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access to Kew Bulletin
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supposedly new species, and including the few records known to him from
earlier collectors and previous writers. At that time by far the greater part of
the available material (chiefly that of Hosseus and Kerr) originated in the
extreme north-west of the country-the circles of Payap and Maharat in the
Bangkok, from Sriracha and Koh Chang in the south-east, and from the east
endemism.
The keys, both generic and specific, are based so far as possible on
191
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frequent dioecism, it is hoped that this more general approach may prove
helpful. In many cases, however, it has obviously been impossible to construct
the keys without recourse to more abstruse characters.
In order to save space, the most frequently cited literature references have
been reduced to author (often abbreviated), page and date. The titles and
volume numbers should be supplied in each case as follows:
In the first paragraph are given accepted name, authority, and place of
publication, followed by other important references. Beneath this is given a
here for the first time, the reference is followed by the indication synon. nov.
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The final paragraph gives a thumbnail sketch of the salient features of the
of the family. Attention is drawn to the fact that the genera Buxus,
PHYLLANTHEAE
Phyllanthinae
Phyllanthus
Glochidion
Actephila
Securineginae
Margaritaria
Securinega
Richeriella
Andrachninae
Leptopus
Chorisandrachne
Sauropodinae
Breynia
Sauropus
Synostemon
Drypetinae
Drypetes
BRIDELIiAE
Cleistanthus
Bridelia
BACCAUREiAE
Baccaurea
Aporusa
Chrozophorinae
Sumbaviopsis
Thyrsanthera
Chrozophora
Mallotinae
Ptychopyxis
Trewia
Mallotus
Melanolepis
Macaranga
Endospermum
Blumeodendrinae
Blumeodendron
Botryophora
Agrostistachydinae
Chondrostylis
Agrostistachys
Alchorneinae
Alchornea
Sampantaea
Wetria
Cleidion
Mercurialinae
Claoxylon
Mercurialis
Homonoiinae
CROTONEAE
Homonoia
Crotoninae
Lasiococca
Croton
Spathiostemon
* A number of the 'tribal' and 'subtribal' names that follow are mere 'nomina', never having
been validly published. They are used here without any formal implication, purely for the
convenience of providing approximate groupings. The small 'tribes' Brideliiae, Baccaurejae,
Acalypheae, Ricineae, Chaetocarpeae, Suregadeae and Cheiloseae appear to occupy very isolated
positions within the family.
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Pachystylidium
Cnesmone
Megistostigma
Pterococcus
Dalechampiinae
Dalechampia
Cladogyninae
Cladogynos
Erismanthinae
Erismanthus
Epiprininae
Epiprinus
Koilodepas
ACALYPHEAE
SUREGADEAE
Suregada
CHEILOSEAE
Neoscortechinia
EUPHORBItAE
Hippomaninae
Hura
Sapium
Excoecaria
Glyphostylus
Sebastiania
Homalanthus
Euphorbiinae
Euphorbia
Acalypha
RICINEAE
Ricinus
JATROPHEAE
Jatrophinae
Jatropha
STILAGINACEAE
Antidesma
PANDACEAE
Manihot
Galearia
Aleurites
Microdesmis
Vernicia
Elateriospermum
Omphalea
HYMENOCARDIACEAE
Hymenocardia
Codiaeinae
Blachia
Strophioblachia
Pantadenia
Baliospermum
Ostodinae
Fahrenheitia
Ostodes
Dimorphocalyx
Trigonostemon
CHAETOCARPEAE
Chaetocarpus
eration.
BUXACEAE
Buxus
DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE
Daphniphyllum
BISCHOFIACEAE
Bischofia
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Pterococcus Hassk.
raised rim:
Megistostigma Hook. f.
(Clavistylus J. J. Sm.)
Fruit a capsule:
Leaves truly opposite; inflorescence unisexual
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Leaves alternate:
p. I97):
Endospermum Benth.
Inflorescence bisexual; petals present in S flower, exceeding
the calyx; fruit a large, bilocular, woody capsule
Aleurites J. R. & G. Forst.
Inflorescence a raceme or panicle, or indeterminate, the 'T
flowers sometimes aggregated in dense globose heads:
$ flowers aggregated in dense globose heads:
Leaves conspicuously white-tomentellous below, coarsely
repand-dentate or lobulate; & and ? flower-heads few,
crowded, on short peduncles, which are usually
cernuous in the bud stage
Cladogynos Zipp. ex Span.
Leaves not white-tomentellous below, crenate or entire; S
flower-heads sessile, arranged closely or distantly along
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Croton L.
& flower with disk; styles free, or connate below, often bifid,
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per loculus:
Shrubs with larger chartaceous or coriaceous leaves;
Vernicia Lour.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
199
accrescent in fruit
dioecious; leaves not or obscurely triplinerved; petals usually white; calyx frequently accrescent Dimorphocalyx Thw.
No petals in S flower:
Ricinus L.
Spathiostemon Bl.
Chaetocarpus Thw.
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Homalanthus Juss.
CT flower not as above:
202):
Securinega Juss.
(Flueggea Willd.)
Sepals 4; stamens 4:
Styles 3, bifid; fruit large, dry, globose,
Flowers monoecious:
Phyllanthus L.
Fruit a tardily dehiscent capsule, or ?
fleshy, indehiscent; stamens connate:
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
20I
Macaranga Thou.
Stipules minute or obsolete; leaves not
granular-glandular below; stamens inter-
Anthers 2-locular:
Alchornea Sw.
Baliospermum Bl.
Capsules larger, not or obscurely lobed,
tardily dehiscent, whitish-tomentellous;
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dicoccous:
mostly indehiscent
Claoxylon Juss.
Anther-thecae elongate, vermiform, twisted;
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
203
Mercurialis L.
(S to 20 cm., Y to 75 cm.);
Sapium L. ? Parasapium
Excoecaria agallocha L.
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100
12
14
20
20
I "
is ;', _/
I
'L
16
:16
- " -i8- 7
?-13,
.-'-"
II
.10 ,
14,,,, '
/ 9
12
R Boundaries of circles -
-0
following sequence :-
'
"N.
C.
i 16 4. Pitsanulok
N.E. 14.
161, S.W.
5. Udawn
R~chaburT
E.
0 9. Chantaburi approximate.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
205
Acalypha L.
Inflorescences unisexual, usually dioecious; cultivated shrubs or small trees:
? bracts small, entire; ? inflorescence very dense, with a conspicuous mass
? bracts large, coarsely toothed; inflorescence less dense, with much less
conspicuous styles:
Inflorescences very slender, with & flowers below and above; stigmas
A. mairei
Acalypha delpyana Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 872 (1923) & in
Lecomte: 341 (1925)CI I.-Indochina (Cambodia). (N.B. Squires 884, from Annam, distributed
Muell. Arg.: 806 (1866); Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. S6r. 2, 5: 31 (1905);
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Acalypha indica L., Sp. Pl.: loo3 (1753); Muell. Arg.: 868 (1866); Hook. f.:
(1963).
A. spicata Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab.: I61 (1775)A. caroliniana sec. Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 748 (1837), non Walt. (1788).
A. chinensis Benth., Fl. Hongk.: 303 (i86i).
with longer basal female and short slender apical male portions; female
bracts broad, shallowly and obtusely toothed.
Cats are stated to be fond of the roots (Winit 558, Rajburi, May 1919).
Acalypha kerrii Craib: 465 (1911) & 192 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. xvi: lo
(1924).
A. lacei Hutch. in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew I914: 38I (1914); Pax & Hoffm. xvi:
m. alt.
Acalypha lanceolata Willd., Sp. P1. 4: 524 (I805); Merr. & Chun in
Sunyatsenia 5: 92 (1940).
Urtica pilosa Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 558 (1790), non Acalypha pilosa Cav.
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Acalypha boehmerioides Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 459 (i86o); Muell. Arg.:
871 (1866); Merr.: 445 (1923); Pax & Hoffm. xvi: 96 (1924); Gagnep.:
337 (1925); Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 238 (i935);
C12.-India to Polynesia.
Herb to I m. high, on waste ground, old walls, etc., at very low altitudes.
Acalypha mairei (Ldvl.) Schneid. in Sarg., P1. Wils. 3: 301 (1916), in obs.;
Pax & Hoffm. xvi: 137 (1924); Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 215 (193) ;
Nx.-SW. China.
Thin shrub to I -5 m., in scrub forest up to 750 m. alt.
flowered, female flowers very few, basal; ovary (testibus Pax & Hoffmann)
Acalypha cf. schneideriana Pax & Hoffm. xvi: 138 (1924) (SW. China).
Nx: Wang Tao, 14 Feb. 1958, Sorensen, Larsen & Hansen I 1 6.
Thin shrub at 350 m. alt.; no further data for Siam.
Closely related to A. mairei, but indumentum merely sparsely puberulous,
and (testibus Pax & Hoffmann) ovary smooth. Further Siamese material is
desirable.
Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 238 (1922);
Ridley: 274 (1924); Merr. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 19: 39 (1938). [Non A.
A. evrardii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 871 (1923) & in Lecomte:
336 (1925)A. sphenophylla Pax & Hoffm. xvi: I10 (1924)-
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short, slender, with a few female flowers at the base; female bract bluntly
toothed; capsule echinate.
Acalypha wilkesiana Muell. Arg.: 8I 7 (i866); Merr.: 446 (1923); Pax &
Hoffm. xvi: 153 (1924); Backer & Bakh. f.: 489 (1963).
petioles and nerves beneath rather densely covered with short, incurved
or crispulous hairs; inflorescences slender, all male or with a few female
Actephila Bl.
Leaves glaucous or glaucescent beneath; fruiting sepals accrescent
A. collinsae
var. excelsa
var. acuminata
Actephila collinsae Hunter in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1924: 96 (24 Apr. 1924);
Gagnep.: 537 (after 18 Sept. 1924); Smitinand in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc.
CiI ; SWx4.-Endemic.
Spreading shrub to 2 m., in light evergreen forest up to Ioo m. alt.;
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
209
Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 78 (1863) & in DC.:
222 (1866); Hook. f.: 283 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 191 (1922); Ridley: 196
(1924); Gagnep.: 535 (1927); Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc.
17: 68 (1939); Backer & Bakh. f.: 470 (1963)-
Anomospermum excelsum Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden Misc. 3:
228 (185I).
var. excelsa (var. genuinum [sic] Pax & Hoffm., 1.c.: 192)
Actephila javanica Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I(2): 359 (1859); Muell. Arg.: 222
(1866); Hook. f.: 283 (1887); Merr.: 390 (1923); Ridley: 196 (1924);
Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 52 1 (1936).
SE9; P15-1x7.-Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.
Shrub to 4 m. high, in evergreen forest or scrub up to 300 m. alt.
differt.
Poilane 1763.
MALAYA. Perak: 4 miles [6-5 km.] south of Ipoh, side of limestone hill,
low alt., I Dec. 1966, Ng in FRI I799:-Shrub, 90 cm. high; fruits green.
Selangor: Batu Caves, 1908, Ridley 13375. Ibid., on limestone, Dec. 1920,
Ridley s.n. (K, holotype):-Shrub.
The numerous variants of Actephila excelsa require field study, especially
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Actephila ovalis (Ridley) Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9: 219 (1922);
Ridley: 196 (1924); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 519 (1936);
Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 68 (1939); Smitinand in
Dimorphocalyx ovalis Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 59: 178 (1911);
Smitinand, Noteworthy P1. Thailand, in Thai Forest Bulletin (Bot.) 2:
14 (1955) & in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 2o: 52, c. tab. (1961) (the
noted on limestone.
the leaves and the usually larger and thinner fruiting sepals. The distributions of the two species do not appear to overlap.
Agrostistachys Dalz.
Leaves usually sharply dentate, at least towards the apex, often drying
Agrostistachys maingayi Hook. f.: 406 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vi: lo5 (1912).
A.filipendula Hook. f.: 407 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vi: 99 (1912).
Px5-x8.-Malay Peninsula.
Shrub or small tree to 8 m. high, common in evergreen forest up to 200 m.
Agrostistachys indica Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden Misc.
2:4I (1850); Muell. Arg.: 726 (x866); Hook. f.: 406 (x887); Pax & Hoffm.
vi: 103 (I912); Gagnep.: 465 (1926); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 472
(I96o).
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
211
A. indica ssp. longifolia Muell. Arg. var. subintegra Pax & Hoffm., l.c.: 1o5
(1912).
Heterocalyx laotica Gagnep. in Not. Syst. 14: 33 (1950); cf. Airy Shaw, l.c.
supra.
SEIo; PI6.-W. Peninsular India, Ceylon, Burma, Indochina (Cochinchina, Annam), Philippines (var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & Hoffm.), N.
Borneo, New Guinea (Papua).
Shrub to 4 m. in evergreen forest at very low altitudes.
denser inflorescences.
Alchornea L.
Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 170 (1865) & in DC.:
905 (1866); Hook. f.: 422 (1887); Craib: 465 (I911) & 192 (1912); Pax &
Hoffm. vii: 243 (1914); Merr.: 438 (1923); Gagnep.: 379 (1926); Merr. in
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 237 (1935)Cladodes rugosa Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 574 (1790).
Conceveibumjavanense (!) Bl., Bijdr.: 6 4 (1825).
Adelia glandulosa Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 814 (1837).
Aparisthmiumjavense (!) Endl. ex Hassk., Cat. P1. Hort. Bog. Alter: 235(1844).
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Alchornea tiliifolia (Benth.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: I68 (1865) & in
DC.: 903 (1866); Hook. f.: 421 (1887); Craib: 466 (I9ii) & 192 (I912);
Pax & Hoffm. vii: 250 (1914); Ridley: 277 (1924); Gagnep.: 382 (1926);
(1854).
Ioo000 m. alt.
sharply serrate leaves, and especially by its more oblong, less deeply lobed,
strongly muricate capsules.
Alchornea trewioides (Benth.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: I68 (1865) & in
DC.: 90o (1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 248 (1914); Gagnep.: 384 (1926);
Stipellaria trewioides Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden Misc. 6: 3
(1854).
Alchornea liukiuensis Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tok. 30: 268 ( 91 I).
A. coudercii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7I: 138 (1924) & in Lecomte:
and usually more obtusely or obscurely toothed leaves, and by its more
globose, more strongly lobed, smooth capsule, which is very shortly grey-
tomentellous.
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Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd., Sp. P1. 4: 590 (1805); Muell. Arg.: 723
(1866); Hook. f.: 384 (1887); Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s&r. 2, 5: 31
(1905); Pax in Engler IV. 147 (Heft 42): 129 (I9IO); Merr.: 448 (1923);
Ridley: 253 (1924); Gagnep.: 291 (1925); Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc. n.s. 24(2): 239 (1935); Corner: 231 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 478
(1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 393 (1966).
NI, 2; Ci2 (cult.); PI6 (cult.).-India & China to Polynesia and New
Zealand.
Aporusa BI.
Stipules rather large, ? persistent, very asymmetrical, I falcate; ovary
3-locular, pubescent (? Grandistipulosae):
Leaves very large (to 30 cm. long), nerves impressed; stipules I cm. long
or
more
.......
.....
A.
lunata
A. planchoniana
A. wallichii
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A. microstachya
Branchlets more robust; leaves large (to 30 cm. long), more robust;
S inflorescence to 5 cm. long:
Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, to 16 mm. long, 3-locular; leaves drying
plumbeous . . . . . . . ... A. arborea
Capsule globose, to 12 mm. in diameter, 2-locular; leaves drying
A. incisa
I cm. in length:
Capsule large, 3-locular:
Aporusa arborea (BI.) Muell. Arg.: 470 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 95
(1922); Ridley: 239 (1924); Backer & Bakh. f.: 456 (1963).
Leiocarpus arboreus Bl., Bijdr.: 582 (1825).
Leaves large, relatively thin and veiny; petiole conspicuously pulvinategeniculate at apex; fruiting racemes up to 5 cm. long.
Wood used for furniture.
Aporusa aurea Hook. f.: 351 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 87 (1922); Ridley:
240 (1924).
200 m. alt.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
215
Aporusa dioica (Roxb.) Muell. Arg.: 472 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 103
(1922); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 3 (1969), in obs.
S. aurita Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 15: 254 (1851), synon. nov.
S. chinensis Champ. ex Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden Misc.
Aporusa aurita (Tul.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(I): 431 (1855); Muell. Arg.: 474
(1866); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 1oo (1922); Merr.: 409 (1923)Tetractinostigma microcalyx Hassk. in Flora 40: 533 (1857) & Hort. Bogor. ed.
A. microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6: 714 (1859); Muell.
Arg.: 471 (1866); Hook. f.: 346 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: ioi (1922);
Ridley: 238 (1924); Gagnep.: 555 (1927).
A. microcalyx var. chinensis (Champ. ex Benth.) Muell. Arg.: 472 (1866); Pax
& Hoffm. xv: 102 (1922).
A. villosula Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 362 (1877); Hook. f.: 347 (1887);
Pax & Hoffm. xv: 1oo (1922); Gagnep.: 560 (1927); synon. nov.
Aporusa falcifera Hook. f: 352 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 83 (1922);
Ridley: 236 (1924).
A. hosei Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. ser. C. Bot. I I : 63 (1916); Pax & Hoffm.
The lunate stipules and oblong-lanceolate leaves, in which the nerves are
not bullately impressed, are characteristic.
Aporusa ficifolia Baill. in Adansonia I I: 177 (1874); Hook. f.: 346 (1887);
Pax & Hoffm. xv: 94 (1922); Gagnep.: 558 (1927).
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Aporusa frutescens B1. Bijdr.: 514 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 476 (1866);
J. J. Sm.: 229 (I910); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 91 (1922); Ridley: 241 (1924);
Backer & Bakh. f.: 457 (1963)-
Aporusa similis Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 9, Bot.: 472 (1914); Pax &
Hoffm. xv: 92 (1922); synon. nov.
A. agusanensis Elm. op. cit. 7: 2636 (1915), synon. nov.
capsules, as well as in the thin leaves which never dry the same luminous
been commented on by Pax & Hoffmann (i.c.: 92) and Merrill (I.c.: 410
(1923)), and I have no hestiation in making the above reductions.
Aporusa lunata (Miq.) Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 42. ii: 239 (1873);
Hook. f.: 352 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 82 (1922); Ridley: 237 (1924);
Backer & Bakh. f.: 456 (I963).
Antidesma lunatum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 467 (186o); Muell. Arg.: 251
(1866).
Px5.-Throughout W. Malesia.
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THE
alt.
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
217
Aporusa microstachya (Tul.) Muell. Arg.: 474 (1866); Hook. f.: 349
(1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 102 (1922); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 2 (1969),
q.v.
ultimately glabrous. Leaves chartaceous, smooth, markedly caudateacuminate, often assuming a characteristic blackish or leaden hue on drying.
Aporusa nigricans Hook.f.: 347 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 97 (1922);
Ridley: 239 (1924).
Pil8.-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
Small tree in open forest at 300 m. alt.
Aporusa planchoniana Baill. ex Muell. Arg.: 475 (1866); Hook. f.: 350
(1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 88 (1922); Gagnep.: 560 (1927).
A. lanceolata Hance var. murtoni F. N. Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. sir. 2,
5: 30 (1905)-
Aporusa pseudo-ficifolia Pax & Hoffm. xv: 94 (1922); Ridley: 237 (1924).
A. ficifolia sec. Hook. f.: 346 (1887), pro majore parte, non Baill.
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(1924).
Aporusa villosa (Lindl.) Baill., Et. Gin. Euphorb.: 645 (1858); Muell.
Arg.: 471 (I866); Hook. f.: 345 (1887); Craib: 461 (I9II) & 188 (I912);
Pax & Hoffm. xv: 99 (1922); Gagnep.: 559 (1927).
Scepa villosa Lindl., Nat. Syst. Bot. ed. 2: 441 (1836).
Aporusa glabrifolia Kurz in Journ. Bot. 13: 330 (1875); Hook. f.: 349 (1887);
capsules strongly tomentose. Forms also occur in which the leaves are almost
glabrous beneath; these probably correspond to A. glabrifolia Kurz, described
from dry grassy places in the Nicobar Is.
Aporusa wallichii Hook.f.: 350 (1887); Craib: 461 (1911) & I88 (1912);
Pax & Hoffm. xv: 88 (1922); Gagnep.: 562 (1927).
A. wallichii var. genuina Pax & Hoffm. 1.c.
Aporusa yunnanensis (Pax & Hoffm.) Metc. in Lingnan Sci. Journ. Io: 486
(1931); Merr. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 19: 40 (1938).
A. wallichii var. yunnanensis Pax & Hoffm. xv: 90 (1922).
greyish-green.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
2I9
Baccaurea Lour.
B. ramiflora
Leaves more fragile when dry, tertiary nerves not manifestly parallel;
B. parviflora
Bracts of S inflorescence adnate to peduncles:
Indumentum formed of simple hairs (? CalyptroBin); leaves large, glabrous,
B. bracteata
Baccaurea bracteata Muell. Arg.: 466 (1866); Hook. f.: 372 (1887); Pax
& Hoffm. xv: 65 (1922); Ridley: 246 (1922); Corner: 239 (1940).
Px5.-Malay Peninsula, Borneo (there one of the commonest species).
No field data for Siam.
Leaves moderate-sized, coriaceous, prominently nerved and brownishpunctate on the lower surface, almost glabrous when mature.
Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 230 (1922);
Ridley: 248 (1924).
B. cordata Merr. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 147 (1929), synon. nov.
?B. reticulata var. velutina sec. Smitinand in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 22:
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Pax & Hoffm. xv: 6o (1922); Merr.: 411 (1923); Ridley: 248 (I924);
Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. I7: 69 (i939); Corner: 240
(1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 454 (1963)-
branchlets and large thin leaves retaining their green colour on drying.
Baccaurea macrophylla (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.: 460 (I866); Hook. f.:
369 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 62 (1922); Ridley: 247 (1924).
Pierardia macrophylla Muell. Arg. in Flora 47: 516 (1864).
Baccaurea beccariana Pax & Hoffm. xv: 62 (1922), synon. nov.
