Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cooperative Extension
Woody ornamentals
pest management
in Wisconsin
R.C. Williamson
P.J. Liesch
J.P. Kerns
R.A. Flashinski
CONTENTS
PEST MANAGEMENT ANDPESTICIDES................1
TABLES
PEST MANAGEMENT ANDPESTICIDES........................1
INSECT MANAGEMENT..................................32
DISEASE MANAGEMENT................................20
PEST MANAGEMENT
ANDPESTICIDES
Controlling a pest is only part of a total pest
management program. Pest control is a corrective measure; you use pesticides or some
other control method to reduce a damaging
(or potentially damaging) pest population.
Pest management, however, includes preventative measures as well.
The primary goal of your pest management
program is to maintain pest damage at an
acceptable level. Years ago, especially with
the advent of pesticides, people thought they
could eradicate pests. We know now that this
is rarely possible; pest populations merely
adapt to our control tactics. In fact, our
attempts at eradication may create more problems than they solve (pesticide resistance,
secondary pest outbreaks, etc.). Pesticides are
vital, effective tools for agriculture but they
can no longer be viewed as a cure-all for all
of our pest problems. Rather, they must be
viewed in the context of a total pest management program.
INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the
coordinated use of multiple pest control
methods. It encourages the use of all available
techniques where practical and does not rely
on a single-method approach. A sound IPM
program can help us apply pesticides only
when necessary.
IPM is by no means a new concept; some
forms of integrated pest control have been
practiced for centuries. The significance of
todays IPM concept is that it is based on a
scientific and systematic approach. You must
be familiar with the crop, the pest, and all
available control tactics to develop and implement an IPM program.
To help train growers, field scouts, and
consultants, the University of Wisconsin conducts field scout training classes each year
in Madison and River Falls, and a Wisconsin
crop diagnosis training program at Arlington.
In addition, IPM training seminars are available throughout the year for nursery crops.
Woody Ornamentals
azinphos-methyl
Guthion 35WP
28.5 lb
dimethoate
Dimethoate 4EC
125 gal
endosulfan
Thiodan 50W
20 lb
paraquat
Gramoxone Max
3.3 gal
A complete list of EPAs extremely hazardous substances is available from the Local
Emergency Planning Committee in your
county or from the EPA web site: www.epa.
gov/oem/content/epcra/epcra_plan302c.
htm.
Any facility, including farms, that produces, uses, or stores any of these substances
in a quantity at or greater than their threshold
planning quantity must notify WEM and
their Local Emergency Planning Committee
(LEPC) that it is subject to the emergency
planning notification requirements of Title
III of SARA. Notification must include the
name and location of the facility, kinds and
amounts of extremely hazardous substances
stored, and name of a contact person.
In addition to emergency planning notification, agricultural service businesses with
one or more employees are subject to two
community right-to-know reporting requirements: submission of material safety data
sheets (MSDS) and submission of Tier II
inventory forms. Tier II forms request specific information on each hazardous chemical
stored at or above its threshold.
WORKER PROTECTION
STANDARD (WPS) FOR
AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES
The federal Worker Protection Standard
(WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides took effect
January 1, 1995. Its purpose is to reduce the
risk of employee exposure to pesticides. You
are subject to the WPS if you have at least one
employee who is involved in the production
of agricultural plants in a nursery, greenhouse, forest, or farming operation.
The WPS requires employers to do the following:
Display pesticide safety information in a
central location.
Train uncertified workers and handlers
on general pesticide safety principles.
Provide personal protective clothing and
equipment to employees.
Active ingredient
PESTICIDE TOXICITY
There are four common ways in which pesticides enter the human bodythrough the
skin (dermal), the mouth (oral), the lungs
(inhalation), and the eyes. Absorption
through the skin is the most common route of
poisoning of agricultural workers.
Perhaps the greatest hazard for the applicator is in loading and mixing the pesticide
concentrate, which presents a significant risk
of exposure to the chemical in its most toxic
form. Although hazards associated with the
actual application are frequently much less
severe, they can still be substantial, especially
if there is significant drift or if appropriate
Measure of toxicity
Oral LD50 (mg/kg)
I
High
toxicity
Toxicity category
II
III
Moderate
Slight
toxicity
toxicity
IV
Low
toxicity
050
50500
5005,000
>5,000
0200
2002,000
2,00020,000
>20,000
Inhalation LC50
gas/vapor (ppm)
dust/mist (mg/l)
0200
00.2
2002,000
0.22
2,00020,000
220
>20,000
>20
Eye effects
corrosive
irritation reversible
within 7 days
no irritation
Skin effects
corrosive
severe irritation
moderate irritation
mild irritation
Signal word
DANGERa
WARNING
CAUTION
CAUTION
Woody Ornamentals
HUMAN POISONING
Pesticide poisoning. Poisoning must be
recognized early for effective treatment. Early
symptoms are usually a headache, feeling
of weakness, blurred vision, excessive perspiration, and nausea. Abdominal cramps,
vomiting, and excessive salivation may set
in with, or without, diarrhea. The throat and
chest will feel constricted and breathing will
be difficult. In mild cases of poisoning, some
of these symptoms may be absent. In cases of
organophosphate and carbamate poisoning,
symptoms may appear and progress rapidly.
In case of human poisoning. Call a
doctor at once if you suspect pesticide poisoning. Move the individual from the area
of exposure. Remove contaminated clothing
and wash skin with plenty of soap and water
to remove all traces of the chemical. The
pesticide label and MSDS contain first aid
information and additional information for
medical personnel. Take the victim to professional medical help immediately and take
along a copy of the pesticide label, or at least
the chemical and common names of the active
ingredient(s) and the name and address of the
manufacturer. A medical emergency phone
number often is listed on the pesticide label.
Poison Control Center (1-800-2221222). You may call the Poison Control
Center at any hour for information regarding proper treatment of pesticide poisoning.
While other hospitals and medical facilities
may have some information, the Poison
Control Center has the most complete and
current files and their personnel are specifically trained to deal with poison cases.
Most labels also list a phone number that
you (or medical personnel) can call for specific information on poisoning (or other accidents) involving that particular product.
PESTICIDE SAFETY
Before you handle pesticides, stop and
read the label. Labels contain human safety
precaution statements and list the specific
personal protective clothing and equipment
that you need to wear. Some of the following
may be label requirements; others are commonsense guidelines that will help minimize
pesticide exposure to you, your family and
neighbors, and the environment.
Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long trousers,
shoes, and socks when handling pesticides.
Wear coveralls (fabric or chemical-resistant) over your work clothes for an added
layer of protection.
Unless the label states otherwise, always
wear chemical-resistant gloves whenever
you work with pesticides.
Wear chemical-resistant footwear, gloves,
eyewear, and respirator (if the label
requires one) when mixing, loading, or
applying pesticides.
If you wear fabric coveralls, also wear a
chemical-resistant apron when mixing
and loading pesticides.
Stand in the crosswind when mixing or
loading pesticides.
Never apply pesticides when there is the
likelihood of significant drift.
Never leave a spray tank containing pesticide unattended.
Avoid back-siphoning into the water
source.
Never eat, drink, or smoke when handling pesticides.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling
pesticides.
If you splash pesticide on yourself,
remove contaminated clothing immediately and wash yourself thoroughly.
Wash contaminated clothes separately
from other household laundry.
Keep pesticides in original containers.
Store and lock pesticides out of the reach
of children.
Observe restricted entry intervals on a
treated crop or area.
PESTICIDE ACCIDENTS
Pesticide spills. Regardless of the magnitude of a spill, the objectives of a proper
response are the sameyou must control the
spill, you must contain it, and you must clean
it up. A thorough knowledge of appropriate
procedures will allow you to minimize the
potential for adverse effects.
The Wisconsin Spill Law provides specific
guidelines for reporting spills to the WDNR.
You do NOT need to report the spill if it
is completely confined within an impervious secondary containment, and the spilled
amount can be recovered with no discharge
to the environment. On the other hand, a spill
of any amount is reportable if it occurred
outside of secondary containment and it
caused, or threatens to cause, adverse effects
on human health or the environment (e.g.,
back siphoning). The spill is exempt from the
Pest management andpesticides 5
PESTICIDE DRIFT
It is impossible to totally eliminate pesticide
drift. Drift occurs because of unforeseen wind
variations and other factors, many of which
are beyond the applicators control. People
living in areas subject to pesticide drift worry
about the acute and chronic effects of exposure to pesticides. State rules governing pesticide drift attempt to strike a balance between
6
Woody Ornamentals
PESTICIDES AND
GROUNDWATER
Trace amounts of pesticides are now appearing in our nations groundwater. To minimize
further contamination, many pesticide labels
contain precautionary statements either
advising against or prohibiting use in areas
vulnerable to groundwater contamination. A
summary of these precautionary statements
is included under the Remarks heading for
pesticides in this publication.
To protect our states water resources,
Wisconsins Groundwater Law created two
guidelines to limit the presence of fertilizer
and pesticides in groundwater: enforcement
standards are maximum chemical levels
allowed in groundwater and preventive
CALIBRATING PESTICIDE
EQUIPMENT
Accurate and uniform pesticide application
is basic to satisfactory pest control. Too often
a grower does not know exactly how much
pesticide has been used until the application is completed. This leads to substantial
PREPARING PESTICIDE
SPRAYERS FOR STORAGE
Before storing the sprayer at the end of the
season:
1. Clean the sprayer per label instructions or
as specified above.
