K

(P

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF
PLANTS DESCRIBED BY BLANCO AND BY LLANOS

BY

E. D. MERRILL

MANILA
BUREAU OF PAINTING
151862

S-0
APjRox 192J

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

BUREAU OF SCIENCE
MANILA

Publication No. 13
(Actual date of publication, June 15, 1918.)

CONTENTS

Page.

5
7

PREFACE
INTRODUCTION

The first edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas

The second edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas
The third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas
List of plates in the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas
that represent species not described by Blanco or by Llanos...
The Novissima Appendix
Species described by Fernandez-Villar and Naves in the Novissima Appendix
Contemporary opinions regarding Blanco's work and the early
attempts to elucidate his species
The work of local investigators on Blanco's Flora de Filipinas...
Llanos
Fernandez-Villar and Naves
Merrill
Factors to be considered in interpreting Blancoan species
The exsiccatae "Species Blancoanae"
SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES....

Thallophyta
Pteridophyta
Spermatophyta
Gymnospermae
Angiospermae
Monocotyledonae
Dicotyledonae
INDEX

7
8
9
12
14
18
21
24
25
26
26
27
36
39
39
41
52
52
53
53
118
387

PREFACE
Blanco's Flora de Filipinas was first issued in 1837; followed
by a second edition in 1845, printed a few months after the
author's death; and a third edition published in 1877-83 under
the auspices of the Augustinian Order of which Blanco was a
member. The publication is merely a conventional one, incomplete, imperfect, and presenting no innovations in taxonomy.
Naturally the work is chiefly of local interest, as a high percentage of the species described are confined to the Philippines.
To the student of the Philippine flora, as such, and to authors
of monographs and revisions of families and genera extending
to the Philippines, it is important that the status of Blanco's
species be determined. However, as no botanical material representing Blanco's species was preserved by him, or if preserved, is no longer extant, the matter of determining the
identity of very many of his species presents by no means a
simple problem. The object of the present work is to record
what I have been able to determine regarding the status of
Blanco's species and their relationships with those described
by other authors, based on sixteen years experience in prosecuting botanical work in the Philippines.
Hooker f.1 considered that, on account of the unsatisfactory
nature of Blanco's work, it was undesirable to devote time to
the identification of his species; which, perhaps, well reflects
the attitude of the botanists of the middle of the last century.
No botanist, not primarily interested in the Philippine flora,
was in a position to do much actual work on the status of
Blanco's species, and up to the immediate present data and
material by which Blanco's species could satisfactorily be determined have not been available. Thus, in general, Blanco's species
were considered to be of little importance and, being difficult
of interpretation to the average botanist working only with
dried material, were frequently ignored or briefly discussed as
unknown or imperfectly known ones by authors of various
monographs.
The necessity for a critical determination of the status of
Blanco's species and of their relationships with those described
'Hooker, J. D., and Thomson, T.
Essay 56.

Flora Indica 1 (1855) Introductory

5

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

by other authors is a natural corollary of the general acceptance

of the principle of priority in the selection of the names of
species where synonymy is involved. The matter has already
been discussed by me in connection with my detailed study
of the species described in Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense,2
from which the following passage (p. 43) is quoted:
Up to the close of the last century comparatively little attention was
given to the question of priority in the names of plants, and many authors
accepted or changed generic and specific names at will. It is true that in
a majority of cases names well established were generally accepted, but
changes were often made for the most trivial reasons. In work prosecuted
under these lax but easy methods of selecting names for plants, the exact
identity of obscure species was a matter of relatively slight importance.
With the establishment and general acceptance of the principle of priority in selecting the name of species, it has become important, from the view
point of stability of nomenclature, to determine so far as possible the exact
status of the species described by older authors. It would admittedly be
convenient if many of the names proposed by early authors could be discarded, but if we ignore a species of one author, any botanist at any time
would be justified in likewise ignoring species proposed by any other
author, which would result in a veritable chaotic condition in nomenclature.
We can no longer look on the work of this or that author, no matter how
incomplete or imperfect, as unworthy of consideration, nor can we accept
Hooker's dictum regarding species proposed by such authors as Blanco,
that it was undesirable to devote time to their identification.

E. D. MERRILL.
MANILA,
1

P. I., June 15, 1917.

Merrill, E. D. An interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense. Bureau of Science, Manila (1917) 1-595.

INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST EDITION OF BLANCO'S FLORA DE FILIPINAS

The first edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas 3 was printed

in Manila in 1837. It is an octavo volume consisting of a prologue, a general introduction, and the systematic arrangement
and description of about 903 species under binomial names. The
work is written wholly in Spanish. The prologue briefly relates the circumstances under which the work was prepared
and contains a review of the botanical work accomplished by
Blanco's predecessors in the Philippines; namely, Fathers Clain,
Delgado, Mercado, and Santa Maria, but with no mention of
the vastly more important work of Camel ; and a brief mention
of the work of Ne and Pineda, of the Malaspina Expedition,
but no mention of the more important explorations of Haenke,
of the same expedition. The general introduction, occupying
pages IX-LXXVIII, consists of an explanation of the terms used
in descriptive botany and an explanation of the Linnean system
of classification, with a list of the admitted genera arranged
under their Linnean classes.
The generic descriptions are greatly abbreviated, but the
specific descriptions are usually long and detailed, although
often general in nature; some of them are very short and imperfect. To these are often added long or short discussions,
giving data of economic importance, occurrence, time of flowering, native names, etc. ; this supplementary data is often of more
value in locating and interpreting Blanco's species than are the
descriptions themselves. The work is supplied with an alphabetic index to generic names; one to native names, in which
not all of the native names mentioned in the text are included;
and a tabulation of the various genera according to the economic
uses of the various species.
In the text various species that Blanco was unable to refer
to their proper generic positions are described under their native
names. These are usually placed under the Linnean classes
to which they pertain and cannot in any sense of the word be
* Flora de Filipinas. Segn el Sistema sexual de Linneo.
Manuel Blanco, Agustino Calzado (1837) LXXVIII +1-887.

Por el P. Fr.

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

treated as genera, nor were they so considered by Blanco,

include descriptions of:
Alamag.
Apulong.
Balibai.
Banago.
Binonang.
Bitlag.
Calamansalai.
Calicot.
Camotain.
Corong.

Cunalon.
Doctojon.
Ge-jua.
Hinguio.
Iloilo.
Inoyaban.
Lanzones.
Lapolapo.
Loctong.

They

Longayan.
Malulucban.
Oyisan.
Palindan.
Pandapanda.
Pasac.
Patdang labuyo.
Putian.
Sangumay.

In the present work no special attempt has been made to

locate these species, except in those cases where Blanco himself
or other authors have later made them the bases of binomials.
With few exceptions none of the descriptions have any bearing
on questions of nomenclature.
The new genera proposed, all but three of which have proved
to be invalid, as indicated by the reductions here given, are:
Azaola (=Payena).
Balingayum ( = Calogyne).
Clins ( = Stre b lus ).
Cabanga ( = Canscora).
Enrila ( = Ventilago ).
Lumanaja ( = Homonoia).
Lunasia.
Malaisia.
Mamb oga ( = Mitragyna ).

Manungala (=zSamadera).
Palaquium.
Quilamum ( = Crypteronia).
Quilesia ( =Dichapetalum).
Soala ( =
?
).
Sulipa ( = Gardenia).
Tala (Limnophila).
Tayotum ( = Geniostoma).

THE SECOND EDITION OF BLANCO'S FLORA DE FILIPINAS

The second edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas4 in plan

is the same as the first. It was printed in Manila, and appeared
shortly after Blanco's death, which occurred April 1, 1845. In
the publication of this work a subsidy of 500 pesos was granted
by the local organization, La Sociedad econmica de amigos del
pas.5
In this edition about 1,132 species are described under Latin
binomials, and 27 under their native names. Four species described in the first edition are excluded while 198 are added,
making the total number of species described in the first and
* Flora de Filipinas, segn el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Por el P. Fr.
Manuel Blanco, Agustino Calzado. Segunda impresin corregida y aumentada por el mismo autor (1845) I-LIX + 1-619.
"Blair, E. H., and Robertson, J. H. The Philippine Islands 1493-1898,
50 (1907) 69; 52 (1907) 312.

INTRODUCTION

second editions under binomial or trinomial names, about 1,136.

Numerous changes in specific names occur, but these are difficult to detect except by the tedious comparisons of descriptions,
as when a name used in the first edition was altered in the
second one, the fact was not stated; there are no references
to the first edition. In many cases changes of names were
purely arbitrary, while others were made in Blanco's attempt
to reduce his own species to those of other authors; most such
changes are erroneous. The numerous typographical errors in
the second edition are probably due largely to the fact that
Blanco died before the work was printed, so that proof reading
devolved on individuals with little botanical knowledge.
In the second edition four of the generic names proposed
by Blanco in the first edition were discarded for those of
other authors, and the following new genera were described,
all of which fall as synonyms: Elcana [=Cerbera], Legazpia
[=Torenia~\, Salgada [=Cryptocary], Lanosla [=Ternstroemia], Quirosia l=Crotalaria'], and Salceda [Theo]. Thus of
the genera proposed and described by Blanco in the two editions
of his work the only valid ones are Lunasia, Malaisia, and
Palaquium, with Soala remaining as one of entirely doubtful
status.
THE THIRD EDITION OF BLANCO'S FLORA DE FILIPINAS

The sumptuous third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas 6

was prepared many years after Blanco's death and is entirely
the work of Fathers Celestino Fernandez-Villar and Andrs
Naves. The Flora de Filipinas is included in the first three
volumes and, with slight and unimportant changes, is an exact
reprint of the second edition with the addition of Latin translations of Blanco's descriptions. The authors practically succeeded
only in extending the contents of Blanco's compact second edi" Flora de Filipinas por el P. Fr. Manuel Blanco, Agustino Calzado,
adicionada con el manuscrito indito del P. Fr. Ignacio Mercado, las obras
del P. Fr. Antonio Llanos y de un apndice con todas las nuevas investigaciones Botnicas referentes al Archipilago Filipino. Gran Edicin hecha
a
expensas de la Provincia de Agustinos Calzados de Filipinas bajo la
direccin cientfica y literaria de los PP. Agustinos Calzados Fr. Andrs
Naves y Fr. Celestino Fernandez-Villar. 1 (1877) XXX + 1-350, index
I-VI; 2 (1878-79) 1-419, index I-VIII; 3 (1879) 1-271; index I-VI; 41
(1880) XVIII-f 1-108; 42 (1880) VI + 1-63; 4S (1880-83) IX + 1-375,
tt. U73. [See Merrill, E. D. The Dates of Publication of the Third Edition
of Blanco's "Flora de Filipinas." Philip. Journ. Sei. 12 (1917) Bot.
113-116.]

10

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

tion through three bulky and unwieldy folio volumes without

adding a single item to our knowledge of the Philippine flora.
Unfortunately page references to the first and second editions
are omitted.
In consideration of the date at which it was printed, it is
indeed a curious publication. The third edition follows the
Linnean system of classification, one that had been obsolete for
at least half a century. The only deviations from the second
edition are the additions of a few species from the first edition,
that Blanco himself eliminated from the second ; and occasionally
the substitution of the specific name given in the first edition
for the one given in the second. The only praise that can be
given in this glorified edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas is
that the Latin translations made Blanco's descriptions more
available to botanists generally; yet nearly forty years before,
Walpers7 had published Latin translations of about 180 of
Blanco's diagnoses of new species, which is the part of Blanco's
work of most general interest to taxonomists.
Two editions were issued, one the "edicin de lujo," the other
the "edicin econmica." The cheap edition differs from the
edition de luxe in that it is printed on less expensive paper,
and the plates are not colored. The plates differ further from
those of the edition de luxe in that they are numbered. The
cheap edition was sold at 1.25 dollars per fascicle in the Philippines, and 1.75 dollars outside of the Philippines; while the
edition de luxe was sold at 2.25 dollars and 2.50 dollars respectively, the prices in Mexican silver. Each fascicle was advertised to consist of sixteen pages of text and six plates. The
cheap edition was to consist of numbered volumes ; but the edition de luxe was to be numbered, and the edition limited to
500 copies. The plan of numbering the volumes was apparently
abandoned.
The edition de luxe, while an expensive work, is by no means
a rare one; but the cheap edition is exceedingly rare. I have
seen but a single incomplete copy of the latter, consisting of a
complete set of the text and about 140 plates. This copy is
in the library of the Bureau of Agriculture, Manila.
The fourth volume of the third edition of Blanco's Flora de
Filipinas is by far the most important part of the work. It
consists of three separately paged parts, of which the third,
the Novissima Appendix, is the only one of real value.
T

Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt.-Bericht 1-68.

INTRODUCTION

The first part8 consists of a reprint of Llanos's papers, with

his Spanish diagnoses reproduced and also translated into Latin.
It is convenient to have these descriptions reprinted, as Llanos's chief publication, his "Fragmentos," is a rare book. The
introduction consists chiefly of biographical notes relating to
Llanos's life and botanical work ; see p. 25.
The second paper, a botanical curiosity, is that of Mercado '
originally written in the last third of the seventeenth century.
It deals with the medicinal properties of various Philippine
plants and the discussions of various species include a curious
mixture of fact, superstition, and fable in many cases.10 The
scientific names added by Fernandez-Villar are not always correct. From a botanical standpoint the work is of very slight
importance, but it contains some data of economic value and is
of interest from a historical standpoint. The introduction contains biographical notes regarding Mercado, an interesting discussion of the early botanical writings of various representatives
of the religious orders in the Philippines, and a history of Mercado's manuscript. The original illustrations, in color, were
not reproduced when the paper was published.
The 473 plates, illustrating the third edition of the Flora de
Filipinas, are usually in two unbound volumes, but in some copies
they are scattered through the four volumes of text. They are
unnumbered in the edition de luxe, and their proper numbers
can be determined only by reference to the text of the Novissima
Appendix or to the list of illustrations usually found at the
end of the Novissima Appendix or sometimes placed in the first
volume of plates. This list consists of six pages numbered by
the Roman system.
The identification of the plates is the work of Naves, but there
are numerous manifest errors, both in relation to Blanco's
species they are supposed to represent and to binomials of other
* Fragmentos de Algunas Plantas de Filipinas no incluidas en la flora
de las islas de la primera ni segunda edicin dispuestas segn el sistema
Linneano por el P. Fr. Antonio Llanos, Agustino Calzado, aadidos con
otros trabajos del autor y vertidos al Latin por el P. Fr. Celestino Fernandez-Villar del mismo instituto (1880) XVI + 1-108.
* Libro de medicinas de esta tierra y declaraciones de las virtudes de los
rboles y plantas que estn en estas islas Filipinas compuesto por el P.
Predicador Fr. Ignacio de Mercado filipinense del orden de San Agustn
bijo del convento de San Pablo de Manila. Corregido ilustrado con las
clasificaciones cientficas por el P. Fr. Celestino Fernandez-Villar del mismo
instituto (1880) VI + 1-63.
"Cook, A. C. Some Filipino Botany. Plant World 4 (1901) 1-5.

12

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

authors. A large number of them refer to species that were

unknown to Blanco or at least to those that were not described
by him.
A very high percentage of the species figured are common
and well-known ones of wide geographic distribution and include
many of the common weeds and the various cultivated species,
including the commonly cultivated ornamentals, some of which
were introduced into the Philippines after Blanco's time. No
attempt was made to select the endemic species in the preparation of the plates nor to confine the illustrations to those species
not previously figured by other authors; but about 80 of the
total of 473 species figured or less than 17 per cent, represent
endemic species. In general the illustrations are good, but a
few are unrecognizable with certainty beyond the genus. In
some cases the color selections are very faulty. The detail drawings are usually insufficient, and many are poorly executed.
In order to make the present work more completely a key
to the Flora de Filipinas, I give below a list of the plates of
the third edition that do not pertain to species actually described by Blanco; those illustrating forms described by Blanco
or by Llanos are listed in the following critical discussion of
their species. For convenience the sequence follows the systematic list after the Bentham and Hooker arrangement as published
by Fernandez-Villar.
LIST OF PLATES IN THE THIRD EDITION OF BLANCO'S FLORA DE
FILIPINAS THAT REPRESENT SPECIES NOT DESCRIBED BY BLANCO
OR BY LLANOS lx
344
148
198
193
209
94
241
333
3^46

Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill.

Talauma villarii Rolfe (T. mutabilis Naves, non Blume).
Talauma coco (Lour.) Merr. (T. pwmila Blume).
Phaeanthus suberosus Hook. f. & Th. (P. malabaricus Naves, non
Bedd.).
Capparis sepiaria Linn.
Dianthus chinensis Linn.
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. (Calophyllum spectabile Willd.) (poor).
Bombycidendron vidalianum Merr. & Rolfe (Hibiscus vidalianus
Naves).
Hibiscus syriacus Linn. (poor).

11
In this list the names originally assigned by Naves to the plates are
utilized when they are the correct ones. In other cases, where Naves's
identification was wrong or when the name used by him has been discarded
for one reason or another, the correct name is given first, with Naves's
original name in parenthesis.

INTRODUCTION

13

,140 Sterculia stipularis R. Br. (S. malabonot Naves).

448 Unrecognizable, but no Sterculia; the drawing is very poor and was
probably based on a myristicaceous plant (Sterculia lanceolata Naves,
non Cav.).
312 Columbia blancoi Rolfe (C. floribunda Naves, non Kurz).
425 Muntingia calabura Linn.
410 Aglaia odorata Lour.
260 Allophylus dimorph us Radlk. (A. blancoi Naves, non Blume).
160 Crotalaria incana Linn.
79 Millettia merrillii Perk. (M. xylocarpa Naves, non Miq.).
405 Sesbania cannabina Pers. (S. aegyptiaca Naves, non Pers.).
345 Epythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. (E. lithosperma Naves, non
Blume).
319 Canavalia microcarpa (DC.) Merr. (C. virosa Naves, non W. & A.).
455 Centrosema plumieri Benth. (Clitoria plwmieri Turp.).
335 Peltophorum inerme Naves.
451 Delonix regia Raf. (Poinciana regia Boj.).
426 Cassia siamea Lam. (C. arayatensis Naves, non Llanos).
426bis Cassia surattensis Burm. f. (C. glauca Lam.).
213 Cynometra cauliflora Linn.
82 Bauhinia monandra Kurz (B. subrotundifolia Naves, non Cav.).
119 Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. (B. binata Naves, non Blanco).
Ill Bauhinia acuminata Linn. (B. tomentosa Naves, non Linn.).
392 Prosopis vidaliana Naves.
400 Leucaena glauca Benth.
454 Serianthes grandiflora Benth.
316 Albizzia lebbeck Benth.
309 Samanea saman Merr. (Pithecolobium saman Benth.).
136 Bruguiera cylindrica Blume.
200 Terminalia pellucida Presl, vel T. nitens Presl (T. sumatrana Naves,
non Miq.).
300 Xanthostemon verdugnianus Naves.
172 Psidium cujavillus Burm. f. (C. pumilum Vahl).
152 Melastoma penicillatum Naud. (M. malabathricum Naves, non Linn.).
443 Homalium panayanum F.-Vill. (H. grandiflorum Naves, non Benth.).
460 Trrchosanthes cucumerina Linn. (T. luioniana Naves).
299 Cucumis sativus Linn.
414bis Coccinia cordifolia Cogn. (C. grandis M. Roem.).
154 Gardenia augusta (Linn.) Merr. (G. florida Linn.).
431 Ixora chinensis Lam. (7. rosea Naves, non Wall.).
22 Ixora philippinensis Merr. (Ixora incarnata Naves, non DC).
368 Ageratum conyzoides Linn.
404 Synedrella nod flora Gaertn.
287 Cosmos caudatus HBK.
298 Plumbago auriculata Lam. (P. capensis Thunb.).
166 Ardisia serrata Pers.
423 Palaquium luzoniense Vidal (P. latifolium Naves, non Blanco).
105 Mimusops elengi Linn.
283 Tabernaemontana subglobosa Merr. (T. globosa Naves, non Blanco).
428bis Kickxia blancoi Rolfe (K. arbrea Naves, non Blume).

14

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

212 Hoya mbricata Dene. (Conchophyllum imbricatum Naves, non Blume).

313 Ceropegia cumingiana Dene.
28 Heliotropium ovalffolium Forsk. var. depressum Merr. (H. coromandeliiim Lehm., var. depressum DC.).
412 Argyreia mollis Choisy (A. nitida Choisy).
17 Quamoclit phoenicea Choisy (Q. coccnea Auct., non Moench.).
261, f. 2 Ipomoea sp. ? Ipomoea paniculata Naves, non Linn.) (very poor).
32 Ipomoea cairica Sweet (Convolvulus paniculatus Naves, non Linn.).
142 Capsicum annuum Linn. (C. tetragonum Mill.).
151 Cestrum nocturnum Linn.
461 Russelia juncea Zuce.
368bis Lindernia viscosa (Willd.) Merr. (Vandellia hirsuta Ham), (lower
figure).
229 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.
427 Vitex pubescens Vahl.
222 Clerndendron fragrans Vent.
430 Amaranthus paniculatus Linn.
262 Amaranthus viridis. Linn. (Euxolus caudatus Naves, non Miq.).
462 Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. (A. cordatum Naves, non Mart.).
115 Cinnamomum burmanni Blume.
459 Loranthus haenkeanus Presl (L. malifolius PresI).
444 Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb. (L. tomentosus Naves, non Blanco).
317 Muehlenbeckia platyclados Meissn. (Exocarpos cermica Naves, non
DC).
167 Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. (right-hand figure).
167 Euphorbia splendens Boj. (left-hand figure).
353 Cleistanthus blancoi Rolfe (Glutia orgyalis Naves, non Blanco).
283 Ficus arayatensis Warb. (F. microcarpa Naves, non Linn. f.).
255 Ficus caudatifoiia Warb. (Ficus urovhylla Naves, nor Wall.).
464 Alpinia speciosa (Wendl.) K. Sch. (A. cernua Naves, non Sims).
442 Costus speciosus Sm.
429 Dendrobium taurinum Lindl.
465 Vanda lamellata Lindl.
376 Belamcanda chinensis Leman (Pardanthus chinensis Ker).
271 Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. (Habranthus versicolor Naves, non Herb.).
375 Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. (Habranthus versicolot Naves, non Herb.,
var. semiplenus Naves).
422 Sanseviera zeylanica Willd.
83 Commelina nudiflora Linn. (Cyanotis cristata Naves, non Schultes t.).
467 Aneilema malabaricum (Linn.) Merr. (A. nudiflorum R. Br.).
437 Freycinetia sp. (F. luzonensis Naves, non Presl, var. heterophylla
Naves, non Miq.).
330 Typhonium motleyanum Schott (T. divaricatum Naves, non Linn.).
436 Andropogon halepensis Brot. var. propinquua Merr. (Holcus saccharatus Naves, non Linn.).
395 Asplenium nidus Linn.
THE NOVISSIMA APPENDIX

The third and last article in the fourth volume of the third
edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas is the Novissima Ap-

INTRODUCTION

15

pendix 12 and it is wholly the work of Father Celestino Fernandez-Villar and Father Andrs Naves, but mostly the actual
work of the former. Fernandez-Villar is the author of the treatment of the dicotyledonous and gymnospermous orders, pages
1 to 212, and of the monocotyledonous orders and vascular
cryptogams, from Fimbristylis bispicata on page 307 to the end
of the work. Naves is the author of the monocotyledonous
orders from page 213 to Fimbristylis nutans on page 307.
The date appearing on the title page is 1880, and the introduction is dated December 12, 1880. The printer's date for the
last part, indicated on page 375, is June 15, 1883. From an
examination of an unbound copy in which the original fascicle
covers were preserved I find that pages 1 to 272 were issued
in 1880; pages 273 to 336 were issued in 1882; and pages 337
to 375 were issued in 1883.13
As indicated in the introduction to the third edition of the
Flora de Filipinas,14 it was the intention of the authors that
the fourth part of the third edition should form a new Flora
de Filipinas, to include all the species described by Mercado,
Blanco, and Llanos; all of those described from Philippine
material by other authors; and the various undescribed species,
arranged in their natural orders. The inference implied by the
prospectus, issued in 1877, is that descriptions would be added,
but this is not definitely stated. However, owing to various circumstances the authors were obliged to abandon their original
plan in part, as indicated in the introduction to the Novissima
Appendix15 The reasons given were the enervating effect of
the climate, the impatience of the majority of the subscribers
for the termination of the work, the lack of special training
on the part of the authors, the lack of an herbarium, and the
lack of botanical publications. Further they had no means of
consulting the Philippine botanical material preserved in various
European and American herbaria and had not seen a single
specimen of the large Cuming collection, on which up to that
date most of the actual knowledge of the Philippine flora on
" Naves, A. and Fernandez-Villar, C. Novissima Appendix ad Floram
Philippinarum R. P. Fr. Emmanulis Blanco, seu enumeratio contracta
plantarum philippinensium hucusque cognitarum. Cum synonymis P.P.
Blanco, Llanos, Mercado et aliorum auctorum. (1880-1883) IX -f 1-375.
13
Merrill, E. D. The dates of publication of the third edition of Blanco's
Flora de Filipinas. Philip. Journ. Sei. 12 (1917) Bot. 113-116.
" 1 (1877) IX, X.
* Novis. App. (1880) V-IX.

16

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

the part of European authors was based. They state also that
on account of local climatic conditions, ravages of insects, etc.,
nobody had succeeded in preserving herbarium material, that
is in building up a general herbarium, and that consequently
their studies had to be based largely on fresh specimens; that
on their own part they preserved specimens only of plants that
were secured with difficulty and that were necessary for their
investigations. The Novissima Appendix then resolved itself
into a merely systematic list with synonyms, with the descriptions of thirty-three species, these either proposed as new or
redescriptions of species of other authors, chiefly of Blanco.
Except in those cases where these new species were based on
specimens in Vidal's herbarium, no material representing them
is extant. Such herbarium material as was preserved by Fernandez-Villar and Naves, apparently representing but a very
small percentage of the species they admitted as Philippine, was
destroyed with the burning of the Guadalupe convent near
Manila, February 19, 1899.16
In the Novissima Appendix all but about ten or twelve of
Blanco's and Llanos's species were accounted for to the full satisfaction of the authors, these being reduced without question
and without discussion to species of other authors. In a high
percentage of cases the reductions were made to species that
were originally described from extra-Philippine material, and
which do not occur in the Philippines. The generic reductions
for the most part are correct, but in some cases they are wrong.
The material on which the Novissima Appendix was based
was not preserved, or such specimens as were preserved are
no longer extant. The enumeration is trustworthy only in so
far as it was based on references in botanical literature that
were in turn based on actual Philippine specimens.
The Novissima Appendix is an excellent example of typographical work, and allowing for inaccuracies in the treatment
of species it is excellent from a bibliographical standpoint.
Beyond this nothing can be said in favor of the work, as it
is utterly untrustworthy in synonymy, as to the reduction of
species proposed by Blanco and by Llanos, and gives an entirely
erroneous impression of the status of the knowledge of the
Philippine flora at the time in which it was written. A total
of 4,479 species was admitted as Philippine, distributed into
Report U. S. War Dept. 1 * (1899) 390. Merrill, E. D.
in the Philippines. Philip. Bur. Agr. Bull. 4 (1903) 34.

Botanical work

INTRODUCTION

17

1,223 genera and 155 families. Of these at least one family

and 116 genera have no known representatives in the Archipelago; and about 1,948 species, or 44 per cent of the total,
do not occur in the Philippines, or at least have not been discovered in the course of the extensive field operations that have
been carried on since the year 1883. The net result of the
publication of the Novissima Appendix has been the burdening
of the Philippine botanical literature with the names of nearly
2,000 species that do not occur in the Archipelago and which
for the most part can never be placed in the synonymy of actual
Philippine species, as descriptions are lacking, and no herbarium
specimens representing them are extant.
I quote here two passages from a previous consideration of
this work which covers the other points at issue:17
The most striking example of this phase of Philippine botanythat is,
the accrediting to the Archipelago of species that do not extend to the
Philippinesis that presented by the "Novissima Appendix" to the third
edition of Blanco's "Flora de Filipinas," for which Fathers C. FernandezVillar and A. Naves are responsible. It we take into consideration the
comparatively recent date at which this work was prepared (1877-83), it is
difficult to explain the great mass of inaccurate data that was compiled by
these authors. The errors of Blanco, working between the years 1805 and
1845, and of Llanos, working between the years 1850 and 1873, sink into
insignificance when compared with those of the authors of the third edition
of Blanco's work. In spite of the more recent date at which FernandezVillar and Naves worked, their errors are caused primarily by the same
circumstances that influenced the work of Blanco and of Llanos. These
causes were essentially a lack of knowledge of the Indo-Malayan flora; a
lack of knowledge of the Philippine flora as a whole, due to insufficient
botanical exploration; a lack of botanical material, both Philippine and
extra-Philippine; a lack of botanical literature; and an inadequate conception of the principles of the geographic distribution of plants. Apparently
neither author corresponded with European botanists, and they certainly
sent no botanical material to Europe for identification or for comparison
with types preserved in various public and private herbaria.
In most cases an admitted species is followed by the indication that the
authors had seen living specimens, usually with an indication of the island,
province, and town in which the plant was alleged to have been seen, and
frequently with the citation of native names. Some admissions are based
on actual herbarium specimens from the collections of Vidal, but where
these have been checked on Vidal's specimens, the identifications are usually
found to be wrong. It seems to be apparent that the authors in compiling
the "Novissima Appendix" took the standard books that were available to
them, various monographs, Miquel's "Florae Indiae Batavae," Hooker's
"Flora of British India," so far as published, and credited to the Philip17

Merrill, E. D. Genera and species erroneously credited to the Philippine Flora. Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 171-194.
151862

18

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

pines those species they thought ought to grow in the Archipelago. In

almost no case is a reduction of Blanco's species queried, nor is a specific
identification qualified by the addition of a question mark.

In the Novissima Appendix numerous new combinations appear, these frequently" being erroneously credited to Bentham
and Hooker f. The new names are often difficult to detect, and
about forty of them have not been included in Index Kewensis
or its supplements to date. A list of these has been given
elsewhere.18 Naves in his treatment of the Orchidaceae admitted numerous nomina nuda from Boxall's manuscript list
supplied to him by Vidal. There is no way of determining the
status of these names, and accordingly the few nomina nuda
overlooked by the compilers of Index Kewensis have been
ignored by me.
The species described by Fernandez-Villar are few in number
and for the most part fall as synonyms. Below is given a complete list of those described by him as his own species, as those
of Vidal, or of Naves. The list includes redescriptions of Blancoan species, for which Fernandez-Villar usually proposed new
specific names, and the few of other authors, such as Presl,
Laguna, and Hance.
SPECIES DESCRIBED BY FERNANDEZ-VILLAR AND BY NAVES
IN THE NOVISSIMA APPENDIX
DNIenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 3.
The basis of this is Reifferscheidia speciosa Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1825)
74, t. 62, which is also the basis of Dillenia speciosa Gilg, non Thunb. It is
figured in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, t. 35^. FernandezVillar's specific name is the correct one for this endemic species.
Talauma gigantifolia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 4, non Miq.
From the brief description the form Fernandez-Villar erroneously referred to Miquel's species is Talauma angatensis (Blanco) F.-Vill.
Monocarpia blancoi F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 6.
This is nominally a new name for Macanea arbrea Blanco and the
description applies to the form Blanco described under this name. Monocarpia blancoi F.-Vill. is a synonym of Alphonsea arbrea (Blanco) Merr.;
see p. 146.
Pittosporum fernandezii Vidal ex F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 13, Cat. Pi.
Prov. Manila (1880) 17.
This is a synonym of Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.; see p. 161.
Vidalia lepidota F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 18= Kayea paniculata (Blanco)
Merr.
The Philippine plant is not referable to Mesua ? lepidota T. Andr. as
Fernandez-Villar supposed. A duplicate of Vidal's specimen on which
Fernandez-Villar's description was based is preserved in the Kew Herba" Merrill, E. D. An Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense (1917) 46-50.

INTRODUCTION

19

rium, and it is apparently a small-leaved form of Kayea paniculata (Blanco)

Merr.; see p. 267.
Vidalia garciae F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 18=Kayea garciae (F.-Vill.)
Vesque.
A duplicate of Vidal's specimen, on which the species was based, is
preserved in the Kew Herbarium. The species is apparently a valid one.
Vidalia navesii F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 18 = Kayea navesii (F.-Vill.)
Vesque.
As is the case with the two other species of Vidalia, described by Fernandez-Villar, a duplicate of Vidal's specimen on which this species was
based, is preserved in the Kew Herbarium. It is apparently a valid species
of Kayea.
Ternstroemia toquian (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 19.
This is a redescription of Llanosia toquian Blanco, the species being
certainly correctly interpreted by Fernandez-Villar; see p. 264.
Kosteletzkya batacensis (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 24.
This is a redescription of Hibiscus batacensis Blanco, Blanco's species
being correctly placed by Fernandez-Villar in the genus Kosteletzkya. Fernandez-Villar saw no specimens but interpreted the species wholly from
Blanco's description; see p. 255.
Connaropsis philippica F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 33.
Fernandez-Villar apparently had specimens of Connaropsis (Sarcotheca),
his material being from the Island of Panay. No type specimen is extant,
and no representative of the genus has appeared in our Philippine collections to date. Fernandez-Villar was certainly wrong in reducing here, as a
synonym, Averrhoa pentandra Blanco; see p. 195. His description is the
basis of Sarcotheca philippica (F.-Vill.) Hallier f. in Meded. Rijks Herb.
1910 (1911) 2.
Aegle decandra (Blanco) Naves; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 38; Vidal Cat.
PI. Prov. Manila (1880) 21.
This is a redescription of, and a new name for, Feronia ternata Blanco =
Limonia glutinosa ~B\a.nco Aegle glutinosa Merr. = Chaetospermum glutinosum (Blanco) Swingle; see p. 203. The species is figured in the third
edition of the Flora de Filipinas, t. 124.
Dysoxylum salutare F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 42.
This is a redescription of, and a new name for, Turraea viren Blanco =
Turraea decandrum Blanco=Dysoxylum blancoi Vid. Dysoxylum decandrum (Blanco) Merr.; see p. 209.
Allophylus cobbe Blume var. blancoi F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 51, non
Allophylus blancoi Blume=Allophylus dimorphus Radlk.
A common and well-known endemic species.
Gliricidia maculata HBK.; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 59.
Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of this well-known introduced species. Gliricidia maculata HBK. is a synonym of G. sapium (Jacq.)
Steud.; see p. 180.
Pterocarpus erinaceus F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 68, non Poir. = Perocarpus vidalianus Rolfe.
Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of the form Rolfe characterized as Pterocarpus vidalianus; Gagnepain, Not. Syst. 2 (1913) 371, shows
that the Philippine form is not the same as P. echinatus Pers.

20

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 82.

An ample description of this endemic species is given; it is figured in the
third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, t. 300.
Osbornia octodonta F.-Muell.; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 83.
An ample description is given of this species from Philippine specimens;
it is evident that F.-Villar was correct in his identification of Philippine
material with this Australian species.
Medinilla lagunae Vidal ex F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 89; Cat. PI. Prov.
Manila (1880) 31 (nennen nudum).
This is the first publication of the species; it was later briefly described,
and figured, by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) . 51, f. F.; a duplicate of
Vidal's type is preserved in the Kew Herbarium.
Homalium panayanum F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 84.
This is a valid, characteristic, endemic species; it is figured in the third
edition of the Flora de Filipinas as Homalium grandiflorum (non Benth.) ;
see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 246.
Homalium barandae Vidal; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 94; Cat. PI. Prov.
Manila (1880) 32.
This is a valid species. It was later figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas
(1883) t. 53, f. A; see Merrill op. cit. 245.
Homalium luzoniense F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 94.
This is a new name for specimens in Vidal's herbarium bearing the
latter's manuscript name Homalium aranga; it was later figured by Vidal,
Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) t. 53 f. B. A duplicate of Vidal's type is in the Kew
Herbarium.
Dichopsis latifolia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 124.
This is a transfer of Palaquium latifolium Blanco, with an ample redescription of the species. It is a synonym of Palaquium philippens*
(Perr.) C. B. Rob.; see p. 300.
Dichopsis olefera F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 125.
This is a transfer of Palaquium oleiferum Blanco, with a brief description from a sterile specimen. I consider Palaquium oleiferum Blanco to
be the same as Palaquium latifolium Blanco; see page 300.
Dichopsis luzoniensis F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 125=Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal.
Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of this well-known species.
It is figured in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas as Palaquium
latifolium (non Blanco), t. 1*23.
Clerodendron blancoanum F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 161.
This is a redescription of, and a new name for, Ligustrum quadriloculare
Blanco. It is a synonym of Clerodendron quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.;
see p. 335.
Myristica heterophylla F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 119,Knema glomerata
(Blanco) Merr.
Fernandez-Villar gives an ample description of this common species,
which is the basis of Knema heterophylla Warb.; see p. 151.
Quercus ovalis Blanco; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 208.
This is a redescription of Blanco's species, which was apparently correctly
interpreted by Fernandez-Villar; see p. 120.

INTRODUCTION

21

Quercus woodii Hance; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 208.

A redescription of Hance's species, the data entirely from Hance's original
diagnosis.
Quercus jordanae Laguna; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 208.
A redescription of this species, the data entirely from Laguna's original
diagnosis.
Quercus vidalii F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 209.
This form was later figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) . 92 f. B,
and rightly or wrongly has been reduced by me to Quercus jordanae Laguna; see Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 322. A duplicate of Vidal's
specimen on which it was based is preserved in the Kew Herbarium.
Quercus caraballoana F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 209.
This I have reduced to Quercus jordanae Laguna, which is apparently
the correct disposition of it. The type collection, Vidal, does not appear
to be extant.
Habenaria cordata Naves Novis. App. (1880) 251.
From the description and the locality cited, this is apparently a synonym
of Habenaria diphylla Dalz.
Semecarpus gigantifolia F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1883) 350.
This was published on June 15, 1883, but was also briefly described and
also figured as Semecarpus gigantifolia Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) XXII,
t. 32 f. A. There is no means of determining which author has priority.
The species is a most characteristic one, now represented in various herbaria
by a number of collections from various parts of Luzon.
CONTEMPORARY OPINIONS REGARDING BLANCO'S WORK AND THE
EARLY ATTEMPTS TO ELUCIDATE HIS SPECIES

In the Philippines the work of Blanco was popularly supposed to be of a very high order, and locally he was ranked
among the most eminent botanists of the world. The value
placed on his work by the Augustinian Order, of which he was
a member, was so high that in 1877-83, over thirty years after
Blanco's death, a sumptuous and very expensive third edition
of his Flora de Filipinas was issued, in six volumes, folio, of
which four volumes are text and two volumes are plates. This
edition is fully discussed elsewhere; see p. 9.
In Europe, however, Blanco's work was considered more as
a curiosity than as a valuable contribution to our knowledge of
systematic botany, and no botanist familiar with the work is
justified in giving it high rank in comparison with similar contemporary works on other countries.
The first mention of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas of which
I have any record is the rather extensive review by George
Tradescant Lay,19 who abstracts data regarding about fifteen
"Chinese Repository 7 (1838) 422-437.

22

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

species and gives some additional information based on his own

observations.
The next review that appeared is by Lindley,20 who gives a
brief summary of the contents of the first edition, estimating
the number of species described at about eleven hundred, and
enumerating the new genera proposed. Regarding the work
in general Lindley states : "A great proportion [of the species]
are referred to Linnean plants, it is needless to say with but
little probability of their belonging to them," and closes his
review with this statement: "For the opportunity of examining
this curious work I am indebted to the Hon. W. F. Strangways,
by whom it has been presented to the library of the Horticultural Society."
In 1842 Walpers 21 published a comprehensive review of the
first edition of the Flora de Filipinas, translating into Latin
the descriptions of the new species proposed by Blanco. The
consideration includes the first 447 species described, up to
and including Vatica mangachapoi, page 401. About 180 descriptions were translated into Latin. No new names appear
in this work other than Bauhinia pinnata Walp. for what should
be Bauhinia binata Blanco. The species, with this exception,
appear under the names assigned to them by Blanco. The
article closes with the statement "continuabitur," but no more
was printed as the "Litteratur-Bericht" was discontinued with
volume 16 of Linnaea.
Doctor J. K. Hasskarl22 in connection with his work of elucidating or interpreting the work of the pre-Linnaean authors
Rumphius and Rheede, commenced the publication of a critical
consideration of Blanco's species, but the work does not extend
beyond a discussion of the first thirty-three species of the first
edition, pages 1 to 24, as far as TetraTidria, Monogynia. In
attempting to elucidate the first thirty-three species described
by Blanco, Hasskarl proposed eleven new binomials, which, with
one exception, fall as synonyms ; so that it is perhaps fortunate
that the work commenced by him was never completed, or at
least never published. Hasskarl attempted to interpret Blanco's
species from the descriptions, had little knowledge of the Philippine flora, and naturally made numerous errors in his deductions and conclusions.
50

Bot. Reg. 25 (1839) Miscel. 75, 76.

"Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt.-Bericht 1-68.
a
M. Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, bersetzt und kritisch beleuchtet von J.
K. Hasskarl. Flora 47 (1864) 17-23; 49-59.

INTRODUCTION

23

The new names proposed by him are as follows :

Hellenia gracilis Hassk.Kolowratia eleguns Presl.
Zingiber blancoi Hassk. = Zingiber officinale Rose.
Roscoea nigro-ciliata Hassk. = Curcuma zedoaria Rose.
Roscoea lutea Hassk. = Curcuma zedoaria Rose.
Jasminum blancoi Hassk.=Jasminum sambac Ait.
Jasminum aculeatum Walp.23
Dicliptera viridis Ha.ssk.=Hypoestes cinerea C. B. Clarke.
Rostellularia blancoi Hassk. =Rostellularia procumbens Nees.
Didymocarpus ? blancoi Hassk.=Ilysanthes australis Merr.
Dopatrium aristatum Hassk. 1 Dopatrium junceum Ham.
Bonnaya personata Hassk.=Ilysanthes serrata Urb.

The eminent botanist J. D. Hooker24 characterizes Blanco's

Flora de Filipinas as follows :
The 'Flora de Filipinas' of Father Blanco, published at Manila in 1837,
is a botanical curiosity, written in Spanish. The descriptions are intelligible, but, from the author's want of acquaintance with scientific works,
so many well known plants are treated as new, that we consider it undesirable to devote time to their identification.

Alphonse de Candolle,25 speaks of Blanco's work as follows:

Il est regretter que ces rvrends ecclsiastiques [Blanco and Loureiro]
et mme le Pre Plumier, leur prdcesseur ne se soint pas contents d'crire
des homlies. Bonnes on les aurait lues, mauvaises on les aurait mises de
ct; tandis qu' en histoire naturelle l'existence de certains noms et de
certaines planches rend ncessaire de consulter indfiniment les plus mauvais ouvrages.

While we must agree with these authorities regarding the

value of Blanco's work, yet it must be thoroughly understood
that Blanco made no claim to being a botanist. He definitely
states 26 that he had neither instructors nor herbaria, nor scarcely
any books. On commencing his investigations his only botanical work was the Systema Vegetabilium of Linnaeus (the edition not indicated), but later he secured other works of the same
author, Jussieu's Genera Plantarum, and other books. Regarding his work I translate Blanco's own statement:
It was never my intention to frame a treatise on plants that would be
worthy of publication. Mere curiosity impelled me to write what I cona
This new combination, based on Mogorium aculeatum Blanco, is credited
by Hasskarl to Walpers in Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt.-Bericht, where it does
not occur, the species being considered by Walpers as Mogorium aculeatum
Blanco. Jasminum aculeatum (Blanco) Walp. is apparently a valid species.
" Hooker f. and Thomson T. Flora Indica 1 (1855) Introductory Essay
56.
"La Phytographie (1880) 141.
"Fl. Filip. (1837) Prologo III.

24

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

sidered interesting, but some persons who heard of my work urged me to

publish it. This I have done after correcting many errors which were
due to haste and want of attention when it was written. I have enlarged
it as much as the circumstances in which I was placed permitted me, and,
although still containing mistakes and being far from perfect, it will at
least serve to give a limited knowledge of the great botanical wealth of this
fertile and pleasant country, and at the same time stimulate others to
proceed with the work.

Considering the circumstances under which it was written,

Blanco's Flora de Filipinas even if it is a curious work is also
a remarkable book in some respects. Few botanists in any
country or in any time have labored under greater disadvantages, and Blanco must be credited with initiative, industry,
and perseverance. Most of the facts recorded are the result
of his own observation, and even if he did make numerous
grave errors in interpretation of species, his descriptions, as
such, on the whole compare favorably with those of his contemporaries. In fact his descriptions in general, on account
of their length, are distinctly superior to the very brief diagnoses appearing in the older botanical literature as a means
of interpreting the species intended. The fact should not be
overlooked that species proposed by the early European authors,
frequently very imperfectly characterized, are more often interpreted by an examination of the actual type specimens preserved
in various public and private herbaria, than by the descriptions
themselves; in fact a very high percentage of all species described are more or less unintelligible without access to the
actual specimens, or duplicates of them, on which they were
based. Unfortunately Blanco preserved no herbarium material,
and accordingly his species must be interpreted solely by the
published data.
THE WORK OF LOCAL INVESTIGATORS ON BLANCO'S
FLORA DE FILIPINAS

In addition to Walpers's attempt to make Blanco's descriptions

of new species more generally available by translating them
into Latin, and Hasskarl's abortive attempt to interpret the
species described, the interpretation of Blanco's species has been
the subject of special work by Llanos, Fernandez-Villar and
Naves, and myself. In addition to these special works, none
of them satisfactory, species described by Blanco in various
families have been generally considered, often with little success, by authors of various monographs of families, tribes, and
genera in the past eighty years.

INTRODUCTION

25

LLANOS

Llanos, who was Blanco's immediate successor and who had

supplied data to Blanco in the preparation of the second edition
of the Flora de Filipinas, published a series of papers between
the years 1851 and 1873,27 which are of relatively slight importance and, so far as interpretations of Blanco's species are
concerned, are notoriously inaccurate. Llanos's papers are
reprinted by F.-Villar and Naves in the third edition of Blanco's
Flora de Filipinas,28 the miscellaneous descriptions being included in the reprint of Llanos's "Fragmentos," with translations
into Latin of all descriptions originally published by Llanos in
Spanish. The second and third papers given in the footnote,
are reprinted by F.-Villar and Naves under the title : "Appendix
sive tentamen aliud novi supplementi ad Floram Insularum
Philippinarum secundae editionis cum revisione aliquorum generum quae in ea continentur." 29
The "Fragmentos" consists chiefly of the descriptions of new
species or of species of older authors credited to the Philippines
by Llanos. Nearly all of the new species proposed fall as
synonyms, while most of the interpretations of the species of
older authors have been shown to be erroneous. In his "Revision aliquorum generum" sixty-eight of the species characterized by Blanco in the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas
" Llanos, A. Fragmentos de algunas plantas de Filipinas, no incluidas
en la Flora de las islas de la 1 \ ni 2 '. edicin. Dispuestas segn el
sistema Linneho por el P. Fr. Antonio Llanos, Agustino Calzado (1851)
1-125.
Revisio aliquorum generum, quae in Flora insularum Philippinarum
secundae editionis continentur. Mem. Acad. Ciee. Madr. III 4 (1857) 507509.
Nuevo apndice suplemento la Flora de Filipinas. Mem. Acad.
Ciee. Madr. III 4 (1857) 495-505, plate 1.
Columniferae-Sterculiae. Bot. Zeit. 15 (1857) 423; reprinted in Mem.
Acad. Cienc. Madr. Ill 4 (1857) 501, plate.
Encinas y otros vegetales de Filipinas. Rev- Progr. Cienc. 15 (1865)
55.
Nueva especie del genero Gynocephalum, op. cit. 55.
Nueva Urticacea de Filipinas, op. cit. 191.
Sobre la Gramnea llamada Dava en Filipinas, op. cit. 251.
Nueva descripcin del Pasac (Mimusops erythroxylon Boj.), rbol de
Filipinas, con la primera figura del mismo. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 2
(1873) 255, 256, t. 10.
El Pino de los montes del Mancayan distrito de Lepanto en la isla
de Luzon. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. I tal. 7 (1875) 209-207, t. 7.
"41 (1880) 1-108.
"Op. cit. 99-106.

26

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

were reduced to those described by other authors, but fifty-five

of the sixty-eight reductions are erroneous. Llanos, however,
realized the importance of preserving botanical material, which
his predecessor, Blanco, and his immediate successors, Fernandez-Villar and Naves, failed to appreciate. He prepared and
sent botanical specimens representing at least some of his species
to the de Candolle Herbarium at Geneva, Switzerland, and
to the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, France, where
they are still preserved. In his method of work he also showed
superiority over his colleagues in the Philippines in that he corresponded with various European botanists.
FERNANDEZ-VILLAR AND NAVES

The work of Fernandez-Villar and Naves in interpreting

Blanco's species is fully treated under the Novissima Appendix,
page 14.
MERRILL

In organizing the botanical work for the Philippine Government in 1902 it soon became apparent that a special effort must
be made to locate and to determine the status of as many of
Blanco's species as possible. Preliminary work on the subject
at once showed that the reductions proposed by FernandezVillar and Naves were very inaccurate. Accordingly, utilizing
the work of Fernandez-Villar and Naves as a basis, work was
commenced in 1903 in compiling data regarding Blanco's species,
and this work was completed the following year and published
in April, 1905.30
Fernandez-Villar and Naves placed to their entire satisfaction
all but about ten or twelve of the species described by Blanco,
but an elementary knowledge of the Philippine flora showed
at once that a high percentage of their reductions was wrong,
as in numerous cases Blanco's species were reduced to those
of other authors that were not known to occur in the Archipelago. My work was compiled when my knowledge of the Philippine Flora was exceedingly limited, when the local herbarium,
the preparation of which was commenced in 1902, contained
but a few thousand specimens, and when the library facilities
available in Manila were very inadequate.
The species were arranged in the Bentham and Hooker sequence of families, under each Blancoan species being given
the references to the first and second editions, the native names
* Merrill, E. D. A Review of the Identifications of the Species described
in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. Govt. Lab. Publ. [Philip.] 27 (1905) 1-132.

INTRODUCTION

27

cited by Blanco, and the reduction so far as such reduction

could be determined. When necessary additional data were
given, such as the locality in which Blanco observed the species,
the time of flowering, and other brief notes. The species of
uncertain status were indicated by an asterisk, these totaling
two hundred and thirty-six.
Too much dependence was placed on the generic identifications
of Fernandez-Villar and Naves, which for lack of special knowledge of the problem I was obliged to accept, in whole or in part,
in 1904. With a more intensive knowledge of the Philippine
flora and a critical study of Blanco's descriptions it has become
clear that they were totally wrong in their reductions in
numerous cases.
Appended to the systematic enumeration was an index to Latin
names used by Blanco in the first and second editions of the
Flora de Filipinas, giving page references to my own work, to
the first, second, and third editions of the Flora de Filipinas,
and to the Novissima Appendix of Fernandez-Villar and Naves.
A supplementary index to native names was also included for
convenience in field work.
The object of this work, which succeeding events justified, was
thus stated:
The present paper has been prepared in order to summarize in convenient
form our present knowledge of the species of plants described by Blanco
and to call especial attention to such as are at present unknown, in order
that collectors in the future may have some guide in collecting material
which may serve to clear up the identity of some of his unknown species
* * *. For the best interests of Philippine botany it is very essential
that every effort be made to properly identify the large number of unknown
species proposed by Blanco, as with so many in our flora a stable nomenclature cannot be established until the majority are properly identified.

From time to time various Blancoan species were discussed

by me in miscellaneous papers on the Philippine flora, and one
supplementary special paper was issued on the subject.31 In
this paper critical notes are given on forty-eight of Blanco's
species that were for the most part not definitely placed in my
first paper on Blanco's species.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN INTERPRETING BLANCOAN SPECIES

In the first and second editions of his Flora de Filipinas

Blanco described a total of 1,136 plants under binomial or trinomial names; the trinomials for the most part occur under
" Merrill, E. D. Additional identifications of the species described in
Blanco's Flora de Filipinas Philip. Journ. Sei. 2 (1907) Bot. 429-436.

28

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Oryza, all here proposed being properly reducible to Oryza

sativa Linn., and under Musa, these being mostly cultural forms
of Musa sapientum Linn, or M. paradisiaca Linn. Owing to
changes in nomenclature in the second edition, the total number
of names proposed by Blanco for his 1,136 species and varieties
is about 1,386.
A critical study of Blanco's species has shown that he frequently described the same species twice, or sometimes three
or even four times under different specific names, either in the
same or in different genera. In about 143 cases reductions have
been made in this connection, so that the total number of different species actually described by Blanco is but about 993
assuming that the fifty species, still of doubtful status, are
really distinct from the forms otherwise described by Blanco.
Fernandez-Villar and Naves reduced all but about ten or
twelve of Blanco's species, while in my previous consideration
of the work, I indicated two hundred and thirty-six as of doubtful status. This number has now been reduced to about fifty,
which for one reason or another I have been unable to interpret.
In many cases these remaining doubtful species are those very
briefly and imperfectly described, and there is little reason to
believe that such species can be located. In other cases it is
entirely probable that data and material may eventually be
secured by which some of the species can be located and their
status determined.
Blanco published about 686 new binomials and trinomials, of
which approximately 195 supply the valid specific names for
the various species under the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature. Wherever Blanco's names can be shown to
be valid, they have been accepted by me, the others being reduced
in the following critical enumeration.
Six hundred and ninety binomials originally proposed by other
authors were assigned by Blanco to Philippine species described
by him, on the assumption in each case that the Philipine plant
really represented the species originally described under the
same binomial. Blanco's percentage of error in interpreting
species of other authors is remarkably high, which, however,
was only the natural result of his methods of work. Over four
hundred of these binomials, or about 60 per cent, were misapplied.
I have invariably assumed that these misinterpreted binomials
are invalid, which is the only logical method of treating them.
Hallier f.,32 however, takes a different view of this matter, as
"Beihefte Bot. Centralbl.

34a (1916) 42.

INTRODUCTION

29

indicated by his proposition to adopt Exacum albens Blanco

(1837) non Linnaeus (1753) as the valid name for the Malayan
plant commonly but erroneously referred to Exacum tetragonum
Roxb. Exacum albens Linn, is the name-bringing synonym of
Sebaea albens R. Br., and as a synonym Hallier, like many other
botanists, does not recognize that it invalidates the use of the
same specific name for another species of Exacum. If this principle be applied to all of Blanco's misinterpreted binomials, his
specific names would have to be adopted in numerous cases. I
hold that the publication of a binomial, whether such binomial be
valid or a synonym, invalidates the future use of the same specific
name for any other species under the same generic name; any
other method of treating such names merely adds to the chaotic
condition of binomial nomenclature.
In determining the status of Blanco's species many factors
must be taken into consideration. The supplementary data given
by Blanco for his various species are not infrequently of greater
importance in determining his species than are the descriptions
themselves. Utilizing our vast amount of accumulated data on
the Philippine flora and our fairly intensive knowledge of the
flora of those regions chiefly explored by Blanco, and comparing
our material and data with Blanco's descriptions, it has been possible to determine with a definite degree of certainty the identity
of a high percentage of his species. This even applies in those
cases where his descriptions are faulty or erroneous ; short and
very imperfect; and where they are based on material originating from two different species or even from representatives
of different genera or families. Much of the data necessary to
a clear understanding of many of the species could, of necessity,
be secured only by field work with special reference to the
problem.
Previous attempts to determine just what Blanco intended
by many of his species have in many cases proved abortive.
European botanists working only with dried specimens ; with no
knowledge of the Philippine flora from actual field work; with
few or no notes accompanying their dried specimens; with
no knowledge of the local names and uses of plants, their occurrence, relative abundance, time of flowering or fruiting, and
other factors, have naturally been unable in many cases properly to interpret Blancoan species, and authors of various monographs have accordingly been obliged to compile descriptions
from the data given by Blanco and to treat numerous species
as unknown or imperfectly known.
Local botanists up to the beginning of the present century

30

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

were handicapped by a lack of knowledge of the Philippine flora,

due to insufficient exploration; by the consequent lack of herbaria ; and by the lack of literature. Above all they were limited
by their lack of knowledge of the Indo-Malayan flora. The
work of Llanos, Fernandez-Villar, and Naves in interpreting
Blancoan species is noteworthily faulty, inexact, and not to
be trusted. Their knowledge of the Indo-Malayan flora was
gained entirely from a study of the scanty literature that was
available to them ; they had no true conception of the principles
of geographic distribution of plants; and they failed to realize
the very high percentage of endemism that characterizes the
Philippine flora. While they may have had a fairly good knowledge of Blanco's species as such, their reductions of them to
Indo-Malayan species that do not extend to the Philippines are
notoriously erroneous in a high percentage of cases.
While Blanco called his work a Flora of the Philippines, it
is manifest that he did not intend it as a complete flora. It
contains descriptions of not more than one-tenth of the species
that actually occur in the Archipelago. He definitely states
that he included what he considered to be of value or interest, and
not infrequently discusses this or that species as being worthy
of a place in his work. As noted elsewhere no exhaustive field
work was undertaken, the vast areas of virgin forests were
scarcely explored, and no attention was given to the rich and
characteristic vegetation of the higher mountains. Large and
critical families such as the Orchidaceae, Gramineae, and Cyperaceae, and the Pteridophyta were largely ignored, only a few
of the more conspicuous or common species of each group or
those of economic importance being described. Thus among the
few grasses described we find rice, Italian millet, maize, sugar
cane, sorghum, a few bamboos, and a few of the more common
and conspicuous or curious non-cultivated grasses. The same
is generally true of all the larger families of plants. Cultivated
plants, ornamentals, and native species of economic importance
were given prominence.
Blanco, having no conception of the principles of geographic
distribution of plants, was influenced in his selection of generic
and specific names by the limited literature at his command. He
made no attempt in the first edition of his flora to account for
species actually described from Philippine material by other
authors, but did attempt to interpret a few such species in the
second edition. Many indigenous and endemic species he identified with species of other authors, based on American material,
yet on the other hand described as new various species of Amer-

INTRODUCTION

31

ican origin that had been introduced and were cultivated or

naturalized in the Philippines. Many of the forms he described
as new were based on material originating in the settled areas
at low altitudes, species for the most part common and of wide
geographic distribution, with the result that a high percentage
of his new species must be reduced as synonyms of species
previously described by other authors, as in general but about
12 per cent of the species found in the settled areas at low and
medium altitudes in the Philippines are endemic.
It is a well-known fact that Blanco did not permanently preserve botanical material,33 although it seems probable that he
did preserve temporarily some specimens, which in the course
of time were destroyed, as their value was not realized. Most
of his descriptions were based on fresh material collected by
himself or brought to him by other persons ; but some descriptions were based on dried specimens received from his various
colleagues, notably from Azaola, and later from Llanos. From
Blanco's own statement34 it is evident that he did not accomplish
any great amount of field work, at least in the sense of botanical
exploration as such.
Further his botanical work was intermittent and extended
over a period of many years. He definitely states 35 that on
account of the great difficulty in securing material and data he
at times became so discouraged that sometimes entire years
passed in which he added nothing to his notes. It is then naturally to be expected, that descriptions written at long intervals
would scarcely be comparative, even within the same genus,
especially in view of the fact that many of them were written
as he had opportunity to examine plants in the course of his
travels and when he naturally did not have access to his own
notes. The fact that he preserved no material for purposes of
future study and comparison explains many discrepancies in
his descriptions, and the reason why he often described the
same species twice under different names in the same or in
different genera.
** Botanical material preserved in the herbarium of the Jardin Botnico,
Madrid, credited to Blanco by Colmeiro [Bosquejo Hist. Jard. Bot. Madrid
88], and by A. de Candolle [La Phytographie (1880) 395] has been shown
by Vidal [Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 14] not to have been collected or
transmitted by Blanco.
* Fl. Filip. (1837) 728, sub. Quercus cerris, translation: For those who
love the study of nature it is truly lamentable that neither prayers, supplications, nor money will bring to the light of knowledge the precious things of
the Philippine forests.
"Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) Prologo III.

32

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

From his method of work errors were unavoidable. These

errors consisted of faulty original observations which could not
be later corrected by consultation of specimens on which the
original descriptions were based ; of descriptions, in some cases,
of individual species based on material originating from entirely
different plants, sometimes belonging in distinct families; of
describing the same species twice under different genera, once
from flowering specimens and once from fruiting specimens;
and, from placing too much dependence on the Linnean system of
classification, by describing the same species twice under different
genera, in different classes, from flowering specimens. Thus
Paliurus lamio Blanco is based on leaves and flowers of some
species of Canarium of the Burseraceae, and a fruiting specimen of Dracontomelum of the Anacardiaceae; Trichilia volubilis
Blanco, a species of wholly doubtful status, is apparently based
on leaf specimens of some species of Derris of the Leguminosae,
perhaps on the fruits of some meliaceous plant, and as to the
properties and native names ascribed to it, Albizzia saponaria,
Benth. ; Cedrela taratara Blanco is apparently based on the wood
of Pterocarpus of the Leguminosae, and perhaps the leaves of
some species of Dysoxylum or Aglaia of the Meliaceae; Illigera
luzonensis (Presl) Merr. is described from flowering specimens as
Gronovia ternata Blanco, and from fruiting specimens as Halesia
ternata Blanco; Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr. is described
both as Excaecaria sicca Blanco and as Crotn drupaceum Blanco ; Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. is described both as Pongatium
spongiosum Blanco and as Reichelia palustris Blanco ; Plectronia
glandulosa (Blanco) Merr. is described as Ixora glandulosa
Blanco and again as Polyozus bipinnatus Blanco. There are
numerous other similar cases.
In some cases species were named and described from the
statements of others; that is, on hearsay evidence. Notable
examples of this are Mangifera anisodora Blanco, which is manifestly nothing but a form of the common Mangifera indica Linn.,
and Musa paradisiaca var. ulnaris Blanco. In the case of this
banana Blanco states that it was known only to the Negritos of
Bataan, and that the fruits were a braza in length, that is about
two meters, that they were as thick as the calf of one's leg,
and that the raceme was reduced to a solitary fruit. In all
probability this relation was based primarily on the banana
locally known as tundoc, the largest one in the Philippines, the
fruits of which are about 30 centimeters in length.
While Blanco correctly treated many of the genera proposed

INTRODUCTION

33

by previous authors, numerous others were misinterpreted. In

many cases his conception of the genus was very vague, and he
often assigned to a generic name species that manifestly belong
in entirely different genera or in entirely distinct families.
Thus Paederia includes representatives of both Paederia and
Psychotria; Izora contains species of Ixora, Scyphiphora, and
Plectronia; Stercidia contains species of Sterculia, Knema, and
perhaps Myristica; Nauclea contains representatives of the
closely allied Nauclea (Sarcocephalus) and Neonauclea, and also
of the entirely distinct araliaceous genus Schefflera ( Cephaloscheera) ; Mimosa includes species of Acacia, Pithecolobium,
Schrankia, Mimosa, Albizzia, Pterolobium, Adenanthera, and
Parkia. This list could be greatly extended, but enough is given
to indicate some of the difficulties encountered in dealing with
Blanco's genera.
In various descriptions Blanco has misconstrued certain characters. Thus the distichous leaves on the branchlets of certain
rubiaceous and myrtaceous plants are frequently described as
pinnate or even as bipinnate leaves. On the contrary he sometimes described leaflets of pinnate leaves as simple leaves. Thus
it frequently happens that one must construe Blanco's descriptions rather than to take his use of technical terms as always
strictly correct. In a few cases galls have been described as
fruits, a notable case being that of the echinate galls of Shorea
guiso Blume; from such material Blanco described the species
as Euphoria malaanonan Blanco, which is considered in the
second edition as "Euphoria ? nephelium?" He realized from
his specific name malaanonan that he was dealing with a dipterocarpous tree; yet on account of its Nephelium-lke "fruits"
(really galls), he later placed it in the genus Euphoria of the
Sapindaceae.
In numerous cases Blanco gives the exact locality in which
he observed the species described. His material was for the
most part from Luzon, and chiefly from the provinces near
Manila. The regions from which most of his material was secured are what is now Rizal Province, especially from the vicinity
of Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Union, llocos Sur, and llocos
Norte, and a few from other provinces such as Cavit, Bataan,
Cagayan, Camarines, Tayabas, etc. Few species were from
other islands than Luzon, such as Mindoro, Marinduque, Cebu,
Negros, and Bohol, but none were from as far south as Mindanao.
Most of his material was from the easily accessible regions at
low altitudes, from the settled areas in the immediate vicinity
151862

34

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

of towns, second-growth forests and thickets, but little from

the virgin forests, and none from the higher mountains. Even
from medium altitudes but few species were described, the notable ones being but four, Pinus taeda Blanco (=P. insularis
Endl.), Llanosia toquian Blanco (=T'ernstroemia toquian F.Vill.), Blechnum colobrinum Blanco (=Oleandra neriiformis
Cav), and Nepenthes alata Blanco. Naturally in searching for
material to elucidate or represent Blanco's species the actual
field work must in large part be confined to low altitudes and to
those regions from which Blanco received his material.
As Blanco frequently mentioned the exact locality in which
he observed many of his species, this factor has been of especial
importance in the identification of them. It has thus been possible to locate many of his species by field work in special localities. To illustrate this matter a few special cases will suffice:
Borago indica Linn. = Trichodesma indicum R. Br. was correctly interpreted by Blanco in the second edition of his Flora
de Filipinas. Blanco states that he observed it in peanut plantations in the town of Paranaque south of Manila. This annual
weed has persisted in this locality, can now be found in practically
every peanut plantation in Paranaque, but has scarcely been
detected elsewhere in the Philippines. Mimosa quadrivalvis
Linn.=Schrankia quadrivalvis (Linn.) Merr. was correctly interpreted by Blanco in the first edition of the Flora de Filipinas ;
Blanco's description applies unmistakably to this species, which
was introduced from Mexico apparently at an early date. Up to
the year 1907, no collector had found this species in the Philippines, and I had about concluded that it had become extinct
in the Archipelago when a single fragmentary specimen was
received from Mindanao. Blanco's specimens were from Mainit,
Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, and exploration of this
locality in 1915 showed that the species is now very abundant
in the place where Blanco observed it some time before the year
1837. Thus Cynanchum viminale Blanco = Sarcostemma brunonianum W. & A. is still very abundant at Punta de Azufre,
Batangas Province, Luzon, where Blanco observed it, but is
known from but few other localities in the Philippines; and
Adelia papillaris Blanco = Mallotus papillaris Merr., very inadequately described by Blanco, can still be found in thickets in
the neighborhood of Guadalupe, the type locality of the species.
In other cases special species cannot now be found within
many miles of the localities mentioned by Blanco in his descriptions. In the more densely populated parts of the Philippines

INTRODUCTION

35

the vegetation has suffered enormously in the past century. In

Blanco's time it is evident from his own statements that virgin
forests existed in the immediate vicinity of the town of Angat,
Bulacan Province, Luzon ; to-day one must travel for many hours
from Angat before he can find any vestiges of the virgin forest.
The original vegetation has been destroyed by the primitive prevalent caingin system of agriculture; that is by felling and
burning the trees on a selected area, abandoning this area
after one or two seasons, and clearing another one. The virgin
forest thus destroyed is replaced by thickets and second-growth
forests in aspect and in constituent species totally different from
the original vegetation; by dense bamboo thickets; or by open
grasslands characterized especially by the dominance of the
cogon, or lalang grass (Imperata).
It must be fully realized, in attempting to interpret Blanco's species, that the Philippine flora is a very complex one.
While very many of Blanco's species are naturally of wide geographic distribution, others are very local. It is not sufficient
to base an interpretation of many of Blanco's species on a
specimen labelled "Philippines" as a high percentage of our
species are strictly local, and very many are known from but a
single locality. Whenever possible a Blancoan species should be
interpreted by specimens originating as near as possible to the
exact place indicated by Blanco, that is, by topotypes.
In very many cases the native names cited by Blanco and by
Llanos have furnished the first clue to the identity of their species. This is especially true in those cases where the descriptions
are very incomplete, and where, due to misinterpretations of
genera, species were wrongly placed. From the description of
Rhamnus lando Llanos, for example, while it is evident that it
applies to no rhamnaceous plant, no botanist would ever suspect
that a species of Embelia of the Myrsinaceae was intended, and
I believe that it would have been impossible for any botanist
properly to interpret the species except for the clue supplied
by the Tagalog name lando cited by Llanos; material received
under this name agrees perfectly with Llanos's description.
Cases like this are very numerous, and it has thus been possible
to secure data and material of the very greatest value in connection with this investigation by prosecuting field work in
special localities with special reference to the native names of
plants. Native names are naturally not always used correctly
by Blanco, and in some cases we have never been able to find
certain names cited by him in use; these may now be obsolete.

36

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

It is apparent that not all of the names recorded by Blanco

were based on his own researches, but were copied from other
authors, notably from the work of Clain.36
THE EXSICCATA "SPECIES BLANCOANAE"

In 1912 it occurred to me that, as Blanco preserved no botanical material, the preparation of an exsiccata to consist of specimens that should represent the various species described by
him, as these were understood by me after long experience in
the field and a critical study of each individual description, would
be very desirable. It was realized that the distribution of such
an exsiccata to the larger botanical institutions would do much
to fix the status of Blanco's species, provided the work of selection was critically done. By reference to the actual specimens
other botanists would be able to check my conclusions and determine individually the status and relationships of the various
species, and the correctness or error in my conclusions in those
cases where there is a reasonable cause for difference in opinion
either in my interpretations of Blanco's species or those of other
authors where reductions have been made. In other words a
critically prepared exsiccata would supply a fairly dependable
series of specimens that to a large degree would take the place
of Blanco's "types" which were never preserved.
In accordance with tfiis~iia it was decided to prepare an
exsiccata of sixteen sets, to be distributed to a selected list of
botanical institutions in various countries, so that the specimens
would become generally available to botanists concerned with
the problems associated with the Indo-Malayan and Philippine
floras, and with the preparation of monographs or revisions
of various natural groups of plants. For this exsiccata the title
"Species Blancoanae" was selected.
In assembling material for this exsiccata, which contains more
than 16,900 specimens, the original idea was to include only
those species described by Blanco as new, and those interpreted
by Blanco under binomials of other authors where the actual
plant described by Blanco did not pertain to the binomial under
which it was placed. As the work progressed it became evident
that the plan must be modified as it was discovered that in some
cases Blanco's descriptions of species of older authors, where
the species had been correctly interpreted by him, had been
made the basis of new binomials. The plan was then changed
** Clain, P. Remedios faciles para diferentes enfermedades (1712) 1-298.
I have not seen the original edition of this work, but a second edition was
published in Manila in 1857, pp. XXXI + 1-638, index.

INTRODUCTION

37

to include in the exsiccata all species described by Blanco of

which it was possible to secure specimens, whether proposed by
him as new or whether correctly or incorrectly interpreted species of other authors.
Still later it became apparent that the work of Llanos on the
Philippine flora was logically to be treated in the same manner
as that of Blanco. Llanos was a colleague of Blanco during the
latter years of this author's life, and was his immediate successor in matters pertaining to the Philippine flora. As, comparatively speaking, Llanos's work is of slight importance and
scarcely worthy of separate consideration; as his species are
even more obscure than are those of Blanco; and as his work
is in the nature of a continuation of Blanco's labors, it was later
decided further to modify the original plan by including a critical
consideration of Llanos's species with those of Blanco. I have
accordingly included in the exsiccata "Species Blancoanae" specimens representing Llanos's species where their status could be
determined with reasonable certainty, and where material representing them could be secured.
The exsiccata "Species Blancoanae" includes 1,060 numbers,
the result of several years work on this problem. When the
plan of securing this material was first adopted naturally material representing several hundred of the commoner and wellknown species was quickly secured. After these were collected
the work progressed very slowly, and toward the last resolved
itself into special trips to specific localities, often at special
seasons, to secure material representing individual species. Unfortunately many of Blanco's species were unknown, and the plan
has further involved a critical study of all his descriptions of
species of doubtful status, their identification, and then their
collection. This has involved considerable special correspondence with various officials in many parts of the Philippines,
special trips of exploration, and a careful survey of special
localities mentioned by Blanco.
It has not always been possible to secure the desired material,
even when the exact status of a species was known. In some
cases the species has not been found in flower or in fruit, and
sterile material has of necessity been substituted. In other cases
it has been very difficult to secure the desired material in sufficient quantity for a set of sixteen specimens. In the case of some
rarely cultivated species, specimens have actually been grown
from seeds or cuttings. Curiously some fairly well-known and
widely distributed species have so far escaped collection in sufficient quantity for the exsiccata, although many have been re-

38

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

ceived in current collections during the time the exsiccata has

been in preparation, but without a sufficient number of duplicates. Naturally it has not been possible to secure material
illustrating those species described by Blanco or by Llanos whose
status is now entirely uncertain or unknown, but fortunately
the list of doubtful species is now very greatly reduced.
Most of the material utilized in the preparation of the exsiccata "Species Blancoanae" has been collected by employees of
the Bureau of Science, many sets by myself, some by Eugenio
Fnix, but a much larger number by Maximo Ramos. I have
had the cordial cooperation of Doctor F. W. Foxworthy, of the
Bureau of Forestry, and of other employees in that Bureau in
securing specimens to represent special species. A few sets have
kindly been supplied by Mr. C. A. Wenzel, of Jaro, Leyte; Mr.
D. L. Topping and Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens, of Manila; by
Doctor F. C. Gates, formerly of the College of Agriculture at
Los Baos, Laguna Province ; by Mr. Rafael Lete, San Fernando,
Union Province ; and by Father M. Vanoverbergh, of the Belgian
Mission, Mountain Province, Luzon. The assistance granted by
these individuals, but for which the exsiccata must have been
much more incomplete than it is, is gratefully acknowledged.

SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES

THALLOPHYTA

ALGAE
CHLOROPHYCEAE
ULVACEAE
ENTEROMORPHA Harvey
Ulva intestinalis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 582; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 262 = ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS (Linn.) Link.

Blanco apparently correctly interpreted the Linnean species

which is at certain seasons very abundant in tidal streams in
the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from tidal streams, Manila, Luzon, November, 1916 (Meri'ill: Species Blancoanae No. 1041).
Ulva compressa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 581; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 261 = ENTEROMORPHA PROLIFERA J. Ag.

The description is very short and imperfect. Mr. F. S. Collins

writes that he feels sure that it is this species, as represented
by my number 4113.
CODIACEAE
H A LIM E DA Lamouroux
Fucus prolifer Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 838 (sp. nov. ) ; ed. 2 (1845) 579;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 259 = HALIMEDA OPUNTIA (Linn.) Lamx.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Halimeda, and

the species he described is undoubtedly Halimeda opuntia (Linn.)
Lamx.
Illustrative specimen from coral reefs, Puro, San Fernando,
Union Province, Luzon, October 24, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 993).
CHARACEAE
CHARA Linnaeus
Conferva litoralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 843; ed. 2 (1845) 582; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 263 = CHARA ZEYLANICA Willd.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Chara, his specimens being" from fresh water. The identification of Conferva
litoralis Blanco is made largely on the basis that Chara zeylanica
39

40

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Willd. is the only species of the genus that is common at low

altitudes in central Luzon; it is very abundant in pools in and
about Manila, August to December.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 180).
Chara congesta Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 112; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 92, non Spreng. = CHARA CORALLINA Willd.

This identification follows A. Braun, who examined Llanos's

specimen in the de Candolle Herbarium as reported by H. & J.
Groves in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 69. It is suspected
that a reexamination of Llanos's specimen will show it to be
a form of Chara zeylanica Willd.
PHAEOPHYCEAE
DICTYOTACEAE
PADINA Adanson
Ulva umbilicalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 581; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 261 = PADINA AUSTRALIS Hauck.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Padina, this

genus being the only one known from the Archipelago that
conforms at all with the characters indicated by him.
Illustrative specimen from coral reefs, Puro, San Fernando,
Union Province, Luzon, October 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 99 U).
ENCOELIACEAE
HYDROCLATHRUS Bory
Ulva reticulata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 842; ed. 2 (1845) 582; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 262, non Forsk. = HYDROCLATHRUS CANCELLATUS Bory.

This identification has been made by Mr. F. S. Collins.

species is represented by my numbers 6681, 912 U, 9125.
FUCACEAE

The

SARGASSUM Agardt
Fucus denticulatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 839 (sp. nov.) = Fucus natans
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 579; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 259, non Linn.=
SARGASSUM sp.

The form Blanco described is apparently the one common at

certain seasons in Manila Bay. Its true position within the
genus Sargassum has not yet been determined.
Illustrative specimen from Manila Bay, Luzon, November, 1916
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1029).

SPHAEROCOCCACEAE-CYATHEACEAE

41

EHODOPHYCEAE
SPHAEROCOCCACEAE
GRACILARIA Greville
Fucus gulaman Blanco Fl. Filp. (1837) 839 (sp. nov.) = Fucus edulis Blanco
op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 580; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 260, non Linn. = GRACILARIA
sp.

This alga is commonly used as food in Manila and is brought

unto the markets during the rainy season by fishermen. It is
a Gracilaria, but its position within the genus has not yet been
determined, as it has not been found in fruit. Blanco probably
included in his conception of the species Gracilaria confervoides
Grev.

FUNGI
HYMENOMYCETACEAE
MARASMIUS Fries
Conferva setosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 844 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 583;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 264=MARASMIUS sp.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to the characteristic

horse-hair blight, Marasmius. It was observed by him attached
to the leaves of trees on Mount Arayat, Pampanga Province,
Luzon, and he states that he at first thought the specimens
were horse hairs.
PYRENOMYCETEAE
XYLARIA Hill
Sclerotium subterraneum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 845 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 584; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 266 = XYLARIA NIGRIPES (Kl.) Sacc.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to the branched

conidial form of Xylaria that can be readily cultivated from
the comb of white ant's nests, and which is apparently the
conidial form of Xylaria nigripes Sacc. Blanco's material was
secured from the nest of the anay, i. e., the white ant.
PTERIDOPHYTA
CYATHEACEAE
CYATHEA Smith
Trichopteris falcata Llanos Frag". PI. Filip. (1851) 111 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 91 = CYATHEA INTEGRA J. Sm.

Llanos's species does not appear in Christensen's Index Filicum. The description is short and rather vague, but among
all the tree ferns known from the Philippines applies best to
Cyathea integra J. Sm., the type of which was from Luzon;
Llanos's specimens were from the town of Calauan, Laguna

42

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Province, Luzon. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Alsophila crinita Hook., a species that does not occur in the Philippines. The species is of wide distribution in the Archipelago,
growing in primeval forests at medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Cagayan Province, Luzon, January,
1912 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 729).
POLYPODIACEAE
DRYOPTERIS Adanson

Pteris sinuata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 830, non Thunb., nee Wall. = Polypodium adiantiforme Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 573 (adianthiforme)
(sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 245= DRYOPTERIS DISSECTA (Forst.)
O. Ktze.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Nephrolepis davallioides Kunze, a species that does not extend to the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does not at all
apply. The description is so very short and imperfect that it
is practically impossible properly to interpret the species except
by exclusion, and the present reduction is based primarily on
that fern growing in the vicinity of Manila that best agrees with
the description.
Illustrative specimen from Masambong, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 181).
HEMIGRAMMA Christ

Acrostichum simplex Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 826; ed. 2 (1845) 571; 3, S
(1879) 241, non Sw. = HEMIGRAMMA LATIFOLIA (Meyen) Copel,
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 2 (1907) Bot. 406.

Synonyms of this are: Hemionitis gymnopteroidea Copel.,

Polybotrya latifolia Meyen, Gymnopteris latifolia Presl, G. taccaefolia J. Sm., G. trilobata J. Sm., G. subquinquifida Presl,
Dendroglossa latifolia Fe, D. taccaefolia Fe, Hemionitis zollingeri Kurz, Leptochilus zollingeri Fe, L. subquinquifidus Fe,
and Hemigramma zollingeri Christ. Meyen's specific name is the
oldest valid one, although Blanco's description is much earlier.
Blanco's Acrostichum simplex is not cited by Fernandez-Villar by
name, but from the page citations on page 342 of the Novissima
Appendix it is evident that he intended to refer it to Acrostichum
latifolium Sw.=Elaphoglossum latifolium J. Sm., a species confined to tropical America. Blanco's description is very poor,
and in respect to size does not apply to Hemigramma latifolia;
"de la altura de una braza" * * * "estpites lampios", but
otherwise there are few discrepancies. I do not know any Philippine fern that agrees with Blanco's description in all respects,
and consider it very probable that the description is based on

POLYPODIACEAE

43

more than one species, or on detached fronds of Hemigramma.

Hemigramma latifolia Copel, is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 628) ; Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1916 {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 984).
OLEAN DR A Cavanilles
Blechnum colubrinum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 834 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
576; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 252=0. NERMFORMIS Cav. (Oleandro, colubrina
Copel.).

I fail to see how this species can be distinguished from Oleandra neriiformis Cav., the type of which was from "la insula de
Mauban", i. e., Mauban, Tayabas Province, Luzon. It is widely
distributed in the Philippines occurring on most mountains above
an altitude of 800 meters.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 490).
NEPHROLEPIS Schott
Pteris signata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 830 (sp. nov.) =Polypodium
signatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 572 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
243 = NEPHROLEPIS BISERRATA (Sw.) Schott.
Polypodium serratum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 827; ed. 2 (1845) 572; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 243, non Willd., nee Aubl. = NEPHROLEPIS BISERRATA
(Sw.) Schott.

Blanco's Pteris signata=Polypodium signatum is very imperfectly described, and the species has been considered a very
doubtful one. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Polypodium albidosquamatum Blume, which is a species of the mossy forests, while
Blanco definitely states that his specimens were from Mandaloyan, near Manila, a region where Polypodium albido-squamatum
does not and cannot grow. Blanco's description, so far as it
goes, applies perfectly to Nephrolep biserrata Schott which is
abundant about Manila, many specimens of which present the
white dots on the upper surface mentioned by him. Blanco's
Polypodium serratum is certainly the same species, a form without the manifest white dots on the upper surface.
Illustrative specimen from Mandaloyon, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 153).
ATHYRIUM Roth
Hemionitis Incisa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 829 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
574; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 246 = ATHYRIUM ESCULENTUM (Retz.) Copel.
(Diplazinm esculentum Sw., Callipteris escuUnta J. Sm.).

44

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines along streams and is universally known as paco; the tender
shoots are much used as food.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December,
1912 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 593).
ASPLENIUM Linnaeus
Allantodia pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 571 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 242 = ASPLENIUM MACROPHYLLUM Sw.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Asplenium

brackenridgei Baker, which is a synonym of Diplazium (Athyrium) bvlbiferum Brack. Copeland in his revision of the Philippine species of Athyrium, Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1907) Bot.
297, considering that F.-Villar was correct in this reduction
of Allantodia pinnata, has adopted Blanco's specific name, calling
the species Athyrium pinnatum (Blanco) Copeland, and citing
many synonyms. Fernandez-Villar was manifestly wrong in
making this reduction for three reasons: first, Blanco's description does not apply to Diplazium bulbiferum Brack. ; second,
Athyrium "pinnatum" of Copeland does not grow in or near
Mandaloyon; and third, there is no valid reason for considering that it ever did grow there. The species, as interpreted
by Copeland, is one of the primeval forests and usually occurs
at and above altitudes of 500 meters, although it has been found
in Bataan Province at an altitude of about 75 meters; Mandaloyan, a suburb of Manila, is at sea level or nearly so, and Mandaloyan has certainly not supported any type of primeval forest
within historical times. The only fern to be found on the entire
Mandaloyan estate that at all agrees with Blanco's description
is Asplenium macrophyllum, and this fern is abundant in some
parts of the estate, and moreover is a fern to which Blanco's
description certainly applies.
Illustrative specimen from Mandaloyan, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 751).
STENOCHLAENA J. Smith
Diliman Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 573; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 245 = STENOCHLAENA PALUSTRIS (Burm. f.) Bedd.

This fern is common at low altitudes in swamps near the sea

throughout the Philippines. It is locally known as hagnya, and
in Manila as diliman. The tough climbing stems are brought
to Manila in large quantities, and on account of their durability
in salt water are extensively used by the natives in tying together
the parts of bamboo fish traps.

POLYPODIACEAE

45

Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 366).
CEROPTERIS Link
Acrostichum tripinnatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 826 (tripinatum) (sp.
nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 571; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 241 = ? CEROPTERIS CALOMELANOS Und.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Acrostichum apiifolium

Kodk.=Polybotrya apiifolia J. Sm.=Psomioca?'pa apiifolia Presl,
to which Blanco's description does not at all apply. The description is very short and imperfect, a fern about three feet high
with smooth stipes, tripinnate fronds, the pinnules very numerous, about 3 lines long, oval, tapering at the base, etc., the
sori covering the entire lower surface. Blanco's specimens were
from Malinta, near Manila. The only fern that conforms at
all to this description that occurs anywhere within many miles
of Manila, is Ceropteris calomelanos Und., now locally abundant
in the region surrounding the City of Manila. The only objection to this reduction of Acrostichum tripinnatum Blanco lies
in the fact that this is an introduced species in the Philippines,
and there is no definite evidence that it occurred here at the
time Blanco wrote his Flora de Filipinas.
Illustrative specimen from San Pedro Macati, Rizal Province,
Luzon, September, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1000).
ONYCHIUM Kaulfuss
Caenopteris quadripinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 833 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 576; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 252 (Coenopteris) =ONYCHIUM SILICULOSUM (Desv.) C. Chr.

This was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Onychium

auratum Kaulf.=0. siliculosum C. Chr. In describing it as "de
la altura de una vara" Blanco certainly erred, as the fern never
reaches this height; otherwise his description applies perfectly
to Onychium siliculosum C. Chr. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 748).
ADIANTUM Linnaeus
Adlantum lyratum Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 832 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
575; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 250=ADIANTUM CAUDATUM Linn.

There is no doubt whatever as to the identity of Blanco's

species with Adiantum caudatum Linn., which is very common
in the country about Manila. Blanco's specimens were from
Mandaloyan, near Manila.

46

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Mandaloyan (topotype), Rizal

Province, Luzon, August, 1910 (Merrill: Species Blancocmae
No. 284).
ADIANTUM PHILIPPENSE Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 831; ed 2
(1845) 575; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 249.
Adiantum tenuifolium Blanco op. cit. 832; 575; 250, non Lam., nee Sw.=
ADIANTUM PHILIPPENSE Linn.

Blanco was correct in his interpretation of the Linnean species,

and Fernandez-Villar was correct in his reduction of it to
Adiantum lunulatum, Burm. f. However, the Linnean name
dates from the year 1753, while Burman's name dates from the
year 1768; there is absolutely no doubt as to the correctness
of the present interpretation of the Linnean species, the only
Philippine fern described by Linnaeus. Adiantum tenuifolium
Blanco is manifestly only a thin-leaved (shade) form of the
common A. philippense Linn. The species is common and widely
distributed in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 496).
PTERIS Linnaeus
Adiantum lancea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 833, ed. 2 (1845) 576, ed. 3, 3
(1879) 250, non Linn. nee. Bak. = PTERIS VITTATA Linn. (P. longifolia Auct., non Linn.).
Pteris trichomanoldes Blanco op. cit. 830; 574; 247, non Linn. = PTERIS
VITTATA Linn. (P. longifolia Auct., non Linn.).
Pteris grandifolia Blanco op. cit. 829; 574; 246, non Linn. = ? PTERIS
VITTATA Linn. (P. longifolia Auct., non Linn.).

Adiantum lancea Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Lindsay a ensifolia Sw.Schizoloma ensifolium J. Sm., a species
that does not occur near Manila and one which is very rare in
the Philippines. The description is very poor, but so far as it
goes agrees fairly well with Pteris vittata Linn, which is common
in and about Manila and which is widely distributed in the Philippines; Blanco's specimens were from Mandaloyan, a suburb
of Manila. Pteris trichomanoides Blanco was reduced by F.Villar to Nephrolepis ramosa Moore, but from Blanco's imperfect description it cannot possibly belong in Nephrolepis,
but is unquestionably Pteris vittata Linn. Pteris grandifolia
Blanco was reduced by F.-Villar to P. opaca J. Sm., which is
unquestionably an erroneous disposition of it. The name tagabas, one of these cited by Blanco, is now used in parts of Cavit
Province, Luzon, to designate a species of Dryopteris of the D.
parasitica group. Blanco's short description, however, applies

POLYPODIACEAE

47

better to Pteris vittata Linn, than to any other species known

to me. This form appears in herbaria as Pteris longifolia Linn.,
but Hieronymus, Beitrge zur Kenntnis der Gattung Pteris,
I. ber Pteris longifolia L. und verwandte Arten. Hedwigia 54
(1913) 283-294, has shown that Pteris longifolia Linn, is a
species confined to tropical America, and that P. vittata Linn,
is the proper name for the very common and widely distributed
form in the Old World.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 167).
Adiantum falcatum Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 833; ed. 2 (1845) 576; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 251, non Sw. = PTERIS FLAVA Goldem.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Lindsaya

retusa Mitt. = Odontosoria retusa J. Sm., a species that not only
does not grow in the vicinity of Manila (Blanco's material was
from Mandaloyan), but also a fern to which Blanco's description does not at all apply. The statement "Las fructificaciones
en lnea continua en las margines redobladas de las pinas" definitely places Blanco's plant in the genus Pteris; but three species
of the genus grow naturally in the vicinity of Manila, and
Blanco's description applies to the form distributed herewith
better than to any of the others, although it does not agree in
all particulars. This form has generally been determined as
Pteris quadriaurita Retz., but Hieronymus, Hedwigia 55 (1914)
325-375, has shown that Pteris quadriaurita Retz. is confined
to Ceylon, and considers that the "collective species" of the
older authors includes numerous distinct species. The form here
considered appears to be Pteris flava Goldem., but I cannot distinguish clearly between P. flava Goldem. and P. glaucovirens
Goldem. from the data given by Hieronymus who cites Cuming
79 under both.
Illustrative specimen from near Mandaloyan, Rizal Province,
Luzon, November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 182).
DRYMOGLOSSUM Presl
Notholaena piloselloides Kaulf.; Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 110 (Nothochlaena piloseloides) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3,
41(1880) 90= DRYMOGLOSSUM HETEROPHYLLUM (Linn.) C. Chr.

Notholaena piloselloides Kaulf. was correctly interpreted by

Llanos ; its proper name, however, is Drymoglossum heterophyllum (Linn.) C. Chr. It is widely distributed in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Apayao Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1917 (Meirill: Species Blancoanae No. 1058).

48

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
POLYPODIUM Linnaeus

POLYPODIUM PHYMATODES Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 827 (phymatodus); ed. 2 (1845) 572 (phimahodes) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 242.

The Linnean species was certainly correctly interpreted by

Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines
at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, Rizal
Province, Luzon, November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 186).
CYCLOPHORUS Desvaux
Pteris piloselloides Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 830; ed. 2 (1845) 574; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 248, non Linn.^CYCLOPHORUS ADNASCENS (Sw.) Desv.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Nephrolepis acuta Presl, but there is no part of the description that
applies to Nephrolepis. Blanco describes the fronds as alternate, lanceolate, glabrous, narrow, and much pointed, and the
rhizomes as creeping, with numerous rootlets. His entire description applies unmistakably to Cyclophorus, although it is
impossible to determine whether to C. adnascens or to C. varius;
probably to the former was intended as it is the common form
at low altitudes in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 790).
DRYNARIA (Bory) J. Smith
Polypodium quercifolium Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 827; ed. 2 (1845)
572; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 244= DRYNARIA QUERCIFOLIA (Linn.) J. Sm.

This characteristic species is common and widely distributed

in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914, there known as pacpac lauin (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 640).
ACROSTICHUM Linnaeus
Acrostichum lagolo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 826 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
570; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 240=ACROSTICHUM AUREUM Linn.

This well-known species occurs along the seashore back of

mangroves, along tidal streams, in salt or brackish swamps etc.,
throughout the Philippines ; it is occasionally found inland about
salt springs or mineral springs, occurring at about 1,500 meters
altitude about mineral springs at Bugias, Benguet Subprovince,
Luzon. Lagolo is one of its Tagalog names.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. S82).

PARKERIACEAE-SCHIZAEACEAE

49

PARKERIACEAE
CERATOPTERIS Brongniart
Najas ? obvoluta Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 460 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 66=CERATOPTERIS THALICTROIDES Brongn.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes but is rare in and about Manila. The species was
placed in Najas by Blanco with expressed doubt.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
February, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 290).
SCHIZAEACEAE
LYGODIUM Swartz
Ugena alba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 823 (sp. nov.) ed. 2 (1845) 569; ed.
3,3 (1879) 238 = LYGODIUM FLEXUOSUM Sw.

Blanco's description applies better to Lygodium flexuosum

Sw., than to L. scandens Sw., although Fernandez-Villar reduced
Ugena alba to the latter species. There is very little doubt but
that Blanco included in Ugena alba both Lygodium flexuosum
Sw. and L. scandens Sw., and possibly also L. japonicum Sw.
All three species are common and widely distributed in the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 347).
Ugena semihastata Cav.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 822; ed. 2 (1845) 568;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 237 p.p. = LYGODIUM SEMIHASTATUM (Cav.) Desv.

Blanco's description is in part that of Lygodium semihastatum,

but this part may have been taken from Cavanilles's description.
Lygodium semihastatum is a perfectly valid species, entirely distinct from L. flexuosum Sw. to which it has been reduced. For
a discussion of this see below.
Illustrative specimen from Malicboi, Tayabas Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, comm. D. L. Topping (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 739).
Ugena semihastata Cav.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 822; ed. 2 (1845) 568;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 237, p.p. = LYGODIUM CIRCINNATUM (Burm. f.)
Sw.

Blanco manifestly included two species in his description, one

the true Ugena semihastata Cav. = Lygodium semihastatum
(Cav.) Desv., and the other L. circinnatum Sw. Lygodium semihastatum (Cav.) Desv. is a perfectly valid species, entirely
distinct from L. flexuosum Sw. to which it is reduced in Christensen's Index Filicum. It is much less common in the Philippines
than is L. circinnatum Sw. It is suspected that Blanco took the
151862

50

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

parts of his description that apply to L. semihastatum from

Cavanilles, and added the circinnatum characters from actual
specimens of this species. Lygodium circinnatum Sw. is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 106).
MARSILEACEAE
MARSILEA Linnaeus
Marsilea minuta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 834; ed. 2 (1845) 577; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 253, non Linn. = MARSILEA CRENATA Presl (M. mearnsii
Christ).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, growing

in open wet places, rice paddies, and in shallow pools at low
altitudes throughout the Archipelago; it is, however, of rather
local occurrence. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, but most authorities now
consider the Philippine Marsilea crenata Presl to be a valid
species; M. mearnsii Christ is certainly identical with Presl's
species. This is also the most likely identification of Marsilea
trifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 835 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
577; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 254 which F.-Villar erroneously reduced to
Pilularia globulifera Linn. Blanco's description is manifestly
that of a Marsilea, and, moreover, no species of Pilularia is
known to occur in the Philippines. It is suspected that Blanco
observed an abnormal form of Marsilea crenata, with three,
rather than four, leaflets ; however, no such form appears in our
collections, and many thousands of living plants examined by
me in the vicinity of Manila all present four leaflets. Marsilea
trifolia Blanco antedates M. crenata Presl; but as Blanco's species must be considered a doubtful one, it is believed that Presl's
name should be retained.
Illustrative specimen from the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, Rizal
Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae

No. 1U).
MARATTIACEAE
ANGIOPTERIS Hoffmann
Myriotheca arborescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 831 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 575; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 248 = ANGIOPTERIS ARBORESCENS
(Blanco) comb. nov. (Angiopteris angustifolia Presl Suppl. (1845) 21).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cyathea

integra J. Sm., due to the erroneous description of the species
as having a trunk five yards high and thicker than one's arm.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE-LYCOPODIACEAE

51

This statement is an error on the part of Blanco, as he confused

with his Myriotheca arborescens some species of Cyathea 'or
Alsophila. His description, otherwise, is unmistakably of Angiopteris and Llanos had already reduced it to Angiopteris evecta
Hoffm: "Frondes dos veces aladas. * * * Fructificaciones
en muchas lneas de puntos redondos, cortas mellizas, en las margines de la fronde y perpendiculares a ellas, y se componen de
muchas cagitas globosas que se abren a lo largo en la madurez."
It is the common form in the provinces near Manila, a sylvan
species as low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 51).
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
HELMINTHOSTACHYS Kaulfuss
Helminthostachys dulcs Kaulf.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 596; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 254 = HELMINTHOSTACHYS ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Hook.

Kaulfuss's species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but it

is a synonym of the older Helminthostachys zeylanica (Linn.)
Hook. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes,
in thickets, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 776).
LYCOPODIACEAE
LYCOPODIUM Linnaeus
Lycopodium dichotomum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 570; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
240 = LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM Linn.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, rare at

low altitudes, but abundant at medium and higher elevations.
Blanco's description is very short and imperfect, but I am now
of the opinion that Fernandez-Villar was correct in reducing L.
dichotomum Blanco to L. cernuum Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Laguna Province, Luzon, October,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 957).
Lycopodium gnidioides Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 824; ed. 2 (1845) 569; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 239, non Linn. = LYCOPODIUM SQUARROSUM Forst.

Blanco's description was interpreted by Fernandez-Villar as

applying to Lycopodium selago Linn, an impossible reduction,
as the Linnean species does not occur in the Philippines. Among
all the Philippine species of the genus the description applies
best to Lycopodium squarrosum Forst., which is widely distrib-

52

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

uted in the Philippines in forests at medium altitudes. I have

not the slightest hesitation in referring it to Forster's species.
Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1046).

SPERMATOPHYTA

GYMNOSPERMAE
CYCADACEAE
CYCAS Linnaeus
Cycas circinalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 745; ed. 2 (1845) 513; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 146, non (?) Linn. = CYCAS RUM PHI I Miq.

The limits of Cycas circinalis Linn, are doubtful, pending a

critical revision of the genus. The form Blanco described is
Cycas rumphii Miq. or C. circinalis Linn, sensu latiore. The
species is locally abundant in some parts of the Philippines,
presenting several distinct forms. The one distributed herewith
is the more common seacoast type in the Philippines. Staminate inflorescences of what I take to be the same form are
sometimes nearly a meter in length. It is commonly known in
the Philippines as olivas, a name of Spanish origin; its Tagalog
name is pito go; in Cagayan Province, Luzon, it is known as
sawang; in the Batanes Islands as voit, and in Mindanao and
the Sulu Archipelago as bayit.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 855).
PINACEAE
AGATHIS Salisbury
Agathis loranthfolia Salisb.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 528; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 170 = AGATHIS ALBA (Lam.) Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sei. A5 (1910) 173; 6 (1911) Bot. 167.

The Philippine form has been described by Warburg as Agathis philippinensis Warb., but I agree with Foxworthy in considering that Agathis loranthifolia Salisb., A. philippinensis
Warb., and the numerous other names cited by Foxworthy are
properly considered merely as synonyms of Agathis alba (Lam.)
Foxw., being essentially identical with Dammara alba Rumph.
Herb. Amb. 2 (1841) 174, t. 57; see Merrill, E. D., Interpret.
Herb. Amb. (1917) 76. It is a very large tree of wide distribution in the virgin forests of the Philippines at altitudes from
200 to 2,000 meters, growing on well-drained slopes. It is very
generally known in the Philippines as almaciga, the Spanish
name of the resin produced by it; i. e., Manila copal of commerce.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Mariveles, Bataan Province,
Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 898).

GNETACEAE-TYPHACEAE

53

PI NUS Linnaeus
Pi nus taeda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 767; ed. 2 (1845) 528; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
169, t. 453, non Linn. = PINUS INSULARIS Endl.

This species is widely distributed in the mountains of northern

Luzon, its altitudinal range being from about 900 to 2,800 meters.
Pinus insularis Endl. is certainly very closely allied to the Indian
P. khasya Royle; in fact Shaw, The genus Pinus (1914) 60,
places Royle's species as a synonym of Pinus insula?is Endl.
Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 219).
GNETACEAE
G NET UM Linnaeus
GNETUM GNEMON Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 747; ed. 2 (1845) 514;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 147.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

occurs in forests at low altitudes throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 373).
Thoa pendula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 746 (sp. nov.)=Thoa edulis Willd.;
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 514; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 146 = GNETUM
INDICUM (Lour.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 77 (Abutua
indica Lour., Gnetum latifolium Blume, G. philippinense Warb.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. The nomenclatural confusion in regard to this species is very great, but I consider the
Philippine form to be the same as Abutua indica Lour. If the
Philippine form really proves to be a distinct species, then
Blanco's Thoa pendula provides a specific name much earlier
than that proposed by Warburg.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, there known as culiat (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 2U9).

ANGIOSPERMAE
MONOCOTYLEDONS
TYPHACEAE
TYP H A Linnaeus
Typha angustifolia Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 687; ed. 2 (1845) 477;
ed. 3. 3 (1879) 91 = TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA Linn, subsp. JAVANICA
Schnizl.

I have followed Graebner in the interpretation of this common,

low altitude Philippine form, but I also suspect that it is Typha
orientalis Presl, the type of which was Philippine, Cuming

54

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

1767, from the Island of Cebu. Graebner, Engl. Pflanzenreich

2 (1900) 10, does not credit Typha orientalis Presl to the Philippines, giving its distribution as northern China and Japan, and
reducing it to T. shuttleworthii Koch & Sond. as a subspecies.
It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, being
generally known to the Tagalogs as balangot and to the Visayans
as lampacanai.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon,
June, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blacoanae
No. 38).
PANDANACEAE
FREYCINETIA Gaudichaud
Tillandsia pseudo-ananas Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 853 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 162; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 292 = FREYCINETIA sp.

Naves reduced this to Freycinetia insignis Blume, a species

that does not extend to the Philippines. The description of the
habit and leaves applies better to Pandanus, than to Freycinetia,
but the seed characters, taken from very young fruits, indicate
Freycinetia; it is very probable that Blanco never saw the living
plant, but based his description on material brought to him.
The species may even have been based on a mixture of material
from two different plants. At any rate, the characters are
so very imperfectly expressed that it is impossible more than to
indicate its probable generic reduction.
PANDANUS Linnaeus f.
PANDANUS RADICANS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 780 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 537; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 184.

This is a valid species, and was erroneously reduced by Naves

to Pandanus bagea Miq. Blanco's specimens were from Leyte,
where it is known as olango. It has been rediscovered there
by Mr. Elmer, the plant still being known as olango; see Elmer
Lean". Philip. Bot. 1 (1906) 74. The nomen nudum, Pandanus
olango Blanco ex Espejo & Garcia Suppl. Cat. Sem. Hort. Bot.
Manil. 1869 (1871) 6, (1876) 14, from its name, is the same.
PANDANUS EXALTATUS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 778 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 536; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 183.

This species was erroneously reduced by Naves to Pandanus

fascicularis Lam., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description does not remotely
apply. Two species are included by Blanco, if not in the description, then in the discussion following: "Es comn en las playas

PANDANACEAE

55

del mar, y en los bosques." The seacoast form is, without the
slightest doubt, a form of P. tectorius Sol. ; the forest form, true
P. exaltatus Blanco as described by him. It has been described
by me as Pandanus arayatensis; by Mr. Elmer as P. banahaensis; and by Dr. Martelii as P. vidalii, for I consider the type of
P. vidalii Mart, to be only a form of P. exaltatus Blanco with
juvenile fruits. Vidal's figure, mentioned by Martelii, is an
entirely different species, and represents the common beach form
of Pandanus tectorius Sol. that is abundant along the shores
of Manila Bay. Pandanus tectorius, at full maturity, develops
a thick, soft, fleshy, edible pulp about the lower part of each
drupe, and this mature form Vidal figures; this pulp sometimes
persists in the dried drupes as a zone or collar, as in the form
of P. tectorius described by Martelii as P. coronatus.
Illustrative specimen from Saban, Benguet Subprovince,
Luzon, November, 1910, slightly different from the form growing in Bulacan, Rizal, Bataan, and Laguna Provinces, Luzon,
Blanco's type being from the mountain back of Tala, Bulacan
Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blmicoanae No. 421).
Pandanus spiralis R. Br.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 777; ed. 2 (1845) 535;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 181 = PANDANUS TECTORIUS Sol. (P. odoratissimus
Linn. f.).
Pandanus malatensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 536 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 182=PANDANUS TECTORIUS Sol.

This species is very abundant along the seashore throughout

the Philippines, presenting but slight variation in its fruit
characters so far as Philippine material is concerned. It usually
forms dense thickets immediately back of the beach. As
Pandanus spiralis R. Br. is reduced to P. tectorius Sol., I have
assumed the Philippine plant described by Blanco to be a form
of Robert Brown's species, although probably not exactly the same
in all details. Pandanus spiralis Blanco, non R. Br., is the whole
basis of Pandanus blancor Kunth, which hence becomes a synonym of Pandanus tectorius Sol. Pandanus malatensis Blanco
has been retained by Martelii as a distinct species, but Blanco's
description is manifestly that of the staminate inflorescence of
Pandanus tectorius Sol. Malate is a part of the City of Manila,
and only cultivated pandans, such as P. veitchii and perhaps P.
sanderi are now to be found in Malate. In Blanco's time, when
Malate was still a village, the common seacoast pandan was
undoubtedly abundant along the Malate beach, now entirely
altered by streets and buildings, as it is still very abundant along
the Pasay beach immediately south of Malate; Pandanus tec-

56

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

torius Sol. is the only species of the genus, other than the recently introduced and cultivated forms mentioned above, that
is to be found within a radius of at least 25 kilometers of Manila.
Pandamts vidalii Martelli is in part Pandanus tectorius Sol.;
that is, the figure cited by Martelli, Vidal Sinopsis, Atlas, t. 94,
f. I, which is a poor representation of the common seacoast Pandanus tectorius Sol.; the specimens from which the figure was
drawn were from Manila. Pandanus coronatus Martelli is apparently nothing but Pandanus tectorius Sol., at least the Philippine form of Solander's species, with fully matured fruits. At
full maturity the lower two-thirds of the drupes are surrounded
with a soft, fleshy, edible orange-red layer which persists on
the dried drupes under certain conditions in drying. As this
pulpy layer develops, the drupes become loose and soon commence to fall from the apex of the syncarp.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay beach, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 534).
Pandanus sabotan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 779 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
537; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 184 = PAN DAN US TECTORIUS Soland., var.

The identification of this species is made chiefly from the

native name, sabotan, this name being universally used in Laguna Province for the particular form represented by the illustrative specimens distributed herewith. Blanco described a
young sterile specimen. The form apparently never produces
fruits, as numerous efforts to secure fruits have proved abortive,
while the natives who know the plant well, who have been questioned on the subject, state that they have never seen fruits.
At the present time the form is commonly cultivated in parts
of Laguna Province, the leaves being utilized in the manufacture of a rather fine grade hat known as the sabotan hat. The
species was erroneously reduced by Naves to Pandanus dubius
Spreng., a species that occurs in the southern Philippines but
not in Luzon. Blanco compared the species to Pandanus
exaltatus, and from this note and his description there is some
reason for considering that the form he described is Pandanus
utilissimus Elm., a species also cultivated in Laguna Province
but one to which the name sabotan is apparently never applied.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, there known as sabotan (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 185).
PANDANUS GRACILIS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 778 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 536; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 182, t. U6.

This species is a valid one, but was erroneously reduced by

NAJADACEAE

57

Naves to Pandanus humilis Rumph., a species that does not

extend to the Philippines. Pandanus whitfordii Merr. in Govt.
Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 8 is a synonym of Pandanus gracilis Blanco. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines, growing in virgin forests at medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Mount Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 896) ;
Mount Maquiling, Laguna, Province, Luzon, March, 1915, comm.
A. Villamil, (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 890).
NAJADACEAE
NAJAS Linnaeus
NAJAS PALUSTRIS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 660 (sp. nov.)=Najas lobata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 459 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 65.

