(R. Kenneth Horst (Auth.) ) Westcott's Plant Diseas

Westcott’s
Plant Disease
Handbook
R. Kenneth Horst
Eighth Edition
1 3Reference
Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook
R. Kenneth Horst
Westcott‘s Plant Disease

Handbook
Eighth Edition
With 87 Figures and 2 Tables

R. Kenneth Horst
Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY, USA
ISBN 978-94-007-2140-1 ISBN 978-94-007-2141-8 (eBook)

ISBN 978-94-007-2142-5 (print and electronic bundle)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8
Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
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6th edition: # Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001

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This 8th Edition of the Plant Disease handbook is dedicated to the mentoring
experiences I have had the pleasure of experiencing starting with Pleasant View
Grade School, North Lawrence, OH, to Massillon Washington High School,
Massillon, OH, to Ohio University, Athens, OH, to The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, to Yoder Bros., Inc., Barberton, OH, to Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY (Professor, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology).
Although I felt in those early years that I was doing all the learning, I soon found that
mentoring was a two-way phenomenon. Not only was I mentoring my students at
Cornell University, but I found I was learning from them as well.
I was stimulated to reflect on this by my two youngest grandchildren, Madeline
Turner and Trevor Horst to whom I dedicate this 8th Edition as well as the students
who taught me while I was teaching them. Madeline initiated this process when
I asked her what she was learning in kindergarten. She listed all that she was
learning. I indicated she was really getting smart and that maybe Grampy should
go to kindergarten so that he could get smart. She said “No Grampy you can’t”
and I asked her “why not” and she said “Because you’re no kid anymore”. What
a great answer and also very profound since she was really telling me I needed to
continue moving beyond being a kid in my learning process.
Students (Masters, Doctoral and Post-Doctoral Students) I have mentored and
from whom I have also learned much.
Jamil Abu-Sadah Cristi Lynn Palmer
Richard Biamonte Hugh Allen Poole
Lester Burgess Leah LeEarle Porter
Eugene Oscar Erickson Ramona Ann Reiser
Donna Gardiner-Matteoni Charles Peter Romaine
Mary Handley Nancy Jane Schenk
Jeffrey R. Houge Margosheta Schollenberger
Hussein Ali Ahmed Hussein Gail Lynn Schumann
Catherine M. Klein Ann Finer Silverglate
Selin Kryzcynski Robert W. Stack
Randolph Edward McCoy Marek Szyndel
Robert J. McGovern Arnold T. Tschanz
Elzbieta Paduch-Cichal Sek-Man Wong
Preface to the Eighth Edition
It was a compliment to me to be asked to prepare the fourth edition of

Wescott’s Plant Disease Handbook, and the decision to accept the responsi-
bility for the fourth edition, the fifth edition, the sixth edition, the seventh
edition, and now the eighth edition was not taken lightly. The task has
been a formidable one. I have always had great respect professionally
for Dr. Cynthia Westcott. That respect has grown considerably with the
completion of the five editions. I now fully realize the tremendous amount
of effort expended by Dr. Westcott in developing the Handbook. A book such
as this is never finished, since one is never sure that everything has been
included that should be. In the 4 years since the seventh edition there were
more than 600 new reports of diseases on plants. I would quote and endorse
the words of Dr. Westcott in her preface to the first edition: “It is easy enough
to start a book on plant disease. It is impossible to finish it . . .” Dr. Cynthia
Westcott passed away March 22, 1983.
This revision of the Handbook retains the same general format contained
in the previous editions. The chemicals and pesticides regulations have been
updated; major taxonomic changes have been made in the bacteria, fungi,
nematodes and viruses; the changing picture in diseases caused by viruses
and/or virus-like agents have been described. New host plants have been
added, and many recently reported diseases as well as previously known
diseases listed now on new hosts have been included in the Handbook. In
addition photographs have been retained from the seventh edition as well as
the color photograph section. For the photography work I am grateful for the
help and expertise of Kent E. Loeffler. I also had access to the Cornell Plant
Pathology Herbarium, which contains a wealth of photographic work on plant
diseases that has been supplied by numerous scientists over many years.
This book should be useful to gardeners, master gardeners, botanical
gardens, landscape architects, florists, nurserymen, seed and fungicide
dealers, pesticide applicators, arborists, cooperative extension agents and
specialists, plant pathologists, diagnostic laboratories and consultants. The
book should also be a useful reference book for plant pathology classrooms
and in some cases used as a textbook.
March 2013 R. Kenneth Horst
vii
Acknowledgments
I am indebted to many people for advice and suggestions for the 8th Edition.
The reviewers acquired by Kluwer Academic Publisher to review the
5th Edition and to advise on significance of a 6th Edition provided many
helpful suggestions which were used in the 7th and 8th Editions. Moreover,
a few individuals who were particularly helpful in my tasks of updating and
putting together the revision for the 8th Edition into an appropriate format
were J. Esnard, K. Hodge, S. J. Ingalls, K. Loeffler, C. Palmer, K. Snover,
R. E. Stall, B. Szyndel and M. S. Szyndel. Finally, I recognize and appreciate
the professional and efficient job of typing the manuscript by Margaret Haus
and her dedicated efforts in aiding me in proofreading, which was a major task
with the increasing size of the book and the changing scientific names of the
pathogenic organisms.
ix
How to Use This Book
This is a reference manual. You will certainly not read it through from cover
to cover, but I hope you will read the first and last section of ▶ Part I on garden
chemicals. The chemicals themselves are listed in alphabetical order, by
common names where possible, by trade names where these are used in lieu
of approved common names. A few materials still in the experimental stage
but very promising are included. A few uses are suggested, but many more,
with correct dosages, will be found on the labels or in recent publications.
▶ Part II, on the classification of plant pathogens, can be taken or not as
desired. It provides a mycological, bacteriological, nematological and viro-
logical background for students and a review for professional workers. The
bibliography gives some of the taxonomic references consulted in preparing
this very condensed treatment.
The rest of the book is in two main sections. ▶ Part III describes specific
diseases and gives remedies when known. The diseases are grouped
according to their common names into forty types treated in alphabetical
order. ▶ Part IV gives over 1300 host plants in alphabetical order, from
Abelia to Zoysia, according to common names except where the Latin
name may mean less confusion. Under the hosts the diseases are sorted out
according to types, given in small capitals, and you can quickly thumb back to
the corresponding section, Anthracnose, Blight, Wilt, etc., in ▶ Part III by
means of the running head at the top of each page.
The book works like a dictionary. In both the disease and host section the
Latin name of the pathogen causing the disease is given in boldface type. The
individual diseases in the host section are listed in alphabetical order
according to the common name of the diseases.
You may be able to find the information you are seeking directly from the
index, which includes common and Latin names of hosts plants, Latin names
of pathogens and common names of the diseases described in ▶ Part III. More
than 4000 diseases are included in that chapter and some additional pathogens
are listed under Host Plants without a corresponding description of disease.
Website addresses of state universities and agricultural experiment sta-
tions, which are sources of help for every gardener, are given following
▶ Part IV. The very best way to use this book is to take it in small doses as
needed. Do not let the hundreds of diseases you will never meet worry you too
much. And remember that most plants survive, despite their troubles!
xi
Contents
Part I Garden Chemicals and Their Application . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Fungicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Bactericides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Nematicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Virocides ............................................. 17
Applying The Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Spraying Vs Dusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Mixing The Chemicals .................................. 25
All-Purpose Sprays and Dusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Integrated Pest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Part II Classification of Plant Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Fungi ................................................ 33
Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Part III Plant Diseases and Their Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Anthracnose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Bacterial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Black Knot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Blackleg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Black Mildew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Blackspot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Blights ............................................... 103
xiii
xiv Contents
Blotch Diseases ........................................ 143

Broomrapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Cankers and Diebacks .................................. 149
Club Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Damping-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Dodder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Downy Mildews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Fairy Rings ........................................... 187
Fruit Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Galls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Leaf Blister and Leaf Curl Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Leaf Scorch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Leaf Spots ............................................ 201
Lichens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Mistletoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Needle Casts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Nematodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Nonparasitic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Powdery Mildews ...................................... 285
Rots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Rusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Scab ................................................. 363
Scurf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Slime Molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Smuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Snowmold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Sooty Mold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Spot Anthracnose ...................................... 385
Virus, Viroid, Phytoplasma – Pathogens and Diseases . . . . . . . . . 389
White Rusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Contents xv
Wilt Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Witchweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Part IV Host Plants and Their Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Host Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Color Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural
Experiment Stations in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Introduction
The chief hazard any garden plant has to endure is its owner or gardener.
Moreover, many plants will suffer undue hardship from the publication of this
handbook. It is human nature to read symptoms of an ailment and immedi-
ately assume it is your own affliction. Jumping to conclusions is as dangerous
to plants as to humans. A sore throat does not necessarily mean diphtheria.
Only a trained physician can diagnose probable diphtheria, and for positive
identification a laboratory culture is necessary.
A spotted or yellowed rose leaf does not necessarily mean rose black spot.
Mite injury, spray injury, or reaction to weather conditions may also cause
spotted or yellow rose leaves; yet gardeners blithely continue increasing the
spray dosage, confident that more and stronger chemicals will control the
“disease” and seldom notice they are nearly killing the patient in the process.
A browning azalea flower does not necessarily mean the dreaded petal blight.
Some years ago a Westcott article on possible azalea troubles appeared in
print about the time azalea blooms in a Northern region were turning brown
from a combination of unusual weather conditions. Some gardeners immedi-
ately assumed the worst, thought that the southern blight had arrived in the
North, and started spraying. The poor plants, suffering from drought and
a heat wave, suffered additional injury from the additional stress of sprays.
All chemicals used as sprays or dusts are injurious to plants under some
conditions, the injury varying with the chemical and the dosage, with the
species and even the variety of plant, with temperature, soil moisture, and
many other factors. Plants suffering from drought are commonly injured by
sprays.
So please, don’t jump to conclusions. Don’t do anything in a hurry because
the plants are getting sick fast and there is no time for a proper diagnosis. Don’t
rush to the seed store to buy some chemical you vaguely remember reading
about. Relax! You have all the time in the world for proper identification, since,
by the time the disease is serious enough for you to notice, it is probably too late
for protective spraying this season anyway.
Browning of an azalea flower means nothing as a diagnostic symptom. It
could just as well come from frost, heat, or old age as from a pathogen. If the
flowers are limp and collapsed with a slimy feel, these are good symptoms, but
signs of the fungus are needed as well. Thin, slightly curved black bodies
(sclerotia) formed at the base of petals are distinctive, but even more conclu-
sive are spores taken from the inside of the petals and examined under
xvii
xviii Introduction
a microscope. If these are one-celled, with a little box-like appendage, then

you may reasonably conclude that you have the true azalea petal blight.
This is a book of garden diseases, but it is not expected that anyone,
amateur or professional, can read a brief description, look at an unfamiliar
disease in the garden, and make a very reliable diagnosis. I certainly cannot,
and after compiling this tome I am less likely to try than ever before. I have
written “water-soaked” or “reddish brown” too many hundreds of times for
different diseases to make such symptoms seem very distinctive.
However, if you are a gardener, you can narrow the field down consider-
ably by consulting ▶ Part IV, where host plants are listed in alphabetical
order, and under each the type of disease –Blight, Canker, Leaf Spot,
etc. – and then the organisms causing these diseases by their scientific
names and the states where they have been reported. Eliminating the types
of disease that are obviously different from yours and eliminating diseases
that are reported only on the West Coast when you live in New York, you may
find only two or three possibilities to look up in ▶ Part III, which lists, under
the different disease groups, the pathogens in alphabetical order, followed by
a discussion of each disease. In situations where pathogen names have been
changed due to critical investigations of spore formation and development,
the original name is listed in alphabetical order followed by “see new name”.
Under the new name in parenthesis “formerly old name” is indicated.
Don’t let all the scientific names worry you. It is the only way to make this
a quick and easy reference, for there are very few common names of plant
diseases that can be used without confusion. It works just like the telephone
book. While thumbing your way down to Smith, John, you do not worry about
spelling Smiecinski, C., which you pass on the way.
If you are a quasi-professional, with little or no formal mycology but trying
to keep abreast of a flood of miscellaneous specimens, there is a brief review
for you of the salient microscopic characteristics of each genus, together with
its classification. This is in small type and may be readily passed over by those
interested solely in macroscopic characteristics.
What is Plant Disease?
There are many definitions of plant disease, the simplest being any deviation
from the normal. The concept of the late professor H. H. Whetzel, a great
teacher of plant pathology who influenced many students including
Dr. Cynthia Westcott, is valid and appropriate even today. “Disease in plants
is an injurious physiological process, caused by the continued irritation of
a primary causal factor, exhibited through abnormal cellular activity and
expressed in characteristic pathological conditions called symptoms.” The
causal factor may be a living organism or an environmental condition. Injury
differs from disease in being due to the transient irritation of a causal factor,
as the wound of an insect, sudden freezing or burning, application of a poison.
Plant diseases may be necrotic, with dying or death of cells, tissues, or
organs; hypoplastic, resulting in dwarfing or stunting; or hyperplastic, with an
overgrowth of plant tissue, as in crown gall or club root.
Introduction xix
Plant Diseases Are Not New
All species of plants, wild and cultivated, are subject to disease. Fossil
remains suggest that plant diseases were present on earth before man himself.
Certainly man has been punished by them ever since the Garden of Eden.
“I smote you with blasting and with mildew and hail in all the labors of your
hands yet ye turned not to me, saith the Lord” (Haggai 2:17).
Man’s attempts at controlling plant disease go back at least to 700 B.C. when
the Romans instituted the Robigalia to propitiate the rust gods with prayer and
sacrifice. About 470 B.C. Pliny reported that amurca of olives should be
sprinkled on plants to prevent attacks of blight, this being our earliest known
reference to a fungicide, although Homer, 1000 B.C., wrote of “pest-averting
sulfur.”
In 1660 at Rouen, France, a law was passed calling for eradication of the
barberry as a means of fighting wheat rust, two centuries before anyone knew
the true nature of rust or how barberry affected wheat.
In the latter part of the eighteenth century the Englishman Forsyth dis-
coursed on tree surgery and treatment of wounds and cankers. His seemingly
fantastic recommendation of a paste of cow dung to promote healing of tree
wounds has modern corroboration in research showing that urea speeds up
healing of such wounds.
Much of our progress in dealing with plant disease has followed spectac-
ular catastrophes. Modern plant pathology had its start with the blight that
swept the potato fields of Europe in 1844 and 1845, resulting in the Irish
famine. This lesson in the importance of plant disease to the economic
welfare of mankind marked the beginning of public support for investigations
into the cause of disease. Two men, both German, laid the firm foundations of
our present knowledge. Mycologist Anton de Bary, 1867 to 1888, first proved
beyond doubt that fungi associated with plant diseases were pathogenic,
while Julius Kuhn, farmer with a doctor’s degree in science, first showed
the relation between science and practice in the problems of plant disease
control. His textbook on Diseases of Cultivated Plants, published in 1858, is
still useful.
The accidental discovery of bordeaux mixture in France in 1882 marks the
beginning of protective spraying for disease control, but the use of drugs goes
back to 1824, when sulfur was recommended as an eradicant for powdery
mildew. The development of synthetic organic fungicides was sparked by
World War II, partly as a result of a search for chemicals to mildew-proof
fabrics used by the armed forces. Antibiotics for plant disease control
followed their use in medical practice, with a great deal of research in this
field since 1949.
Since the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1972
there has been increased concern on the use of toxic chemicals for controlling
plant disease. Moreover, this concern has generated renewed interest in
integrated pest management (IPM) and biological control strategies in the
1980’s. IPM utilizes all available pertinent information regarding the crop or
plant, its pathogens, the environmental conditions expected to prevail,
xx Introduction
locality, availability of materials, and costs in developing the control pro-

gram. Biological control is the total or partial destruction of pathogen
populations by other organisms. This phenomenon occurs routinely in nature.
There are several diseases in which the pathogen cannot develop because the
soil, called suppressive soils, contain microorganisms antagonistic to the
pathogen, or because the plant that is attacked has been naturally inoculated
before or after the pathogen attack, with antagonistic microorganisms. Even
higher plants may reduce the amount of pathogen inoculum by trapping
available pathogens (trap plants) or by releasing substances toxic to the
pathogen into the soil. Although biological antagonisms are subject to numer-
ous ecological limitations it can be expected to become an important part of
control measures employed against many more diseases in future years.
Plant Pathology in the United States
Organized plant pathology in the United States started in 1885 with a section
of Mycology in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In 1904 the start of the
great epiphytotic of chestnut blight, which was to wipe out our native trees,
stimulated more public interest and support for plant pathology. In 1907 the
first university Department of Plant Pathology was established at Cornell
University.
The United States Quarantine Act of 1912 officially recognized the possi-
bility of introducing pests and diseases on imported plants, after low-priced
nursery seedlings from Europe had brought in the white pine blister rust. This
was our first attempt at control by exclusion.
In 1917, during World War I, the Plant Disease Survey was organized as an
office of the Bureau of Plant Industry “to collect information on plant diseases
in the United States, covering such topics as prevalence, geographical distri-
bution, severity, etc., and to make this information immediately available to
all persons interested, especially those concerned with disease control.”
During World War II the Plant Disease Survey was in charge of the emer-
gency project “to protect the country’s food, feed, fiber and oil supplies by
ensuring immediate detection of enemy attempts at crop destruction through
the use of plant diseases and providing production specialists and extension
workers with prompt and accurate information regarding outbreaks of plant
diseases whether introduced inadvertently or by design while still in incipient
stages.”As a by-product of these wartime surveys we accumulated a good
deal of evidence on the prevalence of new and established diseases across the
country, in home gardens as well as on farms.
In 1946, a century after Phytophthora infestans had made history with the
potato blight, a strain of the same fungus started an unprecedented epiphytotic
of tomato blight. This disaster led to the forecasting service warning dealers
and growers when certain diseases are imminent.
The Plant Disease Survey has now become the Epidemiology Investiga-
tions Section of the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. The Agricultural Research Service became a part of the Science
and Education Administration in 1978. It issues a monthly bulletin, The Plant
Introduction xxi
Disease Reporter, based on reports from qualified volunteer collaborators all

over the country. The American Phytopathological Society assumed the
responsibility for publishing this journal in 1980 and the journal was renamed
Plant Disease. Much of the material in this handbook is taken from these
reports.
Principles of Control
Control of a plant disease means reduction in the amount of damage caused.

Our present annual toll from disease is nearly four billion dollars. Perfect
control is rare, but profitable control, when the increased yield more than
covers the cost of chemicals and labor, is quite possible. Commercial growers
now average a return of four dollars for each dollar so invested. Keeping
home plantings ornamental yields a large return in satisfaction and increased
property value.
The five fundamental principles of control are exclusion, eradication,
protection, resistance, and therapy.
1. Exclusion means preventing the entrance and establishment of pathogens
in uninfested gardens, states, or countries. For home gardeners it means
using certified seed or plants, sorting bulbs before planting, discarding any
that are doubtful, possibly treating seeds or tubers or corms before they are
planted, and, most especially, refusing obviously diseased specimens from
nurseryman or dealer. For states and countries, exclusion means quaran-
tines, prohibition by law. Sometimes restricted entry of nursery stock is
allowed, the plants to be grown in isolation and inspected for one or two
years before distribution is permitted.
2. Eradication means the elimination of a pathogen once it has become
established on a plant or in a garden. It can be accomplished by removal
of diseased specimens, or parts, as in roguing to control virus diseases or
cutting off cankered tree limbs; by cultivating to keep down weed hosts
and deep ploughing or spading to bury diseased plant debris; by rotation of
susceptible with nonsusceptible crops to starve out the pathogen; and by
disinfection, usually by chemicals, sometimes by heat treatment. Spraying
or dusting foliage with sulfur after mildew mycelium is present is eradi-
cation, and so is treating the soil with chloropicrin to kill nematodes and
fungi.
3. Protection is the interposition of some protective barrier between the
susceptible part of the suspect or host and the pathogen. In most instances
this is a protective spray or dust applied to the plant in advance of the
arrival of the fungus spore; sometimes it means killing insects or other
inoculating agents; sometimes it means the erection of a windbreak or
other mechanical barrier.
▶ Part I gives an alphabetical list of chemicals used in present-day
protective spraying and dusting, along with eradicant chemicals, and
includes notes on compatibility and possibilities of injury. It is here
that home gardeners, sometimes commercial growers, can do their plants
irreparable harm instead of the good they intend. Spraying is never to be
xxii Introduction
undertaken lightly or thoughtlessly. Stop and think! Read all of the fine
print on the label; be sure of your dosage and the safety of that particular
chemical on the plant you want to protect, to say nothing of precautions
necessary for your own safety.
4. Resistance is control by the development of resistant varieties. Resistant
varieties are as old as time. Nature has always eliminated the unfit, but since
about 1890 man has been speeding up the process by deliberately breeding,
selecting, and propagating plants resistant to the more important diseases.
Resistant ornamental plants have lagged behind food plants, but we do have
wilt-resistant asters, rust-resistant snapdragons, wilt-resistant mimosas. Here
is the ideal way for home gardeners to control their plant diseases – in the
winter when the seed order and the nursery list is made out – so easy, and
so safe!
5. Therapy is control by inoculating or treating the plant with something that
will inactivate the pathogen. Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals to
inactivate the pathogen, whereas heat is sometimes used to inactivate or
inhibit virus development in infected plant tissues so that newly develop-
ing tissue may be obtained which is free of the pathogen. The use of this
procedure is discussed in ▶ Part II.
Part I
Garden Chemicals and Their Application
A fungicide is a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi. It may

be an eradicant, applied to a plant, plant part, or the environment as a curative
treatment to destroy fungi established within a given area or plant; or prefer-
ably it may be a protectant, applied to protect a plant or plant part from
infection by killing, or inhibiting the development of, fungal spores of
mycelium that may arrive at the infection court. A bactericide is a
substance that destroys or inhibits bacteria and nematicide for nematodes.
Among the more recent bactericides are antibiotics, products of other living
organisms. They also have value against certain fungi. There are few
virocides, which are toxic or poisonous to viruses.
A pesticide is any chemical that is used to kill pests, especially insects
and rodents.
An insecticide is an agent used to kill insects.
A disinfectant is an agent that frees a plant or plant part from infection by
destroying the pathogen established within it. A disinfectant kills or inacti-
vates organisms present on the surface of the plant or plant part or in the
immediate environment. Chemicals for seed treatment can be either
eradicants or protectants, but most of them are disinfestants, in that they kill
organisms on the surface of the seed rather than those within. In common
usage, however, they are called disinfectants.
A nematicide is, of course, a chemical that kills nematodes in the soil or in
the plant. Most nematicides are fumigants, chemical toxicants that act in
volatile form.
Not so long ago the chemicals on the garden medicine shelf consisted
of copper and sulfur for protectants, lime sulfur as an eradicant, mercuric
chloride as a disinfectant, and formalin and carbon bisulfide as
fumigants. You sometimes got plant injury; you did not always get the best
2 I Garden Chemicals and Their Application
possible control, but at least you did not have to be an organic chemist. Now
we have the following classes of fungicides:
Inorganic Organic
Sulfur Dithiocarbamates
Copper Thiazoles
Salts Triazines
Substituted
Aromatics
Dicarboximides
Dinitrophenols
Quinones
Antibiotics
Organotins
Aliphatic
Nitrogens
Benzimidazoles
Sterol Inhibitors
Strobilurins
The search for new fungicides goes on, with hundreds of synthetic organic
compounds being screened each year. This screening is often a cooperative
venture between manufacturers, state experiment stations, and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture. After safety precautions for the operator and the
environment, and the effectiveness of a compound for certain diseases have
been determined, the chief question is whether the material is phytotoxic, that
is, injurious to plants, at concentrations required for control. Phytotoxicity is
an elusive factor, not to be pinned down in a few tests. It varies not only with
the kind of plant but with the particular variety, the amount of moisture in the
soil when the spray is applied, the temperature, whether or not the application
is followed by rain or high humidity, the section of the country, and the
compatibility of the chemical with spreaders or wetting agents, as well as with
other fungicides or insecticides. Coordinated tests with new materials in
many different states are extremely valuable. Some compounds give rather
uniform results over the country; others vary widely with climatic conditions.
The 1947 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

provides that all fungicides must be registered with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture before being marketed. Materials highly toxic to humans must be
prominently marked, instructions given for avoiding injury to plants or
animals, the toxicant chemical named, and the percentage of active and
inactive ingredients given. All labels submitted for registration must be
accompanied by proof that the claims for performance are valid.
In 1954, Public Law 518, known as the Miller Bill, was passed, providing
for tolerances. A tolerance is the legal limit of a poisonous residue, expressed
in parts per million (ppm), that may remain on an edible product at the time it
is distributed for consumption. In 1958, The Food Additives Amendment was
passed, which also controls pesticides residues in processed foods. It included
the Delaney clause, which states that any chemical found to be a carcinogen in
laboratory animals may not appear in a human food, a zero tolerance. In 1959,
the FIFRA was amended to include nematicides, plant growth regulators,
Garden Chemicals and Their Application 3
defoliants, and desiccants as pesticides. Since that time, poisons and repel-
lents used against all classes of animals (from invertebrates to mammals)
have been brought into the approval process.
FIFRA was further amended in 1972 as the Federal Environmental Pesti-
cide Control Act (FEPCA), making violations by growers, applicators, or
dealers subject to heavy fines and/or imprisonment. All pesticides had been
classified into either general-use or restricted-use categories by October 1977,
with anyone applying restricted pesticides required to be state-certified.
Pesticide manufacturing plants are to be registered and government-
inspected. All pesticide products must be registered whether shipped in
interstate or intrastate commerce. Other provisions are of various degrees of
importance to concerned persons or companies.
Additional modifications were made in FIFRA in 1989. The modifications
specifically will (1) accelerate re-registration of older pesticides (those reg-
istered prior to November 1984) and impose fees on chemical manufacturers
for re-registration; (2) essentially eliminate indemnification payments to
those holding inventories of suspended or canceled pesticides, except farmers
and certain end users; and (3) shift part of the burden for storage and disposal
of banned pesticides from the government to the manufacturer. The 1989
FIFRA also empowers the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to
change regulations on how applicators handle, rinse, and dispose of pesticide
containers. The Worker Protection Standard (WPS), passed in 1992, required
labels to carry re-entry intervals (REI) and personal protection equipment for
certain end-uses. Labels having both WPS and non-WPS uses are required to
have recommendation for PPE and REI for both categories.
In 1996, the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)was passed, requiring
a 10 year review process of all currently registered pesticides based on a risk
cap of aggregate exposure, in other words all possible ways people, particu-
larly children, can come into contact with pesticides whether through residues
on food or backyard applications. Part of FQPA determined that an acceptable
level of risk is a reasonable certainty of no harm, essentially eliminating the
Delaney Clause from 1958. The FQPA also provided for accelerated regis-
trations of safer pesticides, such as biological control organisms or active
ingredients with the potential for minimal environmental impact.
The federal government considers these to be minimum pesticide regula-
tions. Any state may choose to establish more rigid pesticide regulations
within its boundaries than those legislated by the federal government, and
some have done so. Some states require notification to be posted prior to
commercial pesticide application including chemicals used. Thus, pesticide
applicators must be familiar with individual state pesticide regulations as well
as federal pesticide regulations.
Consumers, therefore, are well protected against fraud, but they must
be willing to read the fine print on labels if they are to choose intelligently
from the bewildering array of proprietary compounds on dealers’ shelves. In
the following pages there are lists of available products, cross-referenced
by product name and the common name of active ingredients. In many
cases, several product names may exist for the same active ingredient; those
readily available to consumers may not be listed so pay particular attention to
4 I Garden Chemicals and Their Application
the name of the active ingredient present on the available products. Con-
sumers must also read the fine print and follow directions exactly if their
homegrown vegetables are to be as safe for consumption as those from
commercial growers who have to comply with the law in the matter of
residues.
Even if you follow exactly the directions for dosage given on the label, you
may have some plant injury under your particular combination of soil,
weather, and kinds of plants. Keep a notebook. Put down the date you
sprayed, the dosage used, the approximate temperature and humidity,
whether it was cloudy or sunny, in a period of drought or prolonged wet
weather. Go around later and check for burning; for leaf spotting and defo-
liation from the spray or from failure to control the disease; for leaf curling or
stunting; for too much unsightly residue. Note which varieties can take the
spray and which cannot.
The following alphabetical list includes chemicals now commercially
available, a few that are rather outmoded but still found in textbooks, a few
that were marketed in the past but have now been discontinued, and a few that
will probably be marketed before this text is published. By that time there will
be many more that should have been included, for the search for better
chemicals is unending. There will also be more that will be discontinued.
The list presented herein must be considered only as a guide. Exclusive
reliance must be placed on directions and information supplied by the man-
ufacturer or by agricultural specialists, agents, or advisors. Be sure to read
the label. Because so many of the new compounds have long, complex
chemical names, they have been given short common names by the American
Standards Association. Such common names are listed first in the following
listing. Frequently, however, the trade name is used as a common name; trade
names are listed in parenthesis following the common names. The Crop
Protection Handbook, which is published each year by Meister Publishing
Co., 37841 Euclid Ave., Willoughby, OH, 44094, gives an up-to-date listing
of pesticides. Vance Publishing publishes the Turf and Ornamental Reference
and the Crop Protection Reference (Greenbook).
As always, read and follow label directions carefully. If unsure whether
a listed product is registered in your area, contact local, state, and federal
authorities.
In the following lists, the common chemical name is given first, in bold,
followed by trade names available for professional growers of agricultural,
turf and ornamental crops and products available for consumers. Then there is
a brief description of target pathogens.
Fungicides
Azoxystrobin of water. Stock solutions are made up for each

chemical (1 pound per gallon of water), the lime
Abound, Amistar, Bankit, Heritag, Ortiva, Priori, solution placed first in the sprayer, diluted to
Quadris nearly the full amount, and the copper sulfate
Systemic fungicide for control of foliar and solution added. Or, for power sprayers, finely
soil borne diseases. divided copper sulfate can be washed through the
strainer into the spray tank, and when the tank is
two-thirds full the weighed amount of hydrated
Bacillus subtilis lime can also be washed through the strainer
while the agitator is running. Casein or other
Serenade, Subtilex, Taego, Companion, Kodiak spreader is added toward the end. Phytotoxicity
Used as a seed treatment to suppress Rhizoc- comes from both the lime and the copper. Plants
tonia and Fusarium diseases. are often stunted, with yield reduced; fruit-setting
of tomatoes may be delayed. Bordeaux is not safe
on peaches during the growing season, may burn
Benalaxyl and russet applies (both foliage and fruits), may
cause red spotting, yellowing, and dropping of
Galben, Tairel rose leaves (often confused with blackspot by
Systemic fungicide. amateur and sometimes professional gardeners),
and may cause defoliation of Japanese plums.
Injury is most prominent early in the season
Bitertanol when temperature is below 50 F and in dull,
cloudy weather when light rain or high humidity
Bacseal, Baycor, Baycoral, Baymat, Zaron prevents rapid drying of the spray. Late summer
Fungicide. use of bordeaux is credited with making some
plants more susceptible to early fall frosts. For
ornamentals, a 4-4-100 mixture is usually strong
Bordeaux Mixture enough and can be made in small amounts by
dissolving 2 ounces of copper sulfate in 1 gallon
Comac of water, 2 ounces of hydrated lime in 2 gallons of
Bordeaux mixture is made in varying concen- water, pouring the copper sulfate solution into the
trations. The most usual formula is 8-8-100 (often lime water, and straining into the spray tank
stated as 4-4-50), which means 8 pounds copper through fine cheesecloth. For some plants, such
sulfate, 8 pounds hydrated lime to 100 gallons as stone fruits, the proportion of lime is increased;
R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8_1, 5

# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
6 Fungicides
for others, such as azaleas, a low-lime bordeaux is

used. Once the two solutions have been mixed, the Chloranil
preparation must be used immediately. Fresh lime
is essential, not some left over from a previous Foliar fungicide and seed treatment.
season. Somewhat less effective than homemade
bordeaux but easier for the home gardener are the
various powders and pastes available under trade Chloroneb
names; to these add only water at the time of use.
Terraneb, N-Flow D, Proturf
Fungicide.
Bupirimate
Nimrod Chloropicrin
Systemic fungicide.
Chloro-O-Pic
Soil fumigant.
Burgundy Mix
A soda bordeaux formerly used, prepared with Chlorothalonil

washing soda instead of lime.
Bravo, Bravo Ultrex, Bravo Weatherstik
Fungicide.
Burkholderia cepacia
Fungicide, nematicide. Copper Acetate
First developed in 1889; became the first factory

Captan made basic copper fungicide.
Captan 30 DD, Captan 400

Protectant, eradicant fungicide. Copper Ammonium Carbonate
Copper-Count-N
Carbendazim Bactericide, Fungicide.
Bavistin, Decrosol
Systemic fungicide. Copper Carbonate
Foliar fungicide, Seed treatments.

