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INSECTS AND
FUNGI
ASSOCIATED WITH
CARDUUS THISTLES
(COMPOSITAE)
CIRCULATING COPY
AGRICULTURE LIBRARY
UNITED STATES
(C^l) DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
TECHNICAL
BULLETIN
NUMBER 1616
PREPARED BY
SCIENCE AND
EDUCATION
ADMINISTRATION
ABSTRACT
Batra, S. W. T., J. R. Coulson, P. H. Dunn, and P. E. Boldt. 1981.
Insects and fungi associated with Carduus thistles (Compositae). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No.
1616, 100 pp.
Six Eurasian species of Carduus thistles (Compositae: Cynareae)
are troublesome weeds in North America. They are attacked by
about 340 species of phytophagous insects, including 71 that are
oligophagous on Cynareae. Of these Eurasian insects, 39 were ex
tensively tested for host specificity, and 5 of them were sufficiently
damaging and stenophagous to warrant their release as biological
control agents in North America. They include four beetles: Altica
carduorum Guerin-Meneville, repeatedly released but not estab
lished; Ceutorhynchus litura (F.), established in Canada and
Montana on Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.; Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich),
widely established in the United States and Canada and beginning
to reduce Carduus nutans L. populations; Trichosirocalus horridus
(Panzer), established on Carduus nutans in Virginia; and the fly
Urophora stylata (.), established on Cirsium in Canada.
Potentially useful and probably host-specific fungi attacking
Carduus include five species of Puccinia and two species of Uredo.
KEYWORDS: Biological control, Carduus, Cirsium, phytophagous
insects, rust fungi, thistles, weed control, weeds.
INSECTS AND
FUNGI
ASSOCIATED WITH
CARDUUS THISTLES
(COMPOSITAE)
by
S. W. T. BATRA, J. R. COULSON,
P. H. DUNN, AND P. E. BOLDT
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
TECHNICAL
BULLETIN
NUMBER 1616
PREPARED BY
SCIENCE AND
EDUCATION
ADMINISTRATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the following colleagues for providing unpublished in
formation included in this publication: P. Harris and M. G. Maw,
Agriculture Canada, Regina, Saskatchewan; G. M. Baloch and H.
Zwblfer, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Rawal
pindi, Pakistan, and Delemont, Switzerland; L. T. Kok and R. D.
Hendrick, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg; J. D. Hacker, West Virginia Department of
Agriculture, Charleston; S. M. A. Kazmi, Peshawar University,
Pakistan; and L. A. Andres, K. E. Frick, B. Puttier, M. K. McCarty,
and H. L. Parker (retired), Science and Education Administration,
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
CONTENTS
Page
Economic importance, control, and bionomics of Carduus
thistles
Biological control of Carduus thistles
Phytophagous insects associated with Carduus thistles
List of insects
Collembola
Thysanoptera
Dermaptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera-Heteroptera
Hemiptera-Homoptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Diptera
Fungi associated with Carduus thistles
List of specific fungi
Uredinales
Ustilaginales
Summary
Literature cited
Index
Fungi
Insects
Plants (Carduus species)
1
5
6
10
10
10
11
11
12
18
22
62
72
81
83
83
85
85
86
96
96
96
99
INSECTS AND
FUNGI
ASSOCIATED WITH
CARDUUS THISTLES
(COMPOSITAE)
PN-7015
Figure 1. Dairy cattle in a typical overgrazed pasture infested by Carduus nutans in
Pennsylvania. Not only are the thistles not eaten, but the cattle do not reach for
the edible plants growing near them.
nutans
tenuiflorus (2N = 54)
thoermeri (2N = 16)
pycnocephalus
tenuiflorus
tenuiflorus
European 'hybrids'
C. x leptocephalus
not named, morphologically
resembles C. acanthoides
C. x dubius
C. x crispo- tenuiflorus
C. x semiperegrinus
C. x pernutanti-pycnocephalus
C. x mixtus
C. x theriottii
(1969), McCarty and Scifres (1969), and McCarty and Hatting (1975)).
It was evidently introduced at ballast dumps on the east coast
(Dunn, 1976) and in Alabama between about 1850 and 1900
(specimens at U.S. Natl. Mus.), and it was considered a weed in the
mid-Atlantic States by the early 1900' s (Furrer and McCarty, 1966).
It rapidly spread, becoming economically important in the Midwest
by 1950 (Furrer and McCarty, 1966).
This adaptable plant is now abundant in North Dakota, Loui
siana, and on both coasts, but the most serious infestations are in
the Cental States (Dunn, 1976). In Nebraska, it is found primarily in
rich, moist lowland, although it will occupy poor soils (McCarty,
1964; McCarty et al., 1973), and in Ontario, it occurs on well-drained
loam or stony pastures (Mulligan and Moore, 1961). In western
Virginia, it is common in the Appalachian region, but it is scarce in
the Piedmont or coastal plain (Johnson, 1974). In Maryland and
south-central Pennsylvania, musk thistle is locally abundant with
C. acanthoides in pastures and on roadsides in the Appalachian
Great Valley. Seeds may have been initially spread by wind,
vehicles, and in soil from infested quarries. According to Hensley
(1973), C. nutans and C. acanthoides are most plentiful in limestone
soils in Virginia. In Ohio, C. nutans is most common where
limestone or dolomite bedrock is less than 6 feet below the surface
(Stuckey and Forsyth, 1971).
In its native Europe, musk thistle is a ruderal pioneer in dis
turbed environments on calcareous, loamy, or sandy soil rich in
nitrogen; however, it may become a problem in overgrazed
pastures. According to Doing et al. (1969), the most significant
characters restricting its distribution are low tolerance for lack or
excess of moisture and of deficient or acid soils and an only
moderately high competitive power.
Musk thistles may be controlled by grazing management in main
taining a dense mat of perennial grasses, but the release of grazing
pressure on annual grassland has resulted in an increase of these
thistles in Australia (Doing et al., 1969). However, in Nebraska,
Feldman et al. (1968) found that musk thistles did not become
established in ungrazed pastures; survival was highest in inten
sively grazed pastures. This thistle may behave as a short-lived
perennial, producing new shoots when grazed or sprayed in the
spring (Doing et al., 1969), and may thus increase difficulty of con
trol. Treatment with the herbicides dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic
acid) plus 2,4-D (Jensen, 1970; McCarty and Hatting, 1975) or
picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) (Feldman et al.,
1968; Jensen, 1970) was fairly effective. Control for 2 years cost
from $6.25 to $14.75 per acre (Jensen, 1970). Mowing musk thistles
other control methods over much of the plant's range and form a
sound basis for future weed-management schemes. At least these
natural enemies would augment existing control practices. A com
prehensive list of the natural enemies of Carduus species is a needed
step in the process of selecting promising candidates.
Biological control of Carduus thistles in North America began
with the introduction of the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich),
which was first released in Canada in 1968 after 6 years of study
and testing in Europe and North America by scientists of the Com
monwealth Institute of Biological Control, the Canada Department
of Agriculture, and the former Agricultural Research Service (now
a part of the Science and Education Administration (SEA-AR)). It
is beginning to provide a significant degree of control of C. nutans
in Virginia (Kok and Surles, 1975) and in Montana (Hodgson and
Rees, 1976). Rhinocyllus conicus has also been established in Califor
nia to control milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) (Hawkes
et al., 1972) and in New Zealand to control C. nutans (Jessep, 1975).
Assistance in locating sources of approved agents for biological
control of Carduus thistles can be provided by the U.S. Department
of Agriculture's Beneficial Insect Introduction Laboratory,
Building 417, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-East,
Beltsville, Md. 20705; USDA Biological Control of Weeds
Laboratory, 1050 San Pablo Avenue, Albany, Calif. 94706; and
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Box 440, Regina, Sas
katchewan S4P 3A2.