2. Fill the sprayer with sufficient water to
operate adding 1 to 5 gallons of lightweight emulsifiable oil, depending upon
the size of the tank. Circulate the oil/
water solution through the sprayer system for 5 to 10 minutes.
3. Flush the solution out of the spray tank
and through the boom; the oil will leave
a protective coating on the inside of the
tank, pump, and plumbing.
4. Remove the nozzles, screens, and strainers and place them in diesel fuel or
kerosene to prevent corrosion. Cover the
nozzle openings in the boom to prevent
dirt from entering.
5. As an added precaution to protect
pumps, pour 1 tablespoon of radiator
rustinhibitor antifreeze in each of the
inlet and outlet ports. Rotate the pump
several revolutions to completely coat the
interior surfaces.
PESTICIDE DISPOSAL
It is the legal responsibility of all pesticide
users to properly dispose of pesticide waste.
Disposal is the final act of safe and judicious
pesticide use. Follow established guidelines
to ensure that human health and the environment are not subject to unreasonable risks. It
is illegal to bury or burn any pesticide containers in Wisconsin.
Some pesticides are considered hazardous by the EPA. Disposing waste or excess
resulting from use of these pesticides comes
under stringent regulations of the Resource
Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA). This
federal law and the accompanying state law
(NR 600) regulate generators of hazardous
wastethose who need to dispose of hazardous pesticides.
8
Woody Ornamentals
containers will not be accepted. The containers are then transported to a granulation site
where they are pelletized for recycling. Check
the WCPA website (www.wicrops.org) or
your county Extension office to find out when
a collection site will be in your area.
Please note that this recycling program is
not a Wisconsin Clean Sweep program; waste
pesticides will not be accepted at container
collection or granulation sites.
Recycling mini-bulk tanks. Although
mini-bulk tanks can be recycled at the same time
as smaller jugs, dealers must register. In addition
to recycling small containers, Wisconsin dealers and growers also may recycle mini-bulk
tanks (60 gallons and larger). Only dealers
are allowed to bring tanks to the collection
site, although the program will accept farmers tanks if they are brought to the site by
a dealer. There is a nominal fee and tanks
must have all metal removed. Collection and
recycling of mini-bulk tanks are held on oddnumbered years; please check with WCPA
(608-249-4070) for details.
A FINAL WORD
Chemical pesticides can be used as part of a
successful disease, insect, and weed management program. However, pesticides present
hazards to agricultural workers, the general
public, and the environment. Therefore, they
should be used wisely, safely, and only when
needed. Proper crop management can lessen
the need for pesticide use, because a wellmaintained planting is less susceptible to disease, insect, and weed pests.
Note: When applying a pesticide, always
follow the directions on the pesticide label.
Label information changes from time to time.
The current pesticide label is the final authority for safety and legality.
PESTS OF WOODY
ORNAMENTALS
This section lists the more common insects,
diseases, and other problems associated with
woody ornamentals in Wisconsin. While you
wont see all of the listed pests each year for
a given species, its a good idea to familiarize
yourself with the common disease and insect
problems and scout regularly throughout
Pesta
Scouting season
Insects
x
mid-May to September
mid-May to mid-June
May to early June
April to May, August to September
May
April to May, September to October
April to May, August
CONIFERS
Abies (Fir)
Bagworm
Balsam gall midge
Balsam twig aphid
Pales weevil
Pine needle scale
Spruce spider mite
Tussock moth
Larix (Larch)
Insects
x
Bagworm
Fletcher scale
Shothole borer
Spruce spider mite
Tip dwarf mite
mid-May to September
late June to July
June
April to May, September to October
late April to May
Diseases
April to May
May to early July
all year
late May to mid-September
Larch casebearer
Larch sawfly
Wooly larch aphids
June to August
early June to September
September
x
xx
x
xx
Insects
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
10
Woody Ornamentals
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
CONIFERS
Picea (Spruce)
Insects
x
x
x
Bagworm
mid-May to September
Cooley spruce gall adelgid
mid-April to late May
Eastern spruce gall adelgid
early April, September to mid-October
Pine needle scale
May
Spruce needle miner mid-April to late May, late June to mid-July
Spruce spider mites
April to May, September to October
White pine weevil March to April, mid-August to mid-September
Insects
xx
x
x
xx
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Aphids
July to August
Bagworm
mid-May to September
European pine sawfly
April to May
European pine shoot moth
April, mid-June to mid-July
Gypsy moth
early April to late August
Pales weevil
April to May, August to September
Pine bark adelgid
May to September
Pine needle scale
May
Pine spittlebug
late May to mid-August
Red-headed pine sawfly
early June to mid-August
Shothole borer
all year
Spruce spider mite
April to May, September to October
White pine aphid
May to June, September (eggs)
White pine weevil March to April, mid-August to mid-September
Zimmerman moth
April to mid-May
Diseases xx
xx
x
x
x
x
Brown spot
Cyclaneusma needlecast
Dothistroma needle blight
Late damping off and root rot
Lophodermium
Sphaeropsis
White pine blister rust
Misc.
Pseudotsuga
(Douglas fir)
all year
mid-April to mid-July
May to June
x Ozone sensitivity
x Sulphur dioxide sensitivity
Insects
x
April
April to May, August to September
May
April to May, September to October
June to early July
Diseases
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Taxus (Yew)
Insects
x Black vine weevil
x Fletcher scale
Taxus mealybug
Misc.
Dieback
November to March
Insects
x
x
x
Arborvitae leafminer
Fletcher scale
Lecanium scale
Shothole borer
Spruce spider mite
Thuja (Arborvitae)
Disease
xx Phomopsis
Insects
x
x
x
Tsuga (Hemlock)
Bagworm
Hemlock eriophyid mite
Hemlock scale
Spruce spider mite
Insects
xx
x
xx
x
x
xx
Aphids
Cottony maple scale
Erinium gall mite
Fall cankerworm
Leafhopper
Lecanium scale
Maple bladder gall mite
Maple petiole borer
Obliquebanded leafroller
Oystershell scale
Spring cankerworm
Tussock moth
Yellownecked caterpillar
April to September
July
July to August
May
late June to September
July
May to June
May to June
June
late May to June
May
April to May, August
August to September
Diseases x
x
x
x
x
xx
Anthracnose
Bacterial wetwood (slimeflux)
Basal canker
Leaf scorch
Phyllosticta leaf spot
Septoria leaf spot
Tar spot
Verticillium wilt
Aesculus
Insect
x Oystershell scale
(Horsechestnut)
Disease
x Leaf blotch
July to August
Amelanchier
Insect
(Serviceberry)
June to August
May to June
July to August
Berberis (Barberry)
Insects
Barberry inchworm
Lecanium scale
Diseases
Anthracnose
Bacterial leafspot
Verticillium wilt
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
12
Woody Ornamentals
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Insects
xx
x
x
x
xx
xx
xx
x
Aphids
Birch leaf skeletonizer
Bronze birch borer
Dusky birch sawfly
Fall webworm
Gypsy moth
Japanese beetle
Leafhopper
Leafminer
Lecanium scale
Tussock moth
Yellownecked caterpillar
April to September
June to July
June to mid-July
May, mid-July to September
June to August
early April to late August
late June to September
late June to September
May to July
July
April to May, August
August to September
Diseases xx Canker
x Leaf rust
Leaf spot
all year
mid-August to October
June to September
Carya (Hickory)
Insects
xx
x
April to September
June, August
July to August
July to September
Celtis (Hackberry)
Insects
x Hackberry nipple gall psyllid
Lecanium scale
Yellowneck caterpillar
May to September
July
August to September
Cercis (Redbud)
July
June to July
Cornus (Dogwood)
Insects
x
x
Dogwood borer
Four-lined plantbug
Oystershell scale
San Jose scale
Diseases x
xx
Anthracnose
Botryosphaeria dieback
Golden cankerb
Phytophthora crown canker
Septoria leafspot
May to June
June to September
all year
May to September
late June to September
Corylus (Hazelnut)
Insects
xx Aphids
x Galls
x Oystershell scale
Diseases
Cotinus
(Purpleleaf Plum)
Insects
Crown gall
Leafspots
Diseases
a
Aphids
Fall webworm
Lacebugs
Walnut caterpillar
Verticillium
April to September
all year
June
all year
June to September
mid-June to early July
mid-June to early July
July to September
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Crataegus
(Hawthorn)
Euonymus
(Euonymus)
Insects
x
x
x
Cotoneaster webworm
Obliquebanded leafroller
Oystershell scale
Pear slug sawfly
San Jose scale
May to mid-June
June
June
late May to June
June, August
Diseases
Crown gall
Fireblight
all year
May to June
Insects
xx
x
x
x
Aphids
Lacebugs
Leafminers
Lecanium scale
Obliquebanded leafroller
San Jose scale
Yellownecked caterpillar
Wooly apple aphid
April to September
June to early August
late May to July
July
June
June, August
August to September
July to September
Diseases xx Fireblight
xx Rust
x Scab
May to June
June to August
May to August