Carbon Disulfide
Soil fumigant. Copper Compounds
More stable than bordeaux mix, less phytotoxic,

Carboxin easier to use, and with less objectionable residue.
Copper sprays control many blights, leaf spots,
Vitavax downy and powdery mildews. They are incompat-
Fungicide, seed protectant. ible with lime sulfur, questionable with cryolite,
Dimethomorph 7
benxene hexachloride, tetraethyl pyrophosphate,

organic mercuries, and thiocarbamates. They Cyproconazole
may injure plants in cool, cloudy or moist weather.
Injury to apple and rose foliage varies from red- Alto, Atemi, Sentinel
dish spots to yellowing and defoliation. Systemic and eradicative fungicide.
Copper Hydroxide Cyprodinil

KOP Hydroxide Chieftain, Chorus, Unix, Vangard
Fungicide, bactericide. Fungicide, seed treatment.
Copper Oxide
Dazomet
Chem Copp, Cuprocop, Cuprox, Caocobre, Cop-
per Sandoz Basimid
Protective fungicide. Soil fumigant.
Copper Oxychloride Dichlofluanid
KOP Oxy-85, Recop, Coprantol, Cupramar, Elvaron, Euparen

Cupravit Fungicide.
Protective fungicide.
Dicloran
Copper Sulfate
Allisan, Botran, Clortran
Tribasic (Flurane, Idrorame, King, Diachum) Fungicide.
Fungicide.
Cufraneb Difenoconazole
Bardos, Bogard, Dividend, Geyser, Score, Sico

Fungicide. Miticide, Seed Dressing.
Systemic fungicide.
Cycloheximide
Dimethirimol
Antibiotic fungicide from Streptomyces griseus,
the first antibiotic introduced (1949) for control Milcurb
of plant disease. Systemic fungicide.
Cymoxanil Dimethomorph
Curzate Acrobat, Forum

Fungicide. Oomycete fungicide.
8 Fungicides
Diniconazole Fenbuconazole
Mitazole Enable, Govern, Indar

Systemic fungicide. Systemic fungicide.
Dithianon Fenpiclonil
Delan Beret, Electer, Gambit
Fungicide.
Fenpropidin
Dodemorph Acetate
Mildin, Patrol, Sorilan, Tern
Meltatox Systemic fungicide.
Fungicide.
Fenpropimorph
Edifenphos
Corbel
Hinosan
Systemic fungicide.
Fungicide.
Epoxiconazole Ferbam
Opal, Opus Ferman Granuflo

Systemic fungicide. Fungicide.
Etridiazole Filipin
Terrazole, Koban, Truban Antibiotic. Fungicide for seed-rot fungi.

Soil fungicide.
Fluazinam
Fenaminosulf
Omega
Protects germinating seeds and seedlings in corn, Fungicide, Miticide.
beans, peas, spinach, cucumbers, and ornamentals.
Fludioxonil
Fenarimol
Celest, Geoxe, Maxim, Medallion, Saphire, Sav-
Used for powdery mildew and rust on ornamen- ior, Scholar
tals, turf, and tree crops. Contact fungicide.
Lime Sulfur 9
Flusilazole Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate
Fungicide. Chinosol
Systemic fungicide, bactericide.
Flutolanil
Imazalil
Folistar, Moncut, Prostar
Systemic fungicide. Bromazil, Deccozil, Double R11, Flo Pro IMZ,
Freshgard 700, Impala, Nu-Zone
Systemic fungicide.
Folpet
Folpet Iprodione
Protective fungicide.
Chipco, Kodan, Rovral, ProTurf, Fungicide X
Contact/locally systemic fungicide.
Fosetyl-Aluminum
Aliette, Chipco
Systemic fungicide, bactericide.
Kresoxim-Methyl
Alliage, Candit, Cygnus, Discus, Sovran, Stroby

Hexaconazole Surface systemic fungicide; protective and
curative effects.
Anvil, Planete Aster
Fungicide.
Lime Sulfur
Hydrated Lime and Copper Sulfate Polysulfides formed by boiling together sulfur
and mild of lime. The standard liquid has
Bordeaux Mix a specific gravity of 32 Baume and the commer-
Prepared from copper sulfate and lime to form cial product is far superior to the homemade.
a membranous coating over plant parts, the first Lime sulfur dates back to 1851, when the head
protective spray and still widely used. About gardener, Grison, at Versailles, France, boiled
1878, French vineyard were threatened with together sulfur and lime for a vegetable fungicide
downy mildew, which had been introduced from called “Eau Grison.” In 1886, this fungicide was
the U.S. Millardet, one of the workers assigned to used in California as a dormant spray for San Jose
the problem, noticed that where grapes near the scale and later for peach leaf curl. A self-boiled
highways to Bordeaux had been treated with lime sulfur made without heat was produced in
a poisonous-looking mixture of copper and lime 1908 as a summer spray for sensitive plants, but it
to prevent stealing, there was little or no downy was later replaced by wettable sulfurs for most
mildew. A description of the preparation of bor- fruit-spray programs. A dry form of lime sulfur
deaux mixture was published in 1885, and it was marketed about 1908. Used as a dormant
remains a most efficient fungicide. It does, how- spray for fruits, roses, and some other plants for
ever, have a most conspicuous residue and is mildews, Volutella blight of boxwood, and other
injurious to some plants. diseases. Do not use above 85 F.
10 Fungicides
Mancozeb Nitrothal-Isopropyl
AgriSolutions, Mancozeb, Penncozeb, Pennfluid, Pallitop

Tridex, Trimanin, Trimanoc, Trimanzone, Fungicide.
Triziman, Triziman D, Vandozeb, Protect T/O,
Mancozin, Manzin, Dithane, Fore, Manzate, Pen-
tathlon DF, Pentathlon LF Oxadixyl
Fungicide.
Recoil, Ripost, Sandofan, Wakil
Systemic fungicide.
Maneb
Trimangol, Vondac, M, Manex, Manox, Man-Zox,

Oxycarboxin
Pentathon, Maneb Spritzpulver, Manex, Manzi
Fungicide.
Plantvax
Systemic fungicide.
Metalaxyl
Metax, Allegiance, ProTurf Soil and foliar fungi- Quintozene

cide; seed dressing fungicide.
Blocker, Parflo, Winflo, Defend, Terraclor,
Turfcide, FF11, Penstar, RTU, PCNB
Metalaxyl M Soil fungicide; seed dressing agent.
Quell, Apron XL, Ridomil Gold, Subdue 2X,

Subdue MAXX Penconazole
Fungicide.
Omnex, Topas
Systemic fungicide.
Metam-Sodium
Metam 426, Polefume, Turfcure, Vapam, Vapam

Pencycuron
HL, Busan 1236, Trimaton, Sectagon 42, Metam
CLR Soil fumigant –fungicide, insecticide,
Monceran, Trotis
nematicide.
Metiram Piperalin
Polyram Pipron
Contact fungicide. Fungicide.
Myclobutanil Potassium Bicarbonate
Eagle, Nova, Rally, Systhane Armicarb, GreenCure, Milstop Broad spectrum

Fungicide. fungicide; K bicarbonate plus surfactants.
Thiophanate Methyl Plus Etridiazole 11
Potassium Bicarbonate Quarternary Ammonium Compounds
Kaligreen Barquat, Hyamine

Fungicide; K bicarbonate, no surfactants. Fungicide, Bactericides, Surfactants.
Prochloraz Sulfur
Abavit, Ascurit, Oczave, Omega, Prelude, Kumulus, CSC Dusting, CSC Thioben, CSC
Sporgon, Sportak Thiosperse, Crisazufre, Sulfox, Suffa, Sulfa,
Fungicide. Red Ball, Microsulf, Thiolux, Thiovit, Bensul,
Golden Demo Signal, Special Electric, Comoran,
Comoran Supra, Cosan, Elosal, Kolodust,
Propamocarb Kumulus, Microsperse
Fungicide, Miticide.
Hydrochloride (Banol, Dynone, Filex, Prevex,
Previcar, Previcur N, Win)
Fungicide. Tebuconazole
Corail, Elite, Folicur, Horizon, Horizon Arbo,

Propiconazole
Horizon T, Lyux, Raxil
Systemic fungicide.
PropiMaX, Alamo, Banner, Break, Orbit, Tilt,
Propizole
Systemic fungicide; seed treatment. Tetraconazole
Propineb Eminent
Systemic fungicide.
Antracol, Inicol
Contact fungicide.
Thiabendazole
Pyrifenox Arbotect, Mertect, Storite, Storite Excel, Tectab,

Tecto, APL-Luster, APL Luster T, Decco 205,
Corona, Dorado Brogdex, Freshgard 598, Gustafson SP
Systemic fungicide. Systemic fungicide.
Pyroquilon Thiophanate Methyl
Coratop, Fongorene Domain, Fungo, Mildothane, Topsin M, 3336,

Systemic fungicide. Fansin-M, OHP 6672
Fungicide.
Pyrazophos
Thiophanate Methyl Plus Etridiazole
Afugan, Curamil
Systemic fungicide. Banrot Soil fungicide.
12 Fungicides
Thiram Trifloxystrobin
Tripomol, Defiant, Thiram Granuflo, Aatack, Compass, Flint, Gem, Twist, Compass O
Aules, Chipco, Thiram 75, Pomarsol, Forte, Fungicide.
Thiulin,
42-S Thiram, Rhodiasan Express, Spotrete
Fungicide, Seed protectant. Triflumizole
Procure, Terraguard
Systemic fungicide.
Triadimefon
Bayleton, Strike
Systemic fungicide.
Triforine
Denarin, Funginex, Saprol

Fungicide.
Triadimenol
Bayton, Bayfidan, Cereous, Trisan, Bayton 30 Triphenyltin Hydroxide

Systemic fungicide.
Brestanid, Agri Tin Fungicide.
Trichoderma Harzianum
Vinclozolin
Plant Shield, Root Shield, Top Shield
Foliar, Soil fungicide. Ronilan, Curalan, Vorlan
Fungicide.
Tricyclazole Zineb
Blast
Cuprothex, Super Mixy
Systemic fungicide.
Fungicide.
Tridemorph Ziram
Calixin Tricarbamix, Triscabol, Cuman, Pomarsol 2

System fungicide. Fungicide.
Bactericides
Agrobacterium radiobacter Copper Hydroxide
Galltrol-A, Strain 84, Nogall, Strain K-1026 Cudrox, Cuidrox, Blue Shield, Kocide, Spin Out,
Crown gall preventative bactericide. KOP Hydroxide, NuCop
Bactericide.
Benzalkonium Chloride
Copper Sulfate
Barquat, Hyamine, Nacco San
Bactericide. Basic (Cuprofix, Disperss, Cuprofix, MZ
Disperss, Basic Cooper 53, Cop-O-Zinc 25–25.
Basicop) Bactericide. ▶ Fungicides.
Bronopol
Bronotak Dazomet
Bactericide, bacteriostat.
Basamid
Bactericide, Soil fumigant.
Copper Ammonium Carbonate

Dimanin A
Copper-Count-N
Bactericide. Bayclean
Bactericide.
Copper, Fixed
Gallex
Includes Cu hydroxide, Cu oxide, Cu oxychloride
sulfate, Cu oxychloride, Cu sulfate. Bactericide, crown gall eradicant paint.

14 Bactericides
Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate Quarternary Ammonium Compounds
Chinosol Arquad 2C-75, Barquat, Hyamine

Bactericide. Bactericide.
Streptomycin (Nitrate or Sulfate)

Oxytetracycline Hydroxide
Agricultural Streptomycin, Streptrol, Agr-Mycin
Mycoshield 17, As-50
Bactericide. Bactericide.
Nematicides
Carbofuran Du Nema
Furadan, Curaterr Nematicide, used on turf.

Nematicide.
Chlorpicrin Ethylene Dibromide
Chlor-O-Pie Nematicide, Soil fumigant.

Nematicide, Soil fumigant.
Dazomet Metam-Sodium
Basamid Busan 1236, Trimaton

Nematicide, Soil fumigant. Nematicide, Soil fumigant.
Dichloropropene Triazophos
DD-92, In Line, Telone, Telone II Hostathion, Trelka

Nematicide, Soil fumigant. Nematicide.

Virocides
Cytovirin
Virus inhibitor.

Applying The Chemicals
Spraying is the application of a chemical to and also in order to see the distribution of the
a plant in liquid form; dusting the application of concentrates, they often have to be used at night.
a fine dry powder. The difference between They are not too efficient for very tall trees, and
spraying and dusting was very clear-cut before the droplet size has to be rather carefully regu-
aerosol bombs, mist blowers, and fog machines lated. Too large drops may fall out before they
were developed to apply liquids in such concen- reach a tree, and too small drops may not settle
trated form that the particles are practically dry down but go on past.
before they reach the plant and before spray- Although we usually think of mist blowers on
dusters were made to deliver wetted dusts. trucks for large scale operations, there are now
Sprayers vary from a flit gun or pint atomizer, some about the size of knapsack sprayers that,
which takes an hour to discharge a gallon, to engine and all, are worn on the back around the
power apparatus that discharges 60 gallons a garden. They weigh around 35 pounds and will
minute at 800 pounds pressure from a 600-gallon cover foliage up to 30 feet. They cost, however,
spray tank. Dusters vary from the small somewhat more than the hydraulic power
cardboard or plastic carton in which the dust is sprayers of small estate size.
purchased to helicopters. Applicators for pressur-
ize sprays or aerosols vary from the one-pound
“bomb” to truck-mounted fog generators or air Hydraulic Sprayers
blast machines. See Fig. 1 for various applicators.
Mist blowers will probably never entirely out-
mode hydraulic sprayers, which can place the
Mist Sprayers spray more accurately, at a greater height, and
can operate under more unfavorable weather con-
In orchards and in shade tree work there has been ditions. For trees, high gallonage per minute and
increasing use of mist blowers, air blast machines enough pressure to drive sprays high in the air
that carry droplets of concentrated pesticides to have advantages, but for garden plants the
plants in air rather than water. They are speedier emphasis should be on cutting down gallonage
than hydraulic sprayers, use far less water, which and pressure.
may be scarce in times of drought, and do not Power sprayers for home gardens are available
leave puddles or poisonous run-off which may be in almost any size, from 5-gallon capacity on up,
dangerous to pets and birds. They cannot, how- and may have gasoline or electric motors
ever, be operated in much wind; for that reason, (see Fig. 2). For the orchard a spray gun is

20 Applying The Chemicals
Figure 1 Aerosol
pressurized spray
Shaker Pressure Trigger Continuous Hose End

Can Can Sprayer Sprayer Sprayer
Bucket Slide Compressed Wheel-

Pump Pump Air Knapsack barrow
Sprayer Sprayer Sprayer Sprayer Sprayer
Plunger Crank Drop Centrifugal Root

Duster Duster Spreader Spreader Irrigator
satisfactory, but for flowering shrubs–azaleas,

roses, etc.–a spray rod, curved at the end, or
with an angle nozzle, is easier on the plants and
more effective, allowing for better coverage of
underside of foliage.
The size of the hole in the nozzle disc and the
pressure determine the amount of spray used. The
volume of spray ejected per minute doubles or
triples with each small increase in the hole size
or pressure used. This means that in a home garden
where the objective is to cover a few rose bushes
effectively a large amount of spray can be wasted
at too high pressure, an expensive item with many
pesticide mixtures costing 20 to 30 cents a diluted
Figure 2 Spray application techniques gallon. Most chemicals are corrosive, and even if
Hand-Operated Sprayers 21
you start with a mist nozzle with a small hole at the

beginning of the season, you will soon be deliver-
ing more spray per minute because the hole is
enlarging. This usually means more conspicuous
residue left on the plant as well as more expense.
Hand-Operated Sprayers
“Aerosol bombs” are pressurized sprays in push-

button containers. A gas propellant reduced to
liquid form is added to a pesticide concentrate
and a fine mist is released when the button is
Figure 3 Pesticide application equipment (Modified
pushed. Unless the container is held 12 to 18 from the National Sprayer and Duster Association)
inches away from plants, to allow the gas to
evaporate, there will be some burning (more lit-
erally a freezing) when the liquid gas hits foliage. Slide or trombone sprayers have a telescoping
Such cans are good for house plants and for spot plunger, operated with two hands. They draw
treatment of insects outdoors, but air currents material from an attached jar or separate pail
make it difficult to place fungicides effectively. and discharge it as a continuous spray. They
Aerosols are also used for the application of develop good pressure and can be used for small
wound dressings to trees. (See Fig. 3). trees, but are tiring to use.
Household sprayers of the atomizer type are Wheelbarrow sprayers are manually operated
intermittent, discharging spray material with hydraulic sprayers, holding 7 to 18 gallons, that
each forward stroke of the pump, or continuous, are mounted on a frame with wheelbarrow-type
maintaining constant pressure. They are too small handles and one or two wheels. Pressures up to
and too tiresome to operate for more than a few 250 pounds may be developed, providing excel-
plants, and it is hard to get adequate coverage of lent coverage for shrubs and small trees. This
underside of foliage. type works best with two people, one to control
Compressed air sprayers are adequate for the pump, the other to operate the spray rod.
small gardens and are relatively inexpensive. Hose-end sprayers are attached to the garden
Capacity varies from 1 to 6 gallons. They are hose so that water supplies the pressure. The
meant to be carried slung over one shoulder, but action is that of a siphon. The concentrated
some come mounted on a cart. Air is compressed pesticide is placed in a jar, and as water under
into the tank above the spray liquid by a pressure is passed over the metering jet a small
hand-operated pump. A short hose, extension amount of chemical is drawn into it. This is a
rod, and adjustable nozzle make it possible very easy way to spray, and some models are
to cover undersurfaces. Such sprayers are a bit relatively accurate in materials discharged. Be
hard to pump up, and some models have sure to purchase a type with an extension tube
carbon dioxide cylinders to provide operating and deflector, so that spray can be directed to
pressure. underside of the foliage, with a shut-off at the
Knapsack sprayers, of 2 to 6 gallons capacity, jar, not just back at the hose, and with a device
are carried on the back of the operator and are to prevent back-siphonage. Hose-end sprayers
pumped by moving a lever up and down with the can be used for roses and other shrubs and
right hand as you spray with the left. These are for low trees. The droplets may be somewhat
more expensive than compressed air sprayers, but larger than those from a wheelbarrow or
deliver a fine continuous mist and are excellent knapsack sprayer, and slightly more chemical
for larger gardens. may be used.
22 Applying The Chemicals
to make a good formulation with relatively little

Dusters or no diluent. From a toxicity standpoint, it is
desirable to have a very small particle size, since
Pesticide dusts are most often made with talcs, immediate toxicity is generally inversely propor-
pyrophyllite, clays, calcium carbonate, precipi- tional to particle size. There are several important
tated hydrated silicates and silicon dioxides, syn- disadvantages to extremely small particle size:
thetic calcium silicate and diatomaceous earth as high wind losses, more or less rapid volatilization
the diluents although finely ground plant material and the prohibitive cost of extremely fine grind-
such as tobacco dust or walnut shell flour is ing. Also, to obtain better toxicant exposure of
sometimes used. technical concentrates absorbed on a carrier, it is
In some cases, a solution of the toxicant in a desirable to have the extender or diluent in as large
volatile organic solvent such as acetone or a particle size as possible and still give good
benzene is mixed with the dust diluents, the sol- dusting characteristics. In a 5 % dust effective
vent allowed to evaporate, and the mixture then toxicant exposure is obtained with the extender
ground. A solution of toxicant may be sprayed on averaging 10 times the size of the toxicant parti-
the dust diluent during mixing and grinding or the cles. At present, particle size specifications are
toxicant dissolved in a nonvolatile solvent and usually 10 to 30 mm for ground dusters and 20 to
mixed with the diluent. When this is done, care 40 mm for aircraft units. For use in fertilizer mix-
must be taken to avoid an excess of solvent that tures, granulated powders of 20 to 80 mesh are
might impair dusting qualities of the finished prepared by impregnation of Fuller’s earth and
product. Many technical pesticides in solid form bentonite fractions with the desired toxicants.
lend themselves to direct grinding with a sorptive Some dusts are sold in a can with a shaker top,
clay carrier in adequate milling equipment. Field meant to be applied like salt, which is certainly
strength dusts may be produced by diluting or not going to place a fungicide where it will do the
cutting down dust concentrates which contain most good. Some dusts are sold in small card-
from 10 to 50 % a.i. (Dust Bases). Because of their board cylinders to be used as dusters, which work
good dusting properties, attapulgites, diatomite, for a little while if the cardboard is well
talc, pyrophyllite, kaolins, and treated calcium paraffined to slide easily; but the dust soon gets
carbonate are used as diluents to provide the damp and clogs. Many more dusts are sold in
volume per acre needed to facilitate metering of plastic containers, with the dust supposedly com-
the dust through the duster mechanism. Since ing out in clouds as you squeeze, but more often it
many formulations contain more than one a.i., doesn’t after the first few days. Dusts are tricky to
dry concentrates must have the proper qualities use because of these disadvantages.
Spraying Vs Dusting
There is really no answer to the question of the next application a bit sooner. It is easier to
whether it is better to dust or to spray. In most spray than to dust on a windy day. Also, in dusting
gardens you will do both, depending on the you are somewhat more likely to get possibly
weather, the plant, the fungicide you want to toxic materials into your lungs than in spraying.
use, and how much time and help you have. The chief points in favor of dusting are the ease
Some orchardists prefer dusting because they and speed of application and the fact that you do
can get around the trees quickly in a rain, whereas not have to clean out the duster after each dusting.
to apply a spray they must wait until the foliage is Sprayers have to be cleaned, often between
dry. But for ornamentals exactly the opposite is different sprays, and they must be rinsed with at
true! You cannot dust a shrub even slightly wet least two changes of water pumped through the
with rain or dew without having a hideous system at the end of every day. Occasionally they
splotchy effect that persists for a long time. If must be taken apart, the tank soaked in trisodium
absolutely necessary you can spray while the phosphate or washing soda, the strainers and noz-
plants are still slightly wet, though the spray may zles in kerosene, wire run through the spray rods,
not stick quite as well, and you may want to make then all put together and rinsed with water.

Mixing The Chemicals
It still seems incredible that so many gardeners scales. It also works out at about 1 level tablespoon
continue to treat their plants in a haphazard of the Dithane powder per gallon, and it is easier to
fashion. Buy a set of measuring spoons and measure than to weigh. There is, however, a good
a measuring cup, marked in ounces. Buy a large deal of volume variation, depending on how
pail and mark it off in gallons. Then measure, fluffed up the material is at the time you measure
exactly! it; so weighing is preferable.
Dosage directions are usually given in pounds When you buy chemicals in small packages
per 100 gallons of water, with or without transla- designed for the home garden, the dosages
tion on the label into small amounts. Not much given on the labels will probably be in terms
arithmetic is required to figure a smaller dosage, of tablespoons per gallon, and you need only
if you remember a few measurements: follow directions. When, to save a good deal of
Conversion table expense, you buy the larger sizes intended for
farmers, the directions may be given only in
3 teaspoons ¼ 1 tablespoon terms of pounds per 100 gallons. As a very
2 tablespoons ¼ 1 fluid ounce rough rule of thumb, you can figure 1 table-
16 tablespoons, 8 fluid ounces ¼ 1 cup
spoon per gallon where directions call for 1
16 ounces, 2 cups ¼ 1 pint
pound per 100 gallons, but the different mix-
2 pints, 4 cups ¼ 1 quart
tures have different weights so this is not very
16 cups, 8 pints ¼ 4 quarts ¼ 1 gallon
accurate.
1 acre ¼ 43,560 square feet
At the rate of 1 pound to 100 you would use,
Suppose 3 gallons of a 2 to 100 dilution of lime accurately, 3/4 T captan 50 %, 1 T chloranil
sulfur is desired. That is the same as a 1 to 50 (Spergon), 1/3 T copper sulfate, 2/3 T dichlone
dilution. Three gallons constitute 48 cups; so if 1 50 % (Phygon), 1 1/4 T ferbam, 1/2 T maneb,
cup of liquid lime sulfur is added to 3 gallons, you 1 T spray lime, 3/4 T thiram, 1/2 T sulfur,
will have a 1 to 49 dilution, and that is close 2/3 T zineb (Dithane Z-78 or Parzate), 1 1/4 T
enough. ziram to 1 gallon of water.
Or suppose you want to make 4 gallons of Sometimes materials for soil treatment are
Zineb at the rate of 1 1/2 pounds per 100 gallons. given in pounds per acre. Knowing that one
That is 24 ounces per 100 gallons, or .24 ounce for acre contains 43,560 square feet, you can
1 gallon and .96 ounce for 4 gallons. That is make a proportion to find out how many pounds
approximately 1 ounce to weigh on your small are required per 1,000 square feet.

All-Purpose Sprays and Dusts
The practicability of combination insecticide- other pests in check and also damage the envi-
fungicide mixtures is sometimes argued. The pro- ronment. DDT is no longer available. Some of the
prietary compounds are more expensive, but they new fungicides leave a rather conspicuous resi-
are more properly prepared than can be done at due; some are somewhat phytotoxic under certain
home and certainly save a lot of time. Nobody conditions. Some of these pesticides are no lon-
today could put on in separate applications all the ger available owing to new federal pesticide leg-
materials needed. The trouble is that the mixtures islation; however, new materials are available
follow fads, as in human medicine. Just as peni- that will replace those whose use is illegal.
cillin was given for most human ills some years Every mixture must be evaluated for particular
ago, so DDT was put in almost all pesticide climatic situations and kinds of plants. There are
mixtures, followed a little later by malathion. hundreds and hundreds of combinations on the
Both are excellent insecticides. The trouble is market under brand names. In order not to be out
they are somewhat too efficient, killing the para- of date before this text is printed, I have used as
sites and predators that keep mites and some few brand names as possible.

Integrated Pest Management
Pesticides have been constantly scrutinized since • Use biological controls when available and
Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring in the early when appropriate; and
1960’s and the birth of the U.S. Environmental • Use cultural practices which are favorable to
Protection Agency (EPA) in the early 1970’s. healthy plant growth.
Registrations of many pesticides have been can- A successful IPM program depends on four
celed and more will be canceled with the passage basic techniques.
of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in • Scouting. Regular and random visual
1996. The diminished availability of pesticides observations provide early warning to disease
may limit choices to more costly materials. In problems.
addition, there is growing concern about ground- • Disease Identification. The first and most
water contamination by pesticides and fertilizers, important step is to identify the problem;
consumer exposure to pesticide residue on food misdiagnosis results in use of improper
and plant material, pesticide resistance in plant control.
pathogens, insects and weeds, destruction of ben- • Timing. Improper timing of control measure
eficial organisms, atmospheric contamination by will result in disease control failure; the con-
pollutants, and concern for endangered species, trol measure must be timed correctly to the
all of which combine to make the problem of pest stage of disease development.
control more serious. • Records. Brief accurate records are a good
For the past 30 years integrated pest manage- tool for disease control decisions.
ment (IPM) has received increased interest. Although entomologists have achieved some
Investigations have concentrated on enhance- success with biological controls, the successes by
ment of a broad arsenal of integrated strategies plant pathologists with biological control has
for control of pests and diseases on selected com- been somewhat sparse. While use of classical
modities. A key goal of IPM strategies is the biological control has aided pest control, most
reduction of pesticide use to the absolute mini- biocontrol products have not yet proved to be
mum and the reliance on other strategies to assist preferred treatments for disease control. Intense
in controlling pests. IPM strategies which can be research in biological control of root diseases
used include: has been proceeding in the United States and
• Apply pesticides only when necessary; in Europe. Some microbial agents, although
• Make use of application methods that apply sometimes sensitive to environmental variation,
less pesticide or use a more efficient spray can be effective in controlling soil-borne plant
system; pathogens. Although there are many promising
• Use biocompatible chemicals as they become fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents, and exper-
available; iments demonstrate successful biocontrol in the

30 Integrated Pest Management
greenhouse and field, there are few commercially There have been searches in recent years for
available biocontrol products. The reasons may “natural” substances that may bear profound anti-
be due to: fungal/antibacterial properties and that exhibit
• An insufficient understanding of the mode of low mammalian and environmental toxicities.
action of most biocontrol agents; These chemicals are termed biocompatible and
• To need to develop mass production and there are four of interest:
delivery systems; • Neem from the neem tree (Melis azedarach)
• Little methodology for integrating biocontrol • Bicarbonates (used in baking)
with other control strategies and crop • Horticultural oils
production methods; and • Strobilurins (from fungal extracts)
• Competition of the biocontrol agent with other Some of these have now been formulated
microorganisms. for the commercial market and are exhibiting
It should also be recognized that biocontrol excellent disease control. There are numerous
products are effective against specific pathogens biocompatible chemicals under investigation for
and that the use of pesticides on foliage or soil their efficacy in disease and pest control. The
may have detrimental effects on the biocontrol great benefit of these products is their safety for
agent. the user and the environment.
Part II
Classification of Plant Pathogens
The plant diseases described in this handbook are caused by bacteria, fungi,
nematodes, a few seed plants (such as dodder, mistletoe, and witchweed),
viruses, physiological disturbances, and air and water pollutants. The classi-
fication of bacteria, fungi, and viruses is somewhat involved and is given here
as a background for the specific descriptions in ▶ Part III. There are many
classifications of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, with numerous disagreements
among mycologists, bacteriologists, virologists and plant pathologists.
Names and groups have been chosen that are widely accepted and most
readily adapted to the alphabetical requirements of a reference that works
like a dictionary.
Classification of the bacteria is based on that given in the Volume 1
(1984) and Volume 2 (1986) of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,
and Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
(1980) by N. W. Schaad (Editor). Classification of the viruses is based on
that given by Murphy et al. 1995. Virus Taxonomy, Classification, and
Nomenclature of Viruses. 6th Rept. ICTV, Brunt, A. A. et al. 1996. Virus of
Plants. Descriptions and List from the VIDE Database, Van Regenmortel
et al. 1999. Virus Taxonomy. 7th Report. ICTV and Descriptions of Plant
Viruses, published by the Commonwealth Mycological Institute and Associ-
ation of Applied Biologists. Other helpful sources were European Handbook
of Plant Diseases (1988) by I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, R. A. Lelliott, D. W.
Phillips and S. A. Archer and A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases, 1972
edition, by Kenneth M. Smith.
So far as possible, the genera, orders, and families of fungi agree with
those given in Plant Pathogenic Fungi (1987) by J. A. von Arx. Helpful
sources included A Dictionary of the Fungi, 1961 edition, by G. C. Ainsworth
and G. R. Bisby, which includes G. W. Martin’s Key to the Families of
the Fungi; The Genera of Fungi, by F. E. Clements and C. L. Shear;
The Fungi, by Frederick A. and Frederick R. Wolf; The Lower Fungi:
Phycomycetes, by H. M. Fitzpatrick; Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi,
by E. A. Bessey; and Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, by H. L. Barnett
and B. B. Hunter.
32 II Classification of Plant Pathogens
Classification in accordance with convention or law is called taxonomy.

