Glossary for molds and fungi Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research ### Glossary title:

Mold and Fungal Glossary ### Compiler: J. Rao ### Description: Combined from various online glossary -term pages ### Source English language: Sources: In no particular order, the following web pages were used. The list is not complete. http://www.dehs.umn.edu/iaq/fungus/glossary.html http://www.moisturevision.com/fungalglossary.htm http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/flora/webpubl/fungloss.htm http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/glossary.html http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1020/fungiglo.html http://www.qub.ac.uk/fungi/Level1/site/gloss.html http://www.homepages.hetnet.nl/~idakees/CoprinYN.htm http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/glossary.html http://www.mycology.net/Resources/Glossaries.html http://ea.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/glossaries/fungi/index.html http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/glossary.html http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/mycology/myco.nsf/4e844f4fcf38c296692566 5a0009b560/567aa5d20be28f936925663f0022d3f9?OpenDocument abaxial : of the side or surface of an organ, facing away from the axis. cf. adaxial, axial. abrupt : appearing as if cut off transversely; truncate. Absidia sp : A zygomycete fungus which is considered common to the indoor environment. Reported to be allergenic. May cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye, and skin. Infection may have multiple sites. Absidia cormbifera has been an invasive infection agent in AIDS and neutropenic patients, as well as, agents of bovine mycotic abortions, and feline subcutaneous abscesses. Acremonium species may be confused with Fusarium species that primarily produce microconidia in culture. Fusarium genera are generally much more rapid growers and produce more aerial mycelium. Absorption : The taking in and swallowing up of one substance by another. With VOCs, it involves the mass transfer between a solvent vapour and a scrubbing liquid in which it is readily soluble abstriction : separation along a septum, often involving constriction. acaricide : A pesticide used specifically to manage or prevent damage caused by mites. Sometimes generalized to be synonymous with pesticides. acerose :needle-like; shaped like a pine needle.

acervulus : a more or less saucer-shaped conidioma in which a hymenium of conidiogenous cells develops on the floor of the cavity beneath a covering of host tissue which ruptures at maturity (Hawksworth et al., 1983). pl. acervuli. adj. acervular. Achlorophyllous : Lacking chlorophyll acicular : needle-shaped and stiff. ACID AEROSOL : Acidic liquid or solid particles that are small enough to become airborne. High concentrations of acid aerosols can be irritating to the lungs and have been associated with some respiratory diseases, such as asthma. Acid deterioration : The weakening of paper structure by an acid through hydrolysis or other means, resulting in a breaking down of the chain length of the material , and a subsequent loss of strength. This can become so severe that the paper has almost no residual strength and is said to be brittle. Acid free : In chemistry, materials that have a pH of 7(neutral) or higher (alkaline). Acid free paper is often alkaline buffered. Sincecellulose is damaged by acids, acid free materials are desirable in library preservation. Acid migration : The transfer of acid from an acidic material to a less acidic, neutral, or alkaline material. This may occur when two materials are in direct contact or indirectly by vapour transfer. It can cause staining, weakening and embrittlement. The actual mechanisms of acid migration are not well understood, and the term is sometimes erroneously applied to any transfer of staining. Acremonium sp (Cephalosporium sp.) : Reported to be allergenic. Can produce a trichothecene toxin which is toxic if ingested. It was the primary fungus identified in at least two houses where the occupant complaints were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Asexual state of Emericellopsis sp., Chaetomium sp., and Nectripsis sp. It can produce mycetomas, infections of the nails, onychomycosis, corneal ulcers, eumycotic mycetoma, endophthalmitis, meningitis, and endocarditis. acrogenous : of conidia, developing at the apex (Nag Raj, 1993). cf. pleurogenous. acropetal : developing, in sequence, from the base towards the apex. cf. basipetal. Acropleurogenous : Conidia developing at the tip and along the sides of the conidiophore. Acrylic : A plastic material noted for its transparency, weather resistance, colour fastness and transparency. Acrylics are important in preservation because of their stability and resistance to chemical change. Acrylics are available in sheets, films and resin adhesives. Some common trade names for the sheet form are Perspex, Lucite and Plexiglas. Ultraviolet absorbing acrylic sheet is used in preference to glass for glazing framed materials because it is less likely to break and the additional

ultraviolet absorbers protect the framed objects from light damage. ACTION LEVEL : A term used to identify the level of indoor radon at which remedial action is recommended. (EPA's current action level is 4 pCi/L.) ACTION PACKET : In reference to the IAQ Tools for Schools Kit - contains three components - an introductory memo, IAQ Backgrounder, and IAQ Checklist - to assist school personnel to implement an effective yet simple IAQ program in their school. Activated sludge : A mixture of aerobic microbes produced in the aerobic treatment of sewage or other wastewater active ingredient : The chemical or chemicals in a pesticide responsible for killing, poisoning, or repelling the pest. Listed separately in the ingredients statement. aculeate : prickly; with narrow spines. acuminate : tapering gradually to a protracted point. acute : terminating in a distinct but not protracted point, the converging edges separated by an angle less than 90 degrees. adaxial : of the side or surface of an organ, facing towards the axis. cf. abaxial, axial. Adhesive : A substance used to join two materials together, by chemical or mechanical action. Generally applied as a liquid, or as a solid activated by heat or pressure. A desirable characteristic of adhesives used in conservation is reversibility. Adhesive tape Paper or fabric tape with an adhesive layer applied. The adhesive layer is generally activated by pressure, or by the application of heat or water. Pressure sensitive or 'sticky' tapes should not be used for materials intended for long term preservation, since the adhesive degrades and yellows and the adhesive residues can become impossible to remove. Adiaconidia : A large, globose, thick-walled conidium, usually produced by Emmonsia (Chrysosporium) parvum, in the lungs of humans and animals. adnate : fused to an organ of a different type. adnexed : pertaining to the attachment of the fertile tissue (the gills, tubes, spines, etc.) to the stipe of the fungus in which the fertile tissue typically curves upwards towards the pileus of the fungus before attaching to the stipe. Adsorption : The physical taking up of one substance at active sites on the surface of another solid substance (the adsorbent). As the active sites are occupied by adsorbed molecules, the adsorbent becomes progressively exhausted. Desorption of the adsorbent is required to regenerate the active sites adventitious septum : a septum formed in the absence of, or independently of,

nuclear division, especially in association with the movement of cytoplasm from one part of the fungus to another; characteristic of lower fungi but found in all groups (Hawksworth et al., 1983); retraction septum; secondary septum. cf. primary septum. Aecidiospore (Aecispore) Aecidiospore :a spore formed in an aecidium. Aecidium (Aecium) : a cupshaped, spore bearing structure in the rusts. aeciospores : in Uredinales, a unicellular, non-repeating vegetative spore, produced in an aecium, usually resulting from dikaryotisation, which germinates to give a dikaryotic mycelium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). aecium : a cup-shaped fruiting body of the rust fungi which produces aeciospores Aeration : Incorporation of air into a liquid or solid material by exposure (passive), mixing, agitation, chemical means or direct injection with the aim of transferring oxygen to the material Aerial mycelium : Hyphal elements growing above the agar surface. Aerobic : Living or acting only in the presence of oxygen aerosol : A material stored in a container under pressure. Fine droplets are produced when the material dissolved in a liquid carrier is released into the air from the pressurized container. aethalium : in myxomycetes, a sessile, pulvinate fruit-body, often large (to several centimetres) and sometimes with an outer crust. pl. aethalia. adj. aethalioid. See also plasmodiocarp, sporangium. AFLATOXIN : a highly carcinogenic toxin produced by some molds (e.g. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus). agaric : ommon name for a fungus which produces gilled basidiomata, usually a member of the Agaricales. agglutinate : fixed together as if with glue. Ague : An intermittent fever, sometimes with chills, as in malaria. AHU: See "Air Handling Unit." AIR CLEANING: An IAQ control strategy to remove various airborne particulates and/or gases from the air. The three types of air cleaning most commonly used are particulate filtration, electrostatic precipitation, and gas sorption. AIR EXCHANGE RATE: The rate at which outside air replaces indoor air in a space. Expressed in one of two ways the number of changes of outside air per unit of time air changes per hour (ACH); or the rate at which a volume of outside air enters per unit of time - cubic feet per minute (cfm).

AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU): For purposes of this document refers to equipment that includes a blower or fan, heating and/or cooling coils, and related equipment such as controls, condensate drain pans, and air filters. Does not include ductwork, registers or grilles, or boilers and chillers. AIR PASSAGES: Openings through or within walls, through floors and ceilings, and around chimney flues and plumbing chases, that permit air to move out of the conditioned spaces of the building. Albedo: the white portion of the rind of citrus fruits. aleurioconidium: a terminal conidium, often thick-walled and pigmented, but sometimes thin-walled and hyaline, developed at the end of a conidiogenous cell or hypha, and from which it is not shed or shed only with difficulty; aleuriospore. Aleurioconidium (pl. aleurioconidia): A thallic conidium released by lysis or fracture of the supporting cell. aleuriospore: see aleurioconidium. Alga : (pl. algae) an organism of a wide diversity of protists (q.v.), mostly aquatic and mostly unicellular. Asexual reproduction a type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts. algicolous: living on algae. Alkali (adj: alkaline) : In chemistry, a substance capable of forming hydroxyl (OH-) ions when dissolved in water. Alkaline materials may be added to materials to neutralise acids or as an alkaline reserve or buffer for the purpose of counteracting acids which may form in the future. While a number of chemicals may be used as alkaline buffers, the most common used in paper conservation are magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate. Alkalis can be neutralised by an acid to form a salt. Alkaloid: A large, varied group of complex nitrogen-containing compounds, usually alkaline, that react with acids to form soluble salts, many of which have physiological effects on humans. Includes nicotine, cocaine, caffeine, etc. allantoids: slightly curved with rounded ends; sausage-shaped. ALLERGEN: A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction because of an individual's sensitivity to that substance. ALLERGIC RHINITIS: Inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose that is caused by an allergic reaction. Alpine Region : A region in the mountains above the timberline (or tree line). Alterative: A medicinal substance that gradually restores health.

Alternaria sp: Extremely widespread and ubiquitous. Outdoors it may be isolated from samples of soil, seeds, and plants. It is commonly found in outdoor samples. It is often found in carpets, textiles, and on horizontal surfaces in building interiors. Often found on window frames. The species Alternaria alternata is capable of producing tenuazonic acid and other toxic metabolites which may be associated with disease in humans or animals. Alternaria produces large spores having sizes between 20 - 200 microns in length and 7 - 18 microns in width, suggesing that the spores from this fungi are deposited in the nose, mouth, and upper respiratory tract. It may be related to bakers asthma. It has been associated with hypersensitivity pneumoniti, sinusitis, deratomycosis, onychomycosis, subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and invasive infection. Common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I). Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms, chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema. Alternaria sp - Extremely widespread and ubiquitous. Outdoor: Arthrinium phaeospermum- Widespread saprophyte on dead plant material, particularly swampy grasses. Should be considered an allergen. This fungus has also been documented in various subcutaneous infections. No toxic related diseases are of record to date. alternate host: either of the two dissimilar hosts of a heteroecious pathogen, typically a rust. Alum/rosin size : Chemicals commonly used to size paper. Leaves an acidic reserve in the paper. Alum/rosin sizes were used extensively in the past, and have contributed significantly to the brittle book problem. Aluminum: A silvery nonferrous metal found in the ore bauxite It is used in making hard, light, corrosion-resistant materials. alveola: a small cavity or pit on a surface. alveolate: pitted or honeycombed on the surface. Ambient conditions: The existing conditions of temperature and humidity in any building or room Amenorrhea: Absence or suppression of menstruation. Ameroconidium (pl. ameroconidium): A one-celled conidium. Amerospore: A spherical or oval single-celled fungal spore that is practically unidentifiable by itself. Genera with this type of spore include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. For example, Penicillium is easily identifiable when sampling using culturing techniques. However, when sampling with non-culturing techniques, such as spore traps or tape-lifts, the free spores with no remnants of the fungal structure are indistinguishable from Aspergillus and various other genera that also produce small round and oval spores with little or no pigmentation. Due to this fact, Penicillium will often be categorized on laboratory

reports in an "amerospore" and/or "Aspergillus/Penicillium" group. amphigynous: of Oomycota, having an antheridium through which the oogonial initial grows. cf. epigynous, hypogynous, paragynous.

Amphobotrys sp. : Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Botryotinia Amphobotrys species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Botrytis. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Spores are not distinctive on spore trap samples and would be categorized as "other colorless." Recorded sources of isolation are from plants (Euphorbia, Ricinus). ampulliform: flask-shaped. amygdaliform: almond-shaped. Amylases : Enzymes that break down starch to sugars amyloid: staining grey-blue to blue-black in iodine-containing solutions such as Melzer's reagent. cf. dextrinoid, inamyloid. Anaerobic : Living or acting only in the absence of oxygen Analgesic: A pain-relieving medicine. Same as anaphrodisiac. Anamorph: An asexual state of a fungus. anamorph stage: the part of the life cycle of a fungus in which no sexual spores are produced; also called imperfect stage anamorphosis: the complete asexual, mitotic, diasporic expression of a fungus, comprising one or more anamorphs. cf. teleomorph.

Anastomosis: Fusion between hyphae androgynous: having the antheridium and oogonium on the same hypha. cf. diclinous, monoclinous. angiocarpous: of a fruit-body, closed at least until the spores are mature. cf. cleistocarp, endocarpous, gymnocarpous. Anhydrotic: Stops sweating.

ANIMAL DANDER: Tiny scales of animal skin. anisogamete: a motile gamete dissimilar in form or physiology to the gamete with which it fuses. cf. isogamete. Anisogamy: a fusion of gametes of unlike form. Annellide: A specialized conidiogenous cell producing conidia in basipetal succession by a series of short percurrent proliferations (annellations). The tip of an annellide increases in length and becomes narrower as each subsequent conidium is formed. annellide (= annellophore): a conidiogenous cell in annellidic conidiogenesis which, by repeated percurrent proliferations, develops an elongated tip marked by transverse bands (annellations) (Hawksworth et al., 1983). annellidic: of conidiogenesis, holoblastic conidiogenesis from an annellide, resulting in a basipetal sequence of conidia (annelloconidia). Annelloconidium (pl. annelloconidia): A conidium produced by an annellide. Annellophora/Taeniolella rudis: Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Annellophora species are common, but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is related to Taeniolella. In particular, Taeniolella rudis has very similar morphology. The spores of both genera are dark brown and distinctive. Annellophora species have areas of successive proliferations, whereas Taeniolella rudis does not. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by spore trap samples. These genera do not grow on common laboratory media. Natural habitat includes leaves, and wood. They are sometimes associated with lumber, and can be found indoors on wood, and plants. annulus : ring of tissue on the stem left from a torn partial veil; collar Anodyne : A pain-relieving medicine, milder than analgesic. Antacid : Neutralizes the acid produced by the stomach. Do the self-test to see if excessive acid is the cause of indigestion. antenna (pl., antennae) : The paired segmented sensory organs, borne one on each side of the head. Anthelmintic : An agent that destroys and expels worms from the intestines. Same as vermifuge. Antheridia : male gametangium found in Oomycota and members of the order Monoblepharidales (Chytridiomycota). Antheridium : a male gametangium.

Antheridium(a) : Male gametangium Antherozoid : motile male gamete of the order Monoblepharidales (Chytridiomycota). anthracnose : common name of plant diseases characterised by necrotic black lesions (often sunken), caused by certain imperfect fungi that produce conidia in acervuli, e.g. Colletotrichum. ANTHROPOPHILIC: A fungus (dermatophyte) that preferentially grows on man rather than other animals or the soil. Anti-aphrodisiac : Suppressing sexual desire. Anti-convulsant: Reducing or relieving convulsions or cramps. Anti-emetic: Prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Anti-epileptic: An agent that combats the convulsions or seizures of epilepsy. Anti-inflammatory: Reducing or neutralizing inflammation. Anti-lithic: Aids in preventing the formation of stones in the kidneys and bladder. Anti-oxidant: Preventing oxidation; a preservative. Anti-periodic: Prevents the periodic recurrence of attacks of a disease; as in malaria. Anti-rheumatic: An agent that relieves or cures rheumatism. Anti-syphilitic: Herbs that improve or cure syphilis. Also called antileutic. Antibacterial: Destroys or stops the growth of bacteria. Antibilious: An herb that combats biliousness. The term biliousness refers to a group of symptoms consisting of nausea, abdominal discomfort, headache, constipation, and gas that is caused by an excessive secretion of bile. antibiotic A substance produced by bacteria or fungi that destroys or prevents the growth of other bacteria and fungi antibody A protein produced by the bodys immune system in response to a foreign substance (antigen) An antibody reacts specifically with the antigen that induced its formation and inactivates the antigen Our bodies fight off an infection by producing antibodies anticlinal perpendicular to the surface. cf. periclinal.

Antifungal An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of fungi, or kills them outright. Antigalactagogue Prevents or decreases secretion of milk. antigen Any foreign substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the body's immune system to produce antibodies (The name antigen reflects its role in stimulating an immune response antibody generating.) Antihistaminic Neutralizing the effect or inhibiting production of histamine. Antimicrobial An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of microorganisms, or kills them. Antiparasitical Destructive to parasites. Antiphlogistic An agent that counteracts inflammation.

Antipyretic Reduces fever. Same as febrifuge or refrigerant. Antiscorbutic An agent effective against scurvy. Antiseptic microbes. Preventing sepsis, decay, putrefaction; also, an agent that kills germs,

Antispasmodic Preventing or relieving spasms or cramps. Antitumor Preventing or effective against tumors or cancers. Antitussive Preventing or relieving cough. Antivenomous Acts against poisonous matter from animals and snakes. Antiviral An agent that inhibits growth or multiplication of viruses, or kills them. Antizymotic Herbs that can destroy disease-producing organisms. ants (Formicidae): A family of insects related to bees and wasps. Aperient Causes a gentle bowel movement. aperture Small opening, for example the opening in the test of a foram. Aphanocladium sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Aphanocladium species are common, but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. Spores are dry and are designed for wind dissemination. This very delicate genus is somewhat related to Beauveria and Engyodontium. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identified in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Spores are not distinctive on spore trap samples and would be categorized

as "other colorless." Recorded sources of isolation are from other fungi, spiders, dung, and litter. aphanoplasmodium a fine plasmodial network of hypha-like strands, with finely granular protoplasm and an indefinite margin; known in a few Myxomycetes, especially Stemonitaceae (Martin & Alexopoulos, 1969). See also phaneroplasmodium, protoplasmodium. Aphasia Inability to express oneself properly through speech or loss of verbal comprehension; sensory and motor areas may be involved. aphids (Aphididae): A family of insects related to whiteflies and planthoppers. Aphids are soft-bodied, sometimes called plant lice, and feed by sucking juices of plants. See aphids. Aphrodisiac Increasing or exciting sexual desire. apical apparatus in an ascus, one or more areas or structures in the apex which function in the discharge of ascospores. apiculus the projection on a spore by which it is attached to the sterigma (spore stalk) Aplanospore A non-motile spore aplerotic of an oospore, not filling the oogonium. cf. plerotic. apophysis a swelling or swollen filament, e.g. at the end of a sporangiophore below the sporangium in Mucorales; in basidiomycetes, the swelling at the tip of a sterigma from which the basidiospore develops and which becomes the hilar appendix (Hawksworth et al., 1983). Apoplexy The result of a stroke (cerbrovascular accident (CVA)). Apothecium a cupshaped, ascusbearing structure. appendage a process or outgrowth of any sort; in conidia, cellular (tubular) or extracellular (mucilaginous), filiform to capitate or infundibuliform ornamentation (Nag Raj, 1993). appendiculate used to describe the cap margin when hung with veil fragments applanate flattened. appressed flattened down on a surface appressorium an infection structure; a swelling on a germ tube or hypha, especially for attachment to a host before penetration. pl. appressoria. cf. hyphopodium. appressorium (pl. appressoria) the swollen tip of a hypha or germ tube that

facilitates attachment and penetration of the host by the fungus Appressorium (plural Appressoria) a specialized, thick-walled structure formed by the hyphae of some fungi that is involved in the survival and penetration of the host cell wall; the flattened, thickened tip of a hyphal branch by which some parasitic fungi attach to their host. Aquifer A porous layer of underground rock that holds water. arachnoid cobweb-like. Archaeologist A scientist who studies past cultures by analyzing their artifacts. Archival quality An imprecise term suggesting that a material, product or process is durable, and/or chemically stable, that it has a long life and can therefore can be used for preservation purposes. The phrase is not quantifiable; no standards exists that describe how long an 'archival' material will last. The word permanent is sometimes used to mean the same thing. arenicolous living or growing in sand. areolate divided into small areas by cracks. Aromatic Agents which emit a fragrant smell and produce a pungent taste. Used chiefly to make other medicines more palatable. Arthospore formers Spore category. Produced by mycelia of mushrooms, many yeast-like fungi, other microfungi. Arthrospores are a very primitive spore type, formed by the breaking up or disarticulation of fungal mycelia. Many yeast-like fungi such as the genera Geotricum and Trichosporon form arthrospores. These organisms require a series of biochemical tests for definitive identification. Many microfungi (such as the dermatophytes) form more than one kind of spore, including arthrospores, as well as spores that are morphologically distinct. Other microfungi form only arthrospores, but with mechanisms or other structural morphologies that are unique. Most of the basidiomycetes (mushrooms) form arthrospores as part of their mycelial phase; these arthrospores are not distinctive and are for the most part not an aid in identification. Colonies isolated on Andersen samples with aerial mycelia and many arthrospores are most probably the result of germinating basidiospores from mushrooms. arthric of conidiogenesis, thallic conidiogenesis by which a hyphal element is fragmented into conidia after transverse septation (de Hoog & Guarro, 1995). Arthrinium phaeospermum Widespread saprophyte on dead plant material, particularly swampy grasses. Should be considered an allergen. This fungus has also been documented in various subcutaneous infections. No toxic related diseases are of record to date. Arthrinium sp. Widespread saprophyte found on decomposing plant material,

particularly grasses, and on soil. It is a white, fuzzy mold. It should be considered to be an allergen. This fungus has also been documented in various subcutaneous infections. No diseases related to toxic effects have been recorded to date. Arthrobotrys sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Arthrobotrys species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal aerobiota. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by spore trap samples. (Spores have distinctive morphology.) Arthrobotrys is found primarily in the soil and is one of those fungi capable of capturing nematodes. ARTHROCONIDIUM (pl. arthroconidia) A thallic conidium released by the fragmentation or lysis of hypha. It is not notably larger than the hypha from which it was produced, and separation occurs at a septum. Arthroconidium (pl. arthroconidia) A thallic conidium released by either the splitting of a double septum or by the fragmentation or lysis of a disjunctor cell. arthropoda That branch (phylum) of the animal kingdom whose members have jointed legs and are also made up of rings or segments. For example, worms, insects, crustaceans, etc. arthrospore = arthroconidium. Artifact A human-made object belonging to a past culture. Ascaris Roundworm (also called maw-worm and eelworm) found in the small intestine causing colicky pains and diarrhea, especially in children. ascending of conidiophores, curving up (Hawksworth et al., 1983).

ascigerous bearing asci. Ascites Excessive accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Ascocarp an ascuscontaining structure. ascogenous ascus-producing or supporting, usually restricted to hyphae (Hawksworth et al., 1983). Ascogenous hypha A dikaryotic hypha emerging from an ascogonium after fertilization, which gives rise to asci in the Ascomycotina ascogonium in Ascomycota, the female reproductive structure that receives nuclei from the antheridium. pl. ascogonia. ascohymenial referring to the Ascohymeniales (Nannfeldt, 1932); of an ascoma containing asci in a hymenium, and with the ascoma wall derived from the

ascogenous hyphae. cf. ascolocular. ascolocular referring to the Ascoloculares (Nannfeldt, 1932); of an ascoma containing asci which develop in locules in a stroma, with the ascoma wall derived entirely from vegetative hyphae. cf. ascohymenial. ascoma an ascus-producing structure; a fruit-body containing asci. pl. ascomata. Ascomycete One of the major classes of fungal organisms. This class contains the the"sac fungi" and yeasts. Some ascomycete spores can be identified by spore morphology, however; some care should be excersised with regard to specific identification. Many ascomycete spores are reported to be allergenic. Ascomycetes A group of fungi that reproduce sexually by the endogenous formation of ascospores in an ascus. Ascomycetous Referring to the Ascomycetes. Ascomycota fungal phylum characterized by the formation of a type of meiosporangium called the ascus Ascospores Ascospore A spore borne in a special cell called an ascus. Spores of this type are reported to be allergenic. All ascomycetes, members of a group of fungi called Ascomycotina, have this type of spore. The minute black dots on rotting wood and leaves or the little cups on lichens are examples of ascomycetes; another is the "truffle" mushroom. Ascospores Spore category. Produced by morels, truffles, cup fungi, ergot and many micro-fungi. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous. More than 3,000 genera. Saprophytes and plant pathogens. Found everywhere in nature. Spores are predominantly forcibly discharged during periods of high humidity or rain. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Highly variable, dependent on genus and species. Poorly studied. Dependent on genus and species, but the vast majority do not cause disease. Very many, dependent on genus and species. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments The cellulolytic ascomycetes Chaetomium and Ascotricha are frequently found growing indoors on damp substrates. Dependent on genus and species. Some of the common asexual fungi such as Penicillium and Aspergillus produce sexual forms under certain conditions; these are classified in the ascomycete group and given distinct names. For example, the most common sexual forms of Penicillium are Talaromyces and Eupenicillium; the most common sexual forms of Aspergillus are Eurotium and Emericella. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition While some ascomycetes sporulate in culture (Chaetomium, Pleospora), many are parasitic plant pathogens, and sporulate (grow) only on living host plants. Many ascospores are distinctive. Many others will be classified as "other colorless." In general, ascospores are recognizable by the fact that they have no attachment points, and are sometimes enclosed in gelatinous sheaths or within a sac. Many ascomycetes are distinctive, and readily identified on tape samples, especially if fruiting bodies are present.

ascostroma a stroma containing ascogenous locules. Ascotricha sp. Ascomycetes. Anamorph (asexual state): Dicyma. Ascotricha species comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Chaetomium. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by spore trap sampling. Spores are round, brown, and may be identified to genus if other structural elements (such as perithecial terminal hairs) are present. Otherwise, these spores may be placed in the spore category "smuts, Periconia, myxomycetes" or may be called "unknown brown." Ascotricha is cellulolytic, and sources of isolation include damp sheet-rock paper, woody and straw materials. ascus the cylindrical or club-shaped spore-producing cell that characterises the Ascomycetes. Contains (usually 8) ascospores ascus (pl. asci) a sac-like cell of a hypha in which meiosis (part of gamete formation process consisting of joining of chromosomes and two cell divisions) occurs and which contains the ascospores aseptate Hyphal filaments lack cross walls. asexual not forming part of a cycle which involves fertilisation and meiosis. asexual reproduction any type of reproduction not involving the union of gametes or meiosis Ash The noncombustible solid residue of incineration. Ash monofill A specially constructed landfill used only for ash from waste-to-energy plants. aspirate rough with points or projections. ASPERGILLOMA a 'fungal ball' composed principally of hyphae of Aspergillus often found in an upper lobe of the lung. ASPERGILLOSIS any disease in man or animals caused by Aspergillus. Aspergillus caesiellus This species is only occasionally pathogenic (26). Aspergillus candidus Aw 0.75 (5). Conidia dimensions 2.5-4 microns (5). Found in warm soils, grain and in the secondary decay of vegetation (5). Associated with respiratory complaints in a recent house investigation. (MAC) Can produce the toxin petulin which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals (5). Aspergillus carneus This species is only occasionally pathogenic.

Aspergillus clavatus Conidia dimensions: 3-4.5 x 2.5-4.5 microns. Found in soils and animal manure. Can produce the toxin petulin that may be associated with disease in humans and other animals. This species is only occasionally pathogenic. Aspergillus deflectus This species is only occasionally pathogenic (26). Aspergillus flavus Aw 0.78. Conidia dimensions: 3-6 microns or 3-5 microns. It grows on moldy corn and peanuts. It can be found in warm soil, foods and dairy products. Some strains are capable of producing a group of mycotoxins- in the aflatoxin group. Aflatoxins are known animal carcinogens. There is limited evidence to suggest that this toxin is a human carcinogen. The toxin is poisonous to humans by ingestion. It may also result in occupational disease via inhalation. Experiments have indicated that it is teratogenic and mutagenic. It is toxic to the liver. It is reported to be allergenic. Its presence is associated with reports of asthma. It can be found in water-damaged carpets. The production of the fungal toxin is dependent on the growth conditions and on the substrate used as a food source. This fungus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and/or disseminated aspergillosis. This fungus is occasionally identified as the cause of corneal, otomycotic and nasoorbital infections. Aspergillus fumigates Aw 0.82; Optimum> 0.97. Conidia dimensions: 2-3.5 microns. Major cause of aspergillosis. This organism causes both invasive and allergic aspergillosis. Aspergillosis affects individuals who are immune compromised. It is considered a human pathogen. It grows well at 35 degrees C. It is commonly found outdoors in compost piles with temperatures higher than 40 degrees C, in mild to warm soils and on cereals. Aspergillus glaucus Conidia dimensions: 5-6.5 microns. Common outdoor fungus in the winter. It is reported to be allergenic. This species is only occasionally pathogenic. It can grow on leather. This fungus can grow at low moisture levels on grains, sugary food products, meat and wool. The ascomycetous state is Eurotium sp. Aspergillus nidulans Aw 0.78 (5). Conidia dimensions 2-4 microns (5). Found in mild to warm soils and on slowly decaying plants (5). Can produce the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. This toxin has been shown to produce liver and kidney damage in lab animals. This fungus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs andor disseminated aspergillosis (5). This species is only occasionally pathogenic (26). Aspergillus niger Aw 0.77; Optimum> 0.97. Conidia dimensions: 3.5 - 5 microns or 4 to 5 microns. Less common cause of aspergillosis. It has a musty odor. It is commonly found in the environment on textiles, in soils, grains, fruits and vegetables. It has been reported to cause skin and pulmonary infections. It is a common cause of fungal related ear infections-otomycosis. Aspergillus ochraceus Aw 0.77 (5). Conidia dimensions 2.5 - 3 microns (5). Found in grains, soil and salted food products (1, 5). It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation (5). Can produce a kidney toxin ochratoxin A which may produce ochratoxicosis in humans (1, 5). This is also known as Balkan nephropathy (1). The toxin is produced at optimum growth conditions at 25 degrees C and high

moisture conditions. The ochratoxin may also be produced by other Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. (1). Other toxins which can be produced by this fungus include penicillic acid, xanthomegnin and viomellein (5). These are all reported to be kidney and liver toxins (5). Aspergillus oryzae This species is only occasionally pathogenic (26). Aspergillus parasiticus Some strains are capable of producing a group of mycotoxins- in the aflatoxin group. Aflatoxins are known animal carcinogens. There is limited evidence to suggest that this toxin is a human carcinogen. The toxin is a poisonous to humans by ingestion. Experiments have indicated that it is teratogenic and mutagenic. It is toxic to the liver. The production of the fungal toxin is dependent on the growth conditions and on the substrate used as a food source. Aspergillus penicilloides Conidia dimensions: 3-3.5 x 4-5 microns. Can grow in areas with low water activity. It is found in house dust and food. Aspergillus restrictus This species is only occasionally pathogenic (26). Aspergillus sp. Aw 0.75 - 0.82. Reported to be allergenic. Members of this genus are reported to cause ear infections. Many species produce mycotoxins that may be associated with disease in humans and other animals. Toxin production is dependent on the species or a strain within a species and on the food source for the fungus. Some of these toxins have been found to be carcinogenic in animal species. Several toxins are considered potential human carcinogens. Common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I). Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms; chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema; may also be associated with sinusitis, allergic bronchiopulmonary aspergillosis, and other allergic symptoms. Aspergillus sydowi This species is only occasionally pathogenic. Aspergillus terreus Aw 0.78 (5). Conidia dimensions 1.8-2.4 microns (5) or 2 - 2.5 microns (26). Aleurospores 6 - 7 microns in diameter are also produced (26). Found in warmer soil and in grains, straw. cotton and decomposing vegetation (5). Can produce the toxin patulin and citrinin which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals (5). This fungus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and or disseminated aspergillosis (5, 26). Found as an isolate from otomycosis - ear infection and onychomycosis - infection of finger or toe nails (26). Aspergillus ustus This species is only occasionally pathogenic. Aspergillus versicolor Aw 0.78. Conidia dimensions: 2-3.5 microns. It is commonly found in soil, hay, cotton and dairy products. It can produce a mycotoxin sterigmatocystin and cyclopiaxonic acid. These toxins can cause diarrhea and upset stomach. It is reported to be a kidney and liver carcinogen. This species is only occasionally pathogenic. Aspergillus/Penicillium Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III

hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Cheese washer's lung, Woodman's lung, Moldy wall hypersensitivity. Respiratory, invasive, cutaneous, ear, and corneal disease. Severe, invasive disease is usually associated with immunosuppressed hosts. Many species grow at 37C (body temperature). Commonly found in house dust. Grows in water damaged buildings on wallpaper, wallpaper glue, decaying fa/pics, moist chipboards, and behind paint. Also found in blue rot of apples, dried foodstuffs, cheeses, fresh herbs, spices, dry cereals, nuts, onions, and oranges. asperulate delicately asperate. asporogenous not forming spores; of yeasts, those without a known teleomorph. cf. sporogenous. assay zone the portion of a treated wood product to which the minimum quantity standards apply. asterinaceous fungus referring to fungi of the family Asterinaceae, order Hemisphaeriales, which are plant parasites with shield-shaped ascomata associated with a superficial hyphopodiate mycelium. ASTEROID BODY (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon) An eosinophilic substance which forms a covering of approximately 10 microns thick around a basophilic yeast especially in sporotrichosis. Asthenia Lack or loss of strength, usually involving muscular system. Astringent An agent that causes tissue to contract. atomate with a finely powdered surface. attenuate (1) gradually narrowed towards the end; (2) of a pathogen, having lowered virulence. Attenuation The process of reducing in force, value or virulence attractant Something that is attractive. For example: the song of mole cricket males is attractive to females of the same species, and also is attractive to the gravid female fly Ormia depleta. Songs of mole cricket males also attracts some other males of the same species and, to an even more limited extent, of other species. Incandescent and fluorescent lights are attractive to some flying adult mole crickets at night and to some other insects. Traps have been designed to take advantage of these attractants. Baits have been developed as attractants for mole cricket nymphs and adults. In some insects, the scent of females is attractive to males and/or the scent of males is attractive to females, but this kind of attraction has not been demonstrated in mole crickets. augmentative biological control The release of additional numbers of a natural enemy when too few are present to control a pest effectively. This relies on an ability to mass-produce large numbers of the natural enemy in a laboratory. For instance,

there are native species of predatory mites which attack and kill pest mites on strawberries and other crops. Growers can buy large numbers of these predatory mites to augment those already on their crops, and so achieve biological control of the pest mites. Aureobasidium Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Humidifier fever, Sauna taker's lung. This is one of several genera of "black yeasts", characterized by mostly slow-growing, black, pasty colonies. The spores are produced in great masses along the filaments and occur on short lateral /panches or pegs. When the spores are released they leave minute roughened scars. Exophiala species are similar but the spores do not leave rough scars as in Aureobasidium. Black yeasts occur in many habitats; some species of Exophiala may even cause human disease. Aureobasidium pullulans A cosmopolitan fungus with the main habitat apparently on the aerial parts of plants. Frequently found in moist environments. This fungus should be considered allergenic. This species has been associated with deratitis, peritonitis, pulmaonary infection, and invasive disease in AIDS patients. Probably aquired by traumatic implantation. May be recovered as a contaminant from human cutaneous sites. No toxic diseases have been documented to date. Aureobasidium pullulans - A cosmopolitan fungus with the mai Basidiomycetes One of the major classes of fungal organisms. This class contains the mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, and a variety of other macrofungi. It is extremely difficult to identify a specific genera of mushrooms by using standard culture plate techniques. Some basidiomycete spores can be identified by spore morphology, however; some care should be exercised with regard to specific identification. Many basidiomycete spores are reported to be allergenic. Aureobasidium sp. Found in soil, forest soils, fresh water, aerial portion of plants, fruit, marine estuary sediments, wood. Allergen, Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: "humidifier fever", "sauna taker's lung". Growth indoors is widespread where moisture accumulates- especially bathrooms and kitchens- on shower curtains, tile grout, windowsills, textiles, liquid waste materials. Potential toxic production is not known. Rare reports of: isolates from skin lesions, keratitis, spleen abscess in a lymphoma patient, blood isolate from a leukemic patient. autodigestion self digesting or liquefying. Characteristic of the genus Coprinus autoecious of a fungus, typically a rust, completing its life cycle on one host. cf. heteroecious. autoecious fungus a parasitic fungus that can complete its entire life cycle on the same host Autotrophs organisms that use energy from the sun (photoautotrophs (q.v.)) or from the oxidation of inorganic substances (chemoautotrophs (q.v.)) to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