Colo. - Colorado
Del. - Delaware
10
United StatesContinued
Ind. - Indiana
Kans. - Kansas
Ky. - Kentucky
La. - Louisiana
Md. - Maryland
Mich. - Michigan
Minn. - Minnesota
Mo. - Missouri
Mont. - Montana
N. Dak. - North Dakota
Nebr. - Nebraska
Nev. - Nevada
LIST OF INSECTS
COLLEMBOLA
Sminthuridae
Unident. sminthurid sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Occasional adults feeding on leaves
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
THYSANOPTERA
Unident. thrips sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus defloratus (Switzerland); C. nutans (S.
Dak.)
Remarks:
In flowers
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1963); Morihara and Balsbaugh
(1976)
Phlaeothripidae
Haplothrips distinguendus (Uzel)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Locally common; adults on flowers;
polyphagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Thripidae
Anaphothrips (Apterothrips) secticornis (Trybom)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults feeding on rosette leaves;
polyphagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
11
flowers;
DERMAPTERA
Forficulidae
Forficula auricularia L.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Rare; nymphs and adults on leaves and stems;
polyphagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
ORTHOPTERA
Gryllidae
Unident. gryllid sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.); C. nutans (S.
Dak.)
Remarks:
Rare; nymphs feeding on leaves of rosette
Sources:
Goeden (1974); Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Oecanthus nigricornis Saussure
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults ectophagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Tettigoniidae
Unident. tettigoniid spp. (3)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.); C. nutans (S.
Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults ectophagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974); Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Acrididae
Unident. acridid spp. (2)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults ectophagous on leaves
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Melanoplus sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults ectophagous on leaves;
polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
12
ORTHOPTERA Continued
AcrididaeContinued
Melanoplus bivittatus (Say)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Abundant; nymphs and adults ectophagous on
leaves; polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Abundant; adults ectophagous on leaves;
polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Abundant; nymphs and adults ectophagous on
leaves; polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA
Miridae
Unident. mirid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe); C nutans (S.
Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults on foliage
Sources:
Goeden (1974); Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Europe); C. nutans (S. Dak.);
Cirsium
Remarks:
Occasional visitor on Carduus; polyphagous
crop pest
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a); Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Calocoris norvegicus (Gmelin)
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Europe); C. pycnocephalus (S.
Europe); Cirsium
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults from foliage of Carduus;
polyphagous
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a); Goeden (1974)
Chlamydatus associatus (Uhler)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Adults; ectophagous on Compositae
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Irbisia sp. nr. J. californica Van Duzee
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Sources:
Lopidea sp.
Plant recs.:
Remarks:
Sources:
Lygus hesperus
Plant recs.:
Remarks:
13
Locally common; nymphs and adults ectophagous on flowers, leaves, and stems;
polyphagous
Goeden (1974)
14
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERAOmfmued
MiridaeContinued
Semium hirtum Reuter
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Uncommon; adults ectophagous; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Tingidae
Tingis cardui (L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus defloratus (Switzerland); C. crispus
(Rhine Valley); C. acanthoides (Jura, W.
France); C. pycnocephalus, C. acanthoides
(Europe); Cirsium, Galactites (Europe)
Remarks:
Adults and nymphs found externally on leaves
and stems; literature restricts hosts to CarduusCirsium
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-63); Zwolfer (1965a);
Eguagie (1974)
Lygaeidae
Unident. lygaeid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe); C. nutans (S.
Dak.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults ectophagous on leaves;
polyphagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974); Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Geocoris uliginosus (Say)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults ectophagous on flowers; on other
Compositae
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Lygaeus equestris (L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Europe); C pycnocephalus (S.
Europe)
Remarks:
Occasional visitor on flowers and leaves;
polyphagous
Sources:
Zwolfer (1965a); Goeden (1974)
Melanocoryphus bicrucis (Say)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults ectophagous on flowers and
stems; polyphagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Coreidae
Ortholomus sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
15
Remarks:
Rare; adults ectophagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Syromastes marginatus (L.) ( = Coreus marginatus)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Europe); Cirsium
Remarks:
Occasional visitor
Sources:
Zwblfer [1965a)
Pentatomidae
Aelia sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Europe)
Remarks:
Occasional visitor
Sources:
Zwblfer [1965a)
Carpocoris pudicus (Poda)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Europe); Cirsium, Silybum, Cen
taurea
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults found on stem and leaves
Sources:
Zwblfer [1965a)
Carpocoris purpureipennis De Geer (and/or var. pallidus Distant)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan); many other hosts
Remarks:
Polyphagous; "a known pest"; exophytic on
stems and leaves
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpt. [1965); Baloch et al. [1971)
Chlorochroa uhleri St&l
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh [1976)
Cosmopepla bimaculata (Thomas)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs, adults on flowers and leaves;
polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh [1976)
Dolycoris baccarum (L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Europe); Cirsium, Onopordum,
Centaurea, Echinops
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults found on stems and leaves;
polyphagous; attacks crops
Sources:
Zwblfer [1965a)
Dolycoris indicus Stal
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan); Carthamus, Xanthium, Calotropis, Cannabis, Cnicus, Salvia,
Ziziphus
Remarks:
Adults suck sap of Carduus and Xanthium;
polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpts. [1961, 1965); Baloch et al.
[1968, 1971)
16
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1616, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERAContmued
PentatomidaeContinued
Eurydema lituriferum Walker
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan)
Remarks:
Adults suck sap from leaves of Carduus
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpt. (1965); Baloch et al. (1971)
Eurydema oleraceum (L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Europe); Cirsium
Remarks:
Occasional visitor on Carduus
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Eurydema omatum (L.) ( = E. festivum L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan)
Remarks:
Exophytic on stems and leaves; polyphagous;
attacks many crops
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpts. (1961, 1965); Baloch et al.
(1971)
Euschistus conspersus Uhler
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults ectophagous on flowers and
leaves; polyphagous; pest of Cynara
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Euschistus euschistoidea (Vollenhoven)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Common; nymphs and adults ectophagous on
flowers and leaves; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Euschistus tristigmus (Say)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults ectophagous on flowers
and leaves; attacks other Compositae
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Evacanthus frepexus Distant
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan); many other hosts
Remarks:
Polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
Baloch et al. (1971)
Nezara viridula (L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan); C. pycnocephalus
(S. Europe); C. nutans (Va.); Xanthium, Can
nabis, Salvia
Remarks:
Adults feeding (sucking sap) on leaves and
flowers of Carduus; polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpts. (1961, 1965); Baloch et al.
(1968, 1971); Goeden (1974); L. T. Kok in litt.
(1976)
17
18
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA
Cicadellidae
Aceratagallia sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Remarks:
Occasional adults ectophagous on stems,
leaves, and flowers
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Aceratagallia uhleri (Van Duzee)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Adults; ectophagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Agallia quadripunctata (Provancher)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.); Cirsium (Canada)
Remarks:
Rare; adults only; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976); Maw (1976)
Agalliopsis novella Say
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Adults; ectophagous; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Deltocephalus signatifrons (Van Duzee)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Adults; uncommon
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Elymana sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Empoasca sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.); C. nutans (S.
Dak.)
