllda, S. grwul({lora, S. hispi(/a, S. micran- Picramnia macros((/chya, P. penlandra, P. xalapellsis, Picrodellllroll
Ow, S. pilllw(ijida, S revolllla, SlItera sp., Te(ml/ellla mexic(llw, baccatum, Quassia indica, Recchia mexicalla, Sima/;a (= Quassia)
7brrel/ia concolor, 'nlbiflora (= Elytraria) squall/osa, Umskfnnera clI.widala, Simaba sp., Simaltmba amam, SimmvlIba!}]J., S. versicolor,
spe(;tabili.~, VerhascuIII bla((oria, V. Ihapl/s, VelVlIica al1agallis and Suriana maritima (sometimes placed in Surianaccae).
vaqualica, V. niveo, V lff/cil1alis, V peregrina, V se'1Jyllijolia, Ver-
onicas/rulII \;i1giniculII, Zalllzianskyo capensis.
SMI /..A CA CEA E
10 gel/em ; 225 "'7Jecies
SELAGINELLACEAE
1 gelllls; 600 species Tropica l and wa nn zones, pmticu[arly of the southern hemi-
sphere, are the major areas or di stribution of this family, which has
The fami ly is cosmopolitan but has no sign ifican t economic im- yielded sarsaparilla llscd as a medicinal IOllic lind as the base for
portance. refreshing dri nks. Some species are also cultivated as ornamen tals.
2(}() Pl.ANTALKALOIDS Allwioid 'lcst Results 201

The fami ly is 1101 known for a lkaloids. Two unident ified spec ies Numerous othcr species were alkaloid· positi ve: Brachisflls dill.
o f Smilax gave pos iti ve tests in this study, but 35 others did 1101, nor ersi/olius, B. pringlei, Bl"Ifgmallsia (see Datura), Brlmfe/sia ameri-
Jid Be/mia reticula, Geitoflupfesium cymosum , Helerosmilax gua- cana, B. australis, B. dellsijIora, 8. gral/dijlol"(l, B. jamaicellse,
dicllaudiw/a, and Pleiosmilax vi/ellsis. The negati ve Smilax species B. /t/ctea, B. porloricensis, IJrwlje/sia spp. (2), Capsicum mil/imuIII,
included the following: Smi/ax aequiloriaJis, S. bOllll-IIOX, S. brae- CeslrulII belltham;; (1/4), c. /ascicu/allllll, c. /aevigatlllll , C. or·
fenta, S. china, S. corbuloria, S. cordljolia, S. cUlI/allel/sis, S. elon- chiocelllll , Cestrum sp., C. .wmdterniallllll! (112), C. term iI/ate (114),
galore/ieiliala, S. eiollgato-limbella/a , 8o ' g /a/1m , S. glauco, S. her- ChamaesaraciUl COIVI/OpUS (2/2), Datura chloral/lilli, D. discolor
bucca, S. kraussimw, S. Janeae/olia, S. l(Juri/olia, S. medica, (313), D. melel (4/4), Datllnt spp. (3 /4), D. IIII/callieo/a (212 ), Joch-
S. mexic{lIIu, S. lIlorall elisis, S. oldhami, S. OI)(le(l , S. oxyphy lla, roma Juchsioides (212) {thi s has been shown to be a Hllse positive
S. papyracea. S. m cemosa, S. rcmduiellsis, S. SlIlItiwicCIISis, Smilax dlle to the st ructurc(s) o f the w ithanolides isolatcd from this plant
spp . (8), S. Spi/losa, S. tortipetiolata. (RalTallf, Shemluck, and LeQuesne, 1991)], lochroma sp., I. llm ~
brosa, Juan ulloa ochracea, Lyciwll aClltyoliulII, L. aU~"/ri"um,
L. campallulatum, L. cooperi, L. hirslllulII, L. krallssii, Lycopersi-
SOLANACEAE
COli esculentum, Margarallt/llls so/anacelfs ( 112), Me/mull/tim sp.,.
90 gell e/'ll; 2,600 specie..
Methyslieodelldroll amesialllllll (212), NicotitllUl aUel1lww, Nicolia·
This is a subcosmopolitan family especially rich in species in fla sp., Pellmia rupesfris, Physalis aClllllil1aUl (1/4), P. barbadellsis,
Andean South America. It fum ishes a uumber o fw e ll ~known drugs P. cozlomarl. Physalis spp. (3/4) , P. sllbglabrafll, So/alllll1l aeu/eas·
a nd tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, hallucinogens used in (rum, S. alltil/arulII, S. auricu/alum afT. (oxicarllll1, S. amazolliclIS,
abori ginal societies, as well liS severa l common oll1amentals. S. alldrieuxii, S. apoporaflllm, S. bahamellse, S. bijilrcllll1, S. blod-
Among the many chemica l alkaloid types found in the fami ly are geltii, S. campallyorme, S. Cllmpy/acol/tJlllm (212), s. cardiopliy/.
alka lo ids o f tropane, steroid , oc·carboline, nicoti ne, hygrine, and /11111, S. caribbaelllll, S. celrtrale, S. cervalltesi; (4/4), S. coccillelllll,
othcr structurcs responsible to r many of the uses or the medic inal s.
S. crillitipes (212). S. diphyllul1l, S. dUl/aliall/lm (212), eriolltllllm
a nd hallucinogenic species of the group. (2/2), s. gemel/ulIl (3/3), S. hispidum, S. illaequale (2/2), s. jama;·
Many of the well· known alkaloidal rcprcscnlnlivcs of the family eellsis, S. j apollellse. S. lacenle (lea f, stem, fruit ), S. lycocm])IIIIl ,
were encountered in Ih is study: Atropa belladolllza (root) (2/2), Cap- . S. Iyratlllli ( 112), s. IIwmm OS flm (212 ), s. margillllilfm , S. mll.ximo-
sicum jrulescells (2 /3 ), DalUra arborea (3/3) (the tree Datums are wiczii, S. mega/oclli/oll (stem, bark, and wood), S. medII/a , S. l1ycta-
now assigned to the genus Bruglllallsia), D. calldida (3/3), D. illoxia, gil/oides, S. omiliominmse, S. photeillOcOlplIlII , S. pabslii, S. sallc·
D. /eichardtii, D. meta/oides (414), D. sallguillea (4/4), D. st/WIIO· t(le, So/anum spp. (30/5 7), S. sllbinerme (stem), s. swartzimllllll
lliulIl (214), D. slwveo/ells (212), Duboisia myopotVides, Fabiana (212), S. woodbwYii, S. xantii ( 1/2), Withal/ia asliwagalU/a.
ill/bricala (212), LyciuIII ha/mij()/iuIII, Nicam/ra pltysaloides, Nicoli· Negative tests were obtained with the foll owing species: Oas50-
IW g/allca (718) , N. repalldra (212), N. wiJacuIII, N. trigollophylla via lucida, Bassow·a sp. alT. mexicalla, BOf/chelia erecta, OnmJelsia
(515), Physalis pllbescell.~, So/aI/lim OJlglIslijolilllll, S. allricillatllm, bol/odora, B. guicmellsis, B. paucijIora, Bnlllfeisia spp. (2), Capsi·
S. dulcamara (212), S. gig(lIIteum (212), S. gracile, S. iIlC(III11m, Cf/m /f/cidul1I , C. mirabile, Capsicum sp.. CeSll"lI1II alllic/f/IIf, C ana·
S. jasmilloides, S. macH/nt/wm (2/2), S. me/ol/gel/a, S. nigrum (411 3), gyris, C. aurlantiocl/III, C. dilll"llUII/, C./asciCl//all/lIl. c.jla vescells,
S. I/odijlorum (111), s. ovalifolillm, S. pal/iclI/alllm (1 12), s. rostralUm C. lael'igalulIl. C !axulIl , C. 1I0elllrfllllll , C. schicolei, C. strig illa~
(214), s. rugosulI/ (213), S. seaJorlhiallum (212), S. sOl/omeuIII (112), S. 111111, Chamaesac/1l11"a com ioides,\Cyphomandra cl/dopogon, C. scia-
sturlialllim. S. lor\l/ll/l (214), S. tllberoslIlII, S. /lmbellatlllll (212), s. doslylis, Cypliomwu/ra sp., Datum alba, Da/llra je1Vx, GlJi/foylia
verbascyolillm (J1I2), S. xal/lhocaqJlllll, WiI/wllia sOlllllijera. mOllostylis, JII(lI1l1l1oa me.xicana, LyclulIl albijlorlllll, L. andersonii,

•
202 PLANT ALKALOfDS Alkaloid 1est Results 203

1.. hal'billOliulI1 , L. her/mullen', L. caro/inimlllm, L. cliff/elise, L.fero~ Two species of SOfllleratia gave positi ve tests lor alkaloids, S. alba
cissimlll1l , 1.. pallidwlI , Marken longipes, Ntarkea sp., Metlemichia (1/6) and S. caseolaris (3 /6) , while c,yptervllia parvifolia (in a sepa-
pril/ceps, NeclOLIxia formosa, NicOL/(lIIO veiUlillfl, Nierembergia (U/- rate fami ly, Crypteroniaceae, by some authorities), Duobaf/go groll-
g llstijoJin, N. s tricta, Petullia ericijolia, P gralldiflom, P. lil/earis, diflora, D. molucc(lll(l, D. sOllneralioides, SOIlIleralia (lcida, S. ape-
P parae"sis, P. regl/ellii, Petullia jpp. (2), Physalis (If/gu/ala, tala, S. griffilhii, S. lallceolata, S. ovala, and S. pagtapata did not.
P. foelellS, P. IIedeme/olia, P minima, P. peruviana, Schwenkia
divaricata, Sclllvellkia spp. (4), Ses,\'ca brasiliellSis, So/wl(ll'(l gllt/a-
fa, nillda, S.
S. aculeatissimum , So/alllll1l bijlorum, S. carolil/iense, SPA RANGIA CEAE
S Cel'mllllll, S ch/oropetaJlfm , S. decor/icans, S. C/iversijo/ill/}/, I gelllls," 12 ~J1ede.,·
S. doug/ash, S. elaeagllijoliulIl, S. ellip/iculI/ , S. gralldijlol"lIl1/,
The 'fa mily IS found in the north temperate zone and south to
S. helerodoxlIm, S. hirtellul1I, S. imlic:um, S. kiol/o/ric/lllm , S. lIlil-
Australia and New Zealand.
lellse, S. ochraceo/errug;nelllll, S. paraense. S. pensile, S. rafOnelii,
SparangiulII has been reported to contain alka loids in a couple of
S. rigescens, S. siolollijerum, S. silbillerme, S. leqllilense, S. variable.
species; tests of two samples of S. ameriCWlII1Il were negative.

REFER ENCE
SPHENOCLEACEAE
R ~rraur, R. fl., M. J. Shemluck, and P. W. LeQuesne, Jormml ujNfllllra/ Prodrtell' I get/lis; 2 ~pecies
34 (1 99 1) pro 1601-1606.
This sma ll tropical famil y has been used as a potherb in Indone-
sia but was found to be toxic to cattle ill arcas of Amazon ia where
Many of the tests reported here were conducted not on ly to deter- cows had takcn it as fodder. No reports of such toxicity are known
mine the presence of alkaloids (known to be present in many of the from areas ofthc OulfCoast of the United Stales where it has been
species of Solal/um) but for those steroidal alkaloids potentially use- reported to be eaten by stock.
Ihl as starting materia ls for the production of steroid intelmediates of Little is known o f the chem istry of the famil y (RalTaufand Higll-
medic inal importance . These tests were conducted by Dr. Me lvin rashi , 1988). Sphelloc/ea zey/al/ica gave one positive lest for alka-
Shemluck at Northeastern University and Dr. Kazuko Kawanishi, loids durin g the testing of live samples.
Women 's College of Pharmacy, Kobe, Japan. Their assistance in this
portio n of the screening is gratefully acknow ledged as is the hos-
pita lity of the University of Puerto Rico, where some of the work REFERENCE
was done, and the coul1csy of IN EXA (Industria Extractadora S.A.),
RlrffilU f, R, F. lind A. Higurashi, Rel'isfa de la Academia Colombiof/a de Cicllcias
Quito, Ecuador, which supplied financial support. 1~"x(!C{(IS. Fisicas y Natllm /es 16 ( 19RR) I'p. 99-1 OS.

SONNERATlACEAE STACHYURACEAE
2 genera; 7 ~'Pecie~' 1 gelllls,' 5-6 ~lJecies
A tropica l Old World fami ly, its habitats are the mangrove and Thi s As ian liunily extends from Japan to the Himalayas.
rain forest areas. It is related to the Lythraceae . Alkaloids have been A lkalo ids are 1101 known. A sample of StachYllrtls Itilllo/aicus
recorded fo r SOlllleratia but they have not yet been characterized. gave a negative result when tested in this survey.

L
204 PLANTIILKIILOIJ)S / I/ktl/oid Jest Nesil/rs 205

S TACKfiOUSIACEAE Positivc tcsts wcre obtained for the following species: A'KYro-
3 gelleffl,' 28 species dendron lrijoiioJa(IlIll , Ayel/ia jrulif:osa, By tllleria acuJea/a (3 /3),
B. herbacea, Cislalllhera (= Neogordonia ) papaverijera , Dombeya
T his small fami ly is found in Australas ia: Ma laysia, Australia, kirkii (1 /2), Hermmmia boragillifolia (1 /2), 1-1. IJlY"ifolia, II. bllr-
New Zea land, and the islands of the Pacific. cheJJii, H. grmldij/ora, 1-1. helillllihellllllll (212), II. il/flala, H /ill ea-
Alkaloids are not known in th is 'fami ly; three samples of S/ack- rifo fia (2/2). Il. Iinearis, 11. qllartillialla, H ermallllia sp. ( 1/2),
housia (s. illfermedia and S //lOllogYl/it [2]) were negative as tested H. spinosa, H. tomel/to.m ( 112), MeMol/ia rehll/tllllIU (2 /2), Melo -
in this study. cl/ia cordlOrijo/ia (previollsly known) (2/2 ), M. /lodif/ora ( 1/2),
M. pyralllidaia (112) (prev iously known), M. IOmelltosa (113), Pter-
ospemlf/l11 ocerjfi)/ia, Sterclllia alala (previously known), Wallir er-
STA I'f1 YLEACEAE
ia americana (113), W illdica (217), Wa/theria sp. ( 1/2).
5 gen era,' 27 sp ecies
Negative tests were obta ined wi th the fo llowing: Abroma aug us-
(fl, Argyrodendroll aClifliphyl/a, A. peralta, Ayellia .~1)., IJracllychi-
T he presence or alkaloids has been reported in two genera of the
fam ily (Slaphylea, 1Ilrpil1ia), but tests on S. bumalda, S. pill/lala, tOil diversiJolia, Byltlleria scalpel/ala , lJyllneria sp. (4), Chir(lf/-
S. lrijo1ia, Twpinia brachypelala, T [ormosalla, 1'. nephalellsis, thol/dendroll pelltadaclylmt, C. plalal/oides, Cola aClJlllillll/a,
1: occidell/alis, Hnd T pe/Ifal/dm were without positive result. Commer.wmia parlramia, C. eellinata, Dombeya blllgessiae, D. eay -
e/l}:ii, D. ciaessellsii, D. cymosa, D. rotulldijolia, D. walliclIii, Pir-
mialla papual/a, F plalinijolia, F simplex. Fremoll/ia (= PremOflto-
STEMONACEAE dendroll) calijornica. GIlOZlll1la ulmijolia, Helicleres allgllslijo/ia,
4 gen em ; 32 sp ecies H. guazumaeJolia, H. Ilro/zkyafla, If. mexicmw, H ova/a, l-!. pen-
lalldra , Ileritiera littoralis, H pm·alla , H eriliera spp. (2), H. IriJo-
This fam ily is found in eastem Asia, Indomalaysia. and south to lima, /-Iermallllia alllijolia, H. braclrymolla, H. cllIuJicalls, H. call-
trop ical Austra lia as well as in eastern North America. didissima, H comosa , H. clIneijalia, H. depressa, H. desertonllll,
The genus Slelllol/a is the source of insecticidal princ iples; alka- H. flal1lmea, H. jloribwuJa, H gellicll/ala, H. gerrardii. H g lalldu-
loids have becn reported from S(emolla and Cmomia. Three species ligera, H Jrofosericea, H. Iryssop i/olio, H. lacera, H mariae,
of StelllOlUl (s. alistraliclIIa, S. sessilijolia, and S. tuberosa) gave 11. modesla, if. IIII1C1'Olllllala. H. pal/ellS, H prislIlacocmpa, H. rese-
pos iti ve tests; the last two were known earlier.
diflora, H. sacci/era, H saliliJolia, H temijo/ia, I/. tigreellsis.
H. Irallsvaa/ellsis, I I. trijim:a, H. I'emicala, Keralldrellia illlegrijo-
STERCULIACEAE lia , Kieilllrovia IlOspila, Mel/wl/ia OCUli/illata, M. didyma, M. fo rbe-
72 gen era; 1,500 s!Jedes sli, M. linearijolia, M. pros/rala. M. ralldit, Me/oellia aculeata,
M. cOllcalollala, Melocllia sp., M: IIlIIbeifata, PlerocymbiulII becca-
Flourishing in wann and tropica l areas with a few in temperate ril, P. IteteroplIylfutl1, Scaphilllll heccarialllllll, Sterculia caribbaea,
zones, the Stcrculiaceac yield chocolate (cacao), cola nuts, timber, S. clemens iae, S. colora la, S. cOlVelllzii, S. filll(liJr o, S. lauri/olia,
and cultivated omamcnta ls. S I/Iurex, S lIubiliJ', S qllaclrijida, S. quil/queloba, S rogers;; , S ter-
Many genera and species contain calfeine and othcr xanlhines. culia sp ., S. w·eIlS, S. viifosa, iheobroma bieolor, 1'. cacao, 1: grall-
Pyrrolidones, pyridones, and pol ypept ide alkaloids arc also found dijlora, r microcarpum, 1'. obovallllll, 111eobroma spp. (2), r spe-
in the family. ciosa, Tlromasia pelalocalyx, Wa"heria brevipes.

•
208 PL4NTALKALOIDS Alk(lloid 7est IksullS 209

the currently important tuxal, a drug of potential use in the treat- known for its content of caffeine. In the present study, three spec ies
ment of certain cancers. The trees otherwise serve as timber and gave positive tests for alkalo ids: Ewya japonica ( 1/6), GOl'dollia
orn<lmenl'als. axillm'is, Te1'11Slroemia chenyi (sometimes in a family of its own,
The genus 'linus has g iven positive a lka loi d tests and taxinc has Ternstroemiaceae). The xanlhines do not give good tests with the
been characteri zed. Dragendorff reagent
In the study reported here, Taxus baccala, T. canadensis (2/2), It may be for this reason that the greater number of tests made in
laxus sp., and T. speciosa, all previolls ly recorded as giving posit ive th is study were negative: Adinondra fUl'lIlosano, A. milletii, Adil1all-
alkaloid lests, were positive. Phyllociadus a/pinus (now assigned to dra spp. (2), BOllnetia sessilis, Camellia brel'istyla, C. caudata,
a unigcneric fam ily, Phyllocladaceae) and Torreya Il!lei/era were C. calldala gracilis, C. japonica, C. nokoensis, C. sasallqua, C. sinen-
also positive. sis, Cleyem jllfegri/olia, C. japonica, C. theaoides, EllIya acumina-
The following were negative: Dacrydium arallcamides, D. bid- la, E. albijlora, E. brassii, E. chinellsis, E. crenatofolia, E. glaberri-
willi, D. cupressjflulIl, D. elatum, D. laxijolilll1l, Phyllociadus glau- ma, E. iepLOphylla, E. rellgechiellsis, Ewya .~p., Gordollia al/omaia,
eus, P /ricllOlllalloides, 7(1XUS baceala pel/duta, Ibrreya taxi/olia. G. iasiall/hlls, Laplacea (= Gordonia) frlllicosa, Neollia sp .,
Pseudoewya (= EllIya) crenati/olio, Sakakia (= Ewya) pselldoca-
mellia, Schima jp., S. stlperba, Stewarlia ovala, S. pseudocamelLia,
TAXODIACEAE Taonabo (= Ternstmemia) occarpa, 1emslmemia brasiliensis,
/0 genera,' 14 species T gymllanthera, T. japonico, T pringlei, 7emstmemio sp., 1: sphon-
dylocmpa, T syivatica, T. tepczapole, Thea (= Camellia) sincllsis,
The family appears to have an uneven distribution, being found Tutcheria (= Pyrenol'ia) shinkoensis.
in North America, central As ia, and Tasmania. Any economic im-
portance is due to timber and cultivated ornamen tals.
One genus, Atluvtaxis, conta ins a lkaloids of the homoerythrina TIIEOPIIRASTACEAE
type. Tests conducted here all 13 samples representing e ight other 5 genera; 90 species
species were negative: Oyplomeria japollica, Metasequoia sp., Se-
quoia scmperl'irens, Seqlloiadendroll gigalllea, Ti.liwania Clyplom- This is an American fami ly supplying timber and some fish
. poisons.
erioides, 1Cixodium ascelldells, T. distichul1l, T lIIucronatlll1l.
A positive alkaloid test for a species of Jucqllinia has been re-
Two of live samples of Sciadopitys verticil/ora were positive.
corded, but four species of that genus and one of C/avija were
negati ve in the tests conducted here: Clavija iallci/olia, Jacquinia
" armi/aris, J. all/Ill/aris, J. aurialltica, J. revo/ala.
TIlEA CEAE
28 gel/era; 520 specic~'
THYMELAEACEAE
This is essentially a tropical family with a few representatives found 50 genera; 720 species
in wann temperate areas. It has been divided into severa! subFamilies
which are treated as separate families by some taxonomists. T he nunily is cosmopolitan b~t especially prevalent in Australia
It is economica lly important as the source often (Camellia sinen- and trop ical Africa. Many species arc toxic due to their content of
sis), some timber, and several ornamentals. coumarin glycosides. Eaollomically important spec ies contribute
Alkaloids have been reported for the 1~lIl1iJy and, of course, tca is timber, incense, liber, and a few ornamenta ls .