AWPA American Wood-Preservers Association is an international, nonprofit technical organization founded to provide a common forum for the exchange of information for all segments of the wood preservation industry. As the principal standards writing organization for the wood treating industry in the United States, AWPA has significant influence internationally as well. AWPI American Wood Preservers Institute is the association representing the treated wood industry. Members include wood treaters, preservative manufacturers, and supporting members supplying goods and services. AWPI provides a forum for its members to address issues affecting the industrys ability to manufacture and market safe and useful treated wood products. axenic of a culture, pure, consisting of one organism. axial being or situated in line with an axis (Nag Raj, 1993). axoneme the main core of a flagellum consisting of two central microtubules surrounded by nine double microtubules (Hawksworth et al., 1983). azygospore a parthenogenic zygospore. bacilliform rod-like in shape; of spore shape, a cylinder with length:breadth ratio greater than 3. cf. cylindrical. Backing Application of an additional layer to an item to provide support. Sometimes called lining. backing is a conservation treatment used on weakened sheet paper items. Bacteria Micro-organisms without a cell nucleus Bactericidal An agent that kills bacteria. bacteriophage Virus which infects and destroys a bacterial host. Some phages, however, will incorporate their DNA into that of their host, and remain dormant for an extended period. For this reason, they have become essential tools of genetic engineers. bacterium (pl., bacteria) (pl. bacteria) a prokaryotic (q.v.) cell with chromosomes not enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Minute living organisms which are neither animals nor plants. There are large numbers of species. Some bacteria are entomopathogens. Bactrodesmium sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Bactrodesmium species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by spore trap samples. (Spores have distinctive morphology.) Natural habitat includes wood and bark of various deciduous trees such as ash, oak and sycamore. Beauveria sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Worldwide. Approx. 4-5 species. Soil, plant debris, dung. Parasite of

insects. Dry spore. Wind. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Rare isolations from corneal lesions, and lungs from an immunocompromised patient. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Infrequent. None known. Pathogen of silk worms and other insects. Closely related to Tritirachium, Acrodontium, and Engyodontium. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows on all general fungal media, forming small, mounded, delicate colonies. Not distinctive. Small one-celled, colorless spores. May be counted as Penicillium/Aspergillus, or "other colorless." Due to their small delicate nature, they may be missed. Occasionally found on tape lifts. Optical resolution through tape is sometimes inadequate to identify the delicate structures of Beauveria. bait A food or other substance used to attract a pest to a pesticide or trap. balansioid with characteristics similar to those of species of Balansia (Ascomycota, Clavicipitales). Baler A machine that compacts waste materials, usually into rectangular bales Balers often are used on newspaper, plastics and corrugated cardboard. ballistoconidium a forcibly discharged conidium. Ballistoconidium (pl. ballistoconidia) A conidium that is forcible discharged. ballistospore spore which is forcibly discharged; cf statismospore Balsam The resin of a tree that is healing and soothing. Example: myrrh barbate bearded. barrage the space between two mycelia which have an aversion for one another (Hawksworth et al., 1983); aversion zone. Basal body the base of a flagellum consisting of a cylinder of nine triplet microtubules. This structure arises from the centriole and is also called a kinetosome. BASE The junction of a bud and the mother cell of a yeast. basidia the plural form of basidium. Basidiocarp Fruiting body of Basidiomycotina basidiole a basidium-like hymenial element, lacking sterigmata because it is either immature or sterile. basidioma a basidium-producing structure; a fruit-body containing basidia. pl. basidiomata. basidiomycete common name for a member of the Basidiomycota, the basidium

being the diagnostic character. Basidiomycetes One of the major classes of fungal organisms. This class contains the mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, and a variety of other macrofungi. It is extremely difficult to identify a specific genera of mushrooms by using standard culture plate techniques. Some basidiomycete spores can be identified by spore morphology, however; some care should be exercised with regard to specific identification. Many basidiomycete spores are reported to be allergenic. Basidiomycota fungal phylum characterized by the formation of a type of meiosporangium called the basidium Basidiospore Spore from basidiomycetes. Many varieties are reported to be allergenic. Basidiospores Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Lycoperdonosis (puffball spores), Mushroom culture hypersensitivity. Has been isolated from decaying plants, soil, and from the fecal materials of frogs, reptiles, fish, and bats. The relationship of these organisms to human occupied spaces potentially suggests a common present of this genera of fungi in the indoor environments. Should be considered allergenic. Basidiobolus ranarum rarely causes disease, but has prinicipaly been involved with trunk and extremity infection of children in tropical countries. Asexual forms may cause rare opportunistic infections. Basidium a structure which bears basidiospores. basidium (pl. basidia) a special form of sporophore (spore-bearing hypha) on which the sexual spores are borne Basipetal A chain of conidia, the oldest conidium is at the apex and the youngest is at the base. Basocatenulate A chain of conidia having the youngest cell at the base. bees (Apoidea): A superfamily of insects related to ants and wasps. While there are several familes of bees, it is the carpenter, bumble and honey bees that are most commonly known. Many of the other familes of bees are solitary. beetles Any species in the order of insects called Coleoptera that has four wings of which the outer pair are modified into stiff covers (elytra) that protect the inner pair when at rest. Beltrania sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Beltrania species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified in air by spore trap samples. (Spores have distinctive morphology.) Beltrania needs specialized media for sporulation in the laboratory. Natural habitat includes dead leaves and plant litter of semi-tropical and tropical plants.

biconic conical at each end (Nag Raj, 1993) bifurcate divided into two branches of equal or unequal length. Biltmore Stick A measuring stick used to determine a tree's diameter and estimate its wood volume. binding hyphae thick-walled, much-branched, aseptate, interwoven, narrow, often coralloid hyphae which bind skeletal and generative hyphae together in a dimitic or trimitic hyphal system; ligative hyphae. cf. generative hyphae, skeletal hyphae. Bioaccumulation Concentration of chemicals in the fatty tissues of living things that are eaten by other things so that the concentrations become ever greater. Bioavailability The availability of contaminants to microbial attack Biocide A substance capable of killing micro-organisms Biodegradable Material that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi; includes most organic waste. Biodegradation The breakdown of materials by the action of microbes Biofilm A complex layer of active microbes associated with or attached to a solid surface, eg stones or synthetic plastic media Microcolonies of organisms which adhere to a surface (catheter, implant, waterpipe, blood vessel) and which resist removal by fluid movement and have a decreased susceptibility to anti-microbials. BUD A type of asexual reproduction commonly found in yeasts. Biogas A gas produced during the anaerobic digestion of organic materials. It consists of methane, carbon dioxide and traces of other gases, such as hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide Biological catalysts A protein that aids or speeds up a reaction while remaining unchanged itself (see enzyme) BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS Agents derived from, or that are, living organisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens) that can be inhaled and can cause many types of health effects including allergic reactions, respiratory disorders, hypersensitivity diseases, and infectious diseases. Also referred to as "microbiologicals" or "microbials." biological control total or partial destruction of pathogen populations by other organisms biological control by habitat manipulation A method of promoting populations of natural enemies by making conditions more favorable for it. For example, Larra bicolor (a wasp parasitoid of mole crickets) adults require nectar as an energy source, and obtains nectar only from a small number of plant species. The deliberate planting

of such plants is biological control by habitat manipulation. Biological diversity (Biodiversity) Refers to the number of living organisms and variability among them and their environments. Colonization Colonization occurs when a new species of bacteria develops a colony (a group of the same type of bacteria) in a new location, such as the human intestinal tract. Bacteria can colonize a host without causing infection or disease. Biomass The total masses of living organisms in an ecosystem, eg the total mass of cells in a bioreactor Biomaterial Material or substance that is made by a biological process or is extracted from a plant or animal biopesticide (Also called biorationals) Pesticides composed of very large numbers of a biological control agent, generally a pathogen. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (often called B.t. for short) is an bacterium that kills insects and can be produced on an industrial scale. When sprayed (much like a chemical) this pathogen kills insects and does not persist long in the environment. Its advantage over many chemicals is that it is not toxic to birds, mammals and fish. The fact that it is not a specialist natural enemy allows commercial companies to sell it for use against various pest insects and thus obtain a large market for the product. The disadvantage is that it may kill nontarget insects in the same family as the pest, or even of many other insect families which are more distantly related. See Economics of Biological Control. Biopolymers Polymers or strings of molecules made from a biotechnology process. Biopolymers are usually fully-biodegradable Bioreactor The container in which the biotechnology process takes place Bioremediation Use of microorganisms to remove or detoxify toxic or unwanted chemicals in an environment Biotechnology (industrial) Application of knowledge about living organisms, to create industrial products and processes biotroph an organism entirely dependent upon another living organism as a source of nutrients; an obligate parasite. biotrophic parasitism form of parasitism where the parasite derives nutrition from living cells of the host; specialized absorption structures (e.g. haustoria) are typical bipolar of a cell or spore, at the two ends. Bipolar budding Blastoconidia developing at the opposite poles of a parent cell. Bipolar Heterothallism conjunction between thalli of two different mating types (A B).

Bipolaris sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Cochliobolus. Bipolaris species are common, and are most closely related to Drechslera and Exserohilum. Our laboratory does not separate Bipolaris, Drechslera, and Exserohilum species. The only morphological difference between Bipolaris and Drechslera is that Drechslera spores germinate from any cell (of the spore) and Bipolaris germinates only from polar cells. Exserohilum spores have an inner cup-like structure which is visible in the basal cell. Please see the page devoted to "Drechslera, Bipolaris, and Exserohilum" in the primary spore list: "Characteristics of Some Commonly Encountered Fungal Genera." Bipolaris sp - A widespread fungus that is most frequently a Candida sp - This genus contains a variety of organisms that have been isolated from the environment, as well as human skin and mucous membranes. biseriate of spores in an ascus, in more or less two rows. cf. uniseriate. Bitter tonic Bitter-tasting properties which stimulate the flow of saliva and gastric juice. Used to increase the appetite and aid in the process of digestion. bitunicate of an ascus, having two distinct walls, an outer wall (ectotunica) and an inner wall (endotunica). cf. prototunicate, unitunicate. See also fissitunicate. Biverticillate Two or rarely three levels of branching directly below the phialides as in the genus Penicillium. Blastic A form of conidial development where there is a recognizable enlargement or "blowing out" of a conidial initial before being delimited by a septum. Blastobotrys sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Blastobotrys species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) samples. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Recorded isolations include seeds and compost. Blastocatenate A chain of conidia having the youngest cell at the tip. blastoconidium a conidium formed by blastic conidiogenesis. cf. thalloconidium. Blastoconidium (pl. blastoconidia) An asexual conidium that forms by a blowing out or budding process. Blastomyces sp. Human pathogen. The fungus is commonly found in soil. It is a dimorphic fungus that has filamentous fungus when grown at 25 degrees C. and a yeast form at 37 degrees C. blastomycete common name for a member of the Blastoanamorphoses, a heterogeneous group of anamorphic yeasts some of which have ascomycetous or

basidiomycetous affinities. adj. blastomycetous. blastomycetous of a yeast, budding; see blastomycete. blastospore = blastoconidium. Bleaching The cosmetic whitening or reduction of coloured substances by the chemical action of an oxidising or reducing agent. The process is likely to weaken paper, and is rarely recommended to be used in library preservation Bleeding The loss or spreading of colour when coloured paper or ink comes in contact with water or other solutions. blepharoplast in a zoospore, the basal body or granule (kinetosome) from which arise the longitudinal fibres constituting the axoneme (main core) of a flagellum; joined to the nucleus by a rhizoplast (Hawksworth et al., 1983). blight describes the destructive damage to plants, often occurring over a relatively short period, caused by parasitic (e.g. fungi, bacteria, insects, etc.) and non-parasitic (e.g. frost) agents. See also head blight. Blocking The joining together of pages of a book to form a solid block. Likely effect of water damage or high humidity on some coated papers. Is less likely to be a problem with modern coated papers. blotch a disease characterized by large, irregular spots or blots on leaves, shoots and/or stems Blotting paper Soft, unsized paper or board used to absorb moisture. Blotting paper used in conservation should not be coloured. Board A general term for various pulped or laminated fibrous materials made into large, flat sheets, thicker and more rigid than paper. Cardboard is the term in more general use. bolete common name for a member of the Boletales. boletinoid of a hymenophore, with a structure intermediate between lamellae and pores. Bolus A suppository injected into the rectum or vagina. Bone folder A smooth, flat tool made of animal bone or plastic used to remove air bubbles, smooth, flatten crease or ensure adhesion between two materials. Bone folders are typically 150-200mm long, 2 or 3 mm thick, with one pointed and one rounded end.

borers The name given to immature stages of beetles and moths that live and feed inside plants by boring through the living tissue. See borers. Bothrosome a cell surface organelle which produces the ectoplasmic network and through which there is continuity from the network matrix to the cell cytoplasm. Also referred to as a Sagenogen. Only found in the Labyrinthulomycetes. Botryomyces sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Botryomyces species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is not treated by many reference books on fungi. Described by the mycologist de Hoog, the multicelled irregularly septate, thick-walled "spores" may be regarded by some to be vegetative structures. Botryomyces caespitosus is a very rare agent of chromoblastomycosis-like subcutaneous infections after trauma. No information is available regarding other health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts or tease mounts from bulk samples. Our laboratory sees this organism on wood. Botrytis Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Winegrower's lung. Conidia dimensions 7-14 x 5-9 microns. Reported to be allergenic. It is parasitic on plants and soft fruits. Found in soil and vegetables. Possibly associated with allergic symptoms. Botrytis sp. Aw 0.93 (5). Conidia dimensions 7-14 x 5-9 microns (5). Reported to be allergenic (7). It is parasitic on plants and soft fruits (17). Found in soil and vegetables (5). Possibly associated with allergic symptoms (skin tests) (17). Bottle bill A law in some states requiring deposits on beverage containers Minnesota does not have a bottle bill. Bottom ash The unburnable ash residue remaining in an incinerator or energy recovery facility after the burnables have been incinerated. botuliform see allantoid. Brand spore urediospore or smut spore BREATHING ZONE Area of a room in which occupants breathe as they stand, sit, or lie down. Brittle/brittleness A property or condition of paper that causes failure of the material when it is deformed by bending. Paper is said to be brittle when a corner will not withstand two complete double folds. Broadleaf A plant that bears leaves, such as oak, maple or alder, rather than needles. broom cells in agarics, cells on the pileus or edges of the lamellae which bear apical appendages giving a broom-like appearance. Brown goods Items that are typically used for audio, video, telecommunications, or

computing purposes, including any item that contains a picture tube or cathode ray tube, or electronic circuitry and circuit boards. Brown Kraft A strong, unbleached paper used to make brown paper bags and boxes. Brownfield Site A site that has previously been developed for residential, commercial or industrial use Buckling/cockling The warping and twisting in several directions, of, for example, the covers of a book ; a puckered effect caused by excessive heat or moisture. Wet paper or board will not dry flat unless subjected to some force or pressure. Bud A young conidium. Usually used to denote the young blastoconidia of yeasts. budding multiplication in yeasts or in spores where a new cell develops from a small outgrowth. cf. fission. Buffer Area A protected area around a stream or other feature where human use is restricted. Buffer/buffering A process sometimes used in conjunction with deacidificationor during manufacture when an alkaline material is deposited in paper in order to neutralise future potential acidity. bugs In the entomological sense many families of 4-winged insects (including tens of thousands of species worldwide) in the order Hempitera in which the second pair of wings is used for flying. The first pair is partially toughened, partially membranous, and helps to protect the second pair. building envelope Elements of the building, including all external building materials, windows, and walls, that enclose the internal space. BUILDING-RELATED ILLNESS (BRI) Diagnosable illness whose symptoms can be identified and whose cause can be directly attributed to airborne building pollutants (e.g., Legionnaire's disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Also A discrete, identifiable disease or illness that can be traced to a specific pollutant or source within a building. (Contrast with "Sick building syndrome"). bulbil a small sclerotium-like structure consisting of a small number of cells, homogeneous throughout and pseudoparenchymatous at maturity (Weresub & Le Clair, 1971). cf. papulospore, sclerotium, stroma. bulbous of a stipe, swollen at the base. bunt a disease caused by a member of the order Tilletiales, especially species of Tilletia. Bunt ball Lump of black spores produced by Tilletia caries

Button that portion of the flower that mostly remains attached to the fruit at harvest. Consist of the calyx (sepals) and disk. Buying in bulk The purchasing practice of buying large amounts of products at one time to avoid excess packaging and transportation costs. caespitose growing in tufts. calcarate with a spur-like process, a calcar. Calcarisporium sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Calcarisporium species comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota and may be more common in northern forested or southeastern areas of the United States. This organism is most closely related to Sporothrix and Nodulisporium. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat includes other fungi (mushrooms in the families Agaricaceae and Boletaceae) and wood. Calcium carbonate An alkaline chemical used as a buffer in paper and boards. Calibrated computer technology An instrument that has been tuned to measure units/signals on a gauge callose hard or thick. callus in vascular plants, the parenchymatous tissue of cambial origin that forms in response to wounding or infections by pathogens. Calmative An agent with mild sedative or calming effects. calyptrate capped or hooded; of a basidiospore, where the perisporium forms a loosely attached layer that envelopes the spore like a loose bag. campanulate bell-shaped. canaliculated with a longitudinal groove or channel. cf. sulcate. cancellate anastomosing and forming a network; reticulate; latticed. Candida sp. Part of the normal flora of mouth and other mucous membranes in the body. Thrush and other diseases caused by Candida albicans usually occur after prolonged treatment with antibiotics or steroids. The environment is not a likely source of exposure for this fungus. Cells from the organism are usually not airborne. Reported to be allergenic. canker a sunken, necrotic lesion of woody root, stem or branch arising from the

disintegration of tissues outside the xylem cylinder, but sometimes limited in extent by host reactions which can result in more or less massive overgrowth of surrounding tissues (Holliday, 1989). canopy the uppermost leafy layer of a tree or a forest cap top part of a mushroom which bears the fertile tissue capillaceous, capilliform hair-like. apillitium in gasteromycetes, a mass of sterile thick-walled, brown, infrequently septate hyphae among the spores; in Myxomycota, the thread-like structures in the fruit-bodies, ranging from few to a dense network and, in order Physarales, containing lime. See also paracapillitium, pseudocapillitium. capitates having a well-formed head, usually more or less globose. capitellum a small head. capnodiaceous fungus a member of the Capnodiales (Ascomycota); a sooty mould. capsid The protein "shell" of a free virus particle. capsule Sometimes used to describe an egg case, as in the othecae. carbonaceous dark coloured and readily broken, brittle. Cardioactive Affecting the heart. Carminative An agent that relieves and removes gas from the digestive system. carpophore name given to the stem, cap and gills (fruiting body as a whole) cartilaginous used to describe consistency of stem tissue; does not bend but breaks with a snap caryopsis the fruit of a grass in which the outer layer (testa) of the seed proper is fused to the ovary wall Cataplasm Another name for poultice. Catarrh An inflammation of the mucous membranes with a free discharge. This has special reference to the air passages of the head and throat. For example; hayfever, rhinitis, influenza, bronchitis, pharyngitis, asthma. catenate in chains, e.g. of a row or chain of cells or spores. catenulate in short chains of two or three (de Hoog & Guarro, 1995).

caterpillar The larva of butterflies and moths. Cathartic A powerful purgative or laxative, causing severe evacuation, with or without pain. caudal Posterior, occuring at or towards the tail of the insect. caulocystidium a cystidium on the stem Cavity-nester A bird that nests in holes made in snags or dead standing trees. CCA chromated copper arsenate is an inorganic arsenical; the most prevalent of the waterborne wood preservatives, commonly used anywhere termites and decay attack may occur, both indoors and outdoors. Applications include decks, fences, landscape architecture, playground equipment, docks, marinas, utility poles, bridges, highway sound barriers, roller coasters, wood foundations, mine shafts, and more. CEILING PLENUM Space below the flooring and above the suspended ceiling that accommodates the mechanical and electrical equipment and that is used as part of the air distribution system. The space is kept under negative pressure. Cell An area in a landfill where solid waste is disposed of each day. cell cycle Complete sequence of steps which must be performed by a cell in order to replicate itself, as seen from mitotic event to mitotic event. Most of the cycle consists of a growth period in which the cell takes on mass and replicates its DNA. Arrest of the cell cycle is an important feature in the reproduction of many organisms, including humans. cell membrane The outer membrane of a cell, which separates it from the environment. Also called a plasma membrane or plasmalemma. cell wall Rigid structure deposited outside the cell membrane. Plants are known for their cell walls of cellulose, as are the green algae and certain protists, while fungi have cell walls of chitin. cellular where the outermost layer of the cap (cuticle) is made up of spherical cells cellulose an enzyme that breaks down cellulose Cellulose The main component of plant cell walls and a fiber used in many products. CENTRAL AIR HANDLING UNIT (Central AHU) This is the same as an Air Handling Unit, but serves more than one area. CFM. Cubic feet per minute. The amount of air, in cubic feet, that flows through a given space in one minute. 1 CFM equals approximately 2 liters per second (l/s).

centripetal directed, or developing from the outside towards the centre or axis. Centrum the structures within an ascoma, i.e. the asci and hamathecium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). Cephalic Referring to diseases affecting the head and upper part of the body. Cephaloascus sp. Ascomycetes. Cephaloascus species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat includes wood, insects, and fruit. Cephalosporium sp. See Acremonium sp. ceraceous wax-like. Ceratocystis/Ophiostoma group Ascomycetes with multiple asexual forms: Graphium, Leptographium, Sporothrix-like anamorphs, Chalara. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 56 species, both genera. Commercial lumber, tree and plant pathogen. Wet spore. Insects. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Not studied. Persons most likely to be affected would be lumber-yard workers or carpenters. Not reported to infect humans or animals. A connection between Ophiostoma and the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii has been proposed but not confirmed. None listed. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Most homes built with lumber have areas of growth on wood framing inside walls. None known. Ophiostoma ulmi is the cause of Dutch Elm Disease. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Some species may grow on specialized laboratory media. Asexual forms grow on general fungal media. Not identifiable on spore trap slides. On rare occasions the spores of Gonatobotryum, which grows parasitically on Ceratocystis, are seen on spore trap samples (an indirect indication of the presence of this group of fungi). Distinctive fruiting bodies with long necks are identifiable on tape lifts. cerci Appendages of the tenth abdominal segment, usually slender, filamentous, and segmented. CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Liability and Compensation Act) Passed by Congress in 1980 and usually referred to as Superfund, a fund to help pay for the management and cleanup of hazardous waste sites. Cercospora Parasite of higher plants, causing leaf spot. Common outdoors in agricultural areas, especially during harvest. Does not grow on laboratory media since it is not wholly saprophytic. Commonly found as parasites on higher plants. cerebriform brain-like in shape; convoluted.

cespitose clustered mushrooms fused at the base. Also spelled caespitose. cete fungus which is considered common to the indoor environ CFM Cubic feet per minute. The amount of air, in cubic feet, that flows through a given space in one minute. 1 CFM equals approximately 2 liters per second (l/s). Chaetomium Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Uncommon agent of onychomycosis (nail infection). Large ascomycetous fungus producing perithecia. It is found on a variety of substrates containing cellulose including paper and plant compost. It can be readily found on the damp or water damaged paper in sheetrock. Chaetomium atro/punneum This fungus is found in the soil, air, and on plant de/pis. Should be considered as allergenic. Has been implicated in fatal systemic mycoses. The thermophilic, neurotropic nature of this organisms suggests it is a potentially agressive pathogen. Chaetomium globosum This fungus is found in the soil, air and on plant de/pis. Should be considered as allergenic. Is considered an agent of onychomycosis, peritonitis, and cutaneous lesions. Has been implicated in fatal systemic mycoses. Chaetomium sp. Large ascomycetous fungus producing perithecia. It is found on a variety of substrates containing cellulose including paper and plant compost. It can be readily found on the damp or water damaged paper in sheetrock. Chaetomium strumarium This fungus is common in warm soil and on plant de/pis. Should be considered as allergenic. Has been implicated in fatal /pain abscesses in drug abusers. chaetothyriaceous fungus a member of the Chaetothyriaceae (Ascomycota, order uncertain); a sooty mould. channel in a phialide, zone at the phialide apex in which the area occupied by the protoplast is usually of considerably reduced diameter and surrounded by periclinal thickening; the conidial primordium emerges through the channel to produce a new conidium (Nag Raj, 1993). checking separations of the wood that normally occur across or through the annual rings, usually as a result of seasoning. cheilocystidium a cystidium on the edge of a gill Chemical oxygen demand (COD) The amount of oxygen required by a chemical method to destroy the organic compounds present. COD is used as a measure of the degree of organic pollution of water CHEMICAL SENSITIZATION Evidence suggests that some people may develop health problems characterized by effects such as dizziness, eye and throat irritation, chest tightness, and nasal congestion that appear whenever they are exposed to certain

chemicals. People may react to even trace amounts of chemicals to which they have become "sensitized." Chemical stability Not easily decomposed or otherwise modified chemically. This is a desirable characteristic for materials used in preservation, since it suggests an ability to resist chemical degradation, such as paper embrittlement, over time and/or exposure to varying conditions during use or storage. Sometimes described as chemically inert. Chemoautotrophs organisms that need only carbon dioxide as a carbon source, but that obtain their energy by oxidising inorganic substances (q.v.) photoautotrophs) Chemostat Continuous culture system chiastobasidium a holobasidium that is clavate with nuclear spindles transverse across the basidium and located near the top of the basidium (Donk, 1964). See also holobasidium, stichobasidium. chilopoda This class consists of the centipedes which are elongate, flattened animals with 15 or more pairs of legs. Each segment contains a single pair of legs. Chitin a structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in fungal cell walls and the exoskeleton of all arthropods Chlamydoconidium (pl. Chlamydoconidia) A thick-walled, thallic conidium formed within the vegetative hyphae. Chlamydoconidia function as organs of perennation rather than dissemination. Chlamydospore a thick walled spore, either terminal or in the 'body' of the hypha. chlorinated hydrocarbon A group of pesticides that contain chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) A family of chemical compounds, some of which are volatile, nontoxic, and easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation or as solvents and aerosol propellants CFCs are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere and rise readily into the upper layers, where their chlorine components destroy ozone (See Ozone layer) Chlorophyll The green plant pigment that absorbs the sunlight needed for plants to produce their own food. chloroplast chlorosis yellowing of normally green tissue owing to chlorophyll destruction or failure of chlorophyll formation Choanephora sp. Zygomycetes. Choanephora species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota and may be more common in the southeastern areas of the United States. Two species are placed by some taxonomists into Blakeslea. No

information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) and spore trap samples. (Spores have distinctive morphology.) Natural habitat includes soil and plants in tropical and semitropical regions. Cholagogue An agent that increases bile flow to the intestines. Chorea Nervous disorder marked by muscular twitching of arms, legs and face. Chromelosporium sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Peziza. Chromelosporium species are common in soil but are not well known. This genus is most closely related to Amphobotrys, and Botrytis. It is extremely common in greenhouses growing on sterilized soil or vermiculite, in pots and flats. It is an asexual phase of Peziza (a cup fungus and Ascomycete), one of the macro fungi able to colonize indoor environmental surfaces. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) and spore trap samples. (Spores have somewhat distinctive morphology.) Formerly called Ostracoderma. chromosome Linear piece of eukaryotic DNA, often bound by specialized proteins known as histones. chryocystidium a cystidium that stains yellow in KOH or ammonia Chrysonilia sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Neurospora. Chrysonilia is common and may be more common in the eastern and southeastern areas of the United States. The genus is heterogeneous and is not a natural grouping. Chrysonilia sitophilia commonly grows on sterilized soil in the greenhouse as well as bread (called red bread mold). It has a very rapid growth rate and can be a formidable problem as a contaminant in the laboratory. A single case of human infection was reported in 1961, which was an endophthalmitis following cataract extraction. No information is available regarding other health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been well studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) and spore trap samples. (Spores are a form of arthrospore but are large, variable in size, and distinctive.) Natural habitat is said to be soil, according to some (but not all) references. Chrysonilia sitophilia was formerly called Monilia sitophilia. Chrysosporium sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Arthroderma, Ctenomyces, Gymnoascus, others. Chrysosporium species are common and comprise a heterogenus group whose taxonomy has been widely debated. This genus is keratinophilic and/or cellulolytic and is closely related to the dermatophytes, those organisms infecting the skin. Geomyces is considered by some to be a Chrysosporium species. Health effects include rare reports of onychomycosis, skin lesions, and endocarditis. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been widely studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have

distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat includes soil, dung, children's sand boxes, seeds, birds' nests, and plant remains such as leaf litter. Chrysosporium spp Widespread, common in the soil and on plants. Rare agents of onychomycosis, skin lesions, endocarditis, and uncommon agents of the pulmonary mycosis adiaspiromycosis. No toxic diseases have been documented to date. chytrid a member of the Chytridiomycota. Chytridiomycota fungal phylum characterized by the formation of gametes or zoospores with a single posterior whiplash flagellum, centric karyokineses, and stacked Golgi cisternae cilium a hair-like organelle of motility that protrudes from the cell and consists of an axoneme covered by the cell membrane. pl. cilia. cinereous ash grey in colour Circinella sp. Zygomycetes. Circinella species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota and are most closely related to Mucor. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Recorded isolations are from soil, dung, and nuts (especially Brazil nuts). circumscissile opening along a circular or equatorial line. CIS Consumer Information Sheets are EPA-approved guidelines for handling treated wood generally available to the consumer at retail outlets where treated lumber is sold and from AWPI and the wood-treating industry. Cladosporium Common and important allergen. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Hot tub lung, Moldy wall hypersensitivity. Aw (water activity) in the range of 0.84 to 0.88. Most commonly identified outdoor fungus. The outdoor numbers are reduced in the winter. The numbers are often high in the summer. Often found indoors in numbers less than outdoor numbers. It is a common allergen. Indoor Cladosporium sp. may be different than the species identified outdoors. It is commonly found on the surface of fiberglass duct liner in the interior of supply ducts. A wide variety of plants are food sources for this fungus. It is found on dead plants, woody plants, food, straw, soil, paint and textiles. It can cause mycosis. Produces greater than 10 antigens. Antigens in commercial extracts are of variable quality and may degrade within weeks of preparation. Common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I). Acute symptoms include edema and /ponchiospasms, chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema. Cladosporium fulvum (Fulvia fulva) Conidia dimensions 12-47 x 4-10 microns

(5).It is found on the leaves of tomatoes (5). Cladosporium herbarum Aw 0.88. Conidia dimensions: 5-23 x 3-8 microns. It is found on dead plants, woody plants, food, straw, soil, paint and textiles. Cladosporium macrocarpum Conidia dimensions 9-29 x 5-13 microns (5). It is found on dead plants, woody plants, food, straw, soil, paint and textiles (5). Cladosporium sp. (Hormodendrum sp.) Aw 0.88; Aw 0.84. Most commonly identified outdoor fungus. The outdoor numbers are reduced in the winter. The numbers are often high in the summer. Often found indoors in numbers less than outdoor numbers. It is a common allergen. Indoor Cladosporium sp. may be different than the species identified outdoors. It is commonly found on the surface of fiberglass duct liners in the interior of supply ducts. A wide variety of plants are food sources for this fungus. It is found on dead plants, woody plants, food, straw, soil, paint, and textiles. Produces greater than 10 antigens. Antigens in commercial extracts are of variable quality and may degrade within weeks of preparation. Common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I). Acute symptoms include skin lesions, eye ulceration, mycosis (including onychomycosis, an infection of the nails of the feet or hands) edema and bronchiospasms; chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema. Cladosporium sphaerospermum Conidia dimensions: 3-4.5 microns. It is found as a secondary invader of plants, food, soil, paint and textiles. Clamp connection 'bypass' of septa in the Basidiomycotina. clamp connections semi-circular side branches that grow around the septa in many basidiomycetes class Part of the system of biological classification. Insects, mammals, nematodes, millipedes, centipedes, etc. each have their own classes. A class is below a phylum, but above an order. classical biological control The introduction of specialist natural enemies from the homeland of a pest of foreign origin. The objective is to establish populations of these natural enemies to attack the pest and to reduce its numbers. Sometimes quite small numbers of the natural enemy succeed in establishing a population when they are released. See Economics of Biological Control. clathrate, clathroid latticed. Clavate Club-shaped. Clean Air Act Originally passed in 1963 and amended in 1970 to give the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the responsibility of setting air quality standards for each pollutant. clean distillate a creosote preservative introduced in 1985. Clean distillate products,

such as utility poles, exhibit clean, dry surfaces with little or no surface residue. Cleaner technology A process that creates little pollution or produces no or little waste cleistocarp (= cleistothecium) in Ascomycota, a type of ascoma with no opening. cf. angiocarpous. Cleistothecium an ascocarp with no special opening. Cleistothecium (pl. cleistothecia) An enclosed ascocarp containing randomly dispersed asci. Climax Stage The final successional stage which persists and reproduces itself under stable conditions. clypeus a shield-like stromatic growth, with or without host tissue, over one or more perithecia or pycnidial conidiomata (Hawksworth et al., 1983). CNS Central nervous system. CO Carbon monoxide. CO2 Carbon dioxide. coacervate massed or heaped together. coadnate united, cohering. coalesce to unite so as to form one mass coalescent joined together. coarctate crushed together, crowded. Coated paper Paper with a surface coating (adhesives, clay or other pigment etc) in order to improve its finish in terms of printability, smoothness, opacity. Coated papers usually have a glossy appearance and are sometimes called 'art papers. Clay coated papers have a tendency to block when they are exposed to high relative humidity or become wet. cochleate shaped like a shell, spiralled. coelomycete common name for a member of the Coeloanamorphoses, fungi with acervular, pycnidial, pycnothyrial or stromatic condiomata (Sutton, 1980). adj. coelomycetous. Coelomycetes Taxonomic fungal category. The term "coelomycetes" refers to asexual fungi that form conidia in a cavity (pycnidia) or a mat-like cushion of hyphae

(acervuli; stromata). Example: Phoma. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Cosmopolitan. Recovered from a wide range of ecological niches. Approx. 700 genera. Saprophytic or parasitic on higher plants, other fungi, lichens, vertebrates. Conidial masses may be dry or slimy. Spread by insects, water splash, wind. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Crossreactivity is suspected between Phoma and Alternaria. Dependent on genus and species, but the vast majority do not cause disease. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Yes, on many substrates, including ceiling tile, linoleum. May have little effect on the indoor air because in many genera the spores are not readily disseminated by air currents. Not known. These fungi are sometimes referred to as "pycnidial formers." Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Spores are formed in pycnidia or acervuli (asexual fruiting bodies). Spores often formed in sticky masses or exuded in mucoid droplets. Most are not easily recognizable on spore trap slides. A few (e.g., Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis) are very distinctive. Identifiable on tape lifts if the fungus present is one of the distinctive coelomycetes or if the spores and entire fruiting body are present. Pycnidia, however, do not always lift well on tape sampling; masses of very small spores found within a mat of fungal mycelia is often indicative of the presence of a coelomycete. Coenocytic having hyphae with very few, or no, septa. xxx check this coevolution the interdependent evolution of two or more species having an obvious ecological relationship (Lincoln et al., 1982). collabent collapsed in the middle (Nag Raj, 1993). Collarette A small collar. Usually, a remnant of a cell wall present at the tip of a phialide, or around a sporangiophore. collariate with a collar. colonial Condition in which many unicellular organisms live together in a somewhat coordinated group. Unlike true multicellular organisms, the individual cells retain their spearate identities, and usually, their own membranes and cell walls. COLONIZATION growth of an organism in a host without tissue invasion. Colonize growth and establishment of the fungus on the host. COLONY a discrete mycelium of a fungus, often derived from a single spore. columella a sterile central axis within a mature fruit-body which may be uni- or multicellular, unbranched or branched, of fungal or host origin (Hawksworth et al., 1983); in gasteromycetes, sterile tissue usually at the base of the gleba, extending up into or through the gleba. Columella (pl. columellae) A sterile dome-like structure at the tip of a sporangiophore or within a sporangium.