Remarks:
Rare; nymphs and adults ectophagous on
leaves
Sources:
Goeden (1974); Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Endria inimica (Say)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults abundant; polyphagous
crop pest; vector of aster yellows and wheat
streak mosaic
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Euscelis lineolatus Brulle
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Rare; adults on leaves; polyphagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
19
20
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERAContmued
AphididaeContinued
Remarks:
Sources:
21
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a); Maw (1976)
Capitophorus elaeagni (del Guercio) ( = C. braggii Gillette)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan); C. pycnocephalus
(S. Calif.); Cirsium (Canada)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults feeding on leaves of
Carduus; summer hosts are several Compositae
including Cynara; winter hosts are Elaeagnus
hippophae and Shepherdia
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpt. (1965); Baloch et al. (1971);
Goeden (1974); Maw (1976)
Capitophorus flaveolus Walker
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Europe); Cirsium
Remarks:
Stenophagous
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Cerosipha wartenbergi Borner
Plant recs.: Carduus defloratus (Europe)
Remarks:
None
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Dactynotus aeneus (Hille Ris Lambers)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. defloratus, C. acanthoides, C.
crispus all year (Europe); Cirsium (Europe)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults on leaves and stems
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Dactynotus jaceae (L.) (= Macrosiphum jaceae (L.))
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (Italy); Carthamus, Cir
sium, Campanula (Europe, Rhodesia, India,
Egypt)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults locally common on flowers
and stems; on Centaurea all year
Sources:
L. Andres in litt. (1961); Goeden (1974)
Dactynotus macrosiphon (Hille Ris Lambers)
Plant recs.: Carduus defloratus, C. personatus, Cirsium,
Carlina (Europe)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults on stems and leaves
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Rhopalosiphum sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Nymphs, adults ectophagous on stems
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Toxopterina acanthoides (Borner)
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Europe)
Remarks:
Nymphs and adults on leaves and stems
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Cercopidae
Unident. cercopid spp.
22
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERAOmtmued
Cercopidae Continued
Plant recs.:
Remarks:
23
24
COLEOPTERAContinued
MordellidaeContinued
Mordella sp.
Plant recs.:
Remarks:
25
26
COLEOPTERAContmued
ScarabaeidaeContinued
Potosia morio (F.)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Occasional adults feeding on flowers;
polyphagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Tropinota hirta (Poda)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Europe); C. pycnocephalus (S.
Europe)
Remarks:
Rare; occasional visitor; adults ectophagous
on flowers; polyphagous
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a); Goeden (1974)
Tropinota squalida Scopoli
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (Egypt)
Remarks:
None
Sources:
F4-ENT-5 Rpts. (1967, 1971)
Cerambycidae
Unident. cerambycid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. pycnocephalus, C. tenuiflorus,
Silybum, Onopordum (adults only, Italy); C.
nutans (larvae, Italy)
Remarks:
Small adults found on these plants with no
associated larvae; large larvae commonly
found boring in pith of larger stems of C.
nutans, but apparently predaceous
Sources:
Rome Rpt. (1963)
Agapanthia sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Rhine Valley)
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in stems
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1963); Zwblfer (1965a)
Agapanthia cardui (L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Rhine Valley); C. nutans, C.
acanthoides, C. tenuiflorus, C. pycnocephalus, Cirsium, Galactites, Onopordum, Centaurea, Cynara
(Europe); ? Centaurea (France, Bulgaria)
Remarks:
Larvae (endophytic in stem) reared only from
Cirsium; other recs. here are adults only (on
foliage); identity of larvae in Centaurea in
France and Bulgaria in question, given as
"possibly cardui"
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1963, 1965, 1967); Zwblfer
(1965a); Goeden (1974)
27
28
COLEOPTERAContinued
Chrysomelidae
Unident. chrysomelid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus and/or C. tenuiflorus
(Calif.)
Remarks:
Feeding habits unknown
Sources:
Albany Rpt. (1963)
Altica sp. nr. A. viridicyanea Baly (= Haltica sp.)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan)
Remarks:
Adults feeding on foliage; possibly
oligophagous; morphologically different from
European Altica spp.
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpt. (1965); Baloch et al. (1971)
Altica carduorum Guerin-Meneville
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus, C. nutans, C. crispus, C.
tenuiflorus, C. defloratus, C. personatus, C. acanthoides, Cirsium, Silybum, Onopordum, Cnicus,
Arctium, Xeranthemum, Cynara, Echinops,
Helianthus, Chrysanthemum, Carthamus, Lactuca, flax (Europe and lab. recs. - see remarks)
Remarks:
Adults and larvae skeletonize leaves of host,
desiccating plant incl. roots; believed to be
host specific to Cirsium, with Carduus and
Silybum being marginal hosts, probably not in
nature
Field recs. (adults only); Cirsium arvense (L.)
Scop. (Switzerland, France, Spain), C. vulgare
(Savi) Ten. (Spain), and Carduus pycnocephalus
(Europe)
Other distrib. (from museum specimens):
Germany, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
Greece, Albania, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Cor
sica, Cyprus, ?Austria, and ?Asiatic USSR
History: First discovered in Swiss Valais,
May 1961; shipped to Canada, 1962-64; Work
ing Group on Biological Control of Weeds ap
proved release in Canada, Mar. 1963, in U.S.,
1966; released in Canada, 1963-70; released in
U.S., 1966-72; insect studied and released to
control Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Results of lab. screening tests (D = Delemont,
B = Belleville, A = Albany): Adults fed regu
larly on Carduus nutans (D), C. crispus (D), C.
tenuiflorus (D), C. acanthoides (B), C. sp. prob.
29
31
32
COLEOPTERAContinued
ChrysomelidaeContinued
Remarks:
Sources:
33
35
37
38
COLEOPTERAContinued
ChrysomelidaeContinued
Remarks:
Adults feed on leaves, eggs laid on soil, larvae
bore in growing tips of host plants at the
crown; of these field recs., only Italian recs. on
Carduus nutans and C. pycnocephalus are
definitely adults and larvae; rec. from C.
crispus is adult only
Results of lab. tests (Rome, 1966-71) for
Carduus spp.: Adults fed on Carduus nutans, C.
pycnocephalus, Cynara, Carthamus, and
Centaurea; oviposition obtained on Carduus
nutans, C. pycnocephalus, Cirsium, Silybum, and
Cynara; 1st instar larvae successfully transfer
red to Carduus spp., Silybum, and Cirsium;
adults produced only on C. nutans, mature lar
vae on Carduus and Cynara; introduced in
quarantine to USA (Albany, Calif.) in 1972
(600), 1973 (3,362), and 1974 (3,600)
In lab. tests (Albany, 1972-74) adults fed on
4 Cirsium spp.; oviposition and larval develop
ment on Carduus nutans, Centaurea, and Cynara;
some pupation and adult emergence on Cynara;
this insect rejected as biocontrol agent (Albany
Rpt., 1974); gregarine parasite, in 79 percent of
sample, influences oviposition behavior;
Microctonus sp. also parasitic (Rome Rpt., 1971)
Sources:
Heikertinger (1954); K. E. Frick in litt. (1966);
Rome Rpts. (1966-74); Albany Rpts. (1972,
1974); Goeden (1974); Dunn and Rizza (1976)
Psylliodes punctulata Melsheimer
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Sask.)
Remarks:
None
Sources:
M. G. Maw in litt. (1976)
Sphaeroderma rubidum Graells (= S. "rubrum")
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus, C. crispus, C. personatus,
Cirsium, Cynara, Galactites, Onopordum, Serratula, Centaurea, Arctium, Carthamus (Europe
and in lab. tests - see remarks)
Remarks:
Adults feed externally on leaves; larvae mine
leaves of host plants
Field recs.: Adults only (ident. questioned in
all cases) from Cirsium (Rhine Valley),
Centaurea, Galactites, Onopordum, and Carduus
39
40
COLEOPTERA Continued
ChrysomelidaeContinued
Remarks:
Rare; adults on leaves; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Systena frontalis (F.)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Adults on leaves; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Curculionidae
Unident. curculionid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Austria, Switzerland); C.
nutans (Italy)
Remarks:
Feeding in roots and flower heads; larvae in
crowns
Delemont Rpt. (1962-63); Rome Rpt. (1963)
Sources:
Acalles sp.