•
210 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alkllioitl 'lest Results 2/1

Some genera/species have been reported to give posi ti ve tesls for C. olitorillS, C. pasacllorUIII , C. saxatilis, C. siliquoslIs, C. /ridens,
alka loids, but the fam ily is nol known for tliese constituents. In thi s C. trilocu/ari.\·, C. velutinus, Grewia avellana, G. bicolor, G. bilo!Ja,
survey of 84 sam ples including 1~ species, the fo llowing gave G. glabrescens. G. c{~fJm , G. decemovlllata , G.fa/cistipllla, G. J1a -
positive tests: Arthmsolen (= Cnfdia) polyceplllllus, Daphne mezer* m, G.jlaveseells, G. lasiocarpa. G. lali/olin, G. iael'igata, G. lepi-
cum (previously known), D. rell/sa, LacJuwea densijlofO, LagetUl dopeta/a, C : monticola, G. occidclIUllis. G. pachycalyx, G. n)gcrsii,
lililearia, Lasiosiphon (= Gnidia) sp., Passel';na vulgar;s, Pimelea Grewia robusta, Grewia ~pp. (2), G. slo/Zii, G. subpat/llllaUl.
collilla, Struthiola dodecfllldra, S. leplanlha, S. myrsilliles. G. sll/cata, G. vemicosa. G. vilfosa, HeliocmplIs donel/-smithi;,
The fo llowing were negative: Arthrosolell co/eopella/lls, A. gym· If. oceidenlalis, H. pal/Mus, H. popayallensis, H. terebinlhacetls,
1I0Sf(lcltys, A. microcephalus, A. passel'il/a obtusifolia, A. sericoce- H. veilltinlfs, Hll flfillgia eafabura, Hydl'Ogaster sp., H. /rinervia,
pllll/US , Dais c% niJolia, Daphne ari.wmcnsis, Daphllopsis amer;- Luehea c{lIulitia, L. tiivaricata, L. speciosa, Llihea sp., L. IInif/ora,
Clmtl, D. bela, D. bOl1plandiana, D. fasdclilala, D. mollis, Mo/lia speciosa, Sparmm mia ricillocm pa, Tilia americana, T. cor-
D. racemosa, D. salicifoJia, Dirca palustris, /)mples ericoides, Ed- data, T. hetemphylla, T. houghi, Tjapolliea, T. miqlleliall(l, 1: occi-
geworlltia gameri, E. papyrifera, Edgeworthia sp., El1glerodaplllle del/ talis, TiJia sp., '/ h lllllfetta allhaeoides, T. allg olellsis, T alllIlUl,
(= Gf/idia) {)va/{(olia, Gtlidia capilata, G. krallssiallfl, G. phyltodi- 7: brevipes, 'I: dekindtialla, 1.' digitata , T. disc% r, T. dumetorulII ,
nea, G. cI"y.wlIltlta, G. cluysophylta, G. coriacea, G. geminijlora, 7: falcifera, T. glecJlOII/oides, T. g rmu/ijlora, T. Iteliocmpoides,
G. opposilifoJia, G. po/ystachya, G. sericeae, Gnidia sp., Lasiosi- T. ObOVllitl, 7: pi/o.m, 'I : poiY(JIu/ra, T rhomboitiea, T. sem ilril-
phon Imn:heilii, L. cuffer, L. deserticolu, l.. kraLissialllls, L. meis- aba, T. sander;, Tril/tllfetta .~pp . (3), T. felt uipedullclliata, T. tomen-
lleriallltS, L. polyallfhLls, L. sp{elldells, Leucosmis (= Plwleria) sp., (osa , T welwitschi;, 1: w;'meckimw.
Lophostoma C(lJ/ophyJ/oities, Passeritlll mOlltulla, P. obtusifolia,
p pa/eaeca, P. rigida, P. I1lbm , Peddiea alricalla, P/wleria OCUll/-
dra , P. sorgerensis, Pimelea a/lior, P. congesla, P. deem'a, P. lingtls-
trilla, P. oelopltyJ/a, P se'pyJ/ijo lia, Schoenohihlus gramlijolia, Slru- TRE MANDRACEAE
Ihiola argellfea, S. cilia/(l, S. hirsllta, S. parvijlol'(l, Wikslroemia 3gelleraj 43 species
(lLIs/ratis, W btdiea, W mononectaria, W oa/wellsis.
This small fam ily of temperate Australia is chemically un known.
A sample of Tetratlteea thymi/olia gave a nega tive tcst lor the
l1L1A CEA E
presence of alka loids.
48 g enera; 725 species

This sUbcosmopoiitan fam ily produces onc economiclllly impor-

tan t fi ber, jute, as wc ll as some lim ber and local medici nals.
Alka loids arc known in the fa mily, including hannan derivati ves TR1GON1A CEA E
3 gelleraj
, 26 species
in Grewia. In this survey, the fo llowing were pos it ive: Grewia mi-
crocos (2/2), G. vemico.Wl, Microcos pauiclIlata ( 1/2 ), Tri lllllfetta .
bartramia ( 1/2). The Trigoniaceae constitute a tropica l fam ily of rather uneven
The remain ing species tested were negat ive: A Ithoffia (= li'icho- distribut ion hav ing one genus in Madagascar, one in tropical Amer-
~permllm) pleiostigma, Apeiba aspera, A. schombllrgkii, Be/olia ica and one in wcstern Ma laysia.
(= 7i-iclwsperllllllll) mexicana, CarpoC/iplem (= 8enya) ameliae, Alkaloids are known, but a sample of Trigo llia pubescel/s and
Corclwrus aClilaligullls, C. capsularis, C. COl!fiiSUS, C. kirkii, two of T. nivea were negative.

l
 212 /'LANTALKALOIDS Alkaloid 'lest Results 213

TROCflODENDRA CEAE four species of 7j'pha were negati ve in Ihe tests conducted here:
I gentls; 1-2 species 7: (Illguslijo/ia, T capel/sis, T dOl1l illgLlellsis, 1: lali/ulia.

Ellptelea. placed by some taxonomists in it s own family (Euptc-

leaccac) and Tlvc/wdel/d/'011 arc fou nd in Asia from Korea and
Japan to Taiwan . IsothiocyaTlatcs are presen t, but alkaloid s have not u
been reported. A samp le of E. polyalldra gave a positive tcst; two
samp les of 1I-ochodelldroll aralioides did nol.
ULMACt."AE
16 genera; 140 species
TROPAEOLACEAE
3 gel/erai 88 species Trees of this famil y occur from tropica l 10 chiefl y north temper-
ate areas. They are noted for timber (elm), a medicine (sli ppery elm
T hese are herbs o FCenlra l and South America and alka loid-nega- bark), and ornamen tals.
ti ve as Far as is known. However, OIlC sample o f 1iupaeolelllllll111jlls Occasional reports o r the presence o f alkaloids havc appeared and
gave II pos iti ve test. alkaloidli ke substances have been noted in a few of the species. Ln
this study, 56 samples representing 33 species were tested and gave
but three positive results: Ce/tis!ormosana ( 112), C. mi.\:<;i.miwiellsis,
TURNERACt."A E' Ulmus americal/a (112). The rest of the samp les were negative: Am-
10 gel/era; 110 !l]Jccies pelocem holllei, Celtis a[ricfllla , c. {llllbylophylla, C. caudata,
C. igua/lea, C. Jacl'igllill, C. monoica, C. occidenlalis, C. paJ/ida,
T his famil y o f the wann and tropical areas of America and Africa C. reticulata, C. sinensis, C. [tiflom, CJwetachme aristata, GitVfI-
contains a few alka loid-positi ve species, including 1imlera, which lIiera celtidi/o!ia , HemlINe/co davidii, MyriocG'1](I /ollg ipes, 1}-ema
contains caffeine. (llllboillCnsis, 1: c(l/mabilla , T. j loridalla, T. gfliJlCCIISis. 1: micrlllll/ta,
Tumera ulmijiJlia, known 10 be alka loidal , was al so round 10 be 7: oriemalis.Ulmus}illva.U.parvilolia.U.sCl.Otillfl. Ulmus sp_,
so in this study (1 /4), while ot her representatives or the rami ly were U. thomasii, U. uyemarslIi, Zelkova serra/a .
negati ve: Piriqueta capensis, P. camlillillllfl, P. cistoides, Piriqflelll
sp., Tumem dll]il.'ia, 1imlera helemphylla, limzera /j1J., WOl"lIlskio/-
dia lobata, JY. /ollgipetillllcllla/a. UMIJE LLIFE RAE
418 gellera; 3, 100 species

TYPflACEAE The ramily is cos mopo litan with concentration in areas or the
} genus; 10-/2 .V1ede.\· nOl1h temperate zone and tropical mountai ns. They arc mostly herbs
imp0l1ant as food s and na vors (celery, carrols, fe nnel , caraway,
These arc coslllopoli lml marsh plants which have been used in aniseed, etc.); COllium is tox i£.
local constlllction as well as food and medi cine. A few members contain alka loids and seve ral or these have been
Posili ve tests fo r alka loids ha ve been notcd ror a few species, but characterizcd. Onl y a fe w or the species which gave positive tests in
apparently they have not yet been characterized_ Ten samp les of this study were known to be alkaloida l frolll previous stud ies: Ammi
 214 PLANT ALKALOIDS Alk(lloid Test Results 215

lIIajlls , ApiulII ieplophylfllm (113), OCilla doug/asjj, ConiulII macu- S. suave, 70flshia arguUl , 7: lIIulicOII/is, 1: parishii, Tori/is japoni-
la/tllII, SalliclIlll 1II11l"iJ(fll(/ica (212). CllS, Trochymene adellodes. T miakel/sis, T. glollcijolia, 7: I1ovogui-
Other pos iti ve species included: Angelica vcnllosa,Alletllll111 gra- lIeelisis, 1: roSIl/(lIIS, T. salliclliae/o/ia, Ziz;a aptera.
veD/ells, Arc}ulIlgelica (= Angelic"a ) gmelini, Ciclita IIJlIel/law ( 112),
E,Yllgium bOllrga/i, HeteroIllOl]J/w arborescclIs, 11. Irifoliala ( 113), URTICACEAE
Lefebvrea sp., L welwj(chii, LicJ1Iellsteinia lacera, Peucedallum 52 gellem; 1,050 specie.,·
capel/sf!, P galb(l1l11l1J, P. mlll/imdjall/lIl, RhyricarpIIs dij[ormis, Sa-
llieu/a cmuulclIsis, Selillt/It! lelluijo/iul/I, Sreganotaellia arUacea The family is essentially tropical w ith a rew tcmpcrate species
(112), 1llllshia/wrlwegii, Thaspiul1I barhillode (9/ 11). ramiliar as "stinging nettles," which o Oell produce painful se n sa~
T he fo ll owi ng were nega tive: Afepidea amlllymbica, A. gracilis, tions on contact with the leaves. Otherwise fibers (ramie) and a rew
A. seJi/era, Apilllll graveo/ells, A. prostratum, ApiulII sp., Arc/opus edible leaves arc known in the ramily.
echillllfliS, Arracia alroplllpurea. Arthrisclis SCfllldic:ilw, /Jerula Not much is known of it s chemistry. Positive lests fo r alka loids
III11f1helgii, Bllplel/rum kaoi, B. l/Ill/wtit', Callcali!i pedllllclllata, have been obtained in severa l species: 5-hydroxytrypta mi nc has
Cel/tella asiatica, C. coriacea, C. jlex//osa, C. [liSCO, C. gfabrata,' been identified in Ul'lic:n; the substance responsibl e for the burning
C. m(l(Iag(M·cariellsi.~·. C. virga/a, Clweropliy/lulII laill[urieri, C"am~ scnsation from th e leaves of Lapartea is n complex octapeptide;
mae/e t/ecllmbem.·, CiclI/a mexicallo, Cllie/il/lII [or/llOS(llllllll, COI/~ piperidine derivatives are round in lhe family as well.
ium c/werophylfoides, Clyplo/(lellia canadensis, Dm/clls carolll, In the tests conductcd on 102 samples of 74 spec ies, the follow ~
D. plisilfllS, Diplolophillm sWYllllertollii, D. zlImbesialllllll , E,yn- ing were positive: Boelimeria cal/dolll (2/3), B. cyfim/ric(l (pre-
gil/m aqllaticlIl1I, E. aromaticum, E. beecheria,,"m, E. bOllplmulii, viously known) (3/3), Boehmeria .'11", B. spica/(l, B. IIlmifi)/ia ,
E. callalicli/alllm, E. carlil/ae, E. challlissollis, E. [oe/idllm , E. [ro- COllssapo(l orlllOl/elJra, COllssapoa SfJ., Cypho!ophus [riesimlUs,
toeflorum, E. ghiesbregtii, E. gracile, E. heteropliylllll1l, E. mOl1oce- Cypholop/l!ls sp., My rialll/lUs nrborells, Pariewria permsy/vanic:a.
plw/ulII, E. pectillallll1l, E. protaejlo1'll1l1, E. rojasii, E. serratllm, Negati ve resu lts were obtained on testing the following: Boell-
J::ryl/gilll1l spp. ( 13), E. spargllllophyllllm, E. slel/ophyllulII, E. yuc- merjll densij1ora , B. nivea, B. plalyphyJlll, B. ramij1ora, B. rugll/O·
CijOlillll/, Foel/icll/llm vil/gare, Herae/ewlI iwwtlllll, Henllo.\· depall- sa, B. spicala, /Jrosimllm sp .• Cecropia hl/real/jalla, C. (iel/epl/s ,
. perala, HetelVlllorplw illvo/ucrata, H. kassl/eri, H. mmsllaalellsis, C. mexiCOI/O, C. pellata, C. schiedi(tlw, Cecropia spp. (3), COllssa-
Hydrocotyle americana, I-J. asiatica, H hellglletellsis, H bOlwriell- poa asperifo/ia, C. illtermeditt, C. /atijolia, C. schottii, COlIssapo(l
sis, H liirta , H jawlIlica, N. iellcoceplwlia, H l'llIIIII/CIi/oides, sp., Cypho!oplllls pelt(l/(l, Debregeas ja edltJis, Elatosfemo herha-
H. sibthOll)oides, Hydl'Ocolyle !ip., Le[ebvrea sll/hill/OllllU, Loma- ceijolium, Flewya alatipes, F gmss(l, F. illterrupta, F. mitis,
lilllll lIIo/Ulvense, I.. torreyi, Myrrhis ot/orata, Neolle/.wmia (lC/III/;- Forskahlea cmuJit/a, Laportea crellulata, L. t/eclllllalla, 1.. pllOtillo-
11010, Oemllllhe bel/glla/ensis, a.Iineoris, O,.eomyrr"i.~' (lndico/a, pllylla, L. Pus/u{osa, Lellcosyke capitellata, Maolllia selm'a,
a. papllfllw, 0. pllm ilo, Osmorrltiza aristota, 0. asiatica, O. claYlo- Missiessya .~1)., Myriocmpa /ollgipes, NWlOcllide japolliclIlIl,
IIi, 0. oecj{fell/alis, OAypolis filijormis, a. greenmollii, Pasrill(lca NOl/cheopsis afT. caisllellra, Parietaria debilis, Pellea lIIu/ro-
saliva, Perit/eridia bo/anderi, P. oregana, PetroselbwlII crisplIIII, IIIe(/oe/olia, Pellnllio radic(ms, P. scobra, Pllellax sOl/nero/ii,
Pellcedolllllll cajJrulll, P. eye/esii, P /ormosom/III , R japolliclIlII, Pi/ea brevicol'llllta, P pep/oides, P pubescells, P. pllmifa,
PimpineJ/a becha/lol/ii, P Imillel/sis, P. flitakayalllel1sis, Pillmm - Pi/eo ~1)p. (2), P. stipu!osa, P. Iril/ervin, Piptlll'lIs albil/IIS, Poi-
/hos aphyJ/us, Plaiysace valida, Ptel),xia petraea, P. terebill/hil/o, kilosperllllllll sp., Puliollia s cabra, POllroUl/Ill (l(;u/ij/om, 1'0"1'-
Plilillium eopi/laceum, Sal/iell/a elata, S. /alllelligera, Sallic//(a sp .• Ollma cecropiae/o/ia, POllrOllma spp. (2), PO/lzo/Zia e1egam',
S. lllberosa, Se/illlllll c(lpile/lal/lm , S. japolliclIlII, Silllll repfllufrulII, P. hypolellcll, P. palmeri, P. parasitica, P pental/dra, P. zey/ol/ico,

L.
216 PI..ANTAU(;ILOfDS Alkaloid "lest UesIIIIS 217

Procris laevigatu. ROllsselia i1um ilis, 1ollc/umlia tali/olia, Urera VE/IBENACEAE

alceifolia, U. baccijera, U. C(lnlcasana, U. tellllX, U. woodii, Url iClI 9 1 gel/era; 1, 900 spedes
chamaedoide,Y, U. dioica, U. pilulifera. U. !J]Jallllllota, U. IIre llS .
Cecropia, Coussapoa, MYl'icllltlllls, POikilo,\'penmllll, and POI/-
IVI/II/a have been plnccd in a separate fami ly. Cccropiaccae, by
There arc a few tcmperate representatives of this family, which is
some authorities. \ otherw ise trop icul. It is best known, pcrhaps, fo r teak and weedy
plants (Lallialla).
A va riety of a lkaloidal stnlc ill res have been identiliell in the
fam ily, known positive plants having included CilharexY/llm illerme
v ( 1/4), Durell/ta repellS (2/3), Lall/alta camara (21 14), Verbena offi·
c:illa/is (3/5), ,lIld V. lI"ifuliu (2/3), which werc also posit ive when
tested in this study. Other alka loid-positi ve species were the fol·
lowing: Aegiphila brachia/a, Aloysia lycmides ( 1/6), Avice/mia
VAL ERIANACEAE germillons, A. murilla, A. lIilida (116), Ca/lica'l}a japo/lica (113) ,
17 genera; 400 .+;p ecie.\' C. pedull culata, Callicarpa sp. (112), ClwscallulII garipellse, Ciio.\··
call1lm J]J., C. schlecteri, Cifhal"exyilim myriall/lwlII (113), c. cocci·
Th is is a cosmo politan fam ily but il is found especially in north Ileum, C. g /abl1lm ( 112), C. il/diclts ( 1/2), c. kmceo/alulII, C. triclto·
temperate areas and the Andes of Sout h America. Most arc ga rden t OIl/WII , Lal/lalla arislata, Lippia caJlicOfpae/o/ia (113). Lippia sp.