Columnar Forming a column. coma a tuft of hairs. adj. comose. COMBINATION FOUNDATIONS Buildings constructed with more than one foundation type; e.g., basement/crawlspace or basement/slab-on-grade. Commensal Usually refers to a microorganism that lives in close contact with a host organism (human, animal or plant) without causing disease in the host. Commensal organisms can be beneficial to the host. Some microorganisms can be a commensal for one host species but cause disease in a different species. commensalism form of symbiosis where one partner benefits and the other is unaffected; grades into parasitism, especially "benign" parasitisms such as endophytes Commercial waste Waste material that originates in wholesale business establishments such as office buildings or stores. Commingled waste A mixture of several recyclables in one container. COMMISSIONING Start-up of a building that includes testing and adjusting HVAC, electrical, plumbing, and other systems to assure proper functioning and adherence to design criteria. Commissioning also includes the instruction of building representatives in the use of the building systems. Compaction The result to soils that are compressed by activity (vehicles, heavy machinery, even heavy foot or animal traffic). Compatible of mating types, strains, etc., cross-fertile, able to be crossed. cf. incompatible. Competition In a forest, plants, animals and trees compete for water, sunlight and nutrients. complanate flat. COMPLEMENT FIXATION A serologic procedure to determine antibody to fungus infections. Cross reacts with other systemic fungi but is a quantitative test. complicate folded upon itself. Compost Material resulting from the natural breaking down of organic material by bacteria, fungi, and other organisms; compost is a product used to enrich soil. Composting The process of decomposing organic waste from domestic and other sources to produce a soil dressing or growing medium for plants compressed flattened in one plane either dorsally or laterally.

concatenate linked together as in a chain. conceptacle a hollow structure producing spores or spermatia. conchate shaped like a bivalve shell. concolorous having the same colour. cf. versicoloured., of the same colour concrescent coalescent; becoming joined. Condiment Enhances the flavor of food. CONDITIONED AIR Air that has been heated, cooled, humidified, or dehumidified to maintain an interior space within the "comfort zone." (Sometimes referred to as "tempered" air.) confluent running into one another. conglobate formed into a ball; of the bases of stipes, together making a fleshy mass. conidia Spores produced by asexual reprodution in members of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Conidia, unidentified These are mold spores that do not show morphological characteristics that allow identification. Because there are tens of thousands of types of fungi, many fall into the "other" or "unknown" category. If they are present in significant numbers, additional measures can be taken to identify them. When spore counts are listed in the category: "Unidentified Conidia" their numbers are considered "normal". conidiogenesis the process of conidium formation. conidiogenous producing conidia. CONIDIOGENOUS CELL The cell that gives rise to a conidium. conidiole a small conidium, especially one on another; a secondary conidium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). conidioma a specialised, multihyphal, conidium-producing structure (Hawksworth et al., 1983); includes acervulus, pycnidium, pycnothyrium, sporodochium, synnema. pl. conidiomata. See also conidiophore. Conidiophore fertile hypha bearing conidiospores. conidiosporangium a conidium-like or deciduous zoosporangium of certain of the Peronosporales; it contains only one spore and hence resembles a unicellular conidium.

Conidium A thin-walled, asexual spore that is borne exogenously on a conidiophore and is deciduous at maturity. (plural form: conidia.) CONIDIUM (pl. conidia) A reproductive propagule produced in the absence of nuclear recombination, thus representing anamorphic or asexual reproduction. Conidium(a) Asexual spore supported on a hypha, not in a sporangium Conidobolus sp. Can cause a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa (entomophthoromycosis). conjugate (1) joined in twos; (2) copulation, especially isogamic copulation. connate joined by growth. connivent coming into contact, but not organically joined. Conservation The use of procedures to preserve and repair the physical structure of an item. All processes ideally should be reversible. Conservator A person professionally responsible for the physical preservation of collection items or their informational content. CONSTANT AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS Air handling system that provides a constant air flow while varying the temperature to meet heating and cooling needs. Consumer Someone who uses or buys resources, natural or manufactured. contact pesticide A pesticide that causes death or injury to insects when it contacts them. It does not have to be ingested. Often used in reference to a spray applied directly to a pest. CONTAMINANT something that is present without injuring or benefiting the host; they do not cause infection. Contamination (of recyclable materials) Inadequate sorting of recyclable materials so as to interfere with the clean processing of the recyclables Contamination of office paper occurs, for example, when food, carbon paper, metal cans or anything that is not paper is mixed with it. context see trama. contiguous touching. continuous of spores, hyphae, etc., without septa; of a stipe, one with the tissue of the pileus or peridium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). contractile vacuole

In many protists, a specialized vacuole with associated channels designed to collect excess water in the cell. Microtubules periodically contract to force this excess water out of the cell, regulating the cell's osmotic balance. convergent used to describe the central tissue of the gill when it curves towards the mid-line convex used to describe a cap that is regularly rounded or broadly obtuse copper naphthenate an organic unrestricted-use wood preservative that protects against wood-destroying organisms. Uses include the pressure treatment of utility poles, lumber, timbers, pilings and laminated beams. Also recommended for brush, spray, or dip treatments for end cuts and cutoffs of pressure-treated wood products. Coprinus This genus is a basidiomycetous mould. This is a mushroom! coprophilous inhabiting dung Copulation fusion of two sexual elements. coralloid having the form of branching coral, especially basidiomata of Ramaria. Cord One cord equals a pile of wood 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet. cord, mycelia see mycelial cord Cordial A stimulating medicine or drink. coremium = synnema. coriaceous leathery corneous consisting of a horn-like substance. cornicle Tubular structures placed posteriorly on each side of the abdomen of aphids from which various alarm pheromones are released. cornuted bearing horns; horn-like in form. adj. corniform. coronate crowned. Corrosive Able to eat into, wear away or dissolve flesh or metal One of the four hazardous waste characteristics See also toxic, reactive and ignitable. cortex an outer covering; peridium. corticolous living or growing on bark. Cortina in agarics, a cobweb-like partial veil as found in Cortinarius.

costate bearing ribs. Cottony Having a loose and coarse texture. Counterirritant An agent that produces inflammation or irritation when applied locally to affect another, usually irritated surface to stimulate circulation. (Example: a mustard plaster or liniment). Cover material The soil used to cover garbage in a landfill. crawler This is the term used to describe the active first instar in a few families of whiteflies and scales. This instar moves to find a suitable feeding site and then embeds its piercing-sucking mouthparts into a plant. Later instars usually do not move from this site so the term crawler is is often used in place of "first instar." crenate having the margin scalloped so as to form rounded teeth. crenulate minutely crenate. creosote a distillate of coal tar; an oil most commonly used to preserve railroad ties, utility poles, and pilings. Other uses include bridges, guard posts and marine applications. cristate crested. Crozier hook on an ascogenous hyphae before ascus production. cruciate in the form of a cross; of basidial septa, with a vertical septum and one at right angles to it. crustacean Most species in this group (Class Crustacea) are marine or fresh water animals, although there are a few terrestrial species. While the familiar larger types, lobsters, crayfish, crabs and shrimp, are in this group, it also contains many small to minute aquatic forms that are very important in aquatic food chains. crustose Encrusting lichen. Cryogenic Condensation Condensation of a gas at very low temperatures CRYOPHILES adapts to low temperatures

Cryptococcus neoformans A basidiomycetous encapsulated fungal organism found worldwide, mainly around pigeon roosts and soil contaminated with decaying pigeon or chicken droppings. It is generally accepted that the organism enters the host by the respiratory route in the form of a dehydrated haploid yeast or as basidiospores. Hematogenously spreading to extrapulmonary tissues, its predilection for the brain means infected persons usually contract meningoencephalitis, which can be fatal.

cryptogam a plant that produces spores, not seeds, in its sexual reproductive cycle, e.g. ferns, mosses, algae. Cryptostroma corticale Conidia dimensions: 4-6.5 x 3.5-4 microns. Found on the bark of maple and sycamore trees and on stored logs. Cullet The broken pieces of glass that are melted and formed into new products. culm the main ascending axis (stem) of bamboo culm sheath the sheath of the culm leaf, borne singly at each node of the culm proper, below the level at which the sheaths of foliage leaves take their place Cultural relating to the culture or growing of citrus. culture an in vitro growth of a microorganism or a group of organisms for experimental or commercial purposes. cumulate heaped up. cuneate wedge-shaped. Cunninghamella sp. Can cause disseminated and pulmonary infections in immune compromised hosts. Zygomycetes. Cunninghamella species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to one spored mitosporangial zygomycetes such as Choanephora. Cunninghamella bertholletiae is known as an occasional opportunistic pathogen, mostly after trauma with thorns or splinters. No information is available regarding other inhalation health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Rarely found but may be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Cunninghamella species are mainly soil fungi of the Mediterranean and subtropical zones; they are only rarely isolated in other less temperate regions.

Cunninghanella sp. Can cause disseminated and pulmonary infections in immune compromised hosts. cup fungus a discomycete, e.g. members of the Pezizales and Leotiales. cupulate cup-shaped. Curbside recycling program A program that collects recyclable materials from our homes The materials often are left in special containers on the curbside to be picked up by a recycling truck.

curing (open-air) traditional method for preserving bamboo culms in which harvested culms with branches and leaves still attached are left in open air for some time to reduce the starch content of the culms by continued transpiration of the leaves Curvularia Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Other: A relatively common cause of allergic fungal sinusitis. Occasionally a cause of onychomycosis, ocular keratitis, sinusitis, mycetoma, pneumonia, endocarditis, cere/pal abscess, and disseminated infection. Most cases are from immunocompromised patients. Curvularia sp. Reported to be allergenic. It may cause corneal infections, mycetoma and infections in immune compromised hosts. Cuticle a layer of waxy material, cutin, generally impervious to water, on the surface of the fruit. cyanescent becoming blue. cyathiform like a cup, slightly wider at the top than at the bottom, and sometimes stalked. CYCLOHEXIMIDE See Actidione. Cylindrical Cylindric, having parallel walls and circular cross-section. cymbiform broadly reniform. cyst a sac, especially a resting spore- or sporangium-like structure (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cystidiole in hymenomycetes, a simple hymenial cell of about the same diameter as a basidium, but remaining sterile and extending beyond the hymenial surface. cystidium a specialized sterile end cell formed anywhere in fungal tissue. It is most commonly found in the hymenial layer of tissue, but may also be found on the surface of the cap, the surface of the stipe, or even within the sterile tissue of the stipe. There are many different types of cystidia; they are named based on the location where they are found, e.g. Dermatocystidia- on the surface tissues; Pileocystidia- found on the surface of the pilius; Caulocystidia- found on the surface of the stipe; Cheilocystidiaon the edge of the gill; Pleurocystidia- on the face of the gill; Endocystidia- form in the tramal tissue of the cap, or stipe; OR on their morphology, function, chemical reactions etc. such as Leptocystidia-which are thin-walled, smooth and do not have distinctive contents and are not tramal in origin; Gloeocystidia- which are variable in shape and stain easily or have conspicuous contents; Lamprocystidia- which are thickwalled and without conspicuous contents, etc. See Largent, Johnson, & Watling (Bibliography) for detailed information concerning these cells, their form, function, description and illustration. Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder.

cystosorus an aggregation of united cysts or resting spores, the presence and morphology of which are of taxonomic significance, e.g. in the Plasmodiophorales. pl. cystosori. cytokine A hormone-like molecule, produced by one cell, that has an effect on another cell Some types of cytokines are normally produced in low concentration by the immune system as part of the bodys defence mechanism Some cytokines are toxic at high concentrations and cause disease symptoms such as fever cytoplasm All the contents of a cell, including the plasma membrane,but not including the nucleus. cytoskeleton Integrated system of molecules within eukaryotic cells which provides them with shape, internal spatial organization, motility, and may assist in communication with other cells and the environment. Red blood cells, for instance, would be spherical instead of flat if it were not for their cytoskeleton. cytospore a type of spore released from an encysted amoeba phase in the Amoebidiales (Trichomycetes). Cytotoxic An agent that is toxic to certain organs, tissues, or cells. DAMPERS Controls that vary airflow through an air outlet, inlet, or duct. A damper position may be immovable, manually adjustable or part of an automated control system. damping-off destruction of seedlings near the soil line, resulting in the seedlings falling over on the ground Danger In household hazardous waste labeling, danger means that exposure or unsafe use may cause injury, illness or death. De-inking Removing most of the ink, filler and other materials from waste paper before using it to manufacture new paper. De-tinning Removing and recovering the thin tin coating from steel cans before the steel is recycled. Deacidification A common term for a chemical treatment that neutralises acid in a material such as paper, and that may deposit an alkaline buffer to counteract future acid attack. While deacidification may increase the chemical stability of paper, it does not restore strength or flexibility to brittle materials. DEBRIS Non-biological particulate such as dirt or soot. decay decomposition of wood by wood-destroying fungi. deciduous of spores, etc., falling away at maturity.

Decoction A preparation made by boiling a plant part in water. Compare with Infusion. Decompose To break down organic material, generally through the action of bacteria and fungi. Decomposer saprophytic (q.v.) fungi and bacteria that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material (e.g. corpses, fallen plant material, waste products) and convert them into inorganic forms. decorticate the cortex having been eroded, removed, etc. decumbent resting on the substratum but with the ends turned upwards. decurrent gills running down the stem (like chanterelles) decurved bent downwards. definite shape to the cell, able to change shape. amphiesma The outer covering of a dinoflagellate, consisting of several membrane layers. dehiscent of an ascus or fruit-body, opening when mature, by a pore or by rupturing or fragmentation; of conidia and other spores, falling off. Dehumidifier (adj: dehumidification) Equipment that reduces the humidity in the atmosphere by the use of refrigeration, desiccants or absorbent drying agents. deliquescent liquefying on maturity. deliquescing the process by which gills in the genus Coprinus rapidly break down into a black ink-like liquid, droplets of which disperse spores. deltoidtriangular in shape. Dematiaceous A dark brown, greenish gray or black colour. demicyclic of rust life cycle, producing pycnia, aecia and telia but lacking uredinia. cf. macrocyclic, microcyclic. Demolition debris Waste materials produced during construction or remodeling including items such as used lumber, masonry, sheetrock, shingles, insulation, etc. Demulcent An agent that is locally soothing and softening. Demulcent febrifuge Reduces heat while building bodily fluids. dendroid tree-like, arborescent, branching like a tree. dentate toothed.

Denticle A small projection or peg on which conidia are produced. denticulate finely toothed. Deobstruent Removes obstructions by opening natural passages or pores of the body. depressed with the centre lower than the margin. Depurative Tends to purify and cleanse the blood. Same as blood purifier. Dermatomycoses Skin infection caused by fungi. DERMATOMYCOSIS An infection of hair, skin and nails caused by the keratinophilic fungi of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton which infect hair, skin and nails. DERMATOPHYTE Infection of hair, skin and nails caused by fungi other than dermatophytes. Detergent An agent that cleanses boils, sores, wounds, etc. Deterioration Damage caused to an item by physical, chemical or biological means determinate well-defined; definite; of a conidiophore, growth ceasing when terminal conidia are produced. cf. indeterminate. Determinate conidiophores The conidiophore does not alter in length after the formation of conidia. detersile of a villose surface, removable so that the surface becomes bare. Detoxicant Removes toxins. Detritivore consumers that derive energy from organic wastes and dead organisms from all trophic levels. deuteromycete former common name for a member of the Fungi Anamorphici. Deuteromycetes An artificial subdivision to accommodate those fungi where only the asexual state is known. Deuteromycota artificial or "form phylum" containing taxa not displaying a teleomorph - those producing conidia only, or with a sterile mycelium (mycelia sterilia), or with budding only (anamorphic yeasts); anamorphic fungi dextrinoid staining brick red with Meltzers iodine

Diameter Tape A special measuring tape used to measure and convert a tree's circumference to its diameter. Diaphoretic An agent that induces sweating. diaphragm in gasteromycetes, a homogeneous wall of hyphae that separates the gleba from the sterile base, e.g. in some species of Calvatia. diaspore any disseminated propagule, either sexual or asexual. Diazo film A type of microform in which the active component is a light sensitive diazo dye. It is recommended for duplication and use copies of microfilm since it is less expensive than silver halide film. However, it is not considered archival. and original filming should be undertaken using silver halide film. Dichotomous A type of hyphal branching into two equal forks. diclinous having the antheridium and oogonium on different hyphae. cf. androgynous, monoclinous, paragynous. Dictyoconidium (pl. dictyoconidia) A conidium with both longitudinal and transverse septa; a muriform conidium. dictyospore an asexual spore with intersecting septa in more than one plane; with a length:breadth ratio not exceeding 15:1; if elongated, with only a single axis, and that axis not curved through more than 180 degrees; any protuberances, other than setulae, not more than 1/4 the length of the spore body (Kendrick & Nag Raj, 1979); a muriform spore. See also conidium for other morphological types of conidia. Didmoconidium (pl. didymoconidia) A two celled conidium. didymospore an asexual spore with one septum across the body; with a length:breadth ratio not exceeding 15:1; if elongated, with only a single axis, and that axis not curved through more than 180 degrees; any protuberances, other than setulae, not more than 1/4 the length of the spore body (Kendrick & Nag Raj, 1979). See also conidium for other morphological types of conidia. die-back progressive death of shoots, branches, and roots generally starting at the tip dieback necrosis of a shoot starting at the apex and spreading towards the older tissue, death of the stem may occur; a disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and a number of other species of Phytophthora. DIFFUSERS AND GRILLES Components of the ventilation system that distribute and return air to promote air circulation in the occupied space. As used in this document, supply air enters a space through a diffuser or vent and return air leaves a space through a grille. Digest The process where substances are broken down into more basic components

Digestant Contains substances (i.e. ferments, acids) which aid in digestion. Digestive An agent that promotes digestion. digitate shaped like the fingers of a hand; with finger-like divisions. dikaryohaplontic type of life cycle characterized by the intercalation of a dikaryotic phase between the events of plasmogamy and karyogamy; variation of haplontic type - meiosis is zygotic; typical of most members of the Ascomycota and all members of the Basidiomycota dikaryon a cell having two genetically distinct haploid nuclei (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. heterokaryon, homokaryon, monokaryon. Dikaryon (Dikaryotic) Dikaryon fungal 'cells' having two nuclei which may be haploid. Hyphae containing dikaryotic cells. dikaryotic mycelium or spores containing two sexually compatible nuclei per cell, common in the basidiomycetes dikaryotisation where a homokaryon is converted into a dikaryon, typically by two compatible homokaryons fusing. dimension lumber a size classification of lumber that is from two inches up to, but not including, five inches thick, and that is two or more inches in width. dimidiate appearing to lack one half, or having one half very much smaller compared with the other half; of a pileus, without a stalk and semicircular; of a lamella, stretching only halfway to the stipe; of a perithecial wall, having the outer wall covering only the top part (Hawksworth et al., 1983). dimitic having two types of hyphae generative and skeletal or generative and binding. cf. monomitic, trimitic. Dimorphic Having two different morphological forms. Dioecious having male and female organs on different structures. Dioxins A family of chlorinated chemicals, toxic under certain exposure and dosage conditions, emitted from incinerators when combustion of carbon compounds is inefficient. Diplanetic refers to a dimorphic species in which two swarming periods occur (Oomycota). See also monoplanetic and polyplanetic. diplohaplontic type of life cycle characterized by both a multicellular (or hyphal and multinucleate) diploid soma (sporosoma) and a multicelluar (or hyphal and multinucleate) haploid soma (gametosoma); typical of some members of the

Chytridiomycota and the Ascomycota; also the life cycle type in the Plantae (alternation of diploid sporophye and haploid gametophyte generations); meiosis is sporogenic diploid Having two different sets of chromosomes in the same nucleus of each cell. Most metazoans and plants are diploid. diplontic type of life cycle characterized by a diploid soma with the only haploid cell being the gamete; meiosis is gametogenic, as in animals diplopoda This class consists of the millipedes which are elongate, wormlike animals with many pairs of legs. Most millipedes have 30 or more pairs of legs and most body segments bear two pairs. Disaster plan A document setting out procedures to be followed by an organisation to prevent or minimise the risk of a disaster occurring, and to describe actions to be taken should a disaster occur. Such a plan should include provisions for the prevention of a disaster, salvage procedures in case a disaster should occur, and replacement/restoration measures to be taken. More correctly should be called a disaster preparedness plan. disc in a pileus, the central area of the pileus; in discomycetes, the spore-producing part of the ascoma. discocarp apothecium. discomycete common name for a member of the Ascomycota which produces apothecia; cup fungus. Discutient An agent that dissolves or causes something, such as a tumor, to disappear. Also called discussive. disease any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from continuous irritation by a pathogenic agent or environmental factor and leads to development of symptoms disease cycle the chain of events involved in disease development, including the stages of development of the pathogen and the effect of the disease on the host disinfectant a physical or chemical agent that frees a plant, organ or tissue from infection DISINFECTANTS One of three groups of antimicrobials registered by EPA for public health uses. EPA considers an antimicrobial to be a disinfectant when it destroys or irreversibly inactivates infectious or other undesirable organisms, but not necessarily their spores. EPA registers three types of disinfectant products based upon submitted efficacy data limited, general or broad spectrum, and hospital disinfectant. disjunctor a structure between conidia to promote their disarticulation (de Hoog &

Guarro, 1995). Disjunctor cell An empty cell that fragments and/or undergoes lysis to release a conidium. dispersal spore a spore disseminated by wind, water or other agent; diaspore (Hawksworth et al., 1983). dispore in a basidiomycete, one of the spores from a two-spored basidium. cf. tetraspore. Disposable A material designed to be thrown away after use dissepiments a partition, for example, that between the pores of a bolete or polypore. distant of gills that are widely spaced Disturbance An event such as a fire, windstorm or timber harvest that alters succession. Diuretic An agent that induces urination. divergent usually referring to gill trama, in which the tramal hyphae branch outward from the gill center towards the hymenium and downward towards the gill edge. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) A substance in cells which carries genetic information doliiform barrel-shaped. Dolipore septum A characteristic septum found in the Basidiomycetes that flares out near the pore to form an elongate channel. dorsal The upper part of a given area. double membrane In mitochondria and plastids, there is a two-layered membrane which surrounds the organelle. This is believed to be the result of endosymbiosis, with the outer membrane coming from the eukaryotic cell, and the inner membrane belonging to the original prokaryote which was "swallowed". Double septum A two layered septum that may undergo centripetal separation (schizolysis) to release a conidium. Downy Having a short and dense mycelial texture. DRAIN TILE LOOP A continuous length of drain tile or perforated pipe extending around all or part of the internal or external perimeter of a basement or crawlspace footing.

DRAIN TRAP A dip in the drain pipe of sinks, toilets, floor drains, etc., which is designed to stay filled with water, thereby preventing sewer gases from escaping into the room. Drastic A violent purgative. Dreschlera Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Other: Most commonly reported cause of allergic fungal sinusitis. Conidia (spores) dimensions 40-120 x 17-28 microns. Found on grasses, grains and decaying food. It can occasionally cause a corneal infection of the eye. Occasionally a cause of phaeohyphomycosis, including keratitis, sinusitis, and osteomyelitis. These infections most often occur in immunocompromised persons, although infections also occur in normal hosts. One case of /pain abscess reported in an immunocompromised patient. Dreschlera sp Conidia (spores) dimensions 40-120 x 17-28 microns. Found on grasses, grains and decaying food. It can occasionally cause a corneal infection of the eye. Drop-off box or center Facility to which individuals and businesses bring garbage or recyclable materials for collection. Dropsy Generalized edema (swelling). Dumps Now illegal, dumps were open, unsanitary disposal sites used before there were sanitary landfills. Dumpster A large container to keep waste until it is collected by the trash hauler Often used by stores, apartment buildings and restaurants Durability The degree to which a material retains its physical properties while subjected to stress, such as heavy use, or adverse environmental conditions. To say a material is durable suggests that it has high initial strength, and will last a long time under normal conditions of use. dust A finely ground, dry pesticide formulation containing a small amount of active ingredient and a large amount of inert carrier or diluent such as clay or talc. Dysgonic A slow growing variant. Dyskinesia Defect in voluntary movement. Dyspnea Sense of difficulty in breathing, often associated with lung or heart disease. Earth Day April 22; held each year to promote awareness of environmental issues The first Earth Day was in 1970. Ecbolic See abortifacient. eccentric off set to one side. used to describe how the stem attaches to the cap.

echinate bearing pointed spines. echiniulate covered in spines echinulate bearing small, pointed spines. Ecological impact The changes induced by natural or human activity on the ecology and living organisms. Ecologist A scientist who studies inter-relationships between living things and their environments. Ecology The interrelationships between organisms and their environment. economic threshold Levels of pest populations at which damage from pests is considered more expensive than pest control. In an urban setting, this is complicated by the fact that a single visible insect in a residence or business can be considered offensive. economics of biological control Classical biological control typically is performed by personnel of university and federal and state departments of agriculture. Once a classical biological control agent is imported and populations of it are established, the benefits of its actions are free; the natural enemy is not for sale, nor is there any point in selling it. In contrast, although basic research toward the use of a biopesticide may be performed by university personnel, the later development is performed by commercial companies which expect to profit by repeated sales. Therefore, classical biological control depends only upon funds for research and dissemination, and may yield an extremely good cost-benefit ratio. Biopesticides are marketable products which recoup their developmental costs through sales, and may not be less expensive than chemical pesticides. Ecorticate without a cortex. Ecosystem A place with living (animals, plants, microorganisms, and other organisms) and nonliving (soil, water, rocks) elements that form a complex web of interdependency. ectal outer, outermost (Hawksworth et al., 1983); used most often as ectal exciple. ectendomycorrhiza see mycorrhiza. ECTOENDOTHRIX Arthroconidia formed on the outside and inside of a hair shaft. ectomycorrhiza see mycorrhiza. ectoparasitic A parasite that lives on the outside of its host.

ectoplasm the outermost, relatively rigid and transparent, granule-free layer of cytoplasm in many cells (e.g. in amoebae). ectoplasmic net an extracellular matrix; a branching and anastomosing, hyaline, membrane-bounded network of ectoplasmic filaments without cytoplasmic organelles which functions as an attachment and absorbing structure and is produced by specialised organelles, called sagenogens, on the cell surface of labyrinthulomycetes. In Labyrinthulales, the ectoplasmic net completely surrounds the cells and joins them in a common network through which the cells move by a gliding motion. In Thraustochytriales, the ectoplasmic net arises from one side of each cell and does not surround it (Margulis et al., 1990). ectoplasmic reticulum see ectoplasmic net. ectosporium the hardly visible spore wall layer external to the perisporium. See also endosporium, episporium, exosporium, perisporium. Ectothrix Natural hair invasion by a dermatophyte characterized by arthroconidia on the outside of the hair shaft. ectotunica the outer wall of a bitunicate ascus (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. endotunica. EDENTULOUS The absence of teeth. Effluent Solid, liquid or gas waste that can enter the environment as a by-product of a chemical or biological process Effuse Spread out, radiate. eguttulate of a spore, lacking guttules (oil-like globules). cf. guttulate. elater a free capillitium thread (Hawksworth et al., 1983); a capillitial element in the gleba of Battarraea and Battarraeoides that tapers at both ends and has spiral thickenings when mature. Electron Acceptor A compound able to accept electrons from an electron donor in the electron-transport chain or oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions necessary for cell metabolism ellipsoid rugby football shaped ellipsoidal oval in outline and three-dimensional. Elliptical Oval, with a symmetric curve. Elongate Lengthened. emarginate of gills notched near the stem, similar to sinuate but with a much more

conspicuous notch Emetic An agent that induces vomiting. Emissions Odors or substances generated by combustion and discharged into the air. emissions from the burning of fossil fuels When fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are burned, many substances enter the atmosphere Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen compounds, which contribute to air pollution, travel through the air and react with each other in sunlight to form secondary pollutants such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid When rain contains these acids, it is called acid rain Emmenagogue A substance that promotes or assists the flow of menstrual fluid. Emollient An agent that softens and soothes the skin when applied locally. Encapsulation A form of protective enclosure for paper and other flat objects. It involves placing the item between two sheets (or one folded sheet) of clear plastic film (usually polyester), that are subsequently sealed with adhesive tape or by heat welding or sewing around the edges. The object is thus physically supported and protected from the atmosphere, although it may continue to deteriorate within the package. A sheet of buffered paper or board is sometimes included. The object can simply be removed by cutting one or more edges of the plastic film. Encystment Formation of a thick wall, e.g. around a zoospore after it settles and loses its flagellum(a) ENDEMIC A disease which occurs in a limited geographic area. Endobiotic reproductive structure is inside of the substrate or host cell. endocarpous of Basidiomycota, with the mature hymenium covered; angiocarpous (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. angiocarpous, gymnocarpous. Endocytosis the cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localised regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle. Endogenous a form of thallus development in which the nucleus remains in an encysted zoospore that simply enlarges to form one or more sporangia. endomycorrhiza see mycorrhiza. endoperidium the innermost wall of the fruit body of Gasteromycetes endophyte an organism which completes its life cycle in a plant which shows no external sign of the infection; one of a group of fungi which are parasitic on grasses and are toxic to grazing animals (Holliday, 1989).

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network of membranes in eukaryotic cells which helps in control of protein synthesis and cellular organization. Endospore A spore produced within a spherule. endosporium the innermost layer of the spore wall which is usually thin and is the last to develop during sporogenesis (Hawksworth et al., 1983). See also ectosporium, episporium, exosporium, perisporium. Endothrix Natural hair invasion by a dermatophyte characterized by the development of arthroconidia within the hair shaft only. endotunica the often extensible inner wall of a bitunicate ascus. cf. ectotunica. Energy recovery facility A plant that generates energy by burning garbage. Engineered Wood Product Lumber or panels made by bonding smaller pieces of wood together. Enteric bacteria Bacteria that live in the intestines of humans or animals. Enteritis Inflammation of the small intestine. enteroblastic of conidiogenesis, mode of blastic production of cell walls in which, following completion of any developmental stage, the fungus in a new stage does not lay down a wall layer or layers continuous with the outer wall layer(s) of the previous stage (Minter et al., 1982). cf. holoblastic. Enterorrhagia Hemorrhage from the intestine. enterothallic of conidiogenesis, thallic conidiogenesis with only the inner wall of the conidiogenous cell contributing to the formation of the conidium wall (Sutton, 1980). cf. holothallic. entire having a smooth margin, not dissected or toothed. entomogenous living in or on insects, especially as pathogens. entomologist A person who studies insects. Nowadays, entomology is such a large subject that entomologists specialize in some aspect of it. They may work only on identification of some group of insects, or on biochemistry or genetics of insects, or on control of insects in a small range of crops, or on mathematical modelling of insect populations. entomopathogen An organism (generally a bacterium, virus, protozoan or fungus) causing disease in insects. entomophilous having insects involved with dispersal of spores.