Baccaurea motleyana (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.: 461 (1866); Hook. f.: 371
250 (1924).
edible fruits.
Baccaurea parviflora (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.: 462 (1866); Hook. f.: 368
(1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 59 (1922); Ridley: 243 (1924); Corner: 241
(1940).
Pierardia parviflora Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 82 (1863).
Baccaurea affinis Muell. Arg.: 459 (1866).
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
221
B. scortechinii Hook. f.: 368 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 56 (1922); Ridley: 244
Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 2: 15 (I955), & in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 2o:
53, c. tab. (1961); synon. nov.
?B. odoratissima Elmer in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1276 (1911).
the tertiary nerves lax, not noticeably parallel; in its less papillose male
inflorescences, which are rarely fascicled on the branchlets; and in its smaller,
fusiform, thin-walled, often ribbed fruits, which are indehiscent.
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 661 (I790); Muell. Arg.: 458
(1866); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 71 (1922); Gagnep.: 551 (1927); Merr. in Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 232 (I935)B. cauliflora Lour., l.c.: 661 (1790); Muell. Arg.: 458 (1866); Gagnep.: 55I
(1927); Merr., 1.c.: 233 (1935)Pierardia sapida Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 254 (1832).
Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Muell. Arg.: 459 (I866); Williams in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. s6r. 2, 5: 30 (1905); Hosseus: 403 (19I1); Craib: 461 (1911) & I88
(1912); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 52 (1922); Gagnep.: 548 (1927); Corner in
Gard. Bull. Str. Settlem. Io: 290 (I939) & Ways. Trees: 241 (1940).
B. wrayi King ex Hook. f.: 374 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 53 (1922); Ridley:
244 (1924); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 354 (I960), in obs.; synon. nov.
B. oxycarpa Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 431 (1923) & in Lecomte:
549 (1927); Airy Shaw, 1.c. (1960); synon. nov.
Gatnaia annamica Gagnep., 11. cc. 71: 870 (1924) & 5: 540 (1927); cf. Airy
Shaw, 1.c.
NI, 2; NE5; SE9, Io; CII, 12; SWI4; PI5, I6.-E. Himalaya, Assam,
cultivated.
Superficially very similar to B. parvif/ora, but leaves less fragile when dry,
usually with fine tertiary nerves closely parallel; male inflorescences densely
Baccaurea velutina (Ridley) Ridley in Journ. Bot. 62: 300 (Oct. 1924) &
Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 331 (1925) (?)B. reticulata Hook. f. var. velutina Ridley, Flora 3: 246 (May-June 1924);
Smitinand in Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 22: 170 (1967).
I have not seen the specimen upon which the above record is based. The
leaves are described by Smitinand (1.c. supra) as 'cordate', which suggests
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ex Gage (see above), since the leaves of B. velutina are at the most rounded,
and often even cuneate, at the base.
Baliospermum Bl.
Monoecious (rarely dioecious); inflorescences usually leafy, with short
branches; S disk-glands connate into a cup . . . B. montanum
what accrescent.
Pax & Hoffm. iv: 25 (I912); Ridley: 312 (1924); Gagnep.: 429 (1926).
NI, 3; NE5; SEIo; CIi, 12; SWI4; PI6, x17.-W. Himalaya & India to
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
223
Baliospermum siamense Craib: 467 (I9") & 194 (1912); Pax & Hoffm.
m. alt.
Blachia Baill.
Leaves smaller (to 7 cm. long), cuneate-obovate; & inflorescence very shortly
Blachia andamanica (Kurz) Hook. f.: 403 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. iii: 38
(1911); Gagnepain: 416 (1926); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 121 (1969).
Codiaeum andamanicum Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 4o5 (1877).
Dimorphocalyx andamanicus (Kurz) Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. P1. 3:
302 (1880).
andamanica.)
I have not seen the Kerr specimen from near Bangkok, C12, cited by
Gagnepain (l.c.).
Blachia siamensis Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 620 (after 18 Sept.
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As. Soc. 17: 69 (I939); Backer & Bakh. f.: 480 (1963).
B. tokbrai sensu Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 42: 245 (1873) & For. Fl.
Brit. Burma 2: 391 (1877), non Elateriospermum tokbrai Bl.
?B. muelleri Kurz, I.c. (1873), in obs.
Botryophora Hook. f.
Botryophora geniculata (Miq.) Beumee ex Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 3: 484
(1949) & 14: 375 (1960) & in Hook. Ic. P1. 36: t. 3576 (1962), q.v. for full
synonymy; van Steenis in Blumea 12: 15 (1963).
Sterculia geniculata Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 164, 400 (1960).
Botryophora kingii Hook. f.: 476 (1888); Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenf. III. 5: 116 (1891) ; Ridley in Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. Io:
B. discigera
B. angustifolia
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Leave; membranous, rather small; fruit small, ovoid, often shining, with
Leaves intensely glaucous; styles = erect in fruit (NW. & SW. Siam)
B. glauca
The Siamese species of Breynia fall into obvious pairs: B. fruticosa and
B. glauca; B. retusa (B. patens) and B. angustifolia; B. vitis-idaea (B. rhamnoides)
637
(1927).angustifolia Hook. f.: 330 (1887); Ridley: 218 (1924); Beille:
Breynia
Breynia discigera Muell. Arg.: 440 (1866): Hook. f.: 331 (1887); Ridley:
217 (1924).
Melanthesa racemosa var. pubescens Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 73 (1863).
M. rhamnoides var. pubescens Muell. Arg., 1.c.: 74 (1863).
Breynia rhamnoides var. pubescens (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. in DC.: 441
(1866).
Px5-x8.-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.-N. B. Hooker's (l.c.) attribution of
not certainly known. Cf. Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s&r. 2, 5: 30 (1905).
Shrub to I -5 m. in low scrub at low altitude.
Differs from all other species in the region in the shortly tomentellous
Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook. f.: 331 (1887), in obs.; Williams in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. sdr. 2, 5: 30 (1905); Beille: 632 (1927).
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fruit.
Breynia glauca Craib: 460 (1911) & 187 (1912); Beille: 633 (1927).
Glochidion subterblancum C. E. C. Fischer in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1927: 2I I
Nx, 2; SWx4.-Burma.
Shrub or small tree to 7-5 m., in mixed or evergreen forest or scrub up to
900 m. alt.
Differs from B.fruticosa (L.) Hook. f. in the more glaucous leaves and in the
styles more or less erect in fruit. Perhaps scarcely specifically distinct, though
the two forms appear to be almost vicarious, B. glauca being the western
Breynia reclinata (Roxb.) Hook. f.: 331 (1887); Ridley: 219 (1924).
Phyllanthus reclinatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 669 (1832)-
Breynia rhamnoides var. hypoglauca (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.: 440 (1866).
Melanthesopsis fruticosa sec. Muell. Arg.: 437 (I866), non Andrachne fruticosa
L.
did (l.c. supra) was to point out that Mueller had erroneously referred
7925, which is a third plant from Siam'. Wallich 7925 bears what appears to
be a small original ticket of Finlayson, with the inscription: 'Baungh oukh,
Hue'. This tends to confirm Williams' contention (1.c.) that Finlayson's
specimens must have been collected either in Burma or in Annam. In
Lecomte, Fl. G6n. Indoch. 5: 638 (1927), under Breynia coriacea var.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
227
Siam.
65 (1932).
Breynia rhamnoides (Willd.) Muell. Arg.: 440 (I866); Hook. f.: 330 (1887);
Craib: 461 (1911) & 187 (1912); Merr.: 404 (1923); Ridley: 218 (1924);
Beille: 636 (1927).
B. officinalis Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 26: 427 (1894), synon. nov.
B. accrescens Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tok. 20: 22 (1904), synon. nov.
B. keithii Ridley in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 59: 174 (19II) & Flora:
219 (1924), synon. nov.
B. microcalyx Ridley in Journ. Fed. Mal. States Mus. 10: I 14 (1920), synon.
nov.
ovoid, often shining, with very short styles; fruiting calyx very small.
Apparently only differs from B. cernua (Poir.) Muell. Arg. (Philippines and
Java to New Guinea and N. Australia; type from Timor) in its nonaccrescent calyx. The two forms seem to exhibit a complete transition in the
Philippines; cf. Merrill, 1.c. supra.
Bridelia Willd.
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Drupe ellipsoid, black when ripe; leaves often paler beneath but not
distinctly pruinose; calyx green:
B. pubescens
B. penangiana
Bridelia affinis Craib: 456 (1911) & 182 (1912); Jabl. viii: 73 (1915);
Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 65 (I969).
B. colorata Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 66 (1969), synon. nov.
of Yunnan, in which the leaves are smaller and more sparsely puberulous,
the calyx is green and the fruit is black. Further study now leads me to feel
that my B. colorata cannot be satisfactorily distinguished from B. afinis.
Bridelia harmandii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 433 (1923) & in
Lecomte: 491 (1926).
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Bridelia ovata Decne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 484 (1835); Muell. Arg.:
495 (1866); Hook. f.: 274 (1887); Jabl. viii: 61i (1915); Ridley: 184 (1924);
Gagnep.: 489 (1926); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 488 (1936);
Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 69 (I939); Corner: 243
(1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 475 (1963)-
B. kurzii sec. Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s&r. 2, 5: 31 (1905), non Hook. f.
(Perlis, Lankawi, Penang); Java, Lesser Sunda Is.; Australia (N. Territory).
Small tree or scrambling shrub in dry evergreen or deciduous forest up to
300 m. alt., sometimes on limestone.
Leaves thin, smooth, glabrous, broadly elliptic or obovate, with the nerves
var. curtisii (Hook. f.) Airy Shaw, comb. & stat. nov.
Bridelia curtisii Hook. f.: 273 (1887); cf. Gage, 1.c.: 489 (1936), in obs.
B. pedicellata Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Straits Br. 59: 167 (19 ) ; Jabl.
Bridelia penangiana Hook. f.: 272 (1887); Jabl. viii: 75 (1915); Ridley:
I85 (1924); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 492 (1936).
B. minutiflora Hook. f.: 273 (I887); Jabl. viii: 76 (1915); Merr.: 423 (1923);
Gagnep.: 493 (1926); Backer & Bakh. f.: 475 (1963).
B. platyphylla Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 7, Bot.: 384 (1912).
Differs from B. pubescens Kurz in the much smaller flowers with exserted
style.
to which it was long ago reduced by Ridley and Gage (ll.cc.). The latter
author points out that Hooker appears to have described B. minutiflora from
Bridelia pierrei Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 434 (1923) & in
Lecomte: 494 (1926); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 68 (1969).
in younger stage.
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Bridelia pubescens Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 42: 241 (1873); Hook.
A more distinctly montane species than most other Siamese members of the
genus. Differs from the very similar B. penangiana Hook. f. in the larger
flowers (4'5-5'5 mm. diam.) with styles shorter than the sepals. The latter
species, though recorded by Gagnepain from a number of localities in
Indochina, and occurring (rarely) in Lower Burma, does not yet seem to have
been noted in Siam.
Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 48 (1826); Muell. Arg.: 493
(1866); Hook. f.: 268 (1887); Craib: 457 (1911) & 183 (1912); Jabl. viii:
69 (1915); Ridley: 184 (1924); Gagnep.: 487 (1926).
Clutia retusa L., Sp. P1.: 1042 (1753).
Cluytia spinosa Roxb., Corom. P1. 2: 38 (1798).
Bridelia spinosa (Roxb.) Willd., Sp. P1. 4. ii: 979 (I805); Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3:
735 (1832).
puberulous below, margin reflexed, sinuate-undulate; inflorescence tomentellous, usually leafless, often a terminal panicle; fruit globose, fleshy,
bilocular.
Bridelia stipularis (L.) BI., Bijdr.: 597 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 499 (I866),
p.p.; Hook. f.: 270 (1887), p.p.; Craib: 457 (1911) & 183 (1912); Jabl. viii:
55 (1915); Merr.: 424 (1923); Ridley: 183 (1924); Gagnep: 492 (1926);
Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 485 (1936); Corner: 243 (1940);
Backer & Bakh. f.: 475 (1963)Clutia stipularis L., Mant.: 127 (1767).
NI-4; NE5; E8; SE9, Io; SWI4; PI5.-India and S. China (Yunnan)
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Bridelia tomentosa BI., Bijdr.: 597 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 501 (1866);
Hook. f.: 271 (1887); Craib: 457 (1911) & 183 (1912); Jabl. viii: 58 (1915);
Ridley: 184 (1924); Gagnep.: 488 (1926); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
75(5): 487 (1936); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 69
(1939); Corner in Gard. Bull. Str. Settlem. io: 291 (1939) & Ways. Trees:
243 (1940).
B.
B.
B.
B.
lanceifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 737 (1832) ;Jabl. 1.c.: 60 (1915) ('lancaefolia').
loureirii Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Voy.: 211 (1841), excl. synon.
tomentosa var. lanceifolia (Roxb.) Muell. Arg.: 502 (1866).
monoica sec. Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 13, Bot.: 142 (1918) & Enum.:
423 (1923) & in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 234 (1935); Backer
& Bakh. f.: 475 (1963); vix Clutia monoica Lour.
B. glabrifolia Merr.: 422 (1923), synon. nov.
throughout most of its range, but rare in Borneo, only known from the
south-eastern corner.
Chaetocarpus Thw.
Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thw., Enum. P1. Zeyl.: 275 (1861);
Muell. Arg.: 1122 (I866) ('castaneaecarpus'); Hook. f.: 460 (1887); Pax &
Hoffm. iv: 8 (1912); Craib: 194 (I9I2); Corner: 244 (1940) ('castaneicarpus').
Adelia castanicarpa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 848 (1832).
The densely setose capsules with shining black arillate seeds are characteristic. Leaves coriaceous, smooth, shining, glabrous, madder-brown when
dry; flowers in dense axillary clusters; stamens connate in a column.
Chondrostylis Boerl.
Chondrostylis kunstleri (King ex Hook.f.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 359
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SWx4.-Endemic.
Large shrub or small tree (up to 8 m.), locally common in light dry
(1948); Nath, Bot. Sur.v. S. Shan States: og9 (1960); Backer & Bakh. f.: 477
(1963).
Croton rottleri Geisel., Crot. Monogr.: 54 (I807); A. Juss., Euphorb. Gen.
Tent.: 28 (1824).
N3, 4; E8; C12; SWI4.-NW. India and Ceylon to Assam and Burma;
Java (?introd.).
Small shrub or woody herb to 6o cm., in waste places at low altitudes (up
to 200 m.).
Distinguished from related yellow-flowered species by its erect stem,
racemes exceeding the nearest leaves, reddish-purple capsules and red
stigmas.
Arg.: 895 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 265 (1914); Merr.: 444 (1923); Ridley:
276 (1924); Gagnep.: 478 (1926); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy.
As. Soc. 17: 69 (I939); Backer & Bakh. f.: 486 (1963).
Rottlera ? albicans sec. Hassk., Hort. Bogor.: 238 (1844), quoad descr., excl.
synon. Adisca albicans Bl.
Adenogynum discolor Reichb. f. & Zoll. in Verhand. Nat. Vereen. Ned. Ind. I:
Chloradenia discolor (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Baill., It. Gin. Euphorb.: 472 (1858);
Cephalocroton albicans sec. Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 55 (I865), non Adisca
albicans B1.
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are almost glabrous above and intensely white-hoary below, and the shortly
Claoxylon Juss.
Usually shortly tomentellous throughout, often with a purplish tinge; T
inflorescence very elongate; capsules shortly and softly grey-tomentose,
Leaves drying purple; & inflorescences many times longer than petioles
Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Bl.) Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bogor. Alter: 235
(1844); Muell. Arg.: 782 (1866); Hook. f.: 410o (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii:
io8 (1914); Ridley: 271 (1924); Gagnep.: 422 (1926); Corner in Gard. Bull.
Str. Settlem. Io: 292-4 (I939) & Ways. Trees: 245 (1940).
Erytrochilus indicus Reinw. ex B1., Bijdr.: 615 (1825).
New Guinea.
raised sutures.
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and smooth above, shortly (2-3 cm.) petioled, petiole with 2 conical glands
Claoxylon longifolium (Bl.) Endl. ex Hassk., Cat. P1. Hort. Bogor. Cult.
Alter: 235 (1844); Muell. Arg.: 781 (1866), p.p.; Hook. f.: 411 (1887); Pax
& Hoffm. vii: x17 (1914); Ridley: 272 (1924); Gagnep.: 421 (1926);
Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 69 (I939) (var. brachystachys Hook. f.); Corner: 245 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 481 (1963).
Erytrochilus longifolius Bl., Bijdr.: 616 (1825).
Claoxylon papyraceum Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 77 (1969), quoad typum,
synon. nov.
Guinea.
Cleidion Bl.
Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin.:
322 (1917), in obs., & Enum. 2: 439 (I923).
Acalypha spiciflora Burm. f., Fl. Ind.: 203 (sphalm. '303') (1768).
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Cleidionjavanicum Bl., Bijdr.: 613 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 987 (1866); Hook. f.:
444 (1887); Craib: 466 (1911) & 193 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 290
(1914); Ridley: 296 (1924); Gagnep.: 450 (1926); Backer & Bakh. f.: 487
(1963).
Rottlera urandra Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden Misc. 3: 229
(I85I).
Tree to 15 m., very common in evergreen forest at low altitudes (to 8oo
m.), often by streams; once noted (P15) from a rocky limestone hill. Some-
Ovary glabrous:
Capsule stipitate (but not pedicelled); leaves finely and closely adpressed-
Ovary pubescent:
Capsule stipitate; leaves decurrent on to the short petiole (? Chartacei)
C. decurrens
C. gracilis
Flower-clusters axillary on main shoots, not on special leafless
branchlets (? Stipulati):
Capsule sessile:
C. helferi
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C. polyphyllus
Cleistanthus decurrens Hook.f. : 278 (1887); Jabl. viii: 33 (1915); Ridley:
191 (1924); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 508 (1936); Henderson in
Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 69 (i939).
hairs beneath, nervation lax and prominent below, closely reticulate and
prominulous above; capsules long-stipitate.
has been collected also in SWI4, in mixed deciduous forest at 70 m., and it
seems possible that this represents in fact the more 'normal' state of the
species, the 'denuded' condition of the type form being perhaps associated
Cleistanthus gracilis Hook. f.: 277 (1887); Jabl. viii: 15 (1915); Ridley:
190 (1924) (incl. var. parvifolia Ridl.); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5):
506 (1936); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 70 (I939).
C. dasyphyllus F. N. Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s6r. 2, 5: 31 (1905); Jabl.,
1.c.: 18 (1915)-
but smaller and slenderer in all parts, with a relatively longer and more
abruptly demarcated drip-tip.
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A shrub, more rarely a small tree, to 4-5 m., locally rather frequent in
savannah, bamboo forest, evergreen scrub or forest, up to Iooo m. alt.
Branchlets shortly tomentose; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, rounded or
slightly cordate at base, shortly and acutely acuminate, shortly pubescent
beneath and on the nerves above, chartaceous, nerves prominently raised
and reticulate beneath; stipules and bracts usually conspicuous, elongatefiliform-subulate. Differs from C. hirsutulus in the pubescent leaves, with more
reticulate venation, and in the much longer bracts and stipules, and from
C. tomentosus (SE. Siam), which it most closely resembles, in the stronger
indumentum, cordate leaf-base and sessile capsule.
C. siamensis Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1913: 71 (193); Jabl. viii: 23
(1915); Ridley: 190 (1924); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 507
(1936); synon. nov.
C. penangensis Jabl., 1.c.: 21 (1915)C. cochinchinae Jabl., 1.c. (1915).
Paracleisthus siamensis (Craib) Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 497
(1923) & in Lecomte, 5: 497 (1926).
Nx, 4; NE5; E8; SE9, xo; CII; SWI4; PI5, x8.-Indochina, Malaya
persistence of the stipules do not hold. The species is rather near C. helferi
Hook. f., differing in the practically glabrous leaves, with laxer venation.
Cleistanthus myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma: 370 (1877);
Hook. f.: 275 (1887); Jabl. viii: 37 (1915); Merr.: 421 (1923); Ridley: 194
(1924); Gagnep.: 482 (1926); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 515
(1935); Backer & Bakh. f.: 474 (1963).
140 (1855).
throughout Malesia to New Guinea and Solomon Is. The most widespread
species of Cleistanthus in tropical Asia.
from limestone.
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31 (1905); Jabl. viii: 24 (1915); Ridley: 193 (1924); Gage in Journ. As. Soc.
C. heterophyllus Hook. f.: 276 (1887); Jabl. viii: 14 (1915); Ridley: 190
(1924); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 505 (1936); synon. nov.
C. saichikii Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 23: 248 (24 July 1923); synon. nov.
Paracleisthus subgracilis Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 500 (Aug. 1923)
& in Lecomte: 500 (1926); synon. nov.
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tion. This has been largely responsible for the above extensive synonymy.
The correctness of the suggested Philippines synonymy needs testing from
acuminate leaves.
C. eburneus Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 501 (1923), & in Lecomte:
483 (1926).
C. eburneus var. sordidus Gagnep., ll.cc.: 502 (1923) & 484 (1926).
The single collection (Kerr 4798) from N2, from deciduous jungle at an
altitude of 350 m., differs from the remainder in having smaller oblong
leaves arranged distichously on elongate somewhat fastigiately arranged sideshoots, curiously resembling the habit of Phyllanthus columnaris Muell. Arg.
Further material is needed in order to establish the status of this form.
Gagnepain suspected the identity of his C. eburneus var. sordidus with C.
tomentosus, but rightly pointed out that Hance had described the latter as
having sessile flowers and capsules, whereas those of C. eburneus were
conspicuously pedicellate. Hance's statement seems to have been due either
to an unfortunate slip of the pen, or possibly to the state of the material,
since a probable syntype preserved at Kew shows only young inflorescences
and detached broken fruits, in which the pedicels of the flower-buds are
inconspicuous and those of the fruits are missing. Hance's own type has not
been seen.