plants though some are edible, and Va/eri(ma is medicinall y used. (1 / 12), Newcaslelia sp odiotrielw , Premlla spillosa. Privia sp. jude!.,
Iridoid alka loids have been recognized in the Fam ily. In lhis Swchytarphela sp. (1 /2), Verbella recta ( 1/3), Vitex augus-eastus,
study, the following were positive: Nardos/achys jatalllatl!J'j (212), V. amhoillellsis, V luceus, V. we/wilchii.
Va lerialla capifllta, V. cera/opliy/la, ,~ ciematiliJ· (212), Vtlieriana A large number of the samp les tested were negati ve: Aegiphila
sp. indel. ( 1/3), V. urlicae/olia ( 112), V. vagilla/a. jilijJes, A. i/ltegrifulill, A. illtermedia, A. lItO/skial/o, A. obducla,
Negative tests were obtained from the fo llowing: As/rephio A. pe'plexa, A. racemosa, Aegiphila spp. (2), A. verticilJaw, A/oysia
chaerophylloides, Cel/trallth/ls mber, Palrillia villosa, Triplostegja ob/o/lgeo/ala, A. polygalae/olia, A. pli/chra, A. virga/a, Amasoltia
gltllldulifera, Valeriallo //I exicalla , V. palmeri, V. scam/ells, V. sorbi· flino, A. campestris, Avieel/llia officiI/a lis, A . I"csillijera, A. schauer·
/olia, Valerial/ella sp. imw, J.Jullcheo jlwllinellsis, B. prismatiea, COllicatlJa americana,
C.low·jeri, C. 11IJdijIora, C. pilosissima, C. ralldlliellSe, Cw),opteris
wallichiallo, ChascQmlm hederacellm , C. la/i/oliulII, C. pilllloliji·
dum, Ch/o(Jlllhes parvijIora, Cit/wrexyllllll affine, e. ellipliclllIJ,
VELLOZ IACEAE Cj;-,l/icosu/1/ , C lllCidul1I, C. /yeoides, C. u/eimuII , C. oVQtifoliullt,
6 gel/era; 151 species C. poeppigii, C. solallaccllm , C. spillosum, ClelVdel1dl"Ol1 buelmeri,
e. bllngei, e. c/Jlptophy llulIl, C. discv/or, C. floribwu/um , c. forlu-
Members of this fam ily are found in Sou th Ame rica, Africa, 1It1l1lm, C./ragrnns, C. inerme, C. ill/ortwUttum, C. Ill/tal/S, C. pall·
Madagascar, and southern Arabia. icu/aillm , C. t/roll/.m/we, C. Iripflylllllll, C. speciosissilllll , C. syplw-
Alka loids are 1I0t known in (he family. llositive tests were ob· /lflllillus , C. ((lIIgallikellse, C.Joxicarium , C. Ilgalldensis, C. lViidii,
!ailled here with Vel/ozia humilis and V /ithophy/la , but the fo llow· COllgell lomell toStl, C. Vel1{ulillO, COl"llllfio gnmdi/olia, Dicrastylis
ing spccies of" the same gt:nus were ncgati ve: V. equiseloitles, eXSllceosa, Durell/fa sp., D. stellopflylla, D. vesti/a, Famda)'ll splell·
I~ illtermedia, V. relillervis, Veilvzia spp. (6). elida , GmelilUt llrborea, G. el1iplic(l, G. mOIIlCCtlIlO, G. smithii,
 218 PI.ANTALKALOIDS Alkaloid Test Ues/llts 2/9

Holmskioldia sal/guinea, 1-1. !lpillescens, H tettellsis, Lantana achy- Negative tests were obtained with the following: Amphirrox fO!1-
I'(JlIlhijo/ia, L. fuca/a, L. hi.\pida, L. •horrida, L. il/volt/crata, gifolia, Anchietea sa/u/aris, Corynostylis arborea, C. excelsa,
L. lockhartii, L. /1/(/cropoda, L. mQlIlenidensis, L. rugosa, L. salvi/o- C. hibanthus, Hyhalllhus bigibboslIs, H. commrlllis, H. enneasper-
lia, L. sellOlviono, Lantana spp', ( II), L. tiliae/alia, L. trijolia, lilliS, H.jilijorm is, H ipecacll<llrha, H mexicalllls, J-T. verbel/(Icells,
L. ve/utillu, Lippia arborea, L. barbata, L. her/andieri, L. cllIysan- H verticil/atus, J-T. yucalanensis, Hymellllnfhera latijolio, Melicytus
!lw, L. cilriodora, L. grata, L. graveofcns, L. IIirta, L. hypo/eia, lancelo/aills, M. ramiflorus, Noisetlia orchidij/ora, Paypamlll
L. javal/iea, L. /upulacea, 1... illpliUna, L. micromera, L. l1odijlora, grandiflom, P. guianellsis, R. macrocmpa, Rinorea alT. macmcal'-
L. obscum, L. rehmannii, L. scaherrima, L. tlImerijoliu, L. lImbe/- pa, R. glliallellsh;, R. passoura, R. piloslIla, Rinorea sp., Viola ahys-
lata, L. wilmsii, Oxera sp., Petrea arborea, Petrea zanguebarica, sinica, V arcuala, V arvensis, V. betonicifolia, V cerasijolia,
P. vo/ubilis, Phyla betulif()iia, PrelllJl(l barbara, P. "abacea, V dilfusa, V. flabellifonhis, V. grahami, V incoll.\picua, V kifaibe-
P integrifolia, P. modfensis, Priva grmu/ijlora, P. lappulacea, liana, V iagaipensis, V. lanceo/ala, V oblunga, V. pet/ala, V. penn-
I~ fIIc:cicafla, Pygmaeopremna (= Premna) sessififolia, Stachytar- sylvanica, V primulifolia, V saggifllta, V sororia, V. striata,
pheta aCllmillata, S. albiJlora, S cayellnensis, S coccinea, S jamai- V. laiwanicma.
cells is, S. glabra, S. indica, S jamaicensis, S. lactea, S, maxmflliani;
S. mutabilis, S. sellowiana, S trispicata, S urticaejolia, Stilbe eri-
VITACEAE
coides, 1cctona grandis, Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii, Verbena
ambrosifolia, V. all/oena, V. bonariensis, V. brasiliensis, V. caro/i- 13 genera,· 800 species
!liana, V. ciliata, V. dusellii, Velegans, V. halef, V hastata, V. hirta, This is esse ntially a family of tropical to warm regions wi th
V. lasiostachys, V. littoralis, V ma/mel, V neomexicana hirtella, extension into temperate areas (grapes). The fermented juice of the
V. phlozij1ora, V. pumila, V. rigjda, V. scabra, Verbena ~pp. (7), grape has been known since ancient times and cultivated variet ies
V urticifiJlia, Vitex acumillata, V. altissima, V capi/ala, V colas-
of the fmit are many. Otherwise, the family is known for some
SllS, Vjlavens, V harveyalla, V helms/eyi, V megaporamia, V mal-
hOLlse plants.
lis, V mombassae, V montevidensis, V lIegrltldo, I( orinocensis, Positive tests for the presence of alkaloids have been fec'orded,
V. parvijlora, V payos, V polygama, V. pyramidata, V quinata,
but these are not significant contributions to the chemistry of the
" Vitex spp. (4), V. spongiocarpa, V wilmsii, V zeyheri.
family.
In the studies reported here, the following gave positive tests:
VIOLACEAE Cissus sp. (118), Cyphostemma congestum, Leea maniJ/ellsis (now
28 gerlera; 830 species in a family of its own, Leeaceac).
Negative tests were given by the foll owing: Ampefocisslis {(jiica-
The viol ets are cosmopolitan with Viola temperate. They include !la, A. obtusata, Ampe/opsis arbol'ea, A. brevipedulIcu/ota, A. can-
a few sources of medicinals and perfume oils, but most are valued COlijellsis, A. cordata, Cayratea graciliS, Cissus com(/olia, C. erosa,
as garden plants. C. gOllgyloides, C. grisea, C quadallgularis, C. guerkemw, C. hae-
Liule chemical work has been done On the family. Reports orthe matan/lra, C. Iwmilis, C. intergrifo/ia, C. pelio/ata, C. rhodesioe,
presence of the alkaloids exist, and an odd amide has been identi- C. rhombifolia, C. I'Otundifo/ius, C. schmitzii, C. sicyoides, C. sim-
fied in Hybanthus. siano, C. we/wi/schU, Cyphostemma an{Jlomica, C. bororense,
Tests were done on 67 samples representing 51 spec ies with the C. cirrhoslIlII, C. erotalar-ioides, C. gigantophyllulIl, C. graniliculI1,
follow ing positive: Alsodeia (= Rinorea) ~p., Hybantllll.l' ca/ceo/a- C. kerkvoordei, C. fanigerus, C. milbraedii, C. obovato-ohlongum,
ria, fl. polygai(fo/ium, Viola glabella, Viola Sp. (1 14). C. sandel:50nii, Cyphostemma sp., C. .~pinopilosllm, C. subciliolrlm,

L
220 PLANTALKALOJDS Alkllfoid "lesl UeslillS 221

C. 1'(JIllleeiii, C. viscosum, C. woodii, Leea coccillea, L. hirta-acllta ,

L. m(lcrophyl/a, L. indica, L. sambucilla, Paralhellocis,<;us quil/que-
folia, P. tricuspidata , RhoicissliS clmeijolia, R. digi((lw, R. re voi/ii.
x
I? rhomboidea. R. tomentosa, R. tridemala, nUl'{lsligma gor/llos(I-
X4 N TIIOPHYLLACEAE
na, T. umbel/ala, T lIomerelisis, Vilis aurfeu/ala, V. blanco,
J gentls; 93 species
V. cali/ornica, V jlexuosa, V. fori/olia , V. limllacea, V. quadrangula-
ris, V. repel/s, Vitis spp. (2), V. vu/pilla. ' T his monogeneric family is Indo-Malaysian. Alkaloids a rc not
known nor were they fou nd in three samples of Xalllhophylllll1l
papua/will.
VOCHYSIA CEA E
7 g ellem ; 210 !lpccies
XA N 11l0RRflOEA CEAE
This is a fam ily of tropical Ameri ca and West Africa. [I is not of 9 genera; 60 species
economic imporlance. Vochysine, a pyrro lidi ne-substillilcd fl avo-
no id, has been identi fi ed in the fruits ofti ve species o f Vochysia. The fa mily is found from Austra lia to New G uinea and New
Vochysia guialleflsis was found positive in thi s study whil e Cal- Ca ledo nia. Alka loids are no t known. Lomandra ballksii and L. di.f
listhclle ,~p., Qua/ea aeuminala, Q. a/bijlora, Q. eeru/ea, Qua/eo f usa were negative.
spp. (3), Salver/ia eomallariodora, and the fo llowing species of
Vochys ia were not: V bl/a/cala, V divergells, Velliptic(l, V immda- XYRIDACEA E
ta, V. pO/YOllf/l(1, V magnifica, V. /"IIfa , Vochysia spp. ( J8), V. IllcmlO- 5 gellertl ; 260 lp ecie.\'
rum, V rhyrsoidea.
T here are a few temperate species in this fam ily but it is other·
wise confi ned to trop ical and w;:tnn areas. Two species of Xyris are
w used as aquarium plants.
The chemistry of this small fami ly is not well known ; alka loid s
have not bee n reported nor were they fou nd in Abo/boda macrosta-
cllys, Abolboda sp., Xy ri.'i calY)lillimUl , X. fimbrjalu, and two Ull-
WIN TERA CEAE identified species o f Xyris.
5 gellera; 60 species

The members of this fa mily are scattered ill Sou th A merica,

Au stra lia, New G ui nea, and the soutnwe's lern Pacific wil h one ge- z
nus/spec ies in Madagasca r. O ne genus, 'Drimys, is cultivated, but
rarel y. ZAMIA CEAE
Two spec ies of Drimys have been reported 10 cOllta in a lkaloids
8 g ell era,' 100 !ljJecie,\'
but fou r others (D. buxijolia, Drimys spp. [2], and D. lVillleri) a long ,
with Bubbia SjJ. and PseudolVilltera colourata did not. These cycads of the trop ical and warm areas of A merica, Afri ca,
A sa mple or Dubbia (= Zygogynum) mgelllea gave a positive and Australia contain a tox ic princ ipa l macrozamine, which is car·
test. cinogenic .

•
222 PLANTALKAL01J)S Alkaloid 'lest ResllllJ 223

Alkaloids were not detected in the following: Bowel/fa spectabi- dile spartea (112), Tribllllls excmcia1ls, 1hbu/Lls !Jp., Tribuills lel'-
lis, I!:lIcephalartos aitellstei"ii. E. laurifolius, Lepidozamia pervjJ- l-eslris, Zygophyl/ll111 gi/fiI/(l1Ii, Zygophyll/llll sp.
SkYWIlI, Macrozemia hopei, StClflJ{cria erioplIs (sometimes in a fam- Negative tests were given by the followi ng: Balanites acgyplica,
ily of its own, Stangeriaceae). Zamia sp., Zamia spar/ea. Fagon/a cali/ol'llica, GLiiacllm cOIII/eri, Kallstroemia maxima, La/'~
rea divarica/a, Nilraria schoberi, Sericodes gl-eggii, Trib/lJ/ls cis-
toides, T terreslris, T zeyhcl'i, Zygophyllllm cLinei/oliulII, Z. flexllo-
Z1NG1RERACEAE Slllll, Z. jmlicosu/ul1I, Z. fit/VI/III, Z. iodocal'pLlI1l, Z. l1Iorgsana ,
53 genera; J,300 ~1}ecies Z. Simplex, Z. SpiIl0SIll1l ~Z. sujJruticoslim.

The ginger fam ily is tropical and especially prominent in Indo-

Ma laysia. It is known for the familiar spice as well as aromatic oi ls.
SOUle mcmbe rs are lIsed as ornamentals.
Alkaloids have not been observed in the fam ily. Positive lesls,
given hy the fo llow ing are likel y due, al leas! in part, to nonnitroge-
!lOllS substances react in g with the Dmgendorll" reagent, which has
been observed in mally ot her cases: AJromolllll1ll me/egt/eta, CurCt/-
ma zoedal'ia (1 /2 ), J-1edychium coronariwlI ( 1/4), Zingiber cassu-
IIII11UII', Z. officinale.
Negati ve tests were obta ined with the following spec ies: Alpinia
ke/ugellsis , A. pwpurata, Alpinia sp., A. speciosa, CO.\'tIlS brasilien-
s is, C. lasifls, C. speciosus, COSlllS spp. (3), C. spicatlls, Curcullla
Jonga, Elalfel'ia cardalllolllllm , Globba manU/lilia, f/ol'llstedtia
schottialla, Kaemp!eria rosea, Rel/etl/mio ommarica, R. exal/ata,
R. larivaginata, R. IOllgipes, Zillgibel' sp.

ZYGOPfIYLLACEAE
27 gel/ era; 250 specie.\·

Tropical and wann, especially arid regions are home to the Zygo-
phyllaceac r They are sometimes halophilic. Timber (l ignum-vi tae),
wax, some med ici nals, dyes, and ornamenta ls constitute their eco-
nomic import<l llce.
Alka loid tests previously reported posit ive for Pegmlllm mexica-
Ill/m (2/2) and POl'lieria allgllsti/o/ia ( 112) were confirmed in the
tests reported here. In addition, the fo ll owi ng posi tives were ob-
served: Balallites (llIslralis, B. mallgJwmii, B. roxburghii, GliiaclIIII
.WU/Cllllll, /,an-ea tridelllaia (1/3), Morkillia mexicana (1 /2), Sisyn-

L
 Appendix

Samples tested in this study were deposited in or, in the ca!>c of com-
mon species, identified by the following herbaria:

AK Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland, New Zealand;

South Pacific including Fiji, Samoa, New Caledonia, Lord
Howe and Norfolk Islands.

AMAZ Herbario, Univcrsidi\d Nacional de In Amazonia Pcruana, Iqui .

tos. .

AMES Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard Uni versity, Cam-

bridge, MassachusclIs.

ARN Herbarium, Arnold Arboretum, Harvard Un iversi ty, Cam-

bridge, Massacllusetts.

BHCB Herbaria, Dept. de Botanica, leB, Uclo Horizolllc, Brazil.

BISH Herbarium, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.

CANB Australian National Herbarium, Con berra.

COL Herbario Nacional Colombiano, inslilulo de Cicncias Nat u ~

rales, Bogota.

ENCB Hcrbario, lnstituto Politccnico Nacional de Mexico, Mexico

City; D.F.
"
ENT Herbarium, Forest Department, Entcbbe, Uganda.

FLAS Herbarium, University of Florida, Gaincsville, Flori da.

FTG
'.
Herbarium, Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami. Florida.

225

•
226 PLANT ALKALOI DS Appendix 227

011 Gray Herbarium of Harvard Universi ty. Cambridge, Massa- Collect ions made in southern Brazil arc in Herbario Hatschbach,
chusctts. ' Curi tiba, Parana, Brazil, a private herbarium not listed in Index
Herbariorum . Some West A frican co llections were made under the
11K I-long Kong Herbarium, Kowloon, '-long Kong. auspices of the Chelsea College of Scicnce and Technology, Loll-
don. Some of the sout hern Mexican plants wcre collected and iden-
IAN Herb"ario, Instiluto Naciona l Agron6mico do Norte, 13clcm, tified by the latc Donald Cox, Oaxaca.
Brazi l.

INPA Herbaria, Insti tuto Nac ional (Ie Pcsq uisas de AmazonicH, Man-
aus, I1razil.

LA Ilcrbarium, Biology Department, University of Cali fo rnia at

Los Angeles, Californ ia.

MEXU Herbaria, Inst ituto Botanico, Uni vcrsidad Nacional de Mexico;

Mexico C ity, D.F.

MOAR Herbarium, Morris Arborcnun, Philadelphia, Pcnnsylvani:1.

NI!RC Herbarium, New England Botan ical Cluh, Cambridge, Massa-

chusetts.

NY New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, Dronx, New York.

PRE Nalional l-lcrbarium, Pretoria, South Africa.

RB Ilcrblirio. Jardim Botan ico, Rio de Janeiro, Ol1lzi l.

SING Herbariulll, Botanical Gardens, Singapore.

SJ I-Ierbdrio, Departmento de Rccursos Naturales, Puerla de Tier-

ra, Puerto Rico.

SRGH ~atio n a l Herba ri um and Botan ical Garden, Harare, Zimbabwe.

TAN Ilerbier, Department Rotanic]1 lc Antananarivo, MAdAgascar.

TR IN Nat iona l Herbarium, Trinidad and Tobago, St. August ine,

Trinid<ld.

UCWI Herbarium. Un iversity of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston,

Jamaic;:\.

L
 Bibliography

Major references to plant sources or the known alkaloids.

Abisch, E. and T. Reichstein, Helvetica Chill/iea Acta. 43 ( 1960)
p. 1844.
Balick, M. 1., L. Rivicr, and T Plowman, Journal of Etlmoplwr-
macology 6 ( 1982) p. 287.
Collins, D. J., C. C. J. C ul vcnor. J. A. Lamberton, J. W. Loder, and
J. R. Price, Plalllsfor Medicines: A Chemical and P/wrllloc%gi-
cal Survey of the Plalils oj the Australian Region. C.S.t R O.
Australia, Melbourne, 1990.
Farnsworth, N. R., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 33 ( 1966)
p.225.
Gibbs, R. D., Chemotaxol/o/llY of Flowering Plallls, Vo ls. I-IV.
McGill-Queen 's Un ivers ity Press, Montreal, London 1974.
Habib, A. M., Journal a/Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (1980) p. 37.
Hegnauer. R., Chemolaxonomie der Pflanzen, Vois. 1-9. Birkhauser
Verlag, Basel, 1962- 1990.
Holmgren, P. K, N. 1-1. Holmgren, and L. C. Barnett, IlIde..x Herba-
riorum, 8th Edi tion, Part I. New York Botanica l Ga rdcn, Bronx,
NY 1990.
Lawre nce, G. H. M., ](lXollomy oj Vascular Plallts, Macmillan , NY,
195 1. .
Mabherlcy, D. 1., 111e Plalli Book, Cambridge University Press,
1989.
\ Philippson, J. D., Phyloc!wmisllY 21 (1982) p. 244 1.
RafTauf~ R.F., Economic BotallY 16 (1962) p. 17 1.
_ _ , Lloydia 25 ( 1962a) p. 255.
--:=_' Halldbook of Alkaloids alld Alkaloid-Col/Willing Planls.
Wi ley Interscicllcc, New York. 1970.
Raffaur. R. F.. and S. von R. Aft schul , Economic Botany 22 ( 1968).
p. 267.
229
230 I'LANTALKALOfDS

Schultes, R. E. and R. E RafTauf, The Healing Fores/. Dioscorides

Press, Portland, 1990.
Southo n, I. W. and J. Buck ingham;., Dicliollmy of Alkaloids. Chap- Generic Index
man and Hall, London, New York, 1989.
The Alkaloids (several cds.), Vols. 1-39, Academic Press, Orlando,
New York, 1950- 1990.
Ab~copteris, 94 Acisanthcnl, 139
Webb, L. J , All Australian Phytochemical Survey, Bu llet ins 24 1
Abalia,94 Aclcisanthcs, 150
(1949),268 (1952) C.S .l.R.O. Australia, MclboUlllc. Abel ia ,40 ., Acmadenia, 190
Willaman, J 1. and B. Schubert, Alkaloid-Bearing Plallts and Tlteir Abcri~, 94 Acmena, 148
Contained Alkaloids. U.S.D.A.lAR.S. Tech. Bull. 1234. Wash- Abies, 168 Acnida.12
ington, DC, 196 1. AbolbodA,221 Acokanthcm, 17
Willaman, J J and H. L. Li, Alkaloid-Bearing Plants and Their Abroma, 205 Aconitum, 178
Abrolli~, 150 Aconus,21
Contained Alkaloids. Lloydia 33 (1970) p. I. Abrus, 116,1 17 Acranthcra, 184,186
Will is, J. C, Diclionory of Flowering Plants and Ferns. Student cd., Abula, 142 Acridocarpus, 136
Cambridge U nivers ity Press, 1985. Abuliloll, 137 Acriopsis, 156
Acacia, 116,117,119 Acrocephal us, lit
Acacna, 182 Acrodicl idiulll , 11 5
Acalyphll,82,83 Acrolophia, 156
Acampc, 156 Acroslichum,93
Acanthclla, 139 Actaea, 179
Acanlhoccphalus,50 Actinidi:l,7
Acanthohippum, 156 Actinochcita,I4
Acanthopanax,22 AClinod~phne, 114,115
AC<lnthopsis,4 Actinomcris, 54
Acanthospenmnn, 49,50,54 Adansonia , 3 1
Acanthothamnus,43 Adclbotrys, 139
Acanthus, 3,4 Adelia, 83
Accr, 6,7 Adenandra, 189,190
Accralimn,77 Adenanthem, 119
Achactogcron,54 Adenaria, 134
Achatocarpus, 168 Adcnia, 166
Achillea, 49,54 Adcnium, 18
Achimcnc,98 Adclloc:mlon, 54
Achlys,28 Adenoclinc, 8]
Achms, 194 Adcnocos, 156
Achronychi(l , 189,190 AdcnopapPlls, 54
AchyrAnthcs, 12 Adcnosmll,4,197
Achyrocl inc,54 Adenostcmma, 54
Achyropsis, 12 Adcnostcplmnus, 176
Acineta, 156 Adenostoma, 182
Aciolis, 139 Adcsmia, t 19