Enuresis Involuntary urination. Environment Physical elements that form one's surroundings. ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS Conditions other than indoor air contaminants that cause stress, comfort, and/or health problems (e.g., humidity extremes, drafts, lack of air circulation, noise, and over-crowding). Environmental control The maintenance of safe levels of light exposure, humidity, temperature, air pollution, air movement, dirt inside a building. ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE Mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and smoke exhaled by the smoker (also secondhand smoke (SHS) or passive smoking). enzyme A protein that acts as a catalyst Every chemical reaction in living organisms is facilitated by an enzyme EPA The U.S Environmental Protection Agency Sets environmental protection and enforcement standards Created in 1970; serves the entire country through 10 regional offices. Ephidrosis Abnormal amount of sweating. Epibiotic reproductive structure is on the outside of the substrate or host cell. Epicoccum Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Conidia (spores) dimensions 15-25 microns. A common allergen. It is found in plants, soil, grains, textiles, and paper products. Epicoccum sp. Conidia dimensions: 15-25 microns. A common allergen. It is found in plants, soil, grains, textiles and paper products. epicormic sprouts arising on stem or branch in response to infection or injury epidemic a widespread and severe outbreak of a disease; a drastic increase in disease-affected population epidemiology the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases Epidermis the first layer of cells on the rind surface. Epidermophyton sp. Can cause infections of skin and nails (6). Epigastric Upper middle region of the abdomen. epigeous growing on or developing on the surface of the soil. cf. hypogeous.

epigynous of Oomycota, having the antheridium above the oogonium and on the same hypha. cf. amphigynous, hypogynous, paragynous. epihypothallic mode of fruit-body development in Myxomycetes subclass Stemonitomycetidae where the hypothallus forms under the plasmodium during fruitbody formation and sporangial stalks are hollow or fibrous (Martin & Alexopoulos, 1969). See also subhypothallic. epiphyllous on the upper surface of a leaf. cf. hypophyllous. epiphytic existing on the surface of a plant or plant organ without causing infection episporium the spore wall layer external to the endosporium; the thick fundamental layer which determines the size and form of the spore (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. ectosporium, endosporium, exosporium, perisporium. epithecium in the hymenium of an apothecium, the tissue at the surface formed by the branching of the ends of the paraphyses above the asci (Hawksworth et al., 1983). epitunica = exosporium. epizoic living on animals. epruinose without pruina. equal of a stipe, having equal diameter from the apex to the base. Erect Upright. ERGONOMICS Applied science that investigates the impact of people's physical environment on their health and comfort (e.g., determining the proper chair height for computer operators). ergot the diseases of cereals, grasses and sedges, caused by species of Claviceps; e.g. ergot of cereals and grasses caused by Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.; also the term referring to the sclerotium of these fungi formed in infected plants (e.g. the ergot of C. purpurea). erose of a margin, irregularly incised. Erosion The wearing away of the soil by wind, water and/or gravity. Human activity can accelerate erosion. Eructation Belching. erumpent projecting from or bursting through (host tissue) Erysipelis An acute disease of skin and subcutaneous tissue with spreading

inflammation and swelling. Esculent Edible or fit for eating. Estrogenic A substance that induces female hormonal activity. etiology causes or origin of a disease and their relations to the host; the study of the causal factors of a disease eucarpic using only part of the thallus for the fruit-body. cf. holocarpic. Eukaryote a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus (q.v.) and membraneenclosed organelles (q.v.), found in protists (q.v.), plants, animals and fungi (q.v.). eukaryotic Literally "true nucleus", the term applies to all protists, plants, animals, and fungi. Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes which partition them into regions for different functions, such as mitochondria, plastids, the ER, Golgi apparatus, etc. They also possess a cytoskeleton which helps them control their shape. evanescent present for a short time; breaking down. evelate without a veil. Even-aged A stand of trees that are all approximately the same age. Ex-situ Treatment Treatment of contaminated soils and groundwater out of, or removed from, their original position, eg requires removal or excavation of the soil from the ground Exanthematous Refers to any eruptive disease or fever. An herbal remedy for skin eruptions such as measles, scarlet fever, etc. excentric (= eccentric) off-centre, to one side, any attachment intermediate between central and lateral. exciple (= excipulum) in an ascoma, tissue or tissues enclosing the hymenium and subhymenium. exdoperidium the outermost wall of the fruit body of Gasteromycetes EXHAUST VENTILATION Mechanical removal of air from a portion of a building (e.g., piece of equipment, room, or general area). exobasidial (1) having the basidia uncovered; (2) separated by a wall from the basidium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). EXOGENOUS From without. The source of most mycotic infections is exogenous, i.e. outside the body (the environment).

exoperidium outer layer of a multilayered peridium. cf. endoperidium, mesoperidium. Exophthalmic Protrusion of the eyeball. exosporium the spore wall layer external to the episporium and derived from it, but chemically distinct and frequently responsible for the ornamentation (Hawksworth et al., 1983). See also ectosporium, endosporium, episporium, perisporium. Expectorant An agent that induces the removal (coughing up) of mucous secretions from the lungs. extracellular matrix (ECM) Region outside of metazoan cells which includes compounds attached to the plasma membrane, as well as dissolved substances attracted to the surface charge of the cells. The ECM functions both to keep animal cells adhered together, and well as buffering them from their environment. Exudate Droplets of fluid formed on the surface of a colony. eyespot Light-sensitive organelle found in many groups of protists, and in some metazoans. facing away from the axis or stem (dorsal) acervulus (pl. acervuli) a sub-epidermal, saucer-shaped, asexual fruiting body that produces conidia on short conidiophores Facsimile A reproduction or copy of an original work that is similar in appearance to the original. facultative of a parasite, able to live as a saprotroph or a parasite. Facultative anaerobe organisms that make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but switch to fermentation under anaerobic conditions ((q.v.) obligate anaerobe) Facultive Parasite a saprophite with some parasitic ability. Facultive Saprophite a parasite with some saprophyric ability. Falcate Curved like a sickle. family Part of the system of biological classification: a group of closely-related genera. All whiteflies belong to the family Aleyrodidae. The name of a family of animals (e.g., Aleyrodidae) always has a capital initial letter and always ends in -idae. The family name is not placed in italics or underlined. fan, mycelia see mycelial fan Farinaceous Of the nature of flour or meal. Starchy or containing starch.

fascicle a cluster or bundle. adj. fasciculate. faveolate of a surface, honeycombed; alveolate. Febrifuge That which reduces fever. Same as antipyretic or refrigerant. felt, mycelia see mycelial felt fenestrate having openings or translucent areas. Fermentation The biological process where a micro-organism, such as yeast, is grown on a substrate (eg glucose) and, in so doing, produces compounds or materials (eg alcohol) which can then be harvested fibrillose used of cap or stem surface with thin thread-like filaments which are more or less parallel fibrose composed of tough, stringy material fibrous of a stipe, usually rather thick and leaving a ragged edge when broken in two. filament Long chain of proteins, such as found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. filamentous composed of thread-like cells. filiform filamentous; thread-like. filose = filiform; of pseudopodia, pseudopodia with thin filamentous processes, characteristic of the Dictyosteliomycetes. fimbriate fringed with cystidia or finely torn Fingerjointing A way of connecting two pieces of lumber end-to-end by cutting "fingers" that interlock and gluing them together. fission becoming two by division of the complete organism (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. budding. fissitunicate of an ascus, the method of opening of some bitunicate asci by rupture of the apex of the outer wall and rapid extension of the inner wall which discharges the ascospores through the apex. Fistula Abnormal tubelike passage from a normal cavity or tube to a free surface or to another cavity. fistulose (= fistular) hollow throughout its length. fixation the process by which waterborne wood preservatives (such as CCA) chemically react with wood, causing water-soluble metal oxides to be chemically

reduced to less toxic metal complexes bonding with the wood cellulose. This chemical fixation provides for a relatively insoluble, leach-resistant wood preservative. flabelliform fan-shaped. flagellum a whip-like appendage which is the organ of locomotion of a motile cell; in fungi two types can be distinguished whiplash, with a smooth continuous surface, and tinsel, with the surface covered with mastigonemes (hair-like processes) (Hawksworth et al., 1983); undulipodium. pl. flagella. Flammable Capable of igniting easily and burning quickly. Flavedo the colored portion of the rind of citrus fruit. flesh in the pileus or stipe, the inner tissue, generally used at the macroscopic level; trama; context. Flexible packaging Packaging involving pliant materials such as foils, films, paper or flexible sheeting to form a container; for example, wraps, bags, labels and pouches. Flexuous Wavy. flies Many families of 2-winged insects in the order Diptera (including tens of thousands of species worldwide). Dragonflies, butterflies, and whiteflies are not flies in the entomological sense, but house flies, horse flies, lovebugs, sand flies, and tachinid flies are. flimmer see mastigoneme. Floccose Fluffy or cottony. flocculose with delicate cottony fibrils. FLOW HOOD Device that easily measures airflow quantity, typically up to 2,500 cfm. Flux Excessive flow or discharge. For example, in dysentery or excessive menstruation. Fly ash Non-burnable residual particles from the burning process, carried by smoke, air and flue gas When managed properly, fly ash is prevented from escaping by air pollution control devices such as scrubbers or precipitators. foetid with a strong offensive smell. (also spelled "fetid") foliose Leafy lichen FOMITE A substance other than food that may harbor and transmit infections

organisms. fontanelle A pore on the frontal region of the head of some termites through which secretions of the frontal gland are exuded. Foot cell A basal cell of a conidiophore as seen in Aspergillus and Fusarium. Fore edge The front edge of a book, the edge of a book that opens; the side opposite the spine Forest Management Human choices and actions to make use of and/or care for the forest. Forests may be managed to meet one, several or many goals, such as, preserving wilderness, producing lumber, protecting habitat, or providing recreation. Form/format The physical medium in which information is recorded or carried paper, microfilm, photograph, computer disc, machine readable record. formulation The pesticide product as purchased, containing a mixture of one or more active ingredients, carriers (inert ingredients), and other additives making it easy to store, dilute, and apply. fornicate arched; in Geastrum, having the fibrous and fleshy layers of the peridium becoming arched over the cup-like mycelial layer. foveate pitted. foveolate delicately pitted. Foxing Discolouration on paper, generally in the form of random rust coloured spots. Believed to be caused by one or more of the following; fungus or mould, impurities in manufacture, high humidity or dampness, airborne acids. The removal of foxing is not generally recommended in library preservation since methods of removing foxing almost always will cause further damage to the object. frass Solid larval insect excrement or plant fragments made by wood boring insects, usually mixed with excrement. free gills do not attach to the stem free cell formation in an ascus, the process by which the eight nuclei, each with some adjacent cytoplasm, are cut off by walls in the immature ascus to form ascospores (Hawksworth et al., 1983). Freeze drying (vacuum) A method of removing water from wet books or other material. The material is first frozen and then placed in a high vacuum, so that the water (ice) vaporises in the vacuum (sublimes) without passing through the liquid state. fructification production of spores by fungi; also, a fruiting body

fruit the ripened ovary of a seed plant with its contents and accessory parts fruit-body a general term for the multicellular spore-bearing structures in both macrofungi and microfungi; alternative terms are carpophore, sporocarp and sporophore; hymenophore has a more restricted meaning. Fruit(ing) body Large spore-bearing structure in Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina fruiting body a complex fungal structure containing spores frustules The mineral "skeleton" of a diatom or other unicellular organism. fruticose Shrubby lichen. Fuel Whatever is available to feed a fire, such as fallen or standing dead wood, fallen branches and leaves, dry shrubs, etc. fugaceous soon disappearing e.g. used of scales Fumigation The exposure of materials to the vapour of a volatile substance or toxic chemical in a closed container or chamber in order to destroy fungi and/or insects. FUMONISINS carcinogenic neurotoxic mycotoxin (Fusarium species) FUNGEMIA Presence of fungi in the blood. FUNGI Any of a group of parasitic lower plants that lack chlorophyll, including molds and mildews. Fungicidal An agent that kills fungi. Fungicide A substance capable of destroying or preventing the growth of fungi. Fungicides do not provide any residual protection from future mould growth. fungistasis a state where fungal growth is inhibited but death of the fungus does not occur. Fungus (pl. fungi) a (usually) multicellular eukaryote (q.v.), with extracellular digestion. fungus (pl., fungi) Living organisms which are neither animals nor plants. There are large numbers of species. Mushrooms and molds are fungi. Some fungi are entomopathogens. Fungus (plural Fungi) plants that lack chlorophyll and utilize other substances, such as citrus fruit, as a source of food.

Fungus/fungi/mould Fungi are types of microscopic plant materials that are very numerous and occur in many different forms. Their spores, or reproductive bodies are everywhere and await only proper conditions of moisture and temperature to germinate, grow and reproduce. Fungi cause staining and weakening of most library materials. Keeping the relative humidity below 70-80% and providing good air movement is the best way to control the growth of mould. funiculus (1) a fine rope of hyphae (Pitt & Hocking, 1985); (2) the cord attaching the peridiole to the inner wall of a basidioma in some Nidulariales. adj. funicular. furcated forked. furfuraceous powdered with bran-like particles; scurfy. Fusarium Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Aw (water activity) 0.90. A common soil fungus. It is found on a wide range of plants. It is often found in humidifiers. Several species in this genus can produce potent trichothecene toxins (5, 27). The trichothecene (scirpene) toxin targets the following systems: circulatory, alimentary, skin, and nervous. Produces vomitoxin on grains during unusually damp growing conditions. Symptoms may occur either through ingestion of contaminated grains or possibly inhalation of spores. The genera can produce hemorrhagic syndrome in humans (alimentary toxic aleukia). This is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, and extensive internal bleeding. Causes keratitis, endophthalmitis, onychomycosis, mycetoma, and disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients; infections in burn victims, and systemic opportunistic infections in severely disabled hosts. Fusarium solani Aw 0.90 (5). Macroconidia dimensions 27-52 x 4.4-6.8; Microcondia dimensions 8-16 x 2-4 microns (5). Found in plants and soils (5). Can produce trichothecene toxins which may be associated with disease in humans and animals (5). Fusarium sp. Aw 0.90. A common soil fungus. It is found on a wide range of plants. It is often found in humidifiers. Several species in this genus can produce potent trichothecene toxins. The trichothecene (scirpene) toxin targets the following systems: circulatory, alimentary, skin, and nervous. Produces vomitoxin on grains during unusually damp growing conditions. Symptoms may occur either through ingestion of contaminated grains or possibly inhalation of spores. The genera can produce hemorrhagic syndrome in humans (alimentary toxic aleukia). This is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, and extensive internal bleeding. Reported to be allergenic. Frequently involved in eye, skin, and nail infections. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorphs (sexual state): Gibberella, Nectria (Ascomycetes). Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 50-70 species. Soil, saprophytic or parasitic on plants. Many species are important plant pathogens. Wet spore. Insects, water splash, and wind when dried out. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Causes keratitis, endophthalmitis, onychomycosis, mycetoma, and disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients; infections in burn victims, and systemic opportunistic infections in severely

disabled hosts. Trichothecenes (type B); T-2 toxin; zearalenone (F-2 toxin), vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin. Zearalenone is not acutely toxic, and actually may have positive effects with controlled ingestion. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Occasionally found on a variety of substrates. Fusarium requires very wet conditions. Aw=0.86-0.91 (minimum for various species). Zearalenone has been patented as a growth stimulant in animals and has application as an oral contraceptive, and as an anabolic steroid (<1ppm). F. graminearum is used for the production of quorn, a mycoprotein. None. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows well on general fungal media. Sporulation in many species requires specialized media. Colonies are shades of pink to orange to purple. Colors are due to both soluble pigments (observed from the reverse) and mycelial pigments. The macroconidia are distinctive and recognizable on spore trap slides. The microconidia are less distinctive and would most probably be identified as "other colorless." Macroconidia are distinctive and often are readily identifiable on tape lifts. However, microconidia of Fusarium (sometimes referred to as an acremonial phase) may be confused with Acremonium. Fusarium sp - Aw (water activity) 0.90. A common soil fungus Geotrichum sp. Aw (water activity) 0.90. Conidia (spores) dimensions 6-12 x 3-6 microns. Aw (water activity) 0.90. A common contaminant of grains, fruits, dairy products, paper, textiles, soil and water, and often present as part of the normal human flora. The species Geotrichum candidum can cause a secondary infection (geotrichosis) in association with tuberculosis. This rare disease can cause lesions of the skin, bronchi, mouth, lung, and intestine. Fusiform Spindle-shaped, tapering toward the end. fusoid somewhat fusiform. Galactagogue Promotes secretion of milk. gall a swelling or outgrowth produced by a plant as a result of attack by a fungus, insect, nematode, etc. gallery The horizontal tunnel dug just below the soil surface by a soil insect, i.e. a mole cricket nymph or adult. Termites also build galleries in wood by feeding on the cellulose. Carpenter ants often use termite galleries that have been abandoned. gametangial contact mode of plasmogamy where male and female gametangia come into contact, and one or more nuclei are transferred from the male gametangium (donor) into the female (recipient) gametangium gametangial copulation mode of plasmogamy where gametangia fuse, resulting in the mixing of cytoplasms and intermingling of nuclei from the parent mycelia gametangium (gametangia) The cell or organ in which gametes form. Gametangium(a) Structure specialized for production of gametes during sexual

reproduction Gamete a differentiated sex cell or a sex nucleus that fuses with another in sexual reproduction. Garbage Another word for solid waste, particularly household waste. GAS SORPTION Devices used to reduce levels of airborne gaseous compounds by passing the air through materials that extract the gases. The performance of solid sorbents is dependent on the airflow rate, concentration of the pollutants, presence of other gases or vapors, and other factors. gasteroid (1) of basidiomycetes, having angiocarpic development; (2) used by Oberwinkler & Bandoni (1982) for basidia from which basidiospores are not forcibly discharged (statismospores). gasteromycete common name for a member of the polyphyletic group of basidiomycota with angiocarpic development. Gastralgia Pain in the stomach. Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract. Gastroptosis Condition in which the stomach occupies an abnormally low position in the abdomen. gelatinous jelly like Gene Segment of a DNA molecule carrying instructions for the construction of a protein; a unit of heredity. generalist natural enemy A natural enemy with a broad range of diet. Cattle egrets, for example, eat many kinds of insects, and are not specialized natural enemies of any of them. Generalist enemies are not used nowadays in classical biological control though some such uses did occur, especially in the 19th century, before biological control became a profession. Generalist natural enemies may, however, be purchased commercially and released to provide biological control of some pests. generative hyphae hyphae that are thin-walled, branched, septate and with or without clamp connections. cf. binding hyphae, skeletal hyphae. Generic vs. trade name (non-generic) antibiotics Commercially available antibiotics may be referred to by two different names. The generic name is the common family identification provided by chemists, for example "Amoxicillin." The trade name is given to it by the manufacturer and is often used by doctors and pharmacists when prescribing and dispensing the drugs. One trade name for Amoxicillin is Augmentin. genetic mutation A change in the genetic material (DNA, or RNA in the case of

some viruses) resulting in new or rearranged hereditary determinants Mutations are rare, random events in which the base sequence of the nucleic acid molecule is changed The frequency of mutations may be increased by chemicals or radiation geniculate bent abruptly like a knee joint. GENUS see Taxonomy genus (pl., genera) Part of the system of biological classification: a group of closely-related species. The word is singular (a genus), and its plural is genera (two genera). The genus name usually is placed in italics or is underlined, and it has a capital initial letter. Example: Periplaneta americana, the "Periplaneta" is the genus name. genus (pl. genera) the smallest natural group containing distinct species GEOPHILIC Soil-seeking, having a soil reservoir. Geotrichum sp. Aw (water activity) 0.90. Conidia (spores) dimensions 6-12 x 3-6 microns. Aw (water activity) 0.90. A common contaminant of grains, fruits, dairy products, paper, textiles, soil and water, and often present as part of the normal human flora. The species Geotrichum candidum can cause a secondary infection (geotrichosis) in association with tuberculosis. This rare disease can cause lesions of the skin, bronchi, mouth, lung, and intestine. germ pore a thinner and paler area or pore in the spore wall through which germination may occur; more than one germ pore may be present. cf. germ slit. germ slit a thin, often paler, line running along or across a spore and through which germination may occur. cf. germ pore. Germ tube The initial hypha that develops from a conidium or spore. Germinate to begin to sprout or grow. gill in agarics, a lamella. gills see lamellae. GIS Map A computer-generated image that translates survey or satellite data into detailed maps. GIS stands for Geographic Information System. Glabrous Smooth. gleba the tissues enclosed within the fruit bodies of the Gasteromycetes glebal chambers the cavities within the gleba, usually lined with hymenial elements; empty or gel-filled, e.g. in Melanogaster (Miller & Miller, 1988).

Gleet A urethral discharge, either of mucus or pus; commonly seen in the chronic form of gonorrheal urethritis. Gliocladium sp. A fungus that is structurally similar to Penicillium sp. It is reported to be allergenic. globose round in shape. gloeocystidium a thin-walled, usually irregular cystidium with hyaline or yellowish and highly refractile contents (Hawksworth et al., 1983). Gloiospora Conidia aggregated in slimy heads at the tip of an annellide or phialide. Glue An adhesive made from protein derived from the collagen in animal products such as hides and bones. Animal glues become yellow and brittle with age. glutinous when cap surface is covered with a slimy layer of gelatinous hyphae GMS Gomori methenamine-silver. An excellent stain for visualizing fungi. The cell wall stains black and the background is green. Advantage: stains all fungi. Disadvantage: the tissue reaction is not visible. gnat A term commonly applied to small flying insects, especially flies (order Diptera) or true bugs (order Hemiptera). Some fly and bug families include the term "gnat" in their approved common name. Golgi apparatus Eukaryotic organelle which package cell products, such as enzymes and hormones, and coordinate their transport to the outside of the cell. gonoplasm in Oomycota, the protoplasm in the middle of an antheridium which undergoes fusion with an oosphere. cf. ooplasm, periplasm. GOVERNMENTAL In the case of building codes, these are the State or local organizations/agencies responsible for building code enforcement. Grain In machine made paper and board, the direction in which the fibres predominantly lie. Grain direction needs careful consideration in bookbinding and paper conservation treatments. Gram-positive vs. gram-negative bacteria When gram-positive bacteria are stained with a dye, the cell wall holds the dye inside and the bacteria are stained dark purple. Cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are more permeable - they do not retain much of the dye, and so their cell walls do not show much stain. granular (1) of a surface, coarsely powdery; (2) of a cell, containing numerous oily droplets (de Hoog & Guarro, 1995). granulose covered with small granules

Greenfield Site A site that has not previously been developed for residential, commercial or industrial use gregarious a growth form in which mushrooms fruit in relatively close proximity. Ground water Water beneath the earth's surface in porous rock and soils that supplies wells and springs. Groundwood paper See: Paper Growth promoters A class of substances, usually antibiotics, used at low doses to promote growth in food animals. growth regulator A pesticide constructed to mimic insect hormones that control molting and the development of some insect systems affecting the change from immature to adult. In most cases this pesticide prevents the insect from becoming a sexually mature adult, and perhaps even causes its death. grub A legless insect larva. guttulate of a spore, containing one or more oil-like globules. cf. eguttulate. gymnocarpous of Basidiomycota, where the hymenium of the developing fruit-body is exposed from initiation to maturity (Vellinga, 1988). cf. angiocarpous, endocarpous. Gymnothecium (pl. gymnothecia) A non-ostiolate ascocarp composed of loosely interwoven hyphae and containing randomly dispersed asci. H & E Hemotoxylin and Eosin. A stain used routinely for general pathology. Most fungi are visible, but not distinctive. Fungal walls usually stain blue or purple. Other cells stain pink. Advantage: the tissue reaction is visible. habit the manner of growth. Habitat Everything (food, water, space and shelter) an animal or plant needs to survive and reproduce. haemagglutinin A protein which forms a rod-shaped spike on the surface of influenza virus The name haemagglutinin is given because the spikes are capable of adhering to red blood cells, causing them to be agglutinated (clumped) halonate of a spore, having a transparent coat; of a leaf spot, having concentric rings. halophilic capable of living in a salt-rich environment such as sea water, saline soil, salt-preserved food, etc. and often preferring such an environment. hamate hooked.

hamathecium a neutral term for all types of hyphae or other tissues between asci, or projecting into the locule or ostiole of an ascoma; subdivided into interascal pseudoparenchyma, paraphyses, paraphysoids, pseudoparaphyses, periphysoids and periphyses (Eriksson, 1981). haploid Having a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. Mosses, and many protists and fungi, are haploid. haplontic type of life cycle characterized by a haploid soma with the only diploid cell being the zygote; meiosis is zygotic; characteristic of the Zygomycota, and some members of the Ascomycota haptonema Peg-like structure unique to the Prymnesiophyta; its function is not known. harborage site Small cracks or areas where insects or other pests remain safely hidden during their periods of rest. Harborage sites are usually located near food and water sources. Hardwood A broadleaf tree or the wood from such trees (oak, alder, maple). Hartig net the intercellular, hyphal network within the root formed by an ectomycorrhizal fungus upon the surface of a root (Hawksworth et al., 1983). Hauling fee The fee a garbage or recyclables hauler charges to take material from one point to another. Haustoria swollen hyphal tip for food absoprtion from a host cell. haustorium a specialised hyphal branch, especially one within a living cell of the host, for absorption of nutrients (Hawksworth et al., 1983). adj. haustorial. haustorium (pl. haustoria) a projection of hyphae into host cells which acts as an absorbing organ Hazardous waste Discarded solid, liquid or gaseous material that can harm people or the environment, and that requires special disposal. Head The top of a book as it sits upright head blight the destructive damage to an inflorescence or seed head, e.g. head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. heart rot a decay of the heartwood, sometimes extended to a decay in the centre of a plant organ (Holliday, 1989). helicoids spiral; coiled like a helix. helicospore a septate or non-septate asexual spore; with a single axis curved through

at least 180 degrees, but may describe one or more complete rotations, in two or three dimensions; any protuberances, other than setulae, not more than 1/4 the length of the spore body (Kendrick & Nag Raj, 1979). See also conidium for other morphological types of conidia. Helminthosporium sp. Reported to be allergenic. Hemiplegia Paralysis of one half of the body. Hemostatic An agent that checks bleeding. HEPA High efficiency particulate arrestance (filters). Hepatic An herb that promotes the well-being of the liver and increases the secretion of bile. For example; golden seal. herbicide A material used specifically to manage or prevent damage caused by weeds. Sometimes generalized to be synonymous with pesticides. Herpatic A remedy for skin eruptions, ringworm, etc. heterobasidium a basidium showing septation, usually a phragmobasidium. heteroecious requiring two different kinds of hosts to complete its life cycle; pertaining particularly to rust fungi heterokaryon a cell having two or more genetically different nuclei, sometimes as a result of anastomosis (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. dikaryon, homokaryon, monokaryon. Heterokaryosis having cells (heterokaryon) with two or more genetically different nuclei. heterokont of a flagellate cell with flagella of different lengths. Heterothallic conjugation only possible between thalli containing different nuclei. heterothallism biparental sexual reproduction HETEROTROPHS must have external food source and cannot make their own carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide. heterotropic of a basidiospore, attached obliquely to the sterigma and forcibly discharged. cf. orthotropic. higher fungi members of the Ascomycota, the Basidiomycota and the Fungi Anamorphici. cf. lower fungi.

hilar appendix in basidiospores, the projection which connects the spore with the sterigma; apiculus. Hilum A scar at the base of a conidium. hirsute bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. cf. villous. hispid covered with stiff bristle-like hairs usually visible to the naked eye. Histoplasma sp. A fungus that has filamentous growth at 25 degrees C. and yeast growth at 37 degrees C. It is reported to be a human pathogen. It may be associated with birds. hoary covered with a very short, closely interwoven hairs. holobasidium a basidium not divided by primary septa but which may contain in any of its parts one or more adventitious secondary septa associated with localised withdrawal of cytoplasm. See also chiastobasidium, stichobasidium. cf. phragmobasidium. Holoblastic A mode of blastic conidium ontogeny in which all the cell wall layers of the conidiogenous cell are involved in conidium development. holocarpic where the entire thallus functions as the fruit-body. cf. eucarpic. holomorph the whole fungus - all morphs and phases (i.e. anamorph, teleomorph) holothallic of conidiogenesis, thallic conidiogenesis with both outer and inner walls of the conidiogenous cell contributing to the formation of the conidium wall (Sutton, 1980). cf. enterothallic. Homeopathic Relating to homeopathy, a system of medicine founded in the late 1700's by Samuel Hahnemann. The system is based on the principle that "like cures like". Practitioners believe that a substance that produces a set of symptoms in a well person will, in minute," potentized" doses, cure those same symptoms in a diseased individual. Homeostasis Equilibrium of internal environment. homokaryon a cell or mycelium with genetically identical nuclei. cf. dikaryon, heterokaryon, monokaryon Homothallic A fungus capable of sexual reproduction on a single thallus. homothallism uniparental sexual reproduction honeydew A mixture of sugars and other plant-derived chemicals excreted by some species of aphids and by some species of insects in families related to aphids. When these insects feed on plants, honeydew drips from them onto plant leaves or onto the

ground. Fresh honeydew may be fed upon by other insects as an energy source. Ants of many species are avid feeders on honeydew, and they may even guard the aphids against predators and parasitoids to protect this energy source. Unconsumed honeydew on plant leaves promotes growth of a black fungus called sooty mold, which may become so dense that it interferes with the metabolism of the plant. Horizontal gene transfer Exchange of genetic material between two microorganisms; no new microorganism is created. host An organism on or in which a parasite lives host plant resistance Host plant resistance is one of the preferred methods for minimizing the damage caused by pests and and associated viruses, because it does not require the complete elimination of the pest to be effective. HPR protects the crop by making it less suitable for the pest or by making the crop tolerant to the pest. The result is less crop damage. An example of this is the use of hairy-leaf cotton rather than smooth-leaf (glabrous) cotton to reduce the impact of whiteflies on yield. Hot melt adhesive An adhesive which is liquid when hot but solid at room temperature. Hot melt adhesives are extensively used in paperback bindings, but are generally inflexible and can become brittle and yellow. Pages become easily detached when this happens. Household hazardous waste (HHW) Household waste that exhibits one or more characteristics of hazardous waste (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity). Household hazardous waste collection site A permanent or temporary location where individuals may bring household hazardous waste Hulle cells Thick-walled cells with characteristic thin-walled pores, usually associated with cleistothecia of Aspergillus. humicolous living in or on soil. Humicuola sp. Grows on products with a high cellulose content. These fungi are also found in soil and on plant debris. HUMIDIFIER FEVER A respiratory illness caused by exposure to toxins from microorganisms found in wet or moist areas in humidifiers and air conditioners. Also called air conditioner or ventilation fever. Humidity The moisture in the air. See also: Relative humidity Humus The rich soil resulting from composting. HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system. Hyaline Colourless.

Hyaline Mycelia Sterile mycelia which is white or transparent. No fruiting structures are produced by the mycelia. Visual identification of these organism is not possible. Often associated with allergic symptoms. HYALO Colorless; also hyaline. hydnoid of a hymenium, borne on the surface of teeth, as in Hydnum (Aphyllophorales, Basidiomycota). Hydrogogue Promotes watery evacuation of bowels. Hydrologist A scientist who studies water, its movement, occurrence, quantity and quality. Hydrolysis A chemical action involving water - decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by taking up water. HYDROPHILIC FUNGI colonizes continuously wet materials with minimum aw >0.90 (See Xerophilic, Xerotolerant) Hydrophobia Rabies. Hydropulper A giant "blender" used to beat recycled fibers into pulp for papermaking. Hygrometer See: Psychrometer hygrophanous having a water-soaked appearance when wet, and noticeably changing colour on drying. hygroscopic tending to absorb moisture; of a fruit-body, opening and discharging spores in dry air. Hygrothermograph See: Thermohygrograph Hymenium the sporebearing layer. hymenomycete common name for a member of the Euholobasidiomycetes where the hymenium is exposed at maturity and basidiospores are ballistosporic; also commonly used for a member of the Basidiomycota. hymenophore a spore-bearing structure (a fruit-body), especially a basidioma, or that portion of it bearing the hymenium. hymenopodium see hypothecium, subhymenium. hyper- prefix, beyond, over, above; usually implying excess or exaggeration. Hyperchlorhydria Excess of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretion.

hyperparasite a parasite upon another parasite (Hawksworth et al., 1983). See also mycoparasite. hyperparasitoid A parasite that lives on or in another parasite. Hyperplasia abnormal cell production. hypersaprotroph a saprotroph found only on substrata previously invaded by other saprotrophs (Hawksworth et al., 1983). HYPERSENSITIVITY DISEASES Diseases characterized by allergic responses to pollutants. The hypersensitivity diseases most clearly associated with indoor air quality are asthma, rhinitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a rare but serious disease that involves progressive lung damage as long as there is exposure to the causative agent. HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS A group of respiratory diseases that cause inflammation of the lung (specifically granulomatous cells). Most forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are caused by the inhalation of organic dusts, including molds. Hypertensive Causing or marking a rise in blood pressure. Hypertrophy abnormal cell size. Hypha one filament of the mycelium. Hypha (pl. hyphae) A single filament of a fungus. Hypha (plural Hyphae) a unit of structure of the fungi; a tubular filament; one of the threads that make up the mycelium of a fungus. Hypha(e) Filamentous structure which exhibits apical growth and which is the developmental unit of a mycelium hyphae filamentous threads of a fungal mycelium Hyphal like fragments (high-full) filamentous, branched structures with cell walls. Hyphae are somewhat analogous to roots or stems in plants whereas the spores would be analogous to the seeds. (A conidiophore would be somewhat analogous to the flower.) hyphal peg a projection of a hypha for fusion; in a basidioma, a cluster of somewhat interwoven hyphae extending from the trama, where it originates, to the hymenium, from which it may project (Hawksworth et al., 1983). hyphidium a little- or strongly-modified terminal hypha in the hymenium of hymenomycetes. (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. paraphysoid, pseudoparaphysis.

Hyphochytridiomycota phylum of the Chromista formerly included in the fungi; characterized by the formation of motile cells with anterior tinsel-type flagella HYPHOMYCETE An fungus that produces mycelium with or without discernible dark pigment in the cell walls. If the hypha is pigmented, it is called dematiaceous; if colorless, hyaline. Hyphomycetes A class of mycelial moulds which reproduce asexually by conidia on hyphae or aggregations of hyphae. hyphopodiate having a specialized hyphal branch, composed of one or two cells, serving for attachment and the absorption of food hyphopodium a short branch of one or two cells on epiphytic mycelia of Meliolales, Erysiphales, etc. from which a fine infection hypha (infection peg) penetrates the host; a mycelial appressorium. cf. appressorium. Hypnotic Tends to produce sleep. hypo- prefix, below, under, beneath, lower; used either in place or degree. Hypochondriac Upper lateral region on each side of the body and below the thorax; beneath the ribs. hypogeous subterranean. cf. epigeous. Hypoglycemic Causing a deficiency of blood sugar. hypogynous of Oomycota, having the antheridium below the oogonium and on the same hypha. cf. amphigynous, epigynous, paragynous. hypophyllous on the under surface of a leaf. cf. epiphyllous. Hypoplasia reduced cell division. Hypotensive Causing or marking a lowering of blood pressure. hypothecium medullary exciple; the hyphal layer below the subhymenium in an apothecium. hysterothecioid long, thin and cleft like a hysterothecium (ascoma in the Hysteriaceae); lirelliform. IAQ Indoor air quality. IAQ BACKGROUNDER A component of the IAQ Tools for Schools Kit that provides a general introduction to IAQ issues, as well as IAQ program implementation information.