Gage differ markedly from almost all other Asiatic species, except for the
small isolated group comprising Sect. Pedicellati Jabl. Gagnepain referred his
C. eburneus to this latter section on the pedicel character, but in other respects
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Cleistanthus sp.
Pz6.-Kao Pawta Chongdong, Ranawng, 19 Jan. 1929, Kerr 16733Small tree to 6 m., in evergreen forest at 50 m. alt.
stipules inconspicuous:
Leaves larger, membranous, shallowly or shortly cordate at base
C. laotica
Cnesmone javanica Bl., Bijdr.: 630 (1825), corr. Bl., Fl. Jav. Praef. p. vi
(1828); Muell. Arg.: 926 (1866); Hook. f.: 466 (1888); Pax & Hoffm.
ix-xi: o02 (1919); Ridley: 306 (1924); Gagnep.: 385 (1926); (Cnesmosa)
Backer & Bakh. f.: 490 (1963)-
Tragia laevis Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 368 (1923) & Fl. Mal.
Penins. 3: 307 (1924); Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 72
(1939); Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 22: 422 (1941), in obs.
denticulate.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
241
Cnesmone laotica (Gagnep.) Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 22: 428 (1941),
Cenesmon laoticum Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 867 (1924) & in
Lecomte: 390 (1926).
Croton L.
Leaves penninerved:
? sepals large, up to 12 mm. long; leaves narrowly elliptic-lanceolate
C. sepalinus
? sepals considerably smaller:
Leaves not distinctly pseudo-verticillate, not separated by long bare
portions of stem, not cordate at base, acutely acuminate at apex;
C. cascarilloides
Leaves smaller (to 9 cm. long), drying dark brown above, rounded
and sometimes mucronate at apex . . C. mekongensis
Leaves densely or sparsely stellate-pubescent or hirsute beneath, or glabrous:
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C. krabas
pubescent:
Leaves narrowly oblong-elliptic, 3-10o cm. long, 1-2 cm. (rarely
C. columnaris
Petioles longer:
Leaves ? membranous:
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C. hookeri
C. longissimus
C. wallichii
C. oblongifolius
Croton argyratus Bi. (sensu lato), Bijdr.: 602 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 526
(1866); Hook. f.: 385 (1887); Merr.: 425 (1923); Ridley: 260 (1924);
Gagnep.: 277 (1925); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17:
70 (1939); Corner: 247 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 476 (1963).
C. budopensis Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 549 (1922) & in Lecomte:
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SWx4.-Endemic.
I am equally at a loss with Croizat (l.c.) to know what this plant is.
which belong to the argyratus affinity at all. On account of the small fruit,
Croton birmanicus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: I 12 (I865) & in DC.: 60o
(1866); Hook. f.: 389 (1887); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 72 (1969).
Lingnan Sci. Journ. 13: 60 (1934) & in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2):
234 (1935) ; Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 23: 46 (1942) ; Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
C. punctatus Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 581 (1790); Muell. Arg.: 565 (1866);
Gagnep.: 290 (1925); non Jacq. (1787).
C. cumingii Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 1OI (1865) & in DC.: 566 (1866);
Craib: 463 (1911) & 190 (i912); Merr.: 426 (1923); Ridley: 261 (1924);
Gagnep.: 264 (1925); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17:
30, 70 (1939).
C. pierrei Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 558 (1922) & in Lecomte:
Shrub to 4'5 m., in dry evergreen forest up to 200 m. alt.; once noted as
Bangkok in 1882.)
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
245
of stem.
Croton calococcus Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 376 (1877); Hook. f.: 389
(sphalm. 'coelococcus') (1887); Gagnep.: 274 (1925); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
23: 73 (1969).
C. caudatus var. malaccanus Hook. f.: 389 (1887); Ridley: 259 (1924).
C. caudatus var. harmandii Gagnep., 1.c. (1925).
NE5; SE9; CiI, 12; SWI4; P17, x8.-E. Himalayas to Ceylon & S.
up to ioo m. alt.
Sparsely stellate-scabrid; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, rather coarsely
toothed, membranous, brittle when dry, nerves often incised above; capsule
globose, bluntly 3- or 6-angled; seeds with scattered stellate hairs.
NE5.-Endemic.
Hemicryptophyte of Io-I5 cm., from woody rootstock, locally common
in open grassy ground at 200 m. alt.
Plant entirely lacking stellate hairs, but stems finely puberulous; leaves
narrow, oblong-oblanceolate, shallowly serrulate; inflorescence usually with
I distant basal female and several crowded terminal male flowers; capsule
N2, 4.-Endemic.
Shrub to 1"5 m., in open evergreen or deciduous forest at loo-200 m. alt.
Differs from the very similar C. thorelii Gagnep. in the bifid (not quadrifid)
styles, which are connate below into a conspicuous column, and in the almost
continuous covering of minute stellate hairs on the capsule.
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Link (1822).
C. tomentosus (Lour.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 107 (1865) & in DC.: 588
(1866); Craib: 190 (1912); Gagnep.: 262 (1925); non Link (1822).
Croton delpyi Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 552 (1922) & in
Lecomte: 272 (1925).
NI; NE5; SE9, 10; Px5-x8.-Yunnan (?), Indochina.
Tree to 15 m., common in evergreen or mixed forest and scrub from very
below.
laevifolius (?C. oblongus Burm. f.) seems to represent a plant with coriaceous
giving a very different effect from the thin yellowish or greenish leaves of
C. laevifolius sec. Hook. f.: 391 (1887); Craib: 463 (1911) & 190 (1912)
(var. ?); Kanjilal, De & Das, Fl. Assam 4: 195 (1940); non Bl.
C. khasianus Hook. f.: 392 (1887), in obs., nom. event.; vide Croizat, 1.c.
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NI-3; SWI4.-Endemic.
Shrub or small tree to 4'5 m., locally common in dry mixed deciduous
forest or open scrub, on lateritic or sandstone soil, up to 420 m. alt.
Croton joufra Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 685 (1832); Muell. Arg.: 519 (1866);
Hook. f.: 387 (1887); Gagnep.: 280 (1925)To be expected in Siam.-Assam, Burma; Indochina.
Apparently almost indistinguishable from C. delpyi Gagnep. except by the
much larger, somewhat oblong, obscurely lobed capsules and large oblong
seeds. Some of the Siamese records of C. delpyi based on flowering material
may be referable to C. joufra.
Croton kongensis Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 555 (1922) & in
Lecomte: 287 (1925); Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 21: 500 (1940).
C. tonkinensis Gagnep., 1l.cc.: 560 (1922) & 269 (1925); Merr. & Metc. in
Lingnan Sci. Journ. 16: 389 (I937); synon. nov.
base, and in the larger, subentire, less dense and more persistent lepidote
scales on the upper leaf-surface. C. tonkinensis represents a more narrowleaved form, stated to be cultivated around Hanoi for medicinal purposes.
Both it and C. kongensis are recorded by Gagnepain from Hue.
Croton krabas Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 555 (1922) & in
Lecomte: 286 (1I925).
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Croton laccifer ('lacciferum') L., Sp. P1.: Ioo5 (1753); Muell. Arg.: 588
(1866); Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 2: 1315 (1925); Alston in Trimen, Handb.
Croton aromaticus sec. Hook. f.: 388 (1887), pro parte, non L.
C. aromaticus var. lacciferus [sic] (L.) Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 48 (1898).
Closely resembling the Indian and Singhalese material, but the female
flowers are almost sessile. Further gatherings will be needed in order to
establish the status of this Siamese plant. The distribution is curious, but
can be paralleled in e.g. species of Phyllanthus (cf. P. polyphyllus Willd. var.
siamensis Airy Shaw) and Sauropus (cf. S. quadrangularis Willd.). Cf. also
Mallotus eriocarpus (Thw.) Muell. Arg. (Coelodiscus montanus Muell. Arg.) in
Ceylon and Penang.
Croton laccifer differs from C. caudatus in its arborescent habit, subentire,
Croton leiophyllus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 103 (1865) & in DC.: 573
(1866); Merr.: 426 (1923); Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 23: 5o6 (1942)Px8.-Borneo, Philippines.
Tree in evergreen forest at 540 m. alt.
The specimen closely matches the Philippine material, but the status of the
species in relation to C. laevifolius Bl. (?C. oblongus Burm. f.) has yet to be
established.
glabrous, drying brown; female sepals conspicuous, 2-3 mm. long, oblongovate, obtuse, apiculate, very sparsely lepidote, drying brown; ovary densely
white-lepidote; styles rather short.
N2 (cult.).-Endemic ?
Shrub in cultivation at 300 m. alt.
Resembles C. columnaris in its thin acuminate leaves and in the close brown
minutely stellate indumentum of the young parts, but differs in the much
finer and closer serration of the leaves, the longer inflorescences and the
styles free almost to the base.
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Croton mekongensis Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 558 (1922) &
in Lecomte: 276, fig. 29/6-8 (1925), e descr. et ic.
Croton oblongifolius Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 685 (1832); Muell. Arg.: 573
(1866) ; Hook. f.: 386 (1887); Craib: 464 (1911) & 190 (1912); Gagnep.: 279
(1925); non sec. Hosseus: 404 (1911).
Indochina.
Journ. Arn. Arb. 23: 46 (1942)) that this was erroneous. The Hainan
gatherings have uniformly smaller, subentire leaves, and appear to represent
a local endemic.
Croton poilanei Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 559 (1922) & in
Lecomte: 270 (1925).
200 m. alt.
Croton robustus Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 372 (i877); Hook. f.: 387
(1887); Craib: 464 (1911) & 190 (1912); Gagnep.: 289 (1925)C. oblongifolius sec. Hosseus: 404 (19911), non Roxb.
C. siamensis Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1918: 369 (1918); Gagnep.: 288
NI ; SEIo.-Burma.
Tree of 6-Io m., locally frequent in evergreen (chestnut and oak) forest
and scrub up to 8oo00 m. alt.
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Croton sublyratus Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 374 (I877); Hook. f.: 390
(1887).
pubescent capsules, which may be almost ripe when the young leaves are
still unfolding. Leaves cuneate-obovate, shortly cordate at extreme base and
often slightly contracted (subpanduriform) above it, but apparently very
variable, judging by Andamans material.
Croton thorelii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 560 (1922) & in
Lecomte: 264 (1925).
E7, 8; SExo.-Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Cochinchina).
Shrub or small tree to 4 m., by streams in evergreen forest up to 200 m. alt.
Croton tiglium L., Sp. PI.: oo004 (1753); Muell. Arg.: 600 (1866); Hook. f.:
393 (1887); Merr.: 427 (1923); Ridley: 262 (1924); Gagnep.: 285 (1925);
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Croton wallichii Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: I 8 (1865) & in DC.: 623
(1866); Hook. f.: 390 (1887); Gagnep.: 282 (1925).
PI5, x6.-Burma, ?Malay Peninsula.
Tree to Io m. high, locally common in evergreen forest or scrub up to Ioo
m. alt.
inflorescences very slender, elongate, sinuous; flowers softly stellatetomentose; female pedicels usually elongate.
Dalechampia L.
Stem glabrous or minutely puberulous; leaves deeply 3-lobed, minutely
puberulous on the nerves beneath; inflorescence bulky . D. bidentata
Stem manifestly pilosulous; leaves trifoliolate, shortly grey-tomentellous
Dalechampia bidentata BI., Bijdr.: 632 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 1243 (1886);
J.J. Sm.: 531, 756 (1910); Pax & Hoffm. xii: 31 (1919); Backer & Bakh. f.:
493 (1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 121 (1969).
?Dalechampia sp., Gagnep.: 345 (1925), in adnot.
SE9; SWI4.-Burma, S. China (var. yunnanensis Pax & Hoffm.), ?Indochina (Laos); Sumatra, Java.
Climber in evergreen forest at 400oo-8oo m.
Dalechampia elongata Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1918: 369 (1918).
Nz, 3.-Endemic.
Herbaceous climber in deciduous forest at 1oo-3oo m.
Stem manifestly pilosulous; leaves completely trifoliolate, shortly grey-
Dimorphocalyx Thw.
Leaves entire or almost so; fruiting calyx accrescent; capsule smooth
D. luzoniensis
P6.--Borneo, Philippines.
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D. denticulatus Merr. (D. pauciflorus (Merr.) Airy Shaw, synon. nov.) and
D. murinus Elm., by its entire or very obscurely denticulate leaves. From D.
murinus, with which it agrees in having an accrescent fruiting calyx, it differs
further in its glabrous capsule.
Dimorphocalyx muricatus (Hook. f.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 412
(1966).
Ostodes muricatus Hook. f.: 401 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. iii: 21 (19I1); Ridley:
269 (1924).
Drypetes Vahl
Stamens 1-4; S flowers very small, crowded; disk o; drupe long-pedicelled,
small, hard, ovoid, often subacute at apex, I-locular, I-seeded; leaves
Stamens 3-25 or more; S flowers larger; disk present, central; drupe various,
I-4-seeded:
Styles relatively elongate, slender, 2-3 mm. long; stamens 4-8; drupes
rather small, long-pedicelled; stipules often large and membranous
D. perreticulata
D. hoainsis
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
253
D. hainanensis
Leaves 7-35 cm. long, not or scarcely cordate at base; male flowers
Petiole exceptionally short, I-3 mm. long; leaf oblonglanceolate, up to 25 cm. long, glabrous, usually green when
dry; stamens unknown; drupe transverse, bilobed, glabrous
D. curtisii
D. subsessilis
D. helferi
Leaves entire:
Drypetes assamica (Hook.f.) Pax & Hoffm. xv: 241 (1922); Gagnep.: 566
(1927).
Cyclostemon assamicus Hook. f.: 342 (1887)
pedicelled, in small axillary fascicles; fruit subcubical, 1-I "5 cm. in diameter,
thinly adpressed-fulvous-pubescent.
Drypetes cambodica Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 258 (1924)
& in Lecomte: 569 (I927) (sphalm. 'combodica').
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endocarp (vide Fischer, 1.c.). This South-East Asiatic plant may not be
specifically distinct from D. sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & Hoffm., but more
Drypetes curtisii (Hook. f.) Pax & Hoffm. xv: 250 (1922); Ridley: 223
(1924).
Cyclostemon curtisii Hook. f.: 343 (1887).
alt.
Near D. microphylla (Merr.) Pax & Hoffm., of the Philippines and North
Borneo, with small ovate leaves and a globose, thin-walled, thinly fulvouspilose fruit, but the leaves gradually (not abruptly) acuminate, the tip
subacute (not rounded), and the fruit much more shortly pedicelled.
Drypetes harmandii Pierre ex Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 259
leaves.
Px7.-Lower Burma.
Tree of Io m., locally common in evergreen forest at 8oo00 m. alt.
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Drypetes hoaeinsis Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7I: 259 (1924) & in
Lecomte: 570 (1927)-
Twigs rather densely leafy, with smallish ovate leaves, which are
coriaceous, smooth, but dull owing to the densely and minutely reticulate
nerves, acuminate, very shallowly crenate-serrate, drying a pale pinkishbrown colour; flowers small; fruit (not seen; teste Gagnepain) ovoid, Io x 8
mm. Differs from D. perreticulata in its smooth leaves and minute fugacious
stipules.
Drypetes indica (Muell. Arg.) Pax & Hoffm. xv: 278 (1922), sensu lato.
Cyclostemon indicus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 81 (1863) & in DC.: 481
(1866) ; Hook. f.: 340 (1887).
C. lanceifolius Hook. f., 1.c., synon. nov.
C. gr ifithii Hook. f., l.c., synon. nov.
16oo m. alt.
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and also to those of D. nienkui Merr. & Chun, of Hainan. Until satisfactory
distinctions betw.een these variable taxa can be found, the best course seems
to be to treat them as conspecific.
Drypetes longifolia (Bl.) Pax & Hoffm. xv: 245 (1922); Ridley: 222
(1924); S. Moore inJourn. Bot. 63, Suppl.: 97 (1925); Backer & Bakh. f.: 473
(1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 55 (1969): q.v.
Cyclostemon longifolius BL., Bijdr.: 598 (1825); Hook. f.: 341 (1887).
C. macrophyllus Bl., l.c. (1825).
C. macrophyllus var. malaccensis Hook. f.: 341 (1887).
Drypetes macrophylla (BI.) Pax & Hoffm. 1.c.: 247 (1922); Backer & Bakh. f.,
1.c. (1963).
at base, and with the midrib impressed above (this character readily
distinguishes it from similar species in which it is raised above); flowers on
the older branches, large; fruit globose, up to 6 cm. diam., finely ochraceous-
tomentellous.
Drypetes ochrothrix Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 361 (1968) & 25: 501
(I97I).
leaves and especially in the short golden indumentum of the young parts
and inflorescences. Kerr's material is very floriferous, bearing fascicles of
golden-sericeous flowers in every leaf-axil.
Drypetes pendula Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 365 (1923) & Fl.
Malay Penins. 3: 222 (1924); Corner in Gard. Bull. Str. Settlem. Io: 295
(1939).
Cyclostemon longifolius sec. Hook. f.: 341 (1887), non Bl.
Diospyros betongensis Fletcher in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1937: 382 (I937),
synon. nov.
Pi8.-Malay Penins.
Slender tree 5 m. high, in evergreen forest at 400 m. alt.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
257
Drypetes perreticulata Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 260 (1924)
& in Lecomte: 570 (1927).
SWI4.-Indochina (Annam).
Tree to 7 m., locally common in dry evergreen forest at low altitudes; once
noted on a rocky limestone hill.
Pycnosandra timorensis Bl., Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 192 (1856); cf. van
Guinea (rare).
Drypetes subsessilis (Kurz) Pax & Hoffm. xv: 248 (1922); Airy Shaw in
(1887).
Nx.-Burma, ?Andamans.
Tree to 4 m., in dense evergreen forest at 1300oo-I400 m. alt.
Leaves large, oblong, rather similar to those of D. harmandii, but thinner
and very shallowly and obscurely, though regularly, serrulate, very oblique
at base; differing from almost all other species of continental Asia in the very
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Elateriospermum Bl.
Elateriospermum tapos Bi., Bijdr.: 621 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 1131
(1866); Benth. in Hook. Ic. P1. 13: 73, t. 1294 (1879); Hook. f.: 382 (1887);
Pax in Engler IV. 147 (Heft 42): 17 (1910); Ridley: 252 (1924); Corner: 249
(1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 497 (1963).
Endospermum Benth.
Inflorescence a simple raceme or spike, rarely with very short side-branches;
Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 395 (1960);
Schaeffer in Blumea 19: 186 (1971), q.v. for full synonymy.
Melanolepis? diadena Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (Fl. Sum.): 455 (186o); Pax
& Hoffm. vii: 144 (1914).
Endospermum malaccense Benth. ex Muell. Arg. in Flora 47: 469 (1864) & in
DC.: 1132 (1866); Hook. f.: 458 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. iv: 34 (1912);
Ridley: 305 (1924); Corner in Gard. Bull. Str. Settlem. Io: 296-8 (1939)
& Ways. Trees: 251 (1940o).
E. borneense Benth. ex Muell. Arg., Ul.cc. (1864 & i866); Corner, 1.c. I0: 298
(1939). diadenus (Miq.) Muell. Arg.: 959 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 206
Mallotus
(I914).
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Rottlera diadena (Miq.) Scheff. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4: 125 (1869).
E. ovalifolium Pax & Hoffm. iv: 34 (1912): Ridley: 305 (1924); Corner, l.c.
E. beccarianum Pax & Hoffm. iv: 35 (1912); Corner, 1.c. Io: 298 (1939)-
Endospermum chinense var. malayanum Pax & Hoffm. iv: 36 (1912), pro parte,
typo excluso.
Epiprinus Griff.
Leaves large, ovate to broadly lanceolate, long-petioled; inflorescence robust
with relatively large flowers; ? sepals large, membranous, purplish,
(1924); Gagnep.: 474, in clavi (1926); Corner: 252 (1940); Airy Shaw in
Kew Bull. 16: 356 (1963).
PI8.- ?Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.
Small tree of 6 m., in evergreen forest at 300 m. alt.
Symphyllium silhetense Baill. mut. Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 17: 228 (I878),
pro synon.
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Epiprinus hainanensis Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 21: 504 (1940) & 23: 53
(1942), in obs.; Airy Shaw, l.c. supra, in obs. (1963).
6oo m. alt.
only, with no female at the base. They are also more evenly and loosely
branched. The foliage, stellate indumentum and male floral structure,
however, are very similar to those of Epiprinus spp. Complete material of this
interesting tree is very desirable.
Erismanthus obliquus Wall. ex Muell. Arg.: 1138 (1866); Hook. f.: 405
(1887); Pax & Hoffm. iii: 34 (1911); Ridley: 271 (1924); Gagnep.: 464
(1926).
Erismanthus sinensis Oliv. in Hook. Ic. P1. 16: t. 1578 (1887); Pax &
Hoffm. iii: 35 (1911); Gagnep.: 461 (1926); Merr. & Metc. in Lingnan Sci.
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Euphorbia L.
by A. R. SMITH*
Spiny, commonly succulent plants (? Euphorbia-Diacanthium):
E. cf. barnhartii
E. ligularia
Stems usually 5-angled (though occasionally 3-angled); leaves
ovate-elliptic, not more than 5 cm. long:
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E. coudercii
E. linearifolia
Annual herbs:
E. capillaris
E. hypericifolia
E. microphylla
Hook. f.: 255 (1887); Ridley: 18o (1924); Gagnep.: 240 (1925); Croiz.,
Euph. Antiq. Offic.: 6 (I934); Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24 (2):
242 (I935); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 70 (1939);
Ni, 3; E8; SEio; CI2; SWI4; PI6, 17-.-S. India, Ceylon, Burma,
Spiny, succulent tree up to 5-7 m. high, with a round trunk, and usually
branching only at the top. Branches tufted, ascending, 3-5-angled.
Spiny succulent with 3-5-angled stems. Although much less robust than
typical E. antiquorum, this may be nothing more than a variety or form
thereof.
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Chamaesyce atoto (Forst. f.) Croiz. in Degener, Fl. Hawaii, Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936), in obs.