Common names vary from locality to locality and country to country. Scien-
tific names are international and are based on the binomial system. Each kind
of bacterium, fungus, nematode, or higher plant is a species, and it has two
Latin words for its name. The first name indicates the genus to which the
species belongs, and the second the species itself. The latter name is usually
descriptive. Diplocarpon rosae means that Diplocarpon, the blackspot fun-
gus, is found on rose. Sometimes the species name honors a person, as
Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae for the fungus causing brand canker of rose.
Such a species name, derived from a proper name, has sometimes been
written with a capital, but present custom is to decapitalize all species
names. The names of genera should always be written with a capital.
Correctly, the author of the name should be written after the species. Then,
if someone else places the species in a new genus, the name of the first author
is put in parentheses followed by the name of the second author. When
a number of taxonomists have worked on a group, the list of authors gets
quite unwieldy. For simplicity all authors have been omitted from the scien-
tific names in this text. The correct name for a fungus with more than one
stage is that first given, with a valid description, for the teleomorph or sexual
stage. That rule is followed here with a few exceptions–as when a fungus is
almost universally recognized by another name.
Species are grouped into genera, related genera into families, designated
with the suffix aceae, as Erysiphaceae, and families into orders with the suffix
ales, as Erysiphales. Groups of related orders form classes.
Strange as it may seem, scientists are not yet agreed on what constitutes
a plant or even a living organism. The old definition of bacteria as unicellular
plants is disputed, and some question if fungi are truly plants. Bacteria are
prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are generally single-celled microorganisms that
have a cell membrane or a cell membrane and a cell wall surrounding the
cytoplasm and no organized nucleus. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound
nuclei, mitochondria and – in plants only – chloroplasts. Although viruses are
known to multiply inside their hosts or vectors, the question of their being
a living entity has not been resolved. The arguments continue. Meanwhile
entities have to be grouped into some sort of order. Whittaker in 1969
introduced the five kingdom classification for all living organisms: Monera
(or Procaryota), Protista, Animalia, Plantae and Fungi (or Mycota). The
Monera are organisms with small cells lacking nuclei, mitochondria and
plastids, viz. the bacteria. The Protista include Microorganisms with one-
celled, often motile thalli (cells contain nuclei). The plants, animals and fungi
are believed to have evolved from Protista. The Fungi are characterized as
heterotrophic organisms, dependent on organic food, which they absorb. The
following scheme, adapted from the Plant Pathogenic Fungi, Nova Hedwigia
87: 288 pp. by J. A. von Arx, is an attempt to show the position of fungal plant
pathogens in the Kingdom Mycota. The listing of families is restricted to
those containing such pathogens.
Fungi
Fungi are organisms having no chlorophyll, of fungi. The mycelium of these three phyla has
reproducing by sexual and asexual spores, not many nuclei which are not marked off by cross-
by fission like bacteria, and typically possessing wells (or nonseptate mycelium) except where
a mycelium or mass of interwoven threads reproductive structures arise, a condition known
(hyphae) containing well-marked nuclei. as coenocytic. Asexual reproduction is by means
According to Hawksworth (1991), there are of spores borne in sacs called sporangia. The
about 4,300 valid genera, and many more that Zygomycota have sexual spores called zygo-
are synonyms, and about 70,000 species living spores which are formed by the union of two
as parasites or saprophytes on other organisms or similar sex cells or gametes; the Oomycota have
their residues. More than 8,000 species cause sexual spores called oospores formed from dis-
plants disease. Fungi are divided into three king- similar gametes; the Chytriodiomycota have nei-
doms and eleven phyla. ther type of sexual spore; the Ascomycota have
Kingdom: Fungi septate mycelium and sexual spores in asci; the
Phylum: Chytridiomycota Basidiomycota have septate mycelium, fre-
Phylum: Zygomycota quently with clamp connections, and sexual
Phylum: Ascomycota spores; the Myxomycota have thalli as a motile
Phylum: Basidiomycota mass of protoplasm (a plasmodium or
Kingdom: Stramenopila myxamoeba – no mycelium) which is
Phylum: Oomycota transformed into a mass of small, aseptate
Phylum: Hyphochytriomycota resting spores that on germination form motile
Phylum: Labyrinthulomycota (slime molds) cells with or without flagella. The Myxomycota
Kingdom: Protists include protists with amoeboid thalli and their
Phylum: Plasmodiophoromycota (endoparasitic status as fungi often has been questioned. The
slime molds) thalli of the Myxomycota are naked, amoeboid,
Phylum: Dictyosteliomycota (Dictyostelid slime plasmotic masses without cell walls and are
molds) termed plasmodia or pseudoplasmodia. They are
Phylum: Acrasiomycota (Acrasid slime molds) also able to move by the formation of pseudopo-
Phylum: Myxomycota (true slime molds) dia and by plasma-streaming. The Plasmodio-
Oomycetes, Zygomycetes and phoromycetes is the only class of the
Chytridiomycetes were formerly listed as Myxomycota which includes parasites of vascu-
subclasses within the class Phycomycetes. lar plants. The best known species is
Oomycota, Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota Plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes “club
are now generally accepted as separate phyla root” of cabbage.

34 Fungi
Monoblepharidales
Chytridiomycota
Saprophytes in water, most of which grow on
The thalli are usually vesicular, occasionally fil- submerged twigs and fruit; thallus of much-
amentous, and are transformed to sporangia, branched delicate hyphae.
gametangia or resting spores. The
Chytridiomycetes are the only members of the Plasmodiophorales
kingdom Fungi that produce motile cells. Motile
cells may function as zoospores, or as gametes, The placement of this order has always been
are radially symmetrical, with a single, posteri- uncertain. Some put it with the Myxomycetes,
orly directed whip-lash type flagellum. The the slime molds, others between the Myxomy-
Chytridiomycetes are the only class in this cetes and the true fungi. Some have considered
phylum. it a family in the Chytridiales. This single class is
placed in the kingdom, Protists, phylum,
Plasmodiophoromycota which contains a single
Chytridiales class, Plasmodiophoromycetes. There is also
only one family, Plasmodiophoraceae, in this
This order is defined on the basis of zoospore order. Parasitic, assimilative phase a
ultrastructure. Most members are water-or soil- multinucleate thallus within host cells, chiefly
inhabiting fungi; many of the former are parasitic of vascular plants, often causing hypertrophy;
on algae and water molds, many of the latter on germinating in place by amoeboid, occasionally
vascular plants. A few parasitize animal eggs and uniciliate, zoospores.
protozoa while others are saprobic on the Plasmodiophoraceae The only family in this
decaying remains of dead plants. Simple fungi order but with two important genera:
which have almost no mycelium, the thallus at Plasmodiophora, causing club root, and
maturity acting as a single sporangium, or divid- Spongospora, causing potato scab.
ing to become a sorus of sporangia; zoospores
posteriorly uniflagellate.
Oomycota
Spizellomycetales The thalli may be vesicular, often irregular, but

are usually filamentous. Sporangia on germina-
Members of this order are diverse and include tion release biflagellate zoospores. One flagellum
plant and fungal parasites and free-living is the whip-lash type and the other the tinsel type.
saprobes inhabiting both soil and water. There is Motile sex cells are absent. Sessile gametangial
great morphological variation in the group, and cells conjugate and form an oogonium containing
examples of both endogenous and exogenous one or several egg cells (see Fig. 1).
development. Most species are monocentric. The Oomycota are related to autotrophic algae
with similar characters. The Oomycetes are the
only class in this phylum; however, the small
Blastocladiales classes Hyphochytriomycetes and Labrinthu-
lomycetes may also be included.
Saprophytes in water or soil; genera are charac-
terized by thick-walled, resistant sporangia, usu- Hyphochytriales
ally with pitted walls. Another feature is the
prominent membrane-bound nuclear cap present Zoospores anteriorly uniflagellate, usually
in zoospores and planogametes. formed outside the sporangium. The order
Zygomycota 35
A
b
c
c
a
a1 c1
b
Fig. 1 Reproduction of an Oomycete (Phytophthora, oogonium. B asexual reproduction by sporangium (a)

order Peronosporales). A multinucleate oogonium (a) formed on sporangiophore (b); a1 sporangium germinat-
and male antheridium (b) in contact; fertilization tube ing by formation of ciliate zoospores; c1 zoospores ger-
formed between gametes after all nuclei except one has minating with germ tube
disintegrated; thick-walled oospore (c) formed inside
Hyphochytriales has now been placed in the phy- plants; in the latter case, zoosporangia function
lum Hyphochytriomycota which contains as conidia.
a single order, Hyphochytriales. Albuginaceae The white rusts. Conidia
(sporangia) in chains on club-shaped conidio-
Saprolegniales phores borne in dense sori beneath epidermis of
host, the sori forming white blisters; intercellular
Marine forms, parasites of diatoms and algae, or mycelium with globose haustoria.
in fresh water and soil, the water molds, with Pythiaceae Conidiophores differing little from
abundant mycelium; hyphae without constric- assimilative hyphae; mycelium saprophytic or
tions; oogonium with several oospores. parasitic, but if latter within cells and without
haustoria. Two genera, Phytophthora, which
includes the potato blight and other pathogens,
Leptomitales
and Pythium, causing damping-off, are especially
important.
Water forms; hyphae constricted, with cellulin
Peronosporaceae Downy mildews. Conidia are
plugs; oogonium with a single oospore.
borne singly or in clusters at tips of usually
branched, rarely clavate, conidiophores emerging
Lagenidiales through stomata; haustoria various.
Primarily aquatic, mostly parasitic on algae and

water molds; thallus simple; zoospores formed by Zygomycota
cleavage within sporangium or partly or wholly
in an evanescent external vesicle. The thalli are vesicular, or more often represent
a coenocytic, multinucleate mycelium (with
Peronosporales aseptate hyphae). The gametangial cells conju-
gate and form a thick-walled, persistent resting
Downy mildews and white rusts. Primarily ter- spore, called a zygospore (see Fig. 2). Motile sex
restrial, living in soil or parasitic on vascular cells are absent, but sporangiospores and conidia are
36 Fungi
a
d
c
A B a
b
a b
b1
a1 e d1
b2
Fig. 2 Reproduction of a Zygomycete (Rhyzopus, order formed inside a sporangium (a) formed on
Mucorales). A suspensors (a) from different hyphae cut a sporangiophore (b) around a columella (c). Hyphae are
off gametes (b) ofequalsize which fuse (b1) to form attached to substratum by rhizoids (e). Sporangiospore
a spinyzygospore (b2). B asexualsporangiospores (d) germinates by a germ tube (d1)
usually formed and dispersed by air. There are two as conidia; zoospores free within a gametangial
classes, the Zygomycetes, and the Trichomycetes vesicle.
(mainly parasitic on insects). These classes differ by
morphological and chemical characteristics.
Ascomycota
The thalli may consist of aseptate yeast cells or

Zygomycetes
septate hyphae. Following meiosis, endogenous
spores (ascospores) form within a cell called an
Mucorales
ascus. There are three groups: Archiascomycetes
Profuse mycelium, much branched; asexual
(members lack ascogenous hyphae and ascocarps,
reproduction by sporangia or conidia; sexual
and asci sometimes homologized with sporangia),
reproduction by zygospores from union of two
Saccharomycetales (Ascomycetes, Yeasts: contain
branches of the same mycelium or from different
no ascogeneous hyphae and ascocarps; asci
mycelia. Some species damage fruits and vegeta-
thin walled and may release ascospores by deli-
bles in storage. Only two families are of much
quescing or breaking) and Filamentous Ascomy-
interest to plant pathologists.
cetes (with functional sex organs – possess
Mucoraceae Sporangiophores liberated by
ascogonium, ascogenous hyphae and crosiers that
breaking up of thin sporangial wall; zygospores
become enclosed in an ascocarp). The asci in Asco-
rough. Mucor and Rhizopus cause storage molds.
mycetes are aggregated in fructifications called
Choanephoraceae Both sporangia and conidia
ascomata (apothecia, cleistothecia, perithecia).
present, the latter borne on swollen tips; zygo-
The asexual states (anamorphs) of the Ascomycetes
spores naked. Choanephora is a weak parasite
usually are classified in a separate class called
causing blossom blight or blossom-end rot of
Deuteromycetes.
young fruits.
Entomophthorales Ascomycetes
Profuse mycelium, species frequently parasitic
on insects or other animals, rarely on plants; The diagnostic characteristics of this class are
anamorph spores modified sporangia functioning a septate mycelium (hyphae with cross walls)
Ascomycota 37
D
A B
c
a
c1
b
C
Fig. 3 Sexual reproduction in the Ascomycetes. A asci opening with a mouth or ostioles (Spaheriales).
borne singly in locules in stroma (Myriangiales). B peri- D Discomycetes (Heliotiales), ascus (a) and paraphyses
thecia with long necks or beaks immersed in stroma (a) formed in a hymenial layer in a cuplike apothecium (c)
(Sphaeriales). C papillate perithecium in host tissue, and (c1); ascospore (d) germinates by germ tube
and the ascus, a sac, typically club-shaped or Protomycetaceae Chlamydospores thick-

cylindrical, bearing the sexual spores, asco- walled, germinating after a rest period, the exo-
spores, usually eight in number. Asci may be spore splitting and the endospore emerging to
formed on or in hyphae or cells but are usually form a large multispored spore-sac. Parasitic on
grouped in structures, ascocarps, either in locules vascular plants.
in a stroma or lining a cup-shaped fruiting body Taphrinales Chlamydospores thin-walled; asci
called an apothecium or the walls of an enclosed eight-spored but may become multispored by
round or flaska-shaped perithecium. The young budding. Genera Exoascus and Taphrina cause
ascus has two nuclei, which fuse and then leaf curl and leaf blisters and now Exoascus is
undergo generally three divisions to give the usually considered a synonym of Taphrina.
eight spores. In many genera paraphyses, thin Subclass Euascomycetidae. Asci borne in
sterile clubs, are formed between the asci (see ascocarps.
Fig. 3).
Many ascomycetes have both a parasitic and Eurotiales
a saprophytic stage. In their parasitic stage they The order is characterized by (1) asci free on
usually produce conidia or anamorph spores, mycelium or within sessile or stipitate ascocarps;
sometimes on groups of conidiophores growing (2) sexual fusion, usually by trichogyne and
out of the mycelium, sometimes in a special pyc- undifferentiated hypha; (3) spherical-to-ovoid
nidium. Similar structures sometimes found are evanescent asci; (4) single-celled ascospores
spermagonia containing spermatia, small sex cells. that are oblate, spherical, globosa, or smooth or
with reticulations, spines, or thickened rings;
Taphrinales sometimes with appendages; (5) dry usually
This order is now placed in the class phialidic conidia; and (6) being known from
Archiascomycetes. Hyphae bearing terminal a variety of often starchy, oily, or cellulosic
chlamydospores or ascogenous cells, each of substrates.
which produces a single ascus, usually forming Trichocomaceae Diversity of coverings are
a continuous hymenium-like layer on often found over the asci: pseudoparenchymatous
modified tissues of hosts. Spore sac compound cleistothecia; stromata in which cleistothecia
(a synascus) regarded as equivalent of numerous develop; stromata without cleistothecia; or
asci. Parasitic on vascular plants. wefty hyphal coverings over the asci.
38 Fungi
Pseudeurotiaceae Species have coiled ascocarp branches, resembling perithecia. This family is
initials, hyaline, to dark cleistothecia, and now placed in the order Capnodiales.
scattered globose asci that are evanescent. Coryneliaceae Stroma lobed, each lobe with
a single locule which is finally wide open. Martin
Ouygenales places this in the Coryneliales.
This order characterized by asci free on myce- Dothideaceae Stroma not markedly lobed, loc-
lium; fusion of gametangial hyphae variable ules immersed in groups; at maturity stroma is
without trichogyne but with ascogonium some- erumpent and superficial.
times coiling; spherical to ovoid deliquescent Acrospermaceae Stroma typically uniloculate,
asci; single-celled ascospores variously shaped. clavate, erect; dehiscence by a fimbriate, often
Gymnoascaceae Cloistothecia around asci of spreading, tip. Martin places this family in the
loosely interwoven hyphae. Coryneliales and adds, under Dothideales,
Onygenaceae Ascocarp stalked and capitate, Pseudo-sphaeriaceae, with asci more or less sep-
small to medium; peridium tough, opening arated by stromatic tissue.
above; ascospores pitted. Microthyriaceae (including Asterineae and
Trichopelteae) Stromatic cover of radial or par-
Erysiphales (Perisporiales) allel hyphae; chiefly tropical species.
Parasites of higher plants; mycelium generally on
surface of host; perithecia without true ostioles.
The powdery mildews. White mycelium, with Microthyriales
conidia in chains; perithecia rupturing with an Mycelium largely superficial; stroma flattened;
apical tear or slit. dimidiate; opening by a pore or tear, simulating
the upper half of a perithecium.
Meliolales Polystomellaceae (including Stigmateae) Myce-
Dark or black mildews. Mycelium dark; stroma lium largely internal, forming a hypostroma;
unilocular, resembling a perithecium. Mycelium fruiting stroma subcuticular or superficial.
dark; asci exposed by gelatinization of upper Trichothyriaceae Superficial mycelium irregu-
portion of ascocarp. lar or lacking; base of stroma well developed;
parasitic on other fungi.
Myriangiales
Stroma well developed, often gelatinous; asci Pleosporales
borne singly in locules. Nearly all are parasites Ostiole an elongated slit on a usually flattened,
on higher plants. elongate apothecium, bearing asci in a flat, basal
Piedraiaceae Tropical fungi invades cuticle of layer.
hair of primates, including humans. Hysteriaceae Ascocarps superficial from the
Myriangiaceae Stroma pulvinate, often with first; black, carbonaceous, round or elongate.
lobes, nearly homogeneous. Micropeltaceae (Hemisphaeriaceae) Internal
Elsinoaceae Stroma effused, with gelatinous mycelium scanty; stromatic cover not of radially
interior and crustose rind. arranged hyphae; chiefly tropical species. This
family now placed in order Pleosporales; for-
Dothideales merly in Microthyriales.
Mycelium immersed in substratum; stroma with
hard, dark rind, soft and pale within; locules more Hypocreales
or less spherical, resembling perithecial cavities. Perithecia, and stromata if present, bright col-
Capnodiaceae Sooty molds. Often on living ored, soft, and fleshy. Martin gives two families.
plants associated with insect secretions. Stroma Nectriaceae Asci elliptical to cylindrical;
massive, carbonaceous, often excessively inoperculate; ascospores various but never long-
branched; fruiting bodies borne singly at tips of filiform.
Ascomycota 39
Clavicipitaceae Asci long-cylindrical, with conidial stage; perithecia develop under bark;
a thickened tip, ascospores long-filiform. ascospores small, allantoid, hyaline to yellow-
brown. This family now placed in order
Sphaeriales (Pyrenomycetes) Xylariales.
Mycelium well developed; perithecia dark, more Melogrammataceae Conidia typically borne in
or less hard, carbonaceous, with an ostiole typi- hollow chambers in stroma composed of fungal
cally circular in section; with or without stro- elements; ascospores one-to many-celled, hya-
mata; asci inoperculate (without a lid) but line or brown.
spores discharged with force; paraphyses and Xylariaceae Conidia borne in superficial layer
periphyses usually present. on surface of stroma; ascospores one-to two-
Chaetomiaceae Perithecia superficial, hairy, celled, blackish brown.
walls membranous; asci deliquescent; ascospores Martin does not use the order Sphaeriales. He
dark; paraphyses wanting. Now placed in order places some of the above families in separate
Sordariales. orders. This family now placed in order Xylariales.
Sordariaceae (Fimetariaceae) Perithecia super-
ficial, walls membranous, naked or sparsely Laboulbeniales
setose; asci discharging spores forcibly. Now Minute parasites on insects or spiders; mycelium
placed in order Sordariales. represented by a small number of basal cells
Sphaeriaceae Perithecia superficial, walls car- functioning as haustorium and stalk.
bonaceous, mouths papillate.
Ceratostomataceae Perithecia superficial, car- Phacidiales (=Rhytismatales)
bonaceous, with long, hairlike beaks. Discomycetes in which the hymenium is covered
Cucurbitariaceae Stroma present but perithe- by a membrane until ascospores are mature, then
cia completely emergent at maturity; formed in splitting stellately or irregularly.
groups. Phacidiaceae Ascocarps leathery or carbona-
Amphisphaeriaceae Bases of perithecia persis- ceous, black, remaining embedded in host tissue
tently immersed in stroma; mouths circular. or in stroma; hypothecium thin. Martin includes
Lophiostomataceae Bases of perithecia persis- Tryblidiaceae, ascocarps leathery, immersed,
tently immersed in stroma; mouths compressed, hypothecium thick; but Ainsworth and Bisby
elongate. place members of this family in the Helotiales.
Sphaerellaceae (Mycosphaerellaceae) Perithe-
cia immersed in substratum; stroma lacking or Helotiales
poorly developed; asci not thickened at tips; Discomycetes without a membrane; asci
mouths of perithecia papillate. inoperculate, opening with a definite pore. Cup
Gnomoniaceae Perithecia immersed in substra- fungi.
tum; usually beaked; asci thickened at tips. This Geoglossaceae Ascocarps calvate or caplike,
family has been eliminated: Gnomonia species hymenium covering convex upper portion.
are in the order Dothideales. Ascocorticiaceae Fructification effused, inde-
Clypeosphaeriaceae Stroma a shieldlike crust terminate, without excipulum; paraphyses
(clypeus) over perithecia, through which necks lacking.
protrude. Stictidiaceae Ascocarps first immersed in sub-
Valsaceae Stroma composed of mixed host and stratum, then erumpent; asci long-cylindrical
fungal elements; perithecia immersed, with long with thickened apex; ascospores filiform, break-
necks; conidia borne in cavities in stroma. ing up into segments at maturity.
Melanconidiaceae Like Valsaceae but conidia Cyttariaceae Ascocarps compound, in form of
borne superficially on the stroma. subglobose stromata bearing numerous apothe-
Diatrypaceae Stroma composed wholly of fun- cial pits. Now placed in order Cyttariales; no
gus elements; in some genera present only in family.
40 Fungi
Patellariaceae Apothecia leathery, horny, carti-

laginous, or gelatinous; tips of paraphyses united Basidiomycota
to form an epithecium; asci thick-walled. Now
placed in order Patellariales; no family. The thalli may contain budding cells which are
Mollisiaceae Apothecia waxy or fleshy; perid- formed successively by new inner layers which
ium of rounded or angular, mostly thin-walled, burst through the outer layers. After meiosis, the
dark cells forming a pseudoparenchyma. haploid cells are formed exogenously by budding
Helotiaceae Apothecia soft, fleshy, stalked; and are called basidiospores or sporidia. Endog-
peridium of elongate, thin-walled, bright-colored enous spores (sporangiospores or ascospores) are
hyphae, arranged in parallel strands. absent in Basidiomycota.
Sclerotiniaceae Apothecia arising from The structures on which haploid spores
a definite sclerotium or stromatized portion of resulting from meiosis are formed are termed
the substratum; stalked, cup-shaped, funnel- basidia and usually bear a constant number of
form, or saucer-shaped; usually brown; asci spores, 2 or 4, occasionally more. The basidia
inoperculate, usually eight-spored; spores ellip- are differentiated on dikaryotic hyphae usually
soidal, often flattened on one side, usually hya- in or on fruiting bodies called basidiomata. The
line; spermatia globose to slightly ovate; conidial basidia may also be formed on resting spores
forms lacking in many genera. These families are called teliospores (see Fig. 4). Dikaryotic resting
from Martin’s 1954 Key to Families. His 1961 list spores may also germinate with a shorter or longer
puts Ostropaceae in the Ostropales and tube, which is termed promycelium. The three
Patellariaceae in the Hysteriales. Ainsworth and classes now distinguished are the Ustomycetes,
Bisby list Geoglossaceae and put all other genera the Urediniomycetes and the Basidiomycetes.
under “other Helotiales.” The Ustomycetes propagate mainly by bud-
ding cells; septate hyphae may be present, but
are rare. After meiosis, resting spores form
Pezizales short, often septate promycelia, which produce
Asci operculate, opening by a lid; hymenium budding cells laterally or terminally. Character-
exposed before maturity of spores; apothecia istic basidia or basidiospores are absent.
often brightly colored; most forms saprophytic. The Urediniomycetes form basidia, which
Pezizaceae Apothecia cup-shaped or discoid; after meiosis form uninucleate cells by transverse
sessile or stalked. septation. Each cell forms a single, stalked
Helvellaceae Fruit bodies upright, columnar or basidiospore.
with a stalk and cap; sometimes edible. Nearly all Uredinomycetes are obligate para-
sites of vascular plants and are known as rust fungi.
Tuberales The Basidiomycetes form basidia, which usu-
Ascocarp hypogeic, remaining closed; hyme- ally remain aseptate after meiosis; the basidio-
nium covered with a pseudo-tissue or hymenium spores are arranged in an apical whorl and are
lacking and asci filling cavities; mostly subterra- sessile or stalked. The septa of the hypha have
nean; includes edible truffles. characteristic central pores termed dolipores, with
Tuberaceae Interior waxy at maturity; asci per- thickened walls and caps. Dolipores are not present
sistent. This family now placed in order in the Ustomycetes and the Urediniomycetes.
Pezizales. The order Tuberales has been
eliminated.
Elaphomycetaceae Interior powdery at matu- Ustomycetes
rity; asci disappearing early, leaving interior
filled with spores. This family now placed in Ustomycetes include about 500 species belong-
order Pezizales. The order Tuberales has been ing to two orders; the plant parasitic Ustilaginales
eliminated. (smut fungi), and the Sporidiales (red yeasts).
Basidiomycota 41
a
Pileus
b
Gill
Basidiospore
Stipe
Annulus
Basidium
Clamp
Conk
Connection
Volva Pore
Fig. 4 Reproduction in Basidiomycetes. a, mushroom conk, in Polyporaceae where basidia line pores instead of
(Agaricaceae) with cap of pileus lined with gills bearing gills. Mycelium in basidiomycetes sometimes have
basidia germinating by basiodiospores. b, sporophore, or a structure around a septum called a clamp connection
Ustilaginales into four cells, each producing a single basidio-

