Euphorbiaceae

Family 147.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Literature:
Airy Shaw, HK. 1975. The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. Kew Bulletin Add. Series 4
Airy Shaw, HK 1980. The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin Add. Series 8
Airy Shaw, HK 1981. The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bulletin 36: 239-374.
Airy Shaw, HK 1983. An Alphabetical Enumeration of the Euphorbiaceae of the Philippine
Islands, 56 pp.
Airy Shaw, HK 1972. The Euphorbiaceae of Siam. Kew Bull. 26: 191---363.
Airy Shaw, HK 1975. The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 1---245.
Airy Shaw, HK 1980. The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 1---243.
Airy Shaw, HK 1981. The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra. Kew Bull. 36: 239---374.
Airy Shaw, HK 1982. The Euphorbiaceae of Cental Malesia (Celebes, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda
Is.). Kew Bull. 37: 1---40
Airy Shaw, HK 1983. An alphabetical enumeration of the Euphorbiaceae of the Philippine Islands.
Kew Botanical Gardens, Richmond.
Backer, CA & Bakhuizen van den Brink f., RC 1963. Flora of Java 1: 441-505. NVP Noordhoff,
Groningen.
Backer, CA & Bakhuizen van den Brink f., RC 1968. Flora of Java 3: 648, 649. Wolters-Noordhoff
NV, Groningen.
Whitmore, T.C. 1973. Tree Flora of Malaya 2: 34---136. Longman, London.
Manuscripts:
Dressler: Philippine Cleistanthus
Esser, H.-J.: Hippomaneae except for Excoecaria
Schot, A: Aporosa
Welzen, P.C. van: Homonoia, Spathiostemon
Widuri, R. & Welzen, P.C. van. A revision of the genus Cephalomappa (Euphorbiaceae).
Accepted for Reinwardtia.
RAW CHECKLIST:
The checklist only contains the names of the accepted taxa and an indication of their distribution:
T = Thailand, MA = Malay Peninsula, S = Sumatra, J = Java, B = Borneo, P = Philippines, C =
Sulawesi (Celebes), MO = Moluccas, L = Lesser Sunda Islands, N = New Guinea
Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser
Sunda Isls, New Guinea
Acalypha Linnaeus
Revision:
Sagun, VG, GA Levin & PC van Welzen. 2010. Revision and phylogeny of Acalypha
(Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 55: 21-60.
Acalypha amentacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3 (1832) 676; --Merr., EPFP 4 (1925) 243; --Airy
Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; --Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 30, Fig. 2a, 3a, 6a1a2; Map 2.
Acalypha stipulacea Klotzch, Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1, 416; --Fern.-Villar, Novis. App.
(1880) 193; --S Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 143; --Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27
(1905) 77; PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 81; ibid. 3 c (1908) Bot. 417; ibid. 5 c (1910) 192, pro obs.; -Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1275; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 293; Type: Cuming 621 (B*, holo; iso A,
BM, G, K 2sheets*, L, LE, MO). Philippines, unlocalized.
Ricinocarpus stipulaceus (Klotzsch) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 618.
Acalypha luzonica Pax & Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 85 (1924) 154; --Merr., EPFP 4 (1925) 243. Lecto
[designated by Sagun et al. (2010)]: FB 18219 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (K*, holo). Luzon:
Benguet prov., Mt Pulag, Jan 1909.
Acalypha meyeri Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 85 (1924) 165; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 2. -- Lectotype [designated by Sagun et al. (2010)]: FB 2847 Meyer (SING; iso US).
Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles.
Acalypha warburgii Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 85 (1924) 155; Airy Shaw (1983) 3; --Type:
Warburg 13135 (holo B). Luzon: Quezon prov., Sampaloc.
Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea.
BABUYAN ISLS and N LUZON to PALAWAN, MINDANAO and the SULU
ARCHIPELAGO. Lowland and medium altitude thickets, old clearings, etc. Common.
Fern.-Vill. (1880) 193;
Acalypha angatensis Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 750; --Fern.-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 193; --Merr.,
2.
Acalypha tomentosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 750; ed. 2 (1845) 516; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 150.
Acalypha grandis Muell.-Arg. var. velutina Muell.-Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 441; --Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip.
(1885) 143; --Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 357. Type: Cuming 1159 (K*, 3 sheetss). Luzon: Albay
prov.
Taiwan to Polynesia.
BATANES and N LUZON to MINDANAO. In thickets, chiefly at medium alrtitudes,
ascending to 1500m.
Acalypha australis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1003; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 445; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35
(1980) 584; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2.
NE to S China, Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines.

LUZON: Cagayan. In open places
near streams and settlements. (Merr 2:445)
Acalypha caturus Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 629, excl. synon. L.; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 445; --Airy
Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 23; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 51.
Acalypha cardiophylla Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 80; EPFP 2 (1923) 445, in syn. pro A. caturus.
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser

Sunda Isls.
LUZON: Benguet, Bataan, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, LEYTE, SAMAR,
MINDANAO. Thickets and forests along streams at low and medium altitudes.
A. cardiophylla could be the proper name for Philippine plants.
Acalypha grandibracteata Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 191; EPFP 2 (1923) 445; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2. Type: BS 3607 Fenix.
BATAN, BABUYAN ISLS. Low altitude thickets. An ally of A. amentacea Roxb.

Acalypha indica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1003; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 292; EPFP 2 (1923) 446; --Airy
2 (1973) 51.
Tropical Africa, India, China, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Philippines,
Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Polynesia.
Throughout the Philippines. A common weed in and about towns, in thickets, waste
places, etc.
Acalypha lanceolata Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 524; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
2; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51.
Acalypha boehmerioides Fernandez-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 194; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 292; EPFP 2
(1923) 445; non Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1861) 459;
Sp. Blancoanae (1918)
Widespread in the Old World Tropics.

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, BASILAN, MINDANAO. In and
about towns at low altitudes, on thickets, old stone walls, etc.
Acalypha pulogensis Sagun & GA Levin, Blumea 52 (2007) 357, Fig. 4. --Type: PNH 4372
Celestino (L, holo; iso: L). Luzon: Benguet prov., Kabayan, Mt Pulag, altitude 2000m, 2 Mar 1948.
LUZON: Benguet (Mt Pulag). Known only from the type collection.
Acalypha warburgii Pax & Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 85 (1924) 155; --Merr., EPFP 4 (1925)
244; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3. Type: Warburg 13135.
LUZON: Quezon.
Non-naturalized:
Acalypha hispida Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (1768) 303, t. 61, Fig. 1; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 445; --Airy
Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2.
Probably a native of SE Malaya, now cultivated in most tropical countries. Grown as a

common ornamental plant throughout the Philippines, but nowhere spontaneous.
Acalypha wilkesiana Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 817; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 293;
EPFP 2 (1923) 446; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3.
Native of Polynesia, now cultivated in most tropical countries, introduced to the

Philippines around 1905, since then widely cultivated throughout the archipelago but
nowhere spontaneous.
Actephila Blume
Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) Muell.-Arg. var. javanica (Miq.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl.,
Pflanzenreich 81 (1822) 192; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 390; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 3; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 52; -- Actephila javanica Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat.
12 (1859) 359. Type from Java.
Actephila dispersa Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 276; --Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1273; --Pimeleodendron
dispersum Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 308; --Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreich 52 (1912) 56. Type: Elmer 7245 (L*,
iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., Palo, Jan 1905.
Actephila gitingensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 903; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3. Type:
Elmer 12141 (PNH, holo, lost; iso MO*, NY*, US*). Sibuyan: Magallanes (=Magdiwang), Mt Gitinggiting, in stony gravelly soil along the Pauala riverbed at 1250ft, Apr 1910.
Actephila gigantifolia Merr. in Philip. Bur. Forestry Bull. 1 (1903) 29, non (?) Koord.
Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and off-shore islands, Singapore, Java, Borneo,
Philippines.
LUZON: Cagayan, PALAWAN, BANCALAN, SIBUYAN, LEYTE, JOLO, MINDANAO,
SIARGAO, DINAGAT. Low and medium altitude primary forests.
Actephila magnifolia Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 904; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 390; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3. Type: Elmer 12303 (MO*, NY*, US*). Sibuyan: Magallanes
(=Magdiwang), Mt Giting-giting, compact fertile soil of a forested incline at 1000ft, Apr 1910.
LUZON: Camarines, SIBUYAN. Lowland primary forest, ascending to 300m. According

to Airy Shaw (1983), probably a luxuriant form of A. excelsa var. javanica
Ined. names? (not in IPNI)
Actephila grandibracteata xxx not in IPNI
Philippines
Actephila luzonica xxx not in IPNI
Philippines
Actephila meyeri xxx Not in IPNI
Philippines.
Actephila warburgii xxx Not in IPNI
Philippines
Agrostistachys Dalz
Revision:
Sevilla, S & PC van Welzen. 2001. Revision and Phylogeny of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis
(Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 71--97.
Agrostistachys borneensis Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 331; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3.
Agrostistachys leptostachya Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 57 (1912) 102; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
428; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3. Type from Borneo: Sarawak.
Borneo, Philippines.
LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO: Surigao. Lowland and medium altitude forests along
streams. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.
Agrostistachys indica Dalz. in Hook., J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2 (1850) 41; --Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. 14 (1960) 472; Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 210; Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 312; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4
(1975) 26; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 24; --Sevilla & Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 83, Map 4.
Type from India: Bombay.
Agrostistachys indica var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & Hoffm.in Engl., Pflanzenreich 57 (1912) 102; --Merr.,
EPFP 2 (1923) 428; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; --Agrostistachys
maesoana Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1868) 242; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 428. --Type: Vidal
897 (PNH, holo, lost; iso A, AAU*, L*). Luzon: Quezon Prov., Guinayangan.
S India, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo,

