Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diseases
of
Food plants
in
A compendium
Bruce R French
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Contents
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Topic
Plant disease
Known diseases on food plants
Aibika diseases
Avocado diseases
Banana diseases
Bean diseases
Betel nut and breadfruit diseases
Cabbage family diseases
Cassava diseases
Citrus diseases
Coconut diseases
Corn diseases
Onion family diseases
Pandanus diseases
Passionfruit family diseases
Pawpaw diseases
Peanut diseases
Potato diseases
Pumpkin family diseases
Rice diseases
Sugarcane diseases (and pitpits)
Sweet potato diseases
Taro family diseases
Tomato family diseases
Yam diseases
Other diseases - carrot, celery, fig, galip, grapes,
lettuce, mango, peach, pineapple, silver beet,
strawberry
Other general diseases - anthracnose, sooty moulds,
pink rot, nematodes etc
References
Fungi on crops
Scientific names
Fungi - synonyms
Index - Common name of disease
Photos of other diseases
Page
4
10
35
40
41
57
82
86
93
96
104
111
121
125
128
132
138
147
158
165
178
202
212
223
235
244
260
259
260
265
273
300
see them with your eyes, but you can see them if you have a powerful microscope.
Mostly they cause soft squashy rots in plants or cause plants to wilt. They
normally spread between plants in water or soil or in sap of plants through planting
material or when plants rub together.
3. Viruses. These are very, very small. You can't ever see them but they
can take photos of them with a special machine called an electron microscope.
They can only live inside plants and can't blow around in the wind or stay in the
soil. Virus diseases are often spread by plants rubbing together, or through the
planting material. The diseases they cause mostly look like indistinct yellow
colours on leaves, or twisted leaves and other plant parts.
4. Viroids.
5. Mycoplasmas. These are similar to bacteria and like bacteria they can be
controlled with chemicals called antibiotic
The difference in size of disease causing organisms compared to one of the small cells
that make up plants.
(Everything is drawn much larger than it really is.)
When we talk about diseases of plants there are some standard words that
are used. They describe what the disease looks like.
Moderate damage
Potato
Eggplant
Cucumber
Cabbage
Beans
Slight damage
Chillies
Spring onions
Leek
Amaranth
Some of the traditional Papua New Guinea vegetables have not been looked
at carefully.
Often when a new garden is cleared the number of nematodes in the soil is
much less. So crop plants are often less damaged the first time they are planted in
a garden site. This means plants that get easily damaged need to be put first in a
rotation in a new garden site.
Nematode damage is controlled by crop rotation, using resistant varieties of
crops, and by building up the amount of rotting plant material in the soil. Many
farmers have found that plants called African marigolds (Tagetes sp.) also help
because the nematodes burrow into these plants but then die. The farmers grow a
crop of marigolds before they plant a sensitive crop.
Other kinds of nematodes as well as root knot nematodes occur, but many of
these have not yet been well studied.
Root knot
nematode
damage to
lettuce
roots
10
DISEASES ON FOOD CROPS
Plant
Symptom
Aibika
Aibika leaf spot
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Collar rot/root rot
Cause
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Nematode
Fungus
Virus
Scientific name
Myrothecium roridum
Colletotrichum sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Oidium sp
Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
Fusarium sp.
Sclerotium rolfsii
Aphelenchus avenae
Sarcopodium vanillae
Apple
Angular leaf spot
Fruit rot
Fungus
Fungus
Pink disease
Fungus
Phoma pomorum
Gloeosporium sp.
Botriodiplodia theobromae
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Pink disease
Seedling wilt
Stem canker & dieback
Algal spot (red rust)
38
39
264
Helotium inocarpi
Alternaria sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne hapla
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alga
36
261
37
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
and
Avocado
Bark canker
Root rot
Page
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Phellinus noxius
Rigidoporus microporus
Fusarium solani
Corynespora sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
Phytophthora sp.
Cephaleuros virescens
261
271
271
261
260
40
260
274
11
Bamboo
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Phaeoisariopsis bambusae
Plectronidium minor
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacteria
Alga
Virus
Nematode
Nematode
Nematode
Armillaria mellea
Cladosporium musae
Colletotrichum musae
Cordana musae
Deightoniella torulosa
Haplobasidium musae
Phyllosticta sp.
Microphoma sp.
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Mycosphaerella musicola
Phyllachora musicola
Guignardia musae
Ramichloridium musae
Uredo musae
Veronaea musae
Pythium splendens
Pythium vexans etc
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Verticillium theobromae
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Cephaleuros virescens
Cucumber mosaic virus
Meloidogyne incognita
Radopholus similis
Helicotylenchus multicinctus
Pratylenchus sp.
Rotylenchus sp.
Banana passionfruit
Fruit spots
Fungus
Colletotrichum sp.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
and
and
Fungus
Alternaria tenuis
Ascochyta phaseolarum
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
Athelia rolfsii
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Cercospora canescens
Cladosporium oxysporum
Corynespora casiicola
Periconia byssoides
Phyllosticta sp.
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
Banana
Armillaria corm rot
Leaf spot
Anthracnose of fruit
Diamond leaf spot
Black spot
Malayan leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Black leaf streak
Sigatoka leaf spot
Black cross
Freckle
Speckle
Banana rust
Leaf spot
Root rot
Bean-common
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Grey mould
Anthracnose
Angular leaf spot
Collar rots
Leaf blight
Leaf spots
(on old leaves)
43
55
42
51
49
56
47
48
45
52
54
46
265
44
262
274
53
271
50
261
62
73
61
60
262
66
65
71
Rust
Mosaic
Root knot
Bacterial blight
On seeds
Fungus
Virus
Nematode
and
Bacteria
Fungus
12
Uromyces appendiculatus
Bean common mosaic virus?
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne incognita
Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli
Aspergillus sp.
64
68
271
271
Meloidogyne sp.
271
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Acroconidiellina arecae
Guignardia calami
Glomerella cingulata
Graphium sp.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
and
Aschochyta sp.
Cercospora citrullina
Oidium sp
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
161
164
160
271
271
Blackberried nightshade
Bacterial wilt
Bacterium
Pseudomonas solanacearum
263
Bitter cucumber
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Root knot
82
Bottle gourd
Powdery mildew
Anthracnose
Fungus
Fungus
Colletotrichum orbiculare
164
261
Breadfruit
Leaf spot
Rust
Fungus
Fungus
Pseudocercospora artocarpi
Uredo artocarpi
84
85
Broad bean
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Sooty mould
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Rust
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Ascochyta sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Epicoccum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Phoma sp.
Uromyces viciae-fabae
79
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Alternaria brassicae
Botrytis sp.
Alternaria brassicicola
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Peronospora parasitica
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Rhizopus sp.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Broccoli
Grey leaf spot
Black leaf spot
Ring spot
Downy mildew
Collar rot
Damping off
Black rot
91
88
92
90
266
89
Root knot
Nematode
13
Meloidogyne sp.
Brussels sprouts
Black leaf spot
Black rot
Fungus
Bacterium
Alternaria brassicicola
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
271
88
89
Alternaria porri
122
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Alternaria brassicicola
Colletotrichum sp.
Phomopsis sp.
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Peronospora parasitica
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pythium sp.
Meloidogyne incognita
88
261
Fungus
Cercospora physalidis
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Virus
Nematode
Alternaria sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Glomerella cingulata
Curvularia sp.
Cercospora diffusa
Cladosporium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Fusarium solani
Pythium sp.
Fusarium sp.
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Erwinia carotovora
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Possibly potato virus y
Meloidogyne incognita
92
90
89
87
266
265
271
Candle nut
Leaf spot
Cantaloupe (See Melon)
Cape gooseberry
Leaf spot
Capsicum
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Fruit rot (Anthracnose)
Fruit rot
Leaf mould
Leaf blotch
Wilt
Root rot
Bacterial wilt
Storage rot
Bacterial leaf spot
Leaf distortion
Root knot
233
262
225
266
266
226
263
271
14
Carambola (See Five corner)
Cardamom
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Phyllosticta sp.
Phoma sp.
Carrot
Leaf spot
Tuber rot
Leaf blight
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Alternaria dauci
Athelia rolfsii
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Meloidogyne javanica
245
Cashew
Algal spot
Twig dieback
Alga
Fungus
Cephaleuros virescens
Glomerella cingulata
274
261
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Cercosporidium henningsii
Periconia manihiticola
Phyllosticta sp.
Colletotrichum capsici
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Glomerella cingulata
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Septobasidium sp.
Dictyosporium toriloides
Fusarium sp.
Helicobasidium purpureum
Proboscispora manihotis
Rigidoporus lignosus
Fungus
Aporhytisma urticae
Cauliflower
Black leaf spot
Leaf spot/Ring spot
Black rot
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Nematode
Alternaria brassicicola
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Meloidogyne sp.
88
92
89
271
Celery
Septoria leaf spot
Root knot nematode
Fungus
Nematode
Septoria apiicola
Meloidogyne sp.
246
271
Cassava
Brown leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Blight leaf spot or tip
die back
Pink disease
Stem rot
Associated with root rot
Root rot and collar rot
Root rot
266
271
94
95
260
Storage rots
Castanopsis chestnuts
Leaf spot
Slimy brown mould
15
Ceylon spinach (Basella)
Large leaf spot
Fungus
Leaf spot
Fungus
Leaf spot
Fungus
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Curvularia sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Chickory
Leaf spot
Fungus
Alternaria cichorii
Chilli
Fruit rot
Leaf & fruit blotch
Leaf mould
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Glomerella cingulata
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Cladosporium sp.
Meloidogyne incognita
Chinese cabbage
Black leaf spot
Grey leaf spot
Black leaf spot
Leaf spot
Wet rot
Downy mildew
Leaf wilt (Soft rot)
Black rot
Seedling wilt
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Fungus
Nematode
Alternaria brassicicola
Alternaria brassicae
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Septoria sp.
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Peronospora parasitica
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Fusarium oxysporum
Meloidogyne sp.
266
225
266
271
88
91
92
267
90
262
89
271
Fungus
Crossopsora antidesmae-dioicae
Chinese taro
Root rot
Fungi
220
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf wrinkle
Leaf speckle
and
Nematode
Nematode
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Virus
Phytophthora citricola
Phytophthora nicotianae
Pythium arrhenomanes
Pythium vexans
Rhizoctonia solani
Aphelenchoides sp.
Bursaphalenchus sp.
Glomerella cingulata
Phyllosticta sp.
Macrophoma sp.
Bobone
Dasheen mosaic
Chives
Purple blotch
Leaf blotch
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria porri
Aschochyta sp.
122
261
214
219
16
Choko
Leaf spot
Leaf blotch
Soft rot
Leaf spot
Fungus
Ascochyta sp.
Fungus
Phyllosticta sp.
Bacterium
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Possibly virus
Citron
Scab
Algal spot
Fungus
Alga
262
103
97
Oidium sp.
267
Clymenia citrus
Scab
Fungus
Sphaceloma fawcettii
103
Coastal pitpit
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Veneer blotch
Leaf spot
Pokkah boeng
Red rot
Leaf spot
Yellow spot
Tar spot
Downy mildew
Rust
Leaf stripe
Fiji disease
Mosaic
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Virus
Beniowskia spaeroides
Cercospora longipes
Colletotrichum falcatum
Cytoplea sp.
Diplodia sp.
Deightoniella papuana
Drechslera sacchari
Gibberella fujikuroi
Glomerella tucumanensis
Leptosphaeria sacchari
Mycovellosiella koepkei
Phyllachora sacchari
Peronosclerospora sp.
Puccinia kuehnii
Ramulispora sacchari
Coconut
Sooty mould
Fungi
Capnodium sp
Chaetothyrium sp.
Meliola sp
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Clasterosporium cocoicola
Sporidesmium macrurum
Corticium penicillatum
Bipolaris incurvata
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
Pseudoepicoccum cocos
Anthostomella fusispora
Ganoderma lucidum
Rigidoporus microporus
Phellinus noxius
Phytophthora palmivora
Stem bleeding
Black leaf mould
White thread blight
Leaf spots
Petiole disease
Root rot
Brown root rot
Bud rot
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
179
196
191
188
191
186
197
195
181
186
183
194
270
270
270
110
108
109
105
106
107
17
Comfrey
Leaf blotch
Coriander
Root knot
Corn
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leopard leaf spot
Tropical rust
Rust
Downy mildew
Leaf spot
Leaf blotch
Leaf spot
Leaf blight
Blister smut
Head smut
Irregular bleached areas
Collar rot
Nematode
Meloidogyne sp.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bipolaris zeae
Curvularia lunata
Cladosporium sp.
Puccinia polysora
Puccinia sorghi
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Peronosclerospora sorghi
Phoma sorghina
Setosphaerica turcica
Cercospora sorghi
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Ustilago zeae
Sphacelotheca reiliana
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pythium butleri
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
Bacterium
Alternaria sp.
Ascochyta phaseolarum
Cercospora canescens
Corynespora cassiicola
Fusarium sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Phoma exigua
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Uromyces appendiculatus
Cowpea mosaic virus
Meloidogyne javanica
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Alternaria alternata
Aschochyta phaseolorum
Cladosporium sp associated
Corynespora cassiicola
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Mycosphaerella melonis
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Phyllosticta sp.
Pythium butleri
Pythium deliense
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
116
120
112
115
115
118
114
117
116
113
119
266
265
64
264
62
66
64
68
271
265
267
164
160
265
262
Root knot
Storage rot
Nematode
Fungus
and
and
and
18
Meloidogyne incognita
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Phoma exigua
Pythium sp.
271
261
265
Fungus
Virus
Myrothecium roridum
Durian
Root rot
Fungus
Pythium sp.
265
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Nematode
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Colletotrichum sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Pythium butleri
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Meloidogyne sp.
Fusarium oxysporum
Alternaria sp.
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Curvularia lunata
225
Fungus
Virus
Pseudocercospora protensa
Eggplant
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Collar & stem rot
Bacterial wilt
Root knot
Root rot
Storage rot
265
226
271
265
(unconfirmed)
Endive
Leaf spot
Fungus
Alternaria cichorii
Phyllachora kaernbachii
Capnodium thuemenii
Cerotelium fici
Finschia nuts
Black mould
Black leaf mould
Rust
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Chaetothyrium fusisporum
Verrucispora proteacearum
Puccinia finschiae
Fungus
Glomerella cingulata
261
Fungus
Fungus
Uredo dioscoreae-sativae
239
Five corner
Fruit rot
Leaf spot
Five leaflet yam
Leaf spot
Rust
270
247
19
Galip (Canarium almond)
Heart rot
Fungus
Phellinus noxius
248
Garlic
Purple blotch
Fungus
Alternaria porri
122
Giant taro
Leaf spot
Rust
Collar rot
Yellow spot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alga
Mycosphaerella alocasiae
Uredo alocasiae
Athelia rolfsii
Phyllosiphon sp.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
Bacterium
Nematode
and
Pyricularia zingiberi
Phaeodactylium alpiniae
Curvularia sp.
Phoma sp.
Glomerella cingulata
Corynebacterium sp (not confirmed)
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
271
271
Granadilla
Stem death
Chlorotic spot
Fungus
Virus
Glomerella cingulata
Chlorotic spot virus
261
130
Grapefruit
Leaf spot
Algal leaf spot
Leaf spot
Bacterial canker
Unthrifty plants
Fungus
Alga
Fungus
Bacterium
Nematode
Glomerella cingulata
Cephaleuros virescens
Glomerella cingulata
Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
261
97
261
98
101
Grapes
Downy mildew
Powdery mildew
Leaf spot
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Plasmopara viticola
Uncinula necator
249
250
Meloidogyne arenaria
271
Ginger
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf blotch
&
Root knot
Greater yam
Anthracnose
Leaf spot
Rust
Silvering
Mosaic
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
Fungus
Possibly virus
Nematode
262
Glomerella cingulata
Phyllosticta dioscoreae
Goplana dioscoreae
Goplana australis
Uredo dioscoreae-sativae
Botriodiplodia theobromae
237
238
240
240
239
241
Meloidogyne sp
271
20
Green gram bean
Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Yellow mosaic
Fungus
Fungus
Possibly
virus
Cercospora canescens
Oidium sp.
65
269
Guava
Fruit rot
Fruit canker
Fruit rot
Algal spot (red rust)
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alga
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Pestalotiopsis psidii
Athelia rolfsii
Cephaleuros virescens
265
Highland kapiak
Sooty mould
Fungus
Chaetothyrium boedijnii
270
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Phyllachora minutissima
Uredo palmifoliae
Uromyces setariae-italicae
Bipolaris panici-miliacei
201
200
200
199
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Ascochyta erythrinae
Cercospora sp.
Meliola erythrinae
270
Jackbean
Leaves distorted
Possibly virus
Jackfruit
Pink Disease
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Colletotrichum sp.
260
261
Japanese cherry
Root rot
Pink disease
Fungus
Fungus
Phellinus noxius
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
260
Java almond
Leaf spot
Sooty mould
Fungus
Fungus
Cercospora catappae
Lembosia terminaliae
270
Jerusalem artichoke
Collar rot
Fungus
Athelia rolfsii
262
Highlands pitpit
Tar spot
Rust
262
274
21
Job's tears
Leaf spot
Tar spot
Rust
Leaf galls
Mosaic
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Possibly
virus
Virus
Cercospora sp.
Phyllachora coicis
Phyllachora graminis
Puccinia operta
Fungus
Fungus
Lembosia pandani
Meliola juttingii
Kangkong
Leaf spot
Karuka
Black leaf mould
Sooty mould
Large leaf spot
Leaf spot
Yellow spot mosaic
On seeds
On rotting flowers
Kudzu
Yellow mould
False rust
Leaf spot
Lablab bean
Leaf spot
Angular leaf spot
Tip wilt
Leaf blight
Leaf blight
Small twisted leaves
Root knot
Leek
Leaf blight
Leaf rot
Lemon
Leaf spots
Scab
Pink disease
Green mould
Damping off
Bacterial canker
127
270
Probably virus
Fungus
Macrophoma pandani
Fungus
Rhizopus stolonifer
Fungus
Fungus
Mycovellosiella puerariae
Synchytrium minutum
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Probably virus
Nematode
Ascochyta dolichi
Cercospora canescens
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Phyllosticta sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Meloidogyne arenaria
Fungus
Fungi
and
Alternaria porri
Fusarium sp.
Pythium sp.
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacteria
Ascochyta citri
Glomerella cingulata
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Penicillium digitatum
Rhizoctonia solani
Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri
69
65
267
66
271
122
261
103
260
266
98
22
Lemon grass
Tar spot
Rust
Fungus
Fungus
Lesser yam
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Dark brown leaf blotch
Mosaic
Root knot
Lettuce
Collar rot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Soft rot
Mosaic
Root knot
Phyllachora sp.
Puccinia nakanishikii
Fungus
Fungus
Bacteria
Possibly virus
Nematode
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Possibly virus
Nematode
and
Cylindrosporium dioscoreae
Guignardia dioscoreae
Xanthomonas sp. (Unconfirmed)
238
Meloidogyne incognita
271
Athelia rolfsii
Septoria lactucae
Alternaria sp.
Cercospora brassicicola
Cercospora longissima
Phyllosticta sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
251
252
Meloidogyne hapla
Meloidogyne incognita
271
271
262
Lima bean
Floury white mould
Rust
Concentric spots
Leaf spot
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
Phakopsora vignae
Phoma exigua
Phyllosticta sp.
Meloidogyne incognita
Lime
Sooty mould
Pink disease
Collar & root rot
Green mould
Bacterial canker
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Meliola citricola
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Phellinus noxius
Penicillium digitatum
Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri
Loquat
Brown rot fruit
Pink disease
Fungus
Fungus
Penicillium sp.
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
260
Alga
Cephaleuros virescens
274
Fungus
Fungus
Pestalotiopsis sp.
Armillaria mellea
Lovi-lovi
Algal leaf spot
Leaf spot
Macadamia
Leaf spot
Root rot
71
62
271
270
260
98
23
Maize (See Corn)
Mandarin
Sooty mould
Scab
Pink crust on stems
Pink disease
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Meliola citricola
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Podonectria sp
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
270
103
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
270
270
260
and possibly
Asterina sp
Meliola mangiferae
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Pestaliopsis sp. Associated
Glomerella cingulata
Stigmina mangiferae
Marita
Leaf spot
Fruit rot
Black leaf mould
Leaf mould
Bacterium
Fungus
Fungus
126
127
Melon (Rockmelon)
Black rot
Leaf blight
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Mycosphaerella melonis
Aschochyta sp.
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Meloidogyne incognita
164
160
271
Fungus
Fungus
Marasmiellus epochnous
Thanatephorus cucumeris
266
Fungus
Alternaria sp.
Mulberry
Leaf spot
Fungus
Phyllosticta sp.
Mung bean
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Mosaic
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Nematode
Alternaria sp.
Phoma exigua
Phyllosticta sp.
Myrothecium roridum
Athelia rolfsii
262
Meloidogyne incognita
271
Mango
Sooty mould
Pink disease
Dead leaf edges
Anthracnose/Dieback
260
253
Mangosteen
Leaf spot
Mint
Collar rot & wilt
Wilt
Rust
Leaf spot
62
24
Mustard
Leaf spot
Fungus
Alternaria sp.
Naranjilla
Collar rot
Fungus
Athelia rolfsii
264
Nematode
Meloidogyne incognita
271
Alternaria porri
Colletotrichum circinans
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Pseudomonas cepacia
Peronospora destructor
Fusarium spp.
Aspergillus niger
122
124
262
Downy mildew
Root rot
Black mould
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Onion (bunching)
Purple blotch
Leaf blotch
Downy mildew
Root rot
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Alternaria porri
Aschochyta sp.
Peronospora destructor
Fusarium spp.
Meloidogyne incognita
122
Orange
Scab
Pink disease
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Unthriftiness
Sooty mould
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Fungus
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Phyllosticta sp.
Gloeosporium sp.
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Meliola citricola
103
260
Fungus
Nematode
and
Septoria sp.
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
271
271
Nematode
and
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
271
271
Okra
Distorted leaves
Root knot
Onion (bulb)
Leaf tip withering
Smudge
Soft rot
Parsley
Leaf spot
Root knot
Parsnip
Root knot
Possibly virus
271
101
270
25
Passionfruit
Brown leaf spot
Seedling wilt
Leaf spot
Blight of flowers
Fruit rot
Root knot
Pawpaw
Butt rot
Leaf spot
Shot hole leaf spot
Anthracnose
Powdery mildew
Leaf spot
Root rot
Leaf spot & fruit rot
Fruit rot/Leaf mould
Fruit rot
Stem rot
Mosaic
Root knot
Pea
Leaf spot
Brown mould
Powdery mildew
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Alternaria passiflorae
Phytophthora nicotianae
Colletotrichum sp.
Phoma sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Fusarium sp.
Meloidogyne javanica
129
131
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Virus
Nematode
and
Athelia rolfsii
Cercospora papayae
Corynespora cassiicola
Glomerella cingulata
Oidium caricae
Phyllosticta sp.
Phoma sp.
Phytophthora palmivora
Mycosphaerella caricae
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Fusarium oxysporum
Pseudomonas cepacia
262
Mosaic
Root knot
Dry rot seeds
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Possibly virus
Nematode
Fungus
Peach
Peach leaf curl
Rust
Peanut
Seedling death
Collar rot
Large leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Rust
Root rot
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
Mycosphaerella pinodes
Fulvia fulvum
Oidium sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Macrophoma sp.
271
137
261
135
136
133
265
134
271
271
74
269
Meloidogyne incognita
Penicillium sp.
271
Fungus
Fungus
Taphrina deformans
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae
254
255
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Aspergillus niger
Athelia rolfsii
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Colletotrichum sp.
Mycosphaerella arachidis
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
Phomopsis sp.
Puccinia arachidis
Pythium sp.
142
140
265
145
141
141
144
26
Blackening stems
Bacterial wilt
Mosaic
Leaf mottle
Mild mottle
and
Fungus
Bacterium
Virus
Virus
Virus
Rhizoctonia
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pseudomonas solanacearum
266
139
142
143
Pepper
Leaf spot
Horse hair blight
Pink disease
Root rot
Dead patches
Algal spot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alga
Glomerella sp.