231
 Gencric Index 23J
232 PLANT ALKA LOIDS

Alsophila,89 Anacall1pseros, 175

Adlmtooa.3,4 Ajuga, I II
Alstonia, 17 Anacardiu11I, 14
Adialltum, 87 Akcbia, 114
Ahlroemcria, 11 Anacolosa, 152
Adi na, 186 A langiulIl, 10
Altenlllnthcm,12 Anacyclus,54
Adinandrn,209 Albizia, 117,1 19
Althollia. 210 Anagallis, 175
Adiscanlhus. 190 Albuca. 128
A1chcmilla, 182 Alvaradoa, 199 Ammas,34
Adolphia, 180
A1chomea, 82,83 Aivesia, 111 Anap:llina, 108
Adonis, 179
. A1chomeopsis, 82 Alyssum, 68 Anaph:llis,54
Adriana, R3
Aldama, ,4 AlY.Ilia, 17,18 An:lslrnbe, 197
Acclima,34
Aldina , 120 Alzalea, 134 Anaxctron,54
Aegele, 190
Aegiccras, 147 Aldumi;I,165 Amaioua, 186 Ano.llogorco, 16
Acgincua, 1M Aleclra, 197 Amanoa,83 Anchictca, 219
Acgirhila.2 17 Alcl moschys, 136,137 Amaracarpus, 186 Anchornia,19
Aco1anlhus, 11 [ Akpide'I.2 14 Amaranlhus, 12 Anchusa,32
Acrangis, 156 AIClTix, 128 AmMyis, IR9 Ancistrochilus, 156
Acrides, 156 A IcuriIC.c;, R3 Amaryll is, 13, 14 Ancislrorhynchus, 15S
Acrvlt, 12 Alcuriloplcris.93 Amasonia. 2 17 Ancyclobothrys, 19
Acschy n ~nlhus,
98 Alexu, 120 Ambclania, 18 Andi rn, 120
Acschynomcllc, 11 6,1 17, 11 9 Algaia, 141 Ambrosia, 49,50,51 ,54,58 Andrachnc, 82,83
Acsculus, lOS Alibcrlin, 186 Amcianchicr, 182 Androcymbi ullI, 128
A ffonsea, 119 Al ism;I,1O Amclallchus, 182 Androdacc, 175
A rromomum, 222 Alisycarpus, 120 Amellius,50 Andropogon, 100
Afzclia, 11 9 Alkanna,32 Amherstia, 120 Andro.<;tachys, 83
Aganippca, 54 Allamanda. 17,18 Amianlhum, 128 Anei lcma.48
Aganisia, 156 All::mloma, 116 Ammania, 134 Ancmi;1, 93
Aganosrna, 18 AlIcnrolrea,45 Ammi,213 Anemone, 178,179
Agapanlhus, 128 All iaria,68 Ammobium,54 Ancmonella, I7R
Agapctcs. gO Allionia, 150 Ammoeharis, 13 Anemopsis, 195
Ammora, 141 Anclhum, 214
Agllthclepis,99 Allium, 128
Agalhis,23 Allophyllum, 172 Amoreu.Ilia,47 Anga<lcnia, 19
Agathisanthcmum, 186 Alloplectus,98 Amorr ha, 120 Angelica, 2 14
Agalhosmlt,189, 190 Alniphyl1um , 206 Amorphophall us,22 Angel onia, 196
Agcratina,60 Alnus, 28 Ampcloccra, 213 Angioptcris, 88.91
Ageratum, 49.50,54 Alocasia, 21,22 Anlpelocissus. 2 19 Angkaianlhus, 3
Agiabampoa, 54 Aloe, II Ampeiopsis, 219 Angostura, 189
Aglaoncma, 22 Alomia,54 Ampclozizyphus, 180 Angroeculll, 156
Agnophora, 148 Alopccurus. 100 Amperea,83 Angutoa, 156
Amphicarpa, 120 Anguriu,69
Agonandra, 155 " Aloysia, 2 17
AlphilOnia. 180 AmphiplcrygiulIl , 109 Aniha, 114, 11 5
Agrianlhus. 54
Agrimonin, 182 Alphonscll , 15 Amphirrox, 21 9 Anicia, 119
Agropyro n, 100 Alpinia, 222 Alllsinckia,32 Anis:tcanthus.3,4
Agroslophyllu111, 155 A!scis. 184 Amsonia, 18 An isocoma,54
Ailanthus. 199 Alseodallhne, 114 Amyclllu, 132 Anisomc1es, i ll
Aiollca, 114 ,115 Alscuosmiu,40 Amygdlllus, 182 Aniso]loppus, 50,54
Aizoon,9 Alsodeia, 218 Aillylothcca, 132 Anisoptcra, 76
 Generic Index 135
234 PL;l NT ALKALOlDS

Arthraxon, 100 Astroniuffi, 14

Anisoles, J Arabis,68 Astrotrieha, 22
Annonll,15, 16 Arachis, 120 Arlhriscus, 214
Asystasill,3,4
Anod~, 137 Arachnanthe, 157 Anlhromeris, 93
Atalantia, 189
Anodcndron, 19 Ar<lchnis, 155,157 Arthropteris,89,92
Atala ya, 193
Anogcissus,48 Aracium,54 Arthrosolen, 210
Aldeia, I 17
Anoigllnlhus, 14 Amlia,22 Arthrostema, 139
Alhanasia, 50,55
AllOln, 155 Anmcarill,23 . Artia, 19 Alherospermum, 186
Anrcdcm,27 Arauji<l,25 ArtOCllrpUS, 144
Athrixia,55
Anscilia, 156 Arbutus, 80 Arum, 22 Alhrotaxis, 208
Anlcnnllria.54 Arceuthohiulll, 132 Aruncus, 182 Athyrium,88
Anlhcmis, 50,54 Archallgclica, 214 Aru ndi naria, 100 Atractyl is,55
Ant hcriu!1l, 128 Archenanthemum, 100 Arundinell a, 100 Atrichoseris, 55
Antherylium, 134 Archibaccharis, 50,54 Arytera, 193 Atriplex, 45,46
Anthobo]lls,l92 Archidcndron, 120 Asarina, 197 Atropa, 200
Anlhoccphalus, 186 Arctium, 49,54 As.1rtlm,24 Allaleya.165
Anlhoclcista, 130 Arctorus, 214 Ascidia, 120 Aueuba,66
Anlhogoniulll, 150 Arctostaph)'los, 80 Asclepias, 24,25 Aulax, 176
Anthoxllnthu m, 100 Arcto!ls, 50,54,63 Ascocentrum, 157 Aureolaria, 197
Anthrocncmum,45 Ardisia, 147 Ascotainill, 157 Auslromirnusops, 194
Amhurium, 21 ,22 Ardisiandra, 175 Ascyrum, 103 Austrornuellera, 176
Amidcsrna, 82,83 Ardrostachys,83 Asimina, 15,16 Avena, \00
Antigonon, 173 Areca , 165 Asparagus, 128 Avcrrhoa, 164
Antiphytum, 32 Arecastru m, 165 Aspasia. 157 Avicennia,217
Antirhca,IM Arenaria,42 Asperula, 184 Axonoplls,IOO
Anlirrh inll lll, l97 Aretotheea,50 Asphodclus,12R Ayeni a, 205
Antizorna, 142 Argemone, 165 Aspidixia, 13 I ,132 Azadirachta, 141
Antonia, 131 Argentina, 182 Aspidocarpa, 136 Azalea, 80
AOluS, 117 ArgorhylluAl,102 Aspidoglossum, 25 Azanza, \37
Apciba,2\O Argostcmma, 186 Aspidosperma, 17, 18, 19 Azima, 192
Aphanoslcphus,54 Argyrodendron, 205 Aspilia,50
Aphelandra,3,4 Argyrolobium, 116, 117,120 Asplanthus, 117,120
A ph10ia,94 Ariliaria,9 Asplenium, 88
Api um, 214 Arisaema, 22 ASIa, 68 Babiana, 108
Aplcclrum, J 56 Arisatolochia,24 ASlelia, 121:1 Baccharidastrum,55
Aplenia,9 Aster, 50,5 1,62 Baccharis, 49,50,55,61
Aristea, lOS
Aplopappus, 50,54 Asteracantha ,4 Bacopa, 197
Aristida,IOO
Astcriastigma,94 l3aclris, 1(j5
Apluda, 100 Aristolclill,77
Aslerolasia, 190 Badusa, 186
Apocynuin, 18, 19 Armeria,171
Ast ilbe, 195 Baeckea, 148
ApoJytcs, 108 Arnica, 50,54
AstrJgal us, 117,120 Baeria.55
Apoplallcsia, 120 Amoglossum,55
Astrephia,216 Bag.lssa, 144
Aporusa,83 Aronia, 182
Astripomoea,65 Bahia, 50
Appcndi cu la,15(),!58 Arrabidopsis, 68
Astrocaryum, 165 Bai leya,55
Aplosimllm, 196, 197 Arracia,214 Baileyoxylon,94
Apulcia, 120 Artabotrys, 16 ASlrocrtsia, 82
Baissca,18
A<lui1cgia, 178,179 Anenesia, 49,50,54 Aslronia, 139
216 PLANTALKA LOJDS GClleri(.' Illdex m
Bakcridcsia, 137 Berberis, 28 Bochmcria, 215 Brachyrncris. 51,55
Balanites, 26,222,223 Bcrchemia, 180 Bocnninghullsia, 190 13rachypodiulIl, 100
Balanops,2(, Bcrgcnia, 196 Docrhavia, 150 Brachyptcris, 136
Balduina, 50,55 Berghl,78 Bogcnhaniia, 137 Brachysiphon, 167
Ballota, r 11 Bcrkhcyll,50,55 Boisduvalia, 154 8rachyslcgia, 120
l3a loghia,83 Bcr1andiera, 50,55 Bollea, 155 Bmchystchnu,25
Balsamorhizu, 50,55 Bcmardia, 112,8] l3o\usanthus, 117 Brackenridgcn, 152
Banara,94 ' Bcmoullia,31 Bornarca, II Brahca, 165
Banislcria, 136 Bcrsama, 141 Bombacopsis, 31 Br3scn ia,36
Banisleriopsis, 135,136 Berlcroa, 68 l3ombax, ) 0 Brasilia, 55
Banksia, 176 BeTula, 214 Bonafusia, I R Bmssaria,22
Barhia, 120 Bcrzclia,34 Bonam ia ,65 Unlssia, 155,157
Baplisia, 116,120 Bessera, 128 Donnclia , 209 Brassica, 68
Aarbarca,68 Bcstcria, 98 Bonplandia, 172 13ravaisia,4
Ilarbusil, 100 Beta, 45 Borago,32 Dravoa,14
Harlcria,3,4 Betula, 28 Borbonia, 115 Drayulinca, 12
Barosma , 189 !3evya, 21 0 Boronia, 190 BreJelileyera, 173
Barringlonia, 116 Beycra,83 Borreria, 184,185, 186 Breynia,83
Barroelea, 50,55 Bhesa,43 Dorrichia, 50,55 Brickcllia, 5155,59
Basanacantha, 184,186 Bidens,50,s5 Boscia, 39 I3rideHa, ~2,83
B'lsclla, 27 Bifrenaria, 157 B05i5108, 190 Brischoffia,83
Bassia, 46,194 Bi llardiera, 170 Bossiaea, 120 Britoa, 148
Bassovia, 20 1 Billbcrgia,34 Boswcllia,34 Brodiaca, 14,128
Bastanlia, 137 Biophytum, 164 BOlhrichloa, 100 Bromel ia ,34
llastardiopsis,137 llixa,30 Bothriospcrm um,32 I3romheadia, 155, 157
Ba!csia, 120 Blackiclla,46 Botrichium,92 Bromus,loo
Bathysa, 184,186 Blainvillea, SO Bouchc<l,217 Brongniania, 11 7
[Mis, 27 Blakca, 139 Boucheti<l,20 1 llrosimopsis,144
[l<ltocarpus, 144 Blanchetia,55 Bougainvillea, I SO Brosimum, 144
Baucra, l96 Bhlstemanlhus, 152 Bourreria,32 BrousoncUia, 144
l3auhinia, 117 ,120 Ulechnum,89 Boussingaulti<l,27 Brownanthus, 9
Bcaumonlia, 18 Blechum, 3,4 Bou!cioua, 100 Brownea, 120
l3eauprea, 176 Blephanipappus,55 Bouvanlia, 186 llrugicra, 181
l3eeium, I II Blepharidium, 186 Bowdichia, 120 Brugmansia, 200,20 1
Begonia, 27 Blcpharis,3,4 Bowenia, 71,222 Brunella, III
Ilehenia, 200 Blcpharocarya, 14 Bowiea, 128 Brunrclsia, 20 1
Bci lschm;edia, 114,115 B1cpharodorl,24,25 Bowkeria, 196 Brunia,34
l3ejaria, 80 Bletia, 157 I3rabcjium, 176 Brunnichia,l73
l3elangem, 70 B1igh;ll, 193 Brachiaria, 100 IJI'Yonia, 69
Bcllucia, 139 Blumea, 55,59 Brach istis, 20 I BryophyllulJ1,67
" ')
Bcloperone, 4 13obaTlia, 108 I3mchycarpaea, 68 Bubbia, 220
Bclotia, 210 Bobea, 184 [lraehyehilon, 205 '. Buchan<lnia,14
Bcnincasia,69 Bocagcopsis, 16 Brachyglottis, 55 Buchenavia,48
Benzoin, 115 Bocconia, 166 Brachylacna, 50,55 Buchnenl,197
Bequal'liodcndron, 194 [1oca,98 Brachylol1101,78 BuddlcjOl, 131
238 Pl.A N'f'AtKALOIDS Gcucric Judex 2J9

Bulbinc, 128 Callurm, 80 Candia, 38 Carpodiplcra, 2 10

l3ulbinclla,128 ClIlocarpu!ll, 194 Canicasia,9 Carpolrochc. 94
Dulbophyllum, 155,157 Cai()choI'lUs, 128 CClnna,39 ClIITulhersia. 18,19
Bulbostylis,72 , Ca lo dclltirum, 189 C:mnabis. 143,144 Carthamus, 56
Bumeliu , 194 C"lolisiallthus,97 Cannomois. \.79 ,C:lrya, 109
l3ullchosia, 136 Calonco\nl,94 Cantharospermum, 121 Caryocar,42
Buplcurul11 ,214 Calophyllu1l1, 103 Canlhium, 184, 185, 186 Caryopteris, 2 17
Burchard ill, 128 Ollopogonium, 120 Caperonia, 83 Caryolll,165
Burchellia, 186 Calostcphunc,51 Cnpillipcdium, 100 Cascaria,94,95
BurkcfI,120 Calotis,56 Capirona, 186 Casimiroa, 189,190
Burscra, 34,35 Calolroris,24 Capparis, 39,40 Cassill. 116,II7,121
Btl(ca, 117,120 Ca lrJllrnia , 116,117 Cassinc, 43,44
Capraria, 197
Buttonia, 197 Caltha, 179 Cassinia, 51,56
Capsclla,68
Buxus,35 Ca lycanthus, 37 Cassinopsis. 107
Capsicodendron, 39
Byronima, 136 Calycophyllum. 186 Cnssipourea, 181
Capsicum. 200,201
Byrsocnrpus, ()4 Calycoptcris,48 Camipa, 103 Cassytha, 114
Byltneria, 205 Calycopus, 148 Carallia, 181 Cnslalis. S6
Calyobol us,65 Cflrfli!uma, 24.25 Castanea, 86
Ca lyptocarpus, 56 Carapa, 141 CaSlanolHis,86
Calyptocarya, 72 Carda mine, 68 ClIsle!a, 199
Cabi, 136
COIlyptranlhes, 148 Carda ria, 68 Cast illa, 144
Cabomba,36
Cacalia, 50,51,55 Calyptridium, 175 Cardiogyne. 144 Castilleja, 196,197
Cacoucia, 48 Calyptrochihl1n, 158 Cardionema,4 2 Cilsuarina,43
Cadaba, 39,40 CalYPlrogcnia, 148 Canlioplcris, 108 Catalpa. 29
Cacsalpinia, 117,120 COllystegia,65 Cardiospermum, 193 Calanus, 121
Cajanus, 120 Calyt hrix, 148 Canlius,56 Cal<lSCIUIIl, 155,158
Cakilc,68 Camarea, 136 Carex ,72 Catca, 51,56
Calalllochloa, 100 Camaridiu11l, 158 Carica, 41 Catesbaea, 185
Calamus, [(i s Camarolis, 158 Carillilllla, 116 Calha, 43
Calmulrinia, 175 Cambessedes;<I, 139 ClIrinla, 186 Catlmranthus, 17
Calanlhc, 155,158 Camel lia, 208,209 Carissa, 18,19 Catophracles,29
Calalhca, 138 Cameraria, 19 Curiowlightia,4 C<ltOSlc!111nfl, 31
C alccolariil ,197 Campanula ,38 Carludovica,71 C:lt!lc~, 158
Caldesi .. , 10 Campllnu1l1oca,38 Cnrmichaeli a, 121 CUllcal is, 214
Calendula, 50,51 Camrelia,48 Carmillittia, 50 Caulanthus,68
Calla, 22 CampisOIndra, 117,120 Carnarium, ]5 Caulophyllu1l1,28
CaHacum, 136 Campomanesill, 148 Carp<lCOCC, 185 Cavcndishia ,80
Calli:mdra, 116, 120 Campsis,29 Carpcsium,56 Cayaponia, 69
Cal licll1-Pfl,217 C!lmplorrhiza, 128 Carpha,72 Caymlea, 219
Calli lcr is,5 1 CamplOsema. 120 Carplm1ca. 185 Ccanot hus, 180
Calli5in,48 Camplostemon,31 Carphephorus, 51 Cecropia, 215
Cailislcmoll,I48 Camptotheea, 151 Carphochaclc, 51,56 Cedrcla, 141
Callisthene, 220 Campyloccllt rum, 158 Carpinus, 28,4 J Ccilronella, I I I
CaliiI riche, 37 Cammgll, 16 Carpobrolus, 9 Cedrus, 168
Caliitris,70 Canavalia, 117,120 Cnrpodclus, 102 Ceiba, 30,3 I