The smuts. Spore masses are usually black; spores spore on a sterigma; spore masses are yellowish
are heavy-walled chlamydospores, germinating or orange, and there are several spore forms.
by a promycelium (basidium) and four or more Melampsoraceae Teliospores sessile, in crusts,
sporidia (basidiospores). cushions, or cylindrical masses, or solitary, or in
Ustilaginaceae Smuts. Basidiospores are pro- clusters, in mesophyll or epidermis of host. Now
duced on sides of a four-celled promycelium. placed in the order Melanosporales.
Tilletiaceae Smuts. Elongated basidiospores Pucciniaceae Teliospores usually stalked, sepa-
produced in a cluster at tip of a non-septate rate, or held together in gelatinous masses; some-
promycelium or basidium. times several on common stalks; less frequently
sessile, catenulate, breaking apart.
Auriculariaceae Basidia with transverse septa;
Urediniomycetes typically gelatinous. The genus Helicobasidium
causes violet root rot and the genus
Urediniomycetes – have cylindrical, often Herpobasidium causes blight of lilac. Now
slightly curved, transversely septate basidia. placed in the order Auriculariales.
Each cell forms a sterigma with a basidiospore, Septobasidiaceae (Felt fungus) Arid, lichenoid,
which is forcibly discharged when mature. Usu- parasitic on scale insects; probasidia often with
ally basidia develop on resting spores called thickened walls. Now placed in the order
teliospores. The Urediniomycetes contain two Septobasidiales. There are six other families, of
orders, the Uredinales (rust fungi, obligate para- no particular interest from the standpoint of plant
sites on vascular plants) and the Auriculariales. disease.
Uredinales
The rusts. More than 5,000 species have been Basidiomycetes
described in about 300 genera. Always parasitic
in vascular plants; teliospores or probasidia ger- Basidiomycetes – About 10,000 species have
minate with a promycelium divided transversely been described and includes the mushrooms and
42 Fungi
the bracket fungi formed on trees. Most grow in Hydnaceae Hymenium covering downward-
the soil and many form mycorrhiza with roots of directed spines, warts, or teeth. Now placed in
forest trees. The hyphae in general are septate and order Aphyllophorales.
dikaryotic. The septa of the hyphae often have Polyporaceae Hymenium lining pores (pits or
clamp connections, hyphal outgrowths formed dur- tubes); hymenophore woody, tough or membra-
ing cell division and forming a connection between nous, rarely subfleshy but never soft. Martin
two cells. The basidia are formed in or on places this family and the preceding three in
basidiomata on dikaryotic hyphae or on dikaryotic another order, Polyporales. Now placed in order
resting spores (teliospores). At maturity they are Aphyllophorales.
arranged either in a free, open layer termed hyme- Boletaceae Fruiting surface poroid or occasion-
nium or enclosed in fungal structures termed gleba. ally pitted; basidiocarp fleshy to tough or
The basidiospores are sessile or more often develop membranous.
on sterigmata. Young basidia are dikaryotic, until Agaricaceae The mushrooms. Fruiting bodies
the nuclei fuse and meiosis follows. The two, four usually fleshy, sometimes tough or membranous,
or more haploid nuclei migrate into the basidio- often with a stipe and cap; hymenophore lamel-
spores, which usually are uni-, occasionally binu- late, with gills.
cleate. Those orders containing plant parasitic
species are included below. Hymenogastrales
Hymenium present in early stages, lining cham-
Graphioliales bers of the gleba, closed fruiting body, which is
Graphiolaceae False smuts. Black, erumpent fleshy or waxy, sometimes slimy and fetid at
sori and spores in chains; on palms in warmer maturity.
regions.
Phallales
Tremellales Gleba slimy and fetid; exposed at maturity on an
Trembling fungi Basidiocarp usually well elongated or enlarged receptacle.
developed, often gelatinous varying to waxy or
leathery hornlike when dry; mostly saprophytic, Lycoperdales
sometimes parasitic on mosses, vascular plants, The puffballs. Gleba powdery and dry at matu-
insects, or other fungi. rity; spores usually small, pale.
Agaricales Sclerodermatales
Hymenium (fruiting layer) present, exposed from Gleba powdery at maturity; chambers not sepa-
beginning or before spores are matured. rating from peridium or each other; spores usu-
Exobasidiaceae Hymenium on galls or ally large, dark.
hypertrophied tissues of hosts, which are vascular
plants. Martin places this in a separate order, Nidulariales
Exobasidiales. Bird’s nest fungi. Gleba waxy; chamber with
Thelephoraceae Hymenium smooth or some- distinct walls forming peridioles (the eggs in the
what roughened or corrugated; basidiocarp web- nest), which serve as propagules of
like or membranous, leathery or woody; dissemination.
hymenium on lower side. Now placed in order
Aphyllophorales.
Clavariaceae Hymenium smooth, pileus more Deuteromycetes: Fungi Imperfecti
or less clavate or club-shaped, erect, simple or (Mycelia Sterilia)
branched, fleshy or rarely gelatinous; hymenium
on all surfaces. Now placed in order Anamorph fungi are those for which
Aphyllophorales. a teleomorph state is not yet known or does not
Basidiomycota 43
b c2
c4
a
Acervulus
c1
c3
Pycnidium Sporodochium Synnema
Fig. 5 Spore formation in the Deuteromycetes. a Tuberculariaceae; c2 dard conidiophores and conidia of
Sphaeropsidales, conidia in pycnidum. b Melanconiales, Dematiaceae; c3 hyaline conidia in chains, Moniliaceae;
conidia in acervulus. c Moniliales – c1 sporodochium of c4 conidiophores grouped into a synnema, Stilbaceae
a
b c d e
f g
1 2 2
2
Fig. 6 Spore forms in the Deuteromycetes, commonly c Phragmosporae, spores with two or more cross septa;
designated by letters and figures. a Amerosporae, one- c1 Hyalophragmiae, hyaline or light; c2 Phaeophragmiae,
celled; a1 Hyalosporae, spores hyaline; a2 Phaeosporae, dark. d Dictyosporae, muriform spores. e Scolecosporae,
spores dark. b Didymosporae, two-celled; b1 filiform spores. f Helicosporae, spirally coiled spores.
Hyalodidymae, hyaline; b2 Phaeodidymae, dark. g Staurosporae, starlike spores
exist. Most of them are in the Ascomycetes. The Sphaerioidaceae (Sphaeropsidaceae

groupings are based on conidia: hyaline or col- Phyllostictaceae) Pycnidia more or less globose,
ored; with one, two, or several cells; formed in ostiolate or closed; walls dark, tough, leathery or
pycnidia, on acervuli (little cushions of hyphae carbona ceous.
breaking through the host epidermis), or free on Nectrioidaceae As above but walls or stroma
the surface of the host (see Figs. 5 and 6). bright-colored, fleshy or waxy.
Leptostromataceae Pycnidia dimidate (having
Sphaeropsidales the outer wall covering only the top half); usually
Conidia borne in pycnidia or chambered cavities. radiate, sometimes long and cleft.
44 Fungi
Excipulaceae Pycnidia discoid or cupulate. Sporobolomycetaceae False yeasts. Reproduc-

tion by budding and germination by repetition;
Melanconiales probably anamorph species of the Tremellales, in
Conidia borne in definitely circumscribed acervuli; the Basidiomycetes.
erumpent (breaking through the substratum). Moniliaceae Hyphae and spores hyaline or
Melanconiaceae Conidia are slime-spores; brightly colored; conidiophores not grouped
cause anthracnose diseases. together.
Dematiaceae Same as Moniliaceae but hyphae
Moniliales or conidia, or both, brownish to black.
Conidiophores (specialized hyphae bearing Stilbaceae (Stilbellaceae) Conidiophores united
conidia) superficial, entirely free or bound in into a coremium or synnema, an upright group of
tufts or in cushionlike masses (sporodochia). hyphae.
Pseudosaccharomycetaceae (Cryptococcaceae) Tuberculariaceae Hyphae and conidiophores
False yeasts. Hyphae scanty or nearly lacking; repro- combined in a sporodochium, a tight, spore-
duction by budding but not germinating by repetition. bearing mass.
Bacteria
The fact that bacteria can cause plant diseases was Pathogenic bacteria apparently cannot enter
discovered almost simultaneoualy in four different plants directly through unbroken cuticle but get in
countries, with the United States claiming first through insect or other wounds, through stomata,
honors. In 1878 Professor T. J. Burrill of the through hydathodes, possibly through lenticels,
University of Illinois advanced the theory that fire and often through flower nectaries. They can sur-
blight of apple and pear was due to the bacteria that vive for some months in an inactive state in plant
he found constantly associated with blighted tissues. tissue, as in holdover cankers of fire blight, and
In 1879, the French scientist Prillieux published perhaps years in the soil, although claims for
a paper on bacteria as the cause of rose-red disease extreme longevity of the crown-gall organism in
of wheat; in 1880 the Italian Comes recognized soil are discounted.
bacteria as pathogenic to plants; in 1882 Burrill Most of these plant disease bacteria have had
named his fire-blight organism Micrococcus their genus names changed several times since
amylovorus; and in 1883 Walker in Holland reported they were first described, and some species have
the bacterial nature of yellows disease of hyacinth. been combined. Classification of bacteria will
It remained, however, for Erwin F. Smith, of the probably change further in future years. Where
U.S. Department of Agriculture, to do most of the genus and/or species names have been changed,
pioneer work in this field and to convince the world the old name is given in parentheses. The genera
that bacteria were to blame for so many diseases. He and species used in this text agree with those given
spent a lifetime in the process, starting with peach in Ninth Edition of Bergey’s Manual of Determi-
yellows, and going on to a study of crown gall and its native Bacteriology (1994) and recent articles
relation to human cancer. In 1905 the first volume of in the J. Systematic Bacteriology. Walter H.
his monumental work Bacteria in Relation to Plant Burkholder, of Cornell University, who revised
Diseases was published. the portions of the Manual dealing with plant
There are about 80 species of bacteria which pathogens, followed in the footsteps of Erwin F.
cause plant disease and many of them consisting Smith by spending his life with bacterial diseases
of numerous pathovars. Bacterial diseases fall of plants, as did Charlotte Elliott of the U.S.
into three categories: (1) a wilting, as in cucum- Department of Agriculture, from whose Manual
ber wilt, due to invasion of the vascular system, of Bacterial Plant Pathogens much information on
or water-conducting vessels; (2) necrotic blights, disease symptoms have been taken.
rots, and leaf spots, where the parenchyma tissue Two kinds of prokaryotes (organisms that lack
is killed, as in fire blight, delphinium black spot, a true nucleus) cause disease in plants. Bacteria have
soft rot of iris and other plants with rhizomes or a cell membrane, a rigid cell wall, and often one or
fleshy roots; (3) an overgrowth or hyperplasia, as more flagella. The mollicutes, or phytoplasmas lack
in crown gall or hairy root. a cell wall and have only a single-unit membrane.

46 Bacteria
A general classification of plant pathogenic Part III: Irregular, Gram-positive, nonsporing

prokaryotes is shown below: rods.
Kingdom: Prokaryotae – Organisms with genetic FAMILY: Mycobacteriaceae –The plant pathogens
material not organized into a nucleus that is formerly classified into the genus Corynebacte-
not surrounded by a membrane. rium were separated into the genera:
Bacteria: Have a cell membrane and cell wall. Clavibacter, Curtobacterium, Rhodococcus,
Anthrobacter, and Rathoyibacter. Bacteria in
Part I: Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci. all genera are pleomorphic rods and form yel-
FAMILY: Pseudomonadaceae low colonies that are slow growing. Separation
GENUS: Pseudomonas, rod-shaped, one or several of the genera is based primarily on the presence
polar flagella, colonies white. of specific amino acids in the cell walls. Posi-
Xanthomonas, rod-shaped, one polar flagel- tive identification of the genera is very difficult.
lum, colonies yellow. GENUS: Clavibacter. Contains important phyto-
Xylella, rod-shaped, under some cultural con- pathogenic bacteria formerly classified as
ditions filamentous; nonmotile, aflagellate, Corynebacterium.
nonpigmented.
Burkholderia, rod-shaped bacteria, motile by Part IV: Actinomycetes, bacteria forming
one or more polar flagella, colonies white, branching filaments.
nutrition very versatile. FAMILY: Streptomycetaceae
Acidovorax, rod-shaped bacteria, motile by sin- GENUS: Streptomyces. Gram-positive, aerial myce-
gle polar flagellum, colonies white, limited lium with chains of nonmotile condidia.
number of sugars are used for growth.
Rhizomonas, small rod-shaped bacteria, Part V: Mollicutes, prokaryotes that have a cell
motile by single polar flagellum, colonies membrane but no cell wall.
slow growing and white, causes corky root FAMILY: Mycoplasmataceae, the plant
of lettuce. mycoplasmalike organismsphytoplasmas.
Rhizobacter, rod-shaped bacterium with one Spiroplasmataceae.
lateral or polar flagellum, colonies white to GENUS: Spiroplasma, helical, motile but lacking
yellowish-white depending upon the flagella. Phytoplasma, pleomorphic cells not
medium, causes carrot bacterial gall. culturable in artificial medium.
Ralstonia, rod-shaped bacterium with single The taxonomy of the plant pathogenic fastid-
polar flagellum, colonies white and usually ious phloem-limited bacteria is still unknown,
pleomorphic in shape, causes bacterial wilt and the taxonomy of the phytoplasmas, and
in over 200 species of plants. of the spiroplasmas is tentative. Furthermore,
Xylophilus, rod-shaped bacterium with single Richettsialike organisms (RLOs) have been
polar flagellum, colonies yellow and slow- reported to be associated with a number of
growing, causes cankers on grape vines. plant diseases. RLOs are also cultured with diffi-
FAMILY: Rhizobiaceae culty which is a characteristic similar to the
GENUS: Agrobacterium, rod-shaped sparse lateral phytoplasmas. On this basis, both phytoplasmas
flagella, colonies white, rarely yellow. and RLOs are referred to as ‘fastidious prokary-
otes’. There are more than 200 distinct plant
Part II: Gram-negative facultative anaerobic diseases affecting several hundred genera of
rods. plants which have been shown to be caused by
FAMILY: Enterobacteriaceae the Mollicutes.
GENUS: Erwinia, peritrichous flagella, colonies The taxonomic scheme for mollicutes and
white or yellow. phytoplasmas is difficult to present in this hand-
Pantoea, peritrichous flagella, colonies yel- book since morphological criteria are limited and
low. Nutritionally restricted. both the criteria used in bacteriology and the
Bacteria 47
serological methods used in virology are difficult other cases identification must be left to the
to apply because phytoplasmas (except for technically trained bacteriologist. It involves
spiroplasma) have not been cultured. Thus the special staining technique, for examination of
true nature of phytoplasmas and RLOs, and form and motility under the microscope, and to
their taxonomic position among microorganisms see whether it is Gram-negative or Gram-posi-
is uncertain. In practice, the diseases caused by tive, and special culture technique to determine
mollicutes have been taxonomically been treated shape, color, and texture of colonies on agar and
individually. The elucidation of true relatedness gelatin, production of gases, fermentation of
among these organisms awaits further research. sugar, coagulation of milk, etc. If you are in
The general nature of the symptoms and the doubt about a plant disease, and the absence of
name of the host plant will, in many cases, leave fungus fruiting bodies leads you to believe that
little doubt as to the identity of a bacterial dis- bacteria may be at work, send a specimen to
ease. In the case of the soft rot due to Erwinia your State Experiment Station for expert
carotovora the nose alone is a reliable guide. In diagnosis.
Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasmas
Viruses viruses contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

instead of RNA. X-ray diffraction and electron
The word virus means poison or venom. When it microscopy have shown something of the mor-
is used in connection with a plant disease, it phology of virus particles. Some are rods, some
means a filterable virus, an infective principle or filiform, and some are isometric, but polyhedral
etiological agent so small it passes through filters rather than spherical. They apparently act not as
that will retain bacteria. Virus diseases in man organisms but as disturbances in the host metab-
range from infantile paralysis to the common olism of nucleic acid.
cold and in plants from “breaking” of tulip There are over 850 described plant virus spe-
flowers to the deadly raspberry ringspot disease cies. Many of the described viruses are definitive
on the Malling Jewel variety of raspberry. members of genera, whose names have been
Viruses are obligate parasites in that they are approved by the ICTV (International Committee
capable of increasing only in living cells. They on Taxonomy of Viruses) to be viruses and could
are not organisms in the usual sense because they be agents of other kinds. For example, aster yel-
do not multiply by growth and fission, and they lows and elm phloem necrosis were thought for
are too complex to be chemical molecules. F. C. some time to be caused by viruses, but have now
Bawden, in the 1964 edition of his Plant Viruses besen determined to be caused by phytoplasmas.
and Virus Diseases, defines viruses as “submi- Moreover, in Part 4 some phytoplasma may still
croscopic infective entities that multiply only be positioned under bacterial or viral caused dis-
intracellularly and are potentially pathogenic.” ease since their true identity is not yet known or
Virus diseases are old; our knowledge of them that the confirmation of identity has been made
is relatively recent. Tulip mosaic, shown as but missed for inclusion in the 7th edition. In
breaking of flower color, was described in addition, potato spindle tuber and chrysanthe-
a book published in 1576. In 1892 it was shown mum stunt disease were long thought to be caused
that the cause of tobacco mosaic could pass by viruses, but have now been determined to
through a bacteria-proof filter, and in 1935 be caused by viroids. Viroids consist solely of
a crystalline protein was prepared from tobacco small RNAs with no protein coat. There are now
mosaic virus juice. At present we believe that about 30 plant diseases that have been identified
virus particles contain only two major compo- as having viroid causal agents including potato
nents, nucleic acid embedded in a protein struc- spindle tuber, chrysanthemum stunt, citrus
ture, and that they are built of uniform-sized exocortis, chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle, and
subunits arranged in a fixed and regular manner. cadangcadang of palm. More diseases caused by
Many plant viruses contain ribonucleic acid viroids will probably be identified in future years.
(RNA). Some plant viruses and many animal There are now about 68 identified phytoplasmas

50 Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasmas
and finally, some plant diseases formerly thought the growing season and found free of
to be caused by viruses have now been deter- certain diseases. Virus-free foundation stock
mined to be caused by spiroplasma, such as citrus can be built up from heat treatment –rowing
stubborn disease. Thus the field of virology has plants at high temperatures for weeks or even
changed somewhat in recent years. In order to months – and/or meristem tip cultured plants.
simplify the discussion of these viruses and virus- Virus-free stock is tested by “indexing”, bioas-
like agents and the diseases they cause, these says and/or serological assays, before using stock
agents are grouped under virus diseases, since for propagating. Controlling insect vectors (by
the symptoms which they cause in plants are spraying plants or treating soil with systemic
similar. insecticides), eliminating weed hosts, roguing
Some viruses attack a large number of differ- diseased plants before insects can transmit the
ent plants and are of great economic importance; virus, and using resistant varieties are all ways
others are confined to a single host. Virus symp- of combating virus diseases.
toms fall into several categories, but commonly This handbook does not deal predominantly
there is loss of color due to the suppression of with the characteristics of the causal viral agent,
chlorophyll development. Foliage may be mot- but with the disease caused by the virus, viroids
tled green and yellow, mosaic, or have yellow and phytoplasmas.
rings (ring spot); or there may be a rather uniform Viruses are classified now in the traditional
yellowing (yellows). Stunting is common. The taxonomic system (family – genus – species).
reduction in manufactured food from the chloro- Formal use of a virus species name should be
phyll loss leads to smaller size, shorter inter- printed in italics with the first word capitalized;
nodes, smaller leaves and blossoms, and an acronym, when used, should also be capital-
reduced yield. There may be various distortions ized. In this book however, we used bold font for
of leaves and flowers, witches’ brooms, or the generic name of viruses. Generally, the spe-
rosettes. There may be necrotic symptoms with cies name consists of the vernacular plus the
death as the end result, and sometimes symptoms generic names. For example, Tomato spotted
are “masked,” not showing up under certain con- wilt tospovirus is the species name, tomato
ditions, such as hot weather, or latent, not spotted wilt virus is the vernacular name and
appearing until another virus is also present. Tospovirus the generic name. The scheme of
Viruses are transmitted from plant to plant by: virus and viroid classification (shown below)
insects, mites, fungi, and nematodes; rubbing, according to Murphy et al. (1995) and Brunt
abrasion, or other mechanical means (sometimes et al. (1996) include the following data: genus
handling tobacco and merely touching a healthy of virus, family (if designated), kind of nucleic
plant spreads mosaic); grafting or propagation by acid in genome, shape of virions, presence of
cuttings and bulbs; occasionally seeds; some- envelope and the type species:
times soil and water; and dodder, parasitic vines
whose tendrils link one plant to another. About
half of the insect vectors are aphids; a third are
leafhoppers. Mealybugs and whiteflies transmit Alfamovirus
some viruses, and six, including tomato spotted
wilt, are transmitted by thrips. In some cases the Bromoviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles;
virus multiples within the insect as well as in the not enveloped; alfalfa mosaic virus.
plant. Some viruses have many different vectors,
50 being recorded for onion yellow dwarf, and
some have but a single known vector. Alphacryptovirus
Control of virus diseases starts with obtaining
healthy seed, cuttings, or plants. “Certified” Partitiviridae; dsRNA; isometric particles; not
means that plants have been inspected during enveloped; white clover cryptic virus 1.
Fabavirus 51
Badnavirus Caulimovirus
dsDNA; bacilliform particles; not enveloped; dsDNA; filamentous particles; not enveloped;
commelina yellow mottle virus. cauliflower mosaic virus.
Betacryptovirus Closterovirus
Partitiviridae; dsRNA;isomet-ric particles; not (+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; not enveloped;

enveloped; white clover cryptic virus 2. beet yellows virus.
Bigeminivirus Comovirus
Geminiviridae; ssDNA; isometric particles; not Comoviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not
enveloped; bean golden mosaic virus. enveloped; cowpea mosaic virus.
Cucumovirus
Bromovirus
Bromoviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles;
Bromoviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles;
not enveloped; cucumber mosaic virus.
not enveloped; brome mosaic virus.
Cytorhabdovirus
Bymovirus
Rhabdoviridae; Mononegavirales; ( )ssRNA;
Potyviridae; (+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; bacilliform particles; enveloped; lettuce necrotic
not enveloped; barley yellow mosaic virus. yellows virus.
Capillovirus Dianthovirus
(+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; not enveloped; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;
apple stem grooving virus. carnation ringspot virus.
Carlavirus Enamovirus
(+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; not enveloped; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;
carnation latent virus. pea enation mosaic virus.
Carmovirus Fabavirus
Tombusviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; Comoviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not

not enveloped; carnation mottle virus. enveloped; broad bean wilt virus 1.
Fijivirus Machlomovirus
Reoviridae; dsRNA; isometric particles; not (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;
enveloped; Fiji disease virus. maize chlorotic mottle virus.
Furovirus Macluravirus
(+)ssRNA;rod-shaped particles; not enveloped; (+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; not enveloped;

soil borne wheat mosaic virus. maclura mosaic virus.
Hordeivirus Marafivirus
(+)ssRNA;rod-shaped particles; not enveloped; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;

barley stripe mosaic virus. maize rayado fino virus.
Hybrigeminivirus Monogeminivirus
Geminiviridae; ssDNA; isometric particles; not Geminiviridae; ssDNA; isometric particles; not
enveloped; beet curly top virus. enveloped; maize streak virus.
Nanavirus
Idaeovirus
ssDNA; small isometric particles; not enveloped;
(+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;
subterranean clover stunt virus.
raspberry bushy dwarf virus.
Necrovirus
Ilarvirus
(+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;
Bromoviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; tobacco necrosis virus.
not enveloped; tobacco streak virus.
Nepovirus
Ipomovirus
Comoviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not
Potyviridae; (+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; enveloped; tobacco ringspot virus.
not enveloped; sweet potato mild mottle virus.
Nucleorhabdovirus
Luteovirus
Rhabdoviridae; Mononegavirales; ( )ssRNA;
(+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped; bacilliform particles; enveloped; potato yellow
barley yellow dwarf virus. dwarf virus.
Tymovirus 53
Oryzavirus Sobemovirus
Reoviridae; dsRNA; isometric particles; not (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;
enveloped; rice ragged stunt virus. southern bean mosaic virus.
Ourmiavirus Tenuivirus
(+)ssRNA; bacilliform particles; not enveloped; (+/ )ssRNA; thin filamentous particles; not
ourmia melon virus. enveloped; rice stripe virus.
Phytoreovirus Tobamovirus
Reoviridae; dsRNA; isometric particles; not (+)ssRNA;rod-shaped particles; not enveloped;
enveloped; wound tumor virus. tobacco mosaic virus.
Potexvirus
Tobravirus
(+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; not enveloped;
(+)ssRNA;rod-shaped particles; not enveloped;
potato virus X.
tobacco rattle virus.
Potyvirus
Tombusvirus
Potyviridae; (+)ssRNA; filamentous particles;
not enveloped; potato virus Y. Tombusviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles;
not enveloped; tomato bushy stunt virus.
Rymovirus
Tospovirus
Potyviridae; (+)ssRNA; filamentous particles;
not enveloped; ryegrass mosaic virus. Bunyaviridae; ( )ssRNA; large isometric parti-
cles; enveloped; tomato spotted wilt virus.
Satellivirus
Trichovirus
ssRNA or DNA; the satellite viruses depended on
helper viruses, but produce their own virions – small (+)ssRNA; filamentous particles; not enveloped;
isometric; not enveloped; tobacco necrosis virus. apple chlorotic leaf spot virus.
Sequivirus Tymovirus
Sequiviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not enveloped;
enveloped; parsnip yellow fleck virus. turnip yellow mosaic virus.
Umbravirus Phytoplasma
(+)ssRNA; isometric particles; enveloped; carrot Classification, presented below, based on restric-
mottle virus. tion fragment length polymorphism or putative
restriction site analysis of 16s rRNA gene
sequences according to Davis and Sinclair
(1998).
Varicosavirus Aster yellows group: tomato big bud, Michi-
gan aster yellows, clover phyllody, Paulownia
dsRNA; rod-shaped particles; not enveloped; let- witches’-broom, blueberry stunt, apricot chlo-
tuce big-vein virus. rotic leafroll, strawberry multiplier.
Peanut witches’-broom group: peanut witch’s-
broom, witches’-broom of lime – “Candidatus
Phytoplasma aurantifolia”, faba bean phyllody,
Waikavirus sweet potato little leaf.
X – disease group: X – disease, clover yellow
Sequiviridae; (+)ssRNA; isometric particles; not edge, pecan bunch, goldenrod yellows, Spirea
enveloped; rice tungro spherical virus. stunt, milkweed yellows, walnut witches’-broom,
poinsettia branch-inducing, Virginia grapevine
yellows.
Coconut lethal yellows group: coconut lethal
Viroids yellowing, Tanzanian coconut lethal decline.
Elm yellows group: elm yellows, cherry lethal
Unencapsidated, small circular ssRNAs. Viroid yellows, flavescence doree. Clover proliferation
replication parasitizes plant host transcription. group: clover proliferation, “Multicipita” phyto-
Known described viroids are: apple dimple fruit plasma. Ash yellows group: ash yellows.
viroid, apple scar skin viroid, Australian grape- Loofah witches’-broom group: loofah
vine viroid,. avocado sunblotch viroid, chrysan- witches’-broom.
themum chlorotic mottle viroid, chrysanthemum Pigeon pea witches’-broom group: pigeon pea
stunt viroid, citrus bent leaf viroid, citrus witches’-broom.
exocortis viroid, citrus III viroid, citrus IV viroid, Apple proliferation group: apple proliferation,
Coleus blumei 1 viroid, Coleus blumei 2 viroid, apricot chlorotic leafroll, pear decline, Spartium
Coleus blumei 3 viroid, Columnea latent viroid, witches’-broom, black alder witches’-broom.
coconut cadang-cadang viroid, coconut tinangaja Rice yellow dwarf group: rice yellow dwarf,
viroid, grapevine yellow speckle 1 viroid, grape- sugarcane white leaf, leafhop-per-borne.
vine yellow speckle 2 viroid, hop latent viroid, Stolbur group: stolbur phytoplasma, Austra-
hop stunt viroid, Iresine viroid 1, Mexicana lian grapevine yellows – “Candidatus Phyto-
papita viroid, peach latent mosaic viroid, pear plasma australiense”.
blister canker viroid, potato spindle tuber viroid, Mexican periwinkle virescence group: Mexi-
tomato apical stunt viroid, tomato planta macho can periwinkle virescence. Bermudagrass white
viroid. leaf group: Bermudagrass white leaf.
Nematodes
In the more than five decades since the first FAMILY: Belonolaimidae
edition of this book was prepared, nematodes GENUS: Belonolaimus, sting nematode on wide
have become of major importance in plant variety of plants.
pathology. Several hundred species are known Tylenchorhynchus, stunt nematode tobacco, corn
to cause plant disease. All plant parasitic nema-
todes are in the animal kingdom and belong to the
phylum Nematoda. Some examples are given FAMILY: Heteroderidae
after each genus. GENUS: Globodera, cyst nematode of potato.
PHYLUM: Nematode Heterodera, cyst nematode on wide variety of
ORDER: Tylenchida plants.
SUBORDER: Tylenchina Meloidogyne, root-knot nematode on wide
SUPERFAMILY: Tylenchoidea variety of plants.
FAMILY: Anguinidae
GENUS: Anguina, seed gall nematode.
Ditylenchus, stem or bulb nematode of onion, FAMILY: Tylenchidae
narcissus. GENUS: Tylenchus
FAMILY: Pratylenchidae SUPERFAMILY: Criconematoidea
GENUS: Pratylenchus, lesion nematode of nearly FAMILY: Criconematidea
all plants. GENUS: Criconemella, ring nematode of citrus,
Radopholus, burrowing nematode of citrus. fig, zoysia.
Naccobus, false root-knot nematode of garden Hemicycliophora, sheath nematode of beet, bean,
beets, cacti, crucifers, lettuce. blueberry, dracaena.
FAMILY: Hoplolaimidae
GENUS: Hoplolaimus, lance nematode of corn,
turf grass, carnation. FAMILY: Tylenchulidae
Rotylenchus, spiral nematode of turf grass, GENUS: Tylenchulus, citrus nematode of citrus,
tomato, gardenia. grapes, lilac.
Helicotylenchus, spiral nematode of turf grass, Paratylenchus, pin nematode of carnation,
gardenia, azalea, apple, grape. celery, fig.
Rotylenchulus, reniform nematode of turf grass,
tomato, gardenia.
FAMILY: Dolichodoridae ORDER: Aphelenchida
GENUS: Dolichodorns, and nematode of turfgrass. SUBORDER: Aphelenchina

56 Nematodes
SUPERFAMILY: Aphelenchoidea ORDER: Triplonchida

FAMILY: Aphelenchoididae FAMILY: Trichodoridae
GENUS: Aphelenchoides, foliar nematode of GENUS: Paratrichodorus, stubby root nematode
chrysanthenum, strawberry, lilly, begonia. of apple, vegetables.
Bursaphelenchus, pine wood nematode. Trichodorus, stubby root nematode of vegeta-
Rhadinaphelenchus, coconut red ring nematode. bles, turf grass, dahlia, azalea.
ORDER: Dorylaimida
FAMILY: Longidoridae
GENUS: Longidorus, needle nematode of grape,
celery, leek, lettuce, parsley.
Xiphinema, dagger nematode of rose, trees, many
annuals.
Part III
Plant Diseases and Their Pathogens
Because this is a reference book and not one to be read for pleasure or
continuity, most of you will come to the material you need in this section
by way of the index or the lists of diseases given under the different hosts in
▶ Part IV. At the beginning of ▶ Part IV you will find a list of headings
under which diseases are grouped and described, from Anthracnose to
Witchweed. In the Host section, ▶ Part IV, the key word, for example, rot
or blight, is given in capital and small capitals, followed by the name of
the pathogen (agent causing disease) in boldface. In this Diseases section,
Chap. 3, the pathogens are listed in boldface in alphabetical order under
each heading such as ROTS or BLIGHTS and so on, followed by the common
name of the disease. This system was adopted for quick and easy reference
because trying to alphabetize hundreds of similar common names would lead
to endless confusion. Also, it allows a very brief summary of the classification
and diagnostic characters of each genus before going on to a consideration
of diseases caused by the various species. This brief summary is in small
type, so that it can be readily skipped by readers uninterested in the technical
details. Perhaps I am the only one who feels the need for this quick review, to be
used in conjunction with the classification given in ▶ Part II; perhaps others
who have to answer questions over a broad field instead of their own specialty
can make use of these capsules sandwiched in between nontechnical
descriptions.
An alphabetical arrangement has the great disadvantage of being thrown
out of alignment every time the name of a fungus is changed, as it so
frequently is. In some such cases the old name is retained to avoid change
in order, but the present accepted name is also given. Sometimes names have
been changed under several hosts and the old name inadvertently retained
under others. And sometimes the old name is purposely retained because it is
so familiar to everyone. This is particularly true of a few fungi far better
known by their anamorph states than by the correct name of the teleomorph
state. A fungus not only can have several names; it also can cause more than
one type of disease. For instance, Pellicularia filamentosa is the present name
of the fungus formerly known as Corticium vagum when causing Rhizoctonia
rot of potatoes and Corticium microsclerotia when causing web blight of
beans. As Rhizoctonia solani, the name given to the sclerotial stage, the same
58 III Plant Diseases and Their Pathogens
fungus causes damping-off of seedlings, root rots of many plants, and brown
patch of lawn grasses. There are lots of plant diseases, and there are lots of
fungi causing them, but there are not nearly as many separate pathogenic
organisms as all the names would indicate. Thus, a Linkage Reference guides
the user to two or more common disease sites, i.e. “Canker” or “Blight”, where
the user searches for the pathogen alphabetically or the link may guide the user
directly to a pathogen in another chapter or section.
I cannot think of anything more deadly than ploughing straight through
this section from Anthracnose to Wilts. By doctor’s orders, take it in small
doses, as needed. But do read the few introductory remarks as you look up
each group, and please, please, before starting any control measures, read the
opening remarks in ▶ Part I on Garden Chemicals, and look up, in the list of
chemicals, any material you propose to use, noting precautions to be taken
along the lines of compatibility, weather relations, and phytotoxicity.
Although the disease descriptions, fungus life cycles, and general principles
of control given here will remain fairly valid, it must be stressed that
chemicals suggested for control are constantly changing. Today’s discovery
may be obsolete tomorrow. This Plant Disease Handbook should, therefore,
be used in conjunction with the latest advice from your own county agent or
experiment station. Addresses of the state agricultural experiment stations are
given following ▶ Part IV.
Anthracnose
The term “anthracnose” has been used for two Sphaceloma, and are treated, in this revised text,
distinct types of disease, one characterized by as a separate group. ▶ Spot Anthracnose.
a typical necrotic spot, a lesion of dead tissue, Anthracnose in the modern sense is a disease
and the other by some hyperplastic symptom, characterized by distinctive limited lesions on
such as a raised border around a more or less stem, leaf, or fruit, often accompanied by dieback
depressed center. The word was coined in France and usually caused by a Gloeosporium or
for the latter type, to differentiate a grape disease a Colletotrichum, anamorph fungi producing
from a smut of cereals, both of which were called slime spores oozing out of fruiting bodies
charbon. The new word was taken from the (acervuli) in wet, pinkish pustules. These spores
Greek Anthrax (carbuncle) and nosos (disease), (conidia) on germinating form an appressorium
and was first used for the grape disease, caused by (organ of attachment) before entering the host
Sphaceloma ampelina, the chief symptom of plant. The teleomorph state of the fungus, when
which was a bird’s-eye spot with a raised border. known, is Gnomonia or Glomerella (see Fig. 1).
A disease of brambles, raspberry and black-
berry, was then named anthracnose because it
looked like the grape disease. The fungus, how- Apiognomonia
ever, instead of being correctly placed in the
genus Sphaceloma, was mistakenly named Apiognomonia errabunda (Anamorph,
Gloeosporium venetum. The next disease enter- Gloeosporium quercinum). Oak Anthracnose.
ing the picture was a bean trouble, and, because See ▶Discula umbrinella and Fig. 2.
the fungus was identified as Gloeosporium Apiognomonia errabunda (formerly
(though later transferred to the genus Gnomonia quercina). Oak Anthracnose. The
Colletotrichum), this common bean disease with fungus is closely related to Gnomonia platani,
typical necrotic symptoms was also called usually reported as G. veneta, but is now consid-
anthracnose and came to typify diseases so ered a separate species. The anthracnose appears
designated. as brown areas adjacent to midribs and lateral
The term “spot anthracnose” has been given to veins.
those diseases similar to the original hyperplastic Apiognomonia tiliae (formerly Gnomonia
grape disease. Those with slight hyperplastic tiliae). Linden Anthracnose, Leaf Spot, Leaf
symptoms are still commonly called anthracnose, Blotch, Scorch on American and European lin-
and those with pronounced overgrowth of tissue den. Small, circular to irregular brown spots with
are commonly called scab. Both types are caused dark margins form blotches along main veins
by the genus Elsinoe¨, anamorph state in leaves, leaf stalks, and young twigs, with