Philippines, and New Guinea.
LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon, PALAWAN, BANCALAN, PANAY,
NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO, BASILAN. Lowland primary and secondary
dipterocarp forest understorey, frequent along streams and dry water courses,
ascending to 400m. Flowering Jan- Feb, Apr-Jul; fruiting Mar-Jul, Sept-Oct.
Alchornea Swartz
Alchornea parviflora (Benth.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 168; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 438;
--Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; --Stipellaria parviflora Benth. in Hook., J. Bot.
Kew Miscel. 6 (1854) 4. Type: Cuming 1800.
LUZON: Bulacan, Rizal, PALAWAN, NEGROS, LEYTE. Lowland and medium altitude
second-growth forests and thickets.
Alchornea petalostyla Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 395; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
4. Type:
Philippines
Alchornea pubescens Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 399; EPFP 2 (1923) 438; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4. Type: FB 22724 Castillo.
LUZON: Cagayan. Lowland forests.
Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 170; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 438; -Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 53.
Nicobar Isls, Burma, S China, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo,

Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea.
BABUYAN ISLS and N LUZON to PALAWAN, BALABAC, and MINDANAO. Low and
medium altitude thickets, secondary forests, etc. Common.
Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 192; Fl. Manila (1912) 297; EPFP 2 (1923)
439; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; --Excoecaria sicca Blanco, Fl. Filip.
(1837) 787, ed. 2 (1845) 542, ed. 3, 3 (1879) 193, t. 307. Type: Not extant; Merrill Sp. Blancoanae
642 (K*, neotype, isoneo L*). Luzon: Metro-Manila, Makati, along banks of the Pasig River opposite
Guadalupe, April 1914.
LUZON: Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, Manila, Laguna. Lowland thickets along small
streams.
Aleurites JR & G Forster

Revision:
Stuppy, W, PC van Welzen, P Klinratana & MCT Posa. 1999. Revision of the genera Aleurites,
Reutealis and Vernicia (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 44: 73--98.
Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 590; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 290; EPFP 2
(1923) 448; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 29; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; Kew Bull.
20 (1967) 393; Kew. Bull. 26 (1972) 213; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 54; Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 29; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 26; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 252;
Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 5; Alph. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983): 4; --Stuppy et al., Blumea 44
(1999) 80, Fig. 1j-m; --Jatropha moluccana L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1006. --(Lecto)type from the
Moluccas
Native of tropical Asia and Oceania: from India and China, Thailand, Sumatra,
Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines (throughout), Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda
Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, to Polynesia and New Zealand. Widely cultivated in the
tropics generally. Occurring wild and cultivated, from sea-level up to at least 1000m
altitude on a variety of substrates, both on red loam and stony clay ground, on sand and
limestone, sometimes in periodically rather dry areas (J.J. Smith 1910). Young plants
are common as pioneers in disturbed gaps or margins of the vineforest (Forster 1996).
Antidesma Linnaeus (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)

Baccaurea Loureiro (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Balakata Esser
Revision:
Esser, HJ. 1999. A Partial Revision of the Hippomaneae (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 44:
149-215.
Balakata luzonica (Vidal) HJ Esser, Blumea 41 (1999) 157, Fig. 1, map 1; --Sapium luzonicum
(Vidal) Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 577; EPFP 2 (1923) 461; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.
(1983) 44; --Myrica luzonica Vidal, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 40, t. 90 B. Type: Vidal 610 (K, lecto,
chosen by Esser, 1999). Luzon: Rizal prov., San Mateo.
Sapium lateriflorum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 83, nom. illeg., non Hemsley [Hooker's Icon. Pl. (1901) tab.
2680]; --Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1303; --Merr., PJS (1920) 577. Type:
Sapium merrillianum Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.v (1912) 243, nom. nov. Type: FB
2565 Borden (PNH, holo, lost; iso in K, P, US). Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao River, Mt Mariveles.
Urandra elliptica Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 195, non Schellenb. (1924), nom. illeg. =Stemonurus ammui
(Kaneh.) Sleum., Icacinaceae; PJS 16 (1920) 577; --Sleumer, Blumea 17 (1969) 263. --Type: FB
20003 Topacio (PNH, holo, lost; iso in US). Luzon: Bataan prov.
New Guinea, Moluccas (Mangoli), Sulawesi and the Philippines.

LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO,
MINDANAO, BUCAS GRANDE. Primary or secondary lowland semi-deciduous forests,
also on limestone hills. May be locally very common and conspicuous on account of
straight boles with scaly peeling bark. On clay, sand, or volcanic soils, altitude 10-120m.
Flowering Oct.-Dec, Mar.; fruiting Feb.-Jun; Sept.
Bischofia Blume = see under Family 161. Staphyleaceae
Blachia Baillon
Blachia andamica (Kurz) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 403; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975)
57; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1972) 68.
Blachia philippinensis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 277; EPFP 2 (1923) 455. Type: FB 4128 Curran (not
seen). Palawan: Palawan prov., near Puerto Princesa, Apr 1906.
India (Assam), Burma (?), Andaman Isls, Thailand, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia,
Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi.
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Pangasinan, PALAWAN. Lowland thickets and forests
in the more seasonal areas of the archipelago.
Blumeodendron (Mueller-Argovensis) Kurz

Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook.f.) JJ Sm., Meded. Dept. Landbouw 10 (1910) 463; --Airy Shaw,
Euph. Born. (1975) 57; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 70.
Blumeodendron philippinense Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 16 (1920) 555; EPFP 2 (1923) 429. Type: FB 630 Borden
Blumeodendron subcaudatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 557; EPFP 2 (1923) 429. Type: FB 10598 Curran
Blumeodendron verticillatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 557; EPFP 2 (1923) 429. Type: FB 2603 Meyer
Andaman Isls, Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (Sarawak,
Brunei), Philippines, New Guinea.
LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR. Low and medium
altitude primary forests.
Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 384; EPFP 2 (1923) 429; -Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 70; --Sapium subrotundifolium Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 930.
Type: Elmer 12349
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, C Philippines.

SIBUYAN. Low and medium altitude forests.
Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz, J. As. Soc. Beng. 42 (1873) 245; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born.
(1975) 60; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 71, Fig. 3.
Blumeodendron paucinervium (Elmer) Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 555; EPFP 2 (1923) 428; --Elateriospemum
paucinervium Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 484. --Type: Elmer 7416
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas,
New Guinea.
LUZON: Bataan, Quezon. Forests, up to 750m.
Breynia JR & G Forster (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Bridelia Willdenow (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Chamaesyce Gray
Chamaesyce atoto (G. Forst.) Croiz. in Degener, Fl. Hawaiiensis, Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4
(1936), in obs., --Euphorbia atoto G Forst., Prodr. Fl. Austr. (1786) 207; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
461; --Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 111; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 24.
India to S China and Taiwan through Peninsular Malaysia to Australia and Polynesia. A
characteristic plant along sandy seashores throughout the Philippines.
Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp., Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. ser. 2 (1909) 303; --Euphorbia hirta
L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 454; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; EPFP 2 (1923) 462; --Radcliffe-Smith in Airy
Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 111; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 85; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 24.
Pantropic.
Throughout the Philippines, in waste places, open grasslands, etc. usually abundant.
Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp., Field Columb. Mus. Bot. ser. 2 (1909) 302; --Euphorbia
hypericifolia L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 454; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; --Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw,
Euph. Born. (1975) 111; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25.
Euphorbia capillaris Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 461, non Gagnep. (1921).
Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser

Sunda isls.
LUZON: Manila & vicinity. Waste places, open grasslands, etc., locally abundant but
certainly introduced.
Chamaesyce luzonensis (Merr.) Sojk in Cas. Nar. Muz. (Prague) 140 (1972) 169; --Euphorbia
luzonensis Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 578; EPFP 2 (1923) 462; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 25.
Java, Philippines.
LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Open dry places at low altitudes.
Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small, Fl. SE United States (1903) 713, 1333; --Euphorbia prostrata
Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 (1789) 136; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; EPFP 2 (1923) 463; --RadcliffeSmith in Airy Shaw, Euph. New Guinea (1980) 87; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.
(1983) 25.
Pantropic.
Throughout the Philippines in the lowlands, occasional weed in and about towns, along
roadsides and waste places. Strongly simulating C thymifolia.
Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small, Fl. SE United States (1903) 709, 1333; --Euphorbia serpens
Kunth in Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2 (1817) 41 (folio), 52 (quarto); --Airy
Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25.
Chamaesyce makinoi (Hayata) Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 14 (1938) 356; --Euphorbia makinoi Hayata, J. Coll. Sci.
Univ. Tokyo 30 (1911) 262; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 462. Type:
Philippines. According to Merrill (1923), not certainly distinct from E neocaledonica

Boiss.
As E. makinoi:
Taiwan, N Philippines.
LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Open dry places at low altitudes.

Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp., Field Columb. Mus. Bot. ser. 2 (1916) 412; --Euphorbia
thymifolia L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 454; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; EPFP 2 (1923) 464; --RadcliffeSmith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 112; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 88; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Pantropic.
Throughout the Philippines. A common weed in the lowlands, along roadsides, trails,
fallow rice paddies, etc.
Chamaesyce vachellii (Hook. & Arn.) Hara, Enum. Spermat. Jap., Pt. 3 (1954) 44; --Hurusawa in
J. Fac. Sci. Univ.Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6 (1954) 283; --Euphorbia vachellii Hook. & Arn., Beech.
Voy.
(1837) 213; --Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Siam (1972) 268; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 88;
--Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26.
Euphorbia serrulata Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 282; EPFP 2 (1923) 463, non Thuill. (1799), nec Vell. (1825),
nec Reinw. ex Blume (1826).
S China, Taiwan, SE Asia to tropical Australia and Polynesia.

