Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DISEASES
BAMBOOS
in
ASIA
An Illustrated Manual
C. Mohanan
Kerala Forest Research Institute,
Peechi, Kerala, India.
Eindhoven
New Delhi
ISBN 81-86247-20-3
INBAR
FOREWORD
Bamboos are considered very hardy plants, although they
do, from time to time, suffer devastation from diseases.
Bamboos are now increasingly being grown in
plantations, and this necessitates increased vigilance
against disease attacks, and preparedness for effective and
rapid control if the attack occurs.
Recognizing this, the Network Planning Group of
the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
(INBAR), at its meeting in Singapore in 1993, placed
high priority on gathering available information on
diseases of bamboos in Asian countries and the publication
of this information in the form of a user-friendly,
amply illustrated manual. INBAR entrusted the
work to Dr C. Mohanan of the Kerala Forest Research
Institute, and through the award of an internship,
facilitated the collection of information from various
parts of the continent.
We are delighted that this task has now been completed
most satisfactorily, thanks to the dedicated work that
Dr Mohanan put in. Apart from the national scientists
throughout Asia who helped in gathering information
necessary for this manual, INBAR also thanks:
Dr C.T.S. Nair of FORSPA for his interest in the project;
Prof. W. Liese of Germany who contributed greatly to
drawing the international communitys attention to
diseases of bamboos; and Dr E. Boa of the UK who has
been particularly helpful to INBAR in this current project
in reviewing parts of the draft manual.
We hope that this landmark publication will stimulate
further research, especially on the development of
appropriate control measures where needed
I.V. Ramanuja Rao
Principal Scientist &
Secretary to the INBAR Board
Cherla B. Sastry
Director General
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
Sources and Nature of Information
Organization of Information
11
14
15
17
23
Damping-off
Seedling spear-rot
Seedling wilt
Seedling web blight
Seedling leaf rust
Bipolaris leaf blight
Exserohilum leaf spot
Dactylaria leaf spot
Colletotrichum leaf spot
Curvularia leaf spot
Seedling leaf tip blight
Seedling rhizome rot
Seedling leaf striping and stunting
23
26
27
29
32
34
36
38
39
41
42
43
44
46
46
47
51
53
55
55
57
60
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Witches-broom
Little leaf disease
Bamboo mosaic
Thread blight
Necrosis of culm internode
Bamboo wilt
Culm rust
Culm smut
Culm staining and die-back
Sooty stripe disease
Culm stain
Foliage blight
Leaf rusts
1. Dasturella leaf rust
2. Puccinia leaf rust
3. Uredo leaf rust
4. Phakopsora leaf rust
5. Tunicopsora foliage rust
Leaf spots
1. Exserohilum leaf spot
2. Zonate leaf spot
3. Colletotrichum leaf spot
4. Ascochyta leaf spot
5. Tar spot
6. Petrakomyces leaf spot
7. Phoma leaf spot
8. Phomopsis leaf spot
9. Stagonospora leaf spot
10. Septoria leaf spot
11. Chaetospermum leaf spot
12. Curvularia leaf spot
13. Alternaria leaf spot
14. Rosenscheldiella leaf spot
15. Coccodiella leaf spot
16. Cerodothis leaf spot
17. Leptostroma leaf spot
18. Eriosporella leaf spot
19. Brown leaf spot
Culm sheath spot
Black mildew
Sooty mould
64
70
72
74
76
78
79
81
82
84
85
86
87
88
91
93
95
95
96
96
98
99
101
103
105
106
107
108
109
109
110
111
112
112
113
115
115
116
117
118
119
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120
122
Smut
Ergot
Seed-borne diseases
122
123
125
127
128
129
131
133
Mycorrhizae
135
Non-infectious Diseases
137
140
145
6. FUTURE RESEARCH
149
7. REFERENCES
152
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
177
GLOSSARY
180
APPENDICES
Checklists of Diseases and Pathogens
192
INDICES
1. Hosts
2. Pathogens and Diseases
215
215
219
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Bamboos form the backbone of the rural economy of
many Asian countries. The bamboo resource base in
this region is dwindling at a fast pace because of various
biotic and abiotic factors, including pests and diseases.
Available information on diseases and disorders of
bamboos from different countries in Asia is assembled
in this manual. A large portion of the information is
from China, India, Japan and Taiwan-China, and only
a limited number of records are available from other
countries.
About 170 species of bamboos belonging to 26 genera
are found affected by various diseases and disorders. A
total of 440 fungi, three bacteria, two viruses, one
phytoplasma (mycoplasma-like organism) and one
bacterium-like organism have been reported to be
associated with these diseases and disorders. Only a
few diseases are identified as serious ones, affecting culm
production as well as stand productivity.
In bamboo nurseries, 13 diseases have been recorded
from India, the Philippines and Thailand. Similar
problems are likely to occur in other bamboo-growing
countries in the region. Most of the diseases are
common seedling diseases of other forestry species, with
the exception of leaf striping and seedling stunting
possibly caused by a virus. Among the nursery diseases,
web blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a potentially
serious disease that is widespread. Dasturella divina,
which causes leaf rust, and Exserohilum spp. and
Bipolaris spp., which cause foliage infection, are the
other major diseases.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Bamboos are fast-growing, versatile plant species with
multiple end-uses. For centuries, bamboos have been
closely related to the agriculture, cottage industries,
arts, culture and day-to-day life of more than half of
the worlds population. Recently, bamboos have also
entered highly competitive markets in the form of pulp
for paper and rayon, parquet, plybamboo and as a
canned vegetable. Till recently, bamboos were
categorized as minor forest produce or even treated as
weeds. With the alarming shrinkage of forest resources
and the restrictions imposed on logging from natural
stands, emphasis is being placed on raising fastgrowing, multipurpose tree species to meet the everincreasing demand for wood. Bamboo, the worlds
fastest growing and environment friendly giant grass,
has now gained international recognition and priority,
leading to its recognition as an important non-timber
woody resource. In the afforestation and reforestation
programmes of many Asian countries, bamboos have
assumed considerable importance to meet industrial
and rural requirements, and also as a means of
checking soil erosion and conserving soil. Their
versatility, rapid growth and many end-uses have made
bamboos the backbone of rural economy in many
Asian countries.
Bamboos are estimated to comprise about 1 200 species
belonging to 75 genera. They have a wide range of
distribution from the tropics to the temperate zones
and from sea level to elevations of 3 000 to 4 000 m.
However, most of the bamboos occur in the warmhumid areas in the tropical and subtropical Asia, South
America and Africa (Fig. 1).
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Area
Genera
Species
60.00
13
33
11
28.70
China
400.00
33
400
India
1003.00
23
128
5.00
14
125
Japan
14.10
13
165
Korea
Laos
0.80
9.80
10
*
13
*
Malaysia
3.29
10
50
Myanmar
217.00
18
90
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
*
*
0.80
5
*
12
30
*
55
Sri Lanka
8.00
14
17.56
18
56
Thailand
100.00
12
50
Vietnam
13.00
15
22
(10 4 ha)
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
Indonesia
Taiwan-China
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Organization of Information
Information on bamboo diseases and disorders is
arranged into four sections. The diseases for which
sufficient details are available are presented in Sections
2 and 3. Section 2 documents diseases affecting
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2. IMPACT OF BAMBOO
DISEASES ON THE ECONOMY
The relative importance of different diseases affecting
bamboos in the region is difficult to assess because of
the general lack of information accompanying the
disease records. Similarly, lack of quantitative data on
the extent of damage caused to the bamboo stands
makes it onerous to evaluate the economic losses
resulting from diseases. However, the overall impression
is that the impact on economy is limited for most
diseases.
A large number of foliage diseases leaf spots, leaf
blight, leaf rust, etc. of bamboos have been recorded.
In general, however, these cause comparatively less
damage to bamboo stands than culm diseases.
Diseases affecting the emerging and growing culms
are much more serious as they cause extensive damage
to bamboo stands. Rot of emerging culms reported
in various bamboo species from Bangladesh, China,
India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand appears
to be one reason for the large-scale reduction in culm
production. In India, the disease is widespread in
natural bamboo stands as well as in bamboo
plantations in the southern states. Severe infection and
large-scale mortality of emerging culms were recorded
in bamboo stands in high-rainfall areas in Kerala state.
About 34% mortality of emerging culms was recorded
in Bambusa bambos natural stands in different locations
in Wynad Forest Division of Kerala during 1988-91.
In bamboo plantations, mortality of emerging culms
ranged from 5.5% to 25.5% during the same period.
Usually, very high incidence of disease and mortality
occurs in emerging culms of 15-30 cm height. Higher
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3. DISEASES IN BAMBOO
NURSERIES
Bamboos, like many other forest species, are vulnerable to various nursery diseases. Seedlings raised in
conventional seedbed nurseries as well as through
vegetative propagation methods are equally
susceptible to various pathogens. Usually, the
nursery stocks have to be maintained for a considerable period of time (6 to 19 months) before planting
out (Figs. 2-4).
Diseases affect the nursery
stocks from the time the
radicle emerges to the time
of planting out, causing
considerable damage depending on the prevailing microclimate in the nursery, bamboo species and the virulence
of the pathogen. Diseases
affecting the nursery stocks
Fig. 2: Bamboo seedbed nursery (Kerala, India)
have been reported only
from India, the Philippines and Thailand.
Altogether 13 nursery diseases, caused by 15 fungi
and one virus, have been reported on bareroot,
container-seedlings and vegetatively propagated
planting stocks.
Damping-off
Damping-off is common in bamboo nurseries,
causing considerable loss of seedlings. The disease affects
seedlings during germination (pre-emergence dampingoff) or after germination (post-emergence dampingoff), while the seedling tissues are still succulent.
Damping-off has been recorded in Bambusa bambos
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Seedling Spear-rot
Seedling spear-rot has been observed in Bambusa
bambos and Dendrocalamus strictus nurseries in Kerala,
India (Mohanan 1994a,b). The disease was sporadic
and its overall severity was low. However, in 1991,
a disease outbreak was recorded in nurseries where seeds
were sown densely (3 kg seeds per standard bed),
and the seedbeds were covered with a thick layer
(>0.5 cm) of soil and were insufficiently watered.