60 Anthracnose
Fig. 1 Bean Anthracnose.

Pod and seeds with dark,
sunken areas; section
through bean seed showing
spores formed in an
acervulus marked with
prominent black setae
infected later in the season have irregular brown

areas along the veins. Conidia ooze out from
acervuli on underside of veins in flesh-colored
masses, in rainy weather, and are splashed to
other leaves. Twigs and branches have sunken
cankers with more acervuli. Native sycamores
may be nearly defoliated, with smaller twigs
killed. Larger branches die with several succes-
sive wet springs. The trees usually put out
a second crop of leaves after defoliation, but
this is a devitalizing process. Dead twigs and
branches give a witches’ broom effect to the
trees.
On white oaks anthracnose appears as brown
areas adjacent to midribs and lateral veins.
Control Although raking up and burning all
fallen leaves has been stressed for years, the
overwintering of the fungus on twigs makes this
measure rather ineffective. The spray schedule
has called for three applications of bordeaux mix-
ture; a dormant spray, one when the buds swell,
and another 7 days later. Trees should be fertil-
ized to stimulate vigorous growth.
Fig. 2 Oak Anthracnose
rose-colored pustules. In wet seasons, defoliation Colletotrichum

in early summer may be followed by wilting and
death of branches. Cut out and burn such Deuteromycetes, Coleomycetes
branches.
Apiognomonia veneta (formerly Gnomonia Spores are formed in acervuli, erumpent,
platani) (G. veneta). Sycamore Anthracnose, cushionlike masses of hyphae bearing conidio-
Twig Blight, general on American and Oriental phores and one-celled, hyaline, oblong to fusoid
planes (London plane is rather resistant) and on conidia. Acervuli have stiff marginal bristles
California and Arizona sycamores. The fungus (setae), which are sometimes hard to see. Conidia
winters as mycelium in fallen leaves, producing (slime-spores), held together by a gelantinous
perithecia that discharge ascospores when young coating, appear pinkish in mass. They are not
foliage is breaking out. Mycelium also winters in wind-borne but can be disseminated by wind-
twig cankers. Young sycamore leaves turn brown splashed rain. On landing on a suitable host, the
and die, looking as if hit by late frost. Leaves conidium sends out a short germ tube, which,
Colletotrichum 61
on contact with the epidermis, enlarges at the tip Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. truncata An-
into a brown thick-walled appressorium. From this, thracnose on tomato. Found in Georgia on
a peglike infection hypha penetrates the cuticle. Dolichos.
Colletotrichum acutatum Anthracnose on Colletotrichum erumpens (▶Glomerella
almond, strawberry and black gum. cingulata). Rhubarb Anthracnose, Stalk Rot.
Colletotrichum antirrhini (▶Glomerella Colletotrichum fragariae (▶Glomerella
cingulata) Snapdragon Anthracnose, on snap- cingulata). Strawberry Anthracnose found in
dragon, chiefly in greenhouses, sometimes out- Florida and Louisiana.
doors in late summer. Colletotrichum fuscum Foxglove Anthrac-
Colletotrichum atramentarium (or C. nose small spots to 1/8 inch, circular to angular,
coccodes). Potato Anthracnose, Black Dot Dis- brown to purple brown, on leaves; sunken, fusi-
ease on potato stems and stolons following wilt form lesions on petioles and veins; minute black
and other stem diseases, occasionally on tomato, acervuli, with bristles, in center of spots. Seed-
eggplant, and pepper; general distribution but lings damp-off, older plants are killed or stunted
minor importance. Starting below the soil surface, in warm moist weather. Use clean seed or treat
brown dead areas extend up and down the stem. with hot water (131 F for 15 min).
The partial girdling causes vines to lose their fresh Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (▶Glomerella
color and lower leaves to fall. Infection may cingulata). Lime Anthracnose, Withertip, only
extend to stolons and roots. The black dots embed- on lime in southern Florida.
ded in epidermal cells, inside hollow stems and on Colletotrichum graminicola (formerly
tubers, are sclerotia to carry the fungus over winter Colletotrichum sublineola). Anthracnose on
and to produce conidia the following spring. wild rice (Zizania).
The fungus is a wound parasite ordinarily not Colletotrichum graminicola Cereal Anthrac-
serious enough to call for control measures nose widely distributed on barley, oats, rye,
other than cleaning up old refuse and using wheat, sorghum, wild rice (Zizamia) and also on
healthy seed potatoes. cultivated lawn grasses, causing a root decay and
Colletotrichum bletiae (▶Glomerella stem rot. Leaf spots are small, circular to elliptical,
cingulata) and other species. Orchid Anthrac- reddish purple, enlarging and fading with age; cen-
nose, Leaf Spot on orchids coming in from the ters have black acervuli. The fungus winters on
tropics. seed and plant refuse in or on soil. Improved soil
Colletotrichum capsici Ripe Fruit Rot of fertility reduces damage from this disease. This
pepper. pathogen also causes fruit anthracnose of tomato.
Colletotrichum coccodes Anthracnose on Colletotrichum higginsianum Turnip Anthrac-
soybean. nose, also on rutabaga, mustard greens, radish,
Colletotrichum dematium (formerly and Chinese cabbage in southeastern states. Very
Colletotrichum omnivorum). Anthracnose on small, circular gray spots on leaves, and elongate
aspidistra and hosta. Large, whitish spots with brown or gray spots on midrib, petiole, and stem,
brown margins are formed on leaves and stalks. show pink pustules in centers of dead tissue.
Remove and burn infected plant parts. Heavily infected leaves turn yellow and die;
Colletotrichum dematium Anthracnose on young seeds in diseased pods may be killed.
spinach. Mustard variety Southern Curled Giant is highly
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. resistant.
spinaciae Spinach Anthracnose. Known on Colletotrichum lagenarium (see
spinach since 1880 but unimportant in most ▶Colletotrichum orbiculare). Melon Anthrac-
years. Leaves have few to many circular spots, nose on muskmelon, watermelon, cucumber,
water-soaked, turning gray or brown, with setae and other cucurbits.
prominent in spore pustules. The fungus is seed- Colletotrichum liliacearum (see
borne. ▶Colletotrichum lilii). Found on dead stems of
62 Anthracnose
daylilies and many other plants and perhaps the centers of such spots are covered with gelat-
weakly parasitic. inous masses of salmon-colored spores. Infected
Colletotrichum lilii (formerly Colletotrichum fruit has a bitter taste or the flesh is tough and
liliacearum). Found on dead stems of daylilies insipid. Soft rots often follow the anthracnose.
and many other plants and perhaps weakly Epiphytotics occur only in periods of high rainfall
parasitic. and temperature, near 75 F.
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (▶- Control Treating seed before planting is essen-
Glomerella lindemuthianum). Bean Anthrac- tial. Use a three year crop rotation with non-
nose, a major bean disease, sometimes cucurbits; destroy plant refuse. Watermelon
mistakenly called “rust,” generally present in varieties Charleston Gray, Congo, Fairfax, and
eastern and central states, rare from the Rocky Black Kleckly are resistant but not to all races
Mountains to the Pacific Coast. of the fungus.
Colletotrichum malvarum Hollyhock Colletotrichum phomoides (▶Glomerella
Anthracnose, Seedling Blight on hollyhock, cingulata). Tomato Anthracnose, common rot
mallow, and abutilon, particularly destructive to of ripe tomatoes, most frequent in Northeast and
greenhouse seedlings. Black blotches are formed North Central districts. Symptoms appear late in
on veins, leaf blades, petioles, and stems. the season, causing more loss to canning crops.
Remove and burn all old plant parts in autumn. Small, circular sunken spots, increasing to an
Colletotrichum omnivorum (see inch in diameter, penetrate deeply into the flesh.
▶Colletotrichum dematium). Anthracnose on At first water-soaked, the spots turn dark, with
aspidistra and hosta. Large, whitish spots with pinkish, cream, or brown spore masses in the
brown margins are formed on leaves and stalks. depressed centers, often arranged in concentric
Remove and burn infected plant parts. rings. The disease is worse in warm, moist
Colletotrichum orbiculare Anthracnose on weather. The fungus winters in tomato refuse,
watermelon. sometimes in cucumber and melon debris.
Colletotrichum orbiculare (formerly Control Clean up trash and rotting fruit.
Colletotrichum lagenarium). Melon Anthrac- Colletotrichum pisi (Glomerella cingulata).
nose on muskmelon, watermelon, cucumber, Pea Anthracnose, Leaf and Pod Spot commonly
and other cucurbits. This is our most destructive associated with Ascochyta blight and often
disease of watermelons, found everywhere that a secondary parasite.
melons are grown and particularly destructive in Colletotrichum schizanthi Anthracnose on
the South. There are at least three races of the butterfly-flower. Symptoms are small brown
fungus differing in ability to infect different spots on leaves and water-soaked areas on
cucurbits. One race is virulent on cucumber, young stems. Cankers on stems and branches of
slight on watermelon, moderate on Butternut older plants may cause leaves to turn yellow,
squash; another is virulent on both watermelon branches to die back from the tip, and finally
and cucumber; Butternut squash is immune to death of all parts above the canker.
a third. Colletotrichum sublineola (see
Leaf symptoms are small yellow or water-soaked ▶Colletotrichum graminicola). Anthracnose on
areas, which enlarge and turn black on water- wild rice (Zizania).
melon, brown on muskmelon and cucumber. Colletotrichum trichellum Fruit Anthracnose
The dead tissue shatters; leaves shrivel and die. of tomato and Hedera.
Elongated, narrow, sunken lesions appear on Colletotrichum truncatum Stem Anthracnose
stems and petioles; vines may die. Young fruit prevalent in the South on bean, lima bean, and
darkens, shrivels and dies if pedicels are infected; soybean, also on clovers and on lentil in ND.
older fruit shows circular, black, sunken cankers Brick-red spots appear on veins on underside of
or depressions, from 1/4 to 2 inches across and leaves and on pods. Plants are chlorotic, stunted,
1/3 inch deep on watermelon. In moist weather may die prematurely; blossoms or pods may drop.
Gloeosporium 63
Use healthy seed grown in arid states; clean up Gloeosporium melongenae (▶Glomerella
plant refuse; rotate with non-legumes. cingulata). (possibly identical with G.
Colletotrichum violae-tricoloris (▶Glomerella piperatum). Eggplant Anthracnose, Ripe Rot,
cingulata). Anthracnose of violet, pansy. an occasional trouble.
Colletotrichum sp. Azalea Anthracnose. New Gloeosporium piperatum (▶Glomerella
disease serious on Indian and Kurume azaleas cingulata). Pepper Anthracnose, Fruit Spot,
in Louisiana since 1954. Very small rusty sometimes a leaf and stem spot but more often
brown spots appear on both surfaces of a disease of green or ripe fruit.
young leaves, followed by defoliation. Spores Gloeosporium quercinum (Telemorph,
appear on fallen leaves, which serve as ▶Apiognomonia errabunda). Oak Anthracnose.
source of inoculum for the next season. Cop- See ▶Discula umbrinella and Fig. 2.
per and organic fungicides are effective in Gloeosporium thuemenii f. sp. tulipi Tulip
control. Anthracnose found in California in 1939.
Lesions on peduncles and leaf blades of Darwin
tulips are small to large, elliptical, first water-
soaked then dry with black margins and numer-
Discula
ous black acervuli in center of spots.
Gloeosporium sp Peony Anthracnose on
▶ Blights.
stems, leaves, flowers, petals of peony. Stem
Discula campestris Anthracnose on maple.
lesions are sunken, with pink spore pustules,
Discula destructive Anthracnose on dogwood.
and may completely girdle the stalks, causing
Discula fraxinea (Teleomorph, Gnomoniella
death of plants. Also a destructive anthracnose
fraxini). Anthracnose on ash.
on strawberry.
Gloeosporium Glomerella
Deuteromycetes, Coleomycetes Ascomycetes, Phyllachorales

Perithecia are dark, hard, carbonaceous, usu-
Genus characters are about the same as for ally beaked, immersed in substratum so only the
Colletotrichum except that there are no setae neck protudes. Ascospores are hyaline, one-
around the acervuli. Conidia are hyaline, one- celled; asci are thickened at tips, inoperculate
celled, appearing in masses or pustules on leaves but spores sometimes discharged with force;
or fruit. Leaf spots are usually light brown, with paraphyses present.
foliage appearing scorched. Glomerella cingulata (formerly
Gloeosporium allantosporum (▶Phlyctema Colletotrichum violae-tricoloris). Anthracnose
vagabunda). Anthracnose, Dieback on raspberry of violet, pansy. Circular dead spots with black
in Oregon, Washington. margins, sometimes zonate, appear on leaves;
Gloeosporium apocryptum (▶Glomerella flowers have petals spotted or not fully developed
cingulata). Maple Anthracnose, Leaf Blight, an and producing no seed; entire plants are some-
important leaf disease of silver maple, common times killed. Remove and burn infected plants or
also on other maples and boxelder, appearing parts; clean up old leaves in fall. Copper sprays
from late May to August. may be injurious.
Gloeosporium aridum (Discula fraxinea) Glomerella cingulata (formerly
Anthracnose on ash. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Anthracnose,
Gloeosporium limetticolum (▶Glomerella Canker, Dieback, Withertip, Fruit Rot of a great
cingulata). Lime Anthracnose, Withertip, only many plants, generally distributed except on the
on lime in southern Florida. Pacific Coast, more common in the South.
64 Anthracnose
Infection is often secondary, in tissues weakened spread by tools, insects, and workmen. Rotation
from other causes. See also under ▶ Cankers and of crops and sanitary measures may be sufficient
Diebacks and under ▶ Rots. control.
On citrus, orange, lemon, grapefruit there is Glomerella cingulata (formerly Gloeosporium
a dying back or withertip of twigs. Leaf spots are limetticolum). Lime Anthracnose Withertip, only
light green turning brown, with pinkish spore pus- on lime in southern Florida. Shoots, leaves, and
tules prominent in wet weather. Decayed spots are fruits are infected when young; mature tissues are
produced on ripening fruits in storage. Similar immune. Twigs wither and shrivel from one inch
withertip symptoms may also appear on avocado, to several inches back from the tip; young leaves
aucuba, cherimoya, fig, loquat, roselle, have dead areas or are distorted; buds fail to open
rosemallow, royal palm, dieffenbachia, rubber- and may drop; fruits drop, or are misshapen, or
plant, strawberry and other ornamentals and fruits. have shallow spots or depressed cankers.
The disease has also been reported on European Control Spray with bordeaux-oil emulsion as
white birch in Virginia. Lack of water and nutrient fruit is setting, with two or three applications of
deficiency predispose plants to infection by this 1 to 40 lime sulfur at 7–14 day intervals.
weak parasite. The fungus attacks blue lupine and Glomerella cingulata (formerly Gloeosporium
statice or sea-lavender; peach anthracnose became apocryptum). Maple Anthracnose Leaf Blight, an
important in Georgia when lupine was used as important leaf disease of silver maple, common
a ground cover in orchards. Sweet pea anthracnose also on other maples and boxelder, appearing from
is often more severe near apple orchards where the late May to August. The leaf spots are light brown,
fungus winters on cankered apple limbs and in often merging with the leaves, appearing scorched.
bitter rot mummies. Whitish lesions disfigure The effect may be confused with the physiological
sweet pea leaves, shoots, and flower stalks. Leaves scorch caused by hot weather. On Norway maples
wither and fall; stalks dry up before blossoming; the leaf lesions are confined to purple to brown
seed pods shrivel. There may be general wilting lines along the veins. In rainy seasons there may
and shoot dieback. be severe defoliation.
Anthracnose and twig blight are widespread Control If trees have been affected more than
on privet. Leaves dry and cling to the stem; can- a year or so, feed to stimulate vigorous growth.
kers at the base of stems are dotted with pink Spray with a copper fungicide two or three times at
pustules. Bark turns brown and splits; death fol- 14-day intervals, starting when buds break open.
lows complete girdling of stems. European privet Glomerella cingulata (formerly
is highly susceptible; California, Amur, Ibota, Colletotrichum bletiae) and other species. Orchid
and Regal privets are fairly resistant. Also found Anthracnose Leaf Spot on orchids coming in from
on black locust in GA and SC and pecan in GA. the tropics. Lemon-colored acervuli are formed in
Control Remove infected twigs and branches soft, blackish spots in ragged leaves. Burn diseased
from trees and shrubs, taking care to make plants or parts. Spray with a copper fungicide.
smooth cuts at base of limbs and painting surfaces Glomerella cingulata (formerly
with a wound dressing. Plant sweet peas, from Colletotrichum pisi). Pea Anthracnose Leaf and
healthy pods, at a distance from apple and privet, Pod Spot commonly associated with Ascochyta
in clean soil; rake up and burn plant refuse at the blight and often a secondary parasite. Spots on
end of the season. pods, stems, and leaves are sunken, gray, circular,
Glomerella cingulata (formerly Gloeosporium with dark borders. Crop rotation is the best control.
melongenae). (possibly identical with G. Glomerella cingulata (formerly Gloeosporium
piperatum). Eggplant Anthracnose Ripe Rot, an piperatum). Pepper Anthracnose, Fruit Spot,
occasional trouble. Yellow to brown spots on sometimes a leaf and stem spot but more often
leaves and small to medium depressed spots on a disease of green or ripe fruit. Spots are dark,
fruit show pink spore masses following rain or sunken, with concentric rings of acervuli and
heavy dew. Spores are splashed by rain and pink masses of spores, which are washed to
Gnomonia 65
other fruit. Seed is infected internally and con- Pacific Coast. It may also affect lima bean, Scarlet
taminated externally. Harvest seed only from runner, tepary, mung, kudzu, and broad beans, and
healthy fruit. cowpea. It is worldwide in distribution, known in
Glomerella cingulata (formerly the United States since 1880. There are at least 34
Colletotrichum erumpens). Rhubarb Anthrac- strains of the fungus, in three different groups, but
nose, Stalk Rot. Oval, soft watery spots on petioles the disease has decreased in importance with the
increase until whole stalks are included; leaves wilt use of western-grown, anthracnose-free seed.
and die. Small dark fruiting bodies with setae sur- The most conspicuous symptoms are on the pods,
vive winter in stems, produce conidia in spring. small, brown specks enlarging to black, circular,
Clean up all rhubarb remains in fall. sunken spots, in moist weather showing the typical
Glomerella cingulata (formerly pinkish ooze of the slime-spores. Older spots often
Colletotrichum antirrhini). Snapdragon have narrow reddish borders. After the spores are
Anthracnose on snapdragon, chiefly in green- washed away, the acervuli look like dark pimples. If
houses, sometimes outdoors in late summer. pods are infected when young, the disease extends
Stems have oval, sunken spots, grayish white through to the seed, which turns yellow, then rusty
with narrow brown or reddish borders, fruiting brown or black under the pod lesion. The infection
bodies showing as minute black dots in center. may extend deep enough to reach the cotyledons.
Spots on leaves are circular, yellow green turning Leaf lesions are dark areas along veins on underside
dirty white, with narrow brown borders. Stem of the blade and on petioles. Seedlings may show
cankers may coalesce to girdle plant at base, stem spotting below diseased cotyledons. The fun-
causing collapse of upper portions, with leaves gus is spread by splashing rain, tools, and gardeners
hanging limp along the stem. working with beans when they are wet. Optimum
Control Take cuttings from healthy plants; provide temperature is between 63 and 75 F, with maxi-
air circulation; keep foliage dry; destroy infected mum around 85 F.
outdoor plants in autumn. Spray, every 7 to 10 days. Control Use western-grown seed. Saving home-
Glomerella cingulata (formerly grown seed is dangerous unless you can be sure of
Colletotrichum phomoides). Tomato Anthrac- selecting from healthy plants and pods. Clean up,
nose, common rot of ripe tomatoes, most frequent or spade under, old bean tops; rotate crops. Never
in Northeast and North Central districts. Symp- pick or cultivate beans when vines are wet. There
toms appear late in the season, causing more loss are some resistant varieties, but more reliance
to canning crops. Small, circular sunken spots, should be placed on obtaining seed grown
increasing to an inch in diameter, penetrate deeply where the disease is not present.
into the flesh. At first water-soaked, the spots turn Glomerella nephrolepidis Fern Anthracnose,
dark, with pinkish, cream, or brown spore masses Tip Blight of Boston and sword ferns. The soft
in the depressed centers, often arranged in concen- growing tips of fronds turn brown and dry. Keep
tric rings. The disease is worse in warm, moist foliage dry; remove and burn diseased leaves.
weather. The fungus winters in tomato refuse,
sometimes in cucumber and melon debris.
Control Clean up trash and rotting fruit.
Glomerella glycines Fruit Anthracnose of Gnomonia
tomato. Also, anthracnose on soybean.
Glomerella gossypii Fruit Anthracnose of Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
tomato. Also, anthracnose on cotton.
Glomerella lindemuthianum (formerly Perithecia innate, beaked, separate; paraphyses
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). Bean Anthrac- absent; ascospores two-celled, hyaline;
nose, a major bean disease, sometimes mistakenly anamorph state Gloeosporium or Marssonina.
called “rust,” generally present in eastern and cen- Diseases caused by Gnomonia are classified as
tral states, rare from the Rocky Mountains to the anthracnose, scorch, or leaf spot.
66 Anthracnose
Gnomonia caryae Hickory Anthracnose, Leaf Monographella opuntiae (formerly

Spot, widespread. The disease is common in Mycosphaerella opuntiae). Cactus Anthracnose
eastern states, causing defoliation in wet seasons. on Cereus, Echinocactus, Mammillaria, and
Large, roundish spots are reddish brown on upper Opuntia. The curved spores of the anamorph
leaf surface, dull brown underneath. The fruiting state (Microdochium lunatum) form light pink
bodies are minute brown specks, and the fungus pustules on the surface of moist, light brown rotten
winters in dead leaves on the ground. areas. Cut out and destroy diseased segments.
Gnomonia leptostyla (Marssonina juglandis).
Walnut Anthracnose, Leaf Spot, general on but-
ternut, hickory, and walnut. Spring infection Pezicula
comes from ascospores shot from dead leaves
on the ground, secondary infection from conidia. Ascomycetes, Helotiales
Irregular dark brown spots appear on leaflets in
early summer; if these are numerous, there is This is one of the discomycetes, cup fungi. The
defoliation. An unthrifty condition of black wal- apothecia, formed on living plants, are fleshy,
nuts and butternuts is often due to anthracnose. bright-colored with a peridium of dark cells
forming a pseudoparenchyma. Spores are hya-
line, fusoid.
Pezicula malicorticis (formerly Neofabraea
Microdochium
malicorticis). Northwestern Apple Anthracnose
on apple, crabapple, pear, quince, chiefly in the
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Pacific Northwest, where it is a native disease,
serious in regions with heavy rainfall. Cankers are
Hyaline, two-celled spores are formed in acervuli
formed on younger branches – elliptical, dark,
without setae. Spores are rounded at ends and are
sunken, up to 3 or 4 inches wide and 10 to 12 inches
formed in pale to black masses on leaves.
long, delimited when mature by a crack in the bark.
Microdochium panattonianum (formerly
Conidia of the anamorph state (Gloeosporium
Marssonina panattoniana). Lettuce Anthrac-
malicorticis) are formed in cream-colored cushions,
nose. Small, dead, brown spots appear on blades
which turn black with age, in slits in the bark.
and petioles, centers often falling out leaving
Young cankers, reddish brown, circular spots
black margined shot holes. Spots progress from
appear on the bark in late fall. Fruit is infected,
older to young inner leaves; outer leaves are
usually through lenticels from either ascospores or
broken off and blown around by wind. The dis-
conidia in pustules on bark, but the disease may not
ease is important only during prolonged periods
show up until the apples are in storage.
of wet weather, when it may cause heavy losses.
Control Cut out diseased limbs or excise can-
Sanitary measures and treating seed before plant-
kers, burning all prunings and dead bark. Spray
ing suffice for control.
with bordeaux mixture before fruit is picked and
fall rains start; repeat after harvest, and again
about 2 weeks later.
Monographella
Ascomycetes, Dothideales Phlyctema
Perithecia immersed in substratum, not beaked, Deuteromycetes, Coleomycetes

not setose, paraphyses lacking; spores hyaline,
two-celled. The genus contains more than 1,000 Pycnidia dark, separate or sometimes cofluent,
species, many destructive to plants, with conidial developing in or under the epidermis or bark.
stages in many genera. Conidiophores simle or forked; conidia hyaline,
Pseudopeziza 67
one-celled, cylindrical or log, spindle-shapped, crescent-shaped conidia are formed in moist,

mostly bent. flesh-colored masses in center of spots. In severe
Phlyctema vagabunda (formerly infections there is progressive defoliation from
Gloeosporium allantosporum). Anthracnose, below upward.
Dieback on raspberry in Oregon, Washington. Other occasional symptoms are black,
See ▶Elsinoe¨ veneta under Spot Anthracnose for sunken spots on leaf stalks, light brown to
the common raspberry disease called anthracnose. pale yellow lesions on canes, and black
flyspeck spots on green berries, with considerable
reduction in yield. Apothecia are formed
Pseudopeziza on fallen leaves; ascospores are forcibly
discharged in spring and carried by wind to
Ascomycetes, Helotiales young leaves.
Control Clean up and burn old leaves under the
Apothecia brown, cup-shaped, arising from bushes. Spray with bordeaux mixture (preferred
leaves on short stalks, not setose, paraphyses to the newer organics) shortly after leaves
present; spores one-celled, hyaline, ovoid. appear (about 3 weeks after blossoming) and
Drepanopeziza ribis (formerly Pseudopeziza immediately after picking. Include a good
ribis). Current Anthracnose, Leaf, Stem and spreader and cover both leaf surfaces
Fruit Spot generally distributed on currant, thoroughly.
flowering currant, and gooseberry, first Pseudopeziza ribis (see ▶Drepanopeziza
reported on black currants in Connecticut in ribis). Current Anthracnose, Leaf, Stem and
1873. Very small, brown, circular spots Fruit Spot generally distributed on currant,
appear first on lower, older leaves, which turn flowering currant, and gooseberry, first reported
yellow if spots are numerous. Hyaline, on black currants in Connecticut in 1873.
Bacterial Diseases
Rhizobiaceae spherical protuberances or elongated ridges of

white gall tissue, turning brown after several
Agrobacterium weeks. Canes often split open and dry out; pro-
duce small seedy berries. Cane gall is not as
Small, motile, short rods, with two to six peritri- important as crown gall, but one should use the
chous flagella or a polar or subpolar flagellum, same preventive measures. Avoid runner plants
ordinarily Gram-negative, not producing visible from infected mother plants.
gas or detectable acid in ordinary culture media; Agrobacterium tumefaciens Crown Gall on
growth on carbohydrate media usually accompa- a great variety of plants in more than 40 families,
nied by copious entracellular, polysaccharide general on blackberry, raspberry, and other bram-
slime; gelatin liquefied slowly or not at all; opti- bles, on grapes and on rose (see Fig. 1); on fruit
mum temperatures 25 to 30 C. Found in soil, or trees – apple, apricot, cherry, fig, peach and nec-
plant roots in soil, or in hypertrophies or galls on tarine, pear (rarely), plum; on nuts – almond very
roots or stems of plants. susceptible, walnut fairly susceptible, pecan
Agrobacterium rhizogenes Hairy Root of occasionally; on shade trees, willow and other
apple, also recorded on cotoneaster, hollyhock, hard woods; rare on conifers but reported on
honey locust, honeysuckle, mulberry, peavine, incense cedar and juniper; on many shrubs and
peach, quince, Russian olive, rose, and spirea. vines, particularly honeysuckle and euonymus;
“Woolly root” and “woolly knot” are other on perennials such as asters, daisies, and chrysan-
names given to this disease, which was long themums; and on beets, turnips, and a few other
considered merely a form of crown gall. Both vegetables, with tomato widely used in experi-
diseases may appear on the same plant and in ments. Crown gall was first noticed on grape in
early stages be confused. In hairy root a great Europe in 1853, and the organism was first iso-
number of small roots protrude either directly lated in 1904 in the United States from galls on
from stems or roots or from localized hard swell- Paris daisy. It is of first importance as a disease of
ings that frequently occur at the graft union. The nursery stock, but may cause losses of large pro-
disease is common on grafted nursery apple trees ductive trees in neglected orchards, especially
1, 2, or 3 years old, and the root development may almonds and peaches in California and other
be as profuse as witches’ broom. Control mea- warm climates. It is very important to rose
sures are the same as for crown gall. growers and to the amateur gardeners who some-
Agrobacterium rubi Cane Gall of brambles, on times receive infected bushes.
blackberry, black and purple raspberries, and, Symptoms The galls are usually rounded, with an
very rarely, red raspberry. Symptoms appear on irregular rough surface, ranging up to several
fruiting canes in late May or June as small, inches, usually occurring near the soil line,