Insects
xx
x
x
x
x
Aphids
Black vine weevil
Euonymus caterpillar
Euonymus scale
Lecanium scale
Spider mites
April to September
late May to September
June
late May to August
July
July to August
Diseases
Anthracnose
Crown gall
Leafspots
Powdery mildew
May to June
all year
June to September
July to August
Fraxinus (Ash)
x Four-lined plantbug
x San Jose scale
June to July
June, August (crawlers)
Diseases
Crown gall
Leafspots
all year
June to September
Insects
xx
xx
xx
xx
Aphids
Ash borer/lilac borer
Ash flower gall mite
Emerald ash borer
Fall webworm
Oystershell scale
Plantbugs
April to September
early June
April
all year
June to August
June
May to early August
Diseases xx
x
x
xx
Anthracnose
Ash yellows
Cankers
Leafspots
Verticillium wilt
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
14
Woody Ornamentals
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Insects
xx
x
x
Disease
Aphids
Cottony maple scale
Honeylocust plantbug
Honeylocust pod gall midge
Honeylocust spider mite
Leafhoppers
Lecanium scale
xx Canker
April to September
July
May to June
May to July
August
late June to September
July
all year
Juglans (Walnut)
Insects
xx
xx
x
Aphids
Fall webworm
Oystershell scale
Poplar-willow borer
Spider mites
Spiny elm caterpillar
Tussock moth
Yellownecked caterpillar
Walnut caterpillar
April to September
June to August
June
late July to August
July to August
June to August
April to May, August
August to September
August to September
Ligustrum (Privet)
Insects
x
x
Lilac borer
Privet rust mite
Privet thrips
San Jose scale
Lonicera
(Honeysuckle)
Insect
Disease
May to September
May to September
Magnolia
(Magnolia)
Insect
Magnolia scale
June to September
Malus
(Flowering
crabapple)
Insects
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
x
x
xx
x
Aphids
Eastern tent caterpillar
European red mite
Fall cankerworm
Fall webworm
Gypsy moth
Japanese beetle
Leafhoppers
Lecanium scale
Obliquebanded leafrollers
Oystershell scale
Pear slug sawfly
San Jose scale
Shothole borer
Spider mites
Spring cankerworm
Tussock moth
Wooly apple aphid
Yellownecked caterpillar
April to September
April to May
late April to August
May
June to August
early April to late August
June to September
late June to September
July
June
June
late May to June
June, August
May to June
July to August
May
April to May, August
July to September
August to September
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Diseases
xx
x
xx
xx
Physocarpus
(Ninebark)
Insect
xx Aphids
Populus (Poplar)
Insects
Elm sawfly
Fall webworm
Leaf beetle
Lecanium scale
Oystershell scale
Poplar-willow borer
Vagabond aphid
Diseases
xx
Cankers
Dothichiza canker
Leaf blister
Septoria leafspot
all year
all year
May to June
July to September
Aphids
Eastern tent caterpillar
European red mite
Fall cankerworm
Fall webworm
Gypsy moth
Japanese beetle
Lecanium scale
Lesser peachtree borer
Obliquebanded leafroller
Oystershell scale
Peachtree borer
Pear slug sawfly
San Jose scale
Spring cankerworm
Spider mite
Yellownecked caterpillar
April to September
April to May
late April to August
May
June to August
early April to late August
June to September
July
mid-June to early July
June
June
mid-June to early July
late May to June
June, August
May
July to August
August to September
June to July
all year
July to August
all year
Prunus
Insects
xx
(Flowering plum, etc)
xx
x
xx
xx
xx
xx
x
x
x
x
xx
x
Diseases
xx
x
x
x
Fireblight
Powdery mildew
Rust
Scab
May to June
July to September
June to September
May to August
April to September
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
16
Woody Ornamentals
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Insects
xx
xx
xx
x
xx
x
xx
Aphids
Fall cankerworm
Fall webworm
Galls
Gypsy moth
Lacebug
Lecanium scale
Oak leafminer
Oak leaf skeletonizer
Spider mites
Spring cankerworm
Twig pruner
Two-lined chestnut borer
Yellownecked caterpillar
April to September
May
June to August
all year
early April to late August
June to early August
July
May to July
June to August
July to September
May
August to September
all year
August to September
Diseases
x
xx
xx
x
Anthracnose
Leaf spots
Oak wilt
Root & butt rot
Misc.
June to September
Rhus (Sumac)
Insects
xx Aphids
x Cottony maple scale
Four-lined plantbug
April to September
July
June to July
Ribes (Currant)
Insects
April to September
June, August
Rosa (Rose)
Insects
xx
xx
x
Aphids
Four-lined plantbug
Japanese beetle
Leafhoppers
Mossyrose gall wasp
Obliquebanded leafroller
Rose chafer
Roseslug sawfly
Rose stem girdler
San Jose scale
Spider mites
April to September
June to July
June to September
late June to September
May
June
June to July
June
July to October
June, August
July to September
Diseases
xx
x
Bacterial leafspot
Black spot
Botrytis
Crown gall
Fire blight
Powdery mildew
May to July
June to October
May to September
all year
May to September
July to August
xx Aphids
x San Jose scale
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Insects
xx
xx
x
Aphids
Elm sawfly
Fall webworm
Imported willow leaf beetle
Lecanium scale
Oystershell scale
Yellow poplar weevil
April to September
July to August
June to August
June to July
July
June
late July to August
Sorbus
(Mountain ash)
Insects
x
x
x
x
Spiraea (Spirea)
Diseases
x Cytospora canker
xx Fireblight
x Leaf spots
xx Scab
all year
May
July to September
May to August
Insects
xx Aphids
x Obliquebanded leafroller
April to September
June
Diseases
Syringa (Lilac)
Tilia (Linden)
Insects
Crown gall
Fireblight
Leafspot
Powdery mildew
x Lilac borer
x Oystershell scale
all year
May to June
May to September
July to August
late May to early July
June
May to June
July to August
all year
Insects
xx
xx
xx
x
xx
x
xx
April to September
April to October
May
June to August
early April to late August
May
June to September
July
May to August
June, August
May
April to May, August
August to September
Aphids
Eriophyid gall mites
Fall cankerworm
Fall webworm
Gypsy moth
Introduced basswood thrips
Japanese beetle
Lecanium scale
Linden borer
San Jose scale
Spring cankerworm
Tussock moth
Yellownecked caterpillar
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
18
Woody Ornamentals
(continued)
Pesta
Scouting season
Viburnum
(Viburnum)
Insects
xx
x
xx
Aphids
Elm leaf beetle
Elm leafminer
Elm sawfly
Fall cankerworm
Fall webworm
Gypsy moth
Leafhopper
Lecanium scale
Spider mites
Spiny elm caterpillar
Spring cankerworm
Wooly apple aphid
Yellownecked caterpillar
April to September
mid-May to September
May to June
late June to July
May
May to August
early April to late August
late June to September
July
July to August
May to August
May
September to June
August to September
Diseases
x
x
x
x
x
all year
all year
May to July
May to June
June to September
April to September
Insects
xx
x
x
x
Aphids
Four-lined plantbug
Shoot borers
Viburnum crown borer
Viburnum leaf beetlec
Viburnum shoot sawfly
April to September
June to July
June
mid-June to early July
May to October
late June to August
Diseases
Bacterial leafspot
Botrytis shoot blight
Crown gall
Downy mildew
Powdery mildew
May to June
May to September
all year
May to September
July to August
x = pest is present most years but is only occasionally a serious problem; xx = pest is an annual pest problem.
Only on Pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
c
Found in infested plant stock in Dane County in 2009. No other known incidences in the state.
b
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
The best disease management strategy
involves prevention. The following list details
general practices for managing diseases of
woody ornamentals:
Choose disease-resistant cultivars.
Remove infected tissue whenever possible to reduce the amount of inoculum
present, thereby reducing the spread of
disease.
Prune and handle infected trees only during dry periods. Disinfect tools in a 70%
alcohol or a 10% bleach solution for 3
minutes between trees.
Use pathogen-free stock whenever possible.
Remove infected trees in windbreaks and
surrounding areas to prevent the spread
of inoculum to susceptible nursery plants.
Monitor trees closely for signs of disease.
Avoid accepting uncertified nursery
stock. Although the plant material may
appear healthy, soil-borne pathogens may
be present in container or B&B stock.
Do not borrow or lend equipment
between nurseries unless it is thoroughly
washed with high pressure water and
a decontamination solution (bleach or
fungicide). Wash at the pesticide washing
site to prevent spread of debris.
Keep seedlings as unstressed as possible.
Avoid over- and underwatering, herbicide injury, and pest problems.
Minimize transplanting; use root pruning
on appropriate species to limit root size.
Minimize the number of times you enter
the planting beds with equipment, as
infested soil is transported on equipment.
20
Woody Ornamentals
PROPAGATION CONCERNS
The most important practice in preventing
the spread of disease during propagation is to
propagate from disease-free stock under sanitary conditions.
Sterilize equipment using 70% isopropyl
alcohol, Physan 20, or monochloramine. To
prepare monochloramine, dissolve 4.6 grams
of ammonium sulfate into one gallon of water
and add 34 ml of 5% household bleach.
Physan 20 may also be used to effectively
disinfect hard surfaces.