Throughout the Philippines. Open grasslands at low and medium altitudes.
Cheilosa Blume
Revision:
Welzen, PC van, Banka, RA & Leoncito, CD. A revision of the Malesian monotypic genus
Cheilosa Blume (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 38: 161-166.
Cheilosa montana Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 614; --Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV, 147, 4
(1912) 12, fig. 3; --Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 496; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4
(1975) 68 (sub Ch. malayana); --Welzen, Banka & Leoncito, Blumea 38 (1993) 163, Fig. 1, 2.
--Type from Java.
Cheilosa malayana (Hook.f.) Corner ex Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16 (1963) 364; Euph. Born. (1975) 68;
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 11; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 77.
Cheilosa homaliifolia Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 379; EPFP 2 (1923) 457. Type: Wenzel 147
Cheilosa homaliifolia var. grandifolia Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 457. Type: BS 37282 Ramos & Edao
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines.

LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, DINAGAT. Lowland primary forests,
sometimes along streams. Flowering Feb, Jun-Nov; fruiting Apr-Oct.
Cladogynos Zippelius ex Spanoghe

Cladogynos orientalis Zipp. ex Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 349; --Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 384;
EPFP 2 (1923) 444. --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 78.
S China, Thailand, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, Java, C Philippines,

Lesser Sunda Isls (Timor).
SIQUIJOR, CEBU. Lowland dry limestone thickets.
Claoxylon Jussieu
Claoxylon albicans (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 220, EPFP 2 (1923) 429; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12.
Claoxylon elongatum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 204; EPFP 2 (1923) 430.
LUZON: Pangasinan, Bulacan, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Quezon. Lowland thickets,

secondary and primary forests.
Claoxylon arboreum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 486, excl. synon. C. elongatum Merr.; --Merr., EPFP 2
(1923) 429; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12.
LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Agusan del Norte. Low and
medium altitude forests.
Claoxylon brachyandrum Pax & Hoffm.in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 115; --Merr., EPFP 2
BATAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Mountain Province, Benguet,
Pampanga, Rizal, CULION, PALAWAN, PANAY, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Low and
medium altitude forests, ascending to 1400m.
Claoxylon crassipes Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 121; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
430; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12. Type: BS 9361 CB Robinson
LUZON: Quezon (East Coast). Mossy forests, altitude c. 900m.

Claoxylon crassivenium Pax & Hoffm.in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 120; --Merr., EPFP 2
(1923) 430; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12. Type: Merrill 5668.
MINDORO. Forests, altitude c. 2000m.

Claoxylon ellipticum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 553; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 430; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12. Type: BS 32303 RC McGregor.
PANAY: Antique. Forests, altitude c. 800m.

Claoxylon euphorbioides (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 430; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 12; --Quadrasia euphorbioides Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2656. Type: Elmer 12424.
LUZON, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, NEGROS. Primary forests, ascending to 600m.

Claoxylon longifolium (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk., Cat. Pl. Hort. Bogor. Alter (1844) 235; --Airy
2 (1973) 79.
NE India, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines,

Sulawesi, Moluccas.
Claoxylon oblanceolatum (Merr.) Pax & Hoffm.in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 115; --Merr.,
EPFP 2 (1923) 431; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; --Claoxylon rubescens
Miq. var. oblanceolatum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 79. Syntypes:
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bataan, Camarines. Low altitude forests
on slopes.
Claoxylon pubescens Quisumb., PJS 76 (1944) 42; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.
(1983) 13. Type: BS 76416 Edao (NY*, iso). Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Panagan River
(erroneously as Ponawa River in the typewritten label), on slopes in forest streams, altitude
2700ft, 1 Dec. 1928.
LUZON: Camarines Sur. Forested slopes along streams, altitude c. 820m.

Claoxylon purpureum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 204; EPFP 2 (1923) 431; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
LUZON: Kalinga, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet. Montane forests, altitude 17002400m, common.
Claoxylon spathulatum Pax & Hoffm.in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 120; --Merr., EPFP 2
(1923) 431; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13. Type: Ahern 266 (US*, iso).
(1923) 430; --Airy Shaw
Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Pasacao. Habitat and altitude not indicated.
LUZON: Camarines Sur (Pasacao).

Claoxylon subviride Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 907; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 431; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13. Type: Elmer 12374 (L*, MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Sibuyan:
Magallanes (=Magdiwang, along lower slopes of Mt Giting-giting), red soil mixed with soft shale
stones of humid forested slopes at 1750ft along the trail leading down to Espaa, April 1910.
LUZON: Quezon, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon), SIBUYAN, PANAY, LEYTE,
SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao del Sur.
Ined. name:
Claoxylon trichophorum Merr. & Quisumb., ined., Based on PNH 5831 AP Castro. Samar:
Eastern Samar prov., Borongan, Tagaslian.
This not in Euphorbiaceae website?
Cleidion Blume
Revision:
Kulju, KKM & PC van Welzen. 2005. Revision of the genus Cleidion (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia.
Blumea 50: 197-219.
Cleidion javanicum Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 613; --Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii (1914)
290; --Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 487; Prain, Bengal Pl. 2 (1963) 712; --Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 74; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 57; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 279; Kew Bull. 37
(1982) 12; -- Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50 (2005) 202, Fig. 1b, 2, Map 1. Type from Java.
Cleidion spiciflorum auct. non (Burm.f.) Merr. (excl. type); --Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 322, in obs.;
EPFP 2 (1923) 439; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 234; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
79; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 607; Alph. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 13.
India and Sri Lanka through mainland SE Asia to S China and Indochina, throughout
Malesia (absent in the Moluccas) to Australia (Queensland), the Solomon Islands and
Vanuatu.
N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO, in most or all provinces. Low and medium
altitude primary and secondary forests, on various bedrocks but often occurring on
limestone, frequent along rivers or streams. Flowering Jan-Apr; fruiting Apr-Sept.
Cleidion microcarpum Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 404; --Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50 (2005) 208, Fig. 4,
Map 3. Type: BS 44226 Ramos & Edao (UC, holo; iso in A, B, K*, NY*, US*). Tawi-tawi: Near
border of mangrove swamps, Aug 1924,
PALAWAN, BALABAC, TICAO, CEBU, TAWI-TAWI. Disturbed and secondary forests,

often on limestone. Altitude up to 670 m. Flowering and fruiting: mainly May to October.
Cleidion ramosii (Merr.) Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 400; EPFP 2 (1923) 439; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; --Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50 (2005) 214, Fig. 6dg, Map 3; --Mallotus
ramosii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 401; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii (1914) 195.
Type: BS 14602 Ramos (US*, lecto, designated by Kulju & Welzen, 2005; isolecto A*, K).
Camiguin: Camiguin prov., near summit of Mt Catarman.
Mallotus samarensis Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 488. --Type: BS 17480 Ramos (K*, US*, iso). Samar:
Yabong.
var. ramosii
MINDORO, TABLAS, SAMAR, MINDANAO, SIARGAO. Primary and secondary forests,
often along rivers and on limestone, altitude up to 470m. Flowering and fruiting all year
round.
var. lanceolatum Kulju in Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50 (2005) 215; --Cleidion lanceolatum Merr., PJS
Bot. 9 c (1914) Bot. 474; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xiv (1919) 23; EPFP 2 (1923)
439; Airy Shaw, Alph. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 13. --Type: BS 1648 Ramos (G, lecto,
designated by Kulju & Welzen, 2005; isolecto: A, BM, L, NSW, NY*, SING*, US*). Samar.
BOHOL, SAMAR. Often along rivers.

Doubtul species:
Cleidion megistophyllum (Quisumb. & Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 528; --Airy
Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; --Actephila megistophylla Quisumb. & Merr., PJS
37 (1928) 158. Type: Lecto (Kulju & Welzen, 2005): BS 45466 Ramos & Edao (A, lecto,
designated by Kulju & Welzen, 2005), isolecto in K, NY, US). Luzon: Aurora prov., Casiguran.
Known only from the type collection consisting only of leaves and remants of the
infructescenses and fruits. Staminate and pistillate flowers are needed to confirm
placement in this genus.
Cleistanthus JD Hooker ex Planchon

Revison:
Dressler, S. 1999. Revision of Cleistanthus in the Philippines. Blumea 44, no. 1: 109-148.
Cleistanthus angustifolius Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 386; EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 114.
LUZON: Cagayan, BUCAS GRANDE. On forested ridges and slopes at low altitudes.
Cleistanthus brideliifolius C Robinson, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 191; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 419;
--Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 115.
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls.

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Zambales, Tayabas, Camarines),
ALABAT, GUIMARAS, NEGROS. In forests at low altitudes. (Merr 2:420)
Cleistanthus decurrens Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 278; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 14; --S D

Cleistanthus decipiens C Robinson, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 195; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. P
Cleistanthus ovatus C Robinson, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 194; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 421; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15;
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls.

BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO, PANAY,
MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland primary forests.
Cleistanthus erycibifolius Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 389; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999)
120, Fig. 1.
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

Cleistanthus everettii C Robinson, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 194; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy
Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
FB 7274 Everett
Cleistanthus samarensis Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 475; EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Type: Merrill Philip. Pl. 1685
LUZON: Apayao, NEGROS, BILIRAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Agusan.

Lowland primary forests.
Cleistanthus glaber Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21 (1968) 366; Euph. Born. (1975) 80; Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 14
124;

Cleistanthus isabellinus Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 911; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw,
Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea
SIBUYAN. Lowland forests.
Cleistanthus megacarpus C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 323; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420;
--Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 126, Fig. 3.
Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.

MINDORO, SIBUYAN, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao. Lowland
primary forests.
Cleistanthus myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. A (1875); For. Fl. Brit.
Burma (1877) 370; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 421;--Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
15; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 129.
Cleistanthus mindanaensis C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1908) Bot. 324; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15. Type: FB 9474 Whitford & Hutchinson
Cleistanthus misamisensis C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 325; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15. Type: FB 15463 Pray
Cleistanthus apiculatus C Robinson, PJS 3 (1908) 189; ----Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14. Type: RS Williams 2356
Andaman Isls, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore,

Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea,
Solomon Isls.
MINDORO, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis Occidental.
Lowland forests, sometimes in thickets.
Cleistanthus pedicellatus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 281; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 15; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 80; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 132.
Cleistanthus integer C Robinson, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 196; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14;
Cleistanthus quadrifidus C Robinson, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 197; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.
(1983) 15.
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea.

LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Rizal, Quezon, Camarines, SIBUYAN, CEBU, LEYTE,
BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Surigao. Lowland primary forests.
Cleistanthus pilosus C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 326; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 421; --Airy
BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland primary forests.
Cleistanthus robinsonii Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 909; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 136. Type: Elmer 12540.
SIBUYAN
Cleistanthus rufescens Jabl., in Engl., Pflanzenreich 65 (1915) 30; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999)
137.
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

Cleistanthus sumatranus (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 504; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; --S Dressler, Blumea 44
(1999) 139.
Cleistanthus vidalii C Robinson, PJS 3 (1908) 193; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 16.
Hainan, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo,

Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas.
LUZON: Bataan, PALAWAN. Lowland forests.
Cleistanthus venosus C Robinson, PJS 3 (1908) 192; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 141.
Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland forests up to 300m.

Cleistanthus vestitus Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich Heft 65 (1915) 32; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 83; --S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999)
143.
Cleistanthus barrosii Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 400; EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 14. Type:

LUZON: Isabela. Lowland primary forests.
Cleistanthus sp. A S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 144.
Based on 3 collections from PALAWAN, which, according to Dressler might represent
an undescribed taxon. No description was made as the materials only contain dehisced
capsule bases.
Dubious species:
Cleistanthus orgyalis (Blanco) Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 75; Rev. Blancos Fl. Filip.
(1905) 75, nom. rej. prop. (S Dressler & Hoffmann, 1998); EPFP 2 (1923) 421; --S Dressler,
Blumea 44 (1999) 145.
Cleistanthus blancoi Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 315; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --S Dressler,
Blumea 44 (1999) 145.
LUZON: Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Camarines, SAMAR, MINDANAO:

Zamboanga. In thickets and forests at low altitudes (Merr. 2:419)
The true identity of the Blanco species Gluta orgyalis always remained obscure, as
there obviously is no herbarium material extant. An analytical plate in Fernandez-Villar
(in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3, Novis. App. (1880) t. 353) was drawn after Blancos death
and therefore does not represent original material. This plate, however, is the type of C.
blancoi Rolfe. Unfortunately, it is ambiguous as the depicted parts of the plant do not
sufficiently show diagnostic characters. In the article by Dressler & Hoffmann (1998) it
is proposed to reject the comparatively early combination C. orgyalis in order to prevent
undesirable nomenclatural changes. S Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 145.
Cnesmone Blume
Cnesmone philippinensis (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 119; Alphab. Enum. Euph.
LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Low altitude dry forests.
Philip. (1983) 16; --Tra
Codiaeum A Jussieu
Codiaeum ciliatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 571; EPFP 2 (1923) 453; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Type:
PANAY: Antique. Lowland forests along small streams.

Codiaeum hirsutum Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 476; EPFP 2 (1923) 453; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
BILIRAN. Lowland forest.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (19
Codiaeum luzonicum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 81; EPFP 2 (1923) 453; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Type:
LUZON: Isabela, Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Sorsogon, LEYTE, SIARGAO. Locally
common, in primary forests at low altitudes.
Codiaeum macgregorii Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 573; EPFP 2 (1923) 453; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Type: BS 32419 RC McGregor
PANAY: Antique. Primary forests, altitude 900m.

Codiaeum megalanthum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 570; EPFP 2 (1923) 453; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan. On forested slopes at low altitudes. (Merr 2:453)
Codiaeum palawanense Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1283; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 453; --Airy Shaw,
LUZON: Quezon, ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, CATANDUANES,
MINDANAO: Davao. Lowland primary forests, ascending to 700m.
Codiaeum trichocalyx Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 570; EPFP 2 (1923) 454; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 17. Type: BS 26797 Edao
LUZON: Zambales. Lowland forests.

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Juss., Tent. Euph. 80 (1824) 111; --Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 606; --Airy
Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea. Cultivated
throughout the Philippines, very common and exceedingly variable. No form is
indigenous, and none is even naturalized. The form commonly cultivated previously to
about 1880 is that represented by Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 1062; most or all other cultural
forms have been introduced since that date (Merr. 2: 454)
Croton Linnaeus
Croton angustifolius (Muell.-Arg.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 38 (1983) 68; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Croton rectipilis Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 501; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19.
Type: BS 22356 Ramos (US*, iso). Luzon: Batangas prov., Jul-Aug 1914.
Croton verreauxii (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. var. angustifolius Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 117; --Merr., EPFP 2
(1923) 427; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20. Type: Cuming 736
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Pampanga, Bulacan, Batangas. Lowland thickets and dry forests.
Croton argyratus Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 602; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 425; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 85; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17.
Croton avellaneus Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 498; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17.
Type: BS 43977 Ramos & Edao (A*, holo). Tawitawi, Jul-Aug 1924.
Croton babuyanensis Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 499; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
17. Type: HH Bartlett 15086 (A*, holo; iso: NY*). Babuyan Islands Group, Dalupiri Is, 31 Oct-5
Nov 1935.
Croton batangasensis Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 499; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
17. Type: BS 22371 Ramos (A*, holo; iso: US*). Luzon: Batangas prov., Jul-Aug 1914.
Croton cotabatensis Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 500; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
18. Type: FB 18271 Miranda (A*, holo). Mindanao: Cotabato prov., May-Jun 1912.
Croton novae-astigis Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 499; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
19. Type: PNH 5341 Alcasid & Edao (A*, holo). Luzon: Nueva Ecija prov., Mt Napu, Mar 1939.
Andaman Isls, Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls
(Bali), Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.
BABUYAN ISLS (DALUPIRI), LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan,
Rizal, Batangas, PALAWAN, LEYTE, TAWITAWI, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga,
Cotabato. Lowland forests and edges in the more seasonal parts of the archipelago.
Croton cascarilloides Raeusch., Nomencl. ed. 3 (1797) 280; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
84; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 91; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18.
Croton cumingii Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 101; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 426. Type: Cuming 1384
Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, Pulau
Tioman, Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Isls.
LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN, CAGAYAN DE
TAWI-TAWI. Lowland thickets.
Croton caudatus Geisel., Crot. Monogr. (1807) 73; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 425; --Whitmore, Tree Fl.
Malaya 2 (1973) 85; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18.
NE India to S China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo,
Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls.
Croton colubrinoides Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 451; EPFP 2 (1923) 425; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull.
23 (1969) 73, in obs.; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Type: Vanoverbergh 3107
LUZON: Mountain Province. On slopes, altitude 1300m.

Croton consanguineus Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 101; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 426; --Airy
Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Type: Cuming 1871
Croton consanguineus var. molliusculus Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 504; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Type: M Adduru 28 (A*, holo; iso: US*). Luzon: Cagayan prov.,
Peablanca, Lagum, along hillside, low altitude, 5 May 1917.
LUZON: Cagayan (Peablanca), Zambales, Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, LEYTE, BOHOL. In

thickets and forests at low altitude.
Croton cupreus Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1281; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18.
Type: (A*, MO*, NA*, NY*, US*, iso). Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, in seepage rock
crevice along river at 1000ft altitude, May 1911.
PALAWAN
Croton heterocarpus Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15 (1866) 621; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973)
82; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 426.
Croton palawanensis Merr. ex Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 505; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 19. Type: Elmer 12788
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Philippines.

PALAWAN. Lowland thickets.
Croton lanceilimbus Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 395; EPFP 2 (1923) 426 (as `lancilimbus'); --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Type: BS 36855 Ramos & Edao (US*, iso). Mindanao:
Zamboanga del Sur prov., Malangas, Oct-Nov 1919.
MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur. Along low altitude streams.

Croton leiophyllus Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 13; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 426; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Type:
Croton leytensis Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 502; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19.
Type: Elmer 7135 (A*, holo). Leyte: Leyte prov., Palo, Jan 19xx
Croton pampangensis Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 502; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983)
19. Type: BS 41649 Ramos (US*, iso). Luzon: Pampanga prov., Apalit, Jan 1923.
var. leiophyllus
Thailand, Philippines.
LUZON (Cagayan to Sorsogon) to PALAWAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Widely distributed
and often common in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes.
var. multiflorus Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 426; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19.
Type: FB 24079 Barros
LUZON: Isabela, BALABAC, PANAY, SIARGAO. Lowland forests.

Croton luzoniensis Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 118; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 427; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Type: Cuming 1136
LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Mountain Province, La Union, Bataan, Zambales, Rizal. In

thickets and forests at low altitudes, ascending to 1400m.
Croton quisumbingianus Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 500; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 19. Type:
Philippines
Croton samarensis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 516; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.
(1983) 19. Type: PNH 6426 (L*, holo). Samar: Taft, Mt Calbiga, altitude 250m,18 May 1948.
SAMAR
Croton singularis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21 (1968) 374; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.
(1983) 19. Type:
Croton singularis B P
Croton singularis P
Croton tiglium L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1004; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 427; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 20.
India, S China, Thailand, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda
Isls, New Guinea.
Throughout the Philippines, in and about towns, usually planted, sometimes naturalized.
Of prehistoric introduction from Malaya; universally used for poisoning fish.
Croton zambalensis Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 405; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20.
Type: BS 44709 Ramos & Edao. Luzon: Zambales prov., Mt Tapulao [=High Peak], on forested slopes,
altitude c, 900m, Nov 1924.
LUZON: Zambales (Mt Tapulao).
Dimorphocalyx Thwaites
Dimorphocalyx angustifolius (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 412; --Airy Shaw, Kew
Bull. 20 (1966) 412; Alp
(1912) Bot. 403; EPFP 2 (1923) 454. Type: FB 9343 Whitford & Hutchinson. Mindanao:
Zamboanga.

Dimorphocalyx bulusanensis (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 92; Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 20; --Trigonostemon bulusanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3739. Type:
Philippines.
Dimorphocalyx cumingii (Muell.-Arg.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 124; Alphab. Enum.
Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 449; --Trigonostemon cumingii Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 213; --DC,
Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 1107. Type: Cuming 1693
Euph. Philip. (1983) 20
SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland primary forests. Very rare or local.