70 Bacterial Diseases
more than a couple of years, and that sudden

outbreaks of crown gall on land not previously
growing susceptible crops are due to irrigation
water bringing in viable bacteria from other
infected orchards. The addition of lime to the
soil may encourage crown gall, for bacteria do
not live in an acid medium. The period of greatest
activity is during the warm months.
Control For home gardens rigid exclusion of all
suspected planting stock is the very best control.
Do not accept from your nurseryman blackberries,
raspberries, roses, or fruit trees showing suspicious
bumps. If you have had previous trouble, choose
a different location for new, healthy plants. Be
careful not to wound stems in cultivating.
For nurserymen, sanitary propagating prac-
tices are a must. Stock should be healthy.
Grafting knives should be sterilized by frequent
dipping in 10 % Chlorox solution, 1 ounce in 2
gallons of water, or in denatured alcohol. If nurs-
ery soil is infested, 2 years’ growth of cowpeas,
oats, or crotalaria between crops will minimize
crown gall.
Fruit and nut growers can perhaps plant less
Fig. 1 Crown Gall on Rose susceptible varieties, although fruit that is resis-
tant in one locality may be diseased in another.
commonly at the graft union, but sometimes on American grape varieties are considered more
roots or aerial parts. On euonymus, galls are resistant than European. Apples may be better
formed anywhere along the vine. This is primar- on mahaleb root-stock, nut trees on black walnut
ily a disease of the parenchyma, starting with understock. Budding rather than grafting reduces
a rapid proliferation of cells in the meristematic the chance of infection.
tissue and the formation of more or less convo- Painting galls with a solution of Elgetol-
luted soft or hard overgrowths or tumors. The methanol has given control of crown gall on
close analogy of the unorganized cell growth of peaches and almonds in California. One part
plant galls to wild cell proliferation in human Elgetol (sodium dinitrocresol) is shaken with 4
cancer has intrigued scientists for many years. parts synthetic wood alcohol and applied with
In some fashion bacteria provide stimulus for a brush, covering the surface of the gall and
this overdevelopment, but similar galls have extending 1/2 inch to 1 inch beyond the margin
been produced on plants experimentally by into healthy bark.
injecting a virus or growth-promoting substances.
Entrance of bacteria into plants for natural
infection is through wounds. In nurseries and Coryneform Group Mycobacteriaceae
orchards nematodes, the plow, the disc, or the
hoe may be responsible; on the propagating Clavibacter
bench grafting tools are indicted. Many claims
have been made for the longevity of crown gall Slender, straight to slightly curved rods, with
bacteria in soil, but it now seems to be established irregularly stained segments or granules, often
that they do not live in the absence of host plants with pointed or club-shaped swellings at ends;
Coryneform Group Mycobacteriaceae 71
nonmotile with a few exceptions (C. Control Use certified seed, a 2-or 3-year rota-
flaccumfaciens and C. poinsettiae). Gram- tion; clean up tomato refuse at end of season and
positive. diseased plants throughout season. Fermenting
Clavibacter agcopyri (see Corynebacterium tomato pulp for 4 days at a temperature near
agcopyei). Yellow Gum Disease on western 70 F will destroy bacteria on surface of seed;
wheat grass. hot-water treatment, 25 min at 122 F will kill
Clavibacter fascians (see Rhodococcus some, perhaps not all, of internal bacteria. Start
fascians). Fasciation, widespread on sweet pea, seedlings in soil that has not previously grown
also on carnation, chrysanthemum, gypsophila, tomato.
geranium, petunia, impatiens, Hebe sp. and Clavibacter poinsettiae (see Curtobacterium
pyrethrum. flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettia). Stem Canker and
Clavibacter flaccumfaciens (see Leaf Spot of Poinsettia, a relatively new disease,
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. first noted in greenhouses in 1941.
flaccumfaciens). Bacterial Wilt of bean, wide- Clavibacter sepedonicum (see Clavibacter
spread on kidney and lima beans and soybean, michiganense subsp. sepedonicum). Bacterial
causing considerable loss. Ring Rot of potato, widespread since 1931,
Clavibacter humiferum (see Corynebacterium when it probably was introduced from Europe.
humiferum). Reported from wetwood of poplar, Clavibacter michiganense subsp.
in Colorado. sepedonicum (formerly Clavibacter
Clavibacter michiganense (see Clavibacter sepedonicum). Bacterial Ring Rot of potato,
michiganense subsp. michiganense). Bacterial widespread since 1931, when it probably was
Canker of Tomato, widespread, formerly causing introduced from Europe. All commercial varie-
serious losses of tomato canning crops. ties are susceptible, with losses formerly in mil-
Clavibacter michiganense subsp. lions of dollars in decay of tubers in field and
michiganense (formerly Clavibacter storage. Now a single infected plant in a potato
michiganens). Bacterial Canker of Tomato, wide- field disqualifies the whole field for certification.
spread, formerly causing serious losses of tomato Symptoms appear when plants are nearly full
canning crops. The disease has now been grown, with one or more stems in a hill wilted
reported on browallia, brunfelsia, cestrum, and stunted while the rest seem healthy. Lower
Datura sp., eggplant, Jerusalem-cherry, leaves have pale yellow areas between veins;
bittersweet, pepper, painted-tongue, potato, these turn deeper yellow, and margins roll
ground-cherry, and butterfly-flower in Wyoming. upward. A creamy exudate is expelled when the
This is a vascular wilt disease, seedlings stem is cut across. This bacterium may also occur
remaining stunted. Symptoms on older in sugar beet which are symptomless.
plants start with wilting of margins of lower leaf- Tuber infection takes place at the stem end,
lets, often only on one side of a leaf. Leaflets curl and the most prominent symptoms appear some
upward, brown, and wither, but remain attached time after storage. The vascular ring turns creamy
to stem. One-sided infection may extend up yellow to light brown, with a crumbly or cheesy
through the plant and open cankers from pith to odorless decay followed by decay from second-
outer surface of stem. Fruit infection starts ary organisms. Bacteria are not spread from plant
with small, raised, snow-white spots, centers to plant in the field, but by cutting knife and
later browned and roughened but the white color fingers at planting. A knife used to cut one
persisting as a halo to give a bird’s-eye infected tuber may contaminate the next 20 seed
spot. Fruits can be distorted, stunted, yellow pieces.
inside. In the field, bacteria are spread by Control Use certified seed potatoes. Use several
splashed rain and can persist in soil 2 or more knives and rotate them in disinfestant. Commer-
years. Seeds carry the bacteria internally as well cial growers use a rotating knife passed through
as externally. a chemical or hot-water bath between cuts.
Disinfest tools, grader, digger, and bags; sweep Rhodococcus fascians (formerly Clavibacter
storage house clean and spray with copper sul- fascians). Fasciation, widespread on sweet pea,
fate, 1 pound to 5 gallons of water. also on carnation, chrysanthemum, gypsophila,
Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis Stunting geranium, petunia, impatiens, Hebe sp. and pyre-
Disease of bermudagrass. thrum. Sweet pea symptoms are masses of short,
Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli Ratoon Stunt of thick, and aborted stems with misshapen leaves
sugarcane. developing near the soil line at first or second
Corynebacterium agropyri (formerly stem nodes. The fasciated growth on old plants
Clavibacter agropyri). Yellow Gum Disease on may have a diameter of 3 inches but does not
western wheat grass. Enormous masses of surface extend more than an inch or two above ground.
bacteria form yellow slime between stem and The portion exposed to light develops normal
upper sheath and glumes of flower head; plants green color. Plants are not killed, but stems are
dwarfed or bent; normal seeds rare. dwarfed and blossom production is curtailed.
Corynebacterium humiferum formerly Control Sterilize soil or use fresh.
Clavibacter humiferum). Reported from Rickettsialike bacteria Bacterial Wilt on
wetwood of poplar, in Colorado. Toronto creeping bentgrass; bacteria found in
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. xylem of roots, crown, and leaves. Initially, leaf
flaccumfaciens (formerly Clavibacter blades wilt from tip down and within several days
flaccumfaciens). Bacterial Wilt of Bean, wide- entire leaf wilts, becomes dark green, shriveled,
spread on kidney and lima beans and soybean, and twisted; also leaf scorch of mulberry.
causing considerable loss. Plants wilt at any stage
from seedling to pod-production, with leaves
turning dry, brown, and ragged after rains. Plants Enterobacteriaceae
are often stunted. Bacteria winter on or in seed,
which appear yellow or wrinkled and varnished. Erwinia
When infected seed is planted, bacteria pass from
cotyledons into stems and xylem vessels. Other Motile rods (usually) with peritrichous flagella;
plants are infected by mechanical injury and per- Gram-negative; producing acid with or without
haps by insects, but there is not much danger from visible gas from a variety of sugars; invading
splashed rain. Plants girdled at nodes may break tissues of living plants producing dry necroses,
over. galls, wilts, and soft rots. The genus is named for
Control Use seed grown in Idaho or California. Erwin F. Smith, pioneer in plant diseases caused
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinset- by bacteria.
tia (formerly Clavibacter poinsettiae). Stem Enterobacter cloacae Bulb Decay on onion.
Canker and Leaf Spot of Poinsettia, a relatively Erwinia amylovora Fire Blight, general on
new disease, first noted in greenhouses in 1941. many species in several tribes of the Rosaceae,
Longitudinal water-soaked streaks appear on one particularly serious on apple, pear, and quince.
side of green stems, sometimes continuing through Other hosts include almond, amelanchier, apri-
leaf petioles to cause spotting or blotching of cot, aronia, blackberry, cherry, chokecherry,
leaves and complete defoliation. The cortex of cotoneaster, crabapple, exochorda, geum, haw-
stems turns yellow, the vascular system brown. thorn, holodiscus, India hawthorn, kerria, Japa-
Stems may crack open and bend down, with glis- nese quince, loquat, medlar, mountain-ash, plum,
tening, golden brown masses of bacteria oozing photinia, pyracantha, raspberry, rose, spirea, and
from stem ruptures and leaf lesions. strawberry.
Control Discard diseased stock plants; place Apparently a native disease, first noticed near
cuttings from healthy mother plants in sterilized the Hudson River in 1780, fire blight spread south
media; avoid overhead watering and syringing; and west with increased cultivation of pears and
rogue suspicious plants promptly. apples. By 1880 it had practically wrecked pear
Enterobacteriaceae 73
Fig. 2 Fire Blight. A hold

over canker developed on
apple limb at base of
blighted twig; B bacteria
swarming through tissue
orchards in Illinois, Iowa, and other states in the The tissue first appears water-soaked, then
Northern Mississippi Valley. Then it devastated reddish, then brown to black as the bacteria
pears on the Texas Gulf. Reaching California by swarm between the dying parenchyma cells.
1910 it played havoc up the coast to Washington. Division may take place every half hour; so they
Symptoms Blossoms and leaves of infected multiply rapidly and are usually well in advance
twigs suddenly wilt, turn dark brown to black, of discolored external tissue. A collar rot may
shrivel and die, but remain attached to twigs (see develop when cankers are formed near the base
Fig. 2). The bark is shrunken, dark brown to of a tree. Water sprouts are common sources of
purplish, sometimes blistered with gum oozing infection.
out. Brown or black blighted branches with dead As spring changes to summer, the bacteria
persistent leaves look as if scorched by fire. The gradually become less active and remain dormant
bacteria survive the winter in living tissue at the at the edge of a woody canker until the next
edge of “holdover cankers” on limbs. These are spring at sap flow. Ordinarily they do not winter
dead, slightly sunken areas with a definite margin on branches smaller than 1/2 inch in diameter.
or slight crack where dead tissue has shrunk away Control Spraying during bloom is now
from living. In moist weather bacteria appear on a standard means of preventing blossom blight.
the surface of cankers in pearly viscid drops of Use bordeaux mixture or a fixed copper or strep-
ooze, which is carried by wind-blown rain or tomycin at 60 to 100 ppm. The latter is very
insects to blossoms. Infection spreads from the effective at relatively high temperatures; at
blighted bloom to the young fruit, then down the 65 F and below, copper is more satisfactory.
pedicel to adjacent leaves, which turn brown, Start spraying when about 10 % of the blossoms
remaining hanging around the blighted blossom are open and repeat at 5-to 7-day intervals until
cluster. Leaf and fruit blight is also possible by late bloom is over. A dormant spray for aphid
direct invasion, a secondary infection via bacteria control helps in preventing fire blight. One or
carried from primary blossom blight by ants, more sprays may be needed for leafhoppers,
aphids, flies, wasps, fruit-tree bark beetles, and starting at petal fall.
honeybees, sometimes tarnished plant bugs, and Inspect trees through the season and cut or
pear psyllids. break out infected twigs 12 inches below the
portion visibly blighted. If lesions appear on large Erwinia carnegieana Bacterial Necrosis of
limbs they may be painted with one of the fol- giant cactus in the entire habitat of Carnegia
lowing mixtures: gigantea. Long present in southern Arizona, this
I. 1 quart denatured alcohol, 1/4 pint distilled disease was not described until 1942, after it had
water, 3/4 ounce muriatic acid, 1 1/2 pounds encroached on cactus parks and private estates.
zinc chloride. Many giant cacti in the Saguaro National Monu-
II. 100 grams cobalt nitrate, 50 cc glycerine, ment have been killed, with heaviest mortality in
100 cc oil of wintergreen, 50 cc acetic acid, trees 150 to 200 years old.
80 cc denatured alcohol. Symptoms start with a small, circular, light
III. 5 parts cadmium sulfate stock solution spot, usually with a water-soaked margin. The
(1 pound stirred into 2 pints warm water), tissues underneath turn nearly black; the spot
2 parts glycerine, 2 parts muriatic acid, enlarges and has a purplish hue with the center
5 parts denatured alcohol. cracking and bleeding a brown liquid. The rotten
Formulas I and II were developed for use on tissues dry, break up into granular or lumpy
the West Coast, III for New York. The paint is pieces, and fall to the ground. Rotting on one
brushed on the unbroken bark over the lesions side means leaning to that side; when the trunk
and for several inches above and below the can- is girdled near the base, the giant is likely to fall in
ker; it may injure if there are wounds or cuts. a wind-storm. If it does not break, it stands as
In cutting out cankered limbs during the dor- a bare, woody skeleton, with all parenchyma
mant season, take the branch off at least 4 tissue disintegrated. An insect, Cactobrosis
inches back from edge of the canker, and fernaldialis, is largely responsible for the rapid
disinfect the cut. The home gardener may want spread of the disease. The larvae tunnel inside the
to use 10 % Chlorox for tools and bordeaux paint stems most of the year, emerging from May to
for cut surfaces. Dry bordeaux powder is stirred August to pupate for a month or so before the
into raw linseed oil until a workable paste is adult, a tan and brown nocturnal moth, lays eggs.
formed. Control A phosphate dust, applied monthly from
Almost all desirable pear varieties are suscep- April to September, has effectively controlled the
tible to fire blight, particularly Bartlett, Flemish insect vector. Incipient infections can be cut out
Beauty, Howell, Clapps Favorite. Varieties Old and the cavity allowed to dry out and cork over.
Home, Orient, and the common Kieffer are more Before the insect vector was known, fallen trees
or less resistant. Jonathon apples are very suscep- were cut into short lengths, dragged to a burial
tible. Less apt to be severely blighted are pit, covered with a disinfectant, and then with
Baldwin, Ben Davis, Delicious, Duchess, McIn- soil.
tosh, Northern Spy, Stayman, and Winter Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (for-
Banana. At the University of California some merly Erwinia carotovora). Soft Rot of calla,
work has been done on susceptibility of ornamen- originally described from common calla, found
tals to fire blight. Pyracantha angustifolia is quite on golden calla, and also on beet, cactus, cab-
susceptible, but P. coccinea and P. crenulata are bage, cauliflower, celery, cucumber, carrot, egg-
rather resistant. Cotoneaster salicifolia is suscep- plant, geranium (Pelargonium), hyacinth, iris,
tible; C. dammeri, C. pannosa, and C. onion, parsnip, pepper, potato, salsify, sansevie-
horizontalis are more resistant; and C. adpressa ria, tobacco, tomato, and turnip.
and C. microphylla show marked resistance. On calla lily the soft rot starts in upper portion
Cultural methods influence the degree of fire of the corm and progresses upward into leaf and
blight, which is worse on fast-growing succulent flower stalks or down into roots, with the corm
tissue. Avoid heavy applications of nitrogen fer- becoming soft, brown, and watery. Sometimes
tilizers; apply such nitrogen as is required in infection starts at edge of petiole, which turns
autumn or in spring in foliar sprays after danger slimy. Leaves with brown spots and margins die
of blossom blight is over. or rot off at the base before losing color. Flowers
Enterobacteriaceae 75
turn brown; stalks fall over; roots are soft and apparently carried in seed; hot-water treatment
slimy inside the epidermis. Corms may rot so is helpful. Drenching delphinium crowns with
fast the plant falls over without other symptoms, bordeaux mixture has been recommended in the
or the diseased portion may dry down to sunken past. Insect larval control is helpful with potato.
dark spots, in which the bacteria stay dormant to Avoid excessive watering or irrigation.
the next season. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (for-
On tomatoes, infection takes place through merly Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora). Wilt
growth cracks, insect wounds, or sunscald areas. of sunflower, Kalanchoë; zucchini squash, and
The tissue is at first water-soaked, then opaque, draceana. Soft Rot, general on many vegetables,
and in 3 to 10 days the whole fruit is soft, watery, in field, storage, and transit, and many ornamen-
colorless, with an offensive odor. tals, especially iris. The bacteria were first iso-
Control Scrub calla corms, cut out rotted spots, lated from rotten carrots, whence the name, but
and let cork over for a day or two. Plant in fresh or they are equally at home in asparagus, cabbage,
sterilized soil in sterilized containers and keep turnips and other crucifers, celery, cucumber,
pots on clean gravel or wood racks, never on eggplant, endive, garlic, horseradish, melon,
beds where diseased callas have grown previ- parsnip, pepper, spinach, sunflower (stalk rot),
ously. Grow at cool temperatures and avoid sweet potato, and tomato. Besides wide distribu-
overwatering. tion on iris, soft rot has been reported, among
Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (for- ornamentals, on chrysanthemum, dahlia, Easter
merly Erwinia carotovora). Potato Blackleg, lily, geranium, orchid, sansevieria, poinsettia,
Basal Stem Rot, Tuber Rot, general on potato. and yellow calla.
This is a systemic disease perpetuated by natu- The bacteria enter through wounds, causing
rally infected tubers. Lower leaves turn yellow; a rapid, wet rot with a most offensive odor. The
upper leaves curl upward; stems and leaves tend middle lamella is dissolved, and roots become
to grow up rather than spread out; stem is black- soft and pulpy. Soft rot in iris often follows
spotted, more or less softened at base and up to borer infestation. Tips of leaves are withered,
3 or 4 inches from ground, and may be covered the basal portions wet and practically shredded.
with bacterial slime; shoots may wilt and fall The entire interior of a rhizome may disintegrate
over. Tubers are infected through the stem end. into a vile yellow mess while the epidermis
The disease is most rapid in warm, moist weather, remains firm. The rot is more serious in shaded
and may continue in storage. The bacteria are locations, when iris is too crowded or planted too
spread on the cutting knife, as with ring rot, and deeply.
by seed-corn maggots, and may persist for a time Control Borer control, starting when fans are
in soil. 6 inches high, has greatly reduced the incidence
Control Use certified seed potatoes and plant of rot. If it appears, dig up the clumps, cut away
whole tubers; if cut seed must be used, allow to all rotted portions, cut leaves back to short fans.
cork over to prevent infection from soil. Practice Allow to dry in the sun for a day or two, then
long rotation; disinfest cutting knife. Late varie- replant in well-drained soil, in full sun with upper
ties seem to be more resistant. portion of the rhizome slightly exposed. Many
Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (for- good iris growers do not agree with this “sitting
merly Erwinia carotovora). Delphinium Black- duck” method, preferring to cover with an inch of
leg, Foot Rot, Bacterial Crown Rot of perennial soil; but the sun is an excellent bactericide, and
Delphinium; Stem and Bud Rot of Rocket Lark- shallow planting is one method of disease con-
spur. In delphinium there is a soft black discolor- trol. Clean off all old leaves in late fall after frost.
ation at the base of the stem, with bacteria oozing Prevent rot on stored vegetables by saving
out from cracks. In larkspur there is a black rot of only sound, dry tubers, in straw or sand, in
buds as well as yellowing of leaves, blackening of a well-ventilated room with temperature not too
stem, stunting of plants. The bacteria are much above freezing. In the garden, rotate
vegetables with fleshy roots with leafy varieties. to August or September, reaching 5 to 30 pounds
Avoid bruising at harvest time. per square inch (as much as 60 pounds in one
Erwinia chrysanthemi Bacterial Blight of record). The bacteria inhabit ray cells mostly and
Chrysanthemum, a florists’ disease, first noted do not cause a general clogging of water-
in 1950. First evidence of blight is a gray water- conducting tissues. This pressure, caused by fer-
soaked area mid-point on the stem, followed by mentation of tissues by bacteria, causes fluxing,
rot and falling over. The diseased tissue is brown a forcing of sap out of trunks through cracks,
or reddish brown; the rot progresses downward to branch crotches, and wounds. The flux flows
the base of the stem or, under unfavorable condi- down the trunk, wetting large areas of bark and
tions, may be checked with axillary buds below drying to a grayish white incrustation. Bacteria
the diseased area producing normal shoots. Cut- and yeasts working in the flux cause an offensive
tings rot at the base. Sometimes affected plants do odor that attracts insects.
not show external symptoms, and cuttings taken Control Bore drain holes through the wood
from them spread the disease. Bacteria can be below the fluxing wound, slightly slanted to facil-
spread via cutting knife, or fingernails in itate drainage. Install 1/2-inch copper pipe to
pinching, and can live several months in soil. carry the dripping sap away from the trunk and
A form of this species causes a leaf blight of buttress roots. Screw the pipe in only far enough
philodendron and may also infect banana, carna- to be firm; if it penetrates the water-soaked wood,
tion, corn, and sorghum and pith/stem rot of it interferes with drainage.
tomato. Erwinia rhapontica Rhubarb Crown Rot, sim-
Control Snap off cuttings; sterilize soil and ilar to soft rot.
tools. Erwinia stewartii (see Pantoea stewartii). Bac-
Corn rot. Corn leaves show light or dark terial Wilt of corn, Stewart’s Disease on sweet
brown rotting at base; husks and leaf blades corn, sometimes field corn, in the middle regions
have dark brown spots; lower portion of stalk is of the United States, from New York to
rotten, soft, brown, with strong odor of decay; California.
plants may break over and die, with little left Erwinia tracheiphila Bacterial Wilt of cucur-
but a mass of shredded remnants of fibrovascular bits, Cucumber Wilt on cucumber, pumpkin,
bundles. Bacteria enter through hydathodes squash, and muskmelon but not watermelon.
(water pores), stomata, and wounds. The disease is generally east of the Rocky Moun-
Erwinia cypripedii Reported from California, tains and is also present in parts of the West; is
causing brown rot of Cypripedium orchids. most serious north of Tennessee. Total loss of
Small, circular to oval, water-soaked, greasy vines is rare, but a 10 to 20 % loss is common.
light brown spots become sunken, dark brown to This is a vascular wound disease transmitted
chestnut. Affected crowns shrivel; leaves drop. by striped and 12-spotted cucumber beetles. Dull
Erwinia herbicola (see Pantoea herbicola). green flabby patches on leaves are followed by
Leaf Spot of dracaena. On Dracaena sanderana, sudden wilting and shriveling of foliage, and
gypsophila and related plants. drying of stems. Bacteria ooze from cut stems in
Erwinia nimipressuralis Wetwood of elm, viscid masses. Partially resistant plants may be
slime flux, due to bacteria pathogenic in elm dwarfed, with excessive blooming and
trunk wood, especially Asiatic elms, but possibly branching, wilting during the day but partially
occurring in many other trees, including maple, recovering at night. The bacteria winter solely
oak, mulberry, poplar, and willow. A water- in the digestive tract of the insects and are depos-
soaked dark discoloration of the heartwood is ited on leaves in spring with excrement, entering
correlated with chronic bleeding at crotches and through wounds or stomata.
wounds and abnormally high sap pressure in Control is directed chiefly at the insects. Start
trunk, with wilting a secondary symptom. The vines under Hotkaps and spray or dust with rote-
pressure in diseased trees increases from April none or other insecticide when the mechanical
Pseudomonadaceae 77
protection is removed. Experimental spraying terracmycin or streptomycin. Use resistant varie-

with antibiotics – streptomycin, terramycin, and ties such as Golden Cross Bantam, Carmel-cross,
neomycin has reduced wilt and increased yield. Ioana, Marcross, and Iochief.
Pantoea ananatis, Leaf Blight and Bulb
Decay of onion.
Pantoea herbicola (formerly Erwinia
herbicola). Leaf Spot of dracaena. On Dracaena Pseudomonadaceae
sanderana, gypsophila and related plants. Galls
are formed at crown and roots of grafted plants Pseudomonas
from 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter, but with a flat
nodular growth rather than the usual globose Motile with polar flagella; straight or curved rods;
crown gall. Gram-negative. Many species produce
Pantoea stewartii (formerly Erwinia stewartii). a greenish, water-soluble pigment. Many species
Bacterial Wilt of corn, Stewart’s Disease on sweet are found in soil and water; many are plant path-
corn, sometimes field corn, in the middle regions ogens causing leaf spots or blights.
of the United States, from New York to Califor- Acidovorax avenae formerly Pseudomonas
nia. This is a vascular disease with yellow slime albopreciptans). Bacterial Spot of cereals,
formed in the water-conducting system, resulting grasses, and corn. Light or dark brown spots or
in browning of nodes, and dwarfing of plants; or streaks on grass blades. Bacteria enter through
long pale green streaks on leaf blades, followed stomata or water pores.
by wilting and death of whole plant. Tassels may Acidovorax avenae (formerly Pseudomonas
be formed prematurely and die before the rest of avenae). Bacterial Leaf Spot of sweet corn. Bac-
the plant. The bacteria are chiefly disseminated terial Leaf Blight of johnsongrass.
by corn flea beetles, and winter either in the Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (formerly
beetles or in seed. Primary infections come from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes). Angular Leaf
flea beetles feeding in spring, from infected seed, Spot of muskmelon and watermelon. Fruit
and occasionally from soil; but secondary spread blotch; on melon, squash, pumpkin, and
is mostly by insects. watermelon.
Corn grown in rich soil is more susceptible to Acidovorax cattleyae (formerly Pseudomonas
wilt, and so are early varieties, especially Golden cattleyae). Brown Spot of orchids, Phalaenopsis
Bantam. Winter temperatures influence the and Cattleya, common in greenhouses. Infection
amount of wilt the following summer. If the win- is through stomata of young plants, wounds of
ter index, which is the sum of mean temperatures older plants. Dark green, circular water-soaked
for December, January, and February, is above spots change to brown and finally black. On Cat-
100, bacterial wilt will be present in destructive tleya the disease is limited to older leaves.
amounts on susceptible varieties. If the index is Burkholderia andropogonis (formerly Pseu-
below 90, the disease will be very sparse in domonas and ropogonis). Bacterial Stripe of sor-
northeastern states; if the index is between 90 ghum and corn. Bacterial Leaf Spot on
and 100, there will be a moderate amount of bougainvillea. Black Spot on clovers and statice.
wilt. Disease surveys over a period of years tes- Also causes blight of chickpea, and bacterial leaf
tify to the reliability of such forecasts (based on spot on white clover. Red streaks and blotches
the amount of cold the flea beetle vectors can appear on leaves and sheaths, with abundant exu-
survive); but with the increasing use of hybrid date drying down to red crusts or scales, readily
sweet corn resistant to wilt, the importance of washed off in rains. Bacteria enter through
winter temperatures is reduced. stomata.
Control Use insecticides to control flea beetles; Bacterial Leaf Spot of velvet bean, clovers.
substitute commercial fertilizer for manure; Translucent angular brown leaf spots have lighter
destroy infected refuse; try treating seed with centers and chlorotic surrounding tissue; there is
no exudate. Bacteria enter through stomata and nearly black, eventually sunken with raised,
fill intercellular spaces of parenchyma. horny, or brittle margins that are scablike and
Burkholderia caryophylli formerly Pseudomo- exude a gummy substance. Bacteria overwinter
nas caryophylli). Bacterial Wilt of carnation, usu- on corms. First symptoms after planting are tiny
ally under glass. Plants wilt, turn dry, colorless reddish raised specks on leaves, mostly near the
with roots disintegrating. Grayish-green foliage base, enlarging to dark sunken spots, which grow
is the first symptom, but leaves rapidly turn together into large areas with a firm or soft rot.
yellow and die. Yellow streaks of frayed tissue Sometimes plants fall over, but the disease is not
in vascular areas extend a foot or two up the stem. ordinarily very damaging in the garden. The chief
It takes a month for disease to show up after loss is to the grower in disfigured, unsalable
inoculation, but it can be transmitted on cuttings corms. Brown streaks in husks sometimes disin-
taken from plants before appearance of symp- tegrate, leaving holes.
toms. The sticky character of diseased tissue dis- Gladiolus scab is increased by bulb mites, may
tinguishes this wilt from Fusarium wilt. Varieties be related to grub and wireworm injury.
Cardinal Sim, Laddie, Mamie, Portrait, and Pseudomonas aceris (see Pseudomonas
others may have severe cankers at base of syringae pv. aceris). Maple Leaf Spot found in
stems, orange-yellow when young, very sticky. California on big leaf maple.
Bacteria are spread by hands, tools, splashing Pseudomonas adzukicola Stem Rot of adzuki
water. Also causes crown and leaf rot of statice. bean.
Control Remove and burn diseased plants and Pseudomonas albopreciptans (see Acidovorax
all within 1 1/2 -foot radius. After handling wash avenae). Bacterial Spot of cereals, grasses, and
with hot water and soap, sterilize tools (10 % corn.
Clorox for 5 min). Obtain rooted cuttings from Pseudomonas and ropogonis (see
propagators of cultured, disease-free material; Burkholderia and ropogonis). Bacterial Stripe
keep in shipping bags until ready for benching of sorghum and corn.
and then place in raised, steam-pasteurized Bacterial Leaf Spot of velvet bean, clovers.
benches. Never place cuttings in water or Translucent angular brown leaf spots have lighter
a liquid fungicide (use dust if a fungicide is centers and chlorotic surrounding tissue; there is
required for other diseases); never place tempo- no exudate. Bacteria enter through stomata and
rarily on an unsterilized table; never cut or trim fill intercellular spaces of parenchyma.
with hands or knives; never plant in outdoor Pseudomonas angulata (see Pseudomonas
“nurse beds”; never use overhead watering. syringae pv. angulata). Blackfire of tobacco.
Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas Pseudomonas asplenii Bacterial Leaf Blight of
cepacia). Sour Skin Rot of onion. Slimy yellow bird’s-next fern, first reported from greenhouses
rot of outer fleshy scales, with a vinegar odor. Let in California. Small translucent spots enlarge to
crop mature well before harvesting, tops dry cover whole frond; bacteria may invade crown
before topping; cure bulbs thoroughly before and kill whole plant. Control depends on strict
storage. sanitation – sterilizing flats, pots, media, and
Burkholderia gladioli (formerly Pseudomonas foreceps used in transplanting. Avoid excessive
gladioli). Leaf Spot and Blight on bird’s nest fern. watering and too high humidity.
Onion Bulb Rot, a storage disease, inner scales Pseudomonas avenae (see Acidovorax avenae).
of bulb water-soaked and soft, sometimes entire Bacterial Leaf Spot of sweet corn. Bacterial Leaf
bulb rotting. Blight of johnsongrass.
Orchid Brown Rot and Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas berberidis Bacterial Leaf Spot
Gladiolus Scab, Stem Rot, Neck Rot, wide- of barberry. Small, irregular, dark green water-
spread on gladiolus, also on iris, bell peppers and soaked areas on leaves turn purple-brown with
tigridia. Lesions on corms are pale yellow, water- age; occasional spotting occurs on leaf stalks and
soaked circular spots deepening to brown or young shoots. If twigs are infected, buds do not
Pseudomonadaceae 79
Pseudomonas melophthora Apple Rot, proba-