I can see no reason for discarding this species or considering

it as a doubtful one, and Blanco's first name should be retained.
It manifestly belongs in the subgenus Caulinia, section Euvaginatae, and is the form described by A. Braun in 1870 as Najas
foveolata. Rendle in his monograph of the family, Engl.
Pflanzenreich 7 (1901) 18, places it among the species dubiae
vel excludendae, with the statement: "Folia alterna, flores notabiles, fructus vesicaeformis cum genere haud congruunt."
Blanco's ample description is slightly inaccurate, but certainly
applies to the species as here interpreted ; moreover it is the only
Philippine plant known to me that at all agrees with Blanco's
description, and is very common in stagnant fresh water in and
about Manila. As to Dr. Rendle's objections, Blanco's description of the leaves as "alternate" was undoubtedly due to an
inaccurate observation, he probably being misled by the alternate
branchlets; as to "flores notables," Blanco states: "Flores
* * * muy visibles," i. e., readily visible, which is true, and
further states that: "Los calices son delicados, blancos, y de
media lnea de largo"; and as to the "fructus vesicaeformis,"
Blanco states : "Cagilla o vegiga que no se abre con una especie
de harina aguanosa dentro," which is an exact description, not of
the fruit, but of the fresh, immature male flowers with the contained pollen grains! Blanco's species was erroneously reduced
by Naves to the Australian Najas tenuifolia R. Br., a species
that does not occur in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 519).

58

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

ALISMACEAE
SAGITTARIA Linnaeus
Alisma sagittifolium Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 69 (sagitifolium) ;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 * (1880) 61, non Willd.=
SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA Linn.

Llanos's specimens were from Calumpit, Bulacan Province,

Luzon. His description is very imperfect, but certainly applies
to Sagittaria sagittifolia Linn.; certainly not to Limnophyton
obtusifolium Miq., where it was reduced by Naves. Miquel's
species does not occur in the Malayan region. Sagittaria sagittifolia Linn, is widely distributed in the Philippines, but is of
very local occurrence.
Illustrative specimen from Palapag, Samar, March 10, 1916,
there known as ganay-ganay (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
982).
HYDROCHARITACEAE
H Y DR ILLA L. C. Richard
Udora verticillata Spreng.; Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 101; F.-Villar &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 78 = HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA (Roxb.) Royle.

This fresh water aquatic plant is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in slow streams. Sprengel's
species was correctly interpreted by Llanos.
Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 666).
VALLISNERIA Micheli
Valllsneria spiralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 781; ed. 2 (1845) 538; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 187, non ? Linn. = VALLISNERIA GIGANTEA Graebn. in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 68.

Although the Philippine form has recently been described by

Graebner as a distinct species, Vallisneria gigantea, I am by
no means convinced that it is specifically distinct from V. spiralis
Linn. It is found in shallow ponds and slow streams throughout the Philippines at low altitudes and is exceedingly variable,
its size depending largely, if not entirely, on the depth of the
water in which it grows. The native name cited by Blanco,
cintascintasan is from the Spanish cmas=ribbon, and merely
means ribbon-like.
Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 667).

GRAMINEAE

59

EN H ALUS L. C. Richard
Vallisneria sphaerocarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 780 (sp. nov.) ; d. 2
(1845) 538; d. 3, 3 (1879) 186= EN H ALUS ACOROIDES (Linn. f.)
Rich. (E. koenigii Rich.).

In shallow water of sheltered bays along the seashore throughout the Philippines. Blanco's species is not listed in Index
Kewensis.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay Bay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 383).
OTT EL IA Persoon
OTTELIA ALISMOIDES Pers.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 461; ed. 2 (1845)
321; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 230.
Ottelia ensiformis Blanco op. cit. 460 (sp. nov.) 320; 229 = OTTELIA
ALISMOIDES Pers.

Ottelia alismoides Pers. is exceedingly variable in vegetative

characters, depending largely on the depth of the water in which
the plant grows. Blanco certainly correctly interpreted the
species, but I can see no valid reason for considering his O.
ensiformis other than a habitat form of Persoon's species. It
is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in stagnant
pools and slow streams at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 92).
GRAMINEAE
ZEA Linnaeus
ZEA MAYS Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 686; ed. 2 (1845) 476; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 90, t. 279.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

The species is cultivated throughout the Philippines, having
been introduced from Mexico at an early date by the Spaniards.
The common type found in the Philippines is the one distributed
herewith.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 793).
CO IX Linnaeus
Coix lachryma Linn.; Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 688 (C. lachrima) ; ed. 2
(1845) 478; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 92, t. 188=CO\X LACHRYMA-JOBI Linn.

This very characteristic species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines. It is certainly an introduced plant,
but also certainly of prehistoric introduction.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 269).

60

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
IM PER AT A Cyrilli

Saccharum koenigii Retz.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 44; ed. 2 (1845) 30; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 56=IMPERATA CYLINDRICA Beauv. var. KOENIGII
Benth.

In my previous paper on Blanco's species I erroneously considered Blanco's description of Saccharum koenigii to apply to
Saccharum spontaneum Linn. It occurs throughout the settled
areas of the Philippines, where the forests have been destroyed,
practically occupying exclusively immense areas which are
locally known as cogonales, from the almost universal Filipino
name of the grass, cogon. Blanco's description in part, "de la
altura de un hombre," applies to Imperata exaltata Brongn.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 381 ).
SACCHARUM Linnaeus
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM Linn.; Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 42; ed. 2
(1845) 29; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 55, t. 18.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

Sugar cane is very extensively cultivated in the Philippines,
is not a native of the Archipelago, but was unquestionably introduced into the Islands by the early Malayan invaders in the
prehistoric period.
Illustrative specimen from San Antonio, Laguna Province,
Luzon, October, 1915, from cultivated plants; local name tubo
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 959).
Anthistipia gigantea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 49; ed. 2 (1845) 33; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 62, non Cav. = SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM Linn, subsp.
INDICUM Hack.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

Cavanilles's species, in which opinion I concurred in my previous
consideration of Blanco's species. His description, however,
applies unmistakably to Saccharum spontaneum, which is very
common and widely distributed in the Philippines and is
universally known in the Tagalog provinces as talhib, the local
name cited by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 543).
POGONATHERUM Beauvois
Cinna filiformis Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 9 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 3=POGONATHERUM
PAN ICE UM (Lam.) Hack.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Deyeuxia

quadriseta Benth., a species of Australia and New Zealand and

GRAMINEAE

61

one to which Llanos's description does not at all apply ; moreover

no species of Deyeuxia is known from the Philippines. The
habitat given by Llanos is the typical one of Pogonatherum
paniceum, a species that is common and widely distributed in
the Philippines, while Llanos's description applies in all characters mentioned by him.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 727).
ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus
Andropogon ramosus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 37; ed. 2 (1845) 25; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 48, non Forsk.=: ISCHAEMUM RUGOSUM Salisb. var. DISTACHYUM (Cav.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 330.

This species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the

Philippines, but it is of rather local occurrence although very
abundant in some regions. Blanco's Andropogon ramosus was
reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ischaemum ciliare Retz., a species that does not occur in the regions from which Blanco secured
his botanical material. It grows in old rice paddies, low wet
lands, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 165).
ANDROPOGON Linnaeus
ANDROPOGON CONTORTUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 38; ed. 2
(1845) 26; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 49.

The plant Blanco described is certainly a form of Andropogon

contortus Linn. The species is very abundant locally in open
grasslands at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines; it
is certainly not a native of the Archipelago, but probably was
introduced after the Spanish occupation.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 501).
Andropogon anias Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 29 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 20=ANDROPOGON FESTUCOIDES Presl.

This species was retained by Fernandez-Villar in the Novissima Appendix to the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas
as a distinct one. It is very closely allied to Andropogon zizanioides (Linn.) Urb. (A. muricatus Retz., A. squarrosus L. f.),
and is apparently identical with Andropogon nigritanus Benth.
(1849) (A. squarrosus var. nigritanus Hack.), A. muricatus
var. aristatus Bse, and Andropogon festucoides Presl. It
differs from Andropogon zizanioides Urb. not only in its slenderly awned perfect spikelets but also in the fact that its roots

62

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

are odorless; it is probably best, however, to consider it merely

as a variety of Andropogon zizanioides Urban. Merrill 4231
and 4240 from Pampanga Province, Luzon, represent Andropogon anias Llanos, both distributed as A. squarrosus Retz.
Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, comm. J. Santos, there known as anias (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 389).
Andropogon nardus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 39; ed. 2 (1845) 27; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 51, non Linn.= ANDROPOGON ZIZANIOIDES (Linn.) Urban
(A. squarrosus Linn., A. muricatus Retz.).

The species is common and widely distributed in the settled

areas in the Philippines and is frequently planted along the banks
of rice paddies. It is certainly not a native of the Philippines
and has possibly been introduced since the Spanish occupation
of the Archipelago, although it may have been introduced in
prehistoric times.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 355).
Rhaphis trivialis Lour.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 45 = Andropogon aciculans Roem. & Schultes; Blanco 1. c. ed. 2 (1845) 26; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
49 = ANDROPOGON ACICULATUS Retz.

This was correctly referred to Rhaphis trivialis Lour., and

later to Andropogon acicularis R. & S. by Blanco, the former
being a synonym of the latter. The species is a pest in the
settled areas of the Philippines on account of its barbed rachillas
by which the spikelets adhere to ones clothing and to the fur
of animals. It is very common and widely distributed in the
Philippines but has no true native names, being known by a
Spanish name, amores secos, or corruptions of it ; this probably
indicates its introduction into the Philippines after the arrival
of the Spaniards, for it is certainly not indigenous to the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 546).
Andropogon schoenanthus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 38; ed. 2 (1845) 27;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 50, non Linn. = ANDROPOGON CITRATUS DC.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

the Linnean species, but this is certainly not correct; Andropogon schoenanthus Linn, does not occur in the Philippines.
Blanco speaks of his Andropogon schoenanthus as indigenous,
but this is certainly not the case. It is never found outside of
cultivation, except perhaps near deserted plantations, and very

GRAMINEAE

63

rarely produces flowers in the Philippines. Blanco speaks of

having seen old flowers once; I have never seen them in fifteen
years residence in the Archipelago. The fresh leaves have the
strong lemon-like odor characteristic of Andropogon citratus DC,
and chemical analysis of oil extracted from the Philippine grass
is the same as that extracted from de Candolle's species. Its
common Tagalog name is tangled.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, October,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 267).
Holcus saccharatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 47; ed. 2 (1845) 32 (sacharatus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 58, non Inn.=Holcus sorghum Linn.=
ANDROPOGON SORGHUM Brot. var. VULGARIS (Pers.) Hack.

The form described by Blanco is apparently very near the

typical Holcus sorghum Linn., which supplies the earliest valid
generic and specific name; in fact Holcus has been recently
adopted by Hitchcock as the proper generic designation of those
species of Andropogon that were placed by Hackel in the subgenus Sorghum. This form is the commonest one found in
cultivation in the Philippines and is in scattered cultivation
throughout the Archipelago. Its generally used native name is
bated, and the species is probably of prehistoric introduction
in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 65).
PASPALU M Linnaeus
Paspalum villosum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 40; ed. 2 (1845) 28; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 53, non Thunb. = PASPALU M SCROBICULATUM Linn.
Paspalum sumatrense Roth; Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 22; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 15 = PASPALUM SCROBICULATUM Linn.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Paspalum villosum Blanco to Paspalum mollicomum Kunth.=Panicum muticum Forst., a species
that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco's description
applies unmistakably to the common and widely distributed Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. The Tagalog name parag-is, cited
by him, is now generally applied to Eleusine indica Gaertn.
Roth's species was apparently correctly interpreted by Llanos,
while the exact form described by him is apparently the same
as that described by Blanco as Paspalum villosum. Following
the current interpretation of Philippine material it is placed
under Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Taal Volcano, Batangas Province,
Luzon, November, 1916 (Men-ill: Species Blancoanae No. 1035).

64

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
ERIOCHLOA Kunth

Milium zonatum Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 24 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 16 = ERIOCHLOA RAMOSA
(Retz.) O. Ktze.

Llanos's Milium zonatum does not appear in Index Kewensis.

It is certainly identical with Eriochloa ramosa which is very
common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, and with which Llanos's description agrees.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 210).
DIGITARIA Persoon
Digitaria lanosa Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 28 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 19=DIGITARIA CONSANGUNEA Gaudich.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eleusine

aegyptiaca ~Pers.=Dactyloctenium aegyptium Rieht., but Llanos's description does not at all apply to that species, which he
apparently described in the same work as Eleusine mucronata.
The description is indefinite, but I can make nothing of the
species but the common Digitaria consangunea Gaudich., which
agrees with all the characters indicated by Llanos. The species
is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 787).
Paspalum fasciculatum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 23; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 * (1880) 16, non Willd. = DIGITARIA
LONGl FLORA (Gmel.) Pers.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Panicum elythroblepharum

Steud., a species not known from the Philippines, and one to
which Llanos's description does not at all conform. From the
description and indicated habitat, Llanos's plant can scarcely
have been other than the widely distributed Digitaria longiftora Pers.
Illustrative specimen from Bukidnon Subprovince, Mindanao,
July, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1022).
PANICUM Linnaeus
Aegllops ffuviatilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 47 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 32;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 59 = PANICUM STAGNINUM Retz.
Orthopogon loliaceus Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 36; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 26, non Spreng.=PANICUM
STAGNINUM Retz.

Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Rottboellia muricata Retz.=Eremochloa muricata Hack., a

GRAMINEAE

65

species that does not extend to the Philippines; I previously

thought that it might be the same as Manisuris exaltata 0. Ktze.
=Rottboellia exaltata Linn, f.; see Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27
(1905) 91. Blanco's description, however, although very imperfect, applies to Panicum stagninum Retz. Retzius's species
is the only Philippine grass known to me to which Aegilops
fluviatilis Blanco can be referred. It is common in low wet
places, in stagnant pools, etc., about Manila. Orthopogon foliaceus as described by Llanos is certainly the same as Retzius's
species.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 353).
Orthopogon dichotomies Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 38 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 28 = PANICUM COLONUM Linn.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum

stagninum Retz., but Llanos otherwise described P. stagninum
in the same publication as Orthopogon foliaceus; moreover his
description of Orthopogon dichotomus certainly does not apply to
Panicum stagninum Retz., but agrees closely with P. colonum
Linn. It is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in the open country of the settled areas from
sea level to an altitude of at least 1,600 meters.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 710).
Orthopogon
Naves
GALL I
Orthopogon
CRUS

hispidus Spreng.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 37; F.-Vill. &
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 27=PANICUM CRUS
Linn.
subverticillatus Llanos op. cit. 38 (sp. nov.); 28=PANICUM
GALLI Linn.

Orthopogon hispidus, as interpreted by Llanos, was reduced by

Fernandez-Villar to Panicum hispidulum Lam., which is a synonym of Panicum crus galli Linn., and O. subverticillatus was
reduced by the same author to Panicum colonum Linn. The reduction of the first species is certainly correct, although Llanos
may not have had exactly the form described by Sprengel. The
reduction of Orthopogon subverticillatus Llanos to Panicum
colonum is impossible, the plant being described as being a yard
and a half high. Orthopogon subverticillatus Llanos is certainly
the form of Panicum crus galli Linn, with the spikes, or some
of them, arranged in whorls of three's, as in the illustrative
material distributed herewith. The species is common and
widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, growing as a weed in rice lands and along slow streams.
151862

66

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from the bank of an estero (stagnant

stream), Manila, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 68A).
Panicum radicans Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 43; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 31, non Retz. = PANICUM DISTACHYUM Linn.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum prostratum

Lam.=JP. reptans Linn., but Llanos's description does not apply
to that species. The description is very indefinite, but manifestly applies to some species in the group having racemosely
arranged spikes and the spikelets on one side of the rachis. The
description does not fit Panicum distachyum Linn, in all details,
but better applies to this species than to any other known to
me. Common and widely distributed throughout the Philippines
at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 711).
Panicum crispum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 42 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 30 = PANICUM PSILOPODIUM Trin.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Panicum prostratum Lam.,

a species that does not at all conform with Llanos's description.
The only Philippine representative of the genus known to me
that conforms at all with the description and with the indicated
habitat is Panicum psilopodium Trin., at least as that species
is represented by currently identified Philippine material.
Panicum violaceum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 42 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4' (1880) 31 = PANICUM NODOSUM
Kunth (P. multinode Presl).

There is very little doubt as to the correctness of this reduction of Llanos's species, although his description is rather vague
and decidedly imperfect; the reduction is in agreement with
that of F.-Villar. It is common and widely distributed at low
and medium altitudes in the Philippines, being especially abundant in abandoned clearings, borders of thickets, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
August, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 94).
Panicum polygonatum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 41; Fl. Filip. ed. 3,
4l (1880) 30 (poligonatum), non Kunth, nee Schrad. = PANICUM
AMPLEXICAULE Rudge.

Llanos's description applies unmistakably to Rudge's species

and to no other known Philippine grass. It is widely distributed

GRAMINEAE

67

in the Philippines at low altitudes, but is of local occurrence. It

always grows along the margins of streams and lakes, or sometimes in shallow water. Llanos's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum miliiforme Presl which
is apparently a synonym of P. distachyum Linn. At any rate
the plant Llanos described is entirely different from Presl's
species.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 967).
Panicum tuberosum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 40 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 29 = PANICUM REPENS
Linn.

Panicum tuberosum Llanos does not appear in Index Kewensis.

It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum ischaemoides
Retz., which is generally considered to be a synonym of Panicum
repens Linn. The description manifestly applies to Panicum
repens Linn., which agrees with Llanos's statements as to habitat
and as to root characters. It is still known in Calumpit as luyaluya, on account of the resemblance of its fresh rhizomes to those
of ginger. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, especially near the sea.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype of Panicum tuberosum)
from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915, there
known as luya-luya (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 708).
OPLISMENUS Beauvois
Orthopogon setarfus ? Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 35; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 25, non Spreng. = OPLISMENUS
COMPOSITUS (L.) Beauv.
Orthopogon hirtellus R. Br.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 37; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880 26 = OPLISMENUS COMPOSITUS (L.) Beauv.

F.-Villar reduced Orthopogon setarius Llanos to Oplismenus

burmannii Beauv., but the description applies rather better to
the much commoner 0. compositus Beauv., where I think
it should be placed. Llanos was correct in his interpretation
of Orthopogon hirtellus R. Br., which is, however, a synonym of
Oplismenus compositus Beauv. It was reduced by FernandezVillar to Panicum lanceolatum Retz., which is also a synonym of
Oplismenus compositus Beauv. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 20U).

6g

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
SETARIA Beauvois

Setaria pilifera Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 34; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 25, non Desv., nee Spreng. = SETARIA FLAVA (Nes) Kunth.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Panicum helopus Trm.=Panicum setigerum Retz., fide Hooker f., a species
that does not extend to the Philippines and to which Llanos's
description does not apply. The description does not entirely
apply to Setaria flava Kunth, but I know of no other Philippine
grass that at all agrees with Llanos's description. The species
is common and widely distributed in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, January,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 766).
Panicum miliaceum Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 39; ed. 2 (1845) 28; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 52, non Linn. = SETARIA ITLICA (Linn.) Beauv.

This species, known in the Philippines as dava or dawa, is

probably of prehistoric introduction. It is fairly common in
cultivation, but is usually grown on a very small scale.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U8U)
CENCHRUS Linnaeus
Cenchrus hexaflorus Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 36 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
24; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 46 = CENCHRUS ECHINATUS Linn.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Pennisetum

nigricans (Presl) Miq.Pennisetum compressum R. Br., while
in my previous consideration of Blanco's species I considered it
as certainly the same as Pennisetum macrostachyum Trin., chiefly
on account of the known distribution of the two species of Pennisetum in the Philippines. However, Blanco's description does
not at all apply to Pennisetum, but manifestly does apply to
Cenchrus echinatus Linn., a species of wide distribution and
abundant in and about towns in the Philippines. The statement "Los involucros son membranceos, y muy tiesos, y doblndose algunos hacia dentro, forman una cosa algo semejante a
los abrojes" (abrojes=caltrop) leaves absolutely no doubt as
to the species intended, yet it is difficult to conceive just why
Blanco described the involucres as membranaceous and at the
same time as very hard or solid. The species was certainly
introduced into the Philippines from Mexico.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 811).

GRAMINEAE

69

SPINIFEX Linnaeus
Stipa spinifex Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 41; ed. 2 (1845) 29; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 54 = SPINIFEX LITTOREUS (Burm. f.) Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 229.

The Linnean species, pistillate plant, was correctly interpreted

by Blanco. The earliest valid specific name, under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is that supplied by
Stipa littorea Burm. f. (1768) ; Stipa spinifex Linn, dates from
1767 ; while Spinifex squarrosus Linn, dates from 1771. Along
sandy shores throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Paraaque, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915, comm. Mrs. Clemens (Merrill: Species BlancoanaeNo. 768).
Spinifex squarrosus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 46; ed. 2 (1845) 31; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 57 = SPINIFEX LITTOREUS (Burm. f.) Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 229.

The Linnean species, staminate plant, was correctly interpreted

by Blanco. It is common along sandy shores throughout the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Paraaque, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915, comm. Mrs. Clemens (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 76U).
ORYZA Linnaeus
Oryza sativa praecox Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 274 (var. nov.) ; ed..2 (1845)
190; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 340 = ORYZA SATIVA Linn.

This is one of the cultivated varieties of rice, still commonly

known to the Tagalogs as dumali. It is an upland rice, grown
on recently cleared slopes, not in paddies. It was reduced by
F.-Villar to Oryza praecox Lour.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, August 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 80).
-Oryza sativa pilosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 275 (var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
191; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 341 = ORYZA SATIVA Linn.

This variety was referred by F.-Villar to Oryza latifolia Desv.,

but is manifestly only one of the numerous forms of Oryza
sativa Linn. Blanco's variety is characterized by the prominently pubescent glumes. The form is one of the upland rices,
grown on recently cleared slopes, not in regular paddies.
Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, there
known as bolohan, the same native name as Blanco cites (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae Nos. U77, 1013).

70

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Oryza sativa quinanda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 274 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 191; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 340, t. 102, right hand figures ORYZA
SATIVA Linn.
-

This is merely one of the numerous cultural forms of the

common rice plant; the natives of Batangas distinguish two
forms under the name quinanda, quinanda puti (i. e. white) and
quinanda pula (i. e. red).
Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, October 21, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1015, quinanda
puti; No. 1017, quinanda pula).
Oryza sativa glutinosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 273 (var. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 190; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 339, t. 102, middle figure=ORYZA SATIVA Linn.

A form with glutinous grains, when cooked.

Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, October
21, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1037) locally known
as malagkit.
Oryza aristata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 274 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
190; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 339 = ORYZA SATIVA Linn.

This is perhaps the most characteristic of all the varieties

of the rice plant described by Blanco; it is distinguished by
its long awns. It is commonly cultivated by the Ilocanos in
northern Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Union Province, Luzon,
there known as saigurot, October 23,1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 992).
The remaining forms of rice, characterized and named by
Blanco, are all cultural forms or varieties of Oryza sativa Linn,
and should be reduced here. F.-Villar has attempted to interpret them some as forms of Oryza sativa Linn., others as representing Oryza latifolia Desv., O. praecox Lour., and O. glutinosa
Lour. The last two, as described by Loureiro, are certainly
nothing but forms of Oryza sativa Linn., while Oryza latifolia
Desv. is a species of tropical America, totally different from
any of the Indo-Malayan forms of Oryza. The forms indicated
by Blanco, other than those listed above, are:
Oryza sativa binamban Blanco (var. nov.) Fl. Filip. (1837) 273; ed. 2
(1845) 189 (binambang); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 338, t. 102, left hand figure.
Oryza sativa lamuyo Blanco op. cit. 273 (var. nov.) ; 190; 339.
Oryza sativa rubra Blanco op. cit. 275 (var. nov.); 191; 341.
Oryza sativa violcea Blanco op. cit. 275 (var. nov.); 191; 343.

GRAMINEAE

71

LEERSIA Swartz
LEERSIA HEXANDRA Sw.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 26; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 18.

This species was correctly interpreted by Llanos. It is widely

distributed in the Philippines, growing in open muddy places
and in shallow water. In and about Manila it is extensively cultivated for green forage and is the chief source of forage supply
for the City of Manila. The land is prepared in the form of
paddies, as for the cultivation of rice. There are many hundred
hectares of land in and near Manila devoted to the cultivation
of this grass. It is universally known as barit or zacate.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 7^9).
SPOROBOLUS R. Brown
Spermachiton involutum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 25 (gen. et sp.
nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 17=
SPOROBOLUS INDICUS (L.) R. Br.

This genus and species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Eriochloa punctata Ham.=E. ramosa O. Ktze., a species to which
Llanos's description does not apply, and which Llanos certainly describes, op. cit. 24; 16, as Milium zonatum. While the
description is very imperfect and indefinite, I consider that the
statements "semilla vestido con un saquito," in the generic description, and "semilla * * * cubierta con un saquito," in
the species description, very definitely refer the plant to Sporobolus. The description in all essentials applies to Sporobolus
indicus, a species that is common and widely distributed in the
settled areas of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 845).
CYNODON Persoon
Chlorig rufescens Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 31; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3. 41 (1880) 21, non ? Lag. = CYNODON DACTYLON (Linn.) Pers.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, with doubt, to Cynodon

dactylon, but the reduction is unmistakably correct. Llanos does
not indicate whether or not he considered his Chloris rufescens
as a new species, and adds no literature reference. The description applies perfectly to the very common Cynodon dactylon
which is commonly known in the Philippines as grama, a name

72

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

cited by Llanos, and it is extensively gathered by the Filipinos

for feeding horses and other stock.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 104).
CHLORIS Swartz
Chloris inflata Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 31; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco
Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 22, non ? Link = CHLOR IS BAR BATA Sw.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Chloris truncata R.

Br., a species that is unknown from the Philippines. Chloris
barbata Sw. is the only species of the genus found in or near
Manila, is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of
the Philippines at low altitudes, and Llanos's description agrees
with it in all respects.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 211).
ELE USINE Gaertner
ELEUSINE INDICA Gaertn.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 45; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 33.

Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn. was correctly interpreted by

Llanos. It is very common and widely distributed throughout
the settled areas of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, October,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 735).
DACTYLOCTENIUM Willdenow
Eleusine mucronata Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 46; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 34, non Spreng., nee Michx.=DACTYLOCTENIUM AEGYPTIUM (Linn.) Rieht.

Llanos's Eleusine mucronata, which he intended to represent

Sprengel's species of the same name, was reduced by FernandezVillar to Chloris barbata Sw., a species with which the description does not agree. I consider it to represent Dactyloctenium
aegyptium which is very common and widely distributed in the
settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 212).
PHRAGMITES Trinius
Arundo tecta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 48; ed. 2 (1845) 33; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
60, non Walt. = PHRAGMITES VULGARIS (Lam.) Trin. (P. communis Trin.).

The species is common in low swampy places, along the margins

of stagnant pools and streams, etc. Its common Tagalog name
is tamb. It is especially abundant, forming dense thickets,

GRAMINEAE

73

about the source of the Pasig River which drains Lake Bay,
near Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 319).
ERAGROSTIS Host
Cyperus paniculatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 32; ed. 2 (1845) 22; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 42, non aliorum= ERAGROSTIS VISCOSA (Retz.) Trin.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at low altitudes, especially in waste
places in and about towns; it is certainly an introduced plant
in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, December, 1913 {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 229).
Poa japnica Thunb.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 47; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 34= ERAGROSTIS JAPNICA
(Thunb.) Trin., forma.

The proper specific name for this species is obscure, but if

it be interpreted in the sense of Stapf in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
7 (1897) 317, then Eragrostis japnica Trin. is the correct name,
sensu latiore; Thunberg's name, Poa japnica, dates from 1784.
The species is very generally named Eragrostis interrupta
Beauv., but this was not based on Poa interrupta Lam (1791),
but on Poa interrupta R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 180; see Beauv.
Agrost. (1812) 175 (in index sub Poa). Poa interrupta R. Br.
is, according to Bentham, a variety of Eragrostis brownei Nees,
or according to Hackel a synonym of Eragrostis elongata Jacq.
The name Eragrostis interrupta (Lam.) Doell. is untenable for
the species. The plant that Llanos described is the form that
is generally called Eragrostis interrupta Beauv.; it is widely
distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes,
growing in low wet lands, along streams, ditches, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 709).
Poa annua Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 47; F.-Villar & Naves in Blanco
Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 34, non Linn = ERAGROSTIS sp. (probably).

This was considered by Fernandez-Villar to be Poa annua

Linn, but Poa annua occurs in the Philippines only as a recently
introduced plant and at altitudes of 1,300 meters and above.
Llanos gives no description, but rather naively remarks: "No
he tenido tiempo de describir esta planta, pero caso no dudo sea
este genero y especie." He adds that it grows in irrigated lands.
It is certainly no Poa, and if an Eragrostis then probably E.

74

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

unioloides Nees, the only Philippine species of the genus agreeing

as to habitat.
Unila spicata Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 33; F,-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 23, non Linn.= ERAGROSTIS SPARTINOIDES Steud.

Llanos's Unila spicata was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Eragrostis cumingii Steud. The description, however, applies
very closely to Eragrostis spartinoides Steud., which is abundant
locally about Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines
at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 170, 4-22).
Unila paniculata Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 32; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 23, non Linn.= ERAGROSTIS
DISTAN S Hack.

Llanos's interpretation of Unila paniculata was reduced by

Fernandez-Villar to Eragrostis pilosa Beauv., a species to which
Llanos's description does not particularly apply and moreover
one that apparently did not occur in the Philippines until its
accidental introduction into Manila sometime after the year
1905. At the present time (1917) Eragrostis pilosa is definitely
known in the Philippines only from few localities in the City
of Manila.
CENTOTHECA Desvaux
Mlica philippensis Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 44 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 32=CENTOTHECA LATIFOLIA (Osbeck) Trin. (C. lappacea Desv.).

This species is very common and widely distributed in the

Philippines, and there is no doubt as to the correctness of this
reduction of Mlica philippensis Llanos. Centotheca malabarica
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 385, based on Poa
malabarica Linn. (1753) is untenable, as Poa malabarica is a
Panicum. The Linnean Poa malabarica is erroneously cited
by Hooker f. Fl. Brit, Ind. 7: 332, as a synonym of Centotheca
lappacea, this being the source of my error in taking up the
specific name malabarica under Centotheca; see Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 4 (1910) Bot. 248, where Poa malabarica Linn, is
transferred to Panicum as P. malabaricum (Linn.) Merr., the
oldest specific name for the plant later described as Panicum
arnottianum Nees.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 206).

GRAMINEAB

75

BAMBUSA Schreber(*)
Bambus pungens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 270 (sp. nov.) =Bambus arundo
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 188; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 335, t. 100, non Nes,
nee Wight = BAMBUSA SP IN OSA Roxb. {Bambusa blumeana Schultes
f.).

This species is found throughout the Philippines at low and

and medium altitudes in cultivation or in abandoned cultivation, rarely spontaneous. It is the most valuable and most
universally used bamboo in the Philippines and is almost certainly not a native of the Archipelago, but of prehistoric introduction from Malaya. It grows in large clumps, reaching a
height of 15 to 20 meters, and is characterized by the dense
thicket of spreading, interlaced, very spiny branches surrounding the base of the culms. The Tagalog name cauayan is used
for this species, but also in a generic sense for bamboo ; cauayan
totoo, frequently applied to this species meaning "true bamboo;"
see Merrill, E. D., An interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium
Amboinense (1917) 97.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, July, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. lJt8).
Bambus monogyna Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 268 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 187;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 333 = BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad. in Wendl. Coll.
PI. 2 (1808) 26, t. 7.
Bambus mitis Blanco op. cit. 271 (sp. nov.); 188; 336=BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad.

There is no doubt as to the specific identity of the two species

Blanco described, and equally no doubt of the correctness of
the reference of both to Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. FernandezVillar reduced the first to Dendrocalamus strictus Nees, and
the second to D. sericeus Munro, but neither of these species
is known from the Philippines. In describing Bambusa mitis,
of which Blanco saw neither flowers nor fruits, he states : "Algunos dicen que esta especie es lo mismo que la Monogyna" I
have a number of specimens, some sterile, others in flower, received under the Tagalog name cauayan quiling, cited by Blanco
under Bambusa monogyna, and others received under the Tagalog name tiauanac, cited by Blanco under B. mitis, and I cannot
detect any specific differences between them. Bambusa vulgaris
is widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at
low and medium altitudes and has undoubtedly been purposely
introduced into the Archipelago ; it does not grow in the primeval
forest. Bambusa blancoi Steud. is a synonym.
* See Merrill, E. D. On the identity of Blanco's species of Bambusa.
Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 58-64.

76

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Laguna Province, Luzon,

August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 77).
GIGANTOCHLOA Kurz
Bambus levis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 272 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 189; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 337 = GIGANTOCHLOA LEVIS (Blanco) Merr. in Am.
Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 61 (Gigantochloa scribneriana Merr.!, G. robusta
Kurz?).

Blanco's description is very short and imperfect, but there

is no doubt that the species he intended is as here interpreted.
It is the only bamboo growing in the Philippines to which his
description at all applies. As described by Blanco, the leaves
on the ultimate branchlets are unusually large; when young, at
least, rather softly pubescent on the lower surface; and with
scattered, short, thick projections (scarcely hairs) on the upper
surface, the margins and the midrib on the upper surface scabrid; the sheaths are at first appressed-hirsute, in age becoming
nearly glabrous. Seven collections from the provinces near
Manila present flowers from January to April ; Blanco saw dried
flowers in June and remarks : "tal vez florecer en Febr." I have
received no specimens under the Tagalog name cited by Blanco,
cauayan boo, its most common name being cauayan sina, that
is, "Chinese bamboo", indicating merely that it is probably an
introduced species, not necessarily, however, from China. It
apparently does not occur outside of cultivation in the Philippines. Gigantochloa robusta Kurz, of Java, is probably the same.
Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, March,
1914, comm. D. L. Topping (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 310).
SCHIZOSTACHYUM Nees
Bambus textoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 270 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 188;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 335=SCHIZOSTACHYUM TEXTORIUM (Blanco)
Merr. in Am. Fourn. Bot. 3 (1916) 64 (S. merrillii Gamble!).

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Gigantochloa

atter Kurz, but without good reason, although G. atter Kurz
has been reported from the Philippines (Polillo) on the basis
of specimens so named by Mr. Gamble. Blanco's description
is very short and imperfect, and he states (under B. lima) that
he had never seen the flowers of calbang (B. textoria). It is
described as erect, about 6 yards high and the culm 1 inches
in diameter, the leaves sword-shaped, glabrous, the stems very
straight and smooth, very common in some but not in all forests,
much used by the natives, and known as calbang. Attempts
to locate any bamboo under the Tagalog name calbang resulted
in failure until an exploration of Batangas was commenced with

GRAMINEAB

77

view to locating some of Blanco's doubtful species. The material

distributed herewith is the form known in Batangas as calbang,
it agrees with Blanco's description as to size, habit, and other
characters indicated by Blanco, and may safely be assumed to
represent the species Blanco described. Schizostachyum merrillii Gamble is a synonym of S. textorium (Blanco) Merr.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 71&).
Bambus lumampao Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 272 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
189; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 338 = SCHIZOSTACHYUM LUMAMPAO (Blanco)
Merr. in Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 63 [Schizostachyum mucronatum
Hack, in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 169].

While Blanco's description is short and imperfect there is

not the slightest doubt as to the correctness of its interpretation
as identical with Schizostachyum mucronatum Hack. It is an
erect, thin walled, gregarious bamboo, in some provinces almost
exclusively occupying large areas of land. It is generally known
now as caa boho, but I have seen specimens of it under the
native names bocaui and lumampao as cited by Blanco. Blanco's
description, short and imperfect as it is, unmistakably applies
to the species as here interpreted, which is abundant in some
of the provinces near Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
March, 1915, there known as caa boho (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 891 ).
> Bambus lima Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 271 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 189;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 336=SCHIZOSTACHYUM LIMA (Blanco) Merr. in
Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 62 [Schizostachyum hallieri Gamble in
Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 274].

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes, being known from central Luzon to Palawan, Mindanao, and Basilan. Among the Philippine bamboos
it is well characterized by its long internodes, these from 90
cm to 1.2 m in length. Blanco's description is very imperfect,
and he saw no flowering or fruiting specimens. In spite of
this I consider that there is absolutely no doubt as to the identity
of the species. Blanco specifically mentions the long internodes :
"La distancia entre nudo y nudo es grande", and this form is
the only Philippine bamboo known to me with long internodes;
moreover, the Tagalog name anos cited by Blanco for Bambusa
lima is constant and is applied only to this species so far as our
extensive collection of bamboos shows. Our four specimens of
this species from the Tagalog provinces all bear the native name
anos. Mr. Gamble's statement, op. cit., that Blanco described

78

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

the leaves of Bambusa lima as "angusta" is an error, due to

Steudel's and Munro's translation of the word "anchas" as narrow; it signifies wide, for he definitely states that the leaves
are "lanceoladas, anchas", that is, lanceolate, broad. Blanco's
description, so far as it goes, applies entirely to the species as
here interpreted and to no other Philippine bamboo known to me.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, July, 1912, comm. E. Quisumbing, here known as anos
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 41).
Bambus diffusa Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 269 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 187;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 334 = SCHIZOSTACHYUM DIFFUSUM (Blanco)
Merr. in Am. Journ. Bot. 3 (1916) 62 {Schizostachyum acutiflorum
Munro, Dinochloa diffusa Merr.).

In spite of Blanco's description of the leaves as "pelosas

por debajo," there is very little doubt that this is the species
he intended, as frequently the leaves are slightly hairy. It is
possible that he may have included more than one species in his
description. The habit, most of the uses, the fruits, and its
habitat, as indicated by Blanco, all apply to Schizostachyum
acutiflorum Munro, which is common and widely distributed in
Luzon, especially in those provinces near Manila. Blanco's specific name is the older, and I believe that it should be retained
for the material distributed as illustrating the species, while
certainly typical Schizostachyum acutiflorum Munro is also
typical Bambusa diffusa Blanco = Schizostachyum diffusum Merr.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 418).
CYPERACEAE
CYPERUS Linnaeus
Cyperus subrotundus Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 14 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 8=CYPERUS DIFFORMIS Linn.

Llanos's description agrees perfectly with this very common

and widely distributed Linnean species. It is a characteristic
weed of the rice paddies and low wet fallow lands.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 162).
Cyperus imbricatus Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 17 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 11, non Retz., nee Willd.=
CYPERUS RADIATUS Vahl.

This species was reduced by Naves to Cyperus holciflorus

Presl=Mariscus stuppeus (Forst.) Merr. (M. albescens Gaudich.), to which species Llanos's description does not well apply,

CYPERACEAE

79

and which Llanos otherwise described as Cyperus ovatus. The

description and habitat is better that of Cyperus radiatus Vahl, a
species very common and widely distributed in the settled areas
of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoaywe No. 429).
Cyperus nuttallii Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 14; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 9, non Torr.=CYPERUS IRIA
Linn.

Llanos's conception of Cyperus nuttallii was reduced by Naves

to Cyperus flavicomus Michx., a North American species. The
description applies closely to the very common Cyperus iria Linn.,
which is a characteristic weed in rice paddies, low wet lands,
etc., throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 174).
Cyperus humilis Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 13 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 7, non Kunth^CYPERUS
COMPRESSUS Linn.

This was definitely indicated by Llanos as a new species, but

is not included in Index Kewensis. The description manifestly
applies to the common and widely distributed Cyperus compressus Linn., a species that is abundant throughout the settled areas
of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 203).
"XYPERUS ROTUNDUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 31; ed. 2 (1845)
21; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 40.
Cyperus curvatus Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 15; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 9, non Vahl = CYPERUS ROTUNDUS Linn.

Blanco certainly described a form of the Linnean species,

probably var. nilagiricus (Hchst.) C. B. Clarke. In this reduction of Llanos's species I follow F.-Villar, for I can see no reason,
from Llanos's description, to consider Cyperus curvatus Llanos
other than this very common form. Cyperus rotundus is abundant in all parts of the Philippines in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 580) ; Taytay, Palawan, May,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae o. 70).
Cyperus caespitosus Llanos Frag. PI. Philip. (1851) 14 (caespitorus) ;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 ' (1880) 8, non Poir.=
CYPERUS HASPAN Linn.

Llanos did not intend this as a new species, but thought that

80

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

his plant was the same as Cyperus caespitosus Poir. of Madagascar, as described by Sprengel Syst. 1: 221. Naves erroneously reduced it to Cyperus dehiscens Kunth, a species
that does not extend to the Philippines. From the imperfect
description and the indicated habitat the form that Llanos described can be nothing else than Cyperus haspan Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoayiae No. 999).
PYCREUS Beauvois
Cyperus strigosus Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 16; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 10, non Linn., nee aliorum = PYCREUS ODORATUS (Linn.) Urb. (P. polystachyus Beauv.).

Cyperus strigosus of Llanos was reduced by Naves to Cyperus

macrosciadion Steud.=Cyperus radiatus Vahl; but Cyperus
imbricatus Llanos, op. cit. 17, is unmistakably Cyperus radiatus
Vahl, and it is improbable that Llanos would describe this
very characteristic species twice and under separate names. Llanos's description agrees at least as well with Pycreus odoratus
as with any other species, so it is assumed that this is the form
he intended. It is common and widely distributed in the settled
areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, in wet
lands, along small streams, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 171).
MARiscus Vahl
Cyperus ovatus Llanos Frag". PI. Filip. (1851) 15 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4l (1880) 10 = MARISCUS STUPPEUS (Forst.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 398 (M.
albescens Gaudich., Cyperus pennatus Lam.).

This species was reduced by Naves to Cyperus distans Linn.,

a form agreeing with Llanos's description neither in the characters indicated by Llanos nor in its habitat. By "esteros" Llanos certainly means brackish tidal streams, and Mariscus
stuppeus is the only species growing in such a habitat that at all
agrees with the description. The statement: "Una hojuela del
involucro es de cuatro pies de largo" is a false one, no Philippine
species of the entire family having such a long involucral leaf.
It is common along the seashore and tidal streams throughout
the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 428).
Cyperus luzoniensis Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 17 (sp. nov.); F.-Vill& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 11 = M AR I SC US DlLUTUS (Vahl) Nees.

CYPERACEAE

81

Cyperus quadriflorus Llanos op. cit. 18 (sp. nov.) ; 12 (cuadriflorus) =

MARISCUS DILUTUS (Vahl) Nees.

In the reductions of the above two species I have followed

Naves. The first species is certainly correctly reduced, and the
reduction has been verified by C. B. Clarke who has examined
a specimen from Llanos; see Philip. Journ. Sei. 2 (1907) Bot.
81. The second species, Cyperus cuadriflorus (i. e., quadriflorus), is probably correctly reduced; at least I know of no
other Philippine species that agrees with Llanos's description.
Mariscus dilutus Nees (M. microcephalus Presl) is exceedingly
variable in size and is common and widely distributed throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in open wet lands, in rice paddies, along
streams, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 658).
KYLLINGA Rottboell
Kyllinga triceps Linn. f. (p. p.); Blanco PI. Filip. (1837) 34; ed. 2 (1845)
23; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 44= KYLLINGA MONOCEPHALA Rottb.

The species is very common and widely distributed in the

Philippines, Blanco's description applying unmistakably to Rottboell's species. Kyllinga triceps Linn. f. is in part identical
with K. monocephala Rottb., the Linnean species having been
based on two different forms.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. UU8).
FUI RENA Rottboell
Fuirena striata Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 21 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 14 = FUJRENA CILIARIS
(Linn.) Roxb. (F. glomerata Lam.).

Llanos's description agrees perfectly with Fuirena ciliaris.

The plant, agreeing with the habitat cited by Llanos, is a characteristic one of rice paddies. It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 173).
SCIRPUS Linnaeus
Carex glomerata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 24; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 45, non
Thunb. = SCIRPUS ARTICULATUS Linn.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Fimbristylis ferruginea Vahl, but the reduction is manifestly wrong, although F.
ferruginea is common at low altitudes in the Philippines, es161862

82

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

pecially near the sea. Blanco's description calls for a plant that
is similar in appearance to his Car ex tuberosa \_=Eleocharis
dulcs (Burm. f.) Trin.], with many, short, conglomerate spikelets near the base of the stems. This description applies only
to Scirpus articulatus Linn., among all the Cyperaceae known
to me to occur in the Philippines. It is common in wet places
in and about Manila and is probably of wide distribution in the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 268).
Cyperus difformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 32; ed. 2 (1845) 22; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 41, non Linn. = SCIRPUS GROSSUS Linn. f.
Scirpus kysoor Roxb.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 20 (kisoor) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 14 (kisoor) =SCIRPUS
GROSSUS Linn. f.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Cyperus difformis Blanco to Cyperus

ornatus R. Br., which is a synonym of Cyperus procerus Rottb.,
and a species that does not extend to the Philippines. C. B.
Clarke, Philip. Journ. Sei. 2 (1907) Bot. 84, refers Cyperus
difformis Blanco to Cyperus malaccensis Lam. This may be in
part correct, but Blanco's description, at least for the most part,
applies to Scirpus grossus L. f., which is very common in low wet
lands about Manila. The only Philippine sedge known to me
to which Blanco's statement "Esta planta * * * de la altura de un hombre, y su tallo se hace de ms de una pulgada
de grueso" applies is Scirpus grossus Linn, f., which is commonly
known by the Tagalogs about Manila as tiquio, the native name
cited by Blanco. Scirpus kysoor Llanos was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Scirpus maritimus Linn., a species that does
not occur in the regions from which Llanos secured his material,
and one to which his description does not at all apply. I can
see no reason for considering Llanos's species other than the
common Scirpus grossus Linn. f.
Illustrative specimens from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 692) ; Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
564).
ELEOCHARIS R. Brown
Carex tuberosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 35 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 24; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 45, t. 15, non Degl.= ELEOCHARIS DULCS (Burm. f.)
Trin. (Eleocharis plantaginoidea W. F. Wight; E. plantaginea R. Br.,
Andropogon dulcis Burm. f.).

This species was reduced by Naves to Eleocharis tuberosa

Schultes. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines, growing

CYPERACEAE

83

in open very wet places or in shallow water. The tubers, known

as apulid and cabezas de negrito (Sp.=Negrito's heads) are
sold in large quantities in the Manila markets in the months of
October to December; see Merrill, E. D., An interpretation of
Rumphius's Herbarum Amboinense (1917) 104.
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. S95).
Scirpus retroflexus Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 19; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 13, non Poir. = ELEOCHARIS CARI BAEA (Rottb.) Blake in Rhodora 20 (1918) 24 (E. capitata Auet.,
non R. Br.).

This reduction was made by Naves, which is certainly the

correct disposition of the plant Llanos described and erroneously
ascribed to Scirpus retroflexus Poir. as described by Sprengel
Syst. 1: 205. Eleocharis capitata R. Br. is widely distributed
in the Philippines at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1918
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1063).
FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl
Scirpus niloticus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 33; ed. 2 (1845) 23; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 43, non Gmel. = FI MBRISTYLIS MILIACEA Vahl.

This is one of the most abundant and widely distributed rice

paddy weeds in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen. from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5^.5).
Scirpus falcatus Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 20; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 13, non Vahl= FIMBRISTYLIS sp.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Llanos correctly interpreted

Vahl's species and referred it to Fimbristylis falcata (Vahl)
Kunth, a species that does not extend to the Philippines. From
the very short and imperfect description given by Llanos it is
suspected that the form he had before him was the common
and widely distributed Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl.
SCLERIA Bergius
Scleria foveolata Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 103; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 79, non Cav. = SCLERIA SCROBiCULATA Nees.

This reduction follows that of Fernandez-Villar, and Llanos's

description applies to Scleria scrobiculata Nees, which is common
and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes. While Llanos's species is undoubtedly Scleria scrobiculata Nees, interpreting the species in a broad sense, I am not
sure whether the illustrative specimens are really referable to S.

84

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

scrobiculata or to the manifestly very closely allied S. purpureovaginata Boeckl., or S. multifoliata Boeckl. The distinctions
between the three species are not clear to me.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blaneoanae No. 680).
PALMAE
CORYPHA Linnaeus
Corypha umbraculifera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 228; ed. 2 (1845) 160; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 290, non Linn. = CORYPHA ELATA Roxb.

Naves considered that Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, but I have followed Beccari in considering the
Philippine plant referable to Corypha elata Roxb. The species
is found throughout the Philippines at low altitudes, in river
valleys, open grasslands, etc., and is the largest palm found
in the Archipelago. The leaves are up to 3 m in diameter,
suborbicular, the segments about 100, extending one-half to twothirds to the base; the very stout petioles are about 3 m long.
The species flowers at maturity and then dies. The great terminal inflorescence is conical in shape, up to 7 m high, the lower
branches up to 3.5 m in length, the upper gradually shorter.
It is known to the Tagalogs and Visayans as buri or buli and
to the Ilocanos as silag.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blaneoanae No. 412).
LIVISTONA R. Brown
Corypha minor Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 229 (Coripha) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 161 (Coripha); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 290, non Jacq.=LIVISTONA
BLANCO! Merr. nom. nov.

Corypha minor Blanco is unmistakably a species of Livistona,

the palms of this genus being widely known in the Philippines
as anahao. His description of the leaves is definite in the statement that the petioles were unarmed: "Peciolos sin aguijones."
For this reason the reduction of Corypha minor Blanco to
Livistona rotundifolia Mart., is inadmissible, the latter, based
wholly on Saribus Rumph. Herb. Amb. 1: 42, t. 8, having spiny
petioles. The Philippine species with smooth petioles are Livistona merrillii Becc. and L. whitfordii Becc, but Livistona blancoi
Merr., as here interpreted, differs remarkably from both of
these in its short leaf-segments and in its much more slender
petioles. Naves reduced Corypha minor Blanco to Livistona
rotundifolia Mart., and in part to L. papuana Becc. ; the former
has spiny petioles, while the latter does not occur in the Phil-

PALMAE

go

ippines. There is no reason for considering that Blanco's

description is based on material representing more than one
species.
Illustrative specimen from Unisan, Tayabas Province, Luzon,
May 11, 1916, there known as anahao, comm. Felix Bawan
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 919).
CALAMUS Linnaeus
CALAMUS USITATUS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 265 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
185; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 330, i. 99 (C. mollis).

After a careful consideration of all the accumulated data

and material here, in connection with a study of Blanco's description, I am obliged to dissent from the current interpretation
of this species. It has been placed by Beccari and others as
a synonym of Daemonorops gaudichaudii, but I interpret it as
the species described and figured by Beccari as Calamus mollis
(non Blanco!). It was reduced by Naves in part to Daemonorops rumphii Mart., and in part to Calamus pisicarpus Blume,
neither of which occur in the Philippines. While Blanco's description may have been based on a mixture of specimens, this
is entirely improbable. Beccari has interpreted Calamus usitatus to be a Daemonorops chiefly from the calyx characters given
by Blanco. I interpret it especially by the leaf characters given
by Blanco, its great abundance at low altitudes in the provinces
contiguous to Manila, its edible fruits, and the almost universal
and nearly exclusive use of the native name uay for this plant.
See the discussion of Daemonorops mollis, infra.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as uay {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 682).
CALAMUS MAXI M US Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 266 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
185; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 331.

This is a perfectly valid species and is Calamus merrillii Becc.

in Martelli Webbia 1 (1905) 347, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11
(1908) 105, 390, t. 167. It is the same as Beccari's original
identification of Blanco's species, Merrill 1893, in Perk. Frag.
Fl. Philip. (1904) 45, which number Beccari later made the
type of Calamus merrillii Becc, at the same time referring
Calamus maximus Blanco to Calamus ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc. Palasan is Calamus maximus as here interpreted,
while Calamus ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc. is invariably limoran, and the two are never confused by the natives.
Both native names are cited by Blanco, the former under Calamus
maximus, the latter under an undescribed species of Calamus

86

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

following the description of Calamus gracilis. Moreover, Blanco's description applies unmistakably to the present interpretation of the species, and not to Calamus ornatus Blume. The
leaflets are described as : "Hojuelas lanceoladas, con tres nervios
notables, y en los dos laterales una hilera de pelos tiesos en la
pgina superior y en la inferior una sola hilera de lo mismo."
This is a character of Calamus maximus as here interpreted,
but Calamus ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc. is without
such hairs.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915, there known as palasan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 879).
Calamus gracilis Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 267 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
186; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 332, non Roxb.^CALAMUS BLANCOI Kunth.

This species is manifestly very closely allied to Calamus usitatus Blanco (C. mollis Auct., non Blanco), and is perhaps identical
with it. I have seen no specimen of Cuming 1225, or hoher
1376, on which Beccari based his conception of Calamus blancoi,
but our Batangas material of talla seems to agree with the
figure given by Beccari, taken from Cuming 1225, and with the
description. Cuming's specimen was from Hocos Norte Province, Luzon, from his own list of localities. Batangas is the only
province, so far as our collections and data show, where talla
is in use as a name for Calamus, and it is apparently generally
applied to the specific form distributed herewith. The closely
allied Calamus usitatus Blanco (C. mollis Auct., non Blanco),
is known in the same locality as talolang lutukan. The striking
differences are that in talla the leaflets are constantly solitary,
while in talolang lutukan, and in very many of our numerous
specimens of Calamus usitatus some of the leaflets are frequently
paired on the same side of the rachis. It was erroneously reduced by Naves to Calamus buroensis Mart., a species that does
not extend to the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province,
Luzon, February, 1915, there known as talla (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 791).
DAEMONOROPS Blume
Calamus mollis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 264 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 184;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 329 = DAEMONOROPS MOLLIS (Blanco) comb. nov.
(D. gaudichaudii Mart.).

This is one of the commonest rattans at low and medium

altitudes in Luzon, is abundant in all the provinces contiguous
to Manila, is universally and rather exclusively known as ditn,

PALMAE

87

has non-edible fruits, and otherwise agrees with Blanco's description. On account of these data I am obliged to differ from all
other authors in my interpretation of Calamus mollis Blanco.
Beccari, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 212-215, has interpreted Calamus mollis as a distinct species of Calamus, with
C. haenkeanus Mart, as a synonym. Naves reduced Calamus
mollis to C. haenkeanus Mart. From the data and abundant
material now available here I cannot agree with this interpretation of Calamus mollis Blanco, but am forced to the opinion that
Calamus mollis Blanco is identical with Daemonorops gaudichaudii Mart, and that Calamus mollis of Beccari and other authors
is Calamus usitatus Blanco, a species that was erroneously
reduced by Beccari to Daemonorops gaudichaudii Mart.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, there known as ditn (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 685).
CARYOTA Linnaeus
7 Caryota urens Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 740; ed. 2 (1845) 510; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 142, t. 3i9, non Linn.=CARYOTA CUMINGII Lodd.

Caryota urens Linn, does not occur in the Philippines, and

Martius was correct in referring C. urens Blanco to C. cumingii
Lodd. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes
and is generally known to the Tagalogs as pugahan, sometimes
as taquipan, and to the Visayans as taquipan and patican.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 736).
ARENGA Labillardire
Caryota trmula Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 744 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 512;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 144 = ARENGA TRMULA (Blanco) Becc. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 612, name only, excluding description and
cited specimens! {Arenga mindorensis Becc.!).

Blanco's species was considered by Naves as Wallichia trmula

Mart., which was based on Blanco's description. It is absolutely
certain that Caryota trmula Blanco is the species described by
Beccari as Arenga mindorensis, and that the specimens referred
by Beccari to Arenga trmula (Blanco) Becc, and the description given by him, refer to an entirely different species very
closely allied to, and very probably identical with Arenga ambong
Becc. Arenga trmula as interpreted by Beccari does not grow
in any of the provinces from which Blanco secured his botanical
material. Arenga trmula (A. mindorensis Becc.), as I interpret
it, occurs in abundance, although locally, in the provinces of
Bataan, Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas, and in Mindoro ; a very

8g

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

large number of Blanco's species were from Batangas, Laguna,

and Bataan. The uses indicated by Blanco are those of the
palm I refer to Arenga trmula. Blanco's description, moreover, certainly applies to Arenga mindorensis Becc, and not to
the form Beccari refers to Arenga trmula. The leaflets are
described as very long, linear, with the apex "hendido en dos
partes desiguales, o en forma de dos arpas." This description
applies to some of the leaflets of Arenga mindorensis, but to
none of the leaflets of Arenga trmula as interpreted by Beccari.
Moreover in Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, and Tayabas Arenga
mindorensisA. trmula is universally known as dumayca,
the native name cited by Blanco, a name that does not appear
on any of our specimens of Arenga ambong and allied forms.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province,
Luzon, February, 1915, there known as dumayca (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 828).
Caryota onusta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 741 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 511;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 143, t. -U0=ARENGA PINNATA (Wurmb) Merr.
Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 119. (Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb,
Arenga saccharifera Labill.).

This palm is found throughout the Philippines at low and

medium altitudes, growing in the settled areas as well as in the
primeval forest in some localities. From its interrupted distribution, and the fact that it is entirely wanting in perhaps most
of the forests of the Philippines, I consider that the species is
probably not a native of the Archipelago, but a purposely introduced one, and one that has been distributed from island to
island by the natives. Its occurrence in some regions in the
primeval forest can probably be accounted for by the fact that
the fully matured fruits are eaten by wild hogs, which would tend
to scatter the species in the forested regions.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 652).
ORAN IA Zippel
Caryota palindan Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 513 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3
(1879) 145 = ORANIA PALINDAN (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Pub!.
(Philip.) 27 (1905) 88.

This species is widely distributed in Luzon, occurring in primeval forests at medium altitudes. In appearance it much
resembles the common coconut palm. Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Naves to Omnia regalis Blume, a species
that does not extend to the Philippines. Orania philippinensis

PALMAE

89

Scheff. ex Becc. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 2 (1885) 156, is a

synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Sablang, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, March, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 144).
ARECA Linnaeus
AR EC A CATECHU Linn. (err. cathecu) ; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 714; ed. 2
(1845) 494; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 120, t. 350.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is commonly cultivated throughout the Philippines and is often
spontaneous. There is no reason whatever for considering the
species a native of the Archipelago, although it has been collected
at least once (in Palawan) in the primeval forest, but here near
an ancient trail. It is certainly a purposely introduced plant
in the Philippines and of prehistoric introduction. The specific
name cathecu is the original spelling, but it is a manifest typographic error for catechu.
Illustrative specimen (immature fruits) from Antipolo, Rizal
Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 213).
Areca catechu Linn. var. humilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 716 (var. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 495; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 120 = ARECA IPOT Becc. in Elm.
Lean. Philip. Bot. 2 (1909) 639.

The form described by Blanco as the variety humilis of Areca

catechu is a very distinct endemic species, recently described by
Beccari as Areca ipot. It was erroneously reduced by Naves to
Areca catechu Linn., var. pumila Miq. The species is of local
distribution in the Philippines and in Luzon is generally known
as sacsic and ipod (not ipot) ; Blanco gives the Tagalog name
as mangipod.
Illustrative specimen from Nagcarlan, Laguna Province, Luzon,
February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 844)
COCOS NUCFERA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 716; ed. 2 (1845) 495
(nucigera) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 123, t. 364.

The coconut palm is very extensively cultivated in the Philippines and presents a number of more or less distinct forms,
varying in the size of the plant and in the size, shape, and quality
of the fruits. It is most certainly not a native of the Archipelago
and nowhere occurs spontaneously in the Philippines. It is certainly of prehistoric introduction into the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from the Catubig River, Samar, February, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae 927).

90

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Cocos mamillaris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 722 (mammilaris (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 499 (mamilaris) ; ed. 3, 3 (1897) 123 = COCOS NUCFERA
Linn., var.

Blanco's species was reduced by Naves to Cocos nucfera Linn,

var. lansiformis Miq. without sufficient reason. The palm is
much smaller than the usual form of Cocos nucfera, the trunk
much more slender, a little larger than that of Areca catechu,
flowering freely when less than a meter high, and the fruits
are very much smaller, as indicated by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Nagcarlan, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 858).
NI PA (Nypa) Wurmb
Nipa litoralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 662 (sp. nov.)=:NIPA FRUTICANS
Wurmb; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 461; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 68, t. 386.

The form proposed by Blanco as a new species, Nipa litoralis,

was correctly reduced by him in the second edition of the Flora
de Filipinas to N. fruticans Wurmb. The species is found along
tidal streams, within the influence of salt or brackish water,
throughout the Philippines, and is locally of great economic
importance, its leaves being used to thatch houses, the sap secured from the peduncles of the pistillate inflorescences being one
of the chief sources of the alcohol distilled in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Malabon, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 420).
ARACEAE
POTHOS Linnaeus
Batls hermaphrodita Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 791 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
544; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 197 = POTHOS HERMAPHRODITUS (Blanco)
comb. nov. (Pothos longifolius Presl).

As imperfect as is Blanco's description, there is no other plant

known from the Philippines to which it can apply. Naves reduced it, by error, to Pothos chaplieri Schott, a species that
does not extend to the Philippines. It is widely distributed in
Luzon at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, November, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 57).
RHAPHIDOPHORA Hasskarl
Potho pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 646; ed. 2 (1845) 450; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 48, t. 339, non Linn. = RHAPHIDOPHORA MERRILLII Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. 37 (1905) 115.

This species was reduced by Naves to Epipremnum medium

Engl., a species that was credited to the Philippines by the

ARACEAE

91

reduction o Rhaphidophora huegeliana Schott. However, Rhaphidophora huegeliana is a distinct s$ecies=Epipremnopsis

huegelianum Engl.; does not occur in the vicinity of Manila;
and is a species to which Blanco's description does not apply.
Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl, is fairly common in the vicinity
of Manila; is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes ; agrees with Blanco's description and the indicated time as
to flowering; and is very generally known to the Tagalog as
tibtib, one of the names cited by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915, there known as tibtib (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 715).
AMORPHOPHALLUS Blume
Arum decurrens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 656 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 457;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 62 = AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS (Roxb.)
Blume.

Arum decurrens Blanco is the whole basis of Amorphophallus

decurrens Kunth, which Engler, Pflanzenreich 48 (1911) 108,
has admitted as a doubtful species. It is identical with A. campanulatus Blume. The species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes,
growing in thickets, in waste places, along roadsides, etc., but
never in the virgin forests. The spathes and spadices are
enormously variable in size, depending largely on the size of
the corm, and shrink much in drying.
Illustrative specimen from Pantay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June (flowers), September (leaves), 1915, there known as
pongpong (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1QUU).
ALOCASIA Schott
Calla maxima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 658 (sp. nov.) = Arum grandifolium
Blanco op. cit. ed 2 (1845) 458; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 63, t. 177 (as Arum
grandifolmm Spreng.), non Jacq. = ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA
(Linn.) Schott.
Calla badin Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 658 (sp. nov.) = A LOCAS IA MACRORRHIZA Schott.

Calla maxima was reduced by Naves to Alocasia indica

(Roxb.) Schott, but seems rather to be referable to A. macrorrhiza. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines
and exceedingly variable in size; when young acaulescent or
nearly so, later with a trunk up to 4 m in height. Calla badin
Blanco is included in the second and third editions of the Flora
de Filipinas, without specific name, casually mentioned under
Caladium esculentwm; i. e., Colocasia esculenta Schott F.-Villar
reduced it to Alocasia indica Schott var. variegata Engl., while

92

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

I previously considered it to be a form of Colocasia antiquorum

Schott=C esculentum Schott. From the native names cited,
there being no other data from which its status can be determined, as Blanco gives no description, it can scarcely be other
than a form of Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, there known as biga (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 630).
COLOCASIA Schott
Calla gaby Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 659 (sp. nov.) = Cal ad i urn esculentum
Vent.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 459; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 64=COLOCASIA
ESCULENTA (L.) Schott. (C. antiquorum Schott.).

The taro, widely known in the Philippines as gabi, is extensively cultivated, a number of forms or varieties being found
in the Archipelago. It is at times at least subspontaneous, but
is certainly not a native of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon,
May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and F. Q. Otones (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 21 ).
TYPHONIUM Schott
Arum divaricatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 657; ed. 2 (1845) 458; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 62, non Linn, (vel Linn. p. p. tantum) =TYPHONIUM
CUSPIDATUM (Blume) Decne.

This was reduced by Naves to Typhonium divaricatum (Linn.)

Decne., but the original Arum divaricatum Linn, was in part
Typhonium divaricatum Decne. and in part T. cuspidatum
Decne.; the Philippine form described by Blanco is apparently
the latter. It is found only in and near towns in the Philippines and probably is an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, August, 1912, September, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 676, 970).
ARISAEMA Linnaeus
Calla polyphylla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 659 (sp. nov.) =Caladlum ?
digitatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 459 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
64 = ARISAEMA POLYPHYLLUM (Blanco) Merr. {A. cumingii
Schott.).

A species of wide distribution in the Philippines at medium

and higher altitudes, exceedingly variable in vegetative characters. The leaves vary greatly in width, and the maximum
length I have observed, on very luxuriant specimens, is about
25 cm.

LEMNACEAE-FLAGELLARIACEAE

93

Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,

1914 (Mer?"ill: Species Blancoanae No. ^60).
PI ST IA Linnaeus
PISTIA STRATIOTES Linn.; Blanco PI. Filip. (1837) 651; ed. 2 (1845)
454; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 55, t. 468.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in stagnant
pools, slow streams, etc., at low altitudes, its common Tagalog
name being quiapo, its Ilocano name loloan. It is exceedingly
variable in size, the rosettes in luxuriant specimens up to 20 cm
in diameter.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 9h).
LEMNACEAE
LEMNA Linnaeus
Lemna gibba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 672; ed. 2 (1845) 468; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
78, non Linn. = L E M N A PA UCI COST AT A Hegelm.

This species is frequently very abundant on stagnant pools

about Manila during the rainy season, often associated with
Wolffia arrhiza Wimm., less frequently associated with Spirodela polyrrhiza (Linn.) Schleid. The Tagalog names are inalai,
lia, and lija. It is widely distributed in the Philippines. This
is probably the form indicated by Llanos as Conferva lia Llanos
Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 113 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 92, regarding which he naively
states that he never had any occasion to write a description
of it, but that there was scarcely any doubt as to its belonging
in Conferva. There is no description.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 131).
FLAGELLARIACEAE
FLAGELLARIA Linnaeus
FLAGELLARIA INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 196; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 347.

Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, which is common throughout the Archipelago at low and medium altitudes.
It is commonly known as balinguay.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 386).

94

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

BROMELIACEAE
ANANAS Tournefort
Bromelia ananas Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 230; ed. 2 (1845) 162;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 291, t. 58=Ananas sativus Schultes f. = ANANAS COMOSUS (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 133 {Bromelia
comosa Linn.).

The pineapple is generally cultivated throughout the Philippines and in some regions, notably parts of Palawan, has become
thoroughly naturalized. It was introduced from Mexico at an
early date by the Spaniards and is universally known in the
Philippines by its Spanish name pina. Bromelia pigna Perr.
(1825), based on Philippine specimens, is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 778).
COMMELINACEAE
POLL IA Thunberg
Lechea minor Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 52; ed. 2 (1845) 35; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
65, non Linn. = POLLIA SORZOGONENSIS (E. Mey.) Endl.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring usually in forests and in shaded ravines.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 586).
COMMELINA Linnaeus
Commelina polygama Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 25 {polgama); ed. 2 (1845)
18; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 34, t. 13, non Roth = COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed throughout the

settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
It is apparently an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 135).
RHOEO Hance
Tradescantia discolor L'Hrit.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 232; ed. 2 (1845)
163 {discolar) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 294, t. S = RHOEO DISCOLOR
(L'Hrit.) Hance.

This American species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

It is found in the Philippines only in cultivation.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April 18, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 2U0).

PONTEDERIACEAE-LILIACEAE

95

CYANOTIS D. Don
Tradescantia cristata Jacq.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 231; ed. 2 (1845) 163;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 293 = CYANOTIS CRISTATA (Linn.) Roem. &
Schultes.

The species was correctly interpreted by Blanco but properly

belongs in the genus Cyanotis. It is to be noted that this is not
the plant figured by Naves, as representing Blanco's species,
in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, t. 83, the figure
being Commelina nudiflora Linn. It is widely distributed in
the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal
Province, Luzon, October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 155).
FLOSCOPA Loureiro
Tradescantia geniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 232; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 294,
non Jacq., nee Lour. = FLOSCOPA SCAN DENS Lour.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes. It was omitted from the second edition
of the Flora de Filipinas, but was included by F.-Villar and
Naves in the third edition.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 118).
PONTEDERIACEAE
MONOCHORIA Presl
Pontederia vaginalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 255; ed. 2 (1845) 178; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 320, t. U66, non Burm. f.= MONOCHORIA HASTATA (Linn.)
Solms.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in fresh-water swamps, along streams
and stagnant pools, etc., and is abundant about Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 19).
LILIACEAE
ALOE Linnaeus
Alo humilis Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 256; ed. 2 (1845) 179; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
321, t. 95, non Linn. = ALO VERA Linn.

Naves reduced this to Alo barbadensis Mill., which is a synonym of Alo vera Linn. The plant is still cultivated on a very
limited scale in gardens in Manila and in some of the larger
towns of the Philippines, being widely known as sbila. It
rarely flowers in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas, Batangas Province,

96

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Luzon, October 21, 1916, there known as sbila (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1005).
ALLIUM Linnaeus
Allium tricoccum Blanco Fl Filip. (1837) 239; ed. 2 (1845) 167; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 301, t. 87, non Ait. = ALLIUM TUBEROSUM Roxb.

Naves reduced this to Allium uliginosum Don, which is supposed to be a synonym of A. tuberosum Roxb., which in turn was
described from specimens grown at Calcutta. The plant is commonly cultivated by Chinese gardeners in Manila as a vegetable,
being especially used for flavoring soups, etc. It is universally
known as cuchai, a name derived from the Cantonese kau chou,
indicating that the plant itself was introduced into the Philippines by the Chinese. It rarely produces flowers in Manila..
It may not be distinct from Allium porrum Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, from Chinese
vegetable gardens, flowering m June and July (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 1021).
PLEOMELE Salisbury
> Pandanus inermis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 537 (sp. nov.) ; cd. 3,
3 (1879) 184, non Roxb. = PLEOM ELE ANGUSTIFOLIA (Roxb.) N.
E. Br. (Dracaena, angustifolia Roxb.).

Blanco's entire description consists of the following: "Hojas

esparcidas, y sin ganchos.=Es un Pandan, que he visto en
los bosques de Angat, de unos nueve pies de alto, y no se si se
har mayor. No tena flores ni fruto." By F.-Villar it was
reduced to Pandanus moschatus "Rumph." (Miquel), a species
that does not occur in the Philippines. Pandanus inermis
Blanco is, without doubt, Pleomele (Dracaena), and from our
material I cannot distinguish it from Pleomele angustifolia
(Roxb.) N. E. Br. It is variable and is widely distributed in
the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimens (topotype of Pandanus inermis Blanco)
from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 668) ; Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 902).
TAETSIA Medicus
(Cordyline Commerson)
Dracaena terminalis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 263; ed. 2 (1845) 183;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 328, t. 98 = Cordyline terminalis Kunth = TAETSIA
FRUTICOSA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 137 (Convallaria fruticosa Linn.).

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but

the specific name fruticosa is older. It occurs in the Philippines
only as a cultivated plant. It was probably of prehistoric in-

LILIACEAE

97

troduction in the Philippines, but was possibly not introduced

until after the Spanish occupation of the Archipelago. It occurs
throughout the Archipelago in the settled areas, but is nowhere
wild.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 512).
SM I LAX Linnaeus
Smilax pseudochina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 795; ed. 2 (1845) 548; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 204, non Linn. = SMILAX BRACTEATA Presl (S. blancoi
Kunth).
Smilax fistulosa Blanco op. cit. 796 (sp. nov.); 549; 205 = SMILAX BRACTEATA Presl.

This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon

and is the only representative of the genus found near Manila.
There is no doubt whatever that both Smilax pseudochina Blanco
and S. fistulosa are the same species and that both are identical
with S. bracteata Presl; Smilax blancoi Kunth is merely a new
name for S. pseudochina Blanco. Naves was entirely unjustified
in referring S. pseudochina Blanco to S. china, S. laevis, and
Heterosmilax borneensis, none of which occur in the Philippines,
except the first. To Smilax bracteata Presl should probably
also be referred, in part, Smilax divaricata Blanco op. cit. 795 (sp.
nov. ) ; 548 ; 206, so far as this species is a Smilax. The root
characters and properties assigned to the species belong with
Smilax, but the description of the leaves applies to Dioscorea:
''Hojas * * * asaeteadas, con los lbulos laterales mui divergentes." The flowers and fruits are not described.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 572).
Smilax latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 548 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3
(1879) 204, non R. Br.=Smilax vicaria Kunth Enum. 5 (1850)
262 = SMILAX LEUCOPHYLLA Blume.

Smilax vicaria Kunth is merely a new name for S. latifolia

Blanco, non R. Br., and the species, accordingly, must be typified
by Blanco's description. I can see no reason, however, for distinguishing the Philippine form from the Malayan Smilax leucophylla Blume. It is not common in the Philippines, but is
apparently widely distributed, growing in forests at medium
altitudes. It was erroneously reduced by Naves to Smilax macrophylla Roxb., a species that does not occur in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimens from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 690) ; San
Antonio, Laguna Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 951).
161862

98

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

AMARYLLIDACEAE
CRINUM Linnaeus
Haemanthus pubescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 253, non Linn. f.=
Crinum giganteum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 175; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
315, non Andr.^CRINUM ASIATICUM Linn.
CRINUM ASIATICUM Blanco op. cit. 251; 175; 314, t. 168.

Crinum asiaticum Linn, is exceedingly variable in size, depending on the age of the plant, its habitat, etc. It is common and
widely distributed throughout the Philippines along the seashore.
Haemanthus pubescens B\anco=Crinum giganteum Blanco,
was correctly reduced by Naves in the Novissima Appendix to
the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. Naves, however, reduced Crinum asiaticum Blanco to C. gracile E. Mey., an
endemic sylvan Philippine species. The description is short and
imperfect, but from the fact that Blanco's material came from
Mandaloyon near Manila, the probabilities are very great that
he had merely a dwarfed form of the Linnean species ; certainly
not C. gracile E. Mey. It is universally known as bacong in the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
April, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 935).
HYMENOCALLIS Salisbury
Pancratium illyricum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 251 (illiricum) ; ed. 2 (1845)
176 (illiricum) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 316, t. 411 (as Hymenocallis adnata
Herb.), non Linn. = HYM ENOCALLIS LITTORALIS (Jacq.) Salisb.
Pancratium maritimum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 252; ed. 2 (1845) 177; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 316, non Linn. = ? HYMENOCALLIS LITTORALIS (Jacq.)
Salisb.

This species is very common in cultivation in the larger towns

throughout the Philippines, but is scarcely naturalized, although
occasionally found in waste places, about deserted dwellings, etc.
The form described by Blanco as Pancratium illyricum was
reduced by Naves to Hymenocallis adnata Herb., which is cited
by Baker as a synonym of H. littoralis. The species was introduced into the Philippines, from Mexico, at an early date.
As to Pancratium maritimum Blanco, whatever else it may be,
it can scarcely be Pancratium maritimum Linn. The description is very short and imperfect, taken from specimens observed
by him in cultivation in Batangas Province, Luzon. I strongly
suspect it to have been Hymenocallis littoralis Salisb.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 128).

AMARYLLIDACEAE

99

EURYCLES Salisbury
Pancratium amboinense Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 252; ed. 2 (1845)
177; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 317, t. 1,06 EURYCLES AMBOINENSIS (Linn.)
Lindl.

This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines, growing in thickets and second-growth forests; it is also frequently
cultivated for ornamental purposes. It is probably not a native
of the Archipelago but of prehistoric introduction, but if introduced it is thoroughly naturalized.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondon, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 61).
PANCRATIUM Linnaeus
PANCRATIUM ZEYLANICUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 253; ed.
2 (1845) 177; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 317, t. 321.

The species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is of local

occurrence in the Philippines, cultivated and as an escape in
coconut plantations, etc. It is certainly an introduced species.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 378).
HIPPEASTRUM Herbert
Amaryllis atamasco Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 254; ed. 2 (1845) 178; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 319, t. 359, non Linn. = HIPPEASTRUM MINIATUM Herb

This reduction was made by Naves and is apparently the

correct disposition of the form that Blanco described. Hippeastrum miniatum Herb., at least as currently identified, still
occurs in cultivation in the Philippines, but is nowhere abundant.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon,
May 1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1048).
POLIANTHES Linnaeus
POLIANTHES TUBEROSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 259 (Polyavthes); ed. 2 (1845) 181; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 323.

This Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was introduced into the Philippines at an early date from Mexico
and is still not uncommon in cultivation.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas, Batangas Province,
Luzon, October, 1916, there known as azucena (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 1038).
AGAVE Linnaeus
Agave americana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 258; ed. 2 (1845) 180; ed 3,
1 (1877) 322, t. 96, non Linn. = AGAVE CNTALA Roxb.

This is the common maguey plant, introduced into the Philippines at an early date from Mexico, but described by Roxburgh

100

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

from specimens cultivated in India. Following Naves I previously considered it to be a form of Agave rigida Mill. Its
proper name is apparently Agave cntala Roxb., although, so
far as I know at present, this exact form has not been discovered in Mexico.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1916, there known as maguey (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1031).
CURCULIGO Gaertner
Gethyllis acaulis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 260 (Gethillis) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 181; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 324 = CURCULIGO ORCHOIDES Gaertn.
(at least as interpreted in Hooker's Flora of British India).

This species was reduced by Naves to Hypoxis franqueviei

Miq.=#. aurea Lour. In my previous paper on Blanco's species, through oversight, I indicated Loureiro's species as Hypoxis
flava, instead of H. aurea, and considered F.-Villar's reduction
as certainly correct. Blanco's description, however, is unmistakably that of a species of Curculigo, not Hypoxis in "Cor.
[olla] superior, mui larga, con el tubo filiforme, macizo (y as en
realidad no es tubo) " which refers to the long and slender beak
or stipe extending far above the ovary and bearing the perianth.
This species of Curculigo is widely distributed at low altitudes
in the Philippines and has been recently found immediately
north of Manila; Blanco's type was from Malinta, near Manila.
It greatly resembles Hypoxis aurea in habit and is frequently
confused with that species. Hypoxis aurea never occurs in the
Philippines at low altitudes and is entirely unknown from the
provinces near Manila.
Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 260).
TACCACEAE
TACCA Forster
Tacca vesicaria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 261 (sp. nov.)=Tacca palma+t
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 182 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 325 =
TACCA PALMATA Blume Enum. PI. Jav. 1 (1827) 23.

Blanco was correct in reducing his Tacca vesicaria to Tacca

palmata if he intended the latter to be Blume's species. However, there is no evidence that he intended his Tacca palmata
to be T. palmata of Blume, as at the end of the description he
adds "Espec. nueva." The species is widely distributed in the
Philippines at low altitudes, occurring, especially in bamboo
thickets. Tacca rumphii Schauer (1843), typified by Philippine
material, is a synonym.

DIOSCOREACEAE

101

Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal

Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
15U).
Tacca gaogao Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 262; 856 (sp. nov.) =TACCA PIN NATI Fl DA Forst.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 182; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 327.

Blanco was correct in reducing his Tacca gaogao to Tacca

pinnatifida Forst. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines, especially near the seashore, and is locally abundant.
DIOSCOREACEAE
DIOSCOREA Linnaeus
DIOSCOREA DIVARICATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 797 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 550; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 207.

This species is certainly a valid one, but was erroneously

reduced by Naves to Dioscorea batatas Dene., a species that
does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco may have included
in his description more than one species, as the Tagalog names
paquit and cobag are applied today not only to the present form
but also to D. luzonensis Schauer; however, Blanco's description
does not apply to Schauer's species. The species discussed by
Blanco following D. divaricata under the native names cobag,
cobag na quiroy, and cairoui is Dioscorea loheri Prain & Burkill,
which is commonly known in Rizal Province as quiroi and which
differs from D. divaricata in the points mentioned by Blanco.
The specimens of D. divaricata, distributed herewith, were from
a plant having a spiny main stem, its tubers up to 2 m in length,
30 to 40 cm in diameter, edible, perpendicular or nearly so, and
the top of the tuber frequently a meter below the surface of
the ground, but often less, in all these characters agreeing with
Blanco's description.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914; there known as ubag (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 391) (Species Blancoanae No. 117 is Dioscorea luzonensis Schauer, which, as noted above, may have been included
by Blanco in his description of Dioscorea divaricata).
Dioscorea sp. (cobag, cobag na quiroi, cairoui) Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 798;
ed. 2 (1845) 550; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 206=DIOSCOREA LOHERI Prain
& Burkill.

This form differs from Blanco's description of Dioscorea

divaricata in most of the points noted by him ; stem with few
spines, leaves smaller, and tubers smaller. In D. loheri the
tubers are near the surface of the ground and scarcely more

102

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

than 2 to 3 cm in diameter, but Blanco states that they are sometimes situated up to three yards below the surface, probably
by confusion with D. divaricata.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914, there known as quiroi {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 634).
/

DIOSCOREA ALATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 799; ed. 2 (1845)
550; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 207.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is found in cultivation throughout the Archipelago at low and
medium altitudes, but never wild. It is certainly not a native
of the Philippines, but undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction.
While the vegetative and floral characters are quite constant,
the tubers vary enormously in shape, size, and in the color of
the flesh. In shape the tubers vary from cylindric to oblong,
often flattened, and frequently lobed. In color the flesh varies
from purple to white. Tubers may be small in size, or sometimes attain a weight of 15 kilos or perhaps more. Its universal Tagalog name is ubi.
Illustrative specimens from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 810) ; Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1915 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 922).
Dioscorea papillaris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 801 (pappillaria) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 552; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 210 = DIOSCOREA ESCULENTA
(Lour.) Burkill [D. aculeata Linn. var. tiliaefolia (Kunth) Prain &
Burkill in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. N. S. 10 (1914) 20].

This species was reduced by Naves to Dioscorea sativa Linn.,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines. My interpretation of it is not in full agreement with Blanco's description,
as the tubers are obovoid rather than "de figura de maza," the
petioles are not short, nor are they winged in the upper part.
However, this form appears several times in our collections
under the Tagalog name tongo, cited by Blanco, and otherwise
agrees with his description. The largest tuber I have seen was
about 25 cm in length, but it is said by the Filipinos sometimes
to be twice as large. The tuber is edible and is protected by
a crown of very spiny modified roots up to 25 cm in length.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as tongo (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 677).

DIOSCOREACEAE

103

Dioscorea tugui Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 800 (sp. nov.) = Dioscorea sativa
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 551; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 209, non Linn.=
DIOSCOREA ESCULENTA (Lour.) Burkill [D. acuieata Linn. var.
tiliaefolia (Kunth) Prain & Burkill, D. tiliaefolia Kunth].

This species is very common in the Philippines and is of wide

distribution at low altitudes. It was reduced by Naves to Dioscorea fasciculata Roxb., but Roxburgh's species is considered
by Prain & Burkill as merely a variety of D. acuieata; i. e., D.
esculenta (Lour.) Burkill. Dioscorea tugui Blanco is the wild
form and is characterized by the production of a crown of very
spiny modified roots above the tubers ; a cultivated form that is
found in the Philippines cannot be distinguished from this wild
form in any character except that the spiny modified roots are
lacking.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 202).
Dioscorea triphylla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 799; ed. 2 (1845) 551; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 208, non Linn. = DIOSCOREA HISPIDA Dennst. (D. daemona Roxb. ).

This is Dioscorea triphylla Linn, in Stickman Herb. Amb.

(1754) 23 as typified by Ubium sylvestre Rumph. Herb. Amb.
5: t. 128. It is not Dioscorea triphylla Linn. Sp. PI. (1753)
1032; for the synonymy see Prain & Burkill in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. N. S. 10 (1914) 25. It is common and widely distributed
in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. The tubers are
large, and after the poisonous principle is dissipated by long
washing in running water they are much used as food. Tagalog,
name; Ilocano and Visayan, cort.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 90).
DIOSCOREA PENTAPHYLLA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 802; ed. 2
(1845) 552; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 210.

The plant Blanco described is manifestly a form of the Linnean

species and is referable to the var. malaica Prain & Burkill in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. N. S. 10 (1914) 23. It is common about
Manila and seems to be widely distributed in the Philippines,
growing in thickets at low altitudes, but is not cultivated. It
rarely produces flowers in the Philippines, but very generally
produces bulbils. The Tagalog name is lima-lima, "lima" meaning five, from the number of leaflets.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 458).

104

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

IRIDACEAE
ELEUTHERINE Herbert
Antholyza meriana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 24 (Antholiza) ; ed. 2 (1845)
18; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 33, t. 100, non Linn. = ELEUTHERINE PALMIFOLIA (Linn.) Merr. (E. plicata Herb.).

This was placed by Naves under Sisyrinchium palmifolium

Linn., which, as I interpret it, is the same as Eleutherine plicata
Herb. The species is occasionally found in cultivation in the
Philippines, having been introduced from tropical America at
an early date. In some regions it is naturalized and is locally
abundant.
Illustrative specimen from Tacloban, Leyte, comm. Felix
Franco, locally known as hagusahis, October, 1916 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 1034).
MUSACEAE
MUSA Linnaeus

Blanco described eighteen varieties of the banana, all but four

being placed under Musa paradisiaca Linn., these four being
erroneously placed under Musa trogloditarum Linn. He states
that fifty-seven varieties of the banana were known from the
Philippines, this statement apparently being taken from Delgado
(Hist. Filip., 553-560). The forms placed under Musa trogloditarum Linn, apparently represent three or four distinct species: Musa textilis Ne, the abac plant; Musa glauca Roxb., a
nonsoboliferous banana, the only one of this type known from the
Philippines; and Musa errons (Blanco) Teodoro. Those placed
under Musa paradisiaca Linn, are in part cultural forms and
varieties of this species, in part varieties of Musa sapientum
Linn. The probabilities are very great that most of the forms
of the ordinary banana described by Blanco are also to be found
in cultivation in other parts of Malaya and in India, but without
comprehensive collections of living plants for purposes of comparison, it is impossible definitely to refer named Philippine
forms to named extra-Philippine ones. In the following consideration I have closely followed Teodoro's rather intensive
study of Philippine bananas in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915)
Bot. 379-421, t. 7-18, who has given detailed descriptions and
excellent figures of the flowers and fruits of many of the forms
Blanco described.
/Musa troglodytarum Linn. var. dolioliformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 855
(var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 174; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 312 = MUSA GLAUCA
Roxb.

There is little doubt that this remarkably distinct form is

MUSACEAE

105

the same as Musa glauca Roxb., judging from Roxburgh's figure

and description. The Philippine plant is of large size, 3 to 4
m high, the basal part usually much swollen, and produces no
suckers, the plant dying after flowering. The infructescence
is pendulous, up to 80 cm long and 30 cm in diameter, the large
and conspicuous bracts are imbricate, persistent, and quite cover
the fruits. The fruits are oblong-obovoid, irregularly and slightly
3-angled, angles rounded, green, glaucous, with faint longitudinal
veins, 9 to 11 cm long, 3.5 to 4 cm in diameter, obtuse, sessile,
narrowed below, the pericarp about 1.5 mm thick, the pulp very
scanty, white, inedible, the seeds large, globose, black, about
12 mm in diameter. See Philip. Agr. Review 6 (1913) No. 9,
t. 1 for a photographic reproduction of the habit of this species
there characterized as "an unidentified wild species."
Illustrative specimens from Cavit Province, Luzon, September, 1913, there known as virgen, the same native name that
Blanco cites {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 537. 9^6).
Musa troglodytarum Linn. var. textoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 247 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 173; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 311=MUSA TEXTILIS Ne
(M. abaca Perr.).

This species presents considerable variation, is widely distributed in the Philippines, and in many provinces and islands
is extensively cultivated for its fiber, abac or Manila hemp of
commerce. Commercially this fiber is one of the most important
products of the Philippines. See Teodoro in Philip. Jour. Sei.
10 (1915) Bot. 388, t. 18, f. 6-10, for a detailed description,
with figures.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated specimens, Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 653).
Musa troglodytarum Linn. var. errans Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 247 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 172; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 310 = MUSA ERRANS
(Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 390, 1.17, f. 6-.

This was reduced by Naves to Musa amboinensis "Rumph.,"

which is certainly incorrect, while I previously expressed the
opinion that it was certainly a form or variety of Musa textilis
Ne. I am now of the opinion that it is probably a distinct
species, following Teodoro who has raised Blanco's variety to
specific rank. It is the common wild sylvan banana in the
forests of the provinces near Manila, the Tagalog name saguing
maching meaning monkey banana.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as saguiyig maching (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 873).

106

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Musa troglodytarum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 246; ed. 2 (1845) 172; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 310, t. 89, non Linn. = MUSA ERRAN S (Blanco) Teodoro
var. BOTOAN Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 391, t. 7,
f. 5-10.

This is one of the commonest bananas found in cultivation

in the Philippines. The fruit contains many seeds, is edible,
and is green when mature.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, there known as butuan (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 217).
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. cinerea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 250 (var.
nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 175; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 313 = MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. CINEREA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915)
Bot. 397, t. IS, f. 1-5.

This is one of the most commonly cultivated bananas in the

Philippines, and the fruit is to be found in the market at all
seasons. It is rather inferior, with a thin yellow skin, and firm
subacid flesh. Blanco states that it was introduced into the
Philippines by Mr. Letondal. See Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei.
10 (1915) Bot. 397, t. 13, f. 1-5, for a detailed description of it.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June, 1915, there known as latundan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 926).
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. violcea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 307=MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. VIOLCEA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10
(1915) Bot. 398, t. 5, f. 6-10.

This is one of the edible bananas, of which Teodoro has given

a detailed description, with figures, 1. c.
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. glaberrima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 308 = MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. GLABERRIMA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10
(1915) Bot. 399, t. 15, f. 1-5.

The identification of the specimen cited below with Blanco's

variety is made chiefly from the native name, but the material
agrees with his description as far as it goes.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915, there known as glamai seora (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 865).
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. suaveolens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 244 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 306 = MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. SUAVEOLENS (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10
(1915) Bot. 400, t. U, f. 6-10.

The bungulan is one of the most delicious bananas found in

cultivation in the Philippines and is one of the most highly

MUSACEAE

107

prized varieties. The fruit is green or yellowish-green when

mature, while the flesh is soft and has a very delicate flavor.
It is identical with the most commonly cultivated form in
Kwangtung Province, China.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June, 1915, from cultivated plants, there known as bungulan
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 928).
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. glauca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 250 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 175; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 312=MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. GLAUCA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915)
Bot. 402, t. 9, f. 6-10. '

This banana is very similar to the form described by Blanco

as Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. cinerea Blanco, locally known
as letondal or letondan, and is apparently only a slight variant
of that form.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
July 18, 1916, there known as veinte cohol (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 912).
^Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. ternatensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 243 (var.
f
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 170; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 305 = MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. TERNATENSIS (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei.
10 (1915) Bot. 404, t. 7, f. 1-5.

This is one of the cultivated forms of Musa paradisiaca Linn,

subsp. sapientum (Linn.) O. Ktze., the fruits yellow when
mature, seedless, the pulp well flavored.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1915, there known as gloria (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 216).
Musa paradisiaca Linn var. lacatan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 243 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 170; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 305, t. SS=MUSA SAPIENTUM Linn. var. LACATAN Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915)
Bot. 405, t. 11, f. 1-5.

This is one of the most desirable eating bananas in the Philippines and is commonly known as lacatan.
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. ulnaris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 246 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 172; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 309.

A purely imaginary banana, of which Blanco saw no material.

He described it from hearsay, the fruits as being as thick as
the "pantorilla" (calf of the leg) and attaining a length of a
"braza" (about six feet). The probabilities are that Blanco's
informant was trying to describe the form commonly known as
tundoc or tuldoc, which has unusually large fruits.

108

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. tombak Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 246 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 307=MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. TOMBAK Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot.
407, t. 10, f. 1-5.

This form, very imperfectly described by Blanco, is one of

the cultivated varieties of the common banana.- The identification has been made chiefly from the Tagalog name, tinumbaga.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Antipolo, Rizal
Province, Luzon, June, 1915, there known as tinumbaga or
durogo (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 953).
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. longa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245 (var. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 308-M USA SAPIENTUM Linn. var.
LONGA (Blanco) Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 407.

One of the edible bananas, known only from Blanco's description.

Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. compressa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 240 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 168; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 304=MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. COMPRESSA Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot.
408, t. 7, f. 1-5.

It is impossible to determine the exact status of this variety

from any existing monograph. It is one of the commonest
and most widely distributed forms in the Philippines, as it thrives
with little or no cultivation; it does not, however, occur wild.
The fruits are yellowish when mature, rather thick skinned,
and the pulp is rather inferior in flavor.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915, there known as sab (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 868).
Musa paradisiaca Linn. var. pumiia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 244 (var.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 306=MUSA SAPIENTUM
Linn. var. [M. cavendishii Lamb. var. pumiia (Blanco) Teodoro in
Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 412].

This banana was characterized by Blanco as being similar

in fruit characters to the bungulan, but differing in having a
less palatable fruit and in being dwarfed in size. It is one of
the cultivated foims of the common banana.
Illustrative specimen from San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June, 1915, from cultivated plants, there known as tampohin
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 943).
MUSA PARADISIACA Linn. var. MAGNA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 244
(var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 307.

A form of Musa paradisiaca Linn, as that species is currently

interpreted, producing very large fruits up to a foot in length,
commonly known as tundoc.

ZINGIBERACEAE

109

MUSA PARADISIACA Linn. var. SUBRUBEA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245
(var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 307.

A form of Musa paradisiaca Linn, as that species is currently

interpreted. See Teodoro in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot.
414, t. 16, f. 1-5, for a detailed description of it.
MUSA PARADISIACA Linn. var. MAXIMA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 245
(var. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 171; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 308.

This is very poorly characterized by Blanco as one of the bananas with very large fruits of poor flavor. The identification has
been made largely from the native name. One of the cultivated
forms of the common banana.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June, 1915, there known as batavia or matavia (Merrill: Specws Blancoanae No. 920).
ZINGIBERACEAE
CURCUMA Linnaeus
CURCUMA LONGA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 5; ed. 2 (1845) 4; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 6, t. 3 (as Costus luteus Blanco).

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines and
is locally abundant. Turmeric is commonly and widely known
in the Philippines as dilao or dulao, this word merely meaning
yellow, from the fact that the rhizomes yield a yellow dye. The
plant is certainly not a native of the Philippines, but one of
prehistoric introduction from Asia or Malaya.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1915, there known as dilao (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 917).
/

Costus nigricans Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 3 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 3; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 5 = CURCUMA ZEDOARIA (Berg.) Rose.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in the

settled areas, occurring chiefly in the vicinity of towns. It is
never cultivated, but nevertheless is certainly a purposely introduced plant in the Archipelago. It is locally very abundant.
Costus nigricans Blanco is the whole basis of Roscoea nigrociata Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 21, Hasskarl's name thus
becoming a synonym of Curcuma zedoaria Rose.
From this species I have not been able to separate Costus luteus
Blanco op. cit. 4 (sp. nov.) ; 3; 6, on which Roscoea lutea Hassk.
in Flora 47 (1864) 21 was based. Blanco's description is very
short and imperfect, practically merely stating that Costus luteus
differs from C. nigricans only in that its rhizomes are yellow,

HO

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

that the leaves lack the dark-colored median spot, and that the
rhizomes yield a yellow dye. I consider it very probable that
it too is but a synonym of Curcuma zedoaria Rose.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June, 1915, here known as tamo and as barac, the former cited
by Blanco as one of the native names of Costus lutens, the latter
as one of the native names of C. nigricans {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 966).
KAEMPFERIA Linnaeus
Kaempferia rotunda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 5; ed. 2 (1845) 4 (Kaempheria) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 7, non Linn.= KAEMPFERIA GALANGA Linn.

This species is widely distributed; it is of local occurrence in

the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes,
but was certainly introduced into the Archipelago in prehistoric
times ; it is not a native of the islands.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
August, 1915, here known as duso or dusol (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 942).
KOLOWRATIA Presl
Renealmia gracilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 1 (sp. nov.) =Renealmia exaltata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 1; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 2, t. 1, non Linn.
f. = KOLOWRATIA ELEGANS Presl {Alpinia gracilis Rolfe, Alpinia
elegans K. Sch.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, and is exceedingly variable
in leaf size. Its most common native names are talbac or tagbac.
It was erroneously reduced by Naves to Alpinia gigantea Blume,
a species that does not occur in the Philippines. Blanco's description typifies Hellenia gracilis Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 19.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 404).
ZINGIBER Adanson
Amomum zingiber Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 2; ed. 2 (1845) 2; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 3, t. 131 ^ZINGIBER OFFICINALE Rose.

Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, the form

being the ordinary ginger which is cultivated in and about the
larger towns of the Philippines to supply the local demand.
Blanco's description typifies Zingiber blancoi Hassk. in Flora
47 (1864) 20.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1916 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1024).

CANNACEAE

Hl

Amomum zerumbet Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 2; ed. 2 (1845) 2; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 3, t. 870 (as Z. cassumunar Roxb.) =2INGIBER ZERUMBET (Linn.) Rose.

This is common and widely distributed in the Philippines,

occurring in settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It is
apparently an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 592).
AMOMUM Linnaeus
Amomum echinatum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 3; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 4,
non Willd. = AMOMUM PROPINQUUM Ridley.

Naves considered that the form Blanco described was referable to Amomum aculeatum Roxb. var. majus, in which he was
certainly in error, as Roxburgh's species does not extend to the
Philippines. While Blanco's description is very imperfect, and
he considers only the fruits, his species is unquestionably the
Philippine form that Ridley has described as Amomum propinquum. It is of local occurrence but of rather wide distribution
in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, April,
1915 (MerroW; Species Blancoanae No. 925).
GLOBBA Linnaeus
GLOBBA MARANTINA Linn.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 7; F.-Vill.
and Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 (1880) 2, t. 351.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Llanos. It

is locally abundant at low altitudes in the settled areas of the
Philippines, but is certainly not a native of the Archipelago. It
flowers freely, but also usually produces numerous bulbils.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
August, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 9H).
CANNACEAE
CANNA Linnaeus
J> CANNA INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 6; ed. 2 (1845) 5; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 8, t. U.

The Linnean species was apparently correctly interpreted by

Blanco. It was undoubtedly introduced from Mexico by the
Spaniards, but is now common and widely distributed in the
Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas.
Its most common native (Tagalog) name is ticas-ticas.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U7).

112

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

MARANTACEAE
DON AX Loureiro
Maranta arundinacea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 7; ed. 2 (1845) 5; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 9, t. 5, non Linn. = DONAX CAN NI FORM IS (Forst, f.) K.
Sch. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 15 (1893) 440; Rolfe in Joum. Bot. 45 (1907)
243 (Thalia cannaeformis Forst, f., Actoplanes cannaeformis K. Sch.,
Donax arundastrum K. Sch. quoad Philippinense, non Lour.).

This is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines,

in ravines along small streams in thickets and forests.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 279).
ORCHIDCEAE
HABENARIA Willdenow
Thelymitra mauritana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 642; ed. 2 (1845) 447; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 40= HABENARIA MALINTANA (Blanco) comb. nov.

Blanco's species was reduced by Naves to Habenaria trinervia

Wight, a species that does not extend to the Philippines and
one to which his description does not apply. Thelymitra malintana is, however, a species of Habenaria and is identical with
Habenaria peloHoides Par. & Reichb. f. (1874), or at least with
the Philippine material referred here by Mr. Ames. Blanco's
name is much the earlier and should be adopted, especially in
view of the fact that there is absolutely no doubt as to the
identity of his species. The type was from Malinta, a short
distance from Manila, and the species still grows in the vicinity
of Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 629).
VANILLA Swartz
Epidendrum vanilla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 643 (vainilla), non Linn.=
VANILLA OVALIS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 448 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 42.
Vanilla majaijensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 593 (sp. nov.); ed 3, 3
(1879) 43 = VANILLA OVALIS Blanco.

Vanilla philippinensis Rolfe is undoubtedly a synonym of

Blanco's Vanilla ovalis, and there is no valid reason why Blanco's
name should not be maintained. The species is common in
parts of Laguna Province, Luzon (Mount Maquiling and Mount
Banajao), growing along streams in narrow valleys. VaniUa
ovalis Blanco was erroneously reduced by Naves to V. aromtica
Sw., while V. majaijensis Blanco was by the same author reduced
to V. planifolia Ait., both manifestly incorrect reductions.
Both of Blanco's descriptions are imperfect and incomplete, but

ORCHIDACEAE

H3

there is no reason for considering- that more than one species

is represented; in fact the description of V. majaijensis was
inserted in the second edition of the Flora de Filipinas after
Blanco's death, having been found among his papers, and may
not have been intended by him for publication. See Flora de
Filipinas ed. 2 (1845) p. 589.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 665).
OB E RON IA Lindley
Cymbidium flavescens Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 96 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 ' (1880) 74 = '! OBERONIA IRIDIFOLIA Lindl.

Naves reduced this to Cleisostoma amabile T. & B., with which

Llanos's description presents nothing in common. It is possibly
the same as Oberonia iridifolia Lindl. ; at least this species conforms best with the description among all the low-country
epiphytic orchids known to me. Llanos's specimens were from
San Isidro, Bulacan Province, Luzon, where the plants grew
on old bamboos.
GEO DO RUM Jackson
Arethusa glutinosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 641 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
446; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 38, t. U29 6is=GEODORUM NUTANS (Presl)
Ames (G. semicristatum Lindl.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in thickets and open places at low altitudes.
There is no doubt as to the identity of Blanco's species, but
Presl's specific name is the older.
Illustrative specimen from near Manila, Luzon, October, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 511).
DENDROBIUM Swartz
Epfdendrum equitans Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 645 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
449; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 44 (non Dendrobium equitans Krnzl.) = DENDROBIUM APOROIDES (Lindl.) comb. nov. (Eria aporoides LindL, Dendrobium brongniartianum Krnzl.).

The reduction of Blanco's species to Eria aporoides Lindl. was

made by Naves, which, as Dendrobium aporoides, is the correct
disposition of it. Blanco's description is excellent and among
all known Philippine orchids applies only to this one, which,
moreover, is common and widely distributed in the Archipelago.
Blanco's specific name, the oldest one for the species, is invalidated in Dendrobium by the entirely different Dendrobium
equitans Krnzl.
161862

114

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, September,

1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1023).
Epidendrum ruibarbarum redolens Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 593 (sp.
nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 45, i. 389 (rhabarbarum redolens) = DEN UROBILIN! AN OS MUM Lindl. (D. superbum Reicht), f.).
DENDROBIUM RETUSUM Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859)
498 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 l (1880)
100=? DENDROBIUM ANOSMUM Lindl.

This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines at medium

altitudes and is brought into Manila in considerable quantities
in March and April of each year, its period of anthesis, for sale.
I have followed J. J. Smith in accepting Lindley's specific name,
Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. having been reduced by Reichenbach f. to D. superbum Reichb. f. as a variety. Blanco's barbaric name is much older than Dendrobium superbum Reichb.
f., the older Dendrobium macrophyllum Lindl. and D. macranthum Hook, being invalid in the genus, and was published in
the same year as D. anosmum Lindl. The reduction of Dendrobium retusum Llanos merely follows Naves's disposition of it,
who placed it as a synonym of D. macrophyllum. Llanos's
description is entirely inadequate.
GRAMMATOPHYLLUM Blume
Ophyrs cernua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 639 (Ophiris) ; ed. 2 (1845) 445;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 35, t. 276, non Linn. = GRAM M ATOPH YLLUM MULTIFLORUM Lindl.

Blanco's species was reduced by F.-Villar to Grammatophyllum

scriptum Blume, which while certainly correct as to the genus,
is as certainly wrong as to the species, as Blume's species does
not grow in the region from which Blanco secured his specimens.
There is no doubt in my mind that the form Blanco described
as Ophyrs cernua is Grammatophyllum multiflorum Lindl., this
being the only species of the genus whose known distribution
agrees with Blanco's plant as to locality.
Illustrative specimen from Sorsogon Province, Luzon, August,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 930).
LUISIA Gaudichaud
Dendrobium teres Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 638 non Roxb.= Dendrobium
teretifolium Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 444; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 34, non
R. Br. = LUISIA sp.

Blanco's species was reduced by Naves to Luisia te retfolia

Gaudich., but in the uncertain status of the various species of
Luisia, this may or may not be correct. As to the genus, however, there is absolutely no doubt, for among all the Philippine

ORCHID ACE AE

II5

orchids Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Luisia. His

material was from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 945).
PHALAENOPSIS Blume
PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS Blume; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 592
(Phalenopsis amabile) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 41.

The form Blanco described was doubtless the one that was
described from Philippine material as Phalaenopsis aphrodite
Reichb. f. It does not appear to be specifically distinct from
Blume's species.
SARCANTHUS Lindley
Cypripedium lineari-subulatum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 99 (sp.
nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco F. Filip. e.d. 3, 4' (1880) 76 =
SARCANTHUS DEALBATUS (Lindl.) Reichb. f.

Llanos's description, although fairly long, is exceedingly unsatisfactory, and, in considering the species, Naves, Novis. App.
(1880) 251, retains it under Cypripedium with the following
statement: "valde dubium, ex descriptione potius Cleisostoma
longifolium Teysm. et Binnend. nondum rite observavi." From
the description alone it is absolutely impossible to interpret
the species. A botanical exploration of the region about Calumpit has yielded but three species of orchids so far, and among
them the species distributed herewith which agrees with Llanos's
description as to habitat (on mango trees), as to size and characters of the leaves, and, at least in part, with the description
of the stems, inflorescence, flowers, and fruits. I have absolutely no doubt that Sarcanthus dealbatus is the species Llanos
attempted to describe. The species, although not common, is
widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, extending
from central Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Illustrative specimen from San Miguel, near Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, January, 1915, growing on mango trees
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 77U).
CLEISOSTOMA Blume
Epidendrum lineare Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 644; ed. 2 (1845) 449; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 44, non Linn. = CL El SOSTOM A BICOLOR Lind!. & Paxt.

Naves reduced this to Cleisostoma ionosmum Lindl., but Blanco's description conforms much more closely to C. bicolor Lindl.
& Paxt. than to the former; the latter is, moreover, common
and widely distributed in the regions from which Blanco secured
his botanical material and is an orchid that he scarcely would
have overlooked, while the former is apparently rare.

116

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, October,

1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1020).
AERIDES Loureiro
Aerides maculatum Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 93 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco FL Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 72, t. 09, non Buch.Ham=AERIDES QUINQUEVULNERA Lindl.

Naves reduced Aerides maculatum Llanos to Vanda lissochiloides Lindl.^Vandopsis lissochiloides Pfitz., manifestly an impossible reduction, although Vandopsis lissochiloides Pfitz. grows
in the Philippines. Llanos's description does not apply to Vandopsis lissochiloides in any particular and is certainly an
Aerides, identical with A. quinquevulnera Lindl. This species
is of wide distribution at low and medium altitudes in Luzon;
it is one of the few orchids to be found in Calumpit, the locality
where Llanos secured the specimens he described.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Calumpit, Bulacan
Province, Luzon, January, 1915, growing on mango trees (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 789).
TRICHOGLOTTIS Blume
Synptera subviolacea Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 98 (gen. et. sp. nov.) ;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 75, t. SUS (as
T. rigida Blume) ^TRICHOGLOTTIS SUBVIOLACEA (Llanos) comb.
nov. (Trichoghttis bataanensis Ames).

This genus and species was reduced by Naves to Ti~icho glottis

retusa BL, which, although it occurs in the Philippines, does
not at all agree with Llanos's description. In Index Kewensis
it is reduced to Cleisostoma subviolaceum Reichb. f., a species
based on Philippine material but published with no reference
whatever to Llanos's Synptera subviolacea, while the two descriptions apply to very different species. Llanos's specimens were
from Calumpit, a town at sea level a short distance north of
Manila and a region very poor in orchids. Trichoglottis bataanensis Ames is the only species known to me that occurs at
low altitudes in regions like Calumpit that at all agrees with
Llanos's description. The description is vague and imperfect,
but is manifestly that of a Cleisostoma. The leaves are not
"aovadas," but this term is modified by Llanos by the addition
"alargadas ;" otherwise the description applies very closely, and
as Trichoglottis bataanensis Ames is widely distributed at low
altitudes in central Luzon, there is every reason to believe that
this is the species that Llanos intended.