L
 Generic Index 141
240 I'L/INTALKALOJDS

Chloris, lao Ciriba, 150

Cel~strus,43,44 Celeraeh, 88
Chacnl,clis, 51,56 Ch[orocodon,25 Cirsillm, 51,56
Celmisill,56
Ch [orophora, 144 Cissarnpc1os, 142
Celosia, 12 Chacnomelcs, 182
Ch[orophylum, 128 Cissus, 219
Celtis, 213 Chacrophyl1um, 214
Chaelacanlhus,4 Chloroxylon, 189 Cistanthera, 205
Ccnchrus, 100
Choctachmc, 2 [3 Ci.~IUS. 46
Ccnia,56 c.tmc\ocalyx, 121
CClHaurca, 50,56 Chaelopappa, 56 Choisia, 189 Citlmrcxylum, 217
Clmctolhylax,4 Chomelin, [86 Cil riobatis, 170
CCrltclla, 214
Ccmcma, 12 Clmlas, 190 Chond rodcndroll, 142 Citronella, \08
CCnlemopsis,12 Chamacangis, 158 Chondropetalum, 179 Citrullus,69
Ccntipeda, 51,56 Chamaebalia, 182 Chondrophora, 5 1 Citrus, 189,190
Ccntradcnia, 139 C hamaccris ta, 117,121 Chondrorhyncha, 155 Cladium,72
Centranlhus, 2 16 Chamaccyparis, 70 Chorisla, 3 1 Cladraslis, [21
Chamaedaphne, 80 Chorislylis, 102 Claoxy[on,83
Ccntrathcrurn, 50,56
Ccntrolcpi s,44 Chamaeclora, 1(i5 Chorizanthc, 173 Clarisia, 144
Cenlroiobiul11,12 1 Chamacle, 214 Chrozophora,82 Clarkia, 154
Ccnlropogon, 38 Chamaesaracha,20[ Chrysactinia, 56 Clathrotopis, 121
Ccn troscma, 121 Chamcanlhus, ISS Ch rysanthcmoidc~, 5 1 Ctauscna, 189,190
eeodes, 150 Chamissoa, [2 Chrysan themum, 56 Clavija, 209
Cephaelis, 185,186 Chapla1ia, 56 Chtysithrix,72 Claylonia, 175
Cephalangium, 158 Chasa[ia, 186 Chrysobalanus, 182,184 C leisbostoma, [55,158,163
Ccphlilangraecum, 158 Chascanum, 217 Chrysocoma, 5 1 Clcistanthus, 83
Ccphalan thus, 184,185,186 Chasmalophyl[um,9 Chrysocyenis, 158 Clcistocalyx, 148
Ccphalaria, 7S Chei lnnlhcs.93 Chrysoma, 5 1 Clcistochlomys, 16
Ccphlliocro\on,83 Chciradcnia, 158 Chrysophyllum, 194 Clcistopholis, 16
Ccph'llophyllutll,9 Chclidonium, [65,166 Chrysorsis, 51,56 Clematis, 178,179
Cephalotaxus.44 Chclollallthus,97 Chrysothanllus,51 Clcmatopsis, 178.179
Ccraria, 175 Chc[one, 197 Chukrasia, 141 Cleomc,40
Ceraslium,42 Chcmacvaliaria, 182 Chuqlliraga, 56 Cleomella. 40
Ccralioia,78 Chcnopodium, 45,46 Chusquca, 100 Clcrmon tia,38
Ccratiosicyos, 7 Chicoccoa, 185.186 Chysis, 155,158 C1crodclIuron, 2 17
Ccralonia, 121 Chilcranthc111l1ll1,4 Chytrom:l, 121 Clcthra,47
Ccralopetalum,70 Chilopogon, 158 Cibotarium, 68 Clcyera, 209
Ccntophyllum,45 Chi[opsis,29 Ciboliu m, 89,94 Clibodium, 51,56
Ceraloplcris, 92 Chilorogalum, 128 CiccI', 12 1 Clidemia, 139
Ccutosligma, 171 Chimaphila, 177 Cichoniulll,56 C[ifTorlia, 182
Ccraloslyiis, 158 Chimar'rhis, 185 Cicllla, 214 Cliftonia,73
Ccratothcca, 167 Chi rn unnnlhus,37 Cienrllegosia, 137 C[inopodi uJll , II I
Ccrbcra, 19 ChiOlUmthus. 153 Cimiciruga, 179 C[ilandra, 19
Ccrcidiphyl lurn,45 Chiranthodcndroll,205 Cinchona, 186 Clilandropsis, 18
Ccrcocarpus, 182 C hiril3,98 Cineraria , 51,56 Clitoria , 12 1
Cercus, 36 Chiron1;I,97 Cimmmonum, 114,115 Clivia, 13
Ccropcgia, 25 Chitonanlhcra, 158 Cillmmodenuron,39 Cloczia, 148
Cervallia, 130 Chloanlhcs.217 Cipadcssa, 141 Clusia, 103
Ccstrum, 201 Ch [onlnthus,46 Circacll, 154 Clulia,82,84
 I'l.ANTALKALOIDS Generic Index

CIYIOSloma,29 Cornpareltia, 158 Corylopsis, 104 Crookea, 103

Cnestis,64 Compsuncura, 147 Corylus, 28,67 Croomia, ~,04
Cnicus, 51,56 Comptonia, [46 Corymbium,56 Crossandm, 3,4
Olidium,214 ., Compylocenlrllm, [55 Corynocarpus,67 Crossopetallllll,44
Qlidosculus,84 Condalia, 180 Corynostylis, 219 Crossopteryx, 186
Coccinca, 69 Condylocarpon, 19 Cory tho lorna, 98 Crossosiephilllll, 56
Coccologa, 17] Congea, 217 Cosmos, 50,51 ,56 Crolalaria, 117,12 1,122
CoCCOSYI)sclum, 186 Coniogrllmme,90 Cosmosligrnll,25 Crolon, 82,83,84
Coccolhrinax, 165 Conilllll,2[3,214 Costus, 222 Crotoneaster, 182
Cocculus, 142 Connarus,64 Cotinus,14 Crolonopsis, 84
Cochlosphcrmum,47 Conobell, 197 Cotula, 51,56 Cru~lia , 118, 122
Cocloslegia, ] I Conocarpus, 48 Cotyledon, 67 Cmlllcllaria, 181
Codiaeum,84 Conomorpha, 147 Couepia, 182,184 Crusea, 185,186
Codon, 107 Conopharyngia, 18 Couma,19 Cryplanlhll, 33
Codonacanlhus,4 Conopholis, 164 Cournarouna, 121 Cryplarrhcnn, 158
Codonocarplls, 168 Conophytum, 9 Couratori,116 Crypferonia, 69,203
Codonopsis, 38 Conospermum, 176 Courbonia,39 CryplOcllrYll, 114,115
Cocicnotlcntlron,84 Conostegia, 139 Couroupita, I [6 Cryplocentrllm, 158
Cociidiurn, 117 Conradina, [II Coursetia, 121 Cryplocerlls, 36
Coffea, 186 Constantina, 25 COUSSllpOll,215 Cryplochillls, 158
Caix, [00 Conval laria, 129 Coussarca, 186 Cryplococcum.IOO
Co[a, 205 Convo[vulus,65 COlitarea.185,186 Cryplolcpis, 24,25
Colchicum, 128 Conyza, 5 [,55,56 Couthovia, 131 Cryplolllcriol,208
Co[dcnia,32 Conzallia, 121 Coutoubea, 97 CrYPloscpalum, 122
Co[cogymc, 182 Copaifcra, 11 7,12 1 Cowania, 182 Cryptotaenia, 214
Coleoncma, 190 Coprosma, 186 Crabbea,4 Cleuit ls,88
Coleus, III Coptis, 179 Craibia, 121 Clenolepis, 69
Col[aea,121 CorallorhizlI, 158 Craniotome, I [ [ Ctenomeria, 84
Colliguajll, 84 Corbichonia,9 Crassocephalum , 51,56 Ctcnoplcris, 90
Collinsonia, III Corchorlls, 210,211 Crassula,67 Cueubatns,42
Colocasia, 2 1,22 Cordia, ]2 Crataegus, 182 Cucumis,69
Cologon;a, 121 Cordylinc,8 Crataeva, 39,40 Cucurbitopsis,69
Colomia, 172 Corcocarpus, 56 . Craterispermum, 186 Cucurgitfl,69
Colophospermum, 121 Coreopsis, 50,51,56 Cratoxylon, 103 Cueurma, 222
Colpoon, 192 Corethrogync, 51 Cratylia, 121 Cud rania, 144
Colunmea,98 Coriaria,66 Crelllastra, 158 Cullenia, ]0,] I
Colutia, 121 Comus, 66 Crernatosperma, 16 Cullumia,56
Colvillell, 117 Comulia, 217 Crenea, 134 ClIllila, 111
Combrclum,,48 Coronilla, 121 Crepidomancs, 90 Cunollia, 70
Comespcrrna, 172 Coronopus, 68 Crepis, 54,56 ClIplmia, 193
Cornmciina, 48,49 Coroslorniu1ll, [86 Crescentin ,29 Clipallopsis, 193
Cnmmcrsonia, 205 Correa, 190 Cressa,65 Cuphea, 134
Comm icarpus, 150 Corrigiola,42 Crinurn, 13,14 Cupressus, 70
Commiphora, 34,]5 Coryanthes, 158 Crocosmill,108 Curatclla, 74
Camocladia, 14 Corydalis; 96, 166 Crocoxylon,44 Curcilago, 107
 Generi(: Index 245
244 f'LIINTALKALOIDS

CYllhomcris, 150 Dccasperrnum, \48 Dichapcta1ulll,74

Curt ill, 97
Cyphoslcmma, 219,220 Deeatropis, 190 Dichondra, 65
Curtisill,66
CyprcpcdiulII, 159 Dcclieullia, 186 Dichorisandra,49
Cumpira, 152
Cyrilla, 73 Deeodon, 134 Dichrocephala, 56
Cuscuta,65
Cyromctra, 122 Dccumaria, 196 Dichr0111cna, 72
Cusparia, 190
Cuspidaria, 29 Cyrtandra, 98 Deeringia, 12 Dichroslachys, 118,122
Cu~sol\ia. 22 Cynanlhcra, 4 Dchaasia, 114 Dicksonia, 89,90
'Cyrlanthus,14 Dclonix,l22 Diclidanthera, 173
Cutlsia, 102
Cyrtidiulll, 159 Dclospcrma, 9 Dicliptcra,3,4
Cyan3corchis. 158
Cyrtopodiurn, 159 Delphinium, 178 Dicoma, 50,51,56
Cyanca,38
Cyanella, 129 Cyrtorchis, 159 Dcndrobium, 155,159 Dieoria,57
Cyanoli5,48 Cyrtospcrrna, 21 Dcndrolllecon, 166 Dicranopteris, 90
Cyalhea,89 Cylisus, 118 Dendropanax, 22,23 DierastyJis, 217
Cyathocalyx,16 Dcndrophlhoc, 132 lJieraurus, 12
Cyalhocline,51 DendrophylulI, 155 Dieronocarpus,57
Cyathodcs, 78 Dcndrofiicus. 29 Dictyo1orna, 189,190
lJaerydium, 208 Dcnckia,56 DictyonellTa, 193
Cyathula,I2 Daedalacanthus, 4
Cybianlhus, [47 Dcnnsluc<itia,89 1)idrichlctia, 185
Dahlia, 51,56 Dcplauehea, 29 Didymaca, 186
Cybislax,29 Dahlslcdlia, 122
Cybislcles, 13 Deppea, 186 Didymopannx, 22,23
Dais,2 10 Derris, [18, 122 Did ymothcca, 168
Cyeas,71 Dalbergi:I,118,122 Dcseharnpsia, 100 Dicrvilla,41
Cyc1unlhcra, 69 Dalbcrgiella, 122
Cyclobalanopsis,86 Dcscurainia,68 Dietes, 108
Dalea, 116,118,122 DesmanthodiuIIl,56 Digera, 12
Cycloioma, 46 Dalcchampia, 8),84
Cyc1ophorus, 93 Dcsmanthus, 122 Digitalis, 197
Damnacanthus, 186 Dcsmodium, 118,122 Digitaria, 100
Cyclopia, t 22 Dampicra, 100 Dcsmoncus, 165 Dilatris, 104
Cydisla,29 Danae, 129 Dcsmos,16 Dilkea, 166
Cydonia, 182 Dallthoni,IOO Dclarium, 122 Dillenia,74
Cymbidium, [ 58 Daphnandnt, 143 Dcutzia, 196 Dillwynia, 122
Cymbispatha, 49 Daphne, 210 Diacidia, 136 Dimerostema,57
Cymbopcta)um, 16 Oaphniphyllum, 73,84 Diauenium, 159 Dirnocarplls, 193
Cymbopogon. 100 Daphnopsis, 210
Dialium, 122 Dirnorphllndra, 118,122
Cymbosema, 122 Darwinia, 148
Dialyanlhcra, 147 Dimorphant hera,80
Cynllnchum, 24 DlIsylirion,8
Cynara, 56 Dianc!la, 129 Dirnorphotheea, 51.57
Dasyphyllum,56
Oianlhera, 4 Dinizia, 122
Cynodon, 100 Datura, 200,20 I
CYlloglossum. )2,33 Dianthus, 42 Diodea, 122
Daubcntonia, 122
Diapcdium,4 Oiodia, 185, IH6
Cynorkis, J 59 Daucus, 214
Davallia, 89 Diaplhananlhc, 159,162 Dioscorca,75
Cynthia, 56
Cypella, 108 Davernoya, 3 Diascia, 196,197 Diosma, 189,190
Cyperus, 71,72 Dilvidia, 151 Dieclla, 136 Diospyros, 76
Dicentra, 166 '. Dipeadi, 129
Cyrhia,38 Daviesia, 118,122
Cyphocarpa, 12 Davilla, 74 Dicerocaryum, 167 Dipholis, 194
Cyphoiophus, 215 Dcbrcgeasin, 215 Dichaea, 159 Diphysa, 122
Cyph011l;U1dra, 20 I Decaphalangium, 103 Dichaeta, 56 Dipidax, r 28
246 PLANT ALKALOIDS Generic Inde.t 247

lJiplachme, 101 Doryphora, 143 Emina, 159 Elsholtzia, III

Dipl'lCllS,I96 Dovyali8, 94 Ebcnopsis, 118 Elvllsia, 152
Diplandra, 154 !Joxantha,29 Ebcrmaicra,4 q ymus, 10 1
Diplazium,88 ... Draba, 68 Eebal1ium,69 Elythraria, 3,4, 196
Diplolophium, 214 Dracaena,8 Ecbolium, 3,4 Elytrop~ppus, 57
Diploprora, 159 iJrlleontomclon, 14 Ecclinusa, 194 Embclill, t47
J)iploptcri~, 136 Draeophyl1um,7R Ecdysanthera, 19 Embuill, 114
Diplorhynchus, 17 Draptes, 2! 0 Echeandia, 129 Emex, 173
Diplospora, 185,187 Dregea,25 Echevcria,67 Emilia, 50,57
Di ploslcphiurn, 57 Drimia, 128, 129 Echinocactus,36 Eminia, 123
Diplothcrnium, 165 Drimys, 220 Echinoch1oa, 101 Emmcnopterys, 1R7
Dipiotropis, 122 Dros<lnlhcmum,9 Echinocyslis,69 Emmenospord, I:SO
Diplusodon, 134 Drosera,76 Echinodorus, 10 Emmcorhyza, 187
Diplyeas;a, 80 Dryadodtlphnc, 143 Echinops, 57 Emmotium, 108
Dipodium, [59 Dryas, 1H2 Echinopteris, 136 EmorYll , ]) I
Dipsacus,75 Drymaria,42 [chiles, 19 Emlllclcll,2 12
Diptcrocarpus,76 Drymonia,98 Eehium,33 EnaHllgma,29
Diptrix, 122 Drymophila, 128 Eclipla,57 Encelill, 5 1,57
Direa,210 Eetadiopsis,24 Encephalartos,7 1
Drynaria,93
Dischidia,25 Edgcworthia, 2 10 Enchyull1cnll,46
Dryopteris, 88
Dischisma, 99 Ehrartia, 101 Endlicheria, 114,115
Urypclcs, 84
Discophora, 108 Ehretia, 32,33 EndospCl'tllUm, 83,84
Duabanga, 203
Disparago, 51 Eichhornia, 174 Endostcrnon, III
Dubaulia,57
Dispcrma,4 Ekchergia, 141 Endriandra, 115
Duboisia, 200
DispcrmulI\, 129 Elacagi a, 187 Engclhllrdia, 109
Dissiiaria,84 Duehesnea, 182
Elacagnus,77 Englcrnslrum, 111
DissOlis, 139 Dudleya,67
Elads, 165 Englcrodaphne, 210
Distichlis, 101 Dugcsia, 51
Elacocarpus, 77 EmnCllstcmon, 16
P istichoSlcmon, 193 Duggena, 187
Elacodcmlron, 44 Entada, 116,118,123
Dislrianthcs, 132 I) uguelia, 16
Elacophorhia, 83,84 Entmulophragma, 14 1
Ditassa,25 Dum;Isia, 123
Elaphoglossum ,91 Enlcrolobium, 123
Di13Xis,84 Duospcrma,4
Elaphrium,35 Enlcropogon, 101
Dizygothcca,23 Durandea, 130
Elatcrium,69 Enterospermum, 185
DobinclI,14 Duranta, 217 Epacris,78
Elatostema, 215
Dodccatheon, 175,176 Durio, 30,31 Elflttcrifl,222 Epaltcs, 57
Dodonca, 193 Duroia, 187 Elcgifl, 179 Ephedra, 79
Doellencrgia, 51 Dussia, 118 Elcoeharis, 72 EphcJranlhus, 16
Dolichandranc,29 Duvalia,14! Elcphantopus, 51,57 Fpiblastus, 159
Do lichos, 116,1 [8, 122 Oyckia,34 Elcphantorrhiza, 118,123 Epidendrum, 155, 159
Doliocarpus, 74 Dyerophylum, 17 1 Elcusinc, 10 1 Epif.1gUS, 164
DnmhcY,l, 205 Dysehoristc, 3,4 Eleulhcrocoecus,23 Epigacll, 80
Donax, 138 Dyseritothamnus,57 El izbctha , 123 Epilobimn, 154
[)orilis, 159 Dysophyll a, III Ellcanthus, 159 Epimcdium,28
Dorslcnia, [44 Dysoxylu rn, 141 Elmcrillfl, 135 Epip:lctus, 159
IJorychniulll,122 Dyssodia, 5 1,57,63 Elodea, 106 Epiprcmnum,22
248 PLANTALKALOIDS Generic 1m/ex 249

Epirixanthcs, 173 Erythrophlocm, 117,123 Exochorda, 182 Florestina, 51

E(IUisc\utn, 79 Erythrophysca, 193 Exogonium,65 Floscopa,49
Eragrostis, 101 Erythroxylum,81 Exomis,46 Flueggea,83
Eranthcmum,4 Escalionia, 102 Exoslcma, 184,185 Fluorcnsia, 51,58
Ercchilcs, 50,51,57 Eschollzia, 166 Eyscnhardtia, 123 Fockca,25
Eremanthus, 50,57 Eschweilera, 123 Foeniculurn, 214
Ercm ia,80 Escobedia, 197 Fontancsia, 153
Ercrnocarpus, 83 Iisenbcckia, 189,190 Fontinalis, 153
Espclelia, 51,57 Fabiana, 200 Forchammeria, 39,40
Ercmochloa, 101
Fagara, 189,190 Foresliera, 153
Ercmocitrus, 190 ESlerha7.ya, 197
Fagodia, 187 Forskhalea, 215
Ercmophila, 146 Ethuha,57
Fagonia, 223 FOl1hergilla, 105
Erepsia,9 Eucalyptus, 148
Fagopyrum, 174
Bria. 159 Eucephalartos,222 Fosleronia, 19
Fagraea, 131 Fouguierin,95
EriaslTum, 172 Euchres'a, 123
Fagus, 86 Fragnria, 182
Erica, 80 Eudea,7(i,77
Fa1kia,65
Erigeron, 5 [,57
Erinus, 197
Eucniue, 130
Eueomis, 129
Faradaya, 217
Frankenia,96
Franseria, 51,58 .
FMalllea, 187 Fmsera,97
Eriobotrya, 182 Eucommia,82 Faurea, 176
Eugenia, 148 Fraxinus, 153
Eriocaulon, 81 Fawcettia, 142 Fremontia, 205
Eriochloa, 101 Eularia, 101 Fcijoa, 148
Eulophia, 155,159, 160 Fremontodendron, 205
Eriodictyon, 107 Fcnzlia, 148
Erioglossulll, 193 Eulophidium, 159 Freycinelia, 165
Fcrdinand usa, 187 Frcyl in in, 196, 197
Eriogollulll, 173 Euodia, 190 Fcrelia, I R5, 187
Eriophyllum, 5 1,57 Eup~torium, 50,51,57
Fridericia,29
Femandoa,29 Frilillaria, 129
Eriopsis, 159 Euphorbia, 83,84 Fcronia, 190
Eriosema, 118,123 Euphori'I,193 Froelichia,12
Fcrraria, 108 Fuirena, 72
Eriospcrrnum, 128,129 Euphrasia, 197 Fesluea, 101 Fumaria, 166
Erioslclllon, 190 Euplassa, 176 Ficinia,72 Funtumia, 17
Erllmgca, 51,57 Eupomatia,86 Ficus, 144 Fusaca, 16
Ern astrutll,68 Eurosehinus, 14 Filago,58 Fuschia, 154
Emodca, 187 EllTotia,46 Filiciulll,193
Erooimn, 97 Ellrya, 209 Fimbri:-;tylis,72
EroeJa,57 Eurycomn, 199 Finelia, 159 Gabenia,9
Ertala, 189 Euryops, 51,58 Finlllysonia,25 Gabunia, 17
Eruea,68 Eusligma, 104 Finschia, 176 Gahnia,72
Ervatamia, 17,18 Eulelras, 58 Firmiana.205 Gaillardia, 58
Erycina, 159 Euxilophora, 189 Fissistigrna, 16 Galactea, 123
Eryngiulll,214 Evodia, IM9,190 Flacou rlia,95 Galbulimima, 105
Erysimum . 68 [vodidla, 190 FIllgcllaria,95 Galcandrn, 155,159
Erythca, 165 [volvulus, 65 Flaveria, 51,58 Galcaria, 165
Erylhrilca, 97 Evonymus, 43,44 . Fleischmannia, 58 Galinsoga, 52,58
Erythrina, 116,118,123 Exacum,97 Flcmingia, 123 '. Galium, 182
Erylhroccphalunl,57
Erythrochilon, 189
Erythrococca, 83,84
Exeoee~ria, 83,84
Exocarpos, 192 I Fleurya, 215
Flindcrsia, 189
Flocrkcll, 129
Gallcsia, 168
Galopina, 187
Galphimia, 136