Dimorphocalyx denticulatus Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 278; EPFP 2 (1923) 455; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20. Type:
Dimorphocalyx ixoroides (C Robinson) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 412; Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; --Ostodes ixoroides C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 332; EPFP 2 (1923)
454. Type:
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Bulacan. Lowland primary forests.

Dimorphocalyx luzoniensis Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 192; EPFP 2 (1923) 455; --Whitmore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 87; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 21. Type:
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

LUZON: Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines, LEYTE, SAMAR. Low and medium
altitude primary forests.
Dimorphocalyx murinus Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1285; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 455; --Whitmore, Tree
Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 87; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 21. Type:

PALAWAN. Lowland and medium altitude primary forests.
Incertis sedae:
Dimorphocalyx loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 30; EPFP 4 (1925) 252; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 20. --Type: Loher 12467. Luzon: Rizal prov., Montalban, Jun 1909.
According to Airy-Shaw (1983), probably not a Dimorphocalyx, but available materials

insufficient.
Doryxylon Zollinger
Doryxylon spinosum Zoll., Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 14 (1857) 152; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 427;
--Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 16; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 21.
Adelia acidoton Blanco, Fl. Filip (1837) 815; ed. 2 (1845) 562; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 226, t. 463, non L.
Sumbavia rottleroides Baill., tud. Gn. Euphorb. (1858) 390; --Fern.-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 193; --Vidal,
Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 143; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 243; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 291; -Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreich 57 (1912) 12, Fig. 2, A-D.
Mercadoa mandalojonensis Naves in Blanco, Fl, Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 463.
Philippines and the Lesser Sunda Isls.

LUZON: La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal,
Laguna, Batangas. Lowland and hill thickets on dry slopes in the seasonal regions.
Drypetes Vahl =see PUTRANJIVACEAE
Endospermum Bentham
Endospermum ovatum Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 481; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 457; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24. Type: BS 15921 E Fenix. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte
prov.
MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Lowland forests.
Endospermum peltatum Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 35; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
457; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24.
Thailand, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.

LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Albay,
Sorsogon, MINDORO, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Agusan del Norte. In primary forests at
low altitudes.
Euphorbia Linnaeus
Forster, PI. 1994. Revision of Euphorbia plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk. (Euphorbiaceae) and
allies. Austrobaileya 4: 227---246.
Euphorbia antiquorum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 450; --Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Siam (1972)
262; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24.
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, the Philippines, and Sulawesi.

Euphorbia milii des Moul., Bull. Hist. Nat. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 1 (1826) 27; --Radcliffe-Smith in
Airy Shaw, Euph. Siam (1972) 266; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25.
Euphorbia splendens Bojer in Curtis Bot. Mag. t. 2902; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 281; EPFP 2 (1923) 463.
Thailand, Java, and the Philippines.

Euphorbia neriifolia L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 451; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 462; --Radcliffe-Smith
in Airy
Shaw, Euph. New Guinea (1980) 85; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25.
Euphorbia trigona Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 281, non Haw.
Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, and New Guinea.

Euphorbia plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk., Hort. Bogor. Descript. 1 (1858) 29; --Merr., EPFP
2 (1923) 463; --Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. New Guinea (1980) 85; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
var. plumerioides
Java, the Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls, and New Guinea.
Euphorbia tirucali L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 452; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 282; EPFP 2 (1923) 464; -Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Siam (1972) 267; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.
(1983) 26.
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls,
Moluccas.
Euphorbia trigona Haw., Pl. Succ. (1812) 127; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 464; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Philippines.
Excoecaria Linnaeus
Excoecaria agallocha L., Syst. ed. 10 (1759) 1288; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 298; EPFP 2 (1923)
S India to Taiwan and the Ryukyu Isls, throughout Malesia to Polynesia.

Throughout the Philippines along the seashore or within the influence of salt or brackish
water.
Excoecaria bantamensis Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 124; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1923)
458; --Whitmore, Tree
113; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26.

Excoecaria macrophylla JJ Sm., Meded. Dept. Landbouw 12 (1910) 611; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 458;
Thailand, Java, Borneo, and the Philippines.

LUZON: Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija. Lowland forests.
Excoecaria borneensis Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) (Euph.-Addit. V) 422; -Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 113; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26.
Excoecaria mirandae Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 576; EPFP 2 (1923) 458. Type: FB 20062 Miranda.
Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas,.

BASILAN. Lowland forests.
Excoecaria obtusa Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 389; EPFP 2 (1923) 458; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26. Type:
LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan. In forests at low altitudes.

Excoecaria pachyphylla Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 575; EPFP 2 (1923) 458; --Airy Shaw, Alphab.
800m.
LUZON: Quezon (Mt Cadig).

Excoecaria philippinensis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 82; EPFP 2 (1923) 458; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 27.
Excoecaria philippinensis var. euphlebia Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 389; EPFP 2 (1923) 459.
Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi.

LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, ALABAT, SIBUYAN,
PALAWAN, SAMAR. Lowland primary forests.
Excoecaria stenophylla Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 189; EPFP 2 (1923) 459; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 27. Type: BS 24348 Ramos. Samar
SAMAR. Lowland forests.

Cultivated:
Excoecaria cochinchinensis T MA J
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java.
Fahrenheitia Reichenbach filius & Zollinger =Paracroton
Flueggea Willdenow =Securinega (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Gelonium Roxburgh ex Rottboell =Suregada
Glochidion JR & G Forster (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Hemicyclia Wight & Arnott =Drypetes (see PUTRANJIVACEAE)
Hevea Aublet
Hevea brasiliensis (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Muell.-Arg.in Linnaea 34 (1865) 204; Fl. Manila
(1912) 293; EPFP 2 (1923) 450;
Native of Brazil. Introduced to the Philippines in the early part of the 20th century.
Cultivated in MINDANAO, BASILAN, etc. occasionally planted in other islands. Para
rubber.
Homalanthus Jussieu =Omalanthus
Homonoia Loureiro
Homonoia riparia Lour., Fl. Cochin. (1790) 637; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 296; EPFP 2 (1923)
448;
India to S China and Taiwan southward through Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo,
Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor and New Guinea.
LUZON (Cagayan to Sorsogon), MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, NEGROS,
MINDANAO. A very characteristic species, very abundant along small swift streams at
low and medium altitudes, on the banks and in the stream beds.
Hura crepitans
Thailand, Java
Jatropha Linnaeus
Jatropha curcas L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1006; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 289; EPFP 2 (1923) 449;
Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. Introduced at an early date in colonial history from
Mexico. Now pantropic. In hedges throughout the Philippines, usually very common in
and about towns. Physic nut.
Jatropha gossypifolia L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1006; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 290; EPFP 2 (1923) 449;
Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea.
Jatropha hastata Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 32.
Java
Jatropha integerrima Jacq. Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 32.
Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls,
Moluccas, New Guinea.
Jatropha multifida L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1006; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 289; EPFP 2 (1923) 449;
Thailand, Java
Jatropha pandurifolia xxx
Jatropha podagrica Hook., Bot. Mag. 74 (1848) t. 4376.
Thailand, Java.
Lasiococca
Lasiococca brevipes (Merr.) Welzen & SEC Sierra, Blumea 50 (2005) 276; --Mallotus brevipes
Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) 487; EPFP 2 (1923) 432. Type:
Sumatra, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls.

MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao. Forested slopes at low and medium altitudes.
Leptopus Decaisne
Leptopus australis (Zoll. & Mor.) Pojarkova, Nat. Hist. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 20
(1960) 270; -Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1971) 285; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 105;
--Andrachne australis Zoll. & Mor., Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neerl. Ind. 2 (1845) 17; --Merr., EPFP2
(1923) 389.
Indochina, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls,

Tenimber Isls.
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Isabela, MINDORO, GOLO, PALAWAN, MASBATE,
MINDANAO: Misamis. Slopes and thickets at low and medium altitudes. Rare or at least
very local.
Macaranga Thouars
Macaranga amplifolia Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 392; EPFP 2 (1923) 440;
LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, BUCAS GRANDE. In damp primary forests at low
altitudes.
Macaranga auctoris Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga (2008) 82 (-83).
Macaranga auctoris Whitmore -- Gen. Macaranga 82 (-83). 2008
Macaranga balabacensis Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 368; --Merr., EPFP 2
(1923) 440; --Type: BS 424 Mangubat.
BALABAC. Forested slopes at low altitudes.

Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 199; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 440;
LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Apayao, Nueva Vizcaya, Bulacan, Bataan, Quezon, Laguna,
Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, MINDORO, PANAY, BILIRAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO. In
second-growth forests at low altitudes.
Macaranga caudatifolia Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 427; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 440. Type: Elmer 9652.
SIBUYAN, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Davao,
TINAGO. Forests, deserted clearings, etc. ascending to 1100m; not always clearly
distinguishable from M. cumingii Muell.-Arg.
Macaranga congestiflora Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) 282; EPFP 2 (1923) 440; --Type:
PALAWAN. Old clearings at low altitudes.
Macaranga cuernosensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 429; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 440. Type: Elmer
9549.
PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Davao. Forests at medium

altitudes, ascending to 1100m.
Macaranga cumingii (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 1005; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
441. Type: Cuming 1100.
BATAN, LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bataan,

Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, MINDORO. Thickets and forested ravines, ascending to
altitudes of 1000-1500m.
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 205; EPFP 2 (1923) 441;
Taiwan, Lanyu, Philippines.
LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Tayabas, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, Camarines,
Sorsogon, CEBU. Primary forests and forested ravines, altitude 400-1300m.
Macaranga gigantea (Reichb.f. & Zoll.) Muell.-Arg.
N Bartolome 4525, 4730, 4955, 4987,
Macaranga gigantifolia Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 391; EPFP 2 (1923) 441. Type: BS 14702 Ramos.
Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.
CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low altitude forests and thickets.
Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 394; Fl. Manila (1912) 441; EPFP 2
(1923) 441; --Croton grandifolius Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 753, ed. 2 (1845) 518; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
153.
LUZON: La Union, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal,

Batangas, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO. In second-growth forests at low altitudes,
locally abundant.
Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 990; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
442; --Mappa hispida Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 624.
Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Seram, Ambon).