To disinfect cuttings, Agrigrom may be
used in continuous flow systems. Rinse cuttings in a 15 ppm solution of chlorinated
water, then dip into a 200 ppm concentration
of Physan 20.
References to fungicides in this publication are
for your convenience and are not an endorsement
of one product or manufacturer over another. In
some situations, the efficacy and phytotoxic effects
of these products have not been tested and results
may vary. Please refer to the product label for specific rates and application instructions as well as
other site and use restrictions and precautions.
Trade name
azoxystrobin
Heritage
Syngenta
boscalid + pyra
clostrobin
Pageant
BASF
captan
Captan,
Captec
chlorothalonil
Oral
LD50
Dermal
LD50
SU
11
caution either
>5,000
>2,000
LP, LP
11, 7
---
caution either
12
---
---
Micro Flo,
Arysta
PC
M4
danger either
96*
>5,000
>2,000
Quali-Pro,
Quali-Pro,
Daconil,
Syngenta,
Chlorothalonil Arysta
720
PC
M5
warning either
48
PC, SU
M5, 1
danger either
12*
chlorothalonil +
Peregrine,
Phoenix,
thiophanate-methyl Spectro, TM + Cleary,
CTN
Nufarm
>10,000 >10,000
copper
Camelot
Whitmire
PC
M1
caution either
12
4,000
>2,000
copper + mancozeb
Junction
SePRO
PC
M1,
M3
danger either
24
Nufarm,
Griffin, Isagro,
Agristar
PC
M1
caution- varies
danger
24
caution either
24
472
846 >2,000
1,346 >5,000
copper sulfate
Phyton 27,
Phyton Co.,
Cuprofix,
UPI, Hi-Yield
Bordeaux Mix
PC
M1,
M2
cyazofamid
Segway
FMC
PC
21
12
>2,000
>5,000
dimethomorph
Staturef
BASF
LP
15
12
3,900
>2,000
PC
14
12*
1,077
>5,000
PC, SU
14, 1
warning either
12
Gowan
SU
caution either
12
>2,000
>4,000
etridiazole
Terrazole ,
Terrazole L,
Trubanf
Chemtura,
OHP, Scotts
etridiazole + thiophanate-methyl
Banrotf
Scotts
fenarimol
Rubigan
d
fenhexamid
Decree
SePRO
LP
17
12
>5,000
>5,000
fludioxonil
Medallion
Syngenta
PC
12
12*
>5,000
>2,000
fludioxonil +
mefenoxam
Hurricane
Syngenta
PC, SU
12, 4
--
caution either
48
---
---
flutolanil
Contrastf,
Prostar
Scotts, Bayer
SU
caution either
12
>10,000
>5,000
* Restricted entry interval may be longer or shorter than shown here; consult the product label for details.
(continued)
a
Pesticide mobility: PC = protective-contact, LP = local penetrant (locally systemic); SU = systemicupward only; S = systemic
b
The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) organized fungicides into mode-of-action groups. Active ingredients within a
group affect pathogens in the same way.
c
Risk for development of fungal resistance: L = low, M = medium, H = high.
d
Not for use in residential landscapes.
e
Not for use in nurseries.
f
For use in nurseries only.
Disease management 21
Trade name
fosetyl-aluminum
Aliette,
Flankerd
Bayer,
Tessenderla
Kerley
iprodione
18 Plusd,
Lesco, Bayer,
26GTd,
OHP, BASF
Chipco
26019d,
Iprodione Prod
iprodione + thiophanate-methyl
Cleary
26/36d,
TwoSomed
Cleary, Lesco
kresoxim-methyl
Cygnusd
mancozeb
Dithane, Fore,
Formece, Lesco
Mancozeb,
Pentathlon,
Protect,
Penncozeb
mancozeb + thiophanate-methyl
mefenoxam
33
LP
LP, SU
2,1
--
BASF
LP
11
Dow Agro
Sciences,
Gordons,
Lesco, SePRO,
Cleary, UPI
PC
Oral
LD50
Dermal
LD50
caution either
12
5,000
>2,000
12
>4,400
>2,000
warning dual
12
---
---
caution either
12
>5,000
>2,000
M3
caution either
24
>5,000
>5,000
PC, SU
M3, 1
caution either
12
SU
caution- either
warning
48*
1,172
>2,020
myclobutanil
Eagle, Rallyf,
Hoist
Dow Agro
Sciences,
Prokoz
SU
caution- either
warning
24
1,600
>5,000
neem oil
Rose Rx,
Triact, Trilogy
Bonide, OHP,
Certis
PC
caution either
>5,000
33
caution either
>5,000
>5,000
caution either
2,700
>5,000
24
2,0008,550
>3,920
Armicab,
Kaligreen,
GreenCure
Helena,
Otsuka, H&I
Agritech
PC
propamocarbhydrochloride
Banold,
Proplantd
Bayer, Sipcam
SU
28
* Restricted entry interval may be longer or shorter than shown here; consult the product label for details.
(continued)
a
Pesticide mobility: PC = protective-contact, LP = local penetrant (locally systemic); SU = systemicupward only; S = systemic
b
The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) organized fungicides into mode-of-action groups. Active ingredients within a
group affect pathogens in the same way.
c
Risk for development of fungal resistance: L = low, M = medium, H = high.
d
Not for use in residential landscapes.
e
Not for use in nurseries.
f
For use in nurseries only.
22
Woody Ornamentals
Trade name
propiconazole
Alamo, Banner
Maxx, ProPensity, Propiconazole, ProconZ, Strider,
Spectator
Syngenta,
Sipcam,
Loveland,
Cleary, Lesco
streptomycin
Oral
LD50
Dermal
LD50
SU
caution- either
warning
24*
1,517
>4,000
Ag-Streptomy- MANA,
cin, Firewall
Sipcam
25
caution either
12
>10,000
325
tebuconazole
Torque
Cleary
SU
caution either
12
3,776
>2,000
thiabendazole
Arbotect
Syngenta
SU
caution either
3,100
>2,000
Cleary, Scotts,
OHP, Sipcam, Lesco,
UPI
SU
caution either
12*
triadimefon
Bayleton,
Lesco Systemice, Striked
Bayer, Lesco,
OHP
SU
caution either
12
812
>2,000
trifloxystrobin
Compass,
Compass-O
Bayer, OHP
LP
11
caution either
12*
>4,000
>2,000
trifloxystrobin +
triadimefon
Armada
Bayer
LP, SU
11, 3
--
caution either
12*
---
---
triflumizole
Terraguard
Chemtura
SU
caution either
12*
2,230
>2,000
7,500 >10,000
* Restricted entry interval may be longer or shorter than shown here; consult the product label for details.
a
Pesticide mobility: PC = protective-contact, LP = local penetrant (locally systemic); SU = systemicupward only; S = systemic
b
The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) organized fungicides into mode-of-action groups. Active ingredients within a
group affect pathogens in the same way.
c
Risk for development of fungal resistance: L = low, M = medium, H = high.
d
Not for use in residential landscapes.
e
Not for use in nurseries.
f
For use in nurseries only.
Disease management 23
Fungicide
Remarks
H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H mancozeb,
mancozeb + myclobutanil
Cyclaneusma
Pinus sylvestris
needlecast
(Cyclaneusma minus)
azoxystrobin,
H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H mancozeb
Dothistroma
needlecast
(Mycosphaerella
septosporum,
Dothistroma pini)
Pinus mugo,
Pinus nigra
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H copper sulfate
Lophodermium
needlecast
(Lophodermium
seditiosum)
Rhizosphaera
needlecast
(Rhizosphaera
kalkhoffii,
Rhizosphaera pini)
Abies,
Picea
Needle disorders
Brown spot
(Mycosphaerella
dearnessii)
Pinus sylvestris
H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H copper,
H copper hydroxide,
H mancozeb
(continued)
24
24
Woody Ornamentals
Fungicide
Remarks
Swiss needlecast
(Phaeocryptopus
gaeumanni)
Pseudotsuga
menziesii
azoxystrobin,
H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil + fenarimol,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H mancozeb
Root rots
Juniperus
azoxystrobin,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H copper sulfate,
H mancozeb,
mancozeb
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H propiconazole,
H thiophanate-methyl
azoxystrobin,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H myclobutanil,
H propiconazole,
H thiophanate-methyl,
H triadimefon
Apply in early April through mid-June. Follow label directions. Not proven to be a reliable control.
Cultural control. Plant disease-free stock.
Monitor windbreaks for source of inoculum.
Prune only during dry periods and control
insects since wounded tissue remains susceptible for several days. Remove red pine
windbreaks.
Abies, Picea,
none
Pinus,
Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Tsuga
H = Formulations of this active ingredient intended for homeowner use are available.
25
Fungicide
Remarks
Cankers are best managed through prevention. When pruning, do not leave stubs or cut into
the branch collar. During the growing season, prune only during dry periods. Remove all
infected debris and sanitize equipment in 70% ethanol or a 10% bleach solution between
cuts. Trees under stress or with poor vigor are less able to fight infection.