Marasmius crinisequi
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Phellinus noxius
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Cephaleuros virescens
261
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
and
and
and
Mycovellosiella cajani
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Aspergillus niger
Chaetomium sp.
Curvularia lunata
Fusarium solani
Penicillium sp.
Nigrospora oryzae
75
260
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
Fungus
and
Fungus
Cerotocystis paradoxa
Cochliobolus lunatus
Stachylidium bicolour
Trichobotrys pannosa
Asterina sp.
Nigrospora sp.
Pythium vexans
256
Pigeon pea
Leaf spot
Pink disease
On seeds
Pineapple
Water blister
Leaf blotch
Leaf spot
Wilt outside leaves
260
260
274
Fungus
Cercospora taccae
Pomelo
Collar rot
Fungus
Athelia rolfsii
262
27
Potato
Target spot
Collar rot & wilt
Dry rot & wilt
Storage rot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Late blight
Collar rot
Powdery scab
Common scab
Black scurf
Verticillium wilt
Black leg
Soft rot
Bacterial wilt
Bacterial wilt
Leaf roll
Interveinal mottling
Mosaic & dying leaves
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Virus
Virus
Virus
Nematode
Alternaria solani
Athelia rolfsii
Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium solani
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Phyllosticta sp.
Phytophthora infestans
Sclerotium rolfsii
Spongospora subterranea
Streptomyces scabies
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Verticillium albo-atrum
Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Leaf roll virus
Potato virus x (Unconfirmed)
Potato virus y (Unconfirmed)
Meloidogyne javanica
156
264
150
Potato yam
Brown mould
Rust
Fungus
Fungus
Pseudocercospora ubi
Uredo dioscorae-sativae
242
239
Pumpkin
Storage rot
Sooty mould
Powdery mildew
Stem rot
Downy mildew
With storage rot
Mosaic
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Epicoccum sp.
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Fusarium solani
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Rhizoctonia sp.
Melon mosaic virus
162
Radish
Leaf spot
Damping-off
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria raphani
Pythium sp.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Colletotrichum sp.
Phellinus sp.
Fusarium oxysporum
Athelia rolfsii
Fungus
Hamaspora acutissima
Rambutan
Leaf spot
Heart rot
Root rot
Raspberry (Red)
Rust
151
155
149
266
157
262
262
148
152
153
154
271
164
160
266
163
262
28
Rice
Rot at base of plant
Narrow brown leafspot
Leaf spot & on grains
(As Brown spot)
Fungus
Athelia rolfsii
Fungus
Cercospora oryzae
Fungi
Cochliobolus cynodontis
and
Cochliobolus geniculatus
and
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
and
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Leaf smut
Fungus
Entyloma oryzae
Seedling blight
Fungus
Fusarium lateritium
Foot rot
Fungus
Gibberella fujikuroi
Brown sheath rot
Fungus
Gaeumannomyces graminis
Stem rot rice
Fungus
Magnaporthe salvinii
Leaf blotch
Fungus
Metasphaeria oryzae-sativae
White leaf streak
Fungus
Mycovellosiella oryzae
Glume blotch
Fungus
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
Sheath blight
Fungus
Thanatephorus sasakii
Leaf spot
Fungus
Trichoconiella padwickii
False smut
Fungus
Ustilaginoidea virens
Root knot
Nematode
Meloidogyne sp.
(Also several fungi isolated off stored rice grain.)
Rice bean
Blossom blight
False rust
Rust
Root knot
On seeds
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
and
Fungus
and
and
and
and
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Synchytrium phaseoli
Uromyces sp.
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne javanica
Aspergillus niger
Penicillium sp.
Periconia byssoides
Rhizopus nigricans
Verticillium sp.
Fungus
Cercospora sp.
262
173
167
171
169
166
176
177
170
175
172
168
271
267
69
64
271
271
Fungus
Borinquenia sp.
Black mould on leaves
Fungi
Melanographium sp.
and
Tripospermum sp.
and
Zygosporium gibbum
Parallel sided leaf spot
Fungus
Sphaerulina sp.
Leaf spot
Fungus
(Also several fungi isolated from processed sago)
Shallot
Leaf tip burn
Leaf tip wither
Smudge
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria porri
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Colletotrichum circinans
270
122
123
124
29
Silver beet and beetroot
Leaf spot
Fungus
Blossom blight
Fungus
Root knot
Nematode
and
Cercospora beticola
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
257
267
271
271
Pink disease
Blossom blight
Algal leaf spot
Soybean
Leaf spot
Angular leaf spot
Rust
Bacterial leaf spot
Leaf distortion
Mosaic
Yellow mosaic
Root knot
Squash and marrow
With storage rot
Leaf spot
Storage rot
Stem rot
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Mould under leaf
Possible virus
Fungus
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Possibly bacterial
Fungus
Puccinia purpurea
Fungi
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Alga
Capnodium sp.
Chaetothyrium sp.
Microxyphium sp.
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Glomerella cingulata
Cephaleuros virescens
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Ascochyta sp.
Cercospora canescens
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycine
162
270
270
270
260
261
274
64
60
80
63
Possibly virus
Possibly virus
Virus
Nematode
Meloidogyne sp.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Aspergillus sp.
Cercospora sp.
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Fusarium sp.
Fusarium solani
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Cercospora citrullina
271
161
164
164
160
161
30
Strawberry
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Scorch
Eye spot
On roots
Roots
Sugarcane
Red rot leaf sheath
Eye spot
Pineapple disease
Brown spot
Veneer blotch
Brown stripe
Pokkah boeng
Red rot
Ring spot
Yellow spot
Downy mildew
Rind disease
Tar spot
Rust, orange
Red leaf streak
Leaf scorch
Ramu stunt
Ramu scorch
Red stripe
Fiji disease
Mosaic
Leaf scald
Sunflower
Collar rot
Mould on head
Rust
Root knot
Surinam cherry
Scab fruit
Swamp taro
Algal leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Cercospora vexans
Colletotrichum sp.
Diplocarpon earlianum
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Trichoderma viridae
Aphelenchoides sp.
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Possibly viroid
Athelia rolfsii
Bipolaris sacchari
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Cercospora longipes
Deightoniella papuana
Bipolaris stenospila
Gibberella fujikuroi
Glomerella tucumanensis
Leptosphaeria sacchari
Mycovellosiella koepkei
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Phaeocytostroma sacchari
Phyllachora sacchari
Puccinia kuehnii
Ramulispora sacchari
Stagnospora sacchari (Unconfirmed)
Bacteria
Virus
Virus
Bacterium
Pseudomonas rubrilineans
Sugarcane Fiji disease virus
261
259
258
264
182
187
179
196
180
188
191
185
197
181
193
195
186
184
189
192
183
194
Xanthomonas albilineans
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Athelia rolfsii
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Puccinia helianthi
Meloidogyne javanica
Fungus
and
Pestalotia eugeniae
Pyrenochaeta sp.
Alga
Cephaleuros virescens
262
271
274
31
Sweet potato
Stem & leaf blight
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Leaf spot
Black rot
Leaf spot
Scab
Scurf
Leaf spot
Stems with internal browning
Leaf spot
Foot rot
Leaf spot
Soft rot
Tuber rot
and
and
and
Fusarium wilt/tuber rot
Storage rot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria alternata
Fungus
Ascochyta convolvuli
Fungus
Athelia rolfsii
Fungus
Cercospora bataticola
Fungus
Ceratocystis fimbriata
Fungus
Didymella sp.
Fungus
Elsinoe batatas
Fungus
Moniliochaetes infuscans
Fungus
Phoma sorghina
Fungus
Phomopsis ipomoea-batatas
Fungus
Phyllosticta sp.
Fungus
Plenodomus destruens
Fungus
Pseudocercospora timorensis
Fungus
Rhizopus stolonifer
Fungus
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Bacteria
Erwinia sp.
Bacteria
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Fungus
Fusarium sp.
Fungus
Fusarium oxysporium
and
Fusarium lateritium
and
Fusarium solani
Fungus
Aspergillus sp.
and
Choanephora sp.
and
Mucor sp.
Fungus
Penicillium sp.
Fungus
Macrophomina phaseolina
Mycoplasma like organism
Virus
Sweet potato feathery mottle virus
and
Caulimo-like virus
Virus
Nematode Meloidogyne sp.
Glomerella cingulata
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
207
262
207
209
208
206
205
210
265
262
204
203
211
271
261
260
32
Taro
Leaf spot
Blossom blight
Brown leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Shot hole
Blight
Leaf blight
Root rot
Mosaic
Dwarfed plants
Mitimiti disease
Root rot
Root knot
With corm rot
Anthracnose
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Fruit spot
Brown mould
Wilt and collar rot
Leaf spot
Brown leaf mould
Small leaf spot
Bacterial wilt
Bacterial leaf spot
Soft rot fruit
Mosaic
Spotted wilt
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Viruses
Nematode
Fungus
and
Nematode
Fungus
and
and
and
Bacterium
Bacterium
Cercospora sp.
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Cladosporium colocasiae
Colletotrichum sp.
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Neojohnstonia colocasiae
Phyllosticta sp.
Phytophthora colocasiae
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pythium spp.
Dasheen mosaic virus
Alomae & Bobone viruses.
Hirschmanniella miticausa
Fusarium solani
Periconia sp.
Meloidogyne sp.
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Chaetophoma sp
Rhizoctonia sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Xanthomonas campestris pv. aracearum
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Virus
Virus
Nematode
Alternaria solani
Athelia rolfsii
Phytophthora nicotianae
Athelia rolfsii
Pythium butleri
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Colletotrichum sp.
Curvularia sp.
Corynespora cassiicola
Phoma destructive
Septoria lycopersici
Didymella lycopersici
Fulvia fulvum
Fusarium equiseti
Fusarium oxysporum
Helminthosporium sp.
Pseudocercospora fuligena
Stemphylium lycopersici
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Tobacco mosaic virus
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
267
216
218
221
222
217
220
219
214
271
265
266
262
262
215
233
264
229
264
266
266
226
231
230
228
227
226
262
232
234
271
271
271
33
Tree tomato
Leaf spot
Root knot
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Nematode
Ascochyta sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Glomerella cingulata
Oidium sp.
Phytophthora palmivora
Pythium sp.
Meloidogyne sp.
Turmeric
Large leaf spot
Fungus
Phaeodactylium alpiniae
Turnip
Leaf spot
Fungi
Black rot
Bacteria
Anthracnose/Fruit rot
Powdery mildew
Root rot
Ullucu
Tuber rot
Alternaria brassicae
Alternaria brassicicola
Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris
Fungus
and
Fusarium sp.
Penicillium sp.
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Fungus
Cercospora citrullina
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Aschochyta sp.
Mycosphaerella melonis
261
266
271
91
92
89
Watercress
Leaf spot
Watermelon
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Sooty mould
Powdery mildew
Angular leaf spot
Leaf spot
False rust
Leaf curl
Little leaf
Root knot
Fungus
Oidium sp.
Fungus
Pythium irregulare
Possibly virus
Nematode
Meloidogyne incognita
Fungus
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Fungus
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Fungus
Didymella sp.
Fungus
Macrophomina phaseolina
and
Fusarium spp.
and
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Fungus
Meliola erythrinae var psophocarpi
Fungus
Oidium sp.
Fungus
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
Fungus
Pseudocercospora psophocarpi
Fungus
Synchytrium psophocarpi
Possible virus
Possible mycoplasma like organism
Nematode
Meloidogyne incognita
and
Meloidogyne javanica
161
162
164
265
163
271
72
61
67
58
270
77
55
81
70
271
271
34
Yard-long bean (Snake bean)
Leaf spot
Fungus
and
Leaf blight
Fungus
Powdery mildew
Fungus
Rust
Fungus
Mosaic
Virus
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Cercospora sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Uromyces appendiculatus
Cowpea mosaic virus
267
78
56
76
Yam (See also Greater yam, lesser yam and five leaflet yam.)
Zucchini
Leaf spot
Fruit rot
Powdery mildew
Storage rot
Stem rot
Downy mildew
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria cucumerina
Choanephora sp.
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Fusarium sp.
Fusarium solani
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
267
164
160
35
Aibika diseases
Aibika leaf spot
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Collar rot/root rot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Nematode
Fungus
Virus
Myrothecium roridum
Colletotrichum sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Oidium sp
Phytophthora nicotianae var.
nicotianae
Fusarium sp.
Sclerotium rolfsii
Aphelenchus avenae
Sarcopodium vanillae
36
261
38
39
264
37
36
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus can live on dead plant material in the soil.
The fungus can spread in soil or on seed and planting material.
The damage:
die.
Dead spots form on leaves and stems. Young plants can also
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus also attacks coffee, eggplant, mung
bean, daka, cowpea, tomatoes, okra, pumpkins and some flowers.
Control:
1. Avoid diseased garden sites.
2. Get rid of diseased plant remains.
3. Chemical fungicides can be used for control.
References:
CMI descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 253, 1970
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge p 285
Other diseases that are similar:
Leaf spots on aibika can also be caused by another fungus called Phyllosticta sp. Spots due to
this fungus normally have a hole in the centre. It is not a strong fungus at attacking plants so
does not cause serious damage to plants.
Another fungus called Colletotrichum sp. is a very common fungus causing a group of diseases
called anthracnose. With these, leaves normally start dying around the edges.
37
Disease:
Mottle of aibika
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: These viruses can be spread mechanically by plant
rubbing together or by sap being spread between plants in other ways such as
knives when cutting plants.
The damage: Although obvious, the disease does not appear to reduce the yield
very much.
Control:
References:
38
Disease:
Scientific name:
Oidium sp.
How the disease spreads: The powdery growth on the leaves is made up of chains
of spores. The spores are blown from plant to plant by the wind. The spores of
powdery mildews can develop without water provided the humidity is high.
The damage: The fungus causes damage by growing of the surface of leaves and
absorbing food from the leaves. The fungal growth also prevents light reaching the
leaves. When there is a lot of fungal growth the leaves shrivel and die.
Other plants that get the disease: Similar powdery mildew fungi attack plants in
the pumpkin family and also pawpaw.
Control:
1. Improving plant spacing normally assists control.
2. Some chemical sprays will control the disease although this is not usually
necessary. You would need to see a didiman before you used sprays.
References:
39
Disease:
Root
(And other plants)
Scientific name:
rot aibika
Other plants that get the disease: This fungus also causes seedling wilt of
passionfruit. It also grows on pineapple, strawberry, citrus, tomato, tobacco and a
number of other plants.
Control:
1. Spacing plants to make them less crowded.
2. Mulching around plants to prevent the fungus splashing from the soil
during rain.
3. Planting material or plants can be treated with chemical. See Plant
Pathology note 27.
References:
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No 35. 1964
Plant Pathology Note No 27. or Harvest 11(2) p82
Other diseases which are a little similar:
Stem rot of aibika due to the fungus Sarcopodium vanillae has also been recorded. This is a
fungus that normally attacks vanilla.
Other fungi common in the soil such as Fusarium sp. and Athelia rolfsii can also attack aibika
stems and roots. As well a nematode Aphelenchus avenae has also been found associated with
this damage.
40
Disease:
Scientific name:
41
Banana diseases
Symptoms
Cause
Scientific name
Anthracnose fruit
Armillaria corm rot
Black cross
Banana rust
Black leaf streak
Black spot
Burrowing nematode
Diamond leaf spot
Freckle
Leaf speckle
Leaf spot
Malayan leaf spot
Sigatoka leaf spot
Leaf spot
Root rot
Stem end rot fruit
Algal leaf spot
Root knot
Nematode
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Alga
Nematode
Nematode
Infectious chlorosis
Stalk rot
Bacterial corm rot
Virus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Colletotrichum musae
Armillaria mellea
Phyllachora musicola
Uredo musae
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Deightoniella torulosa
Radopholus similis
Cordana musae
Guignardia musae
Ramichloridium musae
Cladosporium musae
Haplobasidion musae
Mycosphaerella musicola
Phyllosticta sp.
Pythium splendens
Pythium vexans etc
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Cephaleuros virescens
Meloidogyne incognita
Helicotylenchus multicinctus
Pratylenchus sp.
Rotylenchus sp.
Cucumber mosaic virus
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Page
42
43
45
46
47
49
50
51
52
54
55
56
48
274
271
53
262
44
42
Disease:
Anthracnose of banana
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
gets
also
The
and
How the disease spreads: The small fungal spores can live on banana flowers and
on old leaves. During wet weather it is splashed by rain onto the young banana
fruit. The small spores can also be spread by insects.
The damage: It causes ripe banana fruit to rot. It is the main cause of wastage of
bananas in storage.
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus Colletotrichum exists in many
different forms that attack a large number of different plants usually causing leaf,
stem and fruit spots. See page 247.
Control:
1. Harvest the fruit at the correct stage before they get too ripe.
2. Handle fruit carefully to reduce bruising.
3. Store bananas under cool conditions.
4. Varieties of bananas differ in how much they get the disease.
5. Keep dead banana leaves away from fruit as they can spread the disease.
6. Bananas can be dipped in chemicals to stop the disease.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 222
Graham, K.M., Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 11
Holliday, P, 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge.
Kranz, J., et al (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 196
43
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The disease normally occurs when bananas are planted
on land recently cleared from forest. The fungus spreads from large forest trees. It
damages the roots.
The damage: The disease is not widespread but can kill bananas where it occurs.
Other plants that get the disease: It has been recorded on tea and coffee. It has
also been recorded causing root rot of yams in other countries. It attacks almost all
types of trees and shrubs.
Control:
1. Dig out, chop up and burn infected plants.
2. Don't re-plant in the same hole.
3. Planting bananas in newly cleared rainforest where the disease occurs is a
risk.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 321, 1972 and map 143
Kranz, J., et al, 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds of Tropical Crops Verlag Paul Parey p
145
Pest Control in Bananas PANS Manual No 1 p 47 1977
Stover, R.H., 1972, Banana, Plantain and Abaca Diseases CAB p 186
44
Disease:
Scientific name:
Erwinia chrysanthemi
How the disease spreads: It can live in soil that contains plant debris. It lasts
longer in heavy clay soils and soils with high soil moisture (>80%). It survives
longer in neutral or alkaline soils. The bacteria are encouraged if the roots are
damaged letting plant sap leak from the roots.
The damage: Young plants can die. With older plants the false trunk can be
pushed over.
Other plants that get the disease: Some strains of the bacterium can attack
potatoes, tomatoes, pineapples and many other plants. In pineapples it causes heart
rot.
Control:
1. Most likely AAB type bananas get more damage than the AAA sweet
bananas.
2. Avoid planting into very wet soil or in very wet conditions.
3. Avoid damaging the stem and planting material.
References:
Plant pathology note 18 of Harvest 8(3) p141
Tomlinson, D.L., King, G.A. and Ovia, A., Bacterial corm and rhizome rot of banana in
Papua New Guinea. Tropical Pest Management, 1987, 33(3), 196-199
45
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus produces ascospores in flask-like structure
embedded in the leaf tissue. These ascospores are shot out from these structures
when infected leaves become wet and are spread by wind and rain.
The damage: It damages B group Java type bananas most. It does not appear to
cause serious damage. It may allow diamond spot fungus to get started as a disease
on leaves.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease only infects bananas.
Control:
Normally control is not needed.
References:
Booth, C et al, 1961, PNG Ag Journ. 13(4) p 157-159
Graham, K.M., Plant Diseases of Fiji. HMSO. p 12
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 330
Pest Control in Bananas PANS Manual No 1 p 31, 1977
Stover, Banana, Plantain & Abaca Diseases CMI p 109
46
Disease:
Banana rust
Scientific name:
Uredo musae Cummins
(Very similar to Uromyces musae P.Henn that
occurs in Africa. The two names are often confused.)
How the disease spreads: The rust spots are produced on the streaks on the lower
surface. It is these masses of developing spores that cause the streaks to be raised
and feel rough to the touch.
The damage: The damage is normally only slight and its effect is not considered
important. It increases on some varieties in the cool season. Some diploids get
most damage. The disease has not so far been a problem in Papua New Guinea.
Other plants that get the disease: This particular rust fungus only affects bananas
although other rust fungi affect many plants.
47
Disease:
Black leaf streak of
(Very similar to Sigatoka leaf spot.)
Scientific name:
Asexual:
[Synonyms:
48
Disease:
Sigatoka of bananas (Yellow
(A leaf spot) It is similar to Black leaf streak.
Scientific name:
Mycosphaerella musicola Leach
Asexual:
Cercospora musae Zimm.
Sigatoka)
49
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus lives on decaying vegetation and is blown
in the wind. The spores are more commonly spread in the morning, and after rain.
Control:
1. Improve growing conditions, drainage and fertility.
2. Covering fruit bunches with plastic bags with holes, reduces the damage
to fruit.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 165, 1968 and Map 175
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge. p 124
Pests Control in Bananas PANS Manual No 1 p 31 & 64, 1977
Stover, R.H., Banana, Plantain & Abaca Diseases CAB p 93
50
Disease:
Scientific name:
What it looks like: It causes a root rot in bananas. Roots can have reddish brown
dead spots and cracks. This weakened root system causes the plant to fall over. As
well leaf growth is poor and leaves die. Plant growth is less and fewer suckers are
produced. Young plants turn yellow and become stunted.
The cause: The disease is caused by a very small worm that burrows into the
plant. It is too small to see without a microscope.
The conditions it likes: Between 24 and 32C the nematode can complete a life
cycle in 20-25 days. Without banana plants, they cannot survive in the soil for
more than 12 weeks.
How the disease spreads: It gets into gardens on the roots of banana plants and
suckers. It can spread in water washing down gardens.
The damage: The damage can be severe. Diseased banana plants age prematurely
and carry smaller bunches than healthy plants. It can mean plants need to be
replanted each year into clean fresh soil and also mean other root rots can more
easily get started.
Other plants that get the disease: The nematode can attack a large number of
plants including citrus, pepper, sugarcane, tea, coffee, maize and vegetables. It is
thought that different strains of the nematode attack different crops.
Control:
1. Rotate bananas with other crops that do not get damaged.
2. Peel off the diseased outer layer from corms or suckers before planting and
remove all discoloured roots.
3. Banana corms may be soaked in hot water (55C for 20 minutes) before
planting.
4. Some varieties of bananas get less damage (B group).
5. Don't use cowpeas, sorghum grasses or stylo as cover crops near bananas.
6. Soils can be treated by flooding for 5 to 6 months.
7. Chemicals called nematicides can be used in commercial plantings but this is
expensive and not recommended for small holders.
References:
Kranz, J, and others, 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds in Tropical Crops VPP p 164
Persley, D.M., et al (eds), 1989, Fruit and Nut Crops - a disease management guide. Queensland
DPI. Information Series QI 88018 p 14
Other nematodes have also been recorded from bananas including root knot nematode
(Meloidogyne sp.) and Helicotylenchus multicinctus; Pratylenchus sp.; Rotylenchus sp.
51
Disease:
Diamond
(Also called Cordana Leaf spot)
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 350,1972 & Map 168
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji. HMSO. p 18
Holliday, P, 1980, Fungus diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge.
Pest Control in Bananas PANS Manual No 1 p 28, 1977
Stover, R.H., 1972, Banana Diseases CMI/CAB p 89
Wardlaw, C.W., 1961, Banana Diseases. Longmans. p 386
52
Disease:
Freckle of Bananas
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
Sexual stage:
53
Disease:
How the disease spreads: The disease is spread by small sap sucking aphid
insects such as the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum
maidis) and banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa). It is mostly spread from
pumpkin family plants to bananas.
Other plants that get the disease: Pumpkin family plants, tomatoes, maize, some
traditional greens and some weeds.
Control: Not normally necessary
1. Keep infected pumpkin family plants separate from bananas.
2. If a plant is infected the plant and suckers need to be destroyed.
3. Since the virus can be present without any symptoms showing it is
important to use only clean planting material from older plantings which appear
perfectly healthy.
References:
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji, HMSO p22.
PANS Manual No 1 Pest Control in Bananas p 52,1977.
Persley, D.M., et al, (eds), 1989, Fruit and nut Crops - a disease management guide.