LUZON: Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, MINDORO,
PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, JOLO, BASILAN,
MINDANAO. Low and medium altitudes, common in second growth forests, ravines, etc.
Macaranga leytensis Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 393; EPFP 2 (1923) 442. Type: BS 15253 Ramos.
LEYTE. Forested slopes.
Macaranga loheri Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 423; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 442; --Type: Elmer 8558.
LUZON: Benguet. Forested ravines, altitude 1000-1500m.
Macaranga lowii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 453; --Whitmore in Airy Shaw, Euph.
Born. (1975) 154; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 35.
Macaranga auriculata (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19 (1965) 325; --Mallotus auriculatus Merr., PJS 7 c
(1912) Bot. 396; EPFP 2 (1923) 432. Type: FB 7271 Everett (US*, iso). Negros, 1907.

PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Davao, Agusan del Norte (Mt
Urdaneta). Low and medium altitude primary forests.
Macaranga montana Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 392; EPFP 2 (1923) 442. Type: Merrill 8076.
MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Forested ridges, altitude c. 1000m.
Macaranga noblei Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 678; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 442. Type: Elmer 10816.
MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Bukidnon, Davao, Agusan del Norte. Streamside forests,

altitude 700-1000m.
Macaranga ovatifolia Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 562; EPFP 2 (1923) 442. Type: BS 34683 Ramos &
Pascasio.
MINDANAO: Surigao. Low altitude forests along streams.

Macaranga ramiflora Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 433; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 442. --Type: Elmer 8108.
LUZON: Mountain Province, Quezon. Primary forests, altitude c. 1000m.
Macaranga sinensis (Baill.) Muell.-Arg.in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 1001;
Philippines. =to be merged with M. dipterocarpifolia? Attributed to the Philippines by
Airy-Shaw (1983).
Macaranga stonei Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga (2008) 247
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga stonei Whitmore -- Gen. Macaranga 247. 2008
Macaranga sylvatica Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 431; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 443. Type: Elmer 9388.
NEGROS, LEYTE. Primary forests, altitude 500-1200m.
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 997; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912)
295; EPFP 2 (1923) 443; --Ricinus tanarius L. in Stickm., Herb. Amboin. (1754) 14; --Whitmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 111.
Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa (Blume) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 997; --Merr., EPFP 2
(1923) 443;
Nicobar Isls, Andaman Isls, Thailand, S China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra,
Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas,
New Guinea, NE Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia.
Throughout the Philippines, characteristic of thickets and second-growth forests at low
and medium altitudes.
Macaranga triloba (Reinw. ex Blume) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 989; --Merr., EPFP
2 (1923) 443; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 107; --Ricinus trilobus Reinw. ex Blume, Cat.
Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 108.
S Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, SW Philippines,

Sulawesi.
PALAWAN. Forested river banks, altitude c. 1000m.
Mallotus Loureiro
Mallotus cauliflorus Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 399; EPFP 2 (1923) 433;
LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines. In primary forests at low altitudes.
Mallotus cordatifolius Slik, Blumea 43 (1998) 225. --Type: PNH 117545 Gutierrez et al.
(holo, L). Samar: Mt Sohoton
SAMAR. Known only from the type locality. Logged-over forest.

Mallotus cumingii Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 195.
Neotrewia cumingii (Muell.-Arg.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 63 (1914) 212, Fig. 31, A-E; --Merr.,
EPFP 2 (1923) 437;
Sulawesi and the Philippines.

LUZON (Cagayan to Sorsogon), MINDORO, MASBATE, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU,
LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Lowland and mdium altitude thickets and forests, often
common. (Merr. 2:437).
Mallotus dispar (Blume) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 191, excl. var. psiloneurus;
Mallotus leucocalyx Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 970; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 434;
Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, the Philippines,

Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas.
LUZON: Bataan, Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, BALABAC,
NEGROS, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao. Lowland thickets and second
growth forests.
Mallotus floribundus (Blume) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 187; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 433;
--Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 113.
Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, the

Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Solomon Isls.
LUZON: Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, MASBATE, BILIRAN,
LEYTE, SAMAR, NEGROS, BASILAN, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude forests,
often common.
Mallotus hirsutus Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2648. --Type: Elmer 13480 (PNH, holo, lost; iso: K, L, NY).
Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong].
Mallotus papuanus sec. Merr., EPFP 2 (1923): 435, non (JJ Sm) Pax & Hoffm. 1914.
MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte. In forest, ascending to 1300m.
Mallotus korthalsii Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 976; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 433; -Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 115.
Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi.

LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, Camarines, SIBUYAN, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR,
MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao. Lowland forests.
Mallotus lackeyi Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1298; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 433; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya
2 (1973) 114. Type:

PALAWAN, LEYTE, TAWI-TAWI, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis. Lowland primary
forests, ascending to 600m.
Mallotus longistylus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 560; EPFP 2 (1923) 434. --Type: BS 35173 Ramos &
Pascasio (PNH, holo, lost; iso A*, K, US*). Dinagat, in forest at low altitude, 11 May 1919.
DINAGAT. Lowland forest.

Mallotus miquelianus (Scheff.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3 (1900) 290; --Merr., EPFP 2
(1923) 434; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114.
Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi.

MINDORO, PALAWAN. Lowland primary forests.
Mallotus mollissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 297; Euph. Born. (1975) 165.
Mallotus ricinoides (Pers.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 187; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 436;
Mallotus confusus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 559; EPFP 2 (1923) 433;
Tenasserim, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi,

Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, NE Australia.
Widespread in the Philippines in most islands and provinces, usually very common in
second-growth forests at low altitudes, ascending to 2200m.
Mallotus oblongifolius (Miq.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 192; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 116.
Mallotus odoratus Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1299; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 434. Type:
Mallotus alternifolius Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 395. Type:
Mallotus camiguinensis Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 397. Type:
Andaman Isls, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java,

Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea. BABUYAN ISLS
(CAMIGUIN), PALAWAN. Lowland dry forests.
Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 189; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 434; -Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114.
Croton appendiculatus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 312, non Hort. Veitch, 1877. Type:
Burma, Thailand to S China and Taiwan, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo,
the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, tropical Australia (Queensland).
Widespread in the Philippines in most islands and provinces. Low and medium altitude
forests, often abundant.
Mallotus papillaris (Blanco) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 238; Fl. Manila (1912) 294; EPFP 2
(1923) 434;
LUZON: Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas. Lowland dry thickets.

Mallotus penangensis Muell.-Arg. Linnaea 34 (1865) 186.
Mallotus echinatus Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 925; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 433. --Type: Elmer 12253 (PNH, holo,
lost; iso EDI, K, L, NY). Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting.
Philippines. S Thailand and Andaman Isls to New Guinea.

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Bataan, Camarines, Albay, MINDORO, SIBUYAN,
PANAY, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Mainly in
understorey of primary forest or late secondary forest, where it can be very common,
sometimes also in young secondary forest or scrub, along creeks, river banks, and
roadsides; usually on dry, well-drained terrain, occasional also in swampy places; soils
variable: from clay to sandy to loamy, also on limestone. Altitude up to 1666m.
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 196; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 435;
W Himalayas to S China and Taiwan, Thailand, across Malesia from Sumatra to New
Guinea, Melanesia, southward to Australia (New South Wales).
Throughout the Philippines in lowland thickets, secondary forests, forest fringes and
open sites.
Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 197; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 435;
Sri Lanka, India to S China and Taiwan, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java,
Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, NE Australia, New Caledonia.
Throughout the Philippines in thickets and second-growth forests at low altitudes.
Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 222; EPFP 2 (1923) 436;
Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java,
Sulawesi, Timor, Kei Isls, New Guinea.
LUZON (Cagayan to Sorsogon), MINDORO, MASBATE, BALABAC, MINDANAO,
BASILAN. Common in second-growth forests at low altitudes.
(Merr 2:436) (M. resinosus)
Mallotus rufidulus (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 970; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Sumatra
(1981) 328.
Sumatra, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls.
Mallotus sarawakensis Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich (1914) 201; --Soejarto et al. (1995)
Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan
Extra-Philippine distribution?; PALAWAN (Mt Beaufort and Brookes Point, Pulot). Three
collections cited by Soejarto et al.
Mallotus tiliifolius (Blume) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 190; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 436; -Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114.
?Mallotus papillaris (Blanco) Merr., quoad Vidal 3729; Borden 2057; Whitford 589; Merrill 1017, 1183, etc.
Taiwan, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi,

Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, NE Australia and Samoa.
Throughout the Philippines in coastal thickets, never inland.
Mallotus wenzelianus Slik, Blumea 43 (1998) 229, Fig. 3. --Type: Wenzel 2697 (G, holo; iso in UC,
A, cited by Slik). Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov., Jubud.
MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (two collections). In forest, altitude 150m.
Manihot Miller
Manihot esculenta Crantz, Inst. i. 167.
Manihot utilissima Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1 (1827) 32, t. 24; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 297; EPFP 2
(1923) 450;
Thailand, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea.

Manihot glaziovii Muell.-Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 112 (1874) 446; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 297; EPFP
2 (1923) 450;
Java, New Guinea

Margaritaria Linnaeus filius (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Megistostigma JD Hooker
Megistostigma cordatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 563; EPFP 2 (1923) 446. Type: BS 17591 Ramos.
Samar.
Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.