E. cf. trigona Roxb., Fl. Ind.: 469 (1832); Boiss. in DC.: 82 (1862); Hook. f.:
256 (1887); Merr.: 464 (1923); non Haworth, Succ. PI.: 127 (I812).
SWi4: Wangka, Kanburi, 8 Feb. 1926, Kerr 1o471. (Typical E. barnhartii
in India.)
Shrub to 2 m., growing amongst limestone rocks at 200 m. alt.
Succulent shrub with 3-angled stems, the spine-shields soon falling.
Euphorbia capillaris Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 298 (1921), &
in Lecomte: 252 (1925).
E. hypericifolia sec. Hosseus: 404 (1911); Craib: 181 (1912); non L.
Euphorbia coudercii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 299 (1921), & in
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cyathial glands.
Euphorbia sp. cf. harmandii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 299
(1921), & in Lecomte: 250 (1925).
in Laos).
Siamese gathering has narrower leaves than the type from Laos.
Euphorbia heterophylla L., Sp. P1.: 453 (1753); Boiss. in DC.: 72 (1862);
Merr.: 462 (1923); Ridley: I8i (1924); Gagnep.: 244 (1925); Backer &
Bakh f.: 502 (1963).
Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. PI.: 454 (i753); Merr.: 462 (1923); Ridley: 181
(1924); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. i7: 70 (I939);
E. pilulifera L., Sp. PI.: 454 (I753); Boiss. in DC.: 21 (1862); Hook. f.: 250
(1887); Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss., sir. 2, 5: 32 (1905); Gagnep.: 245
(1925)Chamaesycepilulifera (L.) Small, Fl. SE. U.S.: 708 (1903).
Ch. hirta (L.) Millsp. in Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. 2: 303 (1909).
ating in C. America.
A low diffuse weedy herb up to Io cm. high; young stems densely covered
with yellow multicellular hairs.
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(1909).
E. indica sec. Gagnep.: 248 (1925), non Lam.
Euphorbia kerrii Craib: 456 (1911) & 181 (1912) ; Gagnep.: 255 (1925)-
with a large woody rootstock. A plant with young, leafy shoots, 30-35 cm.
long, was collected by Larsen, Santisuk & Warncke (no. 3041) in August 1968
(Io km. N. of Doi Chieng Dao), the leaves of which are obovate-oblong,
c. Io cm. long and 4-5 cm. wide.
Root used for poisoning fish.
Euphorbia lacei Craib: 456 (1911), & 182 (1912); Gagnep.: 255 (1925)-
Euphorbia ligularia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 465 (1832); Backer & Bakh. f.: 501
(1963).
E. neriifolia sec. Boiss.'in DC.: 79 (1862); Hook. f.: 255 (1887); Merr.: 462
(1923); Ridley: 182 (1924), in adnot.; Gagnep.: 239 (1925); Merr. in
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 242 (I935); non L.
Nx; CI2.--W. Tropical Asia. Commonly cultivated.
Spiny succulent tree up to c. 4 m. high.
Euphorbia linearifolia Heyne ex Roth, Nov. P1. Sp.: 224 (1821); Boiss. in
DC.: 33 (1862); Hook. f.: 249 (1887); ?Hosseus: 404 (1911); Craib: I82
(1912); Gagnep.: 253 (1925).
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narrower leaves.
Euphorbia microphylla Heyne ex Roth, Nov. P1. Sp.: 229 (I821); Hook. f.:
Cz2.-India, Burma.
Growing by waysides, at sea-level.
Prostrate weedy herb with leaves 2-3(-5) mm. long.
Euphorbia prostrata Ait., Hort. Kew., ed. I, 2: 139 (1789) ; Boiss. in DC.:
47 (1862); Hook. f.: 266 (1887), in adnot.; Merr.: 463 (1923); Backer &
Origin Jamaica.
only.
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Nl.-Endemic.
Annual herb to 30 cm., on open rocky slopes at 2000 m. alt.
Differs from all Old World species of Sect. Tithymalus Subsect. Esula in the
combination of the annual habit with smooth grey seeds. Apparently without
close relatives.
Euphorbia Synadenium Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 61: 36
(1912), & Fl. Mal. Penins. 3: 180 (1924); non E. synadenia Baill. (1862).
E. ridleyi Croizat in Gard. Bull. Str. Settlem. 9: 147 (1937), pro nom. nov.
Euphorbia thymifolia L., Sp. PI.: 454 (1753); Boiss. in DC.: 47 (1862);
Hook. f.: 252 (1887); Craib: 182 (19i2); Merr.: 464 (1923); Ridley: 182
(1924); Gagnep.: 246 (1925); Backer & Bakh. f.: 503 (1963)-
Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp. in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago, Bot.
2: 412 (1916).
A prostrate weed of open, grassy places, on paths and in gardens, on railroads with no competition, in sandy scrub and on dunes, from sea-level up to
400 m. alt.
This species is distinct from all its allies in that the capsule ripens within
the cyathium, thus eventually causing it to split down the side. The usual
situation is for the female pedicel to elongate before the capsule ripens, thus
thrusting it out of the cyathium before it expands.
Euphorbia tirucalli L., Sp. P1.: 452 (I753); Boiss. in DC.: 96 (1862); Hook.
f.: 254 (1887); Merr.: 464 (1923); Ridley: I82 (1924), in adnot.; Gagnep.:
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Euphorbia vachellii Hook. & Am., Bot. Beech. Voy.: 213 (1837); v. Steenis
in Bull. Bot. Surv. India lo; 393 (1968).
E8; SWI4; PI5, I7, I8.-S. China, Ryu-Kyu Is., Formosa, Indochina
Excoecaria L.
long) . . . . . . . . . . . . E. oppositifolia
Excoecaria agallocha L., Sp. P1. ed. 2: I45I (1763); Muell. Arg.: 1220
(1866); Hook. f.: 472 (1888); Pax & Hoffm. v: 165 (1912) (incl. vars.);
Ridley: 3I4 (1924); Gagnep.: 407 (I926); Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos.
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Excoecaria cf. bantamensis Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 124 (1863) & in
DC.: 1219 (1866); J. J. Sm.: 61o (191o); Pax & Hoffm. v: 161 (1912);
Backer & Bakh. f.: 499 (1963).
E. macrophyllaJ.J. Sm.: 6 I (1911); Pax & Hoffm. v. 162 (1912); Merr.: 458
(1923).
SE9: Chanthaburi, Pong Nam Ron, alt. 6oo m., 21 Jan. 1956, Smitinand
3198 (Fl. Thail. 14394).
SWI4: Prachuab, Huay Wa Toon, 30 June 1921, Winit 587.
Small dioecious tree to 15 m., in evergreen forest up to 6oo m. alt.
folia, and is sometimes not easy to separate from small-leaved forms of the
latter species.
Excoecaria bicolor (Hassk.) Zoll. ex Hassk., Retzia I: 158 (1855); Muell. Arg.:
1220 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. v: 159 (1912); Ridley: 315 (1924); Gagnep.:
404 (1926).
E. crenulata sec. Hosseus: 404 (191 1) ; Craib: 195 (1912) ; non Wight.
var. cochinchinensis:
an ornamental.
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?E. crenulata Wight var. formosana Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tok. 30 (I):
271 (191i).
(1936).
? E. formosana (Hayata) Hayata, Ic. P1. Formos. 3: 173 (1913); nom. illegit.
(superfl.); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 423 (1914).
E. bicolor var. orientalis (Pax & Hoffm.) Gagnep.: 406 (1926).
?E. cochinchinensis var.formosana (Hayata) Hurusawa in Journ. Fac. Sci. Tok.
NX, 4; NE5; E8; SEio; Cii, 12; SW14; P15, I6, i8.-Burma, Malay
slender.
Gagnep.: 406 (1926); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17:
70 (1939)-
limestone.
Fahrenheitia collina Reichb. f. & Zoll. in Linnaea 28: 6oo (1856); Muell.
Arg.: 1256 (1866).
Paracrotonpendulus (Hassk.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I: 382 (1859); Pax & Hoffm.
iii: 12 (1911).
(1865).
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Ostodes macrophyllus (Muell. Arg.) Benth. ex Pax & Hoffm. iii: 18 (1911);
Ridley: 269 (1924).
0. pendula (Hassk.) A. Meeuse in Blumea 5: 508 (I945); Backer & Bakh. f.:
493 (1963).
G. sphaerogynum
G. hypoleucum
Capsules ?- pubescent:
Capsules unlobed, depressed-globose, rather thick-walled; style
shortly columnar, persistent; leaves lanceolate, glossy, margins
often curling downwards when dry (cf. G. daltonii)
Capsules 3-12-lobed:
G. perakense
G. glomerulatum
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submembranaceous, often curling on drying, not glaucescent; capsule 6-9 mm. diam., with 3-6 rounded lobes;
Leaves 8-14 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, coriaceous, not curling on
drying, often somewhat pale or glaucescent; capsule Io18 mm. diam., with 8-12 rounded lobes; style minute
G. lanceolarium
dehiscent; pedicel I 5-2 cm. long; leaves distichous, 5-8 cm. long, very
Capsules variously lobed or, if unlobed, smaller and normally dehiscent and
borne on shorter pedicels:
Inflorescences usually supra-axillary and pedunculate (rarely axillary,
sessile); plant strongly pubescent; capsule obscurely lobed; style
inconspicuous:
Capsule up to m I mm. diam., usually strongly pubescent (NW. Region)
G. hirsutum
G. arborescens
G. aff. oblatum
G. coccineum
G. wallichianurn
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G. nubigenum
recedit.
SIAM. N. Region: Payap Circle; Doi Sutep, Hosseus 501; Kerr 675, 1321
(K, holotype); Sorensen, Larsen & Hansen 2538, 3221; Doi Angka, Doi Pa
Mawn spur, Garrett 500; Doi Nang Ka, Put 3766; Doi Chieng dao, Suvanakoses
1097 in For. Dept. 15504. Pitsanul6k Circle; Phu Miang, thicket along
mountain path, alt. 12-1300 m., 2 Oct. 1967, Shimizu, Iwatsuki et al. TI 1348.
-NE. Region: Udawn Circle; Kao Krading, Loi, Suvatabandhu 81; Poo
1750 m. alt.
Typical G. acuminaturn has thin, smooth, very thinly puberulous foliage, and
smaller capsules on rather slender pedicels. The whole affinity of G. acuminaturn, G. velutinum Wight, etc., requires careful revision.
Phyllanthus arborescens (B1.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 370 (1865) & in DC.:
279 (1866).
P. silheticus Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 377 (1865) & in DC.: 297 (1866), synon.
nov.
G. silheticum (Muell. Arg.) Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 21: 492 (1940).
altitudes.
It does not seem possible to distinguish the Assam population (G. silheticum)
specifically from the Malesian plant.
G. arborescens is closely allied to G. hirsutum, differing principally in its
smaller, less pubescent capsules.
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Ioo000 m. alt.
Hook. f.: 308 (1887); Craib: 458 (1911) & 184 (I912); Beille: 615 (1927).
Agyneia coccinea Buch.-Ham. in Symes, Account Embassy Kingd. Ava: 479
(18oo).
Phyllanthus coccineus (Buch.-Ham.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 370 (1865) & in
Nx; SWI4.-Burma.
Shrub of 1-2 m., more rarely tree to 6 m., locally common in damp places
in dry deciduous or evergreen forest up to 450 m. alt.; once noted (SWI4) on
limestone rocks.
Glochidion daltonii (Muell. Arg.) Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 344 (1877);
Hook. f.: 320 (1887); Craib: 458 (1911) & 184 (1912); Beille: 626 (1927).
Phyllanthus daltoni Muell. Arg.: 3o10 (1866).
Glochidion hohenackerisec. Hosseus: 405 (191 I1), non (Muell. Arg.) Bedd.
drying. Style conspicuous, clavate and deeply lobed at the apex. Capsules
crustaceous, glabrous.
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G. esquirolii L6vl. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 12: 186 (1913), teste Croiz. 1.c.
supra.
subsessile.
293 (1866).
P. nanogynus Muell. Arg. in Flora 23: 376 (1865) & in DC.: 293 (1866).
Glochidion nanogynum (Muell. Arg.) Hook. f.: 318 (1887); Ridley: 214 (1924);
Beille: 619 (1927)-
Java.
Small spreading tree of 4 m., on edge of marsh in scrub jungle near sea-
level.
Inflorescences sessile, axillary, with numerous female and 0-2 male flowers.
Glochidion molle sec. Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Voy.: 2o10 (1836), non Bl.
Arb. 8: 30 (1926); Croiz. & Hara in Journ. Jap. Bot. 16: 317 (1940),
q.v. [Non G. dasyphyllum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 451 (186o).]
G. arnottianum Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 60 (1863).
Phyllanthus arnottianus (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 370 (1865) & in
P. hirsutus (Roxb.) Muell. Arg., 11. cc.: 371 (1865) & 283 (I866).
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rounded or cordate at base, often drying purplish-brown below. Inflorescences usually pedunculate and supra-axillary, but apparently sometimes
sessile and axillary; flowers rather large. Capsule subglobose or somewhat
depressed, shallowly lobed; style inconspicuous.
Glochidion hongkongense Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 60 (1863).
G. littorale sec. Benth. Fl. Hongk.: 314 (i86I), non Bl.
Phyllanthus hongkongensis (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 371 (1865) &
Glochidion hypoleucum (Miq.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3(I): 275
(1900); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 8 (1969), q.v. [Non G. hypoleucum Hayata
(192o)==G. hayatae Croiz. & Hara].
463 (1963).
G. hollandianumJ. J. Sm. in Nova Guinea 12: 544, t. 228A (I917), synon. nov.
Guinea.
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florescences and in its larger, more depressed and clearly lobed capsules.
It is possible that the Schomburgk collection cited by Beille, which I have not
seen, may have been a specimen of G. superbum.
Glochidion kerrii Craib: 458 (1911) & 184 (1912); Beille: 627 (1927).
Martaban district of Burma and at present known only from the type. In
Kurz's species the styles are united at the base only, whilst in G. kerrii they
are connate for three-quarters of their length; in other respects the two plants
seem identical. Further collections of G. dasystylum are required in order to
settle the point.
Phyllanthus khasicus Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 389 (I865) & in DC.: 311
(1866).
Nx.-E. Himalaya, Assam.
Small rigid shrub on rocky limestone slope, on ridge below mountain
summit, at 1900-2175 m. alt.
Glabrous; leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, drying greenish, veins reticulate below; anthers 3; sepals of female flower 6, free, unequal; ovary glabrous, style elongate, stout, subclavate, unequally 3-toothed, persistent;
capsule depressed, intruded at base and apex, 3-6-lobed, lobes rounded.
611 (1927).
Phyllanthus lanceolarius (Roxb.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 371 (1865) & in DC.:
282 (1866).
China.
Leaves very smooth and rigidly coriaceous when mature, acute at the
apex, never cordate at base; nerves inconspicuous. Inflorescences axillary
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Glochidion littorale Bl., Bijdr.: 585 (1825); Hook. f.: 308 (1887); Merr.:
399 (I923); Ridley: 207 (1924); Beille: 6Io (1927); Corner: 287 (1940);
Phyllanthus littoralis (Bl.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 370 (1865) & in DC.: 280
(I866).
The coriaceous, broadly obovate leaves with rounded apex, and the
Nx.-E. Himalaya.
Spreading tree of 5 m., in open evergreen forest on steep slope of rocky
ridge at 1900-2175 m. alt.
Stems shortly tomentellous; leaves broadly elliptic, thin, shortly and
bluntly cuspidate, pubescent or puberulous on nerves beneath with shining
vitreous hairs; inflorescences sessile, axillary, with numerous female and 0-2
male flowers; capsule much depressed, deeply 6-8-lobed. The style and stigmas show a considerable range of form, from a short cylindric projection to
matures, to form a broad rough disc with a slightly raised margin. I can find
represented.
Glochidion aff. G. oblatum Hook. f: 312 (1887). (E. Himalaya, Assam &
Burma.)
Nx: Pong Pho, 12 km. N. of Doi Chieng Dao, I Aug. 1968.
N4: Phetchabun, Phu Miang, 2 Oct. 1967.
Small tree of 4 m., in mountain thicket or grassland clearing in evergreen
The fruits, however, though also very similar in size and general outline,
show certain differences which make me hesitate to identify this plant defin-
itely with the Indian species. The capsule of G. oblatum is about 10-12 mm.
in diameter, and almost berry-like, showing no sign of spontaneous dehiscence, except under pressure; there are a few faint longitudinal grooves,
between which the outer wall of the capsule is slightly rounded. In the
Siamese plant the capsule is 13-17 mm. across, thick-walled, and is dehiscing
clearly into 8 dorsally flat segments, with no indication of grooves between
puzzling entity.
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Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) BI., Bijdr.: 585 (1825); Hook. f.:
317 (1887); J. J. Sm.: 122 (I9IO), q.v. for detailed synonymy; Ridley: 208
(1924); Beille: 623 (1927); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17:
70 (1939); Corner: 287 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 461 (I963).
Phyllanthus obscurus Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. P1. 4: 58I (1804); Muell. Arg.: 287
(1866).
Glochidion roxburghianum Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 61 (1863).
96 (1873).
G. zeylanicum var. malayanum J. J. Sm.: 118 (1910); Backer & Bakh. f.: 462
(1963); synon. nov.
G. glaberrimum Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 363 (1923) & Fl. Malay
Penins. 3: 208 (1924), synon. nov.; non Merr. (I916).
?G. lanceilimbum Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci., Bot. 26: 462 (1925)?G. supra-axillare (Benth.) Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22: 872 (Heft 89: 318)
(1927).
P15-17.-Throughout Malesia to New Guinea, Queensland, the Bismarck
Archip. and probably the Solomon Is.
Shrub or small tree to 7 m., in swampy scrub near the sea.
which has larger and especially broader leaves, rounded or cordate at the
base, and larger female flowers. A definite break in the populations seems to
occur between Assam and Peninsular Siam. There is a tendency for the
inflorescences of G. perakense to become supra-axillary and pedunculate (as
in the closely related G. brunneum Hook. f.), especially in the eastern part of
its range, and for the capsule to become more flattened and glabrous, but
there is much variation everywhere. The coastal swamp habitat applies
mainly to the Siamese (and Malay Peninsular) occurrences of the species,
since elsewhere it is noted from hill forests up to 300 m.
Glochidion rubrum Bl., Bijdr.: 586 (1825); J. J. Sm.: 149 (1910io), q.v.
for detailed synonymy; Merr.: 402 (1923); Beille: 621 (1927); Corner: 288
(I1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 464 (1963).
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G. coronatum Hook. f.: 326 (1887); Ridley: 212 (1924); Corner: 286 (1940);
synon. nov.
G. diversifolium (Miq.) Merr. in Philipp. Bur. For. Bull. I: 29 (1903)G. rubrum f. longistylis J. J. Sm. 1.c.: 152 (I91o).
(1866).
Glochidion superbum Baill., E?t. G6n. Euphorb.: 638 (1858); Muell. Arg.
in Linnaea 32: 64 (1863); Hook. f.: 323 (1887); Ridley: 208 (1924); Corner:
289 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 462 (1963).
G. dasyphyllum Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 451 (I86O), non K. Koch (1853).
Phyllanthus superbus (Baill.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 375 (1865) & in DC.: 292
(1866).
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
281
Phyllanthus wallichianus (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 387 (1865) &
Glochidion desmocarpum Hook. f.: 318 (1887); Ridley: 214 (1924); synon. nov.
Glyphostylus Gagnep.
Glyphostylus laoticus Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 871 (1925) &
in Lecomte: 402 (1926); (sphalm. 'loaticus') Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 16: 372
(I963).
Homalanthus Juss.
Homalanthus populneus (Geisel.) Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
III. 5: 96, fig. 60 (1890);J.J. Sm.: 621 (I9Io); Pax & Hoffm. v: 46 (I912);
Merr.: 460 (1923); Backer & Bakh. f.: 498 (1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
21: 409 (1968).
Stillingia populnea Geisel., Croton. Monogr.: 80 (1807).
Omalanthus leschenaultianus Juss., Euph. Gen. Tent.: 50, t. 16, fig. 53 (1824).
Archip.
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Homonoia Lour.
in DC.: 1022 (1866); Hook. f.: 456 (1887); Hosseus: 405 (i9ii); Pax &
Adelia retusa Grah. ex Wight, Ic. P1. Ind. Or. 5. ii: 20, t. 1869 (1852).
Homonoia riparia Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 637 (1790); Muell. Arg.: 1023
(1866); Hook. f.: 455 (1887); Craib: 467 (i9ii); Pax & Hoffm. xi: 114
(1917); Merr.: 448 (1923); Ridley: 309 (1924); Gagnep.: 330 (1925); Merr.
in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 239 (1935); Corner: 258 (1940);
Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan: 430, fig. 152 (1963); Backer & Bakh. f.: 492 (1963).
Croton salicifolius Geisel., Crot. Monogr.: 6 (1807).
Adelia neriifolia Heyne ex Roth, Nov. P1. Spec.: 375 (1821); Wight, Ic. P1.
Ind. Or. 5: 20, t. I868 (1852).
Lumanqjafluviatilis Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. I: 821 (1837), ed. 2: 568 (1845) &
ed. 3, 3: 236, t. 338 (1879).
Ricinus salicinus Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bogor.: 237 (1844) & P1. Jav. Rar.: 264
(1848).
452 (1860).
PI-3; E8; SE9, 10; SWI4; PI5, x6, I8.-India to S. China & Formosa,
and throughout W. Malesia to the Moluccas & Lesser Sunda Is.; not yet
reported from New Guinea.
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Mashed and powdered leaves used against skin eruptions (SWI4, 1946,
Kostermans 354).
Hura L.
Hura crepitans L., Sp. PI.: ioo8 (1753); Muell. Arg.: 1229 (1866); J. J.
Sm.: 28 (191o); Pax & Hoffm. v: 272 (1912); Gagnep.: 329 (1925); Backer
& Bakh. f.: 500 (1963).