Queensland DPI. Information series QI 88018. p 15.
54
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
How the disease spreads: Spots are produced on the underside of banana leaves.
These are spread by wind and rain to healthy leaves.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only occurs on bananas.
References:
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 31
Pest Control in Bananas PANS Manual No 1 p 31, 1977
Stover, R.H., 1972, Banana Diseases CMI/CAB p 97
55
Disease:
Leaf spot of bananas
(Sometimes called Leaf speckle of bananas)
Scientific name:
The damage: It damages AAA type bananas and B group bananas are resistant.
Other plants that get the disease: Cladosporium musae only infects bananas
although there are many other species of Cladosporium that infect a wide range of
plants.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 958, 1988
Stover, R.H., 1972, Banana Diseases CMI/ CAB p 100
56
Disease:
Malayan
(Also called diamond leaf spot)
Scientific name:
References:
CMI Descriptions of pathogenic Fungi No 496, 1976
PANS Manual No 1 Pest Control in Bananas p28, 1977
57
Bean diseases
Bean
Bean-common
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Grey mould
Anthracnose
Angular leaf spot
Collar rots
Cause
Scientific name
Bacterial blight
On seeds
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Nematode
and
Bacterium
Fungus
Alternaria tenuis
Ascochyta phaseolarum
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
Athelia rolfsii
Rhizoctonia solani
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Cercospora canescens
Cladosporium oxysporum
Corynespora casiicola
Periconia byssoides
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
Uromyces appendiculatus
Bean common mosaic virus (unconfirmed)
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne incognita
Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseolini
Aspergillus sp.
Broad bean
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Sooty mould
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Rust
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Ascochyta sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Epicoccum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Phoma sp.
Uromyces viciae-fabae
Leaf blight
Leaf spots
Oidium sp.
Alternaria sp.
Ascochyta phaseolarum
Cercospora canescens
Corynespora cassiicola
Fusarium sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Phoma exigua
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Uromyces appendiculatus
Cowpea mosaic virus
Meloidogyne javanica
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Page
62
73
61
60
262
66
65
71
64
68
271
271
79
267
64
264
62
70
66
56
68
271
265
58
Green gram bean
Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Yellow mosaic
Jackbean
Leaves small & distorted
Kudzu
Yellow mould
False rust
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Possibly virus
Cercospora canescens
Oidium sp.
65
269
Probably virus
Fungus
Fungus
Mycovellosiella puerariae
Synchytrium minutum
Lablab bean
Leaf spot
Angular leaf spot
Tip wilt
Leaf blight
Small twisted leaves
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Probably virus
Nematode
Ascochyta dolichi
Cercospora canescens
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Thanatephorus cucumeris
65
267
66
Meloidogyne arenaria
271
Lima bean
Rust
Concentric spots
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Phakopsora vignae
Phoma exigua
Meloidogyne incognita
62
271
Mung bean
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Mosaic
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Nematode
Alternaria sp.
Phoma exigua
Phyllosticta sp.
Myrothecium roridum
Athelia rolfsii
Pea
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Brown mould
Powdery mildew
Leaf spot
Mosaic
Root knot
Dry rot seeds
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Probably virus
Nematode
Fungus
Ascochyta pinodes
Mycosphaerella pinodes
Fulvia fulvum
Oidium sp.
Phyllosticta sp.
Meloidogyne incognita
Penicillium sp.
271
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Mycovellosiella cajani
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Aspergillus niger
Chaetomium sp.
Curvularia lunata
75
260
Pigeon pea
Leaf spot
Pink disease
On seeds
Meloidogyne incognita
69
62
262
68
271
74
269
Rice bean
Blossom blight
False rust
Rust
Root knot
On seeds
Soya bean
Leaf spot
Rust
Bacterial leaf spot
Leaf distortion
Mosaic
Yellow mosaic
Root knot
Winged bean
Flower blight
Anthracnose
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Sooty mould
Powdery mildew
Leaf spot
False rust
Leaf curl
Little leaf
Root knot
and
and
and
59
Fusarium solani
Penicillium sp.
Nigrospora oryzae
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
and
Fungus
and
and
and
and
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Synchytrium phaseoli
Uromyces sp.
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne javanica
Aspergillus niger
Penicillium sp.
Periconia byssoides
Rhizopus nigricans
Verticillium sp.
Fungus
and
Fungus
Bacteria
Possibly virus
Possibly virus
Virus
Nematode
Ascochyta sp.
Cercospora canescens
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Xanthomonas campestris pv glycines
267
69
64
271
271
64
80
63
Meloidogyne sp.
271
Fungus
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Fungus
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Fungus
Didymella sp.
Fungus
Macrophomina phaseolina
and
Fusarium spp.
and
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Fungus
Meliola erythrinae var psophocarpi
Fungus
Oidium sp.
Fungus
Pseudocercospora psophocarpi
Fungus
Synchytrium psophocarpi
Possible virus
Possible mycoplasma like organism
Nematode
Meloidogyne incognita
and
Meloidogyne javanica
72
61
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Uromyces appendiculatus
Cowpea mosaic virus
67
58
270
77
81
70
271
271
267
78
56
76
60
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
61
Disease:
Anthracnose of beans
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: It mostly spreads on seeds. It can also spread from old
diseased bean plants. Wind, rain and movement of people can spread the disease
within the crop.
The damage: The main damage is to the quality of the pods.
Other plants that get the disease: It attacks lima bean, scarlet runner bean,
cowpea, broad bean, green gram, rice bean, lablab bean, mung bean, and common
bean.
Control:
1. Clean seed can be produced in hot dry places.
2. Seeds can be treated with chemicals.
3. Get rid of old diseased bean plants.
4. Rotate bean crops.
5. Try not to walk past bean plants when the leaves are wet.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 316, 1971 & map 177
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge. p 104
Schwartz, H.F. & Galvez, G.E.(ed), 1980, Bean Production Problems CIAT p 39-54
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
62
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Probably syn.
63
Disease:
Scientific name:
Other plants that get the disease: There are many strains of Xanthomonas
campestris that attack a wide range of crops. Each strain is however specific to a
single crop. For example Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines is specific to soya
bean.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less disease.
2. Use clean seed.
References:
Allen, D.J., 1983, The Pathology of Tropical Food Legumes. Wiley- Interscience. p 140141
64
Disease:
Bean rust
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
and
65
Disease:
Scientific name:
Cercospora canescens Ell. & Martin
Also
Mycosphaerella cruenta Latham
Asexual:
Pseudocercospora cruenta (Sacc.)Deighton
[Synonym:
Cercospora cruenta Sacc.]
(Other leaf spots can be caused by other fungi such as Corynespora cassiicola and Phoma
exigua - see Aschochyta leaf spot and Angular leaf spot.)
How the disease spreads: In humid weather a grey mould covers the leaf spots.
This mould is made up of millions f spores which are easily knocked off the leaves
and blown for long distances by the wind. Spores can also be carried on the seed.
The damage: Because the disease is mostly on older leaves that are already dying
the damage is normally not serious.
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus will grow on cowpea, long bean,
common bean, soybean, lablab bean and green gram bean.
Control:
1. Not normally required.
2. Some resistance occurs in some varieties.
3. Use clean seed.
References:
Allen, D.J., 1983, The Pathology of Tropical Food Legumes. Wiley-Interscience. p 205206
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 985, 1990
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge. p 67
66
Disease:
Collar rot and leaf blight of beans
(Also causes leaf blight of beans which is also called Web blight)
Scientific name:
Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank)Donk.
[Synonym:
Pellicularia filamentosa (Pat.)Rogers)
and
Corticium solani (Prill. & Del.)Bourd. & Galz.]
Asexual:
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.
(Collar rots can also be caused by Corticium rolfsii Curzi - see peanut collar rot.) (Bean blights
caused by bacteria have recently been recorded in Papua New Guinea.)
67
Disease:
Scientific names:
Macrophomina phaseolina
Rhizoctonia solani
Fusarium equiseti
Fusarium semitectum
Fusarium moniliforme (Sex. Gibberella fujikuroi)
How the disease spreads: These fungi are very widely distributed in the soil and
also occur in the air. Some of them cannot easily attack a healthy plant but together
they can kill weakened plants.
The damage: Seedlings can fall over and die. When this occurs the condition is
called "damping off".
Other plants that get the disease: Many other plants can be attacked by these
same fungi.
Control:
1. Shallow planting in well-drained soils.
References:
Price, T.V.; Munro, P.E., Fungi Associated with collar rot of winged bean in Papua New
Guinea. PANS (1978) 24(1)53-56.
68
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The disease can be carried in the seed. It can also be
spread by small sap sucking aphid insects.
Other plants that get the disease: Other bean family plants can carry the disease.
Control:
1. Use disease free seed.
2. Plant kinds of beans that get less disease.
3. Do not plant beans close to existing bean crops where the disease is
suspected to occur.
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour. Vol.1.Queensland DPI.
Persley, D.M. et al (eds) 1989, Vegetable Crops - a disease management guide
Queensland DPI Information Series QI 88019. p 6
69
Disease:
Scientific name:
The damage: Leaves can fall off and seedlings can be killed.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease can occur on a number of beans
including rice bean, lima bean, green gram as well as siratro and phasey bean and
Rhynchosia minima.
Control:
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant pathogenic fungi No 758, 1983
A similar disease called false rust of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) caused by a similar fungus
Synchytrium minutum (Pat) Gaum causes very light-red to orange powdery spores to form in
patches over the leaves.
70
Disease:
Scientific name:
Control:
1. Removing early signs of the disease is claimed to help.
2. As the spores only live for a short time when the weather is humid and
moist cleaning up old plant material should help.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 760, 1983
Drinkall, M.J., 1978, False Rust Disease of the Winged Bean PANS 24(2): 160-166
Drinkall, M.J. & Price, T.V., 1979, Studies of Synchytrium psophocarpi on winged bean in PNG.
Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 72(1): 91-98.
Drinkall, M.J. & Price, T.V., 1986, Studies of the infection of the winged bean by Synchytrium
psophocarpi in Papua New Guinea. Ann.Appl. Biol. 109(1): 87-94.
71
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
The damage: It can cause leaves to fall off. It can cause moderately severe
problems in the Highlands.
Other plants that get the disease: Only common bean gets the disease.
Control:
1. Crop rotation
2. Resistant varieties
3. Use of chemical fungicides eg dithane.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 870, 1986 & map 436
Schwartz, H.F., & Galvez, G.E.(ed), 1980, Bean Production Problems CIAT p 138
A similar disease Yellow leaf mould of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) caused by a similar fungus
Mycovellosiella puerariae D. Shaw & Deighton (Syn. Ramularia puerariae Sawada) occurs on
kudzu a traditional root crop legume but has not been seen on Puero (Pueraria phaseoloides) in
PNG. References: Shaw, D.E. et al, 1970, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 54:326. and Holliday,P.,1980,
Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge.
72
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: This is a fungus that occurs very widely on plant
material as it rots. It can be spread around by insects, wind and water. On winged
beans flowers and pods are much more likely to be attacked if the flowers or pods
are already damaged by insects or other means.
The damage: Flowers can fall off and seedpods may not be produced. Leaves can
also be attacked.
Other plants that get the disease: This fungus can cause blossom blights and
disease on several other plants. These include beetroot, pawpaw, taro, rice bean,
amaranth, okra, cowpea, cassava.
Control:
1. Fungicides used early can reduce the initial rate of disease attack.
2. For climbing beans making sure they are well staked and well spaced
probably helps.
References:
Gunasekara S.A. et al, Choanephora blight of winged bean flowers in Sri Lanka.
Transactions of the British Mycol. Society (1985) 85 (2) 344-345
Oladiran, A.O., Choanephora Pod rot of cowpea in Southern Nigeria. Tropical Pest
Management 26(4): 396-402
73
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: It can be seed borne. It often gets first onto the flowers
then spreads from them to damaged or cut plant parts.
The damage: It causes grey mould of young or fleshy plant tissues. The pods can
be spoilt.
Other plants that get the disease: Strawberry fruit, cabbages, lettuces and other
plants can also get the disease.
Control:
1. Use wider plant spacing.
2. Take care not to damage plants.
References:
CMI Descriptions of pathogenic Fungi No 431, 1974.
74
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: It can be spread by wind and water but also on the seed.
It can survive on dead plants in the soil. Spores can blow for long distances in the
wind.
The damage: The neck of the plant can be attacked killing the plant. Infested
flowers lead to poorly filled pods and damaged seeds. It is usually not serious.
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus can grow on peas and some other
beans.
Control:
1. Use disease free seed.
2. Remove old crop debris.
3. Rotate areas used for peas.
4. Some varieties get less disease.
5. Chemical fungicides can be used to treat seed.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 340, 1972 & Map 316
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 282
75
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: Long slender spores invisible to the naked eye form in
clusters on leaf surfaces in rainy or humid conditions. The spores are easily
dislodged from the leaves and can be blown long distances by the wind or wind
driven rain. When spores come to rest on the pigeon pea crops they grow into the
leaves and cause a new infection.
The damage: The damage is to the leaves. If infection is heavy individual leaf
spots can join up forming large brown areas on the leaf surface. Under heavy
infection leaves may be killed and yields reduced.
Other plants that get the disease: Although fungi in the Cercospora group can
attack a wide range of plants each individual fungus in the group is specialised to
infect only one or a small number of host plants.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less damage. This is not an important food crop in
Papua New Guinea and probably only a few varieties occur.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant pathogenic fungi No. 628, 1979
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge
Onim, J.F.M., 1976, SABRAO Journ. 8:121
76
Disease:
Scientific name:
The damage:
Control:
References:
77
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual: As
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Oidium sp.
How the disease spreads: The disease spreads by spores that develop on the upper
surfaces of older leaves. These blow in the wind.
Other plants that get the disease: Powdery mildews get on a wide range of
plants.
Control:
1. Keeping plants well spaced where sun and wind can dry the leaves
probably reduces the disease.
2. Most likely newer systemic fungicides would control the disease. This
would make it dangerous to eat the leaves and flowers, as commonly occurs during
pruning of plants for root production.
References:
Price, T.V., 1977, Powdery Mildew, a new disease of the Winged bean in Papua New
Guinea. Plant Disease Reporter 61(5): 384-385
78
Disease:
Powdery
(Also occurs on cowpea)
Scientific name:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: The fungus blows in the wind. It also develops very
quickly so that disease outbreaks can occur rapidly.
The damage: It can reduce plant growth by blocking out sunlight. Leaves can dry
up and shrivel and fruit can be distorted.
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus can cause powdery mildew on
pumpkin family plants.
Control:
1. Some crops have some resistance.
2. Sulphur sprays can be used (But not with pumpkin family plants.)
References:
79
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: It can be carried on seed. It can also live for a long time
on old plant material.
Other plants that get the disease: Peas and lentils can also get this disease.
Control:
1. Use varieties with high levels of resistance.
2. Chemical fungicides can be used.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 60, 1965
80
Disease:
Rust of Soybean
Scientific name:
Other plants that get the disease: It attacks a number of beans including lablab,
soya bean and common bean.
Control:
1. Some soya bean varieties have more resistance.
2. It can be controlled with chemical fungicides.
References:
Allen, D.J., 1983, The Pathology of Tropical Food Legumes. Wiley-Interscience, p 136
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 589, 1978 & Map 504
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 318
81
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Control:
1. It can be controlled by fungicides.
References:
Price, T.V., 1978, Diseases of the Winged Bean, in The Winged Bean. 1st Int. Symp. on
Developing the Potentials of the Winged bean, Manila Philippines. p 241-243
Price, T.V., & Munro, P.E., 1978, Pseudocercospora psophocarpi on winged bean in
Papua New Guinea Trans. Br. Myc. Soc. 70(1):47-55
Price, T.V., 1982, Studies of the incidence, severity and distribution of false rust, leaf
spot and powdery mildew on winged bean in Papua New Guinea. Ann. Appl. Biol. 101:473-482.
82
Disease:
Scientific name:
Sexual:
How the disease spreads: The fungus can live on old plant remains as well as on
many other plants.
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: This is a very common fungus and gets on
many different plants. It causes diseases like anthracnose of mango, wither tip of
cassava and dieback of yams.
Control:
1. It can be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture.
2. Normally improving plant spacing and allowing light and air between
palms reduces the damage from this fungus.
References:
Yashoda, H. & Hegde, R.K., Studies of anthracnose of arecanut (Areca catechu) caused
by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (Penz) Panz. & Sacc. Plant Pathology Newsletter (1986) 4(12) 24
See also Anthracnose p 250
Betel nut can also get a disease called Black leaf mould due to a fungus Acroconidiellina
arecae (Berk & Broome) M.B.Ellis [Syn. Brachysporium arecae (Berk & Br.) Sacc.]
83
Fungus
Fungus
Pseudocercospora artocarpi
Uredo artocarpi
84
85
Jackfruit
Pink Disease
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Colletotrichum sp.
260
261
84
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The fungal spores blow in the wind.
The damage: It tends to get worse on older leaves causing them to fall off early.
It does not seem to be serious.
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants are infected by this particular
fungus although many other similar fungi attack a wide range of crops.
References:
Deighton, Mycol. Papers 140:139. 1976.
85
Disease:
Rust of breadfruit
Scientific name:
References:
(Cummins, Mycologia Vol 32, 1940, p 372.)
86
Fungus
and
Bacterium
Nematode
Alternaria brassicae
Botrytis sp.
Xanthomonas campestris
Meloidogyne sp.
89
271
Brussels sprouts
Black leaf spot
Black rot
Fungus
Bacterium
Alternaria brassicicola
Xanthomonas campestris
88
89
Alternaria brassicicola
Colletotrichum sp.
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Peronospora parasitica
Xanthomonas campestris
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pythium sp.
Rhizoctonia sp.
Meloidogyne incognita
88
261
92
90
89
87
266
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Fungus
Fungus
and
Nematode
Cauliflower
Black leaf spot
Leaf spot
Black rot
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Nematode
Alternaria brassicicola
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Xanthomonas campestris
Meloidogyne sp.
88
92
89
271
Chinese cabbage
Grey leaf spot
Black leaf spot
Leaf spot
Wet rot
Downy mildew
Leaf wilt (Soft rot)
Black rot
Seedling wilt
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Fungus
Alternaria brassicae
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Septoria sp.
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Peronospora parasitica
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Xanthomonas campestris
Fusarium oxysporum
Radish
Leaf spot
Fungus
Alternaria raphani
Black rot
Fungi
and
Bacterium
Alternaria brassicae
Alternaria brassicicola
Xanthomonas campestris
Watercress
Leaf spot
Probably fungus
Cabbage
Black leaf spot
Leaf spot
Ring spot
Downy mildew
Black rot
Soft rot
Collar rot
Damping off
Turnip
Leaf spot
91
271
91
92
267
90
89
89
91
92
89
87
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The bacterium commonly occurs on rotting plant
material in the soil. It can get onto plants by splashing water and on knives and
other tools used for harvesting. When cabbages are stored together it can spread
by contact.
The damage: The cabbages become rotten and unusable. Mostly it spreads on
cabbages after they are being harvested, but it can rot stems and cabbages in the
field in wet conditions.
Other plants that get the disease: It can attack all plants in the cabbage family. It
also causes fruit rot of marita. Other vegetables can be damaged.
Control:
1. Avoid harvesting cabbages when the crop is wet.
2. Handle harvested plants very carefully.
3. Don't cut a rotten plant then another cabbage with the same knife until it
is cleaned.
4. Old crops should be dug into the ground.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant pathogenic bacteria No. 552 1977
Persley, D.M., et al (eds), 1989, Fruit and Nut Crops - a disease management guide.
Queensland DPI Information Series QI 88018 p 27
Plant Pathology Note No 18 or Harvest 8(3) p141
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol.1 Queensland DPI
88
Disease:
Black leaf spot
(Also on other cabbage family plants)
Scientific name:
of cabbage
How the disease spreads: It is carried on seed. Spores can continue to live on
leaves for several weeks if they are dropped in gardens after harvest.
The damage: It can invade pods and cause a loss of seeds in a seed crop. It can
cause damping off of seedlings. It is more serious than Grey leaf spot.
Other plants that get the disease: Cabbage, cauliflower and probably other plants
in the cabbage family.
Control:
1. Seed treatment can be used. (Hot water at 50C for 20-30 mins.)
2. Fungicides can be used eg mancozeb.
3. Remove infected old plants from the garden.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 163 1968 & map 457
89
Disease:
Black rot
(and other cabbage family plants)
(Also called Bacterial leaf scald)
Scientific name:
of cabbage
90
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The spores can spread with wind and water.
The damage: It is usually of little importance in the gardens but can be serious in
nurseries.
Other plants that get the disease: All cabbage family plants get the disease.
Control:
1. Seed bed areas need to be away from cabbage family plants.
2. Seedlings can be sprayed with fungicides.
References:
Persley, D.M. et al (eds), 1989, Vegetable Crops - a disease management guide.
Queensland DPI. Information Series QI 88019 p 25
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of Plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
91
Disease:
Grey leaf spot of cabbage
(Also called Alternaria blight and affects the cabbage family)
Scientific name:
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 162,1968 & Map 353
Talekar, N.S. & Griggs, T.D., (ed), 1981 Chinese Cabbage Proc. 1st Int. Sympos.
AVRDC p 176
92
Disease:
Scientific name:
Synonym:
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Cercospora brassicicola Henn.
How the disease spreads: The disease spreads from old cabbage family plants.
They are carried by wind.
The damage: Leaves can be severely damaged as leaf spots enlarge and merge
into one another. Crop yields can be severely reduced and surviving crops may be
unsaleable because of their appearance.
Other plants that get the disease: In PNG it has been seen on cabbage and
Chinese cabbage but also gets on cauliflower and probably other cabbage family
plants.
Control:
1. Get rid of crop residues after harvesting.
2. Use clean areas for planting cabbages.
3. Chemical fungicides can be used.
References:
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No 722 1982
Persley, D.M. et al (eds), 1989, Vegetable Crops - a disease management guide.
Queensland DPI Information Series QI 88019 p 25
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol.1 Queensland DPI
93
Cassava diseases
Brown leaf spot
Leaf spot
Blight leaf spot
or Tip die back
Pink disease
Associated with
root rot
Collar rot
Root rot
Storage rots
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Cercosporidium henningsii
Phyllosticta sp.
Colletotrichum capsici
and
Fungus
Fungus
Glomerella cingulata
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Dictyosporium toruloides
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Fusarium sp.
Helicobasidium purpureum
Proboscispora manihotis
Rigidoporus lignosus
94
95
260
94
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The fungus can continue to live on old fallen leaves.
Spores blow in the wind and rain. They are produced on the lower leaf surface.
The damage: It does not get serious but the amount of food produced is less
because the leaves fall off early.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease only affects cassava.
Control:
1. Wider spacing of plants.
2. During the dry season badly diseased leaves can be removed to prevent
the disease spreading quickly when the rains start.
3. Crop rotations of 3 to 5 years help control.
4. Planting in the wet season so that crops are in the susceptible 6 to 8 month
old stage in the dry season helps.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 912 1987
Gerlach, W.W.O., 1988, Plant Disease of Western Samoa, GTZ pp56-57
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 202
Lozano, J.C. et al, 1976, Field problems in Cassava. CIAT p 24
Pest Control in Tropical Root Crops PANS Manual No4 p 97
95
Disease:
Wither tip of cassava
(Also called Anthracnose and blight leaf spot)
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: Spores develop in warm wet conditions and are spread
by wind and wind-blown rain.
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: A very large number of plants get anthracnose
from infection by this or similar fungi.