SAMAR. Lowland dry forests.
Melanolepis Reichenbach filius & Zollinger

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Reich.f. & Zoll., Linnaea 28 (1856) 324;
--Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 431; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 118; --Rottlera multiglandulosa
Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 609.
Mallotus moluccanus Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 185; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 292.
Melanolepis multiglandulosa var. pendulus (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 432; --Mallotus moluccanus var.
pendulus Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 401. Type:
S Thailand, Indochina, Taiwan, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java,

Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea and the
Marianas Islands.
Throughout the Philippines from BATAN to MINDANAO, SULU and PALAWAN.
Low and medium altitude thickets and second-growth forests. Common.
Neoscortechinia Pax & Hoffman

Revisions:
Airy-Shaw, H.K. 1963. Notes on Malaysian or other Asiatic Euphor biaceae XX-XLVIII. Kew
Bulletin 16: 342-372.
Welzen, PC van 1994. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and geography of Neoscortechinia Hook.f. ex Pax
(Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 39: 301-318.
Neoscortechinia nicobarica (Hook.f.) Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich iv, 147, xiv, add.
vi (1919) 53; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 39; --Welzen, Blumea 39 (1994) 314,
Fig. 1b; 3a, b, d-g.
Neoscortechinia arborea (Elmer) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich iv, 147, xiv, add. vi (1919) 52; --Merr.,
EPFP 2 (1923) 456; -- Alchornea arborea Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1274. Type:
Nicobar Isls, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (excl. Singapore), W Java, Borneo (Sabah,
N Sarawak and E Kalimantan), Philippines, NE and SE Sulawesi.
PALAWAN.
Neoscortechinia philippinensis (Merr.) Welzen, Blumea 39 (1994) 316, Fig. 2a, 3c, 8;
--Alcinaeanthus philippinensis Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 380. --Type: RS Williams 2884 (NY*,
Neotype, proposed by Welzen; isoneotypes in A, NY).
Neoscortechinia parvifolia (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 456; --Alcinaeanthus parvifolius Merr., PJS 9 c
(1914) Bot. 461. Type:
Neoscortechinia forbesii Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 38, non Hook.f.ex S.Moore
Burma, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (excl. Singapore), Biliton, Banka, Borneo

(Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sabah) and the Philippines.
LUZON, MINDORO, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO.
Neotrewia Pax & Hoffman =Mallotus
Omalanthus A. Jussieu
Revision:
Esser, H-J. 1997. Revision of Omalanthus in Malesia. Blumea 42: 421-466.
Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez-Villar in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3, Nov. App. (1880)
196; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 459; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32; --H-J
Esser, Blumea 42 (1997) 435.
Omalanthus alpinus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 307; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 459; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 32;
Omalanthus bicolor Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 282; EPFP 2 (1923) 459; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 32.
Omalanthus milvus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 611.
BATAN, LUZON: Abra, Mountain Province, Ifugao, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva
Ecija, Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, PANAY,
NEGROS, MINDANAO: Lanao. Common in thickets, on ridges, old clearings, etc. mostly
above an altitude of 750m ascending to 2400m. (as O fastuosus & O alpinus)
Omalanthus macradenius Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich iv, 147, v (1912) 51; --Merr.,
EPFP 2 (1923) 459; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 33; --H.-J. Esser, Blumea 42
(1997) 443.
Omalanthus megaphyllus Merr., PJS 9 c (1915) Bot. 485; EPFP 2 (1923) 459; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.

Omalanthus rotundifolius Merr., PJS 9 c (1915) Bot. 486; EPFP 2 (1923) 460; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Omalanthus concolor Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 398; EPFP 2 (1923) 459; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 32.
LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao, Bukidnon, Davao, Agusan, Surigao, SIARGAO.

Lowland forests,. thickets and clearings, ascending to 1000m.
Omalanthus populneus (Geisel.) Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflazenfam. 3, 5 (1890) 96, excl.
Fig. 60; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 460; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 102; --Airy Shaw,
Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32--H-J Esser, Blumea 42 (1997) 453.
Omalanthus populneus var. laevis (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 230; EPFP 2 (1923) 460 (levis);
--Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 33. Type:
Omalanthus populneus var. minor (Muell.-Arg.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 390; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.
Euph. Philip. (1983) 33. Type:
Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas,

Lesser Sunda Isls, Bismarck Archipelago.
LUZON: Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon,
Albay, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, TAWI-TAWI, JOLO,
BASILAN, MINDANAO. In thickets, deserted clearings at low and medium altitudes.
Omphalea Linnaeus
Omphalea bracteata (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 230; EPFP 2 (1923) 457; --Whitmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 121; --Tragia bracteata Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 480; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
94. Type:
Omphalea sargentii Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 574; EPFP 2 (1923) 458. Type: Weber sn. Bancalan, lowland
forests.
Burma, Thailand, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser

Sunda Isls.
LUZON: Rizal, Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, BANCALAN. Lowland forests along
streams.
Omphalea grandifolia Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 574; EPFP 2 (1923) 457. Type:
PANAY. Damp forests along streams.
Omphalea malayana Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 71; EPFP 2 (1923) 458; --Whitmore, Tree Fl.
Malaya 2 (1973) 121.
Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Tioman, Borneo (Sarawak) and the Philippines.

LUZON: Isabela, Camarines. Lowland primary forests.
Ostodes Blume =Dimorphocalyx, Fahrenheitia, Paracroton
Pachystylidium Pax & Hoffman

Pachystylidium hirsutum (Blume) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 681 (1919) 108; --Merr.,
EPFP 2 (1923) 446, --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 115; idem., 26 (1971) 311; --Tragia hirsuta
Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 630; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 446.
Tragia hirsuta var. irritans (Pax & Hoffm.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 446
Thailand, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi.

LUZON: La Union, Bataan, MINDORO, CORON, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Lowland
thickets and forests.
Paracroton Miquel
Paracoton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859): 382. --Type from Java.
Fahrenheitia pendula (Hassk.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 410; idem. 26 (1972) 270; Euph. Born. (1975)
114; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 97.
Ostodes macrophyllus (Muell.-Arg.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Jackson, Index Kew. 2 (1895) 382; --Merr., EPFP
2 (1923) 454; --Trigosnostemon macrophylla (Muell.-Arg.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 213; -DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 1106; --Tristaxis macrophylla Muell.-Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 482. Type:
Burma(?), Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines.

LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN,
PANAY. In shaded primary evergreen and mixed deciduous forest, altitude 25-200m.
Pedilanthus tithymaloides J
Phyllanthus Linnaeus (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Poinsettia Graham
Poinsettia cyathophora (Murr.) Bartl., Ind. Sem. Hort. Acad. Gott. (1839) 6; --Euphorbia
cyathophora Murr., Comm. Gtting. 7 (1786) 81, t. 1; --Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. New
Guinea (1980) 83; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24
Euphorbia heterophylla Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 462, non L (1753).
Euphorbia cyathophora
Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls.
Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Klotz. & Garcke, Monatsber. Akad. Berl. (1859) 253; -Euphorbia heterophylla L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 453; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 282.
Thailand, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda isls, Moluccas.
Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd. ex Klotzsch) Graham, Edinburgh N. Phil. J. 20 (Jan. 1836) 412.
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch in Otto & Dietr. Allgem. Gartenz. 2 (1834) 27; --Merr., Fl. Manila
(1912) 282; EPFP 2 (1923) 462; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25.
Java, Philippines.
Pterococcus Hasskarl
Pterococcus corniculatus (Sm.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 681 (1919) 22; -Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; --Plukenetia corniculata Sm., Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 6
(1799) 4. --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 447.
E Himalayas, India (Assam), Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia,

Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas.
LUZON: Rizal. Low and medium altitudes, in old clearings.
Ptychopyxis Miquel
Ptychopyxis philippina Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 49; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 372;
Philippines.
Reutealis Airy Shaw

Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1972) 395; --Aleurites trisperma Blanco,
Fl. Filip. (1837) 755; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 290; EPFP 2 (1923) 448. Type:
LUZON: La Union, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite, Batangas, Camarines, NEGROS,

MINDANAO: Davao. Low and medium altitude forests, widely scattered, sometimes
planted.
Richeriella Pax & Hoffman

Richeriella malayana Henderson, Gard. Bull. Strait Settl. 7 (1933) 122; --Ary Shaw, Kew Bull. 25
(1971) 489; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 128.
Richeriella gracilis (Merr.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 81 (1922) 30; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 411; -Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 489, 492; --Baccaurea gracilis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 203.
--Type:
S China, Hainan, Indochina, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

PALAWAN, BANCALAN. Lowland forests.
Ricinus Linnaeus
Ricinus communis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1007; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 296; EPFP 2 (1923) 447;
Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea.
Sapium Linnaeus =Philippine species previously ascribed

here are now in Balakata, Triadica, and Stillingia, q.v.
Sauropus Blume (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)

Securinega Commerson ex Jussieu (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)
Shirakiopsis Esser
Revision:
149-215.
Shirakiopsis sanchezii (Merr.) HJ Esser, Blumea 41 (1999) 189, Fig. 5a-c, g-h, map 5; --Sapium
sanchezii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 402; EPFP 2 (1923) 461. Type:
S Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls (Sumbawa).