iI
" Exoehacnium,97

I
J
250 PLANT ALKALOIDS Gel/eric Illdex 251

Galpinia, \34 Gillbcca,70 Govcnia, 159,160 Gynandropsis, 40

OamoJepis, 52,58 Ginkgo,98 Grndcrin. 197 Gynurfl,52,58
Garcia, 84 Ginoria, 134 Graffcnrieda, 139 Gyrocmpus, 105
Garcinia, [03 '\ Gironnicra, 2 J 3 Gralllmatophyllum, 160
Gardenia, 184,185,187 Gladiolus, lOB Grnngca, 58
Uardongia, 111 Ulaucidium, 179 Graphaliu11l.58
Garrya,96 Glcchoma, III GraplOphyllulll,4,5 Hnbcn<lri<l, 160
Garuga, 35 Glcdilsia, 117,123 Gralioln, 197 lIackclia,33
Oaruteulll,58 Glcichenia,90 Grcvillca, 176 Hackclochloa, 10 1
Gaslcria, I [ Glinus,9 Grcwin,211 Hacmanthus, 13
Gns\onia, 22 Gliricidia, 123 Greyia, 141 Uacmaloxylon, 123
Gastrochilus, 159 Globba,222 Griclum, 182 Hailin, 134
O<lstro\cpis. 107 Globuhtria,99 Griesbachia, 80 I-Jakea, 176
Gaudichauclia, 136 Glochidon,83,84 Grindelia, 58 Ha[cogl\>ssum, 159
G<lura, 154 Glomcra, 159 Oriscclina,66 1"[alcnia,97
Gauthcria,80 Gloriosa, 128,129 Grislea, 134 HalcsiOl,206
Gaya, \37 ( ilosS0SIc11ll3,25 Oronovia, 130 I-Ialrordi<l, 189
G<lylussacia,80 GloHidium, 123 Hn[imillm,47
Gruelina, 217
Gayophytum, \54 Glotliphyllum,9 Grullli lca, 187 Halimolobus,61:1
Gazania, 52,58 Glyccria, 100 I-Ialleria, 197
Guadua, 101
Geigera, 52,58 Glycine, 123 Haloragis, 104
Guardiola, 58
Gcijcra, 189,\90 Glycosmis, 189,190 Ilarnarnclis, 104,J 05
Gunrca, 141
Gcissois,70 Glycyrrhiza, 123 1l,lmelill, JB4,185,U7
Glmltcria, 15,16 Hamiitonia, 187
Gcissospcrrnum, 17 Gnctum,99 OUllZuma,205
Geitoptcsium, 200 Gnidia,210 /"Iampea, 137
GucHarda, 187 Ihtlllal11 hus, 5
Gcloniulll,84 Gochnalia, 52,58,62 Guiacum, 222,223
Gclscmiulll, 130 Gomidcsia, 148 Haplocarplm,58
Guida, 193 Haplolobus,3S
Gcmiosporum, 111 Gomphocarpus, 24,25 Gui landina, 118 Haplopappus,50,52,54,58
Geniostoma, 131 Gompholobium, 118, 123 Guilroylin, 20 1 I-Iaplophyton, 17
' Gcnipa, 185,187 GOlllphostigma,131 Guizotia, 58 Haplostcphium, 54,58
Gcntian<l,97 Gomphrcna, 12,13 Gunncrll , 104 I-Im"dcnbergia, 123
Oentianclla,91 Gongora, 159 Gurania,09 1"larpagophytum, 167
Gcodorum, 159 Gongyolcpis,52,58 Gussoncll, 160 Harpalia, 123
Gcophila, 186 Goniothalamus,16 Guslavia, 116,123 Harpcphyllum, 14
OCfaea,52 Gonolobus,24,25 Gutcnbergia,58 Harpullia, 193
Geranium, 97 Goodcnia, 99,100 Outicrrezia, 52,58 Hanogia,43
Gerardia , 197 Goodycra, 159 Oymnacanlhera, 146 Hartogicllll,43
Gcrbcm, 52,58 Gorccixia,58 GYlllnanthes,84 Harungana, 103
Gcum, 182 Gordonia, 209 Gymnelaca, 153 Hasscitia,95
Gib'lsis,49 Gorteria,58 Gymncma,25 Hauya, 154
Gibbltria,58 Gossalllpi nus.31 Gymnodadus, 123 1.Jllworthia, 11,[2
Oibollr!ia, 118,123 Gossypium,137 Gymnopodiulll, 173 Hebe, 197
Gicsekia, 9,168 Gouania, IBO,181 Gymnospcrma,58 HebcnSlrclia, 99,196,197
Oilia,l72 Gouldia, 187 Gymnosphacr~, 81) Hcbcpctalum, 13()
Gillanlia,52 Daupia,44 Gymnosporia, 43,44 I-lebert/enia, 147

L
252 PLANTALKALOIDS GCIJeric Illdex 253

Hcclllia,34 Hcnslowia, 69,192 Ilippobroma,38 Il untingiu, 211

1-lccubaea,58 Henyra,5 Hippobrornus, 193 Huntlcya, 160
Hedeoma, III Hepatica, 179 Hippocratca,43 1·lura,84
Ucdcnl,23 Heptap!curum,23 Hiraea, 136 Hyacnache,84
1-lcoycarYll, 143 Hcrac!eu11l, 214 Hirpicium, 52,59 I-Iybanthus, 218,219
Hcdychium, 222 Hcritieru, 205 I-l inella, 182, 184 I-Iybochilus, 160
Hedyosrnulll, 46 Hermmmia, 205 Hislioptcris,89 Uydnocarpus,94
Hcdyotis, 185,187 Hennas, 2 14 Hodgkinsonia, 184
Hydrangea, 195
Hcdypnois, 58 Hermbstacdtia,13 HofTmannia, 187
Hydrilla, 106
Hcdysarum, 123 Hernandia , 105 Hoffmannscggia, 123
Hofmeisteria, 59 Hydroeotyle, 214
Hceria, 14 Herpestis, 197
I-Iydrogas[cr, 21 1
Hc imia, 134 Ilerreria, 129 Hoheria, 137
Holarrhcllu, 17 Hydrolca, 107
Hcinsia, 187 Hcrtiu, 52,59
Heisler! .. , 152 Hespcroc:l llis, 129 Holeus. 10 1 Hyeronima, 83,84
Hclcnium, 50,52,58 Hespcrozygis, 111 Holmskioldia, 218 Hygrophila, 4,5
I [clianlhcmum, 47 Hetcranthera, 174 Holocalyx, 123 Hylocereus,36
Hclianthoslylis, 144 Hctcrocentron, 140 Holodiscus, 182 Hymcnaea, 123
Hclianthus, 50,52,58 Hctcrodcndron, 193 Holopixidu11l, 116 Hymenanthcra, 219
I-Iclichrysu!ll. 52,59 /lctcrolepis, 59 Homulanthus, 84 Uymenocal1is, 14
Helieia, 176 Hctcrornclcs, 182 I-Iornalium, 94,95 1-lymenocardia,84
Heliconia, 14 5 Ilctcrornorph a, 214 Homcria, 108 Hyrncnociea,52
1·lelicosty lis, 144 Jlctcropyxis, 148 Hoodia,24 Hymenodictyon, 187
Hcliocarpus, 211 Hctcropogon, 101 Hordenum, 100 Hymcno!obium, 118,123
1-lcliocharis,72 Hetcropsis, 22 '·Iorkclia, 182 Hymcnoppapus,52
1-lcliodcrcus,36 Hctcropleris, 136 I-Iornstedtia, 222 Hymcnostephium, 52,59
Hcl iophila,68 l/ctcropyxis, 69 1I0rlia, 189,190 1·IYll1olcpis, R8
..Icliophytum, 33 Hctcrosmilax, 200 Hoslundia, III Hyobanche, 197
I-Icliopsis,59 Hetcrospcrma, 59 Houllctia, 160 Hyperbaena, 142
Hcliotcrcs, 205 Hctcroslachys,45 Houslonia, 187
i-lypcricophyllull1,59
Hcliolropium. 32,33 HClcroslcmma,24 HoulluYll ia, 195
Hypericulll, 102,103
1-lcliplcru1l1,52,59 Hclerostemon, 123 Hovca, 117,118, 123
/-Iovcnia, 180 Hypertciis, 9
Hclrninlhill,59 Hetcrothalamus, 59
1·loxis, J 12 Hyphaene, 165
Hc1oniopsis, 129 Ilctcrotheca, 59
l-Ioya.25 Hyphcar, 132
Hclwingill,66 Hcuchcra, 196
f[cvca, 8],84 1·ludsonia, 47 Hyphophyton, 187
Hcmcrocallis, 128,129
Hcmidesmus,24 ]h,xalectris, 160 Hugcria,80 Hypoealyp[us, 123
Hcmidiodia, 187 Hcxalobus, 15 I-Iugonia, 130 Hypoehocris,59
"'crnigraphis, 3,5 Hibbertia,7<1 Uulsea,59 1·lypoeyrta,98
Hcmionitis,90 Hibiscus, 137 HUIllIl!<l,89 Hypodiscus, 179
J-Icll1iphraglllll, 197 Hidalgoa, 59 I-Iu miria, 106 l-I ypoc.~[CS, 3,5

Hcmiplelca,213 Hieraciulll, 59 Uumiriaslrum, 106 Ilypolepis, 89

1-lcmitclia,89 Hierochloc, 101 Hum isanthera, 107,108 ]-lypoJytrulll,72
II~Jlllzoni'l, 59 Hillia, 185 HUlllularia, 123 Hypoxis, 107
Hemizygia, 111 Himalanlhus,19 I-Iulllulus, [44 Hyptis, 111,112
I-Icnrieltca, 140 Hippcastrum,14 Hunnelllunia, 166 Hystrix, !OI

•
254 PLANT ALKALOIDS Gel/eric lilt/ex 255

[boza, HI,112 lx;a, 109 Kiclmeycra, 103 Lacistema, 113

Ichnanthus, 100 Ixiolucna,59 Kigelill,29 Lacnanthes, 104
[chnOc3'lJUs, 19 Ixorll,185,187 Kiggclarill,95 Lactucil,59
Ichthyotherc,59 -. Kingidium, 160 Laclia, 160
Idcsia ,9S Kingiclla, 160 Laeti a,95
Ifloga,59 Jacaranda, 29 Kirganelia,85 Lafoensia, J]4
[lex, 20,21 Kirkia, 199 Lagarosiphon, J 06
Jacaratill,41
iliamna, 137 Jacobinia, 3,5 Kisscnia, 130 Lagascca, 59
Illicium, [35 Jacquemontia,65 Kissodcndron,23 Lagcnaria,69
Impatiens,2(i JaC(luinia, 209 Klcinhovia, 205 l.agcnocarpus, 72
Impcrata, [0 1 Jacgcria, 54,59 Klcinia,52 Lagcnophora, 59
lndigofcra, 117, 11 8,123 lagcra, 193 Kncma, 146 Lagcrstrocmia, 134
[nga, 123,124 Jambosa, 148 Knighlsia, 176 Lagella, 2 10
Inocarpus, 121 Jnsminum, 153 Kniphofill, 129 Lllggcra,59
Inlsin, 124 Jatropha, 83,85 Knowltonia, 179 Lagiosiphon, 210
Il1uln,59 Jaunea,59 Kochia,46 Llgunaria, 137
Jnulopsis,59 Johannesia,85 Koebcrlinia,40 Laguneularia,48
Jochromll,20r Joinvillea,95 Koellcnsleinia, I no L"gurus, I 0 I
lone, 160 Juanulloll,20 1 Koelreulcria, 193 LlIgyni~s, 187
[ol1opsis, I(i0 Juglans, 109 Kohautia, 185, [87 LUllanonia,70
/oslcphanc,59 Julocroton,85 Kohlcria,98 Lamium, 112
Jph igcnia, 129 Juncus, 110 Kohlrauschia,42 Lamourouxia, 196,197
Ipomoea, 65 Jungia, 52,59 Kolkwilzia,41 Lamprnnlhus,9
iresinc, 13 Juniperus, 70 Komlma, 103 Lancisia ,56
[rianthera, 147 Jurinea,52 Kopsill,18,19 LlHuiolphia, 17, 18, 19
[ris, 108 Jussiaea, 154 Korlhalessa, 132 1,angloisia, 172
[sachlleum, 101 Justicia, 3,4,5 Koslelclzkaya, 137
Lannca, 14
Isanlhern,98 KOlschya, 124
Lansium, 141
[salis, 68 Kramcria, 124
L:\I1t~n~, 217,218
Isehl1ca, 59 Krnussia, 187, 188
Kadsura, 135 Laplacea, 209
Ischnosiphon, 138 Krigia,56,59
Kaempfcria, 222 Laponea , 215
Iseia, 65 Krugiodcl1drol1, 180
Kalanchoc, 67 Lnppula,33
Iscrlia, 184,185, 187 Kuhnia, 59
Kullslroemia, 223 Kummcrowia, 124 Larix, 168
hwberlinia, 124 Kalmia, 80 Lmca, 222,223
Isocllrpha,59 Kunzca, 148
Kalopanax,23 KUlchubea, 185 L01seguca, 19
Isoetcs,91 KlInahia,24 Lasia,22
Isoglossa, 5. Kydia,137
Kanimia,59 Kyllingia,72 L11siaclls, 101
Isolol111, 16 Karwinskia, 181 La8ianlhlls, 187
Isomcris,40 Kedrostis,69 Lasiocorys, 111
Isostigma,59 Kcfersleinia, 160 L11siospcrmum, 52
!soloma,38 Kenncdya, 124 Lasthcnia,55
Labordca, ! 3 I
[lea, 102 Kenmdrenia, 205 l.aclIena, 160 Lathyrus, 118,124
[va, 52,59 Kcysscria,59 Lachcllalia, 128,129 Launca, 59
Ivcsia, 182 Khllya, 141 Lachnea, 210 Laurclia, 143
Ixeris,59 Kibllra, 143 Lachnosperrnllrn,59 I.aurcrnbergia, 104
256 PLANTALKALOIDS Generic Il1dex 257

Laurophyltus.14 Lcucns, 111,112 Linocicra, 153 Lorcya, 140

Laurus, 114,115 Lcucocahll1tha,29 Unum, 130 Lotononis, 118,124
Lavatcra, 137 LCllcocarpus. 196 Liparis, 155 Lotus, 118,124
Lavosicra, 140 Lcucopholis,60 Lipocarpha, 72 Loxogrammc, 93
Lawsonia, 134 Lcucor hyllum,198 Lipochaeta.60 Loxolhysanus,60
LHy;a, 59 Lcucopogon, 78 Liposloma, 187 Lozania, 113
LC<llldra, 140 Lcucosidca, 182 Lippia, 217,218 Luculia, 187
Lcbcckill, 118 ~ Lcucosmis, 21 0 Liptoptcris.92 Lucuma, 194
LCCOlliodiscus, 193 Lcucospcrmufll, 176 Liquidambar, 105 Ludwig;a, 154
Leche!!,47 LCllCOs(cgia,89 Liriodcndron, 135 Luehea,211
Lccythis, 116 Lcucosykc, 215 Liriopc, 129 LufTa,69
Ledum,80 LOlleo.hoc, 80 Liriosmn, 152 Luisin, 160
Lcca, 219,220 Lculzcnburgia, 124 Lisiamhus, 97 Lumnilzcra,48
Lccrsia, 10 1 Lcvicria, 143 Lissochilus, 160 Lunasin, 189
Lcfcbvrca, 214 Lewisia, 175 Lislroslachys, 160 Lundin, 29
Lcgncphora, 142 Lcycesleria,4 1 Lilchi,193 Lupinus,117,[ [8,124
Luxemburgia, 152
.
Lciophyllulll,80 Lcyscra,60 Lilhocarpus, 86
LCl1llllonia, 109 Liabum,60 Lilhospermum,33 Luzula, 11 0
Lcrnna, 127 Lialris,50,52,60 Lilhraca, 14 Lycaslc, 155, [60
Lcmnaphyllum,93 Libcrlia, 109 Lilsca, [14 Lychnis,42
Lcmurorchis, 160 Libocedrus, 71 Litlonia, 129 Lychnophora, 52,60
Lconolis, 11 1, 112 Licania, 182,184 Lycium, 200,20 1,202
Loasa, 130
Lconurus, 112 Licaria, 114, 115 Lycopcrsicon, 201
Lobclia, 37,38
Lcpcchini a, 112 Lichlcnstcinia, 214 Lycopodium, 132,[33
Loboslcmon, 33
Lepcirousia, 109 Lightroolia,95 Lycopus, 112
Lockhartia, 155, 160
Lcpidagalhus, 5 Lycoris, 13
Ligularia,60 Locchilus, 160
Lygodcsmia,60
Lcpidium,68 Liiium, [28,129 Locsclin, [72
Lcpidocaryum, [65 Lygooium,93
Limcum, 168 Locsncriclla,43
Lyonia,80
Lepi dospartum, 52 Limnanthcmum, 97,143 Loisclcuria,80
Lyonsia, 19
Lcpidozamia, 71,222 Limnanlhes, 129 Lo1ium, 100,101 Lysania, 132
Lcpinopsis, 18 Limnobium, 106 Lomandra, 110,221 Lysicarpus, 148
Lcpisorus, 93 Limrlophyton, [0 LOlllatium, 2 [4 Lysi loma, 124
Lcplactina, 185 Limonia, 189,[90 Lonchocorpus, 118, 124 Lysirnachia, 175,176
Lcptaspis, 101 Limonium, 171 Lonicera, 40,41 Lysionotis, 98
Lcplocarpus, 180 Limophila,196, 198 Lopanthcrurn, 101 Lysiphyllul1l, 124
Lcploch1oa,10 1 Lil}anthus, 172 Lopezia, 154 LYlhmlll, 134,135
Lcplodactylon, [72 Linaria, 198 Lophiocarpus,45
Lcptospcr111u111, 148 Lindackeria,95 Lophocercus, 36
Lcplurus, 10[ Lindcnbcrgia, 198 Lopholacna, 52,60
Lcspedcza, 124 Lindcm, 114 Lophopctalu111,44 Maba, 77
Lcsqucrclla,68 Lin{\crnia, 196,198
Lcsscrtia, 118, 124 Lindlcyclla, 183
Lophophora, 36
Lophopyxis, 108
, Mabca, 83,85
Macadamia, 176
Lcssingia,52 Lindsaya,91 Lophostoma, 210 Macairca. 140
Lellcaclinia,60 Lingclschcimia, X3 Lopholocarpus, 11 Macaranga,83,85
Lcuc:,dcndron, 176 Lingustrum, 153 Loranthus, 131,132 Macarthuria, 9
258 PLANT ALKALOIDS Generic II/dex 259

Macfadynca,29 Mammca, 10) Maxiltaria, 155,160 Mcrrcm ia,65

Machacranthcra, 60,61 Mammilaria, )6 Mayaca, 139 Mcrtcnsia, )2,))
Machacriurn, 11 8,124 Mandcvilla, 18,19 Mayna,95 Mcryta,2)
Machnonia, 187 -Mancllia, 187 Maytcnus, 4),44 Mcscchitcs, 19
Machilus, 115 Manfrcd<l,8 Mazus, 198 Mcsembryanthcrnum, 8,9
Mackaya,5 M;lllgifcr;I,14 Mt:arnsi<l,148 MCSOIlIl,112
Mackinlaya, 22,23 Manihol,85 Mecardonin, 198 Mesospiniliium, 161
Mnclennia, 80 Manilkara, 194 Mecodium,90 Mespilus, 183
Mac1ura, 144 Maniltoa, 124 Medicago, 118,124 Mestoktcma,9
Macoubca, 17,18 Manson, 29 Mediocolar, 161 Mctatasia,60
Macowania,52 Manulca, 196 Mclnlcuca, 148 Metasequoia, 208
Macmdenin, 160 Maolllia, 215 Melampodium,60 Metastelma,25
Macranthcra, 196 Mapania,72 Meiampyru11I, 198 Mcthysticodclldron, 201
Macrlobium, 118,124 Mapollria, 187 Malanantha, 201 Mctrodorca, 190
Mllcrorncria,3) Maprourca, 85 Malanolcpis,85 Metrosideros, 148
Macropipcr, 169 Marah,69 Melanoxylon, 124 Mcttcrnich ia, 202
Macrosiphonin, 19 Manmla,138 Melanthcra,60 Michelia, 135
Macrozamia, 7 1,222 Marcgravia, 1)8,139 Melnsma, 198 Miconia, 140
Macrurungia, 5 Margaranlhus, 20 I Melastorna, 140 Micrandra,85
Madhuca, 194 M<lrgarelllt, 24 Melhania, 205 Micr.mthus, 109
Madia, 60 Margarilaria,85 Melia, 14 1 Micrococca, 8),85
Maesa, 147 Marila, 103 Melianlhus, 141 Microcos, 210
MHgnolia, 135 Maripa,65 Mel iclI, IOI Microdclia, 161
M;Iguira, 144 MariscIIs, 72 Mclicocca, 193 Microdcsrnis, 165
Mllhonia,2K Markca, 202 Melicopc, 189,190 Microglossa,60
Maianthcmum, 129 M(lrkhamia,29 Melicytus, 2 19 Microlcpia,89
M(licla, 140 Marlicria, 148 Melilolus, 117, 124 Microlepis, 140
M;Ilachra, 137 Marocarpium,66 Mcl iosllla, 191 Microlcspedeza, 124
M.alacol hamllus, 1)7 Marquesia,75 Melissa, I II Microlicia, 140
Malaisia, 144 M;Hfubium, 1\1 Melochia, 205 Microloma, 24,25
Malanca, 187 Marsdcnia, 24,25 Melodinus, 18,19 Micromelum, 189,190
Malux is, 160 Marsilia,91 Melolobiuru, I I R Micromeria, 112
Malephora,9 Marsypian thcs, 112 Melothria,69 Mieroplcris.90
Ma lissoa, 137 Marlinella,29 Memora,29 Microrhamnus, 181
Malleola, 160 Martivsiella, 194 Memycylon, 140 Microsarcus, 16 1
Maliinoa,60 MartYllin, 139 Memldcnium, 161 Microscris,60
Mallotus, 83,85 Mascagnia, 136 Mendoncia, 142 Microspcrmu m,60
Malovclia, 17,18 Massonia, 129 Mendolliea,5 Microstegiuln, 101
Malpighia, 136 Mastichodclldron, 194 Mo::t\ispcrmum, 142 Microtca, 168
Malthiola,68 Malayba, 183 Menodora, 15) Microlis, 161
Malus, 183 MalcJen,25 Mentha, 111, 112 Microtropis,44
Malva, 137 Malisia,31 MenlzcJia, 130 Mikania, 52,59,60
Malv<lstrulIl, 137 Matricaria, 50,60 Mephitida, 187 Miliusn, 16
Malvaviscus, 137 Maurandya, 197,198 Meriania , 140 Millcria,60
Mil lveopsis, 137 Maurabca, 173 Merostachys, 101 Milletia, 118,124
2,2 PUNT ALKALOIDS Generic Index 263