ORCHIDACEAE

J_ 17

Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,

January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 733).
RHYNCHOSTYLIS Blume
Orchis langera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 641 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 446;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 37=RYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA Blume.

This was reduced by Naves to Aerides virens Lindl. where it

certainly does not belong. The country of origin of Lindley's
species is unknown, but there is no reason for considering that
it was Philippine. Blanco's description applies very closely to
Rynchostylis retusa Blume, a species of wide distribution in
the regions from which he received most of his botanical material. Orchis langera Blanco is not included in Index Kewensis ;
the specific name was not from any pubescent character of the
plant but from the "especie de lana algo spera" inside th
capsules.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon;
September, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1030).
ORCHIDACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS
Cypripedium bulbosum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 637; ed. 2 (1845) 444; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 33, non lAnn. Orchidaceae indet.

Blanco's description is so exceedingly indefinite that I cannot

suggest a definite reduction of the form he erroneously ascribed
to Cypripedium bulbosum Linn. He may have seen some species
of Cestichis or Malaxis. The form he described is certainly no
Eulophia, although Naves referred it to Eulophia smnatrana
Blume.
Pelexia ? falcata Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 95; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 13 = Orchidaceae indet.

Naves reduced this to the Australian Phreatia Umenopkylax

Benth. with which Llanos's description has nothing in common.
The description may apply to Oberonia, but beyond this I can
make no suggestion as to the identity of the plant described.
The description is very imperfect.
Gongora philippica Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 498 (sp.
nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 ' (1880) 100.

The entire description is as follows: "species mihi videtur

novissima. Habitat epiphyta in montibus Angat. Sepalis interne violaceis: labello albo-violaceo ; foliis ovatis apice retusis
mucronatisque. Planta speciosissima." Naves reduced it to
Renanthera coccnea Lour., which, at least as to the species, is
certainly a wrong disposition of it.

118

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

DICOTYLEDONS
CASUARINACEAE
CASUARINA Linnaeus
CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 661; ed. 2
(1845) 460; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 67.

The species was correctly interpreted by Elanco, but Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced the form described by Blanco
to Casuarina sumatrana Miq. Linnaeus must be cited as the
author for the species as well as the genus, although Forster
is usually given as the author of the former. The combination
Casuarina equisetifolia (equisefolia) Linnaeus appears in Amoen.
Acad. 4 (1759) 143, the species being typified by Casuarina litorea Rumph. Herb. Amb. 3, pi. 57. It is common and widely
distributed in the Philippines along the seashore and extending
far inland in open river valleys, reaching an altitude of at least
500 meters. It is widely known as agoho.
Illustrative specimen from Isabela Province, Luzon, June,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 595).
PIPERACEAE
PIPER Linnaeus
Piper parvifolium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 23 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 17;
ed. 3. 1 (1877) 32 = PIPER RETROFRACTUM Vahl.

The species is common and widely distributed at low altitudes

in the Philippines and is especially abundant in those provinces
from which Blanco received most of his botanical material. It
is still known in the vicinity of Manila as sabia, the native name
cited by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 523).
PIPER NIGRUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 21; ed. 2 (1845) 16; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 29, t. 11.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, the

Philippine form being referable to the var. toicum C. DC. The
pepper plant is cultivated only to a limited extent in the Philippines, not on a commercial scale, and is known as pimienta
(Spanish), and malisa (Tagalog).
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 585).
Piper obliquum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 22; ed. 2 (1845) 16; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
30, non Ruiz & Pav. = PIPER CORYLISTACHYON (Miq.) C. DC.

There is no doubt as to the correctness of Fernandez-Villar's

reduction of Blanco's Piper obliquum to P. cmijlistachyon C. DC.

CHLORANTHACEAE-SALICACEAE

119

The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines

at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 849).
PIPER BETLE Linn.: Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 22 (betel) ; ed. 2 (1845) 16;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 30, t. 12.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. The

species is locally cultivated to supply the demand for betle leaf
for use with the seed of Areca catechu for chewing, the mixture,
with lime, being locally called buyo. A form of the species is
common in thickets in some regions, but this wild form is not
or but little used by the Filipinos. The Tagalog name of the
betle pepper is icmo or itmo. Piper blancoi Merr. Philip. Journ.
Sei. 1 (1906) 40 is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
835).
Piper anisumolens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 23 (sp. nov.)=Piper anisodorum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 16 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 31,
t. 362 PlPEP. BETLE Linn.

Piper anisumolens was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Piper marginatum Jacq., without good reason. I can see no
reason for considering it other than a form of the common
Piper betle Linn. The form distributed herewith is the plant
still locally known as buyo de anis, and it agrees with Blanco's
description so far as the description goes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 788).
CHLORANTHACEAE
? CHLORANTHUS Swartz
Chloranthus inconspicuus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 54; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
101, non Sw. = CHLORANTHUS OFFICINALIS Blume.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring

in primeval forest.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 25).
SALICACEAE
SALIX Linnaeus
Salix azaolana Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 539 (Salis) (sp. nov.); ed.
3, 3 (1879) 188 = ? SALIX TETRASPERMA Roxb.

Elanco's description of the species is very short and imperfect,

120

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

but the identification of it is certain, as the form distributed

herewith is the only representative of the genus known from
the Philippines. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Salix tetrasperma Roxb., and it is certainly very closely allied to that species
if not identical with it; it seems to differ from Roxburgh's
species in its long-petioled leaves. It is known in the Philippines
only from Luzon, where it is of very local occurrence in
Rizal and Laguna Provinces; I have sterile specimens of what
is apparently the same species from Cagayan Province. Blanco's
specimens were from Bulacan Province, Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from near Bosoboso, Rizal Province,
Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 116).
JUGLANDACEAE
ENGLEHARDTIA Leschenault
Gyrocarpus pendulus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 55 (sp. nov. as Girocarpus pndulos); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 104, t. 3S7=ENGLEHARDTIA
SPICATA Blume (E. philippinensis C. DC).

The identity of Blanco's species is very certain, and there

seems to be no doubt as to the correctness of the reduction to
Englehardtia spicata Blume. The Philippine form has been
described by C. de Candolle as a distinct species, Englehardtia
philippinensis, but Blanco's specific name is older than this one,
should a critical revision of the genus show the Philippine form
really to be different from that described by Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 176).
FAGACEAE
CASTANOPSIS Spach
Fagus philippensis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 503 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3
(1879) 132 = CASTANOPSIS PHILIPPENSIS (Blanco) Vid.

This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

the very different Castanopsis sumatrana A. DC. It is widely
distributed in Luzon, but is apparently nowhere abundant.
Illustrative specimen (topotype) from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
672).
QU ERC US Linnaeus
Quercus glabra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 727, non Thunb. = QUERCUS
OVALIS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 502 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
129, t. UhO (as Q. conocarpa, non Oudem.).

This is apparently a valid species and is known from only

a few localities in central Luzon. Quercus blancoi A. DC.

ULMACEAE

121

Prodr. 16 2 (1864) 97 is merely a new name for Quercus glob m

Blanco, non Thunb., and is hence a synonym of Quercus ovalis
Blanco ; Quercus ovalis Blanco of the second edition of the Flora
de Filipinas is merely a new name for Q. glabra, of the first.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, there known as nmcabingao {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 70U).
Quercus molucca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 726, non Linn. = Quercus concntrica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 502; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 129, . Ul (as
Q. costata, non Blume) non Lour. = QUERCUS SOLERAN A Vid. Rev.
PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 261.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Quercus

llanosii A. DC, but Blanco's description applies better to the
form described by Vidal as Quercus soleriana, the most common
and most widely distributed species of the genus in the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from near Antipolo, Rizal Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 538).
QUERCUS COOPERTA Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 503 (sp. nov.); ed.
3, 3 (1879) 130.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Castanopsis costata A. DC,

where it certainly does not belong. I strongly suspect that
Quercus fernandezii Vid. is identical with Q. cooperta Blanco,
but its exact status is still somewhat doubtful owing to lack of
good material representing it. I can see no reason for substituting Vidal's later name, fernandezii, for Blanco's much earlier
one, cooperta. Castanea cooperta Oerst., based wholly on Blanco's species, is a synonym.
Quercus cerris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 727; ed. 2 (1845) 503; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 130, non Linn. = QUERCUS sp.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Castanopsis javanica

A. DC, for which there is not the slightest justification. Blanco
gave only a very short and imperfect description of a single
fruit, from which it is quite impossible to determine what species
he may have had before him. The reference of Philippine material to a Mediterranean species is a good illustration of Blanco's
lack of knowledge of the principles of geographic distribution
of plants.
ULMACEAE
TREMA Loureiro
Celtis lima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 197 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 139; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 250 = TREMA ORIENTALIS (Linn.) Blume.

This species is very widely distributed in the Philippines and

122

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

is abundant in lands recently cleared and reverting to forests.

This is Trema amboinensis of most authors but is not Celtis
amboinensis Willd. ; see Merrill, E. D., An interpretation of
Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense (1917) 187. Blanco's description typifies Sponia blancoi Planch and Trema blancoi
Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae 3A5).
CELTIS Linnaeus
CELTIS PHILIPPENSIS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 197; ed. 2 (1845) 139; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 249.

A species of wide distribution in the Philippines, commonly

known as malaitmo or malaicmo, names also applied to the allied
Celtis luzonica Warb.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December,
1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 52).
MORACEAE
M OR US Linnaeus
MORUS ALBA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 705; ed. 2 (1845) 489; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 109, t. 206.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was first introduced into the Philippines, according to Blanco,
by Father Sedeo in the year 1593, and again in 1780 by Father
M. Galiana. The species is widely distributed in towns throughout the Archipelago, but apparently has become naturalized only
in northern Luzon, Cagayan Province, etc. It is locally known
under its Spanish name morera. Our form is Morus rubra Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, June, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 39).
ALLAEANTHUS Thwaites
Morus luzonica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 703 (sp. nov.) = Broussonetia luzoniensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 488 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879)
107, t. i?7# = ALLAEANTHUS LUZONICUS (Blanco) F.-Vill.

The species is widely distributed in Luzon at low altitudes

and is universally known to the Tagalogs as himbabdo.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province.
Luzon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 468).
MALAISIA Blanco
Malaisia tortuosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 789 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 196= MALAISIA SCAN DENS (Lour.) Planch.

The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

MORACEAB

123

altitudes. Blanco, who proposed Malaisia as a new genus,

derived his generic name from the Tagalog malaisis, one of the
local names of the species. K. Schumann has indicated the
Philippine form as the var. rolfei, but Blanco's name is the
earliest available one if the variety is to be maintained.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 313).
STREBLUS Loureiro
Calius lactescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 698 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 485; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 103, t. 171 =STREBLUS ASPER Lour.

This species is very common and widely distributed in the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Blanco's description
is the whole basis of Streblus lactescens Blume, which accordingly
is an exact synonym of Streblus asper Lour. The generic name
Calius is derived from the common Tagalog name of the plant,
calios.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 151).
CUDRANIA Trcul
Morus tinctoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 704, non Linn. = Broussonetia
tinctoria Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 488; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 108, t. 1>18,
non Spreng. = CUDRANIA JAVENSIS Tree.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in thickets, second-growth forests, etc., extending from
sea level to an altitude of about 1,400 meters. Blanco's species
was reduced by F.-Villar to Cudrania obovata Tree, which, at
least so far as the Philippine form so named is concerned, does
not appear specifically to differ from Cudrania javensis Tree.
Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 146).
ARTOCARPUS Forster
Artocarpus rima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 671 (Arcthocarpus) (sp. nov.);
ed. 2 (1845) 467 {Arctocarpus) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 77 t. 67 = ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS Forst.

This seedless breadfruit is not common in the Philippines and

is apparently not highly prized by the natives; it is found only
in cultivation. The fruit is rather small and is apparently inferior to that of some of the Polynesian forms. Its Tagalog
name is rima or rimas.
Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 603) ; Batangas Province,
Luzon, February 4, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 760).

124

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Artocarpus incisa L. f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 668 (Arctocarpus) ; ed. 2
(1845) 465; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 75 = ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS Forst,
var.

This is the wild form with rather small, inedible fruits, the
tips of the anthocarps slender and prolonged. It is common
and widely distributed in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1913, there known as antipolo {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 21 -4).
Artocarpus camansi Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 670 (Arctocarpus) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 467; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 77, t. 57 (camangsi) ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS Forst. (A. incisa L. f.).

This form of the breadfruit tree is common in cultivation in

the Philippines but is nowhere wild, and hence undoubtedly an
introduced plant in the Archipelago. In appearance it is identical with the form described by Blanco as Artocarpus rima,
but differs constantly in always producing fruits with numerous
seeds, while A. rima Blanco is always seedless.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915,
there known as camansi {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 830).
ARTOCARPUS ODORATISSIMA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 671 (Arctocarpus) (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 467; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 78.

This is apparently an entirely valid species, identical with

Artocarpus tarap Becc. of Borneo. Blanco's specimens were
from Mindoro, there known as oloy; the tree still occurs in parts
of Mindoro where it is cultivated for its edible fruits, but is
much more common in Mindanao and in Basilan.
Illustrative specimens from Calapan, Mindoro, May, 1916, a
topotype, there known as oloy, and from Basilan, August, 1916,
there known as marang {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 1019,
1018).
Artocarpus maxima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 669 (Arctocarpus) (sp.
nov.) = Artocarpus integrifolia Linn, f.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845)
466; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 76 = ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (Thunb.) Merr.
Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 190.

This is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at

low and medium altitudes in cultivation; certainly introduced,
but of prehistoric introduction. Widely known as nanea or
lanca in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 415).
ARTOCARPUS LAMELLOSA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 667 (Arctocarpus)
(sp. nov); ed. 2 (1845) 465; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 74.

This species is of wide distribution in northern and central

MORACEAE

125

Luzon, but is apparently of local occurrence. Artocarpus nitida

Tree. (1847) is apparently an exact synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914, there known as anobling (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 100).
Artocarpus ovata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 666 (Aretocarpus) (sp. now) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 464; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 74, t. U50, non Noronha = ARTOCARPUS CUMINGIANA Tree.

The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and is commonly known as anobling.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 25-4).
FICUS Linnaeus
Ficus glomerata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 683; ed. 2 (1845) 475; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 87, non Roxb.= FICUS MINAHASSAE Miq.

This very characteristic species is of wide distribution in the

Philippines, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least
1,500 meters. It is remarkable for its very striking cauliflory,
the individual fruits being crowded in dense heads.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 500).
y Ficus spera nota Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 677 (var. nov.)=Ficus scabra
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 471; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 81, non Forst. f.=
FICUS NOTA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. (Philip.) Publ. 17 (1904)
10.

This was erroneously reduced by F.-Villar to Ficus racemifera

Roxb., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is
common and widely distributed in the Archipelago at low altitudes, being widely known as tibig.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 550).
Ficus laevigata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 682; ed. 2 (1845) 474; ed. 3, S
(1879) 86, non Vahl = FICUS VARIEGATA Blume.

A species of wide distribution in the Philippines, occurring

in forests at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, there known as tangisang bayauac (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 438).
* FICUS PAYAPA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 683 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 475;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 86, t. 203 (as F. pilosa Reinw.)

126

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Ficus indica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 681; ed. 2 (1845) 473; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
85, non Linn. = FICUS PAYAPA Blanco.

In spite of Blanco's short and imperfect description there is

no doubt as to the form he intended, as this same form has been
received several times under the Tagalog name payapa, a name
not appearing on any of our other species of the genus. Blanco
compares his species to "balete" (Ficus indica Blanco, non Linn.),
stating that it differs only in its "calyx" (bracts) consisting
of two scales; and his description of Ficus indica calls for a
species with oval fruits as large as an acorn. This form, rightly
or wrongly, I previously have referred to Ficus forstenii Miq.,
and it is, at any rate, very closely allied to Miquel's species ; Blanco's specific name, however, is the older. Warburg has apparently described the same species as Ficus vidaUana Warb, in
Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1905) 197, distinguishing this from F.
forstenii Miq. by the absence of bracts. I have examined Warburg's type, but can see no reason for retaining the species. The
fruits on the type specimen, Warburg 1U033, are detached and
present neither pedicels nor bracts; it seems probable that the
bracts were present, inasmuch as For. Bur. 237.'+ Borden, from
the same province, matches the type except that Borden's specimens have attached fruits with bracts, and that the bracts on
Warburg's specimen became detached and lost either in preparing
or in mounting the specimen. The leaves vary from acute to
rounded or slightly cordate at the base. Blanco's species was
erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ficus microcarpa
Linn. f. Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco's Ficus indica to F.
saxophila Blume, and while Blume's species occurs in the Philippines, it is very rare and local and does not conform at all to
Blanco's description. There is not the slightest doubt that it is
identical with the fovm that Blanco otherwise described as Ficus
payapa; in fact Blanco states that the only character by which
he distinguished Ficus payapa from F. indica was that the former
had two bracts and the latter three at the base of the fruit.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 82).
-? Ficus hispida odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 686 (var. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
476; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 89, t. 358= FICUS ODORATA (Blanco) Merr.
(F. arnala Elm.).

This characteristic species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes; it is sometimes cultivated for the sake
of its very rough leaves, which are used in polishing and in
cleaning dishes, etc. The species is very fragrant in drying.

MORACEAE

127

Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Mei-rill:
Species Blancoanae No. 24).
FICUS PSEUDOPALMA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 680 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 473; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 84, t. 356.

A very characteristic species of wide distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. This shrub or small tree
is erect, normally unbranched, the leaves crowded at the apex
of the trunk, receptacles solitary or in pairs, axillary. It is
commonly known as niog-niogan (Tagalog), diminutive of niog
(Cocos nucfera), on account of its palm-like habit. Ficus haenkei Warb, and F. blancoi Elm. are synonyms.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 416).
Ficus rostrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 697 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 472;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 83, non Lam.= FICUS RUBROVENIA Merr.

Blanco definitely indicates his Ficus rostrata as a new species :

"Especie nueva distinta de la rostrata de Spr." It was reduced
by Fernandez-Villar to Ficus radicans Roxb., which some authors,
at least, consider as identical with F. rostrata Lam. Neither
F. rostrata Lam. nor F. radicans Roxb. is known from the
Philippines. Blanco's description of Ficus rostrata agrees with
F. rubrovenia Merr. better than with any other Philippine form
known to me.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 205).
7 FICUS HAUILI Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 684 (sp. nov.)=Ficus laurifolia
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 475; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 87, non Lam.
Ficus laccifera Blanco op. cit. 673; 468; 80, non Roxb.= FICUS HAUILI
Blanco.

Ficus hauili Blanco is possibly the earliest valid name for this
species, which must be considered as the Philippine representative of Ficus leucantotoma Poir. ; possibly some future monographer will consider F. hauili to be a synonym of Poiret's species.
The species is very common and very widely distributed in the
Philippines and is almost universally and exclusively known in the
Tagalog Provinces as hauili. Ficus laccifera Blanco, non Roxb.,
is unquestionably the same species, and material received from
the Visayan Islands under the native name lagnob, agreeing also
with Blanco's description, matches Ficus hauili exactly. Ficus
hauili Blanco (F. laurifolia Blanco) was reduced by FernandezVillar to Ficus leucopleura Blume, which is generally considered
to be a synonym of F. leucantotoma Poir. ; and F. laccifera Blanco,

128

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

non Roxb., was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to F. radiata Decne.,

which is also said to be a synonym of Ficus leucantotoma Poir.
Philippine material must be critically compared with the types
of Ficus leucantotoma Poir., F. leucopleura Blume, and F. radiata
Decne., properly to determine the status of Ficus hauili in reference to these three species.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 522).
Ficus heterophylla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 685; ed. 2 (1845) 476; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 89 (F. hispida heterophylla), non Linn.-FICUS ULMIFOUA
Lam. (F. sinuosa Miq.).
Ficus hispida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 685; ed. 2 (1845) 476; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 88 non Forst.= FICUS ULM I FOLIA Lam.
Ficus hispida linearis Blanco op cit. 685; 476; 88 (var. nov.) = FICUS ULMIFOLIA Lam.
Ficus hispida hastata Blanco op. cit. 685; 476; 89 (var. nov.) = FICUS
ULMIFOLIA Lam.

The species is very common in the Philippines. It is exceedingly variable in its vegetative characters, entire or nearly entire
to deeply lobed leaves frequently being found on the same plant
and even on the same branch.
The three forms of Ficus hispida described by Blanco are
manifestly all referable to the protean Ficus ulmifolia Lam., some
specimens of which show on the same branches all the leaf forms
described by Blanco. F.-Villar reduced the first, which is merely
a translation from some edition of one of Linnaeus's works,
to Ficus hirta Vahl, a species allied to F. heterophylla Linn.;
and the third to F. quercifolia Roxb. The typical forms of
neither Ficus heterophylla Linn, nor F. quercifolia Roxb. occur
in the Philippines, where their place is apparently taken by
Ficus ulmifolia Lam.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Species Blancoanae No. 337).
Ficus dicarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 682 (sp. nov.)=Ficus nepalensis
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 474; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 85, non Spreng. =
FICUS sp.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Ficus haematocarpa Blume,

a species to which Blanco's short and imperfect description does
not at all apply. The whole description consists merely of the
statement that the leaves are distichous, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, petioles short, fruit in axillary pairs, very small, their
peduncles very long, the calyx (bracts) distant from the fruit,
the plant known in Cebu as talicot. I can suggest no reduction
for it.

MORACEAE

129

Ficus argntea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 681 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 473;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 84= FICUS sp.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Firnis polycarpa Wall., to

which Blanco's description does not apply. Its most likely place
seems to be Ficus ruficaulis Merr., yet Blanco's description does
apply sufficiently close to this form to warrant its definite reduction. Blanco's specimens were from the beach at Mariveles,
Bataan Province, Luzon. Perhaps after all the form he described is Ficus ruficaulis Merr. with very young fruits.
Ficus spera volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 676 (var. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 472; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 82= FICUS sp.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ficus hederacea

Roxb., but there is no warrant for this. Blanco's name is practically a nomen nudum, there being no description, merely the
statement that it was a small vine with very rough leaves. Its
status is wholly indeterminable.
CONOCEPHALUS Blume
Procris violcea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 706 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 490;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) llOrrCONOCEPHALUS VIOLACEUS (Blanco) Merr.
in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 80 (Conocephalus ovaUis

Tree.).
This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Conocephalus suaveolens Blume (1825), which may be the correct disposition of
the Philippine form; C. violaceus (Blanco) Merr. if not identical
with Blume's species is at least very closely allied to it. It is
common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. Ill staminate,
No. 110 pistillate).
7 Procris erecta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 707 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 490;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) lll = CONOCEPHALUS ERECTU8 (Blanco) F.-Vill.
Novis. App. (1880) 203 (Conocephalus grandifolius Warb.).

Blanco's species is unmistakably the form more recently described by Warburg as Conocephalus grandifolius. The leaves
are described as "vellosas por ambas pginas * * *
un pie
de largo," which applies to no other known Philippine Conocephalus; the statement that the margins have "grandes escotaduras" is not good, as they are usually merely undulate. The
leaves vary greatly in size.
Illustrative specimens from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 871 > ; Cavit Province, Luzon, May, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 960).

130

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

URTICACEAE
LA PORTEA Gaudichaud
Urtica umbellata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 696, non Bory= Urtica ferox
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 484; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 102, non, Forst. =
LA PORTEA MEYENIANA (Walp.) Warb. (L. gaudichaudiana
Wedd.).

This species is widely distributed at low altitudes in central

and northern Luzon and is well known from its violent stinging
properties. The leaves reach 40 cm in length. The most common native names are lipa and lupa.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. kOl).
FLEURYA Gaudichaud
Urtica sessiliflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 696, non Sw. = Urtica capitata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 483; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 101, non Linn.=
FLEURYA INTERRUPTA (L.) Gaudich.

This is common and widely distributed in and about towns

at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines; undoubtedly
an introduced species in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 55).
ELATOSTEMA Forster
Dorstenia pubescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 692; ed. 2 (1845) 481; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 98, non Forst.= ELATOSTEMA LUZONENSE C. B. Rob.
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 512.

This reduction is not entirely satisfactory as Blanco's description does not fit Robinson's species in all respects. At the same
time it is the only species that we have been able to find near
Manila that at all agrees with Blanco's data. It was reduced by
Fernandez-Villar to Elatostema obtusum Wedd., which is certainly an error. Blanco's specimens were from Pasig, while the
illustrative specimens, cited below, were from just across the
river from Pasig.
Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal
Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
158).
BOEHMERIA Jacquin
Urtica nivea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 697; ed. 2 (1845) 484; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 102, i. 385= BOEHMERIA NIVEA (Linn.) Gaudich.

The Linnean species was certainly correctly interpreted by

Blanco, although it properly belongs in the genus Boehmeria
where it was placed by Gaudichaud. The species is cultivated

LORANTHACEAE

131

in northern Luzon and in the Batanes Islands to a limited extent,

but is rarely found in cultivation in the central and southern
parts of the Philippines. It has certainly been introduced into
the Archipelago, from China, but its introduction was equally
certainly prehistoric.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, June, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 42).
POUZOLZIA Gaudichaud
Urtica vi I losa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 695; ed. 2 (1845) 483; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 99, non Salzm. = POUZOLZIA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Benn.
Urtica japnica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 694; ed. 2 (1845) 482; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 99, non Thunb. = POUZOLZIA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Benn.

Urtica villosa Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Pouzolzia indica Gaudich., a synonym of P. zeylanica (Linn.)
Benn. There is no reason for considering Urtica villosa Blanco
and Urtica japnica Blanco other than forms of the variable
Pouzolzia zeylanica Benn., although Fernandez-Villar referred
the latter to Pouzolzia viminea Wedd.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 486).
PIPTURUS Weddel
Urtica baccifera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 695, non Linn.= Urtica arborescens Link; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 483; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 100, t.
7 = P1PTURUS ARBORESCENS (Link) C. B. Rob. (Piptiirus asper
' Wdd.).

The species is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines, its universal Tagalog name being dalonot.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 354).

LORANTHACEAE
LORANTHUS Linnaeus
Lonicera symphoricarpos Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 161, non Linn. = LORANTHUS PHILIPPENSIS Cham. & Schlecht; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845)
164; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 296.

The description is not good by any means, but Blanco was probably correct in admitting the species in his second edition as
Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schlecht. The species is very
common in those parts of Luzon from which Blanco received
most of his material.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 322).

132

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Loranthus pauciflorus Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 235, non Sw.= Loranthus

tomentosus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 164; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 296, non
Heyne = LORANTHUS sp.

Femandez-Villar considered that the form Blanco described

was a valid species and retained it as Loranthus pauciflorus
Blanco. While the species, as described, is certainly a Loranthus, I know of no species that presents all the characters indicated by Blanco. I strongly suspect that Blanco had specimens
of Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schlecht., which he otherwise described as Lonicera symphoricarpos and as L. philippensis, and erroneously described the flowers as 6-merous; this
is the only known Philippine Loranthus that conforms at all to
Blanco's description in other characters, and which, moreover,
is widely distributed and abundant in the regions from which
he secured most of his botanical material.
ELYTRANTHE Blume
HUtia longiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 235 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 165;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 297 = ELYTRANTHE AMPULLACEA (Roxb.) Ens'l.
(Loranthus ampnllacens Roxb.).

This reduction was originally made by Fernandez-Villar, the

correctness of which was formerly doubted by me. There is
no question, however, that Blanco's description applies wholly
to Elytranthe annpullacea Engl., at least as that species is represented by the specimens cited by me, Philip. Journ. Sei. 4
(1909) Bot. 146.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
parasitic on Anisoptera thurifera Blume, October, 1916 {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 1033).
VISCUM Linnaeus
Fusanus ? parasitus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 53 (sp. nov.> ; ed. 3.
1 (1877) 100 = VISCUM ORIENTALE Willd.
Viscum philippense Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 52 (sp. nov); F.-Vil!.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 38 p. p. = VISCUM
ORIENTALE Willd.

Blanco's Fusanus parasitus was reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Viscum orientale Willd., which is apparently the correct disposition of it. Viscum philippense Llanos, however, was reduced
by him to V. articulatum Burm., although Llanos's description
in part, as to the leaves: "media verticiladas, aovado-oblongas,
coriceas y lampias" certainly applies to Viscum orientale
Willd. It is probable that Llanos based his description on specimens of Viscum articulatum growing as a parasite on V.
orientale, as this relationship is occasionally presented by the

OPILIACEAE

133

two species in the Philippines. Viscum orientale Willd. is widely

distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes,
growing as a parasite on various trees.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 883).
Viscum philippense Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 52 p. p. (sp. nov.) ;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4' (1880) 38 = VISCUM
ARTICULATUM Burm. f.

In this reduction I follow Fernandez-Villar as Llanos's

description is apparently, in part, that of a form of Viscum
articulatum Burm. f.; see Viscum orientale Willd. above. The
species is of local occurrence in the Philippines, ascending to an
altitude of at least 800 meters, and is widely distributed in the
Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from San Francisco del Monte, Rizal
Province, Luzon, January, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 792).
Viscum capense Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 53; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 38, non Linn. f. = VISCUM ANGULATUM Heyne.

This is also Fernandez-Villar's reduction of Llanos's species.

It may prove to be merely a form of Viscum articulatum Burm.
f. with very narrow branchlets. This form is rare in the Philippines and has only been found in two or three localities.
Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Mer?-ill: Species Blancoanae No. 695).
OPILIACEAE
CHAMPEREIA Griffith
Matulucban Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 188; ed. 2 (1845) 133; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
238 = CHAMPEREIA MANILLANA (Blume) Merr.
Govantesia malulucban Llanos in Rev. Cienc. Nat. Madrid 15 (1865) 191
(gen. et sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41
(1880) 44 = CHAMPEREIA MANILLANA (Blume) Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 233.

This species is common and widely distributed at low altitudes

in the Philippines, and presents considerable variation. Malulucban. as described by Blanco, was not intended as a generic
name, but merely the native name of a plant that he could not
refer to its proper genus. Govantesia malulucban Llanos, published as a new genus and species, is manifestly Champereia
manillana Merr. This genus and species has been overlooked
by all later authors except Fernandez-Villar ; it does not appear
in Index Kewensis, in Engler & Prantl's Natrlichen Pflanzen-

134

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

familien, or in De Dalla Torre & Harms's Genera Siphonogamarum. Philippine specimens have been referred by Vidal to
Champereia griffithiana Planch., but Gamble, Journ. As Soc.
Beng. 75- (1912) 278, considers that the Malay Peninsula form
is distinct from the Philippine one. Synonyms of Champereia
manillana, the specific name dating from 1850, are Cainsjera
manillana Blume, Opilia cumingiana Baill., O. manillana Baill.,
and Champereia cumingiana Merr. ; perhaps also Champereia
griffithiana Planch, and C. griffithii Kurz.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 6^1).
OLACACEAE
OLAX Linnaeus
Fissilia psittacorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 28; ed. 2 (1845) 20; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 38, t. SU, non Lam.=OLAX IMBRICATA Roxb.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 234).

BALANOPHORACEAE
BALANOPHORA Forster
Cynomorium philippense Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 665 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 464; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 72= BALANOPHORA sp.

Blanco's description almost certainly applies to some species

of Balanophora, but beyond this I can suggest no reduction of it. The description is confused, and the statement that
it was found in salt water attached to the decaying roots of trees
is probably erroneous. Blanco saw only dried specimens transmitted from Cebu and cited the native name capulao for it.
Fernandez-Villar suggested no reduction of it.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus
ARISTOLOCHIA SERICEA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 283 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 198; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 350.

Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced this to Bragantia corymbosa Griff., a species that does not extend to the Philippines,
and one to which Blanco's description does not at all apply.
Aiistolochia sericea Blanco is exactly the form described by
Masters as Aristolochia imbricata Mast., for which Blanco's
name should be substituted. Cuming's specimen, on which

RAFFLESIACEAE-POLYGONACEAE

135

Master's description was based, was from llocos Norte Province,

Luzon, Blanco's specimens being from Agoo, Union Province,
Luzon. The species is known only from the Ilocano provinces,
where it has been collected several times.
Illustrative specimen from Union Province, Luzon, December,
1916, here known as banguisi (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 10A9).
Aristolochia subsagittata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 283 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 197; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 350, t. 104 = ARISTO LOCH IA TAGALA
Cham.
Aristolochia indica Blanco op. cit. 282; 197; 349, non Linn.= ARISTOLOCHIA TAGALA Cham.

Aristolochia tagala Cham, is the only indigenous species of

the genus found near Manila, and Blanco's descriptions of both
Aristolochia subsagittata and A. indica apply to it. The latter,
from Blanco's description, has nothing to do with the Linnean
species, although Fernandez-Villar considered that he correctly
intrepreted Aristolochia indica Linn. Aristolochia tagala Cham,
presents a great deal of variation in its vegetative characters, in
the shape and size of its leaves, the length of its petioles, etc.
Illustrative specimen from between Manila and Pasig, Rizal
Province, Luzon, March, 1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 289).
RAFFLESIACEAE
RAFFLESIA R. Brown
Rafflesia philippensis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 565 (sp. nov.) =
Rafflesia lagascae Blanco op. cit. 595 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 231 =
RAFFLESIA MANILLANA Teschem.

This species is parasitic on Cissus sp. and is of very local occurrence in the Philippines; see Brown, W. H., The relation
of Rafflesia manillana to its host, Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912)
Bot. 209-226, pi XII-XXI.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. W. H. Brown (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 535).

POLYGONACAE
POLYGONUM Linnaeus
Polygonum stoloniferum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 314 {Poligonum) (sp.
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 219; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 45 = POLYGONUM BARBATUM Linn.

There is no doubt as to the correctness of Fernandez-Villar's

reduction of Blanco's species. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but

136

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

the only region near Manila where it has been found is Pasig,
the town from which Blanco secured his specimens.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. IUI)Polygonum bellardi Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 314 (Poligonnm), ed. 2 (1845)
219; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 45, non All. = POLYGON UM TOMENTOSUM
Willd.

Blanco's conception of Allioni's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Polygonum orientale Linn., while in Index
Kewensis it is reduced to Polygonum persicaria Linn., both of
which are wrong; it is manifestly referable to P. tomentosum
Willd. The species is fairly common along the banks of the
Pasig River, near Manila.
Illustrative specimen from the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, Rizal
Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 191).
RUM EX Linnaeus
Rheum muricatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 327 (sp. nov.)=Rumex muricatus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 195 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
346 = RUMEX MARITIMUS Linn.

This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is apparently the correct disposition of the form that Blanco described. I have seen no Philippine specimens of it, Blanco's
description having been based on introduced and cultivated
plants.
CHENOPODIACEAE
CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus
CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 200; ed.
2 (1845) 140; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 253, t. 69.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is known throughout the Philippines as aposotis. It was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards for medicinal purposes
and is now widely distributed in the Archipelago in cultivation
and as a naturalized plant.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 244).
AMARANTHACEAE
DEERINGIA R. Brown
Celosa baccata Retz.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 193=Deeringia celosioides
R. Br.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 135; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 244, t. 2S6=
D. AMARANTHOIDES (Lam.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917)
211 (D. baccata Moq.).

This species, correctly interpreted by Blanco, is common and

AMARANTH ACE AE

137

widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in the

settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. UU5).
CELOSA Linnaeus
CELOSA ARGNTEA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 192; ed. 2 (1845)
135; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 243.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. An

introduced species now widely distributed in the settled areas of
the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, May, 1914, comm. N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 22).
CELOSA CRISTATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 191=Ce!osia coccnea
Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 134; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 241, t. U-

The form described is the ordinary cock's comb, Celosia cristata Linn. It is rather commonly cultivated in the Philippines
for ornamental purposes, but is not spontaneous, at least in the
fasciated form. It is suspected that Celosia cristata Linn, is
nothing but a fasciated form of C. argntea Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas, Batangas Province,
Luzon, October 20, 1916, there known as palong manoc (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 1036).
AMARANTHUS Linnaeus
AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS Linn; Blanco Fl. Filip.
(1845) 491; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 113.

(1837) 710; ed. 2

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low
altitudes in the settled areas; abundant also along gravel bars
in the beds of streams and along the shores of rivers. It is certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 282).
Amaranthus mangostanus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 711; ed. 2 (1845) 492;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 114, t. 289 (as A. cruentas), non Linn. = AMARANTHUS GANGETICUS Linn.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Amaranthus melanckolicus Linn., which is supposed to be a synonym of A. gangeticus Linn. Blanco's description agrees with the characters of
Amaranthus ga/ngeticus Linn.

138

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
AERUA Forskl

Hlecebrum lanatum Murr.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 190 = Celosia lanata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 134; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 241, t. SU, non Linn.=
AERUA LANATA (Linn.) Juss.

This species is of rather wide distribution in the settled areas

at low altitudes, growing in waste places; certainly introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 359).
ACHYRANTHES Linnaeus

ACHYRANTHES SPERA Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 188; ed. 2 (1845)

133; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 239.

The Linnean species was apparently correctly interpreted by

Blanco. It is a common weed in the settled areas of the Philippines and is manifestly an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U2U).
ALTERNANTH ERA Forskl

Achyranthes villosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 189; ed. 2 (1845) 134; ed. 3,
1

(1877) 240, non Forsk. = ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS (Linn.)

R. Br.
Hlecebrum triandrum Llanos Frag. PL Filip. (1851) 61; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed 3, 41 (1880) 43, non Ham.=ALTERN AN THERA SESSILIS R. Br.

Both of these were reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Alternanthera denticulata R. Br. and are apparently but forms of the
very common and variable Alternanthera sessilis. It is found
throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and
medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 68).
GOMPHRENA Linnaeus

GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA Linn.; Blanco PI. Filip. (1837) 198; ed. 2 (1845)
139; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 251, t. 68.

The Linnean species, correctly interpreted by Blanco, is certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines. It is found in
cultivation, occasionally as an escape, throughout the Archipelago in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 70).

NYCTAGINACEAE

139

NYCTAGINACEAE
MIRABILIS Linnaeus
Mirabilis longiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 77; ed. 2 (1845) 57; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 109, non Linn. = M I RAB LIS JALAPA Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed in cultivation,

often also found in waste places, throughout the Philippines. It
was introduced from Mexico at an early date and is more generally known under the Spanish names maravilla and a las cuatro.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 84).
BOERHAAVIA Linnaeus
BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 8; ed. 2 (1845)
6; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 11, t. 93.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

There is no doubt that B. repens Linn, is an exact synonym. It
is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in the
settled areas at low altitudes; certainly an accidentally introduced weed.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 27U).
PI SON IA Plumier
PISONIA ACULEATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 195; ed. 2 (1845)
137; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 247, t. 39.

The Linnean species

The species is of wide
altitudes.
Illustrative specimen
January, 1914 (Merrill:

was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

distribution in the Philippines at low
from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
Species Blancoanae No. 759).

Buginvillea racemosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 307 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
214; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 36 (Bugainvilla) = PISONIA EXCELSA Blume.
Cedrota guianensis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 213; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 33,
non Raeusch.=:PISONIA EXCELSA Blume.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Buginvillea racemosa Blanco to

Pisonia excelsa Blume and Cedrota guianensis to P. umbellifera Seem. ; but, judging from our large series of specimens of
Pisonia from all parts of the Philippines, I am now of the
opinion that but a single species is represented by Blanco's two
descriptions, and that both species are probably Pisonia excelsa
Blume. Specimens recently received from Cebu under the Visayan name tac-an, cited by Blanco under his Cedrota guianensis,

140

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

appear to me to be specifically identical with the Angat material

representing Buginvillea racemosa Blanco. Most of our specimens, now so referred, are, however, from shrubs and small
trees, and nearly all of them have been determined as Pisonia
umbellifera Seem. From the descriptions and botanical material
available in Manila it is very difficult to distinguish between
Seeman's and Blume's species. Whatever the species is, it is
widely distributed in the .Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype of Buginvillea racemosa)
from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 75U).
Cordia olitoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 123 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 88;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 159, t. U = PI SON IA ALBA Spanoghe in Linnaea 15
(1841) 342.

This form occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced and

cultivated plant, strongly characterized, in nature, by its leaves
being very pale-green, the younger ones frequently yellowishwhite or nearly white. In Manila, although common in cultivation, it very rarely produces flowers, and I have observed but a
single flowering branch during fifteen years' residence; in the
southern Philippines, however, it apparently flowers more freely.
From its Tagalog names maluco and coles maluco it is suggested
that it may have been introduced into the Philippines from the
Molucca Islands. Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by
Fernandez-Villar to Pisonia inermis Forst., non Jacq. It seems
very probable that Zollinger was correct in reducing Pisonia
alba Spanoghe and P. sylvestris T. & B. to a single species, but
although the new name proposed by him, Pisonia olitoria. Zoll.
in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 14 (1857) 154, is not valid, it invalidates the transfer of Blanco's specific name, which is older
than Spanoghe's, to Pisonia, Pisonia olitoria was proposed by
Zollinger without any reference to Cordia olitoria Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, Angust, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 134).
AIZOACEAE
MOLLUGO Linnaeus
Glinus lotoides Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 413; ed. 2 (1845) 288; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 169= MOLLUGO LOTOIDES (Linn.) O. Ktze. (M. hirta
Thunb.).

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

s of local distribution in waste places in and about towns at

AIZOACEAE

141

low altitudes in the Philippines, growing especially in low places,

ditches, etc., that are flooded during the rainy season. Apparently an introduced weed in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Guadalupe, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Mewill: Species Blancoanae No. 724).
Mollugo stricta Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 52; ed. 2 (1845) 35; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 64=MOLLUGO PENTAPHYLLA Linn.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but

it is a synonym of Mollugo pentaphylla Linn., which has priority.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 559).
Mollugo subserrata Banco Fl. Filip. (1837) 51 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
34; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 63= MOLLUGO OPPOSITIFOLIA Linn. (M. spergula Linn.).

This species is of very wide distribution in the settled areas

in the Philippines, growing in waste places in and about towns,
fallow fields, old rice paddies etc. Fernandez-Villar reduced it
to Mollugo stricta Linn., and I accepted this reduction in my
previous consideration of Blanco's species. Blanco's description, however, manifestly applies to Mollugo oppositifolia, not
to M. stricta.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 385).
SESUVIUM Linnaeus
SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 426; ed.
2 (1845) 297; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 187.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

It is found along the seashore throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 384).
TRIANTHEMA Linnaeus
Portulaca tostn Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 408 (sp. nov.) =Portulaca axilliflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 285 (axiliflora) (nom. nov.); ed. 3,
2 (1878) 163, t. 165, non Pers. = TRIANTHEMA PORTULACASTRUM
Linn.

A common weed in and about towns, especially in recently disturbed soil; certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 224).

142

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

PORTULACACEAE
PORTULACA Linnaeus
Portulaca meridiana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 408; ed. 2 (1845) 285; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 163, non Linn. = PORTULACA QUADRIFIDA Linn.

This species is occasionally found in and about towns in the

Philippines and is apparently an introduced species in the
Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 130).
PORTULACA OLERCEA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 407; ed. 2 (1845)
284; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 162, t. 16k.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring
as a weed throughout the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 172).
BASELLACEAE
BAS ELLA Linnaeus
BASELLA RUBRA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 215; ed. 2 (1845) 151;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 272, t. 7UBasella lucida Linn.; Blanco op. cit. 216, 151, 273 = BASELLA RUBRA Linn.

The Linnean Basella rubra was correctly interpreted by

Blanco, and apparently also B. lucida Linn., but the latter is not
specifically distinct from the former. The species is widely
distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at low and
medium altitudes, but is certainly not a native of the Archipelago; probably of prehistoric introduction. It is very generally known as libato, but this name is also applied to the mqre
recently introduced Anredera scandens Moq., of American origin.
Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province,
Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 763).
ANREDERA Jussieu
Gomphrena volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 199 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
140; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 252 = ANREDERA SCANDENS (Linn.) Moq.
(A. cumingii Hassk.).

This species is very abundant in thickets in and near Manila.

It was introduced from tropical America by the Spaniards and
was thoroughly established previous to the year 1837, as Blanco
notes that it was then common in Paraaque. Anredera cumingii Hassk. was based on Philippine material collected by
Cuming.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE-NYMPHAEACEAE

143

Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 188).

CARYOPHYLLACEAE
POLYCARPON Loefling
Polycarpon polyphyllum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 53 (Policarpon) (sp.
nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 36; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 66 = POLYCARPON IND1CUM
(Retz.) Merr. (P. loeflingiae Benth. & Hook. f.).

Blanco's specimens were from Pasig, near Manila, but the

species has not been detected in this area since his time. In
fact, it has so far been collected but once in the Philippines and
is apparently a very rare and local species in the Archipelago.
However, Blanco's description applies to Polycarpon loeflingiae
Benth. & Hook. f. in all respects, and it was reduced by F.-Villar
to this species. I have adopted what is apparently the oldest
valid specific name for it, Polycarpon indicum (Retz.) Merr.
NYMPHAEACEAE
NELUMBIUM Jussieu
Nelumbium turbinatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 458 (sp. nov.)=Nelumbium speciosum Willd.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 318; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
223, t. i5S = NELUMBIUM NELUMBO (Linn.) Druce.

The form described by Blanco as a new species, Nelumbium

turbinatum, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas was
correctly reduced by him in the second edition to N. speciosum
Willd. The species occurs in a number of lakes at low altitudes
in the Philippines, from Luzon to Mindanao. Its common Tagalog name is baino, and its seeds are quite extensively used as
food.
Illustrative specimen from Lake Bay, near Siniloan, Laguna
Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 817).
NYMPHAEA Linnaeus
Nymphaea lotus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 456 (Nimphaea) ; ed. 2 (1845)
317; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 222, non Linn. = NYMPHAEA PUBESCENS Willd.
{Castalia pubescens Blume).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes in shallow lakes and in still streams. The form described by Blanco was considered by F.-Villar to represent the
Linnean species, Nymphaea lotus, but Blanco's description applies unmistakably to N. pubescens Willd. The common Tagalog
name is lauas.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, July, 1914, from
cultivated plants originating in Lake Bay, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 132).

144

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

CERATOPHYLLACEAE
CERATOPHYLLUM Linnaeus
Ceratophyllum submersum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 105 (Ceratophillum); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 81,
non ? Linn. = CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM Linn.

From the material available I am inclined to refer the Philippine form to Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. The species is
common in shallow lakes and in slow streams in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Pateros, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 785).
RANUNCULACEAE
NARAVELIA de Candolle
Atragene zeylanica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 461; ed. 2 (1845) 321; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 231, non Linn. = NARAVELIA LAURIFOLIA Wall.

This was considered by Fernandez-Villar to be in part Naravelia laurifolia Wall, and -V. zeylanica DC, but the latter species
does not extend to the Philippines. I previously considered
that the description seemed to include Naravelia laurifolia DC.
and Clematis gouriana Roxb., but the description certainly does
not apply in any respect to the latter; I am now of the opinion
that Elanco's description covers a single species, and that is
Naravelia laurifolia Wall., a species widely distributed in the
Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but of local occurence.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 885).
Atragene lobata Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 73 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 ' (1880) 57=rNARAVELIA LOBATA
(Llanos) comb. nov. (Naravelia loheri Merr. & Rolfe).

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Naravelia

zeylanica DC, a species that does not extend to the Philippines.
It is certainly the form more recently described by myself and
Mr. Rolfe as Naravelia loheri. The species is of local occurrence
at low altitudes in the settled areas in the provinces near Manila.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Calumpit, Bulacan
Province, Luzon, January, 1915, growing in thickets and hedges,
and known as parapit hangum, the name cited by Llanos for
Atragene lobata (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 656).
MENISPERMACEAE
CISSAMPELOS Linnaeus
CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 815; ed. 2 (1845)
563; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 227, t. 32.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

MENISPERMACEAE

145

It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914, there known as calaad (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 9).
ANAMIRTA Colebrook
Menispermum cocculus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 809; ed. 2 (1845)
557 (coculu*); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 216 = ANAMIRTA COCCULUS (Linn.)

W. & A.

Blanco's description, for the most part, applies to Anamirta

cocculus, but he confused with it the species later described as
Arcangelisia lemniscata Becc.=A. flava (Linn.) Merr. (Menispermum fiavum Linn.). Anamirta.cocculus has pale or nearly
white wood, while Arcangelisia has distinctly yellow wood; the
former yields the seeds used in poisoning fish, the latter the
yellow wood mentioned by Blanco as used in the practice of
medicine. Some of the native names cited by Blanco apply to
one, some to the other.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1911, there known as ligtang (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. U76).
TINOSPORA Miers
^Menispermum rimosum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 810; ed. 2 (1845) 558; ed.
f
3, 3 (1879) 217, non Spreng. = TINOSPORA RUMPHII Boerl.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Tinospora crispa (Linn.) Miers, an allied species that does not appear
to occur in the Philippines. Blanco's discussion includes the
form distributed herewith, the one with broadly ovate, prominently cordate leaves, having an exceedingly bitter principle,
the true macabuhay; and the more common Philippine species,
with but a slight amount of the bitter principle, Tinospora reticulata Miers. This is perhaps the most generally used medicinal plant in the Philippines. In regions subject to a prolonged
dry season it is often entirely leafless at the time of anthesis.
It is universally known as macabuhay; see Merrill, E. D., An
Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense (1917)
220.
Illustrative specimen from Masambong, near Manila, Luzon,
March, 1915, flowering specimens without leaves (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 903.) ; leaf specimens from the same
plant, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1003).
151862

10

146

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

MAGNOLIACEAE
M ICH ELIA Linnaeus
M ICH ELIA CHAM PACA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 462; ed. 2 (1845)
322; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 232, t. 191.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

occurs in the Philippines only as a cultivated tree and was
probably introduced by the Spaniards. Generally known to the
Filipinos as sampaca.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 799, 973).
TALAUMA Jussieu
Magnolia angatensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 859 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
328; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 243 = TALAUMA ANGATENSIS (Blanco) F.-Vill.

Blanco's material was from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,

and the description is unmistakably that of a Talauma, the
leaves are definitely described as a foot long and four inches wide,
and the fruit a "gerne," i. e., 16 to 20 cm long. I am of the
opinion that Vidal correctly interpreted the species in his Sinopsis, Atlas 11, t. 3, f. A (1883), and I am now further of the
opinion that both Talauma luzonensis Warb, and Talauma
grandiflora Merr. must be reduced to Talauma angatensis
(Blanco) F.-Vill.
ANNONACEAE
ALPHONSEA Hooker f. & Thomson
Macanea arbrea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 431 (sp.
myristica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 300; ed. 3,
Dun. = ALPHONSEA ARBREA (Blanco) Merr.
Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 233 (Alphonsea philippinensis
blancoi F.-Vill.).

nov.) =Monodora
2 (1878) 193, non
in Philip. Journ.
Merr., Monocarpia

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes, and its synonymy, with citation of
numerous specimens, has been discussed by me on the occasion
of the original transfer of Blanco's species to Alphonsea. It
was retained by Fernandez-Villar as a valid species under the
name of Monocarpia blancoi F.-Vill. Macanea arbrea Blanco
does not appear in Index Kewensis either under Macanea or
Macahanea.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915, there known as calai (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 838).

ANNONACEAE

147

UVARIA Linnaeus
Unona setigera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 468 (sp. nov.) = Uvaria setigera
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 323 (Uvearia) (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
234, t. 195=UVAR\A RUFA Blume.

The Philippine form seems to be referable to Blume's species.

It has, however, been described from the Philippines by PresI
as Uvaria solanifolia. Blanco's description is not good, and his
statement "petalos * * * lineares" does not apply. In
spite of this discrepancy, I consider that there is no doubt as
to the correctness of the identification of Unona setigera Blanco.
It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Uvaria purpurea Blume,
which it cannot be. It is widely distributed in the Philippines
at low altitudes, and is abundant near Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 199).
Unona camphorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 468 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1S45)
326; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 239= UVARIA SORZOGON ENSIS Presl.
Unona susong calabao Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. h^kUVARIA SORZOGONENSIS Presl.

Blanco's description is very indefinite, and from it alone it is

impossible definitely to determine the status of the species. The
plant was a large vine, according to his description, and the
description certainly applies to an annonaceous plant. The only
possible generic reduction that can be made is Uvaria, but
Blanco's species cannot be Uvaria dulcs Dunal, to which it
was reduced by Fernandez-Villar. The specific name camphorata was taken from the camphor-like odor of certain roots that
Blanco saw in the hands of a native, but there is no reason
for considering that these roots were from the species described
as Unona camphorata. As to the native names cited, the Tagalog one, taghivalas, properly belongs with the apocynaceous
Parameria philippinensis Radlk. ; the Bicol names dalaganum
and dalagao are unknown to me. Uvaria sorzogonensis Presl,
is, however, known in parts of Negros as baluganos, a name
very suggestive of dalaganao. As Uvaria sorsogonensis Presl
is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, Blanco
could scarcely have overlooked it, and I think that there is very
little doubt but that the reduction here made is the correct
disposition of his species. Presl's species, however, may not
prove to be specifically distinct from Uvaria ovalifolia Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Alabat Island, December, 1916
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1057).

148

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
CANANGIUM Billon

Uona odoratissima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 467 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
325; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 239, t. 221 =CANANGIUM ODORATUM (Lam.)
Baill. (Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th.).
Uona ossea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 467 (sp. nov.)=Uvaria ossea Blanco
op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 322 (comb, nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 233 = CANANGIUM ODORATUM (Lam.) Baill. {Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th.).

The identity of Unona odoratissima Blanco is unmistakable,

as it is the common and widely distributed ilang-ilang tree.
Unona ossea Bl&nco==varia ossea Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Unona discolor Vahl, which I formerly considered to be the correct disposition of it. However, Vahl's
species scarcely occurs in the regions from which Blanco secured
his material, and moreover a comparison of his description with
specimens of Vahl's species shows that Unona ossea Blanco
cannot possibly be the same as Unona discolor. Blanco compares Unona ossea with Unona odoratissima, as identical in
floral characters with the latter, stating that except in its fragrant fruit it could not be distinguished from ilang-ilang. There
is no doubt whatever that Unona ossea Blanco is merely a slight
variant of the common and widely distributed Canangium
odoratum Baill.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, there known as ilang-ilang (Meirill: Species
Blancoanae No. ^66).
POLYALTHIA Blume
Unona cabog Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 466 (sp. nov.)=Unona odorata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 325 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 237,
non Dunal= POLYALTHIA sp.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Unona desmos Dunal, which

I formerly thought might be the correct disposition of it. It
cannot, however, be Dunal's species. The description applies
unmistakably to Polyalthia, but beyond this I can make no
suggestion as to what species was intended by Blanco's very
imperfect description.
PHAEANTHUS Hooker f. & Thomson
Uvaria triptala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 465, non Roxb. = Unona tripetala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 324 (tripelata) (comb, nov.); ed. 3,
2 (1878) 236 = PHAEANTHUS EBRACTEOLATUS (Presl) Merr.
(P. cumingii Miq.; P. nutans F.-Vill., non Hook. f. & Th.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the forests

of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 305).

ANNONACEAE

149

GO N IOT H A LA M US Hooker f. & Thomson

Uvaria amuyon Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 463 (sp. nov.)=Unona cauliflora
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 323; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 235 (nom. nov.)GONIOTHALAMUS AMUYON (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 10
(1915) Bot. 264.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Melodorum fulgens

Hook. f. & Th., a manifestly wrong reduction, for Blanco's description does not at all apply to the latter species. The present
interpretation of the species is undoubtedly correct.
Illustrative specimen from San Jos, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915, there known as amuyong {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 803).
MITREPHORA Blume
Uvaria lanotan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 464 (sp. nov.)=Unona ? latifolia
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 324; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 236, non Dunal =
MITREPHORA LANOTAN (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ.
(Philip.) 35 (1906) 71.

Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Goniothalamus giganteus Hook. f. & Th., a species that does
not extend to the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does not at all apply. In making the original transfer to
Mitrephora I erroneously included, as a synonym, Mitrephora ferruginea Merr.=M. merrillii C. B. Rob.=Griffithianthus merrillii
W. H. Br., and my description in part applies to the latter
species. The plant interpreted as Mitrephora lanotan agrees
perfectly with Blanco's description, is common in the regions
from which Blanco secured most of his material, and is also
known to the natives as lanotan, a name also applied to a number
of other annonaceous trees.
Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, June,
1915, comm. H. Borromeo, there known as lanotan {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 9^0).
XYLOPIA Linnaeus
Unona dehiscens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 466 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
325 (dehincens) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 238 = XYLOPIA DEHISCENS
(Blanco) Merr. {Xylopia blancoi Vid.).

Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced Blanco's species to

Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray, to which Blanco's description
does not at all apply. Vidal redescribed it from actual specimens
as Xylopia blancoi, citing Blanco's species as a synonym. Blanco's description is very poor and imperfect, but his species apparently belongs here. It is found in various parts of Luzon
and in the Visayan Islands.

150

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
""ARTABOTRYS R. Brown

Unona corniculata Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 469 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
326; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 240 = ARTABOTRYS CORNICULATA (Blanco)
comb. nov. {Artabotrys rolfei Vid.).

Blanco's species was reduced to Artabotrys suaveolens Blume

by Fernandez-Villar, and it is certainly very closely allied to
that species. Vidal, however, has described the Philippine form
as a distinct species, Artabot?*ys rolfei, which is manifestly the
same as the species described by Blanco as Unona corniculata.
The oldest specific name is here adopted.
Illustrative specimen from Laguna Province, Luzon, March,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 298).
^Uvaria sinensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 465 (sp. nov.)=Unona uncinata
Dun.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 324; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 237, t. 194ARTABOTRYS UNCINATUS (Lam.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7
(1912) Bot. 234 (A. odoratissimus R. Br.).

This species occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced

and occasionally cultivated plant, and Blanco's description was
based on cultivated specimens from Pasig.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 78U, 964).
ANNONA Linnaeus
ANNONA RETICULATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 470 (Anona) ; ed.
2 (1845) 327; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 242, t. 197.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation, is commonly known as anonas, and like Annona squamosa
L. and A. reticulata L. is an early introduction from Mexico.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 93).
ANNONA MURICATA Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 326; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 241, t. 196.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco;

an early introduction into the Philippines from Mexico. It is
widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation and is commonly known here as guaybanos.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 198).
-? ANNONA SQUAMOSA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 469; ed. 2 (1845)
327. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 241, t. 192.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards and is now commonly cultivated throughout the Archipelago at low and medium
altitudes. It is generally known as ates.

MYRISTICACEAE

151

Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,

1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 589).
AN NON ACE AE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS
Soala litoralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 437 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
304; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 199 = ? Annonaceae indet.

A genus and species of very uncertain status, perhaps based

on material from two entirely different plants. The description
of the flower seems to conform to the Annonaceae, near Uvaria,
but the description of the fruit is certainly not that of an annonaceous plant. Attempts to locate the species through the
native name soal resulted in the information that the name is
unknown even in Bauang, the locality in which Blanco observed
the species ; but Blanco states in the original description that
it was scarcely known to the natives. Fernandez-Villar reduced
it to Cyathocalyx zeylanicus Champ., which is manifestly an
erroneous disposition of it.
MYRISTICACEAE
MYRISTICA Linnaeus
Myristica luzonica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 664 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
462, 463; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 69, 70=MYRISTICA PHILIPPENSIS Lam-

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, growing in the primeval forest at low and medium altitudes. Its commonest Tagalog name is duguan, but this name
is also applied to several other species of the same genus and
to those of allied genera.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 178).
K N E M A Loureiro
"5 Sterculia glomerata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 764 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
525; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 164=KNEMA GLOMERATA (Blanco) Merr. in
Journ. Str. Branch Roy. As. Soc. (1917) 81 [Myristica heterophylla
F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 178; M. corticosa F.-Vill. op. cit., non Hook,
f. & Th.; Knema heterophylla Warb, in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. 68 (1897)
573, t. 25, f. 1, 2.].
Sterculia decandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 766 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 526;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 166= KNEMA GLOMERATA (Blanco) Merr. (K. heterophylla Warb.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and although Blanco's descriptions of both species are short
and imperfect they apply here in all particulars ; moreover there
is no other species known to me from the regions from which
Blanco received the most of his material to which his descriptions apply. In Bataan Province, Luzon, it is still known as
tambalao and as hindurugu. Fernandez-Villar erroneously re-

152

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

duced the former to Myristica corticosa Hook. f. & Th. and the
latter to Myristica intermedia Blume, neither of which occurs
in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 50J/.).
LAURACEAE
CINNAMOMUM Blume
Laurus cinnamomum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 319; ed. 2 (1845) 225;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 37 = CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM Blume Bijdr.
(1825) 568; Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. 2 (1831) 74.

Blanco apparently correctly interpreted the Linnean species,

although Fernandez-Villar reduced Laurus cinnamomum Blanco
to Cinnamomum burmanni Blume; the latter species has been
reported from the Philippines by Nees. Blanco based his description on cultivated specimens, and the form distributed herewith is certainly the one Blanco described. It is occasionally
found in towns in the Philippines in cultivation and was undoubtedly introduced into the Archipelago by the Spaniards. It
is known in the Philippines only by its Spanish name, canela.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 687).
Laurus culilaban Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 315; ed. 2 (1845) 222; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 51, non Linn. = CINNAMOMUM MERCADOI Vid.
Laurus cassia Blanco op. cit. 317; 223; 53, non Linn = CINNAMOMUM
MERCADOI Vid.

This sylvan species is common and widely distributed in the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Its most common
native name is calingag, and in Bataan Province it is still known
also as sami7i, the former name being cited by Blanco under
Laurus culilaban and the latter under L. cassia. Blanco's Laurus cassia was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. cassia Nees, and Laurus culilaban was
erroneously reduced to C. pauciftorum Nees and C. tamala Nees
& Eberm., neither of which occurs in the Philippines.
Blanco's
descriptions are certainly of but a single species.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as calingag (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 758) ; Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1916
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 971).
PERSEA Gaertner
Laurus persea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 224; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
56 = PERSEA AMERICANA Mill. (P. gratissima Gaertn.).

Blanco described the avocado from specimens cultivated in

LAURACEAE

153

Santa Ana, now a part of the city of Manila. Vidal (Rev. PI.
Vase. Filip. 11) states that it was at that date (1886) unknown
in the Philippines. In 1902, however, a very old tree was located
in the small park of the Cuartel de Espaa in the Walled City,
Manila, which a few years later was destroyed by a typhoon. In
1902 or 1903 it was re-introduced into the Philippines from
Honolulu. Aquacate admitted by Kamel, Ray Hist. PI. 3 (1704)
App. 59, undoubtedly refers to this species, indicating that it
had been introduced into the Philippines previous to the year
1700.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated specimens, Manila, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 87A).
NOTHAPHOEBE Blume
Aiouea (Ajovea) malabonga Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 233 (sp. nov.) =
Laurus hexandra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 222; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 52,
non Willd., nec Spreng.= NOTHAPHOEBE MALABONGA (Blanco)
Merr.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Iteadaphne

confusa Blume, a species unknown from the Philippines ; Blanco's
description does not apply to it. The form that Blanco described
in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas he erroneously
reduced in the second edition to Laurus hexandra Willd; it seems
to be a valid species closely allied to the Malayan Nothaphoebe
umbelliflora Blume. Blanco describes the species as having 6
stamens, but otherwise his description is excellent and agrees
with the specimens referred here. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines, but the numerous specimens have
been previously confused with Cryptocarya.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, September, 1914, comm. A. Villamil, there known as
malabonga (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 121).
LI TSE A Lamarck
Sebifera glutinosa Lour.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 819; ed. 2 (1845) 566;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 234, t. 560=LITSEA GLUTINOSA (Lour.) C. B. Rob.
(L. chinensis Lam., L. tersa Merr., non Glabraria tersa Linn.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and presents considerable variation. Loureiro's specific name is apparently the oldest valid one for the
species, and Blanco was undoubtedly correct in referring the
Philippine plant to Sebifera glutinosa Lour. Its common Tagalog name is puso-puso.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 64.7).

154

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Sebifera balongai Blanco PI. Filip. (1837) 820 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 567;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 235 (balongay) = LITSEA GLUTINOSA (Lour.) C. BRob., var.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Litsea Uto7'alis F.Vill. (Tetranthera litoralis Blume), which is apparently merely
a glabrous or nearly glabrous form of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.)
C. B. Rob. I can suggest no other disposition of Blanco's species
and am of the opinion that Fernandez-Villar was correct in
this disposition of it. The name balongai cited by Blanco is
unknown to me as applied to the Lauraceae, but Blanco's description is certainly that of a Litsea. He compares it with his
description of Sebifera glutinosa, i. e., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.)
C. B. Rob.
Olax baticulin Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 589 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
38 = LITSEA sp.

There is grave doubt as to whether this species should be

considered as published in the second edition, as the generic
name Olax is capitalized as usual in Blanco's work, but is
followed by a period, and the word baticulin appears in ordinary
type, not differentiated from the description; it is, however,
definitely published in the third edition The description is entirely inadequate, and my identification of it has been based
chiefly on the fact that the illustrative specimens are from the
species known in the vicinity of Paffgil, Laguna, as baticulin,
and from which timber sold under that name is secured. The
name baticulin is rather promiscuously applied to a number of
different lauraceous trees, especially in the genus Litsea. Olax
baticulin was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Litsea obtusata
(Meissn.) F.-Vill., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. The species, as I interpret it, seems to be very closely
allied to Litsea albayana Vid., but I am unwilling to replace
Vidal's specific name until flowering specimens of Olax baticulin
Blanco, or the species as I interpret it, are secured.
Illustrative specimen from near Paffgil, Laguna Province,
Luzon, comm. F. W. Foxworthy, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 1006).
CRYPTOCARYA R. Brown
Salgada lauriflora Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 221 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 50 = CRYPTOCARYA LAURIFLORA (Blanco) Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 254 {Eusideroxylon bornense F.-Vill.,
non Bihania borneensis Meissn; Cryptocarya luzoniensis Vid.).

This species is rather widely distributed in Luzon at low and

medium altitudes. Blanco's description applies unmistakably to
Cryptocarya as here interpreted.

HERNANDIACEAE

155

Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,

Luzon, March, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 56).
Laurus martinicensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 317; ed. 2 (1845) 223; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 53, non Jacq. = ? CRYPTOCARYA AMPLA Merr.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Beilschmiedia madang Blume,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to
which Blanco's description does not at all apply. The form he
described is certainly a Cryptocarya, and taking into consideration all the data given by Blanco is, I think, C. ampia Merr. The
description is not sufficiently definite to be sure of the correctness of the reduction.
CASSYTHA Linnaeus
CASSYTHA FILIFORMIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 321, ed. 2 (1845)
226, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 58.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco ; it is

common and widely distributed in the Philippines along the
seashore.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 95).
LAURACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS
Laurus lanosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 318 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 224;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 54=Lauraceae indet.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco's species to Litsea villosa

Blume, but the characters assigned to it by Blanco do not at
all conform with those of Blume's species. The description is
too indefinite to warrant suggesting a reduction other than that
it certainly belongs in the Lauraceae. The description of the
inflorescence as terminal indicates that it can scarcely have been
a Litsea. It is possibly a species of Cryptocarya.
HERNANDIACEAE
GYROCARPUS Jacquin
Gyrocarpus lobatus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 54 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 103 = GYROCARPUS AMERICANUS Jacq.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Gyrocarpus

jacquinii Gaertn.=G. americanus Jacq. It is widely distributed
in the Philippines at low altitudes, but is nowhere abundant.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 755).
HERNANDIA Linnaeus
Hernandia sonora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 689; ed. 2 (1845) 478; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 93, non Linn. = HERNANDIA PELTATA Meissn.

This species is commonly distributed along the seashore from

156

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

central Luzon southward, but not as yet reported from the shores
of northern Luzon. Hemandia sonora Linn, was based on both
oriental and occidental references, but the species is typified by
the American plant, so that Blanco was in part correct in referring the Philippine form to H. sonora Linn. H. peltata Meissn.
is very closely allied to the older H. ovigera Linn., and may have
to be reduced to the Linnean species.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 530).
ILLIGERA Blume
Gronovia temata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 186 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 132;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 236 = ILLIGERA LUZONENSIS (Presl) Merr.
Halesia temata Blanco op. cit. 399 (sp. nov.); 279; 2: 153 = ILLIGERA
LUZONENSIS (Presl) Merr.

The species is widely distributed in Luzon and has several

synonyms. Its oldest specific name, however, is supplied by
Henschelia luzonensis Presl Rel. Haenk 2 (1831) 81, t. 63, the
type of which I have seen in the Prague herbarium. Presl's
description is faulty, and his figures of the floral details are
erroneous in some particulars. For this reason Mr. Dunn took
up Blanco's specific name in preference to Presl's; see Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 38 (1908) 294. The other synonyms are Illigera
ternata Dunn, /. dubia F.-Vill. non Span., /. meyeniana Kunth,
and /. appendiculata Vid., non Blume. There is no doubt in my
mind that Gronovia ternata Blanco and Halesia ternata Blanco
represent the same species. Both are described in the same
work, the former from flowering specimens, the latter from
fruiting specimens.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
August, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 297,
663).

PAPAVERACEAE
ARGEMONE Linnaeus
ARGEMONE MEXICANA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 454; ed. 2 (1845)
316; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 220, t. 187.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards at an early date
in colonial history either as an ornamental plant or for its medicinal properties. It is now widely distributed in the Philippines,
growing especially about buildings and in vacant lots in towns,
in waste places, etc.

CRUCIFERAE

157

Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon (Merrill: Species

Blancoanae No. 304).
CRUCIFERAE
CARDAMINE Linnaeus
Cardamine glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 521 (sp. nov.) = Cardamine
impatiens (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 363; ed. S, 2 (1879> 306,
non Linn. = NASTURTIUM INDICUM (Linn.) DC.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending

from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,600 meters. It is nowhere abundant and is usually found along ditches and small
streams.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 553).
BRASSICA Linnaeus
Sinapis sinensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 520 (non Gmel.?) =Sinapis juncea
Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 362; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 304 = BRASSICA
JUNCEA (Linn.) Coss.
Brassica orientalis Blanco op. cit. 519; 361; 303, non Linn. = BRASSICA
JUNCEA (Linn.) Coss.

The form originally described by Blanco as Sinapis sinensis,

which may or may not be the came as Sinapis sinensis Gmel.,
and later as Sinapis juncea Linn., is certainly only a form of
Brassica juncea (Linn.) Coss., where it was placed by FernandezVillar. Brassica orientalis Blanco seems to be merely a dwarfed
form of B. juncea (Linn.) Coss., although Fernandez-Villar
reduced it to Brassica nigra Koch, a species not definitely known
from the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Alabat Island, December, 1916
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1056).
Sinapis brassicata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 362; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 305,
non ? Linn. = BRASSICA JUNCEA (Linn.) Coss. var.

The form I have interpreted as Sinapis brassicata Blanco is

the plant that has long been cultivated by Chinese, and, to a
less degree, by native gardeners, under the name of pchai or
petchai. This form is extensively cultivated about Pasig and
is undoubtedly the plant intended by Blanco ; it is perhaps Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Skeels. By Fernandez-Villar it was
referred to Brassica campestris Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 770).

158

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

CAPPARIDACEAE
GYNANDROPSIS de Candolle
Cleome pentaphylla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 523, non Linn. = Cleome gigantea (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 364; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 307, t. 23J,,
non Linn. = GYNANDROPSIS SPECIOSA (HBK.) DC.

Blanco's specimens were probably from cultivated plants, as

the species was certainly introduced into the Philippines for
ornamental purposes. At the present time it is of very local
occurrence in the Archipelago, and the plants now found in
the Philippines may have been derived from very recently imported seeds. The name araa (Sp. "spider"), cited by Blanco
for this species, is now universally used in Manila for Hibiscus
schizopetalus Hook.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 149).
Cleome ailiacea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 522 (sp. nov.) ^Cleome alliodora
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 363 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 307,
t. 255 = GYNANDROPSlS PENTAPHYLLA (Linn.) DC. (Pedicellaria
pentaphylla Schrank).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes. It grows in open waste places in and about towns
and along the seashore in some regions. It has all the appearance of an introduced weed and is undoubtedly an accidentally
introduced plant in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 747).
POLANISIA Rafinesque
y^ Cleome viscosa Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 522 = POLANISIA VISCOSA
(Linn.) DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 364; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 308.

A common and widely distributed weed in the Philippines,

certainly introduced. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 228).
CRATAEVA Linnaeus
7 CRATAEVA RELIGIOSA Forst.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 399; ed. 2 (1845)
279; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 154, t. 176.

Forster's species, as I understand it, was correctly interpreted

by Blanco. It is of local occurrence in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimens from coral limestone cliffs, Pabellones
Islands, Taytay Bay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 370) ; Cavit Province, Luzon, April, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 914).

CAPPARIDACEAE

159

CAPPARIS Linnaeus
Capparis nemorosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 438 (sp. nov.) =Capparis
micracantha Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 305; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 200,
t. 178, non DC.rrCAPPARIS HRRIDA Linn.
Capparis linearis Blanco op. cit. 438 (sp. nov.), 305, 200 = CAPPARIS
HRRIDA Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, and Blanco's descriptions of both C. nemorosa and C. linearis apply fairly closely to the Philippine form
so interpreted. In a note following the description of Capparis
nemorosa he unmistakably describes the true C. micracantha DC,
which is commonly known to the Tagalogs as halobagat, and
which is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low
altitudes. Fernandez-Villar reduced Capparis linearis Blanco
to C. viminea Hook. f. & Th., a species that does not extend
to the Philippines. Although Blanco's description is very short,
incomplete, and entirely unsatisfactory, I have no doubt but
that he had merely a form of C. hrrida Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 236).
Capparis baducca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 438, non Linn. = Capparis mariana Jacq.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 305; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 201, t.
i7 = CAPPARIS CORDIFOLIA Lam.

This species, introduced from Guam, is sparingly cultivated

in the towns of Paranaque and Malabon, near Manila, and perhaps in other places. The types of both Capparis cordifolia
Lam. (1785) and C. mariana Jacq. (1797) were from Guam, and
the earlier name is here accepted. The species has been reduced
by K. Schumann, perhaps correctly, as a variety of the European
Capparis spinosa Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Malabon, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 516).
Crataeva octandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 400 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
280; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 155, non Jacq. = CAPPARIS LUZONENSIS Turcz.

Blanco's specimens were from Piddig, llocos Norte Province,

Luzon, and his description calls for an unarmed species with
eight stamens, characters uncommon in Capparis. The type of
Capparis luzonensis Turcz. was from the llocos Province, Luzon,
and Cuming's specimen is armed with short spines. The species
is represented by a number of specimens from northern Luzon,
some of which are armed, and some of which are unarmed,
and as I cannot detect any other differences between the specimens I am constrained to consider them forms of the same species.

160

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Fernandez-Villar was certainly wrong in reducing Blanco's species to Capparis floribunda Wall.
Capparis odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 439 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 305;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 201 = CAPPARIS MICRACANTHA DC.
Capparis halobagat Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. S (1877-83) t. 180=
CAPPARIS MICRACANTHA DC.

Blanco's description is so very imperfect that even FernandezVillar made no attempt to reduce it. I have no doubt that the
form intended by Blanco is the common and widely distributed
Ccvpparis micracantha DC, which Blanco otherwise described as
halobagat in the discussion following his Capparis nemorosa.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, October,
1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1025).
MOPJNGACEAE
MORINGA Jussieu
MORINGA OLEFERA Lam.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 341; ed. 2 (1845)
238; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 80, t. 125.

Lamarck's species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, and his

specific name is older than the more commonly used Moringa
pterygosperma Gaertner. The species is commonly cultivated
throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, is not
a native of the Archipelago, but was certainly introduced in
prehistoric times.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 62).

NEPENTHACEAE
NEPENTHES Linnaeus
'NEPENTHES ALATA Blanco Fl. Filip.
(1845) 555; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 214.

(1837) 805

(sp. nov.); ed. 2

This species is a valid one and is at present known only from

the Philippine Islands. It is widely distributed in the Archipelago, occurring from northern Luzon to Mindanao, in the
mossy forest on the higher mountains, altitude 800 to 2,000
meters.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, June, 1914, comm. V. Sulit (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 507).
NEPENTHES VENTRICOSA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 807 (sp. nov.) ; 2
(1845) 556; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 215.

A valid characteristic species of rather wide distribution in

Luzon, but much less common than is Nepenthes alata Blanco.

DROSERACEAE-PITTOSPORACEAE

161

DROSERACEAE
DROSERA Linnaeus
Drosera hexagynia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 226 (hexaginia) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 159; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 186= DROSERA INDICA Linn.

This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is certainly the correct disposition of Blanco's species. Drosera indica
Linn, is of very local occurrence in the Philippines, but has
been collected several times at low altitudes in different parts
of Luzon.
CRASSULACEAE
BRYOPHYLLUM Salisbury
, Cotyledon paniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 381, non Linn, f., nee
Thunb.= Bryophyllum germinans Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 220
(sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 47, t. 7=BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM
(Lam.) Kurz (B. calycinum Salisb.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in the

settled areas, often very abundant, especially in dry places in
regions subject to a long dry season, sometimes cultivated about
houses of the natives. It is certainly not a native of the Philippines, but was probably of prehistoric introduction here.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. $29).
KALANCHOE Adanson
; Cotyledon serrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 382, non Linn. = Bryophyllum
serratum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 220 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
48, t. 146 (as K. laciniata DC.) =KALANCHOE LACINIATA DC.
Cotyledon lanceolata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 382, non Forsk. = Bryophyllum triangulare Banco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 221 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2
(1878) 48 = KALANCHOE LACINIATA DC.

Blanco's descriptions are both short and imperfect but manifestly apply to Kalanchoe. Fernandez-Villar reduced the former
to Kalanchoe laciniata DC, and the latter to K. spathulata DC.
but I consider that both apply to the former. This particular
form is found in the Philippines only in cultivation, and then
very rarely.
Illustrative specimens from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 900, 983).
PITTOSPORACEAE
PITTOSPORUM Banks
Aquilaria pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 373 (sp. nov.) = Limon i a
laureola Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 251; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 101, t. 128,
non DC.=:PITTOSPORUM PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. in Govt.
Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 19 (P. fernandezii Vid.).
1B18G2

11

162

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Bursaria nermis Azaola in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 124 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 222 = PITTOSPORUM PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, especially in thickets and in second-growth forests. It
is very widely known by its Tagalog name mamalis, cited by
Blanco. Gagnepain, Journ de Bot. (1908) 226, considers Pittosporum brachysepalum Turcz., which I reduced to Blanco's species,
to represent a distinct form. I consider this species to be also
the most likely reduction of Azaola's species which FernandezVillar reduced to Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait., one that is not
known to extend to the Philippines. Azaola's description is
very short and imperfect and, it must be confessed, does not
apply in all characters.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 293).
ROSACEAE
PARINARIUM Aublet
Alamag Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 550; ed. 2 (1845) 369; ed. 3, 2 (1879)
319 = PARINARIUM CORY M BOS UM (Blume) Miq. (P. salicifolium
Presl, P. griffithianum Benth.).
Pasac Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 848; ed. 2 (1845) 586; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 270 =
? PARINARIUM CORYMBOSUM (Blume) Miq.

Blanco's descriptions of both Alamag and Pasac are imperfect,

but the former manifestly applies to Parinarium corymbosum
Miq., which is common and widely distributed in the Philippines;
its nearly universal Tagalog name to-day is liusin, which Blanco
gives as luyusin. The description of Pasac does not apply so
well, but this reduction is reasonably certain. It is perhaps
unnecessary to record here that Blanco manifestly did not intend
Alamag and Pasac as new genera, but simply described the
species under the native names, being unable to refer the plants
to their proper genera or to their proper places in the Linnean
system.
Illustrative specimen from Laguna Province, Luzon, February,
1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 315).
RUBUS Linnaeus
RUBUS MOLUCCANUS Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 428; ed. 2 (1845)
298; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 190, t. 893.

The Linnean species was certainly correctly interpreted by

Blanco. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines
at medium and higher altitudes, ascending to at least an altitude
of 1,800 meters.

CONNARACEAE

163

Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,

November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 161).
Rubus jamaicensis Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 427, non Linn. = Rubus comintanus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 298 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 190
t. A16 (as Rubus idaeus Blanco) = RUB US ROSAEFOLIUS Sm.

Blanco identified his Philippine material with the West Indian

Rubus jamaicensis Linn, in the first edition of his Flora de
Filipinas, but in the second edition he described the same form
as a new species, Rubus comintanus. The species is manifestly
Rubus rosaefolius Sm., which is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending from near sea level in some localities to an
altitude of at least 1,800 meters.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 721).
PRUNUS Linnaeus
Prunus armeniaca Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 296; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 185,
non Linn. = PRUNUS sp.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Prunus triflor-a Roxb., which

may or may not be the proper disposition of it, although it is
certainly a Prunus. It was described from specimens cultivated
in a garden in Manila, with the further statement that it was
also cultivated in Cagayan Province, Luzon; Blanco supposed
that it had been introduced from China.
CONNARACEAE
SANTALOIDES O. Kuntze
Cnestis erecta Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 387 (sp. nov.) =Omphalobium
pictum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 271; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 139 = Rourea
erecta (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1910) Bot. 125=
SANTALOIDES ERECTUM (Blanco) Schellenb. Beitr. Anat. Syst.
Connar. (1910) 51; Fedde Repert. 10 (1911) 247.
Cnestis glabra Blanco op. cit. 387 (sp. nov.) ; 271; 138, t. 140, non Linn.=
Rourea erecta (Blanco) Merr.=SANTA LOI DES ERECTUM (Blanco)
Schellenb.

This species is widely distributed at low and medium altitudes

in Luzon, extending southward to Leyte. Synonyms are Rourea
multiflora Planch., Omphalobium obliquum Presl, Connarus obliquus Walp., Connarus paniculatus F.-Vill. non Roxb., and C.
monocarpus F.-Vill., non Linn. Cnestis erecta Blanco was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Connarus monocarpus
Linn., and C. glabra to Connarus paniculatus Roxb.; neither
Connarus monocarpus Linn., nor C. paniculatus Roxb. occurs in
the Philippines.

164

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Rba! Province, Luzon (Merrill:

Species Blancoanae No. 798).
Cnestis volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 385 (sp. nov.) =Cnestis trifolia
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 270 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 136,
non Lam. = Rourea volubilis Merr. (R. heterophylla Planch.) =SANTALOIDES VOLUBILE (Blanco) Schellenb.

The species is fairly common and is of wide distribution in

the Philippines. It is distinctly variable in its vegetative characters, not only in the number of its leaflets, but in their size
and shape.
Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 368).
AGELAEA Solander
Castaola trinervis Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 505;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 103 = AGELAEA
TRINERVIS (Llanos) comb. nov.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Connarus monocarpus Linn.,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines. The description applies unmistakably to some trifoliolate species of Connaraceae, and the only species of the family known from the
Philippines that conforms with Llanos's description is Agelaea,
and the Philippine form that has been referred to A. wallichii
Hook. f. This is widely distributed in the Philippines at low
altitudes, Llanos's material being from Angat, Bulacan Province,
Luzon. It appears to be specifically distinct from Agelaea
wallichii Hook. f.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, August, 1917, comm. C. Mabesa (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1059).
CNESTIS Jussieu
CNESTIS DIFFUSA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 386 (sp. nov.) =Cnestis
polyphylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 270 (poliphylla) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
137, non Lam. = Cnestis corniculata Blanco op. cit. 386; 270; 138, non
Lam. (C. ramiflora Griff., 1854).

The species is widely distributed in Luzon, and there is no

doubt in my mind but that the two species Blanco described
are identical. Blanco's specific name, Cnestis diffusa, is apparently the oldest valid one for the species. For a discussion of
the synonymy see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 127.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 252).

LEGUMINOSAE

165

LEGUMINOSAE
MIMOSOIDEAE
PITHECOLOBIUM Martius
Mimosa unguis-cati Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 731, non Linn. = Inga lanceolata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 370 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 322,
t. 237, non HBK. = PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE (Roxb.) Benth.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines and in many localities is thoroughly naturalized, occurring
in great abundance along gravel bars in the beds of streams in
parts of northern Luzon. The common native names in the
Philippines, camanchile, camonsil, etc., are corruptions of its
ancient Mexican name quamochitl.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 258).
Mimosa scutifera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 735 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
507; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 138, t. ^^PITHECOLOBIUM SCUTIFERUM
(Blanco) Benth.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes and is entirely distinct from the Malayan
Pithecolohium lohatum Benth. to which it has been reduced. Its
common Tagalog name is anagap, as cited by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 328).
Mimosa scutifera [var. casai] Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 736; ed. 2 (1845)
508; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 138, t. ^/^PITHECOLOBIUM SU3ACUTUM
Benth.

This form is described by Blanco without definitely assigning

to it any specific or varietal name. It is of wide distribution
in the Philippines. It should be compared critically with Pithecolohium montanum Benth.
Illustrative specimen from Eenguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 461).
ALBIZZIA Durazzini
Mimosa acle Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 738 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 509; ed.
3, 3 (879) 140 = ALBIZZIA ACLE (Blanco) Morr. in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 25 (Pithecolohium acle Vid.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, is universally and exclusively known to the Tagalogs as
acle, and is the source of the timber known commercially in the
Philippines under this name. It was erroneously reduced by
Fernandez-Villar to Xylia dolabriform Benth., with which it

166

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

has nothing in common ; Xylia dolahriformis moreover does not

occur in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, flowers March, 1915, there known as acle {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 7U3).
Mimosa carisquis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 734 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
507; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 137 = ALBIZZIA LEBBEKOIDES (DC.) Benth.

This species is known as carisquis by the Ilocanos and as

malaghanzp by the Tagalogs (Rizal Province). It is widely
distributed in the northern part of the Philippines. By Fernandez-Villar Blanco's Mimosa carisquis was reduced to Albizzia
julibrissin Durazz., which is certainly incorrect. While Mimosa
carisquis Blanco is apparently identical with the current conception of Albizzia lebbekoides, there is some reason for considering that the latter species has been misinterpreted, as
Bentham states that the pod is said to be half as broad again
as in A. lebbeck, which is decidedly not true of Mimosa carisquis
Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 706).
Mimosa coriaria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 734 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 506;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 136 = ALBIZZIA PROCERA (Roxb.) Benth.

The species is common in those parts of the Philippines having

a long, well-defined dry season.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
August, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 295).
Mimosa lebbek Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 733; ed. 2 (1845) 506; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 135, non Linn. = ALBIZZIA RETUSA Benth. (A. littoralis
T. & B.).

A species of wide distribution in the Philippines along the

seashore, but nowhere abundant.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1912
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 301).
ACACIA Willdenow
Mimosa farnesiana Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 729; ed. 2 (1845) 504;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 133 = ACACIA FARNESIANA (Linn.) Willd.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the
Philippines at low altitudes, especially in those provinces having
a long dry season. It is universally known in the Philippines

LEGUMINOSAE

167

as aroma, a name of Spanish origin and one introduced with

the plant from Mexico. The species was certainly purposely
introduced into the Philippines for its fragrant flowers.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 648).
Mimosa tenuifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 739; ed. 2 (1845) 510; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 141, t. 87U, non Linn.=ACACIA PEN NATA (Linn.) Willd.

This species is commonly known in Rizal Province as sibog,

and the somewhat acid fruits are still sold in the markets of
Pasig, Taytay, etc.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 259,
fruit, No. 887, flower).
SCHRANKIA Willdenow
Mimosa quadrivalvis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 732; ed. 2 (1845)
506; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 135 = SCHRANKIA QUADRIVALVIS (Linn.)
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 30 (Schrarikia aculeata
Willd.).

Blanco seems to have interpreted the Linnean species correctly.

His specimens were from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon.
The plant was there known as sapinit, a name rather indiscriminately applied to spiny plants such as Rubus, Mezoneurum,
Caesalpinia, etc. The species was introduced into the Philippines from Mexico, through the medium of the old AcapulcoManila galleons. It has in recent times been collected but twice
in the Philippines, a single specimen from Cagayan, Misamis
Province, Mindanao, and the material distributed herewith
secured in Bauang, the place of origin of Blanco's specimens;
it is still known in Bauang as sapinit. This is a very excellent
illustration of the persistence of an introduced species, as Blanco's original observation of the plant in Bauang antedates the
year 1837.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon,
February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 825).
MIMOSA Linnaeus
Mimosa asperata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 732; ed. 2 (1845) 505; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 134, t. 253, non Linn. = MIMOSA PDICA Linn.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and

medium altitudes in the open country of the settled areas. It was
purposely introduced on account of its sensitive leaves at about
the time, or shortly before, Blanco wrote the first edition of

168

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

the Flora de Filipinas, as he states : "Planta comn en las huertas de Manila, y que ignoro si es indigena, o si ha sido trahida
de China, segn dicen." It is now very abundant and thoroughly
naturalized. Its common Tagalog name macahia simply means
"ashamed" and was probably transferred to this plant from the
less common and less sensitive Biophytum sensitivum DC.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, June, 1913 comm. E. Quisumbing (Species Blancoanae
No. 36).
ADENANTHERA Linnaeus
Mimosa virgata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 737, non Linn.= Mimosa punctata
(?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 508; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 139, non Linn.=
ADENANTHERA INTERMEDIA Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908)
Bot. 228.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Adenanthera pavonina Linn., a species that occurs in the Philippines
only as a rarely cultivated one. It is very similar and closely
allied to the Linnean species, differing in its seeds being half
jet black and half bright red. In vegetative and floral characters it is very similar to Adenanthera pavonina Linn., but in
seed characters is like Adenanthera bicolor Moon and is an
apparent intermediate between these two species.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 169).
EN TA DA Adanson
Adenanthera gogo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 353 (sp. nov.) = Entada pursaetha DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 247; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 96 =
ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 9
(1914) Bot. 86 {Entada scandens DC).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes and is universally known in the Archipelago as gogo. The crushed stems are extensively utilized by
the natives as a substitute for soap, its special use being for
washing the hair. The synonymy of the species is rather complicated, but Entada phaseoloides is the oldest valid name under
the Vienna and Brussels codes. See Merrill 1. c.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Men-ill: Species Blancoanae No. 7W).
PARKIA R. Brown
Mimosa peregrina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 737; ed. 2 (1845) 509; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 139, non Linn. = PARKIA JAVANICA (Lam.) Merr. {Parkin
roxburghii Don).

LEGUMINOSAE

169

Acacia niopo Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madrid 4 (1858) 508, non
HBK = PARKIA JAVANICA (Lam.) Merr.

This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon at

low altitudes and is universally known as cupang. The synonymy
is adjusted below:
PARKIA JAVANICA (Lam.) comb. nov.
Gleditsia javanica Lam. Encycl. 2 (1788) 466.
Acacia ? javanica DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 471.
Mimosa biglobosa Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 2 (1832) 551, non Jacq.
Inga timoriana DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 442.
Parkia roxburghii G. Don Gen. Syst. 2 (1832) 397.
Acacia niopo Llanos Men. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1858) 508, non HBK.
Mimosa peregrina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 737, non Linn.
Parkia biglobosa Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4 (1842) 328, p.p.
Gleditsia javanica Lam. seems to have been entirely overlooked by
modern botanists, but the form Lamarck described is clearly the species
commonly known as Parkia roxburghii G. Don, which is widely distributed
in the Malayan region and the Philippines. There is no evidence in
Lamarck's original description that he had specimens; he based the species
on pre-Linnean references in Commelin, Ray, and Plukenet. The local
name cadawang, cited by him, leaves no doubt as to the form intended, as
this is one of the names in common use in Java for the species as here
interpreted. The species is typified by Commelin's figure and description,
Rar. PI. Hort. Med. Amstel. 2 (1697) 207, t. 106. The figure is poor, and
presents only a leafy branch and seeds; it is incorrectly drawn as to the
number of pinnae.

Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,

January, 1914, fruit {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 60U) ;
Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914, flower (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 689).
CAESALPINOIDEAE
CY NO METRA Linnaeus
/ Schotia tpeciosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 356; ed. 2 (1845) 251; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 100, non Jacq. =:CY NO METRA INAEQUIFOUA A. Gray.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cynometra ramiflora Linn. var. mimosoides Baker, a form which occurs
in the Philippines, but so far as known only in the southern
part of the Archipelago, Panay and Mindanao. Blanco's specimens were from Batangas Province, Luzon. Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray, based on specimens from Laguna Province,
Luzon, is closely allied to C. bijuga Spanoghe; see Merrill in
Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 36.
Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
June, 1915, there known as dila-dila (dila^tongue) (Merriu:
Species Blancoanae Nos. 853, 97 U)-

170

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

~,Crudia spicata Blanco Fl. Pilip. ed. 2 (1845) 261 (Crudya) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
121, non Willd. = , pro parte, CYNOMETRA SIMPLICIFOLIA Harms.

Blanco's description for the most part applies to Crudia blancoi

Rolfe, to which the name C. spicata Blanco properly belongs as
a synonym. The description in part, however, is manifestly
Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. The same native name, malatumbaga, is applied to both.
Illustrative specimen from Looc, Batangas Province, Luzon,
April 24, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 92U).
CRUDIA Schreber
Crudia spicata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 261 (Crudya) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
121, t. 2U, non Willd. = CRUDIA BLANCOI Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 21 (1884) 309 [Apalatoa blancoi Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ.
(Philip.) 35 (1906) 19].

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

Willdenow's species, but this is certainly not the case. In my
present interpretation I have followed Rolfe, yet it is very manifest that Blanco's description is in part based on Cynometra
simplicifolia Harms, and not on Crudia blancoi Rolfe as currently accepted. I suspect that the description of the leaves
and fruits is from the Crudia, but that of the inflorescence and
the flowers is certainly from the Cynometra. The length of
the spikes is given as two lines ; of the flowers a half line, and
the cited period of flowering, November, is of Cynometra simplicifolia Harms, not of Crudia blancoi Rolfe. Blanco's specimens were, in part, from Mandaloyon and Paraaque, points
near Manila ; Cynometra simplicifolia Harms is still found near
the City of Manila, but Crudia blancoi not nearer than Antipolo
so far as our explorations show. The Tagalog name malatumbaga cited by Blanco is still in use for both species, but chiefly
for Crudia.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 882).
TAMARINDUS Linnaeus
TAMARINDUS INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 29; ed. 2 (1845)
20; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 39, t. 1U-

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common in the settled areas at low altitudes in the Philippines,
usually, perhaps always, planted. Of prehistoric introduction
in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 573).

LEGUMINOSAE

171

INTSIA Thouars
Eperua decandra Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 368 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
259; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 118= INTSIA BIJUGA O. Ktze. (Afzelia bijuga
A. Gray).

This is one of the most important timber trees in the Philippines, for the most part found along the seashore, extending
inland and to considerable altitudes in Palawan. It is universally
known in the Philippines as ipil.
Illustrative specimen from Malampaya Bay, Palawan, May,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 376).
PAHUDIA Miquel
Eperua falcata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 369, non Aubl.= Eperua rhomboidea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 260 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 119,
t. 281 = PAHUDIA RHOMBOIDEA (Blanco) Prain in Sei. Mem. Med,
Off. Ind. Army 12 (1901) 14 (Afzelia rhomboidea Vid.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes and is one of the valuable timber trees
of the Archipelago. Its commercial name is tindalo, and it is
also widely known as balayon. It was retained by FernandezVillar as a distinct species, but under the genus Afzelia, but
seems better placed under Pahudia.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 862).
BAU HI NIA Linnaeus
Bauhinia scandens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 332; ed. 2 (1845) 232; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 68, t. 76, non Linn.= BAUHINIA CUMINGIANA (Benth.)
F.-Vill.

The species is of wide distribution in the Philippines, and in

the Tagalog Provinces is commonly known as banot, the native
name given by Blanco. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced
Blanco's species to Bauhinia vahlii W. & A., a species that does
not extend to the Philippines. The very strong bast fiber is
used by the Negritos for making bow strings.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 557).
/"Bauhinia grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 332; ed 2 (1845) 231; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 67, non Juss., nee Dietr. = BAUHINIA DOLICHOCALYX
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 231, 5 (1910) Bot. 44.

This very characteristic species is known only from Batangas

Province, Luzon, and the illustrative material distributed herewith is practically a topotype of both Bauhinia dolichocalyx
Merr. and B. grandiflora Blanco. The former species was described independently without the realization that Blanco's

172

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Bauhinia grandiflo'a was identical; but Blanco's specific name

is invalid in the genus. Bauhinia grandiflora Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to B. variegata Linn., a species that
does not occur in the Philippines, and I have previously, Philip.
Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 44, considered it as possibly the same
as B. acuminata Linn. Blanco's description, however, applies
unmistakably to B. dolichocalyx Merr. "Hojas * * * acorazonadas puntiagudas * * *. Flores * * * blancas,
de mas de medio palmo de largo * * *. El cliz es de color
de canela * * *. Estambres diez * * *. Flor, en Ag."
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5JJ.
Bauhinia tomentosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 330; ed. 2 (1845) 230; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 65, t. 118 (as Pileostigma aci&iim Benth.), non Linn.=
BAUHINIA MALABARICA Roxb.

This species is very abundant on dry hills in parts of Rizal

and Laguna Provinces, Luzon. The fresh leaves are distinctly
acid to the taste.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 622).
Bauhinia castrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 331 (sp. nov.) = BAUHINIA
PURPUREA Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 231; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
66.

Blanco described Bauhinia castrata from a specimen observed

in cultivation in a garden at Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon. He
later reduced it to Bauhinia purpurea Linn., which FernandezVillar considered to be the correct disposition of it. As Bauhinia purpurea Linn, after long search, was not to be found in
the Philippines, cultivated or otherwise, I considered this disposition of Blanco's species to be erroneous. I am now of the
opinion, however, that the reduction to Bauhinia purpurea Linn,
was correct, as Blanco's description conforms closely to the
characters of the Linnean species, which is, moreover, widely
cultivated as an ornamental plant; it has been re-introduced
into the Philippines in recent times.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated trees, Manila, Luzon,
October, 1916 (MerHll: Species Blancoanae No. 1050).
BAUHINIA BINATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 331 (binnata)
ed. 2 (1845) 231; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 66.

(sp. nov.);

Synonyms of this are Bauhinia pinnata Walp. in Linnaea 16

(1842) Litt.-Ber. 53, Phanera blancoi Benth., and Bauhinia
blancoi Baker. I have seen no specimens of the Siam plant
that Baker referred to Bauhinia blancoi; the Philippine plant,

LEGUMINOSAE

173

however, is a very characteristic one, always found along the

seashore, its flowers having ten stamens, conforming very closely
with Baker's description. As to the specific name Blanco manifestly intended binata, not pinnata as interpreted by Walpers,
from the phrase immediately following the name : "Bauhinia de
hojas hermanadas." Blanco's specific name, corrected from
binnata to binata, is accordingly retained.
Illustrative specimen from Pagbilao, Tayabas Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 998).
CASSIA Linnaeus
CASSIA OCCIDENTALS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 338; ed. 2 (1845)
236; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 75, t. 73.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. A

common and widely distributed weed in the settled areas at low
altitudes in most parts of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Baliuag, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 939).
CASSIA TORA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 337; ed. 2 (1845) 235; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 74, t. 122.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. A

very common weed in and about towns throughout the Philippines at low altitudes ; introduced from tropical America.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 300).
Cassia longisiliqua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 338, non Linn. f. = Cassia
sulcata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 236; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 76, non DC.=
CASSIA HIRSUTA Linn.

An introduced weed in the Philippines, scattered in the settled

areas at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. UU9).
Cassia arayatensis Llanos Fragm. (1851) 71 (sp. now) ; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 55 = CASSIA TIMORIENSIS DC.
^Cassia montana Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, t. U52, non Heyne=
CASSIA TIMORIENSIS DC.

This species is widely distributed in Luzon; our form seems

to be identical with that which Miquel described as Cassia
xantkocoma Miq. Analecta 1 (1850) 10.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 846) ; Arayat,
Pampanga Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
716).

174

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

CASSIA ALATA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 339; ed. 2 (1845) 237; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 77, t. 12U bis.

The Linnean species was corectly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines but
is manifestly an introduced species in the Archipelago. It has
a number of native names, but these have apparently been transferred to it from other plants. In some parts of the Archipelago it is known as acapulco or capurco, fairly definite evidence
that the species, so far as the Philippines are concerned, originated in Mexico, and was introduced from Acapulco through the
medium of the old Acapulco-Manila galleons, its common name
in use here derived from its place of origin. It was undoubtedly
introduced for medicinal purposes and is commonly utilized as
a remedy for different forms of itch.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 114).
CASSIA MIMOSOIDES Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 340; ed. 2 (1845)
237; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 78.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

Widely distributed in the Philippines, but of local occurrence.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 949).
S Cassia fistula Blanco (pro parte) Fl. Filip. (1837) 339; ed. 2 (1845) 237;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 76, non Linn.=CASSIA JAVANICA Linn.

Blanco included in his description the true Cassia fistula Linn,

(leaves, fruits, and medicinal properties), but his description of
the flowers as "mui hermosas, blancas y encarnadas" applies
to Cassia javanica Linn. C. fistula has yellow flowers, while C
javanica has pink and white flowers; both are known in the
Philippines as caafistula. The Philippine form currently referred to Cassia javanica may prove to represent a distinct
species.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 49).
CASSIA FISTULA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 339; ed. 2 (1845) 237;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 76, t. 120.

The Linnean species was, in part, correctly interpreted by

Blanco, his description of the leaves, fruits, and uses applying.
Blanco's description of the flowers, however, "flores * * *
mui hermosas, blancas y encarnadas" applies unmistakably to
Cassia javanica Linn., as the flowers of Cassia fistula are yellow.
Widely distributed in the Philippines, usually cultivated, never
abundant, and certainly a purposely introduced plant.

LEGUMINOSAE

175

Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,

January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 619).
PTEROLOBIUM R. Brown
Mimosa membranulacea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 739 (sp. nov.) = Reichardia
pentapetala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 233 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 71 = PTEROLOBIUM MEMBRANULACEUM (Blanco) Merr.

The species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the Indian

Pterolobium indicum A. Rich., but is apparently specifically distinct. It is to be noted that Blanco describes the flowers as
having five stamens which is not true of Pterolobium; there is,
however, no doubt but that Blanco's statement was due to an
error in observation, and equally no doubt but that his species
is a Pterolobium and the form as here interpreted.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, December, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
454, flowers, No. 664, fruits).
CAESALPINIA Linnaeus
Poinciana pulcherrima Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 333; ed. 2 (1845)
232; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 69, t. 2 = CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA
(Linn.) Sw.

This species, originating in tropical America, was introduced

into the Philippines at an early date by the Spaniards and is
now common and widely distributed in the Archipelago, where
it is cultivated for ornamental purposes; it is also naturalized.
It is universally known in the Philippines as caballero, i. e.,
gentleman. The name originally was espuela de caballero, espuela meaning a spur, the name either transferred from the
Spanish common name of larkspur, or derived from the spiny
character of Caesalpinia pulcherrima.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 27).
yCAESALPINIA SAPPAN Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 335; ed. 2 (1845)
f
234; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 72, t. 121.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines
at low altitudes and is certainly a purposely introduced species
in the Archipelago. Its common names are sappan and sibucao.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 540).
Guilandina bonducella Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 343; ed. 2 (1845)
239 (bunducela) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 81 = CAESALPINIA CRISTA Linn.
(C. bonducella Flem.).

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but

176

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Guandina bonducclla Linn, is manifestly identical with CaesaU

pinia crista Linn., the latter name being the older; see Urban
Symb. Antill. 2 (1900) 269-271; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5
(1910) Bot. 53. The species is found throughout the Philippines along the seashore, its most generally used native name
(Tagalog) being calambibit.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 398).
Guandina nuga Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 344; ed. 2 (1845) 240;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 81, t. J50=CAESALPINIA NUGA (Linn.) Ait.

This species is found along tidal streams, muddy shores, etc.,

throughout the Philippines, within the influence of salt or brackish water. It is to be noted that the specimen in Hermann's
herbarium cited by Linnaeus under C. crista, is C. nuga and not
C. crista as the latter is usually interpreted; see Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. 2: 99.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 649).
MEZONEURUM Desfontaines
Caesalpinia torquata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 336 (sp. nov.) = Mezoneurum
procumbens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 235 (nom. nov.) ; ed 3, 2
(1878) 73 = MEZONEURUM LATISILIQUUM (Cav. 1799) Merr. in
Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 57 (Mezoneurum glabrum Desf.).

Blanco's species was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Desfontaine's species, but Bauhinia ? latisiliqua Cav. supplies
an older specific name. Cavanilles's species was a mixture, as
he figured and described the leaves of Bauhinia and the fruits
of the present species; the specific name having been taken
from the fruits, I have interpreted the species as Mezoneurum,
rather than as a Bauhinia.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 875).
Caesaipinia ignota Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 336 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
235; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 72= MEZONEURUM PUBESCENS Desf.

The species is common on the dry grass-covered hills about

Manila and is of local occurrence in Luzon in those regions where
there is a protracted dry season. Philippine material has been
compared with Desfontaine's type in the Paris Museum by
Lecomte; see Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 56.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 294).

LEGUMINOSAE

177

PAPILIONATAE
OR M OS IA Jackson
^ORMOSIA CALAVENSIS Azaola ex Blanco PL Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 230
(sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 64.

This species is a valid one, and is widely distributed in the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in forested
areas. Regarding it, Blanco states: "Arboles * * *, que
he visto en Calauan el Sr. D. Iigo Gonzalez y Azaola, de quien
es la descripcin dada." The species is very generally known
in the Philippines as bahay.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Men-ill: Species Blancoanae No. 707).
SOPHORA Linnaeus
SOPHORA TOMENTOSA Linn.; Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 328; ed. 2 (1845)
229; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 63.
Sophora heptaphylla Blanco op. cit. 329 (heptaphilla) ; 229; 63, non Linn.=
SOPHORA TOMENTOSA Linn.

Blanco's descriptions both apply to the same form, i. e., Sophora

tomentosa Linn., a very characteristic species of wide distribution in the Philippines along the seashore. Blanco merely attempted to interpret the two Linnean species as other authors
had done, on account of the later's erroneous citation of one of
Rumphius' figures as representing Sophora heptaphylla Linn., by
Linnaeus himself; but Sophora heptaphylla Linn, is no Sophora
and is Derris heptaphylla (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb.
(1917) 273 {D. sinuata Thwaites, D. diadelpha Merr.) ; see Trimen. FL Ceyl. 2 (1894) 94.
Illustrative specimen from Gumaca, Tayabas Province, Luzon,
October, 1916 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1001).
CROTALARIA Linnaeus
Phaseolus bulai Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 572 (sp. nov.) =Quirosia anceps
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 398 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879)
367=CROTALARIA VERRUCOSA Linn.

Blanco's species was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar.

The species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes, but is more commonly met with near
the sea.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
December, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 937).
CROTALARIA QUINQUEFOLIA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 569; ed.
2 (1845) 397; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 365, t. 159.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

It

178

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes as a weed in open wet places, old rice paddies, etc.; it is
undoubtedly an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 29).
J> CROTALARIA LIN I FOLIA Linn, f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 570 = Quirosia
secunda Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 398 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 366, t. 268.
Crotalaria pallida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 570, non Ait. = Crotalaria pumila
(?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 397; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 365, non Schrank=
CROTALARIA LIN I FOLIA Linn. f. (C. stenophylla Vog.).