Control:
1. Avoid planting in the middle of the wet season.
2. Use healthy planting material.
References:
Lozano, J.C.& Booth, R.H., Diseases of cassava CIAT Series DE-5, p 29
Pest Control in Tropical Root crops PANS Manual No 4 p 104
96
Citrus diseases
Crop
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Citron
Scab
Algal spot
Fungus
Alga
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Cephaleuros virescens
103
97
Clymenia citrus
Scab
Fungus
Sphaceloma fawcettii
103
Grapefruit
With leaf spot
Algal leaf spot
Bacterial canker
Citrus nematode
Fungus
Alga
Bacterium
Nematode
Glomerella cingulata
Cephaleuros virescens
Xanthomonas campestris pv citri
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
261
97
98
101
Scab
Pink disease
Bacterial canker
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Ascochyta citri
Glomerella cingulata
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Xanthomonas campestri pv citri
261
103
260
98
Lime
Sooty mould
Pink disease
Collar & root rot
Bacterial canker
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacteria
Meliola citricola
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Phellinus noxius
Xanthomonas campestris pv citri
270
260
Lemon
Leaf spots
Page
98
Mandarin
Sooty mould
Pink crust of stems
Fungus
Fungus
Meliola citricola
Podonectria sp.
270
Orange
Scab
Pink disease
Citrus nematode
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
103
260
101
Pomelo
Collar rot
Fungus
Athelia rolfsii
262
On citrus fruit
Blue mould
Green mould
Fungus
Fungus
Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium italicum
100
101
On citrus in general
Melanose
Fungus
Diaporthe citri
94
97
Disease:
Scientific name:
References:
Gerlach, W.W.P., 1988, Plant Diseases of Western Samoa, GTZ pp 108-109
98
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
References:
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 52
99
Disease:
Scientific name:
Control:
1. Avoid damaging the skin of the fruit.
2. Remove diseased fruit.
3. Chemical dips can be used.
4. Pick fruit when it is dry.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 99 1966
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji, HMSO p51
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 299
100
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: It particularly spreads by contact between fruit. The
disease spreads in the same way as blue mould, infecting only damaged fruit.
Control:
1. Avoid damaging the skin of the fruit.
2. Remove diseased fruit.
3. Chemical dips can be used.
4. Pick fruit when it is dry.
References:
CMI Description of Plant Pathogenic Fungi No 96 1966
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji, HMSO p51
101
Disease:
Citrus nematode
Scientific name:
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
102
Disease:
Melanose of Citrus
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
103
Disease:
Scab of Citrus
Scientific name:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: The small spores wash off diseased leaves in the rain and these can
be spread around by wind.
The damage: Leaves are distorted and young trees can die. Fruit are made unattractive.
Other plants that get the disease: Bush lemon, sour orange and Clymenia.
Control:
1. It can be controlled by spraying a chemical called Bordeaux at times when trees are
undergoing rapid new growth.
2. Sweet orange and lime tend to be resistant to the disease. Also resistant varieties of the
other fruits occur.
3. It is important to get rid of old diseased leaves, fruit and branches.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 438, 1974 Map 161 & 125
Cook, A.A., 1975, Diseases of Tropical & Subtropical fruits & nuts Hafner p 116
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 65
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 147
Kranz, J. et al, (eds), 1977, Diseases of Tropical Crops VPP p 108
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
104
Coconut diseases
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Sooty mould
Fungi
and
and
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Capnodium sp.
Chaetothyrium sp.
Meliola sp.
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Clasterosporium cocoicola
Sporidesmium macrurum
Corticium penicillatum
Bipolaris incurvata
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
Pseudoepicoccum cocos
Ganoderma lucidum
Rigidoporus microporus
Phellinus noxius
Phytophthora palmivora
Stem bleeding
Black leaf mould
White thread blight
Leaf spots
Root rot
Brown root rot
Bud rot
Page
102
100
101
97
98
99
105
Disease:
Basal stem rot
(Also called Butt rot and Ganoderma wilt)
of coconut
Scientific name:
Ganoderma lucidum [(W.Curt) Fr.] Karst
(There have been problems with the consistent and correct naming of this organism especially in
the tropics. It may be other species involved. This species tends to be in cooler places.)
106
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: Spores can blow in the wind. The disease takes 1 to 3
years before the palm is killed.
The damage: The disease infects stumps of felled trees left in the ground. It grows
down through these stumps into the roots and generally infects other trees growing
close by spreading from root to root.
Other plants that get the disease: It also attacks oil palm. It can attack avocado,
cacao, coffee, rubber, kapok, mandarin, mangosteen, rambutan and other trees.
Control:
1. Spots need to be found early and cut out. The area needs to then be treated
with coal tar.
2. Dead palms should be removed, including all infected roots.
References:
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No. 195, 1968
Kranz, J., et al, (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 162
107
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus often occurs around the roots of coconuts
and may spread from here. The disease mostly starts following damage to the
young nuts.
The damage: Nuts fall off early.
Other plants that get the disease: It attacks cacao (Black pod), rubber (black
stripe), pawpaw (fruit rot) and over 135 other plants.
References:
CMI Descriptions of pathogenic Fungi No 831, 1985.
Krantz, J et al, (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 121
108
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
The damage:
109
Disease:
Scientific name:
Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The fungus spores blow in the wind then grow and
penetrate the upper surface of the leaf.
The damage: It is mostly a problem of seedling coconuts.
Other plants that get the disease: It also gets on Betel nut and Oil palm.
Control: Normally not necessary.
1. Space seedlings more widely.
2. Sprays of chemical fungicides can be used eg Bordeaux or Zineb.
3. Using potassium fertiliser reduces the disease.
4. The addition of seawater (200-1000 ml) and seaweed salt (20-100 g) to
bagged seedlings reduced the disease.
References:
Brown, J.S., 1975, Isolation and inoculation with Pestalotiopsis palmarum Papua New
Guinea Agric. J. 26:31
CIM Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 319, 1971
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 313-314
110
Disease:
Stem bleeding
(Stem bleeding can have other causes.)
Scientific name:
Asexual:
of coconut
How the disease spreads: The fungus occurs very widely. It is spread through
soil and plant remains.
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: It causes pineapple disease of sugarcane. The
fungus can attack pineapples, bananas, betel nut palms, oil palm, sweet potato,
sorghum, cacao and corn.
Control:
1. Avoid damaging the trunks of coconuts.
References:
CMI Descriptions of pathogenic Fungi No. 143, 1967
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 62-64
Kranz, J., et al, (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds of Tropical crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 102-104
111
Cause
Scientific name
Common rust
Tropical rust
Blister smut
Leaf blotch
Downy mildew
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Puccinia sorghi
Puccinia polysora
Ustilago zeae
Setosphaeria turcica
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Peronosclerospora sorghi
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Phoma sorghina
Cercospora sorghi
Bipolaris zeae
Curvularia lunata
Sphacelotheca reiliana
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pythium butleri
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Head smut
Irregular bleached areas
Collar rot
Page
104
112
105
106
107
107
108
110
109
108
111
112
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: In the tropics it can spread between corn plants without
Oxalis alternate host. It can blow in the wind, spread with seed or on diseased
plant material.
The damage: Leaves can go yellow and die. It does not greatly affect yield as the
disease mostly occurs after cobs are developing.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease is specific to corn.
Control:
1. Use kinds of corn that get the disease less.
2. Chemical fungicides are of little use.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 3, 1964
Kranz, J., et al (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 164
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of Plant Diseases in colour Vol 2 Queensland DPI
113
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The fungal spores are highly resistant and can last in
the soil for many years. They can germinate quickly and re-infect plants. The
spores in the galls on the plant are blown by the wind. The fungus can live on dead
plant material and manure in the soil.
The damage: Corncobs can be made completely inedible.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease is specific to corn.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 79, 1965 and Map 93
Plant pathology note 1 Harvest 5(4) p 248
114
Disease:
Scientific names:
Sexual:
[Synonym:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
[Synonym:
115
Disease:
Scientific name:
Peronosclerospora sacchari (T Miyake) Shir.& Hara
(Also Sorghum downy mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston and Uppal) Shaw.)
How the disease spreads: The disease spreads by spores from diseased leaves.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant pathogenic fungi no. 453, 1975 and map 21
De Leon, C., 1978, Maize diseases A guide for field identification CIMMYT Info. Bull
No 11 2nd ed. p 6
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 135
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 454
116
Disease:
Scientific name:
Bipolaris maydis (Nisik. & Miyake) Shoem
[Synonym:
Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drech) Drech.]
Asexual:
Drechslera maydis (Nisik.) Subram. & Jain
The names of this group of fungi are at present being revised. Probably Bipolaris zeae Sivan is
included here.
How the disease spreads: It is assumed the fungus blows in the wind. It can also
be spread on seed. The fungus can survive in moist soil for about 12 months.
The damage: It can reduce the harvest of cobs and this is worse if the fungus gets
onto the cobs.
Other plants that get the disease: It can occur on sorghum and other grasses.
Control:
1. Some kinds of corn get the disease less.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant pathogenic Fungi No 301, 1971 & Distribution Map 346
117
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungal spores blow in the wind.
Other plants that get the disease: It mainly gets on sorghum and sorghum
grasses but sometimes attacks corn.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 419, 1974 and Map 338
118
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: It can live on plant remains and weeds for up to 2 years.
It can be spread with seed. It can blow in the wind and rain.
The damage:
Damage to seedlings can be severe.
Other plants that get the disease: It can row on rice, sugarcane and pitpit, corn,
and some other grasses.
Control:
1. Clean seed should be used or seed treated.
2. Crop remains should be removed from old gardens.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No. 584, 1978
119
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: It can be spread on the seed but is mostly spread from
the soil. Plants get infected when they are seedlings. This fungus can hybridise
with covered smut of sorghum (Sphacelotheca sorghi). They can occur on wild
grasses.
The damage:
With sorghum it can be serious.
Other plants that get the disease: It can occur on sorghum, corn and some other
related grasses.
Control:
1. Crop rotation is important.
2. Wild grasses that could carry the disease must also be avoided in or near
gardens.
References:
CMI Description of Plant Pathogenic Fungi No 73, 1965 and Distribution Map 69
120
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: It can spread for short distances in the air. It can spread
with diseased plants.
Control:
1. Use of varieties that get the disease less.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 4, 1964
De Leon, C., 1978, Maize Diseases CIMMYT p 16
Kranz, J., et al (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul Parey
p 164
121
Alternaria porri
114
Leek
Leaf blight
Fungus
Alternaria porri
114
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
and
Alternaria porri
Colletotrichum circinans
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Pseudomonas cepacia
114
116
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria porri
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Colletotrichum circinans
114
115
116
Onion
Leaf tip withering
Smudge
Soft rot
Shallot
Leaf tip burn
Leaf tip wither
Smudge
122
Disease:
Leaf blight of leek
(Also causes leaf spot onion and called purple blotch)
Scientific name:
Other plants that get the disease: Also affects bunching onion, onion, and
shallot.
Control:
1. Get rid of old onion plant remains.
2. It can be controlled with chemical fungicides.
References:
Persley, D.M. et al (eds), 1989, Vegetable Crops - a disease management guide
Queensland DPI Information Series QI 88019 p 46
123
Disease:
Scientific name:
Sexual:
[Synonym: Sex.
How the disease spreads: Spores (conidia) can be carried by wind or splashed by
rain from old plant parts or diseased plants.
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus affects a large number of plants. It
causes grey mould of beans, soft rot of strawberries and vegetables.
Control:
1. Use wider spacing.
2. Try not to damage plants.
3. Remove old diseased plants.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 431, 1974
124
Disease:
Smudge of onions
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The disease can survive in the soil on onion remains.
Control:
1. Brown skinned types get much less disease.
2. Store onions under cool dry conditions.
References:
Persley, D.M. et al (eds), 1989, Vegetable Crops - a disease management guide
Queensland DPI Information Series QI 88019 p 46
125
Cause
Scientific name
Fungus
Fungus
Lembosia pandani
Meliola juttingii
Probably virus
Fungus
Fungus
Macrophoma pandani
Rhizopus stolonifer
Bacterium
Fungus
Page
119
118
119
126
Disease:
Scientific name:
Other plants that get the disease: It also attacks the leaves of karuka. The same
bacterium causes rots of potato, cabbage, lettuce, banana and some other
vegetables.
Control: Control is not normally necessary.
References:
Tomlinson, D.L., 1988, A leaf and fruit disease of Pandanus conoideus caused by Erwinia
carotovora subsp. carotovora in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Phytopathology 121(1), 19-25
127
Disease:
(Also on marita)
Scientific name:
The cause:
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: Marita and other pandanus.
Control:
References:
128
Cause
Scientific name
Banana passionfruit
Fruit spots
Fungus
Colletotrichum sp.
Granadilla
Stem death
Chlorotic spot
Fungus
Virus
Glomerella cingulata
Chlorotic spot virus
Passionfruit
Brown leaf spot
Seedling wilt
Blight of flowers
Fruit rot
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Alternaria passiflorae
Phytophthora nicotianae
Aspergillus sp.
Fusarium sp.
Meloidogyne javanica
Page
122
121
123
255
129
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The spores are spread by wind and rain. The disease
can spread from the weed passionflower (Passiflora foetida).
The damage: It damages the skin of passionfruit.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease also infects granadilla.
Control:
1. Prune plants to avoid overcrowding.
2. Remove dead leaves and ripe fruit from the ground.
3. It can be controlled with a chemical fungicide (maneb).
4. Remove passionflower weed plants.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 247, 1970 & Map 479
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 154
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of Plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
130
Disease:
(Also on Granadilla)
Scientific name:
The damage:
Control:
References:
131
Disease:
Phytophthora
(Also called seedling wilt)
Scientific name:
blight of passionfruit
How the disease spreads: It initially splashes onto lower leaves from the soil.
The damage: Seedlings can die. Mature plants that are infected with collar rot
wilt, turn yellow and lose their leaves. The bark just above the soil level may split,
revealing a reddish brown rot moving up the plant from soil level.
Other plants that get the disease: It is a common fungus. It can grow on
pineapple, strawberry, citrus, tomato and tobacco.
Control:
1. Prune vines to make them less crowded.
2. Grow grass under the vines.
3. Fungicides can be used.
References:
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Disease of Fiji, HMSO p 154
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
132
Diseases of pawpaw
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Butt rot
Leaf spot
Shot hole leaf spot
Anthracnose/Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Leaf spot
Root rot
Leaf spot & fruit rot
Fruit rot
Fruit rot
Stem rot
Mosaic
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Virus
Nematode
and
Athelia rolfsii
Cercospora papayae
Corynespora cassiicola
Glomerella cingulata
Oidium caricae
Phyllosticta sp.
Phytophthora palmivora
Mycosphaerella caricae
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Fusarium oxysporum
Pseudomonas cepacia
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
Page
129
250
127
128
125
126
255
255
133
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
The damage:
Leaf stalks may rot, young stems may rot at the end and plants can actually
die back. Flowers may fall off and young fruits die. Fruit may continue to rot
after harvest.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only affects pawpaw.
Control:
1. Remove and burn infected material.
2. Fungicides can be used.
3. Fruit after harvest can be put in hot water at 33C for 20 minutes to stop
infected fruit rotting.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 984, 1990
The fungus Cercospora papayae is also recorded from Papua New Guinea and probably does
similar damage.
134
Disease:
Pawpaw mosaic
Scientific name:
The damage:
Affected trees are of little use.
Control:
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of Plant Diseases in Colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
135
Disease:
Scientific name:
Oidium sp.
How the disease spreads: The disease spreads with the fungal spores blowing in
the wind and rain.
The damage: It is mainly a disease of seedlings that are planted too close together.
Other plants that get the disease: Only pawpaw will be infected with this
particular species of fungus.
Control:
1. Use wider spacing in nurseries.
2. Treat with a sulphur fungicide. (Sulphur dust can be used but can damage
leaves when the temperature in above 24C).
References:
136
Disease:
Scientific name:
Phytophthora palmivora (E Butler) E Butler
Often Pythium sp. fungi are also involved.
How the disease spreads: Spores can spread by wind and rain. It can survive in
the soil.
Other plants that get the disease: A large number of plants can be damaged eg
pawpaw, coconut (bud rot), tomato, oil palm, rubber, cacao (black pod) etc.
Control:
1. Avoid wet areas.
2. Do not replant pawpaws into soil where the disease is known to occur.
3. Plant only disease free trees from a nursery that has clean soil.
4. Avoid damage to pawpaw trunks as this reduces trunk rot.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 831, 1985
Holliday, 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops CUP p 83
137
Disease:
Shothole
(Also called Brown spot.)
Scientific name:
of pawpaw
How the disease spreads: It can be carried on seed or can live on old diseased
plant parts for up to 2 years. The spores can blow in the wind.
The damage: On pawpaw it is not serious.
Other plants that get the disease: The same fungus also gets on tomatoes,
eggplant, watermelon, melon, banana, daka, castor oil plant, soya bean, cowpea
and some flowering plants. It has been recorded causing a leaf spot on sweet
potato.
Control: Not normally required for pawpaw.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 303, 1971
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 152
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungal Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 114
Other leaf spots due to Phyllosticta sp. fungus probably also cause similar spots with a hole in
the centre.
138
Peanut diseases
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Bacterium
Fungus
Fungi
and
Virus
Virus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Aspergillus niger
Mycosphaerella arachidis
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
Marginal leaf chlorosis virus
Cowpea mild mottle virus
Puccinia arachidis
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Athelia rolfsii
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Colletotrichum sp.
Phomopsis sp.
Pythium sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Leaf mottle
Mild mottle
Rust
Leaf spot and pod rot
Stem rot
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Root rot
Blackening stems
Mosaic
Page
131
132
133
133
134
135
136
137
138
252
253
139
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The bacteria can spread in soil or by water running
down hill from an infected area.
The damage:
It affects plants by blocking the conducting cells that allow water to pass up
the plant. Plants wilt and die.
Other plants that get the disease: This bacterium affects many different plants
including tomato, potato, eggplant and occasionally capsicum in PNG.
Control:
1. Avoid infected soils.
2. Don't plant crops that can be damaged downhill from infected crops.
3. For most crops resistant varieties have been developed.
References:
CMI Description of Plant pathogenic bacteria No 15, 1964
Plant pathology Note No.15 of Harvest 7(4) p180
Tomlinson, D.L., Mogistein, M., 1989, Occurrence of bacterial wilt of peanut (Arachis
hypogaea) caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum and opportunistic infection of aibika
(Abelmoschus manihot) in Papua New Guinea Plant Pathology 38(2), 287-289
140
Disease:
Collar rot of peanuts
(Also called Aspergillus crown rot peanuts)
Scientific name:
Aspergillus niger v. Tiegham
(Athelia rolfsii can also cause collar rot of peanuts)
141
Disease:
Peanut leaf spot
(Also called early and late leaf spot of peanuts)
Scientific name:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
and
Asexual:
[Synonym:
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi Nos. 411, 412, 1974 and Maps 166, 152
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 164
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 271
Kranz, J., et al (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 127
Pest Control in groundnuts PANS Manual No 2
142
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The virus spreads in the seeds. No insects appear to be
involved. The disease can be transmitted by grafting and could possibly be
transmitted by plants rubbing together.
The damage: The plant produces less nuts than normal. (About half)
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants get this disease.
References:
PANS Manual No 2, 1973, Pest Control in Groundnuts London p 78
143
Disease:
Scientific name:
References:
Philemon, E.C., Harvest 12(4) p 15 or Plant Pathology Note No 32
144
Disease:
Peanut rust
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
The damage: Leaves and plants can die. It gets worse as plants get near maturity.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only affects peanut.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less disease.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 53, 1965 and Map 160
Pest Control in Groundnuts PANS Manual No 2 p 27
145
Disease:
Scientific name:
The damage: Severely affected leaves can turn yellow and drop off.
Other plants that get the disease: A number of other plants get the disease
although in these plants it is less severe than in peanut. In highlands PNG the
white potato often gets the disease.
Control:
1. It can be controlled with fungicide chemicals.
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 2 Queensland DPI
146
Disease:
Stem rot of peanuts
(Also called Sclerotium crown rot)
Scientific name:
Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough
[Synonym:
Corticium rolfsii (Sacc.) Curzi
and
Pellicularia rolfsii (Curzi) West]
Asexual:
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
147
Potato diseases
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Common scab
Dry rot & wilt
Late blight
Powdery scab
Target spot
Collar rot & wilt
Storage rot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Black scurf
Wilt
Bacterial wilt
Black leg
Soft rot
Bacterial wilt
Leaf roll
Interveinal mottling
Mosaic & dying leaves
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Virus
Virus
Virus
Nematode
Streptomyces scabies
Fusarium oxysporium
Phytophthora infestans
Spongospora subterranea
Alternaria solani
Athelia rolfsii
Fusarium solani
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Phyllosticta sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Verticillium alboatrum
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Leaf roll virus
Potato virus x
Potato virus y
Meloidogyne javanica
Page
141
142
143
147
148
149
140
144
145
146
255
148
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: It is spread with the tubers used for planting. It can be
spread with soil. It can spread between plants touching together. The bacteria may
survive in the soil and in roots of weeds for long periods.
The damage: It is a serious disease killing the plants and the crop. It stays in the
ground preventing re-planting.
Other plants that get the disease: It can attack bananas, tomatoes, capsicums and
a number of other plants. It has not been recorded on bananas in PNG.
Control:
1. Use healthy planting material.
2. Rotate gardens.
3. Space potato plants widely or mix them up with other plants.
4. Don't cut potato setts at planting.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi & Bacteria No 15, 1964 & Map 138
Tomlinson, D., Plant Pathology Note 15 Harvest 7(4) p 180.
149
Disease:
Scientific name:
References:
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji. HMSO. p 175.
150
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus lives in the soil on dead plant tissue.
The damage: The conducting tissue of the plant is blocked so that it wilts and falls
over.
Other plants that get the disease: A different strain of the same fungus attacks
banana, tomato, sweet potato, peanut, oil palm, sorghum and maize.
Control:
1. Use resistant varieties.
2. Avoid damage to plants.
3. Don't plant infected tubers.
4. Store potatoes under cool well ventilated conditions.
5. Rotate potato crops with other crops.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 211, 1970
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 164
151
Disease:
Late
(Also called Irish blight)
Scientific name:
blight of potato
How the disease spreads: The disease mostly spreads by the spores blowing in
the wind and rain on wet warm overcaste days.
Control:
1. Planting potatoes mixed with other crops in a garden is important.
2. Some varieties of potatoes get the disease less.
3. Crops can be sprayed but this must be done before the disease arrives.
References:
CMI Distribution Map 109
152
Disease:
Scientific name:
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants get the disease.
Control:
1. Use potato tubers that do not have the disease.
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 2 Queensland DPI
153
Disease:
Potato virus x
Scientific name:
Potato virus x
How the disease spreads: The disease is often carried in the tubers. It can be
spread by contact through plants rubbing together. It can also spread where there
is regular damage to plants through implements or tools and where plants are close
together.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only affects potato.
Control:
1. Use potato tubers that don't have the disease.
References:
154
Disease:
Potato virus y
Scientific name:
Potato virus y
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only affects potato.
Control:
1. Avoid planting potato tubers that have the disease.
2. Plant potatoes in windy places where aphids are less common.
3. Use varieties that get less disease.
References:
155
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus spreads with the tubers. It can live in the
soil for many years.
The damage: It mainly only affects the appearance of the tubers.
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants get the disease.
Control:
1. Plant disease free potato tubers.
2. Plant varieties that get less disease.
3. Don't re-plant potatoes in soil known to be infected.
4. Fungicide dipping of seed for planting can be used.
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 2 Queensland DPI
156
Disease:
Target spot
(Also called Early Blight of Potatoes)
Scientific name:
of potato
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 475 1975 & Map 89
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 173
Kranz, J., et al (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 186
157
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus lives in the soil on dead plant material. It
normally spreads on infected plants and as soil is dug or moved.
Other plants that get the disease: Plants in the potato family (Solanaceae) get the
disease.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 255, 1970
158
Cause
Bitter cucumber
Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Root knot
Scientific name
Page
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
and
Cercospora citrullina
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
161
164
160
271
271
Fungus
Fungus
Oidium sp.
Colletotrichum orbiculare
164
162
Fungus
Ascochyta sp.
Bacterium
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
Bacterium
Nematode
Fungus
and
and
and
Alternaria alternata
Corynespora cassiicola
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Phyllosticta sp.
Pythium butleri
Pythium deliense
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Meloidogyne incognita
Colletotrichum sp.
Fusarium sp.
Phoma exigua
Pythium sp.
Melon (Rockmelon)
Black rot
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Mycosphaerella melonis
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Meloidogyne incognita
Pumpkin
Storage rot
Sooty mould
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
With storage rot
Mosaic
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Epicoccum sp.