NE5 (cult.); CI2 (cult.).-Native of Central and N. trop. S. America and
W. Indies.
Jatropha L.
Jatropha curcas L., Sp. Pi.: ioo6 (1753); Muell. Arg.: io8o (1866); Hook.
f.: 383 (1887) ;Pax in Engler IV. 147 (Heft 42) : 77 (1910); Merr.: 449 (1923);
Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Sp. Pi.: ioo6 (1753); Muell. Arg.: io86 (1866);
Hook. f.: 383 (1887); Pax in Engler IV. 147 (Heft 42): 26 (191o); Craib:
463 (1911) & 190(1912); Merr.: 449 (1923); Ridley: 254 (1924); Gagnep.:
326 (1925); Corner: 260 (1940o); (var. elegans Muell. Arg.) Backer & Bakh. f.
494 (1963).
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Jatropha integerrima Jacq., Stirp. Sel. Amer.: 256 (1763); Pax in Engler
IV. 147 (Heft 42) : 50 (191o): cf. McVaugh in Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 72: 274
(1945)J. hastata Jacq., l.c. (1763); Williams in Bull. Herb.Boiss. s&r. 2, 5: 31 (1905);
Pax in Engler, 1.c.: 51 (1910).
J. pandurifolia Andr., Bot. Repos. 4: t. 267 (1799); Muell. Arg.: 1095 (1866),
p.p.; Pax & Hoffm. l.c.: 49 (I91o); Gagnep.: 326 (1925)C12; SWI4.-Native of West Indies.
Cultivated garden shrub to 3 m. high.
Jatropha multifida L., Sp. P1.: Ioo6 (i753); Muell. Arg.: 1089 (1866);
Hook. f.: 383 (1887); Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s&r. 2, 5: 32 (1905);
Pax in Engler IV. 147 (Heft 42): 40 (191o); Merr.: 449 (1923); Gagnep.:
325 (1925); Backer & Bakh. f.: 494 (1963).
C12.-Native of Tropical & Subtropical America.
Cultivated garden shrub to 2 m. high.
Jatropha podagrica Hook. in Curt. Bot. Mag. 74: t. 4376 (1848); Muell.
Arg.: 1o93 (1866); Pax in Engler IV. 147 (Heft 42): 44 (191o); Merr.: 450
(1923), in obs.; Backer & Bakh. f.: 494 (1963).
Koilodepas Hassk.
Koilodepas longifolium Hook. f.: 420 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 270
(1914); Ridley: 275 (1924); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 388 (1960) (excl.
var. integrifolium Airy Shaw).
C. subcordatus [sic] Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 239 (1922), pro parte,
quoad Curtis 1374 tantum.
Nephrostylus poilanei Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 467 (Aug. 1925)
alt.
ules of 10-20 small (about I mm. diam.) flowers, with 4-6 stamens and a
small pistillode.-Much more work is needed on specific distinctions in
Koilodepas. The genus is related to Epiprinus Griff. (Symphyllia Baill.)
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Leptopus Decne.
Yellowish or brownish green when dry; leaves larger, cuneate at the base
L. australis
Greyish green when dry; leaves smaller, less cuneate at the base
L. calcareus
Leptopus australis (Zoll. & Mor.) Pojarkova in Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot.
Andrachne australis Zoll. & Mor. in Natuurk. Geneesk. Arch. Neerl. Ind. 2: 17
(1845) & in Flora 30: 663 (1847); Muell. Arg.: 235 (1866); Craib: 183
(1912) (var. genuina); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 172 (1922); Merr.: 389 (1923);
Ridley: 197 (1924); Beille: 539 (1927), pro parte, tantum quoad specim.
Siam.; Hend. in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 30, 68 (1939); Backer &
Bakh. f.: 470 (1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 299 (1965).
A.fruticosa sec. Hook. f.: 284 (1887); Ridley in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc.
59: 172 (19I I), p.p.; Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 522 (1936), p.p.;
Thelypetalum pierrei Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 876 (1924), & in
Lecomte: 417 (1926); cf. Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 299 (1965).
?Andrachne lanceolata Pierre ex Beille, 1.c.: 537 (1927); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
Tenimber Is.
Small shrub 10-25 cm. high, in dense or light, moist or dry, evergreen
or deciduous forest at low altitudes (to 200 m.). Not noted on limestone in
Siam.
Leptopus calcareus (Ridley) Pojarkova in Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad.
Andrachnefruticosa sec. Ridley in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 59: 172 (191 I);
Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 522 (1936), p.p.; non L., nec Decne.
A. calcarea Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 361 (1923) & Fl. Malay
Penins. 3: 198 (1924); Hend. in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 69
(1939), in obs.; Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 300 (1965), in obs.
or brownish green, and the leaves are on the whole smaller and less cuneate
at the base.
* A.fruticosa L. = Breyniafruticosa (L.) Hook. f.; A.fruticosa sec. Decne = Leptopus decaisnei
(Benth.) Pojarkova.
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M. lowii
M. auriculata
M. gigantea
Ovary smooth:
Bracts without patellar glands within:
Bracts entire; plant softly grey-tomentellous; fruit 3-5-locular,
M. laciniata
M. denticulata
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Macaranga andamanica Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 389 (1877); Pax &
Hoffm. vii: 365 (1914); Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Is.: 238 (1923); Airy
Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 318 (1965); Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ.
20: 95 (1967) & in Biol. Journ. Linn. Soc. I: 225 (1969).
M. brandisii King ex Hook. f.: 453 (1887); Brandis, Ind. Trees: 592 (1906);
Pax & Hoffm. l.c. (1914); Ridley, 5: 333 (1925)M. bracteata Merr. in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 6: 281 (1928).
?M. rosulifora Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 23: 51 (1942).
Macaranga auriculata (Merr.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 325 (1965).
Mallotus auriculatus Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci., Bot. 7: 396 (I912); Pax &
Hoffm. vii: 194 (1914); Ridley, 5: 333 (1925)Macaranga poilanei Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 69: 703 (1923) & in
Lecomte: 448 (1926); Croiz. inJourn. Arn. Arb. 23: 51 (1942).
Mallotus tsiangii Merr. & Chun in Sunyatsenia I: 63 (I1930).
up to 650 m.
below bearing sparse weak spreading hairs, and the capsule only sparsely
Macaranga curtisii Hook. f: 448 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 318 (1914);
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In spite of its entire bracts, M. curtisii was referred by Pax & Hoffmann to
the ? Sampsonianae, in which the bracts are denticulate.
Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. Arg.: ooo000 (866); Hook. f.: 446
(1887); Craib: 467 (1911) & 194 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 334 (1914);
Ridley: 303 (1924); Gagnep.: 446 (1926); Corner: 265 (1940); Backer &
Bakh. f.: 488 (1963); Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ. 20: 94, 96
(1967).
Mappa denticulata Bl., Bijdr.: 625 (1825).
Rottlera glauca Hassk. in Flora 25. ii. Beibl. 2: 41 (1842).
Mappa gummiflua Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 430 (1858).
M. wallichii Baill., Et. Gen. Euphorb.: 430 (I858).
M. truncata Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 198 (1865).
Macaranga gummiflua (Miq.) Muell. Arg. in DC.: Iooo (1866).
M. perakensis Hook. f.: 447 (1887).
M. henricorum Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. London 26: 442 (1894); Gagnep.:
446 (1926).
Thinly rufous-tomentellous or ochraceous-pulverulent; leaves triangularovate, peltate, with closely parallel tertiary nerves; capsule small, dicoccous,
with very short reflexed stigmas.
Bark yields fibres (NI, 1949, Native Collector S.4o6, Roy. For. Dept. 4491).
Macaranga gigantea (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Muell. Arg.: 995 (i866); Corner:
265 (1940); Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ. 20: 94, 96 (1967);
Whitmore & Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 25: 241 (I97I).
Mappa gigantea Reichb. f. & Zoll. in Linnaea 29: 465 (1857).
M. megalophylla Muell. Arg. in Flora 47: 467 (1864).
M. rugosa Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 197 (I865).
Macaranga megalophylla (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.: 995 (i866); Hook. f.: 449
Borneo.
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reflexed stigmas.
Macaranga griffithiana Muell. Arg.: 993 (1866); Hook. f.: 452 (1887);
Ridley: 299 (1924); Corner: 265 (1940); Whitmore in Malayan Nature
altitudes.
a slightly rhombic outline; floral bracts usually large, conspicuous, acuminate, glabrescent, drying black; capsules mostly 4-locular, smooth, with a
conspicuous glandular patch on each loculus.
Macaranga hosei King ex Hook. f.: 449 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 309
(1914); Ridley: 298 (1924); Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ. 20: 95,
97 (1967).
Very close to M. pruinosa (Miq.) Muell. Arg. (M. maingayi Hook. f.,
Macaranga hypoleuca (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Muell. Arg.: 992 (I866); Hook.
f.: 448 (1887); Ridley: 300 (1924); Corner: 266 (1940); Whitmore in
Malayan Nature Journ. 20: 93, 97 (1967).
Mappa (?) hypoleuca Reichb. f. & Zoll. in Verh. Natuurk. Vereen. Ned. Ind.
recurved.
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Hoffm. vii: 349 (1914); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 93 (1969); Whitmore
M.flexuosa Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 5: 23 (1852) & 6: t. 1949, iii (1853).
?M. adenantha Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 69: 701 (1923) & in
Lecomte: 443 (1926), e descr.
less subulate, bearing 1-2 very large patelliform glands towards the base;
the tip when present is often incurved, but may be quite absent.
If J. D. Hooker's suggestion (l.c. supra) that Roth's Trewia hernandiifolia is
M. andersonii Craib: 466 (191i) & 193 (1912); Gagnep.: 437 (1927).
Px8.-NE. Malaya.
Tree of 10 m. near stream at 150 m. alt.
Macaranga lowii King ex Hook. f.: 453 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 364
(1914); Ridley: 304 (I924); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 323 (I965); Whit-
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
291
M. affinis Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci., Bot. 13: 82 (1918); Pax & Hoffm.
xvii (Euph.-Addit. vii): 183 (1924)?Macaranga auriculata (Merr.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 19: 325 (1965) & 26:
287 (1971) (supra); cf. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya, in press (1972).
Macaranga quadricornis Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 367 (1923)
& Fl. Mal. Penins. 3: 300 (1924); Whitmore in Biol. Journ. Linn. Soc. I:
227-230 (1969).
'M. ?tenuifolia' sec. Corner: 269 (1940), an Muell. Arg.? Cf. Whitmore in
Malayan Nature Journ. 20o: 99 (1967), in obs.
Very near M. triloba, but leaves with margin conspicuously glandulardenticulate, and characteristically magenta-coloured beneath when young;
stipules flatter, less convex, less shining; stem solid; fruits usually 4-locular,
shortly and bluntly 4-horned.
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg.; 997 (1866); Hook. f.: 447 (1887);
Pax & Hoffm. vii: 352 (1914) (excl. synon. M. clavata Warb.); Merr.: 443
Bakh. f.: 488 (1963) ; Whitmore in Malayan Nature Journ. 20: 94, 99 (1967);
Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 99 (1969), in clavi.
4: I25 (1759)-
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In the arrangement of the species here I have broken up the genus into its
sections, which are unusually distinct and well-marked. The species are then
Leaves penninerved:
Leaves glandular-punctate above, opposite or alternate; fruit indehiscent,
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(Philippinenses)
Capsule echinate:
Leaves eglandular;. and o inflorescences abbreviated, I-5-flowered,
mostly below the leaves; flowers large; styles elongate; capsules
Petiole only 2-5 mm. long; foliage recalling that of Alchornea rugosa
M. brevipetiolatus
Petiole 3-15 mm. long:
? inflorescence reduced to a single flower; capsule 2 cm. or more in
M. resinosus
Ridley: 287 (1924); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 393 (1968).
with limestone but not listed by Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As.
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SEg.-Endemic.
Shrubby tree to 4 m., in evergreen forest at 100oo-3oo m. alt.
Stems and petioles softly shortly tomentellous; leaves rather large, oblong-
elliptic, opposite, usually very unequal in each pair, distantly sinuateserrate, with a group of large brown macular glands at the base; male
inflorescence unknown, probably very abbreviated; female inflorescence
reduced (? always) to a single flower; capsule rather large, densely and
shortly stellate-tomentellous, greenish-yellow in colour, smooth or bearing
very short scattered warts.
Mallotus cuneatus Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 59: 181 (1911);
Pax & Hoffm. vii: 155 (914); Ridley: 288 (1924); Henderson in Journ.
Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 71 (I939); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 389
(1968), in obs.
Coelodiscus muricatus sec. Gagnep.: 369 (1925), pro parte, non Claoxylon muricatum
Mallotus khasianus Hook.f.: 438 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 191 (1914);
Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 4: 125 (1940); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 396
(1968).
M.f iliformis Hook. f.: 435 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 196 (i914).
M. polyneurus Hook. f.: 439 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 195 (1914).
Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blanco.: 222 (1918), & Enum.
Philipp. Fl. P1. 2: 436 (1923).
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Adelia resinosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2: 562 (1845); Muell. Arg.: 731 (1866).
Claoxylon muricatum Wight, Ic. P1. Ind. Or. 5(2): 24, t. 1886 (1852).
Axenfeldia interinedia Baill., Rt. Gen. Euphorb.: 419 (1858).
972 (I866), pro parte; Hook. f.: 436 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 190 (1914).-
Px5, i6.-S. India & Ceylon, Andamans & Nicobars; N. Malay Penin-
sula, Indochina, Philippines, N. Borneo, Celebes, Java, Lesser Sunda Is. &
New Guinea.
Endemic.
? HANCEA
Reduced leaf of each pair stipuliform; petiole of normal leaf 1-4 cm. long:
Leaves membranous or thinly chartaceous; petioles up to 4 cm. long;
stipules subulate, very acute; capsule larger, long-echinate
M. kingii
Mallotus kingii Hook. f.: 439 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 197 (1914);
Ridley: 293 (1924).
Px8.-Malay Peninsula.
Tree to 4 m., scattered in evergreen forest at 300 m. alt.
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PI6-I8.--Sumatra, Borneo.
Tree to 15 m., in evergreen forest at 400-700 m. alt.
Closely related to the common W. Malesian species M. penangensis Muell.
Arg. and to the S. Chinese M. hookerianus (Seem.) Muell. Arg., but differing
from both in the relatively broad, subobtuse, oblong or elliptic or lanceolate
(not acutely subulate) stipules, and broader floral bracts. There is usually
a variable development of pubescence.
? MALLOTUS (Echinus)
Aculei of the capsule very dense, forming a continuous layer:
Leaves narrowly peltate; branches shortly rufous-tomentellous
M. macrostachyus
Leaves broadly peltate; branches, petioles and inflorescence densely
floccose-tomentose . . . . . . . . . . M. barbatus
Mallotus barbatus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 184 (1865) & in DC.: 957
(1866); Hook. f.: 418 (1887); Hosseus: 405 (i9Ii); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 164
(1914); Gagnep.: 357 (i925); Corner: 270 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 482
(1963).
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Nx.-China (Szechuan).
Tree of 6 m. at 480 m. alt.-Fruiting pedicels much elongate.
Mallotus macrostachyus (Miq.) Muell. Arg.: 963 (I866); Hook. f.: 429
(1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 163 (1914); Ridley: 288 (1924); Gagnep.: 357
(1925); Corner: 271 (1940).
Rottlera macrostachya Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (Fl. Sum.): 454 (186o).
Mallotus albus sec. Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 188 (1865) & in DC.: 965
(1866); Hook. f.: 429 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 168 (1914); in all cases
excl. syn. Rottlera tetracocca Roxb.; cf. Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 21: 503
to 400 m. alt.
Branches robust, shortly rufous-tomentellous; leaves alternate, large,
triangular-ovate, ochraceous-tomentellous beneath, very long-petioled;
inflorescences frequently leaf-opposed, the male much branched, the female
simple; capsule globose, with a dense covering of tomentose processes forming
a thick uniform layer, as in M. barbatus.
963 (1866); Hook. f.: 430 (1887); Hosseus: 406 (1911); Craib: 193
(1912); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 170 (1914); Merr.: 436 (1923); Gagnep.: 356
A new combination is required for this species, since Geiseler's name has
apparently six months' clear priority over that of Persoon.
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466 (1911) & 193 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 166 (1914); Ridley: 289
(1924); Gagnep.: 355 (I925)-
Nx, 2; NE5; E8; SE9, io; Pi5, x6.-Burma, S. China, Formosa, Indo-
m. in NI.
Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 382 (1877);
Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 267 (193 I) ; Croizat in Journ. Arn.
R. mappoides Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden Misc. 3: 122 (I85I).
Mallotusferrugineus (Roxb.) Muell. Arg.: 982 (1866).
M. albus sec. Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: I88 (1865) & in DC.: 965 (1866);
Hook. f.: 429 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 168 (1914); non Rottlera alba
* Merrill's interpretation of this species (in Journ. Arn. Arb. 33: 243 (1952)) as M. macrostachyus (Miq.) Muell. Arg., appears to be erroneous. In Jack's original description of
Rottlera alba the leaves are described as 'rhomboidal-ovate, often approaching to threelobed, long acuminate'. Three-lobed, long acuminate leaves are almost unknown in M.
macrostachyus, but are of frequent occurrence in M. paniculatus. (Cf. the synonym Trewia
tricuspidata Willd.!) See also Croizat in Journ. Arn. Arb. 21I: 503 (I940).
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? OLIGANTHAE
Ridley: 290 (1924); Backer & Bakh. f.: 483 (1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
21: 390 (1968), q.v.
Rottlera rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 181, 454 (186I).
A species without close relatives; cf. Airy Shaw, 1.c. supra. Glabrous or
very shortly grey-puberulous; leaves alternate, thinly chartaceous, narrowly
M. leptostachyus
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covered with red granules beneath; ovary and fruit trilocular; fruit
Mallotus leptostachyus Hook. f: 435 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 183
(1914)-
altitudes.
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. (corr. Merr.) in Linnaea 34: 196
(1865) & in DC.: 980 (1866); Hook. f.: 442 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 184
(1914); Merr.: 435 (1923); Ridley: 291 (1924); Gagnep.: 362 (1925);
Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 71 (1939); Corner: 272
(1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 483 (1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 392
(I968).
Rottlera aurantiaca Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Voy.: 270 (184I).
R. afinis Hassk. in Flora 25.ii. Beibl. 2: 41 (1842).
Mappa stricta Reichb. f. & Zoll. in Verh. Natuurk. Vereen. Ned. Ind. I: 31
(1856).
Macaranga stricta (Reichb. f. & Zoll.) Muell. Arg.: oo004 (1866) (orth. mut.).
Echinus philippinensis (Lam.) Baill., Adansonia 6: 314 (I866).
Rottlera philippinensis (Lam.) Scheff. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4: 124
(1868-9).
Mallotus reticulatus Dunn in Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 38: 365 (I908).
seeds.
var. pallida Airy Shaw, var. nov., a var. philippensi ramulis petiolis
inflorescentiis capsulis pallide ochraceis, foliis subtus obscure aureo-granuloso-
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
301
Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 197 (1865) & in
DC: 981 (1866); Hook. f.: 442 (1887); Craib: 466 (1911) & 193 (1912);
Pax & Hoffm. vii: 181 (1914); Merr.: 435 (1923); Ridley: 292 (1924);
Gagnep.: 365 (1925); Backer & Bakh. f.: 483 (1963).
Croton repandus Willd. in Neue Schrift. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 206 (I803).
C. rhombifolius Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 555 (1805).
?Helwingia populifolia Spreng., P1. minus cogn. Pugillus secundus: 89 (1815);
(1868-9).
NI, 3; E8; SEIo; SWx4; Px5, 17.-W. Peninsular India & Ceylon to
Caledonia.
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M. lanceolatus
M. decipiens
Mallotus clellandii Hook. f: 435 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 205 (1914);
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Mallotus decipiens Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34:194 (1865) & in DC.: 977
(1866); Hook. f.: 434 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 161 (1914).
Mallotus dispar (Bi.) Muell. Arg.: 971 (1866); J. J. Sm.: 432 (1910);
Pax & Hoffm. vii: 152 (I914); Ridley: 286 (1924); Henderson in Journ.
Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 30, 71 (1939); Backer & Bakh. f.: 484 (1963);
Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 380 (1968).
Rottlera dispar Bl., Bijdr.: 608 (1825).
Mallotus leucocalyx Muell. Arg.: 970 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 150 (1914)
(excl. synon.!); Merr.: 434 (1923); Ridley: 286 (1924); Henderson, 1.c.
(1939)Coelodiscus dispar (Bl.) Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 42. ii: 244 (i873).
Mallotus glabriusculus (Kurz) Pax & Hoffm. vii: 162 (1914); Airy Shaw
Coelodiscus glabriusculus Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 393 (1877); Hook. f.:
426 (1887); non sec. Gagnep.: 372 (1925)-
C. coudercii Gagnep. in Not. Syst. 4" 49 (1923) & in Lecomte: 374 (1926),
synon. nov.
Mallotus coudercii (Gagnep.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 42 (1966), in adnot.,
& 21:381 (1968).
Px5.-Endemic.
Small lax shrub to 2 m., by streams in evergreen or bamboo forest up to
Ioo m. alt.; once noted on limestone.
Leaves opposite, large, broadly ovate or suborbicular, cordate, membranous or papery to thinly chartaceous, long-petioled, glabrous or minutely
puberulous, without glandular granules except for a single marginal row on
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Mallotus lanceolatus (Gagnep.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 380 (1968).
Coelodiscus lanceolatus Gagnep. in Not. Syst. 4: 50 (1923) & in Lecomte: 370
(1926).
ovate or obovate, thinly chartaceous, entire or subsinuate, glabrous; inflorescences slender, usually shorter than the leaves, shortly tomentose; capsule
small, 5-6 mm. in diameter, shortly and rather sparsely echinate.
Mallotus pierrei (Gagnep.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 21: 380 (1968).
Coelodiscus pierrei Gagnep. in Not. Syst. 4: 51 (1923) & in Lecomte: 371
(1926).
on laterite (SWx4).