SYMPTOMS
26
Small irregular water-soaked lesions on emerging spearlike plumules appear near the soil level or at the pointed
apical portion. The lesions coalesce and spread rapidly
from the base to the apex or from the tip downwards,
covering the entire plumule, which subsequently
becomes necrotic. The infected plumules fail to grow
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Seedling Wilt
Seedling wilt of bamboos has been observed in Bambusa
bambos and Dendrocalamus strictus bareroot as well
as container nurseries in Kerala, India (Mohanan
1994a,b). The disease affected seedlings that were
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CONTROL
Since seedling damage is usually low, control measures
are seldom required. Drenching affected patches with
fungicide (Carboxin, 0.2% a.i.) can control the disease
(Mohanan 1994b).
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ETIOLOGY
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SYMPTOMS
Infection usually appears during
August on mature leaves in the form of
greyish brown minute flecks; usually,
juvenile leaves are free from infection.
The small flecks coalesce and form
spindle-shaped dark brown pustules
surrounded by a pale area. Mature leaves are more susceptible to
infection than younger ones because
density of uredinia is higher on the
former. Uredinia, yellowish brown in
colour, develop in the flecks on the lower
surface of the leaves (Figs. 13, 14).
ETIOLOGY
Dasturella divina is a heteroecious rust with uredia
and telia on bamboo, and pycnia and aecia on Randia
spp. (=Catunaragam, Rubiaceae). Infection on Randia
produces marked hypertrophy, and formation of
33
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ETIOLOGY
Fungal spores germinate on the leaf surface, and the
infection hyphae enter the host through stomata,
infecting epidermal and mesophyll cells. Proliferation
of the fungus results in rupture of infected cells. The
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Exserohilum Leaf
Spot
Fig. 17: Conidiophores and conidia of
Bipolaris maydis
SYMPTOMS
36
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ETIOLOGY
37
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CONTROL
Since the pathogen causes withering and premature
defoliation only under conducive microclimatic
conditions, the disease may not pose problems in
raising bamboo seedlings. Foliar drenching with
fungicides Carbendazim (0.1.% a.i.) or Mancozeb
(0.2% a.i.) is suggested for checking the infection
(Mohanan 1994a,b).
SYMPTOMS
38
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ETIOLOGY
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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. and its
teleomorph Glomerella cingulata
(Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk
(Mohanan 1994a,b).
ETIOLOGY
The pathogen enters the host through stomata as well
as by direct penetration through the epidermis.
Proliferation of hyphae results in rupture of the infected
cells. The fungus produces acervuli and ascocarps in
the necrotic tissues. Damp, humid conditions favour
the spread of the fungus in the infected tissues as well
as the production of spores. Splashed water or airborne conidia and ascospores serve as inoculum for
secondary infection.
CONTROL
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CAUSAL ORGANISM
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler
(Mohanan 1994a,b).
ETIOLOGY
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Stunting
The disease was recorded in 4 to 14-month-old
container seedlings of Bambusa bambos during
1990-91 in Kerala, India (Mohanan 1994a,b). The
disease incidence was low in all nurseries. In a nursery
at Kothamangalam Forest Division, about 6% of
planting stocks were detected as carrying the infection
and all the affected seedlings had to be discarded.
SYMPTOMS
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ETIOLOGY
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CAUSAL ORGANISM
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. (Lan 1980; Hsiung
1981).
ETIOLOGY
The fungus invades the host tissue through wounds.
Optimum temperature for fungal spore germination
and hyphal growth is recorded as 25-28oC. Artificial
inoculation trials showed 12 species of bamboos, of
which 11 were of Phyllostachys, to be highly susceptible
to the disease.
CONTROL
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Bamboo Blight
Bamboo blight has been reported in Bangladesh and in
India. The disease has been recorded as affecting the
village groves of Bambusa bambos, B. balcooa, B. tulda
and B. vulgaris throughout Bangladesh (Gibson 1975;
Rahman 1978, 1988; Boa and Rahman 1987). The
disease was first recorded in 1970 by Rahman and
Zethner (1971) as a potentially serious problem of
village bamboos in Bangladesh. Disease losses have been
recorded as greatest in B. vulgaris, followed by B. balcooa
and the Jawa/kata Jali variety of B. tulda. Death of
the whole affected clump within 3-4 years of infection
has been recorded in B. vulgaris. The disease was studied
in detail and about 3-66% infection of clumps in
different localities Chittagong, Dhaka, Comilla and
Rajshahi was reported. However, quantitative data
assembled are not sufficient to make an overall
assessment of the diseases impact on culm production.
There has been no new outbreak of the disease
since 1981.
Recently, bamboo blight has also been recorded in
Bambusa nutans Wallich in the coastal belts of Orissa
State, India (Gupta et al. 1990; Jamaluddin et al.
1992; Mohanan 1995b). An average of 94% infection
has been recorded in B. nutans clumps in Puri, Cuttack,
Baleshwar and Ganjam Districts in Orissa State.
Bamboo blight occurs mostly in well established older
clumps, aged more than 8-10 years. Culms which
survive the first growing season remain healthy
and the spread of the disease between clumps of
bamboo is slow.
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SYMPTOMS
The disease results in a sequential die-back of
culms in their first season of growth.
Symptoms appear when culms are nearing full
growth or shortly after this. The initial
symptoms of blight are premature death of
culm sheaths and partial collapse of the fragile
apical regions (Fig. 39).
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Top Blight
60
The disease, also called withered tip disease and dieback, has been reported in Phyllostachys pubescen/
heterocycla including edulis in China (Shi et al. 1979;
Deng and Yu 1980; Zhang 1982; Liu and Pan 1983;
Yu 1981, 1986; Lin 1988; Xu et al. 1989; Lin and
Qiu 1993; Zhang and Ou 1993; Ou and Zhang
1993a,b). The disease is widespread in Jiangsu,
Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian and Shanghai
Provinces, causing heavy damages to the bamboo
groves. Peak incidence of disease occurs in JulySeptember. Bamboo groves located in drought affected
areas, at forest borders, on hill tops and on poor soils
with poor growth have been seriously damaged. The
disease has been studied in detail and a disease prediction
model has been generated for forecasting the infection
(Ou and Zhang 1993a). The disease distribution pattern
over time is that of a polyetic epidemic disease
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Branch Die-back
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Witches-broom
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Association of a mycoplasma-like
organism (MLO) with the diseased
tissue was proved by Dienes
staining (Fig. 56), fluorescence
microscopy using aniline blue
staining (Fig. 57), electron
microscopy (Fig. 58) and
tetracycline hydrochloride therapy
(Mohanan 1994a,b). Attempts to
culture MLOs associated with
bamboo little leaf were unsuccessful
(Mohanan 1994c).
ETIOLOGY
Etiology of little leaf disease of bamboo caused by MLO
is not known. However, etiology of MLOs causing
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Bamboo Mosaic
Mosaic disease affecting foliage and
young developing culms of bamboo
has been reported from TaiwanFig. 57: Aniline blue staining reaction of
China. The disease affects two major
diseased internodal tissues; note the
cultivated bamboos Dendrocalamus
yellow green fluorescent spots in the
latiflorus Munro and Bambusa
phloem tissue
oldhamii Munro and about 7080% disease incidence has been reported (Lin et al. 1977,
1979, 1993; Chen 1985; Lin and Chen 1991).
SYMPTOMS
72
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ETIOLOGY
BoMv has no insect vectors and is likely to be
transmitted mechanically, as well as through vegetative
planting materials. The infection process and
development are the same as in the case of other virus
transmitted diseases. The virus proliferates in the
affected culm, leaf and rhizome tissues. The affected
culms become hard in texture, and internal tissue gets
discoloured and quality deteriorates. Immunological
detection of BoMV antigen by tissue blotting (Lin et
al. 1993) demonstrated that most cultivated bamboo
species in Taiwan-China with pachymorph rhizomes,
including Bambusa and Dendrocalamus, are susceptible
to bamboo mosaic. Infection of B. oldhamii results in
the formation of a large number of unusual electrondense bodies in the infected cells.
CONTROL
The large-scale use of vegetative propagules of bamboos
has caused the disease to spread throughout Taiwan-
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Thread Blight
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Bamboo Wilt
A wilt disease of origin has been reported on
Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro from Fujian Province
in China (Xie et al. 1987), while a bacterial wilt disease
affecting D. latiflorus (=Sinocalamus latiflorus (Munro)
McCl.) has been reported from Taiwan-China
(Lo et al. 1966; Hsieh 1984).
SYMPTOMS
In both fungal and bacterial wilt diseases, yellowing
of the foliage and premature defoliation occur. The basal
part of the culm becomes discoloured and shrivelled.
Rhizomes and roots of the affected culms show
browning and necrosis. Severe infection leads to death
of the culm.
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rev. and Erwinia
sinocalami Lo.
ETIOLOGY
In the case of wilt disease caused by fungus, the fungal
spores on the soil or disseminated by wind and rain
splashes serve as the primary inoculum. The spores
germinate on wounded areas in the basal part of the
culm, and the infection spreads to the internal tissues.
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Culm Rust
Rust affecting the culms of bamboos has
been reported from China, Japan and
Pakistan (Spaulding 1961; Zhu et al. 1983;
Chen et al. 1988; Wu 1993). The rust
fungus affects species of Bambusa,
Chimonobambusa, Phyllostachys, Pleioblastus,
Pseudosasa, Sasa, Arundinaria and
Semiarundinaria (Fig. 63).
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(Li et al. 1986; Zhu and Zhang 1988; Chen et al. 1989).
Chemical treatment will be effective in controlling
infection only if the chemicals are applied in early
March, before the development of the urediniospores.
Felling and removing the seriously affected bamboo
culms and chemical treatment in the groves for 3-4
successive years are necessary to minimize the disease
incidence (Zhu et al. 1988; Zhu and Zhang 1987;
Zhu 1988b; Wu 1993).