Nicotiana,200,201 Ocdcra,57 Omithidium, 162 Ox inotllS, 128

Nidorclla, 52,60 Oem1cria: 182 Omilhoccphnlus, 156, [62 Oxyanlhcra, 162
Nicrcmbcrgin, 202 .Ocnantbe, 214 Omilhoehi lus,162 Oxyanlhus, 188
NissoliH,125 bcnothcra, 154 Omithogalum, 129 Oxybaphus, [51
Nitraria,223 Offia, 146 Orobanche, 164 . Oxydendrulll,80
Noisettia, 219 Okcnia, 151 Orontium,22 Oxygollum, 174
Nolina,8 Olax, [52 Oroxylum,29 Oxylohium, 118
No!1ctia, 52,60 Oldenbllrgia,60 Orphium,97 Oxylobus.52,60
Norantca, 1]9 Oldenlandia, 184,185, [86,188 Onhoearpus, 198 Oxymilra, 16
Normlmd ia, 188 Oldfieldia,85 Orlho(\on, 112 Oxypelahun,25
NOlalaca, 153 Olea, 153 Orthosanlhus, 109 Oxypolis, 214
NOl hodanthonia, 10[ O[eandia,92 Orlhosia, 25 Oxytheca, 174
NOlliofagus,86 0leandra,25 Orthosiphon, 111,112 OXYlhece,194
Nolhosaerua, 13 Olcaria, 52,60 Onhosphenia,44 Ozoroa, [4
Nothosccptrurn, 129 0ligandra,60 Orthotaclus,3
Nothoscordium, 129 O[igomeris, 179 Orliga, 130
NOlochilus, 198 OHnia, 153 Oryza, 10 I
Notoptcra,60 Pnchira, 30,31
O[mcdiophaena, 144 Oryzopsis, 101
Notoxylinon, 138 Pachycarpus, 24,25
Olynca, 125 Osbeckia, 140
Notylia, 161 Pachyeentria, 140
O[yra, 101 Oscularia, 9
Nuphar, 151 Pacycere us,36
Omphalca, 85 Osmanlhus, 153
Nuxi;I,111 P:lchygone, ·142
Oncidium, 155 Osm(lri<1, 153
Nuyrnania, 141 Pachyloma, 140
Oncoba,95 OSllml'onia, 182 Pachyphy[lum , 156, 162
Nymphaca, 151 Osmiopsis,52
Onoclca,88 Pllchypodium, 19
Nymphoidcs, 143 Osmiles,60
Onosma,32 Pachyrrhizus, 125
Nypa, 165 Osmorrhiza, 214
Onosmodium,33 Pachysandra, 35
NYSS;I,66,lS1
Onychiulll, 93 OSlllunda,92 Pachy:;lachys,5
Opercularia,188 Ossaea, 140 Paehystigma, 188
Operculina,65 OSlcospermum, 50,52,60 Pachystroma,85
Ochna, 152 Ophiog[ossum,92 Ostosty[is, 162 I'aederia, 184,185
Qchroma, 30,)1 Ophiopogon. [29 Ostrcaria, 105 Pacpelamhlls, 81
Ochrosia, 17, 18 OphiolThiza, 188 Osyridoearpos, 192 l'aesia,89
Ochthocosmus, 130 Opbreslia, 125 Othonna, 52,60 Pagamea, 188
Ocimum , 112 Ophryosporus, 52,60 Oliophora, 188 I'agiantha, 17, 18,19
Ocolca, 114, 11 5 Opilia, 155 Oloba, 147 Palafoxia, 52,60
Octamyrtus, 148 Op[ismcnus, 101 Olopappus, 60 Palaquim, 194
Oclarrhcna, 16 1 Opulllia, 36 Oloplera, 125 Paliavanil,98
Octomclis,73 Orbell,25 Ollelia, ! 06 Pulicollrea, 185, 188
Odina,14 OrcobolllS,72 OuochIO<l,IOI Palmeria, 143
Odontodcniil,18, 19 Orcomynhis, 2[4 Ollonia, 169 Patonia, 179
Odontoglossum, 155,161 Orcopanax,23 Ougcinia, 125 Panaca, 167
Odonloncma, 5 Orgcria, 167 Durala, 152 Panax,23
Odonlosoriu,91 Orixa, 190 Oxalis, 164 Pancheria, 70
Occocloclndes, 159 Ormocarpulll, 125 OxnnJra, 16 Pandanus, 165
Occ!cmalopus, 103 Ormosia, 117,118,125 Oxera,2 lS Pandiaka, 13

L
 264 PLANT ALKALOJl)S Gencric Indcx 165
Pangiull1,95 Pect is,6 1 Pcriptcrigyium, 108 Philadclphus, 196
PaniculIl, 101 Pectocnryn, 33 Phi lidrium, 167
Peristcria, 162
Papaver, 166 Pcddica,2 10 PeriSlrophe, 3,5 I'hilippia,80
Papl}Ca, 193 Pcdicularis, 197,198 PcrityJc,52 Phi1odemlron , 22
Papuaccdrus, 71 Pcdi lanthus, 85 Pcrncttya,80 Philoxerus, 13
PapUltlthia,16 Pcgollcti.l, 52,61 I'crotis, 101 Phlogacanthus, 3,5
Parabaenc, 142 Pcixoto, 136 Pcrrotletia,44 Phlox, 172
Paragonia,29 Pclargoniurn,97 Phocbanthus, 52
Pet'sea, 114,1 15
Pararnigyu, 190 Pelea, 190 Phoebc, 115
Pcrsoonia, 176
l'arancma,88 Pcllaea,93 Perymenium , 52,61 Pholidota, 156
Paranomus, 176 Pellea, 215 Pescatoria, 156, I 62 Pholistoma, 107
i'arapiptadcnia, 125 Pcli ionia , 215 Peschicrea, 17,18,20 i'horadcndron, 131, 132
Parathancornia, 19 I'cltaca, 138 Pessopteris, 93 Phonniulll, H
Pamthesis, 147 Pc!tondra,21 I'clatidium, 5 Pholinia, J 83
Paralrophis, 144 Peltastcs, 20 Phmgmites, 101
Pctalonyx, 130
I'arentucella, 198 Peltodoll, 112 Petalosternon, [25 Phrcatia, 156,162
Parinari , 182,183,184 PCltOgyIlC, 125 Petalosligrna, 85 I'hryganocydia,29
ParinarilUll, 184 Pcllophorum, 125 Phrygilanthus, 132
Petalostylis, 117
PlIriti , 138 Pemphis, 135 Pctarstoma ,29 Phrynium, 138
Parkia, 118, 125 Penllea, 167 I'ctasiles, 6 1 Pht hirusa, [32
Parkinsonia, 117,125 I'cllnisetulll, 101 l'etiveria, 168 Phyla, 218
Panncntiefa,29 I'entllchondria, 78 Petrea, 218 Phyl ica, 180,181
l'arochetus, 118 i'entaclelhm, 118,125 PelToselinum,214 I'hyllanlhus, 83,85
Paronychia , 42 Pentaphalangium, 103 I}ctunia, 201 ,202 Phyllestegin, 11 2
Paropsia,95 I'cntapterygiulll,80 I'cuecdnnum, 214 Phylloearpus,125
Parrotia, 105 i'cntapyxis, 4 I I'cutanisia, 188 Phyllocharis,38
Parsonsia, 17, 18,19,20 l'entarrhinum,24 Pcyrousca, 52 Phyllocladus, 208
PnrthcnoeisSlls, 220 PCnlas, 185, 188 Pfama, 13 Phyllodium, lIS
Pas-lnia, 86 Pentrntropis,25 Phacelin, 107 Phyllogeiton, 181
Paspalulll, 101 Penlhoru11l, 196 Phacanthus, 16 Phyllonoma, 102, I 96
Paliserina ,2 10 /)enstemol1 , 197, 198 Phaenocoma,61 Phyllospadix, 175
Passinora, 166 Pentzia, 52,61 Plmcnohoffmania, I [8 PhyllostllChys, 101
I'astinaca, 214 Pcpcromia, [69 Phaeoptilum, 151 Phyllotll,125
PalagonuJa,33 I'eplis, 135 Phais, 162 Phymasl}Crmum,52
Patersonia, 109 Peronium, 69 Phalanolcpis, 162 Phymlllodes, 93
Palrinia, 216 Pent, 83,85 Phalaris, 100, I 0 I Physalis, 200,201,202
Pallilinin, 193 percbea , 144 Phalcrin, 210 Physocalymna, 135
Paulownia , 198 Pcrcskia,36 Pharnaccum,9 Ph ysocalyx, 198
l'ausandra ,85 l'erezin,51,61 Phascolus, 111:1,125 Psychocarplls, 183
Pnusynstalia, 185 I'crgularia, 24,25 Phalllopsis,5 Phyteullla,38
l'ilyctta, 185, 11:18 I}crinndra, 125 PlnlUlothamnus, 168 Phylolacca, 168
Pavonia, 137,138 l'eridcri<lia, 2 14 Phcba[illlll,1 89, 190 I'icca , 168
Payparola, 2 19 Pcrictaria , 215
PCflrsonin,118,125
Phellinc,21 , Picramnia, 199
Pcrilln, 111 , 11 2 Phellodendron,I H9, 190 Picrnsma, 199
Pectinarin,24 Pcril)Clltadcni,l, 77 Phenax, 2 I 5 Picris,59,61
266 nANTALKALOJDS Generic Index 267

Picrodcndron, 85,199 PlnYlhymcnia, 125 Polionia, 215 I'otcriurn, 183

I'icris, 80 PlcCIOCliliopsis, 194 PollalcSla,6 1 POlhornorphc, 169
Pilca, 2 15 Plcclocorniopsis, 165 Pollia, 49 POlhos,22
Pilcus,41 ", Plcclranlhlls, 111,11 2 Pol1ichiil,42 POIISill,20
l'iliosligma, 125 Plcctl'onia, 188 Polya1thia, 16 POllrourna, 215
Pilocarpus, 189,190 Plcclronicllll, 188 Polyandra,85 Potltcria, 194
Pilophyl1urn, 162 Pleiocarpa, 17 Polyaslcr, 190 POllzolzin, 2 I 5
Pilostigma,25 I'lciosmilax, 200 i'olybO!ria, 88 Premna, 217,218
Pilostylcs, 178 Plciospora, 118 Polycarena, 197 Prenilnthes,lll
l'imclca, 210 Pleiolnxis,6 1 Polycarpca,42 Prcniil,9
Pimclodcndron,85 Plenckia,44 Polycarpon,42 Prcslonia, 18,20
PimCllln, 148 Plcogync, 142 I'olyeyncis, 156,162 I'rcvoslca, 65
l'impinclla, 214 Plcranura, 23 Poiyga!a, 172, 173 I'ricstlcya, 119
PinasopapPlls, (i I Plcurollcllis,93 Polygonllluln,129 Primariutll, 183
Pi nkncya, 184 P!euroslllchys,72 Polygonel1:l, 174 Prinllll:l, 175 ,176
Pinus, 168 I'lcurothalJis, 162 Polygollum, 173, 174 Prinlzia,61
Pipcr, 169 P]inia, 148 PolYlllnia, 52,61 Prioniulll,110
I'iplaehctium, 101 I'linlhus,9 Polyosma, 196 Prismalocarptls, 38
Pipladcnia, 125 Plocog\olli::;, 162 Polyparalldra, 108 Pritchardia, 165
Piplocarpha, 52,61 I'lucllC,I,52,61 Polypodium,93 Privia, 2\7,2 18
Piplurus, 215 Plumbago, 17! Polypogoll,101 Probosddca, 139, 167
Piqueria, 61 Plumcr;a, 18,20 Polyprelllulll, 13 1 Proeris, 216
l'inlllhca ,85 Plulllcriopsis,20 Polyplcris, 52 Prokia,95
Piriqllcta, 212 Paa, 101 Polyrrhiz<I,162 Prosopis, 117,119,125
Pi::;ol1ia, 15 1 Poaephyllum, 162 Polyse ias,23 Prosperpinaca,l04
Pisoniclla, 151 Podachaenium,52 PolY51ael1ya, 162 Prostam hcra, 112
l'islacia, 14 l'odalyrill , 117,118 Polystichulll,88 "rotca, 176
Pislia,22 Podocarpus, 171 Pomadcrris, 181 Proleopsis, 52
I~il cairnia, 34 Podochill1s, 162 l'omatocalpa, 162 Protium, 34,35
l'ithcceilobiulll, 117,1 I K,12S Podoeoma, 59 Pomelia, 193 Pro\orhus, 14
Pilhccoetcnium,29 1'0dopctalulll,118 Poncirus, 190 Prunella, 112
Pil1osporum, 170 Podosphyllum,28 Pongamia, 125 Pnmus, 182,183
Piluranthos, 214 POdospcfma, 61 POPOWill, 15, 16 Psammisia,80
PilyrognllTIma,87 Podolhcca,61 Populus, 19 1 Psathyrotcs, 61
Plngiobothrys,3J l'odranca, 29 Porana,65 Pscudabulilon, 138
I'lagiogyri,t,92 Pocci\;mlhc, 118 I'oraqueiha, 108 Pseuuarthria, 125
Plallchoncl la, 152,194 Pogonantherum, 101 ]>orophyllum,6 1 PseuucranlhclIllllll,5
PIHnchonia, 116 Pogonophorn,85 Pororoea, 147 Pseudima, 193
Plantago,170 Pogoslcmon, 111,1 12 POl'llandia, 185 l'scu(\obaceharis,61
Plalanamhcra, 162 Poiki lospcnnulll,215 Portulaca, 175 Pscudocalymna,29
Plata nilS, 170 Poinscttia, 85 Portul11caria, 175 Pscudocardia, 125
Pilltonia, 103 I'oirclill, 125 I'osoquiera, 185,188 I)scudocassinc, 44
Plalylophus,70 Polanisi",40 I'ot" lia, 131 Pscudoeinchona, 185
Pta!ymiscium, II R,125 l'olemoniulll, 172 POlamogclon, 175 Pscudocorynophyllus, 148
Platysaec, 2 14 Puliomimhll,l12 POlcnlilla, 182,183 ]>scudocllui la, 11 2
 268 PLANl'ALKALOJDS Gel/eric flldex 269

Pscudocydoni,l, I R3 Pterygod ium, 162 Qucsncliu,34 Rhabdodclluron, 180

Pscudodrynaria, 93 Plery"ia, 214 Quiina, 177 Rhabdostigma, 188
I'scudoclcphantopus, 61 PteUl"ophora, 135 Quintinia, 102 Rhabdothamnus,98
Pseudoeurya,209 Ptilinium, 214 Quisqualis,48 Rhncoma,44
Pscudogaltonia, 129 PtilolUS, 13 Rhagodia,46
PscudolacJmostylis, 85 l'tychoearpus, 94 Rlmmnidium, 181
Pscudolrncdi,I,144 Pueraria, 125 Rhamnus, 180, 181
l'seudopanax,23 Pulicaria,61 Radycrll, 138 Rhaphiolcpis, 183
Pseudotsuga, 169 Pullca,70 Rafflcsia, 178 Rlm:;:ya, 17 .
Pseudowi!l!cra, 220 Pulsatilla, 178 Rafincsquia,61 Rhccdia, 103
Pscuduraria, 16 Pultcnea, ! 19,125 Rafnia, 119,125 Rhcxia, 140
Psiadia,61 PUllica, 177 Ramatucla,48 Rhigo:wm,29
Psidiulll, 149 Pupalia, 13 [{andia, 185, 188 Rhinacanthus, 5
Psilaclis,61 I'urshia, 182, 183 Rungacris, 156 Rhipidoglossum, 162
Psilocaulon,9 j'ulnmjiva,85 RllllUllculus, 178,179
Rhipogoni um, 129
J'silo1acmus,33 l'uttcrlickin,44 Rapa ncll,148
Rhizophom, 181
Psi lostrophc,52 Pyccrus,72 Raphanocarpus, 69
I'ycn;mthcmum, 111,112 Rhoco,49
l)silotulll,93 Raphanus, 68
i'ycnarrhcna, 142 Rhodanmiu, 149
Psi1!acanthus, 132 Raphiodon, 112
i'yclloeoma,1I3 Rhododcndron, 80
Psoralca, 119,125 Raphionacmc,25
Pycnospora, 119,125 Rhodognaphalopsis,3 0
Psorospcrlllulll, 103 Rapistrurn,68
I ~hod omy rtlls, 149
Psychotria, 185,1118 l'ycnostachys, 112 Raputia, 190
I~hodospatha, 22
PsyllocaJ·pus, 188 Pyenantha, 147 Ratibida, 53,61
l'yglllacoprclllna, 218 Rhodosphacra, 14
Plelea, 189 Ralonia, 193
Pygmaeothamnus, 188 Rauvolfia, 17,111,20 Rhodotypos, 182
i'lcicorsis,48 Rhoiaearpos, 192
Ptcralyxia,20 I'yracantha, 182, 183 Rauwcnhoffia, 15
Pyrcnacantha, 108 Ravcnala, 145 Rhoicissus, 220
Ptcridium,89 Rhopalopilia, 155
Pyrenaria , 209 Ravcnia, 189
Pteris, 88 Rhopalostylis, 165
Pyrethrum, (i 1 Rawsonia,95
I'tcrocarpus, 119,125 Rhus, 15
Pyroln, 177 Rcamuria, 207
P[crocarya, 109 Rhynchctytrum, 101
I'yrolaria, 192 Rccch ia, 199
I'terocauloll,61 Rhynchosia, 119, 126
Pyrostcgia,29 Rcic hstcincria, 98
Pterocela~trus, 44 Rhyncltospora, 72
Pyrrhopa ppus, 6 1 Rcincourtia, 6 1
Ptcrococcus, 174 Pyrrosia, 93 Rhynchoslylis, 155,162
Rcinhardtia, 165
PterocYlllbriullI, 205 Pyrus, 183 Rhyncolacis, 172
Rcibuniulll, 185
Pterodiscus, 167 Pytchopctalum, 152 Rhypsa lis,36
Relha nia,60
I'lerodon, 125 l'yxidanthera,74 Rhysolepis,61
Rc mijia, 185,188
Plcrogync, 119 Rhyssoptcris, 136
Rcmirca,72
Pteroleri s, 140 Rhylicarpus, 214
Renalllhcra, 156,162
Pterolobium , 125 Ribes, 102
RCllcal rnia, 222
Pterolorna, 125 Quabea, 220 Richardia, 22, I R8
Rcseda, 179
Plclollia, 52,61 Quamoclit,65
," (Pterospermum, 205 Quararibca, 30,31
Rcs(io, 180 .. Richca,79
Rr.liniphyl lulll, 188 Richcria,85
Ptcroslcgia, 174 Quassia, 199 Rhabuadcnia,20 Ricinocarpus, 85
PlcrostcmOIl, 102 Quckcttia, 162 Rlmbdia,33 Ricinus, I12
Pterox yloll, 141 Qucrcus,86 Rhabdocaulon, 112 Ricscnbachia, 154
270 PLA N1'ALIVI LOIlJS Gel/eric Index 271