Bianco was apparently correct in his interpretation of the

species described by the younger Linnaeus, although the Philippine plant differs notably from the Indian form in its narrow
leaves. Blanco erred in describing the plant as a new genus
and species in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas. If
the Philippine form be distinct, the oldest valid name is Crotalaria stenophylla Vog. (1843), and a synonym is Crotalaria formosana Mats. (1900), figured in Journ. Coll. Sei. Univ. Tokyo
22 (1906) 103, t. 10. It is widely distributed in Luzon at low
and medium altitudes and occurs also in Mindanao, Formosa,
and the Caroline Islands. Crotalaria pallida Blanco was reduced
by Fernandez-Villar to C. sessilifloi'a Linn., but after a critical
study of Blanco's short and very imperfect description, the
geographic distribution of the various simple-leaved species of
Crotalaria in Luzon, and their seasons of flowering, I am convinced that the form Blanco described under this name is merely
a dwarfed form of Crotalaria linifolia Linn. (C. stenophylla Vog. ).
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 502).
IN OIGO FERA Linnaeus
Tetragonolobus simplicifolius Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 397 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 364=INDIGOFERA UNIFOLIOLATA Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 65.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the Indian

Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgw., a species that does not occur
in the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does
not at all apply. The species is unquestionably identical with
Indigofera unifoliolata Merr., as Blanco's description applies
perfectly, while the distribution of the plant in Luzon is in conformity with the habitat of Tetragonolobus simplicifolius Blanco,

LEGUMINOSAE

179

which was from near sea level at Paraaque, Rizal Province,

Luzon. Blanco's specific name is invalidated in Indigofera by
/. simplicifolia Lam.
Illustrative specimen from Pantay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 965).
Indigofera angustifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 596; ed. 2 (1845) 415; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 394, non Linn. = INDIGOFERA HIRSUTA Linn.
Indigofera tinctoria Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, (1877-83) t. 16S.
non Linn. = INDIGOFERA HIRSUTA Linn.

This is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of

the Philippines at low altitudes; it is certainly an introduced
species in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 403).
INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 591; ed. 2
(1845) 413; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 393.

Blanco's conception of the Linnean species was reduced by

Fernandez-Villar to Indigofera anil Linn., but the description
is unmistakably /. tinctoria Linn., as the pods are described by
Blanco as two inches in length : "Legum. * * * de dos pulgadas de largo", one of the essential characters by which Indigofera tinctoria L. is distinguished from /. anil Linn. The species
was formerly extensively cultivated in Luzon, but is now found
only as an occasional plant in waste places. It is widely distributed in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes but is
much less common than Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. (/. anil
Linn.).
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blanconaae No. 826).
Indigofera argntea Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 415 (in nota); ed. 3, 2
(1879) 394 (in nota), non Linn. = INDIGOFERA SUFFRUTICOSA
Mill. (/. anil Linn.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring throughout the Archipelago in the settled areas
at low altitudes. It is an introduced plant in the Philippines.
Blanco's description of Indigofera tinctoria Linn, as having
fruits "de dos pulgadas de largo" indicates clearly that he was
describing the Linnean species in spite of previous reductions
of Indigofera tinctoria Blanco to /. anil Linn. (=/. suffruticosa
Mill.).
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 124).

180

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
PSORALEA Linnaeus

Liparia badocana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 597 (sp. nov.) = PSORALEA
BADOCANA Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 416 (comb, nov.); ed. 3, 2
(1879) 395.

This endemic species was described by Turczaninow in 1848

as Meladenia densifiora, based on Philippine specimens collected
by Cuming. It is of local occurrence in the drier parts of northern and western Luzon at low and medium altitudes. Blanco's
specific name was from the town of Badoc, llocos Norte Province,
Luzon, where the plant was observed by him.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Union Province, Luzon,
February, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 968).
PAROSELA Cavanilles
Amorpha glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 555 (sp. nov.)=Dalea alopecuroides Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 389; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 351, non
Willd. = PAROSELA GLANDULOSA (Blanco) Merr. (Dalea glandulosa
Merr.; Dalea nigra Mart. & Gal.).

A native of Mexico, introduced into the Philippines through

the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons and now very abundant on dry hills about Manila and in some of the more distant
provinces in Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 251).
TEPHROSIA Persoon
Indigofera hirsuta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 591, non Linn.= lndigofera
senegalensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 412; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 392,
t. 162, non Lam. = TEPHROSlA DICHOTOMA Desv. in Ann. Sei. Nat.
1 9 (1826) 415 (T. luzoniensis Vogel, 1843).

The form described by Blanco was reduced by FernandezVillar to Tephrosia purpurea Pers., to which T. dichotoma Desv.
and T. luzoniensis Vog. may be reduced if Persoon's species be
interpreted in a broad sense. It is widely distributed in the
settled areas of the Philippines, occurring in and about towns
in waste places, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Guadalupe, Rizal Province, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4-99).
GLIRICIDIA Humbolt, Bonpland, & Kunth
Galedupa pungam Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 558; ed. 2 (1845) 390; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 352, t. 250, non Gmel. = GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM (Jacq.) Steud.
(G. maculata HBK.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip-

LEGUMINOSAE

181

pines in the settled areas at low altitudes. It is extensively

planted in hedge rows, etc., and is also thoroughly naturalized.
Introduced from Mexico at an early date. Millettia luzonensis
A. Gray is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, there known as madre cacao and cacauate, the
former of Spanish, the latter of Mexican origin (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 613).
SESBANIA Scopoli
Coronilla emerus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 582, non Linn. = Sesbania cannabina (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 418; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 400, non
Poir.zrSESBANIA ROXBURGH II Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909)
Bot. 269, 5 (1910) Bot. 74.

This was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Sesbania

aculeata Poir. var. paludosa (Roxb.) Baker=Sesbania paludosa
Prain, non Jacq. (Aeschynomene paludosa Roxb.), but Roxburgh's specific name is invalid under Sesbania. The species
is known in the Philippines only from the region of Lake Bay,
Luzon, where it grows in shallow water.
Illustrative specimen from Siniloan, Laguna Province, Luzon,
January, 1915, there known as balacbac, a name in common
use for the suffrutescent species of Sesbania (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 880).
r

p SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA Pers.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 599; ed. 2

(1845) 418; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 399, t. 291.

Persoon's species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is

common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, usually planted, sometimes spontaneous. It is certainly
of prehistoric introduction in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 59R).
AESCHYNOMENE Linnaeus
Aeschynomene roxburghii Spreng.; Llanos Frag. PL Philip. (1851) 83;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 64=AESCHYNOMENE INDICA Linn.

Sprengel's species was correctly interpreted by Llanos, but

the Linnean name is the proper one for it. It is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines, growing at low
and medium altitudes in open wet places.
Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 762).

182

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
ARACHIS Linnaeus

ARACHIS HYPOGAEA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 567; ed. 2 (1845)
396; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 363, t. 157.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely cultivated in the Philippines and is generally known
as man, the name introduced by the Spaniards with the plant.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 588).
ZORN IA Gmelin
Lupinus angustifolius Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 566, non Linn. = Smithia
bigeminata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 395 (rigeminata) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 362 = ZORNIA DIPHYLLA (Linn.) Pers.

This species is abundant locally, growing in open dry places,

especially in thin poor soil. It is undoubtedly an introduced
plant in the Archipelago. Widely distributed in the settled
regions at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 66).
DESMODIUM Desvaux
Hippocrepis multisiliquosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 584, non Linn.=
DESMODIUM GANGETICUM (Linn.) DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2
(1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 384.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Desmodium

latifolium DC, but without good cause. The description is very
poor, but applies to Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. in all
respects except in the statement "peciolos cortos"; this is probably due to the fact that Blanco observed also specimens of
the allied Desmodium virgatum Zoll., which has short petioles
and is rather more common about Manila than is Desmodium
gangeticum DC.
Illustrative specimens from Masambong, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914, and Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 138, 98).
Hippocrepis multisiliquosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 584, p. p., non Linn.=
Desmodium gangeticum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 384, t. 377, p. p., quoad "peciolos cortos"=DES M OD I UM VIRGATUM Zoll.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Desmodium latifolium DC, but I believe that he described, in part at
least, true Desmodium gangeticum DC. His description of the
petioles as short, however, applies to D. virgatum Zoll., which
is common in certain regions near Manila.

LEGUMINOSAE

183

Hippocrepis rhomboidea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 585 (sp. nov.) =Desmodium spirale DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879)
385 = DESMODIUM PROCUMBENS (Mill.) A. S. Hitchc.

This species is locally abundant, but by no means of general

distribution in the Philippines, occurring at low altitudes and
only in the settled areas; undoubtedly introduced from tropical
America.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 360).
Hippocrepis comosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 584, non Linn.:= Desmodium
diversifolium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 384, non
DC.= DESMODIUM LAXIFLORUM DC.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Desmodium

gangeticum DC, in which, in part, he was perhaps correct.
Blanco describes his plant as having sometimes simple leaves,
but more often 3-foliolate ones. There is nothing in the description that definitely determines just what form he mtended, but
as D. laxiflorum DC. is common and widely distributed in the
Philippines at low altitudes, and as there is nothing in Blanco's
description that does not agree with the species, except the
statement "hojas unas veces simples," the present identification
of Blanco's species is assumed. The form with simple leaves
included by Blanco was probably Desmodium gangeticum DC.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 175).
Hippocrepis humilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 585 (sp. nov.) = Desmodium
parvifolium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 408; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 386, non
DC.zz DESMODI UM TRIFLORUM (Linn.) DC.

This species is very common and widely distributed in the

settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes,
in and about towns, in waste places, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 497).
X* Aeschynomene arbrea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 581 (Aeschinamene); ed. 2 (1845) 406; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 381 = DESMODIUM
UMBELLATUM DC.

The Linnean specific name arbrea has priority over the

specific name umbellatum, but the former is apparently invalidated in Desmodium by Desmodium arboreum Sweet. The
species is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 527).

184

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

7 Cytisus quinquepetalus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 598 (sp. nov.) =Cajanus
quinquepetalus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 417 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 397 = DESMODI UM QUINQUEPETALUM (Blanco) Merr. in
Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 20 (D. cephalotes F.-Vill., non
Wall.).

This endemic species is of rather wide distribution in Luzon,

especially in those provinces having a protracted dry season.
Glycine cajanoides Walp. is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 {Merrill-. Species Blancoanae No. 571).
Hedysarum pulchellum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 581 = Dicerma
pulchellum DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 407; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 383 =
DESMODIUM PULCHELLUM (Linn.) Benth.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas; certainly introduced and of prehistoric introduction. Blanco's discussion, following the description of the species, applies to Flemingia strobilifera R. Br., not
to Desmodium pulchellum Benth.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 609).
LOU REA Necker
Hedysarum vespertilionis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 581; ed. 2 (1845)
407; ed. 3,2 (1879) 382, t. 201 = LOUREA VESPERTILIONIS (Linn.)
Desv.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. He

gives a very brief description, stating that he had seen only
a single, old specimen in cultivation in Manila. The species has
no claim for consideration as a Philippine one, although, very
rarely, it is still to be found in cultivation in Manila gardens.
DAL BERG IA Linnaeus f.
Amerimnon mimosella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 563 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
393; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 358 = DALBERGIA MIMOSELLA Prain (D. minahassae Koord.).

Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco's species to Dalbergia lanceolaria Linn, f., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description does not conform. Blanco's specimens were from Tala, Bulacan Province,
Luzon, a locality a few miles north of Manila. His discription
applies very closely to Dalbergia minahassae Koord., a species
of wide distribution in the Philippines, except in one particular.
The leaves (leaflets) are described as "ovales o lineares;" in
Blanco's species as I interpret it, the leaflets are somewhat oval,
but never linear. The identity of Amerimnon mimosella Blanco

LEGUMINOSAE

185

has partly been determined by exclusion. The region from which

Blanco received his material is thoroughly well known botanically; and Dalbergia minahassae Koord., which still grows
in the same general region, is the only species in the entire area,
and for that matter is the only species of Dalbergia known from
the Philippines, that conforms at all with Blanco's description.
PTEROCARPUS Linnaeus
Pterocarpus pallidus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 560 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
391; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 355, t. 205 = PTEROCARPUS INDICUS Willd.

This species is very widely distributed in the Philippines; it

is one of the most valuable timber trees in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 575).
Pterocarpus santalinus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 561; ed. 2 (1845) 392; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 356, non Linn. f. = PTEROCARPUS BLANCOI Merr.

Pterocarpus santalinus Blanco, as I have interpreted it, is a

form very closely allied to Pterocarpus indiens Willd., distinguishable only by its larger fruits, which are from 6 to 8 cm
in diameter ; it possibly should be merged in Pterocarpus indicus
Willd. and, again, should be critically compared with Pterocarpus
papuanus F.-Muell. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco
correctly interpreted Pterocarpus santalinus Linn, f., but Blanco's description does not conform to the characters of this species, which, moreover, does not extend to the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Union Province, Luzon,
November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 995).
PON GAM IA Ventenant
Galedupa maculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 559 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
390; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 353, i. 4i7 = PONGAMIA PINNATA (Linn.)
Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 271 (P. glabra Vent.).

This species is common and widely distributed along the

seashore throughout the Philippines and was correctly reduced
by Fernandez-Villar to Pongamia glabra Vent., which is a synonym of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr.
Illustrative specimen from Looc, Batangas Province, Luzon,
April, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 958).
OERRIS Loureiro
^Pterocarpus frutescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 562 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
/
(1845) 392; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 356, non Vell.= DERRIS TRIFOLIATA
Lour. (Derris uliginosa Benth.).
Pterocarpus diadelphus Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 161,
non Blanco=DERRIS TRIFOLIATA Lour.

This species is found throughout the Philippines near the

186

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

seashove, commonly growing in thickets along muddy shores

and tidal streams.
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5Jfl).
Pterocarpus diadelphus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 563 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 393; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 357=DERRIS HEPTAPHYLLA (Linn.)
Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 273 [Sophora heptaphylla Linn.,
Derris diadelpha Merr., Pongamia sinuata Wall., Derris sinuata
Thwaites, Derris floribunda Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, pi. 336,
non Benth., Derris thyrsiflora F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 68, non
Benth.].

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes, especially near the sea.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 3UU).
Galedupa frutescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 562 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
391; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 354, t. 232 = DERR\S SCANDENS (Roxb.) Benth.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, presenting considerable variation in the shape and size
of its leaflets.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 555).
Cylista piscatoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 589 (sp. nov.) =Galactia ?
terminaliflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 411 (nom. nov.); ed. 3,
2 (1879) 390 = DERRIS ELLIPTICA (Roxb.) Benth. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 4 (1860) Suppl. Ill [Millettia piscatoria Merr. in Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 37].

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes and, with other species of the genus,
is used by the natives in stupefying or poisoning fish; the Tagalog and Visayan name tubli or tugli is applied to several species of Derris, but Blanco's description applies unmistakably to
the form here indicated. Cylista piscatoria Blanco was erroneously referred by Fernandez-Villar to Millettia splendens W.
& A., a species that does not extend to the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province,
Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 469).
A BR US Linnaeus

ABRUS PRECATORIUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 565; ed. 2 (1845)
394; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 361, t. 156.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the

LEGUMINOSAE

187

Philippines at low and medium altitudes; certainly introduced

but of prehistoric introduction.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5Q&).
CLITORIA Linnaeus
CLITORIA TERNATEA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 590; ed. 2 (1845)
412; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 391, t. 301.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is very common and widely distributed in the settled areas at
low and medium altitudes and is certainly an introduced plant
in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. S9U).
ERYTHRINA Linnaeus
Erythrina carnea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 564; ed. 2 (1845) 393; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 359, t. 217, non Dryand. = ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA Linn,
var. ORIENTALIS (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 276
(E. indica Lam.).

This species is very common and widely distributed in the

Philippines, especially along the seashore and is universally
known as dap-dap. It is well to note that Erythrina indica
Lam. (1788) does not differ specifically from Erythrina variegata Linn. (1754), the type of Erythrina variegata Linn, being
only a form of E. indica Lam. with variegated leaves.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1911
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 620).
Erythrina picta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 565, non Linn.= Erythrina caffra
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 394; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 360, . 326, non
Thunb.^:ERYTHRINA FUSCA Lour. (E. ovalifolia Roxb.).

This species is widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines, in low wet lands, in swampy places, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 602).
MUCUNA Adanson
Negretia urens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 586; ed. 2 (1845) 409; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 387, non Tussac = MUCUNA NIGRICANS (Lour.) Steud.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mucuna monosperma

DC, which is certainly an error as Blanco's description does
not apply to de Candolle's species, which, moreover, does not
extend to the Philippines. In my previous consideration of
Blanco's species, I reduced it to Mucuna imbricata DC, but

188

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

later, Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 116, reduced Mucuna

imbricata DC. to the older M. nigricans (Lour.) Steud. The
species, whatever its correct name, extends from northern Luzon
to southern Mindanao at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 779).
'

Negretia mitis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 588; ed. 2 (1845) 410; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 388, t. 405 bis, non Ruiz & Pav. = MUCUNA NIVEA (Eoxb.)
DC. (M. lyonii Merr.).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mucuna

nivea DC, but in 1906 I redescribed it as Mucuna lyonii, which
Piper and Tracy have apparently correctly reduced to Mucuna
nivea W. & A.; see U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Industry Bull.
179 (1910) 15, t, 4, / A; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910)
Bot. 117. I prefer, however, to consider de Candolle as the
author of the transfer to Mucuna. The species has been found
in the Philippines only in cultivation.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1915, from
cultivated plants {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 863).
Negretia pruriens Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 411 (sp. vel. comb, nov.) ;
3, 2 (1879) 389, t. 881 MUCUNA PRURIENS (Linn.) DC.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mucuna

atropurprea DC, certainly by error, as de Candolle's species
does not extend to the Philippines. I interpret Blanco's statement regarding the pods, "Legum. * * * con surcos transversales," as applying to the distinct transverse depressions
between the seeds which are evident in fully matured pods; his
description in all other respects applies exactly, while the species
is common in the immediate vicinity of Manila and is widely
distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It
is commonly known as nipai or lipai. The flowers are very
dark purple in color. The name Negretia pruriens Blanco does
not appear in Index Kewensis.
Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal
Province, Luzon, October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 645).
GALACTIA P. Browne
Dollchos repens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 577; ed. 2 (1845) 402; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 373, non Linn. = GALACTIA TENUIFLORA W. & A.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Vigna repens Baker, a species

that does not extend to the Philippines, and moreover one to
which Blanco's description does not apply. The description conforms exactly with Galactia tenuiflora W. & A., this being now

LEGUMINOSAE

189

known from several localities in central Luzon. The plant is

probably more common than collections would indicate, for, as
Blanco notes, it is decidedly inconspicuous. No other Philippine
leguminous plant known to me agrees at all with Blanco's description.
Illustrative specimen from Punta de Azufre, Batangas Province, Luzon, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
1039).
PU ERARA de Candolle
Pachyrhizus teres Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 580 (sp. nov.) = Pachyrhizus
montanus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 406; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 381, non
DC. = PUERARIA PHASEOLOIDES (Roxb.) Benth.
Dloscorea bolojonica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 800 (sp. nov.); d. 2 (1845)
551; d. 3, 3 (1879) 208 = PUERARIA PHASEOLOIDES (Roxb.)
Benth.

This species is common and widely distributed in the settled

areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, and Blanco's descriptions apply unmistakably to Pueraria phaseoloides Benth. Fernandez-Villar reduced here Dioscorea bolojonica Blanco which is merely a form of Pueraria pkaseoloides
Benth. with large leaflets. The species is still known in Boljoon,
Cebu, as bajai, and specimens received under this name agree
with typical Pueraria phaseoloides Benth.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 195).
CA NAVAL IA de Candolle
Dolichos acinaciformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 578, non Jacq. = Canavalia
ensiformls Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 404; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 377, non
DC. = CANAVALIA LINEATA (Thunb.) DC.

Blanco's description is very imperfect, and the reduction is

made chiefly from the habitat cited by him. The description
applies as well, perhaps better, to Canavalia microcarpa (DC.)
Merr. (C. trgida Grah.). Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC.
grows on the sandy beaches above high tide mark, while C. microcarpa Merr. grows in thickets back of the beach.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 97).
Dolichos ensiformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 577, non Linn. = CANAVALA
G LAD I ATA Jacq.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 403; ed. 3, 2 (1879)
376, t. U9.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Jacquin's species. He infers that it was cultivated and states that the pods
were a foot and a half long and two inches wide, the seeds

190

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

brownish. The species is occasionally found in cultivation in

the Philippines to-day, but is not common.
CAJANUS de Candolle
Cytisus cajan Linn.; Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 597 = Cajanus bicolor DC;
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 416; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 396, t. 167=CAJANUS
CAJAN (Linn.) Millsp. (C. indicus Spreng.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation and semi-naturalized. It is probably of prehistoric introduction, judging from its native names caguios, callos, gablos,
cadios, cordis, tabios, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 256).
CANTHAROSPERMUM Wight & Arnott
Cytisus volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 599 (sp. nov.) = Caja nus volubilis
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 417 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 398 =
CANTHAROSPERMUM VOLUBILE (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 127.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Atylosia

mollis Benth., but Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66- (1897) 46
has called attention to the fact that Atylosia mollis Benth. is
a mixture of two different species and that the name mollis,
derived from Collaea mollis Grah., is applicable to a Himalayan
plant. Atylosia crassa, the name Prain adopts for the present
species, is based on Dolichos crassus Grah., a nomen nudum that
dates from 1831 or 1832. Under our rules, which state that
nomina nuda have no standing, Blanco's specific name is apparently the oldest valid one for the species, whether considered
under Cantharospermum or under Atylosia. The species is of
local occurrence at low and medium altitudes in Luzon, in
thickets in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 142).
FLEMINGIA Roxburgh
FLEMINGIA STROBILIFERA R. Br.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 82;
F.-Villar & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4T (1880) 63.

This species was correctly interpreted by Llanos. It is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, a characteristic
plant of the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. In the
discussion following Hedysarum pulchellum Linn.; Blanco Fl.
Filip. (1837) 5Sl=Dicerma pulchellum DC., Blanco op. cit. ed.
2 (1845) 407, ed. 3, 2 (1879) 383=Desmodium pulchellum

LEGUMINOSAS

191

Benth., Blanco confuses Flemingia strohilifera with Desmodium

pulchellum Benth.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, there known as payang-payang (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 731).
Flemingia blancoana Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 80 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 62 = FLEMINGIA LINB
EAT A (Linn.) Roxb.

I can see no reason for distinguishing the Philippine form

described by Llanos as Flemingia blancoana from the much
older F. lineata (Linn.) Roxb. The species is of very local
occurrence in the Philippines, being definitely known from but
few localities in Luzon. Llanos's specimens were from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 552) ; Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon (topotype of F. blancoana), January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Bla?icoanae No. 699).
PHASEOLUS Linnaeus
Phaseolus inamoenus Blanco Fl, Filip. (1837) 571 (inamatus) ; ed. 2
(1845) 399; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 368, non ? Linn. = PHASEOLUS LUNATUS
Linn. var.
Phaseolus ilocanus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 572 (sp. nov.) = Phaseolus
tunkinensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 399; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 369,
. 369 non ? Lour. = PHASEOLUS LUNATUS Linn. var.
Phaseolus vexillatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 574, non Linn. = Phaseolus
vulgaris Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 401; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 371, non
Linn. = PHASEOLUS LUNATUS Linn.
PHASEOLUS LUNATUS Linn.; Blanco op. cit. 573; 400; 370, t. 852.

There is apparently no reason for considering any of the above

forms characterized by Blanco as specifically distinct from
Phaseolus lunatus Linn., which, as it occurs in the Philippines,
presents considerable variation. It is widely distributed in cultivation and semi-naturalized; certainly introduced;. It is
usually known as patani.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, known there as patani (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. kUS).
J Phaseolus mungo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 573; ed. 2 (1845) 400; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 370, non Linn.= PHASEOLUS AUREUS Roxb.

In common with very many other authors Blanco misinterpreted the Linnean Phaseolus mungo, and considered under that

192

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

name the species that Roxburgh described as P. aureus. The species is commonly known as balatong and mongos and is widely
cultivated in the Philippines; see Merrill Interpret. Herb. Amb.
(1917) 283.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 81).
VIGNA Savi
Phaseolus caracalla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 575; ed. 2 (1845) 401; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 372, non Linn.=VIGNA SINENSIS (Linn.) Endl.
Dolichos sesquipedalis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 402; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 375, t. 286 = V\GNA SINENSIS (Linn.) Endl.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

the Linnean species, but the plant Blanco described is manifestly
the form described by Linnaeus as Dolichos sinensis. It is universally known in the Philippines as sitoM, a name of Chinese
origin, and is very commonly cultivated in the vicinity of Manila.
It is always planted and is not established in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from San Pedro Macati, Rizal Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 397).
Dolichos echinulatus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2
nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 373 = VIGNA
Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 284
Dolichos catjang Linn.).
Vigna sinensis Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed.
VIGNA CYLINDRICA (Linn.) Merr.

(1845) 401 (echinatulus) (sp.

CYLINDRICA (Linn.) Merr.
(Phaseolus cylirv&ricus Linn.;
3 (1877-83) t. 285, non Endl.=

This reduction follows Fernandez-Villar, although the specimens I have received under the Tagalog name quibal do not
agree entirely with Blanco's description. It is certain, however, that the plant he described is a form of the cowpea. It is
the plant that has been referred to Vig?ia unguiculata Walp.,
but Piper has recently shown that the Linnean Dolichos unguicvlatus is a Phaseolus, not a Vigna; Torreya 12 (1912) 189-190.
Vigna catjang Walp.=F. cylindrica (Linn.) Merr. is frequently
considered as a synonym of V. sinensis (Linn.) Endl., but by
some authors is treated as a variety of that species. I do not
agree with Fernandez-Villar in referring Dolichos sesquipedalis
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 402; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 375, to this
form, as Blanco definitely describes the Linnean species with
the very long pods "mas de un pie hasta pie y medio de largo,"
the form commonly cultivated in Manila and known as sitao,
described by Blanco under the name of Phaseolus caracalla; see
above, Species Blancoaiwe No. 397.

LEGUMINOSAE

193

Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,

1915 (Merrill: Spe&ies Blancoanae No. 907).
DOLICHOS Linnaeus
Glycine lucida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 578, non Forst, nee Grah. = Lablab
cultratus DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 405; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 379,
t. 292 = DO\-\CHO$ LABLAB Linn.

Blanco correctly interpreted Lablab cultratus DC. in the

second edition of his Flora de Filipinas. The species is commonly cultivated throughout the Philippines and is frequently
found growing wild, thoroughly established. It is not a native
of the Archipelago, but was certainly purposely introduced in
prehistoric times. It is very generally known in the Philippines
as batao, a name of Chinese origin. Dolichos lablab Linn, is the
type of the genus.
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 827).
Dolichos trilobus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 403; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 375,
non Linn. = DOLICHOS FALCATUS Klein.

This species is locally abundant at low altitudes in the settled

areas of the Philippines. Blanco's Dolichos trilobus was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Phaseolus calcaratus
Roxb.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 230).
PACHYRRHIZUS Richard
y Pachyrrhizus jicamas Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 579 (sp. nov.) =Pachyrrhizus angulatus Rich.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 405; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 380, t. 2-4# = PACHYRRHIZUS EROSUS (L.) Urban.

A native of tropical America, introduced into the Philippines

at an early date by the Spaniards, now thoroughly naturalized
and widely distributed in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 570).
PSOPHOCARPUS Necker

Dolichos tetragonolobus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 576; ed. 2 (1845)
402; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 374, t. 20S=PSOPHOCARPUS TETRAGONOLOBUS (Linn.) DC.

A species commonly cultivated in the Philippines, probably

of prehistoric introduction.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
November, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 358).

194

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
LEGUMINOSAE OF DOUBTFUL STATUS

Trichilia volubilis ? Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 249 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 98 p. p. = DERRIS ELLIPTICA Benth; p. p. = ALBIZZIA
SAPONARIA Blume; p. p.= ? Meliaceae indet.

This description was manifestly based on material originating

from at least two, perhaps three, entirely different plants. The
description of the habit of the plant and its leaves is almost
certainly Denis elliptica Benth. ; of the fruits perhaps some meliaceous plant; of the properties and as to the native names
gogong toco and gogong bisaya, certainly Albizzia saponaria
Blume. The latter is a very common species in the Philippines,
that Blanco does not otherwise describe, to which the two native
names cited are universally applied, and which agrees with
Trichilia volubilis Blanco as to the properties ascribed to it.
Blanco does not describe the corolla and stamens and gives a
very brief and imperfect description of the fruit. FernandezVillar erroneously reduced it to Aglaia grandis Miq., a species
that does not extend to the Philippines. C. de Candolle was
correct in excluding it from the Meliaceae.
Mimosa blancoana Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 503 (sp.
nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 103=?
ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (Linn.) Merr.

I know of no Philippine tree that conforms with the characters indicated by Llanos for this species. It is strongly suspected that he had fragmentary material of Entada phaseoloides
(Linn.) Merr., and that his 1-seeded indhiscent pod was merely
a single joint of the large pod of this species.
GERANIACEAE
PELARGONIUM L'Hritier
Malva moschata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 551; ed. 2 (1845) 385, ed. 3, 2
(1879) 344, non Linn. = PELARGONIUM RADULA (Cav.) L'Hrit.

The form that Blanco described was reduced by FernandezVillar to Pelargonium odoratissimum (Linn.) Ait., which, however, has nearly entire leaves, as does Pelargonium fragrans
Willd. The Philippine specimens agree better with Pelargonium capitatum Ait. and with P. radula (Cav.) L'Hrit. and
are apparently referable to the latter. The name "rose geranium" is applied to all four species. This species is found
only in cultivation in the Philippines and never, or at least but
very rarely, produces flowers in Manila.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon,
October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 10US').

OXALIDACEAE

195

OXALIDACEAE
BIOPHYTUM de Candolle
Oxaiis sensitiva Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 389= BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM (Linn.) DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 272; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 142.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the
Philippines and is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 331).
OXALIS Linnaeus
Oxaiis acetosella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 388; ed. 2 (1845) 272; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 141, non Linn. = OXALIS REPENS Thunb. (O. corniculata
Auct. p. p.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the settled

areas of the Philippines, apparently introduced. It is often
confused with O. corniculata Linn. ; see B. L. Robinson in Journ.
Bot. 44 (1906) 391 for the distinguishing characters of the two.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913,
here known as taingang daga (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
226).
AVERRHOA Linnaeus
AVERRHOA BILIMBI Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 391; ed. 2 (1845)
273; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 144, t. 138.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was introduced at an early date by the Spaniards and is now
common and widely distributed in cultivation.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 255).
AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 391; ed. 2
(1845) 274; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 145, t. 139.
Averrhoa pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 392 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
274; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 145 = AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA Linn.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes in cultivation. It is commonly known as bilirubin or various forms of this name. Blanco's description of
Averrhoa pentandra unmistakably applies to Averrhoa carambola Linn. ; his specimens were from Malinta, immediately north
of Manila. Fernandez-Villar referred it to Connaropsis philippica F.-Vill., which he described from specimens originating

196

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

in Panay, and which Hallier f. has transferred to the genus

Sarcotheca, as Sarcotheca philippica Hallier f. FernandezVillar's species is apparently a true Connaropsis (Sarcotheca),
although I have as yet seen no Philippine representative of this
genus; Blanco's synonym is wrongly placed by him and must
be excluded.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U06).

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
TRIBULUS Linnaeus
Tribulus lanuginosa Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 350; ed. 2 (1845) 245; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 91, non Linn. = TRIBULUS CISTOIDES Linn.

Blanco referred his specimen to Tribulus lanuginosus Linn,

with doubt. The species is of very local occurrence in the Philippines, growing in waste places in towns. It is the only
representative of the family Zygophyllaceae known from the
Philippines. Certainly an introduced weed in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Paraaque, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 6'4).
RUTACEAE
FAGARA Linnaeus

Fagara piperita Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 64; ed. 2 (1845) 47; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
87, non Linn. = ? FAGARA RHETSA Roxb.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Zanthoxylum

oxyphyllum Edgw., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco's description is very imperfect, but the specimens distributed herewith undoubtedly illustrate the form he
intended, although I am not at all sure that they are Fagara
rhetsa Roxb. It is of wide distribution in the Philippines at
low and medium altitudes. The native names cited by Blanco
are of little value in making specific identifications in this case,
as cayutana is a Tagalog name used in a generic sense for most
species of Fagara (Zanthoxylum).
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, June, 1915, there known as cayutana (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae Nos. 872, 961).
Fagara pterota Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 66; ed. 2 (1845) 47; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
88, non Linn. = FAGARA AVICENNAE Lam.

Blanco's description is very imperfect, and he gives no data

by which his Fagara pterota can be distinguished from his F.
piperita. I suspect, however, that he intended as Fagara pterota

RUTACEAE

197

the form with small leaflets generally referred to Fagara avicennae Lam.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, July, 1914,
fruit, October, 1916, there known as cayutaTia (MerHll: Species
Blancoanae Nos. 1060, 1002).
EVODIA Frster
EVODIA BINTOCO Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 50 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 93.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Evodia latifolia DC, and most of the recently collected Philippine material
representing it has been determined as Evodia latifolia DC. It
is not at all certain, however, that the Philippine form is the
same as de Candolle's species, which was based wholly on
Ampacus latifolia Rumph. Herb. Amb. 2: 186, t. 61. The
Philippine form has also been described by me as Evodia, rnindanaensis Merr. in Philip. Forest. Bur. Bull. 1 (1903) 25; this is
an exact synonym of Evodia bintoco Blanco. Blanco's material
was from the Visayan Islands (Samar and Bohol) ; the species
is widely distributed in the southern Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Jaro, Leyte, comra. C. A. Wenzel,
February, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 981).
Orixa ternata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 62 (sp. nov.); ed. 2, (1845) 45; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 84= EVODIA TERNATA (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 9 (1914) Bot. 297.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Evodia robusta Hook, f., a species not known from the Philippines. The
description is very incomplete and might apply to almost any
of the Philippine forms of the genus with glabrous leaves. In
originally making the identification of Evodia ternata the chief
determining character, other than the description, was the indicated distribution and time of flowering as given by Blanco;
there is very little doubt as to the correctness of the interpretation.
Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
September, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 906, 913).
Melicope tetrandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 293, non Roxb. = Evodia triphylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 50; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 92, non DC.=
? EVODIA GLABRA Blume.
Cissus frutescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 70 (sp. nov.) =Cssus arbrea
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 51; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 95, non Forst., nec
Willd.=r? EVODIA GLABRA Blume.

The first of the above was considered by Fernandez-Villar to

have been correctly referred by Blanco to Evodia triphylla DC.

198

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

but Blanco described this species under Fagara octandra, and

it is a Melicope, not an Evodia; see Merrill in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 375. The second was reduced by FernandezVillar to Evodia roxbwghiana Benth., a species not definitely
known from the Philippines. Blanco's descriptions are very
indefinite, and the species he described might with equal propriety be reduced to almost any trifoliolate species of Evodia
with glabrous leaves. I have rather arbitrarily reduced both
to the Philippine form generally referred to Evodia glabra
Blume, the most common and widely distributed representative
of the genus in the Philippines. There is no very definite reason,
however, for considering the Philippine specimens to represent
Blume's species.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
1915 (Mei'rill: Species Blancoanae No. 904).
MELICOPE Forster
Fagara octandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 67; ed. 2 (1845) 48; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 90, non Linn.= M ELICOPE TRIPHYLLA (Lam.) Merr.
(Fagara triphylla Lam., Evodia triphylla DC, Melicope ternata Vid.,
non Forst., M. luzonensis Engl.).
Bergera ternata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 360 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 254;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 108=? MELICOPE TRIPHYLLA (Lam.) Merr.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines. For a

discussion of the species and its synonymy see Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 373-378. F.-Villar reduced Bergera
ternata Blanco to Glycosmis bilocularis Thwaites, a species that
does not extend to the Philippines. It cannot possibly belong to
this genus on account of the characters assigned to it by Blanco.
It must be either an Evodia or a Melicope, and from the distribution of the various species of these two genera in the Philippines, is almost certainly Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Blanco's description is very short and imperfect.
Illustrative specimens from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 16) ; Rizal Province,
Luzon, June, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 673).
LUNASIA Blanco
LUNASIA AMARA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 783 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 3,
3 (1879) 191 = Pilocarpus amarus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 540
(nom. nov.).

The genus Lunasia Blanco is a valid one, erroneously reduced

by Blanco in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas to

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199

Pilocarpus. The generic name is derived from the Tagalog

word lunas, one of the native names of the species. Rabelaisia
philippinensis Planch, is a synonym. Common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Guinayangan, Tayabas Province,
Luzon, April, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5).
ACRONYCHIA Forster
^ Melicope conferta Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 205 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 19 = ACRONYCHIA PEDUNCULATA (Linn.) Miq. (A. laurifolia Blume).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,500 meters. The
propriety of accepting the Linnean specific name for this species
is doubtful. Jambolifera pedunculata Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 349 is
based first on a reference to Fl. Zeyl. 139, and second on a reference to Bauhin Pin. 466; there is no description. In the Flora
Zeylanica, however, there is a description, with three references
not given in the Species Plantarum. All or most of the references are to the plant commonly called Eugenia jambolana Lam.,
and the description in the Flora Zeylanica seems to refer to
Lamarck's species. The specimens in Hermann's herbarium,
on which the Flora Zeylanica was based, are Acronychia laurifolia Blume; see Trimen in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 24 (1887)
140, 142, sub numbers 139, 185.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December,
1912 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 55).
GLYCOSMIS Correa
Murraya cerasiformis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 363 (cerassiformis) (sp.
nov.) = Mur raya exotica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 255; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 110, t. 137, non Linn. = GLYCOSMIS COCHINCHINENSIS
(Lour.) Pierre.
Murraya lobata Blanco op. cit. 363 (sp. nov.); 256; 112 = GLYCOSMIS
COCHINCHINENSIS (Lour.) Pierre.

This species is very common and widely distributed in the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is variable in its
vegetative characters. There is no reasonable doubt as to the
identity of Blanco's Murraya cerasiformis and M. lobata, and
at the same time their identity with Glycosmis cochinchinensis.
The mature fruits are globose, about 1 cm in diameter, very
fleshy, somewhat translucent, and pale red in color.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 136).

200

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
MICROMELUM Blume

Bergera inodora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 361 (sp. nov.) = Bergera koenigti
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 254; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 108, non Linn.=
MICROMELUM PUBESCENS Blume (Ai. molle Turcz.).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Clausena

vndica Oliv., a species that does not extend to the Philippines
and one, moreover, to which his description does not at all
apply. The characterization of the leaves as "muy blandas,
vellosas," with the other data given by Blanco points unmistakably to this very softly pubescent form of Micromelum pubescens Blume {M. molle Turcz.). The expression: "El fruto se
asemeja enteramente al del Piris" is further evidence as proof
of the correctness of this reduction, as piris is one of the common
names of the very closely allied Micromelum tephrocarpum
Turcz. and is also applied to M. pubescens Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, February, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 719).
Bergera compressa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 360 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
254; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 107=MICROMELUM COMPRESSUM (Blanco)
comb. nov.
Andromeda japnica Blanco op. cit. 371; 261; 120, non Thunb.= MICROMELUM COMPRESSUM (Blanco) Merr.

This species is identical with Micromelum tephrocarpum

Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 311 (1858) 367; the type of
which is Cuming 597 from Luzon. Bergera compressa Blanco
was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Clausena willdenowii W. & A., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, while Andromeda japnica Blanco was erroneously reduced
by him to Micromelum glabrescens Benth. ; Blanco's Bergera
compressa, however, supplies the oldest specific name for the
species. It is to be noted that Blanco describes the leaves of
Bergera compressa as "simples," an error of observation on his
part; the species is, without the slightest doubt, the form as
here interpreted. Both it and the closely allied Micromelum
pubescens Blume (M. molle Turcz.) are generally known as
piris; in Baliuag, type locality for Andromeda japnica Blanco,
both are still known as tulibas. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915, there known as piris {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 88U).

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201

MURRAYA Linnaeus
Connarus foetens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 525 (sp. nov.) =Connarus santaloides Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 366 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879 314,
t. 155 = MURRAYA PANICULATA (Linn.) Jack.
Murraya odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 256 (sp. nov.) ; d. 3, 2
(1878) 111= MURRAYA PANICULATA (Linn.) Jack.

This species is very widely distributed in the Philippines at

low and medium altitudes and is common in most parts of the
Archipelago; it is occasionally also cultivated for its fragrant
flowers. It is universally known in the Philippines as camuning.
Blanco's specimens of Murraya odorata were from the forests
of Angat, the species being very imperfectly characterized. I
am confident, however, that Murraya odorata Blanco is identical
with the form that Blanco otherwise described as Connarus
foetens and as Connarus santaloides, all being synonyms of Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack (M. exotica Linn.). FernandezVillar's reduction of it to Feronia elephantum Corr. is wholly
wrong, Correa's species not being a native of the Philippines,
while Blanco's description does not at all conform with its
characters.
Illustrative specimen from near Mandaloyon, Rizal Province,
Luzon, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoana No. 2U5).
CLAUSENA Burman
Cookia wampi Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 358 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 253;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 105 = CLAUSENA LANSIUM (Lour.) Skeels in U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. 176 (1909) 29 (Quinaria lansium
Lour., Cookia punctata Sonn., non Clausena punctata W. & A., C.
wampi Oliv.).

Blanco's specimens were from a tree cultivated in the grounds

of the Pasig church, originating in China. The species since
has apparently become extinct in the Philippines, but has recently been again introduced from Indo-China. The name cited
by Blanco, huampit, is of Chinese origin.
Illustrative specimens from cultivated plants, Manila, originating in Indo-China, August, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoarvae No. 986).
Cookia anisum olens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 359 (sp. nov.)=Cookia
anisodora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 253 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
106 = CLAUSENA ANISUM OLENS (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 21 (Clausena warburgii Perk.).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Clausena

excavata Burm. f., but is entirely different from Burman's

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

species. Blanco's hybrid specific name is the oldest one for the
species, and the form that he described is identical in all respects with Clausena warburgii Perk., which was based on Philippine material.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, October,
1916, locally known as cayomanis {Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 1012).
TRI PH ASIA Loureiro
Limonia trifoliata Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 357; ed. 2 (1845) 252;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 103, t. 20 = TRIPHASIA TRI FOLIA (Burm. f.) P.
Wils. in Torreya 9 (1909) 33 (T. trifoliata DC., T. aurantiola Lour.).

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but

Limonia trifolia Burm. f. has priority. The species is common
and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines
and is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. It is
universally known in the Philippines by its Spanish name
limoncitos.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 795).
ATALANTIA Correa
> Limonia disticha Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 356 (sp. nov.) = Limonia corynibosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 251 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 102=
ATALANTIA DISTICHA (Blanco) Merr.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, a form ascending to at
least 1,500 meters altitude. Atalantia nitida Oliv, based on
Sclerostylis nitida Turcz. (1858) is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December,
1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 594).
Limonia linearis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 357 (sp. nov.) =Limonla monophylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 252; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 103, non Linn.=
ATALANTIA LINEARIS (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906)
Suppl. 200 (A. jagoriana Engl., 1896).

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly reduced his

Limonia linearis to Limonia monophylla Linn.=Atalantia monophylla DC. However, Blanco's description does not at all agree
with Atalantia monophylla, and moreover that species is unknown from the Philippines. Atalantia linearis is of local occurrence in the Philippines and usually, if not always, is found
along streams in situations subject to temporary inundation
during heavy rains.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 74.6).

RUTACEAE

203

CHAETOSPERMUM Swingle
Limonia glutinosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 358 (sp. nov.) =Feronia ternata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 252; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 104, t. 2 = CHAET0SPERMUM GLUTINOSUM (Blanco) Swingle (Aegle glutinosa Merr.,
Aegle decandra Naves, Limonia engleriana Perk.).

This species is rather widely distributed in Luzon; it is commonly known as taboc or tabog (Tagalog). It occurs occasionally in cultivation in Manila.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 607) ; Manila,
Luzon, April, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 908).
CITRUS Linnaeus
Citrus notissima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 607 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 424;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 406 = CITRUS AURANTIFOLIUM (Christm.) Swingle
(C. acida Roxb.).

The common lime is widely distributed in the Philippines in

cultivation and is variable in its fruit characters. The common
Tagalog name for this is dayap, but the illustrative material,
representing a form with fruits 4 to 6 cm in diameter, has the
Ilocano name gorong-gorong.
Illustrative specimens from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U4) ; Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1914, there known as
dayap {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 45, 436).
Citrus reticulata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 610 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 425;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 408 = CITRUS NOBILIS Lour.

This is the most popular and most abundant orange in the

Manila market, the supply coming chiefly from Batangas Province. It is universally known in the Philippines as naranjitas,
a name applied to no other form. The fruits, when mature,
are usually 5 to 6 cm in diameter, greenish to yellow, with a
very loose skin.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 402).
Citrus papillaris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 610 {pappilaris) (sp. nov.); ed.
2 (1845) 425; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 409 = CITRUS NOBILIS Lour., var.

Blanco's entire description consists of the following: "Tronco

con espinas. Hojas dos veces aserradas, con alas en el peciolo.
Baya grande, con un gran pezn en la base, y de aqui toma el
nombre. Como los Sintoris. T., Pis-ong. Espec. nueva." By
reference to the native name sintoris Blanco compares it to
his Citrus reticulataCitrus nobilis Lour. It is probably a variety of Loureiro's species, or perhaps a hybrid between it and

204

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

some other form. A figure of the fruit, from the same plant
as the leaf-specimens distributed herewith, is given by Wester,
Citriculture in the Philippines, Bull. Bur. Agr. (Philip.) 27
(1913), pi. 15, but this figure does not show the large nipple
at the base of the fruit mentioned by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, comm. P. J. Weste?- (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 207).
CITRUS AURANTIUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 609; ed. 2 (1845)
425; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 408.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Citrus aurantium

Linn. var. bigrardia Hook, f. While manifestly not this variety,
it is still apparently a form of the Linnean species. The fruit
is nearly globose, pale-yellow or lemon-yellow, tight-skinned,
usually very acid. This form is found only in cultivation and
is abundant in the Manila markets in season.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, September, 1914, there known as cahel (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 782).
CITRUS MITIS Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 610 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 426;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 409, t. 185.

This species was reduced by F.-Villar to Citrus medica Linn,

var. limetta Hook. f. which is certainly incorrect. Citrus mitis
Blanco is apparently a valid species, characterized by its solitary
flowers. It is commonly known as calamansi and calamondin,
and is found only in cultivation.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914, there known as calamondin (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 102).
/ Citrus torosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 609 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 425; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 407, t. S = CITRUS HYSTRIX DC, var.

This species is apparently only a form of the variable Citrus

hystrix DC, and is characterized by its coarsely warted or verrucose fruits. It is apparently a sylvan species, of rather wide
distribution in the Philippines, and is widely known among the
Tagalogs as colobot.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914, there known as colobot (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. A6).
Citrus decumana Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 608; ed. 2 (1845) 424;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 406, i. J04 = CITRUS MAXIMA (Burm. f.) Merr.
Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 296.

SIMARUBACEAE

205

Citrus decumana was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is

common and widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation,
but is not a native of the Archipelago; undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction, probably from southern China. Its more
general native names are suha and luchan. Aurantium maximum Burm. f. supplies the oldest specific name.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 78).
SIMARUBACEAE
AILANTHUS Desfontaines
Ailanthus pongelion Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 380; ed. 2 (1845) 268; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 134, non Gmel. = AILANTHUS BLANCOI Merr., infra.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Ailanthus pongelion Blanco to Ailanthus malaharica DC, which I considered to be correct in my
first paper on Blanco's species, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27
(1905) 29. Later, however, having secured flowering material
from Bataan Province, together with fruiting material from
Tayabas and Camarines, I proposed the species Ailanthus philippinensis Merr., of which For. Bur. 2719 Borden is the type. To
this species I reduced Ailanthus pongelion Blanco, non Gmel.,
but I am now convinced that this was an error. Blanco's description is very imperfect, but his statement "Samaras muy largas" applies to the form I propose to call Ailanthus hlancoi,
which has fruits up to 12 cm in length, rather than to A. philippinensis Merr., which has fruits only 5 cm long. Below is given
a description of the new species:
AILANTHUS BLANCOI Merrill sp. nov. Eupongelion.

Arbor alta, usque ad 40 m alta, ramulis incrassatis; foliis

glabris, circiter 80 cm longis, foliolis 9-jugatis, valde inaequilateralibus, usque ad 18 cm longis, acuminatis, integris, in siccitate
pallidis; paniculis axillaribus, circiter 50 cm longis, subglabris
vel leviter pubescentibus ; floribus 5-meris, petalis extus pubescentibus, filamentis glabris; fructibus planis, valde reticulatis,
apice rotundatis, circiter 12 cm longis, 3.5 ad 4 cm latis.
A tall tree, reaching a height of at least 40 meters, glabrous
except the tips of the branchlets and parts of the inflorescence.
Ultimate branchlets light-gray, stout, up to 2 cm in diameter,
marked with large petiolar scars, the very tips pubescent.
Leaves about 80 cm long, entirely glabrous, the leaflets about
9-jugate, obliquely oblong-ovate, somewhat falcate, entire, acuminate, base very inequilateral, pale when dry, 12 to 18 cm long,
5 to 6.5 cm wide, usually with a few glands on the lower surface

206

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

near the base ; lateral nerves 8 to 12 on each side of the midrib ;

petiolules 1 to 1.5 cm long. Panicles up to 50 cm long, axillary,
rather few flowered, lax, nearly glabrous or the branchlets
somewhat pubescent. Flowers 5-merous. Petals oblong-elliptic,
obtuse, 7 to 8 mm long, rather densely gray-pubescent externally. Filaments 4 mm long, glabrous; anthers 1.5 mm long.
Carpels 5, gray-pubescent, the style-arms stellately spreading,
1.5 to 2 cm long. Samaras usually 3 to 5 from each flower,
thickly coriaceous, glabrous, plane, not at all twisted, rounded
at the apex, about 12 cm long, 3.5 to 4 cm wide, prominently
reticulate.
LUZON, Laguna Province, grounds of the College of Agriculture n,t Los Baos, For. Bur. 20881 Villamil (type), in flower,
Feb. 25, 1914, also fruiting material from the same tree, May,
1914 (Species Blancoanae No. 606), For. Bur. 20350 Celestino,
May, 1913, from the same tree; Cayticling, For. Bur. 22337
Mariano, January, 1911, with very young flowers.
A species well characterized by its large, prominently reticulate samaras, its pubescent petals, glabrous filaments, and stellately spreading styles or style-arms. It is entirely different
from Aiktnthus philippinensis Merr. in vegetative characters,
flowers, and fruits.
HARRISONIA Jussieu
Paliurus perforatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 174 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
122; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 220 = HARRISONIA PERFORATA (Blanco)
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 236.
Paliurus dubius Blanco op. cit. 175 (sp. nov.); 123; 221 = HARRISONIA
PERFORATA (Blanco) Merr.
Fagara piperita Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 23, non Linn.=
HARRISONIA PERFORATA (Blanco) Merr.

This species is fairly common on dry hills about Manila.

There is no doubt as to the identity of the two species described
by Blanco. Harrisonia bennetii Hook. f. is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from near Mandaloyon, Rizal Province,
Luzon, April 20, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U33).
SAMADERA Gaertn
Manungala pendula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 306 (gen. et sp. nov.)=Niota
tetrapetala Poir.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 213; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
35 = SAMADERA INDICA Gaertn.

The form that Blanco originally described as a new genus

and species he later correctly reduced to Niota tetrapetala Poir.,
which, however, is in turn a synonym of Samadera indica Gaertn.
The species is a very characteristic one, widely distributed in

BURSERACEAE

207

the Philippines, but is of local occurrence and is not abundant;

it is almost universally known as manungal.
BURSERACEAE
CANARI UM Linnaeus
Canarium commune Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 791, non Linn. = Canarium
pimela Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 545; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 201, t. 343,
non Koen. = CANARIUM VILLOSUM (Miq.) F.-Vill. (Canariopsis
villosa Miq., Canarium cumingii Engl.).

This species is very common and widely distributed in the

Philippines and the only one of the genus growing naturally in
the immediate vicinity of Manila. The leaves are pubescent
when young, but usually become entirely glabrous in age. To
be critically compared with this species and for the most part
probably to be reduced to it are Canarium luxurians Engl. var.
monstrosum Engl, (abnormal form of inflorescence due to fungus or to insect attack), C. cumingii Engl., C. thyrsoideum Perk.,
C. stachyanthum Perk., and C. connarifolium Perk.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 558).
Canarium album Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 793; ed. 2 (1845) 546; ed. 8, 3
(1879) 201, non Raeusch = CANARIUM LUZONICUM (Blume) A.
Gray (C. carapifolium Perk.).

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, through error, to Canarium commune Linn., a species that is unknown from the Philippines except for a single tree in cultivation in Mindanao.
Canarium luzonicum A. Gray is based on Pimela luzonica Blume,
which in turn is merely a new name for Canarium album Blanco.
The species is widely distributed in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 713).
CANARIUM MULTIPINNATUM Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 107 (sp.
nov.) ; F.-Villar & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 87.

This species was retained by Fernandez-Villar, Novis. App.

(1880) 40, as a distinct one, and there is very little doubt but
that it is identical with Canarium radlkoferi Perk. Frag. Fl.
Philip. (1904) 96 in spite of the fact that Llanos's description
is not in entire agreement with this species. Perkins's species
is the only Philippine Canarium known to me that at all agrees
with Llanos's description in any considerable number of characters and is common in central Luzon. The stipules, however,
are linear, not foliaceous, the calyx is 3-merous, not 5-merous,
and there are no bracts. The vegetative and fruit characters

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

agree. There is some probability that Llanos's description was

based in two different plants, in spite of the fact that he states
that he saw but one branch only; no species of Canarium has
flowers and fruits at the same time, yet Llanos described both
the flowers and the mature fruits.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, March, 1915, (certainly Canarium radlkoferi
Perk., and with equal certainty C. multipinnatum Llanos at least
in part) {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 608, 909).
GARUGA Roxburgh
/^Guiacum abilo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 364 (sp. nov.) = lcica abilo Blanco
op. cit.'ed. 2 (1845) 256 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 113 = GARUGA
ABILO (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 73
[G. mollis Turcz. in Bull. Acad. Nat. Mose. 311 (1858) 475].

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is universally known
to the Tagalogs as abilo.
Illustrative specimen from Patangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 79).
MELIACEAE
TOON A Roemer
Cedrela odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 184; ed. 2 (1845) 130; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 233, non Linn. = TOONA CALANTAS Merr. & Rolfe.

The species is manifestly very closely allied to Toona (Cedrela)

febrfuga Roem. and may prove to be identical with it. It is
of wide distribution in the Philippines and is universally known
as calantas.
Illustrative specimen from Sagnay, Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 610).
XYLOCARPUS Koenig
XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM Koenig; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 298 (Xilocarpus) ; ed. 2 (1845) 207; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 24.

This species is common along the seashore, especially along

tidal streams, throughout the Philippines. The species has been
more or less confused with Xylocarpus obovatus Juss., the latter
being a synonym; see Merrill, Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 306.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 277).
TURRAEA Linnaeus
) Plagianthus humilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 526 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
367; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 315, t. JSi=TURRAEA HUMILIS (Blanco) Merr
in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 30.

MELIACEAE

209

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Turraea

pumila Benn., but Bennett's species is apparently distinct; at
any rate Blanco's specific name is the older. It is rare and of
very local occurrence in central Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 509).
M E LIA Linnaeus
Melia azedarach Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 345 (acedarach), non Linn.=
Melia composita Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 241; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 84,
t. 20, non Willd. = M ELIA CANDOLLEI Juss.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines. It was

erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Melia dubia Cav.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 338).
SANDORICUM Cavanilles
Sandoricum ternatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 346 (sp. nov.) = Sandoricum
indicum Cav.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 242; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 85,
t. 127=SANDORICUM KOETJAPE (Burm. f.) Merr.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes in cultivation, also spontaneous in some forested regions
in second-growth forests. It is probably not a native of the
Philippines, but was purposely introduced from Malaya for the
sake of its edible fruit. Its common name in the Philippines
is santol.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 7).
DYSOXYLUM Blume
Turraea decandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 347 (sp. nov.) = Turraea virens
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 243; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 88, t. 130, non Linn.=
DYSOXYLUM DECANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. (Dysoxylum blancoi
Vid., D. salutare F.-Vill., and apparently D. amooroides Miq.).

This characteristic species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes.

Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 218).
/ Turraea octandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 349 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 244;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 89 = DYSOXYLUM OCTANDRUM (Blanco) comb. nov.
ID. schizochitode (Turcz.) C. DC.].

Blanco's species was correctly reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Dysoxylum schizochitode (Turcz.) C. DC, but the specific name
octandra is the older and is here adopted. Blanco's description
161862

14

210

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

agrees absolutely with Turczaiiinow's Hartighsea schizochitodes

which was based on Cuming 1560 from Mindoro. The species
is of local occurrence in parts of Luzon and Mindoro at low and
medium altitudes and is still known as himamao, the native name
cited by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, March, 1915, there known as himamao {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 856).
Boswellia ? obliqua Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 243 (oblicua) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 87=? DYSOXYLUM sp.

A species of doubtful status, although certainly meliaceous,

and apparently a Dysoxylum. Fernandez-Villar erroneously
reduced it to Ganophyllum falcatum Blume, and misled by this
reduction I proposed the name Ganophyllum obliquum (Blanco)
Merr. for the species, Blanco's specific name being older than
Blume's. However, it is very manifest, from an examination
of Blanco's description, that Boswellia obliqua has nothing to
do with Ganophyllum falcatum, so that the application of Blanco's
specific name to Blume's species was an error. The native name
cited by Blanco is pandapanda, but this is unknown to me and
is probably little or not at all used to-day.
Boswellia ? integra Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 242 (sp. nov.); ed. 3,
2 (1878) 86=? DYSOXYLUM sp.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Protium javanicum Burm. f.,

of the Burseraceae, a species that does not extend to the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does not at all apply.
The description is very imperfect, but I think a Dysoxylum is
intended. Blanco's specimens were from the mountains of San
Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon, a region well known botanically,
yet from the data available I am not yet able to reduce the species
beyond its possible genus. The flowers are not described.
CHISOCHETON Blume
Trichilia pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 355 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
249; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 97 = CHlSOCHETON PENTANDRUS (Blanco)
Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 31 (Dasycoleum philippinum Turcz., Chisocheton philippinus Harms, C. ceramicus F.-Vill.,
non Miq.).

Blanco's description is not good, nor does it apply fully to

our common Chisocheton philippinus Harms, but still there is
no doubt as to the identity of the species he intended. The
leaves are alternate and not "opposite," as described by Blanco,
and the calyx is truncate or but very obscurely 5-toothed ; other-

MELIACEAE

211

wise Blanco's description applies, and it does not apply to any

other Philippine plant known to me. The species is very common
and widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines, and I have before me more than 80 individual collections ;
on these specimens are recorded 22 different native names, and
but a single specimen bears the Tagalog name agapanga cited
by Blanco, and none of them bears the Tagalog name salaqui
also given by Blanco for this species.
Illustrative specimens from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, November, 1912 (flower), March, 1913 (fruit)
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 6).
LAN SI UM Correa
"^LANSIUM DOMESTICUM Correa; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 228; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 62, t. 117.

Correa's species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is

extensively cultivated in some parts of the Philippines, in Luzon
notably in Batangas and Laguna Provinces. It is certainly not
a native of the Philippines, unless possibly truly indigenous in
Mindanao, but has been introduced for the sake of its edible
fruits. It is generally known in Luzon as lansone or lansones.
The flowers are borne chiefly on the larger branches.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 53).
APHANAMIXIS Blume
Trichili triptala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 354 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
248; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 97=APHANAMIXIS TRIPTALA (Blanco) comb,
nov. (Amoora elmeri Merr.).

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Amoora rohituka

W. & A., a species not definitely known from the Philippines,
but to which the Philippine Amoora elmeri Merr. is manifestly
allied. Among all the known Philippine Meliaceae this is the
only species that conforms to Blanco's description, and the description applies here in all respects except that the leaves are
alternate, not opposite, although the leaflets are opposite, and
the inflorescence bearing perfect flowers is a spike, not a raceme.
The glandular character of the leaves, expressly mentioned by
Blanco, is very evident on some, but not on all specimens. The
Tagalog name salaquing pula appears in our herbarium on
species of Aglaia, not of Amoora or Aphanamixis.
Illustrative specimens from llocos Norte Province and from
Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, November, 1916 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 996, s flowers; No. 988, 9 flowers).

212

SPECIES BLANCO AN AE
AGLAIA Loureiro

Portesia rimosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 297 (sp. nov.) =Trichilia rimosa
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 250 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 99=
AGLAIA RIMOSA (Blanco) comb. nov. (A. hexandra Turcz.).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Amoora

canarana Hiern, a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description does not at all apply.
While the description is rather vague and incomplete, it is ample,
and applies in all essentials to Aglaia hexandra Turcz. Moreover this species is known in Batangas, the region from which
Blanco secured his material, as busilac, and in Batangas Aglaia
hexandra Turcz. flowers in May, the indicated month of anthesis for Portesia rimosa Blanco. The species is of local occurrence in Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, and Batangas Provinces,
Luzon, and also occurs in Mindoro.
Illustrative specimen from San Jos, Batangas Province,
Luzon, February, 1915, there known as busilac (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 765).
Melia iloilo Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 241 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878)
85 = AGLAIA ILOILO (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 9 (1914)
Bot. 533.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Aglaia ai'gentea Blume, and it is certainly very closely allied to that
species. For a discussion of the identity of Blanco's species
and the characters by which it is distinguished from Aglaia
argntea Blume see Merrill 1. c.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 867).
Argophilum pinnatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 186 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
131; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 235 = AGLAIA PINNATA (Blanco) comb. nov.
(Aglaia glomerata Merr.!).

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Aglaia angustifolia Miq., in

which he was correct as to the genus, but manifestly wrong as
to the species, for Miquel's species does not extend to the Philippines, nor does Blanco's description agree with it. The characters assigned by Blanco to Argophilum pinnatum conform
entirely to those of Aglaia glomerata Merr., a species strongly
marked and one that is widely distributed in the Philippines,
but which is perhaps not specifically distinct from Aglaia palembanica Miq. Other very closely allied forms are Aglaia harmandiana Pierre and A. cordata Hiern ; in any case, however,
Blanco's specific name is much the older.
Illustrative specimen from Alabat Island, December 23, 1916
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1055).

MALPIGHIACEAE

213

MELIACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS

Cedrela taratara Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 131 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 234=?

A species of entirely doubtful status, but possibly in part the

same as Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe. Blanco definitely states
that he had specimens from Bohol, where it was known as
sandana, but also cites the Tagalog name taratara and the
Bicol name baloncauit. He describes only the leaves and saw
no flowers and fruits. It is suspected that it is in part, as to the
sandana from Bohol, the same as Pterocarpus indicus Willd.,
for Blanco describes the wood of his Bohol specimen as being
similar to that of asanaPterocarpus indicus Willd. Taratara
is sometimes applied to Dysoxylum cumingianum C. DC, is
recorded for Dysoxylum sp. from Negros, for Aglaia laevigata
Merr., and for a species of Myristica, while taratara babaye
(i. e., female taratara) is recorded for Aglaia cuprea Merr.
The name bolongcauit is unknown as applied to any tree; it
means "leaf" and "hook," i. e., a falcate leaf. Fernandez-Villar
retains the species under Blanco's name.
MALPIGHIACEAE
TRISTELLATEIA Thouars
Hiraea reclinata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 378, non Jacq. = Tristellateia
malintana Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 267 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878)
132, t. S5 = TRISTELLATEIA AUSTRALASIAE Rich.

In thickets near tidal streams, back of mangrove, etc., throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 278).
HIPTAGE Gaertner
Triopteris jamaicensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 350; ed. 2 (1845) 267; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 133, non Linn. = HIPTAGE LOH ER I Merr. nom. nov.

Blanco's Triopteris jamaicensis was reduced by FernandezVillar to Hiptage madablota Gaertn., which is certainly correct
as to the genus, but wrong as to the species ; Gaertner's species
is unknown from the Philippines. I am convinced that I am
correct in interpreting Triopteris jamaicensis Blanco as that
species of Hiptage which is found in the vicinity of Manila.
Blanco cites specimens from Malinta, Rizal Province, Luzon, and
from Cebu; the latter doubtless the form recently described by
Mr. Elmer as Hyptage cebuensis. Hiptage loheri is very closely
allied to H. javanica Blume, and the specimens I now refer to
H. loheri were previously reported by me as H. javanica Blume.

214

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

The following specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, I now

refer to H. loheri: hoher 5768, 5786, 5789, Merrill 1704, 5046,
For. Bur. 420, 2660 Ahern's collector.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 824).
POLYGALACEAE
POLYGALA Linnaeus
Polygala monspeliaca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 557, ed. 2 (1845) 388 (monspelica); ed. 3, 2 (1879) 350, non Linn.= POLYGALA CHINENSIS
Linn. var. LI NEARI FOLIA (Willd.) Chod.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Polygala

telephioides Willd., but is manifestly the form described by
Willdenow from Philippine material as Polygala linearifolia,
and which Chodat has reduced to Polygala chinensis Linn, as
a variety. It is the only species of the genus found near Manila,
Blanco's specimens being from Mandaloyan which is practically
a suburb of Manila. Not common, but widely distributed in
the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 473).
SALOMON IA Loureiro
Amorpha pedalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 553 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 387;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 348 = SALOMON IA CI LI ATA (L.) DC. (S. oblongifolia
DC!, S. ramosissima Turcz.!).

Trimen (Fl. Ceyl. 1: 83) calls attention to the fact that Polygala ciliata Linn., the type of which he has examined in Hermann's herbarium, is the form that was later described by de
Candolle as Salomo7iia oblongifolia DC. The Linnean species is
based on a single reference, Fl. Zeyl. no. 268, which in turn is
based only on Hermann's specimen.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 332).
SECURIDACA Linnaeus
Securidaca volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 556, non Linn. = Securidaca
? complicata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 388; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 349, non
HBK. = SECURIDACA CORYMBOSA Turcz.

This species, as interpreted by Blanco, was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Securidaca tavoyana Wall., one that does not
extend to the Philippines. It is identical with S. corymbosa
Turcz., the type of which was Philippine (Cuming 1031, Pan-

DICHAPETALACEAE-EUPHORBIACEAE

215

gasinan Province, Luzon), S. cumingii Hassk. being a synonym.

It is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 691).
DICHAPETALACEAE
DICHAPETALUM Thouars
Quilesia sericea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 177 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
125; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 224=DICHAPETALUM SERICEUM (Blanco)
comb. nov. (Chailletia benthamiana Turcz., Dichapetalum benthamianum Engl.).

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Chailletia griffithii Hook, f.,

a species that is not known from the Philippines and one to
which Blanco's description does not apply. The type of Turczaninow's species was from llocos Norte Province, Luzon, and
Blanco's material was also from the Ilocano provinces. His
description conforms entirely with Chailletia benthamiana
Turcz., and I have not the slightest hesitation in making the
reductions here indicated. The species is known only from
llocos Norte and llocos Sur Provinces, Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Burgos, llocos Norte Province,
November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 991).
Riana ? tricapsularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 850 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
126; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 225 = DICHAPETALUM TRICAPSULARE (Blanco) Merr. Govt. Lab. (Philip.) Publ. 35 (1906) 35.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Chailletia helferiana Kurz.,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines. In making
the transfer to Dichapetalum, I redescribed the species from
specimens collected on Mount Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon.
Blanco's material was from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
and his description agrees fairly well with the species as I have
interpreted it.
EUPHORBIACEAE
FLGGE A Willdenow
Cicca pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 701 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 486;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 105=FLUGGEA VIROSA (Roxb.) Baill. (F. obovata
(Willd.) Wall.. F. microcarpa Bl.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, in thickets, more or less open
country, etc., but not in the primeval forest.
Illustrative specimen from near Mandaloyan, Rizal Province,
Luzon, April 18, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 2U2).

216

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
CI CCA Linnaeus

Cicca acidissima Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 700 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 486;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 105, t. 303 = C\CCA ACIDA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret.
Herb. Amb. (1917) 314 (Averrkoa acida Linn., Cicca disticha Linn.,
Phyllanthus distichus Muell.-Arg., Phyllanthus acidissimus MuelLArg.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation but is nowhere abundant. It is certainly of prehistoric
introduction into the Archipelago and a purposely introduced
species. Blanco's Cicca acidissima is the whole basis of Phyllanthus acidissimus Muell.-Arg., non Noronh. The genus Cicca
seems to be sufficiently distinct from Phyllanthus; see C. B.
Robinson in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 87.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 617).
PHYLLANTHUS Linnaeus
Phyllanthus carolinianus Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 691, non Walt. = Phyllanthus kirganelia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 480; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 96,
non Willd. = PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI Linn.

There is very little doubt as to the correctness of this reduction, Blanco's description agreeing in all essentials, the form
described by him being a small one: "Esta planta a lo ms se
hace de un palmo de alto." The species is very common throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes and
would certainly have been observed by Blanco. To this species
I also reduce Kirganelia pumila Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 713
(pumla) (sp. nov.), ed. 2 (1845) 493, ed. 3, 3 (1879) 117,
the type of Phyllanthus pumilus Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15 (1866) 349, this also being a small form: "a lo ms de un palmo
de altura." Blanco's descriptions of both fit Phyllanthus niruri
Linn, better than any other Philippine species known to me.
See Robinson in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 81, 86.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 101).
/

Cicca decandra Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 701 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 487;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 106 t. 250=zPHYLLANTHUS RETICULATUS Poir.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, October, December, 1913, locally known as tintatintahan (Tagalog; from Sp.
tinta=mk, the black berries sometimes used to make ink) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 596, 674).

EUPHORBIACEAB

217

Phyllanthus niruri Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 690, non Linn. = Phyllanthus
tetrander Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 480; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 95, non
Roxb. = PHYLLANTHUS BLANCOANUS Muell.-Arg.

Phyllanthus blancoanus Muell.-Arg. was based only on Blanco's

description and must be typified by Blanco's Phyllanthus niruri.
For a discussion and redescription of the species see C. B.
Robinson in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 83. Phyllanthus
blancoanus is known only from a few localities in central Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 160).
GLOCHIDION Frster
Kirganelia triandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 711 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
492; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 115=GLOCHIDION TRIANDRUM (Blanco) C. B.
Rob. (Phyllanthus triandrus Muell.-Arg.; Glochidion eleutherostylum
Muell.-Arg.).

This species is widely distributed in the northern and central

Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 309).
Kirganelia alba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 713 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 494;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 117 = GLOCHIDION ALBUM (Blanco) Boerl.
Zarcoa philippica Llanos in Bot. Zeit. 15 (1857) 423 (g"en. et sp. nov.);
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 102 = GLOCHIDION ALBUM (Blanco) Boerl.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines and presents considerable variation, especially in its pubescence. Blanco's description is the whole basis for Phyllanthus albus Muell.Arg. Zarcoa philippica Llanos was reduced by Fernandez-Villar
to Phyllanthus (Glochidion) philippinensis Muell.-Arg. var. glaber Muell.-Arg. (^Glochidion philippicum C. B. Rob.). However,
Llanos's description does not at all apply to Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob., but does manifestly apply to Glochidion
album (Blanco) Boerl. See Robinson in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4
(1909) Bot. 99.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 6^6).
/

Kirganelia villosa Blanco Fl. Filip.. (1837) 712 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
493; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 116, t. 899, non Phyllanthus villosus Muell.-Arg.,
nee Glochidion villosum Miq. = GLOCHIDION LLANOSII Muell.-Arg.

This species is widely distributed in Luzon at low altitudes.

It is locally abundant.

218

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,

December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 75) ; Rizal
Province, Luzon, September, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 931 ).
Gyrostemon blancoi Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 74 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 58 = GLOCHIDION
PHILIPPICUM (Cav.) C. B. Rob. (G. philippense Benth.).

This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar, and there is

every reason to consider that it is correct. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes. The type of Bradleia philippica Cav.=Glochidion
philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob. (G. philippense Benth.) was from
the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 683).
Kirganelia nigrescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 712 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
493; ed. 3. 3 (1879) 115=? GLOCHIDION LANCIFOLIUM C. B. Rob.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Glochidion

molle Blume, but Blanco's description does not at all apply to
that form. If Blanco's description is correct, then my present
reduction of the species is wrong. I suspect, however, that in
describing the flowers Blanco erred as to the number of parts.
See Robinson in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 90.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 905).
ANTIDESMA Linnaeus
Cartsjera grossularioides Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 73 (Cansiera) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 53; ed. 3, 1 (1877), 99 t. 26 (as Antidesma alexiteria)
ANTIDESMA GHAESEMBILLA Gaertn.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, being characteristic of the
regions locally called "cogonales," that is, those open areas
characterized by the predominance of the cogon grass (Imperata
cylindrica Cyr.), the scattered trees of Antidesma ghaesembilla
Gaertn. frequently giving the cogonales a parklike aspect.
Blanco's description of the leaves as "elpticas con puntita en
el apice" applies unmistakably to Gaertner's species and to no
other known Philippine species of the genus.
Illustrative specimens from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, June, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 375) ; Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 488).

EUPHORBIACEAE

219

Stilago bunius Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 782; ed. 2 (1845) 539; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 189, t. 3tfi = ANTIDESMA BUNIUS (Linn.) Spreng.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at low altitudes. It is r^obably a
purposely introduced species in the Philippines, although now
thoroughly naturalized. Commonly known as bignay.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 8).
^Cansjera pentandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 73 (Cansiera) (sp. nov.); ed.
2 (1845) 53; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 98 = ANTIDESMA PENTANDRUM
(Blanco) comb. nov. (Antidesma rostratum Tul. in Ann. Sei. Nat. Ill
15 (1851) 218).
Cansjera rheedii Blanco, op. cit. 73 (Cansiera rheedi) ; 52; 98, t. 25, non
aliorum = ANTIDESMA PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr.

There is no doubt as to the identity of both of Blanco's species and equally no doubt that only a single species is represented.
They were separated by him only on the number of stamens,
C. rheedii with four stamens, C. pentandra with five stamens,
but as is well known, the number of stamens in many species
of Antidesma is variable, even in flowers from the same plant.
The description of Cwnsjera pentandra is very short and imperfect, but so far as it goes it applies unmistakably to Tulasne's
Antidesma rostratum, while Blanco states at the end of his
description : "Todo lo dems como en la especie anterior [C.
rheedii]" Cansjera rheedii Blanco (non aliorum) was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the very different Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. ; and C. pentandra Blanco, by error,
to the very different A. cumingii Muell.-Arg., Blanco's descriptions agreeing with neither of the species to which FernandezVillar reduced them. The species is very common in thickets
in the vicinity of Manila and is very generally known as bignay
pogo.
Illustrative specimens from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 272) ; Angat,
. Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 31).
/ANTIDESMA SPICATUM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 794 (sp. nov.) zrAntidesma alexiteria Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 547; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 202,
non Linn., nee aliorum.

Blanco's Antidesma spicatum is a valid species, and he erred

in reducing it to A. alexiteria Linn, in the second edition of his
Flora de Filipinas. It is the species described by me as Antidesma edule, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 26. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn., an

220

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

impossible reduction from Blanco's description of the leaves

as "aovadas, alargadas." The only Philippine species of the
genus to which Blanco's description at all applies is the form
described by me as Antidesma edule. The Tagalog name calamantao cited by Blanco does not appear on any of our numerous
specimens of Antidesma, but is applied to the entirely different
Erythrophloeum densiflorum (Elm.) Merr., of the Leguminosae;
Blanco's description, however, is unmistakably that of an Antidesma. Widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in
the northern Philippines.
Illustrative specimens from Mount Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
7181; San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon, June, 1912 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 915).
CLEISTANTHUS Hooker f.
Gluta orgyalis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 451 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
49 = CLEISTANTHUS ORGYALIS (Blanco) Merr.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Cleistanthus ferrugineus

Muell.-Arg., a species that does not extend to the Philippines.
For a full description of the species see C. B. Robinson in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 189.
BRI DELIA Willdenow
Clutia stipularis Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 818 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
564; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 229=BRIDELIA STIPULARIS (Linn.) Blume.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but

is referable to the genus Bridelia. It is very common and
widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 551 ).
CROTN Linnaeus
Crotn glandulosum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 754 (sp. nov.)=Croton muricatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 518 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879)
154, t. ,m=CROTON TIGLIUM Linn.

The crotn oil plant is commonly cultivated about dwellings

throughout the Philippines, its chief use being to stupefy fish.
Certainly a purposely introduced plant in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 308).
CLAOXYLON Jussieu
Prockia ? albicans Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 430 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
299; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 192=CLAOXYLON ALBICANS (Blanco) comb.
nov. (C. elongatum Merr.).

EUPHORBIACEAE

221

Blanco's description applies perfectly to the form I described

as Claoxylon elongatum, and I have not the slightest hesitation
in substituting Blanco's specific name. Fernandez-Villar was
entirely wrong in referring it to Alchornea blumeana Muell.Arg., a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one
to which Blanco's description does not at all conform. It is to
be noted that Pax & K. Hoffman, Engl. Pflanzenreich 63 (1914)
112, have confused Claoxylon elongatum Merr. and C. arboreum
Elm. and have referred the type and only specimen cited in
the original description of the latter to Claoxylon pedicellate
Pax & K. Hoffm.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, September, 1916, comm. F. W. Foxworthy (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 1008).
DORYXYLON Zollinger
(Sumbavia Billon)
Adel a acidoton Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 815; ed. 2 (1845) 562; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 226, t. 463, non Linn. = DORYXYLON SPINOSUM Zoll. (Sumbavia rottleroides Baill.).

This species is of local occurrence in Luzon, being known from

Union, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal,
and Laguna Provinces, Luzon, but from no other parts of the
Philippines. Sumbavia rottleroides Baill. has been the generally used name for the species, but this is antedated by Doryxylon spinosum Zoll., and the case does not appear in the lists of
nomina conservanda adopted by the Vienna and Brussels Botanical Congresses. The synonymy is as follows:
DORYXYLON SPINOSUM Zoll, in Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 14 (1857)
152.
Adelia acidoton Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 815, non Linn.
Sumbavia rottleroides Baill. Etud. Gn. Euphorb. (1858) 390.
Mercadoa mndalojonensis Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83)
t. U63; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 193 in syn. sub. Sumbavia rottleroides Baill.

Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luon,

December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 678) ; Rizal
Province, Luzon, June, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
933).
MALLOTUS Loureiro

Adelia bernardia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 814, non Linn. = Adelia barbata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 561 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 223, p. p.=
MALLOTUS RICINOIDES (Pers.) Muell.-Arg.

Blanco's species was reduced by J. Mueller (Muell.-Arg.) to

222

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Mallotus ricinoides (Pers.) Muell.-Arg., in which he was followed by Fernandez-Villar. As a matter of fact Blanco included
at least two species, and his description is for the most part
Mallotus moluccanus MneM.-Arg.M elanolepis multiglandulosa
Reichb. & Zoll. It is to be noted that his description of the
leaves as "abroqueladas" is not good, as the leaves are very
frequently not peltate, and never more than slightly so in either
species mentioned above. The native names cited by him are
loosely used, but judging from a large series of specimens of
both species examined, alum and arum properly belong to Mallotus moluccanus, and taquip asin to M. ricinoides. The description of the fruits as "cubierta de barbas muy gruesas, y llenas
de borro" applies unmistakably to Mallotus ricinoides.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 47i).
Adelia resinosa Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 562 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
225, excl. descr. fl.= MALLOTUS RESINOSUS (Blanco) comb. nov.
[Claoxylon muricatum Wight Ic. PI. Ind. Or. (1852) t. 1886; Mallotus
muricatus Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34 (1865) 191].

Blanco's description, with the exception of the details of the

staminate flowrers, applies absolutely to this species, and it is
the only Philippine plant known to me that agrees at all with
his description ; moreover the species is very common and widely
distributed in the Archipelago at low and medium altitudes and
is found in all the provinces near Manila from which Blanco
secured most of his material. The one character mentioned by
Blanco, that I have not observed, is in his description of the
male flowers: "pero hay unos cuerpecillos que pasan de diez,
mesclados con las estambres, y ms cortos que ellos, de figura
de pirmide inversa, y coronados con cuatro cinco pelos cada
uno." It is suspected that he described, at least in part, the
staminate flowers of some other genus. In all other characters
his description applies, and applies to this species only among
all the Philippine Euphorbiaceae. The glandular character of
the leaves, flowers, etc., is very characteristic. Hooker f., Fl.
Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 437, considers that the Philippine plant,
Cuming 1170, is different from the true Crotn muricatum
Heyne in Wall. Cat. (1847) No. 7751, nomen nudum, and that
Mallotus muricatu&^MueW.-Arg. is a mixture. Blanco's species
was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Claoxylon wallichianum Muell.-Arg.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4-8-5).

EUPHORBIACEAE

223

Adelia papillaris Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 562 (pappilaris) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 225, t. SSI = MALLOTUS PAPILLARIS (Blanco) Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 238.

Blanco's description is entirely inadequate, consisting only of

the following: "Adelia pappilaris. Adelia de pezones. Arbolitos dioicos con las cagillas cubiertas no de barbas sino de pezones
cortos. Guadalupe." The species is still abundant in dry
ravines just across the Pasig River from Guadalupe, a few kilometers from Manila. In taking up Blanco's specific name for
the species, 1. c, a full description was given by me. It was
reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mallotus zollingeri Muell.-Arg.,
a species that does not occur in the Philippines. Pax & K.
Hoffmann reduce it to Mallotus tiliifolius (Blume) Muell.-Arg.,
a disposition of it that I am not prepared to accept although it
is manifestly allied to this coastal species. It is of local occurrence at low altitudes in Pampanga, Rizal, and Batangas
Provinces, Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 50).
Crotn volubilis Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1856) 503 {volubile)
(sp. nov.); F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880)
103= MALLOTUS REPANDUS Muell.-Arg.

In this reduction I merely follow Fernandez-Villar who may

have seen a specimen of Llanos's species. The original description is as follows: "Crotn volubile. Mihi viditur species
nova. Fructus (et cocea) magna sunt. Ad. sylv. opp. de Angat.
Flores non vidi." If Llanos's species was a Mallotus, then it
must be either Mallotus rpandus Muell.-Arg. or Mallotus floribundus Muell.-Arg. the only scandent species of the genus in
the northern Philippines. Mallotus floribundus is unknown
from north of Tayabas Province, Luzon, while M. rpandus is
of wide distribution in Luzon and the other large islands of
the Archipelago at low and medium altitudes and has been collected in Angat. Llanos may have had specimens of Omphalea
bracteata (Blanco) Merr.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 8A2).
MELANOLEPIS Reichenbach f. & Zollinger
Adelia monoica Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 561 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
224, t. 2iS = MELANOLEPIS MULTIGLANDULOSA (Blume) Reichb.
& Zoll. (Mallotus moluccanus Muell., non Crotn moluccanus Linn.).

Blanco's description is imperfect and, apparently, in some

respects erroneous. There is little doubt, however, but that

224

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

this is the plant intended. The description of Adelia bernardia

Blanco, non Linn.=A. barbata Blanco applies in part to Melanolepis multiglandulosa but also in part to Mallotus ricinoides
Muell.-Arg. (see p. 221). The species is common and widely
distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, its most common
Tagalog name being alim or alum. The specific name moluccana
is invalid for this species. The Linnean species Crotn moluccanus, on which it was based, is in part Givotia rottleriformas
Griff., and in part Aleurites moluccana Willd. ; see Merrill Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 318.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blamcoanae No. 489).
ALCHORNEA Swartz
Excoecaria sicca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 787 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
542; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 193, t. 307 ALCHORNEA SICCA (Blanco) Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 5 (1910) Bot. 192 (A. philippinensis Pax &
Hoffm.!).
Crotn drupaceum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 519 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3
(1879) 155, non Roxb. = ALCHORNEA SICCA (Blanco) Merr.

This species is common in certain localities about Manila,

growing in thickets, along streams, etc. J. Mueller, followed by
Pax, was quite wrong in referring Blanco's Excoecaria sicca to
Homalanthus populneus as a variety. Fernandez-Villar was
equally wrong in referring it to Alchornea mollis Muell.-Arg.,
a species that does not extend to the Philippines. As to Crotn
drupaceum Blanco, this was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to
Crotn luzonensis Muell.-Arg., a species that does not grow in the
vicinity of Manila, and one to which Blanco's description does
not at all apply. Blanco's specimens were from the banks of
the Pasig River opposite Guadalupe, a few kilometers from
Manila, known there as balanti, the same native name he cites
for his Excoecaria sicca. The specific name is a misnomer, and
he does not describe the fruit as a drupe: "Drupa globosa, poco
carnosa, que se divide en tres pedazos (y por tanto tricoca) y
en cada uno una semilla huesosa." His description manifestly
applies to Alchornea sicca, and the species is still common along
the Pasig River opposite Guadalupe and is still generally known
to the residents there as balanti. Pax & K. Hoffman are entirely
wrong in citing as a synonym of this species, Alchornea parviflora Muell.-Arg. The form they have described as Alchornea
philippinensis is typical Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr.
Illustrative specimen from the banks of the Pasig River

EUPHORBIACEAE

225

opposite Guadalupe, Rizal Province, Luzon, April, 1914, (Merrill:

Species Blancoanae No. 6b2).
Adelia glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 814 (sp. nov.) =ALCHORNEA
RUGOSA (Lour.) Muell.-Arg. (A. javensis Muell.-Arg.).
Tragia innocua Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 479; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 94, non
Linn. = ALCHORNEA RUGOSA (Lour.) Muell.-Arg.

Adelia glandulosa Blanco is not included in the second or in

the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas, but in the Novissima
Appendix it is reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Alchomea javensis
Muell.-Arg.=A. rugosa Muell.-Arg. The entire description consists of a single line: "Hojas con cuatro glndulas en la parte
superior," with the additional statement that it is a shrub from
Santa Maria, llocos, the leaves being used as a remedy for
rheumatism. Correspondence sent to the municipal authorities
of Santa Maria regarding this plant elicited no answer. Alchornea rugosa is common and widely distributed at low and medium
altitudes in the Philippines, and the correctness of FernandezVillar's reduction of Blanco's Adelia glandulosa is at least reasonably certain. Blanco's description of Tragia innocua conforms
absolutely with Mueller's species, which he otherwise described
as Adelia glandulosa. Fernandez-Villar was wrong in reducing
it to Alchomea villosa Muell.-Arg., a species that does not extend
to the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 725).
CLEIDION Blume
V

Niota ? globosa Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 214 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
35 = CLEIDION SPICIFLORUM (Burm. f.) Merr. Interpret. Herb.
Amb. (1917) 322 (C. javanicum Blume).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Claoxylon

indicum Hassk., but the description does not apply at all to Hasskarl's species. The description was based on a fruiting specimen
only and is very imperfect ; it agrees in all respects with Cleidion
spiciflorum Merr. except that the petioles are not all "cortos,"
some being decidedly elongated, while others are short. The
leaf characters, size and characters of the fruit, solitary long
peduncled flowers (i. e. fruits) given by Blanco are characters
of Cleidion spiciflorum Merr. ; moreover, the species is common
and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes, and is found in abundance in all the provinces near
Manila from which Blanco received his material.
151862

15

226

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon,

August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 532).
M ACARAN G A Thouars
Crotn grandifolius Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 753 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
518; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 153= M ACARAN GA GRANDIFOLIA (Blanco)
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 394.

Blanco's species was reduced by J. Mueller to Macaranga

mappa (Linn.) Muell.-Arg., and M. mappa was credited to the
Philippines on this reduction of Blanco's Crotn grandifolius.
Macaranga porteana E. Andr, based on Philippine material, is
a synonym of M. grandifolia (Blanco) Merr. The species is
common in parts of Luzon, more specially in the provinces near
Manila, growing in thickets at low altitudes. Its common Tagalog name is bingabing. Pax & K. Hoffmann are entirely wrong
in reducing this to Macaranga mappa (Linn.) Muell.-Arg., which
is an Amboina species belonging in a different section of the
genus; see Merrill Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 319.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 651).
Crotn lacciferum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 752 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
517; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 153= MACARANGA TANARIUS (Linn.) Muell.Arg. var. TOMENTOSA Muell.-Arg.

This species is common and widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in the Philippines, a characteristic shrub or tree
of thickets, second-growth forests, deserted clearings, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, there known as binonga (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 611).
ACALYPHA Linnaeus
Acalypha caroliniana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 748; ed. 2 (1845) 515; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 149, t. 266, non Walt. = ACALYPHA INDICA Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed in and about

towns in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes ; it is certainly an introduced weed in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Guadalupe, Rizal Province, Luzon,
August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. A87).
>
/

Acalypha glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 749; ed. 2 (1845) 516; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 149, non Cav.=ACALYPHA AMENTCEA Roxb. (A.
stipulacea Klotz.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, the type of Acalypha stipulacea Klotz,
being from Rizal Province, Luzon. It is exceedingly variable in
vegetative characters, the petioles long or short, the leaves with

EUPHORBIACEAE

227

or without glands or gland-like projections at the base; see

Merrill Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 322.
Illustrative specimen from Samar, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 20).
ACALYPHA ANGATENS1S Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 750 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 516; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 150.
Acalypha tomentosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 750 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
151 = ACALYPHA ANGATENSIS Blanco.

There is no doubt that the two species described by Blanco

are identical, but the former has page priority. Acalypha tomentosa was excluded by him in the second edition of the "Flora
de Filipinas," but included by Naves and Villar in the third.
In the original description Blanco observes "Se distinguen poco
entre si [A. angatensis and A. tomentosa'] estos dos arboles."
Acalypha angatensis Blanco is, I consider, referable to the form
that has been described as Acalypha grandis Benth. var. velutina
Muell.-Arg., but this being so Blanco's specific name is much
older than Acalypha grandis Benth. or any of its synonyms.
Fernandez-Villar retained Acalypha angatensis as a distinct species, and Mueller considers it under his section Euacalypha,
Pleur ostachyae, Hypandrae [de Candolle Prodromus 152 (1866)
805]. Blanco described Acalypha angatensis as having short
petioles and in having monoecious flowers, the staminate ones
above the pistillate ones in the same spike. This is not true of
normal Acalypha grandis, which is usually dioecious. However,
some of our material (Elmer 5727) agrees with Blanco's description in the short petioles and in the disposition of the flowers,
and I am not able to distinguish this specimen specifically from
Acalypha grandis var. velutina or from A. angatensis Blanco. In
the rather abundant duplicate material collected in Angat and
destined for issue to illustrate Blanco's species, many of the specimens present only male, or only female flowers; about six
specimens present male flowers and female flowers in different
inflorescence on the same branches, and one specimen presents
the male flowers in the same spike with the female ones and above
the latter as Blanco describes the species.
Illustrative material from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 333).
RICINUS Linnaeus
RICIN US COM M UN IS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 761; ed. 2 (1845) 523;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 161.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

Common and widely distributed in waste places in and about

228

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

towns throughout the Philippines; of prehistoric introduction

into the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Mer-rill: Species Blancoanae No. 624).
HOMONOIA Loureiro
Lumanaja fluviatilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 821 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed.
2 (1845) 568; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 236, t. S38 = HOfAONOlA RIPARIA Lour.

This was proposed by Blanco as a new genus and species,

the generic appellation being derived from its Tagalog name
lumanay. It is found along the rocky beds of swift streams in
all parts of the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. SUS).
ALEURITES Forster
ALEURITES TRISPERMA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 755 (sp. nov.) =
Aleurites saponaria Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 519 (nom. nov.) ; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 156, t. 296.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes, but is apparently nowhere abundant. It
occurs from Luzon to Mindanao, both in the forest and in and
about towns as a cultivated tree. The oil yielded by the seeds
has powerful drying properties and is somewhat caustic, causing
eruptions when applied to the skin. It is commonly known as
balocanad, baguilumbang, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 145).
Aleurites lobata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 756 (sp. nov.) =Aleurites triloba
Forst.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 520; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 157, . 220=
ALEURITES MOLUCCANA (Linn.) Willd.
Aleurites lanceolata Blanco op. cit. 757 (sp. nov.) ; 521; 157 = ALEURITES
MOLUCCANA (Linn.) Willd.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and certainly has been purposely distributed from one island to another in the Archipelago,
perhaps even purposely introduced into the Archipelago. It is
commonly known as lumbang in the Tagalog provinces and as
biao in the Visayan islands. Aleurites lanceolata Blanco is
merely a form with narrow, entire leaves and is manifestly specifically identical with A. lobata Blanco which in turn is identical
with A. triloba Forst, and A. moluccana (Linn.) Willd.; the
latter is the oldest specific name, dating from 1753.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 127).

EUPHORBIACEAE

229

J ATROPH A Linnaeus
Jatropha janipha Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 758; ed. 2 (1845) 521; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 159, t. 342 non Linn. = J ATROPH A MULTIFIDA Linn.

This species is occasionally cultivated in the Philippines and

usually is known to the natives as man, the name apparently
introduced with the plant from tropical America.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914, comm.
L. J. Reyes (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 625).
JATROPHA CURCAS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 759; ed. 2 (1845)
522; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 160, t. 384.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was introduced from Mexico at an early date by the Spaniards,
but is now widely distributed in the Philippines, cultivated and
naturalized.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 10).
MANIHOT Adanson
Jatropha manihot Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 760; ed. 2 (1845) 522;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 160=MANIHOT UTILISSIMA Pohl.

This species was introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards at an early date and is now found in general cultivation
throughout the Archipelago. Its common Tagalog name is camoting cahoy (camoting from camotelpomoea batatas Poir., and
cahoy=tree). It is not uncommon about Manila but here very
rarely producing flowers or fruit, although in many parts of the
provinces it flowers regularly.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 832).
CODIAEUM Blume
Crotn variegatus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 751; ed. 2 (1845) 517;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 152, t. 390 = COD\AEUM VARIEGATUM (Linn.)
Blume.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

This enormously variable species is very generally cultivated
throughout the Philippines for ornamental purposes, a large
number of forms, both as to shape and color of the leaves, being
found. None of the forms, however, is native to the Archipelago, and they are never found wild. No. 1062, cited below,
is the particular form that Blanco described. Dr. Leon Ma.
Guerrero informs me that this was the only form found in
Manila gardens up to about the year 1880.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 772, 1062).

230

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
O M PH ALE A Linnaeus

Tragia bracteata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 480 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 94=OMPHALEA BRACTEATA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Omphale.a philippinensis Merr.).

Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Pimeleodendron amboinicum Hassk., with which Blanco's description does not conform in any particular; no representative
of Pimeleodendron is known from the Philippines. The description of Tragia bracteata Blanco conforms very closely with the
characters of Omphalea philippinensis Merr., and I have no
hesitation in substituting Blanco's specific name for the one
I proposed for this form.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, August,
1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1061).
EXCOECAR1A Linnaeus
EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 786; ed. 2
(1845) 541; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 193.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon,
August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 96).
HOMALANTHUS Jussieu
Excoecaria laevis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 788 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
543; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 194 = HOMALANTHUS POPULNEUS (Geisel.)
Pax, var. LAEVIS (Blanco) Merr. comb. nov. [Homalanthus populneus
(Geisel.) Pax, var. siccus Pax (non Excoecaria sicca Blanco) ; Carumbium populneum var. minus Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. 152 (1866)
1145].

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is one of the characteristic plants appearing in recently cleared areas that are allowed
to revert from cultivation. Blanco's specific name is here
adopted as the varietal one as it is older than the varietal name
proposed by J. Mueller, while Pax was entirely wrong in adopting the varietal name siccus from Blanco's Excoecaria sicca, as
Excoecaria sicca Blanco is Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr., not
at all Homalanthus; see page 224.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 75).
EUPHORBIA Linnaeus
Euphorbia dulcs Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 412; ed. 2 (1845) 287; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 167, non Linn. = EUPHORBlA ATOTO Forst.

This form is common along sandy seashores in the Phil-

EUPHORBIACEAE

231

ippines. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Euphorbia laevigata

Vahl, a synonym of E. atoto Forst.
Illustrative specimens from Pasaquin, llocos Norte Province,
Luzon, and from Punta de Azufre, Batangas Province, Luzon,
October and November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos.
997, 1040).
Euphorbia parannaquensis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 286 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 165= EUPHORBIA SERRULATA Reinw.

Blanco's specimens were from the town of Paraaque immediately south of Manila, and Fernandez-Villar was correct
in reducing it to Reinwardt's species. It is widely distributed
in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, occurring in
fallow lands and in open grasslands at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Paraaque, Rizal
Province, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 510).
Euphorbia capitata Lam.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 411 = EUPHORBIA
HIRTA Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 286; ed. 3, 2 (1878> 166.

Blanco correctly interpreted Lamarck's species and in the

second edition correctly reduced it to the Linnean one. The
species is more commonly known as Euphorbia pilulifera Linn.,
but this is a synonym of Euphorbia hirta Linn., the latter having
page priority. It is very common and widely distributed at
low altitudes in the settled areas of the Philippines; certainly
an introduced weed.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 549).
Euphorbia pentagona Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 413; ed. 2 (1845) 287; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 168, non Haw.= EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA Linn.

This species is occasionally found in cultivation, but is not a

native of the Philippines. The trunk and larger branches are
terete, the younger branchlets stout and 5-angled, the angles
much more prominent in dried than in living material. Its
common Tagalog name is soro-soro or sorog-sorog.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 823).
EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 412 (tiraculli) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 287; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 167, t. 210.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is locally abundant in some towns in the Philippines and is
widely distributed in the Archipelago; certainly a purposely introduced plant. In fifteen years residence in the Philippines

232

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

I have never seen this species in flower, and Blanco notes that
he never saw the flowers. It is very generally known by the
Spanish name consuelda, or various corruptions or modifications
of it such as suerda, consuerda, etc.
Illustrative specimen from Malabon, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoamae No. 520).
ANACARDIACEAE
BUCHANAN IA Sprengel
Fagara decandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 66 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 48;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 89, t. 65 = BUCHANANIA ARBORESCENS Blume (B.
florida Schauer, var. arbrea Engl.).

This species is common and very widely distributed in the

Philippines, being universally known as balinhasay.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 321, 712).
MANGIFERA Linnaeus
' MANGIFERA ALTISSIMA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 181 (altisima)
nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 129; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 230.

(sp.

This species is apparently a valid one, but was erroneously

reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Mangifera longipes Griff., a
species unknown from the Philippines. It is very generally
known as pajo or pahutan. Pahutan="pajo" (mango) and
"utan" (wild), literally "wild mango." It is of wide distribution in the northern and central parts of the Archipelago at low
and medium altitudes; a sylvan species.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 831).
MANGIFERA INDICA Linn.; Blanco PI. Filip. (1837) 179; ed. 2 (1845) 127;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 229.
Mangifera rostrata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 129 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 231, t. S = MANGIFERA INDICA Linn.
Mangifera anisodora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 129 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 229 = MANGIFERA INDICA Linn.

Mangifera indica Linn, was correctly interpreted by Blanco

while M. rostrata Blanco and M. anisodora Blanco are certainly
specifically identical with the Linnean species. Mangifera rostrata Blanco is a form with a somewhat compressed fruit, distinctly narrowed towards the apex, and is widely known in
Luzon as manga pico. Mangifera anisodora Blanco was described by Blanco without his having seen specimens and is
manifestly a form of M. indica L. with fruits more fragrant
than the common type. Mangifera indica L. was undoubtedly
introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards.

ANACARDIACEAE

233

Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 2).
ANACARDIUM Linnaeus
Cassuvi'um reniforme Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 322 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
227; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 60, t. JI6 = ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE Linn.

The cashew tree was introduced from Mexico at an early date

in colonial history through the Acapulco-Manila galleons and
is now cultivated, and in some localities at least subspontaneous,
throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and
medium altitudes. It is universally known as casoy.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 411).
SPONDIAS Linnaeus
Spondias dulcis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 390; ed. 2 (1845) 273; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 143, t. 132, non Forst. = SPONDIAS PURPUREA Linn.

This species is common in cultivation in many parts of the

Philippines, being especially abundant in the region immediately
south of Manila. It is commonly known as sirihuelas (corruption of Spanish ciruela=^\um). Blanco's species was reduced
by Fernandez-Villar to Spondias purpurea Linn., which I previously thought to be erroneous and referred S. dulcis Blanco
to S. lutea Linn.; see Govt. Lab. Publ. 27 (1905) 36; I now consider Fernandez-Villar's reduction to be the correct one.
Spondias lutea Linn, does not occur in the Philippines unless
as a species introduced within the past few years. S. purpurea
Linn, must have been introduced into the Philippines from
Mexico at an early date. In and about Manila it is entirely
deciduous in the dry season, flowering in March, the leaves
appearing immediately after anthesis.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, April,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 639).
Poupartia pinnata Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 392 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
274; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 146 = SPONDIAS PINNATA (Linn, f.) Kurz (S.
mangifera Blume).

This sylvan species is widely distributed in the Philippines;

it is rarely cultivated for its edible fruits. Blanco was wrong in
applying the Tagalog name dao to this species, which properly
belongs to his Paliurus dao=Draco7itomelum dao M err. and
Rolfe. The almost universal native name for Spondias pinnata
in the Philippines is libas.
Illustrative specimen from Laguna Province, Luzon, February,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 314).

234

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
DRACONTOMELUM Blume

Paliurus dao Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 174 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 122; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 219 = DRACONTOMELUM DAO (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 108.

This species is common and of very wide distribution in the

Philippines and is universally known as dao in most parts of
the Archipelago. It is closely allied to the Malayan Dracontomelum mangiferum Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Butuan Subprovince, Mindanao,
August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 316).
Paliurus edulis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 173 (sp. nov.) = Paliurus lamiyo
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 122 (nom. nov.) ed. 3, 1 (1877) 218 p. p.=
DRACONTOMELUM LAMIYO (Blanco) comb. nov. {D. cumingianum
Baill.).

The species Blanco described is a mixture, although there is

little doubt as to what he intended. His description of the
flowers is that of a species of Canarium, and undoubtedly also
the leaves belong with the Canarium for the description "hojas
* * * lampias. Peciolo * * * con dos puas largas,
colocadas arriba, y lejos de la base" applies to Canarium, certainly not to Dracontomelum cumingianum Baill. Blanco's
description of the fruit is good for that of Baillon's species;
and the name lamiyo is the almost universal Tagalog one for
this species and is applied to no other so far as I know. The
specific name edulis is invalidated in Dracontomelum by D. edule
Merr. It is widely distributed in forests of the Philippines
at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Samar, April, 1915 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 19).
KOORDERSIODENDRON Eng*ler
Helicteres pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 384 (sp. nov.) =Cyrtocarpa
quinquestyla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 269 (quinquestila) (nom.
nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 135 = KOORDERSIODENDRON PINNATUM
(Blanco) Merr. in Forest. Bureau (Philip.) Bull. 1 (1903) 33 (K.
celebicum Engl.).

This sylvan species is widely distributed in the Philippines

at low and medium altitudes and is universally and exclusively
known in the Tagalog provinces as amoguis, this being also the
commercial name of its timber. It was erroneously reduced by
Fernandez-Villar to Odina speciosa Blume, a genus and species
unknown from the Philippines. For a detailed figure of the
species see Boerlage in Icon. Bogor. 1 (1901) 55, t. 94-96 (as K.
celebicum Engl.).

CELASTRACEAE

235

Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,

December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 7UU).
SEMECARPUS Linnaeus f.
SEMECARPUS CUNEIFORMIS Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 220 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 155; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 276, t. 75.
Semecarpus anacardium Blanco op. cit. 216; 152; 275, non Linn. f. = SEMECARPUS CUNEIFORMIS Blanco (S. perrottetii March.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines and is especially abundant about Manila. There is no
reason to consider that Blanco's Semecarpus anacardium is other
than a mere form of his S. cuneiformis. Both are manifestly
the same as the species later described, from specimens collected
in Manila, as Semecarpus perrottetii March. ; see Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 289. The species is commonly known
as ligas (Tagalog), and to many persons it is a violent contact
poison, the symptoms of poisoning being the same as those
caused by Rhus toxicodendron Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 283).
CELASTRACEAE
CELASTRUS Linnaeus
DIOSMA SERRATA Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 168 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
119; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 213 = CELASTRUS PANICULATA Willd. (C.
polybotrys Turcz.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and Blanco's description agrees entirely with Willdenow's
species to which it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (MerHll: Species Blancoanae No. 3^6).
GYMNOSPORIA Wight & Arnott
Cupania spinosa Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 184 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 204;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 17 = GYMNOSPORlA SPINOSA (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 109 (G. montana F.-VilL, non
Roxb.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines and presents considerable variation in its vegetative
characters; that is, in size and shape of its leaves. The
spines are never very prominent.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (MerHll: Species Blancoanae No. 349).

236

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

HIPPOCRATEACEAE
HIPPOCRATEA Linnaeus
Hippocratea volubilis Blanco Fl. Pilip. (1837) 27 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
20; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 37, non aliorum=? HIPPOCRATEA INDICA Willd.

Blanco's description is apparently that of a Hippocratea, but

does not apply to H. indica Willd., nor to.if. obtusifolia Roxb.,
to which it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar. His statement
that the flowers are in axillary and terminal racemes and that
the fruits are obliquely obcordate does not apply to Hippocratea
indica Willd. nor to any other species known to me at the present
time. Blanco's specific name is invalid, so that the exact status
of the species is unimportant.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 71).
SALACIA Linnaeus
Salacia sinensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 26; ed. 2 (1845) 19; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 36, t. 86, non Gmel. = SALACIA PRINOIDES (Willd.) DC.
Comocladia serrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 30 (sp. nov.) = SA LAC IA
PRINOIDES (Willd.) DC.

There is no doubt whatever but that the plant Blanco described

as Salacia sinensis is a Salacia, but the medicinal properties he
ascribed to it apparently belong with Siphonodon celastrineus
Griff. ; this may account for Blanco's description of the plant
as an "arbolito," rather than as a scandent shrub which it really
is. Comocladia serrata was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to
Salacia oblonga Wall., which is correct as to the genus but certainly wrong as to the species, for Salacia oblonga Wall, is not
known to extend to the Philippines. The species is not included
in the second or in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas.
From the data given by Blanco I have no hesitation in reducing
the species to Salacia prinoides DC, as that species is currently
interpreted.
Illustrative specimen from Malampaya Bay, Palawan, May,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 371).
SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL STATUS
Salacia triplinervis Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 500 (sp.
nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 101.

There is no description and hence the status of the species is

indeterminable. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Connarus monocarpus Linn., but there is no justification of this, as the Linnean
species does not occur in the Philippines.

ICACINACEAE-SAPINDACEAE

237

ICACINACEAE
URANDRA Thwaites
Elaeocarpus ? integrifolius Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 306; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 202, non Lam. = URANDRA LUZONIENSIS Merr.

Blanco's description is short and imperfect, but is sufficiently

definite to indicate that an icacinaceous plant is intended. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced it to Chailletia gelonioides
Hook, f., a species that does not extend to the Philippines and
one to which Blanco's description does not apply. The only
species known to me that at all conforms to his description is
Urandra luzoniensis Merr., which is common in the provinces
near Manila and has the same flowering period as Blanco indicates for Elaeocarpus integrifolius. The name birlag cited by
Blanco, does not appear on any of our material.
Illustrative specimen from Burgos, llocos Norte Province,
Luzon, March, 1917 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 671).
PHYTOCRENE Wallich
Kadsura blancoi Azaola in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 594 (sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 118 = PHYTOCRENE BLANCOI (Azaola) Merr. (P. luzoniensis Baill.).

This species is of rather wide distribution in the Philippines

at low and medium altitudes, but is not abundant. It was
erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Schizandra elongata
Hook. f. & Th. Azaola's description was based on a fruiting
specimen; see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sei. 2 (1907) Bot. 432.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 417).
SAPINDACEAE
CARDIOSPERMUM Linnaeus
CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 312;
ed. 2 (1845) 218; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 44.

The Philippine material and the form described by Blanco are

referable to the variety microcarpum Blume. Throughout the
Philippines in and about towns; certainly an introduced plant.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 264).
ALLOPHYLUS Linnaeus
Aportica penicellata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 291 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
203; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 15 (penicillata) ^ALLOPHYLUS TERNATUS
(Forst.) Radlk.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Allophylus cobbe (L.) Blume, forma villosus Laws., which was correct

238

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

as to the genus, but wrong as to the species; Allophylus cobbe

Blume does not extend to the Philippines. Aportica penicellata
Blanco is unquestionably identical with Allophylus ternatus
(Forst.) Radlk., a common species found near the seashore
throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimens from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
December, 1915; and from Tayabas Province, Luzon, October,
1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 962, 1028).
Aportica ternata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 290, non Forst. = Aporetica
gemella Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 203; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 15, non DC.=
ALLOPHYLUS TIMORENSIS Blume.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Allophylus cobbe Blume,

which is certainly a wrong disposition of it. I previously
thought that it was the same as Allophylus grossedentatus
(Turcz.) Radlk., and so placed it, but Blanco's description does
not conform to this endemic species, but does agree closely with
the characters of the widely distributed Allophylus timorensis
Blume, and I am satisfied that this is the correct disposition of it.
SAPIN DUS Linnaeus
Quassia tricarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 351 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 206;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 94; t. 388, pro majore parte, = SAPINDUS SAPONARIA
Linn, forma MICROCARPA Radlk. (Sapindus turczaninowii Vid.).