Culm Smut
Smut that affect culms and spring tips of
Phyllostachys has been reported from China
(Zhu 1988a). (A smut disease affecting
Bambusa sp. was reported by Pavgi and
Mundkur (1948) from India; however,
later it was confirmed by Thirumalachar
and Pavgi (1950) that the pathogen was
not an Ustilago sp. but Papularia
arundinis (Corda) Fr.)
SYMPTOMS
CAUSAL ORGANISM
Ustilago shiraiana P. Henn. (Zhu 1988a).
ETIOLOGY
Chlamydospores of the pathogen serve as the
inoculum, which gets through to young shoots of
bamboo from the soil surface. Chlamydospores do not
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The disease is not very damaging and control measures are seldom required.
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Culms
Many fungi cause stains on culms,
particularly when the culms have been
subjected to excessive humidity and lack of
sunshine. Usually, fungal stain causes
blemishes, spots, streaks and lesions of
different shades of grey to black and affects
the aesthetic quality of culms. However,
fungal stains which give a decorative
appearance to the culms are highly prized
in China and Japan for the manufacture of
decorative panels and musical instruments
(Figs. 67, 68). Quite a large number of such
staining fungi have been recorded on different
species of bamboos in various countries. The
best known among these are:
Fig. 67: Culm stain on P. edulis
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Foliage Blight
Foliage blight has been reported in bamboo plantations
and natural stands in Kerala, India (Mohanan
1994a,b). The disease was observed on Bambusa
bambos, Dendrocalamus brandisii, D. longispathus,
D. strictus and Pseudoxytenanthera ritcheyi stands. About
80-97% disease incidence with low to medium severity
was recorded in various plantations during 1991.
SYMPTOMS
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Leaf Rusts
Leaf rusts, caused by more than 29 rust fungi belonging
to the five genera Dasturella, Puccinia, Uredo,
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Leaf Spots
1
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SYMPTOMS
Small, water-soaked, greyish black, linear to
irregular lesions appear on mature leaves, and
later coalesce and spread to the entire leaf
laminas. The infection appears in AugustSeptember; leaf necrosis, withering and
premature defoliation occur in October. The
fungus sporulates profusely on the lower
surfaces of the affected leaves (Figs. 77, 78).
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
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ETIOLOGY
During the wet months of the year,
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CONTROL
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Tar Spot
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
A total of ten Phyllachoraital species
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P. longinaviculata Parbery on
B. bambos, D. strictus and
Pseudoxytenanthera ritcheyi (Mohanan 1990, 1994a,b);
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ETIOLOGY
The fungus enters the leaf tissue
through stomata or by direct
penetration, and the mycelium
ramifies in the mesophyll. Pycnidia
of the causal fungus are formed in
the necrotic lesions during
November-December as erupting
structures. Under high humidity,
a cream to pink coloured,
gelatinous spore mass is extruded
in cirri from the pycnidia.
Fig. 91: Conidia of Phoma dendrocalami
CONTROL
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CONTROL
The disease is of little importance and control measures
are not required.
13
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CONTROL
Infection is of little importance and control measures
are seldom required.
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CAUSAL ORGANISMS
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17
CAUSAL ORGANISM
Leptostroma sp. (Dayan 1988).
18
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CONTROL
Since the culm sheaths fall off after the development
of branches from the nodes and the infection does not
spread to the culm, the disease is of little importance.
Control measures are not required.
Black Mildew
Black mildew is widespread in bamboo stands, especially in humid tropical areas with closed canopy. The
disease has been reported on bamboos in China, India,
Japan and Thailand. In Japan, the disease has been
recorded on Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys
spp., Sasa senanensis Rehd. and Semiarundinaria
yashadake Makino (Spaulding 1961; Zhu 1989). In
India, black mildew has been recorded on Bambusa sp.
(Browne 1968), Bambusa bambos, Dendrocalamus
strictus, Ochlandra travancorica, O. travancorica var.
hirsuta, O. ebracteata and O. scriptoria (Mohanan 1992,
unpublished observation). The incidence of black
mildew was recorded as high in humid areas during
November-December. Recently, the
disease has also been observed on
different bamboo species in China
and Thailand (Mohanan 1995,
unpublished observation).
SYMPTOMS
Cobweb-like to powdery black
patches appear on the upper surfaces
of mature leaves. As the infection
Fig. 100. Black mildew on B. bambos due develops, the upper leaf surface
becomes densely coated with a black
to Meliola sp.
powdery growth of fungal hyphae
(Fig. 100). Infection also occurs on leaf sheaths and
minor branches. Severe infection reduces effective
118
photosynthetic area of the leaves.
INBAR
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
Meliola bambusicola Hans. (Browne 1968);
M. pseudosasae Hara (Zhu 1989); Meliola sp.
(Mohanan 1990, 1994a,b); M. stomata Hara (Zhu
1989); and Haraea japonica Sacc. et Syd. and
Asterinella hiugensis (Spaulding 1961).
ETIOLOGY
Black mildew fungi are parasites, penetrate the host
tissue by means of haustoria that arise from the
characteristic superficial hyphopodiate mycelium.
High atmospheric humidity and free water on the host
surface favour infection and growth of the fungi.
CONTROL
Opening the canopy will reduce the infection.
Sooty Mould
Sooty mould has been reported on different bamboo
species in India and Japan. The disease has been recorded
on Bambusa vulgaris, B. bambos, B. polymorpha,
D. strictus, D. longispathus, Ochlandra travancorica,
O. travancorica var. hirsuta, O. scriptoria and
O. ebracteata (Mohanan 1994a,b). Recently, severe
sooty mould infection has been recorded on
B. blumeana, B. multiplex, B. vulgaris and Gigantochloa
albociliata (Munro) Kurz stands in Kanchanburi,
Thailand (Mohanan 1995, unpublished observation).
Very high incidence of sooty mould was recorded in
humid areas during September-December. Extensive
growth of the fungus on foliage markedly reduces the
effective photosynthetic area of the leaves. Sooty
moulds also absorb water readily from the atmosphere
and keep the leaf surfaces moist for long periods. This
creates a very humid environment within the canopy,
allowing the spread of other foliage diseases.
119
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SYMPTOMS
Infection usually appears on the
upper leaf surface as a sparse, black
network of hyphae or a thin, effuse,
black, powdery fungal coating
(Fig. 101). The disease also occurs on
branches and minor branches. Sooty
mould also occurs on the lower
surfaces of the leaves.
Fig. 101: Sooty mould on O. travancorica
caused by Spiropes scopiformis
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
120
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121
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Infection of Inflorescence
and Seeds
Bamboo has a typical inflorescence which consists
of one to many spikelets (Fig. 105). Each spikelet
is protected by brads called glumes, and contains
one to few flowers called florets. Each floret consists of a lemma, a palea, three lodicules (sometimes
absent), three or six stamens, and an ovary with
one or three stigmas. The fruit of bamboo is mostly
a caryopsis which consists of a pericarp enclosing
the seed (Fig. 106). Each seed contains endosperm,
and an embryo comprising a radicle, a plumule and
Fig.104: Leaf and Leaf
a scutellum. Fungal infection on inflorescences
sheath infection by shiraia of bamboos, causing smut and ergot, has been
bambusicola on B.blumeana
reported from India, Japan and
Thailand.
Smut
Smut affecting the developing seeds
in spikelets of bamboo species has
been reported from India and Japan.
Smut on Bambusa bambos and
Bambusa sp. has been reported from
Uttar Pradesh, India (Thirumalachar and Pavgi 1952). Severe infection completely replaces the seeds
with a fungal spore mass. In Japan,
smut affeds Phyllostachys heterocla
Fig. 105: Inflorescence of Dendrocalamus var. pubescens, Sasa nana Mak. and
hamiltonii
S. ramosa Mak. et Shib. (Hori 1905;
Zhu 1989).
SYMPTOMS
122
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123
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SYMPTOMS
The fungi attack the developing
spikelets and replaces the seeds with
fungal fructifications, causing ergot
(Figs. 108, 109).
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
Claviceps purpurea (Fr) Tul. (Zhu 1989);Claviceps
sp.; and Hypocreopsis phyllo-stachydis and
Hypocrella semiamplexa (Berk.) Sacc. (Berkeley
1856; Spaulding 1961)
ETIOLOGY
The fungus (Claviceps sp.) overwinters as
sclerotia on or in the ground, or mixed with
the seed. Sclerotia germinate and produce
numerous stalks bearing perithecia. Ascospores
are extruded in a viscous fluid under humid
weather, and are disseminated by air currents
Fig.109:Ergot of Phyllostacor insects. The spore germinates and infeds the
hys sp. due to Claviceps
ovary. Within a week of infection, the fungus
purpurea(source: Zhu 1989)
produces stroma-like sporodochium that
124
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Seed-borne Diseases
Bamboo seeds arc invaded by fungi
and bacteria during their different developmental stages on the plant and
after the seed falls. Micro-organisms
affect the developing fruits, invade the
seeds and thus reduce the amount of
healthy seeds (Fig. 110).
Fig. 110: Fungal infection on
developing seeds
INBAR
126
CONTROL
Bamboo seeds are usually collected from the forest floor
,where they are open to attack by fungi and bacteria.
Under such circumstances, the seed quality deteriorates
before and after seed collecting. The period during which
seeds are liable to infection by microorganisms can be
greatly reduced if seed collecting is done immediately
after seed fall. The cleaned seeds should be stored in
airtight containers under temperatures and
INBAR
Diseases of Rhizomes
and Roots
127
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SYMIPTOMS
Above-ground symptoms of the disease
are yellowing of the entire foliage,
resulting in complete defoliation in
15-20 days. The affected plants show
128
CAUSAL ORGANISM
Pythium middletonii sparrow (Mohanan
1990,1994a,b)
INBAR
ETIOLOGY
The fungus is a soil-borne Pathogen, which usually
infects the succulent plant tissues. The fungus enters
the fleshy tissues and the rhizome buds and tender
growing points of rhizomes through wounds caused
to the seedling rhizome during collecting ,transportation or planting, or by rodents, porcupines and pigs.