IAQ CHECKLIST A component of the IAQ Tools for Schools Kit containing information and suggested easy-to-do activities for school staff to improve or maintain good indoor air quality. Each Activity Guide focuses on topic areas and actions that are targeted to particular school staff (e.g., Teacher's Checklist, Administrative Staff Checklist, Health Officer's Checklist, Ventilation Checklist, Building Maintenance Checklist, Food Service Checklist, Waste Management Checklist, Renovation and Repair Checklist and Walkthrough Checklist) or specific building functions (e.g., HVAC system, roofing, renovation, etc.). The Checklists are to be completed by the staff and returned to the IAQ Coordinator as a record of activities completed and assistance as requested. IAQ COORDINATOR An individual at the school and/or school district level who provides leadership and coordination of IAQ activities. IAQ MANAGEMENT PLAN A component of the IAQ Tools for Schools Kit, specifically, a set of flexible and specific steps for preventing and resolving IAQ problems. IAQ TEAM People who have a direct impact on IAQ in the schools (school staff, administrators, school board members, students and parents) and who implement the IAQ Action Packets. Ignitable Able to catch on fire or burn One of the four hazardous waste characteristics (See also toxic, reactive and corrosive.) imbricate overlapping like roof tiles immarginate without a well-defined edge. immersed embedded in the substratum. immune system The cells, tissues and organs that assist the body to resist infection and disease by producing anitbodies and/or altered cells that inhibit the multiplication of the infectious agent Immunocompromised Individuals whose immune systems are weakened and susceptible to opportunistic pathogens, including but not limited to those with AIDS, certain cancers, the very old, the very young, or those undergoing IMMUNODIFFUSION A serologic test to determine the presence of antibody by double diffusion precipitation in auger. Immunostimulant Stimulating various functions or activities of the immune system. immunosuppressive drug therapy imperfect stage see anamorph stage imperfect state the state characterised by the production of asexual spores (conidia)

or by the absence of spores (Hawksworth et al., 1983); the anamorph. cf. perfect state. In-situ Treatment Treatment of contaminated soils and groundwater where they are found without movement or excavation inamyloid not reacting in iodine-containing solutions such as Melzer's Reagent and therefore appearing yellow or hyaline. cf. amyloid, dextrinoid. INCIDENCE The number of new cases of a disease occurring during a specific period. Incineration The process of burning wastes under controlled conditions. incompatible of mating types, strains, etc., not cross-fertile. cf. compatible. Increment Borer A tool used to take a "core sample" from a living tree to determine its age, growth rate and health. INCUBATION PERIOD The time between an infectious agent entering the body and the onset of clinical symptoms. indeterminate not well-defined or definite; of conidiophores, continuing growth indefinitely. cf. determinate. INDICATOR COMPOUNDS Chemical compounds, such as carbon dioxide, whose presence at certain concentrations may be used to estimate certain building conditions (e.g., airflow, presence of sources). Indigenous Naturally occurring/originating INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT Particles and dust, fibers, mists, bioaerosols, and gases or vapors. indurated hardened. indusium a cover; in Phallales, a veil which hangs from the base of the receptacle. Inert Chemical stability Infection when the fungus penetrates living cells of the fruit. infectious disease a disease that is caused by a pathogen, which can spread from a diseased to a healthy plant infested containing great numbers of insects, mites, nematodes, etc. as applied to an area or field; also applied to a plant surface or soil contaminated with bacteria, fungi, etc. inflorescence the arrangement and mode of development of the flower on the floral

axis infundibuliform funnel-shaped. Infusion A preparation made by soaking a plant part in hot water (or cold water, for a cold infusion); in essence, a "tea". Compare Decoction. Intercostal: Between the ribs. injury see wound Inlaying A technique used to repair and strengthen documents, whereby they are adhered into a frame of paper whose dimensions are slightly smaller than the document itself. innate of scales not readily detached as in Lepiota inoculation the arrival or transfer of a pathogen onto a host inoculum the pathogen or its parts that can cause infection; the portion of individual pathogens that are brought into contact with the host Inoperculate used in reference to a sporangium that lacks an operculum (hinged cap). Inorganic A compound not containing carbon inorganic arsenical a waterborne wood preservative, such as CCA, ACA, and ACZA. insect The class of small animals with three pairs of jointed legs and one pair of antennae, at least in the adult phase. Mole crickets, tachinid flies, and sphecid wasps all have this arrangement in the adult phase, and mole cricket nymphs also have it. However, some insect larvae (grubs) are legless. Spiders and ticks have four pairs of jointed legs, centipedes and millipedes have many more pairs, and these are not insects. insect life cycle There are two basic kinds of life cycles in insects. Some (for example grasshoppers) have three phases: egg-nymph-adult. Others (for example wasps and flies) have four phases: egg-larva-pupa-adult. Insecticide A pesticide used to kill insect life. instar The period or stage between molts, numbered to designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar is the stage between the egg and first molt. integrated control an approach that attempts to use all available methods of control of a disease, or of all the diseases and pests of a crop plant, for best control results but with the least cost and minimum damage to the environment

integrated pest management (IPM) A planned pest control program in which several methods are integrated and used to keep pests from causing economic, healthrelated, or aesthetic injury. Pesticide application is not the primary method of control, but is one of several elements that also include cultural, mechanical, and even structural alterations. IPM includes all practices that help to prevent, suppress, or eliminate pests to a tolerable or economic level. IPM programs stress communication, monitoring, inspections, and evaluation (keeping and using records). Integrated waste management Coordinated use of a variety of waste management methods Intercalary Within a hyphal element. Interleaving A process of using sheets of paper or other material to separate items. Buffering paper is often recommended to be put between acid materials to prevent acid migration intermediate used of gills that do not reach the stem Intermediates Usually a chemical compound or mixture that forms the starting point for the manufacture of materials or products internode the portion of the culm between two nodes intracellular within or through the cells intraparietal of position of pigment, on the inner portion of the wall, usually in the form of spirals, rings or irregular clumps. Intrinsic value Historic or other value of an item that means it must be retained and preserved in its original form - the value that the item has beyond the recorded information contained in it. invasion the introduction of a pathogen into the host INVASIVE The entrance and growth of an organism in tissue. involute with the edge rolled downwards or inwards. cf. revolute. IPM Integrated pest management. isogamete one of two sex cells (gametes) that are alike in form. cf. anisogamete. Isogamy conjugation between similar gametes. isolate a single spore or culture and the subcultures derived from it; also used to indicate collections of a pathogen made at different times isolation the separation of a pathogen from its host and its culture on a nutrient

medium isthmoid with a constriction. jelly fungus a member of the Tremellales s. lat. Jew's ear The basidiocarp of Auricularia auricula Karyogamy Fusion of nuclei Kinetosome See Basal body. KOH the chemical Potassium Hydroxide. Used in a 3% solution, it is a standard mounting medium used to rehydrate material for microscopic examination. It may also be used as a macro- or micro-chemical reagent differentially staining the tissues of some species. Concentrated solutions of this chemical are caustic and should be handled with care. labiates having lips; lobed. laccate polished, varnished, shiny (Hawksworth et al., 1983). lace bugs A large group of small insects (less then 5 mm in length) that have an elaborately sculptured dorsal surface as adults. The immatures are usually spiny. These bugs are plant feeders and their feeding causes a yellow spotting of the leaf. Some do considerable damage to trees. See lace bugs. lacerate appearing as if roughly cut or torn. lacewings There are several familes of lacewings. The adults have large wings with many veins, giving this group its name. The immatures are predaceous on many pest species and as such are important generalist natural enemies. The larvae of some species are called antlions and trashbugs. laciniate of a margin, appearing as if cut into bands. lacrymoid tear-drop shaped. lactiferous hypha a hypha that contains latex or is homologous to hyphae that contain latex (Singer, 1986). cf. oleiferous hypha. lacuna a gap or cavity. lacunose a surface with wide sunken pits like an irregular honey comb lageniform swollen at the base and narrow at the apex; gourd-shaped; flask-shaped. lamella in agarics, a vertical, radiating plate covered with hymenium, on the ventral side of a pileus. pl. lamellae.

lamellae gills. lamellate with gills lamellula in agarics, a short gill that does not extend all the way from the pileal margin to the stipe. pl. lamellulae. lamellulae gills that dont reach the stem interspersed between lamellae lamina the blade or expanded portion of a leaf Laminate To combine several thin layers into one thick piece. Lamination A process of reinforcing fragile sheet material, usually using transparent or translucent sheets of plastic or paper. Some forms of lamination such as those using cellulose acetate are considered unacceptable as preservation methods because of high heat and pressure during application, instability of lamination materials or difficulty in removing lamination from the item, especially a long time after the lamination was performed. Lanceolate Lance-shaped. Landfill The disposal of waste by placing it in a trench in the ground, compacting it and burying it under soil Lanose Woolly. larva (pl., larvae) One of the phases in the life cycle of some insects, such as butterflies, wasps, and flies. Larva is the singular form of the word, and larvae is the plural form. A young insect which quits the egg in an early stage of development and differs fundamentally in form from the adult; e.g., a maggot is the larval form of a fly. Many insect larvae are very different in appearance from the adults. Insect larvae do not have wings. Insect larvae feed, grow, and molt several times. Latent infection the stage of the infection when the fungus is dormant on the fruit surface or outermost cells. lateral at the side; of stipe attachment, at the side of the basidioma. latex fluid often milky that oozes from cut surfaces in some species. Characteristic of Lactarius Laxative A mild purgative. An herb that acts to promote evacuation of the bowels. Leachate Liquid formed when water percolates through the soil and garbage in a landfill; it contains waste, bacteria and other contaminants. Lead-acid battery Any battery that consists of lead and sulfuric acid, has a capacity

of six volts or more and is used as a power source, such as a car battery. leaf spot a self-limiting lesion on a leaf leafminers Several very different insects can be leafminers: flies, beetles, or moths. In all cases it is the immature that bores through the leaf usually leaving a noticable trail. One beetle is a very serious pest of black locust, while one small moth is a serious pest of citrus. See leafminers. lemma the lower of the two membranous bracts enclosing the flower in grasses; the lower of the two glumes that surround each floret in the spikelet of grasses lenticels a body of cells formed on the stem surface of a plant as a lens-shaped spot, and serving as a pore lenticle A pore in the stems of woody plants through which gases are exchanged. lenticular shaped like a biconvex lens. lepidopterous Belonging to the insect order Lepidoptera. This order contains the butterflies and moths. leptomorph a term coined to designate a slender, elongated type of rhizome lesion a localized area of discoloured, diseased tissue Leukorrhea A whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina. Lichen A symbiotic association between green or blue-green algal cells and fungal hyphae life cycle the stage or successive stages in the growth and development of an organism that occur between the appearance and reappearance of the same stage (e.g. spore) of the organism lignicolous growing on or in wood. lignin a colloidal polymer of varying chemical structure that forms secondary wall material in xylem vessels, tracheids and sclerenchyma fibres Lignitubers peglike structure formed by interaction of host and parasite. ligulate strap-like in shape. ligule a thin, membranous outgrowth characteristic of most grasses limbate edged with another colour; of a volva, adnate to the base of the stipe and having a narrow, free, membranous margin (Hawksworth et al., 1983).

lime granular deposits of calcium carbonate found in the capillitium, peridium and stalk of some Myxomycetes, sometimes as large, irregular masses (lime knots). limoniform lemon-shaped. linear long and narrow with parallel sides Lipases Enzymes that can digest fat lirelliform see hysterothecioid. Lithotriptic Causing the dissolution or destruction of stones in the bladder or kidneys. Litter Waste materials carelessly or intentionally discarded in an inappropriate place Litter is waste out of place. lobulate with small lobes. locule a cavity or chamber. adj. loculate. lodicules one of the specialized scales at the base of the ovary certain grass flowers Log Flume A chute for sliding logs into a body of water, used in the days before roads were built into forests. lorica A vase-shaped or cup-shaped outer covering. Found in many protists, including some flagellates, ciliates, chrysophytes, and choanoflagellates, as well as in some animal cells. lower fungi members of the Myxomycota, Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. cf. higher fungi. lubricous slippery, of an oily smoothness. Lumber Timber that has been sawed into planks, boards, etc. lumen the central cavity of a cell. luminescent emission of light, glows in the dark. Characteristic of some fungi e.g. Omphalotus lunate crescent moon-shaped. Lung fever A severe lung infection, as pneumonia. lysosome Eukaryotic organelle which carries digestive enzymes. The lyzosome fuses with a vacuolar membrane containing ingested particles, which are then acted upon by the enzymes.

macroconidium the larger, and generally diagnostic conidium of a fungus which also has microconidia (Nag Raj, 1993). Macroconidium (pl. macroconidia) The larger of two different types of conidia produced by a fungus in the same manner. macrocyclic of rust life cycle, producing all five spore states; producing pycnia, aecia, uredinia and telia. cf. demicyclic, microcyclic. macrocyst in Myxomycota, an encysted aggregate of myamoebae; the resting form of a young plasmodium; the alternative to the sorocarp in some cellular slime moulds (Dictyosteliomycetes) (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. microcyst. macrofungi fungi visible to the naked eye. Macronematous Having a conidiophore that is morphologically different from the vegetative hyphae. maggot The legless larva of a fly. MAKE-UP AIR See "Outdoor Air Supply." mammillate breast-shaped; apex conical with a papillate tip. mandible The first pair of jaws in insects. These are stout and jawlike in chewing insects, or needle- or sword-shaped in piercing-sucking insects Manufacture The making of goods by hand or machinery, usually on a large scale. MAP OF RADON ZONES A U.S. EPA publication depicting areas of differing radon potential in both map form and in state specific booklets. marginal veil in agarics, an incurving proliferation of the pileal margin which protects the developing hymenium. cf. partial veil. marginate when there is a small circular ridge around the bulb at the base of the stem where the universal veil was attached mastigoneme in a tinsel flagellum, flimmer; tinsel; a fine hair-like projection that extends laterally from undulipodia (Margulis et al., 1990). mastigote of motile cells, with one or more flagella; mastigote stage a stage in the life cycle which has flagella. Materials recovery facility (MRF) Facility for the separation of commingled recyclables. Maturating An agent that promotes the maturing or bringing to a head of boils,

carbuncles, etc. mazaedium a dry, powdery mass of mature ascospores, sometimes mixed with sterile threads, formed on ascomata in some Caliciales and Onygenales (Ascomycota). MCS See "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity." mealybugs These insects of the family Pseudococcidae are plant feeders. The name is derived from the mealy or waxy secretions that covers the bodies of these insects. Some are important plant pests. MECHANICALLY VENTILATED CRAWLSPACE SYSTEM A system designed to increase ventilation within a crawlspace, achieve higher air pressure in the crawlspace relative to air pressure in the soil beneath the crawlspace, or achieve lower air pressure in the crawlspace relative to air pressure in the living spaces, by use of a fan. Medium (pl. media) the environment in which a micro-organism grows, Medium/media The material on which information is recorded. Sometimes also refers to the actual material used to record the image. meiosis Meiosporangium thickwalled diploid sporangium of some Bastocladiales. meiospore spore which contains a nucleus (nuclei) either directly derived from a meiotic karyokinesis, or following usually one (sometimes two or more) post-meiotic mitoses; e.g. ascospores, basidiospores; sexual spores membrane Semi-fluid structure which bounds all cells, and partitions the interior of eukaryotic cells. It consists primarily of two lipid layers, with proteins "dissolved" in the lipids. membranous parchment-like or membrane-like. cf. papyraceous. Memnoniella sp. A cellulolytic fungus that is very closely related to Stachybotrys sp. Both fungi have a worldwide distribution and are often found together and are commonly found in soil. Recent studies on mycotoxins revealed that Memnoniella echinata can have a toxicity similar to that of some isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum. Both produce varying amounts of simple trichothecenes. Thus, it is suggested that Memnoniella sp. should also be considered potentially dangerous in indoor air. The major difference between the two fungi is that the conidia of Memnoniella sp. are in long persistent chains while those of Stachybotrys are aggregated in slimy heads. Also the aerodynamic diameter of Memnoniella sp. conidia is smaller and it would be expected to have an even greater potential to penetrate deep into lungs than the conidia of Stachybotrys sp. Menorrhagia Excessive bleeding during menstruation.

merosporangium in Zygomycota, a cylindrical sporangium from the swollen end of a sporangiophore in which a single row of sporangiospores is produced; occasionally with only one sporangiospore. cf. sporangiole. Merosporangium (pl. merosporangia) A small cylindrical sporangium with the sporangiospores aligned in a row. mesokaryotic Nuclear condition unique to the dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes remain permanently condensed. mesoperidium the middle layer of a multilayered peridium. cf. endoperidium, exoperidium. mesophyll the parenchyma, usually containing chlorophyll, that forms the interior parts of a leaf mesothorax The second or middle segment of the thorax; it bears the middle legs and the front wings (if present). metabasidium the developmental stage of the basidium in which meiosis (or nuclear division) occurs. If a probasidial remnant is left, it may be separated from the metabasidium by a septum. metachromatic a reaction where certain spore walls and hyphae turn reddish to violet when placed in cresyl blue. metamorphosis The series of changes through which an insect passes its growth from the egg to the larva and pupa to the adult. Not all insects have a pupal stage. metathorax The third segment of the thorax; it bears the hind legs and the second pair of wings (if present); sometimes hard to see as it is either closely united with the mesothorax or appears to be part of the abdomen. Methane (CH4) A colorless, odorless, flammable gaseous hydrocarbon present in natural gas and formed by the decomposition of organic matter, such as in a landfill. metula a branch of a conidiophore bearing phialides. Metula (pl. Metulae) A sterile cell below the phialides of some Aspergillus and Penicillium species. micaceous covered with glistening particles. Micro-organism Living organisms that can only be seen under a microscope, eg. bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa, algae and viruses Microbe Microbe is a short version of the word micro-organism MICROBIOLOGICALS See "Biological Contaminants."

Microbiology the scientific study of microscopic organisms, particularly bacteria (q.v.), unicellular algae (q.v.), protists (q.v.), fungi (q.v.) and viruses(q.v.). Microbody-Lipid Globule Complex an association of lipid bodies, microbodies, mitochondria and membrane cisternae observed at the transmission electron microscopic level in zoospores of aerobic Chytridiomycota. Microconidium a small conidium produced by a fungus which also has macroconidia. MICROCONIDIUM (pl. microconidia) The smaller of two types of conidia produced in the same manner by the same fungus. microcyclic of rust life cycle, producing only telia and sometimes pycnia; not producing all five spore states. cf. demicyclic, macrocyclic. microcyst in Myxomycota, an encysted myxamoeba or swarm spore (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. macrocyst. Microfiche A sheet of flat photographic film, usually 4 x 6 inches in size, containing rows of images with an eye legible title. Microfilm Photographic film used in micrographics, usually in roll form 35mm or 16mm wide. 35mm format is preferred for preservation microfilming. Microform A term to describe both microfilm and microfiche formats. Micrographics See also: Microform, Microfilm, Microfiche. The use of photographic processes to produce very small images of original materials. Types of microformat include the above. micron a metric unit of measure equal to one one-thousandth (1/1000) of a Millimeter. Written as 0.001mm or 1 or sometimes 1 m. Micronematous Having a conidiophore that is not morphologically different from the vegetative hyphae. Microorganism Living organisms that are microscopic or submicroscopic: they cannot be seen with the human eye. They include bacteria, some fungi, and protozoa. Viruses are sometimes included in this category, although some scientists do not include viruses as microorganisms because they do not think that viruses should be classified as living organisms. Microsporum sp. Causes ringworm in humans. microtubules Type of filament in eukaryotic cells composed of units of the protein tubulin. Among other functions, it is the primary structural component of the eukaryotic flagellum.

microvilli Thin fingerlike protrusions from the surface of a cell, often used to increase absorptive capacity or to trap food particles. The "collar" of choanoflagellates is actually composed of closely spaced microvilli. midrib the main vein of a leaf which is a continuation of the petiole mildew (1) a plant disease where the pathogen occurs as a growth on the host's surface; (2) used to describe the discoloration and braking up of cloth, fibres, etc. caused by fungi; (3) a fungus causing (1) or (2). miridae A family of abundant true bugs commonly called plant bugs or leaf bugs. These are mostly plant feeders, but some are predaceous on other insects. mites These arthropods are not insects, but are in the same order as ticks. They are very small and require a strong hand lens to see. Most are plant feeders and can do considerable damage. Some are important predators of other spider mites. See mites. mitochondrion Complex organelle found in most eukaryotes; believed to be descended from free- living bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with a primitive eukaryote. Mitochondria are the site of most of the energy production in most eukaryotes; they require oxygen to function. See: double membrane. Mitogenic An agent that affects cell division. mitosis The process of nuclear division in eukaryotes. It is one step in cytokinesis, or cellular division. MORE ?. Mitosporangium sporangium in which mitosis occurs; used in reference to certain Chytridiomycota. mitospore a spore from a mitosporangium; in Basidiomycota, any nonbasidiosporous propagule (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. meiospore. Mixed waste Unsorted waste from businesses or homes. MLA multihyphal linear aggregate; linearly extending hyphal agglomerations; mycelial cords and rhizomorphs MODEL BUILDING CODES The building codes published by the 4 Model Code Organizations and commonly adopted by state or other jurisdictions to control local construction activity. MODEL CODE ORGANIZATIONS Includes the following agencies and the model building codes they promulgate: moisture content the weight of water contained in wood, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dried weight of the wood.

MOLD See Mycelium. mole cricket (Gryllotalpidae) A family of insects related to crickets and grasshoppers. In this family the nymphs and adults are adapted for digging. There are three major developmental phases: egg-nymph-adult. There is no pupal phases. The nymphs molt six to eight times during their growth. Some of the genera included are Gryllotalpa, Nemocurtilla, and Scapteriscus. molt The process in which an immature insect casts its skin in order to grow. A new skin (which develops under the old skin) is a larger size. Monilia sp. Reported to be allergenic (7). This fungus produces soft rot of tree fruits (3). Other members produce a red bread mold (3). It is infrequently involved in corneal eye infections (6). moniliform contracted at short, regular intervals like a string of beads. monocentric having derived from, or pertaining to, a single centre (Holmes, 1979); with one centre of growth and development. cf. polycentric. monoclinous with the antheridium on the oogonial stalk. cf. androgynous, diclinous, paragynous. Monoclonal antibodies A class of antibodies that are all identical and all bind in the same way to the same target substance. This makes them a highly-selective and sensitive way of detecting the presence of substances they have been made to detect Monoecious having male and female organs on the same thallus. monogyne Having only one queen in the colony. For example, some ant species are monogyne, while others are polygyne. monokaryon a haploid mycelium (or cell) which contains only one type of nucleus. cf. dikaryon, heterokaryon, homokaryon. monomitic having hyphae of only one type (generative hyphae). cf. dimitic, trimitic. monomorphic Having only one form, or one size. mononematous with conidiophores borne singly. cf. synnematous. Monoplanetic refers to zoospores that have only one swarming period. Monoplegia Paralysis of a single limb or a single group of muscles. morph form. MORPHOLOGY identification chararcteristics based only on form and appearance such as "clear and round." When a better identification is not possible, morphology

can sometimes place a spore into a certain broader category while excluding it from others. For example, "Brown, round" tends to point to the Myxomycete / Smut / Periconia group of spores while excluding it from various other important groups like Stachybotrys and Aspergillus/Penicillium. In the same respect, Aspergillus and Penicillium spores generally have the same morphology and can only be distinguished by the morphology of the conidiophore (when it is present). Mortification Gangrene. mosaic a disease symptom of leaves in which numerous small areas of discolouration stand out against a background of a different tint, tending to have a clearly defined boundary delineated by veins (Holliday, 1989). mottle a disease symptom of leaves in which small but numerous areas of discolouration, commonly chlorotic, irregularly shaped and without sharply defined boundaries, stand out against a background of a different tint; the pattern is not related to the vein network (Holliday, 1989). mould any profuse or woolly fungus growth on damp or decaying matter or on plant tissue surfaces Mould/mold See: Fungus Moxa A dried herb substance burned on or above the skin to stimulate an acupuncture point or serve as a counterirritant. A famous technique of Traditional Chinese Medicine, using dried, pressed leaves of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris). MTOC (microtubule organizing center) MTOCs are bundles of protein tubes which may be found at the base of a eukaryotic flagellum. In animals, they also function in creating the arrays of microtubules that pull the chromosomes apart during mitosis. Mucilaginous Pertaining to or resembling or containing mucilage: slimy. Herbs that have a soothing effect on inflamed mucous membranes. Mucoid Sticky or slimy Mucor sp. Often found in soil, dead plant material, horse dung, fruits, and fruit juice. It is also found in leather, meat, dairy products, animal hair, and jute. A Zygomycetes fungus which may be allergenic (skin and bronchial tests) (7, 17). This organism and other Zygomycetes will grow rapidly on most fungal media. May cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye, and skin. Infection may have multiple sites. mucronate with a short, sharp point at the end. multicellular Any organism which is composed of many cells is termed multicellular. MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY (MCS)

MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY A condition in which a person reports sensitivity or intolerance (as distinct from "allergic") to a number of chemicals and other irritants at very low concentrations. There are different views among medical professionals about the existence, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. Multiple drug resistance The ability of an organism to resist several different drugs. Multipolar budding Blastoconidia developing at different sites on the surface of a parent cell. Multiseptate Having several septa. Municipal solid waste (MSW) Garbage, refuse, and other discarded materials resulting from residential, commercial, industrial and community activities Does not include hazardous waste, animal waste used as fertilizer, or sewage sludge. muriform patterned like a brick wall; of a spore, with intersecting septa in more than one plane. See also dictyospore. muscicolous growing on mosses or liverworts. mutualism form of symbiosis where both (or all) partners benefit from the association mycelial cord multihyphal linear aggregate; linearly extending, loose agglomeration of hyphae; generally not hardened or melanized mycelial fan spreading, loose hyphal agglomeration, usually at the apex of a mycelial cord mycelial felt mass of hyphae, usually in wood or bark; visible with the naked eye mycelial muff mycelium the hypha or mass of hyphae that make up the body of a fungus Mycelium (pl. mycelia) The mass of hyphae making up the thallus of a fungus. Mycelium (plural Mycelia) the mass of interwoven thread-like hyphae making up the body of a fungus. mycobiont the fungal component of a symbiotic relationship, as in a lichen. cf. photobiont. MYCOLOGY The study of fungi. mycoparasite a fungus parasitic on another fungus.

mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) a microorganism found in the phloem and phloem parenchyma of diseased plants, and assumed to be the cause of the disease; it resembles mycoplasma (a parasitic microorganism, lacking a true cell wall and able to survive without oxygen) in all respects except that it cannot yet be grown on artificial nutrient media Mycoprotein Protein of fungal origin, particularly from mycelial species Mycorrhiza mutualistic (q.v.) associations of plant roots and fungi. mycorrhiza (pl. micorrhizae) a symbiotic association of a fungus with the roots of a plant Mycorrhizae A beneficial relationship between tiny strands of fungus and plant roots. Mycorrhizae enhance the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. Mycorrhizal symbiotic association of fungus and plant root. MYCOSES diseases of humans or animals caused by fungi. mycosis a fungal disease of humans, animals or plants. MYCOTOXINS fungal metabolites which are poisonous to animals and humans. Mydriatic Dilates the pupil. Mylar See: Polyester myxamoeba in Myxomycota, the amoeboid stage of plasmodial slime moulds in which cells lack walls and feed by phagocytosis. MYXOMYCETE associated with plants (rust/smut) Myxomycetes Members of a group of fungi that are included in the category of "slime molds". They're occasionally found indoors, but mainly reside in forested regions on decaying logs, stumps, and dead leaves. Myxomycetes display characteristics of fungi and protozoans. In favorable (wet) conditions they exhibit motile, amoeba-like cells, usually bounded only by a plasma membrane, that are variable in size and form. During dry spells, they form a resting body (sclerotium) with dry, airborne spores. These fungi are not known to produce toxins, but can cause hay fever and asthma. Myxomycota phylum of the Protozoa formerly classified with the fungi; slime molds with phagotrophic nutrition myxosporium see perisporium. naked smooth; not ornamented in any way by hairs or other structures.

name for cycloheximide, a selective antifungal agent. AERIAL mycelium: Hyphal units above the colony agar interface. Narcotic An addicting substance that reduces pain and produces sleep. Narrow-spectrum vs. broad-spectrum antibiotics An antibiotic may be classified as "narrow-spectrum" or "broad-spectrum" depending on the range of bacterial types that it affects. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are active against a select group of bacterial types. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are active against a wider number of bacterial types and, thus, may be used to treat a variety of infectious diseases. Broadspectrum antibiotics are particularly useful when the infecting agent (bacteria) is unknown. Examples of narrow-spectrum antibiotics are the older penicillins (penG), the macrolides and vancomycin. Examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics are the aminoglycosides, the 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins, the quinolones and some synthetic penicillins. Natural Attenuation The use of microbes within the area of contamination to degrade and remove pollutants natural enemy (Also called a beneficial organism) A predator, parasite, parasitoid or pathogen. A natural enemy can be either a specialist or a generalist. natural regulation This is the action of nature without intervention by man. Populations of pests may be held in check by weather and/or by natural enemies to a greater or lesser extent. If this natural regulation did not exist, then damage to crops would be very much worse than it currently is. The worst-case scenario of total destruction of crops does not often occur, so natural regulation, a gift of nature, is worth a lot of money. The aim of biological control (an action by man) is to use whichever of the natural enemies that can be manipulated to improve on the suppressive effects provided by nature. Natural resources Material such as minerals, trees, or water that are supplied by nature. Natural selection A process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment thrive and multiply, while organisms that are less well adapted to their environment fail to thrive and do not reproduce successfully. Nauseant An herb that causes nausea and vomiting. Somewhat similar to an emetic. navicular boat-shaped. necrosis a localized and rapid destruction of cell structures and consequent death of the protoplasts necrotic discoloured and dead necrotroph a fungus that kills tissues as it grows through them, such that it is always

colonising dead substratum (Holliday, 1989). necrotrophic parasitism form of parasitism where the parasite derives nutrition from dead or dying cells of the host; often, the parasite kills the cells via toxins, enzymes, etc. nectar A mixture of sugars and trace amounts of other chemicals produced by plants in nectaries, usually located in the flowers. Nectar is fed upon by insects as an energy source, and is used by honey bees to make honey. Contrast with honeydew. NEGATIVE PRESSURE Condition that exists when less air is supplied to a space than is exhausted from the space, so the air pressure within that space is less than that in surrounding areas. Under this condition, if an opening exists, air will flow from surrounding areas into the negatively pressurized space. nematicide A pesticide used specifically to manage or prevent damage caused by nematodes. Sometimes generalized to be synonymous with pesticides. nematode The nematodes comprise a class of many families of long, legless, wormshaped animals, including tens of thousands of species worldwide. Some species are aquatic, in freshwater or the sea. Some species are parasites of birds, mammals, or other vertebrate animals. Some species are parasitoids of insects. Others feed on plant roots. Among the many families are steinernematid nematodes. Neosartorya sp. Ascomycetes. Anamorph (asexual state): Aspergillus. Neosartorya species are the sexual states of Aspergillus species, notably the Aspergillus fumigatus group among others. Neosartorya is common and is most closely related to Emericella, another genus with Aspergillus anamorphs. Neosartorya is likely to be present along with related aspergilli if growth has been long term and the nutrients of the substrate are conducive for the conversion to sexual phase. Reports of illness include pulmonary infection, endocarditis, and osteomylelitis. Health effects (for the most part), allergenicity, and toxicity of Neosartorya are closely related to the Aspergillus anamorph and have rarely been studied apart from that primary phase. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, and tease mounts from bulk samples, especially if the Aspergillus anamorph is present. If Neosartorya spores are isolated on culturable (Andersen) sampling, the Aspergillus anamorph is likely to be the identifiable result, at least with primary growth within one week. Spores have somewhat distinctive morphology but would most probably be called "ascospores" on spore trap samples. Natural habitat is soil. Nervine An agent that affects, strengthens, or calms the nerves. net plasmodium see ectoplasmic net. neuraminidase An enzyme which forms a mushroom-shaped projection on the surface of an influenza virus particle The enzyme assists in the release of newlyformed virus particles from the surface of an infected cell Neurasthenia Severe nerve weakness; nervous exhaustion.

Neurodermatitis Inflammation of skin with itching that is associated with emotional disturbance. Neutral (adj: neutralise) In chemical terms, having a pH of 7; neither acid nor alkaline. Newsprint A low-cost, low-grade paper used to print newspapers. Niger Black. Nigrospora sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Khuskia (ascomycete). Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Especially abundant in warm climates. Approx. 4-5 species. Decaying plant material and soil. Active discharge mechanism. Does not require wind or rain. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Very rare report of human infection. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Rarely found growing indoors. Not known. None. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition White, floccose, spreading. Develops black spore clusters with time. A distinctive large, dark brown (nearly black), globose spore is readily identifiable on spore trap slides. Distinctive, but rarely found. NIMBY The "not in my backyard" response to building waste management facilities. node the point on the stem or branch at which a leaf or branch is borne Nodulisporium sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Xylaria. Nodulisporium species comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Geniculosporium, Hansfordia, and Calcarisporium. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat includes soil and dead stems of trees and herbaceous plants, especially dead wood in the tropics. nodulose having wart-like excrescences. Non-durable Items intended to last for only a fairly short time. non-infectious disease a disease that is caused by an environmental factor, not by a pathogen Non-point source pollution Undefined sources of water pollution, such as street runoff, erosion from construction and agricultural runoff Non-public health antimicrobial agents Agents that control or inhibit odor-causing

bacteria. (See public health antimicrobial agents.) non-residual pesticide A pesticide that is not effective for an extended period of time. Used to describe a contact pesticide. NON-SPORULATING colonies that do not produce spores. Non-structural Part of a structure that is not needed for its support, such as an interior wall. Nonrenewable Resource Resources such as oil, coal, natural gas, gold and copper, that cannot be replaced after use. Nonrenewable resources Resources available in a fixed amount in the earth's crust, such as oil, coal and copper They can be exhausted either because they are not replaced by natural processes, or because they are used up faster than nature replaces them. Nonreturnable A container that is not intended for refilling. Nonseptate Without septa. Nosocomial infections Infections that are acquired in a hospital while undergoing treatment for a different condition. Nuclear cap an aggregation of ribosomes that surrounds the nucleus in the zoospores of members of the Blastocladiales. The cap in the Blastocladiales is surrounded by two membranes that are continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Top right is an electron micrograph of a permanganate fixed zoospore of Blastocladiella emersonii showing the arrangement of organelles including the prominant nuclear cap. Bottom right is a light micrograph of five zoospores again of Blastocladiella emersonii. The nuclear cap is visible in all five zoospores. nuclear membrane The double membrane which surrounds the eukaryotic nucleus. It has many pores in its surface which regulate the flow of large compounds into and out of the nucleus. nucleic acid A large molecule made up of a sequence of phosphorylated nitrogencontaining bases DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids nucleoid Region in prokaryotes where the DNA is concentrated. Unlike a nucleus, it is not bound by a membrane. Nucleoid region the region of a prokaryotic cell (q.v.) consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA. nucleus Membrane-bound organelle which contains the DNA in the form of chromosomes. It is the site of DNA replication, and the site of RNA synthesis.