Cankers
Birch canker
Betula
(Neonectria ditissima)
none
Black knot
(Apiosporina
morbosa)
copper + mancozeb,
H copper sulfate,
H thiophanate-methyl
Fire blight
Chaenomeles,
(Erwinia amylovora) Cotoneaster,
Crataegus,
Cydonia, Malus,
Pyrcantha, Pyrus,
Rosa, Sorbus
aucuparia,
Spiraea
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H copper sulfate,
fosetyl-aluminum,
phosphorous acid,
streptomycin
Nectria canker
(Nectria
cinnabarina)
Gleditsia
triacanthos
none
Phomopsis canker
(Phomopsis
arnoldiae)
Elaeagnus
angustifolia
none
Prunus
(continued)
26
Woody Ornamentals
Fungicide
Remarks
Foliage diseases Many foliage disease problems are more severe in nurseries than in private landscapes.
Chemical control is usually only recommended when the trees health is poor; a severe
infection may predispose an already stressed tree to more severe pest complexes. Most
fungicides are preventative in action and provide little benefit once the infection becomes
severe. Foliage diseases may be dealt with in the nursery by rotation, fall cleanup, and the
selection of resistant varieties.
Anthracnose
( Colletotrichum,
Discula, Marssonia,
and others)
Acer, Aesculus,
Betula, Carya,
Cornus, Fraxinus,
Juglans, Malus,
Platanus
occidentalis,
Populus, Quercus
azoxystrobin,
boscalid + pyraclostrobin,
H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H copper sulfate,
kresoxim-methyl,
H mancozeb,
mancozeb
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H myclobutanil,
H neem oil,
phosphorous acid
and salts,
H potassium bicarbonate,
H propiconazole,
tebuconazole,
thiabendazole,
H thiophanate-methyl,
trifloxystrobin,
trifloxystrobin
+ triadimefon,
triflumizole
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H copper sulfate,
fosetyl-aluminum,
phosphorous acid
Disease management 27
Fungicide
Remarks
Botrytis blight,
Gray mold
(Botrytis cinera)
azoxystrobin,
captan,
H chlorothalonil,
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper sulfate,
fenhexamid,
fludioxonil,
iprodione,
iprodione
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H mancozeb,
trifloxystrobin,
triflumazole
Downy mildew
Rosa, Viburnum
(Peronospora spp.,
Plasmopara spp.,
Pseudoperonospora
spp.)
H chlorothalonil,
H copper,
H copper sulfate,
fosetyl-aluminum,
H mancozeb,
mefenoxam,
H neem oil,
H potassium bicarbonate,
trifloxystrobin
Powdery mildew
Numerous species
of fungi
azoxystrobin,
boscalid + pyraclostrobin,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper hydroxide,
H copper sulfate,
fenarimol,
kresoxim-methyl,
H myclobutanil,
mancozeb
+ thiophanate-methyl,
neem oil,
phosphorous acid
and salts,
H potassium bicarbonate,
H propiconazole,
tebuconazole,
H thiophanate-methyl,
H triadimefon,
trifloxystrobin,
trifloxystrobin
+ triadimefon,
triflumizole
Berberis,
Cornus, Corylus,
Cotoneaster,
Crataegus,
Euonymus, Fagus,
Magnolia, Malus,
Prunus, Pyrus,
Rosa, Syringa,
Viburnum
Numerous hosts
(continued)
28
Woody Ornamentals
Fungicide
Remarks
Rusts:
Cedar-apple rust
(Gymnosporangium
juniperi-virginianae),
cedar-hawthorn rust
(G. globosum), and
cedar-quince rust
(G.claviceps)
Amelanchier,
Chaenomeles,
Crataegus,
Malus,
Sorbus
boscalid + pyraclostrobin,
H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H copper sulfate,
flutolanil,
kresoxim-methyl,
H mancozeb,
mancozeb
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H myclobutanil,
H propiconazole,
tebuconazole,
H thiophanate-methyl,
H triadimefon,
trifloxystrobin,
trifloxystrobin
+ triadimefon,
triflumizole
Juniperus
azoxystrobin,
H copper,
copper + mancozeb,
flutolanil,
H mancozeb,
mancozeb
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H myclobutanil,
propiconazole,
tebuconazole,
H triadimefon,
trifloxystrobin,
trifloxystrobin
+ triadimefon
Scab
Malus,
boscalid + pyraclostrobin,
(Venturia inaequalis) Sorbus aucuparia H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H copper hydroxide,
kresoxim-methyl,
H mancozeb,
mancozeb
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H myclobutanil,
neem oil,
phosphorous acid and salts,
H propiconazole,
H thiophanate-methyl,
trifloxystrobin,
trifloxystrobin
+ triadimefon,
triflumizole
(continued)
Disease management 29
Fungicide
Septoria leafspot
(Septoria species)
Numerous hosts
azoxystrobin,
H chlorothalonil,
chlorothalonil + fenarimol,
chlorothalonil
+ thiophanate-methyl,
copper + mancozeb,
H copper sulfate,
kresoxim-methyl,
H mancozeb,
mancozeb
+ thiophanate-methyl,
H propiconazole,
tebuconazole,
thiophanate-methyl,
trifloxystrobin,
trifloxystrobin + triadimefon
Root and
collar disorders
Affects all plants. Because most roots are located in the top 18 inches of soil, any disturbance
within the rootzoneincluding cultivationmay predispose that plant to problems. Root and
collar disorders are often a result of poor drainage. Root rot problems in propagation beds
and mist chambers should be controlled with fungicides. Once disease occurs, it is often very
difficult to control.
Crown gall
(Agrobacterium
tumefaciens)
Numerous hosts
none
Root rots
(Cylindrocladium,
Fusarium,
Rhizoctonia, and
Thielaviopsis)
Numerous hosts
azoxystrobin,
May be very difficult to control. Sanitation
boscalid + pyraclostrobin, is important to prevent the spread of
chlorothalonil
disease.
+ thiophanate-methyl,
etridiazole
+ thiophanate-methyl,
fludioxonil,
fludioxonil + mefenoxam,
iprodione,
H thiophanate-methyl,
trifloxystrobin,
triflumizole
Numerous hosts
30
Woody Ornamentals
Remarks
Fungicide
Remarks
Curative systemic fungicides are of little value once a tree is infected because
the vascular system is impaired.
None
Ulmus americana
propiconazole,
thiabendazole
Oak wilt
(Ceratocystis
fagacearum)
Quercus
propiconazole
soil fumigants
(such as
chloropicrin,
dazomet,
dichloropropene,
and metam
sodium)
Verticillium wilt
Acer, Aesculus,
(Verticillium dahliae) Amelanchier,
Berberis, Buxus,
Catalpa, Cercis,
Cotinus, Eleaegnus
angustifolia, Fraxinus,
Gymnocladus, Ligus
trum, Liriodendron
tulipifera, Lonicera,
Magnolia, Prunus,
Rhododendron,
Rhus, Robinia, Rosa,
Spiraea, Syringa,
Ulmus, Viburnum,
Weigela
H = Formulations of this active ingredient intended for homeowner use are available.
Disease management 31
INSECT MANAGEMENT
PHENOLOGY AND PEST
PREDICTION
Effective insect pest management requires
an understanding of how pest development
relates to weather conditions, particularly
temperature. Phenology is the study of the
life cycle phases of plants and animals as
related to climate. Because insects are coldblooded, their development is directly correlated to the accumulation of degree days.
A degree day (DD) is a unit of measure that
occurs for each degree above a base temperature during a 24-hour period. Growing degree
days (GDD) are a cumulative total of DDs
above a base temperature. The most common
base temperature used is 50F.
To monitor insect development using this
system, you will need a maximum/minimum
thermometer to obtain the daily high and low
temperatures for each 24-hour period. Use the
following equations to calculate GDD:
1. (high temp + low temp) 2 =
daily average temperature
2. daily average temperature 50F =
degree days
Table 7. Insect and plant development relative to growing degree days (GDD)
GDD
50100
75100
80
90
100
Indicator plant
Pest
Magnolia x soulangiana in pink Cooley spruce gall adelgid adults
bud, just before petals open
Eastern spruce gall adelgid adults
Eastern tent caterpillar egg hatch
Euonymus scale
European pine shoot moth larvae
Maple bladdergall mite
Spruce needleminer larvae
Viburnum leaf beetle larvae
Dicentra cucularia in full bloom Eastern spruce gall adelgid ovipositing
Eastern spruce gall adelgid egg hatch
Hickory leaf stem gall aphid nymphs
Magnolia x soulangiana in pink Eastern tent caterpillar larvae, first instar
bud to early bloom
Zimmerman pine shoot moth larvae
(continued)
32
Woody Ornamentals
Table 7. Insect and plant development relative to growing degree days (GDD) (continued)
GDD
100200
140
145
150
200350
210
250
265
275500
350
365
400500
450550
500600
600
725
850
900
9001200
1500
Indicator plant
Magnolia x soulangiana in full
bloom; dropping petals
Pest
Ash plant bug nymphs
Cankerworms
Elm bark beetle
European pine sawfly larvae
Fletcher scale crawlers
Gypsy moth egg hatch
Honeylocust plant bug
Spruce spider mite
Eastern tent caterpillar larvae, second instar
Pine spittlebug egg hatch
Cooley spruce gall adelgid ovipositing
Gypsy moth larvae present
Imported willow leaf beetle
Pine needle scale crawlers, first generation
Cooley spruce gall adelgid egg hatch
Cooley spruce galls forming
Oystershell scale egg hatch
Insect management 33
Table 7. Insect and plant development relative to growing degree days (GDD) (continued)
GDD
16001700
18002100
27002900
Indicator plant
Daucus carota in full bloom;
Hydrangea arborescens
Grandiflora blossoms turn from
white to green
Solidago in early bloom,
Sorbus fruit ripe
Viburnum dentatum fruit ripe
28003000
30003200
Pest
Oystershell scale crawlers, second generation
(brown race)
Pine needle scale crawlers, second generation
White-marked tussock moth, second
generation
Peachtree and lesser peachtree borers
protected within trunk
Zimmerman pine moth second generation
larvae, first instar
Cooley spruce gall adelgid nymphs, second
generation
Eastern spruce gall adelgid nymphs, second
generation
Spruce needleminer
Sources: Adapted from Donald A. Orton with Thomas L. Green, CoincideThe Orton System of Pest Management (Flossmoor, IL: Plantsmens Publications, 1989); Herms, D.A., McCullough, D.G., Smitley, D.R.,
Sadof, C., Williamson, R.C., and Nixon, P.L. 2009. Insecticide options for protecting ash trees from emerald
ash borer. North Central IPM Center Bulletin. 12 pp.; and from records of the Wisconsin Phenological Society, Department of Geography, Room 474, Bolton Hall, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201.