Infection spreads through rhizome tissues very
slowly, and the discolouration often reaches the base
of the shoots, causing the disease symptoms to appear. Infection affects the conductive tissues in roots,
rhizomes and the basal portion of culms. Water logging around the plants favours the development of
infection.
CONTROL
The disease can be managed by using a healthy planting stock, as well as by improving the cultural and
management practices in the plantations. During the
dismantling of seedbeds and pulling out the bareroot
seedling for planting, care should be taken to avoid
causing injuries to the seedling rhizome. Storage and
transportation of planting stocks should be done
under hygienic conditions. Planting in water logged
areas should be avoided.
INBAR
130
ETIOLOGY
The fungus (Amyiosporus campbellii) established
in cut stumps of bamboos and their rhizomes, and
in forest debris, spreads to the healthy culms and
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SYMPTOMS
The disease causes white spongy to
fibrous or brown cubical rot of root,
rhizome and basal part of the culm.
The sporophores of the fungus develop
on the affected bamboo culms at the
ground level and on the exposed parts
of the affected rhizomes (Fig. 116).
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
Ganoderma lucidum (Leyos.) Karst (Banerjee and
Ghosh 1942; Bakshi 1957; Spaulding 1961;
Balakrishnan et al. 1990; Mohanan 1994b);
Polyporius bambusicola P. Henn. (Hennings 1901
); Poria rhizomorpha Bagchee (Bagchee 1954);
and Fomes lignosus(Klotzch) Bres.(Hilton 1961 )
ETIOLOGY
132
Ganoderma lucidum is a serious root rot pathogen of worldwide distribution. It attacks a large
number of broad-leaved, sub-temperate and
temperate tree species. It is normally endemic to
natural forests and does not cause any serious
damage. However, when natural forests are
clear-felled, G. lucidum spreads quickly to residual
roots and stumps to build up a high inoculum
potential.Raising new plantations in such areas
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Mycorrhizae
Feeder roots of bamboos are generally infected by symbiotic fungi that do not
cause any disease, but are beneficial. The
infected feeder roots are transformed into
a unique morphological structure called
mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae apparently
improve plant growth by increasing the
absorbing surface of the root system, by
selectively absorbing and accumulating
certain nutrients (especially phosphorus),
by making available to the plant some of
the normally insoluble minerals, and by
keeping feeder roots more resistant to infection by certain soil fungi.
In bamboos, both ecto- and endomycorrhizal associations have been reported. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated
with bamboos include: Thelephora
terrestris Fries, Scleroderma verrucosum
Persoon, Lactarius spp., Hygrophorus
miniatus (Fries) Fries, Tricholoma sp. etc.
(Mohanan 1995a) (Figs. 122-125).
Various other macro fungi are also
commonly observed associated with
bamboo roots. These include:Clavaria
spp.,Clavalina spp., Ramariasp.;
Xylospha -eria sp.; Geastrum triplex
Jung;Collybia sp .; Tricholomopsis 1 3 5
INBAR
sp.;Hygrophorus chlorophanus
Fries, and H. coccineus. However,
their mycorrhizal status with
bamboos is yet to be ascertained
(Mohanan 1995a).
INBAR
Non-infectious
Diseases
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138
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139
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140
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white rot, brown rot and soft rot. White rot and soft
rot cause more serious damage than brown rot. In white
rot, both lignin and cellulose are attacked. White rot of
culms is characterized by a bleached appearance caused
by the utilization or modification of chromogenic material in the culm. In brown rot, cellulose and its associated pentosans are attacked, while lignin remains unaffected. The lignin-rich residue of the decay imparts a
brown colour to the decayed culms. In soft rot, cellulose
is removed like in brown rot, but the mechanism of action on the cell wall is different. The fungi causing soft
rot, like those causing staining, belong to Ascomycetes
and Fungi Imperfecti, although the species involved and
their action mechanism are different. Bacterial degradation of culms also occurs, but it is a slow process unlike that caused by fungi. Many bacteria may attack
cellulose, while some may attack the lignified cell wall.
A large number of fungi causing decay and deterioration of bamboo culms in storage have been reported from
different countries in Asia (Giatgong 1980; Wang 1985;
Sutathip 1988; Arunee 1989; Shojiro et al. 1989;
Mohanan and Liese 1990). In Japan, the decay fungi
recorded on Phyllostachys edulis, P. heterocycla var.
pubescens, P. lithophila, P. nigra, Dendrocalamus latifolius
and Chimonobambusa quadrangularis include: Irpex
lacteus, I. consors Berk., Tyromyces palustris,
Pycnoporus coccineus ( = Trametes sanguinea), Poria vaporaria, Schizophyllum commune Fr.,
Polyporus versicolor (= Coriolus versicolor), etc. Of
these, Tromyces palustris, the brown rot fungus, and
Irpex lacteus and Polyporus versicolor, the white rot
fungi, are the important ones.
142
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P.
grammocephalus
Berk.,
Polystictus steinheilianus Berk. et
Lev.,Poria diversispora Berk. et Br,P.
rhizomorpha
Bagchee,
Pleurotussp., Lenzites elegans (Fr.)
Pat.,Fomes durus (Jung.) Cunn.,F.
hypoplastus Berk., Schizophyllum
commune, Stilbum erythrocephalum Ditm .,S. lateritium Berk.,
Tetraploa aristata Berk., Thelephora palmata(scop.) Fr., Trametes
persoonii Fr.,Tremella fuciformis
Berk.,Gloeophyllum striatum (Fr.)
Murr.,Cyathus limbatus Hall.,
Sphaerostilbe bambusae Pat.,
Sporidesmium nilgirense Subram.,
S. leptospermum, Cribaria
intricata Schard., Flammula
dilepsis Berk.et Br., Apiospora
montagnei
Sacc.,Lacellina
graminicola (Berk et Br.) Petch,
Phellinus gilvus (Schw.) Pat., etc.
(Mathur 1936; Patel et al. 1949,
1951; Banerjee and Ghosh 1942;
Subramaniam 1956; Bakshi et al.
1963; Kar and Maity 1971; Harsh
N.S.K. 1995 personal communication ;Mohanan 1994, unpublished
observation) (Figs. 132-134).
143
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144
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Protective Measures
Decay and biodeterioration of bamboo culms during
outdoor storage can be checked to a great extent by
adopting good storage yard management practices.
Culms should be stacked horizontally over raised walls
to facilitate water drainage and air circulation. For reed
bamboos, vertical stacking results in a small gain in
pulp yield over horizontal stacking because the former
suffers less fungal damage.
Recently, an exhaustive review on bamboo preservation
techniques has been made by Kumar et al. (1994) on
behalf of INBAR. Basically, there arc two methods for
increasing the durability of bamboo: (1) non-chemical
method, in which preservatives are not involved; and
(2) chemical method.
Bamboos used for structural purposes are often treated
by non-chemical or traditional method, although not
much is known about their real effectiveness. However,
the treatment cost is almost nothing and can be carried out at village level without any special equipment.
These methods include curing, smoking, lime-washing
and soaking. (Martawidjaja 1986; Singh and Nigam
1968; Sulthoni 1987; Kumar et al. 1980, 1983; Liese
1993; Gnanaharan et al. 1993). Bamboo culms are
145
INBAR
treated during or immediately after extraction and before stacking in the storage yard. Curing involves leaving harvested culms, with branches and leaves intact,
in open air. The leaves continue to transpire causing the
starch content of the culms to fail. The second traditional method is to smoke bamboo culm over fire. This
is considered an effective treatment against insects and
fungi. Painting of culm with lime is widely used and
said to ward off fungal attack. Often, culms are painted
with a mixture of tar and sand, or plaster, cow dung
and lime, to prevent fungal and insect attacks. Another
method is to submerge the culms in either stagnant or
running water, or mud for several weeks.
Chemical protection ensures a longer life for bamboos.
Culms can be treated using a variety of chemicals, depending upon the culm condition- green or dry - and
also on the end use of bamboo. Various chemical treatments recommended for increasing the service life of
fresh (green) bamboo, include : steeping, sap displacement, diffusion process and boucherie process. Treatments for dry bamboo culms include soaking in a preservative solution, hot-cold process and pressure treatment.
146
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148
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6. FUTURE RESEARCH
It is evident from the available information that diseases play an important role in the depletion of the
bamboo resources in Asia. From an economic point of
view, the impact of diseases on bamboos is often difficult to assess. Quantified data on the extent of damage caused by diseases and their economic implications are meagre. However, with the present study, a
clear picture emerges on the potentially serious diseases of bamboos in the region. The diseases identified
as potentially serious, affecting culm production as
well as stand productivity, in different countries are
culm blight in Bangladesh and the coastal belts of
Orissa State in India; rot of emerging and growing
culms in India; culm rust and top blight in China;little
leaf disease in southern India; witches-broom in
China, India, Japan and Taiwan-China; and culm mosaic in Taiwan-China. However, large-scale
monoculture of bamboos with narrowed genetic base
(using clonal material) could lead to the emergence of
more diseases; also, the diseases perceived as of minor
significance may flare up under conducive conditions
and pose threats to planting stocks or stands.
Bamboo blight, reported in Bangladesh in the early
l970s, caused a large-scale mortality of bamboos in
village groves during the 1 98Os and adversely affected
the rural economy. No more new outbreaks have been
reported from Bangladesh, but the present status is
still uncertain. A similar disease affecting Bambusa
nutans in village groves in the coastal belts of Orissa
State, India, is spreading at a very fast pace. Even
though a very elaborated symptomatology and
possible etiology the disease are available,
149
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150
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7. REFERENCES
Anonymous. 1945. Forest research in India and Burma:
1944-45. Part I. The Forest Research Institute, Dehra
Dun, India. 149 pp.
Anonymous. 1950. List of common names of Indian
plant diseases. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science,
20, 107-142.
Anonymous. 1951. Index of fungi. Commonwealth
Mycological Institute, Kew, UK. 2(2), 15-34.