This is undoubtedly the species intended by Blanco, but his

description is manifestly based on two different plants. It was
reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cupania pleuropteris Blume=
Guioa pleuropteris Radlk., which is manifestly incorrect, although
Blanco's description in part apparently applies to a species of
Guioa, and probably Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr. [G. perrottetii (Blume) Radlk.]. Radlkofer was certainly correct in
reducing the species to Sapindus saponaria Linn., for Blanco's
description and the notes following the description apply to this
species. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, there known as tiquis-tiquis (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 183).
ERIOGLOSSUM Blume
Sapindus edulis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 201 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
12, non Ait. = ERIOGLOSSUM EDULE (Linn.) Blume (E. rubiginosum

Blume).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines. Blanco described his Sapindus edulis as a new species

SAPINDACEAE

239

independent of Blume's earlier consideration of the same species

under the same name.
Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 and
from Batangas Province, Luzon, April, 1915 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae Nos. 320, 10A2).
OTO PH ORA Blume
Sapindus baccatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 290 (sp. nov.) =Koelreuteria
edulis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 202 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 14,
t. 10=OTOPHORA FRUTICOSA Blume.
Capura pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 264 (sp. nov.) =Capura purpurata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 184 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 328 =
OTOPHORA FRUTICOSA Blume {Otophora nigrescens F.-Vill., Otolepis nigrescens Turcz., Sapindus arborescens Llanos, non Spreng., Otophora paucijuga F.-Vill., non Hiern, Otophora pinnata Merr.).

Sapindus baccatus Blanco (Koelreuteria edulis Blanco, Otophora blancoi Blume) is certainly identical with Otophora fruticosa Blume, for Blanco's description unmistakably applies to
Blume's species. The identity of Capura pinnata Blanco (Capura
purpurata Blanco) with Otophora fruticosa Blume, while reasonably sure, is not as certain as the preceding, unless Blanco erred
in certain observations. Otophora fruticosa Blume is of very
wide distribution in the Philippines and is abundant in many
regions.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 37U).
TRISTIRA Radlkofer
Melicocca triptera Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 203 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2
(1878) 16=TRISTIRA TRIPTERA (Blanco) Radlk. {Zollingeria triptera Rolfe).

Blanco's specimens were from Paraaque, Rizal Province, Luzon, a town immediately south of Manila, but the species has
long since been exterminated in this vicinity. The species was
interpreted by Radlkofer from Cuming 1857, from the Island
of Bohol, in the southern part of the Philippines, several hundred
miles south of Manila, and an island from which Blanco had
no material. The specimens distributed herewith absolutely represent Blanco's species, and even if specifically distinct from
Cuming's specimens, should be taken to typify Tristira triptera
(Blanco) Radlk.; not having specimens of Cuming's plant for
comparison, the question of identity cannot be determined at
this writing.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 539).

240

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
EUPHORIA Commerson

EUPHORIA DIDYMA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 288 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
201; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 10 [E. cinerea (Turcz.) Radlk.].
Euphoria litchi Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 285; ed. 2 (1845) 199; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 8, non Juss. = EUPHORIA DIDYMA Blanco [E. cinerea (Turcz.)
Radlk.].

Euphoria didyma Blanco was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Nephelium glabrum Noronha, and E. litchi
Blanco to Nephelium longana Camb. ; the former does not occur
in the Philippines, while the latter is very rarely cultivated.
Both descriptions manifestly apply to the same species, and both
to the form commonly known as Euphoria cinerea (Turcz.)
Radlk., which is very widely distributed in the Archipelago. In
some regions this is very generally known as guisihan, but by
far its most common native name is alupag.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as alpay (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 7^5).
Euphoria annularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 285 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
199; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 7 = ? EUPHORIA DIDYMA Blanco.

I am not at all certain as to the correct status of this species,

except that it is probably a Euphoria, and if so, then almost
certainly the same as E. didyma Blanco (E. cinerea Radlk.).
The description, in some respects, strongly suggests Guioa perrottetii Radlk., but Euphoria annularis Blanco can scarcely be
a Guioa. Blanco's description is rather indefinite, but the probabilities are very great that it is only a redescription of the
species indicated above. It is certainly not Arytera montana
Blume to which it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, as Ratonia
montana F.-Vill.
CUBILIA Blume
y Euphoria cubili Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 287 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 200;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 10=CUBILIA BLANCOI Blume.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Cubilia rumphii Blume, which is a synonym of C. blancoi, the monotypic
genus Cubilia being known only from the Philippines, Celebes,
and the Moluccas. Blanco's description of Euphoria cubili typifies the genus Cubilia and, following strict priority, cubili should
be taken up as the specific name of the plant. The large seeds are
edible, when boiled or roasted resembling chestnuts in flavor and
consistency. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines,
a sylvan form growing at low and medium altitudes, but is
apparently nowhere abundant.

8APINDACEAE

241

Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,

December, 1914, there known as cubili (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 705).
GUIOA Cavanilles
Sapindus koelreuteria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 289 (sp. nov.) = Koelreuteria
arbrea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 202 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
13 = GUIOA KOELREUTERIA (Blanco) comb. nov. {Guioa perrottetii
(Blume) Radlk.].
Quassia simaruba Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 247; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 94,
non Linn. = GUIOA KOELREUTERIA (Blanco) Merr.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Sapindus koelreuteria Blanco to

Hemigyrosa perrottetii Blume= Guioa perrottetii Radlk., and I
formerly expressed the opinion that the reduction was wrong;
I am now of the opinion, however, that he was correct. I have
accordingly accepted this disposition of Blanco's species and
adopted his specific name, it being much older than the one proposed by Blume. Blanco described the same form under the
name Quassia simaruba (non Linn.), which Fernandez-Villar
erroneously reduced to Cupania glabrata Kurz, a species that
does not extend to the Philippines. Quassia simaruba Blanco
is unquestionably identical with Sapindus koelreuteria Blanco=
Guioa pei'rottetii (Blume) Radlk.=Gmoa. koelreuteria (Blanco)
Merr. The species is very common and widely distributed in
the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 6*4-4).
Sapindus saponaria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 288, non Linn. = SAPINDUS
GUISIAN Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 201 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878)
ll = GUIOA PLEUROPTERIS (Blume) Radlk.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Sapindus rarak DC. (Dittelasma rarak Hook, f.), a species that does not extend to the
Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description does not
a
Pply. I have little hesitation in reducing Blanco's species to
Guioa pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk., a species widely distributed
in the Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description conforms fairly well. I know of no other Philippine sapindaceous
plant that conforms at all with Blanco's description.
ARYTERA Blume
Schmidelia confera Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 217 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 41 = ARYTERA LITORALIS Blume.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Allophylus zeylanica Linn., a species that does not occur in the Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description does not at all apply.
151862

16

242

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

As described with "hojas simples" it is no Arytera, but I am

convinced that the description of the leaves as simple was an
error on Blanco's part; another objection to my identification
is the length of the aril. The description of the fruits, however, is excellent for Arytera: "Dos bayas ovales, pegadas por
la base, y despues algo divergentes, comprimidas, con semillas
solitarias, cubiertas con un arilo carnoso hasta el tercio de su
largo * * * se abren a lo largo por la parte exterior, y
estn pegadas hasta su mitad en donde se hallan los dos estilos
muy cortos." Arytera litoralis Bl. is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 861).
LEPIDOPETALUM Blume
Molinaea arbrea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 292 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 204;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 18 = LEPID0PETALUM PERROTTETII (Canibess.)
Blume (Cupania ? richii A. Gray, Lachnopetalum glabrum Turcz.,
Ratonia lachnopetala Turcz.).

Blanco's Molinaea arbrea was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Hemigyrosa canescens Thw., a species that does not extend to
the Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description does not
apply. In my previous consideration of Blanco's species I erroneously referred it to Guioa perrottetii Radlk., chiefly for the
reason that the native name salab, cited by Blanco, properly
belongs to G. perrottetii Radlk. However, Blanco's description
does not apply to Radlkofer's species, but does apply to Lepidopetalum perrottetii Blume. Again Guioa perrottetii does not occur
in Paraaque, while Lepidopetalum perrottetii is abundant along
tidal streams in Paraaque; its young leaves are notably red,
as indicated by Blanco. In the provinces near Manila it flowers
in January and February, and the inflorescences are borne on the
branches among and below the leaves.
Illustrative specimens from Paraaque (one of the localities
cited by Blanco sub. Molinaea arbrea), Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 650) ; Batangas
Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 876).
DODONAEA Linnaeus
Dodonaea angustifolia Linn, f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 312; ed. 2 (1845)
217; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 40 = DODONAEA VISCOSA (Linn.) Jacq.

The plant that Blanco described is manifestly one of the forms

of this widely distributed species. It is widely distributed in
the Archipelago, especially along the seashore, but extends inland

BALSAMINACEAE-RHAMNACEAE

243

in some regions, growing at considerable altitudes on the mountains in northern Luzon.

Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, March,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 601).
HARPULLIA Roxburgh
Ptelea arbrea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 63 (sp. nov.) =Seringia lanceolata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 45 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 85=
HARPULLIA ARBREA (Blanco) Radlk. (H. cupanioides F.-Vill., non
Roxb.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and as indicated by Blanco, the bark is used to stupefy
fish. It is commonly known as puas. Blancoa arbrea Blume
is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 339).
BALSAMINACEAE
IMPATIENS Linnaeus
} Impatiens triflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 636; ed. 2 (1845) 443; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 32, t. 4H, non Linn.= IMPATIENS BALSAMINA Linn.

This species is commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes

throughout the Philippines, and is generally known to the Tagalogs as camantigui.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 591).
RHAMNACEAE
VENT I LAGO Gaertner
Enrila dichotoma Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 709 (gen. et sp. nov.) =Ventilago monoica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 124 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1
(1877) 223 = VENTILAGO DICHOTOMA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 32, excl. syn. V. luzoniensis Vid. (V. maderaspatana F.-Vill., non Gaertn., Kurrimia gracilis Vid., Ventilago gracilis Merr. & Rolfe).

For a discussion of the synonymy see Merrill in Philip. Journ.

Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 287. The material issued in the illustrative
set is not exactly like the specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon,
the type locality of the species, but does not appear to differ specifically. In case two species are represented, Blanco's species
should be interpreted by Vidal 1122, For. Bur. 3073 Ahern's
collector, Bur. Sei. 3303 Ramos, and Loher A685, 686, rather
than by the Palawan specimens.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 633).

244

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
ZI2YPHUS Jussieu

Rhamnus talanai Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 171 (sp. nov.) =Zizyphus latifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 121 (zicyphus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 217
non Roxb.=ZIZYPHUS TALANAI (Blanco) comb. nov.
Rhamnus zonulatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 172 = Zizyphus zonulata Blanco
op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 120 (Zicyphus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 215=ZIZYPHUS
TALANAI (Blanco) Merr. (Z. arbrea Merr.).

Both of Blanco's descriptions manifestly apply to the same

species, and Rhamnus talanai Blanco has page priority. The
form that I described as Zizyphus arbrea is the same and must
be reduced. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced the former
to Zizyphus oenoplia Mill, and the latter to Z. xylopyrus Willd.,
both manifestly erroneous reductions. The species is widely
distributed in the Philippines, the leaves varying from entirely
glabrous to rather prominently pubescent. As to Rhamnus talanai Blanco, his description, while short, applies unmistakably
to the form as here interpreted and to no other known Philippine representative of the genus. Blanco's specimens were from
San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon, a region thoroughly well
known botanically; the Tagalog name talanai, cited by Blanco,
seems to be no longer in use.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Men-ill: Species Blancoanae No. 12).
Rhamnus jujuba Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 172=ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA
Lam.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 120, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 215, t. 57.

This species is occasional in cultivation at low altitudes in the

Philippines; certainly introduced after the Spanish occupation
of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 356).
Rhamnus zizyphus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 170, non Linn.=Zizyphus lotus
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 121 (Zicyphus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 216, t. JtSS,
non Lam. = ZIZYPHUS TRINERVIA (Cav.) Poir. (Z. exserta DC).

The species is very common and widely distributed at low altitudes in Luzon; it is universally known in the Tagalog provinces as duclap. Zizyphus exserta was a new name proposed
by de Candolle for Z. trinervia Poir., but Poiret's name is valid.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 3A8).
Rhamnus dalanta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 171 (sp. nov.) =Zizyphus
dalanta Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 121 (Zicyphus) (comb, nov.), ed.
3, 1 (1877) 217=? ZIZYPHUS sp.

A species of uncertain status, but probably a Zizyphus, and

perhaps identical with Zizyphus talanai (Blanco) Merr. The

VITACEAE

245

description is very short and consists only of the statement

that the trunk is without spines, the leaves alternate, obliquely
ovate, 7-nerved, obtusely serrate, that it was from Bonbonon,
Negros, was there known as dalanta, and that the fruits were
edible. Inquiries made of local officials in Bonbonon elicited
the information that the name dalanta was unknown to them.
My only reason for not definitely reducing the species to Zizyphus
talanai is that Blanco describes the leaves as 7-nerved, a character that applies to no known Philippine representative of
the genus.
COLUBRINA Brongniart
Rhamnus carolinianus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 169; ed. 2 (1845) 119; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 214, non Walt. = COLUBRINA ASITICA (Linn.) L. C.
Rich.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, by error,

to Rhamnus wightii W. & A., a species that does not occur in
the Philippines. The description, habitat, and the Tagalog name
cabatiti, given by Blanco, all agree with Colubrina asitica L. C.
Rich., which is common and widely distributed along the seashore
throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 35).
GOUANIA Linnaeus
Gouania domingensis Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 196; ed. 2 (1845) 138 {Govania); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 248, non Linn.= GOUANIA MICROCARPA
DC.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes. Blanco's species has been reduced to
Gouania leptostachya DC. by Fernandez-Villar, but the common
Luzon form appears to me to be G. microcarpa rather than
G. leptostachya, a conclusion also reached by Vidal.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 250).
VITACEAE
CISSUS Linnaeus
CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 72; ed. 2
(1845) 52; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 97.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is of very local occurrence in the Philippines and apparently
thrives only in those provinces subject to a prolonged dry season.
It occurs only in the settled areas and is manifestly a purposely
introduced plant in the Philippines.

246

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 804).
Cissus simplex Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 72 (sp. nov.) z=Cissus latifolia
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 52; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 96, non Lam. = CISSUS
PYRRHODASYS Miq.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Vitis adnata

Wall., which is correct as Vitis (Cissus) adnata Wall, has been
interpreted by many authors. However, it is apparent that
Vitis adnata Wall., as generally interpreted, is a collective
species. It seems probable that this rather widely distributed
Philippine form is really Cissus aristata Blume [C. assamica
Craib, var. pilosissima Gagnep. in Not. Syst. 1 (1911) 353], and
Blume's name is much the older ; it is at least the form described
by Miquel as Cissus pyrrhodasys Miq.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 797).
Cissus vesicatoria Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 50 (vexicatorus)
nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 94, t. 318=C\SS\JS REPENS Lam.

(sp.

I have followed Fernandez-Villar in the reduction and can

give no evidence for or against the correctness of the reference.
Blanco gives no description whatever, so that his name is a
nomen nudum. His entire data consists only of the following:
"Cissus vexicatorus. Enredadera de cuyas hojas usan los indios
para custicos.P. Pirapit angin."
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 334).
COLUMELLA Loureiro
(Cayratia Jussieu)
J Cissus rubescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 71 (sp. nov.) = Cissus alata (?)
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 51; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 95, non Jacq. = COLUMELLA GENICULATA (Blume) Merr. (Cissus geniculata Blume,
Cayratia geniculata Gagnep.).

Blanco's description in general applies to Blume's species and

to no other known Philippine form. The illustrative specimens
have broad leaflets that cannot be described as "lanceolate" as
Blanco indicates for his species, but other Philippine material
representing apparently the same species has leaflets that approach lanceolate in outline. The fruits are globose, very soft
and fleshy, and pale-pink in color.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 72).

VITACEAE

247

Cissus acida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 69; ed. 2 (1845) 50; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
94, t. U% non Linn. = COLUMELLA TRI FOLIA (L.) Merr. (Cissus
carnosa Lam., Cissis trifolia K. Sen., Cayratia carnosa Gagnep.).

This species presents considerable variation in the size of

its leaflets and in the character of its indumentum, varying from
practically glabrous to distinctly pubescent. It is common and
widely distributed in the settled areas in the Philippines, but
is not a sylvan species. Gagnepain is certainly correct in his
segregation of Cayratia as a genus distinct from Cissus, but the
oldest generic name for the group is Columella Lour. (1790),
which will have to be taken up unless it is excluded by some
future list of generic nomina conservanda.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
August, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 296).
TETRASTIGMA Planchn
Cissus pedata Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 71; ed. 2 (1845) 52; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
96, t. 398, non Lam.=TETRASTIGMA HARMANDII Planch.

This species is common and widely distributed in central Luzon

at low altitudes, the fruits edible.
It has erroneously been
referred to Tetrastigma lanceolarium Roxb.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913,
here known as ayo (Tagalog) {Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 326).
LEEA Linnaeus
Aquilicia sambucina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 178, non Linn. = Leea sambucina Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 126; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 226, t. 60, non
Willd. = LEEA MANILLENSIS Walp. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. 19
(1843) Suppl. 1: 314.

This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon at

low and medium altitudes, growing in thickets on open slopes,
etc. The form Blanco described was reduced by FernandezVillar to Leea rubra Blume, but Walpers's species is apparently
distinct from that described by Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Baiangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914, there known as caliantang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 587).
Ticorea aculeata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 85 (sp. nov.)=Leea aculeata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 127 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 227, t.
306 (as L. biserrata Miq.) = LEEA ACULEATA Blume.

Blanco transferred his Ticorea aculeata to Leea as Leea aculeata Blanco without reference to the earlier Leea aculeata Blume.
The forms described by Blanco and by Blume under the same
specific name are apparently identical. The species is widely

248

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

distributed in the Philippines and is characterized by having

small scattered spines on the trunk and branches, but with very
few or no spines on the ultimate branchlets.
Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 638) ; Arayat, Pampanga
Province, Luzon, (a topotype) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
686).
ELAEOCARPACEAE
ELAEOCARPUS Linnaeus
Vallea calomala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 439 (sp. nov.) =Aceratium calo
mala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 306 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
204 = ELAEOCARPUS CALOMALA (Blanco) Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 43 (E. isotrichus F.-Vill., E. philippinensis Warb.,
Monocera isotricha Turcz.).

A species of wide distribution at low and medium altitudes in

Luzon and Mindoro. By some authors it has been referred to
Elaeocarpus ohlongus Gaertn.; the status of Gaertner's species
is very uncertain.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 276).
ELAEOCARPUS SYLVESTRIS Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 306; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 203.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Elaeocarpus ohlongus

Gaertn., a species not definitely known from the Philippines,
and one to which Blanco's description does not at all apply.
His specimens were from Cebu, the tree there known as cabalte
or cabilte, and his description unmistakably applies to Elaeocarpus. The description is too imperfect to warrant an identification of the species from it alone, and no species of the genus
in our herbarium bears the native name cited by Blanco. The
petals are divided into about twelve fimbriae, the stamens are
about twelve in number, awned, and the fruit is described as
being smaller than a pea. The clue to the identity of this species
is in the native name, or in more comprehensive collections of
Elaeocarpus from Cebu than we possess at the present time.
TILIACEAE
BERRIA Roxburgh
Triopteris polyandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 380 (poliandra) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 268; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 133 = BERRIA AMMONILLA Roxb.

This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar, but in my previous consideration of Blanco's species I doubted the correctness
of it, stating that Fernandez- Villar 's reduction was "certainly

TILIACEAE

249

an error, as Blanco's description does not apply to that species

[Berria ammonilla Roxb.]." I am now of the opinion that F.Villar was correct unless one wishes to segregate the Philippine
form from the Indo-Malayan one as a distinct species, which is
hardly practicable. The Philippine form has been described by
Turczaninow as Hexagonotheca cordata. The species is of very
local occurrence in Luzon, in Batangas, Union, Zambales, and
Bataan Provinces, Blanco's data extending the range to Bulacan.
The Tagalog name pacpac balang means "locust's wings," apparently selected with reference to the fruit characters ; attempts
to locate the tree under the above native name resulted in the
bringing in of Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.
Illustrative specimen from young trees cultivated in Manila,
Luzon, January, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 816).
CORCHORUS Linnaeus
Corchorus catharticus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 442 (sp. nov.) = CORCHORUS OLITORIUS Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 308; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 207.

The species Blanco described as new, Corchorus catharticus,

in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, he correctly reduced
to the Linnean C. olitorius in the second edition. The species
is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas. It occurs as a weed in waste places,
open wet lands, banks or rice paddies, etc., but is not cultivated
or if cultivated then on a very small scale.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 388).
CORCHORUS CAPSULARIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 442; ed. 2
(1845) 308; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 206.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, occurring as a weed in waste places,
on the banks of rice paddies, etc. It is not cultivated on a commercial scale in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 387).
Corchorus aestuans Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 441 (sp. nov.) ^CORCHORUS
ACUTANGULUS Lam.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 308; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 206, t. Hl.

This species is common and widely distributed in the settled

areas of the Philippines at low altitudes; a weed, certainly
introduced.

250

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913

{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 225).
TRICHOSPERMUM Blume
Eroteum lanigerum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 440 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
307; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 205 = TRICHOSPERMUM LANIGERUM (Blanco)
comb. nov. (Trichospermum trivalve Merr.).

Fernandez-Villar made no attempt to reduce this species, but

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Trichospermum
trivalve Merr., and I have no hesitation in adopting Blanco's
specific name for this species. Eroteum lanigerum Blanco is
not included in Index Kewensis.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, October,
1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1032).
GREWIA Linnaeus
> Mallococca parva Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 443 (sp. nov.) =Grewia mallococca Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 310; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 209, non
Linn. f. = GREWIA MULTIFLORA Juss.

This species is very common and widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines, its most common Tagalog name being
danglin as cited by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5U7).
Mallococca crenata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 442 (sp. nov.), non Forst. =
Grewia ? multlflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 309; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
209, non Juss. = GREWIA ACUMINATA Juss. (G. umbellata Roxb.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes. The Philippine form seems to be identical with the Malayan Grewia acuminata Juss.
Illustrative specimen from Union Province, Luzon, June, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4).
Helianthemum triflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 309 (sp. nov.); ed.
3, 2 (1878) 208 (non Grewia triflora Walp.) =GREWIA STYLOCARPA
Warb, in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 104.

Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Archytaea vahlii Choisy=Archytaea alternifolia (Vahl)
Hochr., of the Theaceae, but Blanco's description does not at
all agree with this species, and moreover no representative of
Archytaea is known from the Philippines. Grewia stylocarpa
Warb, is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines
at low and medium altitudes, and Blanco's description applies
to it. It has very many recorded native names, but the nearest
approach to iring, as cited by Blanco, is camiring.

MALVACEAE

251

Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,

Luzon, March, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 864).
GREWIA SERRATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 444 (sp. nov.) ^Columbia
serratifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 427; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 412, non
DC. (Grewia ovata Merr.!).

The form that Blanco described as Grewia serrata is unquestionably identical with the one described by me in the year 1912 as
Grewia ovata, and Blanco's name should be retained for it. He
erroneously reduced his species to Columbia serratifolia DC. in
the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas, but it has nothing to
do with the latter. His material was from Tala, Bulacan Province, Luzon, and his description conforms exactly with the characters of Grewia ovata Merr. Fernandez-Villar erroneously
reduced it to Grewia columnaris Sm., a species not known from
the Philippines, while I previously thought that it might be the
same as G. multiflora Juss.
COLUMBIA Persoon
Columbia anilao Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 654 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 426;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 412, t. 272 = COLUMBIA SERRATIFOLIA (Cav.) DC.
(C. americana Pers., Colona serratifolia Cav.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines and is commonly known as anilao, a name which is also
applied to other species of the genus and to some species of
Gretvia.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 566).
TRIUMFETTA Linnaeus
Triumfetta semitriloba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 406; ed. 2 (1845) 283; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 161, non Linn. = TRIUMFETTA BARTRAMIA Linn. (T.
rhomboidea Jacq.).

This species is common and widely distributed at low altitudes

in the Philippines, as an introduced weed. Blanco's description
manifestly applies to this species, which is much more abundant
in the Philippines than is true Triumfetta semitriloba Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 271).
MALVACEAE
ABUTILN Gaertner
Sida indica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 547; ed. 2 (1845) 383; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 339, t. 57=ABUTILON INDICUM (Linn.) Sweet.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip-

252

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

pines in and about towns and in the settled areas generally; it

is certainly an introduced species in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 361).
MALVASTRUM A. Gray
Malva coromandelina Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 551= Malva luzonica
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 385 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 343,
t.251 = MALVASTRUM COROMANDELINUM (L.) Garcke (M. tricuspidatum A. Gray).

This pantropic weed, undoubtedly of American origin, is very

common in and about towns in the Philippines. The original
Malva coromandelina Linn, includes the present species and
Sida acuta, but the first reference given by Linnaeus is manifestly the Malvastrum and not the Sida; see Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 240.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 451).
ALTHAEA Linnaeus
Althaea sinensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 552, non Cav.=ALTHAEA ROSEA
Cav.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 386; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 345.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to the common

hollyhock, which he first placed under Althaea sinensis Cav.,
but later referred to A. rosea Cav., its proper name. He saw
only cultivated specimens in northern Luzon. The species is
apparently no longer cultivated in the Philippines or, if so, then
very rarely.
SIDA Linnaeus
Sida truncatula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 548, non J. F. Gmel. = Sida philippica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 383; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 340, non DC.=
SIDA RETUSA Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed at low and

medium altitudes in the settled areas of the Philippines. It is
certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Sida rhombifolia Linn. var. retusa
Mast., but I consider Sida rhombifolia and S. retusa to be specifically distinct. Sida philippica DC. is an exact synonym for
S. rhombifolia Linn., but Blanco's description is unmistakably
Sida retusa Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 123).
Sida semicrenata Link; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 384; ed. 3, 2 (1879)
341, t. U8=zS\DA RHOMBIFOLIA L.

This species, certainly an introduced one in the Philippines,

MALVACEAE

253

is found in and about towns throughout the settled areas in the

Archipelago. The form described by Blanco as S. semicrenata,
whether or not quite the same as Link's species I cannot determine, is exactly the form described by de Candolle as Sida philippica. I take it to be very typical Sida rhombifolia Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 450).
Sida lanceolata Retz.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 548 = Sida frutescens Cav.;
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 384; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 341, t. 366 = S\DA
ACUTA Burm. f.

Blanco correctly interpreted both Sida lanceolata Retz, in the

first edition and Sida frutescens Cav. in the second edition of
his Flora de Filipinas, but Burman's name is much the older,
dating from 1768; Sida carpinifolia Linn. f. (1781) is a synonym.
It is very common in waste places in and about towns throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is certainly
not a native of the Archipelago but an introduced weed. There
is no indication that Blanco intended his Sida lanceolata as
Retzius's species, but this is presumably the case as he likewise
does not indicate it as a new species.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 457).
MALACHRA Linnaeus
Napaea latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 387 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 346, t. 295 = MALACHRA CAPITATA Linn.

A common and widely distributed weed in the Philippines,

occurring in the settled areas at low altitudes. Introduced from
Mexico at an early date.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 351).
Napaea scabra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 553; ed. 2 (1845) 386; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 346, non Linn. = MALACH RA FASCIATA Jacq. (M. lineariloba Turcz., type from the Philippines, Malachra fasciata Jacq., var.
lineariloba Gurke).

Common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in the settled areas, introduced from Mexico at an early
date.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 270).
URENA Linnaeus
Urena multifida Cav.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 540; ed. 2 (1845) 378; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 332, t. 2U3 URENA LOBATA Linn.

Blanco's description applies to the forms that have been

254

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

described as Urena lobata Linn, and as Urena simmta Linn.,

which are, I believe, not specifically distinct. Gagnepain is
apparently correct in reducing the latter to the former as a
variety for all intergrading forms are found; see Lecomte Fl.
Gn. Indochine 1 (1910) 414. Both typical Urena lobata Linn,
and typical Urena sinuata Linn, are common in the Philippines,
widely distributed at low altitudes in the settled areas, both
certainly introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (form approaching Urena sinuata Linn.) {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4SI).
HIBISCUS Linnaeus
Hibiscus bifurcatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 545, ed. 2 (1845) 380; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 334, t. SU7, non Cav. = HIBISCUS SURATTENSIS Linn.

This species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is probably an
introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 670).
HIBISCUS TILIACEUS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 541; ed. 2, (1845)
379; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 332, t. 21%.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines. It is
commonly known as balibago and malibago.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 399).
HIBISCUS MUTABILIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 546, ed. 2 (1845)
381; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 336, i. 175.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is found in the Philippines only in cultivation and is universally
known as mapola.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 247).
HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 543; ed. 2
(1845) 379; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 333, t. 270.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is found in the Philippines only in cultivation, its common
Tagalog name being gmamela.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 246).
ABELMOSCHUS Medicus
Hibiscus abelmoschus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 545; ed. 2 (1845)
380; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 335, t. 25 = ABELMOSCHUS MOSCHATUS Medic.

MALVACEAE

255

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes in waste places, open damp lands in and about towns,
etc. It is probably not a native of the Archipelago and was
introduced in the prehistoric period.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913,
here known as castoli (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 327).
KOSTELETZKYA Presl
Hibiscus batacensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 544 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
380; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 334= KOSTELETZKYA BATACENSIS (Blanco)
F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 24.

This species is of very local occurrence in Luzon, and has all

the appearance of an introduced weed. It was described by
Blanco from Batac, llocos Norte Province, has been collected
once in llocos Sur by Mearns, and once in Pasay, Rizal Province,
Luzon, a town bordering the City of Manila to the south. A
duplicate of Mearns's specimen was sent to Kew, and was reported as not matching any named species in the Kew Herbarium.
The species, then, is apparently known only from the Philippines, yet I am of the opinion that it is not a native of the
Archipelago, but that it was accidentally introduced from
Mexico, probably from Acapulco, through the medium of the
Acapulco-Manila galleons.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 877).
THESPESIA Correa
Hibiscus populneus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 544=:THESPESIA
POPULNEA (Linn.) Corr.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 381; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 337, t. 27.
Thespesia balo Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 382 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1879) 338, t. 26S = THESPESIA POPULNEA (Linn.) Corr.

After a careful examination of a very full series of Philippine

specimens I can recognize but a single species here; FernandezVillar, however, reduced Thespesia balo Blanco to T. macrophylla Blume, but following Blume's differential diagnoses of
T. populnea and T. macrophylla Blanco's T. banalo is the same
as T. populnea, as Blanco described his species as having sevennerved leaves and long pedicels. There are two forms in the
Philippines, one with pedicels about as long as the petioles,
and one with much shorter pedicels, but I am not convinced
that two species are represented. Along the seashore throughout the Philippines. It is commonly known as banago or banalo.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 33).

256

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Thespesia sublobata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 382 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 338, t. 355 = THESPESIA LAMPAS (Cav.) Dalz. & Gib.

This species is not uncommon in the Philippines and is widely

distributed. It has all the appearance of being an introduced
plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 561).
GOSSYPIUM Linnaeus
Gossypium herbaceum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 534; ed. 2 (1845) 374; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 329, non Linn. = GOSSYPIUM PUNCTATUM Sch. & Thon.

The species Blanco described was interpreted by FernandezVillar as Gossypium herbaceum Linn., but material of the commonly cultivated form in Batangas shows that this cotton is
not the Linnean species, but that it falls in the third section of
the genus as defined by Watt, fuzzy-seeded cottons with free
bracteoles [The Wild and Cultivated Cotton Plants of the
World (1907) 163] and is G. punctatum Sch. & Thon, or perhaps
a form of G. hirsutum Linn. The form distributed herewith is
certainly Blanco's Gossypium herbaceum, as it is the common
type cultivated in Batangas, whence Blanco secured his specimens, and agrees with his description.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915, there known as bulac (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 761).
Gossypium perenne Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 537 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
376; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 330 = GOSSYPIUM ARBOREUM Linn.

This species, as described by Blanco, is apparently the same

as Gossypium arboreum Linn., although the Linnean species
does not appear in our rather extensive Philippine collections,
and if it still occurs in the Archipelago, then it must be very
rare and local. Blanco definitely states that it was in former
times commonly cultivated, but that its cultivation was being
abandoned on account of the small yield of fiber. The reduction
to Gossypium arboreum Linn, was made by Fernandez-Villar.
The form described in the paragraph following Gossypium
perenne Blanco under the name "fernambuco" is Gossypium
brasiliense Macf.
GOSSYPIUM PANICULATUM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 539 (sp. nov.); ed.
2 (1845) 378; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 331.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Gossypium

barbadense Linn., but specimens of the cotton commonly cultivated in the Ilocano provinces of Luzon, that agree perfectly
with Blanco's original description, show that Gossypium pani-

BOMBACACEAE-STERCULIACEAE

257

culatum Blanco has little in common with G. barbadense Linn.

As the various species of Gossypium are interpreted by Watt,
Gossypium paniculatum Blanco seems to be a distinct form, and
one worthy of specific rank ; see C. B. Robinson in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 6 (1911) Bot. 343.
Illustrative specimen from Tagudin, Amburayan Subprovmce
(formerly a part of llocos Sur), comm. Father M. Vanoverbergh,
February, 1916, locally known to the Ilocanos as capas, and to
the Igorots as castil, (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 980).
BOMBACACEAE
BOMBAX Linnaeus
7 Melaleuca grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 615 (sp. nov.) = BOMBAX
CEIBA Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 372; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 324,
t. 226.

Apparently Blanco correctly interpreted Bombax ceiba Linn,

in the second edition of his Flora de Filipinas, the same plant
being described in the first edition as a new species, Melaleuca
grandiflora. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 843).
CEIBA Gaertner
Bombax pentandrum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 531; ed. 2 (1845) 371;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 324, i. ^S = CEIBA PENTANDRA (Linn.) Gaertn.
(Eriodendron anfractuosum A. DC.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, but usually (? always) planted only. It is certainly not
a native of the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 253).
STERCULIACEAE
PENTAPETES Linnaeus
Pentapetes coccnea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 529 (sp. nov.) =Pentapetes
cebuana Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 369 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879)
319, t. 2S5=PENTAPETES PHOENICEA Linn.

This species is of local occurrence in open, rather wet grasslands, and is of wide distribution in the Archipelago; certainly
introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 3U2).
151862

17

258

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
MELOCHIA Linnaeus

j/ Hypericum pentandrum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 614 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
430; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 417 = MELOCHIA UMBELLATA (Houtt.) Stapf.
Melochia arbrea Blanco op. cit. 524 (sp. nov.); 365; 311, t. 189 MELOCHIA UMBELLATA (Houtt.) Stapf.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, being one of the characteristic shrubs and small trees that quickly appear in recently
cleared land that has been allowed to revert from cultivation.
There is no doubt whatever but that both Hypericum pentandrum
Blanco and Melochia arbrea Blanco are the same species. The
synonymy of the species is complicated, and I have previously
made an attempt to clear it up; see Philip. Journ. Sei. 9 (1914)
Bot. 315.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon,
June, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing {Merrill: Species Blancoanae

No. WX.
Melochia supina Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 524; ed. 2 (1845) 365; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 310 = MELOCHIA CONCATEN ATA Linn. (M. corchorifolia Linn.).
Geruma subtriloba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 182 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
130; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 232= MELOCHIA CONCATEN ATA Linn. (M.
corchorifolia Linn.).

Melochia supina Linn, was correctly interpreted by Blanco,

but it is a synonym of M. concatenata Linn., which has page
priority over both M. corchorifolia Linn, and M. supina Linn.
The same form was otherwise described by Blanco as a new
species, Geruma subtriloba Blanco, which was correctly reduced
by Fernandez-Villar. It is very common and widely distributed
in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 325).
WALTHERIA Linnaeus
WALTHERIA AMERICANA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 523; ed. 2
(1845) 364; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 309.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

Waltheria indica Linn, is a synonym and is the name used by
most authors for the species; however, Waltheria americana
Linn, has priority and should be retained. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring as a
weed in the open country of the settled areas at low and medium
altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 156).

STERCULIACEAE

259

COMMERSONIA Forster
Coinmersonia echinata Forst.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 160; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 287 = COMMERSONIA BARTRAMIA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 362.

I am now of the opinion that the Philippine form is the same

as the Polynesian one and that Blanco correctly interpreted
Forster's species. Most of our material, however, has been
referred to C. platyphylla Andr., which I do not consider to
be specifically distinct from C. echinata Forst.=C. bartramia
(Linn.) Merr. Common and widely distributed in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 576).
ABROMA Jacquin
Ambroma communis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 606 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
423; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 404, t. U25 bis = ABROMA FASTUOSA Jacq.
Ambroma aiata Blanco op. cit. 605 (sp. nov.); 422; 404 = ABROMA FASTUOSA Jacq.

Abroma fastuosa Jacq. (Ambroma augusta Linn., f.) is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and the very
pubescent local form has been described by Presl as Abroma
obliqua Presl, this form probably being identical with A. mollis
DC. From the abundant Philippine and Indo-Malayan specimens available for comparison, I do not now see how more than
one species can be distinguished in the Philippine material.
Ambroma communis Blanco is manifestly identical with A.
augusta Jacq., while A. alata Blanco is apparently merely a form
of the same species. The distinguishing character that Blanco
gives for the latter is in the leaf description ; namely, "dos alas
apareadas que siguen el curso de las venas." Ambroma alata
Blanco was retained as a distinct species by Fernandez-Villar.
Illustrative specimens from Bauang, Batangas Province,
Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 806) ;
Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. W. Foxworthy,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 808).
THEO BROM A Linnaeus
THEOBROMA CACAO Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 601; ed. 2 (1845)
419; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 403, t. 275.

This was introduced into the Philippines in 1663 from Mexico,

through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons ; it is cultivated in all parts of the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Silanga, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 579).

260

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
PTEROSPERMUM Schreber

Pterospermum hastatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 528 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 367; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 317, t. iS2=PTEROSPERMUM DIVERSI FOLIUM Blume Bijdr. (1825) 88.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. On young plants and
saplings the leaves are usually deeply palmately lobed. Generally known as bayog by the Tagalogs.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 533).
PTEROSPERMUM OBUQUUM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 529 (sp. nov.) =
Pterospermum semisagittatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 368; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 318, t. J56, non Ham.

Blanco erred in reducing his Pterospermum obliquum to P.

semisagittatum Ham., as the latter species does not extend to
the Philippines. Exact synonyms of Pterospermum obliquum
Blanco are Sczegleeivia involucrata Turcz. (1858), and Pterospermum sczegleewia Turcz. (1863). From Blanco's description,
"Hojas * * * blancas * * * por debajo," it is probable
that he also included the form later described as Pterospermum
niveum by Vidal, a species, however, quite distinct from Pterospermum obliquum Blanco as here interpreted.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, December,
1912 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 286).
HELICTERES Linnaeus
Dombeya decanthera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 349, non Cav. = Dombeya
biserrata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 244 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
90, t. 91 = HELICTERES HIRSUTA Lour. (H. spicata Colebr.).
Mimusops talosan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 284 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
198; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 6 = HELICTERES HIRSUTA Lour.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Mimusops talosan Blanco to Helicteres spicata Colebr. var. lanigera Mast., but H. spicata Colebr.
is the same as H. hirsuta Lour. This is certainly the correct
disposition of Mimusops talosan Blanco. It is very curious
that Blanco should have interpreted as a Mimusops a species
so entirely unrelated to that genus. Dombeya decanthera Blanco
is manifestly the same as Mimusops talosan Blanco. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, April, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 577).
KLEINHOV1A Linnaeus
KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 652; ed. 2 (1845)
455; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 57, t. 328.

STERCULIACEAE

261

Kleinhovia serrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 653 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
456; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 58=KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA Linn.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the Archipelago at low
altitudes, and it is especially characteristic of recently cleared
areas that are reverting to a forested condition. Tanag is its
most universally used native name. Fernandez-Villar did not
attempt to reduce Kleinhovia serrata. Blanco's description is
very short, but he states that it was scarcely to be distinguished
from Kleinhovia hospita Linn. His specimens were from Pasig.
The pubescent form of Kleinhovia hospita still occurs in Pasig,
but is no longer common. The only possible objection to this
reduction of Blanco's species is his description of the leaves as
serrate; young leaves are sometimes very obscurely 3-lobed.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
August, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 291).
STEROL) LI A Linnaeus
STERCULIA FOETIDA Linn.; Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 763; ed. 2 (1845)
524; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 162, t. 134.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is commonly known as calumpang.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 317).
Sterculia balanghas Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 765; ed. 2 (1845) 525; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 165, non Linn. = ST ERC ULI A CUNEATA R. Br.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes, presenting considerable variation especially in vegetative characters.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, here known as malabonot (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 237).
Sterculia alata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 525; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 165,
t. 401, non Roxb. = STERCULIA BLANCOI Rolfe.

This species is widely distributed in the northern and central

Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted Roxburgh's species,
but the Philippine form is quite different from that described
by Roxburgh.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
741).

262

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Sterculia cordifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 764 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
525; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 163, non Cav. = STERCULIA PHILIPPINENSIS
Merr.

Sterculia philippinensis Merr. is merely a new name for Sterculia cordifolia Blanco, non Cav. Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Sterculia urens Roxb., one
that does not extend to the Philippines. Sterculia philippinensis
Merr. is a sufficiently characteristic species of wide distribution
in the northern and central Philippines.
PTEROCYMBIUM R. Brown
Heritiera tinctoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 653 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
456; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 59 = PTEROCYMBIUM TINCTORIUM (Blanco)
Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 24.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is very generally known to the Tagalogs as taloto or teluto. Blanco's species was reduced by
Fernandez-Villar to the very closely allied Pterocymbium javanicum R. Br., but even if the Philippine form is specifically
identical with the Javan one, Blanco's specific name is the older.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 870).
HERITIERA Dryander
Helicteres aptala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 383, non Jacq. = Sterculia
cymbiformis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 526 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
167, t. 3^ = HERITIERA LITTORALIS Dry.

The species that Blanco first erroneously referred to Jacquin's

Helicteres aptala he later described as a new species, Sterculia
cymbiformis. The species is common and is found along the
seashore throughout the Philippines. It is widely known as
dungon late or merely as dungon, although the latter name properly belongs to Tarrietia sylvatica Merr.
illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914, comm.
L. J. Reyes (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 621).
DILLENIACEAE
TETRACERA Linnaeus
Delima spera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 429 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 299;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 191, t. iSO=TETRACERA VOLUBILIS (Linn.) Merr.
Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 367 [Tetracera sarmentosa (Linn.)
Vahl, Delima sarmentosa Linn.].
Tetracera monocarpa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 459 (sp. nov.) =Tetracera
sarmentosa Vahl; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 320, ed. 3, 2 (1878)
227 = TETRACERA VOLUBILIS (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb.
(1917) 367.

OCHNACEAE

263

There seems to be but the single species represented, although

Fernandez-Villar reduced Tetracera monocarpa Blanco to Tetraocera macrophylla Wall. (T. macrocarpa Wall.), a species that

does not extend to the Philippines. As to a name for the Philippine form, the oldest is Delima frangulifolia Presl, a species
identical with those of Blanco enumerated above. The species
is of very wide distribution in the Philippines and is widely
known under its Tagalog name malacatmon.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 369).
DILLEN1A Linnaeus
Dillenia indica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 472, non Linn. = DiIlenia specosa
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 329; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 244, t. 199, non
Thunb. = DILLENIA PHILIPPINENSIS Rolfe.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, being universally known
as catmon.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 598).
SAU RAU IA Willdenow
Gordonia polyspermia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 549 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
384 (polisperma) ; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 342 = SAURAUIA POLYSPERMA
(Blanco) comb. nov. (Saurauia subglabra Merr.).

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Homalium foetidum Benth.,

of the Flacourtiaceae, but this species does not occur in the
Philippines, while moreover Blanco's description does not conform at all with the characters of Homalium. Almost word
for word the description conforms with the characters of
Saurauia subglabra Merr., a species that is locally abundant in
the regions from which Blanco secured most of his botanical
material. Among the numerous species of Saurauia now known
from the Philippines, S. subglabra Merr. best conforms with
Blanco's description, and I have no hesitation in adopting Blanco's specific name in place of subglabra Merr. It is closely allied
to Saurauia tristyla DC.
OCHNACEAE
OCHNA Linnaeus
OCHNA FASCICULARIS Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 245 (sp. nov.); d.
3, 2 (1878) 92.

This species was retained by Fernandez-Villar as distinct,

but was erroneously transferred to Brackenndgea, as B. fascial-

264

SPECIES BLANCONAE

laris (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 40. Van Tieghem

has transferred it to the genus Notochnella as N. fascicular^
(Blanco) Van Tiegh. in Ann. Sei. Nat. Bot. VIII 16 (1902) 403.
It is rather widely distributed in the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 857, 916).
THEACEAE
THE A Linnaeus
Salceda montana Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 374 (gen. et. sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 2 (1879) 327 = THEA MONTANA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 21.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Camellia lanceolata (Blume) Seem., and it is very closely related to Calpandria lanceolata Blume if not identical with it. Until there is a
critical revision of the genus or until opportunity is had to examine Blume's type, it is perhaps best to consider the Philippine
form as distinct under the name Thea montana (Blanco) Merr.
The species is common and widely distributed on the mountains
of the Philippines at medium and higher altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 841) : Bataan
Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Species Blancoanae No. 894).
Camellia sasanqua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 530 ed. 2 (1845) 371; ed. 3,
2 (1879) 322, (sesanqua) non ? Thunb.=THEA sp.

The status of the form that Blanco described is indeterminable

from his description. His material was from a plant cultivated
in Manila, which he believed to be the tea plant. No representative of the genus is to be found in cultivation in or near Manila
at the present time. Fernandez-Villar referred it to Camellia
drupifera Lour., but all that can definitely be determined is that
it is a species of Thea, perhaps Thea sinensis Linn.
TERNSTROEM1A Nuttall
Llanosia toquian Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 319 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 225 = TERNSTROEMIA TOQUIAN F.-Vill. (Taonabo toquian Merr., Temstroemia lobbiana Pierre).

This species is widely distributed on the mountains of the

Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
720).

GUTTIFERAE

265

GUTTIFERAE
CRATOXYLON Blume
Hypericum aegyptium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 615 (aegiptium) ; ed. 2
(1845) 430; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 418, non Linn. = CRATOXYLON FORMOSUM (Jack) Dyer.

The species is common and of wide distribution in the Philippines. The leaves are commonly acute or minutely acuminate,
more rarely slightly retuse at the apex as Blanco described the
form he had.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 632).
Cratoxylon hornschuchii Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 86; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 65, non Blume=CRATOXYLON
CELEBICUM Blume [C. floribundum (Turcz.) F.-Vill.].
Cratoxylum sumatranum Naves in Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 308,
non Blume = CRATOXYLON CELEBICUM Blume.

Llanos's conception of Cratoxylon hornschuchii Blume was

reduced by Fernandez-Villar to C. sumatranum Bl., a species
that does not extend to the Philippines. The description applies
very closely to Cratoxylon flwibundum F.-Vill., a species based
on Philippine material, but which I am unable to distinguish
from Cratoxylon celebicum Blume. C. floribundum F.-Vill. is,
however, considered by Gagnepain to be identical with C. clandestinum Blume, so that apparently a critical examination of
Blume's types will be necessary to settle the status of the three
species involved.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, November,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 390).
Hypericum olympicum Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 613; ed. 2 (1845) 429; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 416, non Linn. = CRATOXYLON BLANCOI Blume.
Cratoxylon hornschuchii Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 25U,
non Blume = CRATOXYLON BLANCOI Blume.

Cratoxylon blancoi Blume is merely a new name for Hypericum

olympicum Blanco, non Linn., and hence the species must be
interpreted from Blanco's description. There are but two possible interpretations of Blanco's species, one the broad-leaved,
short-petioled form with the leaves subacute to rounded or
cordate at the base, and one the narrow-leaved form which is
Cratoxylon floribundum (Turcz.) F.-Vill. which I consider to
be identical with C. celebicum Blume, and which Gagnepain,
Not Syst. 1 (1909) 20, refers to C. clandestinum Blume. Cratoxylon blancoi is certainly not the same as C. arborescens (Vahl)

266

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Blume, as Gagnepain has considered it, for C. arborescens does

not extend to the Philippines. Blanco's description is unsatisfactory and applies in part to both C. blancoi, as here interpreted,
and to C. ftoribundum F.-Vill. ; as to leaf form the former, as
to leaf base both the former, as I interpret it, and to the latter.
The original description of the leaves is "escotadas en la base,
ovales." Cratoxylon blancoi Bl. as I interpret it always has
oval leaves, but they are often cordate at the base, not always
tapering, while C. ftoribundum F.-Vill. never has oval leaves.
The same native names are applied to both forms.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June, March, 1915, there known as guyong-guyong (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae Nos. 851, 929, 972).
CALOPHYLLUM Linnaeus
/'Tovomita pentapetala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 432 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
301; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 194 = CALOPHYLLUM PENTAPETALUM
(Blanco) comb. nov.

This is exactly Calophyllum amplexicaule Choisy ex Planch.

& Triana in Ann. Sei. Nat. IV 15 (1861) 281, which was described
from a Philippine specimen, Cuming 1212, from llocos Norte
Province, Luzon. Fernandez-Villar, on account of Blanco's erroneous description of the flowers as having five petals, placed it
in Ochrocarpus as Ochrocarpus blancoi F.-Vill. Noviss. App.
(1880) 17, which thus becomes a synonym of Calophyllum pentapetalum. The species is decidedly characteristic among our
numerous species of Calophyllum and is widely distributed in
the Ilocano provinces at low altitudes, extending southward to
Pangasinan and Zambales Provinces. Numerous specimens bear
the same native names as those cited by Blanco or cognate forms
of them.
Illustrative specimens from San Fernando, Union Province,
Luzon, comm. R. Lete, Feb. 22, 1916, there known as pamittanguen (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 969) ; Lepanto Subprovince, comm. P. de la Pea (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 184).
CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 612 (*ophilhim) ; ed. 2 (1845) 428; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 415, t. 256.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

This tree is found along the seashore throughout the Philippines, being very generally known by its Spanish name palo
maria, also as dancalan, bitaog, and other local name3. It yields
a valuable timber.

GUTTIFERAE

267

Illustrative specimen from Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon,

December, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 936),
Calophyllum apetalum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 429; ed. 3, 2 (1879)
415, non Willd. = CALOPHYLLUM KUNSTLERI King.

Blanco's description as to the fruits, "Nuez de cuatro lados,

que se abre por ellos," does not apply to Calophyllum and may
be due to a mixture of specimens on the part of Blanco. The
species, moreover, may not belong in Calophyllum, although reduced by Fernandez-Villar to C. spectabile Willd. On the whole
Blanco's description applies better to Calophyllum kunstleri King
than to any other species known to me.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 336).
KAYEA Wallich
Plinia paniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 423 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 296;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 184= KAYEA PANICULATA (Blanco) Merr. in Govt.
Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 29.

This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Kayea racemosa PL & Tr., a species that does not extend to the
Philippines. It is widely distributed at low and medium altitudes in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 895).
GARCINIA Linnaeus
Cambogia binucao Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 434 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
302; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 196 = GARCINIA BINUCAO (Blanco) Choisy.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes ; it is commonly known to the Tagalogs as binucao and
bilucao, from whence Blanco's specific name.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 89).
Cambogia venulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 435 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
303; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 197 = GARCINIA VENULOSA (Blanco) Choisy
(G. cornea F.-Vill. non Linn., G. blancoi Pierre).

The species is decidedly characteristic and is widely distributed in the Philippines. The peculiar, fine longitudinal reticulations of the leaves are well indicated by Blanco in the phrase :
"la pgina inferior llena de venillas que se dirigen acia el pice."
The native names are not constant, those appearing on various
specimens in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science being
taclang anac, bilucao, gatasan, and others. It is doubtful whether

268

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Garcinia cumingiana Pierre and G. calleryi Pierre are specifically

distinct from G. venulosa Choisy.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 569).
Stalagmitis ? cambogioides Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 301; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 195, non Murr.= ? GARCINIA DULCIS (Roxb.) Kurz.

I have found no mention of this species in the Novissima

Appendix, but it is almost certainly Garcinia, although perhaps
not Garcinia dulcis Kurz. The description is not good and
does not apply at all well to Kurz's species; at the present time,
however, I can suggest no other possible reduction of the species.
Garcinia dulcis is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending from northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 881).
Cambogia crassifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1845) 304 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
198=? GARCINIA sp.

Fernandez-Villar referred this to Garcinia cowa Roxb., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco described
only the leaves, and these very briefly, stating further that
it was a tree originating in Cebu, there known as sadugan, and
yielding a substance similar to gambir having an agreeable
odor ; he apparently saw neither flowers nor fruits. An attempt
to locate the species through the native name sadugan in Cebu
brought in specimens of Horsfieldia ardisiifolia Warb., which
does not at all conform to the leaf characters indicated by Blanco
for his Cambogia crassifolixi. There is no special reason for
considering that it even belongs in the Guttiferae.
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
DIPTEROCARPUS Linnaeus
Mocanera grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 451 (sp. nov.) =.DIPTEROCARPUS GRANDIFLORUS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 314 (nom.
nov.) ; ed, 3, 2 (1878) 218, t. 263.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring in the primeval forest at low and medium
altitudes. It is almost universally known as apitong, a name
rarely applied to any other species, and apitong is the commercial
name of the timber produced by this tree.
Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, July, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 119).
Mocanera verniciflua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 540 (sp. nov.) = DIPTEROCARPUS VERNICIFLUUS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 314 (comb,
nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 217, t. 18S.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE

269

This is of wide distribution in the Philippines, extending from

northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan. It is almost universally known as panao, and this native name is rarely applied to
any other species and then usually through error. Dipterocarpus fulvus Blume (1856) and D. velutinus Vidal (1886) are
exact synonyms.
Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, July, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 14-7) ; Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 910).
ANISOPTERA Korthals
Mocanera thurifera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 446 (sp. nov.) =Dipterocarpus thurifer Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 310 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 212, t. 204 = ANISOPTERA THURIFERA (Blanco) Blume.
Mocanera mayapis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 449 (sp. nov.) = Dipterocarpua
mayapis Blanco op. cit. d. 2 (1845) 310 (comb, nov.) ; d. 3, 2 (1878)
212 = ANISOPTERA THURIFERA (Blanco) Blume.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, ascending in forests to 750 meters. There
is no valid reason for considering Mocanera mayapis Blanco^
Dipterocarpus mayapis Blanco other than a synonym of Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume. The most commonly used native
names for the species are mayapis and palosapis.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 405).
HOPEA Roxburgh
Mocanera plagata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 447 (sp. nov.) = Dipterocarpu
plagatus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 311 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
212 = HOPEA PLAGATA (Blanco) Vidal.

This valuable timber tree is widely distributed in the Philippines, being one of the characteristic species of the primeval
forest at low and medium altitudes. It is commercially known
as yacal, and its timber enters the Manila market in large quantities.- Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by FernandezVillar to Shorea reticulata Thwaites, a species that does not
extend to the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, November,
1914, there known as yacal or saplongan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 109).
SHOREA Roxburgh
Mocanera polysperma Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 448 (sp. nov.) = Dipterocarpus polyspermia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 312 (comb, nov.);
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 213=SHOREA POLYSPERMA (Blanco) Merr. (Hopea
tangili Blume).

This valuable timber tree is widely distributed in the Philip-

270

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

pines, the commercial name of its timber being tanguile. Blanco's specific name does not apply, and his selection of the name
was probably due to the fact that he had fruits of an entirely
different plant. His description, otherwise, applies well to the
species as interpreted, and there is no doubt as to the identity
of the illustrative material with Blanco's plant.
Illustrative specimen from Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon,
June, 1914, there known as tanguile {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 85).
Mocanera guiso Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 449 (sp. nov.) =Dipterocarpus
guiso Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 313 (comb, nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878)
215 = SHOREA GUISO (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1856)
34.
Euphoria malaanonan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 286 (sp. nov.) = Euphoria
? Nephelium ? Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 200, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 9 =
SHOREA GUISO (Blanco) Blume.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring in primeval forests at low and medium altitudes.
It is a valuable timber tree and the timber is commercially known
as guijo, the local name of the tree being guijo or guiso. Euphoria malaanonan Blanco has long been a puzzle, but it is now
perfectly clear that the species described by Blanco is Shorea
guiso Blanco supplied with large spiny galls. Many specimens
of this exist in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, as
it is very frequently secured by native collectors under the impression that the gall is a fruit. Blanco describes the "fruit"
of Euphoria malaanonan as an ovoid pouch bristling with incurved processes which become hard and spine-like at maturity,
an excellent description of the common gall on Shorea guiso
Blume. He further states that the "fruit" contained nothing, the
interior being devoured by insects, modified by the statement
that in one he did find a single seed; in this he certainly was
mistaken. In the second edition he repeated the description,
considering it as possibly a Euphoria, possibly as a Nephelium.
It is perfectly clear that he placed it in this group on account
of the spiny galls resembling the fruits of certain species of
Nephelium. Fernandez-Villar placed it as a synonym of Shorea
robusta Gaertn., a species that does not extend to the Philippines.
Blanco's Euphoria malaanonan has page priority over Mocanera
guiso, the name-bringing synonym of Shorea guiso Blume, but
it cannot be adopted in place of the latter as it is based on
an abnormality ; it is further invalidated by Shorea malaanonan
Blume.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE

271

Illustrative specimen from Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon,

July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 407).
Dipterocarpus palosapis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 312 (sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 214=SHOREA PALOSAPIS (Blanco) comb. nov. [Hopea
squamata Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 311 (1858) 239; Shorea
squamata Dyer ex Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 62].

Blanco's entire description consists of but three and one-half

lines, and is, of course, very imperfect and inadequate. Some
botanists might consider his name a nomen nudum or at least
a nomen suhnudum, yet there is no doubt as to the identity of
the species he intended to describe. The species commonly known
as Shorea squamata Dyer is the only representative of the
entire family Dipterocarpaceae that has: "hojas * * *
con dos estipulas anchas en la base," while Blanco's description
otherwise applies; it is not, however, similar to Dipterocarpus
polyspermus Blanco (=Shorea polysperma Merr.), to which
Blanco compares it, except in size. Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Shorea floribunda Kurz,
a species that does not extend to the Philippines. It is common
and widely distributed in the Philippines, the Tagalog name
palosapis, cited by Blanco, properly belonging to Anisoptera
thurifera Blume; the name may apis, however, appears on thirteen different collections of Shorea palosapis as here interpreted.
Illustrative specimen from Samar, August, 1914, comm. M. Oro
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 737).
PARASHOREA Kurz

Mocanera malaanonan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 858 (sp. nov.) = Dipterocarpus malaanonan Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 312 (comb, nov) ; ed.
3,2 (1878) 214 = PARASHOREA MALAANONAN (Blanco) comb. nov.
(Parashorea plicata Brandis, Shorea malaanonan Blume).

Fernandez-Villar enumerated this under Blume's name, Shorea

malaanonan (Blanco) Blume, but no attempt was made to refer
botanical material to the species until Mr. Rolfe and myself
interpreted the species as being the same as Shorea polita Vidal ;
see Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 115. I am now convinced
that this interpretation was erroneous; that Shorea polita is a
valid species entirely distinct from Mocanera malaanonan Blanco ;
and that Blanco's species is identical with the common and
widely distributed Philippine Parashorea plicata Brandis.
Among all the Philippine Dipterocarpaceae, Parashorea plicata
Brandis is the only one that agrees with Blanco's description
in the characters of the leaves, whitish beneath, which are
further described as wide, pointed, and a "gerne" (i. e., 15 to

272

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

18 cm) long, while the pericarp of the fruit is described as

fragile. The description conforms to Parashorea plicata, and
I have not the slightest hesitation in adjusting the synonymy.
The native name cited by Blanco, malaanonan, is valueless in
interpreting the species, as it is a made up one, literally "false
anonang," anonang=C ordia myxa Linn., and, as used to-day, is
very loosely applied, although I have specimens of Parashorea
plicata Brandis from Laguna Province, Luzon, bearing this name.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, comm. N. Catalan, June 20, 1914, with the Tagalog name
malaanonang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1053).
VAT I CA Linnaeus
VATICA MANGACHAPOI Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 401 (sp. nov.) =Vatica
apteranthera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 281 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 156.
Vatica sinensis Blanco op. cit. 401; 280; 156 (chinensis), non J. F. Gmel.=
? VATIGA MANGACHAPOI Blanco.

The correctness of this interpretation of Vatica mangachapoi

Blanco is very doubtful, but I have followed Vidal, Brandis, and
Foxworthy. It is to be noted that the name mangachapoi is
apparently never applied to the species as here interpreted, but
is used for Hopea acuminata Merr., H. pierrei Hance, and perhaps some other species. Vatica sinensis is said by Blanco to
differ from V. mangachapoi in having the anthers winged, so
that probably the plant he described under this name was not
the same as his V. apteranthera ( = V. mangachapoi). As to
anthesis, Vatica mangachapoi, as here interpreted, produces
flowers from December to June in the provinces near Manila,
while Blanco indicates May for both species discussed above.
Foxworthy has placed here also Mocanera mangachapoi Blanco Fl.
Filip. (1837) 450 (sp. nov.)=Dipterocarpus mangachapoi Blanco
op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 313, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 216, but I believe this
to be incorrect. Blanco cites the native names mangachapoi
and guisong dilao (i. e., yellow guiso) ; forms of this name appear
on specimens of the Philippine plant that have been referred
to Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Dyer, such as guisong madlao
and guisoc amarillo (amarillo Sp.=yellow). However, none of
our numerous specimens of Shorea balangeran bear the other
native name cited by Blanco, mangachapoi, and Blanco's description of the leaves as "membranceas" does not apply to S. balangeran. The identity of the species may later be determined from
special collections in Bulacan and Rizal with reference to the
native names cited by Blanco, and I suspect that the species is

ELATINACEAE

273

really a Hopea, or perhaps a Shorea, from the fact that the fruit
is described as being "como en la especie plagata," i. e., Hopea
plagata (Blanco) Vid.
Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, June, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 866).
ELATINACEAE
BERGIA Linnaeus
Tillaea rubella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 75 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 56; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 106 = BERGIA AM M ANN 101 DES Roxb.

In this reduction I follow Fernandez-Villar, for I can see no

reason for distinguishing the Philippine form from the Asiatic
one. The species is of very local occurrence in the Philippines,
growing as a weed in old rice lands at low altitudes in Luzon.
It is similar to Bergia serrata Blanco (B. glandulosa Turcz.),
from which it is distinguished by its shorter pedicels, somewhat
smaller, more crowded flowers, and usually 3 or 5 instead of
10 stamens.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915, June, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos.
886, 979).
BERGIA SERRATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 387 (sp. nov.) =Spergula
serrata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 271 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
140.

The first name is the correct one, and the species is identical
with Bergia glandulosa Turcz. (1854), which was based on
Cuming 1058 from Luzon. It differs from Bergia ammannioides
Roxb., to which it is very closely allied, in its longer pedicels,
somewhat larger flowers, and 10 instead of 3 to 5 stamens.
Blanco's description of the leaves as "ssiles, * * * abrazando al tallo" is not good, but otherwise the description, habitat,
and time of flowering apply perfectly to the species as here interpreted, while no other Philippine plant known to me has the
characters indicated by Blanco for his species. It was reduced
by Fernandez-Villar to Bergia verticillata Willd.=J5. capensis
Linn., a species unknown from the Philippines and one to which
Blanco's description does not apply. The species is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes, but is of local
occurrence; it grows in dried out rice paddies and in other
similar habitats.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon (a
topotype), growing in dried out rice paddies, December, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 723).
151862

18

274

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

BIXACEAE
BIXA Linnaeus
BIXA ORELLANA Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 456; ed. 2 (1845) 317;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 221, t. 231.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distribtued in the Philippines in cultivation ; introduced from Mexico at an early date. It is universally
known as achuete.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 350).
FLACOURTIACEAE
PANGIUM Reinwardt
^^Hydnocarpus polyandra Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 445 (sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 200, t. 531 = PANGIUM EDULE Reinw.

This species is widely distributed in the central and southern

Philippines at low altitudes ; it is generally known as pangui.
Illustrative specimen from Samar, April, 1914 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 18).
SCOLOPIA Schreber
y Baara racemosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 425 (sp. nov.) =Flacourtia corollata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 559 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 220,
t. SS7=SCOLOPIA LUZONENSIS (Presl) Warb.
Baara brevifoli'a Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 426 (sp. nov.) =Flacourtia
parvifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 560 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
220-SCOLOPIA LUZONENSIS (Presl) Warb.

The first of the above was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Scolopia rhinanthera Clos, a species not known from the Philippines; and the second to Scolopia dasyanthera Benn., which
was described from Philippine material and is a synonym of
S. luzonensis Warb. There is no doubt whatever as to the correctness of the reduction of Baara racemosa ~B\anco=Flacou?'tia
corollata Blanco to Scolopia luzonensis Warb., and there is equally
little doubt but that Baara brevifolia BlancoFlacourtia parvifolia Blanco (F. par viflora in Index Kewensis) is merely a smallleaved form of the same species. It is common and widely
distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 836^911).
FLACOURTIA Jussieu
Myroxylon decline Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 813 (Miroxilum) (sp. nov.) =
Stigmarota edulis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 560 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 221 = FLAC0URT1A INDICA (Burm. f.) Merr. Interpret. Herb.
Amb. (1917) 377 (F. sepiaria Roxb.).

FLACOURTIACEAE

275

This species is common and widely distributed at low and

medium altitudes in Luzon, in open places and thickets. It is
commonly known as bitangol.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 there known as bitangol (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 99).
CASEARIA Jacquin
Anavinga fuliginosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 372 (sp. nov.) = CASEARIA
FULIGINOSA Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 262 (comb, nov.); ed. 3, 2
(1878) 123, t. 90.

This is apparently a valid species and is widely distributed

in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the entirely different
Casearia grewiaefolia Vent.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 860).
y Samyda trivalvis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 374 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 263;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 124 = CASEARIA TRIVALVIS (Blanco) comb. nov.
[Casearia solida Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 46].

This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Casearia fragilis Vent., a species of the Mascarene Islands, and
one that does not extend to the Philippines. I can see no reason
for considering Samyda trivalvis Blanco to be other than the
recently described Casearia solida Merr., and I accordingly here
accept Blanco's specific name for the form. Samyda trivalvis
Blanco does not appear in Index Kewensis.
Illustrative specimens from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915, comm. A. Villamil (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 893) ; Mount Mari veles, Bataan Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrl: Species Blancoanae No. 901).
Samyda serrulata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 374, non Linn. = Samyda pubescens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 263; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 124, non Linn.=
CASEARIA CINEREA Turcz.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Casearia

tomentosa Roxb., a species that is not known from the Philippines. Casearia cinerea Turcz. has been reduced to C. grewiaefolia Vent, and is certainly very closely allied to that species if
not identical with it. It is widely distributed in Luzon at low
and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province,
Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 821 ).

276

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Laurus serrata Blanco Fl.-Filip. (1837) 319 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 224;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 55 (non Casearia serrata Macf.) = CASEARIA CRENATA Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 99.

This species is widely distributed at low and medium altitudes

in Luzon. Although Blanco's description is short and imperfect,
there is no doubt as to the correctness of this reference of his
species. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Casearia glomerata Roxb., a species not known from the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 584)
PASSIFLORACEAE
ADEN1A Forskal
Passiflora zueca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 648 (sp. nov.) =Modecca trilobata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 452; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 52, non Roxb.=
ADEN JA ZU CCA (Blanco) comb. nov.
Passiflora parviflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 647, non Sw.= Modecca ?
parviflora Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 453; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 52, non
G. Don = ADENIA ZUCCA (Blanco) Merr.
Passiflora coccnea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 650 (sp. nov.), non Aubl., nee
Banks=Modecca ? coccnea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 453 (comb.
nov.); ed. 3, 3 (1879) 53 = ADENIA ZUCCA (Blanco) Merr. (Adenia
coccnea Merr.).

This variable species is widely distributed in the Philippines

at low and medium altitudes, commonly occurring in dry thickets.
Among the three forms considered by Blanco I can see no reason
for recognizing more than one species. Passiflora zueca and
Passiflora parviflora are certainly the same species and represent the form with 3-lobed leaves; Passiflora coccnea is the
commoner form in the Philippines, the leaves not lobed. Sometimes plants are found presenting only entire leaves, sometimes
only 3-lobed leaves, but frequently both entire and 3-lobed leaves
are found on the same branch. Of Blanco's species considered
above, the first was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Modecca
palmata Lam., the second to M. cardiophylla Mast., and the third
to M. keterophylla Blume, none of which is definitely known
to occur in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 892).
PASSIFLORA Linnaeus
Passiflora minima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 647, non J acq. = Passiflora
serrulata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 452, ed. 3, 3 (1879) 50, t. hlU
(as P. laurifolia Linn.), non Jacq. = PASSIFLORA EDULIS Sims.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco was correct in his

CARICACEAE-BEGONIACEAE

277

reference of this to Passiflora serrulata Jacq., in the second

edition of the Flora de Filipinas. A series of specimens from
cultivated plants, collected in various parts of the Philippines,
agree perfectly with Blanco's description, and also agree with
material from tropical America determined as Passiflora edulis
Sims. Pending a thorough revision of the genus, it seems best
to refer the form Blanco described to Sims's species. It is
only occasionally found in cultivation and is nowhere abundant
in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, from cultivated specimens, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 987).
CARICACEAE
CARICA Linnaeus
CARICA PAPAYA Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 803; ed. 2 (1845) 553;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 212.
Carica hermaphrodita Blanco op. cit. 805 (sp. nov.) ; 554; 212 = CARICA
PAPAYA Linn.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, the

normal form with dioecious flowers. The form described by
Blanco as Carica hermaphrodita bears small fruits from female
or perfect flowers on the elongated staminate inflorescences,
such plants otherwise resembling normal staminate ones. This
form is rare, individual trees being occasionally found. The
papaya was introduced into the Philippines at an early date by
the Spaniards, is now common and widely distributed in the
Archipelago, and in some localities is thoroughly naturalized.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 675).
BEGONIACEAE
BEGONIA Linnaeus
Begonia capensis Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 724; ed. 2 (1845) 501; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 127, t. 413, non Linn. f.= BEGONIA NIGRITARUM Steud.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines and presents considerable variation. Fernandez-Villar was correct in
reducing Blanco's Begonia capensis to Begonia rhombicarpa A.
DC. (1859), but Steudel's name (1821), based on Acetosa nigritarum Kamel, is the older. This species is still commonly known
to the Tagalogs as lingat and pigol bato.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 494).

278

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

CACTACEAE
NOPALEA Salm-Dyck
Cactus opuntia Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 414; ed. 2 (1845) 288; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 171, non Linn. = NOPALEA COCHINELIFERA (Mill.) SalmDyck.

It is to be noted that Blanco's description reads: "Filam.

mucho mas cortos que la corola," which is a true Opunta character, but not true of Nopalea. Blanco's statement may have
been made from an examination of true Opunta specimens or
may have been copied from some previous description of the
Linnean Cactus opuntia. At any rate no specimen of true Opuntia has ever been found in the Philippines, while Nopalea is
decidedly common in some regions, both cultivated and wild. I
follow Fernandez-Villar in the reduction of Blanco's species and
believe that he was correct in spite of Blanco's description of
the filaments to the contrary.
Illustrative specimen from San Juan del Monte, Rizal Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 139).
CE RE US Haworth
Cactus pitajaya Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 289; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 172,
t. 32U, non Jacq. = CEREUS TRIANGULARIS Mill.

Blanco's conception of Cactus pitajaya Jacq., is the well-known

Cereus triangularis Mill. The reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar. The species is now uncommon in cultivation in
Manila and in a few of the larger towns of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon, July, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1011).
THYMELAEACEAE
PHALERIA Jack
?

Dais laurifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 375; ed. 2 (1845) 263; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 125, non Jacq. = PHALERIA PERROTTETIANA (Decne.)
F.-Vill.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, growing

in forests at low and medium altitudes. It differs from Phaleria
cumingii F.-Vill. notably in its larger leaves and pubescent
flowers. Blanco's description, as to size of leaves and number
of flowers, agrees with Phaleria perrottetiana and not with
P. cumingii F.-Vill.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 7U).

ELAEAGNACEAE

279

WIKSTROEMIA Endlicher
Daphne aquilaria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 310 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 216;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 39 = WIKSTROEMIA INDICA (Linn.) C. A. Mey.
(W. viridiflora C. A. Mey., Daphne cannabina Lour.).

Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco's species to Wikstroemia

ovata C. A. Mey., with which it has little in common; Vidal,
however, states that Wikstroemia ovata F.-Vill., non Mey., is
W. viridiflora Mey. Blanco's description is an excellent one
for this coastal shrub and applies unmistakably to Wikstroemia
viridiflora Mey., which in turn is probably the same as W. indica
(Linn.) Mey. The type of Daphne indica Linn, was from near
Whampoa, southern China, but Meyer seems to have interpreted
it largely from Polynesian specimens.
Illustrative specimen from Burgos, llocos Sur Province, Luzon, near the seashore, November 23, 1916 {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 990).
Daphne indica Blanco PI. Filip. (1837) 309; ed. 2 (1845) 215; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 38, non Linn. = WIKSTROEMIA OVATA C. A. Mey.
Daphne foetida Blanco op. cit. 308 (phaetida) ; 214; 37, non Linn. = WIKSTROEMIA OVATA C. A. Mey.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

the Linnean Daphne indicaWikstroemia indica Mey and reduced to it Blanco's Daphne foetida. Both of Blanco's species,
however, are manifestly Wikstroemia ovata Mey., a species based
on Philippine material.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon,
February, 1915, there known as salago {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 801 ).

ELAEAGNACEAE
ELAEAGNUS Linnaeus
Elacagnus angustifolla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 74; ed. 2 (1845) 53; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 100, non Linn. = ELAEAGNUS PHILIPPENSIS Perr. Mem.
Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1824) 114 (E. perrottetii Schlecht., E. cumingii
Schlecht.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes; reduced by some authors to E. latifolia Linn. It is
commonly known as alingaro.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 26).

280

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

LYTHRACEAE
ROTALA Linnaeus
Ammannia monoflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 64 (sp. nov.) =Ammannia
ramosior Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 46; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 86=
ROTALA RAMOSIOR (Linn.) Koehne.
Ammannia pentandra Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 49; F.-Vill. & Naves
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 36, non Blume, nee Roxb. = ROTALA
RAMOSIOR (Linn.) Koehne.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ammania

peploides Spreng.Rotala indica Koehne, and this reduction I
considered as apparently correct in my previous paper on Blanco's species. However, Blanco's description does not apply to
Rotala indica Koehne, but does apply to R. ramosior Koehne;
both species are not uncommon in open wet places about Manila
and both are widely distributed in the Philippines. Ammannia
pentandra Llanos was considered by Fernandez-Villar to be the
same as A. pentandra Roxb.Rotala leptopetala Koehne. I consider it, however, to be the same as Rotala ramosior Koehne.
Rotala ramosior Koehne was undoubtedly introduced into the
Philippines from Mexico through the medium of the AcapulcoManila galleons.
Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, October, November,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. J+26, 752).
AMMANNIA Linnaeus
Celosa nana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 192 (sp. nov.) =Ammannia debllis
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 46 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 85, non
Ait. = AMMANNIA BACCIFERA Linn.
Ammannia aegyptiaca Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 51; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 37, non Willd. = AMMANNlA
BACCIFERA Linn.
Ammannia octandra (?) Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 50; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 37, non Linn. = AMMANNIA
BACCIFERA Linn.

I can see no reason for considering that any of the descriptions listed above apply to other than the common and widely
distributed Ammannia baccifera Linnaeus, which is a very common weed in low wet lands in the Philippines. The first two
reductions follow Fernandez-Villar, but he considered Ammannia octandra Llanos to represent the Linnean species.
Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, October, November, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 425, 775).
PEMPHIS Forster
Pemphis setosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 410 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 285;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 164=PEMPHIS ACIDULA Forst.

SONNERATI ACE AE

281

A characteristic species found throughout the Philippines along

the seashore.
Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, April,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 58).
LAGERSTROEMIA Linnaeus
LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 454; ed. 2
(1845) 316; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 219, t. 207.

This species occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced

and cultivated plant. It was certainly introduced by the Spaniards, as it is generally known by a name of Spanish origin,
melindres. Blanco certainly correctly interpreted the Linnean
species.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, July, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 37).
Munchausia speciosa Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 611; ed. 2 (1845) 427;
ed. 3, 2 (1879) 413, t. 3_U = LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA (Linn.)
Pers.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, its nearly
universal native name being baaba.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 377).
LAWSONIA Linnaeus
LAW SO NIA INERMIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 294; ed. 2 (1845)
206; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 21, t. 108.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is universally known in the Philippines by its Spanish name
cinamomo, indicating its introduction into the Archipelago after
the arrival of the Spaniards. It is rarely found outside of
cultivation.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April 20, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 2^1).
SONNERATIACEAE
SONNERATIA Linnaeus f.
Sonneratia pagatpat Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 424; ed. 2 (1845) 296; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 186, t. 175 &is=SONNERATIA CASEOLARIS (Linn.)
Engl. (S. acida Linn. f.).

This species is generally known in the Philippines, in most

dialects, as pagatpat, and occurs throughout the Archipelago
along muddy shores and tidal streams.

282

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914

(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 215).
CRYPTERONIA Blume
Quilamum luteum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 851 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 136; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 245 = CRYPTERONIA PANICULATA
Blume (C. lutea Blume).

This species is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium

altitudes. Blanco's type was manifestly the pistillate form of
the species, "filam. del largo del caliz." The form distributed
under number 330, below, is the staminate one.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 330).
PUNICACEAE
PNICA Linnaeus
PNICA GRANATUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 422; ed. 2 (1845)
295; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 184, t. 211.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is generally cultivated on a small scale and will probably be found
in most towns in the Philippines. It is universally known by
its Spanish name, granada, and was certainly introduced by
the Spaniards.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 783).
LECYTHIDACEAE
BARRINGTONIA Linnaeus
) Barringtonia speciosa Forst.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 533; ed. 2 (1845)
373; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 325, t. 305 = BARRINGTONIA ASITICA (Linn.)
Kurz.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines along

the seashore, but does not occur inland. The type of Mammea
asitica Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 512 was a Ja van specimen, collected
by Osbeck, and the original description certainly applies to the
plant usually called Barringtonia speciosa Forst. It is commonly
known as botong.
Illustrative specimen from the seashore, Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
854).
Barringtonia stravadium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 533 (sp. nov.) =
BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA (Linn.) Blume; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2
(1845) 373; ed. 3, 2 (1879) 326, t. 240.

The form that Blanco described as a new species in the first

RHIZOPHORACEAE

283

edition of his Flora de Filipinas he correctly reduced in the

second edition to the widely distributed Barringtonia racemosa
Blume. The species occurs throughout the Philippines along
small streams and in thickets near the sea, never extending
far inland, and is commonly known as putat.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 410).
RHIZOPHORACEAE
CERIOPS Arnott
Rhizophora candel Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 396; ed. 2 (1845) 277; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 150, t. 15, non Linn. = CERIOPS TAGAL (Perr.) C. B. Rob.
(C. candolleana Arn.).

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Ceriops, and to

the form now known as C. tagal C. B. Rob., which was originally
described from Philippine specimens. It occurs along muddy
shores throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Laguimanoc, Tayabas Province,
Luzon, March, 1917, here known as tangal (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 1047).
RHIZOPHORA Linnaeus
Rhizophora longissima Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 398 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 278; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 151 = RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA Lam.

This species occurs with Rhizophora candelaria DC. (R.

conjugata) and is widely distributed in the Philippines. It
can be readily distinguished from that species by its long peduncles, which are several-flowered. In my previous paper on
Blanco's species I followed Fernandez-Villar in reducing Rhizophora longissima Blanco to R. conjugata Linn., but Blanco's
description of the inflorescence applies unmistakably to Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rhizophora longissima Blanco is not
listed in Index Kewensis.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 409).
Rhizophora mangle Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 397; ed. 2 (1845) 278; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 151, t. 135, non Linn. = RHIZOPHORA CANDELARIA DC.
(R. conjugata auct. non Linn.), R. conjugata Linn, being Bruguiera
conjugata (Linn.) Merr. (B. gymnorhiza Lam.) ; see Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 9 (1914) Bot. 118.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Rhizophora mangle Blanco, non

Linn., to R. mucronata Lam., in which I followed him in my
previous paper on Blanco's species. An examination of Blanco's
description, however, shows conclusively that he described R.

284

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

candelaria DC, under the name R. mangle, and not R. mucronata Lam., as evidenced by the expression "Flores en nmero de
dos, sobre un pednculo comn." The species occurs throughout
the Philippines along muddy shores and tidal streams especially
on the outside of the mangrove, and is locally known as bacao or
bacauan.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 365).
CARALLIA Roxburgh
Bruguiera nemorosa Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 275 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 147 = CARALLIA INTEGERRIMA DC.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, but is considered by King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 66 (1877) 319, to be a synonym of the older Carallia lucida Roxb.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 262).
BRUGUIERA Lamarck
Rhizophora tinctoria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 394 (sp. nov.) = Rhizophora
gymnorhiza Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 276; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
149z=BRUGUIERA CONJUGATA (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 9 (1914) Bot. 118 (Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam.).

The Linnean Rhizophora confugata is the species usually

called Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam., but R. conjugata has
priority ; see Merrill, 1. c, for a discussion of the synonymy. The
species is found along tidal streams and muddy shores throughout the Philippines, and the present reduction of Blanco's Rhizophora tinctoria is in agreement with Fernandez-Villar's treatment and of Blanco's own treatment of it in the second edition
of his work.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 899).
Rhizophora polyandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 396 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
277; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 150, t. 415 6s=BRUGUIERA SEXNGULA
(Lour.) Poir. (B. eriopetala W. & A.).
Rhizophora plicata Blanco op. cit. 398 (sp. nov.); 279; 152=BRUGUIERA
SEXNGULA (Lour.) Poir. ( B. eriopetala W. & A.).

Bruguiera sexngula (Lour.) Poir. is interpreted from the

description as being identical with B. eriopetala W. & A., but
is the older name. The species is widely distributed in the
Philippines along muddy seashores, tidal streams, etc., and is
one of the constituent species of the mangrove swamps. It is
not always readily distinguished from Bruguiera conjugata
Merr. Blanco's descriptions of both species cited above are short

COMBRETACEAE

285

and imperfect, but under R. plicata he definitely states that the

petals are pilose on the margins and with a single cilia, and
compares it to R. polyandra with the expression "de la cual tal
vez es una simple variedad."
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 379).
COMBRETACEAE
TERM IN ALIA Linnaeus
Terminalia latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 376, non Sw. = Terminalia
mauritiana Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 264; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 126, t. IM,
non Lam.^TERMINALIA CATAPPA Linn.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines along the

seashore and is frequently planted as a shade tree inland. It
is universally known as talisay.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 197).
Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 266 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 129 = TERMINALIA CALAMANSANAI (Blanco)
Rolfe.

A species widely distributed in the Philippines at low and

medium altitudes, commonly known to the Tagalogs as calamansanai.
Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, October,
1912, in flower; Butuan Subprovince, Mindanao, October, 1913,
in fruit {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 605*Jf72, sterile).
Terminalia angustifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 377, non Jacq. = TERMINALIA EDULIS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 265 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2
(1878) 127.

Terminalia edulis Blanco is a valid species, T. mollis (Presl)

Rolfe being a synonym. It is a very large tree and of wide
distribution in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
It is universally known as calumpit.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as calumpit {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 812).
Gnidia oppositifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 299; ed. 2 (1845) 208; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 25, non Linn. = TERMINALIA POLYANTHA Presl.

Fernandez-Villar referred this to Combretum wallichii DC.,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to
which Blanco's description does not conform. After considerable study of the description, I am convinced that Blanco had
before him a form of Terminalia polyantha Presl, and have ac-

fe <i^fr-frj^

286

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

cordingly reduced Gnidia oppositifolia Blanco to Presl's species.

The leaves, however, are usually alternate, although in some
specimens they are sub-opposite. It is represented in our collections from Angat, the region where Gnidia oppositifolia was
observed by Blanco. Gnidia philippinensis Meissn. is a synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Nueva Ecija Province, Luzon,
August, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1010).
Bucida comintana Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 856 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
265; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 128=TERMINALIA COMINTANA (Blanco) Merr.
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 300.

This species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to

Terminalia chebula Retz., a species that does not extend to the
Philippines. A synonym of it is Terminalia multiflora Merr.
in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 34, based on material
from Luzon. Blanco's specific name comintana was taken from
the old name of Batangas Province. The species is still known
in Batangas as dinglas, the native name cited by Blanco, and this
name is also used for the species in some other provinces.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 757) ; Batangas
Province (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 780) ; Rizal Province, Luzon, (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 918).
COMBRETUM Linnaeus
Combretum distillatorium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 295 (sp. nov.) =Combretum laxum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 206; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 22, non
Aubl., nee aliorum = COMBRETUM SQUAMOSUM Roxb.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

and medium altitudes. Blanco's species was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Combretum ovalifolium Roxb., a
species that does not extend to the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. Sl/,7).
QUISQUALIS Linnaeus
QUISQUALIS INDICA Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 361 = Quisqualis
Spinosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 254 (sp. nov.); 3, 2 (1878) 109,
t. 133.

The plant that Blanco correctly referred to Qidsqualis indica

in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas he described as a
new species in the second edition. Fernandez-Villar erred in
reducing it to Quisqualis malabarica Bedd., a species that does
not extend to the Philippines. It is common and widely distributed in the Archipelago. It is commonly known as niogniogan and as tanglon.

MYRTACEAE

287

Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blacoanae No. 582).
LUMNITZERA Willdenow
Petaloma coccinea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 345 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
240; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 83 = LUMNITZERA LITTOREA (Jack) Voigt
(L. coccinea W. & A., L. purpurea Presl).

This characteristic species is found throughout the Philippines

along the seashore.
Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, April,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 521).
Petaloma alba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 344 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 240;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 82, t. 26 = LUMNITZERA RACEMOSA Willd.

The species as it occurs about Manila Bay is a small shrub

rarely over 3 meters high, frequently less than 1 meter high. It
is known to the Tagalogs as culasi.
Illustrative specimen from Maricaban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 303).
MYRTACEAE
PSIDIUM Linnaeus
Psldium aromaticum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 417, non Aubl. = Psidium
pyriferum Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 292; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
178, t. ^5 = PSIDIUM GUAJAVA Linn.

The guava was introduced from Mexico at an early date by

the Spaniards. It is now very abundant and widely distributed
in the settled areas of the Archipelago and is thoroughly naturalized. It is commonly known as bayabas. The fossil leaves
from volcanic tuff formations at Guadalupe, Mandaloyon, etc.,
referred by Blanco to this species, were certainly wrongly
identified by him.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 11).
DECASPERMUM Forster
Legnotis lanceolata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 445 (sp. nov.) = Metrosideros
pictipetala Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 295 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2
(1878) 183 = DECASPERMUM FRUTICOSUM Forst. (D. paniculatum Kurz).

Fernandez-Villar reduced Metrosideros pictipetala Blanco to

Metrosideros vera Rumph., which can hardly be correct. As
pointed out by C. B. Robinson, Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot.
337, the identification of Blanco's species with Decaspernzum
panicvlatum is fairly probable. The name Legnotis lanceolata

288

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

does not appear in Index Kewensis, and Fernandez-Villar appears to have overlooked it in compiling the Novissima Appendix to the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. The
species presents considerable variation and is very widely distributed in the Philippines; see Merrill, Interpret. Herb. Amb.
(1917) 392.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 311).
y Myrtua communis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 422; ed. 2 (1845) 295; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 182 non Linn. = DECASPERMUM BLANCOI Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 112, 172.

This species is of rather wide distribution in the Philippines,

Blanco's material being from Angat.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 568).
EUGENIA Linnaeus
Eugenia jambos Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 416; ed. 2 (1845) 290 (yambos);
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 175 (yambos), non Linn. = EUGENIA JAVANICA Lam.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes in cultivation, but is not found wild. It is certainly
of prehistoric introduction into the Archipelago and a purposely
introduced species. The pink, turbinate, fleshy fruits are edible ;
the species is known in the region about Manila as macupa.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No 616).
Calyptranthes jambolana Willd.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 418 = Syzygium
jambolanum DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 293 (Syzigium jambulanum); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 180, t. J74 = EUGENIA CUMINI (Linn.)
Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 394 (Eugenia jambolana Lam.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, undoubtedly introduced although thoroughly naturalized.
Eugenia djouat Perr., described from Philippine material, is
an exact synonym. It is widely known as duhat.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 288).
Calyptranthes makal Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 419, non Raeusch. = Calyptranthes zuzygium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 293; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
179, non Sw. = EUGENIA CLAUSA C. B. Rob.

No new species was intended by Blanco in either case, but he

attempted to refer the Philippine plant under observation to
a previously described one. Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco's
species to Eugenia operculata Roxb., a species that does not

MYRTACEAE

289

extend to the Philippines. Blanco's description does not apply

in all particulars to the species as here interpreted, but I am
of the opinion that this is the correct disposition of the plant
he described. The native name malaruhat (literally "false
duhat;" duhat=Eugenia cumini Merr.) is very loosely applied
to numerous quite different species of Eugenia; in Rizal Province, that is the region immediately surrounding Manila, many
of the natives insist that Eugenia clausa C. B. Rob. is the true
malaruhat.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
June 7, 1916, there known as malaruhat {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 978).
/Eugenia montana Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 416 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
291; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 175, t.145, non DC. = EUGENIA CALUBCOB C. B.
Rob.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines and is

very generally known as calubcob and cognate forms of this
name. It was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to
Eugenia macrocarpa Roxb., a species that does not extend to
the Philippines, and one distinctly different from the form described by Blanco.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as calubcob {Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 703) : Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 888).
Calyptranthes ramiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 420 (sp. nov.) (non
Eugenia ramiflora Miq.) =Syzygium latifolium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2
(1845) 294; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 181, non DC. = EUGENIA SIMILIS Merr.

There is very little doubt as to the correctness of this reduction. Blanco's description agrees closely, and the species is
rather common and widely distributed in central Luzon. His
specimens of this particular species were from Batangas Province, Luzon. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Eugenia,
bracteata Roxb., var. roxburghii Duthie, but neither the species
nor the variety extends to the Philippines. The present reduction of Blanco's species is in accord with Robinson's critical
paper on Philippine Myrtaceae, Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909)
Bot. 386, 403.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, there known as malaruhat (raaZa="false" and
duhat=Eugenia cumini Merr.) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 669).
151862

19

290

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Eugenia malaccensis Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 415; ed. 2 (1845) 290; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 173, t. 170, non Linn.= EUGENIA JAMBOS Linn. (Jambosa vulgaris DC).

There is no doubt as to the correctness of this reduction.

This species is fairly common in cultivation, is widely distributed in and about towns in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, and is very generally known
as tampoi. It is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago, but equally certainly of prehistoric introduction.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, December, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos.
809, 923).
Eugenia bauanguica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 416 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
292; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 174 (bauangica) = EUGEN IA MALACCENSIS
Linn.

Blanco's description is entirely inadequate, yet I consider that

there is little or no doubt as to the correctness of the present
reduction of his species. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Eugenia
laeta Ham., which was certainly an error, as Hamilton's species
does not extend to the Philippines. Eugenia malaccensis Linn,
is certainly not a native of the Philippines, but was probably of
prehistoric introduction into the Archipelago. It occurs as a
scattered tree in cultivation only.
Illustrative specimens from San Pedro Macati, Rizal Province,
Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 767) ;
Bulacan Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species ~Blancoanae~~No.
1054).
Myrtus manananquil Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 421 (sp. nov.) =: EUGEN IA
MANANQUIL Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 290; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 174.
Eugenia lobas Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 857 (sp. nov.) = Eugenia cauliflora
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 291 (canliflora) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 177, non
DC. nee. Miq. = ? EUGENIA MANANQUIL Blanco.

Eugenia mananquil Blanco is a very characteristic valid species of wide distribution in the forested areas of the Philippines
at low and medium altitudes. Fernandez-Villar reduced Eugenia mananquil Blanco to Eugenia javanica Lam., manifestly
an erroneous reduction, and considered Eugenia cauliflora Blanco
(E. lobas Blanco) as a distinct species but doubtfully identical
with Jambosa cauliflora DC. The correctness of the present
interpretation of Eugenia mananquil is certain, but the identity
of Eugenia lobas is not so sure. It is the form interpreted
and described by me as Eugenia lobas in Govt. Lab. Publ.
(Philip.) 35 (1906) 48; see C. B. Robinson in Philip. Journ.

MELASTOMATACEAE

291

Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 355, 402. The correct form of the Tagalog
name is mananquil, not manananquil.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Arayat, Pampanga Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
717).
Myrtus tripinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 421 (sp. nov.) = Myrtus subrubens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 294 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878)
182= EUGEN IA TRIPINNATA (Blanco) C. B. Rob. in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 357.

Blanco's, species was erroneously reduced by FernandezVillar to Eugenia cymosa Lam., a species that does not extend
to the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does
not apply. The change of name in the second edition was doubtless due to the fact that Blanco realized his error in originally
describing the leaves as "tres veces aladas", i. e., tripinnate,
and this descriptive phrase is dropped from the description in
the second edition. The species is widely distributed in Luzon
and is also found in Mindoro and Mindanao.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, January,
1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 889).
Eugenia glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 417 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
291; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 176 = EUGENIA sp.?

Blanco's material was from Tala, a few miles north of Manila.

His description is very imperfect, and the species cannot be
definitely connected with actual specimens. As noted by Robinson, Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 403, the only Philippine
species at all answering the description is Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Hassk. ; but the known distribution of this species makes
this reduction an impossible one, while further, had Blanco
seen specimens of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, he almost certainly
would have added its striking characters to his description, such
as the venation of its leaves, its pubescence, etc. FernandezVillar made no reduction of this species.
MELASTOMATACEAE
MELASTOMA Linnaeus
Melastoma asperum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 368, non Linn. = Melastoma
obvolutum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 259; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 117, non
Jack=r M ELASTOMA POLYANTHUM Blume.
Melastoma malabathricum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 367 (malabatrica) ; ed.
2 (1845) 258; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 115, non Linn.= MELASTOMA POLYANTHUM Blume.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines and presents considerable variation; as a result several

292

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

of the forms have been described under other specific names.

Blanco's Melastoma asperum=M. obvolutum Blanco, non Jack,
represents what I take to be fairly typical Melastoma polyanthum Blume, as I understand Blume's species. It is hardly
Melastoma malabathricum Linn, to which Fernandez-Villar
reduced it. Blanco's material was from Angat, but his description, as to the size of the leaves, applies, in our material, only
to the smaller leaves. Fernandez-Villar reduced Melastoma
malabathrictim Blanco to M. sanguineum Sims. I can now see
no reason for considering it other than M. polyanthum^ Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blaneoanae No. 567).
Melastoma timonel Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 367, non Sra.= Melastoma
dodecandrum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 258; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 116, non
Roxb., nec aliorum= MELASTOMA HOMOSTEGIUM Naud.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Melastoma imbricatum Wall.,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines, while I previously expressed the opinion that it was certainly the same as
Melastoma polyanthum Blume. However, Blanco describes his
species as having 6-merous flowers, his specimens being from
Panay. Specimens of Melastoma having 6-merous flowers conform with Melastoma homostegium Naud., the type of which is
from the Philippines, Cuming 927, and has 6-merous flowers.
Cogniaux reduced Melastoma homostegium Naud. to Melastoma
obvolutum Jack. The type of Jack's species is not extant, but
Mr. A. W. Hill informs me that all the material so-named in
the Kew Herbarium, except my No. 800, which matches Cuming
927, and a specimen from Borneo, has 5-merous flowers.
OSBECKIA Linnaeus
/Osbeckia multiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 293, non Smith=Osbeckia
sinensis Blanco ed. 2 (1845) 205; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 20, t. 421 =
OSBECKIA CHINENSIS Linn.

This species is of very wide distribution in the Philippines.

Blanco's description applies to a small, unbranched form.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blaneoanae Nos. 556, 1052).
MEMECYLON Linnaeus
Memecylon parviflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 300 (sp. nov.) = Memecylon tinctorium Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 208 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 26, t. 873= MEMECYLON OVATUM Smith (M. edule Roxb.
var. ovatum C. B. Clarke).

OENOTHERACEAE

293

This species is of very wide distribution in the Philippines,

but I am inclined to retain Memecylon ovatum as a species distinct from M. edule Roxb. ; see Philip. Journ. Sei. 8 (1913)
Bot. 215.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 581).
MEMECYLON LAN CEOLAT UM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 301 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 209; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 26.

This species is common and widely distributed at low and

medium altitudes in Luzon and is abundant in the regions from
which Blanco secured most of his botanical material. Memecylon pyrifolium Presl, M. cumingianum Pr.esl, and M. clausiflorum Naud., all based on Philippine material, are synonyms
as I understand these forms as described; see Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 8 (1913) Bot. 212.
Illustrative specimens from Rizal Province, Luzon, November,
1915, June, 1916, here known as colis or culis (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae Nos. 955, 975).

OENOTHERACEAE
JUSSIAEA Linnaeus
} Jussieua inclinata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 366, non Linn. f= Jussieua
fluvitil! Blume; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 257; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
114=:JUSSIAEA REPENS Linn.

The form that Blanco erroneously referred to Jussieua inclinata Linn. f. in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, he
correctly referred to J. fluviatilis Blume in the second edition.
However, Blume's species is a synonym of J. repens Linn. The
species is widely distributed at low altitudes in the Philippines,
growing on muddy banks and in shallow fresh water.
Illustrative specimens from Lake Bay, Laguna Province,
Luzon, January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 815) ;
Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 921 ).
Jussieua erecta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 365; ed. 2 (1845) 257; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 114, t. J22 (poor) non Linn. = JUSSIAEA SUFFRUTICOSA
Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes in open wet places, possibly introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 352).

294

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

ARALIACEAE
ARALIA Linnaeus
ARALIA BIPINNATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 222 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
157 (bipimata); ed. 3, 1 (1877) 282.

This species was later described by Presl from Philippine

mateiial as Aralia hypoleuca Presl, but Blanco's name is the
older and should be retained. Aralia bipimiata Reinw. dates
from 1856-57 and is a different species. Hemsley, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 23 (1888) 338, has reduced Aralia hypoleuca Presl to
A. spinosa Linn, sensu latiore. Blanco's description is very
imperfect; but there is no doubt as to the correctness of the
identification, as this is the only species of the genus that is
known from Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince,
Luzon, November, 1914, comm. H. Sandkuhl (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 16h).
POLYSCIAS Forster
Aralia pendula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 223 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 157;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 283 = POLYSCIAS NODOSA (Blume) Seem.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes. In habit it is very characteristic, being unbranched,
the long leaves and the ample inflorescences crowded at the summit of the trunk.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 113).
SCHEFFLERA Frster
Polyscias digitata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 224 (sp. nov.) =Aralia ? octophylla Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 158 (octophilla) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
284, non Lour. = SCHEFFLERA DIGITATA (Blanco) comb. nov.
(Schefflera macrantha Merr.).

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Heptapleurum rigidum Seem.,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one to
which Blanco's description does not apply. Blanco's material
was from Cebu, and he cites the Visayan name tagima for the
species. Attempts to locate it under the native name in Cebu
resulted in securing specimens of Schefflera odorata (Blanco)
Merr. & Rolfe, a species that does not conform with the description of Polyscias digitata. The description conforms closely
with Schefflera macrantha Merr., a species known from Mindanao and from Negros; the latter island is very near Cebu.

ARALIACEAE

295

I have little hesitation in reducing the latter species and in

adopting Blanco's specific name for it, as it is the only species
among the very numerous Philippine representatives of the
genus that conforms at all with Blanco's description.
Polyscias odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 225 (sp. nov.) =Paratropia
crassa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 158 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877)
285 = SCHEFFLERA ODORATA (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 117.
Polyscias obtusa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 226 (sp. nov.) = Paratropia
obtusa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 159 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877)
285 = SCHEFFLERA ODORATA (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe.

Both of Blanco's species were reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Heptapleurum venulosum Seem., a species that does not extend
to the Philippines. There is absolutely no doubt that a single
species is represented by Blanco's descriptions. The species is
widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, often
growing as a pseudo-epiphyte, i. e., rooting on decayed places
on tree trunks. Its most general Tagalog name is galamai amo.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 833).
Nauclea digitata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 102 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1
(1877) 188 (non Sehefflera digitata Forst.) =SCHEFFLERA BLANCOI
Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 109.

This species is widely distributed in Luzon, growing in forests

at medium altitudes as a pseudo-epiphyte. It was reduced by
Fernandez-Villar to Heptapleurum cephalotes C. B. Clarke, a
species that does not extend to the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 103).
NOTHOPANAX Miquel
Aralia tripinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 223 (sp. nov.)=Panax fruticosum Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 156 (fruticossa), ed. 3, 1
(1877) 281, t. 7S = NOTHOPANAX FRUTICOSUM (Linn.) Miq.

The species that Blanco described as new in the first edition

of his Flora de Filipinas he correctly reduced to Panax fruticosum
Linn, in the second edition. The species is cultivated throughout
the settled areas of the Philippines and is certainly an introduced
plant in the Archipelago. Its common Tagalog name papua
simply means "curly."
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 850).

296

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

UMBELLIFERAE
CENTELLA Linnaeus
Hydrocotyle asitica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 212; ed. 2 (1845)
149; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 268 = CENTELLA ASITICA (Linn.) Urban.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is very widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines,
but is presumably an introduced plant. It is commonly known
as taquip cohl.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blcmcoanae No. 57J*).
FOENICULUM Linnaeus
Anethum foeniculum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 214; ed. 2 (1845)
150; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 270= FOENICULUM VULGARE Gaertn.

This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar, and it is certainly the correct disposition of the form that Blanco described,
he having interpreted the Linnean species correctly. The plant
is very rarely found in cultivation in the Philippines to-day,
occasionally a plant here and another there. It is now commonly known as anis.
CAR UM Linnaeus
Ammi glaucifolium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 213, non Linn. = Daucus anisodorus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 150 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
269 = CARUM COPTICUM Benth.

Carum copticum Benth. seems to be the correct disposition

of the form Blanco described. The species is of very local
occurrence in the Philippines and is found only in cultivation.
The native names cited by Blanco are damoro and lamudio and
are still in use for this species.
Illustrative specimen from plants grown in Manila, the seeds
of which were secured in Batangas Province, Luzon, June, 1917
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1027).
CORNACEAE
ALAN Gl UM Lamarck
Guettarda jasminiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 722 (jazminiftora) (sp.
nov.) = Guettarda speciosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 499; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 124, non Linn. = ALANGIUM CHNENSE (Lour.) Rehder in
Sargent PI. Wils. 2 (1916) 552.
Alangium octopetalum Llanos ex Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 310 (sp.
nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 210 = ALANGIUM CHNENSE (Lour.) Rehder
in Sargent PI. Wils. 2 (1916) 552.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Alangium octopetalum to Alangium

lamarckii Thw.=A. salviifolium (Linn, f.) Wang., where it can-

CLETHRACEAE-MYRSINACEAE

297

not possibly belong. I am of the opinion that it is nothing but

Alangium chnense (Lour.) Rehder, very poorly and imperfectly
described, a species that is common in the vicinity of Calauan
where the material on which Llanos's species was based was
collected; Blanco definitely states that the description was by
Llanos, not by himself. Guettarda jasminiftora Blanco is manifestly the same as Alangium chnense (Lour.) Rehder. It is
widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes.
Alangium begoniifolium Baill. is a synonym.
Illustrative specimens from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 73) ; Mount Maquiling,
Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. W. Foxworthy, September,
1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1009).

CLETHRACEAE
CLETHRA Linnaeus
/ciethra alnifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 259; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 117,
non Linn. = CLETHRA LANCI FOLIA Turcz.

This species is widely distributed on the mountains of Luzon.

Turczaninow's species was based on an erroneously localized
specimen collected by Lobb, which was from Luzon, not from
Singapore.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, May, 1914, comm. N. Catalan (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 23).
MYRSINACEAE
MAESA Forskal
7 Maesa membrancea Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 590; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
164, non A. DC. = MAESA DENTICULATA Mez.

Blanco's Maesa membrancea was reduced by FernandezVillar to Maesa indica A. DC. var. coricea A. DC, but the
Philippine form referred by A. de Candolle to Maesa indica
has been considered by Mez as a distinct species, Maesa laxa
Mez. Blanco's description, however, unmistakably applies to
Maesa denticulata Mez, and the species is accordingly here so
reduced. My previous reduction of Maesa membrancea Blanco
to Maesa cumingiana Mez is entirely wrong, as Blanco distinctly
describes his plant as having the flowers in axillary racemes.
The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines
at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon.
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 701).

298

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Bassovia sylvatica Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 95 (silvtica) ; ed. 3, 1

(1877) 174, non Aubl.= MAESA LAXA Mez.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. There is no doubt as to the
correctness of this reduction of Blanco's species, as his description agrees closely with Maesa laxa Mez ; Bassovia sylvatica Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Maesa indica A. DC, but
the Philippine form placed here by A. de Candolle has been segregated by Mez as a distinct species, Maesa laxa Mez.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 98).
ARDISIA Swartz
Bladhia japnica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 126, ed. 2 (1845) 90; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 164, non Thunb.=ARDISIA PERROTTETIANA A. DC.

Blanco's species was referred by Fernandez-Villar to Ardisia

pyramidalis Per s.Ardisia serrata (Cav.) Pers., probably on
account of the statement of Blanco that the leaves are "como
dos veces aserradas." The reason I do not now accept this reduction is that Ardisia serrata in the provinces near Manila flowers
in March and April, while A. perrottetiana A. DC. frequently
flowers in July and August, August being indicated by Blanco
for his Bladhia japnica. Blanco's description applies to one
quite as well as to the other.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province,
Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 483).
\ Willughbeia drupcea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 132 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
94; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 173, t. 39=ARD\S\A. DRUPCEA (Blanco) comb,
nov. (Ardisia boissieri A. DC).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ardisia

obovata Blume=Ai'disia humilis Valh var. obovata (Blume) Mez,
a species that has been credited to the Philippines and one to
which Ardisia boissieri is certainly very closely allied. Ardisia
drupcea (A. boissieri) is an inland form and is consistently
a tree, not a shrub. It should be noted that King & Gamble
differ from Mez in interpreting Ardisia humilis Vahl and retain
the name Ardisia littoralis Andr. (1811) for the Malay Peninsula form (including A. obovata Blume), with the comment
that Ardisia littoralis Andr. "seems to be a coast shrub only."
The species, whatever specific name be adopted for it, is widely
distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 60).
Willughbeia multilocularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 131 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 94; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 172, pro parte = ARDISIA sp.

MYRSINACEAE

299

Fernandez-Villar first thought that this was an apocynaceous

plant, but did not suggest a reduction for it. Later, in the
Addenda to the Novissima Appendix, he definitely referred it
to Garcinia ovalifolia var. spicata Hook. f. Neither reduction
is a possible one, as Blanco's description conforms neither to
the ApocyTiaceae nor to the Guttiferae. I know of no Philippine
species that combines the characters of Willughbeia multilocularis Blanco and am constrained to believe that the species was
based on flowering specimens of one species, apparently an Ardisia, and fruiting specimens of an entirely different one. The
description of the flowers and inflorescence conforms closely
to Ardisia, perhaps Ardisia boissieri A. DC.=A. drupcea
(Blanco) Merr. The native name malabatoan cited by Blanco
is valueless in determining the identity of the species.
A EG 1 CERAS Gaertner
y AEGICERAS CORNICULATUM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 79; ed. 2 (1845)
59; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 112, t. 38.