MINDANAO: Lanao, Cotabato, Surigao. Thickets and forests along or near the
seashore.
Spathiostemon Blume
Spathiostemon javensis Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 622; --Baill., --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 45;
--Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 132; --Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 196; Kew Bull.
Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 202; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 35; Alph. Enum. Euphor. Philip. Isl. (1983) 45;
--Welzen, Blumea 43 (1998) 146, Fig. 4a--h, Map 3. Type from Java.
Homonoia javensis (Blume) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 200; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 447; --Merr., PJS 11
c (1916) Bot. 283; --Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 492.
Homonoia javensis var. ciliata Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 391; EPFP 2 (1923) 447. --Type: FB 7246 Everett
(n.v.). Negros: Negros Occidental prov., Cauayan.
Mallotus eglandulosus Elmer, LPB Bot. 1 (1908) 313. --- Type: Elmer 7152 (PNH, holo, lost; iso A, K, NY).
Leyte: Leyte prov., Palo.
Peninsular Malaysia (Perak), Java, Borneo (especially Sabah), C & S Philippines,

Sulawesi, Moluccas (Ambon; Kai Isls), Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor), and New Guinea;
absent in Sumatra.
MINDORO, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao, Agusan del Norte,
Surigao. Lowland primary and secondary forests. Often on limestone. Flowering and
fruiting Jan-Dec.
Stillingia Garden ex L.
Revision:
149-215.
Stillingia lineata (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. subsp. pacifica (Muell.-Arg.) Steen., Blumea Suppl. 5
(1966) 302, map 169; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 93; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 35; --Esser,
Blumea 44 (1999) 195. --Type from Fiji.
Sapium plumerioides Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 507. --Type: Bartlett 15167 (A*, holo). Babuyan Isls,
Dalupiri.
N Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls (Sumbawa, Babar, Timor), Moluccas (Seram), Fiji
(several islands of the group).
BABUYAN ISLANDS (DALUPIRI). Coastal forest and coconut plantation on coral soil.
Strophioblachia Boerlage
Revision:
Nguyen Nghia Thin, Vu Hoai Duc & PC van Welzen. 1998. A revision of the IndochineseMalesian genus Strophioblachia (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 43: 479-487.
Strophioblachia fimbricalyx Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 236; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
Blumea 43 (1998) 485, Fig. 1-4, Map. 1.
SW China (Guangxi), Thailand (NE, C, SE), Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Sulawesi.

Of typical dry monsoon distribution.
LUZON: La Union, Pangasinan, N MINDORO, PALAWAN, MARINDUQUE, TAWI-TAWI
(Bongao), MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Secondary and edges of primary semi-deciduous
forests, thickets near the seashore. On rocky, calcareous and sandy soils, 0-250m.
Flowering and fruiting throughout the year (but less so in Nov-Jan).
Sumbaviopsis JJ Smith
Sumbaviopsis albicans (Blume) JJ Sm.in Koord. & Valeton, Bijdr. Boom. Java 12 (1910) 357;
--Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 428; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 132.
India (Assam), Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java,
455; --Airy Shaw, Alpha
PALAWAN. Lowland primary forests.
Suregada Roxburgh ex Rottboell

Suregada glomerulata (Blume) Baill., tud. Gn. Euph. (1858) 396; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born.
2 (1923) 455.
Gelonium philippinense Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 52 (1912) 22; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 456.
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls (Timor), Moluccas,
New Guinea.
N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO.
Suregada racemulosa (Merr.) Croiz., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 17 (1942) 216; --Gelonium
racemulosum Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 281; EPFP 2 (1923) 456.
Mindanao: Zamboanga. Lowland primary forests.

Suregada stenophylla (Merr.) Croiz., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 17 (1942) 216; --Gelonium
stenophyllum Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 30; EPFP 4 (1925) 252. Type:
LUZON: Rizal.
Tragia Linnaeus =Pachystylidium/Cnesmone
Trewia Linnaeus
Trewia nudiflora L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1193; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 431; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2
(1973) 134.
S China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo,
Philippines.
Triadica Loureiro
Revision:
149-215.
Triadica cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochin. Ed. 1, 2 (1790) 610; --Esser, Blumea 44 (1999) 201,
Fig. 7, map 7.
Sapium discolor (Champ. ex Benth.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 121; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975)
192; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 44; --Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 404;
NE India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina up to Taiwan and E China, W Malesia: Sumatra,

Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah), Philippines and
Sulawesi.
PALAWAN.
Trigonopleura JD Hooker
Revision:
(1975) 198; --Gelonium
Welzen, PC van, LJ Bulalacao & Tran Van On. A taxonomic revision of the Malesian genus
Trigonopleura Hook.f. (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 40: 363-374.
Trigonopleura dubia (Elmer) Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) 77; EPFP 2 (1923) 453; --Welzen et al.,
Trigonopleura malayana Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 46. non Hook.f.
SAMAR, LEYTE, NE MINDANAO. Primary dipterocarp forest to logged-over forests, on

shady to open places like streams and forest margins, 200-1250m. Flowering Mar, Apr
(Sept); fruiting Mar-Jul.
65. Trigonostemon Blume

Revisions:
Milne, R. 1995. Notes on Bornean and other West Malesian Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae).
Kew Bull. 50: 25-49.
Trigonostemon acuminatus Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 190; EPFP 2 (1923) 451.
Philippines.
Trigonostemon angustifolius Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 396; EPFP 2 (1923) 451.
Philippines.
Trigonostemon capillipes (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 29 (1966) 413.
Trigonostemon everettii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 408; EPFP 2 (1923) 451;
Philippines.
Trigonostemon filiforme Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 328, t. 7;
Trigonostemon hirsutus C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 335; EPFP 2 (1923) 451;
Trigonostemon laevigatus Muell.-Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 538; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 203;
--Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 135.
Trigonostemon anomalus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 569; EPFP 2 (1923) 451;
Andaman Isls, Thailand, Indochina (?), Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Tioman,
Langkawi, Borneo, Philippines.
Trigonostemon laxiflorus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 567; EPFP 2 (1923) 451;
Philippines.
Trigonostemon longipedunculatus (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1306; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
452;
Borneo and the Philippines.

Trigonostemon longipes (Merr.) Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 191; EPFP 2 (1923) 452; -Dimorphocalyx longipes Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 82. --Type:
Philippines.
Trigonostemon luzoniensis Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 568; EPFP 2 (1923) 452;
Philippines.
Trigonostemon merrillii Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1304; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 452;
Blumea 40 (1995) 369,
Trigonostemon oblanceolatus C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 337; EPFP 2 (1923) 452;
Philippines.
Trigonostemon oblongifolius Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 409; EPFP 2 (1923) 452;
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan.
Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf in Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 206; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)
452;
Sumatra and the Philippines.

LUZON: Apayao, Laguna, Camarines, PANAY, LEYTE. Primary forests at low and
medium altitudes. Locally abundant.
Trigonostemon polyanthus Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 492; EPFP 2 (1923) 452;
SAMAR. Primary forests at low altitudes.
Trigonostemon stenophyllus Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 330, t. 8.
Philippines.
Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 545; Euph. Born. (1975)
205; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 135. Type:
Trigonostemon macgregorii Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 566; EPFP 2 (1923) 452. Type:
Burma, Andaman Isls, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls
(Sumbawa, Timor).
Trigonostemon wenzelii Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 380; EPFP 2 (1923) 453;
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls.
Trigonostemon whiteanus (Croiz.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 38 (1983) 68; Alphab. Enum. Euph.
Philip. (1983) 48; --Cheilosa whiteana Croiz., J. Arnold Arb. 23 (1942) 507.
Philippines.
Tritaxis Baillon =Dimorphocalyx
Wetria Baillon
Wetria insignis (Steudel) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 350; idem. 27 (1972) 87; Euph. Born.
Agrostistachys pubescens Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 274; --Pax in EngI. Pfianzenreich 57 (1912) 99.
Type: FB 5940 Curran (US*, iso). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mabayo, in bamboo thickets along
streams, Jan 1907.
Wetria macrophylla (Blume) JJ Sm., Meded. Dept. Landbouw 10 (1910) 471; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 437;
Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea
(Papua).
LUZON: Bataan, BANCALAN, NEGROS. Lowland bamboo thickets and forests.
(1975) 206; Euph. New

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Euphorbiaceae

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Family 147.

NE to S China, Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines.

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser

BATAN, BABUYAN ISLS. Low altitude thickets. An ally of A. amentacea Roxb.

Sp. Blancoanae (1918)

Widespread in the Old World Tropics.

Probably a native of SE Malaya, now cultivated in most tropical countries. Grown as a

Native of Polynesia, now cultivated in most tropical countries, introduced to the

LUZON: Camarines, SIBUYAN. Lowland primary forest, ascending to 300m. According

S India, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo,

LUZON: Cagayan. Lowland forests.

Nicobar Isls, Burma, S China, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo,

Aleurites JR & G Forster

Antidesma Linnaeus (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)

New Guinea, Moluccas (Mangoli), Sulawesi and the Philippines.

Bischofia Blume = see under Family 161. Staphyleaceae

Blumeodendron (Mueller-Argovensis) Kurz

Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, C Philippines.

Breynia JR & G Forster (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)

Bridelia Willdenow (see PHYLLANTHACEAE)

Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser

Philippines. According to Merrill (1923), not certainly distinct from E neocaledonica

LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Open dry places at low altitudes.

S China, Taiwan, SE Asia to tropical Australia and Polynesia.

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines.

Cladogynos Zippelius ex Spanoghe

S China, Thailand, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Langkawi, Java, C Philippines,

LUZON: Pangasinan, Bulacan, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Quezon. Lowland thickets,

LUZON: Quezon (East Coast). Mossy forests, altitude c. 900m.

MINDORO. Forests, altitude c. 2000m.

PANAY: Antique. Forests, altitude c. 800m.

LUZON, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, NEGROS. Primary forests, ascending to 600m.

NE India, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines,

LUZON: Camarines Sur. Forested slopes along streams, altitude c. 820m.

(1923) 430; --Airy Shaw

LUZON: Camarines Sur (Pasacao).

This not in Euphorbiaceae website?

PALAWAN, BALABAC, TICAO, CEBU, TAWI-TAWI. Disturbed and secondary forests,

BOHOL, SAMAR. Often along rivers.

Cleistanthus JD Hooker ex Planchon

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls.

Philip. (1983) 14; --S D

Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls.

Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

Shaw, Alphab. Enum.

LUZON: Apayao, NEGROS, BILIRAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Agusan.

Euph. Philip. (1983) 14

Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

Alphab. Enum. Euph. P

Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.

Andaman Isls, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore,

Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea.

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

Hainan, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo,

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

Shaw, Alphab. Enum.

MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland forests up to 300m.

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.

LUZON: Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Camarines, SAMAR, MINDANAO:

Philip. (1983) 16; --Tra

PANAY: Antique. Lowland forests along small streams.

Enum. Euph. Philip. (19

PANAY: Antique. Primary forests, altitude 900m.