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Rhizoctonia sp.
Melon mosaic virus
Bottle gourd
Powdery mildew
Anthracnose
Choko
Leaf spot
Leaf blotch
Soft rot
Cucumber
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Fruit rot
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Leaf spot
Damping off
Fruit rot
Root knot
Storage rot
262
267
164
160
265
262
271
265
164
160
271
162
164
160
266
163
159
Snake gourd
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Squash and marrow
With storage rot
Leaf spot
Storage rot
Fungus
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Possibly bacterial
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Aspergillus sp.
Cercospora sp.
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Fusarium sp.
Oidium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Cercospora citrullina
Black rot
Powdery mildew
Damping off
Mosaic
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Probably virus
Nematode
Cercospora citrullina
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Mycosphaerella melonis
Oidium sp.
Pythium irregulare
Zucchini
Leaf spot
Fruit rot
Powdery mildew
Storage rot
Downy mildew
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria cucumerina
Choanephora sp.
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Fusarium sp.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Mould under leaf
Possible virus
Watermelon
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Meloidogyne incognita
162
161
164
164
160
161
161
162
164
265
163
271
267
164
160
160
Disease:
Scientific name:
Other plants that get the disease: Pumpkin, cucumber, bitter cucumber,
rockmelon, squash, watermelon, bottle gourd, smooth and angled loofah and
Tricosanthes.
Control:
1. Rotate pumpkin family plants with other crops.
2. Some varieties get the disease less. Plant these where possible.
3. It can be controlled by chemical fungicides. (Mancozeb). Both sides of
leaves must be sprayed.
4. Try to put new plants at a distance from old plants and get rid of old
diseased plants.
5. Use wider spacing and avoid shady places.
References:
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 99
Kranz, J., et al (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 90
161
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: Spores blow in the wind and can be splashed by rain.
They can be carried on dirty tools. It can live on crop remains and weeds in the
pumpkin family.
The damage: Not normally serious. Damage can be serious with some varieties in
some seasons.
Other plants that get the disease: Watermelon, bitter cucumber, cucumber,
rockmelon, wax gourd. It can also damage gourds, loofahs and chokos.
Control:
1. Rotate pumpkin family crops with other crops.
2. Improve soil fertility.
3. It can be controlled with chemical fungicides.
4. Remove weeds in the pumpkin family.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 917, 1987
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 102
162
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The fungus can live on old pumpkin plants and survive
on the seed. The spores can splash with the rain.
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: Other pumpkin family plants. It is worse on
watermelons.
Control: No control is normally required in PNG for this disease although a range
of fungicides can be used for control if necessary. Your didiman will be able to
advise you on this.
163
Disease:
Mosaic of watermelon
Scientific name:
Other plants that get the disease: It can affect watermelon and other pumpkin
family plants.
Control:
1. Get rid of old pumpkin plants.
2. Use varieties that get less disease.
References:
Persley, D.M., et al (eds), 1989, Vegetable Crops - a disease management guide
Queensland DPI Information document QI 88019 p 33
164
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual stage: Oidium sp.
Sexual stage:
Erysiphe cichoracearum D.C.
(Powdery mildew in pumpkin family plants can also be cause bySphaerotheca fuliginea)
How the disease spreads: The spores are blown in the wind.
The damage: Leaves may turn yellow, dry out and drop off the plant. The plant
can die.
Other plants that get the disease: Watermelon, sweet melon, cucumber, squash,
pumpkin. (Oidium mildews also get on aibika and pawpaw.)
Control:
1. Use varieties that get less disease.
2. Sulphur fungicides can be used. (Chemicals need to be used sparingly
because people eat the leaves of pumpkin family plants.)
3. Bury deeply all crop remains that are diseased.
References:
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 105
165
Rice diseases
Disease
Brown sheath rot
Brown spot
False smut
Foot rot
Glume blotch
Leaf smut
Leaf spot
Cause
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
Narrow brown leaf spot
Fungus
Rice blast
Fungus
Seedling blight
Fungus
Sheath blight
Fungus
Stem rot of rice
Fungus
White leaf streak
Fungus
Rot at base of plant
Fungus
Leaf spot & on grains
Fungi
and
and
Leaf blotch
Fungus
Root knot
Nematode
(Also several fungi isolated off stored grain.)
Scientific name
Gaeumannomyces graminis
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Ustilaginoidea virens
Gibberella fujikuroi
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
Entyloma oryzae
Trichoniella padwickii
Alternaria padwickii
Cercospora oryzae
Pyricularia oryzae
Fusarium lateritium
Thanatephorus sasakii
Magnaporthe salvinii
Mycovellosiella oryzae
Athelia rolfsii
Cochliobolus cynodontis
Cochliobolus geniculatus
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
Metasphaeria oryzae-sativae
Meloidogyne sp.
Page
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
262
271
166
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
The damage: Young plants can suddenly collapse and wilt. It can cause
fairly bad damage.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease has not been recorded on other
plants in PNG.
Control:
1. Burn old straw.
2. Rotate crops.
References:
167
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
168
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: Most natural spread of the disease normally occurs just
before flowering. Spores spread mostly in the middle of the night. The disease is
not carried on seed. Hard resting spores (sclerotia) can develop and live between
crops.
The damage: Normally a minor disease but it can at times become locally
important.
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus also occurs on maize.
Control: Not normally necessary.
1. Some rice varieties get attacked less.
2. Chemicals can be used just before the grains are formed.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 299, 1971 & Map 347
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 188
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 528
Ou, S.H., 1973, A Handbook of rice diseases in the tropics IRRI p 42-45
Pest Control in Rice PANS Manual No 3 p 70
169
Disease:
Foot
(Also called Bakanae)
Scientific name:
Asexual:
rot of rice
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus also damages corn, sugarcane and
some other grasses.
Control:
1. Treatment of seed is used in some countries.
2. Some varieties are resistant.
3. Pre-germinating seeds for 3 days before sowing reduces the damage if the
disease is already in the soil.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 22, 1964 & Map 102
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 189
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 205
Ou, S.H., 1973, A Handbook of rice diseases in the tropics IRRI Philippines
Pest Control in Rice PANS Manual No 3 p 64
170
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: Presumably the spores blow in the wind and rain.
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus only attacks rice.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant Pathogenic Fungi No 664, 1980
171
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus survives on old diseased leaves.
The damage: Tips of leaves may wither and die but the damage is not severe.
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants have been recorded with this
disease in PNG.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 296, 1971 & Map 451
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 151
Pest Control in Rice PANS Manual No 3 p 67
172
Disease:
Scientific name:
Trichoconiella padwickii
Alternaria padwickii (Ganguly) Ellis
Control:
1. Mixing water extracts of ginger or garlic with the seeds can inhibit the
fungus for seed to be replanted. (Seeds soak for 12 or 24 hours.)
2. Rice can be sprayed with fungicides when the flower emerges. (Iprodine).
References:
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No 345, 1972 and Distribution Map 314
173
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: The fungus attacks plants late in their growth.
The damage: The leaves die early and less food is produced.
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants have been recorded with this
disease in PNG.
Control:
1. Use resistant varieties.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 420, 1974 & Map 71
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 193
Ou, S.H., 1973, A handbook of rice diseases in the tropics IRRI
Pest Control in Rice PANS Manual No 3 p 65
174
Disease:
Rice blast
Scientific name:
Pyricularia oryzae
The cause:
The damage:
Control:
References:
175
Disease:
Scientific name:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
and
176
Disease:
Scientific name:
(Synonym:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: Hard resting stages of the fungus can float and attach
onto new plants.
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants have been recorded with the
disease in PNG.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less disease.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant Pathogenic Fungi No 344, 1972 & Map 448
177
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
The damage:
It is only a minor disease.
References:
Deighton, F.C. et al, 1960, Trans. Br. Mycol Soc. 43:516
Holliday. P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical crops Cambridge p 426
IMI descriptions of Fungi and bacteria No 1037
178
Sugarcane diseases
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Brown spot
Brown stripe
Downy mildew
Eye spot
Fiji disease
Leaf scorch
Ring spot
Rust, orange
Pineapple disease
Pokkah boeng
Ramu scorch
Ramu stunt
Red rot
Red stripe
Rind disease
Mosaic
Tar spot
Veneer blotch
Yellow spot
Red rot leaf sheath
Red leaf streak
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Cercospora longipes
Bipolaris stenospila
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Bipolaris sacchari
Sugarcane Fiji disease virus
Stagonospora sacchari
Leptosphaeria sacchari
Puccinia kuehnii
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Gibberella fujikuroi
Leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Fungus
Virus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Glomerella tucumanensis
Pseudomonas rubrilineans
Phaeocytostroma sacchari
Phyllachora sacchari
Deightoniella papuana
Mycovellosiella koepkei
Athelia rolfsii
Ramulispora sacchari
Syn. Cercosporella sp.
Tiarosporella madreeya
Page
179
182
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
264
179
Disease:
Scientific name:
The damage: It can cause moderate damage to leaves causing them to die off.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease has only been recorded on
sugarcane.
Control:
1. Some kinds of sugarcane get less damage.
2. Avoid taking plants that have the disease on the leaves, to new gardens.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 418, 1974
180
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
How the disease spreads: It is presumed that the spores blow in the wind.
The damage:
It can be serious with some varieties but many sugarcane varieties have
resistance.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Plant Pathogenic Fungi No.306, 1971 and map 483
Krishnamurthi, M., & Koike, H., 1982, Sugarcane collecting expedition: Papua New
Guinea, 1977. Hawaiian Planters' Record 59(13) 273-313
181
Disease:
Downy
(Also affects Coastal pitpit)
mildew of sugarcane
Scientific name:
Peronosclerospora sacchari (Miy.) Shirai & Hara
[Synonym:
Sclerospora sacchari Miy.]
Other species may also be involved.
How the disease spreads: It can spread in infected planting material. The disease
mostly attacks the plant through the young buds on the stem. The spores (conidia)
spread mostly in the middle of the night. They can blow 400 m in the wind.
The damage: Growth is restricted. Plants infected early can die.
Other plants that get the disease: A number of grass plants can be attacked sugarcane, sorghum, pitpit, Setaria and maize/corn.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less disease.
2. Use healthy planting material.
3. Crops in grassland may be more severely attacked.
4. Get rid of diseased plants including nearby crops.
5. Sets can be treated with hot water (52C for 1 hour) or chemicals.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No. 453, 1975
Leu, L.S. & Egan, B.T., in Ricaud, C et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane Elsevier p 107117
182
Disease:
Eyespot of sugarcane
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
and
The damage: Badly infected sugarcane can produce a lot less food.
Other plants that get the disease: Elephant grass, lemon grass.
Control:
1. Some varieties are more resistant so get the disease less.
2. Don't use too much nitrogen fertiliser.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 305, 1971 & Map 349
Comstock, J.C., & Steiner, G.W. in Ricaud, C. et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane.
Elsevier p 123-129
Frohlich, G. et al, 1970, Pests and Diseases of Tropical Crops Pergamon p 235 Plate 35
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 144
183
Disease:
Scientific name:
References:
CMI Distribution Map 17
Egan, B.T., et al in Ricaud, C., et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane Elsevier p 265-280
Frohlich, G. et al, 1970, Pests & Diseases of Tropical Crops Pergamon p 239, 240
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 112
Kula, G.R., Plant Pathology Note No 10 or Harvest 7(2) p 89.
184
Disease:
Scientific name:
Synonym:
How the disease spreads: Wind blown rain and dew are essential for the fungus to
spread.
The damage: Infected canes store less sugar.
Other plants that get the disease: Some wild grasses in the sugarcane family can
get the disease.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less disease.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No. 418, 1974
Lo, T.T. & Leu, L.S., in Ricaud, C., et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane Elsevier p 135140
185
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The spores blow in the wind and are washed by rain.
They can live for an extended time on old dead leaves.
The damage: Not normally serious but may reduce seedling growth in some
varieties.
References:
Abbott, E.V., in Hughes, C.G. et al (ed)., 1964, Sugarcane diseases of the world Vol 1 p
53-58
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No 145, 1967 and Distribution Map No 330
186
Disease:
Orange
(Also affects Coastal pitpit)
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
rust of sugarcane
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 10 1964
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 117
Kranz, J. et al, (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests & Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul
Parey p 163
Ryan, C.C. & Egan, B.T. in Ricaud, C et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane Elsevier p 189202
187
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
188
Disease:
Pokkah
(It also affects Coastal pitpit)
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Boeng of sugarcane
How the disease spreads: It can spread from the soil or through cut stalks or in
the air.
The damage: A fairly common but not very serious disease. Sets may not grow.
When the disease gets bad, plants can die.
Other plants that get the disease: It occurs on many grass plants including maize,
rice, sugarcane and pitpit. It causes pink ear rot of corn and foot rot of rice.
Control:
1. Some varieties have resistance.
2. Sets can be dipped in fungicide.
3. Avoid excessive amounts of nitrogen fertiliser.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 22, 1964
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 205
Martin, J.P., et al in Ricaud et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane Elsevier p 157-165
189
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: Wind blown spores are the most likely mode of spread
for this disease.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease has not been recorded on any other
plants.
Control:
1. Use varieties that get less disease.
References:
Egan, B.T., New diseases appear in Papua New Guinea BSES Bulletin (1986) No 16, 810
190
Disease:
Scientific name:
Suspected viroid
What it looks like: White to pale yellowgreen stripes occur on leaves. The growth
rate is reduced and roots develop poorly.
Plants become severely stunted.
The damage:
It causes serious loss in yield. Affected plants are severely stunted. Some
varieties of sugarcane appear to have high resistance to the disease.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease has not been recorded on any other
plants.
Control:
Plant resistant varieties.
References:
Egan, B.T. New Diseases appear in Papua New Guinea BSES Bulletin (1986) No 16, 810
Waller, J.M., Egan, B.T. & Eastwood,D., 1987, Ramu stunt, an important new sugarcane
disease in Papua New Guinea Tropical Pest Management 33(4), 347-349
191
Disease:
Red
(Also affects Coastal pitpit)
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Asexual:
rot of sugarcane
192
Disease:
Scientific name:
Pseudomonas rubrilineans (Lee et al) Stapp
[Synonym: Xanthomonas rubrilineans (Lee et al) Starr & Burkholder]
How the disease spreads: It spreads with wind blown rain. The bacterium oozes
onto the surface of leaf spots during moist warm weather. This can wash down
plants or splash between plants. It is rarely transmitted by cane knives. It can lie in
the soil for a month and on old dead plants for up to 7 months.
The damage: It can cause the top of plants to rot.
Other plants that get the disease: It can also occur on sorghum grasses and
maize.
Control:
1.Use resistant varieties.
2. Change of planting dates can reduce top rot of seedlings in some areas.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic bacteria No 127, 1967 and Distribution Map 39
Haywood, A.C. in Fahy, P.C. & Persley, G.J. (eds), 1983, Plant Bacterial Diseases A
Diagnostic Guide Academic. p 124-127
Martin, J.P. & Wismer, C.A., in Ricaud, C et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane. Elsevier p
81-91
193
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The small fungal spores blow in the wind or rain.
It can
Other plants that get the disease: It occurs on plants in the sugarcane group.
Control:
1. Some varieties of sugarcane get worse damage.
2. Harvest the sugarcane when it is mature especially if it has suffered injury
to the stalks.
References:
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No 87, 1965 and Distribution Map 255
194
Disease:
Sugarcane
(Also called yellow stripe disease)
Scientific name:
mosaic
How the disease spreads: It can be spread by aphids (eg corn leaf aphid
Rhopalosiphum maidis) and sugarcane aphid (Longuinguis sacchari). It can also
be spread mechanically with things like bush knives. It can spread from infected
planting material.
The damage: The damage can be serious with kinds of sugarcane that get the
disease easily. Sometimes plants can recover from the disease.
Other plants that get the disease: It also occurs in maize, sorghum and on many
other grasses.
Control:
1. Use disease free planting material.
2. Some kinds of sugarcane get the disease less.
References:
CMI Distribution Map 330
Koike, H. & Gillaspie, A.G., in Ricaud, C et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane Elsevier p
301-314
195
Disease:
Tar
(Also affects Coastal pitpit)
Scientific name:
spot of sugarcane
How the disease spreads: Probably by wind and rain spreading spores from
infected crop debris.
The damage: Leaves can dry up in serious cases. It is not normally serious.
Other plants that get the disease: Sugarcane, coastal pitpit, sorghum, and other
Sorghum and Saccharum grasses.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 588 1978
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 330
196
Disease:
Veneer
Also affects Coastal pitpit
Scientific name:
blotch of sugarcane
How the disease spreads: This disease probably spreads through wind-blown
spores.
The damage: Little damage is caused although spots can be very distinct.
Other plants that get the disease: Sugarcane, long pitpit and other sugarcane type
grasses get the disease.
Control: No control is necessary.
References:
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 1124
Shaw, D.E., 1959, PNG Ag. J. 11(1956): 77
197
Disease:
Yellow
(Also affects Coastal pitpit)
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
spot of sugarcane
How the disease spreads: The spores (conidia) are washed off leaves. Although it
does not spread on sets where pieces of the stalk are used it probably can spread on
tops as used in Papua New Guinea.
The damage: The leaves of sugarcane and pitpit die early.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease gets on sugarcane and coastal
pitpit.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less of the disease (Traditional varieties are less
damaged than hybrids.)
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 417, 1974 & Map 341
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 118
Holliday, P, 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 71
Martin, J.P. et al, 1961, Sugarcane Diseases of the World Vol 1 Elsevier p 357ff
Ricaud, C. & Autrey, L.J.C. in Ricaud, C et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane Elsevier p
231-241
198
Diseases of pitpits
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Coastal pitpit
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Veneer blotch
Leaf spot
Pokkah boeng
Red rot
Yellow spot
Tar spot
Downy mildew
Rust
Fiji disease
Mosaic
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Virus
Beniowskia sphaeroides
Cercospora longipes
Colletotrichum falcatum
Cytoplea sp.
Diplodia sp.
Deightoniella papuana
Bipolaris sacchari
Gibberella fujikuroi
Glomerella tucumanensis
Mycovellosiella koepkei
Phyllachora sacchari
Peronosclerospora sp.
Puccinia kuehnii
Page
179
196
182
188
191
197
195
181
186
183
194
Fungus
Fungi
and
Fungus
Phyllachora minutissima
Uredo palmifoliae
Uromyces setariae-italicae
Bipolaris panici-miliacei
201
200
200
199
199
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
The damage:
Some of the leaf tissue is killed but this disease does not seem to seriously
damage the leaf.
Control:
Probably not necessary.
References:
200
Disease:
Scientific name:
And
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: Presumably the fungi blow in the wind.
The damage:
It does not appear to be serious.
Control:
References:
201
Disease:
Scientific name:
The damage: It is moderately common on pitpit in the highlands but does not
appear to do serious damage.
Control:
Probably not necessary
References:
202
Cause
Scientific name
Charcoal rot
Fusarium wilt
Leaf blight
Leaf spot
Leaf spots
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
MLO
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Fungus
Potyvirus
Nematode
Macrophomina phaseolina
Fusarium oxysporum
Phomopsis ipomoea-batatas
Pseudocercospora timorensis
Ascochyta convolvuli
Cercospora bataticola
Didymella sp.
Phoma sorghina
Elsinoe batatas
Ceratocystis fimbriata
Rhizopus stolonifer
Mycoplasma like organism
Athelia rolfsii
Moniliochaetes infuscans
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Erwinia sp.
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Fusarium sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Choanephora sp.
Mucor sp.
Penicillium sp.
194
195
197
196
207
207
Meloidogyne sp.
255
Scab
Black rot
Soft rot
Little leaf & vein clearing
Collar rot
Scurf
Tuber rot
Storage rot
Page
208
209
210
211
262
265
262
203
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
and
How the disease spreads: It spreads through plant remains in the soil. It can be
spread with the seed of some crops. It has storage stages which allow it to stay for
long periods on seed or on plant remains.
The damage: It does not usually cause major damage on sweet potato in PNG.
Other plants that get the disease: It can attack many plants including rosella,
corn, beans, taro, peanut etc.
Control:
1. Improve the growing conditions.
2. Intercrop where possible.
3. Improve the soil fertility
4. Crop rotations are important.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and bacteria No 275 1970
204
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: It spreads in soil, water and planting material. The
fungus can live for a long time on rotting plant material in the soil.
The damage: It can be very serious and stop tuber growth.
Other plants that get the disease: Several plants can get attacked by this strain of
the fungus.
Control:
1. Replant at a new garden site.
2. Use disease free planting material.
3. Rotating crops is little help as several different plants can get the disease.
4. Some varieties get the disease less.
5. Dipping planting material in chemicals helps.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 212, 1970
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 164
205
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
How the disease spreads: The spores (conidia) are spread by wind and rain.
The damage: Leaves can fall off early. Damage is usually not severe.
Other plants that get the disease: It can occur on some other Ipomoea plants.
Control: Not normally required.
1. Use varieties that get less disease.
2. Improve the growing conditions - well drained and aerated soil.
3. It can be stopped with chemical fungicides (zineb, maneb, captan etc).
4. Allow more than 2 years before growing sweet potato in the same garden
site.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 918 1987
Pest Control in Tropical Root Crops PANS Manual No 4 p 57
206
Disease:
Scientific name:
Synonym:
How the disease spreads: It spreads from old leaves by water splash and by
leaves touching.
The damage: It tends to damage old leaves towards the end of the sweet potato
growth. It is probably not therefore serious except in some local situations in the
highlands.
Other plants that get the disease: Only sweet potato is affected by this particular
fungus.
Control: Probably not necessary.
1. Good clean gardens and removing old plant remains probably helps.
References:
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No. 739 1982
207
Disease:
Scientific names:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: They normally have spores which blow in the wind.
The damage: They do not seem to cause serious problems at present in Papua
New Guinea
Other plants that get the disease: A leaf spot also gets on kangkong (Ipomoea
aquatica) and on Hangaar (Ipomoea tuba).
References:
Phoma sorghina CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and bacteria No 825, 1984
208
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: Spores from the scabs spread with rain.
The damage: Leaves can be reduced and growing tips of the vines killed.
The yield is reduced.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease only occurs on sweet potato.
Control:
1. Some varieties get less disease.
2. Use clean planting material.
3. Chemical fungicides can be used.
References:
CMI Distribution Maps of Plant diseases Map 447
Goodbody, S., Plant pathology Note No 17 Harvest 8(2) p 99
Pest Control in Tropical Root Crops PANS Manual No 4 p 58
209
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
210
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
How the disease spreads: The fungus is very common in soil, in the air and
around food. It can also be spread by fruit flies.
The damage: Tubers become soft then rot completely.
Other plants that get the disease: Strawberries, peaches, sweet potato. It also
causes soft fruit rot of breadfruit.
Control:
1. Careful handling of tubers at harvest.
2. Vigorously growing plants rarely get diseased but the disease can get
started when growth stops.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 524 1977
211
Disease:
Witches' Broom of Sweet potato
(Also called little leaf mycoplasma and sweet potato little leaf)
Scientific name:
References:
Jackson, G.V.H., & Zettler, F.W., 1983, Sweet potato witches' broom and legume littleleaf diseases in the Solomon Islands Plant Disease 67:1141-1144
Pearson, M.N., Plant Pathology Note No 8 Harvest 7(1) 1981, p 50
Van Velsen, R.J., 1967,"Little leaf" a virus disease of Ipomoea batatas in Papua and New
Guinea. Papua New Guinea Agric. J. 18:126-128
212
Taro diseases
Taro family
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Chinese taro
Root rot
Fungi
Leaf spot
Leaf wrinkle
Leaf speckle
and
and ?
and ?
Fungus
Virus
Virus
Phytophthora citricola
Phytophthora nicotianae
Pythium arrhenomanes
Pythium vexans
Rhizoctonia solani
Aphelenchoides sp.
Bursaphalenchus sp.
Glomerella cingulata
Bobone
Dasheen mosaic
Fungus
Virus
Pseudocercospora protensa
Giant taro
Leaf spot
Rust
Collar rot
Yellow spot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alga
Mycosphaerella alocasiae
Uredo alocasiae
Athelia rolfsii
Phyllosiphon sp.