Carduus pycnocephalus (Sicily)
Plant recs.
Remarks:
None
Sources:
L. Andres in litt. (1961)
Acalles diocletianus (Germar)
Plant recs.: Carduus Inigrescens, Silybum (Europe)
Occasional visitor
Remarks:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Sources:
Apion spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (Sicily, Italy, France); C.
acanthoides (Austria, Switzerland); C. crispus
(Rhine Valley); C. defloratus (Switzerland);
Carduus spp. (Sicily, Switzerland); Cirsium
(Switzerland, France, Rhine Valley); Cynara
(France); Centaurea (Europe)
Remarks:
Adults attack crowns and stems, larvae bur
row in pith and pupate in cortical layer of C.
pycnocephalus; adults on, and larvae boring in,
stems of C. acanthoides; adults in stems of C.
crispus; larvae in stems of C. defloratus; adults
on Carduus sp., Cynara, and Centaurea; adults
on, and larvae boring in, stems of Cirsium;
although often recorded as "numerous" or
"abundant," damage attributed to these
beetles is "little" or none
Sources:
Rome Rpt. (1960); L. Andres in litt. (1961); Dele
mont Rpts. (1962-63, 1965); Goeden (1974)
41
43
45
47
49
50
51
Sources:
Larinus ursus F.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, Centaurea, Carlina (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Adults rec. on Carduus and Centaurea; larvae on
Carlina; in flower heads
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a); Zwblfer et al. (1971 )
Leptomias jekeli Faust
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii, Cnicus, Dipsacus, Abies
(Pakistan)
Remarks:
Adults feeding on leaves
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpt. (1965); Baloch et al. (1971)
Leptomias stolickzae Faust
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan)
Remarks:
Adults feeding on leaves; no other hosts known
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpt. (1965); Baloch et al. (1971)
Lixus spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus, C. nutans (Italy,
France); C. crispus (Rhine Valley)
Remarks:
Larvae in flower head of C. crispus
Sources:
Rome Rpts. (1960-61); L. A. Andres in litt.
(1961); Delemont Rpt. (1963)
Lixus algirus (L.)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. litigiosus, C. acanthoides, C.
pycnocephalus, C. defloratus, C. personatus, C.
crispus, C. tenuiflorus, Cirsium, Onopordum,
Galactites, Cnicus, Silybum, Malva, Althea, Vicia,
Centaurea, Sonchus, Carthamus, Arctium,
Cynara, Rudbeckia, Zinnia, Calendula, Xeran
themum, Chrysanthemum, Senecio, Echinops,
Carlina (Europe, Pakistan, and/or in lab. tests
- see remarks)
53
54
COLEOPTERAContinued
CurculionidaeContinued
Lixus sp. nr. L. elongatus Goeze (or L. rufitarsis Boheman)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (Lebanon, Syria); C.
tenuiflorus, C. pycnocephalus, C. nutans, C.
litigiosus, C. defloratus, Galactites, Cirsium,
Silybum, Cynara, Onopordum, Xeranthemum,
Helianthus (Europe and/or in lab. tests - see
remarks)
Remarks:
Field recs.: Ovipositing adults from Carduus
tenuiflorus, C. pycnocephalus, and C. litigiosus
(France); larvae observed breeding only on C.
tenuiflorus; adults (France) and larvae (Rhine
Valley) from Cirsium; adults from Carduus
nutans and Galictites (Europe)
Results of lab. tests (Delemont): Adults fed
heavily or regularly on Carduus tenuiflorus, C.
nutans, Cirsium, Silybum, Onopordum, Cynara,
and Xeranthemum; in early tests, also fed on
Carduus defloratus and Helianthus; 130 adults
sent to Canada in 1964
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-64); CIBC Ann. Rpt.
(1964); Zwblfer (1965a); F4-ENT-16 Rpt. (1974)
Lixus (Lixochelus) elongatus Goeze
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. acanthoides, C. crispus, C.
pycnocephalus, C. Inigrescens, C. defloratus, C.
tenuiflorus, C. personatus, Cirsium, Silybum,
Onopordum, Centaurea, Cynara, Arctium, Carlina,
Xeranthemum, Erigeron (Europe and/or in lab.
tests - see remarks)
Remarks:
Adults feed on foliage, often skeletonizing
host; larvae feed in root collars and in lower
parts of stem; feeding restricted enough to war
rant further testing for biological control of
Carduus spp. or Cirsium vulgare (not C. arvense)
Field recs.: Adults and larvae from Carduus
acanthoides (France, Europe), C. nutans (Italy,
Austria, Rhine Valley, Europe), C. crispus
(Europe), and Cirsium (Rhine Valley,
Switzerland, Austria, France); adults (only)
from Carduus pycnocephalus (Italy) and C.
nigrescens, Silybum, and Onopordum (Europe)
Results of lab. tests (Delemont): Adults fed
heavily or regularly on Cirsium, Silybum, Car
55
57
Sources:
59
Sources:
61
62
COLEOPTERA Continued
Buprestidae
Unidentified buprestid sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Rare; endophagous larva
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Tenebrionidae
Unident. tenebrionid sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Remarks:
Rare; adults feeding on leaves
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Lathridiidae
Macrophthalmus sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Rare; adults endophagous in
oligophagous
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
flowers;
LEPIDOPTERA
Unident. microlepidoptera
Plant recs.: Carduus crassifolius (Austria)
Remarks:
Larvae found in 0.7 percent of flower heads in
area
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1963)
Arctiidae
Unident. arctiid sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Rare; larvae on leaves
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Estigmene acrea (Drury)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (Calif.)
Remarks:
Rare; larvae on leaves; economic pest
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Nymphalidae
Cynthia cardui (L.) ( = Vanessa cardui)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan); C. nutans
(Austria, Canada); C. acanthoides (France); C.
pycnocephalus (Egypt, Calif.); C. pycnocephalus
and/or C. tenuiflorus (Calif.); Carduus spp. (U.S.,
Canada); Cynara (Italy); Centaurea (Pakistan,
Egypt); Carthamus, Cnicus, Astragalus, Silybum,
Urtica (Pakistan); Cirsium (Switzerland, France,
Canada); Onopordum (France, Austria); Carlina
(Europe); many other hosts
Sources:
63
Noctuidae
Unident. noctuid sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Rare; larvae ectophagous on leaves
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Autographa gamma (L.) ( = Phytometra gamma)
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus, Centaurea (Egypt, S.
Europe)
Remarks:
Rare; larvae on leaves; polyphagous crop pest
Sources:
F-4-ENT-5 Rpts. (1966-67, 1969); Goeden (1974)
Eublemma parva (Hubner) ( = Porphyrinia parva)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan); Xanthium
(Bangladesh, Pakistan); Carthamus, Blumea, In
ula (Pakistan); Centaurea (Pakistan, Egypt);
Ziziphus (China); Tagetes, Conyza (in lab. tests
only)
Remarks:
Larvae bore into burs of Xanthium, feed on
seeds, flowers, and tender shoots; larvae
feeding in flowers and fruits of C. edelbergii;
larvae infesting drying heads of Centaurea in
Egypt; in 1960, 12 shipments (3,285 larvae) of
E. parva sent from CIBC Pakistan lab. to
Queensland, Australia, as breeding stock for
release vs. Xanthium; E. parva found to
damage Carthamus in Pakistan (1961-62); E.
parva found to be previously established in
Australia
Results of lab. tests (Rawalpindi): Larvae fed
to pupation on Tagetes, Conyza, and Carthamus;
oviposition obtained on Carthamus
Recorded parasites (Pakistan): Brachymeria
sp. nr. aegyptiaca Masi, Apanteles sp. nr. stanton
65
67
68
LEPIDOPTERAContinued
OlethreutidaeContinued
Remarks:
Larvae rare; in stems of Carduus nutans and C.
acanthoides (Europe)
Results of lab. tests (Delemont): Larvae
developed successfully to live pupae only on
Cirsium; fed to various degrees with some lar
val development (no live pupae) on Centaurea
(fed heavily), Aster, Echinops, Cynara, Onopordum, Silybum, Cnicus, Zinnia, and Lactuca (no
Carduus incl. in these tests)
This sp. was first discovered (first known as
E. pflugiana) and tested for biological control of
Cirsium at Delemont in 1961; small shipment of
pupae (as E. scutulana) sent to Canada in 1962;
recorded tachinid parasite: Actia lamia
(Meigen)
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1961-63); Zwblfer (1965a)
Eucosma sp. (? = cana Haworth)
Plant recs.: Carduus personatus (Austria); Cirsium, Centaurea
(Europe)
Larvae endophytic in flower heads of these
Remarks:
hosts
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1963); Zwblfer (1965a)
IGrapholitha sp.