Lax, thinly stellate-scaberulous, young growth tomentellous; leaves
opposite, very variable in size and shape, membranous to chartaceous,
trinerved, green when dry; inflorescences lax, the female few-flowered and
Near M. glabriusculus (M. coudercii), differing in the often thinly membranous-chartaceous leaves, which do not turn dark brown beneath when
dry; in the smaller capsule; and especially in the non-accrescent fruiting
peduncle and pedicels, the latter not exceeding 2 mm. in length.
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Ioo m. alt.
few small black macular glands near the base on the upper surface; capsules
shortly fulvous-tomentellous and shortly, softly and sparsely echinate.
Mallotus tiliifolius (Bl.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 190 (I865) & in DC.:
969 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 148 (1914); Merr.: 436 (x923); Ridley: 285
(1924); Corner: 273 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 484 (1963).
Croton tiliifolius Lam. var. aromaticus Lam., Encycl. Math. Bot. 2: 206 (1786),
M. thorelii
M. garrettii
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204 (1914); Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 236 (1935);
synon. nov.
Melanesia.
with conspicuous tufts of fulvous hair in the basal nerve-axils, petiole long
and slender; inflorescences often precocious or borne with the young leaves;
capsule sparsely and softly echinate. Dried material emits a powerful odour
of fenugreek.
N2.-Indochina (Laos).
Small tree to 8 m., in high, rather wet, evergreen forest at I Ioo-I6oo m.
A rare, montane species, closely related to M. floribundus, from which it
differs in its ovate, completely glabrous, not or scarcely peltate leaves, which
Mallotus oblongifolius (Miq.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 192 (I865) & in
DC.: 973 (i866); J. J. Sm.: 425 (I9IO); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 193 (1914);
Ridley: 293 (1924); Backer & Bakh. f.: 484 (1963).
Rottlera oblongifolia Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I. ii: 396 (1859).
Mallotus porterianus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34:185 (1865) & in DC.: 960
(1866); Hook. f.: 432 (1887); Ridley: 292 (1924); Corner: 273 (1940);
synon. nov.
M. furetianus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: I90 (I865) & in DC.: 968 (1866);
M. helferi Muell. Arg., ll.cc.: 190 (1865) & 968 (1866); Hook. f.: 431 (1887).
M. puberulus Hook. f.: 435 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 172 (1914); Ridley: 290
M. columnaris Warb. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 13: 349 (1891); Pax & Hoffm. vii:
176 (1914); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 38 (1966); synon. nov.
M. odoratus Elm., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1299 (1911); Pax & Hoffm. 1.c.
(I914); Merr.: 434 (1923); synon. nov.
M. alternifolius Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 7, ser. C Bot.: 395 (1912),
synon, nov.
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M. oblongifolius var. helferi (Muell. Arg.) Pax & Hoffm. vii: 194 (1914).
M. maclurei Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 21: 347 (1922), & in Lingnaam
Agric. Rev. 2: 29 (1924) & in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 5: 110 (1927), synon.
nov.
conspicuous stylar column. The only species with which it can be confused
is M. peltatus, in which however the leaves are clearly peltate. The two taxa
are perhaps scarcely specifically distinct.
Mallotus porterianus and M. furetianus are certainly not specifically distinct
from M. oblongifolius. M. maclurei has already been reduced to M. furetianus
Mallotus peltatus (Geisel.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 187 (1865) & in DC.:
967 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 174 (1914); Corner: 272 (1940); Backer &
Bakh. f.: 483 (1963).
550 m. alt.
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Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec.
2: 85 (1817).
Manihot utilissima Pohl, Pl. Bras. Ic. & Descr.: 32, t. 24 (1827); Muell.
Arg.: io64 (1866); Hook. f.: 239 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. ii: 67 (1910);
Merr.: 450 (1923); Gagnep.: 434 (1926).
Margaritaria L. f.
Margaritaria indica (Dalz.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 387 (1966) & 25:
492 (1971).
Prosorus indicus Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden Misc. 4: 346
(1852); Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 2: 1294 (1925); Airy Shaw in Kew
Bull. 16: 342 (1963).
Phyllanthus indicus (Dalz.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 52 (1863) & in DC.:
417 (1866); Hook. f.: 305 (1887);J. J. Sm.: 84 (19gIo); Merr.: 392 (1923);
Beille: 596 (1927); Backer & Bakh. f.: 468 (1963).
Calococcus sundaicus Kurz apud Teijsm. & Binnend. in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.
Ind. 27: 48 (1864).
Phyllanthus sundaicus (Kurz) Muell. Arg.: 1272 (1866).
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
309
N2; E8; SEzo; Cxz, 12; Px5.-India and Ceylon to Formosa; Indochina
Megistostigma Hook. f.
on limestone.
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex BI.) Reichb. f. & Zoll. in Verhand. Natuurk. Vereen. Nederl. Ind. I: 22 (1856) & in Linnaea 28: 324
(1856); Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb.: 318 (1917) & Enum. 2: 431
(1923); Ridley: 284 (1924); Corner: 274 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 48I
(1963).
Croton multiglandulosus Reinw. ex BI., Cat. Gew. Buitenz.: 105 (1823).
Rottlera multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex B1.) Bl., Bijdr.: 609 (1825).
Bismarck Archip.
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often purplish-tinged.
Mercurialis L.
Mercurialis leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc. in Abh. Bayr. Akad. Math. Phys. K1.
4. ii: 145 (1845); Muell. Arg.: 795 (1866); Hosseus: 406 (1911); Craib: 465
(1911) & 192 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 280 (1914).
NI.-E. Himalaya, N. Assam, SW. & C. China, Korea, Japan & Formosa.
Herb of I m., frequent in dense forest on summit of mountain at 2500-
2600 m. alt.
initially 2-locular, has only a solitary pendulous ovule in each loculus. One
of the ovules aborts at an early stage, and the septum shrivels and vanishes.
The genus scarcely differs from Cheilosa Bl., except that its fruit is thin-walled,
ellipsoid and I-seeded, with short styles, instead of thick-walled, globose and
3-seeded, with longer styles, and the stamens are 5-6 instead of 8-1o.
Omphalea L.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
311
Omphalea philippinensis Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 3, Bot.: 236 (I908); Pax
(Luzon), Celebes.
It seems possible that 0. sargentii Merr., described from the small island
of Bancalan, near Palawan, SW. Philippines, may not be specifically distinct
from 0. bracteata. The principal differences between the two taxa are that the
leaves of 0. bracteata are usually narrower, thinner and more acuminate, with
less strong but more regular venation, and usually remain green or greenish
when dry, whereas those of 0. sargentii are usually broader, more coriaceous
and less acuminate (sometimes rounded), with very strong but more irregular
venation, and turn a dull brown hue in drying. It is often easy to sort dried
material into two groups on these characters, but a small residue remains
which seems intermediate. 0. sargentii is, however, otherwise confined to
Borneo, and does not come into question in regard to SE. Asia.
Ostodes Bl.
Inflorescence glabrous or weakly pubescent; $ flowers smaller, 3-5 mm. in
0. katharinae
Ostodes katherinae Pax apud Pax & Hoffm. iii: 19 (191I1); Airy Shaw in
Kew Bull. 20: 411 (1966).
Nx.-SW. China.
Tree to 15 m., in evergreen forest at 1200-2000 m. alt.
Scarcely more than a local race of 0. paniculata, from which it differs in its
stronger pubescence and larger male flowers with about twice as many
stamens.
Ostodes paniculata Bl., Bijdr.: 620 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 1115 (1866);
Hook. f.: 400 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. iii: 20 (1911); Gagnep.: 322 (1925);
Backer & Bakh. f.: 493 (1963); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 411 (1966).
0. kerrii Craib: 464 (1911) & 191 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. vi: 126 (1912); Airy
Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 411 (1966).
?0. thyrsanthus Pax apud Pax & Hoffm. iii: 18 (1911); Airy Shaw, 1.c.: 412
(1966).
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(1923).
Tragia gagei Haines in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, n.s., 15: 317 (1920) & Bot.
Bihar & Orissa: I 16 (1921).
Closely related to Tragia, only differing in the very short thick styles,
connate below into a short conical column and shortly divergent above, and
in the widely expanded, subconvex male perianth, with only 2 stamens,
the anthers subsessile.
Pantadenia Gagnep.
Pantadenia adenanthera Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 873 (1925)
& in Lecomte: 470 (1926); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 122 (1969).
granules on the lower surface of the leaves and by the presence of a terminal
gland on the petals of the male flower.
Phyllanthus L.
Herbs (sometimes + woody at base):
Fruiting pedicels slender, 5-8 mm. long, often sharply deflexed; sepals
small, narrow, not conspicuously white-edged; nerves of leaf not
Fruiting pedicels much shorter, not or less sharply deflexed; sepals broader,
conspicuously white-edged:
Nerves of leaf not sharply raised; capsule not scaly (? Phyllanthus)
P. amarus
Shrubs or trees:
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
313
Leaves chartaceous or only subcoriaceous; tertiary nerves immersed or invisible beneath; margin distinctly cartilagineouis
P. lingulatus
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glabrous . . . . . . P. elegans
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
315
Fruiting sepals : subulate, narrowly membranousmargined, ? reflexed; thin lax shrub of low
Paraphyllanthus)
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels in U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. P1. Ind. Bull. 148:
17 (1909); Webster inJourn. Arm. Arb. 38: 66 (1957), q.v. for full synonymy;
Cicca acida (L.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin.: 314 (1917), &
Enum. 2: 396 (1923); Corner: 282 (1940).
Nx (cult.); C12 (cult.).-Probably native of the coastal region of NE.
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Phyllanthus acutissimus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I(2): 369 (1859); Muell.
Arg.: 419 (1866); J. J. Sm.: 88 (19Io); Backer & Bakh. f.: 469 (1963);
alt.
Stems, petioles and pedicels papillose, more rarely smooth; leaves obliquely
Phyllanthus gracilis (Hassk.) Baill. [lt. G6n. Euphorb.: 630 (1858)] ex Muell.
Arg. in Linnaea 32: 14 (1863) & in DC.: 350 (1866);J. J. Sm.: 77 (1910);
non Roxb. (1832)Cleistanthus albidiscus Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 360 (1923) & Fl.
Phyllanthus ceramanthus Webster in Journ. Arn. Arb. 37: 233 (1956), in adnot.;
Bakh. f. in Blumea 12: 62 (1963) & in Backer & Bakh. f.: 468 (1963).
up to 500 m. alt.
Stems terete, smooth, glabrous; leaves of a thick, firm consistency,
oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, to 9-5 X 3'5 cm., obtuse or sometimes
acute at apex, surface very dull; nerves rather numerous, slender, immersed;
flowers in very few-flowered fascicles, subtended by a tuft of small ferru-
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and especially in the totally different habitat. Cf. remarks in Kew Bull.
l.c. supra. The rheophytic habit should be compared with that of P. lamprophyllus Muell. Arg. (Java), P. hellwigii Warb. (Philippines, New Guinea, etc.)
Emblicastrum.
Phyllanthus clarkei Hook. f.: 297 (1887); Cowan & Cowan, Trees N.
Bengal: I 17 (1929); Kanjilal, De & Das, Fl. Assam 4: 154 (1940).
obovate, 5-10 x 3-5 mm., rounded or retuse at the apex, very shortly
petioled, glabrous, margin narrowly revolute; flowers solitary, axillary,
pedicels 3-6 mm. long; capsules globose, 3-4 mm. diam., smooth.
These specimens from the Doi Chiengdao region, with small, rigid,
cuneate-obovate leaves, closely match the type gathering of P. clarkei from
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leaves that are somewhat larger and thinner and more elliptic, and appear
at first sight specifically distinct, but seem to be connected with the type by
intermediates.
Phyllanthus collinsae Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1913: 72 (1913); Beille
in Lecomte: 589 (1927).
P. bienhoInsis Beille in Lecomte: 588 (1927), synon. nov.
354 (1866); Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 347 (1877); Hook. f.: 291 (1887);
Craib: 459 (1911) & I85 (1912); Beille in Lecomte: 581 (1927); Henderson
in Journ. Malay Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 71 (1939); Nath, Bot. Surv. S. Shan
States (Burma Res. Soc. Fiftieth Anniv.) : io6 (I960).
DC.: 420 (1866); Hook. f.: 300 (1887); Beille in Lecomte: 597 (1927).
P. glaucifolius Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 61 : 59 (1912).
P. gomphocarpus sec. Ridley: 204 (1924), quoad loc. 'Siam', non Hook. f.
china.
alt.
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Phyllanthus emblica L., Sp. Pi.: 982 (1753); Muell. Arg.: 352 (1866);
Hook. f.: 289 (1887); Craib: 459 (1911) & 185 (1912); Beille in Lecomte:
580 (1927)-
NI-3; NE5; E8; SE9, 10o; C12; SWI4; Pi6.-India, S. China, Indochina,
1200 m. in Nx.
The S. Malayan (Singapore) population, distinguished by Hooker (1.c.:
290) as P. pectinatus Hook. f. (Emblica pectinata (Hook. f.) Ridley: 217 (1924)),
and apparently differing consistently from those of Siam and other areas in
the strongly rufous-tomentellous branchlets, is probably scarcely specifically
distinct from P. emblica.
Eriococcus gracilis Hassk. in Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. & Physiol. 10: 143 (1843)
& Cat. P1. Hort. Bot. Bogor. Cult. Alter: 243 (1844); non Phyllanthus
Reidia gracilis (Hassk.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2): 373 (1859)R. gracilipes Miq., 1.c.: 374 (1859)Phyllanthus concinnus Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 59: 171 (19II).
P. hullettii Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 363 (1923)P. discofractus Croiz. inJourn. Arn. Arb. 23: 31 (1942).
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NE5.-Malaya (Malacca).
Shrub of I m., growing in shade in evergreen forest and among rocks along
3'5 x 1-2 cm. as against 4-10-5 X I"5-3'5 cm. for gracilipes, and may be as
small as 1-5 0 o5 cm., whilst the fruiting pedicels are only I -5 cm. long or
less, and are very sparsely setulose-puberulous or practically glabrous. The
pedicels are somewhat more markedly thickened beneath the calyx in the
Malaccan plant than in the Siamese, but this is probably a trivial point of
distinction. The disjunction in distribution is remarkable, but compare that
of P. acutissimus Miq., above.
Phyllanthus lingulatus Beille in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 16I (1925) & in
23: 34 (1942); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 471 (I96o), in clavi.
Px5, 18.-Indochina.
Climbing or straggling shrub in evergreen forest or scrub at low altitudes.
Closely related to P. ridleyanus (below), differing from it in its chartaceous
or only slightly coriaceous leaves, with the tertiary nerves immersed and
almost or quite invisible beneath, and in the distinct cartilagineous margin.
Phyllanthus mirabilis Muell. Arg. in Flora 47: 513 (1864) & in DC.: 355
(1866); Beille in Lecomte: 589 (1927).
Phyllanthodendron mirabile (Muell. Arg.) Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. P1. 26: tt.
2563-4 (1898); Craib: 460 (I911); Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 23: 34
(1942); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 469-470 (I960), in obs.; van Steenis
in Dansk Bot. Arkiv 23 (I): 93-99 (1963).
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Phyllanthus orientalis (Craib) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 25: 495 (197I).
Chorisandra ('Chorizandra') orientalis Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1914: 285
(1914)Nx.-Endemic.
Thin shrub, known from one locality only, where it is abundant on lime-
Phyllanthus oxyphyllus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (Fl. Sum.): I79, 448
(I860); Muell. Arg.: 356 (1866); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 29 (1969).
P. frondosus Wall. ex Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: I17 (1863); Hook. f.: 292
(1887); Ridley: 202 (1924) (excl. var. rigido Ridl.); Corner: 290 (1940);
Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. I7: 71 (1939) ; Planters' Bull.
Rubber Res. Inst. Malaya no. 96: 83, t. 8I (1968).
P. kunstleri Hook. f.: 292 (1887).
Glabrous, with sharply quadrangular branchlets; differs from P. pachyphyllus in the smaller leaves, 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, and in the fascicles
P. coriaceus Wall. [Numer. List no. 7946 (I847), rnomen] ex Hook. f.: 292 (1887);
Ridley: 203 (1924); nom. illegit.
?P. klossii Ridley in Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. io: 114 (1920).
P. campanulatus Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 362 (1923) & Fl. Malay
Penins. 3: 203 (1924); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 30 (1969); synon. nov.
P.frondosus var. rigidus Ridley: 203 (1924).
?P. annamensis Beille: 585 (1927); Merr. & Chun in Sunyatsenia 5: 93 (1940).
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smaller and more coriaceous and the flowers are borne directly in the leafaxils on the main branches. In material from evergreen forest at lower
altitudes (klossii, sciadiostylus) the leaves are larger and thinner, and the
flowers are often borne on long, slender, leafless, axillary branchlets; in
sciadiostylus, however, the flower-fascicles are borne in the axils of the large
occur. For the present, therefore, I am provisionally treating all these taxa
as conspecific. It is not impossible that P. baeobotryoides Muell. Arg. (Linnaea
Phyllanthus polyphyllus Willd., Sp. P1. 4: 586 (I805); Muell. Arg.: 352
(1866); Hook. f.: 290 (1887).
var. siamensis Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 33 (1969).
NE5.-Endemic. (Var. polyphyllus in S. India and Ceylon).
DC.: 421 (I866); Hook. f.: 3oi (1887); Hosseus: 407 (1911); Beille in
Lecomte: 598 (1927); Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 71
(1939); Backer & Bakh. f.: 466 (1963).
ovate-oblong, closely distichous or imbricate-distichous, subacute or apiculate, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, up to 3 X I13 cm.; male and female
sepals strongly fimbriate; capsule small, subglobose, 3 mm. diam., smooth,
dull, pale brown, pedicel 2-5 cm. long.
Lecomte: 575 (1927); Webster in Journ. Arn. Arb. 38: 57 (1957); Backer &
Bakh. f.: 467 (1963); sensu lato.
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
323
Phyllanthus erythrocarpus Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 362 (1923) &
Flora: 202 (1924); cf. Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17:
71 (1939)-
Malesia.
Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 71 (1939); Croiz. in
Journ. Arn. Arb. 23: 35 (1942); non Phyllanthus coriaceus Muell. Arg. (1865),
Phyllanthodendron minutiflorum (Ridley) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. i4: 471 (1960)
SWi4.-Malay Peninsula.
Climbing shrub, or tree, on limestone; no further data.
Distinguished from P. lingulatus by its stiffly coriaceous leaves, with the
(I9Io); Craib in Hook. Ic. P1. 30: t. 2935 (1911) & in Aberdeen Univ.
Stud. 57: I86 (1912); Croiz. inJourn. Arn. Arb. 23: 35 (1942).
P. album Craib & Hutch., 1.c.: 279 (191O); Craib: 459 (1911) & I86 (1912);
syaon. nov.
Cleistanthus? dubius Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 59: 168 (Aug.
1911); synon. nov.
Glochidionjflavum Ridley, l.c.: 173 ( 1911).
Phyllanthodendron roseum var. glabrum Craib ex Hosseus: 406 (Nov. 191 i).
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P. siamense (Pax & Hoffm.) Hosseus in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. Io: I 16 (1912);
Pax & Hoffm. vi: 128 (1912), in obs.
P. dubium [prius!] (Ridley) Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 219 (1922);
Ridley: 205 (1924).
Phyllanthus albus (Craib & Hutch.) Beille in Lecomte, 1.c. (1927)P. roseus var. glabrum [sic] (Craib ex Hoss.) Craib ex Beille, 1.c. (1927).
able, there are many specimens which do not fall clearly into any one of
them. In typical roseus, from north-western Siam (one specimen also from the
south-east), the leaves are elongate (to 24 cm. long), oblanceolate, and longattenuate into a symmetrical cuneate base; the apex is acutely long-acuminate. In albus, from the same region, the leaves are broadest towards the base,
which is either asymmetrical, with one side rounded, or almost symmetrical
and rounded on both sides; the apex is much more shortly and bluntly
acuminate. In dubius, from the peninsular and south-eastern regions, the
leaves are usually shorter and often relatively much broader (up to 6-5 cm.
broad), and are more or less elliptic in outline (broadest at the middle). I do
not believe that these forms deserve specific rank; they could at most be
treated as varieties. Variations in pubescence seem unimportant.
Phyllanthus hamiltonianus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 75 (I865) & in DC.: 424
(1866); Hook. f.: 304 (1887); Henderson in Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc.
17: 71 (I939).
P. secundiflora [sic] Ridley in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 59: 170 (1911 ).
P. perlisensis Ridley, 1.c.: 171 (191 I).
II7 (1966).
limestone.
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Phyllanthus sootepensis Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew I911: 459 ( 91I)
& 189 (1912); Beille in Lecomte: 599 (I927); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23:
36 (1969).
P. subpulchellus Croiz. in Journ. Jap. Bot. 16: 652 (1940).
flowers are borne on the underside of the branchlets. The capsules are 4-5
mm. in length, 3-valved, shortly ovoid in outline, intruse at the base,
glabrous, and of a dull ochraceous colour when dry.
Phyllanthus urinaria L., Sp. P1.: 982 (1753); Muell. Arg.: 364 (1866);
Hook. f.: 293 (1887); Merr.: 396 (1923); Ridley: 200 (1924); Beille in
Lecomte: 586 (1927); Croiz. in Journ. Jap. Bot. 16: 657 (1940); Webster in
Journ. Arn. Arb. 38: 194 (1957); Backer & Bakh. f.: 469 (1963).
Very variable, but unmistakable when in fruit from its small scaly
capsules. The venation is often finely and sharply raised, almost as in P.
collinsae Craib.
(1923); Ridley: 200 (1924); Beille in Lecomte: 578 (1927) (excl. var.
tonkinensi Beille).
P. simplex var. virgatus (Forst. f.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 32 (1863) & in
Nx, 3; NE5(?); E8; SEIo; CI2; SWI4; PI5, I7, i8.-India, Indochina,
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Afr. 1: 291 (1928) & ed. Keay, I: 388 (1958); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
23: 27 (1969), q.v.; synon. nov.