Swamp taro
Algal leaf spot
Alga
Cephaleuros virescens
274
Taro
Blossom blight
Brown leaf spot
Leaf spot
Shot hole
Blight
Leaf blight
Root rot
Mosaic
Dwarfed plants
Root knot
Bacterial leaf blight
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Virus
Viruses
Nematode
Bacterium
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Cladosporium colocasiae
Neojohnstonia colocasiae
Phyllosticta sp.
Phytophthora colocasiae
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Pythium spp.
Dasheen mosaic virus
Alomae & Bobone viruses
Meloidogyne sp.
Xanthomonas campestris
267
216
218
221
222
217
220
219
214
271
215
Page
220
261
204
209
262
213
214
Disease:
Alomae/Bobone of taro
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: These two viruses cannot be spread by contact or plants
rubbing together. (Nor can they blow in the wind or wash in rain.) The diseases
have to be spread by insects. The taro leafhopper (Tarophagus proserpina) is the
main insect that spreads the disease.
The damage: Plants die with alomae but often recover with bobone. Taro varieties
with few side suckers get alomae worse.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only occurs on taro.
Control:
1. Wider spacing of gardens helps avoid the taro leafhopper.
2. With Alomae, diseased plants must be pulled out and destroyed.
References:
Gollifer, D.E. & Brown, J.F., 1972, Virus diseases of Colocasia esculenta in the British
Solomon Islands. Plant Disease Reporter 56(7): 597-599
Gollifer, D.E., & Jackson, G.V.H., 1978, Incidence and effects on yield of virus diseases
of taro in the Solomon Islands Ann. Appl. Biol. 88:131-135
Pearson, M.N., Plant Pathology Note No 13 Harvest 7(3) p 136
215
Disease:
Scientific name:
Xanthomonas campestris
How the disease spreads: The disease appears to only be able to get started on
damaged leaves. It may splash from other infected leaves nearby and may blow in
the wind.
The damage: It attacks leaves more readily which have already had some damage.
Other plants that get the disease: It can also attack Chinese taro but less severely
than taro.
Control: Probably not necessary in PNG.
1. Wider spacing or intercropping would reduce the disease.
2. Avoid any unnecessary damage to leaves.
References:
Tomlinson, D.L., 1987, A bacterial leaf disease of taro (Colocasia esculenta) caused by
Xanthomonas campestris in PNG. Tropical Pest Management (UK) 33(4): 353-355
216
Disease:
Brown
(Also called Ghost spot)
Scientific name:
What it looks like: Reddish brown spots 510 mm across occur on taro leaves. The
spots have an unclear edge. The spots occur
on both sides of the leaves. The disease is
more common on old leaves. It can cause
leaves to become twisted and dead.
The cause: The disease is caused by a
fungus.
The conditions it likes: It gets worse in
damp and humid conditions.
References:
Bugnicort, F., 1958, Rev Mycol 23:233 (38:176).
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 956, 1988
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 107
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 77
Pest Control in Tropical Root Crops PANS Manual No4 p 180
217
Disease:
(Not Taro blight)
Scientific name:
Asexual:
References:
CMI Descriptions of pathogenic Fungi No 406, 1974
218
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: Presumably is spreads by spores blown in the wind.
The damage: No information exists on the yield losses due to this disease
although leaf damage can be very noticeable.
Other plants that get the disease: No other plants get the disease.
References:
Sutton, B.C., 1983, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 81(2): 407
Leaf spots can be seen on Elephant foot yam caused by a fungus Pseudocercospora protensa
(Sydow) Deighton [Syn. Cercospora protensa Sydow] and on Giant taro by a fungus
Mycosphaerella alocasiae H.Sydow & Sydow. Both of these are the type of fungi that produce
round dead spots with a yellow ring around them. They are common but do not seem to cause
serious problems.
219
Disease:
Mosaic of taro
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The disease is spread by a small aphid called the melon
aphid (Aphis gossypii). Suckers from infected plants would also have the disease.
The damage:
The disease is commonly seen in almost all plants in the taro family
including ornamental plants. It does not seem to seriously affect taro production,
although investigations have been made in PNG on yield losses due to this disease.
Other plants that get the disease: The virus also gets into Chinese taro and most
other plants in the taro family.
Control: Not necessary in PNG at present.
1. It is possible to control this virus by techniques of seed production or by
using a method called tissue culture in laboratories. This gives clean planting
material.
References:
Pearson, M.N., Plant Pathology Note No 13. Harvest 7(3) p 136
Shaw, D.E., et al, 1979, PNG Ag J. 30(4) 71-97
220
Disease:
Root rot
(Also root and corm rot of taro)
Scientific names:
and
and
and
Phytophthora citricola
Phytophthora nicotianae
Pythium arrhenomanes
Pythium vexans
221
Disease:
Scientific name:
Phyllosticta colocasiae
References:
222
Disease:
Taro blight
Scientific name:
223
Cause
Scientific name
Blackberried nightshade
Bacterial wilt
Bacterium
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Cape gooseberry
Leaf spot
Fungus
Cercospora physalidis
Leaf distortion
Root knot
Virus
Nematode
Alternaria sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Glomerella cingulata
Curvularia sp.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Fusarium solani
Pythium sp.
Fusarium sp.
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Erwinia carotovora
Xanthomonas campestris pv.
vesicatoria
Possibly potato virus y
Meloidogyne incognita
224
264
225
Bacterial wilt
Storage rot
Bacterial leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Chilli
Fruit rot
Leaf & fruit blotch
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Nematode
Glomerella cingulata
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Meloidogyne incognita
225
266
271
Colletotrichum sp.
Pythium butleri
Fusarium oxysporum
Alternaria sp.
Botrydiplodia theobromae
Curvularia lunata
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Meloidogyne sp.
225
265
Bacterial wilt
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Bacterium
Nematode
Naranjilla
Collar rot
Fungus
Athelia rolfsii
264
Capsicum
Leaf spot
Collar rot
Fruit rot
Fruit rot
Leaf blotch
Wilt
Root rot
Eggplant
Leaf spot
Collar & stem rot
Root rot
Storage rot
Page
263
266
266
226
263
271
265
226
271
224
Tomato
Target spot
Fruit rot
Leaf spot
Brown leaf mould
Small leaf spot
Bacterial wilt
Bacterial leaf spot
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Mosaic
Spotted wilt
Root knot
Virus
Virus
Nematode
Collar rot
Anthracnose
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Fruit spot
Brown mould
Wilt and collar rot
Tree tomato
Leaf spot
Spots (Anthracnose)
Root rot
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
and
Nematode
Alternaria solani
Athelia rolfsii
Phytophthora nicotianae
Athelia rolfsii
Pythium butleri
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Colletotrichum sp.
Curvularia sp.
Corynespora cassiicola
Phoma destructive
Septoria lycopersici
Didymella lycopersici
Fulvia fulvum
Fusarium equiseti
Fusarium oxysporum
Helminthosporium sp.
Pseudocercospora fuligena
Stemphylium lycopersici
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Xanthomonas campestris pv.
vesicatoria
Erwinia carotovora subsp.
carotovora
Tobacco mosaic virus
Meloidogyne arenaria
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
Ascochyta sp.
Glomerella cingulata
Phytophthora palmivora
Pythium sp.
Meloidogyne sp.
233
264
229
264
266
216
231
230
228
227
226
262
232
234
271
271
271
261
266
271
225
Disease:
Anthracnose of capsicum
Scientific name:
Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby
(Often another fungus Curvularia lunata was also associated with this fruit rot.)
How the disease spreads: It is carried in the seed and continues on rotting fruit
and other plant remains. It can spread with wind and rain.
The damage: The fungus can cause plants to die back, stems to break, spots on
leaves, young seedlings to die, and rot of fruit both as young fruit and as ripe fruit.
Other plants that get the disease: It gets on capsicum, chillie, eggplant, tomato
and a number of other plants.
Control:
1. Normally the longer more biting kinds of capsicums get less disease than
the rounder sweeter kinds.
2. Removing crop remains after harvest is important and also keeping
gardens free from weeds that might host the disease.
3. Fungicides can be used.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No 317 1971
Pearson, M.N.; Bull, P.B.; Speke, H., 1984, Anthracnose of Capsicum in Papua New
Guinea; varietal reaction and associated fungi Tropical Pest Management 30(3)230-233
226
Disease:
Bacterial wilt of tomato
(Also bacterial wilt capsicums; eggplant; blackberried nightshade;)
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The disease causing bacteria live in the soil and are
active during hot wet weather. They can survive between seasons on old tomato
plants and on some weeds. During rain the disease washes down hill. It can also
spread by contact of roots.
The damage: Plants can be stunted, leaves curl downwards and plants wilt.
Other plants that get the disease: Potatoes are also attacked by this bacterium. It
causes wilt of capsicums, eggplant, blackberried nightshade and tomato.
Control:
1. Avoid planting areas where this disease is known to be in the soil.
2. Do not apply excess amounts of animal manure or nitrogen fertiliser.
3. Do not grow susceptible plants on the same ground more than once every
two years.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi & Bacteria No 15, 1964
Tomlinson, D., Plant Pathology Note 15 Harvest 7(4) p 180
227
Disease:
Brown leaf mould of tomato
(Also called brown leaf spot)
Scientific name:
Pseudocercospora fuligena (Roldan)Deighton
[Synonym:
Cercospora fuligena Roldan]
How the disease spreads: Presumably the fungus blows in the wind.
The damage:
Leaves can die but often the damage is not very serious.
Control:
1. It can be controlled with chemical fungicides.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 465, 1975 and Distribution Map 382
Plant pathology note 16 Harvest 8(1) p 39
228
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The disease spores spread easily by wind and rain. The
fungus can live on old tomato plants. It can also live on tomato seed.
The damage: Leaves fall off early and therefore fruit does not ripen properly.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only occurs on tomato.
Control:
1. Old tomato plants should be removed.
2. A chemical fungicide can be used.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 487, 1976 & Distribution Map No 77
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 223
229
Disease:
Buckeye
(Also called fruit rot of tomato)
Scientific name:
rot of tomato
Other plants that get the disease: It affects tobacco, amaranthus, tomatoes, castor
bean, eggplant, and can also get on damaged carrots and sweet potato.
Control:
1. Avoid wet low lying ground.
2. Keep tomatoes staked up or with fruit off the ground.
3. Avoid areas that are known to be contaminated by the disease.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 34 1964
230
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The disease gets started more easily when plants have
been damaged. Spores can live in water for over 3 months. The disease can spread
on tools if processes like pruning are carried out.
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only occurs on tomato.
Control:
1. The disease can be controlled with fungicide sprays.
References:
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi No 272, 1970 & Distribution Maps No 324
231
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The spores are spread by rain and wind. The disease
can be spread by people. The disease can live on old plants or wild plants in the
tomato family.
The damage: Leaves fall off early.
Other plants that get the disease: Tomato, blackberried nightshade, eggplant.
Control:
1. Get rid of diseased plants.
2. Rotate crops.
3. Get rid of weeds in the tomato family.
4. It can be controlled with chemical fungicides. (Zineb)
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 89, 1966
232
Disease:
Mosaic of tomatoes
Scientific name:
The damage:
Control:
References:
233
Disease:
Target
(Also called Early Blight.)
Scientific name:
spot of tomatoes
How the disease spreads: The disease can be transmitted on seed, by wind and
rain splash.
The damage: Leaves can fall off early and reduce yield.
Other plants that get the disease: Potato and tomato.
Control:
1. Get rid of old diseased plants and fruit.
2. Some varieties get less disease.
3. Seed can be treated with chemicals.
4. The disease can be stopped with chemical fungicides.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 475, 1975 & Map 89
Plant pathology note No 16 Harvest 8(1) p 39
234
Disease:
Scientific name:
The cause:
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: It can cause spotted wilt of lettuce.
Control:
References:
CMI Distribution Map 8
235
Yam diseases
Disease
Cause
Scientific name
Fungus
Uredo dioscoreae-sativae
239
Silvering
Mosaic
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Fungi
and
and
Fungus
Possibly virus
Nematode
Glomerella cingulata
Phyllosticta dioscoreae
Goplana dioscoreae
Goplana australis
Uredo dioscoreae-sativae
Botrodiplodia theobromae
237
238
240
240
239
241
Meloidogyne sp.
271
Lesser yam
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Leaf spot
Mosaic
Root knot
Fungus
Fungus
Bacterium
Perhaps virus
Nematode
Cylindrosporium dioscoreae
Guignardia dioscoreae
Xanthomonas sp.
238
242
Meloidogyne incognita
271
Potato yam
Leaf mould
Rust
Fungus
Fungus
Pseudocercospora ubi
Uredo dioscoreae-sativae
242
239
Curvularia sp.
Fusarium sp.
Fusarium oxysporum
Penicillium funiculosum
Penicillium javanicum
Scutelina badio-berbis
Mycosphaerella contraria
Mycosphaerella papuana
Pratylenchus sp.
Possibly Botryodiplodia theobromae
243
Greater yam
Anthracnose
Leaf spot
Rust
Page
243
243
241
236
237
Disease:
(Also called dieback)
Anthracnose of yams
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 315, 1971
PANS Manual No 4 Pest Control in Tropical Root Crops p 147
238
Disease:
Leaf spot of
(Other fungi can also cause leaf spots)
Scientific name:
[Syn ?
lesser yam
How the disease spreads: It is spread by spores (pycnidia) during wind and rain.
The damage: Damage by this fungus is also often associated with attack by other
fungi.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease only affects yams.
References:
Pest Control in Tropical Root Crops PANS Manual No4 p 153
239
Disease:
Rust of lesser,
(See also yam rust Goplana dioscoreae)
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: This rust has been recorded on lesser yam,
potato yam and five-leaflet yam.
Control: Not normally necessary in PNG.
References:
Ono, Y., 1982, Rusts of Yams in Southeast Asia and South Pacific Trans. Br. Mycol.
Soc. 79(3) 423-429
240
Disease:
Yam rust
Scientific name:
And
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: The spores are spread by wind and on new leaves they
grow through the leaf pores.
The damage:
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only occurs on yams.
References:
Ono, Y., 1982, Rusts of yams in South East Asia and South Pacific Trans. Br. Mycol.
Soc. 79(3): 423-429
241
Disease:
Scientific name:
242
Disease:
Scientific name:
Also
And
Also
The cause:
The damage:
Control:
References:
Yen, Review mycology 30(3) 200-203, 1965
243
Disease:
Scientific names:
Mycosphaerella contraria
Mycosphaerella papuana
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fuckel) Sacc.
Corticium sp
Curvularia sp.
and
and
How the disease spreads: The disease spreads by wind-blown spores and rain
splash.
The damage:
References:
244
Cause
Scientific name
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Fungus
Alternaria dauci
Septoria apiicola Speg.
Cerotelium fici
Phellinus noxius
Plasmopara viticola
Uncinula necator
Athelia rolfsii
Septoria lactucae
Glomerella cingulata
Taphrina deformans
Transchelia discolor
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Cercospora beticola
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Diplocarpon earlianum
Page
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
270
254
255
256
257
258
259
245
Disease:
Leaf
(Also called leaf blight)
Scientific name:
spot of carrot
How the disease spreads: The fungus can be spread on the seed, from the remains
of old carrots, or from diseased plants. Spores blow during the day.
The damage: The leaves can die and the size of the carrots is less. It can also
cause young seedlings to die off.
Other plants that get the disease: Celery, parsnip, and parsley.
Control:
1. Plant carrots in well-drained soil.
2. Rotate carrot crops over 3 years.
3. Dust seed with a chemical called captan.
4. It can be controlled with fungicides eg mancozeb, zineb etc.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 951, 1988 & Map 352
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji HMSO p 39
246
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The disease can be on the seed. In gardens it can stay
on old celery plant materials in the soil. Spores can blow in the wind.
The damage: Affected plants are more likely to rot after harvesting.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease only occurs on celery.
Control:
1. Use clean seed.
2. Get rid of old celery crops or move garden sites.
3. Chemical fungicide sprays can be used.eg chlorothalonil.
4. Seed can be treated (In hot water at 50C for 30 mins.).
References:
CMI Descriptions of pathogenic fungi No 88, 1966
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
247
Disease:
Scientific name:
Cerotelium fici (Butl.) Arth.
[Synonym:
Uredo fici]
(Uredo ficina Juel is a very similar fungus on Ficus.)
How the disease spreads: The rust probably spreads from old diseased leaves.
Other plants that get the disease: Fig and other Ficus spp., Mulberry, and
Polynesian mulberry or Tapa plant.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 281, 1971 & Map 399
248
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Other plants that get the disease: Albizia, Cassia, Coconuts, Rubber, Leucaena,
Cacao, Panama Berry, avocado, citrus, rambutan and probably many other trees. It
causes upper stem rot of oil palm.
Control:
1. If the disease is detected early the damaged area can be cut out and sealed
off with oil palm trees.
References:
CMI Description of Plant pathogenic Fungi No 195, 1968
Kranz, J., 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds of Tropical Crops p 162
249
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The spores spread by wind and water to new leaves.
The damage: Large dead areas occur on the leaves causing the leaves to fall off.
Fruit stalks can also wither and fall off.
Not important in PNG because grapes are rarely grown.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease only occurs on grapes.
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
250
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The spores can blow long distances by wind.
The damage: The fruit develop distortions and cracking. It is not a major problem
in PNG because grapes are rarely grown.
Other plants that get the disease: This disease only occurs on grapes.
Control:
1. Fungicide chemicals can be used.
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
251
Disease:
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: The fungus can live in the soil.
Other plants that get the disease: Beans, cabbage, peanut, corn, peas, pepper,
sweet potato, sugarcane, tomato, and others.
Control:
1. Plants need to be in well-drained soil.
2. Plants need to be rotated or garden sites changed.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 410, 1974
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge p 110
Kranz, J., 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds of Tropical Crops p 148
252
Disease:
Leaf spot
(Also called Septoria leaf spot)
Scientific name:
of Lettuce
Cool
wet
How the disease spreads: The disease is spread in infected seed. It can also
spread from old lettuce plants and plant remains in the soil. It is spread by wind.
Other plants that get the disease: This fungus only attacks lettuce.
Control:
1. Use clean seed or treat seed in hot water at 48C for 30 minutes.
2. Remove old lettuce crops.
3. Fungicide sprays can be used.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No335, 1972 & Map 485
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
253
Disease:
Anthracnose of mango
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: The spores of the fungus develop on dead twigs and
leaves on the ground for many months and spread by water and rain.
The damage: In wet areas or wet seasons the disease can be serious causing few
fruit to form. It stops fruit production in most wet areas of Papua New Guinea.
Harvested fruit with the disease quickly blacken and rot.
Other plants that get the disease: The fungus occurs on many different plants.
Control:
1. Some varieties of mangoes get the disease less.
2. Remove dead twigs and branches before flowering.
3. The disease can be controlled with fungicide chemicals.
4. Mangoes are better suited to areas with a dry season during flowering.
References:
Frohlich, G & Rodewald, W, 1970, Pests & Disease of Tropical Crops Pergamom p 69
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant disease in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
254
Disease:
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus lives on trees and fallen leaves. The spores
blow in the wind.
The damage: The leaves can be severely twisted and fall of and the fruit can be
distorted.
It is not common in Papua New Guinea because peaches are rarely grown.
Other plants that get the disease: It affects peaches, nectarines and occasionally
apricots.
Control:
1. It can be controlled with fungicide sprays.
References:
Vock, N.T., 1978, A handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
255
Disease:
Peach rust
Scientific name:
[Synonyms:
and
Transchelia discolor
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Dietel
Puccinia pruni-spinosae]
How the disease spreads: The fungus lives on twigs and old leaves. It spreads
with wind and rain.
Other plants that get the disease: It affects plants in the peach family - apricots,
nectarines.
Control:
1. Fungicide chemicals can be used.
References:
CMI distribution maps of Plant Diseases No 223
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of Plant Diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
256
Disease:
Water blister
(Also called Base rot of pineapple)
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
of pineapple
257
Disease:
Leaf
(Also affects beetroot.)
Scientific name:
How the disease spreads: The fungus can be carried on the seed. It can live on
old silver beet remains in the soil. The spores blow in the wind.
Other plants that get the disease: It can also get on spinach and some weeds.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 721, 1982 and Distribution Map 96
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of Plant Diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
258
Disease:
Eye spot strawberry
(Also called leaf spot and white spot)
Scientific name:
Asexual:
[Synonym:
How the disease spreads: The disease can be introduced on planting material and
can spread from old plants. The fungus can survive on old leaves and plant
remains.
The damage: Leaves die off early and fruit can be damaged.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only occurs on strawberry.
Control:
1. Remove severely affected plant parts.
2. Use clean planting material
3. Do not plant strawberries in wet or shady areas.
4. Chemical fungicides can be used.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 708, 1981
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
Another fungal leaf spot of strawberry is caused by the fungus Cercosporina vexans
(Massal) Moesz [Syn. Cercospora vexans C Massal]. It probably forms a spot with a yellow ring
around it.
259
Disease:
Scorch of strawberry
Scientific name:
Asexual:
How the disease spreads: The disease spreads from planting material and from
diseased old plants. The spores on plants can blow around in the wind in wet
weather.
The damage: Mostly older strawberry leaves are attacked.
Other plants that get the disease: The disease only occurs on strawberry.
Control:
1. Use healthy planting material.
2. Do not plant in wet or shady areas.
3. It can be controlled with fungicide chemicals.
4. There are varieties of strawberry that do not get the disease.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 486, 1976
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant diseases in colour Vol 1 Queensland DPI
260
Disease:
Pink disease
Scientific name:
[Synonym:
The damage: It can cause severe defoliation of many perennial crops. The disease
is often much worse in crops which are already growing poorly because of other
factors.
Other plants that get the disease: It damages a large number of tropical trees.
Food trees include pigeon pea, orange, loquat, soursop, jackfruit, Panama berry.
Non-food trees include tea, Calliandra, Cassia, coffee, Crotalaria, Rubber,
Leucaena, Tephrosia, Cacao.
Control:
1. Scrape off the infection and treat the infected area with a fungicide paste.
2. Use copper fungicides during the rainy season.
3. Prune off infected branches during the dry season.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 511, 1976
Holliday, P., 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops p 112
261
Anthracnose
This is the name of several diseases on plants caused by a fungus called
Glomerella cingulata. The fungus that causes it also occurs on many other plants
that are not food plants. Glomerella cingulata is recorded on soursop, betel nut,
five corner, capsicum, pawpaw, lemon, grapefruit, coconut, tree tomato, yam,
soybean, mango, cassava, granadilla, avocado, guava, ginger, tree tomato, winged
bean.
The fungus often causes damage to the flowers and seeds with the tips of
plants getting spots or dying back. The types of symptoms are called wither tip or
tip dieback on cassava, fruit rot on chilli and five corner, leaf blotch on ginger,
stem death on granadilla, flower blight, or blossom blight on mango, soursop, and
sweetsop and anthracnose or leaf spots on cassava, yam, tree tomato, and mango.
Diseases called anthracnose are common in a wide range of crops.
Where the sexual stage of the fungal life cycle is known, the fungi belong to the
genus Glomerella of the Ascomycetes or sac fungi class. All species of Glomerella
have the same type of imperfect stage in their life cycle. This is called
Gloeosporium or Colletotrichum. This division is artificial and both groups should
be regarded as the same. The basis for the division was on conidial structures that
changed with relative humidity. The fungus that causes red rots on sugarcane and
coastal pitpit is probably a different fungus, Glomerella tucumanensis.
Often these diseases have similar conditions where they occur. Normally it
is poor growing conditions with low soil fertility. As well the microclimate around
the plant is often poor. The movement of air is poor, the access to light is poor and
the conditions are damp and the weather humid. The control of the diseases is
mostly by improving the growing conditions, raising the soil fertility, pruning
plants or increasing the spacing and avoiding plant injury. The disease gets started
more easily with plants that are damaged.