bly widespread. This is a decay of ripe apples
following after apple maggots and eventually
rotting whole fruit.
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes (see
Acetovorax avenae subsp. citrulli). Angular
Leaf Spot of muskmelon and watermelon. Fruit
Blotch on melon, squash, pumpkin, and
watermelon.
Pseudomonas ribicola On golden currant in
Wyoming.
Fig. 3 Bacterial Black Spot on Chrysanthemum Pseudomonas sesami Bacterial Leaf Spot of
sesame. Brown spots on leaves and stems. Can
develop in the next season; if they are girdled, the be controlled by treating seed with streptomycin.
entire twig is blighted. Cut out infected twigs and Pseudomonas solanacearum (see Rolstonia
spray with bordeaux mixture or an antibiotic. solanacearum). Southern Bacterial Wilt, also
Pseudomonas caryophylli (see Burkholderia called Brown Rot, Bacterial Ring Disease, Slime
caryophylli). Bacterial Wilt of carnation, usually Disease, Granville Wilt (of tobacco), present in
under glass. many states but particularly prevalent in the
Pseudomonas cattleyae (see Acidovorax South, from Maryland around the coast to Texas.
cattleyae). Brown Spot of orchids, Phalaenopsis Pseudomonas syringae Canker on kiwifruit;
and Cattleya, common in greenhouses. also Blight on impatiens and mock orange. Also
Pseudomonas cepacia (see Burkholderia Leaf Spot on English and American elm, moun-
cepacia). Sour Skin Rot of onion. Slimy yellow tain-laurel, arugula and coriander. Stem Dieback
rot of outer fleshy scales, with a vinegar odor. of Centaurea and fennel.
Pseudomonas cichorii Bacterial Leaf Spot on Pseudomonas syringae pv. aceris (formerly
basil. Bacterial Blight on Lobelia. Pseudomonas aceris). Maple Leaf Spot found in
Pseudomonas cichorii Bacterial Rot of chicory, California on big leaf maple. Small, water-soaked
Belgium endive, French endive, iris, Soft Rot of spots, surrounded by yellow zones, turn brown or
potato, and Bacterial Leaf Spot of hibiscus, gera- black; cankers develop on petioles and bracts in
nium, magnolia and rhododendron. May also serious cases; leaves may drop; disease present in
cause a Leaf Spot and Stem Necrosis on chrysan- cool, damp weather of early spring.
themum (see Fig. 3) and Bacterial Leaf Blight on Pseudomonas syringae pv. angulata (formerly
dwarf Schefflera. A yellowish olive center rot, Pseudomonas angulata).
affecting young inner leaves. Blackfire of tobacco.
Pseudomonas corrugata Stem Rot of tomato, Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii Bacterial
also Pith Necrosis. Blight of celery. Small, irregularly circular rusty
Pseudomonas fluorescens (marginalis). Mar- leaf spots, with a yellow halo, are occasionally
ginal Blight of lettuce, Kansas Lettuce Disease, numerous enough to cause death of foliage, but
also on witloof chicory, Soft Rot of potato tubers. commonly are only disfiguring. Spray plants in
Leaf margins are dark brown to almost black, first seedbed with bordeaux mixture, or dust with cop-
soft, then like parchment. Yellowish red spots, per lime dust; clean up old refuse.
turning dark, are scattered over leaves. Infected Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii Bacterial Leaf
tissue disintegrates into an odorous mass. Bacte- Spot of celery.
ria live in the soil, which should not be splashed Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata Bacterial
on plants by careless watering. Spot on beets, Swiss chard, and nasturtium.
Pseudomonas gladioli (see Burkholderia glad- Spots on nasturtium leaves are water-soaked,
ioli). Leaf Spot and Blight on bird’s nest fern. brownish, 1/8 to 1/4 inch across. On beets they
are dark brown or black, irregular, and in addition muskmelon, summer squash, occasional on
there are narrow streaks on petioles, midribs, and other cucurbits. Leaves or stems have irregular,
larger veins. Petiole tissue may be softened as angular, water-soaked spots with bacteria oozing
with soft rot. Infection is only through wounds. out in tearlike droplets that dry down to a white
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafa- residue. Eventually the spots turn gray, die, and
ciens Halo Blight on grasses, such as Poa shrink, leaving holes in foliage. Fruit spots are
spp. and Calamagrostis spp. small, nearly round, with the tissue turning white,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. delphinii - sometimes cracking. The bacteria overwinter in
Delphinium Black Spot on delphinium and aco- diseased plant tissue and in the seed coat. They
nite (monkshood). Irregular tarry black spots on are spread from soil to stems and later to fruit in
leaves, flower buds, petioles, and stems may coa- rainy weather, also transferred from plant to plant
lesce in late stages to form large black areas. The on hands and clothing. Infection is most severe in
bacteria enter through stomata or water pores. plants gone over by pickers early in the morning
Occasionally this bacterial leaf spot results in before dew has dried off.
some distortion, but most abnormal growth and Control Plow under or remove vines immedi-
blackening of buds is due to the cyclamen mite, ately after harvest.
a much more important problem than black spot. Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori Bacterial
Control Remove diseased leaves as noticed; cut Blight of mulberry, general on black and white
and burn all old stalks at end of season; avoid mulberry. Numerous water-soaked leaf spots join
overhead watering. In a wet season spraying with to form brown or black areas with surrounding
bordeaux mixture may have some value. yellow tissue. Young leaves may be distorted,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea Bacterial with dark sunken spots on midribs and veins.
Blight of soybean. Perhaps the most common Dark stripes with translucent borders on young
and conspicuous disease of soybean, appearing shoots exude white or yellow ooze from lenticels.
in fields when plants are half-grown and Dead twigs and brown leaves resemble fire
remaining active until maturity, with defoliation blight; trees are stunted but seldom killed.
during periods of high humidity or heavy dews. Remove and burn blighted branches; do not
Small, angular, translucent leaf spots, yellow to plant young mulberry trees near infected
light brown, turn dark reddish brown to nearly specimens.
black with age. There is often a white exudate Pseudomonas syringae pv. mors-prunorum -
drying to a glistening film on under leaf surfaces. Bacterial Canker of stone fruits, Citrus Blast, Lilac
Black lesions appear on stems and petioles, and Blight on many unreleated plants, including
on pods water-soaked spots enlarge to cover apple, plum, peach, cherry, pear, almond, avo-
a wide area, darken, and produce an exudate cado, citrus fruits, lilacs, flowering stock, rose,
drying to brownish scales; seeds are often beans, cowpeas, oleander, and leaf spot on peas.
infected. Seedlings from infected seed have On stone fruits all plant parts are subject to
brown spots on cotyledons and often die. Flam- attack, but most destructive are elongated water-
beau and Hawkeye varieties are somewhat less soaked lesions or gummy cankers on trunks and
susceptible. Use seed taken from disease-free branches, usually sour-smelling. Dormant buds
pods. of cherry and apricot are likely to be blighted,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. helianthi Bacterial pear blossoms blasted. Small purple spots appear
Leaf Spot of sunflower. Leaves show brown, on leaves of plum and apricot, black lesions on
necrotic spots, first water-soaked, then dark and fruit of cherry and apricot. All varieties of apricot
oily. are very susceptible to the disease. Plums on
Pseudomonas syringae pv. hibisci Bacterial Myrobalan rootstock are more resistant, and vari-
Leaf Spot on Hibiscus. eties California, Duarte, and President are toler-
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans Angular ant. On citrus, and particularly lemons, dark
Leaf Spot of cucurbits, general on cucumber, sunken spots, called black pit, are formed on
Pseudomonadaceae 81
fruit rind, but there is no decay. The blast form of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi Bacterial Blight
the disease is most often on oranges and of pea, general on field and garden peas, espe-
grapefruit – water-soaked areas in leaves, which cially in East and South, and causing a leaf spot of
may drop or hang on, twigs blackened and shriv- sweet peas. Dark green water-soaked dots on
eled. The disease is most serious in seasons with leaves enlarge and dry to russet brown; stems
cold, driving rainstorms. have dark green to brown streaks. Flowers are
On lilac, brown water-soaked spots on leaves killed or young pods shriveled, with seed covered
and internodes on young shoots blacken and rap- with bacterial slime. Bacteria enter through sto-
idly enlarge. Young leaves are killed; older mata or wounds, and if they reach the vascular
leaves have large portions of the blade affected. system, either leaflets or whole plants wilt. Vines
Infection starts in early spring in rainy weather. infected when young usually die. Alaska and
The bacteria are primarily in the parenchyma, Telephone varieties are particularly susceptible.
spreading through intercellular spaces, blacken- Control Avoid wounding vines during cultiva-
ing and killing cells, forming cavities. The vas- tion. Sow peas in early spring in well-drained
cular system may also be affected, followed by soil. Use disease free seed and plan a 4-year
wilting of upper leaves. rotation.
Control Prune out infected twigs and branches. Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri Bacterial
In California spray fruits in fall with bordeaux Blight of shallot.
mixture, at the time first leaves are dropping. Pseudomonas syringae pv. primulae Bacterial
Grow bushy, compact citrus trees less liable to Leaf Spot of primrose in ornamental and com-
wind injury; use windbreaks for orchards. mercial plantings in California. Infection is con-
Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans Blister fined to older leaves – irregularly circular brown
Spot of apple. Small, dark brown blisters on lesions surrounded by conspicuous yellow halos.
fruit and rough bark cankers on limbs start at Spots may coalesce to kill all or part of leaf.
lenticels. Bark may have rough scaly patches Spraying with bordeaux mixture has prevented
from a few inches to a yard long, bordered with infection.
a pimpled edge, and with outer bark sloughing off Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi Olive
in spring. Knot, Bacterial Knot of olive. Irregular, spongy,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola Bean more or less hard, knotty galls on roots, trunk,
Halo Blight, halo spot on common, lima, and branches, leaf, or fruit pedicels start as small
scarlet runner beans. The symptoms are those of swellings and increase to several inches with
other bean blights except that there are wide irregular fissures. Terminal shoots are dwarfed
green or yellowish green halos around water- or killed; whole trees may die. Bacteria enter
soaked leaf spots, such spots later turning brown through wounds, often leaf scars or frost cracks.
and dry. Leaves wilt and turn brown; young pods Variety Manzanilla is most susceptible of the
wither and produce no seed; sometimes plants are olives commonly grown in California. Another
dwarfed with top leaves crinkled and mottled. In form of this species causes similar galls on ash.
hot weather, spots are often angular, reddish Control Cut out galls carefully, disinfesting
brown, and without halo. Stem streaks are red- tools; paint larger cuts with bordeaux paste and
dish, with gray ooze; pod spots are red to brown spray trees with bordeaux mixture in early
with silver crusts; seeds are small, wrinkled, with November, repeating in December and March if
cream-colored spots. All snap beans are suscep- infection has been abundant. Do not plant
tible; many dry beans – Pinto, Great Northern, infected nursery trees or bring equipment from
Red Mexican, Michelite – are rather resistant. an infected orchard into a healthy one.
Control Use seed from blight-free areas. Blight Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Brown
is rare in California, occasional in Idaho. Plan Spot, Foliar on wild rice (Zizania); leaf spot and
a 3-year rotation. Do not pick beans when foliage stem collapse on urd bean; leaf spot and stem
is wet. canker on Ginkgo.
Oleander Bacterial Gall. Galls or tumors are Control Change location of hotbed starting
formed on branches, herbaceous shoots, leaves, seedlings; use 2-year rotation in field; have seed
and flowers but not on underground parts. Small hot-water treated.
swellings develop on leaf veins, surrounded by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Bacterial
yellow tissue, with bacterial ooze coming from Speck of tomato. Numerous, dark brown raised
veins in large quantity. Young shoots have longi- spots on fruit are very small, less than 1/16 inch;
tudinal swellings with small secondary tubercles; they do not extend into flesh and are more
young leaves and seedpods may be distorted and disfiguring than harmful.
curled. On older branches tumors are soft or Pseudomonas syringae pv. zizaniae Leaf Spot
spongy and roughened with projecting tubercles; and Stem Spot of wild rice.
they slowly turn dark. Prune out infected por- Pseudomonas tabaci (see Pseudomonas
tions, sterilizing shears between cuts; propagate syringae pv. tabaci). Blackfire of tobacco.
only from healthy plants. Pseudomonas viburni Bacterial Leaf Spot of
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (see Pseudo- viburnum, widespread. Circular water-soaked
monas tabaci). Blackfire of tobacco. spots appear on leaves, and irregular sunken
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci Tobacco brown cankers on young stems, and the bacteria
Wildfire on tobacco, tomato, eggplant, soybean, overwinter in leaves, stems or buds. Remove and
cowpea, pokeberry, and ground-cherry, in all burn infected leaves. Spray with bordeaux mix-
tobacco districts sporadically. Leaf spots have ture or an antibiotic such as Agrimycin two or
tan to brown dead centers with chlorotic halos. three times at weekly intervals.
The disease appears first on lower leaves and Pseudomonas viridiflava Bacterial Leaf Spot
spreads rapidly in wet weather. The bacteria per- on basil. Bacterial Canker on poinsettia.
sist a few months in crop refuse and on seed and Pseudomonas viridilivida Louisiana Lettuce
enter through stomatal cavities. In buried soybean Disease on lettuce, bell pepper, and tomatoes.
leaves the bacteria have lived less than 4 months; Numerous water-soaked leaf spots fuse to infect
so fall plowing may be beneficial. Seed stored for large areas, first with a soft rot, then a dry shriv-
18 months produces plants free from wildfire. eling. Sometimes outer leaves are rotted and the
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis Bacterial heart sound. This bacterium also causes greasy
Leaf Spot. Circular necrotic lesions on leaves and canker of poinsettia.
petioles. The lesions have dark purple margins. This Pseudomonas washingtoniae This bacterium
disease occurs on marigold, sunflower, Jerusalem causes spots on leaves of Washington palm.
artichoke, and common ragweed. Apical chlorosis Pseudomonas woodsii Bacterial Spot and
is also caused by this pathogen on sunflower and Blight of carnation. Leaf lesions are small,
sunflower seed may be a source of inoculum. elongated, brown with water-soaked
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis Bacterial borders, withering to brown sunken areas, with
Leaf Spot on compass plant and sunflower. masses of bacteria oozing out of stomata. They
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Bacterial are spread in greenhouses by syringing, and out-
Leaf Spot of crucifers, Pepper Spot of cabbage, doors by rain. Follow cultural practices suggested
cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, and turnip, mostly under P. caryophylli for carnation wilt.
in northeastern and Middle Atlantic states. Pseudomonas sp. Blueberry Canker reported
Numerous brown or purple spots range from pin- from Oregon. Reddish brown to black cankers
point to 1/8 inch in diameter. If spots are very appear on canes of the previous season; all buds in
numerous, leaves yellow and drop off. Cauli- the cankered areas are killed; stems are sometimes
flower is more commonly affected than cabbage. girdled. Varieties Weymouth, June, and Rancocas
Bacteria, disseminated on seed or in diseased are resistant, but Jersey, Atlantic, Scammel,
plant parts, enter through stomata, and visible Coville, and Evelyn are highly susceptible.
symptoms appear in 3 to 6 days. Disease is most Rhizomonas suberifaciens Corky Rot on
severe in seedbeds. lettuce.
Xanthomonas 83
Rolstonia solanacearum (formerly Pseudomo- Ralstonia solanacearum, Race 3, Biovar 2.