Anonymous. 1960. Index of plant diseases in the
United States. Handbook No. 165. United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C., USA.
Anonymous. 1961. Specification for creosote and
anthracene oil for use as wood preservatives. IS: 218.
Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan, New
Delhi, India.
Anonymous. 1979. Observation on bamboo survival
in winter and control of freezing: drought damage.
Forest Science and Technology, 18-25.
Anonymous. 1981a. Specification for water soluble
type wood preservatives. IS: 10013. Part I. AcidCopper-Chrome (ACC) wood preservative. Bureau of
Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
Anonymous. 1981b. Specification for water soluble
type wood preservatives. IS:10013. Part II. CopperChrome-Arsenic (CCA) wood preservative. Bureau of
Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
Anonymous. 1981c. Specification for water soluble
type wood preservatives. IS:10013. Part III. CopperChrome-Boron (CCB) wood preservative. Bureau of
Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
Anonymous. 1982. China forest diseases. China Forest
Publishing House, Beijing, China. 24 pp.
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155
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157
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159
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161
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162
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163
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165
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168
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169
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171
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sincere thanks are due to:
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
(INBAR), New Delhi, India;
International Development Research Centre (IDRC),
Ottawa, Canada;
Dr K.S.S. Nair, Director, and Dr S. Chand Basha,
former Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute
(KFRI), Kerala, India;
Dr C .B. Sastry, Director, and Mr Paul Stinson, former
Manager, INBAR, New Delhi, India;
Dr C.T.S. Nair, Senior Program Officer, FORSPA,
Bangkok, Thailand;
Prof Chao Chison, President, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, China;
Prof Zhu Kegong, Forest Pathology Department,
Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China;
Dr Zhu Shilin, Asst. Director, and Ms Zhang Xin
Ping, Bamboo Information Centre China, Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China;
Dr Emmanuel D. Bello, Director, and Dr Perla A.
Centino, Research Specialist, Forest Products Research
and Development Institute (FPRDI), the Philippines;
Mr Paulino A. Umali, Jr. and Mr Lucas L. Gonzales,
Forest Products Research and Development Institute
(FPRDI), the Philippines;
Dr Emilio A. Rosario, Director, Ecosystem Research
and Development Bureau (ERDB), Laguna, the
Philippines;
Dr Maria P. Dayan and Ms Veronica O. Sinohin,
Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau
(ERDB), Laguna, the Philippines;
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178
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179
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GLOSSARY
abaxial: on the side facing away from the axis or stem
(dorsal)
acervulus (pl. acervuli): a sub-epidermal, saucershaped, asexual fruiting body that produces conidia
on short conidiophores
adaxial: on the side facing the axis or stem (ventral)
aeciospore: a dikaryotic rust spore produced in an
aecium
aecium: a cup-shaped fruiting body of the rust fungi
which produces aeciospores
alternate host: one of two kinds of plants on which
a parasitic fungus (e.g. rust) must develop to complete
its life-cycle
anamorph stage: the part of the life cycle of a fungus
in which no sexual spores are produced; also called
imperfect stage
anastomosis: the union of one hypha with another
resulting in the intercommunication of their contents
appressorium (pl. appressoria): the swollen tip of a
hypha or germ tube that facilitates attachment and
penetration of the host by the fungus
ascocarp: the fruiting body of ascomycetes bearing
or containing asci
ascomycetes: a group of fungi that produce their
sexual spores, ascospores, within asci
ascospore: a sexually produced spore borne in an ascus
ascus (pl. asci): a sac-like cell of a hypha in which
meiosis (part of gamete formation process consisting
of joining of chromosomes and two cell divisions)
occurs and which contains the ascospores
180
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181
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183
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185
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mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) : a microorganism found in the phloem and phloem parenchyma of
diseased plants, and assumed to be the cause of
the disease; it resembles mycoplasma (a parasitic
microorganism, lacking a true cell wall and able to
survive without oxygen) in all respects except that it
cannot yet be grown on artificial nutrient media
mycorrhiza (pl. micorrhizae): a symbiotic
association of a fungus with the roots of a plant
necrosis: a localized and rapid destruction of cell
structures and consequent death of the protoplasts
necrotic: discoloured and dead
node: the point on the stem or branch at which a leaf
or branch is borne
non-infectious disease: a disease that is caused by an
environmental factor, not by a pathogen
ovary: the part of the pistil, usually the enlarged base,
which contains the ovules and eventually becomes
the fruit
overwinter: pass, spend or survive the winter
pachymorph: a term coined to designate a short, thick
type of rhizome
palea (pl. paleae): the scale-like, membranous organ
in the flowers of grasses that is situated upon a
secondary axis in the axil of the flowering glume, and
envelopes the stamens and pistil
parasite: an organism living on or in another living
organism (host) and obtaining its food from the latter
parenchyma: a tissue composed of thin-walled cells,
which usually leave intercellular spaces between them
pathogen: an entity that can cause a disease
pathogenicity: the capacity of a pathogen to cause
disease
186
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187
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189
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191
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APPENDICES
Appendix I
Checklist of Bamboo Diseases and Pathogens in Bamboo Nurseries
Reported from Different Countries in Asia
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Damping-off
Rhizoctonia solani
Fusarium moniliforme
F. oxysporum
India
R. solani
B. bambos, D. strictus
India
Seedling wilt
R. solani
B. bambos, D. strictus
India
Web blight
R. solani
B. bambos, D. brandisii,
D. strictus, T. siamensis
B. blumeana
India
B. bambos, D. brandisii,
D. strictus, Ochlandra
travancorica, O. scriptoria,
Phyllostachys ritcheyi,
T. siamensis
B. bambos, B. blumeana
India
B. bambos, D. strictus,
D. brandisii, D. membranaceus,
T. siamensis, O. wightii
P. pubescens
B. bambos
India
Leaf rust
Bipolaris leaf
blight
Dasturella divina
Bipolaris maydis
B. urochloae
B. bambusae
192
Philippines
Thailand
India
India
INBAR
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Exserohilum leaf
spot
Exserohilum rostratum
E. holmii
E. halodes
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, P. pubescens
B. bambos
India
India
India
Dactylaria leaf
spot
Dactylaria bambusina
B. bambos, D. brandisii,
D. strictus, O. wightii,
T. siamensis
India
Colletotrichum
leaf spot
Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, B. blumeana
India
Thailand
Curvularia leaf
spot
Curvularia pallescens
B. bambos, B. vulgaris,
D. longispathus, O. scriptoria,
T. oliveri
India
Alternaria leaf
tip blight
Alternaria alternata
Bambusa bambos,
Dendrocalamus strictus
India
Seedling rhizome
rot
Rhizostilbella hibisci
B. bambos
India
Possibly a virus
B. bambos
India
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Appendix IIA
Checklist of Bamboo Diseases and Pathogens in Bamboo Stands
Reported from Different Countries in Asia (Diseases of Culms and Foliage)
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Rot of emerging
culm
Fusarium moniliforme
var. intermedium
B. bambos, B. balcooa,
B. polymorpha, B. vulgaris,
D. strictus, D. longispathus,
Thyrsostachys oliveri
B. bambos, B. balcooa,
B. tulda, B. vulgaris
Bamboo spp.
India
Unknown etiology
Rot of growing
culm
China,
Thailand,
Philippines
Pakistan
India
Rhizoctonia sp.
D. strictus
Ochlandra travancorica,
O. scriptoria
F. equiseti
B. bambos, B. balcooa,
B. polymorpha, B. brandisii,
D. strictus, D. longispathus,
T. oliveri
P.pubescens
India
F. moniliforme
194
Bangladesh
China
F. solani
Phyllostachys viridis,
P. viridis f. hauzeauana
(both now=P. sulphurea)
China
Arthrinium sp.
Alternaria alternata
Unidentified fungi
P.pubescens
P.pubescens
P.pubescens
China
China
China
China
Bamboo blight
Bangladesh
Sarocladium oryzae
Acremonium strictum
Coniothyrium fuckelii
Fusarium sp.
Pteroconium sp.
Arthrinium sp.
India
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
INBAR
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Top blight
Ceratosphaeria
phyllostachydis
Phyllostachys edulis,
P. heterocycla, P. pubescens
China
Branch die-back
India
Balansia linearis
Ochlandra travancorica,
O. travancorica var. hirsuta,
O. scriptoria, O. ebracteata
B. take
P. viridis f. hauzeauana,
(=P. sulphurea), P. glauca,
P. aurea, P. praecox, P. nuda,
P. pubescens/heterocycla/
edulis, P. arcana, B. multiplex
P. aurea, P. bambusoides,
P. pubescens, P. nigra var.
henonis, P. lithophila,
P. makinoi, P. lithocarpa,
P. nuda, B. oldhamii,
B. multiplex, B. dolichoclada
P. nigra var. henonis,
P. bambusoides, P. pubescens,
Sasa veitchii var. tyugokensis,
S. borealis var. purpurascens,
S. kurilensis, S. paniculata,
S. tectoria
Epichloe bambusae
B. vulgaris, Bambusa sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
D. asper, Gigantochloa apus,
G. atter, G. robusta
B. nutans, D. membranaceus
E. sasae
Phyllostachys sp., Sasa spp.
Loculistroma bambusae Phyllostachys sp.
Bacteria-like organism Phyllostachys spp.
+ phytoplasma
Unknown etiology
D. strictus
India
Little leaf
Phytoplasma
D. strictus
India
Bamboo mosaic
Bambusa oldhamii,
Dendrocalamus latiflorus
TaiwanChina
Witches-broom
Thread blight
Botryobasidium
salmonicolor
B. bambos, B. balcooa,
B. polymorpha, B. vulgaris
China
China
TaiwanChina
Japan
India
China
Indonesia
Vietnam
Japan
China
TaiwanChina
India
India
195
INBAR
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
(=Pellicularia
salmonicolor)
B. multiplex, B. tulda,
B. tuldoides, D. brandisii,
D. longispathus, Ochlandra
travancorica, O. travancorica
var. hirsuta, O. scriptoria,
O. ebracteata
D. strictus, Ochlandra spp.
India
Corticium koleroga
(=Pellicularia koleroga)
Country
Necrosis of culm
internode
Curvularia lunata
Thyrsostachys oliveri
India
Bamboo wilt
Fusarium semitectum
Erwinia sinocalami
D. latiflorus
D. latiflorus
China
TaiwanChina
Culm rust
Stereostratum
corticioides
China
Japan
Pakistan
Culm smut
Ustilago shiraiana
Phyllostachys spp.