Blanco correctly interpreted Rhizophora corniculata Linn., and

was correct in transferring the specific name to Aegiceras. The
species is common along the seashore throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 508).
EMBELIA Burman
Rhamnus lando Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 57 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. &
Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 41 = EMBELIA PHILIPPINENSIS A. DC.

Rhamnus lando was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Bridelia

retusa Muell.-Arg., a species that does not occur in the Philippines and one to which Llanos's description does not at all apply.
In Index Kewensis it is entered under Rhamnus with the addition of "quid." The identification of Rhamnus lando with
Embelia philippinensis A. DC. is certainly correct, as Llanos's
description applies fully to Embelia philippinensis; the Tagalog
name of de Candolle's species is lando; the older stems are spiny;
the acid leaves are used by the natives as a substitute for vinegar ;
and the time of flowering in the provinces near Manila is that
indicated by Llanos. Without the data given by Llanos as to
the native name and uses of the plant, it is doubtful if the
proper reduction of the species could have been effected.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, there known as lando (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 732).

300

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

PLUMBAGINACEAE
PLUMBAGO Linnaeus
Plumbago viscosa Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 78 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 58;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 111 = PLU M BAGO ZEYLANICA Linn.

The species is of wide distribution in the settled areas of

the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, but is of rather
local occurrence; it is undoubtedly an introduced plant in the
Archipelago, although now thoroughly naturalized.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. A79).

SAPOTACEAE
BASS IA Linnaeus
Azaola betis Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 402 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
281; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 157=BASSIA BETIS (Blanco) Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 10 (1915) Bot. 56 (Payena betis F.-Vill., Wipe betis Merr.).

This endemic species is of wide distribution in the Philippines,

occurring in the primeval forest, yielding a very valuable building timber, and universally known as betis, which is also the
commercial name of its timber.
Illustrative specimen from Cavit Province, Luzon, April,
1915, there known as betis (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
956).
PALAQUIUM Blanco
Palaquium latifolium Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 404 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
282; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 159 = PALAQUIUM PHILIPPENSE (Perr.) C.
B. Rob. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 304.
Palaquium oleiferum Blanco op. cit. 405 (sp. nov.) ; 283; 160=PALAQUIUM
PHILIPPENSE (Perr.) C. B. Rob.

From Blanco's descriptions Palaquium latifolium and P. oleiferum cannot be distinguished, the description of the former being
fairly complete, and that of the latter much shorter, incomplete,
and of the leaves and fruits only. The common Tagalog names
for the species are palac-pahic (from whence the generic name)
and alacac, while the Ilocano name, as it appears on our specimens, is araca and dapagan; Blanco cites the Ilocano name
daracan for his Palaquium, oleiferum. The species is common
and widely distributed in Luzon and Mindoro, at low and medium
altitudes, generally growing in the primeval forest. Synonyms
appear to be Chrysophyllum macrophyllum Desf. and C. grandifolium Steud., but the earliest valid specific name is that supplied by Chrysophyllum philippense Perr. in Mm. Soc. Linn.
Paris 3 (1824) 109.

SAPOTACEAE

301

Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,

December, 1914, June, 1915 (Merrul: Species Blancoanae Nos.
662, 934).
PALAQUIUM LAN CEO LATUM Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 403 (sp. nov.) ; ed.
2 (1845) 282; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 159.

Blanco's species is apparently a valid one, but my first attempt

to interpret it, Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 6 (1904) 15, was
wrong, and the form I then referred to it Dubard has very correctly separated as a distinct species, Palaquium merrillii
Dubard. But two collections, conforming to Blanco's description, have been received, and from this material Palaquium lanceolatum Blanco has been redescribed by me, Philip. Journ. Sei.
10 (1915) Bot. 62. Palaquium lanceolatum Blanco is the type
of the genus.
ACHRAS Linnaeus
ACH RAS SAPOTA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 236; ed. 2 (1845) 165;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 298, t. 85.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was introduced into the Philippines at an early date by the
Spaniards and now is found in cultivation throughout the Archipelago; it is universally known as chico.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 492).
LCUMA Jussieu
Achras lcuma Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 237; ed. 2 (1845) 166; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 299, t. 297, non Ruiz & Pav. = LUCUMA MAMMOSA (Linn.)
Gaertn.

This Mexican species was introduced into the Philippines by

the Spaniards at an early date, but is now found in cultivation
only sparingly and very locally. The fruits rarely enter the
Manila market. It is known as chico-mamey.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 54).
SIDEROXYLON Linnaeus
SIDEROXYLON DUCLITAN Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 129 (sp. nov.); ed.
2 (1845) 92; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 168.
Sideroxylon balitbitan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 130 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
92; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 169 = SIDEROXYLON DUCLITAN Blanco.

There is no reason whatever for attempting to distinguish

Sideroxylon balitbitan as a species distinct from Sideroxylon
dnclitan Blanco. Blanco's whole description consists merely of
the statement that the leaves are wider than those of dnclitan,

302

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

but in its floral and all other characters it cannot be distinguished

from the latter. There is but a single species of the section to
which Sideroxylon duclitan Blanco belongs known from the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 1).
MIM USO PS Linnaeus
Mimusops erythroxylum Llanos in Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 2 (1873) 255,
t. 10; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco PL Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 54, non
Boj. = MIMUSOPS PARVIFOLIA R. Br.

This reduction follows Fernandez-Villar, and I am now of

the opinion that this is the correct disposition of the widely
distributed coastal forn found in the Philippines, which has
been confused with Mimusops elengi Linn. It is widely known
as bansalaguin.
EBENACEAE
DIOSPYROS Linnaeus
Sapota nigra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 409 (sp. nov.) = Diospyros nigra
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 211, t. 372 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878)
30 = DIOSPYROS EBENASTER Retz.

This species was introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards

and is nowhere abundant in the Archipelago to-day and is not
spontaneous; Blanco was in error in considering it to be indigenous. It is still known by its Spanish name, of Mexican
origin, sapote negro.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, 1914 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 618).
Diospyros kaki Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 302, non Linn. = Diospyros embryopteris Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 209 (embriopteris) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
28, t. 109, non Pers.=:DIOSPYROS DISCOLOR Willd. (Cavanilla philippensis Desr., Diospyros philippensis Gurke, non A. DC, Diospyros
blancoi A. DC).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, the tree usually known as camagon, yielding a valuable
cabinet timber. The edible fruit is known as mabolo and is
commonly sold in the Manila markets.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1911 (Merritt:
Species Blancoanae No. 287).
DIOSPYROS PILOSANTHERA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 304 (sp. nov.); ed.
2 (1845) 211; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 31.

A characteristic endemic species of wide distribution in the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes. Its universal Tagalog
name is bolongeta.

EBENACEAE

303

Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 820).
7 DIOSPYROS MULTIFLORA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 303 (sp. nov.) =
Diospyros lotus (?) Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 210; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
29, non Linn.

Blanco's specific name multiflora is valid for this species, for

Diospyros multiflora Wall. Cat. (1831) No. 4144 is a nomen
nudum and is, moreover, a synonym of Diospyros lanceaefolia
Roxb. Diospyros canomoi A. DC. is an exact synonym of Blanco's species. The species is widely distributed in Luzon, and
its fruits are used in stupefying or poisoning fish. Its common
Tagalog name is canomoi.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 536).
Diospyros biflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 303 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
210; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 28=? DIOSPYROS MARITIMA Blume.

A species of doubtful status other than that it is certainly a

Diospyros. The native name talang and cognate forms of it
are applied to various species of Diospyros, including D. curranii
Merr., D. mindanaensis Merr., D. ahernii Merr., and even D.
pilosanthera Blanco. It is suspected that the form Blanco
described as Diospyros biflora is the same as D. maritima Blume,
which, however, is almost universally known in the Philippines
as canomoi.
DIOSPYROS KAKI Linn, f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 211; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 29.

This was described by Blanco from fruits only originating in

Majaijai, a town on the lower slopes of Mount Banajao, Laguna
Province, Luzon, where it was apparently cultivated. His description conforms entirely with Diospyros kaki Linn, f., but the
species is apparently no longer in cultivation in the Philippines.
Malacapai Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 302, ed. 2 (1845) 210; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
27= DIOSPYROS MALACAPAI A. DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 237 (type!).

I am unable to suggest a reduction of this very imperfectly

described form, other than that it is a Diospyros. A. de Candolle
made Blanco's description of malacapai the type of Diospyros
malacapai A. DC. The Tagalog name malatapi, rather than
malacapai, is exclusively applied in some parts of Luzon to Alangium longiflorum Merr., of the Cornaceae, but Blanco's short
description applies unmistakably to Diospyros. The name is
applied also to some species of Diospyros, but the characters of
these do not conform to Blanco's description of Malacapai.

304

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Cunalon Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 304; ed. 2 (1845) 212; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
31 = DIOSPYROS CUNALON A. DC. Prodr. 8 (1844) 237 (type!).

A species of doubtful status, known only from Blanco's description. A. de Candolle made the description the basis of
Diospyros ? cunalon A. DC, but while the status of the species
is doubtful, it is certainly a Diospyros. Blanco's specimens were
from Cebu, where the tree was known as cunalon. Specimens
of Diospyros ahernii Merr. appear in our herbarium bearing
the Visayan name canaln, but this species does not conform
to Blanco's description, as the stamens are 16, all basal, not 8,
of which 4 are basal and 4 inserted on the tube as Blanco describes them.
SYMPLOCACEAE
SYMPLOCOS Linnaeus
Guettarda polyandra Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 500 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 126 = SYMPLOCOS POLYANDRA (Blanco) Brand in Engl.
Pflanzenreich 6 (1901) 36, excl. syn. S. racemosa, S. spicata, S. villarii,
S. pseudo-spicata, et descr.).

There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that Blanco's Guettarda polyandra is the species later described by Presl as Carlea
oblongifoliaSymplocos oblongifolia Rolfe; Brand, 1. c, 55.
Fernandez-Villar reduced Guettarda polyandra to Symplocos
racemosa Roxb., being correct as to the generic reduction, but
wrong as to the species. Vidal erred in citing Guettarda polyandra Blanco as a synonym of his Symplocos villarii, but made
the reduction with expressed doubt, while Brand erred in taking
up Blanco's name as the oldest valid one for Symplocos villarii
Vidal. Blanco's description, "Hojas enteras * * * flores
en las ramas en espigas disticas," in Symplocos applies only to
the species previously known as S. oblongifolia among all the
Philippine forms. Widely distributed in the Philippines, and
also occurring in Borneo.
Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 312) ; Luzon (MerriU: Species Blancoanae No. 661).
OLEACEAE
JASMINUM Linnaeus
y Mogorium aculeatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 9 (sp. nov.), ed. 2 (1845) 7;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 13, t. 45 = JASMINUM ACULEATUM (Blanco) Walpex Hassk in Flora 47 (1864) 50; Merr. in Govt. Lab. (Philip.) Pobl35 (1905) 76.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Jasmi-

SALVADORACEAE-LOGANIACEAE

305

num marianum DC, but is apparently distinct. It is widely

distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 87).
Nyctanthes sambac Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 9; ed. 2 (1845) 6; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 12, t. = JASMINUM SAMBAC (Linn.) Ait.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation and is universally known in the Archipelago as sampaguita. Not naturalized and certainly a purposely introduced
species. Blanco's description typifies Jasminum blancoi Hassk.
in Flora 47 (1864) 49.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 88).
SALVADORACEAE
AZ1MA Lamarck
^Azima nova Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 68; ed. 2 (1845) 49; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
91, non Gmel.^AZIMA SARMENTOSA Benth.

This may prove to be identical with the older Azima tetracantha Lam., a point that I am unable to determine at present.
The species is locally abundant in dry thickets near tidal streams
in the vicinity of Manila, and when fresh the crushed plant has
a peculiar, offensive odor suggestive of that of the civet cat.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, March, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 505).
LOGANIACEAE
GENIOSTOMA Forster
Tayotum nigrescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 105 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed.
2 (1845) 76; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 141 = GENIOSTOMA NIGRESCENS
(Blanco) comb. nov. (G. philippinense Merr.).

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Norrism

malaccensis Gardn. of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, to which
Blanco's description does not at all apply. There is no doubt,
however, that Tayotum is identical with Geniostoma, and that
Tayotum nigrescens Blanco is the species described by me as
Geniostoma philippinense. The illustrative material distributed
herewith, while apparently a form of Geniostoma philippinense
Merr., differs from the type and from Blanco's description in
having its leaves nearly or quite glabrous.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915
(Merrul: Species Blancoanae No. 878).
161862

20

306

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
STRYCHNOS Linnaeus

Ignatia amara Linn, f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 82 = Strychnos philippensis
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 61 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 116=
STRYCHNOS IGNATII Berg. Mat. Med. 1 (1778) 146.

Blanco correctly interpreted Ignatia amara Linn, f., which

was published in 1781, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, but for some reason described it as a new species in the
second edition. The species is widely distributed in the central
and southern Philippines but has not as yet been found in Luzon.
It is a sylvan species of somewhat local occurrence, apparently
being most abundant in Samar, and Samar seems to be the chief
. source of the commercial supply of the seeds. It is definitely
known from the islands of Samar, Biliran, Leyte, and Mindanao,
and has been reported from Masbate and Cebu. The fruits are
globose, 10 to 12 cm in diameter, and each contains from 15
to 18 seeds embedded in very soft fleshy pulp. The pulp is almost
exactly "luteus" of Saccardo's Chromotaxia, with a squash-like
odor, and the fresh seeds are greenish straw-colored, smooth,
with a satiny sheen, and shrink considerably in drying.
Illustrative specimen from Jaro, Leyte, October, 1914, comm.
C. A. Wenzel, locally known as* igasud {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 631 ).
BUDDLE IA Linnaeus
Buddleia virgata Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 57; ed. 2 (1845) 38; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 70, non Linn. f.= BUDDLEIA ASITICA Lour.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Buddleia neemda

Ham., which is a synonym of Loureiro's species. The only representative of the genus known in the Philippines, widely distributed, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,800
meters.
Illustratve specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 15).
FAGRAEA Thunberg
Fagraea scholaris Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 93 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 171 = FAGRAEA RACEMOSA Jack (F. morindaefolia Blume).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Fagraea

cordifolia Blume, a species that is not known to extend to the
Philippines. It is unquestionably the widely distributed and
common Fagraea racemosa Jack, a species that is found in forested regions at low and medium altitudes throughout the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 163).

GENTIANACEAE

JOT

GENTIANACEAE
EXACUM Linnaeus
Exacum albens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 58; ed. 2 (1845) 39; ed. 8, 1
(1877) 71, t. 202, non Linn. f. = EXACUM CHIRONIOIDES Griseb.
Cobamba blancoi Azaola in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 591 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 293 = EXACUM CHIRONIOIDES Griseb.

Exacum albens Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar, No vis.

App. (1880) 136, to Exacum chironioides Griseb. Gen. Sp. Gent.
(1839) 109, which was based on Philippine material; in this reduction he was undoubtedly correct. Hallier f., Beihefte Bot.
Centralbl. 342 (1916) 42, has shown that the Malayan form
is distinct from Exacum tetragonum Roxb., and has accepted
Exacum albens Blanco (non Linn.) as the name for the former;
Exacum albens Blanco is invalidated by E. albens Linn.
Cobamba blancoi Azaola was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to
Canscora decussata R. & S., following Llanos, but this is certainly
incorrect for the latter species does not extend to the Philippines.
The description is very imperfect, but so far as it goes it applies
to Exacum chironioides Griseb., but to no other Philippine plant
known to me. It is widely distributed in the Philippines, in
rather wet grasslands, along streams, etc., in the provinces near
Manila, flowering from April to September.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
August, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 261).
CANSCORA Lamarck
Cobamba dichotoma Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 510 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed.
2 (1845) 355; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 293 = CANSCORA DIFFUSA (Willd.)
R. Br.

This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines but is

rather widely distributed in the Archipelago at low and medium
altitudes, growing in damp shaded places about cliffs, along small
streams, etc. It is the type of the genus Cobamba of Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 115).
LIMNANTHEMUM Gmelin
Menyanthes indica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 87; ed. 2 (1845; 63;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 118= LIMNANTHEMUM INDICUM (Linn.) Griseb.

Fernandez-Villar referred the form that Blanco described to

Limnanthemum cristatum Griseb., Blanco's material being from
Lake Bay, Luzon. Both Limnanthemum indicum Griseb. and
L. cristatum Griseb. grow in the lake, and from Blanco's description of the leaves as a "pie y medio de dimetro," it is very

308

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

evident that the form currently interpreted as LimTianthemum

indicum Griseb. was the one intended. Herbarium specimens
rarely present leaves of such species in maximum size, the
largest that I have actually seen being 30 cm in diameter.
Illustrative specimen from Lake Bay, Luzon, October, 1917
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 106U).

APOCYNACEAE
A LLAMAN DA Linnaeus
ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 64; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 120, i. SO.

The Linnean species was undoubtedly correctly interpreted

by Blanco. It was introduced from Mexico at an early date and
is still commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes in the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Antipoo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4-95).
>

PLUM I ERA Linnaeus

Plumiera alba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 111; ed. 2 (1845) 80; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
148, t. 39, non Linn. = PLUMIERA ACUMINATA Ait. {Plumiera acutifolia Poir. ).

This species was introduced into the Philippines at an early

date from Mexico, and with the plant the Spaniards brought
its Mexican name, it now being widely known in the Archipelago
as calachuchi, calsasi, carachucha, calonoche, etc. It is found
only in cultivation here and never produces fruits.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 869).
ALSTON IA R. Brown
Echites scholaris Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 107; ed. 2 (1845) 77; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 144, t. 113 = ALSTON\A SCHOLARIS (Linn.) R. Br.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes and is widely known as dita, its Tagalog name.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 232).
Echites trfida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 109; ed. 2 (1845) 79; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 146, t. S79, non Jacq. = ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA Wall.
Alstonia batino Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 589 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
163 = ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA Wall.

I can see no reason for considering that more than one species
is included in Echites trfida Blanco and Alstonia batino Blanco,
although Fernandez-Villar reduced the former to Alstonia specta-

APOCYNACEAE

309

bilis Miq., and the latter to A. macrophylla Wall. ; Miquel's species

is not known from the Philippines.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 and December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 335, 659).
LOCH ERA Reichenbach
Vinca rosea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 116; ed. 2 (1845) 84; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 154, t. .42 = LOCHNERA ROSEA (Linn.) Reichb. (Ammocallis
rosea Small).

This species was undoubtedly introduced from tropical America; it is now widely distributed in the Philippines at low
altitudes and is frequently thoroughly naturalized.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 231).
TABERNAEMONTANA Linnaeus
Tabernaemontana laurifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 114; ed. 2 (1845) 82;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 150, t. U, non Linn. = TABERNAEMONTANA PANDACAQUI Poir.

This species is very common at low altitudes in Luzon and

is especially abundant in and about Manila. It is universally
known as pandacaqui. Sonnerat's figure, on which Poiret's species was based, was drawn from a Philippine specimen, not from
a New Guinea plant as indicated in de Candolle's Prodromus.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon.
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 266).
TABERNAEMONTANA POLYGAMA Blanco FI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 82
(polgama) (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 151.

There is no doubt that the species described as Tabernaemontana puberula Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 4 (1909) Bot. 319
is identical with Tabernaemontana polygama Blanco. The species is common in thickets in the vicinity of Manila. The corolla
falls very soon after the flowers open, and Blanco apparently
interpreted the flowers with fallen corollas as female flowers.
Illustrative specimens from near Mandaloyon, Rizal Province,
Luzon, April 23, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. fcj,
243).
VOACANGA Thouars
Tabernaemontana globosa Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 116 (sp. nov.) ; ed.
2 (1845) 83; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 153 = VOACANGA GLOBOSA (Blanco)
Merr.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines; it is

abundant in the provinces contiguous to Manila and is generally
known as bayag usa.

310

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon,

May, 1914, comm. F. C. Gates and N. Catalan (Merrill: Species
Bla?icoanae No. 4-62).
ALYXIA R. Brown
Brabejum ? concatenatum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 73 = ALYXIA CON CAT EN ATA (Blanco) comb. nov.
(Alyxia monilifera Vidal).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, but it is

usually not found below altitudes of 700 meters. Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Alyxia laurina Gaudich.,
a species not known from the Philippines. The description is
poor, but applies sufficiently well to the species later described
by Vidal as Alyxia monilifera. Vidal referred to his Alyxia
monilifera Blanco's Brabejum lucidum, but Cebu material agreeing with Blanco's description has persuaded me that Brabejum
lucidum is entirely different from Alyxia monilifera Vidal, and
accordingly Blanco's Brabejum lucidum (non Alyxia lucida
Wall.) has been redescribed as Alyxia blancoi Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 330.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 159).
Brabejum ? lucidum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 74 = ALYXIA BLANCOI Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912)
Bot. 330.

Blanco's specific name is invalidated in Alyxia by A. lucida

Wall., an entirely different species. Fernandez-Villar referred
it to Alyxia stellata R. & S., a species not known from the Philippines, and I previously referred it to Alyxia monilifera Vid.
Specimens from Cebu, the region from which Blanco secured his
specimens of Brabejum lucidum, that agree with his descriptions indicate clearly that the form he described is different
from Vidal's species; it apparently represents a distinct, valid
species, which I have called Alyxia blancoi Merr. I have a specimen of this under the Visayan name layo from Bolohon, Cebu,
the type locality of Blanco's species.
Brabejum ? pinnatum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40 (sp. nov.); ed.
3, 1 (1877) 74 = ? ALYXIA sp.

Blanco's material of this was from Cebu, for which he cites

the Visayan name layo. He has unquestionably described a
branch with distichous leaves as a pinnate leaf, but definitely
describes the "leaflets" as opposite. All our Philippine material
of Alyxia has verticillate leaves. A translation of Blanco's description is as follows: Leaves opposite, even-pinnate. Leaflets

APOCYNACEAE

311

five or more pairs, narrow, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, subsessile; with the further information that it was a shrub a yard
or more in height, growing in Cebu, the leaves fragrant, 3 to
4 inches long, half an inch wide, and locally known as layo. A
comprehensive botanical exploration of Cebu may yield material
and data by which the species can be interpreted. It is certainly not Alyxia odor ata Wall, where it was placed by FernandezVillar.
CERBERA Linnaeus
CERBERA MANGHAS Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 125; ed. 2 (1845)
89; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 161.
Elcana seminuda Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 584 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 267 = CERBERA MANGHAS Linn.

Blanco's description of Cerbera manghas is very poor, but

apparently applies to the Linnean species. Fernandez-Villar reduced Elcana seminuda to Cerbera lactaria Ham.=C'erber'a odollam Gaertn.Cerbera manglias Linn., and there is scarcely any
doubt but that this is the correct disposition of it. The only
possible objection to the reduction is Blanco's statement that his
material was from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, a place well
in the interior, while Cerbera manghas Linn, normally grows
only near the seashore. Cerbera manghas Linn, is the only
Philippine species known to me that conforms at all with Blanco's
description. Cerbera manghas Linn, was based on an actual
specimen collected by Osbeck in Java, but he included a literature
reference to Tabernaemontana in the original description. Valeton [Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 12 (1905) 245] separates the
eastern Malayan form from that of India and western Malaya,
calling the former Cerbera lactaria Ham., and the latter C.
odollam Gaertn. The Philippine form is all apparently referable to Cerbera lactaria Ham., as interpreted by Valeton, but
I cannot distinguish it from C. manghas Linn. Along the seashore throughout the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 318).
THEVETIA Linnaeus
p Cerbera thevetia Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 125 (thebethia) ; ed. 2
(1845) 89; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 162, t. 5 = THEVETIA PERUVIANA
(Pers.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 9 (1914) 130 (Cerbera peruviana
Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 267; Thevetia nereifolia Juss. ex Steud. Nomencl.
ed. 2, 2 (1840) 680).

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, but

unless the combination Thevetia thevetia (Linn.) Millsp. be

312

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

accepted Persoon's specific name peruviana is the oldest one for

the species. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr. occurs in the
Philippines only as a cultivated plant; it was introduced from
Mexico by the Spaniards at an early date, either for ornamental
purposes or for its use in medicine, or both.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 518).
PARAMERIA Bentham
Echites torosa Llanos Fragm. PL Filip. (1851) 59; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed.
3, 41 (1880) 42, non Jacq. = PARAMERIA BARBATA (Blume) K.
Schum. (P. philippinensis Radlk.).

Llanos's description is very short, but it can apply to no other

Philippine species. Paramea barbata is common and widely
distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes and is generally
known to the Tagalogs as ductung ahas and paragtong ahas.
In Index Kewensis Llanos's name erroneously appears as Ecdysanthera torosa. I cannot distinguish this Philippine form
from Parameria barbata (Blume) K. Schum.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. HO).
AGANOSMA G. Don
Echites repens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 109, non Jacq.= Echites procumbens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 78 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
145, t. -42S=AGANOSMA ACUMINATA G. Don. [A. marginata G.
Don, Holarrhena macrocarpa F.-Vill., H. procumbens Merr. in Govt.
Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 59].

This species is of wide distribution in the Philippines. The

follicles are distinctly more slender than Blanco describes them ;
he states that they are as thick as one's finger.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 372).
CHONEMORPHA C- Don
Tabernaemontana elliptica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 115 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 83; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 152, non Thunb.=CHONEMORPHA
BLANCOI nom. nov. [Chonemorpha elliptica Merr. & Rolfe in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 121, non Tabernaemontana elliptica Thunb.].

This species is widely distributed in Luzon, but it is nowhere

abundant; it occurs in the primeval forest at low and medium
altitudes. Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to
Chonemorpha macrophylla Don, an allied but distinct form,
which does not extend to the Philippines. As Blanco's original
specific name was preoccupied, a new name is apparently necessary for the species, as proposed above.

APOCYNACEAE

313

Illustrative specimen from Mount Batulao, Batangas Province,

Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 482).
ICHNOCARPUS R. Brown
Echites caudata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 106; ed. 2 (1845) 77; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 143, t. 97, non Linn. = ICHNOCARPUS OVATIFOLIUS A. DC.
Prodr. 8 (1844) 435.

Blanco's conception of the Linnean species was reduced by

Fernandez-Villar to Ichnocarpus frutescens R. Br., a species not
definitely known from the Philippines. Ichnocarpus navesii
Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 313 is the same as
de Candolle's species. It is common and widely distributed in
the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is very generally
known as hinguio.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 456).
NERIUM Linnaeus
Nerium oleander Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 104; ed. 2 (1845) 75; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 140, t. 37, non Linn.= NERIUM INDICUM Mill. (N. odorum
Soland.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation, is nowhere spontaneous, and never produces fruit in the
Archipelago. It is very generally known under its Spanish name
adelfa and was undoubtedly introduced into the Philippines by
the Spaniards.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 819).
WRIGHTIA R. Brown
Anasser lanitl Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 112 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 81;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 149, t. 0=WRIGHTIA LANITI (Blanco) Merr. in
Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 59 (Wrigktia ovata A. DC).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, and it is abundant in those regions from which Blanco
received most of his botanical material. It is universally known
in the Tagalog provinces, at least, as laniti. It may prove to
be identical with W. pubescens R. Br.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, November,
1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 562).
PARSONSIA R. Brown
Echites spiralis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 110 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 79;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 146, t. 30=PARSONSIA CONFUSA Merr.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Parsonsm rheedii F.-Vill.

(Heligme rheedii Wight), a species that does not extend to the

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Philippines. Accordingly the new name Parsonsia confusa

Merr. was proposed for the Philippine form described by Blanco,
his specific name being invalidated in the genus by Parsonsia
spiralis Wall. It is not entirely certain that Parsonsia confusa
Merr. is really distinct from Parsonsia cumingii A. DC, a very
similar, and at least a very closely allied species, also based on
Philippine material.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
May, 1916 (Mei-rill: Species Blancoanae No. 101U).
ASCLEPIADACEAE
FINLAYSONIA Wallich
Tabernaemontana cirrhosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 115 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 83; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 152 = FINLAYSONIA OBOVATA Wall.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Finlaysonia obovata

Wall., which is certainly the correct disposition of it. I formerly
considered this reduction to be an erroneous one, chiefly for the
reason that Wallich's species was then unknown from the
Philippines, but I am now convinced that it is correct. Finlaysonia obovata Wall, is now known from several localities in the
Philippines, always growing in the mangrove swamps, and
Blanco's description of Tabernaemontana cirrhosa conforms
closely to it.
STREPTOCAULON Wight & Arnott
Periploca calumpitensis Llanos Fragm. PI. Filip. (1851) 62 (sp. nov.);
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 47, t. 3S = STREPTOCAULON
BAUM 11 Dene.

This species is common and widely distributed in central and

northern Luzon and in Mindoro, at low and medium altitudes.
Fernandez-Villar was certainly correct in making this reduction,
as Llanos's description applies unmistakably to Decaisne's
species.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Mei'ritt: Species Blancoanae No. 168).
ASCLEPIAS Linnaeus
Asclepias syriaca Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 204 (siriaca); ed. 2 (1845) 144;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 261, t. 71, non Linn. = ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA
Linn.

This species, originating in tropical America, was introduced

into the Philippines at an early date and is now common and
widely distributed in the settled areas at low altitudes throughout the Archipelago. It is our only representative of the genus.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 83).

ASCLEPIADACEAE

315

CALOTROPIS R. Brown
Asclepias gigantea Willd.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 207; ed. 2 (1845) 146;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 262, t. 256' = CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA Dryand.

This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines, apparently always planted. It is certainly not a native of the Archipelago, but a purposely introduced one.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April, 1914
(Meiirill: Species Blancoanae No. 221).
SARCOSTEMMA R. Brown
Cynanchum viminale Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 203; ed. 2 (1845) 143; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 257 (Cinanchum), non Linn.=:SARCOSTEIVIMA BRUNONIANUM W. & A.

Blanco's material was from Punta de Azufre, Batangas Province, Luzon, and the species is now known from Corregidor and
the Bataan coast, both points north of Batangas. FernandezVillar erroneously considered that Blanco's interpretation of
Cynanchum viminale Linn.=Sarcostemma viminale R. Br. was
correct, but the Linnean species is confined to South Africa.
The species is at least the Philippine form figured by Vidal
Sinopsis Atlas t. 68, f. H as Sarcostemma brunonianum W. & A.,
and the one represented by recently collected specimens so
distributed.
Illustrative specimen from Punta de Azufre, Batangas Province, Luzon, (a topotype) October, 1916, abundant in thickets
near the sea (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 100U).
GYMNEMA R. Brown
Asclepias daemia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 208; ed. 2 (1845) 146; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 263, t. Jt02 (as Bidaria inodora Dene.) non Forsk.^GYMNEMA TINGENS (Roxb.) W. & A.

Blanco's description is very imperfect, but I am satisfied to

follow Fernandez-Villar in this reduction as the description, so
far as it goes, applies to this species. Gymnema tingens occurs
near Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low
and medium altitudes, although nowhere abundant.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 150).
SARCOLOBUS R. Brown
Asclepias peregrina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 207 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
146; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 262 = SARCOLOBUS PEREGRINUS Schltr.

Blanco's specimens were from Bauang, Batangas Province,

Luzon, the plant growing in swampy places near the seashore;
about Manila Bay it grows in thickets bordering the mangrove
swamps, well within the influence of salt water. It was reduced

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

by Fernandez-Villar to Sarcolobus carinatus Wall., a species not

known from the Philippines. Sarcolobus peregrinus Schltr. was
not based on Blanco's description, but on actual specimens, with
the statement: "This plant is evidently identical with Asclepias
peregrina Blanco, therefore I have chosen the same specific
name." There is no doubt whatever that Asclepias peregrina
Blanco is identical with Sarcolobus peregrinus Schltr. The
fruits are hard, smooth, mottled with dark- and light-green,
and in size and shape strongly resemble those of Heritiera
litoralis Dry.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
May, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1016).
TYLOPHORA R. Brown
Cynanchum tenellum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 204; ed. 2 (1845) 143; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 258, non Linn, f., nee Riedel=TYLOPHORA PERROTTETIANA Dene.
Oxystelma bifidum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 64 (sp. nov) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 48 = ? TYLOPHORA
PERROTTETIANA Dene. (Tylophora bifida F.-Vill.).

Cynanchum tenellum was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to the

Philippine Tylophora perrottetiana Dene., but whether or not
T. perrottetiana Dene, is distinct from T. merrillii Schltr., the
form that Blanco described is certainly the latter. The species
is not uncommon in and about Manila, and is the only one of
the genus to be found in the vicinity of the city. Blanco's description, although very short and imperfect, applies to T. merrillii Schltr., which I consider to be the same as Tylophora
perrottetiana Dene., better than to any other known Philippine
species of the entire family Asclepiadaceae. Llanos's description of Oxystelma bifidum is very poor. Fernandez-Villar transferred it to Tylophora as a valid species. If a Tylophora, it is
probably a form of T. perrottetiana Dene. The petals of this
species, however, are never more than very slightly retuse and
can hardly be described as bifid as Llanos indicated for the form
he described. Llanos's species is not represented among his
specimens in the de Candolle herbarium.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 192).
STEPHANOTIS Thouars
Apocynum mucronatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
143; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 259=STEPHANOTIS MUCRONATA (Blanco)
comb. nov. (Stephanotis chinensis Champ.).

ASCLEPIADACEAE

317

This was described from cultivated specimens, Blanco definitely stating that its seeds were sent to him from China.
Fernandez-Villar was wholly wrong in referring it to the endemic Toxocarpus gracilis Dene., to which Blanco's description
does not apply. It definitely is an asclepiadaceous, not an apocynaceous plant, and is undoubtedly the same as Stephanotis chinensis Champ.; Blanco's specific name is the older.
CENTROSTEMMA Decaisne
Asclepias carnosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 208; ed. 2 (1845) 147; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 263, t. 402 bis, non Linn. f. = CENTROSTEM M A MULTIFLORUM (Blume) Dene. (Hoya multiflora Blume).

This species is of wide distribution in the forests of the Philippines, growing at low and medium altitudes. It usually occurs
as an epiphyte on decaying parts of living trees. Centrostemma
lindleyanum Dene., described from Philippine material, is a
synonym.
Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon,
March, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 852).
DISCHIDIOPSIS Schlechter
Marsdenia parasitica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 120 (sp. nov.) ('parasita) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 86; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 156 = DISCHIDIOPSIS PARASITICA
(Blanco) comb. nov. [Conchophyllum merrillii Schltr. ex Merr. Fl.
Manila (1912) 380].

Marsdenia parasitica Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Hoya parasitica Wall., a species that does not extend to the
Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description does not at
all apply. In my previous consideration of Blanco's species
I considered it as certainly a species of Hoya. However, a
careful examination of Blanco's description conclusively shows
that he was describing no Hoya: "corola de figura de vinagera
* * * con la garganta cerrada con una corona membrancea
* * * las flores encarnadas," etc. Among all the Philippine Asclepiadaceae known to me, his description applies only
to Conchophyllum merrillii Schltr., a species that occurs on
mango trees in the vicinity of Manila, and which flowers from
March to July. I have absolutely no hesitation in making this
transfer of Blanco's species to Dischidiopsis, and identifying
with it Conchophyllum merrillii Schltr.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914, epiphytic on Mangifera indica Linn. {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 693).

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE
HOYA R. Brown

Stapelia rneliflua Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 202 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 142;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 256 = HOYA MELIFLUA (Blanco) comb. nov. (Hoya
luzonica Schltr.).
Hoya carnosa Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 142; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 257, non
R. Br. = ? HOYA MELIFLUA (Blanco) Merr.

Among the numerous Philippine species of Hoya, Blanco's

description applies best to H. luzonica Schltr., which is, moreover, the only species of the genus still to be found in the vicinity
of Manila, and is generally distributed in the regions from
which Blanco secured most of his botanical material. I have
no hesitation whatever in adopting Blanco's specific name for
this species. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Hoya diversifolia
Blume, a species not definitely known from the Philippines. As
to Hoya carnosa Blanco, the reduction is doubtful, yet from the
description I cannot distinguish it from Stapelia meliflua Blanco.
He states that it was an exotic cultivated plant ; the only species
of Hoya found in cultivation in Manila to-day is H. luzonica
Schltr.=H. rneliflua (Blanco) Merr. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted Hoya carnosa R. Br.,
and while this may be the case, it seems to be improbable in
view of the fact that Hoya carnosa R. Br. is not to-day found
in the Philippines.
MARSDENIA R. Brown
Marsdenia akkar Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 118 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 85;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 155=MARSDENIA TINCTORIA (Roxb.) R. Br.
Marsdenia tagudinia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 121 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
86; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 157= MARSDENIA TINCTORIA (Roxb.) R. Br.

Marsdenia akkar Blanco seems to be identical with Marsdenia tinctoria R. Br., where it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar.
The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes, in thickets and in forests, but is of local
occurrence and is not abundant. Marsdenia tagudinia Blanco
was considered by Fernandez-Villar to represent a valid species
of Marsdenia, but I can see no reason for considering it other
than Marsdenia tinctoria. Blanco's material was from Tagudin,
Mountain Province, Luzon, where the plant was known as tayomtayom, and where it was used for dyeing cotton and other
fabrics blue.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, August 23, 1916, comm. C. Mabesa (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 977).

ASCLEPIADACEAE

319

HETEROSTEMMA Wight & Arnott

? StapeMa quadrangula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 202; ed. 2 (1845) 142; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 255, non Forsk. = HETEROSTEMMA CUSPIDATUM Dene.

There is very little doubt as to the correctness of this interpretation of Blanco's Stapelia quadrangula. The reduction was
originally made by Fernandez-Villar, and I consider it to be
correct. The species is of very local occurrence in Luzon. The
old stems are remarkable for their thick corky wings or ridges.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 807).
TELOSMA Coville
Pergularia procumbens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 201 (sp. nov.) ^Pergularia
glabra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 141; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 254, t. 397,
non Linn. = TE LOS M A PROCUMBENS (Blanco) Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 243 (Pergularia filipes Schltr. in Perk. Frag.
Fl. Philip. (1904) 135).
Cynanchum ? hirtum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 203; ed. 2 (1845) 143; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 258, non Linn. = TELOSMA PROCUMBENS (Blanco)
Merr.
Pergularia glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 201 (sp. nov.) =ed. 2 (1845)
141; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 254=TELOSMA PROCUMBENS (Blanco) Merr.

This species is common in thickets in the neighborhood of

Manila and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes. It is commonly known as mil leguas, from
its similarity to Telosma odoratissima (Lour.) Coville, this
Spanish name properly belonging with the latter species. There
is absolutely no doubt as to the identity of Blanco's Pergularia
procumbens and no doubt as to the correctness of the reference
here of his Cynanchum ? hirtum (non Linn.) ; of the former
Blanco describes only flowering specimens, of the latter only
fruiting specimens. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced Blanco's Cynanchum ? hirtum to Dregea viridiflora Benth. Fresh
mature fruits of Telosma procumbens (Blanco) Merr. are green,
lanceolate-pyramidal, about 15 cm long, 3 to 3.5 cm wide, about
2.5 cm thick, nearly square in cross section, or one side somewhat narrower than the other, with a thick, coarsely and irregularly toothed wing 3 to 7 mm wide running nearly the entire
length of each angle, base rounded or obtuse, apex acuminate,
smooth. The fruits dry very slowly, and the younger ones are
cooked and eaten by the Filipinos. This description is quite in
agreement with Blanco's description of the fruits of Cynanchum ? hirtum except that normally, at least, they are smooth,
not "verrugoso," i. e., warted. F.-Villar reduced Pergularia

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

glandulosa Blanco to P. minor Andr., a manifest error. The

form described by Blanco is clearly identical with the ones
otherwise described by him as Pergularia procumbens and as
Cynanchum hirtum.
As to the propriety of adopting the generic name Telosma
there can be no doubt. Coville proposed the name in 1905 for
Pergularia of authors, not of Linnaeus [Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
9 (1905) 384], typifying the genus Telosma by Pergularia odoratissima Lour. Two years later N. E. Brown, not knowing of
the publication of Coville's generic name, for the same reason
proposed the new generic name Prageluria [Kew Bull. (1907)
325]. Pergularia of Linnaeus is the genus later described by
R. Brown as Daemia (Doemia).
Illustrative specimens from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 28, 1*75).
ASCLEPIADACEAE OF UNCERTAIN STATUS
Cylixylon heterophyllum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 59 (heterophillum)
(gen. et sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4*
(1880) 42Asclepiadaceae indet.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Gymnanthera pedunculata

(Miq.) F.-Vill., a species that is definitely known in the
Philippines only from Mindanao, and one to which Llanos's
description does not well apply. Llanos's specimens were from
Balatong and Pulilan, Bulacan Province, Luzon, and I have not
been able to refer the form described to any known genus and
species of the family; the species is not represented among the
specimens sent by Llanos to the de Candolle herbarium.

CONVOLVULACEAE
EVOLVULUS Linnaeus
Evolvulus linifolius Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 221, ed. 2 (1845) 156,
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 279= EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES Linn.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines but is of

local occurrence. It grows in open grassy places at low and
medium altitudes, usually in poor soil that becomes thoroughly
dry in the dry season.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 137).
POR AN A Burman
PORANA VOLUBILIS Burm, f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 88; ed. 2 (1845)
64; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 119.

Burman's species was apparently correctly interpreted by

CONVOLVULACEAE

321

Blanco and was thus considered by Fernandez-Villar. It is of

local occurrence in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 839).
LEPISTEMON Blume
Polemonium obscurum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 103 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
75; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 139 = LEPISTEMON BINECTARIFERUM (Wall.)
O. Ktze. (L. flavescens Blume).

This species is rather widely distributed in the Philippines

at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, growing in
thickets. Wallich's specific name antedates Blume's Lepistemon flavescens by about one year.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 79).
CALNICTYON Choisy
Convolvulus catharticus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 94 (sp. nov.) = Convolvulus longiflorus Spreng.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 69; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 130=:CALONYCTION ALBUM (Linn.) House.

Blanco correctly reduced his new species, Convolvulus catharticus, to C. longiflorus Spreng, in the second edition of the Flora
de Filipinas; Sprengel's species, however, was based on Ipomoea longiflora R. Br., which is a synonym of Calonyction album
(Linn.) House; see House in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 31 (1904)
591. Fernandez-Villar considered it under R. Brown's name,
while I formerly placed it under Ipomoea glaberrima Boj., apparently a synonym of Calonyction album House.
Illustrative specimen from Taal Volcano, Batangas Province,
Luzon, January, 1917 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1051).
Convolvulus muricatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 92; ed. 2 (1845) 68; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 127, t. 332, non Linn. = CALON ICTYON ACULEATUM
(Linn.) House (C bona-nox Boj.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the settled

areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago, and probably
originated in tropical America. Its nomenclature is rather complicated, and it has many synonyms. The specific name adopted
by Doctor House seems to be the oldest valid one for the species.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 177).
Convolvulus colubrlnus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 66 (sp. nov.); ed.
3, 1 (1877) 125, i. 25=CALONICTYON MURICATUM (Linn.) Don.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Ipomoea muricata Jacq.,

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

which is possibly a synonym of Calonictyon aculeatum (Linn.)

House, although Hallier f. [Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5 (1897) 1044]
retains the species as Calonictyon muricatum (Linn.) Don for
the particular form to which Blanco's description of Convolvulus colubrinus applies. Convolvulus colubrinus Blanco is occasionally found in cultivation in the Philippines, being locally
known as tonquing. The flowers are somewhat purplish and
much smaller than in Calonictyon aculeatum House and C. album
House, 5 to 6 cm long, the limb about 5 cm in diameter.
QUAMOCLIT Tournefort
y Ipomoea quamoclit Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 97; ed. 2 (1845) 72;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 134, t. ^ = QUAMOCLIT PENNATA (Descr.) Voigt
(Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy).

This species was introduced from Mexico at an early date

by the Spaniards and is now widely distributed in the settled
areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It is
thoroughly naturalized in many regions and is also commonly
cultivated for ornamental purposes.
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 513).
IPOMOEA Linnaeus
Convulvulus nil Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 92; ed. 2 (1845) 68; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 128, t. fi=IPOMOEA NIL Roth.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is of rather wide distribution in the settled areas at low altitudes in the Philippines; introduced from tropical America.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 281).
Convulvulus dentatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 89; ed. 2 (1845) 66; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 123, t. 31 (as /. commutata R. & S.), non Vahl = IPOMOEA
TRILOBA Linn. (/. blancoi Choisy).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, having
been introduced from Mexico through the intermediary of the
Acapulco-Manila galleons; it also occurs in Guam, Marianne
Islands, which was a stopping place for all ships from Acapulco
to Manila. Blanco's description of Convolvulus dentatus is the
whole basis for Ipomoea blancoi Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9 (1845)
389, so that Choisy's species is merely a synonym of Ipomoea
triloba Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 459).

CONVOLVULACEAE

323

IPOMOEA PES-TIGRIDIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 87; ed. 2 (1845)
71; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 133.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is common and widely distributed in the settled areas in the
Philippines at low altitudes and has the appearance of being
an introduced species; it is certainly not a true native of the
Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
August, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 292).
Convolvulus batatas Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 93; ed. 2 (1845) 68;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 129= IPOMOEA BATATAS (Linn.) Poir.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in cultivation and is extensively used as food. It. is universally
known in the Philippines as camote, and there is no doubt but
that the species was introduced into the Philippines from Mexico
by the Spaniards, who brought the Mexican name with the plant.
Mercado, writing in the last third of the seventeenth century,
states : "De estos aos a esta parte han trado de las Islas de
los ladrones [Marianne Islands] otro gnero de camote, que es
diferente en el gusto," showing that economic plants were then
being brought into the Philippines, the form mentioned by him
having undoubtedly been introduced by the Spaniards into the
Marianne Islands from Mexico. Rumphius notes that the
camote was introduced into Amboina from the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 306).
Convolvulus pes-caprae Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 88; ed. 2 (1845)
65; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 123, t. 29 = IPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE (Linn.) Roth.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

occurs throughout the Philippines along the seashore, a characteristic species of the sandy beaches; also along the shores of
some lakes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 105).
Convolvulus paniculatus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 96; ed. 2 (1845)
70; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 131, t. SJ = IPOMOEA PANICULATA (Linn.) R.
Br. (Ipomoea digit ata Linn.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring in thickets near the sea or more or less within the influence
of brackish water. The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco, Convolvulus paniculatus Linn, being published before Ipomoea digitata Linn.

324

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,

October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 392).
Convolvulus repens Vahl; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 92; ed. 2 (1845) 68; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 128, t. U9, non Linn.= IPOMOEA REPTANS (Linn.)
Poir.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, growing in open muddy
places, shallow pools, etc. ; is universally known to the Filipinos
as cancong; and is a commonly used pot herb. The status of
Convolvulus reptans Linn., on which Ipomoea reptans is based,
is subject to an interpretation of types, regarding which authorities differ. The specimen in the Linnean herbarium is Merremia caespitosa Hallier i.=M. hirta (Linn.) Merr. ; the first
reference to a description and figure is to Battel of Rheede's
Hortus Malabaricus which is Ipomoea reptans as here interpreted. For a discussion of the question see Merrill in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 244, 245.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 427).
M ERR EM IA Dennstaedt
Convolvulus reniformis Roxb.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 91; ed. 2 (1845)
67; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 126= MERREMIA EMARGINATA (Burm. f.)
Hallier f.

Blanco correctly interpreted Roxburgh's species, but Burman's

specific name is the oldest unless Convolvulus gangeticus Linn,
should prove to be identical with this species. The species has
all the appearance of being an introduced one in the Philippines,
as it occurs only in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
November, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 357).
Ipomoea hepaticifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 72; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 134,
non Linn. = MERREMIA HIRTA (Linn.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei.
7 (1912) Bot. 244 (il/, caespitosa Hallier f.).

There is no doubt as to the correctness of the identification

of Blanco's Ipomoea hepaticifolia, and it appears to be a form
of Merremia caespitosa Hallier f., for which I have taken up
the Linnean name Merremia hirta. The question of the proper
specific name for the species is somewhat obscure, and the
matter is discussed by me in making the above transfer to Merremia. Blanco's specimens were from Paraaque, a town at
sea level a few kilometers south of Manila. The species, presenting considerable variation, is widely distributed in the settled

CONVOLVULCEAE

325

areas of the Philippines at low altitudes. By Fernandez-Villar

it was reduced to Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 679).
Chironia capsularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 102 (sp. nov.) =Chironia
lanosanthera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 71 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1
(1877) 132, t. 261, f. J = MERREM lA NYMPHAEIFOLIA (Blume)
Hallier f.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ipomoea

peltata Choisy, to which Merremia, nymphaeifolia Hallier f. is
very closely allied. The latter, however, has yellow, not white
flowers. It is locally abundant and of very wide distribution
in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, November, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 952).
Convolvulus distillatorius Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 95 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 70; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 130=MERREMIA DISTILLATORIA
(Blanco) comb. nov. {Merremia similis Elm.).

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ipomoea

paniculata hmn.=Stictocardia campanulata Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 9 (1914) Bot. 133; S. tiliaefoUa (Desr.) Hallier f.,
a species that occurs in the Philippines but one to which Blanco's
description does not apply. The plant described as Merremia
similis Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1 (1908) 335 agrees in all respects
with Blanco's description and occurs in the Visayan Islands
from whence Blanco secured his specimens. It extends northward to Tayabas and Laguna Provinces, Luzon. Blanco's name
is here accepted for the species.
Illustrative specimen from near Malicboi, Tayabas Province,
Luzon, December, 1914, comm. D. L. Topping (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 738).
OPERCULINA S. Manso
Convolvulus maximus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 91; ed. 2 (1845) 67; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 127, non Linn, f., nee Buch.-Ham. = OPERCULIN A TURPETHUM (Linn.) S. Manso.
Ipomoea reptans Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 55; F.-Vill. & Naves in
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 39, non Poir. = OPERCULINA
TURPETHUM (Linn.) S. Manso.
Ipomoea ventricosa Llanos op. cit. 56, 40, non G. Don = OPERCULINA TURPETHUM (Linn.) S. Manso.

These reductions were made by Fernandez-Villar (Ipomoea

turpethum R. Br.=OpercuHna turpethum S. Manso), and they
are certainly correct. OpercuHna turpethum S. Manso is com-

326

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

mon and widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled

areas at low altitudes and is readily recognized among all the
Philippine Convolvulceas by its winged stems, a character mentioned by Blanco and by Llanos in the three descriptions cited
above; the descriptions otherwise agree with Operculina turpethnm S. Manso.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 554).
HEWITTIA Wight & Arnott
Convolvulus hederaceus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 90; ed. 2 (1845) 66; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 124, non Linn. = HEWITTIA SUBLOBATA (Linn, f.) O.
Ktze. (H. bicolor Wight).

This species is common and widely distributed in open grasslands throughout the settled areas of the Philippines at low and
medium altitudes. Blanco's description, although short, unmistakably applies to Hewittia sublobata O. Ktze.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 698).
JACQUEMONTIA Choisy
Convolvulus valerianoides Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 90 (sp. nov.) =Convolvulus boerhaavioides Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 67 (nom. nov.) ; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 125 = JACQUEMONTIA PANICULATA (Burm. f.)
Hallier f. (Breweria valerianoides F.-Vill.).

In Index Kewensis Convolvulus valerianoides Blanco is reduced

to Evolvulus alsinoides Linn., and C. boerhaavioides Blanco,
which was merely a change of name for C. valerianoides, to Breweria valerianoides F.-Vill., as a distinct species, following
Fernandez-Villar. The species is, however, the widely distributed Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.) Hallier f.
Illustrative specimen (topotype of Blanco's species), from
Punta Santiago, Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 822).
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
HYDROLEA Linnaeus
Hydrolea arayatensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 211 (sp. nov.) = HYDROLEA
ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Vahl; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 148 (zeilanica) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 266.
Nama jamaicensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 211; ed. 2 (1845) 148; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 266, non Linn. = HYDROLEA ZEYLANICA (Linn.) Vahl.

The species that Blanco described as new, Hydrolea arayatensis. in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, he correctly
reduced in the second edition to H. zeylanica (L.) Vahl. The

BORAGINACEAE

327

species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and

medium altitudes, growing in open wet places; it is of rather
local occurrence in the Archipelago. Fernandez-Villar made no
attempt to reduce Nama jamaicensis, but after a careful study of
Blanco's description I am of the opinion that the specimen he
described was the dwarfed form of Hydrolea zeylanica that is
more or less characteristic of drying out pools and old rice paddies. I can suggest no other reduction of Nama jamaicensis
Blanco, and his description, for the most part, conforms to this
particular form of Vahl's species. It was observed by him in
February, which conforms to the time that the dwarfed form of
Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl is found.
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 393).
BORAGINACEAE
CORDIA Linnaeus
5>Cordia banalo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 124 (sp. nov.) =Cordia (?) ignota
Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 88 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 160 =
CORDIA SUBCORDATA Lam.

This species is found only along the seashore; widely distributed in the Archipelago. Banalo is one of its Tagalog names.
Illustrative specimen from Apulit Island, Taytay Bay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 525).
Cordia sebestena Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 121; ed. 2 (1845) 87; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 158, t. i3, non Linn. = CORDIA MYXA Linn., forma (C. blancoi
Vid.).
Cordia dichotoma Forst.; Blanco op. cit. 123; 88; 159 = CORDIA MYXA
Linn., forma.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines. The Philippine form has been described by Vidal as
Cordia blancoi, but this does not now appear to me to be specifically distinct from the widely distributed Cordia myxa Linn.
Blanco's Cordia sebestena and his C. dichotoma are certainly
only forms of the same species. It is universally known as
anonang.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 91).
EHRETIA Linnaeus
Ehretia beurreria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 127; ed. 2 (1845) 91; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 166, non E. bourreria Linn. = EHRETIA PHILIPPINENSIS
/ A. DC.

328

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

A species of wide distribution in Luzon at low and medium

altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 238).
Menais mollis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 139 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 99;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 182, t. 70 (as E. virgata Blanco) = EHRETIA NAVESII Vid. (E. mollis Merr., non Wall.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines and is

closely allied to Ehretki philippinensis DC.
Illustrative specimen from San Pedro Macati, near Manila,
Luzon, April, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 220).
Carmona heterophylla Cav.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 209 (Carmonea) ;
ed. 2 (1845) 147; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 265, t. 72 = EHRETIA MICROPHYLLA Lam. (E. buxifolia Roxb.).

Carmona heterophylla Cav. is the type of the genus Carmona

and was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It is, however, an
exact synonym of Ehretia microphylla Lam. It is common and
widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Guinayangan, Tayabas Province,
Luzon, April, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 3).
Ehretia virgata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 127; ed. 2 (1845) 90; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 165, non Sw. = EHRETIA ACUMINATA R. Br. (E. polyantha
A. DC, E. onava A. DC).

Blanco's Ehretia virgata is the same as Ehretia acuminata

R. Br., sensu latiore, although the Philippine specimens differ
distinctly from Australian material. It is absolutely the same
as Ehretia polyantha A. DC, the type of which was from Luzon,
while Ehretia onava A. DC. is based solely on Blanco's description and is merely a new name for Ehretia virgata Blanco,
non Sw.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 179).
COLDENIA Linnaeus
COLDENIA PROCUMBENS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 74; ed. 2
(1845) 56 (procumbus) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 105.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, occurring often as a weed in dried out rice paddies and along
the dried banks of streams and small lakes. It is locally abundant.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 771).

BORAGINACEAE

329

TOURNE FORT IA Linnaeus

Tournefortia hirsutissima Blanco FI. Filip. (1837) 128; ed. 2 (1845) 91;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 167, t. 46, non Linn. = TOURNEFORTIA SARMENTOSA Lam.

The reduction of Blanco's Tournefortia hirsutissima to T.

sarmentosa Lam., seems to be correct. It is difficult to separate
it from some forms that have been referred to T. horseldii
Miq. It is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimens from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
May, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 200) ; Pasay, Rizal
Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 6H).
Tournefortia arbrea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 129 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
91; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 167 = TOURNEFORTIA ARGNTEA Linn. f.

This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is certainly

the correct disposition of Blanco's species. It is widely distributed in the Philippines along sandy seashores.
Illustrative specimen from Dingalan Bay, Tayabas Province,
Luzon, August 24, 1916 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1007).
HELIOTROPIUM Linnaeus
Heliotropium parviflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 80 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 59; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 113, t. i<$4 = HEL10TROPIUM INDICUM
Linn.

A weed in the settled areas throughout the Philippines; it

is not a native of the Archipelago but was probably of prehistoric introduction.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 364).
TRICHODESMA R. Brown

>

Borago indica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 60; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 114
(Borrago) =TRICHODESMA INDICUM (Linn.) R. Br.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

Blanco's specimens were from Paraaque, growing in peanut
plantations; the species is still found in the same town and in
the same habitat. It is of very local occurrence, and has so
far been found in the Philippines only in the immediate vicinity
of Manila ; certainly an introduced weed.
Illustrative specimen from Paraaque, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoariae No. 63).
Borago indica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 81, non Linn. = Borago ? africana
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 60; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 114 (Borrago), non
Linn. = TRICHODESMA 2EYLANICUM (Linn.) R. Br.

This weed is of local occurrence in the Philippines and is

330

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

found only in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes.

It is unquestionably an introduced plant in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 769).
VERBENACEAE
LANTANA Linnaeus
Lantana viburnoides Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 345; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 275,
t. 216, non Vahl = LANTANA CMARA Linn.

The species is now abundant locally, mostly in and about

towns in the Philippines, but is nowhere a pest as it is in the
Hawaiian Islands. The inference from Blanco's statement "Arbusto oriundo de China, que se cultiva en Manila" is that the
species was introduced shortly before the year 1845.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 565).
LIPPIA Linnaeus
Verbena capitata Forsk.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 19; ed. 2 (1845) 14; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 26 = LIPPIA NODIFLORA (Linn.) Rich.

A species very common and of wide distribution in the settled areas in the Philippines, possibly originating in tropical
America.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 452).
CALLICARPA Linnaeus
Callicarpa americana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 517; ed. 2 (1845) 360; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 300, t. 4.27 bis, non Linn. = CALL I CAR PA BLANCOI Rolfe.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, and is abundant in the vicinity of Manila where it is locally known as tubang dalag, one of the native
names cited by Blanco. The name is from tuba (Crotn tiglium) and dalag (a mud fish), the plant being used for stupefying fish. Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe presents considerable
variation, but the illustrative material very definitely represents
the species.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 637).
TECTONA Linnaeus f.
f Diospyro tectona Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 609, nomen nudum
TECTONA PHILIPPINENSIS Benth. & Hook. f.

The name Diospyros tectona Blanco appears in the second edi-

VERBEN ACE AE

331

tion of the Flora de Filipinas only, and then as a nomen nudum

in the index to native names under dalandon. I have no authority for the reduction to Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook,
f. other than that of Fernandez-Villar Novis. App. (1880) 158,
and as his specimens were from Mindanao there is reason to
believe that he had an entirely different plant. Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f. is known at the present time only
from the Province of Batangas, three collections, and the native
names appearing on the two recent collections are malamolauin
and malapangit. The species is described in Philip. Journ. Sei.
5 (1910) Bot. 227.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 503).
TECTONA GRANDIS Linn, f.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 130; ed. 2 (1845)
92 (Tektona) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 170, t. 1U.

This species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. The cultivated tree, or a descendant of it, mentioned by Blanco as occurring in Tanay, Rizal, still exists there. It is known also in
parts of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, but whether native
there, or introduced, is not certain.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 837).
PR EM N A Linnaeus
PREMNA NAUSEOSA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 489 (sp. nov.) = Premna
integrifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 342; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 268,
t. 396 (as P. leucostoma Miq.), non Linn.

Blanco's description is very short and imperfect, but there is

no reason to doubt that the species is valid, and that it has
been correctly interpreted ; Blanco erred in reducing P. nauseosa
to P. integrifolia L. Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced it
to Premna mucronata Roxb., a species that is not known to extend
to the Philippines. It is commonly known as molauin aso.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 299).
PREMNA ODORATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 488 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
341; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 268.
Premna serratifolia Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 342; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 269,
non Linn.=rPREMNA ODORATA Blanco.

Premna odorata Blanco is identical with Premna vestita

Schauer, but Blanco's name is the older. Premna serratifolia.
Blanco, although very briefly characterized by Blanco, is mani-

332

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

festly the same species. It is common and widely distributed

in the Philippines at low altitudes and is widely known as alagao.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U35).
Premna cordata Blanco Fl. Pilip. (1837) 489, non R. Br. = Premna tomentosa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 342; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 269, non Wall.=
PREMNA CUMINGIANA Schauer.

Blanco's description is entirely inadequate, but Premna cumingiana Schauer, which is not uncommon in the provinces contiguous to Manila, is undoubtedly the species intended by him.
It is the whole basis of Premna cardiophylla Schauer, and
Schauer's species, which was published merely as a new name
for Premna cordata Blanco (non R. Br.), thus becomes a
synonym of Premna cumingiana Schauer.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 681) ; Rizal
Province, Luzon, June, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.
932).
VITEX Linnaeus
VITEX TRI FOLIA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 513; ed. 2 (1845) 358;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 297, t. 226 (poor).

Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species which is

common along the seashore throughout the Philippines. It is
commonly known as lagundi.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 302).
Vitex repens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 513 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 358;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 297 = VITEX TRI FOLIA Linn. var. OVATA (Thunb.)
(V. ovata Thunb., V. trifolio, Linn. var. unifoliolata Schauer).

This species is not uncommon on sandy beaches along the

seashore, and is widely distributed in the Philippines. Although
very distinct in habit, and in its leaves usually reduced to a single
leaflet, I doubt very much if it is specifically distinct from the
erect Vitex tri folia Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon,
February, 1915, there known as lagunding dagat from lagundi
(Vitex trifolia) and dagat (ocean) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 814).
Vitex leucoxylon Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 516 (leticoxilon) ; ed. 2 (1845)
359; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 300, t. 228, non Linn. = VITEX NEGUNDO Linn.

Vitex negundo Linn, is common and widely distributed in the

Philippines at low and medium altitudes, probably introduced.
Blanco's Vitex leucoxylon is, in part only, referable here. His

VERBENACEAE

333

description applies unmistakably to two different species, the

"arbolillos" from Mandaloyan and Pangasinan (V. negundo),
and the tree growing in the forests which is probably Vitex parviflora Juss. (V. littoralis Decne.) ; the native name lagundi
goes with the former, and the name molavin with the latter.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. HO).
Vitex altissima Blanco Fl. Filip (1837) 516; ed. 2 (1845) 359; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 299, t. 227, non Linn. f. = VITEX PARVIFLORA Juss. (V.
littoralis Dene.).
Vitex geniculata Blanco op. cit. 514 (sp. nov.) ; 358; 299 = VITEX PARVIFLORA Juss.
Vitex latifolia Blanco op. cit. 514 (sp. nov.); 358; 298, non Mill. = VITEX
PARVI FLORA Juss.

There is no doubt in my mind, after studying our very full

series of Philippine Vitex, and Blanco's descriptions, that the
three species described by Blanco are all referable to the common
Vitex, parviflora Juss. (V. littoralis Decne.). In both Vitex
altissima and V. geniculata I interpret Blanco's description to
include 3-foliolate and 5-foliolate leaves, which is probably due
to the inclusion of Vitex turczaninowii Merr., for Vitex parviflora invariably has 3-foliolate leaves. Fernandez-Villar's reduction of Vitex latifolia, Blanco to V. pubescens Vahl is certainly incorrect, for Blanco's description does not apply to Vahl's
species, and moreover Vitex pubescens is not found in Luzon;
the type of V. latifolia Blanco was from San Mateo, not far from
Manila. Vitex parviflora Juss. is very common and widely distributed in the Philippines and yields the very hard timber commercially known as molave or molauin.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 340).
GM ELINA Linnaeus
Gmelina asitica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 492; ed. 2 (1845) 344; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 274, non Linn. = GMELINA PHILIPPENSIS Cham, in Linnaea
7 (1832) 107.
Gmelina inermis Blanco op. cit. 493 (sp. nov.) ; 345; 274, t. 215 = GMEUNA
PHILIPPENSIS Cham.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

the Linnean species Gmelina, asitica and reduced to it G. philippensis Cham., but the Philippine form is distinct. He also
reduced G. inermis Blanco to G. villosa Roxb., but there is no
justification for this reduction, as Blanco merely states "Ramas
sin espinas. Hojas anchas, lanceoladas. En lo dems como la

334

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

especie anterior;" he merely described a spineless or nearly

spineless form of G. philippensis.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 122).
CLERODENDRON Linnaeus
/*

lerodendron fortunatum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 508; ed. 2 (1845) 354;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 291, t. 223 (as C. blancoi Naves), non Linn. = CLERODENDRON MINAHASSAE Teysm. & Binn. (Clerodendron blancoi
Naves, C. infortunatum F.-Villar, non Gaertn.).

This species is common on the dry hills about Manila and is

widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, although
otherwise known only from Celebes. I first considered the species as Clerodendron minahassae T. & B. [For. Bur. (Philip.)
Bull. 1 (1903) 52] and later [Govt. Lab. (Philip.) Publ. 35
(1905) 62] considered the Philippine form to be distinct and
retained it under Naves's name Clerodendron blancoi. I am now
of the opinion that my original identification was correct and
that the Philippine form is the same as Clerodendron minahassae
T. &B.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 8J) ; Batangas
Province, Luzon (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4S2).
Volkameria grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 512 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
357; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 295 (non Clerodendron grandiflorum Schauer)=
CLERODENDRON MACROSTEGIUM Schauer.

This reduction was made by Fernandez-Villar and is certainly

the correct disposition of Blanco's species. The specific name
grandiflorum is invalidated in Clerodendron by C. grandiflorum
Schauer and C. grandiflorum Salisb.
Illustrative specimen from Santa Inez, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1026).
Clerodendron capsulare Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 509 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
355; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 292, t. m=CLERODENDRON COM MERSONII
(Poir.) Spreng. (C. neriifolium Wall.).

This species is common along muddy shores and tidal streams

throughout the Philippines. It is generally retained as a species
distinct from C. inerme Gaertn., but if distinct, then Poiret's
specific name is the older. The type of Volkameria commersonii
Poir. was from the Philippines; see Merrill in Philip. Journ.
Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 245.
Illustrative specimen from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon,
February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 813).

VERBENACEAE

335

-Volkameria Inermis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 511, non Linn. = Volkameria
casopanguil Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 356 (Bolkameria) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 294, t. i73 = CLERODENDRON INTERMEDIUM Cham,
in Linnaea 7 (1832) 150.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is commonly known to
the Tagalogs as casopanguil. There is no doubt whatever as
to the identity of Blanco's Volkameria casopanguil, and further
no doubt whatever as to its identity with Clerodendron intermedium Cham., the type of which was from Luzon, either the
Province of Cavit or Batangas.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, June 25, 1914, comm. E. Quisumbing (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. US).
Ligustrum quadriloculare Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 10 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 7; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 14, t. 225 = CLERODENDRON QUADRILOCULARE (Blanco) Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 36 (1906) 63
(Clerodendron blancoanum F.-Vill., C. navesianum Vid.).

This species is widely distributed in Luzon and presents considerable variation. It is apparently closely allied to C. longiftorum Dene, of Timor.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U3U).
SYMPHOREMA Roxburgh
Balibai Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 406 = Litsea luzonica Blanco Fl. Filip. ed.
2 (1845) 284 (Litsaea) (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 162 = SYMPHOREMA LUZONICUM (Blanco) F.-Vill.

This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon at

low altitudes and has received the following names at various
times: Sczegleewia luconiensis Turcz. (1862); Symphorema
glabrum Hassk. (1865); S. luzoniensis Vid. (1885); and S.
cumingianum Briq. (1894). Blanco's specific name is much
the older and should be retained.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. UG7).
AVICENNIA Linnaeus
Avicennia nitida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 504, non Jacq. = Avicennia
tomentosa Jacq.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 353; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
289, t. 75 = AVICENNIA OFFICINALIS Linn.

A characteristic tree found along the seashore throughout the

Philippines. It is universally known as api-api.

336

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Tayabas Province, Luzon, April,

1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 583).
LABIATAE
ROSMARINUS Linnaeus
ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS Linn.; Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 20; ed. 2
(1845) 15; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 28, t. H-

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

was introduced into the Philippines at an early date by the
Spaniards and is highly prized by the natives for medicinal purposes. It is extensively grown in sandy soil at Paraaque for
sale in Manila and is universally known in the Philippines under
its Spanish name, romero.
Illustrative specimen from Paraaque, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 65).
LEUCAS R. Brown
Phlomis zeylanica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 475 (ceilanica) ; ed. 2 (1845)
331; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 248, non Linn. = LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIA
Smith (L. linifolia Spreng.).

A very common weed in the settled areas at low altitudes in

the Philippines, certainly introduced. Blanco's Phlomis zeylanica was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Lencas spera Spreng.,
a species also widely distributed in the Archipelago, but less
common than L. lavandulifolia Smith. I consider that the description applies better to Smith's than to Sprengel's species.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 324-).
LEONURUS Linnaeus
Stachys artemisia Lour.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 476; ed. 2 (1845) 331
(Starchis) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 249, t. 250 = LEONURUS SIBIRICUS Linn.

Blanco was correct in his interpretation of Loureiro's species,

but it is a synonym of the older Leonurus Sibiriens Linn. An
introduced weed in the Philippines, widely distributed but of
local occurrence in the settled areas of the Archipelago at low
and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from San Mateo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 947).
ANISOMELES R. Brown
Phlomis alba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 474; ed. 2 (1845) 330; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 247, non Forsk. = ANISOM ELES INDICA (Linn.) O. Ktze.
(A. ovata R. Br.).

This species is widely distributed in the settled areas at low

altitudes, in and about towns ; certainly introduced.

LABIATAE

337

Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,

January, 1914, there known as cadling parang, and occasionally
still called taling-harap, the native name cited by Blanco (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 612).
SALVIA Linnaeus
Salvia violcea Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 14 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
27, non Ruiz & Pav. = ? SALVIA PLEBEIA R. Br.

This reduction follows Fernandez-Villar who, however, definitely referred it to R. Brown's species. Blanco described it
from specimens observed near the Guadalupe convent, near Manila, where it appeared immediately following a fair, or a large
gathering of the Chinese. A casual plant, probably of Chinese
origin, now, however, not to be found in any region near Manila,
and one that has so far been collected in the Archipelago only
by Cuming.
MENTHA Linnaeus
Mentha crispa Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 474; ed. 2 (1845) 330; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 246, non Linn.= MENTHA ARVENSIS Linn.

This European mint, apparently introduced into the Philippines at an early date in colonial history, is found only in cultivation in the Archipelago and rarely produces flowers here.
It is universally known in the Philippines under its Spanish
name, yerba buena.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 840).
POGOSTEMON Desfontaines
Mentha cablin Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 473 (sp. nov.) = Mentha auricularia
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 329; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 245, non Linn.=
POGOSTEMON CABLIN (Blanco) Benth.

This species yields patchouli of commerce as shown by Sir

D. Prain, Kew Bull. (1908) 78. Synonyms are P. patchouhj
Pellet. (1845), P. suavis Ten. (1847), and P. patchouli Hook.
(1849). It is commonly found in cultivation in the Philippines, but is never grown on a commercial scale; it frequently
produces flowers in the Archipelago, but in other countries anthesis is apparently decidedly rare. It has been found several
times thoroughly established at considerable distances from settled areas, but there is little doubt that the species has been introduced into the Archipelago and is not a true native ; see Merrill
in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 345.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 112).
151862

22

338

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
HYPTIS Jacquin

Marrubium indicum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 477; ed. 2 (1845) 332; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 250, non Burm. 1 = HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS (Linn.) Poir.

An early introduction from Mexico through the medium of

the Acapulco-Manila galleons and now a dominant weed in and
about towns throughout the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 447).
Thymus biserratus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 478 (sp. nov.) =Pycnanthemum subulatum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 333 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 251, t. 20 = HYPTIS BREVIPES Poir.

This species, of Mexican origin, is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and is
one of the characteristic weeds of the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 478).
Pycnanthemum elongatum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 333 (sp. nov.);
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 252 = HYPTIS SPICIGERA Lam.

This tropical American weed was apparently introduced into

the Philippines at an early date and is now widely distributed
in the settled areas of the Archipelago, although it is of local
occurrence.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 108).
Thymus virginicus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 478, non Linn. = Pycnanthemum decurrens Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 333 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 251, f. 29& = HYPTIS CAPITATA Jacq. (H. mariannarum
Briq.).

This species was introduced into Guam and the Philippines

at an early date through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila
galleons; it is now a very common weed and is distributed
throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low altitudes.
The name Pycnanthemum decurrens Blanco does not appear in
Index Kewensis or any of the Supplements to date.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 472).
CO LE US Loureiro
Coleus suganda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 438 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 337;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 259 = COLEUS AMBOINICUS Lour. Fl. Cochinch.
(1790) 372 (C. aromaticus Benth.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, but occurs

in the Archipelago only as an occasionally cultivated plant; certainly introduced. It very rarely produces flowers. The species

LABIATAE

339

is of interest as it is the type of the genus Coleus. It is generally

known under the Tagalog name suganda, and under the Spanish
names organo and clavo.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 129).
Coleus grandifolius Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 482 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
336; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 258, t. 208, non Benth. = CO LE US BLUM El Benth.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Coleus acuminatum Benth., which was based on Philippine specimens, but
which is manifestly specifically distinct from the form Blanco
described. The cultivated form with leaves uniformly brownishpurple is the one Blanco described: "Las hojas * * * son
de color hermoso morado obscuro," and this form is still quite
generally found in cultivation, never wild, in the Philippines;
it is universally known to the Tagalogs as mayana.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 786).
COLEUS PUMILUS Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 482 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
336; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 257 (C. gaudichaudii Briq.).

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Coleus acuminatus Benth., but the form that Blanco described is entirely
different from that of Bentham. Coleus gaudichaudii Briq. in
Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genve 2 (1898) 237, the type of which
was from the Philippines, is the same as Blanco's species. Coleus
pumilus Blanco is common on ledges and boulders in thickets
near the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, and is also occasionally cultivated in Manila; Blanco states that this species was common
in Pasig. This is the only species of Coleus that is spontaneous
within many kilometers of Manila ; most of the species found in
the Philippines are from the mossy forests on the medium and
higher mountains.
Illustrative specimen from the Barrio of Pineda, Pasig, Rizal
Province, Luzon, October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 190).
M OSC H OS M A Reichenbach
Ocimum tenuiflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 481 (Ocymum) ; ed. 2 (1845)
335; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 255, non Linn. s= M OSC H OS M A POLYSTACHYUM
(Linn.) Benth.

Ocimum tenuiflorum Blanco is the same as Burman's species

of this name, but not of Linnaeus. The species is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes
but is nowhere abundant.

340

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914

(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U2S).
OCIM U M Linnaeus
Ocimum americanum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 480 (Ocymum) ; ed. 2 (1845)
335; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 254, t. 07, non Linn. = OCIMUM BASILICUM
Linn.
Ocimum citriodorum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 591 (Ocymum citrodorwm)
(sp. nov.); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 256 = OCIMUM BASILICUM Linn.

Ocimwm basilicum Linn, is of wide distribution in the Philippines, cultivated and sometimes subspontaneous. It is certainly
a purposely introduced plant in the Archipelago. The description of Ocimum citriodorum Blanco is very short and imperfect,
but the species belongs here with reasonable certainty.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914, here known as solasi (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 437).
OCIMUM SANCTUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 480; ed. 2 (1845) 334;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 254, t. 257.
Ocimum album Blanco op. cit. (1837) 479, non Linn. = Ocimum virgatum
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 334; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 253, non Linn.=
OCIMUM SANCTUM Linn.
Ocimum flexuosum Blanco op. cit. 481; 335; 255; non Linn.=OCIMUM
SANCTUM Linn.

After a careful consideration of Blanco's description of the

five "species" of true Ocimum that he included in his Flora de
Filipinas together with an examination of our full series of
specimens, I am convinced that but two species are represented,
Ocimum basilicum Linn, and O. sanctum Linn. To the former
I have referred Ocimum americanum Blanco and 0. citriodorum
Blanco, and to the latter the ones enumerated above. It is
common and widely distributed in the Philippines, cultivated
and at least subspontaneous ; certainly introduced, but of prehistoric introduction.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 400).
SOLANACEAE
CAPSICUM Linnaeus
Capsicum minimum Roxb.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 133; ed. 2 (1845) 95;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 174, t. 47 = CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS Linn.

A native of tropical America, introduced into the Philippines

by the Spaniards, and now cultivated and subspontaneous
throughout the settled areas in the Archipelago. It is universally known as si.

SOLAN ACE AE

341

Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,

January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. HI).
LYCOPERSICUM Miller
Solanum lycopersicum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 134; ed. 2 (1845)
96; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 176, t. ^^LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM Mill.

The tomato was introduced from Mexico at an early date

by the Spaniards and is now naturalized and widely distributed
in the Philippines. The form described by Blanco is the wild
or somewhat cultivated one with fruits about 1 cm in diameter,
as represented by the illustrative material distributed. It is
generally known as camatis.
Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 14).
PHYSALIS Linnaeus
PHYSALIS PERUVIANA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 138; ed. 2 (1845)
98; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 180.

So far as I can determine Blanco correctly interpreted the

Linnean species, but I have never observed Physalis peruviana
at low altitudes in the Philippines, and I infer from Blanco's
statements that his plant was a low-altitude one.
Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 463).
Solanum serratum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 136 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 97;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 179, t. 5=PHYSALIS LANCEIFOLIA Nees (1831).

Blanco's species is manifestly a Physalis from his description ;

it was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Physalis indica Lam.=
P. minima Linn., to which the description certainly does not
apply. The species is manifestly the Philippine and Guam form
that has been referred by me to Physalis lanceifolia Nees, the
type of which was from Peru, but which is also found in Mexico.
It was undoubtedly introduced into the Philippines and Guam
through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 730).
Physalis pubescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 138; ed. 2 (1845) 98; ed. 3.
1 (1877) 181, non Linn = PHYSALIS MINIMA Linn.

This species, undoubtedly introduced into the Philippines from

Mexico, is widely distributed in the settled areas of the Archipelago at low altitudes and presents considerable variation.
Specimens collected in the wet season usually have much larger
leaves than those collected, even from the same plants, in the
dry season; the material distributed herewith was collected

342

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

when the dry season was well advanced. Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted Physalis pubescens
Linn.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, February, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blcmcoanae No. 796).
SOLANUM Linnaeus
SOLANUM MELONGENA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 135; ed. 2 (1845)
96; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 177, t. 265.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

occurs in the Philippines only as a cultivated plant and, judging
from its native name, talong, is undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction into the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 623).
SOLANUM NIGRUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 134, ed. 2 (1845) 96,
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 175.

Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species which is

widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines from
sea level to an altitude of at least 1,800 meters. It is used by
the Filipinos as a pot herb.
Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 464).
Solanum zeylanicum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 136 (zeilanieum) ; ed. 2
(1845) 97; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 178, non Scop. = SOLANUM FEROX Linn.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, but from

its occurrence is certainly an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 465).
' Solanum mauritianum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 134; ed. 2 (1845) 96; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 176, t. 86, non Willd., nee Scop. = SOLANUM VERBASCIFOLIUM Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, in the open country, in thickets, etc., but not in the primeval forest.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 48).
Solanum coagulans Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 135; ed. 2 (1845) 97; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 177, t. 49, non Jacq.=SOLANUM CUMINGM Dunal.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Solanum

sanctum Linn., which is not known from the Philippines, while
in my former consideration of Blanco's species I expressed the

SOLANACEAE

343

opinion that it was probably only a variety of Solanum melongena Linn. It is identical with Solanum cumingii Dunal, the
type of which was from the Philippines. It is widely distributed in and about towns at low altitudes in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Baliuag, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1915, there known as tarambulo (Merrill: Species
Blanocanae No. 938).
Solanum sinense Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 137 (sp. nov.) =SOLANUM TUBEROSUM Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 97; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 179.

The species that Blanco described in the first edition of his

Flora de Filipinas as a new species, Solanum sinense, he correctly reduced in the second edition of the same work to Solanum
tuberosum Linn. His specific name sinense was derived from
the fact that he considered that the plant was a native of China,
or at least was introduced into the Philippines from China. The
potato thrives in the Philippines only at medium and higher
altitudes and is grown successfully in various parts of the
Mountain Province, Luzon. The tubers, however, are small in
size and inferior in quality.
Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, July, 1915, comm. H. Sandkuhl (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 948).
DATURA Linnaeus
DATURA FASTUOSA Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 100; ed. 2 (1845)
73; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 136, t. 35.

The Linnean species was apparently correctly interpreted by

Blanco. It occurs as an occasional weed in and about towns,
especially near the sea, but is not nearly as abundant in the
Philippines as is the form with white flowers, D. fastuosa var.
alba (Nees). The suffix itim on the native name talampunay
na itim means black, in reference to the purple flowers. The
form with double corollas is cultivated in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 805).
Datura m etel Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 98; ed. 2 (1845) 72; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
136, t. At, non Linn. = DATURA FASTUOSA Linn. var. ALBA (Nees)
C. B. Clarke.

This form is common in waste places in and about towns

throughout the Philippines, but is certainly an introduced plant,
although probably of prehistoric introduction. Its common
(Tagalog) name in and about Manila is talongpunay.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 529).

344

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
NICOTIANA Linnaeus

NICOTIANA TABACUM Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 101; ed. 2 (1845)
74; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 138, t. 36.

Tobacco is extensively cultivated in the Philippines; the Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
May, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 196).
Nicotiana pusilla Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 100; ed. 2 (1845) 74; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 137, non Linn. = NICOTIANA sp.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Nicotiana rustica Linn., but

there is little justification for this. All that can be determined
definitely is that Blanco had a species of Nicotiana, perhaps not
distinct from N. tabacum Linn. His very imperfect description
was from a single specimen observed in a Manila garden.
Nicotiana frutescens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 101 = Nicotiana fruticosa
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 74; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 138, non Linn.= ?

A form of wholly doubtful status, both considerations of the

species being nomina nuda. It is evident that Nicotiana frutescens of the first edition, is merely a slip of the pen for fruticosa, as manifestly Blanco thought he had the Linnean species,
and did not intend to propose a new one. His consideration
of the species, there being no description, is translated as follows: I can say nothing regarding this species other than that
it exists, or did exist within a few years, in San Jose, Batangas
Province, Luzon, in the place called Bongahan. I do not know
whether or not it has been introduced. It might be that to the
natives it resembles tobacco, but really is not it.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
LINDENBERGIA Lehmann
Stemodia ruderalis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 498; ed. 2 (1845) 348; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 281, t. 378 (poor), non Retz., nee Vahl = LINDENBERGIA
PHILIPPENSIS (Cham.) Benth.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least 1,500 meters. It
grows on walls, cliffs, etc., and is common on the old walls surrounding Intramuros (the Walled City), Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 193).
BACOPA Aublet
Thunbergia stolonifera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 517 (sp. nov.)=Calytrrplex obovata Blanco op. cit. ed 2 (1845) 361; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 302,
t. 230, non Ruiz & Pav.= BACOPA MONNIERA (Linn.) Wettst. (Herpestis monniera HBK.).

SCROPHULARIACEAE

345

A species fairly common in muddy places near tidal streams

about Manila. Calytriplex obovata Ruiz & Pav. is generally
cited as a synonym of Bacopa monniera, but Hooker f., Flora
of British India 4 (1884) 272, states that it is very different
from Herpestis monniera HBK.=Bacopa monniera Wettst.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, April 15, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 239).
LIMNOPHILA R. Brown
Tala odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 485 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
388; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 262 = LIMNOPHILA RUGOSA (Roth) Merr.
(Limnophila roxburghii G. Don).

This species is the type of the genus Tala of Blanco and was
reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Limnophila menthastrum Benth.
I consider it, however, rather the same as L. roxburghii G.
Don= L. rugosa (Roth) Merr., at least the form of that species
that has been credited to the Philippines. The generic name
Tala is from one of the Tagalog names of this and allied species.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 626).
Diceros stoloniferus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 349 (sp. nov.); ed. 3,
2 (1878) 282 LIMNOPHILA STOLONIFERA (Blanco) comb. nov.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Limnophila repens Benth., a species not known from the Philippines
but one to which Limnophila stolonifera is apparently allied.
In Index Kewensis the reduction is to Limnophila confera
Benth., a species also not known from the Philippines, and one
very different from my interpretation of Blanco's Diceros stoloniferus. As I have interpreted Blanco's species, and there is
every reason to believe that this interpretation is correct, the
species seems to be a valid one of Limnophila. Blanco's specimens were from Guadalupe, near Manila, there known as organo, but although I have been unable to find it in that locality,
specimens from the neighborhood of Antipolo, also known as
organo, agree with Blanco's description in all characters including habitat and time of flowering.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914, there known as organo (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 201).
Limnophila myriophylloides Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 78; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 60, non Roth = LIMNOPHILA GRATIOLOIDES R. Br.

This form, widely distributed in the Philippines, was reduced

by Fernandez-Villar to Limnophila gratioloides R. Br. which is

346

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

apparently the correct disposition of it. Like many submerged

or partly submerged aquatic plants, it is exceedingly variable
in its vegetative characters.
DOPATRIUM Hamilton
Kyrtandra aristata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 18 (sp. nov.) =Cyrtandra
aristata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 13 (Cirtandra) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
24=? DOPATRIUM JUNCEUM (Roxb.) Ham.

Blanco's description is the whole basis of Didijmocarpus aristata (Blanco) F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1883) 150, and of Dopatrium
aristatum Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 56. Among all the Philippine species that grow in the habitat indicated, that at all approach Blanco's description, Dopatrium junceum Ham. is the only
one that I can suggest as its proper place of reduction. It most
certainly is no gesneriaceous plant, as considered by FernandezVillar, and while it may ultimately prove to be distinct from
Dopatrium junceum Ham., I am confident that Hasskarl was correct in referring it to this genus. Blanco's material was from
Malinta, near Manila, where it grew in open wet places at low
altitudes.
TOR EN IA Linnaeus
Vandellia multiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 505, non G. Don = TORENIA
BLANCOI nom. nov.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Torenia

asitica Linn., a species that does not extend to the Philippines.
It is not included in the second or third editions of the Flora de
Filipinas. Blanco states that his species is "comn en todas
partes," but as here interpreted this is not true, as so far the
species has appeared in our collections from but three localities.
Except for this statement his description applies almost exactly,
although the flowers are not especially numerous. The plant
is prostrate, spreading, the branches 4-angled, up to 20 cm
in length. Leaves broadly ovate, short-petioled, 1.5 cm long or
less, rounded or obtuse, rather coarsely toothed, glabrous or
slightly hairy. Flowers pale bluish-purple, axillary, solitary,
the pedicels pubescent, 5 mm long or less. Calyx prominently
5-ridged, not winged, ciliate-hirsute, about 6 mm long, in fruit
about 8 mm long. Corolla 1 cm in length. Capsule about as
long as the calyx, the calyx-teeth 5, lanceolate, acuminate, equal,
1.5 mm long. Its alliance seems to be with Torenia benthamiana
Hance, but the Philippine species has much smaller flowers.
Illustrative specimen from near Fort William McKinley, Rizal
Province, Luzon, October 18, 1914, on boulders in bamboo thickets
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 157).

SCROPHULARIACEAE

347

Legazpia triptera Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 339 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 2 (1878) 264 = TORENIA POLYGONOIDES Benth.

A species of wide distribution in the Philippines, generally

found in forests at medium altitudes. The correctness of the
reduction of Blanco's genus and species, the type of which was
from Laguna Province, Luzon, cannot be doubted.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Mount Maquiing, Laguna Province, Luzon, November, 1912 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 126).
Mimulus violaceus Azaola ex Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 357 (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 296 = TORENIA PEDUNCULARIS Benth.

The description is short and imperfect, but there is every

reason to believe that Fernandez-Villar was correct in reducing
it to the common and widely distributed Torenia peduncularis
Benth. The species was described by Azaola, not by Blanco.
LINDERNIA Allioni
(Vandellia Linnaeus)
Torenia paniculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 486 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845)
339 (Toremia); ed. 3, 2 (1878) 265 = LINDERNIA CRUSTACEA
(Linn.) F. MuelL

Fernandez-Villar retained Torenia paniculata Blanco as a valid

species, probably following Bentham (DC. Prodr. 10: 411).
While in certain particulars Blanco's description does not fit
Lindernia crustcea F.-Muell., I am convinced that this is the
form that he intended by his description. The phrase, regarding the calyx, "con cerdas pequeas terminadas con globos,"
should probably be translated as minute glandular-capitate hairs.
This does not apply to Vandellia crustcea Benth. nor, so far
as I know, to any other Philippine representative of this or
allied genera, and the mistake is probably due to an error of
observation or possibly to a mixture of specimens on the part of
Blanco. Lindernia crustcea F.-Muell. is common and widely
distributed throughout the settled areas of the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 563).
Vandellia soriana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 506 (sp. nov.) = Torenia soriana
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 340 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1873) 266 t. S68
bis (upper figure, as Vandellia diffusa Blanco) = LINDERN IA PUSILLA
(Thunb.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 11 (1916) Bot. 312 (Selago
pusilla Thunb., Gratiola pusilla Willd., Vandellia scabra Benth., Lindernia 8cabra Wettst.).

Fernandez-Villar retained this as a distinct species, Vandellia

soriana Blanco, apparently following Bentham. I now consider

348

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

that it is merely the common Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Merr.,

although I previously expressed the opinion that it was apparently the same as Vandellia peduncularis Benth. The species
is common and widely distributed at low altitudes in the settled
areas of the Philippines, agrees with Blanco's description in all
essentials, and is moreover distinctly bitter to the taste., a character indicated by Blanco.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U71).
Torenia quinquenervia Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 76 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 59 = LINDERNIA PYXIDARIA All.

This species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Vandellia nervosa Benth., which has not been found in the Philippines. So
far as I can determine, from the descriptions and material available here, it is Lindernia pyxidaria All. Whatever else it is, the
form distributed herewith is certainly Torenia, quinquenervia
Llanos. In addition to Llanos's record of Torenia quinquenervia
from Calumpit, it has so far been found in but two other localities in the Philippines, a weed in rice paddies.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 777).
ILYSANTHES Rafinesque
(Bonnaya Link & Otto)
Kyrtandra personata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 18 (sp. nov.) =Cyrtandra
personata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 13 (Cirtandra) (comb, nov.) ;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 25= ILYSANTHES SERRATA (Roxb.) Urb.
Gratiola hyssopioides Blanco op. cit. 11; 8 (hissopioides) ; 16, non Linn.=
ILYSANTHES SERRATA (Roxb.) Urb.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, in damp

open places, at low and medium altitudes. Fernandez-Villar reduced Cyrtandra personata Blsnco to Bonnaya brachiata Link
& Otto, which is manifestly correct from Blanco's description,
but reduced Gratiola hyssopifolia Blanco to Bonnaya reptans
Spreng. Blanco's description of Gratiola hyssopifolia does not
apply to Sprengel's species which has petioled leaves, while
Blanco distinctly states: "Hojas * * * abrazando al tallo
por la base." His description applies unmistakably to Bonnaya brachiata Link & Otto, which is a synonym of Ilysanthes
serrata (Roxb.) Urb., so that the present reduction of the species
is undoubtedly correct. Blanco's description of Kyrtandra personata typifies Bonnaya personata Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 56.

BIGNONIACEAE

349

Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914

(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 67).
Kyrtandra serrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 18 (sp. nov.)=? ILYSANTHES
ANTPODA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 467.
Kyrtandra capsularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 17 (sp. nov.) =Cyrtandra
glaberrima Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 12 (Cirtandra) (nom. nov.);
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 23 = ILYSANTHES ANTPODA (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 467.

Kyrtandra serrata Blanco, excluded from the second edition,

is a doubtful species on account of its very short description,
but was probably correctly reduced to Bonnaya v er onicaefolia
Spreng.=llysanthes antipoda (Linn.) Merr. by Fernandez
Villar ; I know of no other species growing near Manila to which
Blanco's description applies, his material being from Malinta,
a few miles north of Manila. Kyrtayidra capsularis Blanco=
Cyrtandra glaberrima Blanco is certainly identical with Ilysanthes antipoda (Linn.) Merr. The species is common and widely
distributed in the open country, old rice paddies, etc., in the
Philippines. Blanco's description of Kyrtandra capsularis typifies Didymocarpus? blancoi Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 55.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1913,
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 453).
SCOPARIA Linnaeus
Scoparia dulcs Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 55; ed. 2 (1845) 37; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 69, t. 19.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

It is very common and widely distributed in the settled areas
in the Philippines. Introduced from Mexico at an early date
in colonial history.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. UU6).
BIGNONIACEAE
DOLICHANDRONE Fenzl
Bignonia spathacea Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 499 = Spathodea luzonica Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 350 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 284,
t. 2U2 = DOLICHANDRONE SPATHACEA (Linn.) K. Sch. (D. rheedii
Seem. ).

Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species in the first

edition of his Flora de Filipinas, but in the second edition described the plant as a new species. It is found along tidal
streams throughout the Philippines and is generally known
as tue.

350

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Illustrative specimen from Malabon, Rizal Province, Luzon,

September, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 514) RA DER MACH ERA Hasskarl
Millingtonia pinnata Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 501 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
351; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 285=:RADERMACHERA PINNATA (Blanco)
Seem.
Millingtonia quadripinnata Blanco op. cit. 501 (sp. nov) ; 351; 286, t. 252 =
RADERMACHERA PINNATA (Blanco) Seem. (Radermachera quadripinnata Seem.).

Fernandez-Villar and others have retained Blanco's two species

as distinct, under Stercospermum pinnatum and S. quadripinnatum. In 1908 I reduced the latter to the former which has
merely page priority in the original place of publication; I can
see no reason for any change from the conclusions previously
reached, Philip. Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) Bot. 336-338. Blanco's
Millingtonia pinnata was certainly based on imperfect, probably
fragmentary, specimens. It is perhaps well to note again that
the species never has pinnate or quadripinnate leaves, but either
bi- or tripinnate ones. Its universal Tagalog name is banaibanai. It is widely distributed in Luzon and Mindorc at low
and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, March,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 834.).
OR OX Y LU M Ventenat
Bignonia quadripinnata Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 499 (sp. nov.); ed. 2
(1845) 349; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 283, t. 2i.9 = OROXYLUM INDICUM
(Linn.) Vent.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 125).
CRESCENTIA Linnaeus
Crescentia trifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 489 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 343;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 271, t. 327 = CRESCENT1A ALATA HBK.

This Mexican species was introduced into Guam and into

the Philippines by the Spaniards and still persists in cultivation in both, although now very rare in the Philippines. The
Philippine species described by Blume, from leaf specimens,
as Otophora ? paradoxa Bl. Rumphia 3 (1847) 146 is Crescentia
alata HBK.
Illustrative specimen from Malabon, Rizal Province, Luzon,
September, 1914, there known as cruz-cruzan (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 515).

PEDALIACEAE-ACANTHACEAE

351

PEDALIACEAE
SESAMUM Linnaeus
Sesamum indicum Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 507; ed. 2 (1845) 353;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 290 t. 27.? = SESAMUM ORIENTALE Linn.

Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species, which is,

however, a synonym of Sesamum orientale Linn., the latter
having page priority. The species is somewhat cultivated in
the Philippines, frequently found as an escape, and is certainly
of prehistoric introduction. Its Tagalog name is ling.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 615).
OROBANCHACEAE
AEGINETIA Linnaeus
AEGINETIA INDICA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 342; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 270.

This species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It occasionally occurs in sugar-cane fields in sufficient abundance to be
considered as a pest, growing on the roots of the cane and causing
decided damage to the crop.
Illustrative specimen from Nueva Vizcaya Province, Luzon,
February, 1911 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 285).
LENTIBULARIACEAE
UTRICULARIA Linnaeus
Utricularia calumpitensis Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 11 (sp. nov.) ;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 6 = UTRICULARIA FLEXUOSA Vahl.

As Vahl's species is currently interpreted I can see no reason

for distinguishing from it the Philippine form described by
Llanos as Utricularia calumpitensis; the reduction was originally made by Fernandez-Villar. The species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes but is of rather local
occurrence.
ACANTHACEAE
ELYTRARIA Vahl
Elytraria amara Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 8 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
15 = ELYTRARIA TRIDENTATA Vahl.

This species is locally abundant in waste places in and about

towns ; introduced from Mexico at an early date. The following
note written by the late C. B. Clarke in reference to a Philippine specimen, Bur. Sei. 380 Mangubat, which represents the

352

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

same species, is of interest: "This is sent named as Elytraria

squamosa (Jacq.) Lindau in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. 38. An
error is involved both as to the plant and as to the name. Verbena squamosa Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. 1: 3, t. 5 has lanceolatelinear bracts and is Elytraria caulescens Nees in DC. Prodr.
11: 63. Mangubat's specimen has the bracts 3-toothed, very
strongly so."
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 362).
THUNBERGIA Linnaeus f.
Thunbergia subsagittata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 518 (sp. nov.)=THUNBERGIA FRAGRANS Roxb.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 360; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 301.

The species that Blanco described as new, Thunbergia subsagittata, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas, he correctly
reduced in the second edition to the widely distributed and variable Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. It is common and widely distributed in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Lamao, Bataan Province, Luzon,
December, 1915 {Merrill; Species Blancoanae No. 963).
HYGROPHILA R. Brown
Antirrhinum molle Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 503; ed. 2 (1845) 353; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 288, non Linn. = HYGROPHILA PHLOMOIDES Nees, var.
ROXBURGH 11 C. B. Clarke.

This species is common in open grasslands, especially in

fallow rice paddies in the vicinity of Manila, and is apparently
widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar to
Hygrophila undulata Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 753).
7

Antirrhinum comintanum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 502 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 352; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 287, t. 3itf = HYGROPHILA SALICIFOLIA
(Vahl) Nees (H. angustifolia R. Br.).

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes and presents considerable variation. Blanco's description does not agree entirely with the illustrative material
distributed herewith as the leaves are described by him as
"vellosas por arriba, y en las mrgenes, abrazando al tallo por

ACANTHACEAE

353

la base," yet undoubtedly the plant he described is a form of

Hygrophila salicifolia Nees.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 166) ; Bauang,
Batangas Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Species Blancoanae
No. 781).
BLECH UM P. Browne
Ruellia uliginosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 494; ed. 2 (1845) 346; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 277, non Linn. f. = BLECH UM BROWN El Juss.

This species of American origin is now widely distributed in

the settled areas of the Philippines at low altitudes. It is also
common in Guam and has extended to Formosa. It was undoubtedly introduced into Guam and into the Philippines
through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon.
November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 187).
HEMIGRAPHIS Nees
Ruellia repens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 493; ed. 2 (1845) 345; ed. 3, 2
(1878) 276, non Linn. = HEMIGRAPHIS STRIGOSA (Nees) F.-Vill.
(H. repens F.-Vill.).

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco's Ruellia repens

represented a valid species of Hemigraphis, which he called H.
repens (Blanco) F.-Vill. I can see no reason for considering
the form Blanco described to be other than the widely distributed Hemigraphis strigosa (Nees) F.-Vill., which was originally described from Philippine specimens, and from which
Hemigraphis lanceolata Clarke is probably not specifically distinct. Blanco's specimens were from Cebu.
LEPIDAGATHIS Willdenow
/ Ruellia secunda Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 495 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 346;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 278=rLEPIDAGATHIS SECUNDA (Blanco) Nees.

Lepidagathis secunda Nees was based on Ruellia secunda

Blanco, the description amplified by reference to Cuming 581
from Calauan, Laguna Province, Luzon. Blanco's specimens
were from Pasig, Mandaloyon, and Santiago Point. It is the
only species of the genus known to occur in the immediate
vicinity of Manila and is to-day fairly abundant on some parts
of the Mandaloyon estate and in Pasig. Lepidagathis luzona
Nees is apparently identical with L. secunda Nees.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 702).
161862

26

354

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
BARLER IA Linnaeus

Barreliera cristata Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 492; ed. 2 (1845) 344; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 273, t. 21U, left hand figure=BARLERIA CRISTATA Linn.

Cultivated only, or spontaneous to a very slight degree, very

rarely (or never?) producing seeds in the Philippines. It is
extensively cultivated in Manila for trimmed hedges and is
propagated by cuttings. Introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 227).
Barreliera prionitis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 491; ed. 2 (1845) 343; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 272, t. 21b, right hand figure=BARLERIA PRIONITIS Linn.

This species is locally abundant at low altitudes in the settled

areas, certainly introduced. It is commonly known as culanta.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 273).
ACANTHUS Linnaeus
Acanthus doloariu Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 487 (sp. nov.) = ACANTHUS
ILICIFOLIUS Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 341; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
267, t. 153.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines along tidal streams, back of mangrove swamps, etc.
Blanco correctly reduced his Acanthus doloariu of the first edition to A. ilicifolius Linn, in the second edition of his Flora de
Filipinas. It is commonly known as doloariu.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 636).
GRAPTOPHYLLUM Nees
Justicia picta Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 12; ed. 2 (1845) 9; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 18, . S=GRAPTOPHYLLUM PICTUM (Linn.) Griff.

Blanco correctly interpreted the Linnean species which is the

form of Graptophyllum pictum (Linn.) Griff. (G. hortense
Nees) with the leaves green, more or less mottled with white
or gray. It is commonly cultivated in the Philippines but is
nowhere spontaneous and is certainly not a native of the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 209).
Justicia ecbolium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 13; ed. 2 (1845) 10; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 18, t. 7 (as Graptophyllum hortense Nees), non Linn.=
GRAPTOPHYLLUM PICTUM (Linn.) Griff.

The plant that Blanco described under the name Justicia

ecbolium is Graptophyllum pictum, the form with uniformly dull

ACANTHACEAE

355

purplish-brown leaves, not at all mottled. This form is much

more abundant in the Philippines than is the one with the
mottled leaves and is frequently planted in hedge rows. It is
not a native of the Archipelago, but, judging from one of its
native names, ternate, was probably introduced by the Spaniards
from the Island of Ternate at the time when Ternate was
controlled by the Spaniards.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 208).
PSEUDERANTHEMUM Radlkofer
Justicia gendarussa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 14; ed. 2 (1845) 10; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 19, t. 9, non Linn. = PSEUDERANTHEM UM PULCHELLUM
(Hort.) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 7 (1912) Bot. 248 (P. bicolor
Radlk., Eranthemum bicolor Schrank).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes generally growing in thickets.
About Manila it is commonly known by the Spanish name cinco
llagas (five wounds), in reference to the five, prominent, dull
purple spots on the corolla lobes.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 726).
PERISTROPHE Nees
Justicia dalaora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 14 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 10;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 20 = PERISTROPH E BIVALVIS (Linn.) Merr. Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 476 (P. tinctoria Nees).

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Dianthera dichotoma Clarke,

to which Blanco's description does not apply. It is, however,
an exact equivalent of Peristrophe tinctoria Nees, for which
P. bivalvis (Linn.) Merr. is an older name. The plant is commonly known in the Visayan islands as dalaora, deora, etc., and
is still used for dyeing as in Blanco's time.
DICLIPTERA Jussieu
Ruellia contorta Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 496 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 347;
ed. 3, 2 (1878) 278 = DICL!PTERA CONTORTA (Blanco) comb. nov.

Blanco's species was retained by Fernandez-Villar as a

distinct species, who transferred it to Peristrophe as P. contorta
(Blanco) F.-Vill.; Nees in DC. Prodr. 11 (1867) 156 transferred it to Hypoestes as H. contorta (Blanco) Nees, but neither
of these references is at all satisfactory. A careful search in
Bauang, the type locality of Blanco's species, in February, the
indicated month of flowering, has resulted in the discovery of
but a single species that agrees at all with Blanco's description.

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

The only character in which Blanco's description does not agree

with my interpretation of the species as Diclvptera, is in regard
to the stamens. Blanco states that his species had four stamens,
with four perfect anthers. I explain this discrepancy by the
probability that Blanco interpreted the superposed anther-cells
as individual anthers. The same species has been collected several times in the Philippines, the specimens being referred to
Dicli/ptera glabra Dene.; the material, however, does not well
agree with Decaisne's description, and I am now inclined to
consider it specifically distinct.
Illustrative specimen (a topotype) from Bauang, Batangas
Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 802).
HYPO EST ES R. Brown
Justicia viridis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 15; ed. 2 (1845) 11; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
21, non Forsk., nee Gill. = HYPOESTES CINEREA C. B. Clarke.

Blanco's conception of Justicia viridis was reduced by

Fernandez-Villar to Hypoestes laxiflora Nes, a Philippine species, but one that does not grow in the region from which Blanco
secured his specimens (Malinta, near Manila). In my previous
consideration of Blanco's species it was reduced to Hypoestes
malaccensis Wight, as H. malaccanus Wight, after specimens
so identified by Lindau in Perkins Frag. FL Philip. (1904) 40.
However, the specimens so named by Lindau are identical with
H. cinerea C. B. Clarke. This is the only species of the genus
that grows near Manila, and Blanco's description agrees with
the specimens. Blanco's description typifies Dicliptera viridis
Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 54.
Illustrative specimen from Masambong (near Manila), Rizal
Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 722).
RHINACANTHUS Nees
Justicia nasuta Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 14; ed. 2 (1845) 10; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 19, t. 0=RHINACANTHUS NASUTA (Linn.) Kurz (R.
communis Nees).

This is certainly an introduced plant in the Philippines; it

is common in hedges in towns in the provinces near Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 275).
JUSTICIA Linnaeus
Dianthera subserrata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 16 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
11; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 22, i. S=JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA Burm. f.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip-

PLANTAGINACEAE-RUBIACEAE

357

pines, especially along small streams in forests; it also occurs

in and about towns, but is apparently indigenous.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 263).
Dianthera americana Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 16, non Linn. = Dianthera
ci I ata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 12, non Ruiz & Pav., nee aliorum =
JUSTICIA PROCUMBENS Linn. (Rostelhdaria procumbens Nees).

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Justicia

mollissima Nees, a species not known from the Philippines. The
form he described is unmistakably referable to Justicia (Rostellularia) procumbens which is common and widely distributed
in the Philippines. Blanco's description typifies Rostellularia
blancoi Hassk. in Flora 47 (1864) 54.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U70).
PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAGO Linnaeus
Plantago crenata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 56 (sp. nov.) = Plantago media
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 38; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 70, t. 20, non Linn.=
PLANTAGO MAJOR Linn.

This was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Plantago erosa Wall.,

which is a synonym of Plantago major Linn. The species was
certainly introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards,
probably from Spain, and is now very generally known as lantin,
a slight corruption of its Spanish name llantn. At low altitudes it is found only in cultivation, being locally used in the
practice of medicine ; at medium altitudes it is occasionally found
growing spontaneously in and about towns.
Illustrative specimen from N.igcarlan, Laguna Province, Luzon, February, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 859).
RUBIACEAE
DENTELLA Forster
DENTELLA REPENS Forst.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 146; ed. 2 (1845)
103; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 190.

This species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It occurs

throughout the Archipelago at low altitudes in the settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 265).
OLDENLANDIA Plumier
Oldenlandia paniculata Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 61; ed. 2 (1845)
4; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 82 = OLDENLANDIA BIFLORA Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed throughout the

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. It

occurs especially in gardens, and in waste places in and about
towns, and is undoubtedly an introduced weed in the Archipelago. The Linnean specific name biflora has priority over the
more commonly used pa?iiculata; as to their identity, with critical
notes on nomenclature, see Trimen. Fl. Ceylon 2 (1894) 317.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, November, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 189).
Oldenlandia capensis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 62; ed. 2 (1845) 45; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 83, non Linn. f. = OLDENLANDIA DIFFUSA (Willd.)
Roxb.

This species is found in and about towns throughout the Philippines, at low altitudes, and is probably an introduced plant
in the Archipelago. It grows in gardens, on damp walls, and
in waste places, but is nowhere very abundant.
Illustrative specimen from San Antonio, Laguna Province,
Luzon, October, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 985).
Oldenlandia affinis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 44; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 83,
non DC. = OLDENLANDIA CORYMBOSA Linn.