Nurse Log A decaying log that provides habitat for many plants, animals and microorganisms. Nutrient or Nutritive Nourishing, increases weight and density. nymph One of the phases in the life cycle of some insects, such as grasshoppers. Insect nymphs look quite similar to the adults, but are smaller and lack wings. Insect nymphs feed, and grow, and molt several times. ob-prefix, inversely or oppositely. Obclavate Club-shaped in reverse; the distal region is smaller. obe) organisms that require oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it. oblate flattened at the poles (Pitt & Hocking, 1985). Obligate anaerobe organisms that cannot use oxygen and are poisoned by it. Obligate parasite living only as a parasite not growing in culture. oblong twice as long as wide and having the ends somewhat truncated. Obpyriform Pear-shaped in reverse; the distal region is larger. obtuse with blunt or rounded ends. ocellus (pl. ocelli) One of two (or one of three) very small, simple eyes on the top of the head of some adult insects. Adults of many species have no ocelli, but almost all adults have a pair of compound eyes. Ochroconis sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Ochroconis species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Dactylaria and Scolecobasidium. Opinions differ regarding the taxonomy of these three genera and are considered by many to be synonyms. All three genera are listed in Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi as legitimate genera. There have been several reports of opportunistic infections caused by these genera but a true pathogenic role has not been firmly established. No information is available regarding upper respiratory health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) samples. Certain species of Ochroconis have somewhat distinctive spores which could be counted on spore trap samples if the presence of this genus has already been demonstrated (for example, on tape lifts). Natural habitat includes soil and decaying leaves. Oedocephalum sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Fomes, Peziza, Pyronema. Oedocephalum species comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is related to Gonatobotrys and possibly to Amblyosporium. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable

(Andersen) and spore trap samples. (Spores have distinctive morphology.) Reported isolations include soil and waste compost. Our laboratory has isolated this organism occasionally from dust samples. It sporulates on initial isolation but forms only sterile mycelia on subsequent transfer. of the inner veil forming a ring on the stalk in gill fungi. apothecium An open cup-shaped ascocarp. -oid suffix, resembling, e.g. balansioid, resembling the genus Balansia. Oidia usually flatended asexual spores formed by the breakingup of hyphae. Oidiodendron sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Myxotrichum, Byssoascus. Oidiodendron species are common but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Geomyces and Arthrographis. Oidiodendron cerealis is quite distinct from other Oidiodendron species and is placed in a separate genus Stephanosporium by some taxonomists. As to health effects, one isolation from a case of neurodermitis nuchae in 1969 exists for Oidiodendron cerealis/Stephanosporium cereale, with no reports for other Oidiodendron species. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Stephanosporium has distinctive spores and can also be recognized on spore trap samples. (Spores of other Oidiodendron species are arthrospores without distinctive morphology and would be categorized as such on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat includes soil, litter, wood, and bark. Stephanosporium cereale has been isolated from air, paper, soil, and textiles. oidium (1) a spermatium formed on hyphal branches, especially in heterothallic hymenomycetes; (2) a flat-ended asexual spore formed by breaking up of a hypha into cells (Hawksworth et al., 1983). [Not to be confused with the generic name Oidium used for some anamorphic powdery mildews.] pl. oidia. Oidium sp. The asexual phase of Erysiphe sp. It is a plant pathogen causing powdery mildews. It is very common on the leaves stems, and flowers of plants. The health effects and allergenicity have not been studied. It does not grow on non-living surfaces such as wood or drywall. oleiferous hypha a hypha that does not contain latex but often contains resinous substances, and often reacts with acid-aldehydes. cf. lacteriferous hypha. Oleocellosis (oil spotting) damage to the rind resulting from peel oil released from oil glands upon injury. Olivaceous Olive-grey colour. Oogamous refers to a type of fertilization in which two heterogametangia come in contact, and the contents of one flow into the other through a pore or tube.

Oogamy fusion between motile male cells and larger nonmotile female egg cell. oogenesis development of the oogonium after fertilisation. oogonium a single-celled female gametangium giving rise to one or more gametes. Oogonium(a) Female gametangium Oomycota phylum of the Chromista formerly included in the fungi; characterized by the formation of motile cells (zoospores) with an anterior tinsel-type flagellum and a posterior whiplash flagellum, lysine synthesized by the DAP pathway, storage carbohydrate mycolaminarin, cellulose present in the hyphal walls, and a diplontic life cycle ooplasm in Oomycota, the protoplasm, at the centre of the oogonium, which becomes the oosphere (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. gonoplasm, periplasm. Ooplast a membrane-bound cellular incision in the oospore of some Oomycota. Oosphere a large, naked, nonmotile female gamete. Oospore thick-walled spore that develops from an oosphere through either fertilzation or parthenogenesis. operculate with a lid or cover; of an ascus or a sporangium, opening by an apical lid to discharge the ascospores or sporangiospores. cf. inoperculate. Operculum lid on a sporangium that, when popped off, or hinged open as here, allows the zoospores to escape. Sporangia that have this type of release mechanism are said to be operculate. Ophthalmic Healing for disorders and diseases of the eye. Ophthalmicum A remedy for diseases of the eye. OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN fungi which occasionally act as pathogens when conditions unusually favorable for infection arise. Rarely infects patients who are otherwise healthy. order One of the primary divisions of the classification system. Consists of several to many families. An order is the major division under class. Organelle a body with a specialised function, suspended in the cytoplasm (q.v.) and found in eukaryotic (q.v.) cells. Organic Something living or derived from living things. Soil is organic; rocks are inorganic. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chemicals that contain carbon. Volatile organic

compounds vaporize at room temperature and pressure. They are found in many indoor sources, including many common household products and building materials. Organic gardening Gardening with fertilizers consisting only of naturally occurring animal and/or plant material, with no use of man-made chemicals or pesticides. Organism any living creature. Organisms All life forms including plants, animals, fungi and bacteria organophosphate insecticide A large group of pesticides that contain the element phosphorus and inhibit cholinesterase in animals. ORGANOTROPISM The predilection of a fungus to invade a particular organ. orthotropic of a basidiospore, where the longitudinal axis of the sterigma corresponds to that of the basidiospore; the basidiospores are not forcibly ejected. cf. heterotropic. osmophilic being able to grow under conditions of high osmotic pressure. osporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 80-90 species. Soil, dead organic debris, hay, food stuffs. Wet spore. Insect/water droplet. Wind (old growth). Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Humidifier lung. Mycetoma, keratitis, onychomycosis. Other rare infections reported in immunodeficient patients, and in persons with wound injuries. Most species of Acremonium do not grow at 37C. None other than cephalosporin (see industrial uses). Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Widespread. Requires very wet conditions. Produces cephalosporins, an important class of antibiotics. Formerly called Cephalosporium. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows well on all general fungal media. Small white or pale shades of pink, salmon colonies. Membranous or thinly velvety. Not distinctive. Small onecelled, colorless spores. May be counted as "other colorless." Some spores are so small they may be missed. Forms chains or slimy heads of conidia. Readily identifiable on tape lift samples. Often found growing with Stachybotrys. Osteomyelitis Inflammation of the bone, especially the marrow. Ostiole the pore through which spores are released usually from pycnidia or perithecia. otheca (pl. othecae) A collection of eggs enclosed in a covering of secretions that hardens to varying degrees and protects the eggs. OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY Air brought into a building from the outdoors (often through the ventilation system) that has not been previously circulated through the system. Also known as "Make-Up Air."

ovary the part of the pistil, usually the enlarged base, which contains the ovules and eventually becomes the fruit ovate shaped like a section through the long axis of an egg. cf. ovoid. overwinter pass, spend or survive the winter ovipositor The organ that female insects use to deposit eggs. The ovipositor was formed by a prolongation or modification of the posterior abdominal segments. Ovoid Egg-shaped. Oxidation A chemical process where a compound combines with oxygen to form a different compound. Oxyuris Genus of nematode intestinal worms which includes pinworms (also called threadworm and seatworm). Ozone (O3) A variation of the oxygen molecule A major component of air pollution in high traffic areas. Ozone layer The layer of the upper atmosphere in which a concentration of ozone absorbs a significant amount of potentially hazardous ultraviolet radiation. P.Tinsel flagellum a flagellum that bears hairs (mastigonemes) on the flagellar membrane. pachymorph a term coined to designate a short, thick type of rhizome Package Enclosure of a product to contain, preserve and protect the product, make it easier to use, and identify the contents. Paecilomyces sp Commonly found in soil and dust, less frequently in air. P. variotii can cause paecilomycosis. Linked to wood-trimmers disease and humidifier associated illnesses. They are reported to allergenic. Some members of this genus are reported to cause pneumonia. It may produce arsine gas if growing on arsenic substrate. This can occur on wallpapers covered with paris green. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Byssochlamyes (Ascomycete). Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 9 to 30 species, depending on taxonomic system. Soil and decaying plant material, composting processes, legumes, cottonseeds; some species parasitize insects. Dry spore. Wind. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Humidifier lung. Although Paecilomyces grows at 37C, human disease is relatively rare. Mycotic keratitis in conjunction with corneal implants, nosocomial infections, endocarditis, infections in immunocompromised patients are reported. Paecilotoxins, byssochlamic acid, variotin, ferrirubin, viriditoxin, indole-3-acetic acid, fusigen and patulin. Growth Indoors Industrial

Uses Other Comments Has been isolated from jute fibers, paper, PVC, timber (oak wood), optical lenses, leather, photographic paper, cigar tobacco, harvested grapes, bottled fruit, and fruit juice undergoing pasteurization. Aw=0.79 P. variotii: Aw=0.84 Not known. Paecilomyces is closely related to Penicillium. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows well on general fungal media. Some species produce distinctive pigments such as ocher and lilac. Paecilomyces does not produce blue or green colonies. Paecilomyces variotii is thermophilic (grows up to 55C). Free spores are similar to Penicillium/Aspergillus. Recognizable if all sporulation structures are present. Conidia are produced in long chains from slender tapering divergent phialides.

Paecilomyces sp - Commonly found in soil and dust, less freq Papulospora sp. This fungi is found in soil, textiles, decaying plants, manure, and paper. palea (pl. paleae) the scale-like, membranous organ in the flowers of grasses that is situated upon a secondary axis in the axil of the flowering glume, and envelopes the stamens and pistil palisade used to describe hyphae that are erect and parallel with each other. pallid off white Pamphlet A book composed of less than 100 pages (typically) and usually given only a paper cover. Panacea An agent good for what ails you, or what doesn't ail you. A "cure-all". pandemic The worldwide outbreak of a disease Paper In general, matted or felted sheets of predominantly cellulose fibres, formed on a fine screen from a water suspension of the fibres. Papers can be hand or machine made. Traditional Western papers were made from cotton or linen rags. Modern papers are made from wood fibres. The type of wood pulp used to make the paper will influence its expected lifespan - alkaline papers are usually more stable than acidic papers; groundwood papers contain high amounts of lignin and have a short lifespan. Japanese paper is made by traditional methods from a variety of plant fibres - valued for its properties of flexibility, strength and permanence. papilla a small rounded protuberance. adj. papillate. Papulospora sp. These fungi are found in soil, textiles, decaying plants, manure, and paper. papulospore a small, asexual, indehiscent sclerotium-like structure differentiated into central and sheathing cells (Weresub & LeClair, 1971), as in Papulaspora. cf. bulbil.

papyraceous parchment- or paper-like. cf. membranous. paracapillitium in gasteromycetes, a capillitium consisting of thin-walled, hyaline, septate hyphae in contrast to a true capillitium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). See also capillitium. paragynous of Pythiaceae, having the antheridium at the side of the oogonium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. amphigynous, diclinous, epigynous, hypogynous, monoclinous. Paraphyses sterile hairs. paraphysis a sterile hair like or club-shaped cell found in amongs the asci of Ascomycetes paraphysoid (1) in Basidiomycota, a sterile, accessory, hymenial structure. See also basidiole, cystidiole, hyphidium. (2) in Ascomycota, interascal tissue stretching and eventually resembling pseudoparaphyses, often only remotely septate, anastomosing and very narrow; trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. See also hamathecium. parasexual cycle genetic recombination in filamentous fungi based on mitosis. The process involves fusion of haploid nuclei in a heterokaryon, mitotic crossing over followed by haploidisation (Holliday, 1989). parasite an heterotrophic organism that needs to obtain its organic nutrients from a living organism Parasite -organisms that absorb their nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts. Parasitism the attacking and consumption of a host (q.v.) organism by predators (q.v.) that are much smaller than it is; may be internal or external; sometimes but not always kills the host. Parasitic living at the expense of the host. parasitism form of symbiosis where one partner benefits at the expense of the other; grades into commensalism; see biotrophic p. and necrotrophic p. parasitoid An organism that, during its development, lives in or on the body of a single host individual, eventually killing that individual. Larra wasps, Ormia flies, and Steinernema nematodes are examples of parasitoids; note that the wasps and flies feed like this during their larval stages, while in the adult stages they feed on nectar of plants. Many people use the word parasite when they really mean parasitoid; this is unfortunate because it obscures the lethal effect of parasitoids. parenchyma a tissue composed of thin-walled cells, which usually leave intercellular spaces between them parenthesome a curved double membrane on either side of a dolipore septum which may be perforate, imperforate or vesiculate (Hawksworth et al., 1983).

part spore the separate segments of an aeciospore once it disarticulates into several pieces, as in Ostropales, Hypocreales and some other Ascomycota. parthenogenesis Reproduction without fertilization by a male.

Partial Removal Removal of selected trees from a forest. partial veil a membrane of sterile tissue stretching between the edge of the cap and the stem to cover the gills in some agarics during development Parturient A substance that induces and promotes labor. Paste An adhesive made from starch or flour such as rice or wheat, generally prepared by heating together a mixture of starch and water and subsequently cooling the resulting product. This in turn may be diluted with water to produce the required texture. PVA may be added to give an adhesive combining its fast drying and strength with the working qualities of paste where long term reversibility is not required. pathogen an entity that can cause a disease pathogenicity the capacity of a pathogen to cause disease Pathway A route by which a receptor is being, or could be, exposed to or affected by a contaminant Pectinate Like the teeth of a comb. Pectoral Relieves disorders of the chest and lungs, as an expectorant. Pedicel A slender stalk. Pellicle A film-like or skin-like surface growth. pellis in a basidioma, the outer layers of a pileus (pileipellis) or stipe (stipitipellis), not belonging to the veil. PELs Permissible Exposure Limits (standards set by the Occupational, Safety and Health Administration - OSHA). penetration the initial invasion of a host by a pathogen Penicillium sp Aw (water activity) 0.78 - 0.88. A wide number of organisms have placed in this genera. Identification to species is difficult. Often found in aerosol samples. Commonly found in soil, food, cellulose, and grains (17, 5). It is also found in paint and compost piles. It may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergic alveolitis in susceptible individuals. It is reported to be allergenic (skin) (7, 17). It is commonly found in carpet, wallpaper, and in interior fiberglass duct insulation (NC).

Some species can produce mycotoxins. Common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I). Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms, chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorphs (sexual state): Eupenicillium, Talaromyces (Ascomycetes). Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 200 species. Soil, decaying plant debris, compost piles, fruit rot. P. glabrum has been isolated from diesel fuel. Dry spore. Wind, insects (fungus serves as a food source for storage mites). Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Common. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Cheese washer's lung, Woodman's lung, Moldy wall hypersensitivity. One species of Penicillium species, P. marneffei, is a cause of human infection. It has not yet been found in the United States. Various toxins by different species: penicillic acid, peptide nephrotoxin, viomellein, xanthomegin, xanthocillin X, mycophenolic acid, roquefortine C & D, citrinin, penicillin, cyclopiazonic acid, isofumigaclavine A, penitrem A, decumbin, patulin citreoviridin, griseofulvin, verruculogen, ochratoxin, chrysogine, and meleagrin. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Widespread. Commonly found in house dust. Grows in water damaged buildings on wallpaper, wallpaper glue, decaying fabrics, moist chipboards, and behind paint. Also found in blue rot of apples, dried foodstuffs, cheeses, fresh herbs, spices, dry cereals, nuts, onions, and oranges. Aw=0.78-0.86 (minimum for various species). Roquefort and camembert cheese, salami-sausages starter culture; anti-bacterial antimicrobial penicillin, and anti-fungal antimicrobial griseofulvin. Penicillium is one of the most common fungal genera, worldwide. Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) produced: Penicillium commune produces 2-methyl-isoborneol, a heavy musty odor. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows readily on general fungal media. Colonies are usually shades of blue, green, and white. Free spores are indistinguishable from Aspergillus and other genera with small round to oval colorless or slightly pigmented spores. Penicillium/Aspergillus spores may have remnants of cell wall connections. Penicillium is readily identifiable on tape samples if sporulating structures are present. Old growth or samples with high numbers of spores may not exhibit sporulation structures necessary for identification and are therefore reported as "spores typical of Penicillium/Aspergillus." Penicillus (pl. penicilli) The brush-like conidiophore of Penicillium. penta pentachlorophenol is an oil-borne wood preservative widely used in the treatment of utility poles, vaulted ceiling beams, fresh water pilings, and bridge timbers. pentavalent arsenate a naturally-occurring trace element present in soil, water and air, as well as in the tissues of plants and animals (including humans); the form of arsenic used in the wood preservative CCA. Penultimate cell the cell from which the ascus arises. per zinc arsenate is an inorganic arsenical; a waterborne wood preservative with uses similar to those of CCA. alternative preservatives wood preservatives other

than CCA, ACZA, penta and creosote the most common wood preservative systems. Percurrent Conidiogenous cell growth where a new axis grows through the previous apex. perfect stage see teleomorph perfect state the teleomorph of a fungus; characterised by the production of sexual spores (ascospores, basidiospores, etc.) (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. imperfect state. perforate with holes periclinal curving in the direction of, or parallel to, the surface or the circumference. cf. anticlinal. periclinal thickening in Coeloanamorphoses, the zone of thicker wall material surrounding the protoplasmic channel at the apex of a phialide. Periconia sp. Found in soil, blackened and dead herbaceous stems, leaf spots, grasses, rushes, and sedges. Almost always associated with other fungi. Rarely found growing indoors. Reportedly associated with a rare case of mycotic keratitis. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 20 species. Soil, blackened and dead herbaceous stems and leaf spots, grasses, rushes and sedges. Almost always associated with other fungi. Dry spore. Wind. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Not studied. Rare case of mycotic keratitis reported. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Rarely found growing indoors. Not known. None. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Colonial morphology is similar to Cladosporium. Periconia is infrequently isolated in culture. Some species have distinguishing spore characteristics and are recognizable. Generally it is difficult to distinguish Periconia spores from the smuts, myxomycetes and other round, brown spore types. Spores with underlying sporulating structures are distinctive, although we very rarely see them on tape lifts. peridiole a division of the gleba having a separate wall and frequently acting as a unit for distribution, e.g. in Nidulariales. peridioles largish bodies that contain the spore enclosed within the peridium in the birds nest fungi (Nidulariales) They are dispersed as a unit. Peridium The outer wall of an ascocarp. periphysis a hair-like projection inside, or near, the ostiole of a perithecium, pycnidium or pycnium, unbranched and not anastomosing (Hawksworth et al., 1983). pl. periphyses. See also hamathecium. periphysoid in an ascoma, a short hypha originating above the level of the

developing asci but not reaching the base of the cavity (Hawksworth et al., 1983). See also hamathecium. Periplasm a layer of protoplasm surrounding the oosphere in some Oomycota. perisporium the frequently fugacious spore wall layer external to the exosporium, enveloping the whole spore and limited by the hardly visible ectosporium. On the disappearance of the perisporium and the ectosporium, the exosporium becomes the outer spore wall; myxosporium (Hawksworth et al., 1983). See also ectosporium, endosporium, episporium, exosporium. peristome a border around an opening, especially the stoma of certain gasteromycetes. Perithecium A fruiting body of a fungus in which some types of spores (including ascospores) are produced. (plural form: perithecia) Perithecium (pl. perithecia) An enclosed ascocarp characterized an apical ostiole and by asci arranged in a basal tuft or hymenium layer. Permanence The stability of a material and its ability to resist chemical deterioration - not a quantifiable term. Permanent See: Archival. A permanent paper is one which conforms to an agreed standard, is usually acidfree and made to resist changes to a greater degree than is usual in other papers. Permeability A measure of how quickly soil allows water to flow through it. peronate of stems ensheathed by a volva Peronospora sp. These species are plant pathogens and the genus is one that causes downy mildews. Peronospora is very common and is an obligate parasite (obligate parasites cannot grow on non living environmental surfaces) found on leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits of living higher plants. Peronospora sp. may be identified in air on spore trap samples since spores have a distinctive morphology. The spores may also be seen in dust as part of the normal influx of outdoor microbial particles. As of this writing, allergenicity has not been studied and no information is available regarding health effects or toxicity. pesticide A substance or agent used to kill pests. Comes in many different formulations and types. There are residual, and non-residual (contact) pesticides. Pesticides are also described as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides, and rodenticides. depending upon the class of pests they are being used to control. PET Polyethylene terephthalate, the plastic resin in soda bottles and polyester fiberfill.

petiole The slender stem that supports the blade of a foliage leaf. Petroglyph A prehistoric carving or drawing on rock. Peziza sp. Ascomycetes. Cup fungus. Anamorph (asexual state): Chromelosporium. Peziza species are macrofungi commonly called cup fungi. One species in particular Peziza domiciliana is noted for growth on a wide range of domestic materials, including plaster, cement, sand, coal dust, wet rugs and carpets, fireplace ashes, and walls. It has been found in a wide range of locations, including carpets in living rooms, shower stalls, damp closets, behind refrigerators, around leaky water beds, in cellars, greenhouses, under porches, walls in school rooms, and in cars. These cup fungi have a rubbery texture and are large enough to pluck from carpets or baseboards with the fingers. If blown on with moist breath, spirals of wispy smoke composed of released ascospores can be observed. Cup fungi are most closely related to elfin saddles (Helvella) and the morels (Morchella). Within this group are some of the most prized edible fungi. However, no specific information is available regarding toxicity of Peziza domiciliana but it is believed to be non toxic, and there are no reports of adverse health effects. Allergenicity has not been studied. Identification is made when the macro fungal bodies are collected and submitted. The ascospores of all these related fungi are somewhat distinctive and are identifiable on spore trap samples, especially when large fruitings are present within a building. Natural outdoor habitat for most species is soil, humus, or rotten wood. More information about these fungi is available in the book Mushrooms Demystified by David Aurora, available at most local bookstores. pH In chemistry, pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution, which is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14, with each number indicating a 10 times differential. 7 is pH neutral, numbers below 7 indicate increasing acidity and above 7 increasing alkalinity. Alkaline buffered storage materials used in libraries and archives typically have a pH above 7 and below 9. Phaeo- A prefix meaning darkly pigmented. Phagocytosis Ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles by phagocytes. phaneroplasmodium the typical, robust plasmodium of Myxomycetes, with a clear network of veins ending in a fan-shaped sheet with a delicate margin, and a very granular protoplasm (Martin & Alexopoulos, 1969). See also aphanoplasmodium, protoplasmodium. Pharmaceutical A drug or medicine. Phase box A simple, economical box designed to provide a good degree of protection to its contents without undertaking full conservation treatment. Initially developed to provide intermediate protection to materials awaiting further treatment. Phased preservation Collections maintenance activities such as the provision of simple boxes, folders or protective enclosures, rehousing and other preventive preservation procedures, while establishing priorities for future treatment.

phaseoliform of a spore, curved; in the shape of a french bean. Phenolic having an odor of the chemical phenol. pheromone A substance emitted by an animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same species. Some are synthetically produced for use in insect traps. phialide a conidiogenous cell which develops one or more open ends from which a basipetal succession of conidia develops without an increase or decrease in length of the conidiogenous cell itself. phialidic of conidiogenesis, enteroblastic conidiogenesis where a conidium is delimited by a new wall which is not derived from existing walls. cf. tretic. Phialocephala sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Phialocephala species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Phialophora. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Recorded isolations are from soil, bark, wood (including creosote treated utility poles and submerged balsa wood), and corms of orchids. phialoconidium a phialidic conidium. Phialoconidium (pl. phialoconidia) A conidium produced from a phialide. Phialophora sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Capronia, Mollisia. Phialophora species comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is most closely related to Exophiala and Fonseca. Some species are plant pathogens; others cause soft-rot on wood. Phialophora verrucosa is one of the main agents of chromoblastomycosis in tropical and subtropical regions. Other health effects caused by Phialophora species include rare cases of mycetoma and phaeohyphomycoses. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. May be identified on surfaces by tape lifts, tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Phialophora, like Fusarium, is a water loving fungus. Recorded isolations include soft-rots of wood, roots, stems and leaves of plants and grasses, and soil. Phoma sp. A common indoor air allergen. It is similar to the early stages of growth of Chaetomium sp. The species are isolated from soil and associated plants (particularly potatoes). Produces pink and purple spots on painted walls. It may have antigens that cross-react with those of Alternaria sp. It will grow on butter, paint, cement, and rubber. It may cause phaeohyphomycosis a systematic or subcutaneous disease. Mitosporic fungus. Coelomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Pleospora

(Ascomycete). Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 80 species. Plant material, soil, and as a fruit parasite. Insects. Wind (when dried out). Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Shower curtain hypersensitivity. Mycotic keratitis, rare skin infection, and a few cases of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis reported. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Frequently found on walls, ceiling tiles, on the reverse side of linoleum. Also found on cement, paint, paper, wood, wool, and foods such as rice and butter. May have little effect on the indoor air because the spores are not readily disseminated by air currents. Not known. Parasitic on plants. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows well on general fungal media. Very small spores formed in pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). Sticky masses of spores ooze out of the ostiole (opening) in the pycnidia. Not recognizable on spore trap slides. Identifiable on tape lifts if the spores and entire fruiting body are present. Pycnidia, however, do not always lift well on tape sampling; masses of very small spores found within a mat of fungal mycelia is often indicative of Phoma. Photoautotrophs (phototrophs) organisms that harness light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide. photobiont the photosynthetic partner in a lichen symbiosis, either a green alga or a cyanobacterium. cf. mycobiont. Photochemical degradation Damage caused or increased by exposure to light. Photodegradable Capable of decomposing when exposed to ultraviolet rays from the sun. Photoheterotrophs organisms that use light to generate ATP, but that must obtain their carbon in organic form ((q.v.) photoautotrophs) photoperiod The number of hours of daylight during a 24-hour period. Photoperiod is often an influential factor in animal (insect) or plant biology. phragmobasidium : a basidium divided by primary septa, either transversely, vertically or in a cruciate manner. See also heterobasidium. cf. holobasidium. Phragmoconidium (pl. phragmoconidia) : A conidium having two or more transverse septa. phragmospore an asexual spore with two to many transverse septa; with a length:breadth ratio not exceeding 15:1; if elongated, with only a single axis, and that axis not curved through more than 180 degrees; any protuberances, other than setulae, not more than 1/4 the length of the spore body (Kendrick & Nag Raj, 1979). See also conidium for other morphological types of conidia. phycomycete common name for a member of the Myxomycota, Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota.

phylloplane the leaf surface; the non-parasitic flora and mycota of the leaf surface. phytoalexin a metabolite produced by a plant in response to infection by a fungus or other pathogen (or by an abiotic factor) inhibitory to the invading pathogen. phytopathology the branch of science concerned with plant disease. phytophagous Feeding in or on plants. phytoplasma a new name coined for mycoplasma like organism Phytoremediation The removal of pollutants from soil or water using plants that either absorb or degrade the pollutants PICOCURIE (pCi) A unit for measuring radioactivity, often expressed as picocuries per liter (pCi/L) of air. pile a timber, usually round, that is wholly or partly embedded in surface soil or underwater soil as a support for a superstructure such as a bridge, building, trestle, or wharf. pileus the cap of a mushroom. The hymenium-supporting part of agarics. pilose with long hairs Pioneer Plants The first plants to grow in an area after a major disturbance (fire, harvest, etc.). Pithomyces Grows on dead grass in pastures. Causes facial eczema in ruminants. Pithomyces sp. Grows on dead grass in pastures. Causes facial eczema in ruminants. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Leptosphaerulina (Ascomycete). Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 15 species. Common on dead leaves of more than 50 different plants, especially leaf fodders. Soil, grasses. Dry spore. Wind. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Not studied. No reports of infections. Sporidesmin. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Rarely found growing indoors. Can grow on paper. Not known. Pithomyces chartarum is one of the causes of facial eczema in sheep in New Zealand. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows readily on general fungal media; sporulation may be slow, and may require a "light/dark cycle." Colonies are shades of tan to brown. Distinctive multicelled, brown conidia of Pithomyces chartarum are recognizable on spore trap slides. Other species are common but more difficult. Distinctive. Rarely found on tape lifts. plage a smooth, paler or unpigmented spot on the surface of a spore.

plane flat especially of caps in agarics planocyte a motile cell. Planogamete motile gamete. planogametic copulation mode of plasmogamy where at least one gamete is motile by flagella; known in the Chytridiomycota, also in some members of the Chromista, Prototozoa and Plantae (Chlorophyta and Charophyta); isogamy - both gametes motile and the same size, anisogamy - both gametes motile with the female larger, oogamy male gamete is motile and the female gamete is not planospore a zoospore. planozygote a motile zygote. plasma membrane Outer membrane of a cell, sometimes called the cell membrane. The term plasma membrane is used more frequently when discussing prokaryotes. plasmalemma the limiting membrane of the cytoplasm; cell, cytoplasmic, or plasma membrane (Hawksworth et al., 1983). Plasmid a small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate form those of a bacterial chromosome. plasmodiocarp in Myxomycetes, an elongated, branched, usually sessile fruit-body, still showing signs of its plasmodial origin. adj. plamodiocarpous. See also aethalium, sporangium. Plasmodium motile, multinucleate mass of protoplasm. Plasmodium(a) A mass of protoplasm formed by slime moulds Plasmogamy fusion of two sexual cells. Plasticiser A chemical added to another material to give it increased flexibility. In some plastics such as PVC, plasticisers leach out in time and leave the material brittle. Adhesives for use in preservation should be 'internally plasticised'. plastid plectenchyma a dense tissue formed by hyphae becoming twisted and fused together. See also prosenchyma, pseudoparenchyma. plectomycete common name for a member of the Ascomycota with completely enclosed, non-ostiolate ascomata; included taxa are treated here in many different orders. adj. plectomycetous. pleiosporous with many spores.

PLENUM Air compartment connected to a duct or ducts. Pleomorphic Having more than one form. plerotic of an oospore, filling the oogonium. cf. aplerotic. Plethora Overfullness of blood vessels or of the total quantity of any fluid in the body. pleurocystidium cystidium occurring on the face of a gill Pleurogenous Born on the sides of a conidiophore or hyphae. plicate folded into pleats like a fan. Plugging the process that occurs when portions of the rind are torn from the stemend of the fruit during harvest. plumule the primary bud of an embryo or germinating seed plurivorous utilising a number of hosts or substrata. PM Preventive Maintenance. Point A unit of measuring the thickness of paper. One point equals 1/1000th on an inch. Point source pollution Water pollution sources that may be traced to a specific source, such as a sewer line or a discharge pipe of an industrial facility. polarilocular of an ascospore, having two cells separated by a central perforated septum. POLLUTANT PATHWAYS Avenues for distribution of pollutants in a building. HVAC systems are the primary pathways in most buildings; however all building components interact to affect how air movement distributes pollutants. Also - a term used in the IAQ Tools for Schools IAQ Coordinator's Guide. Pollution Contamination of soil, water or air by the discharge of wastes or other harmful materials. Pollution prevention Stopping hazardous or toxic industrial pollution before it starts by using different materials in production or changing the process so that waste is not generated. Polycentric having a number of points of growth and development. Usually producing many sporangia (sp) or reproductive units. Polycentric organisms can be propagated by chopping up the vegetative rhizomycelium (rh) and plating the pieces

on an appropriate medium. polycyclic completes many life or disease cycles in one year Polyester The common name for the plastic polyethylene terephthalate. Its characteristics include transparency, lack of colour, high tensile strength, and chemical stability (when made with no coatings or additives). Used in sheet or film form to make folders, encapsulations, and book jackets. Trade names include Mylar and Melinex. Used in web form ('Reemay')to support paper during wet treatments, and as a relatively nonstick surface through which moisture can pass during mending, drying etc. Polyethylene In its pure form, a chemically stable plastic material. Used in film form to make sleeves for photographic materials and other uses. A cheaper alternative to polyester film. polygyne Having many queens in the same colony. For example, some ant species have several queens in the same colony, others tolerate only one, and are monogyne. Polymer In chemistry, a large organic compound made up of a series of smaller repeating units joined together by chemical bonds in a regular Polymorphic Having more than one form, or more than one size. For example, the workers of some ant species are polymorphic. Polyplanetic refers to a species of Oomycota in which there are several swarming periods and incidentally only one type of zoospore (monomorphic). See also monoplanetic and diplanetic. Polypropylene In its pure form, a chemically stable plastic material. Used in film form to make sleeves for photographic materials and other uses. Used in sheet form for boxes, folders and such. A cheaper alternative to polyester film. Polystyrene A lightweight plastic often used in food service Polystyrene products include trays, plates, bowls, cups and hinged containers. Polythrincium sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Cymadothea. Polythrincium species comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. This genus is somewhat related to Ramularia. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Our laboratory has never seen this organism growing on environmental surfaces. May be identified in air on spore trap samples (spores have distinctive morphology). Also, spores may be seen in dust as part of the normal influx of outdoor microbial particles. Natural habitat is on leaves. Polyvinylacetate A plastic usually abbreviated as PVA. A colourless, transparent solid, it is used in adhesives which are themselves also referred to as PVA or PVA adhesive. There are many varieties of PVA adhesives. The types referred to as 'internally plasticised' have greater chemical stability, and are preferred for use in

preservation. PVA adhesives are often used in an emulsion form or 'white glue'. They have a milk like appearance, but dry clear. Polyvinylchloride Plastic usually abbreviated as PVC, or sometimes 'vinyl'. Not as chemically stable as some other plastics. It can emit acidic components which damage cellulosic materials. Added chemicals called plasticisers are also used to make PVC more flexible. These also damage library materials. popres the orifices of the tubes of Polyporaceae Poria incrassata Basidiomycetes. Polypores. Poria incrassata is one of the basidiomycetes which causes brown rot of wood (dry rot). This fungus is most closely related to Serpula lacrimans (formerly called Merulius). These fungi can digest the cellulose components of wood. A small amount of decay markedly alters the strength of the wood. If the macroscopic fungus fruiting body is collected, it may be identified as a polypore (bracket fungus). The polypores belong to a limited group of fungi capable of attacking wood and using it for food. Wood with brown rot can be identified by observation of typical squarish cracking transverse to the grain of the wood. The wood also shrinks and becomes some shade of brown. [The other general type of wood decay is called white rot, where all components (cellulose and lignin) are removed in differing proportions at different rates, and the decayed wood is lightcolored. The strength factor is more slowly altered, and frequently the decayed wood is still usable in the early stages of decay.] The natural habitat of the polypores is wood, i.e., slash in forests. No information is available regarding health effects, or toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. Poroconidium (pl. poroconidia) A conidium produced through a small pore in a conidiogenous cell. poroid : having pores. Portal Concerning entrance to an organ, especially that through which blood is carried to liver. POSITIVE PRESSURE Condition that exists when more air is supplied to a space than is exhausted, so the air pressure within that space is greater than that in surrounding areas. Under this condition, if an opening exists, air will flow from the positively pressurized space into surrounding areas. Post-consumer recycled content Containing materials that consumers have used and recycled. Poultice A moist, usually warm or hot mass of plant material applied to the skin, or with cloth between the skin and plant material, to effect a medicinal action. PPM Parts per million. Pre-consumer recycled content Containing materials generated in manufacturing, such as damaged or obsolete products, overruns and trimmings Does not include

materials commonly reused in the manufacturing process. predator An organism that, during its development, consumes more than one prey individual. Tiger beetle larvae are examples of predators. Note that their adults, too, feed as predators. prepupa The active, but non-feeding, last instar larva. This stage occurs when the cuticle is separated from the hypodermis but has not yet been cast off. Occurs in thrips and female scales. Prescribed Fire A fire set purposely and confined to a specific area for forest management. Preservation Activities associated with maintaining library, archival or museum materials for use, either in original physical form or in some other format. Preservation is a broader term than conservation: conservation activities form part of a total preservation program. Preservation includes both activities taken to repair or treat damaged materials (retrospective) and activities taken to prevent or delay material becoming damaged (preventive preservation). preservative any substance applied to wood that is effective in preventing the development and action of wood-destroying fungi and insects. PRESSED WOOD PRODUCTS A group of materials used in building and furniture construction that are made from wood veneers, particles, or fibers bonded together with an adhesive under heat and pressure. Pressure sensitive tape Sometimes called 'sticky' tape. An adhesivetape that attaches to a surface when pressure is applied. The adhesive frequently degrades leaving a brown residue which stains and embrittles paper. Not recommended for materials intended for long term preservation. pressure treating a process by which preservatives are applied to wood products. While exact procedures may vary, the treatment process involves forcing the preservative deep into the cellular structure of the wood under pressure in a closed cylinder. PRESSURE, STATIC In flowing air, the total pressure minus velocity pressure. The portion of the pressure that pushes equally in all directions. PRESSURE, TOTAL In flowing air, the sum of the static pressure and the velocity pressure. PRESSURE, VELOCITY In flowing air, the pressure due to the velocity and density of the air. PREVALENCE The total number of cases of a disease in existence at a certain time in a designated area.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE Regular and systematic inspection, cleaning, and replacement of worn parts, materials, and systems. Preventive maintenance helps to prevent parts, material, and systems failure by ensuring that parts, materials and systems are in good working order. primary infection the first infection of a plant by the overwintering or oversummering pathogen primary inoculums the overwintering or oversummering pathogen, or its spores, that cause primary infection primary septum a septum formed in association with nuclear division separating cells and having a pore which may, in Basidiomycota, be modified as a dolipore or which may, in Ascomycota, be associated with Woronin bodies; characteristic of higher fungi (Hawksworth et al., 1983). cf. adventitious septum. primordium the earliest stage of development of an organ (Hawksworth et al., 1983). probasidium the primary basidial cell in which karyogamy (or enlargement of a single nucleus) occurs prior to nuclear division. It may be thin- or thicker-walled and may either remain wholly or partly at the base of the mature basidium or be obliterated as the basidium develops. PROBE A specific nucleic acid sequence (known) used to detect a complimentary sequence in an unknown fungus. Problem materials Waste materials that contribute to one or more of the following: release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant; pollution of water or air, or a significant threat to the operation of a solid waste facility. progametangium in Zygomycetes, a hypha which forms a gametangium and suspensor cell. Prokaryote a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus (q.v.) and membrane- enclosed organelles (q.v.); found only in the bacteria. prokaryotic Literally "before the nucleus", the term applies to all bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic cells have no internal membranes or cytoskeleton. Their DNA is circular, not linear. pronotum The upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax. propagule a part of a plant which, when detached, can grow into a new plant Prophylactic Agent which wards off disease. Prophylactics Drugs used to prevent disease, before any symptoms of the disease have been observed.