Plant recs.:
Remarks:
Sources:
Herpystes sp. ( =
Plant recs.:
Remarks:
Sources:
Pterophoridae
Platyptilia carduidactyla (Riley)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
69
Sources:
Tortricidae
Unident. tortricid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (France); C. nutans (S. Dak.)
Larvae in flower heads
Remarks:
Delemont Rpt. (1962); Morihara and Balsbaugh
Sources:
(1976)
Unident. cneph asiine sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Europe)
Occasional visitor
Remarks:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Sources:
Archips sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan)
Larvae exophytic on stems and leaves;
Remarks:
polyphagous crop pest
Baloch et al. (1971)
Sources:
Clepsis strigana (Hiibner)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Austria)
Larvae on leaves
Remarks:
Delemont Rpt. (1963)
Sources:
Cnephasia spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Austria); C defloratus
(France); C. nutans (Europe)
Larvae on C. acanthoides and C. defloratus; occa
Remarks:
sional visitor on C. nutans
Delemont Rpt. (1962); Zwblfer (1965a)
Sources:
Cnephasiella incertana (Treitschke)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, Cirsium (Europe)
Listed as occasional visitor on C. nutans
Remarks:
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Cochylidae(= Phaloniidae)
Unident. cochylid sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in flower heads and buds
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
Cochylis dubitana (Hiibner)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. acanthoides, Arctium
(Europe); Circium, Centaurea
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in flower heads and buds
Sources:
Hannemann (1964); Zwblfer (1965a)
Cochylis sp. nr. C. posterana (Zeller) or C. hybridella (Hiibner)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii, Cnicus (Pakistan)
70
LEPIDOPTERAContmued
CochylidaeContinued
Remarks:
Larvae bore into flowers for feeding; no other
hosts known; of possible interest as a
biological control agent; efforts to study
biology in lab. (Rawalpindi) unsuccessful;
more study warranted
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpts. (1962-63, 1965); A17-ENT-14
Rpt. (1966); Rawalpindi Rpts. (1966, 1968);
Baloch et al. (1971); Baloch and Khan (1973)
Cochylis posterana (Zeller) (= Phalonia posterana)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Rhine Valley, Europe); C. acanthoides (France, Europe); C. personatus
(Europe); C. crispus (Europe); C. pycnocephalus
(S. Europe, France); Cirsium (Austria, France,
Switzerland, Europe); Centaurea (Austria,
Europe); Arctium, Onopordum, Serratula, Carlina
(Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae reared from flowers; endophytic
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-63); Zwblfer (1965a);
CIBC Ann. Rpt. (1969); Goeden (1974)
Euxanthoides straminea (Denis and Schiffermiiller)
Plant recs.: Centaurea (S. Europe); Carduus nutans, Carthamus (lab. tests)
Remarks:
Oviposited on Carduus nutans and other Compositae in lab. tests
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1970); CIBC Ann. Rpt. (1970)
Cosmopterigidae
Pyroderces argyrogrammos Zeller
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Upper Rhine Valley, Austria);
C. pycnocephalus (S. Europe); C. crispus (Upper
Rhine Valley); Centaurea (?France, Swit
zerland, Romania, Egypt); Silybum, Onopor
dum, Carlina (Europe); Silybum (Egypt)
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in flower heads
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-63, 1965-66); CIBC Ann.
Rpt. (1965); Zwblfer (1965a); F4-ENT-5 and F4ENT-16 Rpts. (1966-68, 1976); Goeden (1974)
Gelechiidae
Scrobipalpa acuminatella Sircom (= Lita acuminatella)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, Cirsium, Onopordum, Serratula,
Centaurea (literature recs., Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae mining leaves
Sources:
Schutze (1931); Zwblfer (1965a)
71
Oecophoridae
Agonopteryx arenella (Denis and Schiffermiiller)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. personatus, Cirsium (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae reared externally on stems and leaves;
reported mining shoots of Cirsium in
Switzerland
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-63); Zwblfer (1965a)
Agonopteryx propinquella (Treitschke)
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Switzerland); Cirsium,
Onopordum, Serratula (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae mine leaves; ident. of larvae from C.
acanthoides not verified
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-64); Zwblfer (1965a)
Agonopteryx subpropinquella Stainton
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. pycnocephalus, Cirsium, Centaurea, Cynara, Onopordum (Europe)
Remarks:
Locally common; larvae mining leaves
Sources:
Schutze (1931); Delemont Rpt. (1964); Zwblfer
(1965a); Goeden (1974)
Endrosis sarcitrella (L.) (= E. lactaeella Schiffermiiller)
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Europe); Cirsium (Rhine
Valley, France); Centaurea (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae feed in flower heads, destroy seeds;
listed as occasional visitor on C. acanthoides;
recorded in literature on mushrooms, fruits,
flour, etc.; of no interest in biological control
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1962); Zwblfer (1965a)
Glyphipterygidae
Choreutis bjerkandrella Thunberg
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus, Carlina (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae mining leaves of C. crispus; found exter
nally on leaves of Carlina
Sources:
Schutze (1931); Zwblfer (1965a)
Coleophoridae
IColeophora sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus defloratus (Switzerland)
Remarks:
Case (only) found on plant
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1962)
Coleophora laeripennis Wocke
Plant recs.: Carduus defloratus (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae mine leaves; European literature recs.
for C. aeripennis = Arctium, Serratula, and
Centaurea
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
72
LEPIDOPTERAContinued
ColeophoridaeContinued
Coleophora therinella Tengstrom
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, Cirsium, Carlina (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae mining leaves
Sources:
Zwblfer (1965a)
DIPTERA
Cecidomyiidae
Unident. cecidomyiid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. defloratus, C. acanthoides, C.
crispus (Europe); C. nutans (S. Dak.); C. pycnocephalus (Egypt)
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in buds, galls, and flower
heads
Sources:
Ross and Hedicke (1927); Zwblfer (1965a); F4ENT-5 Rpt. (1970); Morihara and Balsbaugh
(1976)
Jaapiella cirsiicola Rubsaamen
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus, Cirsium (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in (and deforming) flower
heads
Sources:
Buhr (1964); Zwblfer (1965)
Syrphidae
Cheilosia sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Switzerland); C. acanthoides, C.
personatus, C. sp. (Austria); C. nutans (Italy,
France, Europe); C. tenuiflorus, C. pycnocephalus, Cirsium (Italy)
Remarks:
Generic identity of some of these larval recs.
originally questioned; larvae (usually solitary)
mine stems, roots, and sometimes buds and
crowns, damaging 10 percent of rosettes; rec.
from Carduus sp. in Austria was as leaf miner;
only specimen reared (from many larvae) in
Italy was identified as Cheilosia chrysocoma
(from C. nutans)
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-63); Rome Rpts. (1965,
1974-75); Zwblfer (1965a); K. E. Frick in litt.