Bambusa sp.
China
India
Culm staining
& die-back
Apiospora sp.
B. vulgaris, D. longispathus
India
Sooty stripe
disease
Papularia arundinis
Arthrinium phaeospermum
(=Papularia sphaerosperma)
Bambusa sp.
India
Apiospora indica
A. montagnei
Bambusa sp.
Melocanna baccifera
India
Pakistan
Disease
INBAR
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Arthrinium sp.
Bambusa sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Bambusa sp.
Asterinella hiugensis
Astrocystis mirabilis
Asterosphaeria fuscomaculans
Balladyna butleri
Capnodium sp.
Phyllostachys bambusoides
Bambusa sp.
P. nigra
Pakistan,
India
India,
Philippines
Japan
India
Japan
Chaetosphaeria
fusispora
C. macrospora
Coniosporium bambusae
Geotrichum sp.
Lembosia tikusiensis
Bambusa sp.
B. bambos,
Dendrocalamus strictus
Arundinaria narihira
India
India
Bambusa shimadai
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Phyllostachys nigra
Japan
Meliola bambusicola
Micropeltis bambusicola
Morrisiella indica
Papularia arundinis
Bambusa sp.
Sasa paniculata
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Penicilliopsis bambusae
Bambusa sp.
Periconia cookei
P. digitata
Phragmothyrium semiarundinariae
Tremella fuciformis
Trichoderma sp.
Valsaria bambusae
Xenosporium indicum
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Semiarundinaria narikissae
Japan
India
India
Japan,
China
India
Japan
India
India,
Pakistan
Japan,
India
India
India
Japan
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
India
India
India
India
Foliage blight
Bipolaris bambusae
B. maydis
B. bambos, B. polymorpha
B. brandisii, Dendrocalamus
longispathus, D. strictus,
P. ritcheyi
India
India
Dasturella leaf
rust
Dasturella divina
B. bambos, B. balcooa,
B. multiplex, B. tuldoides,
B. vulgaris, D. brandisii,
D. hamiltonii, D. longispathus,
D. strictus, P. ritcheyi,
Ochlandra travancorica,
O. scriptoria, Thyrsostachys
oliveri, T. siamensis
B. oldhamii, D. latiflorus
India
TaiwanChina
197
INBAR
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Singapore
Japan
D. bambusina
Dasturella sp.
Bambusa sp.
B. multiplex, B. oldhamii,
B. shimadai, D. latiflorus,
Bambusa sp.
B. membranaceus
B. vulgaris, D. asper, D. strictus
B. vulgaris, Gigantochloa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Puccinia aduncta
P. bambusicola
P. cymbiformis
P. flammuliformis
P. gracilenta
P. hikawaensis
P. kusanoi
Japan
China
Japan
China
India
Japan
TaiwanChina,
Japan,
China
Phyllostachys sp.,
P. longicornis
P. melanocephala
P. mitiioformis
P. nigroconoidea
P. phyllostachydis
P. sasae
P. sasicola
P. scabrida
P. sinarundinariae
P. tenella
198
P. xanthosperma
Vietnam
Thailand
Philippines
India
India
INBAR
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Uredo arundinaria
U. bambusae-nanae
U. dendrocalami
D. latiflorus
D. strictus
D. latiflorus,
Schizostachyum
lumampao
Japan
India,
Singapore
China
Sri Lanka
U. ditissima
U. ignava
U. ochlandrae
U. sasa
Schizostachyum sp.,
D. giganteus
B. vulgaris, B. bambos,
Dendrocalamus sp.,
D. latiflorus
Ochlandra stridula
Arundinaria sp., Sasa sp.
Philippines,
TaiwanChina
China,
Malaysia
TaiwanChina
Sri Lanka
Japan
Phakopsora leaf
rust
Phakopsora loudetiae
Philippines
Tunicopsora
foliage rust
Tunicopsora bagchii
D. strictus
India
Exserohilum leaf
spot
Exserohilum rostratum
E. holmii
D. strictus
B. bambos, B. polymorpha
India
Dactylaria bambusina
B. bambos, B. polymorpha,
D. strictus, D. longispathus,
Ochlandra ebracteata,
O. travancorica, O. scriptoria,
Thyrsostachys siamensis,
Thyrsostachys sp.
India
Colletotrichum
leaf spot
Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
India
199
INBAR
Disease
Ascochyta leaf
spot
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Colletotrichum sp.
Malaysia
Ascochyta arundinariae
A. bambusinae
A. dendrocalami
Drepanostachyum falcatum
B. multiplex
B. bambos, D. strictus,
Thyrsostachys siamensis
B. bambos, Bambusa sp.
Schizostachyum lumampao
India, Japan
India
India
India
Japan
India
India, Japan
Petrakomyces
bambusae
P. indicus
Thyrsostachys sp.
India
India
Phoma arundinacea
P. dendrocalami
P. herbarum
P. pelliculosa
P. sorghina
Phyllostachys bambusoides
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, D. strictus
Phyllostachys sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Japan
India
India
Japan
India
A. phaseolorum
Ascochyta sp.
Tar spot
Phyllachora bambusae
P. chimonobambusae
P. dendrocalami
P. graminis
P. ischaemi
P. longinaviculata
P. malabarensis
P. phyllostachydis
P. shiraiana
Phyllachora sp.
Petrakomyces
leaf spot
200
India
Philippines
India
India
India
Japan
India
Japan
Philippines
India
INBAR
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Phomopsis leaf
spot
Phomopsis bambusae
B. bambos, D. strictus,
Thyrsostachys sp.
India
B. bambos, D. strictus
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
India
Japan
Japan
Septoria thyrsostachydis
S. bambusae
Thyrsostachys sp.
Bambusa sp.
India
Japan
Chaetospermum
leaf spot
Chaetospermum
carneum
B. bambos
India
Curvularia leaf
spot
Curvularia lunata
India
C. andropogonis
India
Alternaria leaf
spot
Alternaria alternata
India
Rosenscheldiella
leaf spot
Rosenscheldiella
ochlandrae
O. travancorica
India
Coccodiella leaf
spot
Coccodiella arundinariae
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp., Sasa sp.,
Sasamorpha purpurascens
O. travancorica
China
Japan
C. ochlandrae
India
Cerodothis leaf
spot
Cerodothis aurea
B. bambos, D. strictus,
Thyrsostachys sp.
India
Leptostroma leaf
spot
Leptostroma sp.
Bambusa philippinensis,
Gigantochloa levis,
Schizostachyum lumampao
Philippines
Eriosporella leaf
spot
Eriosporella calami
Philippines
201
INBAR
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Fusarium pallidoroseum
F. semitectum
Shiraia bambusicola
Pestalozziella bambusae
Sarocladium sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
B. bambos, B. polymorpha
B. vulgaris, D. brandisii,
D. strictus
China
India
India
Black mildew
Meliola bambusicola
Japan
Meliolina stomata
Haraea japonica
Phyllostachys sp.,
P. bambusoides, Sasa
senanensis, Semiarundinaria
yashadake
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp., B. bambos
Ochlandra travancorica,
O. travancorica var. hirsuta,
O. ebracteata, O. scriptoria,
B. multiplex, B. vulgaris
G. levis, G. asper
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Asterinella hiugensis
Bambusasp.
Capnodium sp.
M. pseudosasae
Meliola sp.
Sooty mould
Spiropes scopiformis
202
Country
India
Japan
India
Thailand
Japan
China,
Japan
India, China
Japan
Thailand
India
India
INBAR
Appendix IIB
Checklist of Bamboo Diseases and Pathogens in Bamboo Stands
Reported from Different Countries in Asia (Miscellaneous Foliage
and Minor Branch Infections)
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Aithaloderma phyllostachydis
Amphisphaeria fusispora
A. phyllostachydis
Annellophragmia coonoorensis
Anthostomella bambusae
Arthrinium phaeospermum
Ascochytasp.
Astrocystis mirabilis
Asterotheca nigrocornis
Balladyna butleri
Calonectria bambusae
Calonectria sasae
Camarosporium phyllostachydis
Ceratosphaeria grisea
Cercospora sp.
Chaetopeltiopsis sasae
Chaetosphaeria fusispora
C. macrospora
Charonectria sasae
Colletotrichum hsienjenchang
Collodiscula japonica
Coniosporium pulrinatum
C. punctiforme
Coniothyrium bambusae
C. fuckelii
Corynespora tsurudai
Cylindrosporium bambusae
Cytospora bambusina
Cytosporella bambusae
Diaboliumbilicus mirabilis
Diaporthe take
Didymobotryum kusanoi
Didymosphaeria japonica
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Bambusa nana
B. blumeana, Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Sasasenanensis
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Sasa sp., Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Bamboo sp.
B. blumeana
Sasa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo sp.
Sasa sp., Phyllostachys sp.
Bambusa sp.
Sasa nebulosa, S. senanensis
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Bamboo sp.
Ochlandra sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
B. bambos
Phyllostachys sp.
Sasa veitchii, S. kurilensis
Phyllostachys sp.