Prosenchyma hyphae loosely woven to from a 'tissue'. Protein A substance made up of chains of amino acids prothorax The first segment of the thorax, it bears the anterior or first pair of legs but no wings. Protist eukaryotic (q.v.) organisms that do not fit the definition of plant, animal or fungus (q.v.). protoplasm All the contents of a cell, including the nucleus. (see: cytoplasm) protoplasmodium a small (less than 1 mm in diameter) primitive plasmodium with highly granular protoplasm, no vein-like strands and no advancing margin; known in only a few genera of myxomycetes (Martin & Alexopoulos, 1969). See also aphanoplasmodium, phaneroplasmodium. prototunicate of an ascus, thin-walled, with no obvious apical structures or opening mechanism, often deliquescent at maturity. cf. bitunicate, unitunicate. protozoan (pl., protozoa) A class of minute animals whose entire body consists only of a single cell. Protozoa is a plural word, the singular is protozoan. There are large numbers of species. Some protozoa are entomopathogens. protuberate of conidia, with short projections not qualifying as appendages (Nag Raj, 1993). pruina a frost-like or flour-like surface covering. adj. pruinose. pruinose covered with a bloom rather like chalk dust; finely powdered pruning cutting off superfluous branches or shoots of a plant for better shaped or more fruitful growth Pruritis Severe itching. pseudo- prefix, indicating close or deceptive resemblance to the following element of the word. pseudoamyloid see dextrinoid. pseudocapillitium in myxomycetes, empty plasmodial strands from which the cytoplasm has been withdrawn, found in some sporocarps, especially aethalia. See also capillitium. pseudohypha one of the short chains of cells resembling hyphae found in some yeasts.

PSEUDOHYPHA (pl. pseudohyphae) A fragile string of cells that result from the budding of blastoconidia that have remained attached to each other. The septa separating the cells are complete and there is no cytoplasmic connection, as is found in most true septate hypha. Pseudohyphae A string of elongated blastoconidia formed in some yeasts that resemble a hypha-like filament. Pseudomycelium false mycelium, e.g. string of yeast cells which have remained joined together. pseudoparaphysis in Ascomycota, a hypha originating in the top of the ascoma and growing down to the base where it becomes attached and may eventually become apically free, often regularly septate, branched and anastomosing and broader than paraphysoids; see also hamathecium; in Basidiomycota, see hyphidium, paraphysoid. pl. pseudoparaphyses. Pseudoparenchyma hyphae tightly woven to give the appearance of parenchyma. pseudoplasmodium a structure resembling a multinucleate plasmodium that has retained its cell membrane boundaries; an aggregation of amoebae, especially that forming the vegetative stage preceding sporocarp formation in the cellular slime moulds, and moving as a unit. pseudopodia Fingerlike extensions from an amoeboid cell; literally "false feet". pseudopodium a temporary cytoplasmic protrusion of an amoeboid cell used for locomotion or phagocytotic feeding (Margulis et al., 1990). pseudosclerotial plate melanized, laminar hyphal agglomeration in wood; forming the edge of a mycelial individual; often pronounced where two individual mycelia meet pseudosclerotium a compacted mass of intermixed hyphae and substratum. pseudostem of gasteromycetes, a stem consisting of spongy tissue in which the hyphae are not orientated parallel to the stipe axis (Hawksworth et al., 1983). pseudothecium an ascostromatic ascoma having asci in one to many unwalled locules, as in loculoascomycetes (Alexopoulos & Mims, 1979; Hawksworth et al., 1983). PSYCHOGENIC ILLNESS This syndrome has been defined as a group of symptoms that develop in an individual (or a group of individuals in the same indoor environment) who are under some type of physical or emotional stress. This does not mean that individuals have a psychiatric disorder or that they are imagining symptoms. PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS Psychological, organizational, and personal

stressors that could produce symptoms similar to those caused by poor indoor air quality. Psychrometer/sling psychrometer A simple instrument used to measure temperature and relative humiditySling psychrometer's are relatively inexpensive to purchase compared to a thermohygrograph, but are very accurate when used properly. Pterygium Opaque triangular thickening of tissue extending from inner canthus to border or cornea with apex toward the pupil of the eye. pubescent covered with fine short hairs Public health antimicrobial agents Agents that are intended to control infectious microorganisms that may be a hazard to human health. To obtain the designation of "public health" antimicrobial for an agent, a manufacturer must present data to the EPA demonstrating that the agent is effective against specific infectious microorganisms and meets standards of safety and toxicity. An agent is considered effective if it controls the specified microorganisms, not necessarily the diseases caused by the microorganisms. The manufacturer cannot claim that the agent prevents diseases. Puerperal Period following childbirth. Pulp Raw material from which paper is made. Fibrous materials, generally from plant materials including trees, made ready for use in the manufacture of paper or board. Mechanically or chemically prepared mixtures obtained from wood or vegetable fibres to be used in the manufacture of paper and board. Groundwood pulp, which is produced by mechanical methods contains lignin and has poor durability. Chemical pulp has a considerable amount of non cellulosic material removed during processing, and paper made from it has, as a result has a higher durability than groundwood paper. Permanent papers and boards can be made from chemical pulp. pulverulent appearing as though covered with a fine powder. pulvinate cushion-like in form. punctate marked with minute dots points scales or hollows punctum a very small spot or depression that appears like a dot. pl. puncta. adj. punctate. Pungent Irritating or shapely painful. Producing a sharp sensation of taste or smell. punky of a basidioma, soft and tough. pupa (pl., pupae) One of the phases in the life cycle of some insects, such as moths, flies, beetles, wasps and bees. It is the intermediate stage between the larva and the adult. Insect pupae do not feed.

puparium Some fly pupae are protected by a puparium. This is the dried, hardened, cast skin of the larva Purgative An agent that causes cleansing or watery evacuation of the bowels, usually with griping (painful cramps). pustule A small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus and having an inflamed base. putrescent tending to decay rapidly. PVA See: Polyvinylacetate PVC See: Polyvinylchloride Pycnidial formers Mitosporic fungi. Coelomycetes. Pycnidia are sac-like fruiting bodies (asexual) formed by the many of the Coelomycetes. Spores are commonly formed in sticky masses which ooze out an ostiole (opening). These spores are not readily disseminated by air currents, although they do constitute a small proportion of the air spora. Spores may also be dry, but these forms are less common. The identification of many of the Coelomycetes is difficult because internal sporulating structures are hidden. Some very common genera such as Phoma may be identified on tape lift and tease mounts from bulk samples, and in air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. Many times, however, Coelomycetes are reported simply as "pycnidial former, ID unknown." Pycnidial fungi are ubiquitous, and are commonly found and recovered from cultivated and uncultivated soil of different types, leaf litter and other organic debris from both natural and manufactured sources, from saline- and freshwater, on other fungi and lichens, and as parasites of plants, vertebrates and insects. pycnidioid resembling a pycnidium in shape. Pycnidium a globose or flask-like ostiolate conidioma in which conidia develop; pycnidial conidioma. pl. pycnidia. Pycnidium (pl. pycnidia) An asexual fruiting body containing conidia. pycniospore a spore produced in a pycnium; the spermatium of the Uredinales. pycnium the preferred term for the spermatium-producing structure in Uredinales. pl. pycnia. See also spermogonium. pycnium (pl. pycnia) a flask-shaped or conical sporangium (the sac in which spores are produced) of a (rust) fungus which develops below the epidermis of the host and bears spores; also called a spermagonium pycnothyrium a superficial, shield-shaped, flattened or hemispherical conidioma, comprised of radiating cells, sometimes with only an upper wall, sometimes also with a basal wall (Nag Raj, 1993). adj. pycnothyrial.

Pyelitis Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney and its calices. pyreniform shaped like a nut. Pyrenochaeta sp. Mitosporic fungus. Coelomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Herpotrichia. Pyrenochaeta species comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota and is closely related to Phoma. This genus is a pycnidial former although many times pycnidia are lacking and the organism appears only as sterile mycelia. May be identified on tape lifts and tease mounts from bulk samples if the pycnidia are present. (Pycnidial formers may have little effect on the indoor air because the spores are not readily disseminated by air currents.) Very rarely isolated from air by culturable (Andersen) sampling. (Spores do not have distinctive morphology and would be categorized as "other colorless" on spore trap samples.) Natural habitat is plant debris and soil in tropical countries, where it is a cause of mycetoma. No information is available regarding toxicity. Allergenicity has not been studied. pyrenomycete common name for a member of the Ascomycota with flask-shaped ascomata. adj. pyrenomycetous. pyrethroids These are synthetic compounds produced to duplicate or improve more or less successfully on the biological activity of the active principles of the pyrethrum plant. Pyrethrum is a natural botanical insecticide the active principles of which are extracted from the flowers of the pyrethrum plant, and are know collectively as "pyrethrins." pyriform pear-shaped. quarantine control of import and export of plants to prevent spread of diseases and pests Quicksilver An old term for mercury. Quinsy Peritonsillar abscess or tonsillitis. Quorn Commercial trademark for a range of food products containing mycoprotein Rachis An extension of a sympodial proliferating conidiogenous cell bearing conidia. Racquet hyphae A hypha composed of a number of cells swollen at one end resembling a tennis racquet. Radial growth Growth from the centre, e.g. of a fungal colony RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER Radiant heat transfer occurs when there is a large difference between the temperatures of two surfaces that are exposed to each other, but are not touching. radiate diverging or spreading outwards from a central point.

radical the first root of an embryo or germinating seed RADON (Rn) AND RADON DECAY PRODUCTS Radon is a radioactive gas formed in the decay of uranium. The radon decay products (also called radon daughters or progeny) can be breathed into the lung where they continue to release radiation as they further decay. Raw materials Substances still in their natural, unprocessed state. Rayon A fabric or thread made from wood fibers. RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) Federal law requiring that states develop solid waste management plans (passed in 1976); also establishes a "cradle-tograve" tracking and liability system for hazardous waste. RE-ENTRAINMENT Situation that occurs when the air being exhausted from a building is immediately brought back into the system through the air intake and other openings in the building envelope. RE-ENTRY Situation that occurs when the air being exhausted from a building is immediately brought back into the system through the air intake and other openings in the building envelope. Reactive Able to react in a harmful way (e.g by producing a toxic gas) when mixed with another substance One of the four hazardous waste characteristics (See also toxic, corrosive and ignitable.) receptacle any organ-bearing or hymenium-bearing structure; in Phallales, the stipe and pileus or the clathrate structure which supports the hymenium. Receptive hyphae hyphae able to be 'spermatized' by microconidia. Receptor A living organism, a group of living organisms, an ecological system or a piece of property which is being, or could be, harmed by a contaminant. Potential receptors include humans, living organisms and ecosystems, livestock, game, fishing rights, crops, buildings and receiving waters, eg groundwater, river water and drinking water supplies Recyclable material Items that can be recycled. Recycled material A material made, at least in part, from previously used material. Recycling Collecting, preparing and remanufacturing of recyclable materials into new products that are purchased and used Recycling center A site where recyclable materials are collected and sold for processing

Reduce To decrease the amount of waste generated. Reed bed A large area of marsh plants used to treat wastewater Refrigerant Relieves fever and thirst. A cooling remedy. Lowers body temperature. Refuse A general term for solid waste materials, also called garbage or trash. Refuse-derived fuel A solid fuel made from municipal solid waste that has been processed to burn better. Relative humidity(RH) The percentage of moisture contained in air as compared with that required to completely saturate it at a given temperature. A low relative humidity of around 40% is considered ideal for paper storage, but is very difficult to achieve in the humid tropics. Mould growth becomes a serious problem above 70% relative humidity. Relaxant Tends to relax and relieve tension, especially muscular tension. RELs Recommended Exposure Limits (recommendations made by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)). Remediation The repair of damage, eg the removal of contaminants Renewable Resource A natural resource that may be replenished through natural cycles and sound management. The sun, wind, wetlands, forests and croplands are examples of renewable resources. Renewable resources Resources normally replenished through natural processes Examples are trees, grasses, wild animals, surface water in lakes and rivers, most ground water, air and soil. reniform kidney-shaped repand upturned especially of caps in Agarics repeat sequences repeating of spores, giving rise to the same type of mycelium as that on which they developed. repellent A compound that keeps insects, rodents, birds, or other pests away from plants, domestic animals, buildings, or other treated areas. repent prostrate; creeping. Reproduction See: Facsimile. A copy of an original item, not necessarily in the same form. Reprography A range of processes used to copy or produce reproductions of items

by optical or photographic means - including photography, photocopying, and microfilming. RESERVOIR A permanent host or carrier from which infection is spread. Reservoir of resistance A phrase used to describe commensal bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials. These commensal bacteria will not cause disease in their hosts; however, the resistance may eventually be transferred to an organism that will cause an antimicrobial-resistant disease in another host. Selective pressure The influence exerted by some factor (such as an antibiotic) on natural selection to promote one group of organisms over another. In the case of antibiotic resistance, antibiotics cause a selective pressure by killing susceptible bacteria, allowing antibiotic-resistant bacteria to survive and multiply. residual Refers to the property of a substance (pesticides are one example) that allows it to remain in an area for an extended period. residual pesticide A pesticide that continues to be effective on a treated surface or area for an extended period following application. resistance the ability of an organism to exclude or overcome, completely or in some degree, the effect of a pathogen or other damaging factor resistant possessing qualities that hinder the development of a given pathogen; infected little or not at all Resolvent Promotes the resolving and removing of abnormal growths, such as a tumor. Resource recovery Recovery of materials or energy from garbage Respiration oxidation of the end products of glycolysis with the storage of energy in ATP. The oxidant can be oxygen but some bacteria use nitrate or sulphate. resting period the period of time taken by some sexual or other thick-walled fungal spores -- which are resistant to extremes in temperature and moisture -- to germinate after their formation; spores in this stage are called resting spores Resting spore A spore with prolonged survival potential, or a spore that is in a state of dormancy resupinate of a basidioma, lying flat on the substratum with the hymenium on the outer side. retention level refers to the amount of a particular preservative remaining in a cubic foot of wood after being treated. For instance, a .25 retention level means that about 1/4 pound of preservative is in every cubic foot of wood fiber. Preservative retention levels vary, based on the type of lumber and its intended use.

reticulate

net-like, marks made by lines veins or ridges which cross one another

reticulopodia Long thread-like pseudopodia that branch apart and rejoin, forming a fine network. They are characteristic of forams. retraction septum see adventitious septum. Retrogressive conidial development The conidiogenesis cell becomes shorter during the successive development of conidia. Returnable Can be returned and refilled. Reuse To use a product more than once. Reversibility Ability to undo a process or treatment with no or minimal change to the object. Reversibility is an important goal of conservation treatments, but it must be balanced against other treatment goals or options. Full and total reversibility is an ideal which is impossible to achieve. revolute with the edge rolled upwards or backwards. cf. involute. rhexolytic dehiscence in which the outer wall of a cell beneath or between conidia breaks down (Kendrick, 1992). cf. schizolytic. Rhinitis Inflammation of nasal mucosa. Rhinocladiella sp. Mitosporic fungus. Hyphomycetes. Teleomorph (sexual state): Capronia (Ascomycete). Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 10 species. Soil, herbaceous substrates and decaying wood. Dry spore. Wind. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Not studied. Three cases of subcutaneous infection have been reported. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Occasionally found on a variety of substrates. One species is called the cellar fungus, most commonly found on brickwork and adjacent timber in wine cellars. Not known. None. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Very small, slow growing colonies. May be overlooked on crowded plates. Not recognizable on spore trap slides; reported in "other colorless" category. Distinctive, and identifiable if sporulation structures are present on tape lifts. rhizoid Branching rootlike extensions that absorb water, food and nutrients in fungi and algae. Rhizoids A short branching root-like hyphae seen in some Zygomycetes. rhizome an underground stem, which is different from a root because of the presence of nodes, buds and leaves or scales rhizomorph multihyphal linear aggregate; linearly extending, compact

agglomeration of hyphae; generally hardened and melanized Rhizomucor sp. The Zygomycetous fungus is reported to be allergenic. It may cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. It occupies a biological niche similar to Mucor sp. It is often linked to occupational allergy. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye, and skin. Infection may have multiple sites. Rhizomycelium indeterminate growth form in zoosporic fungi. Effectively, a mycelium except usually much finer filaments that are closer in size to rhizoids. rhizoplast a fibrillar structure in a zoospore connecting the kinetosomes (at its proximal face) with the nuclear envelope. Rhizopus sp The Zygomycetous fungus is reported to be allergenic. It may cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. It occupies a biological niche similar to Mucor sp. It is often linked to occupational allergy. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye, and skin. Infection may have multiple sites. Zygomycete. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 12 species. Forest and cultivated soils, decaying fruits and vegetables, animal dung and compost; a parasitic plant pathogen on potato, cotton and various fruits. Dry spore. Wind. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Major. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Paprika splitter's lung, Wood trimmer's lung. "Sawmill lung" (an extrinsic allergic alveolitis) has been described from Swedish sawmills. Rhizopus is the principal cause of zygomycosis, which occurs primarily in patients suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis (rhinocerebral disease), malnutrition, severe burns, or who are immunocompromised. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Found on a variety of substrates. Common on spoiling food; less common on indoor environmental surfaces. Aw=0.93 (R. stolonifera). Used in cheese production, fermentation of various foods, for the production of alcohol and organic acids, and in paper production. None. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Grows well on general fungal media; frequently fills the petri dish. Rhizopus species may overgrow and inhibit other fungi. Some structures are visible to the naked eye, i.e. sporangia appear macroscopically as black dots in the midst of white, cottony mycelia. Distinctive, identifiable on spore trap slides. Some species produce spores which are angular and faintly pigmented with striations. The presence of zygomycetes is easily noted on tape lifts. Rhizopus is distinctive, readily identifiable, if rhizoids and all sporulating structures are clearly visible. Rhodotorula sp. A reddish yeast typically found in moist environments such as carpeting, cooling coils, and drain pans. In some countries it is the most common yeast genus identified in indoor air. This yeast has been reported to be allergenic. Positive skin tests have been reported. It has colonized terminally ill patients. ribosome (ribosomal RNA) rimose splitting radially

ring the membranous remnant of the partial veil Riparian Zone A zone of land along a river, stream or other body of water. rivulose marked with lines shaped like rivulets. Root Wad A upended mass of roots. Rootlet a system of cytoplasmic microtubules and filaments associated with the kinetosome (basal body) and the nucleus of motile cells. Also known as a rhizoplast. rostrum a beak-like process. adj. rostrate. rot the softening, discoloration and, often, disintegration of a succulent plant tissue as a result of fungal or bacterial infection rotein coat Viruses cannot replicate outside a living cell More information can be found at How viruses work (How Stuff Works, USA) Rubefacient An agent that causes reddening or irritation when applied to the skin. rugose wrinkled. rugulose finely wrinkled. rumposome a membranous organelle appressed to a lipid globule in zoospores of Chytridiales and Monoblepharidales to which the flagellar rootlet system microtubules run from the kinetosome (Barr, 1981). rust a disease caused by a member of the Uredinales (Uredinomycetes); also the common name for a species in this group. Rusts (and Smuts) These fungi are associated with plant diseases. In the classification scheme of the fungi, the smuts have much in common with the rusts, and they are frequently discussed together. Both groups produce wind-borne, resistant teliospores that serve as the basis for their classification and their means of spread. Rusts usually attack vegetative regions (i.e., leaves and stems) of plants; smuts usually are associated with the reproductive structures (seeds). They can cause hay fever and asthma. Rusts Fungal group. Uredinales. Basidiomycetes. Distribution Where Found Mode of Dissemination Ubiquitous; cosmopolitan. Approx. 14 families, 105 genera and 5,000 species. Grasses, flowers, trees and other living plant materials. Rusts have both wet and dry spores. Wind disperses the urediospores, teliospores, basidiospores, and aeciospores. The basidiospores and aeciospores have an active spore release mechanism. Allergen Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Potential Toxin Production Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). No reports of human infection. Not known. Growth Indoors Industrial Uses Other Comments Rusts do not grow indoors unless

their host plants are present. They are parasitic plant pathogens and need a living host for growth. Not known. Rusts are members of the Basidiomycetes class. They have a complex life cycle, producing five different spore types in two different plant hosts. Spore types include: basidiospores, pycniospores, aeciospores, urediospores, and teliospores. Characteristics: Growth/Culture Notes on Spore Trap Recognition Notes on Tape Lift Recognition Rusts do not grow on ordinary laboratory media. They require a living host plant for growth. Rust urediospores and teliospores are airborne; they are distinctive and readily identifiable on spore trap slides. Urediospores and teliospores are distinctive and readily identifiable on tape lifts. They may be found in dust as part of the normal influx of outdoor microbial particles. saccate sac- or bag-like. Saccharomyces sp. Reported to be allergenic. Baker's yeast. sagenogen a specialised organelle on the cell surface of Labyrinthulomycetes that produces the ectoplasmic net; bothrosome; sagenogenetosome. sagenogenetosome = sagenogen. sanitation the removal and burning of infected plant parts, decontamination of tools, equipment, hands, etc. SANITIZER One of three groups of anti-microbials registered by EPA for public health uses. EPA considers an anti-microbial to be a sanitizer when it reduces but does not necessarily eliminate all the microorganisms on a treated surface. To be a registered sanitizer, the test results for a product must show a reduction of at least 99.9% in the number of each test microorganism over the parallel control. Saponin A glycoside compound in plants, which, when shaken with water, has a foaming or "soapy" action. saprobe An organism that obtains its carbon and energy from dead organic matter. SAPROBIC use non-living organic materials to grow and reproduce. (see parasitic, symbiotic) saprophyte an organism that uses dead organic material for food saprophytes fungi that receive nourishment from dead organic material. Saprophytic living or dead organic matter. saprotroph an organism obtaining its nutrients from dead organic matter; saprobe. adj. saprotrophic, saprobic. Saprotrophic Using dead organisms as a source of nutrients. sapwood the outer, light-colored wood of the tree trunk, which is more susceptible to

attack by decay than the heartwood. SATRATOXIN one of the mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys chartarum. Sawyer A worker in a sawmill who decides the best way to saw logs into lumber. scab a discrete, superficial lesion involving localised severe roughening or pitting; more commonly abnormal thickening of the surface layers, with or without the development of cork (Holliday, 1989). scabrid rough with delicate and irregular projections. scabrous having conspicuous scales on the surface as in Leccinum scabrum, a common species introduced into California with the planting on non-native Birch trees. scald any disease symptom such as a lesion that looks like a scald from boiling water; the lesions are usually bleached and may be partly translucent. Scald head Ringworm, or some similar affliction, of the scalp. May also refer to a disease of the hair follicles with formation of small yellow crusts and a very offensive odor; usually affects the scalp. scale insects A large group of insects that are minute and highly specialized. The females are wingless and usually legless, while the males have only a single pair of wings or none at all. Adult male scales look like gnats, but can usually be recognized by the absence of mouthparts. The first immature stage is called a crawler and moves about to find a spot to feed. Later stages lose their legs and antennae (or they are greatly reduced) and lose the ability to move. These insects are one of the more destructive groups found on ornamental plants. scales These are flat unicellular outgrowths of the body wall in various shapes that are common to many groups of insects. Some example are: on butterflies and moths, scales are flattened plates that often contain pigments that lend color to the insect; in scale insects, scales are coverings made of waxy substances for the protection of eggs, nymphs, and adults. schizolytic dehiscence in which the halves of a double septum split apart by the breakdown of a kind of middle lamella (Kendrick, 1992). cf. rhexolytic. sclerenchyma supporting or protective tissue composed of thickened, dry and hardened cells SCLEROTIC BODY (sclerotic cell). The tissue form (yeast-like) of most agents of chromomycosis. Dark brown, single or in short chains, occasionally septate, 5 15 microns in diameter. Sclerotium a firm, rounded, resistant mass of hyphae.

sclerotium (pl. sclerotia) a vegetative, resting, food-storage body in certain higher fungi, composed of a compact mass of hardened mycelia Sclerotium (sclerotia) A mass of thick-walled cells formed by the vegetative hyphae that function as an organ of perennation. scolecospore an asexual spore with or without septa; with a length:breadth ratio greater than 15:1; with a single axis, not curved through more than 180 degrees; any protuberances, other than setulae, not more than 1/4 the length of the spore body (Kendrick & Nag Raj, 1979). See also conidium for other morphological types of conidia. Scopulariopsis sp. It may produce arsine gas if growing on arsenic substrate. (3). This can occur on wallpapers covered with paris green (3). It has been found growing on a wide variety of materials including house dust. It is associated with type III allergy (17). Scorbutic Concerning or affected with scurvy. scorch any disease symptom such as a lesion that suggests the action of fire on the affected part, especially on leaves or flowers. scrobiculate rounded depressions on the stipe of some species of mushrooms, as in Lactarius scrobiculatus. Scrofula Tuberculosis involving the lymph nodes of the neck, usually occurs in early life. Now very rarely seen. scutate like a round plate or shield. scutellum the shield-like cotyledon of certain monocots, such as bamboos secession of conidia, separation of conidia from the conidiogenous locus or neighbouring conidium by schizolysis or rhexolysis (Nag Raj, 1993). secondary infection any infection caused by inoculum produced as a result of a primary or a subsequent infection; an infection caused by secondary inoculum secondary inoculums inoculum produced by an infection that occurred during the same growing season Secondary metabolite compound produced by an organism (prokaryote and eukaryote) that is not required for the existence of the organism. Sedative Calms the nerves, allays excitement, induces relaxation, and is conducive to sleep. seedling the juvenile plant, grown from a seed

segment A ring or subdivision of the body or of an appendage between areas of flexibility associated with muscle attachments. Semimacronematous Having a conidiophore that is only slightly morphologically different from the vegetative hyphae. seminicolous growing on seeds. Senescence the deteriorative changes which natrually terminate the functional life of a plant or an organsuch as fruit. SENSITIVITY The ability to detect all patients with a specific disease. Sepedonium Most easily recognized by the spores, which are colorless to yellow, spiny, round, 1-celled, and produced singly at the ends of short filaments. Sometimes phialides of the Acremonium or Gabarnaudia type may also occur. A few species of Mortierella, as well as the human pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum, produce spores resembling those of Sepedonium. Isolated from soil, but most commonly parasitized mushrooms. Septa plates between sections of hyphae. septate Hyphal filaments possessing some form of crosswall. septum (pl. septa) wall perpendicular to the axis of a hypha; often with a pore (e.g. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota); true septa are associated with cytokinesis, retraction or pseudosepta are remnants of cytoplasmic deposition at the edge of the protoplast Septum (pl. septa) A cross wall in a hypha. sericeous silky. SEROLOGY The study of antigens or antibodies in peripheral blood to support, confirm or rule out certain diseases. Serpula lacrymans Common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I). Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms; chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema. serrate saw-toothed,used to describe the margin of gills

serrulate finely toothed sessile without a stalk seta a rigid hair, often dark in colour, often thick-walled, with or without septa, found in many taxonomic groups. pl. setae. setae A hardened, hairlike projection surrounded at the base by a small ring.

setula a fine, hair-like appendage which is extracellular in origin (Sutton, 1980). adj. setulose. Sexual reproduction a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents. SHORT-CIRCUITING Situation that occurs when the supply air flows to return or exhaust grilles before entering the breathing zone (area of a room where people are). To avoid short-circuiting, the supply air must be delivered at a temperature and velocity that results in mixing throughout the space. shot-hole a leaf-spot disease characterised by holes made by the dead parts dropping out of the lesions. Sialagogue Promotes the flow of saliva. SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS) SICK BUILDING SYNDROME

Term that refers to a set of symptoms that affect some number of building occupants during the time they spend in the building and diminish or go away during periods when they leave the building. Cannot be traced to specific pollutants or sources within the building. (Contrast with "Building related illness"). sieve tube a series of phloem cells forming a long cellular tube, through which food materials are transported Silver halide film Photographic film in which the light sensitive ingredient is a silver halide emulsion. Properly processed and stored silver halide film can be considered archival, and should be used for master microform production. sinuate notched used to describe gills which have a notch before attaching to the stem Size (sizing) Chemicals added to paper and board during manufacture to make it less absorbent, so that inks will not bleed, and the image will have better definition. Sizing can also be used to strengthen weak papers. Rosins, gelatin, starches and synthetic resins are used as sizing agents. Sizes used in permanentpapers are alkaline. skeletal hyphae hyphae that are thick-walled, unbranched or sparsely branched, aseptate, straight or slightly flexuous and have thin-walled apices. cf. binding hyphae, generative hyphae. Sleeping disease Sleeping sickness; commonly found in Africa. Also viral encephalitis in which lethargy is a prominent feature. slime flux a thick liquid exuding from branches and trunks of trees and associated with bacteria and fungi, and often also with gas production within the tree causing it

to split. Slipcase A well fitting open ended case into which a book may be slipped or pushed for protection, leaving the spine displayed. smut a disease caused by the smut fungi (Ustilaginales); it is characterized by masses of dark, powdery spores Smuts See Rusts.

Snag A standing dead tree; an important source of forest habitat. soft rot rotting of tissue, usually the parenchyma, by the activities of a pathogen on the middle lamella of cell walls. The cells become separated but retain their shape for some time. Softwood A cone-bearing tree or wood from such trees (Douglas-fir, cedar, pine). SOIL GAS The gas present in soil which may contain radon. SOIL-GAS-RETARDER A continuous membrane or other comparable material used to retard the flow of soil gases into a building. Soilage the process where pigmented green or blue mold spores from moldy fruit mar the appearance of healthy fruit in packed cartons. solarization turn and expose the soil to direct sunlight Solid waste Garbage, refuse and other discarded materials resulting from human activities; does not include hazardous waste, animal waste used as fertilizer, or sewage sludge. Solitary Alone. soluble vs. insoluble soluble substances, such as the preservatives used in wood treatment, may dissolve in particular liquids. However, when certain preservatives (such as inorganic arsenicals) are applied to wood under pressure, the preservatives become fixed to the wood cells and insoluble. Solvent A substance, usually liquid, that can dissolve another substance. soma (pl. somata); body; mycelium in filamentous fungi; cell in some Chytridiomycota and in yeasts Somatic hyphae nonreproductive hyphae. somatogamy mode of plasmogamy where (1) undifferentiated somatic hyphae fuse, of (2) conjugation tubes of basidiomycetous yeasts, fuse

sooty mould a sooty coating on foliage and fruit, formed by the dark hyphae of fungi that live in the honeydew secreted by insects such as aphids, mealybugs, scales and white flies Soporific Herbs that help to produce sleep. sorocarp the minute, usually microscopic, stalked fruit-body of the cellular slime moulds (Acrasiomycetes and Dictyosteliomycetes) formed by migration and aggregation of the cells composing the pseudoplasmodium. sorophore stalk of a sorocarp. sorus a small, simple, immersed or erumpent fruiting structure, consisting of a discrete mass of spores (often powdery at maturity) and sporogenous cells, sometimes with associated sterile hyphae or bounding (peridial) structures; found in Uredinales, Ustilaginales, Tilletiales, Albuginaceae (Peronosporales) and some other taxa; the superficially similar structures in some Synchytriaceae (Chytridiales). pl. sori. sorus (pl. sori) a cluster of spore mass of certain fungi SOURCE The clinical specimen most likely to yield the etiologic agent. ALSO The ecologic niche or natural nidus of the etiolgic agent. Source reduction Any activity that reduces the amount or toxicity of waste Source separation Separation of recyclables from garbage at the source by individuals and businesses. SOURCES Sources of indoor air pollutants. Indoor air pollutants can originate within the building or be drawn in from outdoors. Common sources include people, room furnishings such as carpeting, photocopiers, art supplies, etc. Spasmolytic Checking spasms or cramps. spathulate spoon shaped. specialist natural enemy A natural enemy with a very restricted diet. The most specialized natural enemies are those that attack only one species (for example, the sphecid wasp Larra analis is known to attack northern mole crickets only). Others may attack several species belonging to only one genus (for example, Ormia depleta is known to attack only two members of the genus Scapteriscus [tawny and southern mole crickets]). Specialist natural enemies may be useful in classical biological control. See Generalist Natural Enemy. species The basic unit of classification in biology. Examples are the bald eagle, the polar bear, the atala butterfly, and the tawny mole cricket. The word is both singular (a species) and plural (two species). Species are grouped into genera, and genera are grouped into families. The words kind, sort, type, strain, and variety are not part of this classification even though newspaper reporters often use them as if they were.