Trade
names
Manufacturer
Signal
word
abamectin
Avid,
Aracinate
warning either
avermectin
12
300
>1,800
acephate
Orthene,
Acecap
Shuttle
Azatin,
Azatrol
Thuricide,
Dipel, Foray
Inject-A-Cide B
Onyx, Talstar,
Crosscheck
Aloft
Syngenta,
Rainbow
Treecare
Amvac
cautiondanger
caution
caution
either
organophosphate
72
980
70
either
either
acequinocyl
unknown MOA
12
4
>5,000
4,242
>2,000
>2,000
caution
either
microbial
04
non-toxic
Mauget
FMC, Lesco
danger
caution
either
either
organophosphate
synthetic pyrethroid
12
nontoxic
22
632
caution
either
12
---
---
caution
either
pyrethroid, neonicotinoid
carbamate
12
281
>2,000
none
either
anthranilic diamide
>5,000
>5,000
>5,000
non-toxic
acequinocyl
azadirachtin
Bacillus
thuringiensis
bidrin
bifenthrin
bifenthrin+
clothianidin
carbaryl
Arysta
OHP,
Gordons
several
Notifi
cation Pesticide class
REI
(hours)
Oral
LD50
chlorantranili
prole
clothianidin
cryolite
Acelepryn
Arysta
LifeScience
Bayer,
Loveland
DuPont
Arena
Kryocide
Valent
UPI
caution
caution
either
either
neonicotinoid
unknown MOA
12
12
cyfluthrin
Tempo,
Decathlon
Demon
Bayer, OHP
caution
either
synthetic pyrethroid
12
4,700
nontoxic
960
Syngenta
warning either
synthetic pyrethroid
12
250
cypermethrin
Sevin
Dermal
LD50
224
>2,000
>2,000
>2,000
(continued)
34
Woody Ornamentals
Trade
names
Manufacturer
Signal
word
Notifi
cation Pesticide class
cyromazine
Citation
Syngenta
caution
either
deltamethrin
DeltaGard
T&O,
Suspend
Dimilin
Bayer
caution
either
Chemtura
caution
either
Safari,
Transtect,
Greenlight
Tree & Shrub
Tree-ge
Valent,
Rainbow
Treecare,
Greenlight
Syngenta
caution
either
warning either
avermectin
Asana
TetraSan
Tame
Mavrik
Hexygon
several
DuPont
Syngenta
Valent
Wellmark
Gowan
several
warning
caution
warning
caution
caution
caution
either
either
either
either
either
either
synthetic pyrethroid
mite growth inhibitor
synthetic pyrethroid
synthetic pyrethroid
mite growth inhibitor
horticultural oil
Merit, Bayer
Advanced,
Zenith,
Marathon
Bayer
Advanced
Protect and
Feed II
Provaunt
several
Bayer, OHP
caution
either
Bayer
caution
DuPont
several
caution
caution
Scimitar,
Lambda-Cy
Malathion
Intrepid
Syngenta,
UPI
several
Dow
caution- either
warning
warning either
caution either
Astro, Ambush,
Tenguard
Imidan
Pyrenone,
Pyganic
Conserve
diflubenzuron
dinotefuran
emamectin
benzoate
esfenvalerate
etoxazole
fenpropathrin
fluvalinate
hexythiazox
horticultural oils
(dormant and
ultra-fine oils)
imidacloprid
imidacloprid +
clothianidin
indoxacarb
insecticidal
soap
lambdacyhalothrin
malathion
methoxyfen
ozide
permethrin
phosmet
pyrethrins
spinosad
sulfur
thiamethoxam
REI
(hours)
Oral
LD50
Dermal
LD50
chitin synthesis
inhibitor
synthetic pyrethroid
12
4,460
>2,010
12
>5,000
>2,000
12
>4,640 >10,000
12
2,450
>2,000
---
3,129
>5,000
12
12
24
12
12
n/a
458
2,600
66
260
>5,000
nontoxic
>2,000
>5,000
>2,000
>2,000
>5,000
non-toxic
neonicotinoid
12
2,591
>2,000
either
neonicotinoid
either
either
oxadiazine
insecticidal soap
--n/a
>5,136 >2,000
synthetic pyrethroid
48
1,867
nontoxic
>5,000
>5,000
non-toxic
organophosphate
moulting hormone
agonist
synthetic pyrethroid
12
4
2,800
>5,000
1,000
>2,000
12
998
>2,000
organophosphate
pyrethroid, botanical
24
12
147
1,500
3,160
>1,800
>5,000
>5,000
>2,000
Dow
caution
AgroSciences
Hi-Yield,
caution
Nufarm, UPI
either
spinosyn
either
sulfur
24
820
>2,000
caution
either
neonicotinoid
12
>5,000
>5,000
Lime Sulfur,
Dustable Sulfur, MicroSulf,
Microthion
Flagship,
Syngenta
Meridian
Insect management 35
EPA pesticide cancellations. Several insecticides listed for use on woody ornamentals have
recently been phased out (removed from the market). Others are in the process of being phased
out, and can still be obtained and used in certain situations. Insecticides such as azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, endosulfan, metasystox, methiocarb, methoxychlor,
and rotenone fall under this heading. For that reason, these insecticides are mentioned here, but
are not elaborated upon in Table 8. WDATCP provides the most up-to-date information on pesticide registration in the state: http://www.kellysolutions.com/wi/.
Host plants
Aphids
Balsam twig
aphid
Abies
Insecticide
Remarks
esfenvalerate,
H acephate,
H imidacloprid,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin, H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*, H insecticidal
soap,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin, thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
H dinotefuran,
H acephate,
H azadirachtin,
H bifenthrin,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
H dinotefuran,
fenpropathrin,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
Woolly aphids/
adelgids
H acephate,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
H dinotefuran,
H dormant oil,
esfenvalerate,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
thiamethoxam
Abies,
Crataegus,
Malus,
Picea,
Pinus,
Pseudotsuga
(continued)
36
Woody Ornamentals
Host plants
Insecticide
Remarks
Beetles
Elm leaf beetle
Ulmus
H acephate,
H azadirachtin,
H Bacillus
thuringiensis,
H bifenthrin,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
Numerous
hosts.
Most common
hosts:
Betula, Rosa,
Tilia
H deltamethrin,
H dinotefuran,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
phosmet,
H pyrethrins,
H spinosad,
thiamethoxam
H acephate,
H azadirachtin,
H bifenthrin,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
phosmet,
H deltamethrin, H pyrethrins,
fenpropathrin, thiamethoxam
H bifenthrin,
emamectin
chlorantranili
benzoate,
prole,
H permethrin
chlorpyrifos*,
Borers
Ash borer
Fraxinus,
(lepidoptera
Syringa
clearwing moth)
(continued)
Insect management 37
Host plants
Insecticide
Bronze birch
borer
Betula
H bifenthrin,
H imidacloprid
bidrin,
+ clothianidin,
chlorpyrifos*, H permethrin
H dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
Eastern pine
shoot borer
Pinus
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
phosmet
Apply to trunk and larger branches in midMay to kill larvae before they bore into the
shoots. Once injury is noticed, it is too late
for chemical control.
Cultural control. Shear trees to remove
injured shoots.