Pleioblastus simonii
P. bambusoides var. marhiana
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
India, Japan
Japan
Philippines
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Philippines
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
203
INBAR
Pathogen
D. macrospora
D. pustulata
D. striatula
D. striatum var. minuta
D. toaensis
Dimerium japonicum
D. sasae
Dinemasporium graminum
var. stigosulum
Diplodia bambusae
D. maculans
Diplozythiella bambusina
Endodothella bambusae
Epicoccum nigrum
Eutypa kusanoi
Flabellospora crassa
Fusarium bambusicola
F. phyllostachydis
F. stromaticola
Gibberella zeae
Gloeosporium sphaerospermum
Guignardia bambusina
Haraea japonica
Haraea sasae
Helminthosporium bambusae
Hendersonia phyllostachydis
Hendersonula toruloidea
Heterosporium echinulatum
Hypocreopsis phyllostachydis
Hypoderma shiraiana
Hypoxylon fuscopurpureum
Konenia bambusae
Kusanobotrys bambusae
Lasiosphaeria culmorum
Leptosphaeria graminum
L. minonensis
L. phyllostachydis
L. tigrisoides
Mazzantia yukawana
204 Melasmia phyllostachydis
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bambusa sp.
B. blumeana
Pleioblastus simonii
Phyllostachys edulis
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo sp.
Sasasenanensis
S. senanensis
Arundinaria narihira, B. blumeana
Phyllostachys sp.
B. nutans
Pleioblastus simonii
Phyllostachys sp.
Sasa sp.
Phyllostachys sp., Pleioblastus sp.
Sasa nipponica
Phyllostachys sp., Sasa sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Dendrocalamus sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Phyllostachys sp., Sasa sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Sasa hirtella
Phyllostachys sp.
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
India
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan, India
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
INBAR
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Melanochylamys leucoptera
Metasphaeria phyllostachydis
Micropeltis bambusicola
Morrisiella indica
Munkiella shiraiana
Mycosphaerella bambusae
M. bambusicola
M. bambusina
M. shibataeae
Myriangium bambusae
M. haraeanum
Myriangium sp.
Nectria phyllostachydis
Neopeckia japonica
Neottiospora take
Ophiobolus porphyrogonus
Paecilomyces lilacinus
Periconia cookei
P. digitata
P. kambakkamensis
Phaeospora bambusae
Phaeosphaeria bambusae
Phomatospora paniculata
Phragmocarpella japonica
Phragmothyrium semiarundinariae
Phyllosticta bambusina
P. take
Polystigma haraeana
Pseudocercosporabambusae
Pseudomassaria bambusae
P. inaequalis
Pseudorobillarda bambusae
Puttemansia miyakei
Pyricularia sp.
P. grisea
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
China
Japan, China
China
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
India
India
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
P. oryzae
Japan
205
INBAR
206
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Rabdospora pleioblasti
Rosellinia congesta
Shiraia bambusicola
Shiraiella phyllostachydis
Sphaerulina sasae
Taphrina deformans
Telimena arundinariae
Tomasellia dispersa
Trematosphaerella bambusae
Triglyphium bambusae
Ustilaginoidea phyllostachydis
Vermicularia straminis
Vialaea bambusae
Zythia stromaticola
Phyllostachys henonis
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Sasa sp.
B. vulgaris
Sasa hirtella
Phyllostachys sp., Sasa senanensis
Pleioblastus hindsii, P. simonii
B. tulda
Phyllostachys sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
INBAR
Appendix IIC
Checklist of Bamboo Diseases and Pathogens in Bamboo Stands
Reported from Different Countries in Asia (Infections of Inflorescence)
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Smut
Ustilago shiraiana
Japan
Phyllostachys spp.
Bambusa sp.
Phyllostachys sp.
Japan
India
Japan
Bambusa sp.
India
Tilletia bambusae
Ergot
Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps sp.
Hypocreopsis
phyllostachydis
Hypocrella
semiamplexa
India
India
207
INBAR
Appendix IID
Checklist of Bamboo Diseases and Pathogens in Bamboo Stands
Reported from Different Countries in Asia (Infections of Seeds)
Pathogen
Acremonium sp.
Alternaria spp.
Alternaria alternata
Bamboo species
affected
Dendrocalamus strictus
Bambusa bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, B. tulda, B. nutans,
D. strictus
A. longissima
B. bambos, D. strictus
Arthrinium sp.
B. nutans, D. strictus, Gigantochloa
hasskarliana, Thyrsostachys siamensis
Ascochyta sp.
B. bambos, B. tulda, D. strictus, T. siamensis
Aspergillus spp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Aspergillus flavus
B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus, T. siamensis
A. fumigatus
B. nutans, B. tulda, D. strictus
A. niger
B. nutans, D. strictus, T. siamensis
A. wentii
T. siamensis
Beltrania sp.
B. bambos
Beltraniopsis sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Bipolaris sp.
B. bambos, B. tulda, D. strictus
Cephalosporium sp.
D. strictus
Cercospora sp.
B. bambos, B. tulda, D. strictus
Chaetomium sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus, T. siamensis
Cladosporium sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, G. hasskarliana,
D. strictus
C. cladosporioides
B. bambos, B. tulda, D. strictus
Curvularia sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
C. borreriae
D. strictus
C. brachyspora
D. strictus, T. siamensis
C. eragrostidis
B. nutans, D. strictus
C. geniculata
B. nutans
C. lunata
B. bambos, B. nutans, B. tulda,
G. hasskarliana, D. strictus, T. siamensis
C. oryzae
D. strictus, T. siamensis
C. pallescens
B. bambos, D. strictus
Curvularia senegalensis Thyrsostachys siamensis
C. stapeliae
Bambusa nutans
B. bambos, Dendrocalamus strictus
208 Dactylaria sp.
Country
India
India
India,
Thailand
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India
India, Thailand
India
India, Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
India
India
India
India
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India
India
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
Thailand
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India
Pathogen
Dinemasporium sp.
Drechslera sp.
Drechslera hawaiiensis
D. tetramera
Epicoccum sp.
Epicoccum purpurascens
Exserohilum sp.
Exserohilum halodes
E. rostratum
Fusarium sp.
Fusarium oxysporum
F. semitectum
INBAR
Bamboo species
affected
B. bambos
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. nutans
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, D. strictus, T. siamensis
B. bambos
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, B. nutans, T. siamensis, D. strictus
B. bambos, B. nutans
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus,
Gigantochloa hasskarliana, T. siamensis
Graphium sp.
B. bambos, G. hasskarliana
Memnoniella sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Memnoniella echinata B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus, T. siamensis
Mucor sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Myrothecium sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, G. hasskarliana,
T. siamensis
Mycelia sterilia
D. strictus
Nigrospora sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Nigrospora oryzae
B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus,
G. hasskarliana
Nodulisporium sp.
B. nutans
Penicillium sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, B. tulda, D. strictus
Periconia sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus,
G. hasskarliana
Periconia tirupatiensis D. strictus
Phaeotrichoconis sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus
Phoma sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, B. tulda, D. strictus
Phomopsis sp.
B. nutans, B. tulda, D. strictus
Pithomyces sp.
B. bambos, B. nutans, D. strictus,
G. hasskarliana, T. siamensis
Pseudomonas sp.
B. bambos, B. tulda
Rhizopus sp.
B. bambos, B. tulda, T. siamensis
Stachybotrys sp.
B. bambos, T. siamensis
Stachybotrys atra
B. bambos
Stemphylium sp.
D. strictus
Torula sp.
B. bambos, B. tulda
Trichoconis padwickii
B. bambos, B. nutans, B. tulda,
D. strictus, G. hasskarliana
Trichoderma harzianum B. bambos, B. tulda, D. strictus
Xanthomonas sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Country
India
India
Thailand
India
India
India, Thailand
India
India
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India
India, Thailand
Thailand
India
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India
India
India, Thailand
Thailand
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India,
India,
India,
India,
India,
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
India
Thailand
India, Thailand
India
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India, Thailand
India
India
209
INBAR
Appendix IIE
Checklist of Bamboo Diseases and Pathogens in Bamboo Stands
Reported from Different Countries in Asia (Diseases of Rhizomes and Roots)
Disease
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Pythium middletonii
Bambusa bambos
India
Amylosporus campbellii
India
B. bambos, T. oliveri,
Melocanna baccifera
Bamboo sp.
Bambusa sp.
B. bambos
M. baccifera
D. giganteus
India
Merulius similis
Sphaerostilbe bambusae
Polyporus sp.
Poria sp.
210
India
India
Pakistan
Pakistan
Philippines
Pakistan
India
India
Malaysia
INBAR
Appendix IIIA
Checklist of Fungi Causing Decay and Deterioration of Bamboo Culms
Reported from Different Countries in Asia (Decay of Culms in Stands)
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Amauroderma rugosum
Amylosporus campbellii
India
India
Anthostomella bambusae
Apiospora indica
Arthrobotryum nilgirense
Arthrinium phaeospermum
Articulospora tetracladia
Astrocystis mirabilis
Auricularia auricula
Belonopsis bambusae
B. graminea
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Chaetomium globosum
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Phyllostachys reticulata, Bamboo sp.
Clathrus delicatus
Clypeosphaeria crenulatum
Coniosporium bambusae
Corticium adnatum
Cyathus limbatus
Cyathus striatus
Craterellus comucopioides
Daldinia sp.
Daldinia concentrica var.
macrospora
Dacryopinax spathularia
Daedalia flavida
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp., Ochlandra sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo sp.
B. bambos
Bambusa sp.
India
India
India
India
India
India,
Japan
India
India
India
India
China,
Japan,
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Bamboo sp.
B. bambos
B. bambos, D. strictus, T. oliveri
D. hamiltonii, B. vulgaris
Bamboo sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusasp.
Bambusa sp.
Thailand
India
India
Thailand
India
India
India
India
India
India
Diatrype chlorosarca
Dictyoarthrinium quadratum
Didymobotryum atrum
Didymostilbe kamatii
Diplodia bambusina
Edmundmasonia bulbosa
211
INBAR
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Encoelia helvola
Epichloe bambusae
Flammula dilepsis
Fomesdurus
F. hypoplastus
F. lignosus
F. lividus
F. pectinatus
Guepinia ramosa
Hexagonia apiria
Hypoxylon bambusae
H. culmorum
H. fuscopurpureum
Indonesia
India
India
India
India
Malaysia
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Japan
India
India
India
India
India
India
Pakistan
India
India,
Pakistan
India
India
Japan
Thailand
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Japan,
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
B. bambos
Bambusa sp.