The species name usually is placed in italics or is underlined. The species name does not have a capital initial letter. Example: Periplaneta americana, the "americana" is the species name. Specific A remedy having a curative effect on a particular disease or symptom. SPECIFICITY The capacity to identify a disease correctly. Speratium a 'sex' cell. spermatium (1) a fertilizing sex cell, e.g. an oidium or the pycniospore of the Uredinales; (2) a microconidium in discomycetes and pyrenomycetes; (3) a nonmotile gamete (Hawksworth et al., 1983). pl. spermatia. spermatization mode of plasmogamy where the nucleus of a spermatium (nonmotile male, spore-like male gamete) is transferred into the female gametangium; known in some members of the Ascomycota (female gametangium is called the ascogonium which may posses a hair-like receptive hypha called a trichogyne), the Uredinales (rust fungi, in the Basidiomycota), and in the Florideophyceae (Rhodista, Rhodophyta) Spermatorrhea Abnormally frequent involuntary loss of semen without orgasm. spermogonium a structure producing spermatia, naked (as in some Ascomycota) or more or less surrounded by wall structures (as in many Uredinales). See also pycnium. sphaerocyst round swollen cells usually formed in clusters, characteristically found in the Russulaceae. Sphaerocysts make the flesh of Russulas brittle. sphaerocysts globose cells in the flesh of Russulaceae, Hypholoma and Stropharia sphaerocyte a globose cell of the pellis or veil. speculum see sterigma. spider mites These arthropods are not insects, but are in the same order as ticks, both of which are in the class Arachnida. They are very small and require a strong hand lens to see. Most are plant feeders and can do considerable damage. Some are important predators of other mites. See mites. spike a simple indeterminate inflorescence with sessile (attached by the base, without any other support) flowers along a single axis spikelet a secondary spike -- one of the basic units of the inflorescence in grasses -consisting of one or more florets on a thin axis, subtended by a common pair of glumes Spine The back edge of a book; opposite to the fore-edge.

spinose spiny. spinulose with minute spines. spiracle A breathing pore. Each segment of an insect's body has at least two spiracles on the lateral sides through which air enters the tracheae. These paired lateral openings lead from the exterior into the respiratory system of insects. The respiratory system has ducts (tracheae) throughout the body. splitting separations of the wood through the piece to the opposite surface or to an adjoining surface; caused by the tearing apart of wood cells. Spondylosis Abnormal immobility and fixation of vertebral joints. spora a population of fungal spores in a dispersal medium such as air or water. sporangiole a small sporangium without a columella, usually having only a small number (less than 50) of spores; sporangiolum. pl. sporangiola. cf. merosporangium. Sporangiolum (pl. ) A small sporangium producing a small number of sporangiospores. Sporangiophore a stalk supporting a sporangium. sporangiospore nonmotile, asexual, mitotically produced spore (mitospore) produced by members of the Zygomycota in sporangia Sporangium an organ producing endogenous asexual spores. Sporangium (pl. sporangia) A sac-like structure producing asexual spores endogenously by cytoplasmic cleavage. Sporangium(a) Specialized cell containing sporangiospores spore general term for a discrete, microscopic propagule; without qualification the term is vague and may apply to bacteria, plants, fungi, protozoa, chromistans; generally adapted for dispersal, and often for survival of adverse conditions or dormancy Spore (also conidia) reproductive structures of fungi (like seeds of plants). spore axis a line that passes through the centre of the spore from one extremity to the other. If there are more than two extremities, there is more than one axis. spore wall the walls of spores are usually layered. From the inner layer outwards these are referred to as endosporium, episporium, exosporium or epitunica, perisporium or myxosporium, and ectosporium.

sporidium a basidiospore of a species of Urediniomycetes, Ustomycetes and bunts and related taxa (Tilletiales and Filbasidiales); in the case of smuts and bunts, any spore other than an ustilospore. pl. sporidia. Sporobolomyces sp. Reported to be allergenic (7). sporocarp a multicellular structure in which spores form; a fruiting body Sporodochium a mass of tightly packed conidiophores. Sporodochium (pl. sporodochia) A cushion-shaped mass of hyphae bearing conidiophores. sporogenesis spore formation (Holmes, 1979). sporogenous producing or supporting spores; of yeasts, yeasts with teleomorphs in either the Ascomycota or the Basidiomycota. cf. asporogenous. sporophore spore-bearing hypha Sporothrix sp. Can cause sporotrichosis, but usually only in populations that are immune compromised. Sporotrichum sp. Reported to be allergenic. See also Sporothrix sp. for there is some taxonomic confusion between these two genera. This genus does not cause sporotrichosis. sporulate produce spores Sporulation the process in which the fungi produce reproduction structures, normally spores or conidia; the act of forming spores. squamose covered with scales squamule a small scale. adj. squamulose. squamulose covered with very small scales Stachybotrys sp. Aw (water activity) 0.94, optimum Aw (water activity) >0.98. Several strains of this fungus (S. atra, S. chartarum and S. alternans are synonymous) may produce a trichothecene mycotoxin Satratoxin H which is poisonous by inhalation. The toxins are present on the fungal spores. This is a slow growing fungus on media. It does not compete well with other rapidly growing fungi. The dark colored fungi grows on building material with a high cellulose content and a low nitrogen content. Areas with relative humidity above 55% and are subject to temperature fluctuations are ideal for toxin production. Individuals with chronic exposure to the toxin produced by this fungus reported cold and flu symptoms, sore throats, diarrhea, headaches, fatigue, dermatitis, intermittent local hair loss, and generalized malaise. The toxins produced by this fungus will suppress the immune

system affecting the lymphoid tissue and the bone marrow. Animals injected with the toxin from this fungus exhibited the following symptoms: necrosis and hemorrhage within the brain, thymus, spleen, intestine, lung, heart, lymph node, liver, and kidney. The mycotoxin is also reported to be a liver and kidney carcinogen. Affects by absorption of the toxin in the human lung are known as pneumomycosis. This organism is rarely found in outdoor samples. It is usually difficult to find in indoor air samples unless it is physically disturbed. The spores are in a gelatinous mass. Appropriate media for the growth of this organism will have a high cellulose content and a low nitrogen content. The spores will die readily after release. The dead spores are still allergenic and toxigenic. Percutaneous absorption has caused mild symptoms. STACK EFFECT The overall upward movement of air inside a building that results from heated air rising and escaping through openings in the building super structure, thus causing an indoor pressure level lower than that in the soil gas beneath or surrounding the building foundation. stage Any definite period in the development of an insect or mite; e.g. egg stage, larval stage, etc. Stand A distinct group of trees distinguishable from nearby stands. STATIC PRESSURE Condition that exists when an equal amount of air is supplied to and exhausted from a space. At static pressure, equilibrium has been reached. statismospore a basidiospore that is not forcibly discharged. cf. ballistospore. staurospore an asexual spore with or without septa; more than one axis; with axes not curved through more than 180 degrees; protuberances, other than setulae, present and greater than 1/4 the length of the spore body (Kendrick & Nag Raj, 1979). See also conidium for other morphological types of conidia. steinernematid nematode (Steinernematidae) A family of nematodes. All known species of steinernematid nematodes are entomopathogenic. They have three major developmental phases: egg, juvenile, and adult. One of the juvenile stages is capable of attacking (infecting) an insect host. Stellate : Star-shaped stem : see stipe. Stem-end: the end of the fruit at the point of attachment to the stem. Stemphylium sp. Reported to be allergenic. Isolated from dead plants and cellulose materials. Steppe A vegetation zone characterized by grasses, shrubs and few trees. sterigma an extension from the metabasidium, bearing a terminal basidiospore; it consists of an apical, spore-bearing projection (the spiculum), and a basal thin or

inflated stalk (the protosterigma). pl. sterigmata. Sterigma (pl. sterigmata) A small pointed structure upon which a basidiospore forms. Sterigma(ata) Microscopic outgrowths at the top of a basidium, on each of which a basidiospore is produced sterile failing to complete fertilization and produce seed, as a result of defective pollen or ovules; not producing seed capable of germination sterile paraphyses A sterile filament growing among reproductive cells in certain fungi and brown algae. sterilization the elimination of pathogens and other living organisms from soil, containers, etc. by means of heat or chemicals STERILIZER One of three groups of anti-microbials registered by EPA for public health uses. EPA considers an anti-microbial to be a sterilizer when it destroys or eliminates all forms of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their spores. Because spores are considered the most difficult form of a microorganism to destroy, EPA considers the term sporicide to be synonymous with "sterilizer." Stewardship Taking responsibility and caring for the Earth or any part of it Includes responsibility in using resources and creating as little waste and pollution as possible. stichobasidium a cylindrical holobasidium with nuclear spindles longitudinal and situated about the middle of the basidium (Donk, 1964). See also chiastobasidium, holobasidium. stigma Dense region of pigments found in many photosynthetic protists which is sensitive to light, and thus functions somewhat like a miniature eye. stilbaceous bearing synnemata. stilboid applied to small (to several mm high) stalked fruit-bodies with a swollen head (i.e. stipitate-capitate), which resemble in shape basidiomata of the genus Stilbum; found commonly in some Basidiomycota but also in other divisions. Stimulant An agent that causes increased activity of another agent, cell, tissue, organ, or organism. stipe stem usually of a toadstool stipe-columella a stipe which supports the receptacle and also penetrates the gleba forming a percurrent columella. stipitate with a stem

Stolon A running hypha from which rhizoids and sporangiospores arise. stoma specialised pore in epidermis of plant, through which some fungi infect; in gasteromycetes and some other groups, a small opening of the fruit-body through which spores are discharged. pl. stomata. cf. ostiole. stoma (pl. stomata) any of the small apertures in the epidermis of leaves, stems, etc., through which gases are exchanged Stomachic Substances which give strength and tone to the stomach. Also used to stimulate the appetite. stomatopodium a hyphal branch (appressorium) or 'plug' above or in a stoma of a plant (Hawksworth et al., 1983). strain A word used to label some pathogens (including insect pathogens) according to their geographical origin. For example, in the last few years a Hong Kong strain and a Beijing strain of human influenza virus have been labelled. Strains of the insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana likewise have been labelled. Strain does not mean the same thing as species. stramineous straw-coloured, yellowish. Strangury A slow and painful passage of the urine due to spasm of the urethra and urinary bladder. stria (pl. striae) a narrow stripe, streak, ridge or furrow, often in parallel arrangement Striate Having lines or minute furrows. strigose bearing large, bristle-like, coarse hairs. stripe a disease characterised by elongate lesions or discoloured areas on stems or on leaves with parallel venation. stroma a hard conglomerate of hyphae , found in some Ascomycetes stroma (pl. stromata) a compact mycelial structure on or in which fructifications are usually formed Stud An upright piece (usually made of wood or steel) used to frame a wall. Stylar-end the end of the fruit at the point of attachment of the style, which dropped off after flowering; opposite to the stem-end. Styptic Checking bleeding by contracting blood vessels. sub- prefix, under, below, less than; usually in the sense of approximating to the

qualified term. SUB-MEMBRANE DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEM A system designed to achieve lower sub-membrane air pressure relative to crawlspace air pressure by use of a fan-powered vent drawing air from under the soil-gas-retarder membrane. SUB-SLAB DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEM (ACTIVE) A system designed to achieve lower sub-slab air pressure relative to indoor air pressure by use of a fanpowered vent drawing air from beneath the slab. SUB-SLAB DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEM (PASSIVE) SUB-SLAB DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEM A system designed to achieve lower sub-slab air pressure relative to indoor air pressure by use of a vent pipe routed through the conditioned space of a building and connecting the sub-slab area with outdoor air, thereby relying solely on the convective flow of air upward in the vent to draw air from beneath the slab. Subalpine Region A region found in mountains just below timberline (or treeline). Subcostal Beneath the ribs. subdecurrent where gills run down the stem for only a short distance subgleba a sterile, filamentous or chambered tissue which supports the gleba (Miller & Miller, 1988). Subglobose Not quite round or spherical. subhymenium the generative tissue subtending the hymenium; hymenopodium. subhypothallic mode of fruit-body development in Myxomycetes subclass Myxogastromycetidae where the hypothallus forms as a sheath on top of the plasmodium during fruit-body formation, and tubular sporangial stalks are filled with cells or cell debris (Martin & Alexopoulos, 1969). See also epihypothallic. subiculum a net-, wool-, or crust-like growth of mycelium under fruit-bodies (Hawksworth et al., 1983). subpseudopodium a fine extension occurring at the leading edge of a pseudopodium. substrate the material on whioch a fungus grows e.g. on wood Substrates the components of a medium (q.v.) used by micro-organisms for growth. Subtherapeutics Drugs used at levels that are too low to be effective in controlling disease; antibiotics are commonly used in subtherapeutic doses for growth promotion for food animals.

subtormentose more or less woolly subulate slender, more or less cylindrical, and tapering to a point; awl-shaped. Succession A predictable natural pattern of changing conditions and species over time. Sudorific Herbs that cause heavy perspiration. sulcate grooved, not necessarily longitudinally. cf. canaliculate. Superbug Some bacterial strains have become resistant to so many antibiotics that they are sometimes referred to as "superbugs" or "supergerms." Examples of superbugs are Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to methicillin and vancomycin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a cause of many lung and burn infections), vancomycinresistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) (can cause an infection in the digestive system), and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the bacteria that causes TB). Some of these strains resist all known antibiotics - more than 100 different drugs. superficial occurring on the surface of the substratum; not enclosed by fungal or host tissue. superior where the ring is attached above the middle of the stem

supra- prefix, above; usually emphasising position or situation. Surrogate A copy of the information content of an original item in another medium, usually one which is more durable. See also: Reproduction and Facsimile. Susceptibility A measure of how well antimicrobials affect bacteria. Susceptible bacteria can be killed or inhibited by an antimicrobial. Suspensor a hypha supporting a gametangium or zygospore. suspensor cells In the Zygomycetes, the hyphae that bear the gametangia. Sustainable Able to support or maintain economically without depleting or damaging resources. swarm spore zoospore; mastigote propagule. Symbiont the smaller participant in a symbiotic (q.v.) relationship, which lives on or in the host. Symbiosis living together of unlike organisms. SYMBIOTIC grows in close association with another living organism, often to the benefit of both. (see saprobic, parasitic)

Sympodial A mode of conidiogenous cell growth which results in the development of conidia on a geniculate or zig-zag rachis. synanamorph any one of the two or more anamorphs which have the same teleomorph (Hawksworth et al., 1983). synascus the gametangium of the Protomycetales, formed by germination of a thickwalled resting spore, either as a vesicle external to the spore or enclosed by resting spore wall; also used for the gametangium of the Ascosphaerales. pl. synasci. Syncephalastrum sp. Can cause a respiratory infection characterized by a solid fungal ball. syncytic see Hexactinellida synnema consisting of a more or less compacted group of erect and sometimes fused conidiophores bearing conidia at the apex only or on both the apex and the sides (Hawksworth et al., 1983). pl. synnemata. Synnema (pl. synnemata) A group of erect conidiophores that are cemented together producing conidia at the apex and/or along the sides. synnematous with conidiophores borne in tightly packed clusters, as in a synnema. cf. mononematous. SYNONYM Another (especially a later or illegitimate) name for a species or taxonomic group. systemic spreading internally throughout the plant body systemic pesticide A pesticide that causes death or injury to pests when it is injested by them during feeding. Systemic materials are applied to plants or animals and are translocated to other parts of the plants or animals than those to which the material is applied. T-2 TOXIN a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. tachinid flies A family of flies. In this family the adults are free-living, and larvae are parasitoids of insects. There are four developmental phases - eggs, larva, pupa, and adult. These flies do not harm people or plants. Taxol A chemical, derived from the Pacific yew tree, used to treat ovarian cancer. taxonomy the classification of organisms to show relationships to other organisms. Teleomorph The sexual state of a fungus. teleomorphosis = teleomorph.

Teleutospore the resting spore of rusts from which the basidium is produced. teliospore the sexual, thick-walled, resting spore of the rust and smut fungi telium a sorus producing teliospores. Teratogen A substance that can cause the deformity of a fetus. TERMINAL Formed at the end of a structure. test Hard shell of certain unicellular protists. Tetrapolar sex factors in four groups. heterthallism tetraradiate of a spore, with four axes. tetraspore in a basidium, one of the spores from a four-spored basidium. cf. dispore. Tetters A once popular name for various eczematous skin diseases. May also refer to a skin disease of animals communicable to man with intense itching. textura fruit-body tissue, originally applied to discomycetes, now used for all ascomycetes and coelomycetes. Korf (1958) defined seven tissue types; the figures are reproduced in Hawksworth et al. (1983). Thallic A mode of conidial ontogeny where a conidium is formed from a pre-existing hyphal segment or cell. thalloconidium a conidium formed by thallic conidiogenesis; types include arthroconidium, chlamydospore. cf. blastoconidium. thallus the vegetative body of a fungus. theca General term for any stiff outer covering of a unicellular protist, and usually made up of interlocking plates. dinoflagellates and diatoms are examples of protists with thecae. Therapeutics Drugs used to treat disease.

Thermohygrograph A machine which records temperature and relative humidity. Sometimes called a hygrothermograph. Usually the results are plotted instantaneously on a chart recorder. To be effective thermohygrographs need to be well maintained and frequently calibrated against a standard measuring instrument such as a sling psychrometer. Automatic dataloggers are preferable. THERMOPHILES adapts to high temperatures. THERMOTOLERANT Ability to grow at high temperatures (usually above 42 C).

Thinning Reducing the number of trees in a stand. Trees from a pre-commercial thinning are not marketable. Trees from a commercial thinning are. thorax The fourth part (fourth from the body) of an insect's leg. thrips These are small (0.5 - 5.0 mm), slender insects with rasping-sucking mouthparts. Wings, when present, are very long, narrow and fringed with long hairs. Females are often larger then males and parthenogenesis occurs in some species. Most species feed on plants and many are serious pests of cultivated plants. A few species are predators of small arthropods. Thrips sometimes occur in large numbers and a few species may even bite people. Thrips is both singular and plural. See thrips. tibia The fourth part (fourth from the body) of an insect's leg. Timber A stand of trees suitable for sawing into lumber.

Timber Cruiser A worker who determines the amount of timber in an area of forest. Tincture A diluted alcohol solution of plant parts. TINEA Literally "moth". A clinical term meaning "ringworm". Tinea capitis Fungal skin disease of the scalp. tinsel see mastigoneme. Tipping fee The amount charged to dispose of garbage at a landfill or incinerator. Tipping in The attachment of one leaf or sheet of paper to another by means of a narrow strip of adhesive along one edge of the leaf. Tisane A term used frequently in Europe referring to popular herbal infusions, such as chamomile flowers, etc., which are commonly taken as a beverage or for mildly medicinal effects. tissue a group of cells of similar structure which performs a special function TLVs - Threshold Limit Values guidelines recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists tomentose covered with soft, matted hairs. Tonic An ambiguous term referring to a substance thought to have an overall positive medicinal effect of an unspecified nature (see adaptogenic). tormentose densely woolly; velvety or with thick soft hairs Torula Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Found in soil, dead vegetation, wood,

grasses, nuts and oats and air samples. Also found indoors on cellulose. Torula sp. Reported to be allergenic (7). Torula Yeast A product made from wood sugars recovered from the pulping process and used in baby foods, baked goods, vegetarian foods and beverages. Toruloid Having swellings at intervals. Toxic Poisonous; having the ability or property to produce harmful or lethal effects on humans or the environment One of the four hazardous waste characteristics (See also reactive, corrosive and ignitable.) toxicity the capacity of a compound to produce damage Toxin a toxic protein, usually of microbial origin. trabecula a beam-like projection or process; in Basidiomycota, a lamellar primordium or plates of tissue in a young gasteromycete gleba giving rise eventually to a branched columella; in Ascomycota, see paraphysoid. pl. trabeculae. TRACER GASES Compounds, such as sulfur hexaflouride, which are used to identify suspected pollutant pathways and to quantify ventilation rates. Trace gases may be detected qualitatively by their odor or quantitatively by air monitoring equipment. trama name given to the flesh or context of the cap or gills

tramal plate in gasteromycetes, layer of tissue partially or entirely devoted to the production of basidia. Transducer A device that converts one type of signal, such as light emitted, to an electrical signal transduction Viral transfer of DNA to new host. Transfer station Intermediate facility at which municipal solid waste is transferred from collection vehicles into larger trucks or rail cars for transport to its final disposal destination. translucent-striate of a pileus, appearing striate because the lamellae are visible through the thin pileus. transmission the transfer or spread of a virus or other pathogen from one plant to another Transpiration The process by which plant tissues release water. Transposon A small amount of DNA that can easily move between genetic

elements such as chromosomes and plasmids. Transposons often carry genes specifying antimicrobial resistance. Trash Material considered worthless, unnecessary or offensive that is usually thrown away. trehalose one of the principal transport, reserve carbohydrates in fungi (mannitol, a sugar alcohol is also common); a disaccharide composed of two glucose units (1,1 glucose); also found in some higher plants in animals tretic of conidiogenesis, enteroblastic conidiogenesis in which each conidium is limited by an extension of the inner wall of the conidiogenous cell. cf. phialidic. trichocyst Organelle in ciliates and dinoflagellates which releases long filamentous proteins when the cell is disturbed. Used as a defense against would-be predators. Trichoderma sp It is commonly found in soil, dead trees, pine needles, paper, and unglazed ceramics. It often will grow on other fungi. It produces antibiotics which are toxic to humans. It has been reported to be allergenic (7, 17). It readily degrades cellulose. Trichogyne the receptive hyphae of a female organ. Trichophyton sp. Can cause ringworm; athlete's: foot, skin, nail, beard and scalp. Reported to be allergenic. Found on soil and skin. Trichothecium sp. Aw 0.90 (5). Conidia dimensions 12-23 x 8-10 microns (5). Found in decomposing vegetation, soil, corn seeds and in flour (5). The species Trichothecium roseum can produce a trichothecene toxin which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals (5). Reported to be allergenic (7). trimitic having three types of hyphae generative, skeletal and binding. cf. dimitic, monomitic. Tritirachium sp. Reported to be allergenic (7). troop a group of hundreds or even thousands of fruit-bodies, especially basidiomata, in a few square metres. truncate ending abruptly as though the end had been cut off. tuberculate bearing small, wart-like processes or nodules; of a fruit-body, raised or wart-like in shape. Tuberculostatic Arresting the tubercle bacillus (the germ responsible for causing tuberculosis). tuberiform tuber-like.

tubes hollow cylindrical structures that bear the hymenium . They replace the gills in polypores tunica a coat; in conidia, a rigid layer, exterior to the cell wall, as opposed to a mucilaginous sheath. adj. tunicate. turbinate top-shaped; flattened at the apex and abruptly tapered at the base. TVOCs. Total volatile organic compounds. See "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)" tylosis a balloon-like enlargement, protruding into the cavity of a cell, and thus blocking it. pl. tyloses. Ulocladium Major allergen. Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma). Ulocladium crossreacts with Alternaria, adding to the allergenic burden of Alternaria-sensitive patients. Has an Aw (water activity) of 0.89. Isolated from dead plants and cellulose materials. Found on textiles. Rare subcutaneous tissue infection. Ulocladium sp. Has an Aw (water activity) of 0.89. Isolated from dead plants and cellulose materials. Found on textiles. ultrastructure Ultraviolet light (UV) Light having a shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light. Ultraviolet light is potentially damaging to library, archive and museum objects. Removing UV light can reduce the rate of deterioration. Certain acrylic sheets have UV filtering chemicals built into them. umbilicate of a pileus, having a small hollow on the top above the stipe. umbo a raised conical mound on the centre of the cap

umbonate cap with a raised knob in the centre uncinate hooked. Underburns small trees. Fires that burn across the forest floor and kill grasses, shrubs and

undulate wavy, not flat. undulipodium Another term for a eukaryotic flagellum. Uneven-aged A forest where the trees are different ages. ungulate hoof-shaped Uniserate Phialides arising directly from a vesicle as in Aspergillus.

uniseriate of spores in an ascus, in one row. cf. biseriate. UNIT VENTILATOR A fan-coil unit package device for applications in which the use of outdoor- and return-air mixing is intended to satisfy tempering requirements and ventilation needs. unitunicate of an ascus, without an inner wall; with one wall, the wall layers not splitting apart at discharge. cf. bitunicate, prototunicate. universal veil in agarics and gasteromycetes, a layer of tissue that initially covers the basidioma. See also volva. urceolate deeply concave; urn-shaped. urediniosore (pl. urediniosori) see uredinium urediniospore in Uredinales, a repeating vegetative spore, usually on a dikaryotic mycelium; typically aseptate, pedicellate, deciduous, pigmented, usually echinulate or sometimes finely verrucose and usually with two or more germ pores. uredinium in Uredinales, a sorus producing urediniospores. pl. uredinia. adj. uredinial. uredinium (pl. uredinia) the fruiting structure of the rust fungi in which urediospores are produced; also called urediniosore (pl. urediniosori) urediospore (or urediniospore) a dikaryotic, repeating spore of the rust fungi Urediospores a nonresistant propagative spore of the rusts. Uredospores Dikaryotic spores of rust fungi (Uredinales) ustidium term used for the basidium of Ustilaginales and Tilletiales (Moore, 1985). ustilospore the spore of a smut (Ustilaginales) or bunt (Tilletiales) which, on germination, gives rise to a basidium or, more rarely, a hypha; formerly called chlamydospore or teliospore. Uterotonic Having a positive effect on an unspecified nature of the uterus. utriform bag-like; sac-like. UV filter A material used to filter the ultraviolet rays out of visible light. vaccine A preparation consisting of antigens of a disease-causing organism which, when introduced into the body, stimulates the production of specific antibodies or altered cells This produces an immunity to the disease-causing organism The antigen in the preparation can be whole disease-causing organisms (killed or weakened) or

parts of these organisms vacuole Membrane-bound fluid-filled space within a cell. In most plant cells, there is a single large vacuole filling most of the cell's volume. Some bacterial cells contain gas vacuoles. VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM (VAV) VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEM Air handling system that conditions the air to constant temperature and varies the outside airflow to ensure thermal comfort. vascular bundle a longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem that forms the fluid-conducting channels in vascular plants Vasoconstrictor An agent that causes blood vessels to constrict, or narrow the caliber. Vasodepressant Lowers blood pressure by dilatation of blood vessels; having a depressing influence on circulation. Vasodilator An agent that causes blood vessels to relax and dilate. vector The intermediate host, of disease-producing organisms, which conveys them. vegetative asexual; somatic veil see universal veil, partial veil, and marginal veil. velum veil. velutinous thickly covered with delicate hairs; velvety. VENTILATION AIR Defined as the total air, which is a combination of the air brought inside from outdoors and the air that is being re-circulated within the building. Sometimes, however, used in reference only to the air brought into the system from the outdoors; this document defines this air as "outdoor air ventilation." VENTILATION RATE The rate at which indoor air enters and leaves a building. Expressed in one of two ways the number of changes of outdoor air per unit of time (air changes per hour, or "ach") or the rate at which a volume of outdoor air enters per unit of time (cubic feet per minute, or "cfm"). ventricose enlarged in the middle Vermicidal Having worm-killing properties; an agent that kills worms; a vermifuge. Also Vermicide. Vermicomposting Use of red worms to compost organic waste.

Vermiculture Also known as vermicomposting or worm composting. A type of composting using a variety of worm species instead of solely micro-organisms vermiform worm-like. Vermifuge Having worm-killing properties; an agent that kills worms. Verrucose Having many warts. verruculose delicately verrucose. versicoloured of different colours. cf. concolorous. Verticillate Having branches arranged in verticils or whorls. Verticillium sp. Conidia (spores) dimensions 2.3-10 x 1-2.6 microns. Found in decaying vegetation, on straw, soil, and arthropods. A rare cause of corneal infections. Vesicant An agent that causes blistering, such as poison ivy. Vesicle A swollen cell. vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza see mycorrhiza. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) A mycorrhiza produced by members of the Glomales, in which characteristic structures are formed within host cells Vesicular film A type of microform in which the image consists of tiny bubbles or vesicles in a polymer binder and is developed by heat. It is used mainly for duplication of master microfilm. It is less expensive than silver halide film, but is not considered archival. villous (villose) covered with long, soft hairs. cf. hirsute. vinaceous pinkish virgate streaked. Virgin Fiber Wood fiber that has never been recycled. Virgin fibers are made from wood. Virgin material Material extracted from natural resources. VIRULENCE Degree of pathogenicity; the disease producing capacity of an organism. virulent capable of causing a severe disease; strongly pathogenic virus A submicroscopic infectious ageApressorium (singular) Apressoria (plural)

organ produced by plant pathogens for directpenetration. virus (pl., viruses) Simple organisms, which are neither animals nor plants, consisting of a nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (singular virus). Some viruses are entomopathogens. viscid very sticky. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VOC, VOCs (VOC's) - compounds produced by mold as products of primary and secondary metabolism. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Carboncontaining chemicals that are emitted or evaporate into the atmosphere. For example, many organic solvents are liquids at room temperature and pressure, but have a low boiling point and thus evaporate readily to air. The Solvents Directive defines a VOC as any organic compound that has a vapour pressure of 0.01 kPa or more. Compounds that vaporize (become a gas) at room temperature. Common sources which may emit VOCs into indoor air include housekeeping and maintenance products, and building and furnishing materials. In sufficient quantities, VOCs can cause eye, nose, and throat irritations, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, memory impairment; some are known to cause cancer in animals; some are suspected of causing, or are known to cause, cancer in humans. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur at the levels of VOCs typically found in public and commercial buildings. Vole A small rodent most closely related to lemmings and muskrats. Volva the caplike lower part of the veril oftoadstools. Vulnerary An agent or herb used for healing wounds, fresh cuts, etc., usually used as a poultice. Wallemia sp. Aw 0.75. Conidia dimensions: 2.5-3.5 microns. Found in sugary foods, salted meats, dairy products, textiles, soil, hay and fruits. wasps Many families of 4-winged insects (including hundreds of thousands of species worldwide) which are related to ants and bees. These families comprise the order Hymenoptera. Many wasps are smaller than a pin-head while a few are a couple of inches from wing-tip to wing-tip. Waste Anything that is unwanted and is discarded. Waste audit An inventory of the amount and type of solid waste that is produced at a location Waste exchange A system in which one person's waste becomes another's resource. Waste stream All the waste generated in an area or a facility. Waste-to-energy facility Municipal solid waste incinerator that converts heat from

combustion into steam or electricity. WATER ACTIVITY (aw) a measure of water within a substrate that an organism can use to support growth. water repellent treated wood lumber impregnated with water repellent and preservatives. Water tear/torn Pulling paper apart along a moistened line to produce soft, feathered edges. Used in paper/paste repairs. Wetland An area which is regularly wet or flooded; a wetland generally has standing water part of each year. wettable powder Another popular residual spray formulation. A wettable powder is an insecticide in which the active ingredient has been added to a fine absorptive clay. The clay is then mixed with a wetting agent in water to form a liquid spray. White goods Used household appliance that have become waste (stoves, refrigerators, freezers, etc.) White Ledger A high-grade, bleached paper commonly used for copy paper and other office paper. white wood lumber intended for treating that has not yet treated been treated. whiteflies These are very small insects, seldom more than 2 or 3 mm in length, that resemble tiny moths. The adults of both sexes are winged and are usually covered with a white dust or waxy powder. First instars are active and are called crawlers. Later instars are sessile and look like scales. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts which they use to suck sap from the leaves of plants. They also excrete large mounts of honeydew which sooty-mold grows upon. Some whitefly species are serious pests of cultivated plants. See whiteflies. Whites See leukorrhea. Wildfire A fire burning out of control. wilt loss of rigidity and drooping of plant parts, generally caused by insufficient water in the plant Windrow A row of contaminated material arranged in rows to allow natural degradation processes witches'-broom broom-like growth or massed proliferation caused by the dense clustering of branches of woody plants Woody Debris Fallen dead wood or large branches; an important source of nutrients and habitat. Woody debris is also a source of fuel for fire.

Woronin bodies the highly refractive, globose to oval microbodies in cells of Ascomycota, present especially in the cytoplasm on either side of septal pores. Woronin body Electron-dense, spherical, membrane-bound proteinaceous structure found in hyphae of Ascomycotina and some Deuteromycotina, located near septa wound physical damage of a plant, caused by an insect, animal, physical or chemical agent WWPI Western Wood Preservers Institute is the trade association representing the pressure-treating industry in western North America. WWPI technical staff provides information on use, selection, and specification of pressure-treated wood. XEROPHILLIC FUNGI colonize very dry materials with minimum aw>0.8. (See Xerotolerant, Hydrophilic.) XEROTOLERANT FUNGI colonizes relatively dry materials with minimum aw <0.8 and optimum aw >0.8 Can colonize damp materials also. (See Xerophillic, Hydrophilic.) A fungus capable of growing on substrates possessing a low water potential, i.e. water activities below 0.85. Yard waste Organic matter from mowing, trimming, pruning, weeding, etc. ycete fungus which is considered common to the indoor environment. Reported to be allergenic. May cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye and skin. Infection may have multiple sites. Yeast Various yeasts are commonly identified on air samples. Some yeasts are reported to be allergenic. They may cause problems if a person has had previous exposure and developed a hypersensitivity. Yeasts may be allergenic to susceptible individuals when present in sufficient concentrations. zonate marked with zones, as of colour or texture ZONE The occupied space or group of spaces within a building which has its heating or cooling controlled by a single thermostat. zoogamete see planogamete. adj. zygogamous. ZOOPHILIC Infecting lower animals rather than man. zoosporangium a sporangium producing zoospores. Specialized cell in which zoospores develop, and from which they released Zoospore (pl. Zoospores) Motile sporangiospore capable of swimming in water by means of one or two flagella

Zostera a submersed marine aquatic herb used as a substrate by members of the Labyrinthulomycota. A member of the Eel grass family (Monocot, Zosteraceae), it is found all along the coasts of North America and Europe. zygomycete common name for a member of the Zygomycota, the zygospore being the diagnostic character. Zygomycota phylum of fungi characterized by the formation of zygospores in zygosporangia which contain meiotic nuclei zygosporangium (pl. zygosporangia) A sexual structure formed from the fusion of two multinucleate gametangia. Zygospore (pl. Zygospores) in Zygomycota, a specialised hyphal branch involved in copulation. Spore formed following fusion of two gametangia in the Zygomycotina. A thick-walled sexual spore formed by the fusion of two similar gametangia; characteristic of the Zygomycetes. Zygote the result of the fusion of two gametes. zygotic meiosis A life cycle with zygotic meiosis is one in which the organism exists for most of its life as a haploid multicellular organism. The only diploid stage in the life cycle is the zygote. Zymotic Caused by or pertaining to any infectious or contagious disease.

Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research, April 2003 Access statistics to this site is provided by