Rinorea, 2 18,219 Sahea,97 Sarochil11S. 15(}, 163 Schlcichcra, 193

ll iocrcuxia,25 Sabia, 191 S.,."cococca , 35 Schocnorchis, 163
Rivea, 66 Sabicca. 188 Sarcocolla, 167 Schocnus, 72
Hiviniu, 168 " Sacch;num, 101 Sarcol!es, 177 Schotia. 126
Robinia, 126 Sacciolepis. 101 Sarcoiogus,25 Schrddera. 188
Robinsonella, t 38 Saccoglottis, 106, 130 Sarcopcla llllll,1 42 Schrcbera, 153
Robiquctia , 162 Saccolabium, 155,162 Sarcophacis, 169 Schrcno biblus, 2 10
I ~odfig u czia, 155,162 Saccopclalum, 16 Sarcoslcmma, 25 Schu1tcsia,97
Rodriguczicl la, 163 Sadlcria, 89 Sarcostoma, 163 Schuu rmania, 152
Rogeria, 167 Sagcrctia, 181 Sarraccnia, 195 Schwcilera , 116
Roli in ia, 15 Sagina,42 Sarlwcllia, 61 Schwenkia, 202
llo mu1cil, 109 Sagiuflria, 10, I I Scilla, 128, I 29
Sassafras, 115
Ronde1ctia, 185,188 Sakakia, 209 Satyria, 81 Scirpus,72
Rorirra,68 Salacia, 43 ,44 Salyrium, 163 Sclcria, 72
Rosa, 183 Salazaria, II I Sclerocarplls, 53,62
Saurauia,7
Rosm:lri nus, 111 Saicomia,46 Sclcrochiton.5
Sauropus. 85
Rotaln, 134,135 Salcrocarya, 15 Sclcrolcpis,62
Sa ururus, 195
Rothbocll ia, 10 1 Salix, 191 Scleroncllla, 31
Saussurea, 53,6 1
ROl hmmmia, 185, 188 Salmcll,61 Scletill m,9, 10
Sau vegesia, 152
Roupa lll, 176 Salpianthus, 151 Scoparia, 197,198
Roussel;a, 216 Saxifraga, 196
Sa1501a, 45,46 Scabriosa,75 Scopolia, 94
Roycna,77 Sailcra , 167 Scurrula, 1]2
Rub ia, 184,188
Sc<tphillm , 205
Salvadora, 192 Scaphyglott is, 163 Scutellarill, I I I
Rubus, 182
Salvc rtill, 220 Scaveola, 99,100 Scutia, 18 1
Rudbcckia, 5],61
Salvia, 111, 112 Scelochilus, 163 Scyphiophora. 188
Rudgca, 188
Sal zma nia, 188 SchaelTeria, 44 Sebasliania, 83 ,85
Ruellia,5
Samaucll, 117 SchaelzeHia, SCi Sccamonc,24,25
Rumex, 173, 174
Sambucus, 40,41 Seheff1era, 23 Scchiopsis, 69
Rumfonha,61
Samolus, 176 Schel harn mcra. 128, 129 Sechium,69
nllllgia,5
Ruprcc hti a, 174
Sanchczia, 3,5 Schi ma, 209 Sccondalia,20
nu sch i~, 9
Sangu inaria, 166 Schinus, 15 Sccllridaca, 173
Ruspolia,5 Sanguisorba, 183 Schblocarpha,6 1 Secllrillcga, 83,85
Russelia, 197,[98 Sanicula, 2 14 Schi slogync,25 Scdde ra ,66
RUIll,189 Sanscveria, R Schistostephium, 53,6 1 Sedum ,67
RUlhiclla,38 Santalulll,l92 Schizachyrium, 101 Seeman naralia,22
RUll Yll,3 Sanvitalia,6 1 Schizaea,93 Seguicria. 168
Ryania, 94,95 Sapimlus, 193 Sch izobasis, 129 Sclag;ncl la, 199
Ryparosa,95 Sap ium.83,85 Schizocll rpu rn,69 Sclago,99
Saponaria,42 Schizoglossum,25 Sclcnodesmium,90
Saraca, 126 Schizolobium, 126 Seleropyrulll, 192
Sarcanlhlls, 155, 163 Schizomeria.70 Sclinu!l1 ,214
S:lba,20 Sarcall lus, 194 Sch izophragma, 196 Sel loa,62
SabaJ. 165 Sarobal us,46 Schkhuria , 53,6 1 Semccarpus, 15
Sab.. !;a,97 Sarocaulon,98 Schlechtcndnlia,6 1 Semciandm, 154
Sabazia, 5),61 Sarcoccphalus, 184,185 Schlcgclia,29 Semela, 129
272 PLANTALKALOIDS Generic Index 27J

Scmonvillea, 168 Sipanc<l, 188 Spat iostclllon,85 Stauntonia, \14

Senecio, 50,53,62 Siparuna, 143 SP111hiphyllulll,22 Siauroehilus, 163
Scncfcldera, 85 Siphoeampylus,38 Spalhodea,29 Slaurogync, 4
Sephalosaeells, 163 Siphoneugeni.l,149 Spathoglouis, 163 Stauropsis, 163
Seplotheea, 31 Siphonia,85 Spcrmaeoe, 188 Steg<lnOlacnia, 214
Sequoi<l, 208 Siphonodon,44 Srlmcra1<lcca, 137,138 Slegnospcrma, 168
Serenoa, 165 Siphonoglossa, 3,5 Sphacra nl hus,62 Steirodiscus, 52,58
Serianthcs, 126 Siphonychia, 42,43 Spilacrolobiunl, 126 Stc1is, 16)
Sericodc);, 223 Sisymbriulll,68 Sphaerosieyos,69 Stellaria, 43
Scricographis, 5 Sisyndile, 222 Sphedamnocarpus, 136 Sternrnadcnia, 17,18
Sericola,78 Sisyrinchiunl, 109 Sphcrloccntrulll,142 Slemona, 204
Scriconcm'l, 13 Sitanioll,101 Sphcnoclca, 203 Stcmonurus, 107
Scriocnrpus, 62 Sium,214 Sphcnomcris, 91 Stenaclmen;ulll, 62
Scriolhcca, 183 Skimmia, 189,190 Sphcnostcmon, 21 Stenandrium,5
Seris,62 Skytan1 hUs,20 Sphenostigmn, 109 Stcnanthcnulll, 181
Serjania, 193 Sfoanca,78 SphCllostylis, 126 Slcnanthiulll, 129
Scrruria, 176 Smill1cina, 128,129 Sphyronlhcra,85 Stcnocarpus, 177
Sesamolhamnus, 167 Smilax, 200 Sphyrospcrmutl1,81 Stcnoc line,62
SCSl1rllum, 167 Smithia, 126 Spigclia, 131 Stenolobium,29
SCSbtlllia, 126 Smodingiulll, 15 Spilanthes, 53,62 Slenoloma, 91
Sessca, 202 Srnythca, 181 Spinacia,46 Slcnorrhynchos, 163
Scsuvium,9 Sobralia, 163 Spin ifex, 100,102 Stcphnnarulra, 183
Setaria, 101 Soland!'a, 202 Spiraea, 182,183 Stephania, 142
Severin3, 190 Solanum, 200,20 I ,202 Spiranthcmum, 70 Stcphanotleril1,53,62
Scymeria, 197,198 Soldia, 113 Spir.mthcs, 163 Sterculia, 205
Shcpherdia, 77 So/clmngis, 160,163 Spirodcla, 127 Stereospennurn, 29
Shicki .. , 104 Solidago, 50,53,62 Spirostachys, 45,85 Stevia, 53,62
Shii la, 87 SOllchus, 53,62 Spirolheca,30 Stcw<lrtia, 209
Shorca,75 Sonncf<ltia, 202,203 Spondias, 15 St imia,63
Shorlia,74 Sophora, 117,119,126 Sponobolus, 102 Stigmatophy!lon, 136
Sibt!rorpia, 198 Sopllbia, 198 Sprckel ia ,13 St ilbc,218
Sickingia, 185,188 Sorghastru, 101 Sprengclia, 79 Sti ll ingia,85
Sicyos,69 Sorghum, [01 Spyridilllll, 18 1 StilpnopapPll);,63
Sida, 138 Sorocea, 145 Staav ia,34 Stipecoma,20
Sidalacca, 138 Sorophularia, 197,198 Stabcrhoa, 180 St iwlubium, 126
Sideroxylon, 194 Sotula,33 Stachys,111,113 Stizophyllurn, )0
Siegsbccki<l,62 Souroubca, r39 St:lchytarphcta, 217,218 Stuebe, 53
Sigrnatostalix, 163 Sp~rnngium, 203 Stachyurus, 203 Stolzia, 163
Silene,42 Sparnuanthcliurn, 105 Stackhousia, 204 Slomatostcrnrna, 25
Silphium,62 Sparnuospcrrna, '49 Standleya, 185 Slranvacsia, 183
Sirna!>a, 199 Sparaxis, 109 Stangeria, 7 1,222 Slrau5sia, 185
Sirnarouba, 199 Spl1rrmmnia,211 Stanhopea, 163 Streblus, 145
Simirill, 185,188 Spartina, 102 Stapclia, 24,25 Strelitzia, 145
Simmondsia,35 Spartiultl, 117 Staphylca, 204 Streptant hella,68
Si nsia,62 Spatal1a, 177 Stat ice, 17 1 Streptanlhus,68
274 PVINT/lUvl LOfDS Gcncdc Index 275

Strcptocarrus, I)X Synedrelia,63 Tcijsmnnniodendron, 21 K T helypodium, 68

Slrlgll, 197 Syngoni((m, 22 Tcl:llIther:t, 13 ThclYPleris, 94
Strobilanthcs, 5 Sylllhlipsis,68 Tclioslachya,5 Theobronm, 205
Stromantht:, 138 "SYl"Hntherias,22 Telipogon, 163 Thcodofea, 163
Slrong),olodon, 126 Syringa, 153 Tcmmlticni".20 Th crmo p~ is, 126
Stroplwnthus, 17.18,20 SystcJoglossnm, 163 Tcmllocalyx, 188 Thcsi ul11,192
Strophostylcs, 126 Syslcl11onodnphnc, 115 Tcmplctonia, 117, 119 Thesrc.~i~, 137,138
StruchioJa, 210 Tcphrosia, 117,119 ThevClilt, 18,20
Struthanl hus, 131,132 Tcramnus, 126 Thiclco(!llxa, 188
SlrycllllOS, 1)0, 13 1 Terminali",47,48 Thioa, 48
Slu llitill,2S T;\bebuia,30
',;,bcrnacmonwna, 17, 18,20 TcmSlrocmia, 209 Thlaspi,68
Styl idi I1nl ,200 Tclmecrll,74 Thomasi~, 205
Styluc hiton,22 Tacazzca, 25
'l~lcca, 207 Telr:lcle8, III ThoracoSlachyull1, 73
Stylo~anlhcs, 126
Tachygalia, 119,126 Tclmcoccus, 85 Thouinia, 193
StypanJra, [21), 129
Tacsonia, 166 Telradcnia, III Thovinidiulll, I93
Styphclia,79 Tetmdyrnia, 53 ,63 Thrixsj)crmullI, 163
StyphnOdcndron, 119,1 26
TacniophylJum, 163
Tagcles, 53,63 Tetmgnslris,35 Thryplolllenc, 149
StyntX, 206 Tetragonia,9 ThuarCll, 102
Tainia, 157
Suadell,45,46 TClragonotheca, 53 Thuja, 10,71
Taiwania, 208
Sunipi;).16O TelrAmcnium, 5
l~l la uma, 135 Thunbe r gria,5
Surega dll ,II),85 Tetramernnthus, 16
Talino[1sis, 175 Thy lac i urn, 39
Surj,uw . 199
TaiinuIll,I75 Tetramolopium,63 Thyrhal~ea, 138
Sutera, 197,198
Talisia, 193 TelrAnema, 198 ThyrsacnnHtus, 5
SUlhcriandia, 119 TelrAneuris, 63 Thyrsallis, 136
Tamari ndus, 126
SuzukiH, 113 Tamari x, 207 Tetrapanax, 23 Thy rsa nthcmum,49
Suzygiul11 ,149 '1imlUs,75 Telm p l a s"ndr~ , 23 Thyrsodi um , 15
Swainsonia, 119,126 TlInaceturn, 50 Tetraplcris, 136 Thysanocarpus, 68
SWlIrlzia, 119 l~lOnabo, 209 Tetmria,12 Thysano!acna, 102
Swcclia, 119 '1 ~'pcinosJlerm a, 147, 148 Telrastigma, 220 Thysano~rermum, 185
Swcilcni:I,141 Tapiphyllum, I H8 TClmthcca, 2 11 Tiarcl!;' , 196
Swerti,L,97 TlIririll, 15 Tctrn'l.ygia, 140 Tibouchina , 139, 140
~wil1g l ca. 190 Tapunl,74 Tctroslylidium, 152 TideSltOQlill, 13
Sylilra, 126 r<lmx<lcum, 63 Tcucrium, 111 ,113 Ticghc,1lopanax, 23
Sylvia, liS Tarchonanlhus, 63 Tcxocactus,36 Tilia,211
Symphoglossurn, 163 Tarenn;\, 185,188 Thalia, 138 Tilineora, 142
Symphonia, 103 Tassadia,25 Taliclrum, 178, 179 Tilland5 i~, 34
Syrnphoricarpos'; 40,'\ 1 lliushia, 215 Thamnosma, 190 Timoni U&, [88
Symphyop<tppus, 53,6) 1:1xodiulll,208 Th;mnochort us, 180 Tinantill, 49
Sy mpi~za.
81 TantS,20R Thaspium, 214 Tinnca. III
Symploc'LrplIs,21 Tcclca, 190 ThaulTIHslochloa, 102 Tithoni II , 53,63
Symplocos,21l6,207 'i'ccoma, 29,30 TlmulIIllloearyon, 33 Tococa, 140
Synadenium, H3,85 Tccomanthe, 29 Thaumatococcus, 138 Tocoyen~, 188
Syncarpia, 149 TccorHltl'ia,29 Thea, 209 Toddalia, 189,190
Synccp lmlanllm, (i3 TcctariCl,88 ThccOSlclc, 163 Tocchirna, 193
SyncloS1Cmoll, 113 Tcctona, 218 Thelasis, 162,163 ToencoJlllyllum, [(,:\
 276 PLANTALKIILOIDS Generic Index 277

Toficldill,128 Tricholcpsis,53 Tropacolcum, 2 12 Ul r icularia, \ 27

TOlllluzia, 17 Trichomancs, 88,90 T rophis, 145 Uvuria, 16
TOllina,8 1 Trichopilia, 155,156,163 Tryphoslcmma, 166 Uvularia, 129
Toona, 141 Trichoplilium,63 TryplcrigiulTI,43
Toril is,2 15 Trichusanlhcs, 70 Tsuga, 169
Torrenia, 198 Trichospcnnulll, 2!O Tubiflora, 198 Vacciniunl,81
Torrcnlicola, 172 Trichoslemll, J II ,1 13 Tu lbaghia, 129 Va hlia, 195
Torrcsia, 126 Triclisia, 138 Tulipa, 129 Valerianll,216
Valcri:mcll;1,2 16
Torrcya, 208 Tricyrlis, 129 Turhinin,66
Turncm,212 Val1aris,20
Torrubia, 151 Tridactyle, 163
Touchardia, 216 Tridax, 53,63 Turpinia, 203 Vul lca,78
To unatca, 126 Tridens. 102 Turraea, 141 Vallcsia, 17
Tussilago,63 Vallesneria, [06
Tourneforl ia, 32,33 Trienlalis, 176
Tutcheri!!,209 Vandasi<I,126
TouroHa, 177 Trifolium, 119,126
Tylophona, 24,25 Vandengosehia,90
"["ovomi!!!, 103 Trigida, 109
Tylosema, 126 Vangucria, 185, [ 89
TowlisenJ ia, 53,63 Trigloehin, 110
Tynanehus, 30 VangucriOI)sis, 189
Tox icodendron, 15 Trigonella, 126 Vanillosmopsis,63
Toxocarpus,24 Trigonia, 211 Typha, 213
Typhoniulll,21 Vant;mca, 106
Traehelospcrrnum, [8 Trigonidium, 156,163 V<llai rca, [26
Traehyandra, 129 Trigonospermum, 63 Valaircopsis, 126
Trachymcnc, 215 'l'rigonolis,33 Vauquclinia, 183
Trachy pogon, [02 Trilisa,63 V<lv<lca, 141
Uapaca,85
Tradcscanlia,49 Trirncni:I, 143 Velleia, [00
Ucriana, 188
Tragia, 85,86 Trimeria, 94,95 Vello;:in, 21 (i
Ullueus,27
Tragopogoll, 63 Triodall is,38 Vcncllium,63
Ulmus, 213
Tragus, 102 Triod ia, 102 Umbcllularia, l IS Vencgasill,53
Trauiniekia,35 Trioslcum, 41 Ventilllgo, 181
Umliza, 126
Trerna,213 Triphasia , 190 Unearia, 184,185,188 VerTis, 190
Trcmblcya, 140 Triplaris, 174 Uncinia,73 Veratrum, 128
Trcwia,85 Trip[OSlcgia, 216 Ungnadia, 193 Vcrbaseum, 197,198
Triacantncra,5 Tripogamlra,49 Unonopsis, 16 Verbcllll, 217,218
Trianlhcma,9 Trisctum, 102 Umgoga, 189 Verbesina, 50,63
Triaspis, 136 Tristania, 149 Urandra, 107 Vernonia, 53,63
Tribulus, 223 Tristellatcia, 136 Uraria, 126 Vcrnonieastrum, 198
Triealysia, 185,188 Trislemma, 140 Urbanoclcndron, 1I 5 Vcromorphia, 1H9
Trichadenia,95 Tristisopsis, 193 Urceola, 18,20 Veronic<l, 198
Triehili<l, 14 1 Triton;<l,109 UrcchilcS,20 Viburnum, 40,4 \
Trichocenlrum, 163 TriurnfcHa, 210,211 Urcm, 216 Vieia, [19,126
"l"richoc1adus, 105 Trivalv<lria, 15 Urginea, 128,129 Vigna, 119,126
Trichoc1ine,63 Trixis,53 Uroskinncra, 198 Viguicra, 53,59,64
Trichodesma, 32,33 Trizeuxis, 163 Urospalhca,2 1,22 Vinca, 17
, Trichodiadema,9 Trochocarpa,79 Ursinia, 53,63 Vinccto)(icum, 24,25
Trichog[ottis, 163 Troehodendron, 212 t lrsinopsis, 63 Viola, 2 18,219
Trichogonia, 53,63 T roenomeria, 70 Urtica,216 Virgilia, 119
Trieholacna, 102 TrolJius, 178 Urvi l1ca, [93 Virola, 146
278 PLANT ALKALOIDS Generic Index 179

Viscum, 131, 132 Wriglnia, 17,18,20 Zcxmcnia, 54,64 Z;zyphlls,180,18\

Vism ia, 103 Wulfcnitl, ~97 Zollcrn;a, 127
Zcyhcria, 29,30
Vifcx, 218 Wunderlichia,64 ZOSlem, 175
Ziera, 189
Vililliariopsis, 194 Wurmcba, 128 ligadcnus, 128 Zuellania,94
Vilis, 220 Wyclhia, 54 Zingiber, 222 Zygogyn um, 220
Vitllldinia,64 Zinnia, 54,64 Zygoon, 189
Viual'ia,94 Zygo]lclalum, 156
Zinowiewia,44
Vi vania, 98 Xanthium. 50,64
Zizallia, 102 ZygophyHum, 223
Voacanga, 17 Xamhocephalum,64 Zizia, 2 \ 5 Zygoscpalum. 161
Vochysia, 220 Xamhophyllum, 221
Volulari<l,64 Xanthorhizil, 178
VOllcarpoull, 126 Xanlhosrna,22
Vricsia,34 Xanthostemon, 149
Vulpia, 102 Xeroncma, 129
Xerophyllurn. 129
Xerotes, 110
Ximcnia, 152
Wachcnliorfia, 104 Xiphidium, 104
Wa hlenbcrgia,38 Xolisma. II 1
Walafrida, 99 Xylocarpus, 141
Wullacca, 152 Xylococclls,81
WiJ llllCeodcndron, 126 Xylopia, 15,16
Walthcria,20S Xylosma, 94,95
Warbllrgia,39 Xylotheca,95
Warea,68 Xymalos, 143
Warscewic:da, 189 Xyris, 221
Walsonia, 109 Xysmalobilllll,25
Wedelia, 54,64
Wcigela,4 1
Weinmannia, 70 Youngia,64
Whipp1ca.196 Yucca, 8
Widringtonia, 71
Wiegel!ia, 148
Wigandia, 107 Zabrina,49
Wikslrocmia, 210 Zakyn,9
Wilhargia.119,126 Za\uzania, 54,64
Willdenovia, 179 laluzianskya, 197,198
Wirnmeria,44 lamia, 71,222
Wissadula, 138 Zallanifl, 142
Wisteria, 119.126 Zamedeschia,21
With,mia, 200,201 Zanthoxylum, 189,190
Wooclforliia, 135 Zallschneria, 154
Wootlsia,88 lca, 102
WoodwanJi(l,89 lclkova,213
Wormia,74 Zephyranthes, 14
Wormskioldia,212 lcrnia, 119,127