Page
Anthracnose bean
Anthracnose bananas
Anthracnose betel nut
Anthracnose capsicum
Anthracnose chilli
Anthracnose mango
Anthracnose yams
Flower blight mango
Leaf spot snake gourd
Leaf blight cassava
Red rot sugarcane
Smudge of onions
Wither tip of cassava
and
Yam leaf spots
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Colletotrichum musae
Colletotrichum gloeosporoides
Colletotrichum capsici
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella cingulata
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Colletotrichum capsici
Glomerella tucumanensis
Colletotrichum circinans
Colletotrichum capsici
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella cingulata
61
42
82
225
225
253
237
253
162
95
191
124
95
237
262
263
Bacterial wilt
Bacterial wilt can affect a number of different plants. This includes: aibika,
blackberried nightshade, capsicum, eggplant, peanut, potato, and tomato.
The bacterium that causes this disease becomes a problem in warmer places.
There are slightly different forms or races of this bacterium.
When the bacteria start to attack, one branch of the plant starts to wilt. This
is because bacteria block the cells that conduct the water through the plant.
Eventually the whole plant collapses and dies. If the stem of an infected plant is cut
just above the ground, a brown discoloration of the internal tissues can be seen.
With potato tubers a ring of milky drops will form around the cut section of the
tuber.
The bacteria mostly spread through the roots but with bananas they can be
spread by insects. The disease causing bacteria can also be spread on knives and
other tools that are used to cut the plants.
Old plant parts left in the soil can keep the bacteria alive in the soil.
Bacterial wilt can only be controlled effectively by using varieties of crops that get
the disease less. With crops like potatoes and tomatoes it is important to intercrop
and not plant the plants near each other in a row or line.
See DPI Plant pathology note 15: Harvest 7(4) p 180
264
265
2. Botryodiplodia theobromae
The fungus called Botrydiplodia theobromae has had at least 17 different
scientific names and this has created some confusion. It is a fungus that affects
over 500 different species of plants. It is mainly a fungus that attacks plants that
are already weakened. After a plant has been wounded it can attack and is also a
common fungus associated with rots in storage.
The fungus can be spread about in the wind and by water but also is carried
on seeds and in the soil. Insects can also spread the fungus. The fungal conidia
can live on seeds for 4 months.
For plants in storage a temperature below 10C is normally sufficient to
reduce the damage from this storage rot fungus.
It can cause problems such as collar rot of peanuts, stem rot of pawpaw and
leaf spot on citrus. As well it is known to be involved with storage rots in yams,
cassava and sweet potato. It is also associated with die-back and pod rot of cacao.
Plant attacked:
Botryodiplodia theobromae: peanut, pawpaw, citrus, coconut, apple, cassava,
sago, banana, nutmeg, avocado, wheat, corn, (also on tea, coffee, oil palm, cotton,
hibiscus, cacao and other trees.)
Scientific names:
Asexual stage:
Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.
Sexual stage:
Physalospora rhodina Berk. & Curt. apud Cooke
3. Pythium spp.
Pythium arrhenomanes
Pythium butleri
Pythium deliens
Pythium irregulare
Pythium splendens
Pythium vexans
Chinese taro.
Citrus, cucumber, tomato, common bean, eggplant, potato, corn.
Also known to damage capsicum, pawpaw, watermelon, and ginger
Cucumber
Watermelon
Cucumber, banana (Also known to rot taro corms)
Pineapple, coconut, banana and cacao
Many of the Pythium fungi live in the soil. They cause dying off of plants in
very wet soil. They are often associated with Phytophthora spp. fungi.
The diseases include:
Damping off of watermelon, Root rot of Chinese taro and taro, root rot of bananas,
collar rot of corn, damping off of cucumber, root rot of durian, collar rot and stem
rot of eggplant, wilt of outside pineapple leaves, collar rot of tomato and root rot of
tree tomato.
266
Thanatephorus sasakii
267
Blossom blights
Choanephora cucurbitarum
268
Downy mildews
There is a group of fungi called downy mildews. They cause similar symptoms on
crops. These include patches or spots on the upper surface of the leaves. On the
under side of the leaves under the spots there is a furry or downy growth of fungi.
These look downy because the fungal threads have branched ends with spores.
These spores can be blown by the wind or spread by water. The spores must land
on moist leaves to be able to grow. They also need high humidity to be able to
continue to grow. When dry conditions come these fungi may die out. They can
affect a number of different vegetables and be produced by different fungi.
Plant
Bitter cucumber
Chinese cabbage
Coastal pitpit
Corn
Cucumber
Grapes
Melon
Pumpkin
Squash, marrow
Sugarcane
Fungus
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Peronospora parasitica
Peronosclerospora sp.
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Plasmopara viticola
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Peronosclerospora sacchari
269
Powdery mildews
This name applies to a group of fungi. They attack a number of different
plants. Mostly they begin as a small faint white spot on the leaves. These spots
increase in size with suitable weather conditions. The whole surface of the leaf
can be covered with a white powdery fungus. Stems and fruit can also be attacked.
Young leaves that are attacked can be distorted in shape and can curl up at the
edges. These fungi require high humidity but not rainy weather to start growing.
But once the fungus has started it can continue in wet or dry conditions. They
mostly do best at a temperature range of 11 to 28C.
Plants with powdery mildews recorded include:
Aibika, bitter cucumber, bottle gourd, cowpea, cucumber, grape, green gram bean,
melon, pawpaw, pumpkin, squash, marrow, watermelon, winged bean, yard-long
bean
270
Sooty moulds
These fungi grow on the secretion left behind by small sap sucking insects.
The fungi are not actually attached to the plant surface. This can easily be shown
by wetting your finger and rubbing the black fungus off the leaf. The leaf
underneath is usually still green and healthy although the sooty mould covering
may have been stopping the sunlight and therefore preventing the leaf from
working properly. So to control the fungus it is necessary to control the insect.
many of these insects are looked after by ants and sometimes to stop the insect it is
necessary to kill the ants that look after the insect. Once the ants and insect are
gone the sooty mould normally soon washes of in the rain.
These sooty moulds can be seen very commonly on the leaves of almost all
small trees and shrubs both cultivated and wild.
Sooty mould fungi
Asterina sp.
Borinquenia sp.
Capnodium sp.
Capnodium thuemenii
Chaetothyrium boedijnii
Chaetothyrium sp.
Epicoccum sp.
Lembosia terminaliae
Meliola citricola
Meliola erythrinae
Meliola erythrinae var psophocarpi
Meliola juttingii
Meliola mangiferae
Meliola sp.
Microxyphium sp.
271
Other nematodes
Other nematodes also do damage. Some of these include:
Nematode
Burrowing nematode
Citrus nematode
and others such as
and
and
and
Scientific name
Radopholus similis
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Helicotylenchus multicinctus
Hirschmanniella miticausa
Pratylenchus sp.
Rotylenchus sp.
272
Food plant
Silver beet, beetroot
Soybean, lablab bean, common bean, green gram,
cowpea, yard-long bean
Terminalia
Watermelon, squash, bitter cucumber
Rice
Cape gooseberry
Sorghum, corn
Polynesian arrowroot
Strawberry
On peanuts
On peanuts
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Asexual: Cercospora brassicicola Henn.
On cabbage family
On cowpeas
On banana
273
and Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Mor.)Deight.]
Mycosphaerella henningsii Sivan
Asexual: Cercosporidium henningsii (Allescher) Deighton
[Syn. Cercospora henningsii Allesch]
On cassava
On banana
Mycosphaerella papuana
Asexual: Cercospora dioscoreae-pyrifoliae
On banana
On pigeon pea
On sugarcane; pitpit
On breadfruit
On tomato
On winged bean
On sweet potato
On yam
274
Cephaleuros virescens
This is an alga that attacks plants. It occurs on forest trees and can spread
from there onto other plants, especially those grown under partial shade. It causes
leaves to die and fall off. The alga can occur on trunks, stems, leaves and fruit and
cause injury. The damage is normally worse in warm weather and in wet weather.
It attacks a wide range of fruit bearing trees. Some of these from Papua New
Guinea include:
Cashew, soursop, bixa, tea, cinchona, citron, grapefruit, pomelo, coffee, swamp
taro, Chinese cherry (Flacourtia inermis), rubber, banana, avocado, pepper, guava,
cacao, vanilla.
275
Heart rot
Phellinus noxius
This disease caused by a fungus can affect a number of trees. Spores can blow in
the wind.
Some of the trees affected include Albizzia, Cassia, Tephrosia, coconut (Brown
root rot p98), rubber, leucaena, cacao, coffee, kapok, Panama Berry, Galip
(Canarium almond- heart rot p238), Oil palms (Upper stem rot), mangosteen,
avocado (root rot), rambutan, Japanese cherry, lime, mandarin, pepper (Root rot),
tea and the decaying stumps of various forest trees.
On coconut and oil palm dead spots develop on the trunk. The trunk collapses.
Sometimes before this occurs the leaves may turn yellow, wilt and hang down. The
spots on the trunk are dark brown with dark brown zones. It mostly attacks palms
over 10 years old. Palms in poor soil conditions especially low potassium, get the
disease more. The disease takes 1 to 3 years before the palm is killed. For control
on palms, spots need to be found early and cut out. The area needs to then be
treated with coal tar. Dead palms should be removed.
For Heart rot of galip a crust of brown fungal threads and dirt (2-3 cm thick) forms
around the roots. The shelf like fruiting body has rings of ridges and is purple
brown on top and darker underneath. The fungus may only attack after plants are
weakened. Young trees can quickly be killed.
References: CMI Description of Plant pathogenic Fungi No 195 and Kranz, J.,
1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds of Tropical Crops p 162
276
Phytophthora palmivora
This fungus causes a range of diseases on over 135 different plants. It attacks
cacao (Black pod), rubber (black stripe), pawpaw (root rot p128), coconut (Bud rot
p99), tree tomato (root rot) and others. It occurs in warm areas with a high rainfall.
Spores can spread by wind and rain. It can be in the soil.
With bud rot of coconut spots develop especially on young nuts and at the stalk
end. The fungus often occurs around the roots of coconuts and may spread from
here. The disease mostly starts following damage to the young nuts. Nuts fall off
early.
With root rot of pawpaw the older leaves turn yellow and collapse hanging limply
around the trunk. The young leaves then die and the plant dies. Large roots show
a soft wet decay and small roots are missing. Fruit can also be affected by this
fungus. Plants especially in wet areas die. For control avoid wet areas, do not
replant pawpaws into soil where the disease is known to occur, plant only disease
free trees from a nursery which has clean soil and avoid damage to pawpaw trunks
as this reduces trunk rot.
References:
CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi No 831
Holliday, 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops CUP p
Krantz, J et al, (eds), 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds in Tropical Crops
Verlag Paul Parey p 121
277
References
In this book I have only listed a few references. They are meant to be the ones that
a field worker may at some stage be able to get access to or be able to make use of.
Naturally specialists have a large range of more specific books with much more
detail but often this has detailed information on the nature and recognition of the
fungus and other details that are not immediately useful to field workers. As well I
have tended to be biased towards books that have illustrations as this is the sort of
information a field officer needs to be able to at least attempt to work intelligently
with diseases as they are encountered by farmers.
Allen, D.J., 1983, The Pathology of Tropical Food Legumes. Wiley- Interscience.
Cook, A.A., 1975, Diseases of Tropical & Sub Tropical fruits and nuts. Hafner
CMI Description of Pathogenic Fungi - These are put out irregularly to give precise details on
the fungus and its naming. So far a little over 1,000 numbered sheets have been produced.
De Leon, C., 1978, Maize diseases A Guide for field identification CIMMYT Info Bull No11
Fahy, P.C. & Persley, G.J. (eds), 1983, Plant Bacterial Diseases A Diagnostic Guide Academic
Press
Frohlich, G & Rodewald, W, 1970, Pests & Disease of Tropical Crops Pergamom Press
Graham, K.M., 1971, Plant Diseases of Fiji. HMSO. Although getting a little old it is well
illustrated and in plain English.
Harvest. The quarterly magazine of the Department of Agriculture and Livestock in Papua New
Guinea which has regular good articles on pests and diseases suitable for field workers in the
country.
Holliday, P, 1980, Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops Cambridge Press Specialised on the
fungi. Not illustrated.
Hughes, C.G. et al (ed), 1964, Sugarcane diseases of the world. Vol 1.
Kranz, J et al (ed), 1977, Diseases, Pests and Weeds in Tropical Crops Verlag Paul Parey
Lozano, J.C. et al, 1976, Field problems in Cassava. CIAT.
Lozano, J.C. & Booth, R.H., Diseases of cassava. CIAT Series DE-5.
Martin, J.P. et al, 1961, Sugarcane Diseases of the World. Vol 1. Elsevier.
Ou, S.H., 1973, A Handbook of rice diseases in the tropics IRRI.
Persley, D.M., et al (eds),1989, Fruit and Nut Crops - a disease management guide. Queensland
DPI Information Series QI 88018
Pest Control in Bananas PANS Manual No 1
Pest Control in Groundnuts PANS Manual No 2
Pest Control in Rice PANS Manual No 3
Pest Control in Tropical Root Crops PANS Manual No4
Plant Pathology Notes. A numbered series produced by Plant Pathologists in Papua New
Guinea.
Ricaud, C et al, 1989, Diseases of Sugarcane. Elsevier.
Stover, R.H., 1972, Banana, Plantain and Abaca Diseases CAB
Schwartz, H.F. & Galvez, G.E.(ed), 1980, Bean production problems CIAT
Vock, N.T., 1978, A Handbook of plant diseases in Colour Two Volumes Queensland DPI.
Loose leaf books with good colour illustrations. Recommendation are revised regularly but are
often too specialised for Papua New Guinea subsistence farmers.
Wardlaw, C.N., 1971, Banana Diseases Longmans Press
278
Fungi causing diseases of food plants
Fungus
Food plant
Alternaria brassicae
Broccoli, Chinese cabbage, turnip
Alternaria brassicicola
Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip
Alternaria cichorii
Chickory, endive,
Alternaria dauci
Carrot
Alternaria passiflorae
Passionfruit
Alternaria porri
Bunching onion, leek, onion, shallot
Alternaria raphani
Radish
Alternaria solani
Potato, tomato
Aporhytisma urticae
Castanopsis chestnuts
Armillaria mellea
Banana, coffee, tea, cacao
Ascochyta citri
Lemon
Ascochyta dolichi
Lablab bean
Ascochyta erythrinae
Indian coral tree
Aspergillus niger
Peanut, beans, cassava, rice
Asterina sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Capsicum, giant taro, artichoke, lettuce, naranjilla,
pawpaw, peanut, pomelo, potato, rice, sugarcane,
sunflower, sweet potato, tomato
Bipolaris incurvata
Coconut
Bipolaris panici-miliacei
Highland pitpit
Bipolaris sacchari
Sugarcane
Bipolaris stenospila
Sugarcane
Brachysporium arecae
Betel nut
Borinquenia sp.
Sooty mould
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Peanut, pawpaw, citrus, coconut, apple, cassava,
sago, banana, nutmeg, avocado, wheat, corn, tea,
coffee, oil palm, cotton, hibiscus, cacao and other
trees
Capnodium sp.
Sooty mould
Capnodium thuemenii
Ficus
Ceratocystis fimbriata
Sweet potato
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Pineapple, coconut, sugarcane
Cercospora artocarpi
Breadfruit
Cercospora beticola
Silver beet, beetroot
Cercospora canescens
Soybean, lablab bean, common bean, green gram,
cowpea, yard-long bean
Cercospora catappae
Terminalia
Cercospora citrullina
Watermelon, squash, bitter cucumber
Cercospora oryzae
Rice
Cercospora physalidis
Cape gooseberry
Cercospora sorghi
Sorghum, corn
Cercospora taccae
Polynesian arrowroot
Cercospora vexans
Strawberry
Cercosporella sp.
Sugarcane
Cercosporidium henningsii
Cassava
Cerotelium fici
Ficus
Chaetothyrium boedijnii
Coffee, highland kapiak, cacao
Chaetothyrium fusisporum
Finschia nuts
Chaetothyrium sp.
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Silver beet, beetroot, chilli, pawpaw, taro, lablab
Cladosporium colocasiae
Cladosporium musae
Cladosporium oxysporum
Clasterosporium cocoicola
Cochliobolus cynodontis
Cochliobolus geniculatus
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Cochliobolus lunatus
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Colletotrichum capsici
Colletotrichum circinans
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Colletotrichum musae
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Cordana musae
Corticium penicillatum
Corticium salmonicolor
Corynespora casiicola
Crossopsora antidesmae-dioicae
Curvularia sp.
Cylindrosporium dioscoreae
Deightoniella papuana
Deightoniella torulosa
Diaporthe citri
Didymella lycopersici
Diplocarpon earlianum
Elsinoe batatas
Elsinoe fawcetti
Entyloma oryzae
Fulvia fulva
Fusarium equiseti
Fusarium lateritium
Fusarium oxysporum
Gaeumannomyces graminis
Ganoderma lucidum
Gibberella baccata
Gibberella fujikuroi
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella tucumanensis
Goplana australis
Goplana dioscoreae
Graphium sp.
279
bean, cassava, winged bean, sorghum, rice bean
Taro
Banana
Common bean,
Coconut
Rice
Rice, wheat
Rice
Sorghum, corn
Pineapple, capsicum, eggplant, sorghum
Rice
Soya bean, cassava
Onion, shallot
Common bean, winged bean
Banana
Snake gourd
Banana
Coconut
Soursop, sweetsop, jackfruit, lemon, orange, loquat,
mango, cassava, pepper, and other trees
Pawpaw, tomato, common bean, cowpea
Chinese laurel
Pineapple, capsicum, centrosema, eggplant,
sorghum
Lesser yam
Coastal pitpit, sugarcane
Banana
Citrus
Tomato
Strawberry
Sweet potato
Citrus
Rice
Tomato
Peanut, coconut, tomato, winged bean, potato,
sorghum
Citrus, coffee, rice
Peanuts, sweet potato, banana, tomato, sorghum,
corn
Rice
Coconuts, tea, cacao
Citrus
Rice, winged bean, coastal pitpit, sugarcane,
sorghum,
Soursop, betel nut, five corner, capsicum, pawpaw,
lemon, grapefruit, coconut, tree tomato, yam, soya
bean, mango, cassava, granadilla, avocado, guava,
ginger
Coastal pitpit, sugarcane
Yam
Greater yam, yam
280
Guignardia calami
Guignardia dioscoreae
Guignardia musae
Hamaspora acutissima
Helotium inocarpi
Lembosia pandani
Lembosia terminaliae
Leptosphaeria sacchari
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Leveillula taurica
Macrophoma pandani
Macrophomina phaseolina
Magnaporthe grisea
Magnaporthe salvinii
Marasmiellus epochnous
Marasmius crinisequi
Melanographium sp.
Meliola sp.
Meliola citricola
Meliola erythrinae
Meliola juttingii
Meliola mangiferae
Memnoniella echinata
Metasphaeria oryzae-sativae
Microxyphium sp.
Mycosphaerella alocasiae
Mycosphaerella arachidis
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Mycosphaerella caricae
Mycosphaerella cruenta
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Mycosphaerella henningsii
Mycosphaerella musicola
Mycosphaerella pinodes
Mycovellosiella cajani
Mycovellosiella koepkei
Mycovellosiella oryzae
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
Mycovellosiella puerariae
Myrothecium roridum
Neojohnstonia colocasiae
Nigrospora sphaerica
Oidium sp.
Penicillium sp.
Periconia byssoides
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Peronosclerospora sp.
Peronospora parasitica
Betel nut
Lesser yam
Banana
Raspberry
Aila
Pandanus
Terminalia
Sugarcane
Peanut
Cotton, potato, capsicum
Pandanus
Coconut, banana, beans
Rye, etc
Rice
Mint
Coconut
Sago
Lime, citrus
Indian coral tree
Pandanus
Mango
Secondary on many plants
Rice
Giant taro
Peanut
Peanut
Chinese cabbage, cabbage
Pawpaw
Cowpeas
Banana
Strawberry
Cassava
Banana
Pea
Pigeon pea
Coastal pitpit, sugarcane
Rice
Beans
Kudzu
Aibika, tapa plant, soya bean, hibiscus, betel pepper,
and ornamentals
Taro
Secondary on many plants
Aibika, pawpaw, watermelon, melon, cucumber,
pumpkin, squash, bitter cucumber, winged bean,
Common bean,
Sugarcane
Chinese cabbage
Pestalotia eugeniae
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
Phaeocytostroma sacchari
Phaeodactylium alpiniae
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Phakopsora vignae
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Phellinus noxius
Phoma exigua
Phoma pomorum
Phoma destructiva
Phoma sorghina
Phomopsis ipomoea-batatas
Phyllachora coicis
Phyllachora graminis
Phyllachora kaernbachii
Phyllachora minutissima
Phyllachora musicola
Phyllachora sacchari
Phyllosiphon sp.
Phyllosticta dioscoreae
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Phytophthora citricola
Phytophthora colocasiae
Phytophthora cryptogea
Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora palmivora
Phytophthora nicotianae
Pithomyces sacchari
Plasmopara viticola
Pleocyta sacchari
Podonectria sp.
Pseudocercospora fuligena
Pseudocercospora protensa
Pseudocercospora psophocarpi
Pseudocercospora timorensis
Pseudocercospora ubi
Pseudoepicoccum cocos
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Puccinia arachidis
Puccinia finschiae
Puccinia kuehnii
Puccinia nakanishikii
Puccinia operta
Puccinia polysora
Puccinia sorghi
281
Surinam cherry
Coconut
Sugarcane
Turmeric
Common bean
Rice
Soybean
Lima bean
Soursop, sweetsop, jackfruit, lemon, orange, loquat,
mango, cassava, pepper, and other trees
Lime, coconut, mango, avocado, pepper, tea, coffee,
oil palm, rubber, cacao
Lima bean, potato
Apple
Tomato
Polytoca macrophylla
Sweet potato
Job's tears
Job's tears
Ficus
Highland pitpit
Banana
Coastal pitpit, sugarcane,
Lesser yam
Avocado
Chinese taro
Taro
Potato
Pawpaw, coconut, tree tomato, oil palm, rubber,
cacao
Aibika, tomato, passionfruit, avocado,
Secondary on many plants
Grapes
Sugarcane
Mandarin
Tomato
Elephant foot yam
Winged bean
Sweet potato
Potato yam, yam
Coconut
Melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, bitter
cucumber
Peanut
Finschia nuts
Coastal pitpit, sugarcane
Lemon grass
Job's tears
Corn
Corn
282
Pyrenochaeta sp.
Pyricularia zingiberi
Pythium arrhenomanes
Pythium butleri
Pythium deliense
Pythium irregulare
Pythium splendens
Pythium vexans
Ramichloridium musae
Ramulispora sacchari
Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rigidoporus microporus
Sarcopodium vanillae
Sclerotinia fuckeliana
Septoria apiicola
Septoria lactucae
Septoria lycopersici
Setosphaerica turcica
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Sphacelotheca reiliana
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Sphaerulina sp.