P. stolzianus Pax & Hoffm. ex Pax in Engl., Pflanzenw. Afr. III. 2. 2: 27 (in
clavi), 29 (1921), synon. nov.
P. fasciculatus (Lour.) Muell. Arg. [ P. cochinchinensis Spreng.], 'var. 'a
feuilles plus grandes', etc., Beille in Lecomte: 579 (1927).
?P. nyassae Pax & Hoffm. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 383 (i928).
P. grahamii Hutch. & M. B. Moss in Battiscombe & Dale, Trees & Shrubs
Kenya Col.: 49 (1936) & in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1937: 413 (1937), synon.
nov.
late.
non P. fasciculatus Poir.; P. cinerascens Hook. & Arn.), which differs in its
smaller, cuneate-spathulate, rigidly coriaceous leaves.
In Kew Bull. 23: 27 (1969) I referred to the manifestly close relationship
between P. beillei Hutch. and P. welwitschianus Muell. Arg. After a further
detailed examination of the rather copious representation of these and related
taxa at Kew, Mr. A. R. Smith and I have concluded that it is in fact not
possible to keep them separate; the aggregate must therefore bear the name
attention.
flowers and much broader sepals. The New Guinea plant is under in-
vestigation.
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Pterococcus corniculatus (Sm.) Pax & Hoffm. ix-xi: 22 (Ig19); Backer &
Bakh. f.: 490 (1963)Plukenetia corniculata Sm. in Nova Acta Upsal. 6: 4 (1799); Muell. Arg.: 772
10: 141 (1843)H. corniculatus (Sm.) Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bog. Alt.: 234 (1844).
Sajorium corniculatum (Sm.) Dietr., Synops. P1. 5: 331 (1852); Baill., Et. G6n.
to the Moluccas.
Ptychopyxis Miq.
Ovary 3-locular, styles 3; fruits globose or pyriform, mostly 3-seeded,
brown-tomentellous. P. javanica
Ovary 2-locular, styles 2; fruits usually very asymmetrical, oblique and
gibbous at the base, I-(rarely 2-)seeded, minutely golden-tomentellous
P. plagiocarpa
Ptychopyxis javanica (J. J. Sm.) Croiz. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 23: 49 (1942) ;
Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 371 (i96o); Backer & Bakh: f.: 479 (1963).
Podadeniajavanica J. J. Sm.: 387 (1910); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 21 (1914).
Ptychopyxis angustifolia Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 248 (1922); Ridley:
296 (1924); Croiz., 1.c.: 48 (1942)Px7.--Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java.
Tree (height not stated) in evergreen forest at 200 m.
wrinkled, fulvous-tomentellous.
SWI4.--Endemic.
Tree of 30 m. on slope near river at 150 m. alt.
Extremely similar in foliage to P. javanica, but very distinct in its bilocular
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Richeriella cf. gracilis (Merr.) Pax & Hoffm. xv: 30 (1922); Merr. in
Lingnan Sci. Journ. 14: 22 (1935); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 25: 489 (I97i),
q.v.
Baccaurea gracilis Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci., Suppl. I: 203 (i906) &
Enum.: 411 (1923)-
Pi6.-Hainan, Philippines.
Small tree of 3-5 m.; no details of habitat. The closely related and perhaps
not specifically distinct R. malayana Hend. is listed by Henderson in Journ.
Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 7: 71 (1939) as one of the limestone-loving plants
of the Malay Peninsula.
Leaves rather large, broadly oblong-elliptic, chartaceous, glabrous, very
shortly petioled; male flowers very small, in slender, axillary inflorescences,
stamens long-exserted, pistillode present. Related to Securinega, differing in
its evergreen chartaceous leaves and slender non-fasciculate inflorescence.
Ricinus L.
Ricinus communis L., Sp.: Pi.: 1oo7 (1753); Muell. Arg.: o017 (1866);
Hook. f.: 457 (1887); Ostenf. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s6r. 2, 5: 718 (1905);
Hosseus: 407 (1911); Pax & Hoffm. ix-xi: I 9 (1919); Merr.: 447 (1923);
Ridley: 309 (1924); Gagnep.: 327 (1925); Corner: 274 (1940); Backer &
Bakh. f.: 492 (1963).
lateralibus longe paucioribus (9-I3-jugis) nec conspicue parallelis, inflorescentiis brevibus (S usque 9 cm., Y usque 3 cm. longis), bracteis floralibus '
latis brunneis conspicuis, floribus & in quaque bractea solitariis sessilibus,
whole length of the trunk, locally common in evergreen forest and scrub
jungle at low altitudes (to 300 m.).
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
329
It is evident that this plant is more closely related to the genus Wetria
Baill. than to Alchornea Sw., to which it was at first doubtfully referred. But
the considerable differences from Wetria forbid its inclusion in that genus,
The generic name is derived from the Siamese name, 's5m pan td', under
which the plant is evidently well known locally, being cited by several
collectors. No fruiting material is yet available, and only one collection
bearing female inflorescences. Collectors in the relevant areas are asked to
keep a look-out for these desiderata.
Sapium L.
Leaves entire:
Sapium baccatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 694 (1832); Wight, Ic. P1. Ind. Or. 6:
6 (1853); Hook. f.: 470 (1888); Pax & Hoffm. v: 240 (1912); Ridley: 315
(1924); Gagnep.: 400 (1926): Corner: 276 (1940).
Excoecaria affinis Griff., Notulae 4: 486 (1851); Muell. Arg.: 1223 (1866).
Sapium populifolium Wall. ex Wight, Ic. P1. Ind. Or. 6: t. 1940 (1853).
Carumbium baccatum (Roxb.) Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 412 (1877).
Iooo m. alt.
Hook. f.: 469 (1888); Pax & Hoffm. v: 239 (1912); Ridley: 316 (1924);
Gagnep.: 399 (1926); Corner: 276 (1940).
Stillingia discolor Champ. ex Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. & Kew Garden
Misc. 6: I (1854).
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Sapium indicum Willd., Sp. P1. 4" 572 (1853); Hook. f.: 471 (I888);
Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s6r. 2, 5: 32 (1905); Pax & Hoffm. v: 251
(1912); Ridley: 317 (1924); Gagnep.: 396 (1926); Corner: 277 (1940).
Stillingia indica (Willd.) Baill., tt. G6n. Euphorb.: 513 (1858).
Excoecaria indica (Willd.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 123 (1863) & in DC.:
1216 (1866), p.p.
Tree to 12 m. high, often at sea-level, near tidal marshes or rivers, but also
in evergreen forest up to 240 m. alt.
Kew Herbarium, with the following details: 'Flora of Penang. Polo Botong,
coast, tree growing by roadside, May 1886, Curtis 892.'
Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. P1. 3" 335 (188o)
& in Hook. f.: 471 (1888); Craib: 467 (1911) & 195 (1912); Pax & Hoffm.
v: 241 (I912); Gagnep.: 395 (1926).
Falconeria insignis Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal.: 354, t. 98 (84a), fig. 2 (1839).
F. wallichiana Royle, 1.c.: 354 (1839)F. wallichii Royle, 1.c.: t. 98 (84a), fig. 3, b-f (1839).
Carumbium insigne (Royle) Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 412 (I877).
Nx; E8.-W. Himalaya to Burma and Indochina (Cambodia, Cochinchina); also in the Malay Peninsula, if a recent sterile collection from
Selangor represents this species.
Sauropus Bl.
Stems and/or leaves manifestly pubescent or puberulous:
9 flowers large, outer sepals 5-1o mm. long, dark brown when dry;
pubescence usually rather coarse; nervation often conspicuously
reticulate
............
S.
hirsutus
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
331
Glochidion . . . . . . . . . S. quadrangularis
var. puberulus
Margin of 3 perianth entire or shortly lobed; leaves I'5-5'5 cm. long;
habit often recalling Glochidion:
lateral leafy short shoots less than 8 mm. long; leaves cuneate-
Not cauliflorous:
S. pulchellus
dry . . . . . . . . . . . . S. kerrii
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S. amoebiflorus
tetragonous. S. asteranthos
long . . . . . . . S. quadrangularis
N3; NE5.-Endemic.
Hemicryptophyte to 40 cm. high, in mixed deciduous forest up to 200 m.
Differs from S. villosus in its herbaceous habit, less dense pubescence and
much larger, long-pedicelled, widely open cupular male flowers. See Kew
Bull. 1.c. supra for further discussion.
Ni, 2; SWx4.-Endemic.
Small undershrub to 70 cm., in open mixed deciduous or bamboo forest at
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Craib: 457 (Dec. 1911) & 183 (1912); Ridley: 220 (1924).
S. sumatranus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 446 (i86o); Ridley: 220 (1924).
S. parviflorus Pax & Hoffm. xv: 218 (1922), e descr. et loc., synon. nov.
NI; NE5; SExo; C12; SWI4; PI5-I8.-W. Peninsular India & Ceylon
to Iooo m. alt.
Stems weak, terete or angled, glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse
or acute, mostly pale or yellowish green when dry; male flowers disc-shaped,
Sauropus bicolor Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1914: I1 (1914); Pax &
Hoffm. xv: 223 (1922); Beille in Lecomte: 654 (1927).
S. rigidus Craib: 457 (1911) & 183 (1912), non Thw. (1864).
Nx; NE5.-Burma (Tenasserim), teste Craib; Indochina.
Small thin shrub to 50 cm., in open grassy deciduous and pine-forest, up
to 156o m. alt.
Stem neither angled nor compressed (except when quite young); leaves
ovate to lanceolate, up to 6 cm. long, rigidly chartaceous, obtuse to subacute,
apiculate, drying dark brown above and glaucous or reddish below, with
strongly reflexed margins; tertiary nerves almost invisible; male calyx-lobes
emarginate-truncate.
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(19 11)). The only other specimen that I have seen that approaches it is the
following one from the same district, growing on limestone: N3. Kao Hua
Mot, Kampeng Pet, common in savannah on limestone hill, alt. 800-9oo m.,
I2 June 1922, Nai NVe in Kerr 6124.
Sauropus brevipes Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 32: 73 (1863) & in DC.: 242
(1966); Hook. f.: 335 (1887); Craib: 457 (191 I) & 183 (1912); Pax & Hoffm.
xv: 222 (1922); Beille in Lecomte: 653 (1927); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23:
44 (1969).
S. parvifolius Ridley in Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. 59: 175 (19 I) & Fl. Mal.
Penins. 3: 221 (1924); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17:
72 (I939)-
?S. quadrangularis sec. Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 350 (1877); Beille: 654
(1927), saltem pro parte; non (Willd.) Muell. Arg.
alt.
Sauropus garrettii Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1914: 284 (1914); Pax &
Hoffm. xv: 218 (1922) ('Garettii'); Beille in Lecomte: 646 (1927) ('Garetti').
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THE
EUPHORBIACEAE
OF
SIAM
335
Differs from S. kerrii in the much larger leaves, which dry greyish green and
exhibit a minute granulation under a lens, and in the much shorter styles
with incurved branches. The vertical rather than horizontal carriage of the
anthers may be an effect of age, as in S. pulchellus Airy Shaw.
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Retziae ed. nova: 52 (i858); Muell. Arg.: 240 (1866); Backer & Bakh. f.:
471 (1963); Airy Shaw in Dansk Bot. Arkiv 25(2): 34, fig. 13 (1967).
S. spectabilis Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 446 (I86o); Muell. Arg.: 240 (1866);
Pax & Hoffm. xv: 219 (1922); Ridley: 220 (1924); Beille in Lecomte: 647
(1927); Henderson in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 72 (I939).
S. macrophyllus Hook. f.: 333 (1887), pro parte; Pax & Hoffm. xv: 226 (1922),
pro parte.
?S. forcipatus Hook. f.: 334 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 218 (1922); Ridley:
220 (1924).
S. robinsonii Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 7: 407 (1912) & Enum. 2: 405
Malesia to N. Australia.
flower large, long-pedicelled; capsule large, 2 cm. wide and I cm. long, 3lobed, borne on a robust pedicel up to 5 cm. long.
I am convinced that the small differences in the stipules, male perianth,
etc., which have been utilized by different authors as the basis for the estab-
Sauropus orbicularis Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1914: 284 (1914);
Pax & Hoffm. xv: 223 (1922); Beille in Lecomte: 655 (1927); Airy Shaw in
Kew Bull. 23: 45 (1969).
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Nx; SWx4.-Endemic.
Shrub to I m., in open grassy deciduous forest up to 330 m. alt.
Leaves only 7-20 mm. long, 5-13 mm. broad.
Craib, but the floral structure is that of ? Hemisauropus. The styles are free and
relatively elongate, shortly bifid, with incurved branches. The anthers are at
first horizontal but finally erect.
var. quadrangularis:
Phyllanthus quadrangularis Willd., Sp. P1. 4: 585 (1805).
P. rhamnoides Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 663 (1832) (non Willd. l.c.: 580 (1805), nec
Sauropus rhamnoides BI., 1825).
DC.: 242 (1866); Hook. f.: 335 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 223 (1922);
Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 2: 1303 (1925); ?Beille in Lecomte: 654 (1927),
P.P.
Sauropus compressus Muell. Arg.: 243 (1866); Hook. f.: 336 (1887); Pax &
Hoffm. xv: 224 (1922); Beille in Lecomte: 655 (1927), pro parte.
branchlets.
var. puberulus Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 350 (1877); (sphalm.
'pubescens') Hook. f.: 335, in obs. (1887) (pariter Pax & Hoffm. et Beille,
Ul.cc., in synon.).
Sauropus pubescens Hook. f.: 335 (I887); Ridley in Journ. Str, Br. Roy. As.
Soc. 59: 175 (19II); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 224 (1922); Beille in Lecomte: 656
(1927).
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Sauropus similis Craib: 457 (1911) & 183 (I912); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
alt.
Sauropus suberosus Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 42 (1969) & 25: 500
(I970).
Px6.-Malaya.
Cauliflorous shrub to I m., probably in evergreen forest, at 8o m. alt.
which are dark brown when dry, in the dark green-brown colour of the
leaves on drying, and in the sometimes enormous elongation of the flagelli-
Nx (cult.).--Indochina (Laos).
Shrub of I "5 m., at 240-300 m. alt.; in Siam only known from cultivated
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small, borne in rather dense clusters on the old stems or at the base of the
lateral branchlets, deeply divided, dark red when fresh, strongly scented;
female calyx accrescent; capsule (according to Beille) 7 mm. broad, 4 mm.
long, bearing longitudinal rows of asperities.
The cultivated Siamese material differs from the Laotian (according to the
Kew isotype) in the thinner texture and mostly more cuneate-attenuate base
of the leaves, but these differences are scarcely specific.
As. Soc. Str. Br. 59: 173 (1911); Merr.: 400 (1923).
Phyllanthus llanosii (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. in Flora 48: 387 (1865) & in
Sauropus llanosii (Muell. Arg.) Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 223 (1922);
Ridley: 221 (1924); Henderson in Journ. Malayan Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17:
30, 72 (I939)-
on limestone.
The Glochidion-like habit, tomentose stems and smooth yellow depressedglobose fruits make this an unmistakable species.
Sauropus sp., ?aff. S. stipitato Hook. f.: 333 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 221
(1922).
NE5. Chaiyaburi, Nawng Kai, clearing in evergreen forest, alt. 200oo m.,
20 Feb. 1924, Kerr 8522 :-Shrub 2 m. high. Vernacular name: 'pak kin tong'.
It is not certain that the collection from NE5 is conspecific with those from
Ni. An affinity with the Sikkimese S. stipitatus is suggested because the male
Siam is needed in order to elucidate the status of these forms. The general
Sebastiania Spreng.
Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell. Arg.: I 175 (i866); Hook. f.: 475
(1888); Craib: 468 (1911) & 195 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. v: 116 (1912);
Ridley: 317 (1924); Gagnep.: 454 (1926); Backer & Bakh. f.: 498 (1963).
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9: 17 (1857).
Herb to 30 cm., usually on open sandy ground near the sea, but in E8 in
deciduous or secondary forest at 200 m. alt.
unmistakable features.
Securinega Juss.
Leaves mostly larger, obovate or elliptic, acute or subacute; branchlets
distinct.
quoad synon. tantum, emend. Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 19c:
60 (i93i); Backer & Bakh. f.: 466 (1963); Airy Shaw, 1.c. supra (i97I).
Phyllanthus virosus Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. P1. 4: 578 (I8o5)-
(191II); Craib: 460 (1911) & 187 (1912); Ridley: 216 (1924); Beille: 528
(1927).
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F. virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill., Rt. Gen. Euphorb.: 593 (1858); Merr.:
390 (1923); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 75(5): 525 (1936); Corner:
255 (1940).
Securinega microcarpa (Bl.) Muell. Arg.: 434 (I866).
S. obovata (Willd.) Muell. Arg.: 449 (1866).
Flueggea obovata (Willd.) Wall. ex F.-Vill., Novis. App.: 189 (188o).
Nx-3; SExo; SWx4; P15.-Widespread in Trop. Africa and Asia, northward to Japan and eastward to Australia and Polynesia.
Deciduous shrub to 4'5 m., common in evergreen or mixed deciduous forest
or scrub, also in fields and other open situations, sandy areas by rivers, etc.;
occasionally on limestone; from sea-level to 500 m. alt., ascending to I66o m.
in Nx.
Frequently noted as thorny in Nx, but not elsewhere. Flowers sweetscented. The fruit appears occasionally to be dry and capsular.
Spathiostemon B1.
Spathiostemon moniliformis Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 16: 357 (1963) &
20: 408 (1966).
Px5, x6.-Endemic.
Small tree to io m., locally common in evergreen forest at low altitudes
(up to 1oo m.).
Differs from the widespread S. javensis Bl. (not yet found in Siam) in the
very elongate male inflorescences, sessile male and female flowers, glabrous
ovary and very short styles. The fruit has not yet been collected.
Strophioblachia Boerl.
china.-N.B. Var. tonkinensis Gagnep., 1.c.: 410, from Tonkin and Annam,
is S. fimbricalyx Boerl. !)
evident, though still short, indumentum and in its usually broader, duller,
ovate rather than obovate leaves. Var. cordifolia differs from var. glandulosa
in its cordate-based, mostly panduriform leaves.
Sumbaviopsis J. J. Sm.
Sumbaviopsis albicans (Bl.) J. J. Sm.: 357 (I9IO); Pax & Hoffm. vi:
14 (I912); Merr.: 428 (1923); Gagnep.: 418 (1926) (incl. var. disperma
Gagnep.); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 357 (1960); Backer & Bakh. f.: 477
(I963).
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Croton albicans (Bl.) Reichb. f. & Zoll. in Verh. Nat. Vereen. Ned. Ind. I: 21
Sumbavia macrophylla Muell. Arg. in Flora 47: 482 (1864) & in DC.: 727
(1866); Hook. f.: 408 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. vi: 12 (1912).
Coelodiscus speciosus Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 154 (1865) & in DC.: 758
Mallotus speciosus (Muell. Arg.) Pax & Hoffm. vii: 205 (1914).
Doryxylon albicans (BI.) Balakr. in Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 58 (1967).
wan).
Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill., Et. G6n. Euphorb.: 396 (1858).
Gelonium multiflorum A. Juss., Euphorb. Gen. Tent.: I I I, t. 10, fig. 3 IA (1824);
Muell. Arg.: 1127 (1866); Hook. f.: 459 (1887); Williams in Bull. Herb.
Boiss. ser. 2, 5: 32 (1905); Pax & Hoffm. iv: 16 (i912); Ridley: 311
(1924); Gagnep.: 425 (1926).
Malay Peninsula.
550 m. alt.
The only distinction that appears to be moderately reliable in distinguishing this species from the Malesian S. glomerulata (Bl.) Baill. lies in the larger
and more fleshy fruit, that of glomerulata being smaller, drier and more
evidently capsular. The leaves and flowers of the latter species are also
probably on the average smaller, the leaves being usually rounded and very
rarely acuminate at the apex, but there is great variation in both taxa in
this respect.
Williams (l.c. supra) includes a record of this species from the 'islet of
Butong, 1886,-the most western of the Langkawi group, and not marked
on maps (Curtis, n. 924)'. The islet in question, however, is that of Pulo
Beton, just off the SW. corner of Penang Island, in Malaya. I have not
succeeded in tracing Curtis's specimen in the Kew Herbarium. Cf. note
under Sapium indicum Willd., above.
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Synostemon F. Muell.
Agyneia bacciformis (L.) Juss., Euphorb. Gen. Tent.: 24, t. 6 (1824); Muell.
Arg.: 238 (1866); Hook. f.: 285 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 213 (1922);
Ridley: 198 (1924); Beille: 642 (1927); Gage in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
75(5): 524 (1936); Merr. & Chun in Sunyatsenia 5: 91 (1940); van
Steenis in Bull. Bot. Gard. Buitenz. ser. 3, 17: 410 (1948).
Erect herb to 50 cm., on saline sandy or clayey soil, mostly at very low
altitudes (up to 200 m. in NE5); especially frequent on sandy beaches.
The leaves vary greatly in size and shape. An exceptionally narrow-leaved
form is represented by Kerr 8472, from Td Uten, Nakawn Panom, Udawn
Circle (NE5), perhaps corresponding to var. angustifolia Muell. Arg. (1.c.).
The genus Synostemon F. Muell. (Heterocalymnantha Domin) is otherwise
confined to Australia, with a dozen or more species. Though it has been
widely, but unjustifiably, treated as a section of Phyllanthus, it is in fact much
closer to Sauropus, from which it is scarcely generically distinct; cf. especially
S. amoebiflorus Airy Shaw, etc.
Trewia L.
Trewia nudiflora L., Sp. P1. 1193 (1753); Muell. Arg.: 953 (1866); Hook.
f.: 423 (1887); Craib: 466 (1911) & 193 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 140
(1914); Merr.: 431 (1923); Gagnep.: 343 (1925); Backer & Bakh. f.: 481
(I1963);Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 405 (1966) & 23 79 (I1969).