Blanco's description is not good for Oldenlandia corymbosa

Linn., yet better fits this species than any other form known
from the Philippines. Fernandez-Villar was certainly in error
in reducing it to Oldenlandia nudicaulis Roth [=0. ovatifolia
(Cav.) DC-], for Blanco describes a very different plant.
Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn, is common and widely distributed
in the settled areas of the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 627).
OPHIORRHIZA Linnaeus
7 OPHIORRHIZA OBLONGIFOLIA DC, Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 64
(Ophiorhiza) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 121.
Hydrocotyle monopetala Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 213 (sp. nov.) =Ophiorrhiza triandra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 65 (Ophiorhiza) (nom.
nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 122 = ? OPHIORRHIZA OBLONGIFOLIA DC.

The plant described is apparently the same as de Candolle's

species, which was based on specimens originating in Sorsogon
Province, Luzon. Fernandez-Villar reduced Hydrocotyle monopetala to Epithema, of the Gesneriaceae, as a valid species,
Epithema triandrum (Blanco) F.-Vill., but nothing in Blanco's
description applies to this genus or family. I have very little
doubt that the form Blanco observed is nothing but Ophiorrhiza
oblongifolia DC, with the flower, as to its stamens, erroneously

RUBIACEAE

359

described. I know of no Philippine plant in any family that

agrees wholly with Blanco's description and am forced to the
conclusion that he correctly referred his Hydrocotyle monopetala
to its proper genus, Ophiorrhiza. His specimens were from
Malabrigo Point, Batangas Province, Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, August 23, 1916, comm. C. Mabesa (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 976).
WENDLANDIA Bartling
Rondeletia asitica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 146, non Linn. = Wendlandia
exserta Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 104 (exerta) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 191,
t. 302, non DC. = WENDLANDIA LUZONIENSIS DC.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes and, while the common
form does not exactly match the type material of Wendlandia
luzoniensis DC, it is probably only a form of de Candolle's
species, which in turn may not prove to be specifically distinct
from W. paniculata Roxb.
Illustrative specimen from Montalban, Rizal Province, Luzon,
February, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 233).
HYMENODICTYON Wallich
Exostemma philippicum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 113; (sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 203, t. 106, non R. & S-=HYMENODICTYON EXCELSUM
(Roxb.) Wall.

I have followed the Kew identification of Vidal's Luzon specimen in referring the Philippine material to Wallich's species.
A critical revision of the genus, with abundant material, may
show that the Philippine form is distinct, or perhaps referable to some other named species. It is widely distributed
in the Philippines and presents an excellent illustration
of the difficulties encountered in attempting to determine the
identity of some of Blanco's species from native names cited by
him. His original material was, in part, from Angat, Bulacan
Province, Luzon, and he cites the Tagalog name huliganga.
This name is still used in Angat for the same species, but, so
far as our records show, is used in no other province. In other
parts of Bulacan the name appears as aligango; in Rizal Province
it is known as hibao and as malatabaco (the latter a manufactured name="false tobacco") ; in the Hocos provinces it is
known as abar; in Nueva Ecija as balangcori; in Guimaras
Island as magtalisay; and in Basilan Island as camatolong.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

August, 1913, under the Tagalog name huliganga; a topotype

(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 643).
MITRAGYNA Korthals
Mamboga capitata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 140 (gen. et sp. nov.) = Nauclea
luzoniensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 102; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 187, non
D. Dietr. = MITRAGYNA ROTUNDIFOLIA (Roxb.) O. Ktze. (M.
diversifolia Havil.).
Nauclea adina Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 102; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 188, . 131,
non Sm. = MITRAGYNA ROTUNDIFOLIA (Roxb.) O. Ktze.

The generic designation Mamboga Blanco has priority over

Mitragyna Korthals, the latter having been published in the year
1839 ; however, Korthals's name is retained in the list of nomina
conservanda adopted by the Vienna Botanical Congress. Mamboga capitata Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Stephegyne speciosa Korth., and Nauclea adina Blanco to S. diversifolia
Korth. While both species occur in the Philippines, I am now
of the opinion that both of Blanco's descriptions apply to a
single species, the common and widely distributed Mitragyna
rotundifolia (Roxb.) 0. Ktze. Blanco was certainly in error
in describing the species as a large tree. The maximum size
indicated on our abundant material is 15 meters, but most of
the specimens are indicated as from trees from 6 to 12 meters
high. The only difference indicated in Blanco's two descriptions
is that the leaves of Mamboga capitata are described as smooth,
while those of Nauclea adina are described as somewhat pubescent beneath ; the species is decidedly variable in this character.
Widely distributed in the northern and central Philippines at
low altitudes and very generally known as mambog.
Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
September, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 52W).
UN CAR IA Schreber
Tapogomea rubra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 145 (sp. nov.) =Cephaelis expaleacea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 103 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
189=? UNCARIA sp.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Uncaria acida Roxb., a species

not known from the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does not conform. Blanco's description is sufficiently
ample and certainly applies to some representative of the
Naucleae, yet of all the numerous Philippine representatives of
this tribe no single species conforms entirely with the description as given by Blanco. It is suspected, however, that the form
described was a Nauclea, and that the description itself is faulty
in some particulars. If an Uncaria, it should be near U. perrottetii Merr., U. setiloba Benth., and U. phippinensis Elm. The

RUBIACEAE

361

name mampol, by which Blanco states it was known in Cebu,

does not appear on any of our Naucleae. Serious objections to
Uncaria, as the proper genus for this species, are Blanco's
specific statement that the receptacle was not paleaceous, his
description of it as a shrub, and his statements that the flowers
are red, and that the style is of the same length as the stamens.
NEONAUCLEA Merrill
(Nauclea Auct., non Linnaeus)
Nauclea glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 143 (sp. nov.) = Nauclea glabra
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 101; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 185, non Roxb.=
NEONAUCLEA CALYCINA (Bartl.) Merr. (Nauclea calycina Barth).
Nauclea lanceolata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 144, non Blume= Nauclea
calycina (?) Bartl.; Blanco op. cit. d. 2 (1845) 101, d. 3, 1 (1877)
186 = NEONAUCLEA CALYCINA (Bartl.) Merr.

After a careful consideration of Blanco's descriptions and our

abundant Philippine material I am convinced that but a single
species is represented by the two forms Blanco described, and
that both are referable to Neonauclea calycina (Bartl.) Merr.
a species based on Philippine specimens. The species is a timber
tree and is still sometimes known as bagarilat, the Tagalog
name cited by Blanco for N. glandulosa (N. glabra). FernandezVillar erroneously reduced Nauclea glandulosa (N. glabra) to
Anthocephalus codamba Miq., but no representative of the genus
Anthocephalus is known from the Philippines. Vidal referred
Nauclea glabra Blanco to his N. blancoi, but the type of N.
blancoi Vid. is manifestly Cuming 890, which represents a species
entirely different from my interpretation of Blanco's species.
Nauclea lanceolata Blanco was reduced by him, with doubt, to
N. calycina, and by Fernandez-Villar to N. purpurea Roxb. ; but
Roxburgh's species does not extend to the Philippines. I can
detect no specific differences either in Blanco's descriptions or
in specimens that come in as bagarilat and as bagarilao na itim
("itim"=black).
Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province,
Luzon, September, 1914, comm. A. Villamil, there known as
bagarilao-na-itim {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 120).
fNauclea latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 144 (sp. nov.), non Sm.= Nauclea
obtusa Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 101; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 187, non
Blumen NEONAUCLEA MEDIA (Havil.) Merr. (Nauclea media
Havil.).

Blanco described Nauclea latifolia as a new species, without

reference to Smith's earlier use of the same name, and erroneously reduced it to Blume's N. obtusa in the second edition,
in which he was followed by Fernandez-Villar; Nauclea obtusa

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Blume does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco's description

applies in all essentials to the species described by Haviland as
Nauclea media=Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr., which is
widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. The time of flowering and native name agree with Blanco's data.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914, there known as balod or valod (Merrill: Species Blancoanae
No. 542).
NAUCLEA Linnaeus
(Sarcocephalus Afzelius)
Nauclea lutea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 141 (sp. nov.) =Nauclea glaberrima
Bartl.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 100; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 184, . 15=
NAUCLEA ORIENTALIS Linn. (Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq., S. glaberrimus Miq., S. orientalis Merr.).

The species Blanco described as Nauclea lutea in the first

edition of his Flora de Filipinas he reduced to Nauclea glaberrima Bartl., in the second edition, but if a distinct species is
represented, then Blanco's name has priority. Haviland has
retained Sarcocephalus glaberrimus (Bartl.) Miq., as a species
distinct from S. cordatus Miq.=Nauclea orientalis Linn. It is
evident, from the examination of the literature bearing on the
subject that Nauclea must be retained for those species now referred to Sarcocephalus, while those species now classified as
Nauclea must be called Neonauclea.* It is common-and widely
distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes, the
wood yellow; generally known in the Archipelago as bancal.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 408).
MUSSAENDA Linnaeus
Mussaenda frondosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 167 (fondosa) ; ed. 2 (1845)
118; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 211, t. 58, non Linn. = MUSSAENDA PHILIPPICA
Rich. (M. grandiflora Rolfe, non Benth.).

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes ; perhaps identical with Mussaenda glabra
Vahl.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 413).
RANDIA Houstoun
Stigmanthus cymosus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 117; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
209, non Lour. = RANDlA sp.?
* See Merrill, E. D., On the application of the generic name Nauclea of
Linnaeus, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sei. 5 (1915) 530-542.

RUBIACEAE

363

Blanco's description is altogether too short and imperfect from

which to interpret this species, and the plant he described is certainly not the same as Stigmanthus cymosus Lour. FernandezVillar referred it to Webera {Tarenna) odorata Roxb., where
it certainly does not belong. The only reason for considering
it even a rubiaceous plant is the fact that Blanco placed it with
other genera of this family. If a rubiaceous plant, it is probably
a Randia, but even this is a mere guess. Blanco's specimens
were from Calauan, Laguna Province, Luzon.
GARDENIA Linnaeus
Sulipa pseudopsidium Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 497 (gen. et sp. nov.) ; ed.
2 (1845) 347; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 280 = GARDENIA PSEUDOPSIDIUM
(Blanco) F.-Vill.

There is no doubt as to the correctness of referring Sulipa

pseudopsidium Blanco to Gardenia in spite of a few discrepancies in Blanco's description which were apparently due to faulty
observations. I am now of the opinion that Gardenia barnesii
Merr. is probably not specifically distinct from Gardenia pseudopsidium F.-Vill. The only differences appear to be in the length
and size of the corolla, but an examination of a large series of
specimens shows the corolla to be exceedingly variable.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 655).
^> Randia aculeata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 141; ed. 2 (1845) 99; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 183, non Linn. = GARDENIA CURRANII Merr.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Randia

dumetorum Lam., which is certainly an error, Lamarck's species
not being a native of the Philippines. Gardenia curranii Merr.
is known from Bataan, Rizal, and Batangas Provinces, Luzon, and
may prove to be referable to the genus Randia rather than to
Gardenia.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan, Batangas Province, Luzon,
August, 1914, there known as sinampaga {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 76).
VILLARIA Rolfe
Remijia odorata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 115 (olorata) (sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 205, t. 56 = VILLARIA ODORATA (Blanco) comb. nov.
{Villaria littoralis Vid.).

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Randia densiflora Benth., a

species with which Blanco's description does not conform. Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Villa7-ia, and to V. littoralis Vid. rather than to V. phUippinensis Rolfe, although the

364

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

two species are closely allied. I have no hesitation in adopting

Blanco's specific name in place of Vidal's. His material was
from Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon; the nearest locality
from which I have seen specimens of the species is the adjoining
province, Laguna.
SCYPHIPHORA Gaertner
Ixora manila Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 60 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 42; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 77, t. 277=SCYPHIPHORA HYDROPHYLLACEA Gaertn.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines along the

seashore, the City of Manila probably taking its name from the
Tagalog word nilad or nilar credited by Blanco to this species;
hence Blanco's specific name manila, literally the place where
nilar grows.
Illustrative specimen from Culion, August, 1913 {Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 635).
HYPOBATHRUM Blume
Serissa myrtifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 164 (sp. nov.) =Remijia angatensis Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 115 (nom. nov.); ed. 3. 1 (1877)
206 = HYPOBATHRUM GLOME RAT UM (Bartl.) K. Sch. in Engl. &
Prantl Nat. Fflanzenfam. 4 * (1891) 156 [Platymerium glomeratum
Bartl. in DC. Prodr. 4 (1830) 619; Randia angatensis F.-Vill. Nov.
App. (1880) 108].
Serissa pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 163 (sp. nov.) =Remijia obscura
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 116 (oscura) (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
207 = HYPOBATHRUM GLOMERATUM (Bartl.) K. Sch. [Gardenia
obscura Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 18, 119; Randia obscura
F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 108; Gardenia pinnata Merr. in Govt. Lab.
Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 53],

There is manifestly but a single species represented by the

two described by Blanco, for which he published four names.
The species is dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, the staminate
flowers many, fascicled, short-pedicelled, and the pistillate or
perfect flowers few, long-pedicelled. It is commonly known to
the Tagalogs as caragli or calagri and is abundant in towns in
Bulacan Province, occurring also in Manila.
Illustrative specimens from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
July, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 223, 688).
PLECTRONIA Linnaeus
Canthium monoflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 166 (sp. nov.) =Canthium
pedunculare Cav.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 116; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
208 = PLECTRONIA PEDUNCULARIS (Cav.) Elm. [Canthium lycioides A. Rich. (1830); Plectronia lycioides Elm. (1906)].

This species is common in thickets at low altitudes in the

provinces about Manila and also occurs in Palawan. Blanco

RUBIACEAE

365

was correct in reducing his Canthium monoflorum (1837) to

Canthium peduncular-e Cav. ( 1799 ). The types of both Canthium
pedunculare Cav. and C. lycioides A. Rich, were of Philippine origin.
Illustrative specimens from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 32) ; Taytay, Palawan, May,
1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 380).
Canthium pauciflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 165 (sp. nov.) =Canthium
horridum Blume; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 116, ed. 3, 1 (1877) 208,
t. 57= PLECTRONIA HRRIDA (Blume) Benth. & Hook. f.

Blanco was apparently correct in reducing his Canthium pauciflorum to Canthium horridum Blume. The species is of rather
local occurrence in the Philippines at low altitudes in the settled
areas. Canthium hebecladum DC. (1830), based on Philippine
material, is identical with C. paucifto?-um BlancoPZeciroma
hrrida (Blume) Benth. & Hook, f., Blume's specific name dating
from the year 1826.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U3).
Ronabea bipinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 162 (sp. nov.) =Ronabea
arbrea Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 114 (nom. nov.); ed. 3, 1 (1877)
204 = PLECTRONIA MONSTROSA A. Rich. (1830) {Canthium mite
Bartl., 1830; Canthium arboreum Vid., 1885; Canthium bipinnatum
Merr., 1905; Plectronia mitis Elm., 1906).

This species is common and widely distributed in Luzon. For

a discussion of the synonymy see Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sei.
8 (1913) Bot. 48.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 248).
Ixora glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 61 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 42;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 78 = PLECTRONIA GLANDULOSA (Blanco) comb. nov.
[Plectronia viridis Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 131].
Polyozus bipinnatus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 43 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1
(1877) 79=PLECTRONIA GLANDULOSA (Blanco) Merr.

Ixora glandulosa was erroneously reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Canthium confertum Korth., a species unknown from the
Philippines. It is certainly identical with the form described
by me in 1906 as Plectronia viridis, but Blanco's specific name
being the older is here accepted. The species is of wide distribution in the forests of the Philippines at medium altitudes.
Fernandez-Villar reduced Polyozus bipinnatus to Arthrophyllum
pinnatum Maingay of the Araliaceae, a species that does not
extend to the Philippines, and one to which Blanco's description
does not at all conform. With the exception of the description of

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

the leaves as compound, all data given by Blanco apply word

for word to Plectronia glandulosa (Blanco) Merr., which Blanco
otherwise described as Ixora glandulosa. The young branchlets
with their characteristic distichous leaves were erroneously interpreted by Blanco as compound leaves.
Illustrative specimen from Mount Mariveles, Bataan Province,
Luzon, March, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 897).
GUETTARDA Linnaeus
Guettarda vermicularis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 723 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
500; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 125 = GUETTARDA SPECIOSA Linn.

Blanco's description applies unmistakably to this species, which

is widely distributed along the seashore throughout the Philippines; his specimens were from the seashore at Bauang, Batangas Province, Luzon. Fernandez-Villar was entirely wrong in
reducing it to Anneslea fragrans Wall, of the Theaceae, as no
representative of this genus is known from the Philippines, and
moreover Blanco's description does not in the least apply to
Wallich's species.
Illustrative specimen from Pasuquin, llocos Norte Province,
November, 1916 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1045).
COFFEA Linnaeus
COFFEA ARABICA Linn.; Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 156; ed. 2 (1845) 110;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 198, t. 53.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco.

Coffee was introduced by the Spaniards and is now found
throughout the Archipelago in cultivation. It was formerly cultivated on a large scale in some provinces, but the industry was
largely destroyed by the introduction of the coffee blight,
Hemileia vastatrix, about 1890.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, August,
1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 590).
PAVETTA Linnaeus
PAVETTA MEMBRANCEA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 59 (sp. nov.) =
Pavetta sambucina Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 41; ed. 3, 1 (1877)
75, t. 246, non DC.

The species Blanco described as a new species in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas he erroneously reduced in the
second edition to Pavetta sambucina DC, a species that does
not occur in the Philippines. Likewise Fernandez-Villar erroneously reduced it to Pavetta angustifolia R. & S., a species that
also does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco's Pavetta membrancea is a valid species, and his name is the oldest one and

RUBIACEAE

367

should be retained. An exact synonym is Pavetta manillensis

Walp. (1843). The species is of local occurrence at low and
medium altitudes in central and northern Luzon.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 493).
IXORA Linnaeus
IXORA COCCNEA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 59; ed. 2 (1845) 41; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 76, t. 21.

Blanco seems to have correctly interpreted the Linnean species, which occurs in the Philippines only as an introduced and
cultivated plant. From its native name santn (corruption of
Santa Ana) it is probable that it was introduced after the arrival
of the Spaniards. This red-flowered form is commonly designated as santn pula, i. e., red santan, in distinction from the
white-flowered species /. finlaysoniana Wall, which is called
santn puti, i. e., white santan.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, July, 1914 (Merrill:
Species Blancoanae No. 133).
Taligalea umbellata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 337 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
2 (1878) 66 = IXORA CUMINGIANA Vid.

This species is common and widely distributed in the northern

and central Philippines, occurring in thickets and in forests at
low and medium altitudes. Blanco's specific name is invalidated
in Ixora by /. umbellata Valeton. By Fernandez-Villar it was
reduced to Ixora macrophylla Bartl., but Blanco's description does
not apply to Bartling's species while, moreover, /. macrophylla
Bartl. was described by Blanco as Ixora arbrea.
Illustrative specimen from Rizal Province, Luzon, November,
1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 954).
Ixora arbrea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 61 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 42; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 78, non Roxb. = IXORA MACROPHYLLA Bartl.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Ixora

stricta Roxb., but although the description is short and imperfect it manifestly does not agree with Roxburgh's species. So
far as the description goes it is in entire agreement with Ixora
macrophylla Bartl., a species based on Philippine material and
one of wide distribution in the forests of the Archipelago at
low and medium altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Batangas Province, Luzon, July,
1914 (leaves narrower than in the type) (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 734).

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Pavetta fiiiformis Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 48 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 35 = IXORA sp.

A species of wholly doubtful status, reduced by FernandezVillar to Ixora pendula Jack, a species that does not extend to
the Philippines. The description is very indefinite, and if really
an Ixora, the species might be either of the very distinct /. philippinensis Merr., /. cumingiana Vid., or /. macrophylla Bartl.
There is one objection to Ixora as the proper genus for Llanos's
species, in that he describes the plant as scandent, this applying
to no Philippine species of Ixora. Mr. C. de Candolle informs
me that the species is not represented among the Llanos specimens in the de Candolle herbarium.
GRUMILEA Gaertner
Paederia tacpo Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 160 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 113;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 202, . 55 = GRUMILEA LUONIENSIS (C. & S.) Merr.
(Psychotria luzoniensis F.-Vill. Coffea luoniensis Cham, and Schlecht.
Psychotma tacpo Rolfe, P. malayana F.-Vill., non Jack).

This species is very common and widely distributed at low

altitudes in the Philippines and is especially abundant in the
provinces contiguous to Manila from which Blanco received
most of his material.
Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5V7) ; Manila,
Luzon, December, 1914, here known as tacpo (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 560).
PAEDERIA Linnaeus
Paederia foetida Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 159; ed. 2 (1845) 112; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 201, t. 54, non ? Linn.= PAEDERIA TOMENTOSA Blume.

This species is common and widely distributed at low altitudes

in the Philippines. It is a characteristic species of the settled
areas. It is very closely allied to Paederia foetida Linn., and
Blume's species is perhaps not specifically distinct. When fresh,
the crushed plant is decidedly foetid.
Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon, November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 750).
MOR IN DA Linnaeus
Morinda litoralis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 109 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 1
(1877) 197, t. 52=MORINDA CITRIFOLIA Linn.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, but much less abundant than is Morinda bracteata Roxb.
It is commonly known as bancudo.
Illustrative specimen from the bank of a tidal stream, Mari-

RUBIACEAE

369

caban, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species

Blancoanae No. UUU).
Morinda citrifolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 149, non Linn. = Morinda ligulata
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 105 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 196 =
MORINDA BRACTEATA Roxb.
Morinda royoc Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 148; ed. 2 (1845) 105; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 193, non Linn. = MORINDA BRACTEATA Roxb.

I believe the form that Blanco described as Morinda royoc to

be nothing more than the common Morinda bracteata Roxb. (M.
ligulata Blanco), erroneously described as subscandent. The
description consists only of the statement that it reclines over
neighboring trees, that the leaves are opposite, ovate, oblong,
keeled, the petioles short, the flowers and fruit as in culit, i. e.,
Morinda ligulata Blanco=M. bracteata Roxb. It was said to
be common in Malinta, near Manila, slightly known to the
natives, but there called tumbong asong hapay, tumbong aso being a common name for both Morinda citrifolia Linn, and M.
bracteata Roxb. The data regarding its medicinal use were apparently copied from works of other authors. Fernandez-Villar
reduced it to Morinda tinctoria Roxb., where it certainly does
not belong. Morinda bracteata Roxb. is very common and widely
distributed in the Philippines, by some authors considered a
synonym of Morinda citrifolia Linn., by others a variety (bracteata) of that species.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 280).
Coffea volubilis Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 157 (sp. nov.); ed. 2 (1845) 111;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 200=MORINDA VOLUBILIS (Blanco) Merr. in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 1 (1906) Suppl. 137, cum descr.

Fernandez-Villar reduced Blanco's species to Morinda tinctoria

Roxb., where it certainly does not belong. I have connected
certain Luzon material with Blanco's species and have redescribed
it as Morinda volubilis (Blanco) Merr. I feel fairly confident
that this interpretation of Coffea volubilis Blanco is correct.
Morinda umbellata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 110; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 197,
non ? Linn. = M OR IN DA MICROCEPHALA Bartl.

This reduction follows Fernandez-Villar's disposition of the

form that Blanco described. It is not certain, however, that
the Philippine Morinda microcephala Bartl. is specifically distinct from the widely distributed Morinda umbellata Linn.
BORRERIA G. F. W. Meyer
Spermacoce mutilata Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 43 (sp. nov.); ed. 3,
1 (1877) 80 (mutilada) =BORRER\ A HISPIDA (Linn.) K. Sch. (Spermacoce hispida Linn.).
151862

24

370

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Spermacoce muriculata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 44; 81, non DC.=
BORRERIA HISPIDA (Linn.) K. Sch.

Borreria hispida (Linn.) K. Sch. is common and widely distributed in the settled areas in the Philippines at low altitudes,
perhaps introduced. I can see no reason for distinguishing the
two forms indicated by Blanco, although Fernandez-Villar reduced Spermacoce muriculata Blanco (non DC.) to S. scaberrima
Blume.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 430).
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
SAMBUCUS Linnaeus
SAMBUCUS JAVANICA Blume; Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 151; ed. S,
1 (1877) 271.

Blanco correctly interpreted Blume's species which is widely

distributed in the Philippines in forests and in ravines, extending
from low altitudes to at least 2,000 meters.
Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince, Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 13).
CUCURBITACEAE
MELOTHRIA Linnaeus
Cucumis luzonicus Blanco PL Filip. (1837) 861 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
534; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 180, t. 365 = MELOTHRIA INDICA Lour.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines at low

altitudes, but is nowhere abundant. It grows in open grassy
places. As noted by Blanco the fruit (and the whole plant for
that matter) has the odor and taste of the pepino or cucumber
(Cucumis sativus h.).
Illustrative specimen from between Guadalupe and Pasig (a
topotype of Cucumis luzonicus), Rizal Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 8^8).
MOMORDICA Linneaus
Momordica balsamina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 768; ed. 2 (1845) 529; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 172, non Linn. = MOMORDICA CHARANTIA Linn.
Momordica cylindrica Blanco op. cit. 769 (cilindrica); 530; 172, t. 357, non
Linn.zzMOMORDICA CHARANTIA Linn.

There is no reason for considering that Blanco described more

than one species under his conception of Momordica balsamina
and M. cylindrica. The latter, as described by Blanco, is the
cultivated form, with larger fruits than the wild or semi-wild
form described by him as M. balsamina. Blanco's Momordica
balsamina was considered by Fernandez-Villar to represent the

CUCURBITACBAE

371

Linnean species, but this appears not to be the case, as M. balsamina Linn, apparently does not occur in the Philippines.
Throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the
settled areas.
Illustrative specimen from Balayan. Batangas Province, Luzon, August, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 4.81).
Momordica sphaeroidea Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 771 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 531; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 174, t. 3S0= MOMORDICA COCH1NCHIN EN SI S Spreng., forma.

Blanco's species has been reduced to Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng., which is undoubtedly correct. The form distributed
herewith is exactly Momordica ovata Cogn., a species based on
Philippine material, differing from Sprengl's species in having
entire, not lobed leaves. Blanco's description of the leaves is
"con tres ngulos," thus approaching the M. cochinchiiiensis
type. However, all intergrades can be found presenting entire
or merely toothed leaves, obscurely 3-angled leaves, to promminently 3-angled and even deeply 3-lobed ones; entire and
prominently angled leaves frequently occur not only on the same
specimen but on the same branch. Our abundant collections
show conclusively that Momordica ovata Cogn. is merely a form
or variety of M. cochinchinensis Spreng. The species is widely
distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes.
Illustrative specimen from Batulao, Batangas Province, Luzon,
February, 1915, there known as boyoc-boyoc (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 818).
/Passiflora saponaria Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 650 (sp. nov.) ^Modecca ?
saponaria Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 453 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 53 = MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS Spreng., forma.

Blanco's description is very inadequate, and as he never saw

flowers, he was uncertain as to the generic position of his species.
His material was from Tagudin, Hocos Sur Province, Luzon,
known to the Ilocanos as libas, the fruit edible. We have three
collections from Hocos Norte and from Pangasinan, all bearing
the Ilocano name libas, and this material otherwise agrees with
Blanco's description. The species was erroneously reduced by
Fernandez-Villar to Modecca trilobata Roxb. It differs from
the commoner forms of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, in
its leaves being more deeply and more narrowly lobed, but the
difference does not appear to be essential.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, May, 1914, the fruit indicated as edible, and with the
Ilocano name libas (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 86).

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE
LUFFA Linnaeus

Momordica operculata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 770; ed. 2 (1845) 530; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 173, t. S3U (as Luffa petla Sering., the cultivated form)
non Linn. = LUFFA CYUNDRICA (Linn.) Roem.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, both
wild and cultivated. The wild form is the one described by
Blanco, and this has somewhat smaller leaves and smaller fruits
than the cultivated form.
Illustrative specimens (wild form) from Pasay, Rizal Province, Luzon, October, 1914 and Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 222, 660).
Cucumis acutangulus Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 776; ed. 2 (1845)
534; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 179, t. 288 = LVFFA ACUTANGULA (Linn.) Roxb.

This species occurs in the Philippines only in cultivation

and, unlike the commoner Luffa cylindrica, has not become
established. In aspect, as to vegetative and floral characters,
it greatly resembles Luffa cylindrica, but the male flowers have
three instead of five stamens. The fruits of the two species
are very different, those of L. cylindrica being cylindric and
nearly smooth, those of L. acutangula having 10, longitudinal,
prominent ridges, making the fruit distinctly 10-angled.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
November, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 107).
CUCUMIS Linnaeus
CUCUMIS MELO Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 775; ed. 2 (1845) 534; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 179.

Blanco certainly described the form of this species that is

placed by Cogniaux under Cucumis mel var. agrestis Naud.
Fernandez-Villar reduced Cucumis mel Blanco to C. trigonus
Roxb., a species that does not occur in the Philippines and one
to which Blanco's description does not apply. The species occurs in the Philippines in the settled areas as an occasional
plant in waste places and in fallow lands, undoubtedly an introduced naturalized form. Several forms are also cultivated.
Illustrative specimen from Umingan, Pangasinan Province,
Luzon, April, 1914, there known as it-timon (Merrill: Species
Blancoanae No. 728).
BENINCASA Savi
Cucurbita pepo-aspera Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 773 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
532; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 176, t. 525= BENINCASA HISPIDA (Thunb.)
Cogn. (B. cerfera Savi).

The reduction of Blanco's species to Benincasa cerfera Savi

was made by Fernandez-Villar, which is manifestly the correct

CUCURBITACEAE

373

disposition of it. The wax gourd is widely cultivated in the

Philippines and is universally known as condol, the native name
cited by Blanco.
LAGENARIA Seringe
Cucurbita lagenaria-oblonga Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 772 (var. nov.) ; ed.
2 (1845) 531; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 175 = LAGENARIA LEUCANTHA (Lam.)
Rusby (L. vulgaris Seringe).
Cucurbita lagenaria-villosa Blanco op. cit. 772 (var. nov.); 532; 175 =
LAGENARIA LEUCANTHA (Lam.) Rusby.

Lagenaria leucantha (Lam.) Rusby (L. vulgaris Seringe) is

commonly cultivated in the Philippines, but does not occur wild.
It is probably of prehistoric introduction. The two forms described by Blanco are manifestly the same species, which presents great variation in fruit characters. It is commonly known
as opo or upo.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 600).
TRICHOSANTHES Linnaeus
Trichosanthes amara Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 774; ed. 2 (1845) 533; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 178, non Linn.= (pro parte) TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMERINA Linn.

Blanco certainly included representatives of two genera in

his description of Trichosanthes amara; one, flowering specimen, a Trichosanthes; and the other, fruit, certainly Luffa acutangula Roxb., var. The species was reduced by FernandezVillar to Trichosanthes palmata Roxb., a species not known
from the Philippines; by Cogniaux to Luffa acutangula Roxb.
var. amara C. B. Clarke, which is possibly correct as to the fruit
described by Blanco; and by myself as certainly identical with
Trichosanthes quinquangulata A. Gray. As to the flowers Blanco's description of the corolla with "las cinco partes del limbo,
laceradas" is unmistakably Trichosanthes; as to the fruits "con
cobertera en el extremo, angulosa y larga" unmistakably a Luffa.
On the whole I now consider that the Trichosanthes part of the
description agrees better with T. cucumerina Linn, as locally interpreted, than with T. quinquangulata A. Gray; Blanco would
certainly have mentioned the very large and prominent bracts
of the latter species. Trichosanthes cucumerina is common in
the vicinity of Manila, and is widely distributed in the Philippines at low altitudes, growing in thickets in the settled areas.
CUCURBITA Linnaeus
Cucurbita sulcata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 773 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
532; ed. 3. 3 (1879) 177, t. ^O^CUCURBITA MAXIMA Duchesne.

The common squash is cultivated throughout the Philippines

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SPECIES BLANCOANAE

and is universally known in the Archipelago as calabaza, a name

of Spanish origin. The plant was undoubtedly introduced into
the Philippines from Mexico, and at a very early date in the
Spanish occupation.
Illustrative specimen from Maragondong, Cavit Province,
Luzon, October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 152).
CAMPANULACEAE
SPHENOCLEA Linnaeus
j

Pongatium spongiosum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 86 (sp. nov.) =SPHENOCLEA ZEYLANICA Gaertn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 62; ed. 3,
1 (1877) 117, t. HS.
Reichelia palustris Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 220 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
155; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 277 = SPHENOCLEA ZEYLANICA Gaertn.

The form that Blanco described as a new species, Pongatium

spongiosum, in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas he
correctly reduced in the second edition to Sphenoclea zeylanica
Gaertn. There is not the slightest doubt as to the correctness
of the reduction of Blanco's Reichelia palustris to the same
species. This is a widely distributed weed in the Philippines at
low and medium altitudes in the settled areas, in low, open, wet
places.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, September, 1914
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 30).
GOODENIACEAE
SCAEVOLA Linnaeus
* Scaevola lobelia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 147; ed. 2 (1845) 104; ed. 3, 1
(1877) 193, t. 210, non Murr. = SCAEVOLA FRUTESCENS (Mill.)
Krause (S. koenigii Vahl).

This characteristic species occurs along the seashore throughout the Philippines. According to the idea of generic types,
as interpreted by some American botanists, Scaevola becomes
Lobelia, and Lobelia must receive a new name ; see W. F. Wight
in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 310. I do not accept Wight's
interpretation.
Illustrative specimens from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 526) ; Baler, Tayabas Province, Luzon, June, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 59).
CALOGYNE R. Brown
v
/

Balingayum decumbens Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 187 (gen. et sp. nov.); ed.
2 (1845) 132; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 237=CALOGYNE PILOSA R. Br.

This monotypic genus proposed by Blanco was retained as

coMPosiTAE

375

a distinct genus of the Onagraceae by Fernandez-Villar, but by

Bentham and Hooker and by Engler and Prantl it was referred
with doubt to the genus Erythropalum of the Olacaceae. It is
not uncommon in fallow rice lands about Manila.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 54,8).
COMPOSITAE
VERNON IA Schreber
Eupatorium luzoniense Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 88 (sp. nov.) ;
F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 68, t. 280 (as
Vernonia parviflor a Reinw.) = VERNON IA CINEREA (Linn.) Less.

To Eupatorium luzoniense Llanos referred, with doubt, Eupatorium ayapana Vent., as described by Blanco, but this is a
manifest error. Eupatorium ayapana Vent.E. triplinerve
Vahl was correctly interpreted by Blanco; it occurs in the
Philippines only as a very rarely cultivated plant and is
thoroughly well known to the few who cultivate it. Llanos
states, regarding his Eupatorium luzoniense: "No es conocido,
y es frecuente a orilla de los caminos y huertos de los naturales.
El estigma parece de las vernonias." Vernonia cinerea Less.
is very common along streets and paths and as a weed in gardens,
growing at low and medium altitudes in the settled areas
throughout the Philippines; moreover Llanos's description certainly applies to Lessing's species.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
{Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 697).
Serratula multiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 617; ed. 2 (1845) 431; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 7, non Linn.=VERNONIA PATULA (Ait.) Merr. (V. chinensis Less.; V. villosa W. F. Wight).

This species is common and widely distributed in the settled

areas of the Philippines at low altitudes, certainly introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 235).
ELEPHANTOPUS Linnaeus
ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 634; ed. 2
(1845) 441; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 27.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. A

common weed in the settled areas at low altitudes, throughout
the Philippines. Introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 442).

376

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Elephantopus serratus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 635 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
442; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 28= ELEPHANTOPUS MOLLIS HBK.

This Mexican weed was apparently an early introduction into

the Philippines through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila
galleons; it is now very common and widely distributed, occurring in waste places and in open grasslands from sea level to
an altitude of at least 1,800 meters. Blanco's description is
very short and imperfect, but so far as it goes it applies to this
species and to no other Philippine form known to me.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
October, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 323).
Ageratum quadriflorum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 624 (sp. nov.) = Elephantopus ? dubius Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 442 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 28=ELEPHANTOPUS SPICATUS Aubl.

This is one of the most widely distributed weeds in the Philippines. It was introduced from Mexico into Guam, in the
Marianne Islands, and into the Philippines at an early date
through the medium of the Acapulco-Manila galleons.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, December, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 363).
ADENOSTEMMA Forster
Adenostemma viscosum Forst.; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 90; F.-Vill.
& Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 70 = ADENOSTEMMA
LAVEN IA (Linn.) O. Kuntze.

Forster's species was correctly interpreted by Llanos, but the

Linnean specific name is older. It is widely distributed in the
Philippines, extending from sea level to an altitude of at least
2,000 meters.
Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 696).
EUPATORIUM Linnaeus
Eupatorium ayapana Vent.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 619; ed. 2 (1845) 432;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 9= EUPATORIUM TRIPLINERVE Vahl Symb. Bot.
3 (1794) 97.

This Mexican species was introduced into the Philippines by

the Spaniards for medicinal purposes and still persists in cultivation, although very rare at the present time. It is locally
known as ayapana, the name introduced with the plant. Blanco
states that it flowers in January, but I have never seen it in
flower.
Illustrative specimen from cultivated plants, Manila, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 517).

coMPOsiTAE

377

MI KAN IA Willdenow
Knautia sagittata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 54 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 36;
ed. 3, 1 (1877) 67=MIKANIA SCANDENS Willd.

The species is widely distributed in the Philippines, but has

every appearance of having been introduced; it is not a true
native of the Archipelago. Blanco's description of Knautia
sagittata unmistakably applies to Willdenow's species.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 578).
GRANGEA Adanson
Perdicium tomentosum Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 630; ed. 2 (1845) 439; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 21, non Thunb. = GRANGEA MADERASPATANA (Linn.)
Poir.

This weed is of local occurrence in the Philippines, growing

in and about towns at low altitudes in the settled areas. It is
undoubtedly an introduced plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
December, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 657).
ERIGERON Linnaeus
Baccharis ivaefolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 627; ed. 2 (1845) 437; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 16, non Linn.= ERIGERON LINIFOLIUS Willd.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Conyza

viscidula Wall., to which the description does not at all apply.
The only Philippine species in the entire family that agrees at
all closely with Blanco's description is Erigeron linifolius Willd.,
and I have no doubt that Willdenow's species is the one he intended; it is a weed in the settled areas throughout the Philippines and is especially abundant in recently cleared lands.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 367).
BLUMEA de Candolle
Conyza balsam if era Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 628; ed. 2 (1845) 438;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 18, i- 403 = BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA (Linn.) DC.

This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes ; probably
introduced and of prehistoric introduction. It is widely known
as sambong.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. U39).
Conyza dentata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 629, non Linn. = Conyza cappa
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 438; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 18, non Ham.=
BLUMEA LACERA DO, var.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

378

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

Conyza cappa Ham., and placed it under Inula cappa DC, a

species not known from the Philippines. There is every reason
to believe that the plant Blanco intended was a form of the
variable, common, and widely distributed Blumea lacera DC.
His description, however, is wholly inadequate and is translated
as follows: Leaves lanceolate, decurrent, the margins with obtuse teeth, the upper surface rough, the lower villous. A plant
two feet high utilized by the natives for the same purposes as
Blumea balsamifera DC.
Conyza gouani Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 629, non Willd. = Conyza erosa
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 439 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 19=?
BLUMEA LACINIATA DC.

The form described by Blanco is widely distributed in Luzon,

but it is not clear whether or not it is identical with B. laciniata
DC. The specimens selected to illustrate Blanco's species are
apparently more robust and less pubescent than the form he
described.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 257).
PLUCHEA Cassini
Baccharis indica Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 627; ed. 2 (1845) 438;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 17 = PLUCHEA INDICA (Linn.) Less.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely distributed along the seashore in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Pasuquin, Hocos Norte Province,
Luzon, November, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 989).
EPALTES Cassini
Cotula quinqueloba Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 626; ed. 2 (1845) 436; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 15, non Linn. f. = EPALTES AUSTRALIS Less, in Linnaea
5 (1831) 148.

Cotula quinqueloba Blanco was reduced by Fernandez-Villar

to Centipeda orbicularis Lour., but this reduction is impossible
as Blanco's description does not at all apply to Loureiro's species, although Centipeda orbicularis Lour.=C. minima (Linn.)
Willd. is not uncommon in the Philippines. Blanco's description applies unmistakably to Epaltes australis Less., which grows
in the habitats indicated by Blanco. The species is of very local
occurrence in the Philippines, growing as a weed in dried out
rice paddies. See J. R. Drummond ex Merrill & Rolfe in Philip.
Journ. Sei. 3 (1908) 126 for a critical note on Lessing's species.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, January, 1915
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 773).

coMPOsiTAE

379

SPHAERANTHUS Linnaeus
Sphaeranthus alatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 635 (sp. nov.) =Sphaeranthus
ndicus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 442 (Sphaerantus) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
29, non Linn. = SPHAERANTHUS AFRICANUS Linn.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

Sphaeranthus indiens Linn., but this species has never been found
in the Philippines. The plant Blanco described is undoubtedly
S. africanus Linn., which is a common weed in and about towns
in the settled areas of the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Obando, Bulacan Province, Luzon,
October, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 396).
PTEROCAULON Elliott
Sphaeranthus elongatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 636 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2
(1845) 443; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 30 = PTEROCAULON REDOLENS (Forst.)
F.-Vill. (P. cylindrostachyum Clarke).

A weed, occasional in and about towns, in fallow lands, etc.,

certainly introduced in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, July,
1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 3A1).
GNAPHALIUM Linnaeus
Xeranthemum staehelina Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 629, non Linn. = Gnaphalium dichotomum Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 439; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
20, non Willd. = GNAPHALIUM LUTEO-ALBUM Linn.

This species is widely distributed in the mountains of northern Luzon; Blanco's material was from Agoo, Union Province,
Luzon. While the specimens undoubtedly represent the species Blanco described, I am not sure that they are Gnaphalium
luteo-album Linn. Radlkofer has suggested to me that the
Philippine Gnaphalium luteo-album, so named, may be a Helichrysium.
Illustrative specimen from Baguio, Benguet Subprovince,
Luzon, May, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 17).
ECLIPTA Linnaeus
Anthmis cotula Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 633, non Linn. = Artemisia viridis
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 436 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 14, t. 28A,
non Linn. = ECLIPTA ALBA (Linn.) Hassk.

This species is very common and widely distributed in the

settled areas of the Philippines, but certainly is an introduced
plant in the Archipelago.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1913
(Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 5H).

380

SPECIES BLANCOANAE
WEDELIA Jacquin

Spilanthes acmella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 620 (Spilanthus) ; ed. 2 (1.845)
433 (Spilantes) ; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 10, non Murr. = WEDELIA BIFLORA
(Linn.) DC.
Spilanthes peregrina Blanco op. cit. 622 (sp. nov.); 434; 10 = WEDELIA
BIFLORA (Linn.) DC.

Fernandez-Villar considered that Blanco correctly interpreted

Spilanthes acmella, but the description under that name applies
entirely to Wedelia biflora DC. Blanco's description of Spilanthes peregrina is very short, but I can see no reason for considering that it represents a distinct species. The plant is found
near the sea throughout the Philippines and is widely known
as hagonoy.
Illustrative specimen from Taytay, Palawan, May, 1913 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 528).
SPILANTHES Linnaeus
Spilanthes lobata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 622 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 434;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 11 = SPILANTHES ACMELLA Murr.

This species is of local occurrence in the Philippines at low

altitudes in the settled areas; certainly an introduced weed.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, March, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 491).
COREOPSIS Linnaeus
Coreopsis gracilis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 591 (Cereopsis) (sp. nov.) ;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 25 = ? COREOPSIS TINCTORIA Nutt.

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Cosmos caudatus HBK., to

which, however, Blanco's description does not at all apply.
Blanco's specimens were from cultivated plants, which he thought
were introduced from Mexico. Cosmos caudatus HBK. has pink
ray-flowers, while Blanco distinctly states that the ray flowers
of Coreopsis gracilis were yellow with a brown spot. He may
have had a form of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., but his description
of'the achenes does not apply to Nuttall's species. The form
described by Blanco is apparently no longer to be found in the
Philippines.
BIDENS Linnaeus
Bidens bipinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 623; ed. 2 (1845) 435; ed. 3, 3
(1879) 12, non Linn. = BIDENS CHINENSIS Willd.

This species is widely distributed in the Philippines in the

settled areas; certainly introduced. Bidens chinensis Willd.
has very generally been reduced to B. pilosa Linn, as a synonym,
but is apparently distinct.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. AH).

COMPOSITAE

381

TAGETES Linnaeus
TAGETES PATULA Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 632; ed. 2 (1845) 440;
ed. 3, 3 (1879) 23, t. 404 bis (as T. erecta Linn.).

The Linnean species seems to have been correctly interpreted

by Blanco. It is cultivated throughout the Archipelago for ornamental purposes and is thoroughly naturalized in valleys in some
parts of Benguet Subprovince above an altitude of 600 meters.
Its common name is amarillo.
Illustrative specimen from Manila, Luzon, October, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 69).
CHRYSANTHEMUM Linnaeus
Matricaria chamomile Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 631; ed. 2 (1845) 440; ed.
3, 3 (1879) 22, t. 290, non Linn. = CHRYSANTHEM UM INDICUM
Linn.

This species is commonly found in cultivation in the settled

areas of the Philippines but is not spontaneous. It is universally known as manzanilla. It was probably introduced by the
Spaniards.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 307).
Pyrethrum sinense DC; Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 92; F.-Vill. & Naves
in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880) 70 = CHRYSANTHEMUM SINENSE Sabine.

This form, briefly mentioned by Llanos, is the one occasionally

found in cultivation in the Philippines, the flowers white to
purplish. A very depauperate form of the commonly cultivated
Chrysanthemum, sinense Sabine.
ARTEMISIA Linnaeus
ARTEMISIA VULGARIS Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 625; ed. 2 (1845)
435; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 14, t. 329.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is not uncommon in cultivation in and about towns at low altitudes and is frequently found growing spontaneously at medium
altitudes. It is quite generally known as damong maria and was
undoubtedly introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards.
Illustrative specimen from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon,
January, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 800).
GYNURA Cassini
Cacalia sarracnica Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 618, non Linn.=Senecio cacaliaster Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 441; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 24, non Lam.=
GYNURA SARMENTOSA DC.

Blanco's species was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Gynura

382

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

angulosa DC, which does not occur in the Philippines. While

the original description leaves much to be desired, there is
very little doubt that the plant Blanco had in hand when he
wrote his description was Gynura sarmentosa DC, a species
of wide distribution in the Philippines.
Illustrative specimen from San. Antonio, Laguna Province,
Luzon, October, 1915 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 950).
CARTHAMUS Linnaeus
Carthamus dentatus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 616, non Vahl = CARTHAMUS
TINCTORIUS Linn.; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 431; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 6.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco and

was undoubtedly introduced into the Philippines in prehistoric
times. The species is still occasionally found in cultivation,
never wild. It is commonly known as caswmba.
Illustrative specimen from Los Baos, Laguna Province,
Luzon, comm. F. C. Gates, March, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 614).
EMILIA Cassini
Cacalia sonchifolia Linn.; Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 618= EM ILIA SONCHIFOLIA (Linn.) DC; Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 432; ed. 3, 3 (1879)
8, t. 282.

The Linnean species was correctly interpreted by Blanco. It

is widely distributed in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes as a weed in the settled areas; undoubtedly introduced.
Illustrative specimen from Camarines Province, Luzon, December, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 329).
SPECIES OF WHOLLY UNCERTAIN STATUS
Vangueria stellata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 167 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845)
117; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 210 = ?

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Vangueria spinosa Roxb., a

species that does not extend to the Philippines and one to which
Blanco's description does not apply. According to the data
given by Blanco the form that he described is a very characteristic one, yet I know of no Philippine species presenting the
combination of characters indicated by him. It is suspected
that the description was based on material originating from
two different plants.
Baranda angatensis Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 2 (1859) 502 (gen.
et sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 41 (1880)
102=:?

This is wholly indeterminable from the meager data given by

Llanos. Fernandez-Villar reduced it to Barringtonia macros-

COMPOSITAE

3g3

tachya Kurz, a species that does not extend to the Philippines.

There is very little reason for even considering it a Barringtonia,
Llanos's description being exceedingly vague and imperfect.
Brabejum ? caliculatum Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 39 (sp. nov.) ; ed.
3, 1 (1877) 72 {calyculatum) - LORANTHUS BLANCOANUS F.-Vill.
(type!) = ?

A species of wholly doubtful status, certainly no representative of the Loranthaceae, as Blanco describes the ovary as
superior. Loranthus blancoanus F.-Vill. is merely a new name
for Brabejum caliculatum Blanco. Attempts to locate this species in Cebu under the Visayan name malabachao, cited by Blanco
for it, brought in specimens of Bruguiera cylindrica Blume that
do not agree at all with Blanco's description. I can make no
suggestion as to its proper place.
Celosa bicolor Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 191 (sp. nov.) =Celosia glauca
Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 135; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 242, non Rottl. = ?

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Celosia philippica (Weinn.)

Steud., a species entirely unknown to me. If Blanco's description be correct, Celosia bicolor Blanco can be no amaranthaceous
plant. His specimens were from Malabrigo Point, Batangas
Province, Luzon, and he states that it was to be found in many
regions. I know of no Philippine species that conforms with
his rather imperfect description, but in some particulars it is
suggestive of Ammannia of the Lythraceae.
Malsherbia globosa Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 454 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3,
3 (1879) 54 = ?

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Hydrangea oblongifolia Blume,

a species that does not extend to the Philippines, and one that
does not conform to Blanco's description in any particular.
The description of Malsherbia globosa applies to a very strongly
marked and characteristic plant, but I can suggest no reduction
for it. The description of the leaves and stem conforms well
to Medinilla magnifica Lindl., but the description of the single
flower seen by Blanco applies to some entirely different plant.
His material was from Bolhoon, Cebu, the plant there known
as mampol.
Mangifera pinnata Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 182; ed. 3. 1 (1877) 231, non
Linn, f., nee Lam. = ?

A species of wholly doubtful status except that it is perhaps

a representative of the Meliaceae or Burseraceae. It has nothing
to do with Mangifera pinnata Linn. f.=Spondias pinnata Kurz.
Blanco's description is very indefinite and imperfect, and he
states that the tree was "scarcely known ;" he cites no locality,

384

SPECIES BLANCOANAE

and the native name tagapi is apparently unknown, or, at least,

it does not appear on any of our Philippine specimens.
Ornithrophe triandra Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 291 (sp. nov.) =Schmidelia
triandra Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 218 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
42 = ?

I know of no Philippine sapindaceous plant that conforms

to Blanco's description. The description is short and very imperfect. It is certainly not Schleichera trijuga Willd., where
it was placed by Fernandez-Villar, Willdenow's species not extending to the Philippines.
Polyscias disperma Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 226 (sp. nov.)=?

A species of wholly doubtful status, not included in the second

or third edition of the Flora de Filipinas. Fernandez-Villar
reduced it to Arthrophyllum diversifolium Blume, where it
cannot possibly belong. The description, very short and imperfect, is translated as follows: Leaves opposite, lanceolate,
entire, glabrous. Petioles very short. Flowers in a terminal
panicle, the fruit 2-seeded, epidermis bony. A non-parasitic
shrub observed along the beach in Batangas. It is very probable that Blanco had specimens of Grumilea or Psychotria, of
the Rubiaceae.
Sterculia glandulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 764 (sp. nov.); ed. 3, 3
(1879) 164.

A species of wholly doubtful status and one that cannot be

determined from the very brief and imperfect description given
by Blanco. Blanco himself, apparently dissatisfied with his
original description, excluded the species in the second edition
of his Flora. The species may not belong in the Sterculiaceae
and is possibly a myristicaceous plant.
Sulipa globosa Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 348 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878)
280=?

Fernandez-Villar reduced this to Planchonia littoralis Blume,

an impossible reduction of it. The fruit only is described, and
the description is so imperfect that nothing can be made of it
except that it possibly refers to some rubiaceous plant. The
fruit was claimed by Blanco to be used in Maragondong, Cavit
Province, Luzon, for poisoning fish, but repeated inquiries made
in Maragondong, as to plants there used for poisoning fish,
yielded only the well-known Anamirta cocculus W. &. A., Derris
elliptica Benth., Crotn tiglium L., and Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe.

ILLUSTRATION
I. Sketch map of the Philippine Islands. The red spots indicate
the approximate regions from which Blanco secured his botanical
material. Most of his data were based on plants observed in the
provinces contiguous to Manila.

PLATE

151362

25

385

BuKEAU

OK SCIENCE PUBLICATION NO.

12.]

PLATE I.

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, SHOWING THE LOCALITIES FROM WHICH BLANCO RECEIVED HIS BOTANICAL MATERIAL.

INDEX
[Synonyms and incidentally mentioned species are in italics.]

Abelmoschus Medicus, 254.

moschatus Medic, 254.
Abroma Jacquin, 259.
fastuosa, Jacq., 259.
mollis DC, 259.
obliqua Presl, 259.
Abrus Linnaeus, 186.
precatorius Linn., 186.
Abutiln Gaertner, 251.
indicum (Linn.) Sweet, 251.
Abutua indica Lour., 53.
Acacia Willdenow, 166.
farnesiana (Linn.) Willd., 166.
javanica DC, 169.
niopo Llanos, 169.
pennata (Linn.) Willd., 167.
Acalypha Linnaeus, 226.
amentcea Roxb., 226.
angatensis Blanco, 227.
caroliniana Blanco, 226.
glandulosa Blanco, 226.
grandis Benth., var. velutina Muell.-Arg.
227.
indica Linn., 226.
stipulacea Klotz, 226.
tomentosa Blanco, 227.
Acanthaceae, 351.
Acanthus Linnaeus, 354.
doloariu Blanco, 354.
ilieifolius Linn., 354.
Acetosa nigritarum Kamel, 277.
Achras Linnaeus, 301.
lcuma Blanco, 301.
sapota Linn., 301.
Aehyranthes Linnaeus, 138.
spera Linn., 138.
viUosa Blanco, 138.
Acronychia Forster, 199.
laurifolia Blume, 199.
pedunculata (Linn.) Miq., 199.
Acrostichum Linnaeus, 48.
apiifoliunt Hook., 45.
aureum Linn., 48.
agolo Blanco, 48.
latifolium Sw 42.
simplex Blanco, 42.
tripinnatum Blanco, 45.
Actoplanes cannaeformia K. Sch., 112.
Adelia acidoton Blanco, 221.
barbata Blanco, 221, 224.
bernardia, Blanco, 221, 224.
glandulosa Blanco, 225.
monoica Blanco, 223.
papillaris Blanco, 223.

Adenanthera Linnaeus, 168.

bicolor Moon, 168.
gogo Blanco, 168.
intermedia Merr., 168.
pavonina Linn., 168.
Adenia Forskal, 276.
coccnea Merr., 276.
zueca (Blanco) Merr., 276.
Adenestemma Forster, 376.
iavenia (Linn.) O.Kuntze, 376.
viscosum Forst., 376.
Adiantum Linnaeus, 45.
caudatum Linn., 45.
falcatum Blanco, 47.
lancea Blanco, 46.
lunulatum Burm. f., 46.
Ivratum Blanco, 45.
philippense Linn., 46.
tenuifolium Blanco, 46.
Aegiceras Gaertner, 299.
corniculatum Blanco, 299.
Aegilops fluviatilis Blanco, 64.
Aeginetia Linnaeus, 351.
indica Linn., 351.
Aegle decandra Naves, 19, 203.
glutinosa Merr., 19, 203.
Aerides Loureiro, 116.
maculatum Llanos, 116.
quinquevulnera LindL, 116.
vir ens Lind!., 117.
Aerua Forskal, 138.
lanata (Linn.) Juss., 138.
Aeschynomene Linnaeus, 181.
arbrea Linn., 183.
indica Linn., 181.
paludosa Roxb., 181.
roxburgkii Spreng., 181.
Afzelia, 171.
bijuga A. Gray, 171.
rhomboidea Vid., 171.
Aganosma G. Don, 312.
acuminata G. Don, 312.
margnala G. Don, 312.
Agathis Salisbury, 52.
alba (Lam.) Foxw., 52.
laranthifolia Salisb., 52.
philippinensis Warb., 52.
Agave Linnaeus, S9.
americana Blanco, 99.
cntala Roxb., 99, 100.
rgida Mill., 100.
Agelaea Solander, 164.
trinervis (Llanos) Merr., 164.
waUichii Hook, f., 164.
Ageratium calomala Blanco, 248.

387

388
Ageratum conyzoides Linn., 13.
(luadriflorum Bianco, 376.
Aglaia Loureiro, 212.
angustifolia Miq., 212.
argntea Blume, 212.
cordata I~iern, 212.
cuprca Merr., 213.
glomerata Merr., 212.
grandis Miq., 194.
harmandiana Pierre, 212.
hexandra Turcz., 212.
iloilo (Blanco) Merr., 212.
laevigata Merr., 213.
odorata Lour., 13.
paleinbanica Miq., 212.
pinnata (Blanco) Merr., 212.
rimosa (Blanco) Merr., 212.
Aantbus Desfontaines, 205.
blancoi Merr., 205.
malabarica DC, 205.
phippinensis Merr., 205.
pongelion Blanco, 205.
Aizoaceae, 140.
Ajorca malabonga Blanco, 153.
Alamag Blanco, 162.
Alangium Lamarck, 296.
bcgoniifolium Baill., 297.
chnense (Lour.) Rehder, 296.
lamarckii Thw., 296.
longiflorum Merr., 303.
cctopetalum Llanos, 296.
nal oit folium Wang., 296.
Albizzia Durazzini, 165.
acle (Blanco) Merr., 165.
julibrissin Durazz., 166.
lebbeck Benth., 13.
ebbekoides (DC) Benth., 166.
UttoralisT. & B., 166.
procera (Roxb.) Benth., 166.
retusa Benth., 166.
saponaria Blume, 194.
Alchornea Swartz, 224.
blumeana Muel!.-Arg., 221.
javensis Muell.-Arg., 225.
mollis Muell.-Arg., 224.
parviftora Muell.-Arg., 224.
phippinensis Pax & Hoffm., 224.
rugosa (Lour.) Muell-Arg., 225.
sicca (Blanco) Merr-, 224, 230.
villosa Muell.-Arg., 225.
Aleurites Forster, 228.
lanc-eolata Blanco, 228.
lobata Blanco, 228.
moluccana (Linn.) Willd., 224, 228.
saponaria Blanco, 228.
triloba Forst., 228.
trisperma Blanco, 228.
Algae, 39.
Alismaceae, 58.
Alisma sagittifolium Llanos, 58.
Allaeanthus Thwaites, 122.
luzonicus (Blanco) F.-Vill.. 122.
Allamanda Linnaeus, 308.
cathartica Linn., 308.

INDEX
Allantodia pinnata Blanco, 44.
Allium Linnaeus, 96.
porrum Linn., 96.
trieoceum Blanco, 96.
tuberosum Roxb., 96.
uliginosum Don, 96.
Allophylus Linnaeus, 237.
blancoi Blume, 19.
blancoi Naves, 13.
cobbe (L.) Blume, 237.
cobbe Blume var. blancoi F.-Vill., 19.
dimorphus Radlk., 13, 19.
grossedendatus (Turcz.) Radlk., 238.
ternatus (Forst.) Radlk., 237.
timorensis Blume, 238.
zeylanica Linn., 241.
Alocasia Schott, 91.
indica Schott, 91.
indica Schott, var, variegata Engl., 91.
macrorrhiza (Linn.) Schott, 91.
Alo Linnaeus, 95.
barbadensis Mill., 95.
Itumis Blanco, 95.
vera Linn., 95.
Alphonsea Hooker f. & Thomson, 146.
arbrea (Blanco) Merr., 18, 146.
phippinensis Merr.. 146.
Alpinia cernua Naves, 14.
elegans K. Sch., 110.
gigantea Blume, 110.
gracilis Rolfe, 110.
speciosa (Wendl. ) K. Sch., 14.
Alsophila crinita Hook., 42.
Alstonia R. Brown, 308.
batino Blanco, 308.
macrophyla Wall., 308.
scholaris (Linn.) R. Br., 308.
spectabis Miq., 308.
Alternanthera Forskl, 138.
denticulata R. Br., 138.
sessilis (Linn.) R. Br., 138.
Althaea Linnaeus, 252.
rosea Cav., 252.
sinensis Blanco, 252.
Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgw., 178.
Alyxia R. Brown, 310.
blancoi Merr., 310.
concatenata (Blanco) Merr., 310.
laurina Gaudich., 310.
lucida Wall., 310.
monifera Vidal, 310.
odorata Wall., 311.
stellata R. & S., 310.
Amaranthaceae, 136.
Amaranthus Linnaeus, 137.
cruentus Naves, 137.
gangeticus Linn., 137.
mavf/ostanus Blanco, 137.
melancholicus Linn., 137.
paniculatus Linn., 14.
spinosus Linn., 137.
viridis Linn., 14.
! Amaryllidaceae, 98.

INDEX
Amaryllis atamaaco Blanco, 99.
Ambroma alata Blanco, 259.
augusta Linn, f., 259.
communis Blanco, 259.
Amerimntm mimo.tella Blanco, 184.
Ammannia Linnaeus, 280.
aegyptiaca Llanos, 280.
baccifera Linn., 280.
debilis Blanco, 280.
monofiora Blanco, 280.
octandra Llanos, 280.
pentandra Llanos, 280.
peploides Spreng., 280.
ramosior Linn., 280.
Ammi glaucifolium Blanco, 296.
Ammocallis rosea Small, 309.
Amomum Linnaeus, 111.
aculeatum Roxb., var. majus, 111.
echinatvm Blanco, 111.
propinquum Ridley, 111.
zerumbet Linn., 111.
zingiber Linn., 110.
Amoora canarana Hiern, 212.
elmeri Merr., 211.
rohituka W. & A., 211.
Amorpha glandulosa Blanco, 180.
pedalis Blanco, 214.
Amorphophallus Blume, 91.
campanulatus ( Roxb. ) Blume, 91.
decurrens Kunth, 91.
Ampacus latifolia Rumph., 197.
Anacardiaceae, 232.
Anacardium Linnaeus, 233.
occidentale Linn., 233.
Anamirta Colebrook, 145.
cocculus (Linn.) W. & A., 145.
Ananas Tournefort, 94.
comosus (Linn.) Merr., 94.
sotivus Schultes f., 94.
Anasst r laniti Blanco, 313.
Anavinga fuliginosa Blanco, 275.
Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray, 149.
Andromeda japnica Blanco, 200.
Andropogon Linnaeus, 61.
acicularis Roem. & Schultes, 62.
aciculatus Retz., 62.
anias Llanos, 61.
citratus DC, 62, 63.
contortus Linn., 61
dulcs Burm. f., 82.
festucoides Presl, 61.
halepensis Brot. var. propinqua Merr., 14.
muricatus Retz., 61.
muricatus var. aristatus Biise. 61.
nardns Blanco, 62.
nigritanus Benth., 61.
ramosus Blanco, 61.
schoenanthus Blanco, 62.
sorghum Brot., 63.
sorghum var. vulgaris (Pers.) Hack., 63.
squarrosus L. f., 61, 62.
squarrosus var. nigritanus Hack., 61.
zizanioides (Linn.) Urb., 62.

Aneilema malabaricum (Linn.) Merr., 14.

nudiflorum R. Br., 14.
Anethum foeniculum Linn., 296.
Angiopteris Hoffmann, 50.
angustifolia Presl, 50.
arborescens (Blanco) Merr., 50.
evecta Hoffm., 51.
Angiospermae, 53.
Anisomeles R. Brown, 336.
indica (Linn.) O. Ktze., 336.
ovata R. Br., 336.
Anisoptera Korthals, 269.
thurifera (Blanco) Blume, 269.
Anneslea fragrans Wall., 366.
Annonaceae, 146.
Annona Linnaeus, 150.
muricata Linn., 150.
reticulata Linn., 150.
squamosa L., 150.
Anredera Jussieu, 142.
cumingii Hassk., 142.
scandens (Linn.) Moq., 142.
Anthmis cotula Blanco, 379.
Anthistiria gigantea Blanco, 60.
Anthoccphalus codamba Miq., 361.
Antholyza meriana Blanco, 104.
Antidesma Linnaeus, 218.
alexiteria Blanco, 219.
ale.riteria Naves, 218.
bunius (Linn.) Spreng, 219.
cumingii Muell.-Arg., 219.
edule Merr., 219.
ghaesembiila Gaertn., 218, 219.
pentandrum (Blanco) Merr., 219.
rostratum Tul., 219.
spicatum Blanco, 219.
Antigonon cordatum Naves, 14.
leptopus Hook. & Am., 14.
Antirrhinum comintanum Blanco, 352.
molle Blanco, 352.
Apalatoa blancoi Merr., 170.
Aphanamixis Blume, 211.
triptala (Blanco) Merr., 211.
Apocynaceae,
Apocynum mucronatum Blanco, 316.
Aportica gemella Blanco, 238.
pcnicellata Blanco, 237.
ternc.ta Blanco, 238.
. 1 quitara pentandra Blanco, 161.
Aquilicia sambucina Blanco, 247.
Araceae, 90.
Arachis Linnaeus, 182.
hypogaea Linn., 182.
.
Araliaceae, 294.
Aralia Linnaeus, 294.
bipinnata Blanco, 294.
bipinnata Reinw., 294.
hypoleuca Presl., 294.
octophylla Blanco, 294.
pendula Blanco, 294.
pinosa Linn., 294.
tripinnata Blanco, 295.
Arcangelisia flava (Linn.) Merr., 145.
lemniscata Becc, 145.

389

390

INDEX

Arum decurrens Blanco, 91.

Archytaea alternifolia Hochr., 250.
divaricatmn Blanco, 92.
vahlii Choisy, 250.
divaricatum Linn., 92.
Ardisia Swartz, 298.
boissicri A. DC, 298.
grandifolium Blanco, 91.
drupcea (Blanco) Merr., 298.
grandifolium Spreng., 91.
humilis Vahl, 298.
Arundo tecta Blanco, 72.
humilis Vahl var. obovata (Blume) Mez, Arytera Blume, 241.
298.
litoralis Blume, 241.
littoralis Andr., 298.
montana Blume, 240.
obovata Blume, 298.
Asclepiadaceae, 314, 316.
perrottetiana A. DC, 298.
Asclepias Linnaeus, 314.
pyramidalis Pers., 298.
carnosa Bianco, 317.
serrata Pers., 13, 298.
curassavica Linn., 314.
Areca Linnaeus, 89.
daeinia Blanco, 315.
catechu Linn., 89.
gigantea Willd., 315.
catechu Linn. var. humilis Blanco, 89.
peregrina Blanco, 315.
catechu Linn., var. pumila Miq., 89.
syriaca Blanco, 314.
ipot Becc, 89.
Asplenium Linnaeus, 44.
Arenga Labillardire, 87.
brackeyiridgei Baker, 44.
ambong Becc, 87.
macrophyllum Sw., 44.
t'orenais Becc, 87.
nidus Linn., 14.
pinnata (Wurmb) Merr., 88.
saccharifera Labill., 88.
Atalantia Correa, 202.
trmula (Blanco) Becc, 87.
disticha (Blanco) Merr., 202.
Arethtisa glutinosa Blanco, 113.
jagoriana Engl., 202.
Argemone Linnaeus, 156.
linearis (Blanco) Merr., 202.
mexicana Linn., 156.
monophylla DC, 202.
Argophilum pinnatum Blanco, 212.
nitida Oliv., 202.
Argyreia mollis Choisy, 14.
Athyrium Roth, 43.
nitida Choisy, 14.
esculentum (Retz. ) Copel., 43.
Arisaema Linnaeus, 92.
pinnatum Copel., 44.
cumingii Schott, 92.
Atragene lobata Llanos, 144.
polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr., 92.
zeylanica Blanco, 144.
Aristolochiaceae, 134.
Atylosia crassa Prain, 190.
Aristo'.ochia Linnaeus, 134.
mollis Benth., 190.
im oricata Mast-, 134.
Aurantium maximum Burm. f., 205.
indica Blanco, 135.
sericea Blanco, 134.
Averrhoa Linnaeus, 195.
subsagittata Blanco, 135.
acida Linn., 216.
tagala Cham., 135.
bilimbi Linn., 195.
Artabotrys R. Brown, 150.
carambola Linn., 195.
corniculata (Blanco) Merr., 150.
pentandra Blanco, 19, 195.
odoratissimus R. Br., 150.
Avicennia Linnaeus, 335.
rolfei Vid., 150.
nitida Blanco, 335.
8uavi olens Blume, 150.
officinalis Linn., 335.
uncinatus (Lam.) Merr., 150.
tomentosa Jacq., 335.
Artemisia Linnaeus, 381.
Azaola betis Blanco, 300.
viridis Blanco, 379.
Azima Lamarck, 305.
vulgaris Linn., 381.
nova Blanco, 305.
Arthrnphyllum diversifolium Blume, 384.
sarmentosa Benth., 305.
pinnatum Maingay, 365.
tetracantha Lam., 305.
Artocarpus Forster, 123.
<amai*si Blanco, 124.
B
communis Forst, 123, 124.
cumingiana Tree, 125.
Baccharia indica Linn., 378.
incisa L. f., 124.
integra (Thunb.) Merr., 124.
Baccharis ivaefolia Blanco, 377.
integrifolia Linn, f., 124.
Bacopa Aublet, 344.
lamellosa Blanco, 124.
monniera (Linn.) Wettst., 344.
maxima Blanco, 124.
Balanophoraceae, 134.
nitida Tree, 125.
Balanophora Forster, 134.
odoratissima Blanco, 124.
Balibai Blanco, 335.
ovata Blanco, 125.
rima Blanco. 123, 124.
mm decumbens Blanco, 374.
tarap Becc, 124.
Balsaminaceae, 243.

INDEX
Bambusa Schreber, 75.
arundo Blanco, 75.
blancoi Steud., 75.
blumeana Schuttes f., 75.
diffusa Blanco, 78.
levis Blanco, 76.
lima Blanco, 77.
lumampao Blanco, 77.
mitis Blanco, 75.
monogyna Blanco, 75.
pungens Blanco, 75.
spinosa Roxb., 75.
textoria Blanco, 76.
vulgaris Schrad., 75.
Baara brevifolia Blanco, 274.
racemosa Blanco, 274.
Baranda angatensis Llanos, 382.
Barleria Linnaeus, 354.
cristata Linn., 354.
prionitis Linn., 354.
Barreliera cristata Blanco, 354.
prionitis Blanco, 354.
Barringtonia Linnaeus, 282.
asitica (Linn.) Kurz, 282.
macrostachya Kurz, 382.
racemosa (Linn.) Blume, 282.
xpeciosa Forst., 282.
stravadium Blanco, 282.
Basellaceae, 142.
Basella Linnaeus, 142.
lucida- Linn., 142.
rubra Linn., 142.
Bassia Linnaeus, 300.
betis (Blanco) Merr., 300.
Bassovia sylvatica Blanco, 298.
Batis herrnaphrodita Blanco, 90.
Bauhinia Linnaeus, 171.
acuminata Linn., 13, 172.
blancoi Baker, 172.
binata Blanco, 172.
bivata Naves, 13.
castrata Blanco, 172.
cumingiana (Benth.) F.-Vill., 171.
dolichocalyx Merr., 171.
grandiflora Blanco, 171.
latisiliqua Ca v., 176.
malabarica Roxb., 172.
monandra Kurz, 13.
pinnata, Walp-, 172.
purpurea Linn., 172.
scandens Blanco, 171.
mibrotundifolia Naves, 13.
tomentosa Blanco, 172.
tomentosa Linn., 13.
tomentosa Naves, 13.
vahlii W. & A., 171.
variegata Linn., 172.
Begoniaceae, 277.
Begonia Linnaeus, 277.
capensis Blanco, 277.
nigritarum Steud., 277.
rhombicarpa A. DC, 277.
Beschmiedia madang Blume, 155.
Belamcanda chinensis Leman, 14.

391

Benincasa Savi, 372.

cerfera Savi, 372.
hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., 372.
Bergera compressa Blanco, 200.
inodora Blanco, 200.
koenigii Blanco, 200.
ternata Blanco, 198.
Bergia Linnaeus, 273.
ammannioides Roxb., 273.
capensis Linn., 273.
glandulosa Turcz., 273.
serrata Blanco, 273.
verticillata Willd., 273.
Berria Roxburgh, 248.
ammonilla Roxb., 248.
Bidaria inodora Dcne., 315.
Bidens Linnaeus, 380.
bipinnata Blanco, 380.
chinensis, Willd., 380.
pilosa Linn., 380.
Bignoniaceae, 349.
Bignonia quadripinnata Blanco, 350.
spathacea Linn., 349.
Bihania borneensis Meissn., 154.
Biophytum de Candolle, 195.
sensitivum (Linn.) DC, 168, 195.
Bixaceae, 274.
Bixa Linnaeus, 274.
orellana Linn., 274.
Bladhia japnica Blanco, 298.
Blancoa arbrea Blume, 243.
Blechnum colubrinuin Blanco, 43.
Blechum P. Browne, 353.
brownei Juss., 353.
Blumea de Candolle, 377.
balsamifera (Linn.) DC, 377.
lacera DC, 377.
laciniata DC, 378.
Boehmeria Jacquin, 130.
nivea (Linn.) Gaudich., 130.
Boerhaavia Linnaeus, 139.
diffusa Linn., 139.
repens Linn., 139.
Bolkameria, 335.
Bombacaceae, 257.
Bombax Linnaeus, 257.
ceiba Linn., 257.
pentandrum Linn., 257.
Bombycidendron vidalianum Merr. & Rolfe, 12.
Bonnaya Link & Otto, 348.
brachiata Link & Otto, 348.
personata Hassk., 23, 348.
reptan Spreng, 348.
veronicaefolia Spreng, 349.
Boraginaceae, 327.
Borago africana Blanco, 329.
indica Blanco, 329.
indica Linn., 329.
Borreria G. F. W. Meyer, 369.
hispida (Linn.) K. Sch., 369, 370.
Bosweia integra Blanco, 210.
obliqua Blanco, 210.
Brabejum caliculatum Blanco, 383.
concatenatum Blanco, 310.
lucidum Blanco, 310.
pinnatum Blanco, 310.

392

INDEX

Brackenridgea fascicularis F.-Vill., 263.

Bradleia philippica Cav., 218.
Bragantia corymbosa Griff., 134.
Brassica Linnaeus, 157.
campestris Linn., 157.
juncea (Linn.) Coss., 157.
nigra Koch, 157.
orientalis Blanco, 157.
pekinensis (Lour.) Skeels, 157.
Breweria valerianoides F.-Vill., 326.
Bridelia Willdenow, 220.
retusa Muell.-Arg., 299.
stipularis (Linn.) Blume, 220.
Bromeliaceae, 94.
Bromelia ananas Linn., 94.
comosa Linn., 94.
pigna Perr., 94.
Broussonet.ia luzoniensis Blanco, 122.
tinctoria Blanco, 123.
Bruguiera Lamarck, 284.
conjugata (Linn.) Merr., 283,284.
cilindrica Blume, 13, 383.
eriopetala W. & A., 284.
gyrnnorhiza Lam., 283, 284.
nemorosa Blanco, 284.
sexngula (Lour.) Poir., 284.
Bryophyllum Salisbury, 161.
calycinum Salisb., 161.
germinans Blanco, 161.
pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, 161.
serratum Blanco, 161.
triangulare Blanco, 161.
Buchanania Sprengl, 232.
arborescens Blume, 232.
florida Schauer var. arbrea Engl., 232.
Bucida comintana Blanco, 286.
Buddleia Linnaeus, 306.
asitica Lour., 306.
neemda Ham., 306.
virgata Blanco, 306.
Buginvilha racemoxa Blanco, 139.
Burseraceae, 207.
F~!urt:ar>a inermis Azaola, 162.

Cacalia sarracnica Blanco, 381.

sonchifolia Linn., 382.
Cactaceae, 278.
Cactus opuntia Blanco, 278.
pitajaya Blanco, 278.
Caenopteris quadripinnata Blanco. 45.
CaesaIpinoideae,169.
Caesalpinia Linnaeus, 175.
bonducella Flem., 175.
crista Linn., 175, 176.
ignota Blanco, 176.
nuga (Linn.) Ait., 176.
pulcherrima (Linn.) Sw., 175.
sappan Linn., 175.
torcuata Blanco, 176.

Cajanus de Candolle, 190.

bicolor DC, 190.
cajan (Linn.) Millsp., 190.
indicus Spreng., 190.
quinquepetalus Blanco, 184.
volubilis Blanco, 190.
Caladium digitatum Blanco, 92.
esculentum Vent., 92.
Calamus Linnaeus, 85.
blancoi Kunth, 86.
buroensis Mart., 86.
gracilis Blanco, 86.
haenkeanus Mart-, 87.
maximus Blanco, 85, 86.
merrillii Becc, 85.
mollis Auct, 85, 86.
mollis Blanco, 86.
ornatus Blume var. philippinensis Becc,
85, 86.
pisicarpus Blume, 85.
usitatus Blanco, 85, 86.
Calius lactescens Blanco, 123.
Calla badin Blanco, 91.
gaby Blanco, 92.
maxima Blanco, 91.
polyphylla Blanco, 92.
Callicarpa Linnaeus, 330.
americana Blanco, 330.
blancoi Rolfe, 330.
Callipteris esculenta J. Sm., 43.
Calogyne R.Brown, 374.
pilosa R. Br., 374.
Calonictyon Choisy, 321.
aculeatum (Linn.) House, 321.
album (Linn.) House, 321.
bona-nox Boj., 321.
muricatum (Linn.) Don, 321.
Calophyllum Linnaeus, 266.
amplexicaule Choisy, 266.
apetaluin Blanco, 267.
inophyllum Linn., 266.
kunstleri King, 267.
pentapetalum (Blanco) Merr., 266.
soulattri Burm. f., 12.
spectabile Willd., 12, 267.
Calotropis R. Brown, 315.
gigantea Dryand, 315.
Calpandria lanceolata Blume, 264.
Calyptranth.es jombolana Willd., 288.
malcal Blanco, 288.
lamtflora Blanco, 289.
zuzygium Blanco, 288.
Calytriplex obovata Blanco, 344.
oborata Ruiz & Pav., 345.
Cambogia binucao Blanco, 267.
crassifolia Blanco, 268.
venulosa Blanco, 267.
Camellia drupifera Lour., 264.
lanceolata Seem., 264.
sasanqua Blanco, 264.
Campanulaceae, 374.
Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Th., 148.
Canangium Billon, 148.
odoratum (Lam.) Baill., 148.

INDEX

393

Capsicum Linnaeus, 340.

Canariopsis luzonica Miq., 207.
annuum Linn., 14.
villosa Miq., 207.
frutescens Linn., 340.
Canarium Linnaeus, 207.
minimum Roxb., 340.
album. Blanco, 207.
tetragonum Mill., 14.
carapifolium Perk., 207.
Capura pinnata Blanco, 239.
commune Blanco, 207.
purpurata Blanco, 239.
commune Linn., 207.
Carallia Roxburgh, 284.
connarifolium Perk., 207.
integerrima DC, 284.
cumingii Engl., 207.
lucida Roxb., 284.
luxurians Engl. var. monstrosum Engl.
Cardamine Linnaeus, 157.
207.
glandulosa Blanco, 157.
luzonicum (Blume) A, Gray, 207.
impatiens Blanco, 157.
multipinnatum Llanos, 207.
Cardiospermum Linnaeus, 237.
pimela Blanco, 207.
halicacabum Linn., 237.
radlkoferi Perk., 207.
Carex glomerata Blanco, 81.
stachyanthum Perk., 207.
tuberosa Blanco, 82.
thyrsoideum Perk., 207.
Caricaceae, 277.
villosum (Miq.) F.-Vill., 207.
Carica Linnaeus, 277.
Canavalia de Candolle, 189.
hermaphrodita Blanco, 277.
ensiformis Blanco, 189.
papaya Linn., 277.
gladiata Jacq., 189.
Carlea oblongifolia Presl, 304.
lineata (Thunb.) DC, 189.
Carmona heterophylla Cav., 328.
microcarpa (DC.) Merr., 13, 189.
Carthamnus Linnaeus, 382.
trgida Gran., 189.
dentatus Blanco, 382.
virosa Naves, 13.
tinctorius Linn., 382.
Cannaceae, 111.
Carum Linnaeus, 296.
Canna Linnaeus, 111.
copticum Benth, 296.
indica Linn., 111.
Carumbium populneum var. minus Muell.
Canscora Lamarck, 307.
Arg., 230.
decussata R. & S., 307.
Caryophyllaceae, 143.
diffusa (Willd.) R. Br., 307.
Caryota Linnaeus, 87.
Cansjera grossularioides Blanco, 218.
cumingii Lodd, 87.manittana Blume, 134.
onusta Blanco, 88.
pentandra Blanco, 219.
palindan Blanco, 88.
rheedii Blanco, 219.
trmula Blanco, 87.
Cantharospermum Wight & Arnott, 190.
urens Blanco, 87. '
volubile (Blanco) Merr., 190.
Casearia Jacquin, 275.
Canthium arboreum Vid., 365.
cinerea Turcz., 275.
bipinnatum Merr.. 365.
crenata Merr., 276.
confertum Korth., 365.
fragilis Vent., 275.
hebecladum DC, 365.
fuliginosa Blanco, 275.
horridum Blume, 365.
glomerata Roxb., 276.
tycioides A. Rich., 364.
greuriaefolia Vent., 275.
mite Bartl., 365.
serrata Macf., 276.
monofloruin Blanco, 364.
solida Merr., 275.
pauciflorum Blanco, 365.
tomentosa Roxb., 275.
pedunculare Cav., 364.
trivalvis (Blanco) Merr., 275.
Capparidaceae, 158.
Cassia Linnaeus, 173.
Capparis Linnaeus, 159.
alata Linn., 174.
baducca Blanco, 159.
arayatensis Llanos, 173.
cordifolia Lam., 159.
arayatensis Naves, 13.
floribunda Wall., 160.
fistula Linn., 174.
halobagat Naves, 160.
glauca Lam., 13.
hrrida Linn., 159.
hirsuta Linn., 173.
linearis Blanco, 159.
javanica Linn., 174.
luzonensis Turcz., 159.
longisiliqua Blanco, 173.
mariana Jacq., 159.
mimosoides Linn., 174.
micracantha Blanco, 159.
montana Naves, 173.
micracantha DC, 160.
occidentalis Linn., 173.
siamea Lam., 13.
nemorosa Blanco, 159.
sulcata Blanco, 173.
odorata Blanco, 160.
sepiaria Linn., 12.
surattensis Burm. f., 13.
spinosa Linn., 159.
timoriensis DC, 173.
viminea Hook. f. & Th., 159.
tora Linn., 173.
Caprifoliaceae, 370.
xanthocoma Miq., 173.

394
Cassuvium reniforme Blanco, 233.
Cassytha Linnaeus, 155.
filiformis Linn., 155.
Castalia pubcscens Blume, 143.
Castanea cooperta Oerst., 121.
Castanopsis Spach, 120.
costata A. DC, 121.
javanica A. DC, 121.
philippensis (Blanco) Vid., 120.
sumatrana A. DC, 120.
Castaola trinervis Llanos, 164.
Casuarinaceae, 118.
Casuarina Linnaeus, 118.
equisetifolia Linn., 118.
litorea Rumph., 118.
sumatrana Miq., 118.
CavaniUa philippensis Desr., 302.
Cayratia Jussieu, 246.
carnosa Gagnep., 247.
geniculata Gagnep., 246.
Cedrela odorata Blanco, 208.
taratara Blanco, 213.
Cedrota guianensis Blanco, 139.
Ceiba Gaertner, 257.
pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn., 257.
Celastraceae, 235.
Celastrus Linnaeus, 235.
paniculata Willd., 235.
polybotrys Turcz., 235.
Celosa Linnaeus, 137.
argntea Linn., 137.
baccata Retz., 136.
bicolor Blanco, 383.
coccnea Linn., 137.
cristata Linn., 137.
glauca Blanco, 383.
lanata Blanco, 138.
nana Blanco, 280.
philippica Steud., 383.
Celtis Linnaeus, 122.
amboinensis Willd., 122.
lima Blanco, 121.
luzonica Warb., 122.
philippensis Blanco, 122.
Cenchrus Linnaeus, 68.
echinatus Linn., 68.
hexafiorus Blanco, 68.
Centella Linnaeus, 296.
asitica (Linn.) Urban, 296.
Centipeda minima Willd., 378.
orbicularis Lour., 378.
Centotheca Desvaux, 74.
lappacea Desv., 74.
latifolia (Osbeck) Trin., 74.
malabarica Merr., 74.
Centrosema plumieri Benth-, 13.
Centrostema Decaisne, 317.
lindleyanum Dene., 317.
multiflorum (Blume) Dene., 317.
Cephaelis expaleacea Blanco, 360.
Ceratophyllaceae, 144.
Ceratophyllum Linnaeus, 144.
demersum Linn., 144.
submersum Llanos, 144.

INDEX
Ceratopteris Brongniart, 49.
thalictroides Brongn., 49.
Cerbera Linnaeus, 311.
lactaria Ham., 311.
manghas Linn., 311.
odollam. Gaertn., 311.
peruviana Pers., 311.
thevetia Linn., 311.
Cereus Haworth, 278.
triangularis Mill., 278.
Ceriops Arnott, 283.
candotteana Arn., 283.
tagal (Perr.) 0. B. Rob., 283.
Ceropegia cumingiana Dene., 14.
Ceropteris Link., 45.
calomelanos Und., 45.
Cestich, 117.
Cestrum nocturnum Linn-, 14.
Chaetospermum Swingle, 203.
glutinosum (Blanco) Swingle, 19, 203.
ChaiUetia benthamiana Turcz., 215.
gelonioides Hook, f., 237.
griffithii Hook, f., 215.
helferiana Kurz., 215.
Champereia Griffith, 133.
cumingiana Merr., 134.
griffithiana Planch., 134.
griffithii Kurz., 134.
manillana (Blume) Merr., 133.
Characeae, 39.
Chara Linnaeus, 39.
congesta Llanos, 40.
corallina Willd., 40.
zeylanica Willd., 39.
Chenopodiaceae, 136.
Chenopodium Linnaeus, 136.
ambrosioides Linn., 136.
Chironia capsularis Blanco, 325.
lanosanthera Blanco, 325.
Chisocheton Blume, 210.
ceramicus F.-Vill., 210.
pentandrus (Blanco) Merr., 210.
philippinus Harms, 210.
Chloranthaceae, 119.
Chloranthus Swartz, 119.
inconspicuus Blanco, 119.
officinalis Blume, 119.
Chloris Swartz, 72.
barbata Sw., 72.
inflata Llanos, 72.
rufescens Llanos, 71.
truncata R. Br., 72.
Chlorophyceae, 39.
Chonemorpha G. Don, 312.
blancoi Merr., 312.
elliptica Merr. & Rolfe, 312.
macrophylla Don, 312.
Chrysanthemum Linnaeus, 381.
indicum Linn., 381.
sinense Sabine, 381.

INDEX
Chrysophyllum grandifolium Steud., 300.
macrophyllum Desf., 300.
phOippense Perr., 300.
Cicca Linnaeus, 216.
acida (Linn.) Merr., 216.
acidissirna Blanco, 216.
decandra Blanco, 216.
disticha Linn., 216.
pentandra Blanco, 215.
Cinna filiformis Llanos, 60.
Cinnamomum Blume, 152.
burmanni Blume, 14, 152.
mereadoi Vid., 152.
paueiflorum Nees, 152.
lmala Nees & Eberm., 152.
zeylanicum Blume, 152.
zeylanicum var. cassia Nees, 152.
Cissampelos Linnaeus, 144.
pareira Linn., 144.
Cissus Linnaeus, 245.
acida Blanco, 247.
alata Blanco, 246.
arbrea Blanco, 197.
asaamica Craib, var. pilosissima Gagnep.,
246.
carnosa Lam., 247.
frutescens Blanco, 197.
geniculata Blume, 246.
latifolia Blanco, 246.
pedata Blanco, 247.
pyrrhodasys Miq., 246.
<iuadrangularis Linn., 245.
repens Lam., 246.
rubescens Blanco, 246.
simplex Blanco, 246.
trifolio K. Sch., 247.
vesicatoria Blanco, 246.
Citrus Linnaeus, 203.
acida Roxb., 203.
aurantifolium (Christm.) Swingle, 203.
aurantium Linn., 204.
aurantiuni Linn. var. bigrardta Hook, f.,
204.
decumana Linn., 204.
hystrix DC, 204.
maxima (Burm. f.) Merr., 204.
medica Linn. var. limetta Hook, f., 204.
mitis Blanco, 204.
nobilis Lour., 203.
notissima Blanco, 203.
papillaris Blanco, 203.
reticulata Blanco, 203.
torosa Blanco, 204.
Claoxylon Jussieu, 220.
albicans (Blanco) Merr., 220.
arboreum Elm., 221.
elongatum Merr., 220.
indicum Hassk., 225.
muricatum Wight, 222.
pedicellare Pax & K. Hoffm., 221.
waUichianum Muel.-Arg., 222.

395

Clausena Burman, 201.

ar.isum olens (Blanco) Merr., 201.
excavata Burm. f., 201.
indica Oliv., 200.
lansium (Lour.) Skeels, 201.
punctata W. & A 201.
wainpi Oliv., 201.
warburgii Perk., 201.
willdenowii W. & A., 200.
Cleidion Blume, 225.
javanicum Blume, 225.
spicif.oru.tn (Burm. f.) Merr., 225.
Cleisostoma Blume, 115.
amabileT. & B., 113.
bicolor Lindl. & Paxt., 115.
ionosmum Lindl., 115.
longifoliiim Teysm. et Binnend, 115.
subviolaceum Reichb. f., 116.
Cleistanthus Hooker, 220.
blancoi Rolfe, 14.
ferrugineus Muell.-Arg., 220.
orgyalis (Blanco) Merr., 220.
Clematis gouriana Roxb., 144.
Cleome alliacea Blanco, 158.
alliodora Blanco, 158.
gigantea Blanco, 158.
pentaphylla Blanco, 158.
viscosa Linn., 158.
Clerodendron Linnaeus, 334.
blancoanum F.-Vill., 20, 335.
blancoi Naves, 334.
capsulare Blanco, 334.
commersonii (Poir.) Spreng., 334.
fortunatum Blanco, 334.
fragrans Vent., 14.
grandiflorum Salisb., 334.
grandiflorum Schauer, 334.
inerme Gaertn., 334.
in fortunatum F.-Villar, 334.
intermedium Cham., 335.
longiflorum Dene,, 335.
macrostegium Schauer, 334.
minahassae Teysm. & Binn., 334.
navesianum Vid., 335.
neriifolium Wall., 334.
quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr., 20, 335.
Clethraceae, 297.
Clethra Linnaeus, 297.
alnifolia Blanco, 297.
lancifolia Turcz., 297.
Clitoria Linnaeus, 187.
plumieri Turp., 13.
ternatea Linn., 187.
Clutia stipularis Linn., 220.
Cnestis Jussieu, 164.
comiculata Blanco, 164.
diffusa Blanco, 164.
erecta Blanco, 163.
glabra Blanco, 163.
polypphylla Blanco, 164.
ramiflora Griff., 164.
trifolia Blanco, 164.
volubilis Blanco, 164.

396

INDEX

Cobamba blancoi Azaola, 307.

dichotoma Blanco, 307.
Coccinia cordifolia Cogn., 13.
grandis M. Roem., 13.
Cocos mamillaris Blanco, 90.
nucfera Linn., 89.
nucfera Linn. var. lansiformis Miq. 90.
Codiaceae, 39.
Codiaeum Blume, 229.
variegatum (Linn.) Blume, 229.
Coffea Linnaeus, 366.
arabica Linn., 366.
luconiensis Cham. & Schlecht, 368.
volubilis Blanco, 369.
Coix Linnaeus, 59.
lachryma Linn., 59.
lachryma-jobi Linn., 59.
Coldenia Linnaeus, 328.
procumbens Linn., 328.
Coleus Loureiro, 338.
acuminatus Benth., 339.
amboinicus Lour., 338.
aromaticus Benth., 338.
blumei Benth., 339.
gaudichaudii Briq., 339.
grandifolius Blanco, 339.
pumilus Blanco, 339.
suganda Blanco, 338.
Collaea mollis Grah., 190.
Colocasia Schott, 92.
antiquorum. Schott, 92.
esculenta (L.) Schott, 91, 92.
Colona, serratifolia Cav., 251.
Colubrina Brongniart, 245.
asitica (Linn.) L. C. Eich, 245.
Columbia Persoon, 251.
americana Pers., 251.
anilao Blanco, 251.
blancoi Ro'fe, 13.
floribunda Naves, 13.
serratifolia Blanco, 251.
serratifolia (Cav.) DC, 251.
Columella Loureiro, 246.
geniculata (Blume) Merr., 246.
trifolia (L.) Merr., 247.
Combretaceae, 285.
Combretum Linnaeus, 286.
distiUatorium Blanco, 286.
laxum. Blanco, 286.
ovalifolium Roxb., 286.
squamosum Roxb., 286.
wallichii DC, 285.
Commelinaceae, 94.
Commelina Linnaeus, 94.
benghalensis Linn., 94.
nudiflora Linn., 14. 95.
polygama Blanco, 94.
Commersonia Forster, 259.
bartramia (Linn.) Merr., 259.
echinata Forst., 259.
platyphylla Andr., 259.
Comocladia serrata Blanco, 236.
Compositae, 375.
Conehophyllum imbrieatum Naves, 14.
merrillii Schltr., 317.

Confervalia Llanos, 93.

litoralis Blanco, 39.
Httosa Blanco, 41.
Connaraceae, 163.
Connaropsis phippica F.-Vill., 19, 195.
Connarus fattens Blanco, 201.
monocarpus F.-Vill., 163.
monocarpus Linn., 164, 236.
obliquus Walp., 163.
paniculatus F.-Vill., 163.
paniculatus Roxb., 163.
xantaloides Blanco, 201.
Conocephalus Blume, 129.
erectus (Blanco) F.-Vill., 129.
grandifolius Warb., 129.
ovatus Tree, 129.
suaveolens Blume, 129.
violaceus (Blanco) Merr., 129.
Convallaria fruticosa Linn., 96.
Convolvulaceae, 320.
Convolvulus batatas Linn., 323.
boerhaavioides Blanco, 326.
catharticus Blanco, 321.
colubrinus Blanco, 321.
dentatus Blanco, 322.
distillatorius Blanco, 325
gangeticus Linn., 324.
hederaceus Blanco, 326.
longiflorus Spreng., 321
maximv.s Blanco, 325.
muricatus Blanco, 321.
nil Linn., 322.
paniculatus Linn., 323.
paniculatus Naves, 14.
pes-caprae Linn., 323.
reniformis Roxb., 324.
repens Vahl, 324.
reptans Linn., 324.
valerianoides Blanco, 326.
Conyza balsamifera Linn., 377.
cappa Blanco, 377.
cappa Ham., 378.
dentata Blanco, 377.
erosa Blanco, 378.
gouani Blanco, 378.
viscidula Wall., 377.
Cookia anisodora Blanco, 201.
anisum olens Blanco, 201.
punctata Sonn., 201.
wampi Blanco, 201.
Corchorus Linnaeus, 249.
acutangulus Lam., 249.
aestuans Blanco, 249.
capsularis Linn., 249.
catharticus Blanco, 249.
olitorius Linn., 249.
Cordia Linnaeus, 327.
banalo Blanco, 327.
blancoi Vid., 327.
dichotoma Forst., 327.
ignota Blanco, 327.
myxa Linn., 327.
olitoria Blanco, 140.
sebestena Blanco, 327.
subcordata Lam., 327.

INDEX
Cordyline terminalis Kunth, 96.
Coreopsis Linnaeus, 380.
gracilis Blanco, 380.
tinctoria Nutt., 380.
Cornaceae, 296.
Coronilla emerus Blanco, 181.
Corypha Linnaeus, 84.
elata Roxb., 84.
minor Blanco, 84.
umbraculifera Blanco, 84.
Cosmos caudatus HBK. 13, 380.
luteus Blanco, 109.
nigricans Blanco, 109.
speciosus Sm., 14.
Cotula quinqueloba Blanco, 378.
Cotyledon lanceolata Blanco, 161.
paniculata Blanco, 161.
serrata Blanco, 161.
Crassulaceae, 161.
Crataeva Linnaeus, 158.
octandra Blanco, 159.
religiosa Forst., 158.
Cratoxylon Blume, 265.
arborescens Blume 265.
* blancoi Blume, 265.
celebicum Blume, 265.
elandestinum Blume, 265.
foribundum F.-Vill., 265, 266.
formosum (Jack) Dyer, 265.
hornschuchii Llanos, 265.
hornschuchii Naves, 265.
sumatranuni Naves, 265.
Crescentia Linnaeus, 350.
alata HBK., 350.
trifolia Blanco, 350.
Crinum Linnaeus, 98.
asiaticum Linn., 98.
giganteum Blanco, 98.
gracile E. Mey., 98.
Crotalaria Linnaeus, 177.
formosana Mats-, 178.
incana Linn., 13.
linifolia Linn, f., 178.
pallida Blanco, 178.
pumila Blanco, 178.
quinquefolia Linn., 177.
sessiliflora Linn., 178.
stenophylla Vog., 178.
verrucosa Linn., 177.
Crotn Linnaeus, 220.
drupaceum Blanco, 224.
glandulosum Blanco, 220.
grandifolius Blanco, 226.
lacciferum Blanco, 226.
luzonensis Muell.-Arg., 224.
moluccanus Linn., 223.
mvricatum Blanco, 220.
muricatum Heyne, 222.
tiglium Linn., 220.
variegatus Linn., 229.
volubis Llanos, 223.
Cruciferae, 157.
Crudia Schreber, 170.
blancoi Rolfe, 170.
spicata Blanco, 170.

397

Crypteronia Blume, 282.

lutea Blume, 282.
paniculata Blume, 282.
Cryptocarya R. Brown, 154.
ampia Merr., 155.
lauriflora (Blanco) Merr., 154.
luzoniensis Vid., 154.
Cubilia Blume, 240.
blancoi Blume, 240.
rumphii Blume, 240.
Cucumis Linnaeus, 372.
acutangulus Linn., 372.
luzonicus Blanco, 370.
melo Linn., 372.
melo var. agrestis Naud., 372.
sativus Linn., 13, 370.
trigonus Roxb., 372.
Cucurbitaceae, 370.
Cucurbita Linnaeus, 373.
langenaria-oblonga Blanco, 373.
lagenaria-viosa Blanco, 373.
maxima Duchesne, 373.
pepo-aspera Blanco, 372.
sulcata Blanco, 373.
Cudrania Trcul, 123.
javensis Tree, 123.
obovata Tree., 123.
Cujavillus pumilum Vahl, 13.
Cunalon Blanco, 304.
Cupania glabrata Kurz, 241.
pleuropteris Blume, 238.
richii A. Gray, 242.
spinosa Blanco, 235.
Curculigo Gaertner, 100.
orchoides Gaertn., 100.
Curcuma Linnaeus, 109.
longa Linn., 109.
zedoaria (Berg.) Rose, 23, 109.
Cyanotis D. Don, 95.
cristata Naves, 14.
cristata (Linn.) Roem. & Schultes, 95.
Cyatheaceae, 41.
Cyathea Smith, 41.
integra J. Sm., 41, 50.
Cyathocalyx zeylanicus Champ., 151.
Cycadaceae, 52.
Cycas Linnaeus, 52.
circinalis Blanco, 52.
eircinalis Linn., 52.
rumphii Miq., 52.
Cyclophorus Desvaux, 48.
adnascens (Sw. ) Desv., 48.
varitis Gaudich., 48.
Cylista piscatoria Blanco, 186.
Cylixylon hctcrophyllum Llanos, 320.
Cymbidium ftavescens Llanos, 113.
Cynanchum tenellum Blanco, 316.
viminale Blanco, 315.
niminalc Linn., 315.
hirtum Blanco, 319.
Cynodon Persoon, 71.
dactylon (Linn.) Pers., 71.

398

INDEX

Daphne aquilaria Blanco, 279.

Cynometra Linnaeus, 169.
cannabina Lour., 279.
bijuga Spanoghe, 169.
foetida Blanco, 279.
cauliflora Linn., 13.
indica Blanco, 279.
inaequifolia A. Gray, 169.
ramiflora Linn. var. mimosoides Baker, Dasycoleum philippinum Turcz., 210.
Datura Linnaeus, 343.
169.
fastuosa (Linn., 343.
simplicifolia Harms, 170.
fastuosa Linn. var. alba (Nees) C. B.
Cynomorium philippense Blanco, 134.
Clarke, 343.
Cyperaceae, 78.
metel Blanco, 343.
Cyperus Linnaeus, 78.
Daucus anisodorus Blanco, 296.
caespitosus Llanos, 79.
Decaspermum Forster, 287.
compressus Linn., 79.
blancoi Vid., 288.
cuadriflorus Llanos, 81.
fruticosum Forst., 287.
curvatus Llanos, 79.
paniculaturn Kurz., 287.
dehiscens Kunth, 80.
Deeringia R. Brown, 136.
difforrnis Blanco, 82.
amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr., 136.
diformis Linn., 78.
baccata Moq., 136.
distants Linn., 80.
eclosioides R. Br., 136.
Havicomvs Michx., 79.
Delima spera Blanco, 262.
hasp an Linn., 79.
frangulifolia Presl, 263.
holciflorus Presl, 78.
sarmentosa Linn., 262.
humilis Llanos, 79.
Delonix regia Raf., 13.
mbrieatus Llanos, 78, 80.
Dendrobium Swartz, 113.
iria Linn., 79.
anosmum Lindl., 114.
luzoniensis Llanos, 80.
aporoides (Lindl.) Merr., 113.
macrosciadion Steud., 80.
brongniartianum Krnzl., 113.
malaccensis Lam., 82.
equitans Krnzl., 113.
nuttallii Llanos, 79.
macranthum Hook., 114.
ornatus R. Br., 82.
macrophyllum Lindl., 114.
ovatus Llanos, 80.
retusum Llanos,114.
paniculatus Blanco, 73.
superbum Reichb. f., 114.
pennatus Lam., 80.
taurinum Lindl., 14.
procerus Rottb., 82.
teres Blanco, 114.
quadriflorus Llanos, 81.
teretifolimn Blanco, 114.
radiatus Vahl, 78, 80.
Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro, 75.
rotundus Linn., 79.
strictus Nees, 75.
strigosus Llanos, 80.
Dendroglossa latifolia Fe, 42.
svbrotundus Llanos, 78.
iaccaefolia Fe, 42.
Cypripedium bulbosum Blanco, 117.
Dentella Forster, 357.
lineari-subulatum Llanos, 115.
repens Forst-, 357.
Cyrtandra aristata Blanco, 346.
Derris Loureiro, 185.
glaberrima Blanco, 349.
personata Blanco, 348.
diadelpha Merr., 177, 186.
elliptica (Koxb.) Benth., 186, 19.
Cyrtocarpa quinquestyla Blanco, 234.
floribunda Naves, 186.
Cytisus cajan Linn., 190.
heptaphylla (Linn.) Merr., 177, 186.
quinqitepetalus Blanco, 184.
scandens (Roxb. ) Benth., 186.
volubilis Blanco, 190.
sinuata Thwaites, 177, 186.
D
thyrsiflora F.-Vill., 186.
trifoliata Lour., 185.
Dactyloctenium Willdenow, 72.
uliginosa Benth., 185.
aegyptium (Linn.) Rieht., 64, 72.
Desmodium Desvaux, 182.
Daemia, 320.
arboreum Sweet, 183.
Daemonorops Blume, 86.
cuphalotes F.-Vill., 184.
gaudichaudii Mart., 85, 86.
diversifolium Blanco, 183.
mollis (Blanco) Merr., 86, 87.
gangeticum (Linn.) DC., 182, 183.
rumphii Mart., 85.
latifolium DC, 182.
Dais laurifolia Blanco, 278.
laxiflorum DC, 183.
Dalbergia Linnaeus f., 184.
parvifolium Blanco, 183.
lanceolaria Linn., 184.
procumbens (Mill.) A. S. Hitchc, 183.
mimosella Prain, 184.
pulchellum (Linn.) Benth., 184, ISO.
minahassae Koord., 184.
quinquepetalum (Blanco) Merr., 184.
Dalea alopeeuroides Blanco, 180.
spirale DC, 183.
glandulosa Merr., 180.
triflorum (Linn.) DC, 183.
nigra Mart. & Gal., 180.
umbellatum DC, 183.
Dammara alba Rumph., 62.
virgatum Zoll., 182.

INDEX
Deyeuxia quadriseta Benth., 60.
Dianthera americana Blanco, 357.
ciliata Blanco, 357.
dichotoma Clarke, 355.
subserrata Blanco, 356.
Dianthus chinensis Linn., 12.
Dicerma pulcheUum DC, 184, 190.
Diceros stoloniferus Blanco, 345.
Dichapetalaceae, 215.
Dichapetalum Thouars, 215.
benthamianum Engl., 215.
sericeum (Blanco) Merr., 215.
tricapsulare ( Blanco ) Merr., 215.
Dichopsis latifolia. F.-Vill., 20.
hizoniensis F.-Vill., 20.
olefera F.-Vill., 20.
Dicliptera Jussieu, 355.
contorta (Blanco) Merr., 355.
glabra Dene., 356.
viridis Hassk., 23, 356.
Dictyotaceae, 40.
Didy mocarpus aristata F.-Vill-, 346.
blancoi Hassk., 2$, 349.
Digitaria Persoon, 64.
consangunea Gaudich., 64.
lanosa Llanos, 64.
longiflora (Gmel.) Pers., 64.
Diman Blanco, 44.
Dilleniaceae, 262.
Dillenia Linnaeus, 263.
indica Blanco, 263.
philippinensis Rolfe, 263.
reifferscheidia F.-Vill., 12, 18.
speciosa Blanco, 263.
speciosa Gilg, 18.
Oinochloa diffusa Merr., 78.
Dioscoreaceae, 101.
Diosccrea Linnaeus, 37, 101.
aculeata Linn. var. tiliaefolia (Kunth)
Prain & Burkill, 102.
alata Linn., 102.
batatas Dene., 101.
bolojonica Blanco, 189.
daemo-na Roxb., 103.
divaricata Blanco, 101, 102.
esculenta (Lour.) Burkill, 102, 103.
fasciculata Roxb., 103.
hispida Dennst., 103.
loheri Prain & Burkill, 101.
luzonensis Schauer, 101.
papillaris Blanco, 102.
pentaphylla Linn., 103.
sativa Blanco, 103.
sativa Linn., 102.
tiliaefolia Kunth, 103.
triphylla Blanco, 103.
triphylla Linn., 103.
tugui Blanco, 103.
Diosma serrata Blanco, 235.
Diospyros Linnaeus, 302.
ahernii Merr., 303, 304.
biflora Blanco, 303.
blancoi A. DC., 302.
canomoi A. DC, 303.
cunalon A. DC, 304.

Diospyros Linnaeus, 302Continued.

curranii Merr., 303.
discolor Willd-, 302.
ebenaster Retz, 302.
embryopteris Blanco, 302.
kaki Blanco, 302.
kaki Linn. f., 303.
lanceaefolia Roxb., 303.
lotus Blanco, 303.
malacapai A. DC, 303.
maritima Blume, 303.
mindanaensis Merr., 303.
multiflora Blanco, 303.
multiftora Wall., 303.
philippensis Grke, 302.
pilosanthera Blanco, 302.
tectona Blanco, 330.
Diplazium bulbiferum Brack., 44.
esculentum Sw., 43.
Dipterocarpaceae, 268.
Dipterocarpus Linnaeus, 268.
fulvus Blume, 269.
grandiflorus Blanco, 268.
guiso Blanco, 270.
inalaanonan Blanco, 271.
mangachapoi Blanco, 272.
palosapis Blanco, 271.
plagatus Blanco, 269.
polyspermus Blanco, 269.
thurifer Blanco, 269.
velutinus Vidal, 269.
vernicifluus Blanco, 268.
Dischidiopsis Schlechter, 317.
parasitica (Blanco) Merr., 317.
Dittelasma rarak Hook, f., 241.
Dodonaea Linnaeus, 242.
angustifolia Linn, f., 242.
viscosa (Linn.) Jaeq., 242.
Doemia, 320.
Dolichandrone Fenzl, 349.
rheedii Seem., 349.
spathacea (Linn.) K. Sch., 349.
Dolichos acinaciformis Blanco, 189.
catjang Linn., 192.
crassus Grah., 190.
echinulatus Blanco, 192.
ensiformis Blanco, 189.
falcatus Klein, 193.
lablabLinn., 193.
repens Blanco, 188.
sesguipedalis Blanco, 192.
sesquipedal!s Linn., 192.
sinensis Linn., 192.
tetragonolobus Linn., 193.
trobus Blanco, 193.
unguiculatus Linn., 192.
Dombeya biserrata Blanco, 260.
decanthera Blanco, 260.
Donax Loureiro, 112.
arundastrum K. Sch., 112.
canniformis ( Forst, f. ) K. Sch., 112,
Dopatrium Hamilton, 346.
aristatum Hassk, 23, 346.
junceum (Roxb.) Ham., tS, 346.
Dorstenia pubescens Blanco, 130.