Spongospora subterranea
Sporidesmium macrurum
Stachylidium bicolor
(Stagonospora sacchari
Stemphylium lycopersici
Streptomyces scabies
Synchytrium minutum
Synchytrium phaseoli
Synchytrium psophocarpi
Taphrina deformans
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Thanatephorus sasakii
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae
Trichobotrys pannosa
Uncinula necator
Uredo alocasiae
Uredo artocarpi
Coffee
Ginger
Chinese taro
Citrus, cucumber, tomato, common bean, eggplant,
potato,
Cucumber
Watermelon
Cucumber, banana
Pineapple, coconut, banana and cacao
Banana
Sugarcane
Peanut, Ceylon spinach, cabbage, capsicum, chilli,
pawpaw, coconut, carrot, lablab bean, tomato, mint,
common bean, pepper, winged bean, potato,
sorghum, cowpea, corn, ginger, coffee, oil palm,
eucalyptus, rubber, leucaena, siratro, tobacco,
geranium, patchouli, stylo, teak & cacao
Peanut, sweet potato, cassava, wheat
Coconut, tea, coffee, oil palm, rubber, leucaena and
cacao
Tahitian vanilla
Shallot, sunflower
Celery
Lettuce
Tomato
Corn
Lemon, citron, Clymenia
Sorghum
Cowpea
Rice, sago
Potato
Coconut, coffee
Pineapple, coffee
Sugarcane)
Tomato
Potato
Kudzu
Rice bean
Winged bean
Peach
Peanut, Ceylon spinach, cabbage, capsicum, chilli,
pawpaw, coconut, carrot, lablab bean, tomato, mint,
common bean, pepper, winged bean, potato,
sorghum, cowpea, corn, ginger, coffee, oil palm,
eucalyptus, rubber, leucaena, siratro, tobacco,
geranium, patchouli, stylo, teak & cacao
Rice
Peach
Pineapple
Grapes
Giant taro
Breadfruit family
Uredo dioscorea-sativae
Uredo musae
Uredo palmifoliae
Uromyces appendiculatus
Uromyces musae
Uromyces setariae-italicae
Uromyces viciae-fabae
Ustilaginoidea virens
Ustilago avenae
Ustilago zeae
Verrucispora proteacearum
Zygosporium gibbum
283
Potato yam
Banana
Highland pitpit
Common bean, yard-long bean, cowpea
Banana
Highland pitpit
Broad bean
Rice
Oats
Corn
Finschia nuts
Sago
284
Fungi, Bacteria, Algae, Nematodes and viruses causing diseases.
Fungi are often very small. This means they are hard to study. As well, there are a very
large number of fungi. And they have very complicated lifecycles. Sometimes they have sexual
lifecycles and sometimes they have asexual lifecycles. As well the sexual and asexual stages can
vary. As well as that, many fungi look different when they are collected from different plants, or
are grown in a laboratory, or are grown at different temperatures and moisture levels. For many
fungi the sexual stage has not yet been found and sometimes when the sexual and asexual stages
are seen separately it is not realised, or difficult to prove that they are two stages of the same
fungus. At times people simply make mistakes when they are describing fungi. For these and
other reasons, there are often different names for the same fungus or the name changes
sometimes several times. This becomes confusing but without using scientific names it would
not be possible to be sure that two people looking at some similar disease on a crop were in fact
talking about the same cause. It is for this reason that scientific names and naming is important.
The names look confusing but in the Latin language they have a meaning. The list that follows
is for the different names that have been used for fungi causing diseases of food plants in Papua
New Guinea. I have tried to put the sexual name for the fungus as this is eventually the most
reliable, but at times another name is used and the list will refer you back to the other names or
the name of the sexual stage. You may not need this list, but then some people will not be able
to make good use of the book without this list.
(Fungi unless marked)
Acroconidiellina arecae
Actinopeltis sp.
Alternaria alternata
Alternaria brassicae
Alternaria brassicicola
Alternaria cichorii
Alternaria cucumerina
Alternaria dauci
Alternaria padwickii
Alternaria passiflorae
Alternaria porri
Alternaria raphani
Alternaria solani
Alternaria tenuis
Anthostomella cylindrospora
Anthostomella fusispora
Aphelenchoides sp.
Aphelenchoides parietinus
Aphelenchus avenae
Aphelenchus parietinus
Apiospora camptospora
Apomelasmia urticae
Aporhytisma urticae
Armillaria mellea
Armillariella mellea
Ascochyta citri
Ascochyta convolvuli
Ascochyta dolichi
Ascochyta erythrinae
Nematode
See Aphelenchus parietinus
Nematode
Nematode
See Aporhytisma urticae
Ascochyta phaseolarum
Ascochyta pinodes
Ascochyta rhei
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus melleus
Aspergillus niger
Asterina sp.
Athelia rolfsii
Beniowskia spaeroides
Bipolaris cynodontis
Bipolaris hawaiiensis
Bipolaris incurvata
Bipolaris maydis
Bipolaris oryzae
Bipolaris panici-miliacei
Bipolaris sacchari
Bipolaris sorghicola
Bipolaris stenospila
Bipolaris zeae
Brachysporium arecae
Borinquenia sp.
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Botryosphaeria festucae
Botrysporium sp.
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis sp.
Brachysporium arecae
Bursaphalenchus sp.
Capnodium sp.
Capnodium thuemenii
Cephaleuros pulvinatus
Cephaleuros virescens
Ceratelium fici
Ceratocystis fimbriata
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Ceratostomella fimbriata
Ceratostomella paradoxa
Cercospora arachidicola
Cercospora artocarpi
Cercospora batatae
Cercospora bataticola
Cercopora beticola
Cercospora brassicicola
Cercospora canescens
Cercospora catappae
Cercospora citrullina
Cercospora cruenta
Cercospora diffusa
Cercospora dioscoreae-pyrifoliae
Cercospora fijiensis
Cercopsora fuligena
285
See Phoma exigua
See Mycosphaerella pinodes
Cercospora henningsii
Cercospora koepkei
Cercospora longipes
Cercospora longissima
Cercospora musae
Cercospora oryzae
Cercospora papayae
Cercspora penzigii
Cercospora personata
Cercospora physalidis
Cercospora protensa
Cercospora psophocarpi
Cercospora sorghi
Cercospora taccae
Cercospora timorensis
Cercospora ubi
Cercospora vexans
Cercosporella sp.
Cercosporidium henningsii
Cercosporidium personatum
Cercosporina vexans
Cerotelium fici
Chaetomium sp.
Chaetophoma sp.
Chaetothyrium boedijnii
Chaetothyrium fusisporum
Chaetothyrium sp.
Chloridium musae
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Cladosporium atriellum
Cladosporium colocasiae
Cladosporium fulvum
Cladosporium herbarum
Cladosporium musae
Cladosporium oxysporum
Clasterosporium cocoicola
Cochliobolus bicolour
Cochliobolus cynodontis
Cochliobolus geniculatus
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Cochliobolus lunatus
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Colletotrichum capsici
Colletotrichum circinans
Colletotrichum falcatum
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colletotrichum graminicola
Colletotrichum lagenarium
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Colletotrichum musae
Colletotrichum orbiculare
286
See Mycosphaerella henningsii
See Mycovellosiella koepkei
287
Cordana musae
Corticium penicillatum
Corticium rolfsii
Corticium salmonicolor
Corticium sasakii
Corticium solani
Corynespora cassiicola
Corynespora sp.
Crossopsora antidesmae-dioicae
Curvularia geniculata
Curvularia lunata
Curvularia sp.
Cylindricocarpon musae
Cylindrosporium dioscoreae
Cytoplea sp.
Dactylaria dioscoreae
Deightoniella papuana
Deightoniella torulosa
Diaporthe citri
Dictyosporium toruloides
Didymella citri
Didymella lycopersici
Didymella sp.
Diplocarpon earlianum
Diplodia sp.
Dreschlera bicolor
Dreschlera cynodontus
Dreschlera hawaiiensis
Dreschlera incurvata
Dreschlera oryzae
Dreschlera panici-miliacei
Dreschlera maydis
Dreschlera sacchari
Dreschlera sorghicola
Dreschlera stenospila
Dreschlera turcica
Elsinoe batatas
Elsinoe fawcetti
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacterium sp.
Entyloma oryzae
Epicoccum cocos
Epicoccum nigrum
Epicoccum purpurascens
Epicoccum sp.
Erwinia herbicola
Erwinia carotovora subsp.
atroseptica
Erwinia carotovora subsp.
carotovora
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Bacterium
See Pseudoepicoccum cocos
See Epicoccum nigrum
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Exserohilum turcicum
Flavobacterium sp.
Flavodan flavus
Fomes lignosus
Fomes lucidus
Fomes noxius
Fulvia fulvum
Fusarium equiseti
Fusarium lateritium
Fusarium moniliforme
Fusarium moniliforme var.
subglutinans
Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium semitectum
Fusarium solani
Gaeumannomyces graminis
Ganoderma lucidum
Geotrichum candidum
Geotrichum sp.
Gibberella baccata
Gibberella fujikuroi
Gibberella intricans
Gloeosporium sp.
Gloeosporium catechu
Gloeosporium musarum
Gloeosporium pestis
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella tucumanensis
Goplana australis
Goplana dioscoreae
Graphium sp.
Guignardia arecae
Guignardia calami
Guignardia dioscoreae
Guignardia musae
Hamaspora acutissima
Hansfordia pulvinate
Haplobasidion musae
Helicobasidium purpureum
Helicotylenchus multicinctus
Helminthosporium hawaiiensis
Helminthosporium incurvatum
Helminthosporium maydis
Helminthosporium oryzae
Helminthosporium sacchari
Helminthosporium stenospila
Helminthosporium torulosum
Helminthosporium turcicum
Helminthosporium sp.
Helotium inocarpi
Hexogonia umbrosa
Hirschmanniella miticausa
288
See Setosphaeria turcica
Bacterium
See Rigidoporus microporus
See Ganoderma lucidum
See Phellinus noxius
Nematode
See Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
See Bipolaris incurvata
See Cochliobolus heterostrophus
See Cochliobolus miyabeanus
See Bipolaris sacchari
See Bipolaris stenospila
See Deightoniella torulosa
See Setosphaeria turcica
Hoplolaimus seinhorsti
Illosporium sp.
Isariopsis griseola
Johnstonia colocasiae
Kuskia oryzae
Leiosphaerella longispora
Lembosia pandani
Lembosia terminaliae
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
Leptosphaeria oryzina
Leptosphaeria sacchari
Leptosphaeria salvinii
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Longidorus sp.
Macrophoma musae
Macrophoma pandani
Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseoli
Magnaporthe grisea
Magnaporthe salvinii
Marasmiellus epochnous
Marasmiellus inoderma
Marasmiellus semiustus
Marasmius crinisequi
Marasmius palmivorus
Marasmius sacchari
Marasmius semiustus
Marssonina fragariae
Melanconium palmarum
Melanographium sp.
Meliola sp.
Meliola citricola
Meliola erythrinae
Meliola erythrinae var.
psophocarpi
Meliola juttingii
Meliola mangiferae
Meloidogyne hapla
Meloidogyne incognita
Meloidogyne javanica
Metasphaeria oryzae-sativae
Microxyphium sp.
Monodisma fragilis
Monilia sp.
Moniliochaetes infuscans
Mucor hiemalis
Mycosphaerella alocasiae
Mycosphaerella arachidicola
Mycosphaerella arachidis
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Mycosphaerella caricae
289
Nematode
See Phaeoisariopsis griseola
See Neojohnstonia colocasiae
Nematode
Nematode
Nematode
290
Mycosphaerella contraria
Mycosphaerella cruenta
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Mycosphaerella henningsii
Mycosphaerella holci
Mycosphaerella melonis
Mycosphaerella musicola
Mycosphaerella papuana
Mycosphaerella pinodes
Mycosphaerella striatiformis
Mycovellosiella cajani
Mycovellosiella koepkei
Mycovellosiella oryzae
Mycovellosiella phaseoli
Mycovellosiella puerariae
Myrothecium roridum
Nectria haematococca
Neojohnstonia colocasiae
Nigrospora oryzae
Nigrospora sphaerica
Nigrospora sacchari
Nigrospora sp.
Oidium caricae
Oidium tuckeri
Oidium sp.
Ophiobolus oryzinus
Paecilomyces sp.
Paracercospora fijiensis
Pellicularia filamentosa
Penicillium citrinum
Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium funiculosum
Penicillium italicum
Penicillium javanicum
Penicillium vermiculatum
Penicillium sp.
Periconia byssoides
Periconia minutissima
Periconiella musae
Peronosclerospora miscanthi
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Peronosclerospora sorghi
Peronosclerospora sp.
Peronospora parasitica
Peronospora trifoliorum
Pestalotia eugeniae
Pestalotia palmarum
Pestalotiopsis disseminata
Pestalotiopsis japonica
Pestalotiopsis palmarum
Pestalotiopsis papposa
291
Pestalotiopsis psidii
Pestalotiopsis strictica
Pestalotiopsis theae
Pestalotiopsis sp.
Phaeocytostroma sacchari
Phaeodactylium alpiniae
Phaeoisariopsis bambusae
Phaeoisariopsis bataticola
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Phakopsora vignae
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Phellinus gilvus
Phellinus noxius
Phoma exigua
Phoma pomorum
Phoma destructiva
Phoma sorghina
Phomopsis citri
Phomopsis ipomoea-batatas
Phyllachora coicis
Phyllachora graminis
Phyllachora kaernbachii
Phyllachora minutissima
Phyllachora musicola
Phyllachora sacchari
Phyllosiphon sp.
Phyllosticta batatas
Phyllosticta dioscoreae
Phyllosticta musarum
Phyllosticta sp.
Phyllostictina musarum
Physalospora tucumanensis
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Phytophthora citricola
Phytophthora colocasiae
Phytophthora cryptogea
Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora palmivora
Phytophthora nicotianae var.
nicotianae
Phytophthora nicotianae var.
parasitica
Phytomonas citri
Pithomyces chartarum
Pithomyces sacchari
Plasmopara viticola
Plectronidium minor
Pleocyta sacchari
Podonectria sp.
Polyporus gilvus
Alga
See Phomopsis ipomoea-batatas
See Guignardia dioscoreae
See Guignardia musae
See Guignardia musae
292
Practylenchus sp.
Proboscispora manihotis
Pseudocercospora artocarpi
Pseudocercospora cruenta
Pseudocercospora fijiensis
Pseudocercospora fuligena
Pseudocercospora musae
Pseudocercospora protensa
Pseudocercospora psophocarpi
Pseudocercospora stahlii
Pseudocercospora timorensis
Pseudocercospora ubi
Pseudocercospora ubicola
Pseudoepicoccum cocos
Pseudofavolus polygrammus
Pseudomonas cepacia
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Pseudomonas syringae pv
maculicola
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Pteroconium sp.
Puccinia arachidis
Puccinia citrata
Puccinia finschiae
Puccinia kuehnii
Puccinia nakanishikii
Puccinia operta
Puccinia paullula
Puccinia polysora
Puccinia purpurea
Puccinia sorghi
Pyrenochaeta sp.
Pyricularia grisea
Pyricularia oryzae
Pyricularia zingiberi
Pythium arrhenomanes
Pythium butleri
Pythium carolinianum
Pythium deliense
Pythium irregulare
Pythium myriotylum
Pythium spendens
Pythium vexans
Radopholus similis
Ramichloridium musae
Ramularia deusta
Ramularia phaseoli
Ramularia sp.
Ramularia oryzae
Ramulispora sacchari
Rhabditis sp.
Rhizoctonia solani
Nematode
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Nematode
See Periconiella musae & Veronaea musae
See Mycovellosiella phaseoli
See Mycovellosiella phaseoli
See Mycovellosiella oryzae
Nematode
See Thanatephorus cucumeris
Rhizopus nigricans
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rigidoporus lignosus
Rigidoporus microporus
Rotylenchus sp.
Sarcopodium vanillae
Schiffnerula mirabilis
Sclerospora sacchari
Sclerotinia fuckeliana
Sclerotium rolfsii
Scolecotrichum musae
Scopulariopsis brevicaulus
Scutellina badio-berberis
Scutellonema sp.
Septoria apiicola
Septoria lactucae
Septoria lycopersici
Septoria oryzae
Setosphaerica turcica
Sphaceloma batatas
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Sphaceloma fawcettii var scabiosa
Sphaceloma reiliana
Sphacelotheca reiliana
Sphacelotheca sorghi
Sphaerophragmium boanense
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Sphaerulina sp.
Spaerulina oryzina
Spongospora subterranean
Sporidesmium macrurum
Stachylidium bicolor
Stagonospora sacchari
Stagonospora sp.
Stemphylium lycopersici
Stigmina mangiferae
Streptomyces scabies
Synchytrium minutum
Synchytrium phaseoli
Synchytrium psophocarpi
Talaromyces flavus
Taphrina deformans
Tetraploa aristate
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Thanatephorus sasakii
Thielaviopsis paradoxa
Tiarosporella madreeya
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae
Trematosphaerella bambusae
Trichobotrys pannosa
Trichoconiella padwickii
Trichoderma sp.
293
See Rhizopus stolonifer
Nematode
Bacterium
294
Trichoderma koningii
Trichoderma viridus
Trichometasphaeria turcica
Tripospermum sp.
Tylenchus semipenetrans
Uncinula necator
Uredo alocasiae
Uredo artocarpi
Uredo dioscoreae-sativae
Uredo hiulca
Uredo musae
Uredo operta
Uredo palmifoliae
Uredo passiflorae
Uromyces appendiculatus
Uromyces dolichi
Uromyces fabae
Uromyces leptodermus
Uromyces musae
Uromyces phaseoli
Uromyces setariae-italicae
Uromyces viciae-fabae
Uromyces vignae
Ustilaginoidea virens
Ustilago avenae
Ustilago maydis
Ustilago zeae
Ustulina deusta
Veronaea musae
Verrucispora proteacearum
Verticillium intertextum
Verticillium sp.
Volutella sp.
Wentiomyces javanicus
Xanthomonas campestris pv
aracearum
Xanthomonas campestris pv
betlicola
Xanthomonas campestris pv citri
Xanthomonas campestris pv
campestris
Xanthomonas campestris pv
glycines
Xanthomonas campestris pv
vesicatoria
Xanthomonas citri
Xanthomonas phaseoli
Xiphinema sp.
Xylohypha sp.
Zygosporium gibbum
Zygosporium parasiticum
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
Bacterium
See Xanthomonas campestris var. citri
Bacterium
Nematode
295
Page
Myrothecium roridum
Cephaleuros virescens
Cephaleuros virescens
36
97
274
214
60
261
61
42
82
225
95
253
237
43
62
132
42
98
44
215
63
126
262
87
263
139
148
226
45
46
105
64
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Colletotrichum musae
Colletotrichum gloeosporoides
Colletotrichum capsici
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella cingulata
Armillaria mellea
Ascochyta dolichi
Aspergillus niger
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Xanthomonas campestris
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Xanthomonas campestris
Xanthomonas campestris
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Phyllachora musicola
Uromyces musae
Ganoderma lucidum
Uromyces appendiculatus
Acroconidiellina arecae
Lembosia pandani
Alternaria brassicae
Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. difformis
Xanthomonas campestris
Ceratocystis fimbriata
Deightoniella torulosa
Colletotrichum capsici
Penicillium italicum
Pseudocercospora fuligena
Mycosphaerella henningsii
Cladosporium colocasiae
Fulvia fulvum
Phellinus noxius
Gaeumannomyces graminis
127
91
47
89
209
49
225
261
103
227
94
216
228
98
106
296
Alternaria passiflorae
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
Cercospora longipes
Bipolaris stenospila
Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
Phytophthora palmivora
Radopholus similis
Cercospora canescens
Macrophomina sp. and others
Ramichloridium musae
Chlorotic spot virus
Tylenchus semipenetrans
Cladosporium musae
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Athelia rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii & Aspergillus niger
Athelia rolfsii
Macrophomina phaseolina
Fusarium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
Bean common mosaic virus
Puccinia sorghi
Streptomyces scabies
Cordana musae
Ustilago zeae
Setosphaerica turcica
Cordana musae
Peronospora parasitica
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Plasmopara viticola
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Peronosclerospora sacchari
Bipolaris incurvata
Fusarium oxysporium
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Bipolaris sacchari
Synchytrium minutum
Synchytrium phaseoli
Synchytrium psophocarpi
Ustilaginoidea virens
Sugarcane Fiji disease virus
Ramularia phaseoli
Glomerella cingulata
Choanephora cucurbitarum
Gibberella fujikuroi
Guignardia musae
Didymella lycopersici
Fusarium oxysporium
129
167
179
182
229
107
50
65
203
54
130
101
55
252
66
251
140
264
67
68
112
149
51
113
119
264
264
51
268
90
115
249
160
181
108
150
258
182
69
69
70
168
183
71
253
72
169
52
230
204
297
Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici
Fusarium equiseti
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
Penicillium digitatum
Alternaria brassicae
Pestaliopsis palmarum
Cercospora sorghi
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Sphacelotheca reiliana
Phellinus noxius
Phellinus noxius
Cucumber mosaic virus
Phytophthora infestans
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
Alternaria porri
Phomopsis ipomeae-batatas
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Potato leaf roll virus
Diplocarpon earlianum
Stagonospora sacchari
Entyloma oryzae
Ramichloridium musae
Cladosporium musae
Pseudocercospora artocarpi
Cercospora physalidis
Alternaria dauci
Mycosphaerella holci
Mycosphaerella cruenta
Pseudocercospora protensa
Alternaria cichorii
Mycosphaerella alocasiae
Bipolaris panici-miliacei
Ascochyta citri
Cylindrosporium dioscoreae
Guignardia dioscoreae
Septoria lactucae
Mycosphaerella caricae
Mycosphaerella pinodes
Mycovellosiella cajani
Cercospora taccae
Cercospora citrullina
Ascochyta rhei
Trichoconiella padwickii
Cercospora beticola
Colletotrichum orbiculare
Cercospora vexans
Leptosphaeria sacchari
Pseudocercospora timorensis
Neojohnstonia colocasiae
Septoria lycopersici etc
170
101
91
109
117
73
119
248
248
53
151
66
116
122
206
217
152
259
184
171
54
55
84
245
118
65
199
238
238
252
133
74
75
161
172
257
162
185
205
218
231
298
Pseudocercopsora psophocarpi
Botryotinia fuckeliana
Haplobasidion musae
Peanut marginal chlorosis virus
Diaporthe medusaea
Cucumber mosaic virus
Dasheen mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
Probably watermelon mosaic virus
Cowpea mosaic virus
Cercospora oryzae
Puccinia kuehnii
Taphrina deformans
Tranzschelia discolor
Mycosphaerella arachidis
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
Cowpea mild mottle virus
Puccinia arachidis
Leptosphaerulina trifolii
Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Phanerochaete salmonicolor
Gibberella fujikuroi
Potato virus x
Potato virus y
Oidium sp.
Uncinula necator
Oidium sp.
Oidium sp.
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Spongospora subterranea
Viroid
Glomerella tucumanensis
Pseudomonas rubrilineans
Pyricularia oryzae
Phaeocytostroma sacchari
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
Meloidogyne spp.
Phytophthora nicotianae
Phytophthora spp. & Pythium spp.
Phytophthora palmivora
See bean rust
Uredo artocarpi
Uromyces viciae-fabae
81
123
56
142
102
53
134
219
232
163
76
37
173
186
134
254
255
141
141
142
143
144
145
131
276
187
260
188
153
154
269
38
250
135
164
77
78
155
189
190
191
192
174
193
92
271
39
220
136
85
79
299
Cerotelium fici
Puccinia finschiae
Uredo palmifoliae
Uromyces setariae-italicae
Puccinia sorghi
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Puccinia kuehnii
Sphaceloma fawcettii
Elsinoe batatas
Diplocarpon earlianum
Septoria apiicola
Thanatephorus sasakii
Phyllosticta colocasiae
Corynespora cassiicola
Mycosphaerella musicola
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Colletotrichum circinans
Sphacelotheca reiliana
Many fungal species
Bipolaris maydis
Puccinia polysora
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Sarcopodium vanillae
Athelia rolfsii
Magnaporthe salvinii
Sugarcane mosaic virus
Ceratocystis fimbriata
Rhizopus stolonifer
Phyllachora minutissima
Phyllachora sacchari
Alternaria solani
Alternaria solani
Phytophthora colocasiae
Tomato spotted wilt virus
Puccinia polysora
Deightoniella papuana
Verticillium albo-atrum
Ceratocystis paradoxa
Mycovellosiella oryzae
Pseudocercospora psophocarpi
Mycoplasma-like organism
Colletotrichum capsici
Glomerella cingulata
Dactylaria dioscoreae
Pseudocercospora ubicola
Pseudocercospora ubi
Xanthomonas sp.
Glomerella cingulata
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
Phyllosticta dioscoreae
Uredo dioscoreae-sativae
247
200
200
112
239
80
186
103
208
259
246
175
221
137
48
241
124
119
270
116
120
110
146
176
194
209
210
201
195
156
233
222
234
120
196
157
256
177
81
211
95
95
240
241
239
and
and
Yellow leaf mould kudzu
Yellow spot, sugarcane
300
Goplana australis
Goplana dioscoreae
Mycovellosiella puerariae
Mycovellosiella koepkei
71
197
301
302