(1966)
Cheilosia chrysocoma (Meigen)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (Italy); C. crispus (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae (usually solitary) in stems and crowns;
only specimen reared to adult (from many syr
73
74
DIPTERAContinued
Tephritidae ( = Trypetidae)
Unident. tephritid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus defloratus, C. acanthoides (Switzerland);
C. nutans (Austria); C. tenuiflorus (France); C.
pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Remarks:
Larvae found in flower heads in all these recs.;
addit. rec. of unident. adult on C. defloratus; lar
vae on C. acanthoides in 1 rec. said to be
gregarious
Sources:
Delemont Rpts. (1962-63); Goeden (1974)
Acanthiophilus eluta (Meigen) (= A. helianthi (Rossi))
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (France, Italy); C.
edelbergii (Pakistan); C personatus (Austria);
Cirsium (France, Europe); Centaurea (France,
Pakistan, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, USSR
(Caucasus), Egypt, Syria, Lebanon); Carthamus
(India, Pakistan); Carlina (Austria); Cynara,
Onopordum (Italy); Serratula, Xeranthemum,
Leuzea (Europe); Cnicus, Echinops (Pakistan);
Silybum (Egypt, Pakistan, Lebanon)
Remarks:
Larvae reared from flower heads, tend to be
gregarious; viable seed production reduced;
polyphagous within Cynareae; major pest of
Carthamus in India and Pakistan; most impor
tant enemy of Centaurea in Europe and Egypt;
some oviposition tests conducted on Centaurea
(at Delemont)
Sources:
Rome Rpts. (1959, 1963); L. A. Andres in litt.
(1961); A17-ENT-9 Rpts. (1961-62, 1964-65);
CIBC Ann. Rpts. (1961, 1965-66); Delemont
Rpts. (1963, 1965-68); Zwblfer (1965a); F4-ENT5 and F4-ENT-16 Rpts. (1966-68, 1976); Baloch
et al. (1971); Zwolfer (1974)
Chaetostomella cylindrica (Robineau-Desvoidy)(= C. onotrophes
Loew)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. crispus (Europe); Cirsium,
Serratula (Austria, Europe); Centaurea,
Microlonchus (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae reared from flower heads
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1963); Zwblfer (1965a)
Euaresta bella (Loew)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
75
77
Remarks:
78
DIPTERA Continued
TephritidaeContinued
Urophora stylata (F.)
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides, C. personata, C. nutans
(Europe); C. edelbergii, Cnicus (Pakistan);
Cirsium, Senecio (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in flower heads and buds;
European specimens mostly from Cirsium;
Pakistan specimens from Carduus edelbergii,
Cnicus, and Cirsium
Results of lab. oviposition tests (Delemont,
1966-68): Regular oviposition obtained only on
Cirsium, occasionally on Carduus acanthoides,
Arctium, Onopordum, and on Centaurea when ar
tificially stimulated (Rawalpindi, 1966-68).
Oviposition obtained only on Carduus edelbergii
and Cnicus
Shipments of 750 galls containing U. stylata
larvae made in 1964-67 from Del6mont to
Belleville, Ont., for testing as control agent of
Cirsium vulgare; U.S. Working Group on
Biological Control of Weeds approved release
in Canada in 1973
Releases (against Cirsium vulgare): 1,227
adults released in B.C. (4 Iocs.) in 1973,
established, and populations increasing by
1975; 123 larvae released in Que. in 1976;
Pakistan population possible biological con
trol agent for Carduus nutans and/or Cnicus
wallichii
Sources:
Seguy (1934); Delemont Rpts. (1961-68); A17ENT-9 Rpts. (1963-65); CIBC Ann. Rpts.
(1964-67, 1973-74); Zwblfer (1965a, 1974);
Baloch et al. (1971); Williamson (1974); Harris
(1975)
Xyphosia miliaria (Schrank)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, Cirsium (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae endophytic in flower heads and buds
Sources:
SSguy (1934); Delemont Rpts. (1961-65);
Zwblfer (1965a, 1974)
Drosophilidae
Scaptomyza pallida (Zetterstedt) (= Parascaptomyza pallida)
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii (Pakistan)
Remarks:
Larvae mine leaves; no other host known
79
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpts. (1964-65); Baloch et al. (1971)
Chloropidae
Oscinella spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Common; endophagous in stems
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Polyodaspis sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus edelbergii, Cnicus (Pakistan)
Remarks:
Pupae found in flowers; status unknown
Sources:
A17-ENT-9 Rpt. (1965); Baloch et al. (1971)
Agromyzidae
Unident. agromyzid spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Rhine Valley); C. pycnocephalus
(Egypt)
Remarks:
Adults
Sources:
Delemont Rpt. (1962); F4-ENT-5 Rpt. (1969)
Agromyza apfelbecki Strobl
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Hungary); Cynara (Europe)
Remarks:
Leaf miner; pest of Cynara
Sources:
Spencer (1973)
Cerodontha dorsalis (Loew)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
In leaves; polyphagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Liriomyza sp. nr. L. eupatorii Kaltenbach
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Calif.)
Remarks:
Rare; larvae endophytic in leaves
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Melanagromyza sp. (poss. M. aeneoventris (Fall6n)
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Rhine Valley); C. acanthoides
(Europe); Cirsium (Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae found in stems of C. crispus
Sources:
Seguy (1934); Delemont Rpt. (1963); Zwblfer
(1965a)
Melanagromyza aeneoventris (Fallen) (= M. cirsii (Rondani))
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. acanthoides (Europe); C.
edelbergii (Pakistan); Carduus sp. (Argentina);
Cirsium, Centaurea, Senecio, other Compositae
(Europe)
Remarks:
Larvae mine within the pith of stems; pupae
parasitized by Tetrastichus sp.
Sources:
Seguy (1934); Delemont Rpt. (1962); A17-ENT19 (1962, 1965); A7-ENT-9 Rpts. (1964-65);
Rome Rpt. (1965); Baloch et al. (1971)
80
DIPTERAContinued
Agromyzidae Continued
Napomyza lateralis (Fallen)
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans, C. pycnocephalus (Italy);
Centaurea, Calendula (Europe)
Remarks:
Common feeder on Compositae
Sources:
Spencer (1973)
Phytomyza sp.
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus (S. Europe)
Remarks:
Occasional larvae; endophagous in leaves
Sources:
Goeden (1974)
Phytomyza affinis Fall6n
Plant recs.: Carduus acanthoides (Finland); Cirsium, Onopordum, Serratula (Europe)
Remarks:
Leaves mined
Sources:
Seguy (1934); Delemont Rpt. (1962); Zwblfer
(1965a)
Phytomyza cardui Hering
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus, Cirsium (France)
Larvae in leaf galls
Remarks:
Sources:
Buhr (1964); Zwblfer (1965a)
Phytomyza cirsii Hendel
Plant recs.: Carduus (Finland, Britain); Cirsium, Serratula
(Europe)
Remarks:
Leaves mined
Sources:
Seguy (1934); Parmenter (1952)
Phytomyza farfarella Hendel ( = P. atricornis Meigen)
Plant recs.: Carduus personatus (France); C. crispus
(Czechoslovakia); C. pycnocephalus (U.S.,
Canada); Cirsium, Onopordum, Silybum, Xeranthemum (Europe); Xanthium, Carthamus, Salvia,
Centaurea, Cannabis, Conyza, Datura, Silybum,
Trichodesma (Pakistan); tCentaurea (Egypt);
many other hosts
Remarks:
Larvae mine leaves; occasional visitor on these
hosts in Europe
Sources:
Frick (1959); A17-ENT-9 Rpts. (1961, 1965);
Delemont Rpts. (1962-63); Zwblfer (1965a); F4ENT-5 Rpts. (1966-68); Baloch et al. (1968)
Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy) (= P. "atricornis Meigen" in
part)
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Sweden); several other Com
positae (rarely other plants) (Europe, N. Amer.,
Australia, New Zealand)
81
Sources:
Anthomyiidae
Unident. dipterous larvae, prob. Pegomya terebrans (Rondani)
(= P. nigricornis (Strobl))
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus, Cynara (Italy)
Remarks:
Larvae mine leaves; larvae from Cynara ident.
as P. terebrans
Sources:
Rome Rpt. (1965); Goeden (1974)
Hylemya spp.