Emerald ash
borer
Fraxinus
H acephate,
bidrin,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
H cyfluthrin,
Lilac borer
Fraxinus,
Syringa
H bifenthrin,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H permethrin
Linden borer
Tilia
H bifenthrin,
H imidacloprid
chlorpyrifos*,
+ clothianidin
H dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
Peachtree borer
Cotinus,
Prunus
H bifenthrin,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H permethrin
H dinotefuran,
emamectin
benzoate,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H permethrin
Remarks
(continued)
38
Woody Ornamentals
Host plants
Shothole borers
Arborvitae,
Juniperus,
Malus,
Pinus
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*
Twolined
chestnut borer
Quercus
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*,
H dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin
Insecticide
H bifenthrin,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*
Remarks
Caterpillars
Cankerworms
Acer,
Malus,
Prunus,
Quercus,
Tilia,
Ulmus
H azadirachtin,
H Bacillus
thuringiensis
var. Kurstaki,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
indoxacarb,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
H spinosad
Eastern tent
caterpillar
Malus,
Prunus
acephate,
azadirachtin,
H Bacillus
thuringiensis
var. Kurstaki,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
indoxacarb,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
methoxyfenozide,
H permethrin,
phosmet,
H pyrethrins,
H spinosad
Euonymus
caterpillar
Euonymus
alata,
Euonymus
europaea
H acephate,
H Bacillus
thuringiensis
var. Kurstaki,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
Insect management 39
Host plants
Insecticide
Remarks
European pine
shoot moth
Pinus nigra,
H bifenthrin,
Pinus resinosa, H carbaryl,
Pinus sylvestris chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
malathion,
H permethrin,
phosmet,
H pyrethrins
Fall webworm
fluvalinate,
Spot treat in late July and August at signs
H imidacloprid
of activity.
+ clothianidin, Cultural control. Destroy nests.
indoxacarb,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
methoxyfenozide,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
H spinosad
Gypsy moth
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
indoxacarb,
H insecticidal
soap,
malathion,
methoxyfenozide,
H permethrin,
phosmet,
H pyrethrin,
H spinosad
Spiny elm
caterpillar
Salix, Ulmus
H Bacillus
thuringiensis,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
Walnut
caterpillar
Carya,
Juglans
H Bacillus
thuringiensis
var. Kurstaki,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
indoxacarb,
H lambdacyhalothrin,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins
(continued)
40
Woody Ornamentals
Host plants
White-marked
tussock moth
Abies, Acer,
Betula,
Juglans,
Malus,
Pseudotsuga,
Tilia
H acephate,
H Bacillus
thuringiensis,
H bifenthrin,
chlorantranili
prole,
H cyfluthrin,
diflubenzuron,
fluvalinate,
indoxacarb,
H lambdacyhalothrin,
methoxyfenozide,
H spinosad
Yellow-necked
caterpillar
Acer,
Crataegus,
Juglans,
Malus, Prunus,
Quercus,
Ulmus
H acephate,
H Bacillus
thuringiensis
var. Kurstaki,
H bifenthrin,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
fluvalinate,
Insecticide
Remarks
Treat immature larvae when Philadelphus
is in bloom (500600 GDD) in late May.
Treat second generation in mid- to late
summer when Solidago is in early bloom
(18002100 GDD).
Cultural control. Destroy egg masses
found on trunks.
diflubenzuron,
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*, methoxyfenozide,
H deltamethrin,
H permethrin
Gall-formers
Balsam gall
midge
Abies
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*,
H deltamethrin
Hackberry
nipple gall
Celtis
H bifenthrin,
H imidacloprid
H carbaryl,
+ clothianidin,
H deltamethrin, thiamethoxam
H imidacloprid,
Hickory leaf
stem gall aphid
Carya
H acephate,
H imidacloprid
clothianidin,
+ clothianidin,
H deltamethrin, thiamethoxam
H imidacloprid,
Honeylocust
pod gall midge
Gleditsia
triacanthos
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
Quercus
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H deltamethrin
H deltamethrin,
thiamethoxam
Insect management 41
Host plants
Spruce gall
Picea,
adelgid (Cooley Pseudotsuga
& Eastern)
Insecticide
Remarks
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*,
H deltamethrin,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
thiamethoxam
H acephate,
H azadirachtin,
H bifenthrin,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
H dinotefuran,
fenpropathrin,
fluvalinate,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda cyhalothrin,
malathion,
permethrin,
phosmet,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam
Leafhoppers
Leafhoppers
Acer,
Gleditsia
triacanthos
Thuja
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam
Birch leafminer
Betula
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
chlorantranili
prole,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
phosmet,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam
Birch leaf
skeletonizer
Betula
H acephate,
H carbaryl,
cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
H lambda cyhalothrin
(continued)
42
Woody Ornamentals
Host plants
Insecticide
Remarks
Cherry-hawthorn Crataegus,
leafminer
Prunus
H acephate,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
H carbaryl,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam
Elm leafminer
Ulmus
H acephate,
H azadirachtin,
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
H carbaryl,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam
Oak leafminer
Quercus
H carbaryl,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
thiamethoxam
Oak leaf
skeletonizer
Quercus
H Bacillus
thuringiensis
var. Kurstaki,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H lambda cyhalothrin,
thiamethoxam
Pine needle
miner
Pinus
H acephate,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
H imidacloprid,
thiamethoxam
Spruce needle
miner
Picea
H acephate,
H imidacloprid,
H carbaryl,
thiamethoxam
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin,
Fraxinus
abamectin,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
H deltamethrin,
H ultra-fine oil
abamectin,
H carbaryl,
H deltamethrin,
H insecticidal
soap,
H ultra-fine oil
Mites
Ash flower gall
mite
Eriophyid mite
(continued)
Insect management 43
Host plants
Insecticide
Remarks
abamectin,
H deltamethrin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
H 2% oil
Acer
abamectin,
H carbaryl,
H deltamethrin
Spider mites
Numerous
hosts
abamectin,
acequinocyl,
azadirachtin,
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*,
H deltamethrin,
H dormant oil,
etoxazole,
fenpropathrin,
fluvalinate,
hexythiazox,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
H spinosad,
H sulfur,
H ultra-fine oil
Spruce spider
mite
Picea,
Thuja
abamectin,
H acephate,
acequinocyl,
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*,
H deltamethrin,
H dormant oil,
etoxazole,
hexythiazox,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H spinosad,
H ultra-fine oil
Ash plantbug
Fraxinus
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
fluvalinate,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrin,
resmethrin,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
Honeylocust
plantbug
Gleditsia
triacanthos
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
fluvalinate,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
resmethrin,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
Plantbugs
(continued)
44
Woody Ornamentals
Host plants
Insecticide
Remarks
Lace bugs
Crataegus,
Quercus,
Sorbus
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorantranili
prole,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
H dinotefuran,
fenpropathrin,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
Elm sawfly
Salix, Ulmus
H acephate,
H azadirachtin,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H pyrethrin,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
European pine
sawfly
Pinus
H acephate,
azadirachtin,
bidrin,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
esfenvalerate,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
indoxacarb,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H spinosad,
thiamethoxam
Imported pine
sawfly
Pinus
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
diflubenzuron,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
thiamethoxam
Mountain-ash
sawfly
Sorbus
aucuparia
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
H deltamethrin,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
thiamethoxam
Sawflies
(continued)
Insect management 45
Host plants
Insecticide
Remarks
H acephate,
azadirachtin,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron,
esfenvalerate,
imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H spinosad
Viburnum shoot
sawfly
Viburnum
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
Cottony maple
scale
Acer,
Rhus
H acephate,
H insecticidal
H carbaryl,
soap,
chlorpyrifos*, H lambda clothianidin,
cyhalothrin,
H cyfluthrin,
H permethrin,
H deltamethrin, H pyrethrins,
dinotefuran,
H rotenone,
H dormant oil, thiamethoxam,
H imidacloprid, H ultra-fine oil
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
Euonymus scale
Euonymus
H acephate,
H insecticidal
chlorpyrifos*,
soap,
clothianidin, H lambdaH cyfluthrin,
cyhalothrin,
H deltamethrin, malathion,
dinotefuran,
H permethrin,
H imidacloprid, H pyrethrins,
H imidacloprid H rotenone,
+ clothianidin, thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
Juniper scale
Juniperus
H acephate,
H lambda clothianidin,
cyhalothrin,
H cyfluthrin,
malathion,
H deltamethrin, H permethrin,
dinotefuran,
H pyrethrins,
H dormant oil, thiamethoxam,
H imidacloprid, H ultra-fine oil
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
Scales
(continued)
46
Woody Ornamentals
Host plants
Insecticide
Lecanium scale
Acer,
Berberis,
Betula,
Celtis,
Crataegus,
Euonymus,
Gleditsia,
Malus, Prunus,
Quercus,
Salix, Thuja,
Tilia
H acephate,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
lime sulfur,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
Magnolia scale
Magnolia
H acephate,
H azadirachtin,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
H dinotefuran,
Remarks
Treat crawlers when Hydrangea
arborescens Grandiflora is in full bloom
(9001200 GDD); make a second
application 2 weeks later.
Apply clothianidin, dinotefuran,
imidacloprid, or thiamethoxam as a soil
injection or drench in the fall. Spring
applications should be made foliarly.
Apply lime sulfur during dormant season
only.