399

INDEX

400
Doryxylon Zollinger, 221.
spinosum Zoll., 221.
Dracaena angustifolia Roxb., 96.
terminalis Linn., 96.
Dracontomelum Blume, 234.
cumingianum Bail]., 234.
dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, 234.
edule Merr., 234.
lamiyo (Blanco) Merr., 234.
mangiferum Blume, 234.
Dregea viridiflora Benth., 319.
Droseraceae, 161.
Drosera Linnaeus, 161.
hexagynia Blanco, 161.
indica Linn., 161.
Drymoglossum Presl, 47.
heterophyllum (Linn.) C. Chr., 47.
Drynaria (Bory) J. Smith, 48.
quercifolia (Linn.) J. Sm., 48.
Dryopteris Adanson 46.
dissecta ( Forst. ) O. Ktze., 42.
parasitica O. Ktze., 46.
Dysoxylum Blume, 209.
amooroides Miq., 209.
blancal Vid., 19, 209.
cumingianum C. DC, 213.
decandrum (Blanco) Merr., 19, 209.
octandrum (Blanco) Merr., 209.
salutare F.-Vill., 19, 209.
schizochitode C DC, 209.

E
Ebenaceae, 302.
Ecdysanthe.ro. torosa Llanos, 312.
Echites caudata Blanco, 313.
procumbens Blanco, 312.
repens Blanco, 312.
scholaris Linn., 308.
spiralis Blanco, 313.
torosa Llanos, 312.
trfida Blanco, 308.
Eclipta Linnaeus, 379.
alba (Linn.) Hassk., 379.
Ehretia Linnaeus, 327.
acuminata R. Br., 328.
beurreria Blanco, 327.
bourreria Linn., 327.
buxifolia Roxb., 328.
microphylla Lam., 328.
mollis Merr., 328.
navesii Vid., 328.
onava A. DC, 328.
philippinensis A. DC, 327.
polyantka A. DC, 328.
virgata Blanco, 328.
Elaeagnaceae, 279.
Elaeagnus Linnaeus, 279.
angustifolia Blanco, 279.
cumingii Schlecht., 279.
latifolia Linn., 279.
perrottetii Schlecht., 279.
philippensis Perr., 279.
Elaeocarpaceae, 248.
Elaeocarpus Linnaeus, 248.
calomala (Blanco) Merr., 248.
integrifolius Blanco, 237.

Elaeocarpaceae, 248Continued.
isotrichus F.-Vill., 248.
cblongus Gaertn., 248.
philippinensis Warb., 248.
sylvestris Blanco, 248.
Elaphoglossum latifolium J. Sm., 42.
Elatinaceae, 273.
Elatostema Forster, 130.
luzonense C B. Rob., 130.
obtusum Wedd., 130.
Elcana seminuda Blanco, 311.
Eleocharis R. Brown, 82.
capitata R. Br., 83.
caribaea (Rottb.) Blake, 83.
dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin., 82.
plantaginea R. Br., 82.
plantaginoidea W. F. Wright, 82.
tuberosa Schultes, 82.
Elephantopus Linnaeus, 375.
dubius Blanco, 376.
mollis HBK., 376.
scaber Linn., 375.
erratus Blanco, 376.
spicatus Aubl., 376.
Eleusine Gaertn., 72.
aegyptiaca Pers., 64.
indica (Linn.) Gaertn., 6S, 72.
mucronata Llanos, 72.
Eleutherine Herbert, 104.
palmifolia (Linn.) Merr., 104.
plicata Herb., 104.
Elytranthe Blume, 132.
ampu'.lacea (Roxb.) Engl., 132.
Elytraria Vahl, 351.
amara Blanco, 351.
caulescens Nees, 352.
squamosa Lindau, 352.
tridentata Vahl, 351.
Embelia Burman, 299.
philippinensis A. DC, 299.
Emilia Cassini, 382.
sonchifolia (Linn.) DC, 382.
Encoeliaceae, 40.
Englehardtia Leschenault, 120.
phippinensis C. DC, 120.
spicata Blume, 120.
Enhalus L. C Richard, 58.
acoroides (Linn, f.) Rich., 59.
koenigii Rich., 59.
Enrila dichotoma Blanco, 243.
Entada Adanson, 168.
phaseoloides (Linn.) Merr., 168, 19k.
pursaetha DC, 168.
scandens DC, 168.
Enteromorpha Harvey, 39.
intestinalis (L.) Link, 39.
prolifra J. Ag., 39.
Epaltes Cassini, 378.
australis Less-, 378.
Eperua decandra Blanco, 171.
faleata Blanco, 171.
rhomboidea Blanco, 171.
Epidendrum eauitans Blanco, 113.
lineare Blanco, 115.
ruibarbarum redolens Blanco, 114.
vanilla Blanco, 112.

INDEX
Epipremnopsis huegelianum Engl., 91.
Epipremnum medium Engl., 90.
Epithema triandrum F.-Vill., 358.
Eragrostis Host, 73.
brownei Nees, 73.
cumingii Steud., 74.
distans Hack., 74.
elongata Jacq., 73.
interrupta Beauv., 73.
interrupta Doell., 73.
japnica (Tlvunb.) Trin., 73.
pilosa Beauv., 74.
spartinoides Steud., 74.
unioloides Nees, 74.
viscosa (Rete.) Trin., 73.
Eranthemum bicolor Schrank, 355.
Eremochloa muricata Hack., 64.
Eria aporoides Lindl., 113.
Erigeron Linnaeus, 377.
linifolius Willd., 377.
Eriochloa Kunth, 64.
punctata Ham., 71.
ramosa O. Ktze., 64, 71.
Eriodendron anfractuosum A. DC, 257.
Erioglossum Blume, 238.
edule (Linn.) Blume, 238.
rubiginosum Blume, 238.
Eroteum lanigerum Blanco, 250.
ErythrJna Linnaeus, 187.
eaffra Blanco, 187.
carnea Blanco, 187.
fusca Lour., 187.
indica Lam., 187.
lithosperma Naves, 13.
ovalifolia Roxb., 187.
picta Blanco, 187.
subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr., 13.
variegata Linn. var. orientalis (Linn.)
Merr., 187.
Erythrophloeum densiflorum Merr., 220.
Eugenia Linnaeus, 288.
bauanguica Blanco, 290.
bracteata Roxb., var. roxburghti Duthie,
289.
calubcob C. B. Rob., 289.
cavliflora Blanco, 290.
clausa C. B. Rob., 288.
cumini (Linn.) Merr., 288.
cymosa Lam., 291.
djouat Perr., 288.
glandulosa Blanco, 291.
jambolana Lam., 199, 288.
jambos Blanco, 288.
jambos Linn., 290.
javanica Lam., 288, 290.
laeta Ham., 290.
lobas Blanco, 290.
macrocarpa Roxb., 289.
malaccensis Blanco, 290.
malaccensia Linn., 290.
mananquil Blanco, 290.
montana Blanco, 289.
operculata Roxb., 288.
ramiflora Miq., 289.
similis Merr., 289.
tripinnata (Blanco) C. B. Rob., 291.
151862
26

Eulophia, 117.
sumatrana Blume, 117.
Eupatorium Linnaeus, 376.
ayapana Vent., 375, 376.
luzoniense Llanos, 375.
triplinerve Vahl, 375, 376.
Euphorbiaceae, 215.
Euphorbia Linnaeus, 230.
atoto Forst, 230.
capitata Lam., 231
dulcs Blanco, 230.
hirta Linn., 231.
laevigata Vahl, 281.
neriifolia Linn., 231.
parannaquensis Blanco, 231.
pentagona Blanco, 231.
pilulifera Linn., 231.
pulcherrima Willd., 14.
serrulata Renw., 231.
splendens Boj-, 14.
tirucalli Linn-, 231.
Euphoria Commerson, 240.
annularis Blanco, 240.
cinerea (Turcz.) Radlk., 240.
cubili Blanco, 240.
didyma Blanco, 240.
litchi Blanco, 240.
malaanonan Blanco, 270.
nephelium Blanco, 270.
Eurycles Salisbury, 99.
Eusideroxylon bornense F.-Vill, 154.
Euxolus caudatus Naves, 14.
Evodia Forster, 197.
bintoco Blanco, 197.
glabra Blume, 197.
latifolia DC, 197.
mindanaensis Merr., 197.
robusta Hook, f., 197.
roxburghiana Benth., 198.
ternata (Blanco) Merr., 197.
triphyUa Blanco, 197.
triphyUa DC, 197, 198.
Evolvulus Linnaeus, 320.
alsinoides Linn., 320, 326.
linifolius Linn., 320.
Exacum Linnaeus, 307.
albens Blanco, 307.
albens Linn., 307.
chironioides Griseb., 307.
tetragonum Roxb., 307.
Excoecaria Linnaeus, 230.
agallocha Linn.. 230.
laevis Blanco, 230.
sicca Blanco, 224, 230.
Exocarpus cermica Naves, 14.
Exostemma philippicum Blanco, 359.

Fagaceae, 120.
Fagara Linnaeus, 196.
avicennae Lam., 196.
decandra Blanco, 232.
octandra Blanco, 198.
piperita Blanco, 196.
piperita Naves, 206.
pterota Blanco, 196.

401

402
Fagara Linnaeus, 196Continued.
rhetsa Roxb., 196.
tryphylla Lam., 198.
Fagraea Thunberg, 306.
eordifolia Blume, 306.
morindaefolia Blume, 306.
racemosa Jack, 306.
scholaris Blanco, 306.
Fagus philippensis Blanco, 120.
Feronia elephantum Corr., 201.
ternata Blanco, 19, 203.
Ficus Linnaeus, 125.
arayatensis Warb., 14.
arenata Elm., 126.
argntea Blanco, 129.
spera nota Blanco, 125.
spera volubilis Blanco, 129.
blancoi Elm., 127.
caudatifolia Warb., 14.
dicarpa Blanco, 128.
forstenii Miq., 126.
glomerata Blanco, 125.
haematocarpa Blume, 128.
haenkei Warb., 127.
hauili Blanco, 127.
hederacea Roxb., 129.
heterophylla Blanco, 128.
heterophylla Linn., 128.
hirta Vahl, 128.
hispida Blanco, 128.
hispida hastata Blanco, 128.
hispida heterophylla Blanco, 128.
hispida linearis Blanco, 128.
hispida odorata Blanco, 126.
indica Blanco, 126.
laccifera Blanco, 127.
laevigata Blanco, 125.
laurifolia Blanco, 127.
leucantotoma Poir., 127, 128.
leucopleura Blume, 127, 128.
microcarpa Linn, f., 126.
microcarpa Naves, 14.
minahassae Miq., 125.
v(palensis Blanco, 128.
nota (Blanco) Merr., 125.
odorata (Blanco) Merr., 126.
payapa Blanco, 125, 126.
pilosa Reinw., 125.
polycarpa Wall., 129.
pseudopalma Blanco, 127.
quercifolia Roxb., 128.
racemifera Roxb., 125.
radiata Decne., 128.
radicans Roxb., 127.
rostrata Blanco, 127.
rubrovenia Merr., 127.
ruficaulis Merr., 129.
saxophila Blume, 126.
fteabra Blanco, 125.
sinuosa Miq., 128.
ulmifolia Lam., 128.
urophylla Naves, 14.
variegata Blume, 125.
ridaliana Warb., 126.

INDEX
Fimbristylis Vahl, 83.
diphylla Vahl, 83.
falcata Kunth, 83.
ferruginea Vahl, 81.
miliacea Vahl, 83.
Finlaysonia Wallich, 314.
obovata Wall., 314.
Fissilia psittacorum Blanco, 134.
Flacourtiaceae, 274.
Flacourtia Jussieu, 274.
corollata Blanco, 274.
ndica (Burm. f.) Merr., 274.
parvifolia Blanco, 274.
sepiaria Roxb., 274.
Flagellariaceae, 93.
Flagellaria Linnaeus, 93.
indica Linn., 93.
Flemingia Roxburgh, 190.
blancoana Llanos, 191.
lineata (Linn.) Roxb., 191.
strobilifera R. Br., 184, 190.
Fleurya Gaudichaud, 130.
interrupta (L. ) Gaudich., 130.
Floscopa Loureiro, 95.
scandens Lour., 95.
Fluggea Willdenow, 215.
microcarpa Bl., 215.
obovata Wall., 215.
virosa (Roxb.) Baill., 215.
Foeniculum Linnaeus, 296.
vulgare Gaertn., 296.
Freycinetia Gaudichaud, 54.
insignis Blume, 54.
luzonensis Naves var. heterophylla Naves,
14.
Fucaceae, 40.
Fucus denticulatus Blanco, 40.
edulis Blanco, 41.
gvlaman Blanco, 41.
natans Blanco, 40.
prolifer Blanco, 39.
Fuirena Rottboell, 81.
ciliaris (Linn.) Roxb., 81.
glomerata Lam., 81.
striata Llanos, 81.
Fungi, 41.
Fusanus parasitiis Blanco, 132.
G
Galactia P. Browne, 188.
tenuiflora W. & A., 188.
terminaliflora Blanco, 186.
Galedupa frutescens Blanco, 186.
maculata Blanco, 185.
pungam Blanco, 180.
Ganophyllum falcatum Blume, 210.
obliquum Merr., 210.
Garcinia Linnaeus, 267.
binucao (Blanco) Choisy, 267.
blancoi Pierre, 267.
calleryi Pierre, 268.
cornea F.-Vill., 267.
cowa Roxb., 268.
cumingiana Pierre, 268.

403

INDEX
Garcinia Linnaeus, 267Continued.
dulcis ( Roxb. ) Kurz, 268.
ovalifolia var. spicata Hook, f., 299.
venulosa (Blanco) Choisy, 267.
Gardenia Linnaeus, 363.
augusta (Linn.) Merr., 13.
barnesii Merr., 363.
curranii Merr., 363.
florida Linn., 13.
obscura Vid., 364.
pinnata Merr., 364.
pseudopsidium (Blanco) F.-Vill., 363.
Garuga Roxburgh, 208.
abilo (Blanco) Merr., 208.
mollis Turcz., 208.
Gemcstoma Forster, 305.
nigrescens (Blanco) Merr., 305.
philippinense Merr., 305.
Gentianaceae, 307.
Geodorum Jackson, 113.
nutans (Presl) Ames, 113.
semicristatwm Lindl., 113.
Geraniaceae, 194.
Geruma subtriloba Blanco, 258.
Gethyis acaulis Blanco, 100.
Gigantochloa Kurz, 76.
otter Kurz., 76.
levis (Blanco) Merr., 76.
robusta Kurz, 76.
seribneriana Merr., 76.
Gimbcrnatia calamansanai Blanco, 285.
Givotia rottleriformis Griff., 224.
Glabraria tersa Linn, 153.
Gleditssia javanica Lam., 169.
Glinus lotoides Linn., 140.
GHricidia HBK., 180.
maculata HBK., 19, 180.
sepium (Jacq., Steud., IS, 180.
Globba Linnaeus, 111.
marantina Linn., 111.
Glochidion Forster, 217.
album (Blanco) Boerl., 217.
eleutherostylum Muell.-Arg., 217.
lancifolium C. B. Rob., 218.
llanosii Muell.-Arg., 217.
molle Blume, 218.
phippense Benth., 218.
philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob., 117, 218.
triandrum (Blanco) C. B. Rob., 217.
villosum Miq., 217.
, Gluta orgyalis Blanco, 220.
Glutia orgyalis Naves, 14.
Glycine cajanoides Walp., 184.
lucida Blanco, 193.
Glycosmis Correa, 199.
bilocularis Thwaites, 198.
cochinchinensis (Lour.) Pierre, 199.
Gmelina Linnaeus, 333.
asitica Blanco, 333.
inermis Blanco, 333.
philippensis Cham., 333.
villosa Roxb., 333.

Gnaphalium Linnaeus, 379.

dichotomum Blanco, 379.
luteo-album Linn., 379.
Gnetaceae, 53.
Gnetum Linnaeus, 53.
gnemon Linn., 53.
indicum (Lour.) Merr., 53.
latifolium Blume, 53.
philippinense Warb., 53.
Gnidia oppositifolia Blanco, 285.
Gomphrena Linnaeus, 138.
globosa Linn., 138.
volubilis Blanco, 142.
Gongora philippica Llanos, 117.
Goniothalamus Hooker f. & Thomson, 149.
amuyon (Blanco) Merr., 149.
oiganteus Hook. f. & Th., 149.
Goodeniaceae, 374.
Gordonia polysperma Blanco, 263.
Gossypium Linneaeus, 256.
arboreum Linn., 256.
barbadense Linn., 256.
brasiliense Macf., 256.
hcrbaceum Blanco, 256.
hirsutum Linn., 256.
panieulatum Blanco, 256.
perenne Blanco, 256.
punctatum Sch. & Thon., 256.
Gouania Linnaeus, 245.
domingensis Blanco, 245.
leptostachya DC, 245.
microcarpa DC, 245.
Govantesia malulucban Llanos, 133.
Gracilaria Greville, 41.
confervoides Grev., 41.
Gramineae, 59.
Grammatophyllum Blume, 114.
multiflorum Lindl., 114.
scriptum Blume, 114.
Grangea Adanson, 377.
maderaspatana (Linn.) Poir., 377.
Graptophyllum Nees, 354.
hortense Nees, 354.
pictum (Linn.) Griff., 354.
Gratiola hyssopioides Blanco, 348.
pusillaWm., 347.
Grewia Linnaeus, 250.
acuminata Juss., 250.
colutnnaris Sm., 251.
nmllococca Blanco, 250.
multiflora Blanco, 250.
multiflora Juss., 250, 251.
ovata Merr., 251.
serrata Blanco, 251.
stylocarpa Warb., 250.
triflora Walp-, 250.
umbellata Roxb., 250.
Griffithianthus merriUii W. H. Br., 149.
Gronovia ternata Blanco, 156.
Grumilea Gaertner, 368.
luconiensis (C & S.) Merr., 368.

404

INDEX

Helicteres Linnaeus, 260Continued.

pinnata Blanco, 234.
spicata Colebr., 260.
spicata Colebr. var. langera Mast., 260.
Heligme rheedi Wight, 313.
Heliotropium Linnaeus, 329.
coromandeliwm Lehm. var. depressum
DC, 14.
indicum Linn., 329.
ovalifolium Forsk. var. depressum Merr.,
14.
parvifiorum Blanco, 329.
Hettinia gracilis Hassk., 23, 110.
Helminthostachys Kaulfuss, 51.
dulcs Kaulf., 51.
zeylanica (Linn.) Hook., 51.
Hemipiramma Christ, 42.
latifolia (Meyen) Copel., 42.
zollingeri Christ, 42.
Hemipraphis Nees, 353.
lanceolata Clarke, 353.
repens F.-Vill., 353.
strigosa (Nees) F.-Vill., 353.
Hemigyrosa canescens Thw., 242.
perrottetii Blume, 241.
[Jcmionitis gymnopteroidea Copel., 42.
incisa Blanco, 43.
zollingeri Kurz, 42.
Henschelia luzonensis Presl, 156.
Heptapleurum cephalotes C. B. Clarke, 296.
rigidum Seem., 294.
venulosum Seem., 295.
Heritiera Dryander, 262.
littoralis Dry., 262.
tinctoria Blanco, 262.
Hernandiaceae, 155.
H
Hernandia Linnaeus, 155.
ovigera Linn., 156.
Habenaria Willdenow, 112.
peltata Meissn., 155.
cordata Naves, 21.
sonora Blanco, 155.
Jiphytta Dalz., 21.
Herpestis monniera HBK., 344.
malintana (Blanco) Merr., 112.
Heterosmilax borneensis C. DC, 97.
pelcrioides Par. & Reichb. f., 112.
Heterostemma Wight & Arnott, 319.
trnervia Wight, 112.
cuspidatum Dene., 319.
Habranthus versicolor Naves, 14.
versicolor Naves var. semiplenua Naves, Hewittia Wight & Arnott, 326.
bicolor Wight, 326.
14.
sublobata ( Linn. f. ) O. Ktze., 326.
Haenutnthus pubescen Blanco, 98.
Hexagonotheca cordata Turcz., 249.
Halem'a ternata Blanco, 156.
Hibiscus Linnaeus, 254.
Halimeda Lamouroux, 39.
abelmoschus Linn., 254.
opuntia (L.) Lamx., 39.
batacensis Blanco, 19, 255.
Harpullia Roxburg, 243.
bifurcatus Blanco, 254.
arbrea (Blanco) Radlk., 243.
cupanioides F.-Vill., 243.
mutabilis Linn., 254.
populneus Linn., 255.
Harrisonia Jussieu, 206.
rosa-sinensis Linn., 254.
bennetii Hook, f., 206.
surattensis Linn., 254.
perforata (Blanco) Merr., 206.
syriacus Linn., 12.
Hartighsea schizochitodes Turcz., 210.
Hedysarum pulchettum Linn., 184, 190.
tiliaceus Linn., 254.
vespertilionis Linn., 184.
vidalianus Naves, 12.
Helianthemum triflorvm Blanco, 250.
H Mia longiflora Blanco, 132.
Helicteres Linnaeus, 260.
Hippeastrum Herbert, 99.
aptala Blanco, 262.
miniatum Herb., 99.
hirsuta Lour., 260.
Hippocrateaceae, 236.

Guettarda Linnaeus, 366.

jabminiftora Blanco, 296.
polyandra Blanco, 304.
speciosa Blanco, 296.
speciosa Linn., 366.
vermicularis Blanco, 366.
Guiacum abilo Blanco, 208.
Guilandina bonducella Linn., 175.
nuga Linn., 176.
Guioa Cavanilles, 241.
koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr., 2S8, 241.
perrottetii Radlk., 238, 240, Sil, 242.
pleuropteris (Blume) Radlk., SS8, 241.
Guttiffrae, 265.
Gvmna.nth.era pedunculata F.-Vill., 320.
Gymnema R. Brown, 315.
tingens (Roxb.) W. & A., 315.
Gijmnopteris latifolia Presl, 42.
pnbquinquifida Presl, 42.
taccaefolia J. Sm., 42.
trilobata J. Sm., 42.
Gymnospermae, 52.
Gymnosporia Wight & Arnott, 235.
montana F.-Vill., 235.
spinosa (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, 235.
Gynandropsis de Candolle, 158.
pentaphylla (Linn.) DC, 158.
speciosa (HBK.) DC, 158.
Gynura Cassini, 381.
angulosa DC, 381.
sarmentosa DC, 381.
Gyrocarpus Jacquin, 155.
americanus Jacq., 155.
jacquinii Gaertn., 155.
lobatus Blanco, 155.
pendulus Blanco, 120.
Gyrostemon blaneoi Llanos, 218.

INDEX
Hippocratea Linnaeus, 236.
indica Willd., 236.
obtusifolia Roxb., 236.
volubilis Blanco, 236.
Hippocrepis comosa Blanco, 183.
humilis Blanco, 183.
multisiliquosa Blanco, 182.
rhomboidea Blanco, 183.
Hiptage Gaertner, 213.
javanica Blume, 213.
loheri Merr., 213.
madablota Gaertn., 213.
Hiraea reclinata Blanco, 213.
Holarrhena macrocarpa F.-Vill., 312.
procumbens Merr., 312.
Holcus saccharatus Blanco, 63.
aaccharatua Naves, 14.
sorghum Linn., 63.
Homalanthus Jussieu, 230.
populneus Pax, 224.
populneus (Geisel) Pax, var. laevis
(Blanco) Merr., 230.
populneus var. siccus Pax, 230.
Homolium aranga Vidal, 20.
barandae Vidal, 20.
joetidum Benth., 263.
grandiflorum Naves, 13, 20.
luzoniense F.-Vill., 20.
panayanum F.-Vill., 13, 20.
Homonoia Loureiro, 228.
riparia Lour., 228.
Hopea Roxburgh, 269.
acuminata Merr., 272.
,
pierrei Hance, 272.
plagata (Blanco) Vidal, 269.
squamata Turcz., 271.
tangili Blume, 269.
Horsfieldia ardisiifolia Warb., 268.
Hoya R. Brown, 318.
carnosa, Blanco, 318.
carnosa R. Br., 318.
diversifolia B!ume, 318.
mbricata Dene., 14.
luzonica Schltr., 318.
meliflua (Blanco) Merr., 318.
multiflora Blume, 317.
parasitica Wall., 317.
Hydnocarpus polyandra Blanco, 274.
Hydrangea oblongifolia Blume, 383.
Hydrilla L. C. Richard, 58.
verticillata ( Roxb. ) Royle, 58.
Hydrocharitaceae, 58.
Hydroclathrus Bory, 40.
cancellatus Bory, 40.
Hydrocotyle asitica Linn., 296.
monopetala Blanco, 358.
Hydrolea Linnaeus, 326.
arayatensis Blanco, 326.
zeylanica (Linn.) Vahl. 326.
Hydrophyllaceae, 326.
Hygrophila R. Brown, 352.
angustifolia R. Br., 352.
phlomoides Nes, var. roxburghii C. B
Clarke, 352.
salicifolia (Vahl) Nees, 852.
vndulata Blume, 352.

Hymenocallis Salisbury, 98.

adnata Herb., 98.
Jittoralis (Jacq.) Salisb., 98.
Hymenodictyon Wallich, 359.
excelsum (Roxb.) Wall., 359.
Hymenomycetaceae, 41.
Hypericum aegyptium Blanco, 265.
olympicum Blanco, 265.
pentandrum Blanco, 258.
Hypobathrum Blume, 364.
glomeratum (Barth) K. Sch., 364.
Hypoestes R. Brown, 356.
cinerea C. B. Clarke, 2, 356.
contorta Nes, 355.
laxiflora Nes, 356.
malaccensis Wight, 356.
Hypoxis aurea Lour., 100.
flava Merr., 100.
franquevlei Miq., 100.
Hyptage cebuensis Elm., 213.
Hyptis Jacquin, 338.
brevipes Poir., 338.
capitata Jacq., 338.
mariannarum Briq., 338.
spicigera Lam., 338.
suaveolens (Linn.) Poir., 338.
I
Icacinaceae, 237.
Ichnocarpus R. Brown, 313.
frutescens R. Br., 313.
navesii Rolfe, 313.
ovatifolius A. DC, 313.
Icica abilo Blanco, 208.
Ignatia amara Linn. ., 306.
Iilecebrum lanatum Murr., 138.
triandrum Llanos, 138.
Illigera Blume, 156.
appendiculata Vid., 156.
dubia F.-Vill, 156.
luzonensis (Presl) Merr., 156.
meyeniana Kunth, 156.
ternata Dunn, 156.
IlUpe betis Merr., 300.
Uysanthes Rafnesque, 348.
antipoda (Linn.) Merr., 349.
australis Merr., 23.
serrata (Roxb.) Urb.. 23. 348.
Impatiens Linnaeus, 243.
balsamina Linn., 243.
triflora Blanco, 243.
Imperata Cyrilli, 60.
cylindrica Beauv., 60.
exultt* Brongn., 60.
Indigofera Linnaeus, 178.
angustifolia Blanco, 179.
anil Linn., 179.
argntea. Blanco, 179.
hirsuta Blanco, 180.
hirsuta Linn., 179.
senegalensis Blanco, 180.
simplicifolia Lam., 179.
suffruticosa Mill., 179.
tinetoria Blanco, 179.
tinctoria Linn., 179.
tinetoria Naves, 179.
unifoliolata Merr., 178.

405

406
Inga lanceolata Blanco, 165.
timoriana DC, 169.
Intsia Thouars, 171.
bijuga O. Ktze., 171.
Inula cappa DC, 378.
Ipomoea Linnaeus, 322.
angustifolia Jacq., 325.
batatas (Linn.) Poir., 323.
blancoi Choisy, 322.
cairica Sweet, 14.
commutata R. & S., 322.
digitata Linn., 323.
glaberrima Boj., 321.
hepaticijolia Blanco, 324.
longiflora R. Br., 321.
muricata Jacq., 321.
nil Roth, S22,
paniculata (Linn.) R. Br., 323, StS.
paniculata Naves, 14.
peltata Choisy, 325.
pes-caprae (Linn.) Roth, 323.
pes-tigridis Linn., 323.
(uuinoclit Linn., 322.
reptans (Linn.) Poir., 324.
rcptanx Lianes, 325.
triloba Linn., 322.
turpethum R. Br., 325.
ventricosa Llanos, 325.
Iridaceae, 104.
Ischaemum Linnaeus, 61.
ciliare Retz., 61.
rugosum Salisb., 61.
Iteadaphne confusa Blume, 153.
Ixora Linnaeus, 367.
arbrea Blanco, 367.
chinensis Lam., 13.
coccnea Linn., 367.
cumingiana Vid., 367.
finlaysoniana Wall., 367.
glandulosa Blanco, 365.
incarnata Naves, 13.
macrophylla Bartl., 367.
manila Blanco, 364.
pendula Jack, 368.
philippinensis Merr., 13, 368.
rosea Naves, 13.
slricta Roxb., 367.
ambellata Valeton, 367.

Jacquemontia Choisy, 326.

paniculata (Burm. f.) Hallier f., 326.
Jambolifera pedunculata Linn., 199.
Jambosa cauliflora DC, 290.
vulgaris DC, 290.
Jasminum Linnaeus, 304.
aculeatum (Blanco) Walp., S3, 304.
blancoi Hassk., 23, 305.
marianum DC, 304.
sambac ( Linn. ) Ait., S3, 305.
Jatropha Linnaeus, 229.
curcas Linn., 229.
janipha Blanco, 229.
manihot Linn., 229.
multifida Linn., 22$.

INDEX
Juglandaceae, 120.
Jussiaea Linnaeus, 293.
erecta Blanco, 293.
fluviatilis Blume, 293.
inclinata Blanco, 293.
repens Linn., 293.
suffruticosa Linn., 293.
Justicia Linnaeus, 356.
dalaora Blanco, 355.
tclolium Blanco, 354.
gendarussa Blanco, 355.
gendarussa Burm. f., 356.
mollissima Nees, 357.
nasuta Linn., 356.
picta Linn., 354.
procumbens Linn., 357.
viridis Blanco, 356.

K
Kadaura blancoi Azaola, 237.
Kaempferia Linnaeus, 110.
galanga Linn., 110.
rotunda Blanco, 110.
Kalanchoe Adanson, 161.
laciniata DC, 161.
spathulata DC, 161.
Kayea Wallich, 267.
garciae Vesque, 19.
navesii Vesque, 19.
paniculata (Blanco) Merr, 18, 19, 267.
racemosa PI. & Tr., 267.
Kickxia arbrea Naves, 13.
blancoi Rolfe, 13.
Kirganelia alba Blanco, 217.
nigrescens Blanco, 218.
pumila Blanco, 216.
triandra Blanco, 217.
villosa Blanco, 217.
Kleinhovia Linnaeus, 260.
hospita Linn., 260.
serrata Blanco, 261.
Kvautia sagittata Blanco, 377.
Knema glomerata (Blanco) Merr., 10, 151.
heterophylla Warb., 20, 151.
Koelreuteria arbrea Blanco, 241.
edulis Blanco, 239.
Ko'owratia Presl, 110.
elegans Pres!, 23, 110.
Koordersiodendron Engler, 234.
celebicum Engl., 234.
pinnatum (Blanco) Merr., 234.
Kosteletzkya Presl., 255.
batacensis (Blanco) F.-VilL, 19, 265.
Kurrimia gracilis Vid., 243.
Kyllinga Rottboell, 81.
monocephala Rottb., 81.
triceps Linn. ., 81.
Kyrtandra aristata Blanco, 346.
capsularis Blanco, 349.
personata Blanco, 348.
serrata Blanco, 349.
L.
Labiatae, 336.
Lablab cultratus DC, 193.
Lachnopetalum glabrum Turcx., 42.

INDEX
Lagenaria Seringe, 373.
leucantha (Lam.) Rusby, 373.
vulgaris Seringe, 373.
Lagerstroemia Linnaeus, 281.
indica Linn., 281.
speciosa (Linn.) Pers., 281.
Lansium Correa, 211.
domesticum Correa, 211.
Lantana Linnaeus, 330.
cmara Linn., 330.
viburnoides Blanco, 330.
Laportea Gaudichaud, 130.
gaudichaudiana Wedd., 130.
meyeniana (Walp) Warb., 130.
Lauraceae, 152.
Laurus cassia Blanco, 152.
eirinamomum Blanco, 152.
cinnamomum Linn., 1C2.
culilaban Blanco, 152.
hexandra Blanco, 153.
hexandra Willd., 153.
lanosa Blanco, 155.
niartinicensis Blanco, 155.
persea Linn., 152.
serrata Blanco, 276.
Lawsonia Linnaeus, 281.
inermis Linn., 281.
Lechea minor Blanco, 94.
Lecythidaceae, 282.
Leea Linnaeus, 247.
aculeata Blanco, 247.
aculeata Blume, 247.
biserrata Miq., 247.
manillensis Walp., 247.
rubra Blume, 247.
yambucina Blanco, 247
Leersia Swartz, 71.
hexandra Sw., 71.
Legazpia triptera Blanco, 347.
Legnotis lanceolata Blanco, 287.
Leguminosae, 165.
Lemnaceae, 93.
Lemna Linnaeus, 93.
gibba Blanco, 93.
paucicostata Hegelm., 93.
Lentibulariaceae, 351.
Leonurus Linnaeus, 336.
sibiricus Linn., 336.
Lepidagathis Willdenow, 353.
luzona Nees, 353.
secunda (Blanco) Nees, 353.
Lepidopetalum Blume, 242.
perrottetii (Cambess.) Blume, 242.
Lepistemon Blume, 321.
binectariferum (Wall.) O. Ktze., 321.
flavescens Blume, 321.
Leptochilus subquinguifidus Fe, 42.
zottingeri Fe, 42.
Leucaena glauca Benth., 13.
Leucas R. Brown, 336.
spera Spreng., 336.
lavandulifolia Smith, 336.
Unifolia Spreng., 336.
Ligustrum Quadriloculare Blanco, 20, 353.
Liliaceae, 95.

407

Limnanthemum Gmelin, 307.

cristatum Griseb., 307.
indicum (Linn.) Griseb., 307.
Limnophila R. Brown, 345.
confera Benth., 345.
gratioloides R. Br., 345.
menthastrutn Benth., 345.
my rio phylloides Llanos, 345.
repets Benth., 345.
roxburghii G. Don, 345.
rugosa (Roth) Merr., 345.
stclonifera (Blanco) Merr., 345.
Limnophyton obtusifolium Mia., 58.
Limonia corymbosa Blanco, 202.
disticha Blanco, 202.
engleriana Perk., 203.
glutinosa Blanco, 19, 203.
laureola Blanco, 161.
linearis Blanco, 202.
monophylla Blanco, 202.
yionophylla Linn., 202.
trifolia Burm. f., 202.
trifoliata Linn., 202.
Lindenbergia Lehmann, 344.
philippensis (Cham.) Benth., 344.
Lindernia Allioni, 347.
crustcea (Linn.) F. Muell., 347.
pusilla (Thunb.) Merr., 347.
pyxidaria All., 348.
scubra Wettst., 347.
viscosa (Willd.) Merr., 14.
Lindsaya ensifolia Sw., 46.
retusa Mitt., 47.
Liparia badocana Blanco, 180.
Lippia Linnaeus, 330.
nodiflora (Linn.) Rich, 330.
Litsea Lamarck, 153.
albayana Vid., 154.
chinensis Lam., 153.
glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob., 163, 164.
litoralis F.-Vill., 164.
luzonica Blanco, 335.
obtusata F.-Vill., 154.
tersa Merr., 153.
villosa Blume, 155.
Livistona R. Brown, 84.
blancoi Merr., 84.
merriii Becc, 84.
papuana Becc, 84.
rotundifolia Mart., 84.
whitfordii Becc, 84.
Llanosia toquian Blanco, 19, 264.
Lochnera Reichenbach, 309.
rosea (Linn.) Reichb., 309.
Loganiaceae, 305.
Lonicera symphoricarpos Blanco, 131.
Loranthaceae, 131.
Loranthus Linnaeus, 131.
amputtaceus Roxb., 14, 132.
blancoanus F.-Vill., 383.
haenkeanus Presl, 14.
malifolius Presl, 14.
.pauciflorus Blanco, 132.
philippensis Cham. & Schlecht, 131, 132.
tomentosus Blanco, 132.
tomentoaus Naves, 14.

408

INDEX

MaUococca crenata Blanco, 250.

Lourea Necker, 184.
parva Blanco, 250.
vespertilionis (Linn.) Desv., 184.
Mallotus Loureiro, 221.
Lcuma Jussieu, 301.
ftoribundus Muell.-Arg., 223.
mamosa (Linn.) Gaertn., 301.
moluccanus Muell.-Arg., 222, 223.
Luffa Linnaeus, 372.
muricatus Muell.-Arg., 222.
acutangula (Linn.) Roxb., 372.
papillaris (Blanco) Merr., 223.
acutangula Roxb. var. amara C B. Clarke,
rpandus Muell.-Arg., 223.
373.
resinosus (Blanco) Merr., 222.
cylindrica (Linn.) Roem., 372.
ricinoides (Pers.) Muell.-Arg., 221, Mi.
petla Sering., 372.
tiliifolius Muell.-Arg., 223.
Luisia Gaudichaud, 114.
zollingeri Muell.-Arg., 223.
teretifolia Gaudich., 114.
Malpighiaceae, 213.
Lumanaja fluviatilis Blanco, 228.
Malsherbia globosa Blanco, 383.
Lumnitzera Willdenow, 287.
Malulucban Blanco, 133.
coccnea W. & A., 287.
Malvaceae, 251.
littorea (Jack.) Voigt, 287.
coromandelina. Linn., 252.
purpurea Presl, 287.
luzonica Blanco, 252.
racemosa Willd., 287.
moschata Blanco, 194.
Lunasia Blanco, 198.
Malvastrum A. Gray, 252.
amara Blanco, 198.
coromandelinum (L.) Garcke, 252.
Lupinus angustifalius Blanco, 182.
tricuspidatum A. Gray, 252.
Lycopersicum Miller, 341.
Mamboga capitata Blanco, 360.
esculcntum Mill., 341.
Mammea asitica Linn., 282.
Lycopodiaceae, 51.
Mangifera Linnaeus, 232.
Lycopodium Linnaeus, 51.
a'tissima Blanco, 232.
cernuum Linn., 51.
anisodora Blanco, 232.
dichotomum Blanco, 51.
indica Linn., 232.
gnidioides Blanco, 61.
longipes Griff., 232.
selago Linn., 51.
pinnata Blanco, 383.
squarrosum Forst, 51.
pinnata Linn, f., 383.
Lygodium Swartz, 49.
rostrata
Blanco, 232.
circinnatum ( Burn, f. ) Sw., 49, 50.
Manihot Adanson, 229.
flexuosum Sw., 49.
utilissima Pohl, 229.
japonicum Sw., 49.
Manisuris exaltata O. Ktze., 65.
scandens Sw., 49.
Manungala pendula Blanco, 206.
semihastatum ( Cav. ) Desv., 49.
Marantaceae, 112.
Lythraceae, 280.
Maranta arundinacea Blanco, 112.
M
Marasmius Fries, 41.
Marattiaceae, 50.
Macanea arbrea Blanco, 18, 146.
Mariscus Vahl, 80.
Macaranga Thouars, 226.
albescens Gaudich., 78, 80.
grandifolia (Blanco) Merr., 226.
dilutus (Vahl) Nees, 80. 81.
mappa Muell.-Arg., 226.
microcephalus Presl, 81.
porteana E. Andr, 226.
stuppeus ( Forst. ) Merr., 78, 80.
tanarius (Linn.) Muell.-Arg. var. to- Marrubium indicum Blanco, 338.
mentosa Muell.-Arg., 226.
Marsdenia R. Brown, 318.
Maesa Forskal, 297.
akkar Blanco, 318.
cumingiana Mez, 297.
parasitica Blanco, 317.
denticulata Mez, 297.
tagudinia Blanco, 318.
indica A. DC, 298.
tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br., 318.
indica A. DC. var. coricea A. DC, 297.
Marsileaceae, 50.
laxa Mez, 297, 298.
Marsilea Linnaeus, 50.
membrancea Blanco, 297.
crenata Presl, 50.
Magnoliaceae, 146.
mearnsii Christ, 50.
Magnolia angatensis Blanco, 146.
minuta Blanco, 50.
Malacapai Blanco, 303.
trijolia Blanco, 50.
Malachra Linnaeus, 253.
Matricaria chamomilla Blanco, 881.
capitata Linn., 253.
Medinilla lagunae Vidal, 20.
fasciata Jacq., 253.
magnifica Lindl., 383.
fasciata Jacq., var. lineariloba Gurke, 253. Meladenia densiflora Turcz., 180.
lineariloba Turcz., 253.
Melaleuca grandiflora Blanco, 257.
Malaisia Blanco, 122.
Melanolepis Reichenbach f. & Zollinger, 223.
scandens (Lour.) Planch., 122.
multiglandulosa (Blume) Reichb. Zoll
tortuosa Blanco, 122.
at, 223.
Malaxis, 117.
Melastomataceae, 291.

INDEX
Melastoma Linnaeus, 291.
asperum Blanco, 291.
dodecandrum Blanco, 292.
homostegium Naud., 292.
imbricatum Wall., 292.
malabathricum Blanco, 291.
malabathricum Linn., 292.
malabathricum. Naves, 13.
obvolutum Blanco, 291.
obvolutum Jack, 292.
penicillatum Naud., 13.
polyanthum Blume, 291.
sanguineum Sims, 292.
tamonea Blanco, 292.
Meliaceae, 208.
Helia Linnaeus, 209.
azedarach Blanco, 209.
candoUei Juss., 209.
composite/. Blanco, 209.
dubia Cav., 209.
oilo Blanco, 212.
Mlica philippensis Llanos, 74.
Melicocca triptera Blanco, 239.
Melicope Forster, 198.
confera Blanco, 199.
luzonensis Engl., 198.
ternata Vid., 198.
tetrandra Blanco, 197.
triphylla (Lam.) Merr., 198.
Melochia Linnaeus, 258.
arbrea Blanco, 258.
concatenata Linn., 258.
corchorifolia Linn., 258.
supina Linn., 258.
umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf., 258.
MelodoTum fulgens Hook. f. & Th., 149.
Melothria Linnaeus, 370.
indica Lour., 370.
Memecylon Linnaeus, 292.
clausifloTum Naud., 293.
cumingianum Presl, 293.
edule Roxb. var. ovatum C. B. Clarke, 292.
lanceolatum Blanco, 293.
ovatum Smith, 292.
parviflorum Blanco, 292.
pyrifolium Presl, 293.
tinetorium Blanco, 292.
Menais mollis Blanco, 328.
Menispermaceae, 144.
cocculus Linn., 145.
flavum Linn., 145.
rimosum Blanco, 145.
Mentha Linnaeus, 337.
arvensis Linn., 337.
auricularia Blanco, 337.
cablin Blanco, 337.
crispa Blanco, 337.
Menyantkes indica Linn., 307.
Mercadoa mndalojonensis Naves, 221.
Merremia Dennstaedt, 324.
caespitosa Hallier f., 824.
distillatoria (Blanco) Merr., 325.
emarginata ( Bursa, f. ) Hallier f., 324.
hirta (Linn.) Merr., 324.
nymphaeifolia (Blume) Hallier f., 825.
similis Elm., 325.

Mesua lepidota T. Andr., 18.

Metrosidero8 pictipetala Blanco, 287.
vera Rumph., 287.
Mezoneurum Desfontaines, 176.
glabrum Desf., 176.
latisiliquum (Cav. )Merr., 176.
procumbens Blanco, 176.
pubescens Desf., 176.
Michelia Linnaeus, 146.
champaca Linn., 146.
Micromelum Blume, 200.
compressum (Blanco) Merr., 200.
glabrescens Benth., 200.
molle Turcz., 200.
pubescens Blume, 200.
tephrocarpum Turcz., 200.
Mikania Willdenow, 377.
scandens Willd., 377.
Milium zonatum Llanos, 64.
Millettia luzonensis A. Gray, 181.
merrillii Perk., 13.
piscatoria Merr., 186.
splendens W. & A., 186.
xylocarpa Naves, 13.
Mittingtonia pinnata Blanco, 350.
quadripinnata Blanco, 350.
Mimosoideae, 165.
Mimosa Linnaeus, 167.
acle Blanco, 165.
asperata Blanco, 167.
biglobosa Roxb., 169.
blancoana Llanos, 194.
carisquis Blanco, 166.
coriaria Blanco, 166.
farnesiana Linn., 166.
lebbek Blanco, 166.
membranulacea Blanco, 175.
peregrina Blanco, 168, 169.
pdica Linn., 167.
punctata Blanco, 168.
(uadrivalvis Linn., 167.
scutifera Blanco, 165.
scutifera, var. casai Blanco, 166.
tenuifolia Blanco, 167.
unguis-cati Blanco, 165.
virgata Blanco, 168.
Mimulus violaceus Azaola, 347.
Mimusops Linnaeus, 302.
elengi Linn., 13, 302.
crythroxylum Llanos, 302.
parvifolia R. Br., 302.
talosan Blanco, 260.
Mirabilis Linnaeus, 139.
jalapa Linn., 139.
longiflora Blanco, 139.
Mitragyna Korthals, 360.
diversifolia Havil., 360.
rotundifolia ( Roxb. ) O. Ktxe., 860.
Mitrephora Blume, 149.
ferruginea Merr., 149.
la notan (Blanco) Merr., 149.
merrillii C. B. Rob.
Mocanera grandiflora Blanco, 268.
guiso Blanco, 270.
malaanonan Blanco, 271.
mangachapoi Blanco, 272.

409

410
Mocanera grandiflora Blanco, 268Cont.
mayapis Blanco, 269.
plagata Blanco, 269.
polysperma Blanco, 269.
thurifera Blanco, 269.
verniciflua Blanco, 268.
Modecca cardiophylla Mast., 276.
coccnea Blanco, 276.
heterophylla Blume, 276.
palmata Lam., 276.
parviflra Blanco, 276.
saponaria Blanco, 371.
trilobata Blanco, 276.
trilobata Roxb., 371.
Mogorium aculeatum Blanco, 304.
Molinaca arbrea Blanco, 242.
Mollugo Linnaeus, 140.
hirta Thunb., 140.
lotoides ( Linn. ) O. Ktze., 140.
oppositifolia Linn., 141.
pentaphylla Linn., 141.
spergula Linn., 141.
stricta Linn., 141.
subserrata Blanco, 141.
Momordica Linnaeus, 370.
balsamina Blanco, 370.
charantia Linn., 370.
cochinchinensis Spreng., 371.
cylindrica Blanco, 370.
operculata Blanco, 372.
ovata Cogn., 371.
sphaeroidea Blanco, 371.
Monocarpia blancoi F.-Vill., 18, 146.
Monocera isotricha Turcz., 248.
Monochorea hasta ta (Linn.) Solms, 96.
Monocotyledons, 53.
Monodora myristica Blanco, 146.
Moraceae, 122.
Morinda Linnaeus, 368.
bracteata Roxb., 369.
citrifolia Blanco, 369.
citrifolia Linn., 368.
ligulata Blanco, 369.
litoralis Blanco, 368.
microcephala Barth, 369.
royoc Blanco, 369.
tinctoria Roxb., 369.
umbellata Blanco, 369.
umbeUata Linn., 369.
volubilis (Blanco) Merr., 369.
Moringaceae, 160.
Moringa Jussieu, 160.
olefera Lam., 160.
ptcrt/gospernia Gaertner, 160.
Moras Linnaeus, 122.
alba Linn., 122.
luzonica Blanco, 122.
tinctoria Blanco, 123.
Moschosma Reichenbach, 339.
polystachyum (Linn.) Benth., 839.
Mucuna Adanson, 187.
atropurprea DC, 188.
imbricata DC, 187.
lyonii Merr., 188.
monosperma DC, 187.

INDEX
Mucuna Adanson, 187Continued,
nigricans (Lour.) Steud., 187.
nivea (Roxb.) DC, 188.
pruriens (Linn.) DC, 188.
Muehlenbeckia platyclados Meissn., 14.
Munchausia speciosa Linn., 281.
Muntingia calabura Linn., 13.
Murraya Linnaeus, 201.
cerasiformia Blanco, 199.
exotica Blanco, 199.
exotica Linn., 201.
lobata Blanco, 199.
odorata Blanco, 201.
paniculata (Linn.) Jack, 201.
Musaceae, 104.
Musa Linnaeus, 104.
abaca Perr., 105.
amboinensis Rumph., 105.
cavendishii Lamb. var. pumila Teodoro,
108.
errans (Blanco) Teodoro, 104, 105.
errans (Blanco) Teodoro var. botoa
Teodoro, 106.
glauca Roxb., 104.
paradisiaca Linn., 104.
var. cinerea Blanco, 106, 107.
var. compressa Blanco, 108.
var. glaberrima Blanco, 106.
var. glauca Blanco, 107.
var. lacatan Blanco, 107.
var. longa Blanco, 108.
var. magna Blanco, 108.
var. maxima Blanco, 109.
var. pumila Blanco, 108.
var. suaveolens Blanco, 106.
var. subrubea Blanco, 109.
var. ternatensis Blanco, 107.
var. tombak Blanco, 108.
var. ulnaris Blanco, 107.
var. violcea Blanco, 106.
subsp. sapientum (Linn.) O. Ktze., 107.
sapientum Linn., 104.
var. cinerea (Blanco) Teodoro, 106.
var. compressa Teodoro, 108.
var. glaberrima (Blanco) Teodoro,
106.
var. glauca (Blanco) Teodoro, 107.
var. lacatan (Blanco) Teodoro, 107.
var. longa (Blanco) Teodoro, 108.
var. suaveolens (Blanco) Teodoro, 106.
var. ternatensis (Blanco) Teodoro, 107.
var. tombak (Blanco) Teodoro, 108.
var. violcea (Blanco Teodoro, 106.
textilis Ne, 104, 105.
troglodytarum Blanco, 105.
trogtodytarum Linn. 104.
var. dolioliformis Blanco, 104.
var. errans Blanco, 105.
var. textoria Blanco, 105.
Mussaenda Linnaeus, 362.
frondosa Blanco, 362.
glabra Vahl, 362.
grandiflora Rolfe, 362.
philippica Rich, 362.
Myriotheea arborescens Blanco, 50.

INDEX
Myristicaceae, 161.
Myristica Linnaeus, 151.
corticosa F.-Vill., 151.
corticosa Hook. f. & Th., 152.
heteropkytta F.-Vill., 20, 151.
intermedia Blume, 152.
luzonica Blanco, 151.
philippensis Lam., 151.
Myroxylon decline Blanco, 274.
Myrsinaceae, 297.
Myrtaceae, 287.
Myrtus communis Blanco, 288.
mananquil Bianco, 290.
tmbrubens Blanco, 291.
tripinnata Blanco, 291.

Najadaceae, 57.
Najas Linnaeus, 57.
foveolata A. Br., 57.
lobata Blanco, 57.
obvoluta Blanco, 49.
palustris Blanco, 57.
tenuifolia R. Br., 57.
Nama jdmaicensis Blanco, 326.
Napaea latifolia Blanco, 253.
scabra Blanco, 253.
Naravelia de Candolle, 144.
laurifolia Wall, 144.
lobata (Llanos) Merr., 144.
loheri Merr. & Rolfe, 144.
zeylanica DC, 144.
Nasturtium indicum Linn., 157.
Nauclea Auct., 361.
Nauelea Linnaeus 362.
adina Blanco, 360.
blancoi Vid., 361.
calycina Bartl., 361.
digitata Blanco, 295.
ylabcrrima Bartl., 362.
glabra Blanco, 361.
glandulosa Blanco, 361.
lanceolata Blanco, 361.
latifolia Blanco, 361.
lutea Blanco, 362.
tuzoniensis Blanco, 360.
media Havil., 361.
obtusa Blanco, 361.
obtusa Blume, 361.
orientalis Linn., 362.
purpurea Roxb., 361.
Negretia mitis Blanco, 188.
pruriens Blanco, 188.
urens Blanco, 187.
Nelumbium Jussieu, 143.
nelumbo (Linn.) Druce, 143.
speciosum Willd., 143.
turbinatum Blanco, 143.
Neonauclea Merrill, 361.
calycina (Bartl.) Merr., 361.
media (Havil.) Merr., 361.
Nepenthaceae, 160.
Nepenthes Linnaeus, 160.
;ilata Bianco, 160.
ventricosa Blanco, 160.

Nephelium. glabrum Noronha, 240.

longana Camb., 240Nephrolepis Schott, 13.
acuta Pres!, 48.
biserrata (Sw.) Schott, 43.
davallioides Kunze, 42.
ramosa Moore, 46.
Nerium Linnaeus, 313.
indicum Mill., 313.
odorum Soland., 313.
oleander Blanco, 313.
Nicotiana Linnaeus, 344.
frutescens Blanco, 344.
fruticosa Blanco, 344.
pusilla Blanco, 344.
rustica Linn., 344.
tabacum Linn., 344.
Niota globosa Blanco, 225.
tetrapetala Poir., 206.
Nipa Wurmb. 90.
frulicans Wurmb. 90.
lltoralis Blanco, 90.
Nopalea Salm-Dyck, 278.
cochinelifera (Mill.) Salm-Dyck, 278
Norrisia walaccensis Gardn., 305.
Nothaphoebe Blume, 153.
malabonRa (Blanco) Merr., 15S.
umbelliflora Blume, 153.
Nothochlaena piloscloides Llanos, 47.
Notholaena piloselloides Kaulf., 47.
Nothopanax Miquel, 295.
fruticosum (Linn.) Miq., 295.
Notochnella fascicularis Van Tiegh., 264.
Nyctaginaceae, 139.
Nyctanthes sambac Linn., 305.
Nymphaeaceae, 143.
Nymphaea Linnaeus, 143.
lotus Blanco, 143.
pubescens Willd., 143.
O
Oberonia Lindley, 113, 117.
iridifolia Lindl., 113.
Ochnaceae, 263.
Ochna Linnaeus, 263.
fascicularis Blanco, 263.
Ochrocarpus blancoi F.-Vill., 266.
Ocimum Linnaeus, 340.
album Blanco, 340.
americanum Blanco, 340.
basilicum Linn., 340.
citriodorum Blanco, 340.
flexuosum Blanco, 340.
sanctum Linn., 340.
tenuiflorum Blanco, 339.
virgatum Blanco, 340.
Odina speciosa Blume, 234.
Odontosoria retusa J. Sm., 47.
Oenotheraceae, 293.
Olacaceae, 134.
Olax Linnaeus, 134.
baticulin Blanco, 154.
imbricata Roxb., 134.
Oldenlandia Plumier, 357.
affinis Blanco, 358.
1
biflora Linn., 857.

411

412
Oldenlandia Plumier, 357Continued.
capensis Blanco, 358.
corymbosa Linn., 358.
diffusa (Willd.) Roxb., 358.
nudicaulis Roth, 358.
ovatifolia DC, 358.
pa.nicv.lata Linn., 357.
Oleaceae, 304.
Oleandra Cavanilles, 43.
colubrina Copel., 43.
neriiformis Cav., 43.
Omphalea Linnaeus, 230.
bracteata (Blanco) Merr., 2J, 230.
philippinensis Merr., 230.
Omphalobium obliquum Presl, 163.
pictum Blanco, 163.
Onychium Kaulfuss, 45.
auratum Kaulf., 45.
siliculosum (Desv.) C. Chr., 45.
Operculina S. Manso, 325.
turpethum (Linn.) S. Manso, 325.
Ophiofflossaceae, 51.
Ophiorrhiza Linnaeus, 358.
oblongifolia DC, 358.
triandra Blanco, 358.
Ophyrs cernua Blanco, 114.
Opiliaceae, 133.
Opilia cumingiana Baill., 134.
manillana Baill., 134.
Oplismenus Beauvois, 67.
burmannii Beauv., 67.
compositus (L. ) Beauv., 67.
Opunta, 278.
Crania Zippel, 88.
palindan (Blanco) Merr., 88.
philippinensis Scheff., 88.
regalis Blume, 88.
Orchidaceae, 112.
Orchis langera Blanco, 117.
Orixa ternata Blanco, 197.
Ormosia Jackson, 177.
calavensis Azaola, 177.
Ornithrophe triandra Blanco, 384.
Orobanchaceae, 351.
Oroxylum Ventenat, 350.
indicum (Linn.) Vent., 350.
Orthopogon dichotomus Llanos, 65.
hirtellus R. Br., 67.
hispidus Spreng., 65.
foliaceus Llanos, 64.
setarius Llanos, 67.
subverticillatus Llanos, 65.
Oryza Linnaeus, 69.
aristata Blanco, 70.
glutinosa Lour., 70.
latifolia Desv., 69, 70.
praecox Lour., 69, 70.
sativa Linn., 69.
binamban Blanco, 70.
glutinosa Blanco, 70.
lamuyo Blanco, 70.
pilosa Blanco, 69.
praecox Blanco, 69.
quinanda Blanco, 70.

INDEX
Oryza Linnaeus, 69Continued.
rubra Blanco, 70.
violcea B.anco, 70.
Osbeckia Linnaeus, 292.
chinensis Linn., 292.
multiflora Blanco, 292.
sinensis Blanco, 292.
Osbornia octodonta, F.-Muell., 20.
Otolepis nigrescens Turcz., 239.
Otophora Blume, 239.
blancoi Blume, 239.
fruticosa Blume, 239.
nigrescens F.-VilL, 239.
paradoxa Bl., 350.
paucijuga F.-Vill., 239.
pinnata Merr., 239.
Ottelia Persoon, 59.
alismoides Pers., 59.
ensiformis Blanco, 59.
Oxalidaceae, 195.
Oxalis Linnaeus, 195.
acetosella Blanco, 195.
corniculata Auct., 195.
corniculata Linn., 195.
repens Thunb., 195.
sensitiva Linn., 195.
Oxystel-ma bifidum Llanos, 316.

Pachyrrhizus Richard, 193.

angulatus Rich., 193.
erosus (L.) Urban, 193.
jicamas Blanco, 193.
montanus Blanco, 189.
teres Blanco, 189.
Padina Adanson, 40.
australis Hauck., 40.
Paederia Linnaeus, 368.
foetida Blanco, 368.
foetida Linn., 368.
tacpo Blanco, 368.
tomentosa Blume, 368.
Pahudia Miquel, 171.
rhomboidea (Blanco) Prain, 171.
Palaquium Blanco, 300.
lanceolatum Blanco, 301.
latifolium Blanco, 20, 300.
latifolium Naves, 13, 20.
luzoniense Vidal, 13, 20.
merrillii Dubard, 301.
oleiferum Blanco, 20, 300.
philippsnse (Perr.) C B. Rob., 10, 300.
Valiums dao Blanco, 234.
dubius Blanco, 206.
edulis Blanco, 234.
lamiyo Blanco, 234.
perforatus Blanco, 206.
Palmae, 84.
Panax fruticosum Linn., 295.
Pancratium Linnaeus, 99.
amboinense ( Linn. ) Lindl., 99.
illyricum Blanco, 98.
maritimum Blanco, 98.
zeylanicum Linn., 99.
Pandanaceae, 4.

INDEX
Pandanus Linnaeus f., 54.
arayatensis Merr., 55.
bagea Miq., 64.
banahaensis Elm., 55.
blancoi Kunth, 55.
coronatus Martelli, 55, 56.
dubius Spreng., 56.
exaltatus Blanco, 54.
fasciciaris Lam., 54.
gracilis Blanco, 56.
hinnis Rumph., 57.
inermis Blanco, 96.
malatensis Blanco, 55.
moxckatus Rumph., 96.
odoratissimus Linn. f., 55.
alango Blanco, 54.
radicans Blanco, 54.
sabotan Blanco, 56.
sanderi Hort., 55.
spiralis R. Br., 55.
tt-otorius Sol., 55, 56.
utilissimus Elm., 56.
i'eitchi Hort., 55.
vidalii Mart., 55, 56.
whitfordii Merr., 57.
Pangium Reinwardt, 274.
edule Reinw., 274.
Panicum Linnaeus, 64.
amplexicaule Rudge, 66.
arnottianum Nees., 74.
colonum Linn., 65.
crispum Llanos, 66.
crus galli Linn., 65.
distachyum Linn., 66.
elythroblepharum Steud., 64.
helopus Trin., 68.
hispidulum Lam., 65.
ischaemoides Retz., 67.
lanceolatum Retz., 67.
malabaricum Merr., 74.
miliaceum Blanco, 68.
miliiforme PresL, 67.
multinode Presl, 66.
muticum Forst., 63.
nodosum Kunth, 66.
polygonatum Llanos, 66.
prostratum Lam., 66.
psilopodium Trin., 66.
radicans Llanos, 66.
repens Linn., 67.
reptans Linn., 66.
setigerum Retz., 68.
stagninum Retz., 64.
tuberosum Llanos, 67.
violaceum Llanos, 66.
Papaveraceae. 156,
Papilionatae, 177.
Parameria Bentham, 312.
barbata (Blume) K. Schum., 312.
philippinensis Radlk., 312.
Parashorea Kurz, 271.
malaanonan (Blanco) Merr., 271.
plicata Brandis, 271.
Paratropia crassa Blanco, 295.
obtusa Blanco, 295.

Pardantkus chinensis Ker, 14.

Parinarium Aublet, 162.
corymbosum (Blume) Miq., 162.
griffithianum Benth., 162.
salicifolium Presl, 162.
Parkeriaceae, 49.
Parkia R. Brown, 168.
biglobosa Benth., 169.
javanica (Lam.) Merr., 168, 169.
roxburghii G. Don., 169.
Parosela Cavanilles, 180.
glandulosa (Blanco) Merr., 180.
Parsonsia R. Brown, 313.
confusa Merr., 313.
cumingii A. DC, 314.
rheed F.-Vill-, 313.
spiralis Wall., 314.
Pasac Blanco, 162.
Paspalum Linnaeus, 63.
fasciculatum Llanos, 64.
moUicomum Kunth, 63.
scrobiculatum Linn., 63.
sumatrense Roth, 63.
viosum Blanco, 63.
Passifloraceae, 276.
Passiflora Linnaeus, 276.
coccnea Blanco, 276.
edulis Sims, 276.
laurifolia Linn., 276.
minima Blanco, 276.
parviflora Blanco, 276.
saponaria Blanco, 371.
serrulata Blanco, 276.
zueca Blanco, 276.
Pavetta Linnaeus, 366.
angustifolia R. & S., 366.
filiformis Llanos, 368.
manillensis Walp., 367.
membrancea Blanco, 366.
sambucina Blanco, 366.
sambucina DC, 366.
Payena betis F.-Vill., 300.
Pedaliaceae, 351.
Pedicellaria pentaphylla Schrcnk, 168
Pelargonium L'Hritier, 194.
capitatum Ait., 194.
fragrans Willd., 194.
odoratissimum Ait., 194.
radula (Cav.) L'Hrit., 194.
Pelexia ? falcata Llanos, 117.
Peltophorum inerme Naves, 13.
Pemphis Frster, 280.
acidula Forst., 280.
setosa Blanco, 280.
Pennisetum compressum R. Br., 68.
macrostachyum Trin., 68.
nigricans Miq., 68.
Pentapetes Linnaeus, 257.
cebuana Blanco, 257.
coccnea Blanco, 257.
phoenicea Linn., 257.
Perdicium, tomentosum Blanco, 377.
Perguiara filipes Schltr., 319.
glabra Blanco, 319.
glandulosa Blanco, 319.

413

414
Pergularia filipes Schltr., 319Continued.
minor Andr., 320.
procumbens Blanco, 319.
Periploca calumpitensis Llanos, 314.
Peristrophe Nees, 355.
bivalvis (Linn.) Merr., 355.
contorta F.-Vill., 355.
tinctoria Nees, 355.
Persea Gaertner, 152.
americana Mill., 152.
aratissima Gaertn., 152.
Petaloma alba Blanco, 287.
coccnea Blanco, 287.
Phaeanthus Hooker f. & Thomson, 148.
cumingii Miq 148.
ebracteolatus (Presl) Merr., 148.
malabaricus Naves, 12.
nutans F.-Vill., 148.
suberosus Hook f. & Th., 12.
Phaeophyceae, 40.
Phalaenopsis Blume, 115.
amabilis Blume, 115.
aphrodite Reichb. f., 115.
Phaleria Jack, 278.
cumingii F.-Vill., 278.
perrottetiana (Decne.) F.-Vill., 278.
Phanera blancoi Benth., 172.
Phaseolus Linnaeus, 191.
aureus Roxb., 191.
' bulai Blanco, 177.
calcaratus Roxb., 193.
caracaXla Blanco, 192.
cylindricus Linn., 192.
ilocanus Blanco, 191.
inamoenus Blanco, 191.
lunatus Linn., 191.
mungo Blanco, 191.
tunkinensis Blanco, 191.
vexiUatus Blanco, 191.
vulgaris Blanco, 191.
Phlomis alba Blanco, 336.
zeylanica Blanco, 336.
Phragmites Trinius, 72.
communis Trin., 72.
vulgaris ( Lam. ) Trin., 72.
Phreatia limenophylax Benth., 117.
Phyllanthus Linnaeus, 216.
acidissimus Muell.-Arg., 216.
albus Muell.-Arg., 217.
blancoanus MueH.-Arg., 217.
earolinianus Blanco, 216.
distichus Muell.-Arg., 216.
kirganelia Blanco, 216.
niruri Blanco, 217.
niruri Linn., 216.
philippinensis Muell.-Arg., 217.
pumilus Muell.-Arg., 216.
reticulatus Poir., 216.
tetrander Blanco, 217.
triandrus Muell.-Arg-., 217.
villosus Muell.-Arg., 217.
Physalis Linnaeus, 341.
indica Lam., 341.
laneeifolia Nees, 341.
minima Linn., 341.

INDEX
Physalis Linnaeus, 341Continued.
peruviana Linn., 341.
pubescens Blanco, 341.
Phytocrene Wallich, 237.
blancoi (Azaola) Merr., 237.
luzoniensis Baill., 237.
Pileostigma acidum Benth., 172.
Pilocarpus amarus Blanco, 198.
Pilularia globulifera Linn., 50.
Pimela luzonica Blume, 207.
Pimeleodendron amboinicum Hassk., 230.
Pinaceae, 52.
Pinus Linnaeus, 53.
insularis Endl., 53.
khasya Royle, 53.
taeda Blanco, 53.
Piperaceae, 118.
Piper Linnaeus, 118.
anisodorutn Blanco, 119.
anisumolens Blanco, 119.
betle Linn., 119.
blancoi Merr., 119.
corylistachyon (Miq.) CDC, 118.
marginatum Jacq., 119.
nigrum Linn. 118.
obliquum Blanco, 118.
parvifolium Blanco, 118.
retrofractum Vahl, 118.
Pipturus Weddel, 131.
arborescens (Link) C B. Rob., 131.
asper Wedd., 131.
Pisonia Plumier, 139.
aculeata Linn., 139.
alba Spanoghe, 140.
excelsa Blume, 139.
inermis Forst., 140.
olitoria Zoll-, 140.
sylvestris T. & B., 140.
umbellifera Seem., 139.
Pistia Linnaeus, 93.
stratiotes Linn., 93.
Pithecolobium Martius, 165.
acle Vid., 165.
dulce ( Roxb. ) Benth., 165.
lobatum Benth.. 165.
montanum Benth., 165.
saman Benth., 13.
scutiferum (Blanco) Benth., 165.
subacutum Benth., 165.
Pittosporaceae, 161.
Pittosporum Banks, 161.
brachysepalum Turcz., 162.
fernandezii Vid., 18, 161.
ferrugineuni Ait., 162.
pentandrum (Blanco) Merr., 18, 161, 162
Plagianthus humilis Blanco, 208.
Planchonia littoralis Blume, 384.
Plantaginaceae, 357.
Plantago Linnaeus, 357.
crenata Blanco, 357.
erosa Wall., 357.
major Linn., 357.
media Blanco, 357.
Platytnerium glomeratum Bartl., 364.

INDEX
Plectronia Linnaeus, 364.
glandulosa (Blanco) Merr., 365.
hrrida (Blume) Benth. & Hook. f. 365.
lycioides Elm., 364.
mitts Elm., 365.
monstrosa A. Rieh, 365.
peduneularis (Cav.) Elm., 364.
viridis Merr., 365.
Pleomele Salisbury, 96.
angustifolia (Roxb.) N. E. Br., 96.
Plinia paniculata Blanco, 267.
Pluchea Cassini, 378.
indica (Linn.) Less., 378.
Phimbaginaceae, 300.
Plumbago Linnaeus, 300.
auriculata Lam., 13.
capensis Thunb., 13.
viscosa Blanco, 300.
zeylanica Linn., 300.
Plumiera Linnaeus, 308.
acuminata Ait., 308.
acutifolia Poir., 308.
alba Blanco, 308.
Poa annua Linn., 73.
annua Llanos, 73.
interrupta R. Br., 73.
interrupta Lam., 73.
japnica Thunb., 73.
malabarica Linn., 74.
Pogonatherum Beauvois, 60.
paniceum (Lam.) Hack., 60.
Pogostemon Desfontaines, 337.
cablin (Blanco) Benth., 337.
patchouli Hook., 337.
patchouly Pellet, 337.
suavis Ten., 337.
Poinciana pulcherrima Linn., 175.
regia Boj., 13.
Polanisia Rafinesque, 158.
viscosa (Linn.) DC, 158.
Polemonium obscurum Blanco, 321.
Polianthes Linnaeus, 99.
tuberosa Linn., 99.
Pollia Thunberg, 94.
sorzogonensis (E. Mey.) End!., 94.
Polyalthia Blume, 148.
Polybotrya apiifolia J. Sm., 45.
latifolia Meyen, 42.
Polycarpon Loefling, 143.
indicum (Retz.) Merr., 143.
loeflingiae Benth. & Hook, f., 143.
polyphyttum Blanco, 143.
Polygalaceae, 214.
Polygala Linnaeus, 214.
chinensis Linn. var. linearifolia Chod.,
214.
ciliata Linn., 214.
monspeliaca Blanco, 214.
telephioides Willd., 214.
Polygonaceae, 135.
Polygonum Linnaeus, 135.
barbatum Linn., 135.
bellardi Blanco, 136.
orientale Linn., 136.
persicaria Linn., 136.

Polygonum Linnaeus, 135Continued.

xtoloniferum Blanco, 135.
tomentosum Willd., 136.
Polyozus bipannatus Blanco, 365.
Polypodiaceae, 42.
Polypodium Linnaeus, 48.
adiantiforme Blanco, 42.
albido-sguamatum Blume, 43.
phymatodes Linn., 48.
quercifolium Linn., 48.
serratum Blanco, 43.
signatum Blanco, 43.
Polyscias Forster, 294.
digitata Blanco, 294.
disperma Blanco, 384.
nodosa (Blume) Seem., 294.
obtusa Blanco, 295.
odorata Blanco, 295.
Pongamia Ventenant, 185.
glabra Vent., 185.
pinnata (Linn.) Merr., 185.
xinuata Wall-, 186.
Pongatium spongiosum Blanco, 374.
Pontederiaceae, 95.
Pontedcria vaginalis B'anco, 95.
Porana Burman, 320.
volubilis Burm. f., 320.
Portesia rimosa Blanco, 212.
Portulacaceae, 142.
Portulaca Linnaeus, 142.
axittiflora Blanco, 141.
meridiana Blanco, 142.
olercea Linn., 142.
quadrifida Linn., 142.
tostn Blanco, 141.
Pothos Linnaeus, 90.
chapelieri Schott, 90.
hermaphroditus (Blanco) Merr., 90.
longifolius Presl, 90.
pinnata Blanco, 90.
Poupartia pinnata Blanco, 233.
Pouzolzia Gaudichaud, 131.
indira Gaudich., 131.
viminea Wedd., 131.
zeylanica (Linn.) Benn., 131.
Prageluria, 320.
Premna Linnaeus, 331.
cardiophylla Schauer, 332.
cordata Blanco, 332.
cumingiana Schauer, 332.
integrifolia Blanco, 331.
leucostoma. Miq., 331.
mucronata Roxb., 331.
nauseosa Blanco, 331.
odorata Blanco, 331.
serratifolia Blanco, 331.
tomentosa Blanco, 332.
vestita Schauer, 331.
Prockia albicans Blanco, 220.
Procris erecta Blanco, 129.
violcea Blanco, 129.
Prosopis vidaliana Naves, 13.
Protium javanicum Burm. f., 210.
Prunus Linnaeus, 163.
armeniaca Blanco, 163.
triflora Roxb-, 163.

415

416
Pseuderanthemum Radlkofer, 356.
bicolor Radlk., 355.
pulchellum (Hort.) Merr., 355.
Psidium Linnaeus, 287.
aromaticum Blanco, 287.
cujavillus Burm. f., 13.
guajava Linn., 287.
pyriferum Linn., 287.
Psomiocarpa apiifolia Presl, 45.
Psophocarpus Necker, 193.
tetragonolobus (Linn.) DC, 193.
Psoralea Linnaeus, 180.
badocana Blanco, 180.
Psychotria luzoniensis F.-Vill., 368.
malayana F.-Vill., 368.
taepo Rolfe, 368.
Ptelea arbrea Blanco, 243.
Pteridophyta, 41.
Pteris Linnaeus, 46.
flava Goldem., 47.
glaucovirens Goldem., 47.
grandifolia Blanco, 46.
longifolia Auct., 46.
opaca J. Sm 46.
piloseUoides Blanco, 48.
quadriaurita Retz., 47.
signata Blanco, 43.
sinuata Blanco, 42.
trichomanoidcs Blanco, 46.
vittata Linn., 46.
Pterocarpus Linnaeus. 185.
blancoi Merr., 185.
diadelphus Blanco, 186.
diadelphus Naves, 185.
echinatus Pers., 19.
erinaceus F.-Vill., 19.
frutescent Blanco, 185.
indicus Willd., 185, 213.
pallidus Blanco, 185.
papuanus F.-Muell., 185.
santalinus Blanco, 185.
vidalianus Rolfe, 19.
Pterocaulon Elliott, 379.
cylindrostachyum Clarke, 379.
redolens ( Forst. ) F.-Vill., 379.
Pterocymbium R. Brown, 262.
javanicum R. Br., 262.
tinctorium (Blanco) Merr., 262.
Pterolobium R. Brown, 175.
indicum A. Rich., 175.
membranulaceum (Blanco) Merr., 175.
Pterospermum Schreber, 260.
diversifolium Blume, 260.
hastatum Blanco, 260.
nivemn Vid., 260.
obliquum Blanco, 260.
sczegleewia Turcz., 260.
aemisagittatum Blanco, 260.
Pueraria de Candolle, 189.
phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., 189.
Punicaceae, 282.
Pnica Linnaeus, 282.
granatum Linn., 282.
Pyenanthemum decurrens Blanco, 338.
elongatum Blanco, 338.
tubulatum Blanco, 338.

INDEX
Pycreus Beauvois, 80.
odoratus (Linn.) Urb., 80.
polyatachyus Beauv., 80.
Pyrenomycetaceae, 41.
Pyrethrum sinense DC, 381.
Q
Quamoclit Tournefort, 322.
coccnea Auct., 14.
pennata (Descr.) Voigt, 322.
phoenicea Choisy, 14.
vulgaris Choisy, 322.
Quassia simaruba Blanco, 241.
tricarpa Blanco, 238.
Quercus Linnaeus, 120.
blancoi A. DC, 120.
caraballoana F.-Vill., 21.
cerris Blanco, 121.
concntrica Blanco, 121.
conocarpa Naves, 120.
cooperta Blanco, 121.
costata Naves, 121.
fernandezii Vid., 121.
glabra Blanco, 120.
jordanae Laguna, 21.
llanosii A. DC, 121.
molucca Blanco, 121.
ovalis Blanco, 20, 120.
soleriana Vid., 121.
vidalii F.-Vill., 21.
woodii Hance, 21.
Quamum luteum Blanco, 282.
Quilesia sericea Blanco, 215.
Quinaria lansium. Lour., 201.
Quirosia anceps Blanco, 177.
secunda Blanco, 178.
Quisqualis Linnaeus, 286.
indica Linn., 286.
malabarica Bedd., 286.
spinosa Blanco, 286.
Rabelaisia philippinensis Planch., 199.
Radermachera Hasskarl, 350.
pinna ta (Blanco) Seem., 350.
quadripinnata Seem., 350.
RalHesiaceae, 135.
Rafflesia R. Brown, 135.
lagascae Blanco, 135.
manillana Teschem., 135.
philippensis Blanco, 135.
Randia Houstoun, 362.
aculeata Blanco, 363.
angatenms F.-Vill., 364.
densiftora Benth., 363.
dumetorum Lam., 363.
obscura F.-Vill., 364.
Ranunculaceae, 144.
Ratonia lachnopetala Turcz., 242.
montana F.-Vill., 240.
Reichardia pentapetala Blanco, 175.
Reichelia palustris Blanco, 374.
Reifferscheidia speciosa Presl, 18.
Remijia angatensis Blanco, 364.
obscura Blanco, 364.
odorata Blanco, 363.

417

INDEX
Renanthcra coccnea Lour., 117.
Rcnealniia exltala Blanco, 110.
gracilis Blanco, 110.
Rhamnaceae, 243.
Rhamnus carolvnianus Blanco, 245.
dalanta Blanco, 244.
jujuba Linn., 244.
lando Llanos, 299.
talanai Blanco, 244.
vghtii W. & A., 245.
zizyphus Blanco, 244.
zonulatus Blanco, 244.
Rhaphidophora Hasskarl, 90.
kuegeliana Schott, 91.
merrillii Engl., 90.
Rhaphis trivialis Lour., 62.
Rheum muricatum Blanco, 136.
Rhinacanthus Nees, 356.
communis Nees, 356.
nasuta (Linn.) Kurz, 356.
Rhizophoraceae, 283.
Rhizophora Linnaeus, 283.
candel Blanco, 283.
candelaria DC, 283.
conjugata Auct., 283.
rovjugata Linn., 283.
corniculata Linn., 299.
gymnorhiza Linn., 284.
longissima Blanco, 283.
mangle Blanco, 283.
mucronata Lam.. 283.
plicata Blanco, 284.
polyandra Blanco, 284.
tinctoria Blanco, 284.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Hassk., 291.
Rhodophyceae, 41.
Rhoeo Hance, 94.
discolor (L'Hrit. ) Hance, 94.
Rhus toxicodendron Linn., 235.
Rhynchostylis Blume, 117.
retusa Blume, 117.
Riana tricapsularis Blanco, 215.
Ricinus Linnaeus, 227.
communis Linn., 227.
Ronabea arbrea Blanco, 365.
bipinnata Blanco, 365.
Rondeletia asitica Blanco, 369.
Rosaceae, 162.
Roscoea lutea Hassk., 23, 109.
nigro-ciliata Hassk., 23, 109.
Rosmarinus Linnaeus, 336.
officinalis Linn., 336.
Rostellularia blancoi Hassk., 23, 357.
procumbens Nees, 23, 357.
Rotala Linnaeus, 280.
indica Koehne, 280.
leptopetala Koehne, 280.
ramosior (Linn.) Koehne, 280.
Rottboellia exaltata Linn. f., 65.
muricata Retz., 64.
Rourea erecta Merr., 163.
heterophylla Planch., 164.
muUiflora Planch., 163.
volubilis Merr., 164.
Rubiaceae, 357.
151862
27

Ruhus Linnaeus, 162.

comintanus Blanco, 163.
idaeus Blanco, 163.
jamaicensis Blanco, 163.
moluccanus Linn., 162.
rosaefolius Sm., 163.
Ruellia contorta Blanco, 355.
repets Blanco, 353.
secunda Blanco, 353.
uliginosa Blanco, 353.
Rumex Linnaeus, 136.
maritimus Linn., 136.
muricatus Blanco, 136.
Russella juncea Zuce, 14.
Rutaceae, 196.

S
Saccharum Linnaeus, 60.
koenigii Retz., 60.
oflficinarum Linn., 60.
spontaneum Linn., 60.
Sagittaria Linnaeus, 58.
sanUtifolia Linn., 58.
Sayu'ru pinnatns Wurmb, 88.
Sa'acia Linnaeus, 236.
oblonga Wall., 236.
prinoides (Willd.) DC, 236.
sinensis Blanco, 236.
triplinervis Llanos, 236.
Salceda montana Blanco, 264.
Salgada lauriflora Blanco, 154.
Salicaceae, 119.
Salix Linnaeus, 119.
azaolana Blanco, 119.
totrasperma Roxb., 119.
Salomonia Loureiro, 214.
ciliata (L.) DC. 214.
oblongifolia DC, 214.
ramosissinia Turcz., 214.
Salvadoraceae, 305.
Salvia Linnaeus, 337.
plebeia R. Br., 337.
vinlacca Blanco, 337.
Samadera Gaertn., 206.
indica Gaertn., 206.
Samanea saman Merr., 13.
Sambucus Linnaeus, 370.
javanica Blume, 370.
Samyda pubescens Blanco, 276.
serrulata Blanco, 275.
trivalvis Blanco, 275.
Sandoricum Cavanilles, 209.
indicum Cav., 209.
koetjape (Burrn. f. ) Merr., 209.
ternatum Blanco, 209.
Sanseviera zeylanica Willd., 14.
Santaloides O. Kuntze, 163.
erectum (Blanco) Schellenb., 163.
volubile (Blanco) Schellenb., 164.
Sapindaceae, 237.
Sapindus Linnaeus, 238.
arborescens Llanos, 239.
baccatus Blanco, 239,
edulis Blanco, 238.
guisian Blanco, 241.
koelreuteria Blanco, 241.

418
Sapindus Linnaeus, 238Continued.
rarak DC 241.
saponaria Blanco, 241.
saponaria Linn., 238.
turczaninowii Vid., 238.
Sapotaceae, 300.
Sapota nigra Blanco, 302.
Sarcanthus Lindley, 116.
dealbatus (Lindl.) Reichb. f.. 115.
Sarcocephalus Afzelius, 362.
cordatus Miq., 362.
glaberrimus Miq., 362.
Orientalis Men-., 362.
Sarcolobus R. Brown, 315.
earinatus "Wall., 316.
peregrinus Schltr., 315.
Sarcostemma R. Brown, 315.
brunonianum W. & A., 315.
viminale R. Br., 315.
Sarcotheca phippica Hallier f., 19, 196.
Sargassum Agardt, 40.
Saribus Rumph., 84.
Saurauia Willdenow, 263.
polysperma (Blanco) Merr., 263.
subglabra Merr., 263.
Scaevola Linnaeus, 374.
frutescens ( Mill. ) Krause, 374.
koenigii Vahl, 374.
lobelia Blanco, 374.
Schefflera Forster, 294.
blancoi Merr., 295.
digitata (Blanco) Merr., 294.
iigitata Forst., 295.
macrantha Merr., 294.
odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, 295.
Schizaeaceae, 49.
Schizandra elongata Hook. f. & Th., 237.
Schizoloma ensifolium J. Sm., 46.
Schizostachyum Nees, 76.
acutiflorum Munro, 78.
diffusum (Blanco) Merr., 78.
hallieri Gamble, 77.
lima (Blanco) Merr., 77.
lumampao (Blanco) Merr., 77.
merrUlii Gamble, 76, 77.
mucronatum Hack., 77.
textorium (Blanco) Merr., 76, 77.
Schleiehera trijuga Willd., 384.
Schmidelia conferta Blanco, 241,
triandra Blanco, 384.
Schotia speciosa Blanco, 169.
Schrankia Willdenow, 167.
aculeata Willd., 167.
quadrivalvis (Linn.) Merr., 167.
Scirpus Linnaeus, 81.
articulatus Linn., 81.
falcatus Llanos, 83.
groesus Linn, f., 82.
kisoor Llanos, 82.
kysoor Roxb., 82.
maritimus Linn., 82.
noticug Blanco, 83.
retroflexus Llanos. 83.
Scleria Bergius, 83.
foveolata Llanos, 83.
multifoliata Boeckl., 84.

INDEX
Scleria Bergius, 83Continued.
purpureovaginata Boeckl., 84.
scrobiculata Nees, 83.
Sclerostylis nitida Turcz., 202.
Sclerotium subterraneum Blanco, 41.
Scolopia Schreber, 274.
dasyanthera Benn., 274.
luzonensis (Presl) Warb., 274.
rhinanthera Clos, 274.
Scoparia Linnaeus, 349.
dulcis Linn., 349.
Scrophulariaceae, 344.
Scyphiphora Gaertner, 364.
hydrophyllacea Gaertn., 364.
Sczeglceivia involucrata Turcz., 260.
luconiensis Turcz., 335.
Sebifera balongai Blanco, 154.
glutinosa Lour., 153.
Securidaca Linnaeus, 214.
complicata Blanco, 214.
corymbosa Turcz., 214.
cumingii Hassk., 215.
tavoyana Wall., 214.
volubilis Blanco, 214.
Selago pusilla Thunb., 347.
Semecarpus Linnaeus f., 235.
anacardium Blanco. 235.
cuneiformis Blanco, 235.
gigantifolia F.-Vill., 21.
gigantifolia Vidal, 21.
perrottetii March., 235.
Senecio cacaliaster Blanco, 381.
Serianthes grandiflora Benth., 13.
Seringia lanceolata Blanco, 243.
Serissa myrtifolia Blanco, 364.
pinnata Blanco, 364.
Serratula multiflora Blanco, 375.
Sesamum Linnaeus, 351.
indicum Linn., 351.
orientale Linn., 351.
Sosbania Scopoli, 181.
aculeata Poir. var. paludosa
Baker, 181.
acgyptiaca Naves, 13.
cannabina Blanco, 181.
cannabina Pers., 13.
grandiflora Pers., 181.
paludosa Prain, 181.
roxburghii Merr., 181.
Sesuvium Linnaeus, 141.
portulacastrum Linn., 141.
Setaria Beauvois. 68.
flava (Nees) Kunth., 68.
itlica (Linn.) Beau v., 68.
pilifera Llanos, 68.
Shorea Roxburgh, 269.
balangeran Dyer, 272.
floribunda Kurz, 271.
guiso (Blanco) Blume, 270.
malaanonan Blume, 271.
palosapis (Blanco) Merr., 271.
polita Vidal, 271.
polysperma (Blanco) Merr., 269.
reticulata Thwaites, 269.
robusta Gaertn., 270.
I Shorea squamata Dyer, 271.

(Roxb.)

INDEX
Sida Linnaeus, 252.
acuta Burm. f., 253.
carpinifolia Linn, f., 253.
frutescens Cav., 253.
indica Linn., 251.
lanceolata Retz., 253.
philippica Blanco, 252.
philippica DC, 252.
retusa Linn., 252.
rhornbifolia Linn., 252.
rhornbifolia Linn. var. retusa Mast., 252.
cmicrenata Link, 252.
truncatula Blanco, 252.
Sideroxylon Linnaeus, 301.
balitbitan Blanco, 301.
duclitan Blanco, 301.
Simarubaceae, 205.
Sinapis brassicata Blanco, 157.
juncea Linn., 157.
sinensis Blanco, 157.
sinensis Gmel., 157.
Siphonodon celastrineus Griff., 236.
Sisyrinchium palmifolium Linn., 104.
Smilax Linnaeus, 97.
blancoi Kunth, 97.
bracteata Presl, 97.
china Linn., 97.
divaricata Blanco, 97.
fistulosa Blanco, 97.
laevis, 97.
latifolia Blanco, 97.
leucophylla Blume, 97.
macrophylla Roxb., 97.
psewdochina Blanco, 97.
vicaria Kunth, 97.
Smithia bigeminata Blanco, 182.
Soala litoralis Blanco, 161.
Solanaceae, 340.
Solanum Linnaeus, 342.
coagulons Blanco, 342.
cumingii Dunal, 342.
lycopersicum Linn., 341.
mauritianum Blanco, 342.
melongena Linn., 342.
nigrum Linn., 342.
sanctum Linn., 342.
erratum Blanco, 341.
sinense Blanco, 343.
tuberosum Linn., 343.
verbascifolium Linn., 342.
zeylanicum Blanco, 342.
Sonneratiaceae, 281.
Sonneratia Linnaeus f., 281.
acida Linn, f., 281.
caseolaris ( Linn. ) Engl., 281.
pagatpat Blanco, 281.
Sophora Linnaeus, 177.
heptaphylla Blanco, 177.
heptaphylla Linn., 177, 186.
tomentosa Linn., 177.
Spathodea luzonica Blanco, 349.
Spergula serrata Blanco, 273.
Spermachiton involutum Llanos, 71.
Sperniacoce hispida Linn., 369.
muriculata Blanco, 370.

419

Sjiermacoce his2>ida Linn., 369Continued.

mutilata Blanco, 369.
scaberrima Blume, 370.
Spermatophyta, 52.
Sphaeianthus Linnaeus, 379.
africanus Linn., 379.
alatus Blanco, 379.
clongatus Blanco, 379.
indicus Blanco, 379.
Sphaerococcaceae, 41.
Sphenoclea Linnaeus, 374.
/eylanica Gaertn., 374.
Spilanthes Linnaeus, 380.
acmella Blanco, 380.
acmella Murr., 380.
lobata Blanco, 380.
peregrina Blanco, 380.
Spinifex Linnaeus, 69.
littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr., 69.
squarrosus Linn., 69.
Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid., 93.
Spondias Linnaeus, 233.
dulcis Blanco, 233.
lutea Linn., 233.
niangifera Blume, 233.
pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz, 233.
purpurea Linn., 233.
Sponia blancoi Planch., 122.
Sporobolus R. Brown, 71.
indicus (L.) R. Br., 71.
Stachys artemisia Lour., 336.
Stalagmitis cambogioides Blanco, 268.
Stapelia meliflua Blanco, 318.
quadrangula Blanco, 319.
Stemodia ruderalis Blanco, 344.
Stenochlaena J. Smith, 44.
palustris (Burm. f.) Bedd., 44.
Stephanotis Thouars, 316.
chinensis Champ., 316.
mucronata (Blanco) Merr., 316.
Stephegyne diversifolia Korth., 360.
speciosa Korth., 360.
Sterculiaceae, 257.
Sterculia Linnaeus, 261.
aUtta Blanco, 261.
balanghas Blanco, 261.
blancoi Rolfe, 261.
cordifolia Blanco, 262.
euneata R. Br., 261.
eymbiformis Blanco, 262.
Uecandra Blanco, 151.
foetida Linn., 261.
glandulosa Blanco, 384.
glomerata Blanco, 161.
lanceolata Naves, 13.
tnalabonot Naves, 13.
philippinensis Merr., 262.
stipularis R. Br., 13.
urens Roxb., 262.
Stereospermum pinnatum Seem., 360.
quadripinnatum Seem., 360.
Stictocardia campanulata Merr., 325.
tiliaefolia Hallier f., 325.
StiijDMiithus cymosus Blanco, 362.
cymosus Lour., 363.
Stigmarota edulis Blanco, 274.

INDEX

420
Stilago bunius Linn., 219.
S tipa littorea Burm. f., 69.
spinijex Linn., 69.
Streblus Loureiro, 123.
asper Lour., 123.
lactescens Blume, 123.
Streptocaulon Wight & Arnott, 314.
baumii Dene., 314.
Strychnos Linnaeus, 306.
ignatii Berg., 306.
philippensis Blanco, 306.
Sali pa globosa Blanco, 384.
pseudopsidium Blanco, 363.
Sumbavia rottleroides BailL, 221.
Symphorema Roxburgh, 335.
cumingianum Briq., 335.
glabrum Hassk., 335.
luzonicum (Blanco) F.-Vill., 335.
luzoniense Vid., 335.
Symplocaceae, 304.
Symplocos Linnaeus, 304.
oblongifolia Rolfe, 304.
polyandra (Blanco) Brand, 304.
pseudo-s picata, 304.
racemosa Roxb., 304.
spicata Roxb., 304.
viUarii Vidal, 304.
Synetlrella nodiflora Gaertn., 13.
Synptera subviotacea Llanos, 116.
Syzygium jambolanum DC, 288.
latifolium Blanco, 289.

T
Tahernaemontana Linnaeus, 309.
cirrhosa Blanco, 314.
illiptica Blanco, 312.
rlliptica Thunb., 312.
globosa Blanco, 309.
globosa Naves, 13.
laurifolia Blanco, 309.
pandacaqui Poir., 309.
polygama Blanco, 309.
pitberula Merr., 309.
subglobosa Merr., 13.
Taccaceae, 100.
Tacca Forster, 100.
gaogao Blanco, 101.
pal mata Blanco, 100.
palmata Blume, 100.
pinnatilida Forst., 101.
ru mphii Schauer, 100.
vesicaria Blanco, 100.
Taetsia Medicus, 96.
fruticosa (Linn.) Merr., 96.
Tagetes Linnaeus, 381.
erecta Linn.. 381.
patula Linn., 381.
Tala odorata Blanco, 345.
Talauma Jussieu, 146.
angatensia (Blanco) F.-Vill., 18.
coco (Lour.) Merr., 12.
giganiifolia F.-Vill., 18.
grandiflora Merr., 146.
lucovensis Warb., 146.
mutabilis Naves, 12.

Talauma Jussieu, 146Continued.

pumita Blume, 12.
villarii Rolfe, 12.
Taligalea umbellata Blanco, 367.
Tamarindus Linnaeus, 170.
indica Linn., 170.
Taonabo toquian Merr., 264.
Tapogomea rubra Blanco, 360.
Tarrietia sylvatica Merr., 262.
Tayotum nigrescens Blanco, 305.
Tectona Linnaeus f., 330.
grandis Linn, f., 331.
philippinensis Benth. & Hook, f, !!3il.
Telosma Coville, 319.
odoratissima (Lour.) Coville, 319.
procumbens (Blanco) Merr., 319.
Tephrosia Persoon, 180.
dichotoma Desv., 180.
luzoniensis Vogel, 180.
purpurea Pers., 180.
Terminalia Linnaeus, 285.
angustifolia Blanco, 285.
calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe, 285.
catappa Linn., 285.
chebula Retz., 286.
cuinintana (Blanco) Merr., 286.
cduiis Blanco, 285.
latifolia Blanco, 285.
muuritiana Blanco, 285.
mollis Rolfe, 285.
multiflora Merr., 286.
nitens Presl, 13.
pellucida Presl, 13.
polyantha Presl, 285.
sumatrana Naves, 13.
Ternstroemia Nuttall, 264.
lobbiana Pierre, 264.
toquian (Blanco) F.-Vill.. 19, 2U4.
Tetracera Linnaeus, 262.
n acrocarpa Wall., 263.
macrophylla Wall., 263.
menocarpa Blanco, 262.
sarmentosa Vahl, 262.
volubilis (Linn.) Merr., 26K.
Tetragonolobv.s simplicifolius Blanco, 178.
Tetranthera litoralis Blume, 154.
Tetrastigma Planchn, 247.
harmandii Planch.. 247.
lanctolarium Roxb., 247.
Thalia cannae form is Forst, f., 112.
Thallophyta, 39.
Theaceae, 264.
Thea Linnaeus, 264.
montana (Blanco) Merr., 264.
sinensis Linn., 264.
Thelymitra malintana Blanco, 112.
Theobroma Linnaeus, 259.
cacao Linn., 259.
Thespesia Correa, 255.
balo Blanco, 255.
lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & Gib., 266.
macrophylla Blume, 255.
populnea (Linn.) Corr., 255.
sublobata Blanco, 256.

421

INDEX
Thevetia Linnaeus, 311.
nereifolia Juss., 311.
peruviana (Pers.) Merr., 311.
thevetia Milisp., 311.
Thoa edulis Willd., 53.
pendula Blanco, 53.
Thunbergia Linnaeus f., 352.
fragrans Roxb., 352.
grandiflora Roxb., 14.
stolonifera Blanco, 344.
nubsagittata Blanco, 352.
Thymelaeaceae, 278.
Thy MUX biserratus Blanco, 338.
virginicus Blanco, 338.
Ticora aculeata Blanco, 247.
Tiliaceae, 248.
Tillaea rubella Blanco, 273.
Tillandsia pseudo-ananas Blaneo, 54.
Tinospora Miers, 145.
crispa Miers, 145.
reticulata Miers, 145.
rumphii Boerl., 145.
Toona Roemer, 208.
calantas Merr. & Rolfe. 208, 213.
febrfuga Roem., 208.
Torenia Linnaeus, 346.
asitica Linn., 346.
benthaiiiiana Hance, 346.
blancoi Merr., 346.
paniculata Blaneo, 347.
peduncularis Benth., 347.
polygonoides Benth., 347.
quin quiner vis Llanos, 348.
.suriano Blanco, 347.
Tournefortia Linnaeus, 329.
arbrea Blanco, 329.
argntea Linn, f., 329.
hirsutissima Blanco, 329.
horsfieldii Miq., 329.
sarmentosa Lam., 329.
Tovomita pentapetala Blanco, 266.
Toxocarpus gracilis Dene., 317.
Tradescantia cristata Jacq., 95.
discolor L'Hrit., 94.
geniculata Blanco, 95.
Tragia bracteata Blanco, 230.
innocua Blanco, 226.
Trema amboinensis, 122.
blancoi Blume, 122.
orientalis (Linn.) Blume, 121.
Trianthema Linnaeus, 141.
portulacastrum Linn., 141.
Tribulus Linnaeus, 196.
cistoides Linn., 196.
lanuginosus Blanco, 196.
Trichilia pentandra Blanco, 210.
rimosa Blanco, 212.
triptala Blanco, 211.
volubilis Blanco, 194.
Trichodesma R. Brown, 329.
indicum (Linn.) R. Br., 329.
zeylanicum (Linn.) R. Br., 329.
Trichoglottis Blume, 116.
bataanensis Ames, 116.
return Bl., 116.

Trichoglottis Blume, 116Continued.

rgida Blume, 116.
siubviolacea (Llanos) Merr., 116.
Trichopteris falcata Llanos, 41.
Trichosanthes Linnaeus, 373.
amara Blanco, 373.
cucumerina Linn., 13, 373.
lucioniana Naves, 13.
palmata Roxb., 373.
quinquangulata A. Gray, 373.
Trichospermum Blume, 250.
lanigerum (Blanco) Merr., 260.
trivalve Merr., 250.
Triopteris jamaicensis Blanco, 213.
polyandra Blanco, 248.
Triphasia Loureiro, 202.
aurantiola Lour., 202.
trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils., 202.
trifoliata DC, 202.
Tristellateia Thouars, 213.
australasiae Rich., 213.
malintana Blanco, 213.
Tristira Radlkofer, 239.
triptera (Blanco) Radlk., 239.
Triumfetta Linnaeus, 251.
bartramia Linn., 251.
rhomboidea Jacq., 251.
se>II triloba Linn., 251.
Turraea Linnaeus, 208.
decandra Blanco, 19, 209.
humilis (Blanco) Merr., 208.
octandra Blanco, 209.
pumita Benn., 209.
virens Blanco, 19, 209.
Tylophora R. Brown, 316.
bifida F.-ViU., 316.
merrillii Schltr., 316.
pei rottetiana Dene., 316.
Typhaeeae, 53.
Typha Linnaeus, 53.
angustifolia Linn, subsp. javanica SchnizI.
53.
orientalis Presl, 53.
shuttleworthii Koch & Sond., 54.
Typhonium Schott, 92.
cuspidatum (Blume) Decne., 92.
divaricatum Decne., 92.
divaricatum Naves, 14.
motleyanum Schott, 14.

U
Ubium sylvestre Rumph., 103.
Udora verticillata Spreng,, 58.
Ugena alba Blanco, 49.
semihastata Blanco, 49.
semihastata Cav., 49.
Ulmaceae, 121.
Ulvaceae, 39.
l'Ira compressa Blanco, 39.
intestinalis L., 39.
reticulata Blanco, 40.
umbilicalis Blanco, 40.
Umbelliferae, 296.
Uncaria Schreber, 360.
acida Roxb., 360.

422
Unceria Schreber, 360Continued.
perrottetii Merr., 360.
philippinensis Elm., 360.
netiloba Benth., 360.
Unila paniculata Llanos, 74.
picata Llanos, 74.
Vnona cabog Blanco, 148.
camphorata Blanco, 147.
cauliftora Blanco, 149.
eorniculata Blanco, 150.
dehiscens Blanco, 14M.
desmos Dunal, 148.
discolor Vahl, 148.
latifolia Blanco, 149.
odorata Blanco, 148.
odoratissima Blanco, 148.
ossea Blanco, 148.
setigera Blanco, 147.
susong calabao Naves, 147.
uncinata Dun., 150.
Urandra Thwaites, 237.
luzoniensis Merr., 237.
Urena Linnaeus, 253.
iobata Linn., 253.
mnltifida Cav., 253.
sinuata Linn., 254.
Urticaceae, 130.
Urtica arborescens Link, 131.
baccifera Blanco, 131.
capitata Blanco, 130.
ferox Blanco, 130.
japnica Blanco, 131.
nivea Linn., 130.
sessiliflora Blanco, 130.
umbeUata Blanco, 130.
villosa Blanco, 131.
Utricularia Linnaeus, 351.
calumpitensis Llanos, 351.
flexuosa Vahl, 351.
Uvaria Linnaeus, 147.
amuyon Blanco, 149.
dulcis Dunal, 147.
lanotan Blanco, 149.
ossea Blanco, 148.
ovalifolia Blume, 147.
purpurea Blume, 147.
rufa Blume, 147.
setigera Blanco, 147.
sinensis Blanco, 150.
folanifolia Presl, 147.
sorzogonensis Presl, 147.
triptala Blanco, 148.

Valtea ealomala Blanco, 248.

Vallisneria Micheli, 58.
gigantea Graebn., 68.
sphaerocarpa Blanco, 59.
spiralis Blanco, 58.
spiralis Linn., 58.
Vanda lamellata Lindl., 14.
lissoehiloides Lindl., 116.
Vandellia Linnaeus, 347.
crustcea Benth., 347.
diffusa Blanco, 347.

INDEX
Vandellia Linnaeus, 347Continued.
hirsuta Ham., 14.
multiflora Blanco, 346.
nervosa Benth., 348.
peduncularis Benth., 348.
scabra Benth., 347.
soriana Blanco, 347.
Vandopsxs lissoehiloides Pfitz., 116.
Vangueria spinosa Roxb., 382.
stettata Blanco, 382.
Vanilla Swartz, 112.
aromtica Sw., 112.
majaijensis Blanco, 112.
philippinensis Rolfe, 112.
planifolia Ait., 112.
ovalis Blanco, 112.
Vatica Linnaeus, 272.
apteranthera Blanco, 272.
mangachapoi Blanco, 272.
sinensis Blanco, 272.
Ventilago Gaertner, 243.
dichotoma (Blanco) Merr., 243.
gracilis Merr. & Rolfe, 243.
luzo7iiens8 Vid., 243.
maderaspatana F.-Vill., 243.
monoica Blanco, 243.
Verbenaceae, 330.
Verbena capitata Forsk., 330.
squamosa Jacq., 352.
Vernonia Schreber, 375.
chinensis Less., 375.
cinerea (Linn.) Less., 375.
parviflora Reinw., 375.
patula (Ait) Merr., 376.
villosa W. F. Wight, 375.
Vidalia garciae F.-Vill., 19.
lepidota F.-Vill., 18.
navesii F.-Vill., 19.
Vigna Savi, 192.
catjang Walp., 192.
cylindrica (Linn.) Merr., 192.
repens Baker, 188.
sinensis (Linn.) Endl., 192.
sinensis Naves, 192.
unguiculata Walp., 192.
Villaria Rolfe, 363.
littoralis Vid., 363.
odorata (Blanco) Merr., 363.
philippinensis Rolfe, 363.
Vinca rosea Linn., 309.
Viscum Linnaeus, 132.
angulatum Heyne, 133.
articulatum Burm-, 132, 13S.
capense Llanos, 133.
orientale Willd., 132.
philippense Llanos, 132, 133.
Vitaceae, 245.
Vitex Linnaeus, 332.
altissima Blanco, 333.
geniculata Blanco, 333.
latifolia Blanco, 333.
leueoxylon Blanco, 332.
littoralis Decne., 333.
negundo Linn., 332, 333.
ovata Thunb., 332.

423

INDEX
Vitex Linnaeus, 332Continued.
parviflora J UPS., 333.
pubescen* Vahl., 14, 333.
repens Blanco, 332.
trifolia Linn., 332.
trifolia Linn. var. ovata (Thunb.) Merr.,
332.
trifolia Linn. var. unifoliolata Schauer,
332.
turczaninoieii Merr., 333.
Vitis adnata Wall., 246.
aristata Blume, 246.
Voacanga Thouars, 309.
globosa (Blanco) Merr., 309.
Volkamcria casopanguil Blanco, 336.
commersonii Poir., 334.
grandiflora Blanco, 334.
inermig Blanco, 336.

w
Wallichia trmula Mart., 87.
Waltheria Linnaeus, 258.
americana Linn., 258.
indica Linn., 258.
Webera odorata Roxb., 363.
Wedelia Jacquin, 380.
biflora (Linn.) DC, 380.
Wendlandia Bartling, 359.
exserta Blanco, 359.
luzoniensis DC, 359.
paniculata Roxb., 359.
Wikstroemia Endlicher, 279.
indica (Linn.) C. A. Mey., 279.
ovata C. A. Mey., 279.
viridiflora C. A. Mey., 279.
Wiughbeia drupcea Blanco, 298.
multilocularis Blanco, 298.
Wolffia arrhiza Wimm., 93.
Wrightia R. Brown, 313.
laniti (Blanco) Merr., 313.
ovata A. DC, 313.
pubexcenx R. Br., 313.

X
Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves. 13, 20,
Xeranthemum st&ehelina Blanco, 379.
Xylaria Hill, 41.
nigripes (Kl. ) Sacc, 41.
Xylia dolabriformis Benth., 165.
Xylocarpus Koenig, 208.
granatum Koenig, 208.
obovatus Juss., 208.
Xylopia Linnaeus, 149.
blancoi Vid., 149.
dehiscens (Blanco) Merr., 149.

Z
Zantkoxytum oxyphyllum Edgw., 196.
Zarcoa philippica Llanos, 217.
Zea Linnaeus, 59.
mays Linn., 59.
Zephyranthes rosea Lindl., 14.
Zerumbet cassumunar Roxb., 111.
Zingiberaceae, 109.
Zingiber Adanson, 110.
blancoi Hassk., 23, 110.
officinale Rose, 23, 110.
zerumbet (Linn.) Rose, 111.
Zizyphus Jussieu, 244.
arbrea Merr., 244.
dalanta Blanco, 244.
exserta DC, 244.
jujuba Lam., 244.
latifolia Blanco, 244.
lotus Blanco, 244.
oenoplia Mili., 244.
talanai (Blanco) Merr., 244.
trinervia (Cav.) Poir., 244.
xylopyrus Willd., 244.
zonulata Blanco, 244.
Zoltingcria triptera Rolfe, 239.
Zornia Gmelin, 182.
diphylla (Linn.) Pers., 182.
Zygophyllaceae, 196.