Tetragastris ossea Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 130 (1 788).
Rottlera indica Willd. in Gatting. Journ. Naturwiss. I: 8, t. 3 (1797).
Trewia macrophylla Roth, Nov. P1. Sp.: 373 (1821) [non B1. (1825), quae =
Wetria insignis (Steud.) Airy Shaw (W. trewioides Baill.)].
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Indochina, W. Malesia.
Trigonostemon Bl.
Petioles variable in length, some very long:
Y sepals large, 8-io mm. long, accrescent in fruit to 17 mm. long, with
Petals yellow:
Stamens 5; capsule 12-15 mm. in diameter, sparsely and very shortly
Leaves penninerved:
Leaves 12-26 cm. long, fleshy-leathery; S flowers with white petals and
T. murtonii
Leaves usually cuneate at base, thinly chartaceous, minutely denticulate; Y sepals fringed with elongate capitate glands T. kerrii
Leaves trinerved at base (often only shortly):
Leaves often subopposite, glabrous, very variable in shape; inflorescences all short, cymose, terminal or leaf-opposed; petals shortly
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T. aurantiacus
N2.-Endemic.
Shrub to 3 m. in evergreen forest at 1oo-200 m. alt.
Actephila aurantiaca Ridley (pro sp. nov.) in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 360
Actephilopsis malayana Ridley, 1l.cc.: 361 (1923) & 252 (1924); Henderson
in Journ. Malay. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 17: 68 (1939).
Trigonostemon malayanus (Ridley) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 413 (1966).
Banka, Java.
Leaves large, cuneate-obovate or broadly oblanceolate, shallowly denticulate or obscurely distantly crenate-serrate, chartaceous, glabrous; lateral
ing a few large foliaceous bracts; petals of both male and female flowers
orange-yellow; capsule deeply 3-lobed, smooth, glabrous, dark brown when
dry, up to 1-5 cm. diam.
Trigonostemon capillipes (Hook. f.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20: 413
(1966).
Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hook. f.: 404 (I888); Pax & Hoffm. iii: 33 (I 91);
Ridley: 266 (1924).
Trigonostemon difusus Merr. in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 3: 525 (I928), synon.
nov.
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female or fruiting.
Trigonostemon laevigatus Muell. Arg. in Flora 47: 538 (1864) & in DC.:
IIII (1866); Pax & Hoffm. iii: 94 (1911); Ridley: 625 (1924).
T. anomalus Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 16: 569 (1920), & Enum. 2: 451
(1923), synon. nov.
? T. petelotii Merr. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. Io: 425 (1924), e descr.
China.
short, condensed, cymose, terminal or leaf-opposed, males often manyflowered, more or less dichotomously branched, females few-flowered; petals
shortly bilobed, pink, coral, carmine or dark brown-red, occasionally yellow
for his T. petelotii. I have seen no authentic material of this species, but if I
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Muell. Arg.: 11o8 (1866); Hook. f.:396 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. iii: 88 (1911);
Ridley: 264 (1924).
?Athroisma serratum Griff., Notulae 4: 477 (1854). (N.B. Certe non A. dentatum
Griff., 1.c. 478, ut voluit Hook. f.) [Non Trigonostemon serratus B1.].
In one specimen (Px6) the leaves are abruptly contracted at the base into
a longer petiole, and the pubescence is stronger than usual.
Trigonostemon murtonii Craib in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1911: 464 (19"1)
(murtoni) & 190 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. vi: 128 (1912).
T. pinnatus Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 69: 752 (1923) & in Lecomte:
SE9.-Indochina (Cochinchina).
No field data for Siam.
leaves are usually cuneate at the base, minutely denticulate on the margin
and thinly chartaceous in texture, and the female sepals are fringed with
elongate capitate glands, and T. pachyphyllus Airy Shaw, in which the leaves
are much larger and fleshy-leathery in texture, and the flowers contain 5
stamens (C) and 5 styles (?).
PI6, 17.-Endemic.
Shrub of 1.5 m. in evergreen forest at 700oo m. alt.
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SE9.-Indochina (Annam).
Small tree of 6 m., in evergreen forest at 200 m. alt.
Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib: 464 (1911) & I91 (1912); Pax
& Hoffm. vi: 128 (1912); Gagnep.: 316 (1925)-
Baliospermum reidioddes Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 2: 411 (1877); Hook. f.:
461 (1887), in obs.; Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 5: 32 (1905); Pax
& Hoffm. iv: 29 (1912).
Nx.-Yunnan.
Tree of 4'5 m. (in Yunnan; no data for Siam), in evergreen forest at
600oo m. alt.
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Stems rather robust, angled, almost glabrous; leaves with long or very long
(12 cm.) petioles, obovate or oblong-elliptic, 20-25 cm. long, 8-9 cm. broad,
distantly and shallowly crenate, membranous, glabrous; inflorescences terminal, pyramidal, adpressed-puberulous, branches angled or flattened;
petals yellow; stamens 5, connate, anthers vertical, connectives conspicuously
produced, erect, emarginate; capsule 12-15 mm. diam., sparsely and very
shortly aculeolate.
Trigonostemon verticillatus (Jack) Pax ex Pax & Hofm. iii: 87 (19Io).
Enchidium verticillatum Jack in Malayan Misc. 2. vii: 89 (1822) & in Comp.
Bot. Mag. I: 257 (1836) (excl. synon. Rumph.!); Muell. Arg.: 1256
altitudes.
tall, 20 cm. girth; fls. yellow, frs. green [no fruit with specimen], bark brown.
Vernicia Lour.
Vernicia montana Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 586 (1790); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
lo93 (1931).
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xiv: 8 (I919); Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s. 24(2): 239 (i935);
Backer & Bakh. f.: 478 (1963).
Trewia macrophylla Bl., Bijdr.: 612 (1825), non Roth (1821) [quae = T.
nudiflora L.].
T. insignis Steud., Nomencl. ed. 2, 2: 698 (1841), pro nom. nov.; Pax & Hoffm.
Wetria trewioides Baill., Et. Gin. Euphorb.: 409 (1858), pro nom. nov.; Ridley:
282 (1924).
Pseudotrewia macrophylla (Bl.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (2): 414 (1859).
Alchornea blumeana Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 167 (1865) & in DC.: 900
(1866).
Agrostistachys pubescens Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 4, Bot.: 274 (1909); Pax
Wetria macrophylla (Bl.) J. J. Sm.: 471 (19IO); Pax & Hoffm. vii: 219 (1914);
Merr.: 437 (1923); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 14: 473 (I960) & 16: 353
(1963); Backer & Bakh. f.: 485 (1963).
Wetria, but also by Steudel as far back as 1841. This latter name, Trewia
insignis Steud., has hitherto been strangely overlooked. It was listed by Pax
& Hoffmann (1.c.: 142) among the species to be excluded from the genus
Trewia, but was omitted by them from their synonymy of Wetria macrophylla
(l.c.: 219).
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STILAGINACEAE
Antidesma L.
Stamens 2; leaves deciduous, obovate or oblanceolate, usually cuneatebased; ovary glabrous; stigmas terminal ..... A. acidum
Stamens 3-6:
Leaves less than 1.5 cm. wide, less than 7-5 cm. long; plant
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A. sootepense
Leaves mostly over 3 cm. wide:
Leaves manifestly tomentellous beneath:
Very robust; leaves to 27 X 9 cm.; inflorescences simple
or almost so, to 14 cm. long; anthers almost I mm.
diam.
A.
cf.
nienkuii
branous. A. japonicum
Antidesma acidum Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 30 (1789); Muell. Arg.: 249 (1866);
C. E. C. Fischer in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1932: 65 (1932).
Stilago diandra Roxb., P1. Coromandel 2: 35, t. I66 (1798).
Antidesma diandrum (Roxb.) Roth, Nov. Spec.: 369 (1821); Muell. Arg.:
266 (1866); Hook. f.: 361 (1887);J.J. Sm.: 274 (1910); Craib: 462 (1911)
& 189 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. xv: I43 (1922);Gagnep.: 521 (I926);Backer
& Bakh. f.: 458, 460 (I963).
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Ceylon (Hook. f., etc.) are certainly erroneous; see Pax & Hoffm. xv: 118
(1922), sub A. walkeri (Tul.) Pax & Hoffm.
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. I: 826 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 262
(1866); Hook. f.: 358 (1887); J. J. Sm.: 270 (191o); Pax & Hoffm, xv: 16o
(1922): Merr.: 412 (1923); Gagnep.: 524 (1926); Corner: 233 (1940);
china, S. China, and throughout Malesia (exc. Malay Peninsula & Borneo!)
to New Guinea and Queensland.
Shrub or tree to Io m., locally common in evergreen or moist deciduous
forest at 6oo-I500 m. alt.; planted at lower altitudes.
A characteristic robust, almost glabrous, montane species; leaves variable
in size and shape, chartaceous to coriaceous, smooth and shining, prominently nerved, rather short-petioled, drying brown, stipules small and very
early caducous; inflorescences robust, simple or almost so, often elongate,
puberulous; male flowers sessile, cupuliform, with 4 stamens, filaments
elongate, anthers large for the genus; infructescence very robust, fruits
compressed-ovoid, pedicellate, with terminal style.
(1922); Merr.: 414 (1923); Ridley: 230 (1924); Gagnep.: 505 (1926);
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A.frutescens Jack in Mal. Misc. 2: 91 (1822); Pax & Hoffm., xv: 157 (1922);
cf. Merr. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 33: 216 (1952).
A. paniculatum Bl., Bijdr.: I 128 (1825).
NI-4; NE5; E7; SE9, io; C12; SWx4; Pi5-17.-- W. Himalaya & Ceylon
The broadly rounded, often cordate leaves of this common and wide-
spread species are usually unmistakable. This feature and the much-
Antidesma helferi Hook. f: 357 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 12I (1922);
Ridley: 228 (1924).
A. macgregorii C. B. Rob. in Philipp. Journ. Sci. 6, Bot.: 207 (1911); Pax &
Hoffm. xv: 138 (1922); Merr.: 415 (1923); synon. nov.
?A. cambodianum Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7o: 118 (1923) & in
Lecomte: 519 (1927), proparte.
A. pachystemon Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 279 (1969), synon. nov.
A. gracillimum Gage in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 9: 227 (1922), e descr., synon. nov.
sula.
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membranous and shining, with finer, laxer, less closely reticulate, less
prominent nervation; inflorescences very slender, simple or almost so, rather
lax-flowered; fruits flattened, with oblique stigmas.
A. cambodianum Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7o: 118 (1923) & in
Lecomte: 519 (1927), pro parte.
evergreen forest, alt. 495 m., 16 June 1968, Phengnaren 477 (Fl. Thail. no.
36332) :-Shrub I m. tall; fruits green. Pak Thong Chai ('TREND Camp'),
eastern part of Khao Yai National Park, evergreen forest, alt. 500 m., 8 Aug.
1968, Larsen, Santisuk & Warncke 3117 (AAU; S), 3118 (AAU, K; fr.), 3137
(holotype, K; isotype AAU; fr.):-Undershrub or small tree to 3 m. tall.
INDOCHINA. Annam: pres Nha-trang, 3 May 1923, Poilane 6206; sine loc.,
Poilane 8294. Hue and vicinity, near streams, May-July 1927, J. & M. S.
Clemens 4199:-Shrub; fruit green when collected. Mt. Bani, near summit,
May-July 1927, J. & M. S. Clemens 4226:-Small tree.
kr6peuh, prov. Thepong, alt. 1000ooo m., May 1870, Pierre s.n.), and is therefore
most likely to represent Gagnepain's idea of the type. So far as the material
goes, it appears to come very close to A. helferi Hook. f. (see above), perhaps
only differing in the glabrous rather than pubescent ovary. It will be neces-
collections from Annam, in the Flora (1927). This, and the other Annamese
and Siamese collections cited above, differ conspicuously from the Cambodian specimen of Pierre in the smooth, shining, bright green under-surface
of the leaves. In the Cambodian material (as in all the material that I have
seen of A. helferi) the lower surface of the leaves is somewhat matt, and dull
leaves.
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alt.Shrub
pubescent ovary. The stamens are inserted in excavations of the disk; the
fruit is unknown. The species apparently grows at higher altitudes than
Antidesma laurifolium Airy Shaw, sp. nov., A. helferi Hook. f. affine, sed
foliis majoribus crassioribus et praesertim costa crassiore conspicue elevato
bene distinctum.
For full description and detailed citation of specimens, see Airy Shaw in
Antidesma leucocladon Hook. f.: 358 (1887); Ridley: 233 (1924); Airy
Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 279 (1969).
Px6.-Malaya, Sumatra.
Shrub of 4 m., locally common in evergreen forest at 80 m. alt.
The above record is based on a single poor specimen (Khao Chong, Trang,
Puket, II Jan. 1966, Bunnab & Phuphathanaphong 288, Fl. Thail. 35740),
bearing male flowers. The thinly membranous, slenderly caudate leaves,
smooth and satiny below, the long narrow stipules, the rather long filaments,
and the rather large, compressed, subrostrate, usually puberulous fruits are
characteristic features of the species. Cf. note in Kew Bull., 1.c. supra.
Antidesma leucopodum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (F1. Sum.) : 465 (1860);
Pax & Hoffm. xv: 136 (1922); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 280 (1969).
A. cauliflorum W. W. Sm. in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 8: 313 (1915); Pax
& Hoffm. xv: 122 (1922).
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A. cauliflorum Merr. (pro sp. nov.) in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 76: 89 (I917).
A. trunciflorum Merr. (nom. nov.) in op. cit., Spec. No.: 333 (1921).
A. hirtellum Ridley in Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1923: 366 (1923) & Fl. Mal.
Penins. 3: 229 (1924); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 23: 278 (1969); synon.
nov.
The specimens from PI6 (Ranong, Khao Saideng, up to 400oo m., 4 May
1968, van Beusekom & Phengklai 547; Phangnga, 30 km. E. of Takua Pa, few
Ioo m. alt., i i May 1968, van Beusekom & Phengklai 704) may represent a
distinct species. The leaves are large and somewhat membranous, the
tertiary nerves not closely parallel, and the midrib and other nerves more or
less bullately impressed. The male inflorescence and fruits, however, so far
as they go, appear to agree closely with those of A. leucopodum.
Px5-17.-Lower Burma.
Small tree to io m., in evergreen forest or scrub at low altitudes (up to a
few Ioo m.).
Closely related to A. montanum Bl. and A. acuminatum Wall. ex Wight, but
distinguished by its broad ovate stipules, by the tendency of the inflorescences
to be aggregated into terminal panicles, and by the smaller subglobose fruits.
A very local species; only five collections seen from Siam, and only four
from Lower Burma, including (besides the three old ones cited by Hooker,
1.c.: 364) the following recent gathering from a higher altitude:-Tavoy
District, hills south of Paungdaw Power station, mostly found in damp
valleys, scattered under the overhead shade of evergreen trees, alt. 570 m.,
Sept. 1961, J. Keenan et al. 1417:-Fruiting tree of 4-5 m., girth breast
height 15 cm.
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Related to A. wattii Hook. f., of Assam, with which A. neriifolium Pax &
Hoffm., of Hong Kong, may be conspecific.
Antidesma montanum BI., Bijdr.: 1124 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 264 (1866);
J. J. Sm.: 276 (1910); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 158 (1922); Ridley: 231 (1923);
Gagnep.: 515 (1926); Corner: 234 (1940); Backer & Bakh. f.: 458 (1963).
A. moritzii Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 67 (I865) & in DC.: 252 (1866);
A. rostratum sec. [Oliv. ex] Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s6r. 2, 5: 31 (1905),
non Tul.
Very variable. Stems finely puberulous; leaves membranous, ellipticoblong, with conspicuous lateral nerves, stipules subulate; male inflorescences
Antidesma neurocarpum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 466 (I86O); Muell.
Arg.: 253 (1866); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 136 (1922).
A. alatum Hook. f.: 358 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 119 (1922); Ridley: 227
A. inflatum Merr. in Journ. As. Soc. Str. Br. 76: 91 (1917), synon. nov.
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Antidesma cf. nienkuii Merr. & Chun in Sunyatsenia 2: 263, t. 54 (I935)NI: Me Li, Lampun, 25 Apr. 1915, Winit 295N4: Phetchabun, Nam naw, 3 May I953, Nilphanit 29 (Roy. For. Dept.
10524). Phetchabun, Lom Kao, 8 May 1955, Smitinand 2676 (Roy. For. Dept.
II761).
alt.
Io: 484 (1931)), but differing in its simple or almost simple, non-paniculate
in flower (male and female) and have dropped all their stipules, whilst the
type (and so far only known) collection of A. nienkuii (from Hainan) is in
fruit; a more direct comparison is therefore not possible. The largest leaf of
the Siam plant measures 27 x 9 cm. The male flowers are sessile or almost
so; there are 4 stamens, and the anthers are unusually massive. This structure
is, in fact, almost identical with that of A. bunius, which is certainly the closest
affinity of the Siamese material; but flowering material from Hainan will
be needed before the same can be said of A. nienkuii and the specific identity
of the two populations established.
angles to the sutural keel, the sides being very tumid; the apex is drawn
out into a short slightly oblique beak. In the flowering stage the ovary is
ovoid-oblong, with terminal styles. See Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 26(3): 459
(1972), for fuller details.
AIMorse 621).
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The doubtful record for SWI4 is based upon a single fruiting specimen,
Kostermans 802, in which the fruits are finely adpressed-puberulous, and more
ellipsoid in outline. This may well represent a distinct species.
PI8.-Malay Peninsula.
Rheophytic shrub in evergreen forest at 135 m. alt.
Antidesma sootepense Craib: 463 (191") & 189 (1912); Pax & Hoffm. xv:
163 (1922); Gagnep.: 523 (1927)-
(Laos).
dark brown beneath when dry, variable in pubescence, the ultimate nerves
forming a close, fine, elevate reticulum; inflorescences slender, simple or
little-branched; male flowers sessile, with 4 stamens; female flowers subsessile; fruiting pedicels up to 4 mm. long, fruits small, obovoid, stigmas
terminal. The venation, non-flattened fruits and terminal stigmas distinguish
the species from the superficially similar A. japonicum, q.v.
462 (1972).
A. bunius var. thwaitesianum (Muell. Arg.) Trimen, Syst. Cat. Fl. P1. Ceyl.:
81 (1885) & Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 4: 43 (1898).
A. bunius sec. Hook. f.: 358-9 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: I60-I (1922);
non L.
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Long confused with A. coriaceum Tul. (and formerly with A. bunius (L.)
Spreng.), but quite distinct in its tessellated venation and in the whitish, not
rusty, puberulence of the inflorescences, which apparently are never panicled.
Antidesma velutinosum BI., Bijdr.: 1125 (1825); Muell. Arg.: 248 (1866);
Hook. f.: 356 (1887);J. J. Sm.: 284 (1910o); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 13 (1922);
Ridley: 231 (1924); Gagnep.: 50o6 (1926); Corner: 234 (1940): Backer &
A. attenuatum Wall. ex Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. s&r. 3, 15: 235 (1851).
A. molle Wall. ex Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 67 (1865) & in DC.: 248 (1866).
Antidesma velutinum Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. 3, 15: 223 (I851);
Muell. Arg.: 258 (1866); Hook. f.: 361 (1887); Pax & Hoffm. xv: 156 (1922).
male flowers sessile, stamens 3-4; ovary glabrous or puberulous, with terminal
stigmas; fruit small, somewhat compressed, elliptic-ovate, glabrous or puberu-
lous, pedicellate.
The glabrous and puberulous states of the ovary and fruit occur together
(on separate branchlets) both on the Kew isotype ofA. gymnogyne (Helfer 4945,
Lower Burma) and also on Kostermans 805 (SWI4, Kwae Noi River Basin
Expedition). They appear to be of negligible taxonomic significance.
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Galearia affinis (R. Br.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I(2): 430 (1859); Pax in Bot.
Tidsskr. 32: 390 (1916).
Bennettiafulva (Tul.) Muell. Arg. in Linnaea 34: 205 (I865) & in DC.: 1037
(1866).
Galearia wallichii (R. Br.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. For. Veg. Pegu, App. A: p.
cxiii, App. B: 80 (1875); Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. s6r. 2, 5: 32 (1905)G. lindleyana (Tul.) Hook. f., G. afinis (R. Br.) Miq., G. phlebocarpa (R. Br.)
Miq., G. wallichii (R. Br.) Kurz, G. finlaysonii (R. Br.) Miq., G. splendens
Miq., G. helferi Hook. f., G. jackiana (R. Br.) Miq., G. caudata Forman (G.
pedicellata (R. Br.) Miq., non Zoll. & Mor.), G. subulata (Muell. Arg.) Hook.
f., G. ridleyi Gage, G. minor Gage, G. fusca Ridley, G. dongnaiensis Pierre ex
Gagnep., etc.: vide Forman in Kew Bull. 26: 153 (1971) for discussion and
full synonymy. Cf. also Forman in Kew Bull. I4: 31I (1960) & 20: 309
(1966).
(1866).
in Fl. Congo & Rwanda-Bur. 8(I): Io2-I 15, fig. 7 (1962)). For discussion
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Hook. f.: 377 (1887); Ridley: 251 (1924); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 18: 262
(1965).
H. wallichii Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 15: 256 (185i); Muell. Arg.: 476
(1866); Williams in Bull. Herb. Boiss. sir. 2, 5: 30 (1905); Pax & Hoffm.
xv: 78 (1922); Gagnep.: 544 (I927) (incl. var. dasycarpa Gagnep.).
Samaropyxis elliptica Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.: 465 (i86o).
Hymenocardia laotica Gagnep.: 546 (I927), synon. nov.
N3, 4; NE5; E7, 8; SE9, 10; C12; SWI4; PI5, I6.-Burma, Indochina
Stem spiny; flowers precocious; fruit said to be edible (Pi6, Vanpruk 689).
H. laotica, with obcordate fruits, appears to represent an unimportant local
variant.
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