Plant recs.: Carduus nutans (S. Dak.)
Remarks:
Endophagous
Sources:
Morihara and Balsbaugh (1976)
Pegomya carduorum Huckett (= P. bicolor (Wiedemann) )
Plant recs.: Carduus pycnocephalus, Cirsium (Calif.)
Remarks:
Common; larvae mine leaves; reared
Sources:
Albany Rpts. (1968-69); Goeden (1974); G.
Steyskal in litt. (1977)
Pegomya fodiens (Hendel) (= Carduiphila fodiens)
Plant recs.: Carduus crassifolius (Europe)
Remarks:
Mine leaves
Sources:
G. Steyskal in litt. (1977)
Pegomya steini Hendel
Plant recs.: Carduus crispus (Britain)
Remarks:
None
Sources:
Niblett (1957)
82
Beltsville,
Md.
Recorded
83
The rusts and smuts in the following list are specific to Carduus
thistles or contain specific races or biotypes attacking various
species or varieties of Carduus. Because many rusts are highly
specific to certain varieties or races of the host, these fungi seem
most promising as potential biological control agents, particularly
since they have not yet been reported from North America.
84
85
Plant recs.:
SUMMARY
Six Eurasian species of Carduus thistles have become established
in North America, where they are troublesome weeds in pastures
and rights-of-way. A search for biological control agents in Eurasia
and North America has shown that Carduus spp. are attacked by
about 340 species of phytophagous insects, including 71 that are
oligophagous on Cynareae. The host range of 39 Eurasian species
was determined by laboratory testing (30 Coleoptera, 5
Lepidoptera, and 4 Diptera). Five of them were sufficiently damag
ing and host specific to warrant their release in North America.
The results are as follows:
(1) Altica carduorum Guerin-M6neville, repeatedly released
against Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) but not yet
established in North America.
86
LITERATURE CITED
Alimdzhanov, R.
1941.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE NODULE WEEVILS UNDER CONDITIONS OF IR
RIGATED lucerne. Akad. Nauk Uzbek. SSR Izv. 4: 64-70.
Anderson, D. M.
1956.
NOTES ON CLEONUS PIGER (SCOP.) IN THE UNITED STATES (COLEOPTERA,
curculionidaei. Coleopterists' Bui. 10 (6): 81-85.
Andres, L. A.
1971.
the suppression of weeds with insects. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol.
Anim. Control by Habitat Mangt. Proc. 1971: 185-195.
and Bennett, F. D.
1975.
and Davis,
biological
C. J. control of aquatic weeds. Ann. Rev. Ent. 20: 31-46.
1973.
87
Bendall.G. M.
1973.
THE CONTROL OF SLENDER THISTLE, CARDUUS PYCNOCEPHALUS L. AND
C. TENUIFLORUS CURT. (COMPOSITAE), IN PASTURE BY GRAZING MANAGE
MENT. Austral. J. Agr. Res. 24: 831-837.
1974.
Brauer, F.
1883.
Buhr.H.
1964.
88
Frick. K. E.
1959.
1969.
Fuller, M. J.
1969.
1974.
1976.
BIOTIC INTERFERENCE WITH INSECTS IMPORTED FOR WEED
and Ricker,
control.
D. W. Ann. Rev. Ent. 21:325-342.
1974.
89
Hannemann, H. J.
1964.
KLEINSCHMETTERLINGE ODER MICROLEPIDOPTERA. II. DIE WICKLER S.
L. (COCYLIDAE UND C ARPOSENIDAE). DIE ZUNSLERARTIGEN
(PYRAloidea). In Dahl et al., Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, v. 50, 401
PP.
Harris, P.
1964.
HOST SPECIFICITY OF ALTICA CARDUORUM GUER. (COL.
chrysomelidae). Canad. J. Zool. 42: 857-862.
1971.
1973a.
1973b.
1975.
Hasan, S.
1971.
1974.
90
1975a.
1975b.
91
and Hatting, J. L.
1975.
EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES OR MOWING ON MUSK THISTLE SEED PRODUC
TION. Weed Res. 15: 363-367.
and Scifres, C J.
1969.
life cycle studies with musk thistle. Nebr. Univ. Col. Agr. and
Scifres,Home
C. J., Econ.
and Robison,
Res. Bui.L.230,
R. pp. 1-15.
1973.
1952.
Mohr, K. H.
1966.
92
1961.
NlBLETT.S.
1957.
Parmenter, L.
1952.
Peschken, D. P.
1971.
CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) SCOP., CANADA THISTLE (COMPOSITAE). In
Biological Control Programmes Against Insects and Weeds in
Canada, 1959-1968. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control Tech.
Commun. 4, pp. 79-83.
and Beecher, R. W.
1973.
CEUTHORHYNCHUS LITURA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): BIOLOGY
AND FIRST RELEASES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WEED CANADA
THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE) IN ONTARIO, CANADA. Canad. Ent. 105
Friesen,(12):
H. A.,
1489-1494.
Tonks, N. V., and Banham, F. L.
1971.
RELEASES OF ALTICA CARDUORUM (CHRYSOMELIDAE: COLEOPTERA)
AGAINST THE WEED CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE) IN
and Harris,
CANADA.
P. Canad. Ent. 102: 264-271.
1975.
93
1974.
94
Wilson, C L.
1969.
Wilson, F.
1964.
the biological CONTROL OF weeds. Ann. Rev. Ent. 9: 225-244.
WUNDERLIN.R. P.
1969.
the genus carduus in Illinois. 111. State Acad. Sci. Trans. 62:
98-99.
ZWOLFER, H.
1963.
larinus - rhinocyllus weed projects for Canada. Common
wealth Inst. Biol. Control Progr. Rpt. 10, pp. 1-23. [Processed.]
1964.
THE HOST SPECIFICITY OF CEUTHORHYNCHUS LITURA F. (COL. CURcul.). weed projects for Canada. Commonwealth Inst. Biol.
Control Prog. Rpt. 12, pp. 1-11. [Processed.]
1965a.
1965b.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF ALTICA CARduorum guer. (col. chrysomelidae). Commonwealth Inst. Biol.
Control Tech. Bui. 5: 129-141.
1967.
1969.
1970.
1971.
1974.
95
_ and Harris, P.
1966.
CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA F. (COL. CURCULIONIDAE), A POTENTIAL INSECT
FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THISTLE, CIRSIUM ARVENSE L. IN
CANADA. Canad. J. Zool. 44: 23-38.
_ and Harris, P.
1971.
HOST SPECIFICITY DETERMINATION OF INSECTS FOR BIOLOGICAL CON
TROL OF WEEDS. Ann. Rev. Ent. 16: 157-178.
_ and Pattullo, W.
1970.
ZUR LEBENSWEISE UND WIRTSBINDUNG DES DISTEL-BLATTKAFERS LEMA
CYANELLA L. (PUNCTICOLLIS CURT.) (COL. CHRYSOMELIDAE). Anz. f.
Schadlingsk. Pflanzenschutz 43 (4): 53-59.