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
malathion,
H permethrin,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
H bifenthrin,
H insecticidal
chlorpyrifos*,
soap,
clothianidin, H lambdaH cyfluthrin,
cyhalothrin,
H deltamethrin, lime sulfur,
dinotefuran,
malathion,
H imidacloprid, H pyrethrins,
H imidacloprid thiamethoxam,
+ clothianidin, H ultra-fine oil
Insect management 47
Host plants
Insecticide
Remarks
Pine tortoise
scale
Pinus
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H insecticidal
soap,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
Cornus,
Cotoneaster,
Crataegus,
Forsythia,
Ligustrum,
Malus, Prunus,
Rosa, Sorbus,
Tilia
H bifenthrin,
chlorpyrifos*,
clothianidin,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
fenpropathrin,
H imidacloprid,
H imidacloprid
+ clothianidin,
H lambda
cyhalothrin,
lime sulfur,
H pyrethrins,
thiamethoxam,
H ultra-fine oil
fluvalinate,
H acephate,
H imidacloprid,
H bifenthrin,
H imidacloprid
bifenthrin
+ clothianidin,
+ clothianidin,
chlorpyrifos*, H lambdacyhalothrin,
clothianidin,
H deltamethrin, H permethrin,
thiamethoxam
H dinotefuran,
White pine
weevil
H bifenthrin,
H deltamethrin,
diflubenzuron
Weevils
Abies,
Picea,
Pinus
Other insects
Larch casebearer Larix
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
Privet thrips
H
H
H
dinotefuran,
Apply at the first sign of infestation. Leaves
H imidacloprid
will become silvery in color from heavy
+ clothianidin, infestations.
H spinosad
Ligustrum
acephate,
carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
cyfluthrin,
H acephate,
H bifenthrin,
H carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos*,
H cyfluthrin,
H deltamethrin,
dinotefuran,
fenpropathrin,
H = Formulations of this active ingredient intended for homeowner use are available.
* = Chlorpyrifos is restricted to production nurseries only.
48
Woody Ornamentals
WEED MANAGEMENT
An effective weed management program
should integrate chemical, cultural, and
mechanical methods. Make weed management a part of the overall nursery management plan. Nursery weed control should
begin the year before planting. Infestations
of perennial weeds such as quackgrass and
Canada thistle should be controlled by nonresidual herbicides and timely cultivation a
full season before planting.
Weed control in nurseries is most important
in the planting row. Weed growth between
the rows can be reduced by establishing a
sod-forming cover crop such as perennial
rye, red fescue, or dwarf white clover. Keep
a 2-foot band free of vegetation around the
trees. Weeds growing close to trees compete for water and nutrients and can slow
stock development. Weed growth immediately around the trunks creates a habitat for
rodents which can damage trees during the
dormant season.
Chemicals are not a substitute for good
management. Using the correct herbicide
properly on the right species helps make
an effective weed management program.
Plan your program early, take advantage of
mechanical means of weed management,
and fit necessary herbicide applications into
the overall schedule. Dont use the same herbicides every year to control weeds. Rotate
among several herbicides to avoid the development of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Herbicides are registered for use on specific
plants. This information is given on the label.
Herbicide effectiveness depends on (1) proper
application, (2) application rate, (3)temperature, (4) moisture, (5) soil type, (6) weed species, and (7) geographic location. Read the
product label to make sure you apply each
product legally!
CALCULATION FOR
BANDAPPLICATION
Band applications are more economical than
broadcast treatments. For band applications
or spot application around trees, the amount
of herbicide and water must be reduced in
proportion to the area actually sprayed. To
make the calculations, you need the following
five facts:
1. Width of treated band
2. Distance between rows
3. Acres of nursery
4. Broadcast rate of herbicide
5. Output of sprayer
Use the following equations to calculate the
number of acres actually treated.
Width of
treated
band (1)
Acres of
Acres actually
nursery (3) =
treated
Weed management 49
Trade
names
alachlor
various
Monsanto
bentazon
REI
(hours)
Oral
LD50
Dermal
LD50
caution- either
danger
shoot growth
inhibitor
12
2,000
7,800
caution either
photosynthesis
inhibitor
48
>200
>2,000
clethodim
Envoy
Valent
caution either
lipid synthesis
inhibitor
24
4,900
>5,000
DCPA
Dacthal
Amvac
caution either
root growth
inhibitor
12
3,000 >10,000
dichlobenil
Casoron
Chemtura
caution either
12
5,000
1,350
fluazifop-Pbutyl
Fusilade II,
Ornamec
Syngenta,
Gordons
caution either
ACC inhibitor
12
>5,000
>2,000
flumioxazin
BroadStar,
SureGuard
Valent
caution either
cell membrane
disruptor
12
>5,000
>2,000
glufosinateammonium
Finale
Bayer
warning either
glutamine
synthesis inhibitor
12
3,570
>2,000
glyphosate
several
several
caution- either
warning
amino acid
varies
synthesis inhibitor
5,000
>5,000
isoxaben
Gallery
Dow Agro
Sciences
caution either
12
5,000
5,000
isoxaben +
trifluralin
Snapshot
Dow Agro
Sciences
caution either
12
>5,000
>2,500
isoxaben +
trifluralin +
oxyfluorfen
Showcase
Dow Agro
Sciences
caution either
cell wall
synthesis, root
growth, and PPO
inhibitor
24
>5,000
>2,500
oryzalin
Surflan
UPI
caution either
root growth
inhibitor
24a
5,000
>5,000
oxadiazon
Ronstar
Bayer
warning either
PPO inhibitor
12
PPO inhibitor
2,000
>2,999
oxyfluorfen
24
>5,000 >10,000
pendimethalin Pendulum
BASF
caution either
root growth
inhibitor
24
3,956
2,200
prodiamine
Barricade
Syngenta
caution either
root growth
inhibitor
12
>5,000
>2,000
pronamide
Kerb
Dow Agro
Sciences
caution either
root growth
inhibitor
24
>5,000
>2,000
simazine
photosynthesis
inhibitor
12
>5,000
>2,500
s-metolachlor
Pennant
Magnum
shoot growth
inhibitor
24
3,750
>2,010
50
Syngenta
caution either
Woody Ornamentals
Perennials
dandelion
nutsedge, yellow
poison ivy
quackgrass
thistle, Canada
vetch
clethodim
DCPA
dichlobenil
fluazifop-P- butyl
fllumioxazin
glufosinate
ammonium
glyphosate
isoxaben
isoxaben + trifluralin
isoxaben+trifluralin
+oxyfluorfen
s-metolachlor
oryzalin
oxadiazon
oxyfluorfen
pendimethalin
prodiamine
pronamide
simazine
bentazon
Broadleaves
carrot, wild
chickweed
clover
cocklebur
eastern black nightshade
evening primrose
jimsonweed
knotweed
lambsquarters, common
marestail
morning glory
mustard, wild
pigweed, redroot
plantain
purslane
ragweed, common
smartweed
velvetleaf
Grasses
barnyardgrass
brome, downy
crabgrass
fescue, tall
foxtail, giant
foxtail, green/yellow
johnsongrass
panicum, fall
sandbur
wild proso millet
woolly cupgrass
alachlor
G*
G*
G*
G*
G*
G*
G*
G*
G*
Weed management 51
DESCRIPTION OF HERBICIDES
Note: Ornamental plant tolerance varies
reatly by species and even by variety within
a species. Tolerant plants are listed on each
herbicide label. Be sure to carefully read the
label prior to any use. If using an herbicide
Trade name
alachlor
various
bentazon
Basagran T/O
clethodim
Envoy
DCPA
Dacthal
52
Woody Ornamentals
Trade name
dichlobenil
Casoron
fluazifop-Pbutyl
Fusilade II,
Ornamec
flumioxazin
BroadStar
flumioxazin
SureGuard
glufosinate
Finale
glyphosate
Several trade
names
Weed management 53
Trade name
isoxaben
Gallery
isoxaben
+ trifluralin
Snapshot
isoxaben
+ trifluralin
+ oxyfluorfen
Showcase
oryzalin
Surflan
54
Woody Ornamentals
Trade name
oxadiazon
Ronstar
oxyfluorfen
Goal, Galigan
pendimethalin
Pendulum
prodiamine
Barricade
Weed management 55
Trade name
pronamide
Kerb
simazine
Princep, Drexel
Simazine
s-metolachlor
Pennant Magnum Uses. Preemergent control of many annual grasses, certain annual
broadleaf weeds, and yellow nutsedge. Ornamental tolerance is very
specific and listed on the product label.
Comments. Apply before weeds emerge or after existing weeds have
been removed. Do not apply to seedbeds, cutting beds, or unrooted
cuttings before transplanting. Do not apply to plants until the soil has firmly
settled around roots. When applied broadcast over-the-top of plant foliage,
follow with sufficient overhead irrigation to wash product from the foliage
to reduce the chance of injury.
56
Woody Ornamentals
Cooperative Extension
Copyright 2011 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System doing business as the division of Cooperative
Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension. All rights reserved. Send copyright inquiries to: Cooperative Extension Publishing,
432 N. Lake St., Rm. 227, Madison, WI 53706, pubs@uwex.edu.
Authors: R.C. Williamson is an associate professor of entomology, P.J. Liesch is an assistant researcher of entomology and plant
pathology, Jim Kerns is an assistant professor of plant pathology, and R.A. Flashinski is pesticide applicator education specialist
in agronomy, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Extension,
Cooperative Extension. Photos courtesy Kristin Krokowski (cedar-quince rust, Japanese beetles), Jed Colquhoun (thistle), and iStockphoto.com/Lance Bellers (landscape). Thanks to Karen Delahaut, Dan Heider, Jed Colquhoun, and Bruce Paulsrud for their work on
earlier versions. Cooperative Extension publications are subject to peer review.
University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Wisconsin
counties, publishes this information to further the purpose of the May 8 and June 30, 1914, Acts of Congress. An EEO/AA employer,
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R-06-11