Phyllostachys sp., Phyllostachys reticulata
B. blumeana
Bambusa sp.
B. bambos
B. bambos
B. bambos
Drepanostachyum falcatum
Bambusa sp.
Thamnocalamus spathiflorus
B. bambos, Bamboo sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
B. bambos
INBAR
Appendix IIIB
Checklist of Fungi Causing Decay and Deterioration of Bamboo Culms
Reported from Different Countries in Asia (Decay of Culm in Storage)
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
Apiospora montagnei
Bamboo spp.
Aspergillus sp.
Chaetomium globosum
Cribaria intricata
Cyathus limbatus
Daldinia concentrica
Favolus sp.
Bambusa sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Bamboo sp.
Bambusa sp.
Flavadon flavus
Flammula dilepsis
Fomesdurus
F. hypoplastus
Fomitopsis pinicola
Gloeophyllum sepiarium
G. striatum
G. subferruginosum
B. bambos, D. strictus
Bambusa sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
Bambusa sp.
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo spp.
Bambusa bambos, Dendrocalamus strictus
Bamboo spp.
Haploporus ljubarskyi
Irpex consors
I. lacteus
Lentinus sp.
Penicillium sp.
Phellinus gilvus
Pleurotus sp.
Polyporus sp.
Bamboo spp.
Bamboo spp.
Phyllostachys pubescens/heterocycla/edulis,
P. lithophila, P. nigra, D. latifolius,
Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
Bamboo sp.
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao,
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo spp.
B. blumeana, B. vulgaris var. striata
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. blumeana, S. lumampao, Bamboo spp.
India,
Pakistan
Philippines
China,
India,Japan
India
India
Thailand
Thailand,
India
India
India
India
India
Thailand
Thailand
India
Thailand,
India
Thailand
Japan
Japan
Polyporus grammocephalus
P. tenuiculus
B. bambos, D. strictus
B. bambos, D. strictus
Lacellina graminicola
Lenzites elegans
L. striata
India
India
Philippines
Thailand
Philippines
India
India
Philippines,
India
India
India
213
INBAR
Pathogen
Bamboo species
affected
Country
P. versicolor
P. zonalis
Polystictus steinheilianus
Poria sp.
Poria diversispora
P. rhizomorpha
P. vaporaria
Pycnoporuscoccineus
P. sanguineus
Schizophyllum commune
Bamboo spp.
Stilbum erythrocephalum
S. lateritium
Sphaerostilbe bambusae
Sporidesmium nilgirense
S. leptospermum
Tetraploa aristata
Thelephora palmata
Trametes cervino-gilvus
T. cingulata
T. lactinea
T. persoonii
Tremella fuciformis
Trichoderma sp.
Tyromyces palustris
Xylaria sp.
Bamboo spp.
Bamboo spp.
Bamboo spp.
Bamboo spp.
Bambusa sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo sp.
Bamboo spp.
Bamboo spp.
Bamboo spp.
Bambusa sp.
B. bambos
Bamboo spp.
P. edulis, P. nigra, C. quadrangularis
Phyllostachys spp., P. reticulata
Japan
India
India
Philippines
India
India
Japan
Japan
Thailand,
India
India,
Vietnam,
Thailand
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Thailand
India
Thailand
India
India
Philippines
Japan
Japan,
Thailand
India
Bambusa sp.
214
INBAR
INDICES
Index I: Hosts
a
b
Arundinaria sp. 79, 92, 94, 100, 104, 105, 110, 136, 196, 199, 200, 201
Arundinaria narihira Makino 85, 197, 204
Arundinaria suberecta Munro 93
c
d
Cephalostachym Munro 12
Cephalostachyum sp. 13
Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro 13, 136
Chimonobambusa sp. 79, 196, 200
Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (Fenzi) Makino 142, 213, 214
Bambusa sp. 13, 20, 73, 79, 81, 89, 92, 93, 101, 103, 104, 105, 109,
115, 118, 122, 124, 144, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. 24
Bambusa balcooa Roxb. 13, 18, 48, 51, 57, 74, 88, 136, 194, 195, 197
Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss 13, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36,
38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 51, 57, 63, 74, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94, 95, 97,
98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116,
117, 118, 119, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137,
143, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209,
210, 211, 212, 213, 214
Bambusa blumeana J.A. et J.H. Schultes 13, 29, 32, 39, 95, 103, 104,
115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 144, 192, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 212, 213
Bambusa brandisii 194, 197
Bambusa dolichoclada 66, 195
Bambusa longispiculata 13
Bambusa membranaceus 198
Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex J.A. et J.H. Schultes 65, 66, 70,
71, 74, 88, 89, 101, 119, 121, 136, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 205
Bambusa nana Roxb. 13, 94, 199, 203
Bambusa nutans Wallich 13, 18, 57, 66, 125, 149, 195, 204, 208, 209
Bambusa oldhamii Munro 13, 20, 66, 72, 73, 89, 91, 150, 195, 197, 198
Bambusa pervariabilis McClure 13
Bambusa philippinensis (Gamble) McCl. 115, 201
Bambusa polymorpha Munro13, 51, 74, 75, 88, 96, 98, 117, 119, 136,
194, 195, 197, 199, 202
Bambusa schreber 12
Bambusa shimadai Hayata 85, 89, 197, 198
Bambusa textilis McClure 13
Bambusa tulda Roxb. 13, 18, 48, 57, 74, 88, 136, 194, 196, 206, 208,
209
Bambusa tuldoides Munro 74, 88, 136, 196, 197
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Wendl 13, 18, 41, 48, 57, 63, 74, 75, 82,
83, 88, 94, 95, 99, 103, 104, 115, 116, 117, 119, 134, 136, 193, 194,
195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 206, 211
Bambusa vulgaris var. striata (Lodd.) Gamble 74, 99, 144, 200, 213
DendrocalamusNees12
Dendrocalamus sp. 35, 73, 74, 94, 199, 204
215
INBAR
Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes) Baker ex Heyne 13, 88, 95, 99, 198,
199, 200
Dendrocalamus brandisii Kurz.13, 24, 29, 32, 34, 35, 51, 74, 86, 88, 136,
192, 193, 197, 202
Dendrocalamus calostachyus (Kurz) Kurz 13
i
m
n
o
216
INBAR
Phyllostachys sp. 9, 19, 20, 35, 53, 63, 65, 69, 79, 81, 92, 93, 103, 106,
108, 112, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 144, 150, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201,
202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 212, 214
Phyllostachys arcana McCl. 65, 195
Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. Riviere et C. Riviere 65, 66, 93, 95, 136,
195, 198,199
Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. 13, 66, 85, 93, 106, 118, 195,
197, 198, 200, 202, 205
Phyllostachys bambusoides var. marhiana Makino 203, 204
Phyllostachys congesta (Pilger) Holtt. 79, 196
Phyllostachys edulis Makino 13, 65, 74, 85, 142, 195, 204, 214; see also
P. heterocycla and P. pubescens
Phyllostachys flexuosa A. Riviere et C. Riviere 13
Phyllostachys glauca McCl. 13, 21, 64, 79, 80, 195, 196
Phyllostachys henonis Mitf. 196, 202, 206
Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carriere) Matsuma 34, 60, 122, 142, 195; see
alsoP. edulis and P. pubescens
Phyllostachys kenois Mitf. 205
Phyllostachys lithocarpa 66, 195
Phyllostachys lithophila Hayata 66, 142, 195, 213
Phyllostachys makinoi Hayata 13, 66, 74, 195
Phyllostachys mitis var.heterocycla 207
Phyllostachys meyeri McCl. 21, 79, 80, 196
Phyllostachys nidularia Munro 65
Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro 13, 74, 85, 142, 197, 213, 214
Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis (Mitf.) Stapf. ex Rendle 66, 92, 93, 195,
196, 198
Phyllostachys nuda McCl. 13, 65, 66, 195
Phyllostachys praecox Chu et Chao 65, 195
Phyllostachys propinqua McCl. 79, 196
Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. Lehaie 13, 22, 34, 35, 36, 51, 55,
60, 66, 74, 136, 138, 192, 193, 194, 195, 213; see also P. edulis and
P. heterocycla
Phyllostachys reticulata C. Koch 13, 144, 211, 212, 214
Phyllostachys ritcheyi 192, 197, 200, 202
Phyllostachys sulphurea (Carr.) A. Riviere et C. Riviere 53, 194, 195
Phyllostachys tanaka 13
Phyllostachys viridis (Young) McCl. 19, 53, 55, 64, 68, 69, 194
Phyllostachys viridis f. hauzeauana (McCl.) Chu et Chao 53, 194, 195
Pleioblastus sp. 13, 79, 92, 196, 198, 204, 205
Pleioblastus higoensis Makino 79, 196
Pleioblastus hindsii (Munro) Nakai 13, 206
Pleioblastus simonii (A. Riviere et C. Riviere) Nakai 13, 203, 204, 206
Pleioblastus vaginatus (Hackel) Nakai 79, 196
Pseudosasa sp. 79, 92, 196, 198
Pseudosasa japonica (Sieb. et Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino 205
Pseudoxytenanthera ritcheyi (Munro) Naithani 32, 86, 88, 89, 98, 99,
103, 104, 116, 136
Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii (Munro) Naithani 136
Sasa sp. 20, 79, 92, 93, 94, 112, 195, 196, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 205,
206
Sasa borealis Makino 93, 198
Sasa borealis var. purpurascens 66, 195
Sasa borealis var. tyugokensis 204, 205
217
INBAR
218
INBAR
Index II:
Pathogen & Disease Index
(Accepted names of fungi are given in italics; synonyms
and disease names are in normal type)
219
INBAR
220
INBAR
221
INBAR
g
222
INBAR
i
k
l
223
INBAR
n
o
p
224
INBAR
225
INBAR
226
INBAR
Uredo sp. 87
Uredo leaf rust 93, 199
Uredo arundinaria Syd. 94, 199
Uredo bambusae-nanae Yen 94, 199
227
INBAR
v
w
x
z
228