INDEX
Page
Fungi
Aecidium
Albugo
Ascochyta
Bremia
Cercosporella
Cladosporium
Epitea
Erysiphe
Fusicladium
Heteropatella
Leptosphaeria
Leveillula
Macrosporium
Oidium
Ophiobolus
Ovularia
Passalora
Pelospora
Phoma
Phragmidium
Phyllosticta
Pseudohelotium
Puccinia
83
82
82
82
82
82
84
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
44,
83-85, 86
82
82
82
82
82
83-84
85-86
82
Ramularia
Rhabdospora
Sclerotinia
Scolecotrichum
Septoria
Uredo
Ustilago
Venturia
Agallia
Agalliopsis
Agapanthia
Agonopteryx
Agromyza
Agromyzidae
Agrotis
Aliolis
Alleculidae
Altica
Anaphothrips
Anobiidae
Anthomyiidae
Anuraphis
Apanteles
Aphididae
Aphis
Aphthona
Apion
Archips
Arctiidae
Arima
Aritranis
Autographa
Brachycaudus
Brachymeria
Brachynotus
Bracon
Braconidae
Buprestidae
Byturidae
Page
18
18
26
71
79
79-81
64
59
24
28-30,
85
10
24
81
20
63
19
19
30
40-42
69
62
30
56
63
20
63
42
49,
51, 52, 56, 59
49
62
24
Insects
Acalles
Acanalonia
Acanaloniidae
Acanthiophilus
Acanthocnemus
Acertagallia
Acrididae
Acroclita
Actio.
Adelphocoris
Aelia
96
40
22
22
74
23
18
11
68
68
12
15
Calocoris
Campoplex
Capitophorus
Carduiphila
Carpocoris
Cassida
Cecidomyiidae
Cerambycidae
Ceratapion
Cercopidae
12
59
20,21
81
15
31-34,
86
72
26-27
41
21-22
Page
79
21
25
60
42-45,
86
34
74
51-52
72-73
12
15
67
45
79
71
34
28-40
18
45-46
69
69
69
69
69-70
71
71
46
14
15
15
70
34
34
40-61
62-63
Dactynotus
Delphacidae
Deltocephalus
Diabrotica
Diachus
Dictyopharidae
Dolycoris
Donus
Drosophilidae
21
22
18
34
35
22
15
46
78
Elymana
Empoasca
Endria
Endrosis
Enneamera
18
18
18
71
35
97
Ephialtes
Epiblemma
Epicauta
Epithrix
Estigmene
Euaresta
Eublemma
Eucosma
Euco9midae
Eupithecia
Eurydema
Eurygaster
Eurytoma
Euscelis
Euschistus
Euxanthoides
Euxoa
Evacanthus
Exeristes
Page
49,67
67
24
35
62
74
63-64
68
67-68
65
16
17
64
18
16
70
64
16
50
Forficula
Forficulidae
Frankliniella
: 11
11
11
Galeruca
Gelechiidae
Geocoris
Geometridae
Glyphipterygidae
Graphocephala
Grapholitha
Gryllidae
35-36
70
14
65
71
19
68
11
Hadroplontus
Haltica
Haplothrips
Harpalus
Heliothis
Herpystes
Hippodamia
Holocryptus
Homoeosoma
Hoplasoma
Hylemya
Hypera
42
28
10
30
64
68
59
56
65-66
36
81
46-47
Irbisia
Issidae
12
22
Jaapiella
72
Lachnea
36
98
Larinus
Lasioderma
Latalus
Lathridiidae
Lebia
Lema
Leptinotarsa
Leptocoris
Leptomias
Leptus
Liorhyssus
Liriomyza
Lita
Lixochelus
Lixus
Longitarsus
Lopidea
Lycanades
Lygaeidae
Lygaeus
Lygus
Page
47-52
24-25
19
62
30
36-37
37
17
52
30
17
79
70
53
52-55
37
13
64
14
14
13
Macrophthalmus
Macrosiphum
Macrosteles
Melanagromyza
Melanocoryphus
Melanoplus
Meligethes
Meloidae
Melyridae
Merista
Mesomorphus
Microctonus
Miridae
Monolepta
Mordella
Mordellidae
Mordellistena
Myclopsis
Myelois
62
21
19
79
14
11-12
23
24
22
37
22
37
12
37
24
23-24
24
65
66
Napomyza
Nemognatha
Neosteles
Netelia
Nezara
Nitidulidae
Noctuelia
Noctuidae
Nymphalidae
80
24
19
64
16
23
67
63
62
Odontotarsus
Oecanthus
Oecophoridae
Oedemera
Oedemeridae
Olethreutidae
Orellia
Ortholomus
Oscinella
Ostrinia
Otiorhynchus
Oulema
Oxythyrea
Papaipema
Paracantha
Paragonia
Paraholaspis
Paraphlepsius
Parascaptomyza
Pegomya
Pentatomidae
Peridroma
Phaenobremia
Phalacridae
Phalacrus
Phalonia
Phaloniidae
Phaonia
Philaenus
Phlaeothripidae
Phycita
Phycitodes
Phytometra
Phytomyza
Phytonomus
Piesma
Piesmatidae
Plagiognathus
Platyptilia
Platystoma
Platystomatidae
Poecilocapsus
Polyodaspis
Porphyrinic^
Potosia
Procerallus
Psammotettix
Pseudapion
Pseudocleonus
Page
17
11
71
23
23
67-68
75
14
79
67
55
37
25
64-65
75
19
64,
75, 76
19
78
81
15
65
20
23
23
70
69
44
22
10
67
65
63
80
47
17
17
13
68
73
73
13
79
63
25-26
23
19
42
55
Pseudococcidae
Psylliodes
Pterophoridae
Purpuricenus
Pyralidae
Pyrausta
Pyroderces
Pyrrhocoridae
Pyrrhocoris
Raphidia
Rhinocyllus
Page
22
37-38
68
27
65
67
70
17
17
Rhodobaenus
Rhopalidae
Rhopalosiphum
59
56-60,
86
60
17
21
Scaptomyza
Scarabaeidae
Scrobipalpa
Scutelleridae
Semium
Sitona
Sminthuridae
Sphaeroderma
:
Sphaerolophus - -
Staphylinidae
Syromastes
Syrphidae
Systena
78
25-26
70
17
14
60
10
38-39
30
22
15
72-73
39-40
Tanyderidae
Tanymecus
Tenebrionidae
Tephritidae
Tephritis
Terellia
Tetrastichus
Tettigoniidae
Thalpochares
Thripidae
Thyanta
Tingidae
Tingis
Tortricidae
Toxopterina
Trichosirocalus
Tropinota
Trypetidae
73
60
62
74-78
75
76
50,
56, 75, 76
11
64
10
17
14
14
69
21
60-61,
85
26
74
Urophora
99
Page
76-78,
86
Vanessa
62
Xyphosia
78
100
Page
44,
83, 84
C. nigrescens Villars
5,
48, 54
C. nivea Kar. & Kit.
84
C. nutans L.
1,
3-5, 11-81,83, 85
C. nutans ssp. leiophyllus (Petr.) J. Ar. - 3
C. nutans ssp. macrolepis (Petermann)
Kazmi
3
C. nutans ssp. nutans
3
C. onopordioides Fisch.
84
C. x orthocephalus Wallroth
3
C. x pernutanti-pycnocephalus Massal - 3
C. personatus (L.) Jacq.
31-81,
84
C. myriacanthus Salzm.
Page
2,
5, 10-81,83, 84
C. pycnocephalus var. albidus (Bieb.)
Kazmi
85
C. reuterianus Boiss.
84
C. scardicus (Gris.) Wettst.
84
C. seminudus Bieb.
83
C. x semiperegrinus Aellen
3
C. spachianus Dur.
83
C. tenuiflorus Curtis
2,
23-81, 83, 84
C. x theriottii Rouy
3
C. thoermeri (Weinm.)
1,84
C. uncinatus Bieb.
75
C. pycnocephalus L.