nas solanacearum). Southern Bacterial Wilt, also Bacterial wilting of geranium; also yellowing and
called Brown Rot, Bacterial Ring Disease, Slime stunting.
Disease, Granville Wilt (of tobacco), present in Xanthomonas albilineans Leaf Scald of sugar-
many states but particularly prevalent in the South, cane (FL, TX).
from Maryland around the coast to Texas. South- Xanthomonas axonopodis Leaf Streak (water
ern wilt is common on potatoes in Florida but also soaking) of African lily and Leaf Blight of onion.
appears on many other vegetables – bean, lima Xanthomonas begoniae (see Xanthomonas
bean, castor bean, soybean, velvet bean, beet, car- campestris pv. begoniae). Begonia Bacteriosis,
rot, cowpea, peanut, sweet potato, tomato, egg- leaf spot of fibrous and tuberous begonias.
plant, pepper, and rhubarb. Ornamentals Xanthomonas campestris Black Rot of
sometimes infected include ageratum, anthurium, cruciers, Bacterial Blight, Wilt, Stump Rot of
dwarf banana, garden balsam, geranium, canna, alder, arabidopsis, asparagus tree fern, avocado,
cosmos, croton, chrysanthemum, dahlia, holly- cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts,
hock, lead-tree, marigold, nasturtium, Spanish kale, lavender, mustard, radish, rutabaga, sun-
needle, sunflower, and zinnia. The symptoms are flower, stock, turnip, and leaf blight of onion.
those of a vascular disease, with dwarfing or sud- Black rot was first observed in Kentucky and
den wilting, a brown stain in vascular bundles, and Wisconsin about 1890 and is generally distrib-
dark patches or streaks in stems. Often the first uted in the country, with losses often 40 to 50 %
symptom is a slight wilting of leaves at end of of the total crop. It is one of the most serious
branches in the heat of the day, followed by recov- crucifer diseases, present each season but epi-
ery at night, but each day the wilting is more demic in warm, wet seasons.
pronounced and recovery less until the plant dies. The bacteria invade leaves through water
Young plants are more susceptible than older ones. pores or wounds and progress to the vascular
In potatoes and tomatoes there may be a brown system. Veins are blackened, with leaf tissue
mushy decay of stems, with bacterial ooze present. browning in a V-shape. With early infection
Potato tubers often have a browning of vascular plants either die or are dwarfed, with a one-
ring, followed by general decay. sided growth. Late infection results in defolia-
Bacteria live in fallow soil 6 years or more and tion, long bare stalks with a tuft of leaves on
may persist indefinitely in the presence of sus- top. When stems are cut across, they show
ceptible plants. They are spread by irrigation a black ring, result of the vascular invasion, and
water, in crop debris, or soil fragments on tools sometimes yellow bacterial ooze. Black rot is
and tractors, or by farm animals. Optimum tem- a hard odorless rot, but it may be followed by
peratures are high, ranging from 77 to 97 F, soft, odorous decays. Primary infection comes
with inhibition of disease below 55 F. from bacteria carried on seed, or in refuse in
Control Use northern-grown seed potatoes and soil, but drainage water, rain, farm implements,
Sebago and Katahdin varieties, more resistant and animals aid in secondary infection.
than Triumph and Cobbler. Use a long rotation Control Use seed grown in disease-free areas in
for tomatoes. Soil can be acidified with sulfur to the West or treat with hot water, 122 F, 25 min
kill bacteria, followed by liming in the fall before for cabbage, 18 min for broccoli, cauliflower, and
planting. collards. Plan a 3-year rotation with plants other
than crucifers, and clean up all crop refuse.
Xanthomonas campestris Horse-Radish Leaf
Xanthomonas Spot. Leaves are spotted but there is no vascular
infection. Also causes leaf spot of Pilea sp.,
Small rods, motile with a single polar flagellum; Pellionia sp. and leaf spot and blight of bird of
form abundant slimy yellow growth. Most spe- paradise, white butterfly. Also, bacterial leaf and
cies are plant pathogens causing necroses. stem lesions.
Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial Leaf Spot precautions so rigid they included walking the
on cabbage and radish. mules through disinfestant, sterilization of
Xanthomonas campestris pv. asclepiadis - clothes worn by workers – ill saved us from
Bacterial Blight on butterfly weed. untold later losses.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. barbareae Black Symptoms of citrus canker are rough, brown
Rot of winter-cress (Barbarea vulgaris), similar corky eruptions on both sides of leaves and fruit.
to black rot of cabbage; small greenish spots turn On foliage the lesions are surrounded by oily or
black. yellow halos. Old lesions become brown and
Xanthomonas campestris pv. begoniae (for- corky.
merly Xanthomonas begoniae). Begonia Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina (for-
Bacteriosis, leaf spot of fibrous and tuberous merly Xanthomonas corylina). Filbert Blight,
begonias. Blister-like, roundish dead spots are Bacteriosis, the most serious disease of filberts
scattered over surface of leaves. Spots are in the Pacific Northwest, known since 1913 from
brown with yellow translucent margins. Leaves the Cascade Mountains west in Oregon
fall prematurely, and in severe cases the main and Washington. The disease is similar to walnut
stem is invaded, with gradual softening of all blight (see X. juglandis) with infection on
tissues and death of plants. Bacteria remain via- buds, leaves, and stems of current growth; on
ble at least 3 months in yellow ooze on surface of branches; and on trunks 1 to 4 years old. The
dried leaves. Leaves are infected through upper bacteria are weakly pathogenic to the nuts.
surfaces during watering, with rapid spread of Copper-lime dusts are effective, with four to six
disease when plants are crowded together under weekly applications, starting at the early
conditions of high humidity. prebloom stage.
Control Keep top of leaves dry, avoiding syring- Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae (for-
ing or overhead watering; keep pots widely merly Xanthomonas cucurbitae). Bacterial Spot
spaced; spray with bordeaux mixture and dip on winter squash and pumpkin. Leaf spots are
cuttings in it. first small and round, then angular between
Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae (for- veins, with bright yellow halos; sometimes trans-
merly Xanthomonas carotae). Bacterial Blight lucent and thin but not dropping out; often coa-
of carrot. The chief damage is to flower heads lescing to involve whole leaf. Bacterial exudate is
grown for seed, which may be entirely killed. present.
Symptoms include irregular dead spots on leaves, Xanthomonas campestris pv. cyamopsidis Rot
dark brown lines on petioles and stems, blighting of Lithops spp.
of floral parts, which may be one-sided. Use clean Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenba-
seed, or treat with hot water; rotate crops. chiae Blight of Anthurium; also Leaf Spot of
Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri Citrus Can- cocoyam.
ker on all citrus fruits, but not apparently eradi- Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae
cated from the United States. It came from the (formerly Xanthomonas dieffenbachiae). Dief-
Orient and appeared in Texas in 1910, becoming fenbachia Leaf Spot. Spots are formed on all
of major importance in Florida and the Gulf parts of leaf blade except midrib, but not on
States by 1914, ranking with chestnut blight and petioles and stems. They range from minute,
white pine blister rust as a national calamity. But translucent specks to lesions 3/8 inch in diameter,
here is one of the few cases on record where man circular to elongated, yellow to orange-yellow
has won the fight, where a disease has been nearly with a dull green center. Spots may grow together
eradicated by spending enough money and hav- to cover large areas, which turn yellow, wilt, and
ing enough cooperation early in the game. Sev- dry. Dead leaves are dull tan to light brown, thin
eral million dollars, together with concerted and tough but not brittle. The exudate on lower
intelligent effort by growers, quarantine mea- surface of spots dries to a waxy, silver-white
sures, destruction of every infected tree, sanitary layer.
Xanthomonas 85
Control Separate infected from healthy plants; The disease was first noted in Holland in 1881
keep temperature low; avoid syringing; try pro- and named for the yellow slime or bacterial ooze
tective spraying with streptomycin. seen when a bulb is cut. The bulbs rot either
Xanthomonas campestris pv. before or after planting, producing no plants
fragariae Angular Leaf Spot on strawberry; above ground or badly infected specimens,
also Blossom Blight on strawberry. which do not flower and have yellow to brown
Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines (for- stripes on leaves or flower stalks. Bacteria are
merly Xanthomonas glycines (phaseoli var. transmitted by wind, rain, tools, and clothes,
sojense). Bacterial Pustule of soybean, similar with rapid infection in wet or humid weather,
to regular bean blight but chiefly a foliage dis- particularly among luxuriantly growing plants.
ease, present in most soybean areas, more severe The disease is usually minor in our Pacific North-
in the South. Small, yellow-green spots with red- west but worse in warm, wet weather on rapidly
dish brown centers appear on upper surface of growing plants. Innocence is more susceptible
leaves with a small raised pustule at the center of than King of the Blues.
the spot on the under leaf surface. Spots run Control Cover infected plants with a jar or can
together to large irregular brown areas, portions until the end of the season; then dig after the
of which drop out, giving a ragged appearance. others. Never work or walk in fields when plants
Bacteria overwinter in diseased leaves and on are wet; avoid bruising; discard rotten bulbs;
seed. Variety CNS is highly resistant; Ogden has rotate plantings; avoid fertilizer high in nitrogen.
some resistance. Xanthomonas campestris pv. incanae (for-
Xanthomonas campestris pv. gummisudans merly Xanthomonas incanae). Bacterial Blight
(formerly Xanthomonas gummisudans). Bacterial of garden stocks causing, since 1933, serious
Blight of Gladiolus. Narrow, horizontal, water- losses on flower-seed ranches in California; also
soaked, dark green spots turn into brown squares present in home gardens. This is a vascular dis-
or rectangles between veins, covering entire leaf, ease of main stem and lateral branches, often
particularly a young leaf, or middle section of the extending into leaf petioles and seed peduncles.
blade. Bacteria ooze out in slender, twisted, white Seedlings suddenly wilt when 2 to 4 inches high,
columns or in a gummy film, in which soil and with stem tissues yellowish, soft and mushy, and
insects get stuck. Disease is spread by planting sometimes a yellow exudate along stem. On older
infected corms or by bacteria splashed in rain plants, dark water-soaked areas appear around
from infected to healthy leaves. The small dark leaf scars near ground, stem is girdled, and
brown corm lesions are almost unnoticeable. lower leaves turn yellow and drop; or entire
Soak corms unhusked for 2 h before planting. plants wilt or are broken by wind at ground
Xanthomonas campestris pv. hederae (for- level. Bacteria persist in soil and on or in seed;
merly Xanthomonas hederae). Bacterial Leaf they are also spread in irrigation water.
Spot of English ivy. Small water-soaked area on Control Use a 2 to 3-year rotation. Treat seed
leaves develop dark brown to black centers as with hot water, 127.5 to 131 F for 10 min,
they increase in size, sometimes cracking, with followed by rapid cooling.
reddish purple margins. Spots are sometimes Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis -
formed on petioles and stems, with plants formerly Xanthomonas juglandis). Walnut Blight
dwarfed and foliage yellow-green. Spray with on English or Persian walnut, black walnut, but-
bordeaux mixture or an antibiotic. Keep plants ternut, Siebold walnut. Black, dead spots appear
well spaced; avoid overhead watering and high on young nuts, green shoots, and leaves. Many
humidity. nuts fall prematurely, but others reach full size
Xanthomonas campestris pv. hyacinthi (for- with husk, shell, and kernel more or less black-
merly Xanthomonas hyacinthi). Hyacinth Yel- ened and destroyed. Bacteria winter in old nuts
lows, yellow rot of Dutch hyacinth, occasionally or in buds, and may be carried by the walnut
entering the country in imported bulbs. erinose mite.
Control Spray with a fixed copper, as copper purchase culture-indexed cuttings. Be sure to
oxalate, or with streptomycin. Apply when 10 % sterilize cutting knives. Use 1-year rotation. Try
of the blossoms are open, repeat when 20 % are Agrimycin as a preventive spray, or copper.
open, and again after bloom. Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii (for-
Xanthomonas campestris pv. merly Xanthomonas pelargonii) Geranium Leaf
malvacearum Leaf Spot on Hibiscus. Spot on Pelargonium spp. Leaf spots are small,
Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (for- brown, necrotic, sometimes with reddish tinge on
merly Xanthomonas oryzae). Carnation Pimple upper surface and a slightly water-soaked condi-
reported from Colorado as caused by a new form tion on underside. Young leaves may die and
of the rice blight organism. Very small, 1 mm, drop. Petioles are occasionally spotted. Bacteria
pimples are formed near base and tips of leaves, winter in old leaves or under mulch.
which may shrivel. Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (for-
Xanthomonas campestris pv. papavericola merly Xanthomonas phaseoli). Bacterial Bean
(formerly Xanthomonas papavericola). Bacterial Blight, general and serious on beans but rare in
Blight of poppy on corn poppy and on Oriental, some western states. Leaf spots are at first very
opium, and California poppies. Minute, water- small, water-soaked or light green wilted areas,
soaked areas darken to intense black spots which enlarge, turn brown, are dry and brittle,
bounded by a colorless ring. Spots are scattered, and have a yellow border around edge of lesions
circular, small, often zonate, with tissue between and often a narrow, pale green zone outside that.
yellow and then brown. There is a noticeable, Leaves become ragged in wind and rainstorms.
slimy exudate. Infection is through stomata and Reddish brown horizontal streaks appear in stem,
often into veins. Stem lesions are long, very which may be girdled and break over at cotyle-
black, sometimes girdling and causing young dons or first leaf node.
plants to fall over. Flower sepals are blackened, Pod lesions are first dark green and water-
petals stop developing; pods show conspicuous soaked, then dry, sunken and brick red, some-
black spots. times with a yellowish encrustation of bacterial
Control Remove and destroy infected plants; do ooze. White seeds turn yellow, are wrinkled with
not replant poppies in the same location. Try a varnished look.
Agrimycin as a preventive spray. Control Use disease-free western-grown seed.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii (for- Keep away from beans when plants are wet.
merly Xanthomonas pelargonii). Bacterial Leaf Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (formerly
Spot of geranium (Pelargonium). Irregular to Xanthomonas pruni). Bacterial Spot of stone
circular brown leaf spots start as water-soaked fruits, also called canker, shot hole, black spot;
dots on undersurface, becoming sunken as they general on plum, Japanese plum, prune, peach,
enlarge and with tissue collapsing. If spots are and nectarine east of the Rocky Mountains; one
numerous, the entire leaf turns yellow, brown, of the more destructive stone fruit diseases, caus-
and shriveled, then drops. The leaves sometimes ing heavy losses in some states.
wilt and droop but hang on the plant for a week or Symptoms on leaves are numerous, round or
so. Exterior of stem is gray and dull, the pith and angular, small reddish spots with centers turning
cortex black, later disintegrating into a dry rot. brown and dead, dropping out to leave shot holes.
The roots are blackened but not decayed. Cut- Spots may run together to give a burned, blighted,
tings fail to root, and rot from the base upward. or ragged appearance, followed by defoliation,
Bacteria can live 3 months in moist soil; are with losses running high in devitalized trees. On
spread by handling, splashing water, cutting twigs dark blisters dry out to sunken cankers.
knives, and whiteflies. Fruit spots turn into brown to black, saucer-
Control Remove diseased plants. Take cuttings shaped depressions with small masses of
from plants known to be healthy; place in steril- gummy, yellow exudate, often with cracking
ized media and pots. Commercial growers should through the spot.
Xanthomonas 87
Control Plant new orchards from nurseries free Xanthomonas carotae (see Xanthomonas
from the disease. Prune to allow air in the interior campestris pv. carotae). Bacterial Blight of carrot.
of trees. Feed properly; trees with sufficient nitro- Xanthomonas corylina (see Xanthomonas
gen do not defoliate so readily. Zinc sulfate-lime campestris pv. corylina). Filbert Blight,
sprays have been somewhat effective. Bacteriosis, the most serious disease of filberts
Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani (for- in the Pacific Northwest, known since 1913 from
merly Xanthomonas vesicatoria var. raphani). the Cascade Mountains west in Oregon and
Leaf Spot of radish, turnip, and other crucifers, Washington.
similar to bacterial spot on tomato. Xanthomonas cucurbitae (see Xanthomonas
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (for- campestriis pv. cucurbitae). Bacterial Spot on
merly Xanthomonas vesicatoria). Bacterial Spot winter squash and pumpkin
of tomato and pepper, common in wet seasons. Xanthomonas dieffenbachiae (see
Small, black, scabby fruit spots, sometimes with Xanthomonas campestriis pv. dieffenbachiae).
a translucent border, provide entrance points for Dieffenbachia Leaf Spot. Spots are formed on
secondary decay organisms. Small, dark greasy all parts of leaf blade except midrib, but not on
spots appear on leaflets and elongated black petioles and stems.
spots on stems and petioles. Bacteria are carried Xanthomonas glycines (phaseoli var. sojense)
on seed. (see Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines). Bac-
Control Rotate crops; destroy diseased vines. terial Pustule of soybean, similar to regular bean
Spraying or dusting with copper may reduce blight but chiefly a foliage disease, present in
infection. These may be combined with most soybean areas, more severe in the South
streptomycin. Xanthomonas gummisudans (see
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vignicola (for- Xanthomonas campestris pv. gummisudans).
merly Xanthomonas vignicola). Cowpea Canker Bacterial Blight of Gladiolus.
on cowpeas and red kidney beans, a destructive Xanthomonas hederae (see Xanthomonas
disease, first described in 1944. Beans are campestris pv. hederae). Bacterial Leaf Spot of
blighted; cowpea stems have swollen, cankerlike English ivy.
lesions, with the cortex cracked open and a white Xanthomonas hyacinthi (see Xanthomonas
bacterial exudate. The plants tend to break over. campestris pv. hyacinthi). Hyacinth Yellows, yel-
Leaves, stems, pods, and seeds are liable to infec- low rot of Dutch hyacinth, occasionally entering
tion. Chinese Red cowpeas seem particularly sus- the country in imported bulbs.
ceptible, but the disease appears on other Xanthomonas incanae (see Xanthomonas
varieties. campestris pv. incanae). Bacterial Blight of gar-
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians (for- den stocks causing, since 1933, serious losses on
merly Xanthomonas vitians). Bacterial Wilt and flower-seed ranches in California; also present in
Leaf Spot of lettuce, South Carolina Lettuce home gardens.
Disease, wilting and rotting of lettuce leaves Xanthomonas juglandis (see Xanthomonas
and stems. In early stages plants are lighter campestris pv. juglandis). Walnut Blight on
green than normal. Leaves may have definite English or Persian walnut, black walnut, butter-
brown spots coalescing to large areas or may nut, Siebold walnut.
wilt following stem infection. Use windbreaks Xanthomonas oryzae (see Xanthomonas
to prevent injuries affording entrance to bacteria; campestris pv. oryzae). Carnation Pimple
also causes leaf spot of pepper and tomato. reported from Colorado as caused by a new
Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae Leaf and form of the rice blight organism.
Flower Spot of zinnia. Xanthomonas papavericola (see Xanthomonas
Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae (for- campestris pv. papavericola). Bacterial Blight of
merly Xanthomonas nigromaculans). Leaf Spot poppy on corn poppy and on Oriental, opium, and
on zinnia. California poppies.
Xanthomonas pelargonii (see Xanthomonas and other ornamentals that are symptomless car-
campestris pv. pelargonii). Bacterial Leaf Spot riers. There is no adequate control; roguing of
of geranium (Pelargonium). diseased vines and spraying for leafhoppers has
Xanthomonas pelargonii (see Xanthomonas proved ineffective. Propagate by cuttings from
campestris pv. pelargonii). Geranium Leaf Spot disease-free vineyards.
on Pelargonium spp.
Xanthomonas phaseoli (see Xanthomonas
campestris pv. phaseoli). Bacterial Bean Blight, Mycoplasmataceae
general and serious on beans but rare in some
western states. Phytoplasma
Xanthomonas pruni (see Xanthomonas
campestris pv. pruni. Bacterial Spot of stone Ash Yellows and Witches’ Broom On ash in
fruit, also called canker, shot hole, black spot; Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina,
general on plum, Japanese plum prune, peach, and South Dakota and peanut in Oklahoma.
and nectarine east of the Rocky Mountains. Aster Yellows Throughout the United States,
Xanthomonas vesicatoria (see Xanthomonas also called Lettuce Rio Grande Disease, Lettuce
campestris pv. vesicatoria. Bacterial Spot of White Heart, Potato Purple Top.
tomato and pepper, common in wet seasons. Bean Phyllody Perhaps caused by a strain of
Xanthomonas vesicatoria var. raphani (see aster-yellows MLO.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani). Leaf California Aster Yellows In the West, also
Spot of radish, turnip, and other crucifers, similar known as Celery Yellows, Western.
to bacterial spot on tomato. Aster Yellows, Potato Late Break, Strawberry
Xanthomonas vignicola (see Xanthomonas Green Petal. Aster yellows may appear in more
campestris pv. vignicola). Cowpea Canker on than 170 species of 38 families of dicotyledons.
cowpeas and red kidney beans. It is serious on China aster, may also affect
Xanthomonas vitians (see Xanthomonas anemone, calendula, coreopsis, cosmos, purple
campestris pv. vitians). Bacterial Wilt and Leaf coneflower (Echinacea), delphinium, daisies,
Spot of lettuce, South Carolina Lettuce Disease, golden-glow, hydrangea, marigold, petunia,
wilting and rotting of lettuce leaves and stems. phlox, scabiosa, strawflower, and other flowers.
Xanthomonas nigromaculans (see It is serious on lettuce, alfalfa, endive, carrot,
Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae). Leaf Spot parsley, New Zealand spinach, radish, and some
on zinnia. other vegetables, but not on peas, beans, or other
Xylella fastidiosa Bacterial Leaf Scorch on legumes. This disease is now known to be caused
maple, pecan, mulberry, northern red oak and by a phytoplasma organism.
sweet gum. In most plants vein clearing is followed by
Pierce’s Grape Disease First described as Cal- chlorosis of newly formed tissues, adventitious
ifornia vine disease by Pierce in 1892, now growth, erect habit, virescence of flowers. Asters
known as cause of grape degeneration in Gulf have a stiff yellow growth with many secondary
states; reported from Rhode Island. First symp- shoots; are stunted, with short internodes; flowers
toms are scalding and browning of leaf tissues, are greenish, dwarfed, or none. The chief vector
often with veins remaining green; canes die back is the six-spotted leafhopper (Macrosteles
from tips in late summer; growth is dwarfed, fruit fascifrons). The virus multiplies in the insect,
shriveled; roots die. The bacterium invades the and there is a delay of 10 days or more after the
xylem and turns it brown. Alfalfa plants are insect feeds on a diseased plant before it can
stunted with short stems and small leaves. Many infect a healthy specimen. There is no transmis-
species of sharpshooter leafhoppers transmit the sion through insect eggs or aster seeds.
bacterium to grape from alfalfa, clovers, grasses, Celery petioles are upright, somewhat elon-
also from ivy, acacia, fuchsia, rosemary, zinnia, gated, with inner petioles short, chlorotic,
Mycoplasmataceae 89
twisted, brittle, often cracked, yellow. The celery about May 1 from eggs wintered on elm bark and
strain of the virus causes yellowing and stunting feed on leaf veins. Adults move from diseased to
of cucumber, squash, pumpkin; infects gladiolus healthy trees.
and zinnia. There is hope of propagating elms resistant to
Control of aster yellows is directed against the phloem necrosis. Communities should interplant
leafhoppers. Asters are grown commercially existing elms with Asiatic or European varieties
under frames of cheesecloth, 22 threads to the or with some other type of tree to provide shade if
inch, or wire screening, 18 threads to the inch. and when present elms die.
In home gardens all diseased plants should be Peach Western X-Disease Perhaps same as
rogued immediately and overwintering weeds, X-disease but usually treated separately; also
which harbor leafhopper eggs, destroyed. known as cherry buckskin and western-X little
Spraying or dusting ornamentals and vegetables cherry. The pathogen is transmitted by leafhop-
with pyrethrum will reduce the number of vectors pers (Colladonus germinatus, Fieberella florii,
but will not entirely eliminate the disease. Osbornellus borealis, and others) to peach, nec-
Recent work raises the probability that the tarine and cherry in western states. Symptoms
etiological agent of aster yellows is vary according to rootstock, but cherry fruit is
a mycoplasma rather than a virus. Therefore, smaller than normal. Sour cherries are puttylike,
treatment with antibiotics, such as chlortetracy- pinkish; sweet cherries are small, conical, hang
cline, has suppressed the development of yellows on trees late, fail to develop normal color. Symp-
symptoms. Mycoplasma-like bodies have been toms on peach are similar to those of X-disease.
seen in microscopic study of diseased plants and Peach X-Disease On peach and chokecherry,
in transmitting leafhopper vectors, but not in sometimes cherry in the northern United States
healthy plants or nontransmitting vectors. and of major importance in Connecticut, Massa-
Clover Proliferation On strawberry and onion. chusetts, and New York. Peach trees appear nor-
Corn Stunt A dwarfing disease present primar- mal in spring for 6 or 7 weeks after growth starts,
ily in the South; transmitted by leafhoppers. then foliage shows a diffused yellow and red
Mycoplasma-like bodies present; See discoloration with a longitudinal upward curling
Spiroplasma citri. of leaf edges; spots may drop out, leaving
Elm Phloem Necrosis On American elm from a tattered effect. Defoliation starts by mid-sum-
West Virginia and Georgia to northern Missis- mer. Fruits shrivel and drop or ripen prematurely.
sippi, eastern Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. Seed do not develop. Weakened trees are killed
Origin unknown but apparently present since by low temperatures or remain unproductive.
1882; the disease reached epidemic proportions Chokecherry has conspicuous premature red-
in Ohio in 1944, killing 20,000 trees that year dening of foliage, dead embryos in fruit. The
near Dayton and 10,000 at Columbus. The most second and third seasons after infection foliage
reliable diagnostic character is a buttercup yellow colors are duller, there are rosettes of small leaves
discoloration of the phloem, often flecked with on terminals, and death may follow. Natural
brown or black and an odor of wintergreen. infection is apparently from chokecherry to
Destruction of phloem causes the bark to loosen peach (not peach to peach or peach to choke-
and fall away. Roots die first, then the phloem in cherry) by a leafhopper (Colladonus clitellarius).
lower portions of tree, followed by wilting and Elimination of chokecherries within 500 feet of
defoliation. American elms may be attacked at peach trees provides the best control.
any age; they wilt and die suddenly within 3 or Peach Yellow Leaf Roll; a form of Western
4 weeks or gradually decline for 12 to 18 months. X-Disease; perhaps caused by a more severe
This is now thought to be caused by strain of the MLO.
a mycoplasma-like agent. Transmission is by Peach Yellows; Little Peach. First noted near
the white-banded elm leafhopper (Scaphoideus Philadelphia in 1791 and so serious that in 1796
luteolus) and possibly other species. Nymphs hatch the American Philosophical Society offered
a $60 prize for the best method of preventing pre- Strawberry Green Petal Perhaps due to a strain
mature decay of peach trees. Present in eastern of aster yellows MLO, as is chlorotic phyllody
states on peach, almond, nectarine, apricot and reported from Louisiana. Flowers have enlarged
plum. Not found west of the Mississippi or in the sepals, small green petals.
South. In peach, clearing of veins, production of Bud Proliferation and Delayed Maturity, on
thin erect shoots with small chlorotic leaves, pre- soybean.
mature ripening of fruit (with reddish streaks in Decline of ash.
flesh and insipid taste) is followed by death of the Lethal Yellowing on palms.
tree in a year or so. The little peach strain of the Phloem Necrosis of chrysanthemum.
MLO causes distortion of young leaves at tips of Spiroplasma citri Corn Stunt. Has been
branches, small fruit, delayed ripening. Plum is reported on corn, onions, horseradish, shepherd’s
systemically infected, with few obvious symptoms. purse, yellow rocket, and wild mustard.
Transmission is by the plum leafhopper or budding. Stunt of blueberry.
Control Budsticks and dormant nursery trees Virescence on horseradish.
can be safely treated with heat sufficient to kill Witches’ Broom on pigeon pea (Cajanus
the MLO (122 F for 5 to 10 min), but cured trees cajan), and black raspberry.
are susceptible to reinfection. Most effective con- Witches’ Broom on Japanese persimmon,
trol is removal of wild plum trees around peach and lilac.
orchard and spraying to control leafhoppers. Witches’ Broom and Yellowing on annual
Potato Apical Leaf Roll and Arizona Purple statice.
Top Wilt Caused by aster yellows. Yellows of elm.
Black Knot
The term black knot is used to designate a disease with an olive green, velvety layer made up of
with black knotty excrescences. brownish conidiophores and one-celled hyaline
conidia of the anamorph Hormodendron state.
Conidia are spread by wind.
Apiosporina In late summer black stromata cover the
affected tissues, and the galls become hard. Asci
Ascomycetes, Pleosporales are formed during the winter in cavities in the
stroma; ascospores are discharged and germinate
Asci are in locules, without well-marked perithe- in early spring, completing the 2-year cycle.
cial walls, immersed in a massive, carbonaceous Knots are produced from primary infection by
stroma, erumpent and superficial at maturity. ascospores or from secondary infection from
Spores are hyaline, unequally two-celled. mycelium formed in old knots and growing out
Apiosporina morbosa (formerly Dibotryon to invade new tissue. Limbs may be girdled and
morbosum). Black Knot of plum and cherry, killed; trees are stunted and dwarfed, nearly
Prunus Black Knot, Plum Wart, widespread and worthless after a few years. Old knots may be
serious on garden plums, also present on sweet riddled with insects or covered with a pink fungus
and sour cherries, chokecherry, and apricot. growing on the Apiosporina mycelium.
Apparently a native disease, destructive in Mas- Control Cut out infected twigs and branches, 3
sachusetts by 1811 and the pathogen described or 4 inches beyond the knot, to include advancing
from Pennsylvania in 1821, black knot has been perennial mycelium. Do this in winter or before
reported on peach, long thought to be immune. April 1. Eradicate or thoroughly clean up wild
The chief symptoms are black, rough, cylin- plums and cherries in the vicinity. Spray at
drical or spindle-shaped enlargements of twigs delayed dormant stage in spring (just as buds
into knots two to four times their thickness and break) with bordeaux mixture or with liquid
several inches long (see Fig. 1). Infection takes lime sulfur. The latter is preferable unless oil
place in spring, but swelling is not evident until is combined in the spray as an insecticide.
growth starts the following spring, at which time Spray with lime sulfur at full bloom. Dibotryon
the bark ruptures, and a light yellowish growth morbosum (see Apiosporina morbosa). Black
fills the crevices. In late spring this is covered Knot of plum and cherry, Prunus Black Knot,

92 Black Knot
Plum Wart, widespread and serious on garden

plums, also present on sweet and sour cherries,
chokecherry, and apricot.
Leptosphaeria
Ascomycetes, Dothideales
Perithecia in clusters on wood; spores dark, with

several cells.
Gibberidea heliopsidis (see Leptosphaeria
heliopsidis). Black Knot, Black Patch on
goldenrod and sunflower.
Leptosphaeria heliopsidis (formerly
Gibberidea heliopsidis). Black Knot, Black
Patch on goldenrod and sunflower.
Fig. 1 Black Knot on Prunus sp.

Blackleg
The term blackleg is used to describe darkening reported in France in 1849, and in the United
at the base of a stem or plant. Blackleg of potatoes States in 1910. It is generally distributed east of
and delphinium are described under Bacterial the Rocky Mountains and formerly caused from
Diseases; blackleg of geraniums is under Rots. 50 to 90 % loss. With improved seed and seed
treatment it has become less important.
The first symptom is a sunken area in the stem
Cylindrocarpon near the ground, which extends until the stem is
girdled and the area turns black. Leaves, seed
▶ Rots. stalks, and seed pods have circular, light brown
Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum Blackleg; on spots. Small black pycnidia appearing on the
grape. lesions distinguish blackleg from other cabbage
diseases. The leaves sometimes turn purple and
wilt, but there is no defoliation, as in black rot.
Phoma The fungus reaches the soil via infected plant
debris, remaining alive 2 or more years. Spores
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes are spread by splashing rain, or manure, on tools,
and perhaps by insects, with new lesions resulting
Pycnidia dark, ostiolate, lenticular to globose, in 10 to 14 days. But the chief spread is by
immersed in host tissue, erumpent or with short mycelium wintering in infected seed. When
beak piercing the epidermis; conidiophores short such seed is planted, fruiting bodies are formed
or obsolete, conidia small, one-celled, hyaline, on cotyledons as they are pushed above ground,
ovate to elongate; parasitic on seed plants, chiefly and these serve as a source of inoculum for
on stems and fruits, rarely on leaves. nearby plants. A few diseased seed can start an
Phoma lingam Blackleg of crucifers, Foot Rot, epiphytotic in wet weather.
Phoma Wilt of plants of the mustard family, Control Use seed grown on the Pacific Coast,
including cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, which is usually, although not always, disease-
brussels sprouts, charlock, garden cress, pepper free. If the seed is infected, tie loosely in cheese-
grass, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, rape, radish, ruta- cloth bags and immerse in hot water, held at
baga, turnip, stock, and sweet alyssum. The 122 F for 30 min. It is sometimes possible to
teleomorph state, Lystosphaeria maculans has buy seed already treated. Sterilize soil for the
been found on cabbage. The fungus was first seedbed; use a 3-year rotation; do not splash
noticed in Germany in 1791; the disease was seedlings when watering; do not transplant any

94 Blackleg
seedlings if the disease shows up in the seedbed;

do not feed cabbage refuse to cattle; do not trans- Leptosphaeria
fer cultivators and other tools from a diseased to
a healthy field without using a disinfestant. Leptosphaeria maculans Blackleg on canola.
Black Mildew
The terms black mildew, sooty mold, and black Asterina

spot have been used to some extent inter-
changeably. In this text the term sooty mold Ascomycetes, Asterinales
is restricted to those fungi living on insect
exudate and hence not true parasites. Included Asterina species are parasites on the surface of
here under Black Mildew are parasitic fungi leaves and are usually found in warm climates. In
that have a superficial dark mycelium. They some cases the disease is called black mildew, in
are members of the Erysiphales (Meliolales others, black spot. The perithecia are dimidiate,
according to some classifications) and hence having the top half covered with a shield, a small,
similar to powdery mildews except for the dark round stroma composed of radially arranged dark
color, or they belong to the Hemisphaeriales, hyphae. Underneath this stromatic cover, called
characterized by a dark stroma simulating the scutellum, there is a single layer of fruiting cells;
upper portion of a perithecium. In a few cases paraphyses are lacking; spores are dark, two-
the diseases are called black spot rather than celled. The mycelium, which is free over the
mildew. surface, has lobed appendages, hyphopodia,
which act as haustoria in penetrating the cuticle
and obtaining nourishment from the host.
Apiosporina Asteridium lepidigenum (formerly Asterina
lepidigena). Black Mildew on lyonia, Florida.
Ascomycetes, Pleosporales Asterina anomala (see Limacinula anomala).
Black Mildew on California-laurel, California.
Perithecia and mycelium superficial; mycelium Asterina delitescens Black Spot on redbay.
with setae and perithecia usually hairy; Asterina diplopoides Black Spot on leucothoë.
paraphysoids present; spores two-celled; dark. Asterina gaultheriae (see Schizothyrium
Apiosporina collinsii Witches’ Broom of ser- pomi). Black Mildew on bearberry, Wisconsin.
viceberry (Amelanchier) widespread. Perennial Asterina lepidigena (see Asteridium
mycelium stimulates the development of numer- lepidigenum). Black Mildew on lyonia, Florida.
ous stout branches into a broom. A sooty growth Asterina orbicularis Black Spot on American
on underside of leaves is first olive brown, then holly and Ilex spp.
black. Numerous globose, beadlike, black peri- Limacinula anomala (formerly Asterina
thecia appear in late summer. The damage to the anomala). Black Mildew on California-laurel,
host is not serious. California.

96 Black Mildew
Schizothyrium pomi (formerly Asterina Appendiculella calostroma (formerly Irene

gaultheriae). Black Mildew on bearberry, calostroma). Black Mildew on wax-myrtle, Gulf
Wisconsin. States.
Appendiculella perseae (formerly Irene
perseae). Black Mildew on avocado, Florida.
Asterinella Like Irene except that perithecia have no
appendages.
Ascomycetes, Asterinales Asteridiella manca (formerly Irenina
Like Asterina but lacking hyphopodia; with or manca). Black Mildew on wax-myrtle,
without paraphyses; spores dark, two-celled. Mississippi.
Asterinella puiggarii Black Spot on eugenia. Irene araliae (see Appendiculella araliae).
Black Mildew on magnolia, Mississippi.
Irene calostroma (see Appendiculella
Dimerosporium calostroma). Black Mildew on wax-myrtle,
Gulf States.
According to some authorities this is the same as Irene perseae (see Appendiculella perseae).
Asterina but the name Dimerosporium is in com- Black Mildew on avocado, Florida.
mon use. Irenina manca (see Asteridiella manca).
Dimerosporium abietis (see Rasutoria Black Mildew on wax-myrtle, Mississippi.
abietiis). Black Mildew on Pacific silver and low-
land white firs.
Dimerosporium hispidulum Black Mildew Lembosia (Morenoella)
on boxelder.
Dimerosporium pulchrum Black Mildew on Ascomycetes, Dothideales
ash.
Dimerosporium robiniae Black Mildew on Brown vegetative mycelium with hyphopodia on
ailanthus. surface of host; linear stroma, scutellum, over
Dimerosporium tropicale Black Mildew on single layer of fruiting cells; paraphyses present;
bignonia, Mississippi. spores dark, two-celled.
Rasutoria abietiis formerly Dimerosporium Echidnodella angustiformis (formerly
abietis). Black Mildew on Pacific silver and Morenoella angustiformis). Black Mildew on
lowland white firs. Black patches are formed on holly (Ilex spp.), Mississippi.
older needles, usually on under surface. There is Echidnodella rugispora (formerly Lembosia
no apparent injury to trees. rugispora). Black Mildew on redbay, swampbay,
Mississippi, North Carolina.
Lembosia cactorum Black Mildew on cactus,
(Irene) Asteridiella Florida.
Lembosia coccolobae Black Mildew on
Ascomycetes, Meliolales sea-grape, Florida; also L. portoricensis and
L. tenella.
Mycelium with capitate hyphopodia but no Lembosia illiciicola Black Mildew on
bristles; perithecia with larviform appendages; anise-trees, Alabama, Mississippi.
spores dark, with several cells. Lembosia illiciicola (see Echidnodella
Appendiculella araliae (formerly Irene rugispora). Black Mildew on redbay, swampbay,
araliae). Black Mildew on magnolia, Mississippi. Mississippi, North Carolina.
Sthughesia 97
Morenoella angustiformis (see Echidrodella Meliola cookeana Black Mildew on

angustiformis). Black Mildew on holly (Ilex spp.), callicarpa, lantana.
Mississippi. Meliola cryptocarpa (see Irenopsis
Schiffnerula pulchra On dogwood. cryptocarpa). Black Mildew on gordonia.
Meliola lippiae Black Mildew on lippia.
Meliola magnoliae Black Mildew on
Meliola magnolia.
Like Irene except that mycelium has setae (stiff
Ascomycetes, Erysiphales (or bristles) and perithecia lack larviform appendages.
Meliolales), Meliolaceae Meliola martiana (formerly Irenopsis
martiniana). Black Mildew on redbay,
Most abundant in tropics. Superficial dark swampbay, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi.
mycelium with hyphopodia and setae; perithecia Meliola nidulans Black Mildew on blueberry,
globose, coal black without ostiole or append- wintergreen.
ages but often with setae; spores several-celled, Meliola palmicola Black Mildew on palmetto.
dark; paraphyses lacking. Conidia are lacking Meliola tenuis Black Mildew on bamboo.
in most species, of Helminthosporium type in Meliola wrightii (see Diplotheca tunaei).
others. Black Mildew on chinaberry.
Diplotheca tunae (formerly Meliola
wrightii). Black Mildew on chinaberry.
Irenopsis cryptocarpa formerly Meliola Sthughesia
cryptocarpa). Black Mildew on gordonia.
Irenopsis martiniana (see Meliola Ascomycetes, Dothideales
martiana). Black Mildew on redbay, swampbay,
Alabama, Florida, Mississippi. Perithecia smooth; spores two-celled, dark;
Meliola amphitricha Black Mildew on paraphyses lacking.
boxelder, magnolia, redbay, swampbay. Dimerium juniperi (see Sthughesia juniperi).
Meliola bidentata Black Mildew on bignonia. Black Mildew on Rocky Mountain juniper,
Meliola camelliae Black Mildew of camellia. California.
Abundant black growth may cover camellia Sthughesia juniperi (formerly Dimerium
leaves and twigs. Spraying with a light summer juniperi). Black Mildew on Rocky Mountain
oil is sometimes effective. juniper, California.
Blackspot
In common usage the term black spot without transferred to Marssonina. The blackspot fungus
qualifying adjectives has come to mean but one was first reported in the United States in 1831,
disease, rose black spot, with the two words cur- from Philadelphia, and in 1912 Wolf made the
rently written as one, blackspot. This section is connection with the teleomorph state, so that the
limited to the rose disease. Delphinium black spot correct name became Diplocarpon rosae.
will be found under Bacterial Diseases, elm black Blackspot is probably the most widely distrib-
spot under Leaf Spots, other black spots under uted and best known rose disease. It is confined to
Black Mildew. roses, garden and greenhouse, and may affect prac-
tically all varieties, although not all are equally
susceptible. There has been some progress made
Diplocarpon in breeding resistant varieties, but recent investiga-
tion disclosing many physiological races of the
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, fungus explains why roses that are almost immune
Dermateaceae (Mollisiaceae) to blackspot in one location may succumb in
another. Rosa bracteata is the only species thus
Apothecia innate, formed in dead leaves, but far shown to be reasonably resistant to all the
at maturity rupturing overlying tissues; horny to different races tested. Roses with the Pernetiana
leathery with a thick margin or outer wall parentage, which has given us the lovely yellows,
(excipulum) of dark, thick-walled cells; spores coppers, and blends, are especially prone to
two-celled, hyaline; paraphyses present. Anamorph blackspot. Some roses, like Radiance, are tolerant
state is a Marssonina with two-celled hyaline spores of blackspot, usually holding their leaves, even
in an acervulus. though they cannot be considered resistant.
Diplocarpon rosae Rose Blackspot, general Symptoms are primarily more or less circular
on rose but less serious in the semi-arid black spots, up to 1/2 inch in diameter, with
Southwest; reported from all states except radiating fimbriate or fringed margins (see
Arizona, Nevada, and Wyoming. Fig. 1). This fimbriate margin is a special diag-
For nearly 100 years the fungus was known nostic character, differentiating blackspot from
only by its anamorph state, which has had about other leaf spots and from discolorations due to
25 different names. The first definite record is by cold or chemicals. The spots vary from one or two
Fries in Sweden in 1815, under the name to a dozen or more on a leaf, usually on the upper
Erysiphe radiosum, but the first valid description surface. With close examination you can see
was by Libert in 1827 as Asteroma rosae. Later small black dots or pimples in the center of the
Fries called it Actinonema rosae, and that term spots. These are the acervuli, bearing conidia, and
was widely used until Actinonema species were they glisten when wet (see Fig. 2).

100 Blackspot
In susceptible varieties the appearance of black areas, slightly blistered, without fimbriate
black spots is soon followed by yellowing of margins.
a portion or all of leaflets and then by defoliation. Infection occurs through either leaf surface,
The leaf fall is apparently correlated with the fungus sending its germ tube directly through
increased production of ethylene gas in diseased the cuticle by mechanical pressure. The hyphae
tissue and perhaps by a difference in auxin gradi- form a network under the cuticle, joining together
ent between leaf and stem. Some roses lose into several parallel filaments radiating from the
almost all their leaves, put out another set and point of infection. The hyphae are actually color-
lose those, and often are trying to leaf out for the less, the black color of the spot coming from the
third time by late summer. The process is so death and disorganization of host cells. The
devitalizing that some bushes may die during mycelial growth is between cells, with haustoria
the following winter. On tolerant varieties leaf (suckers) invading epidermal and palisade cells
spots are present, though usually in smaller for nourishment.
numbers, but there is much less yellowing and Acervuli, summer fruiting bodies, formed just
defoliation. Cane lesions are small indistinct under the cuticle, bear two-celled hyaline conidia
on short conidiophores on a thin, basal stroma.
Splashed by rain or overhead watering, or spread
by gardeners working among wet plants, the
conidia germinate and enter a leaf if there is
continued moisture for at least 6 h. Rain, heavy
dew, fog, and sprinklers used late in the day so
foliage does not dry off before night provide the
requisite moisture. New spots show up within
a week and new spores within 10 days. Secondary
cycles are repeated all summer – from late May to
late October around New York City.
In my personal experience, the spread of disease
is most rapid where large numbers of susceptible
varieties are massed together. If all the yellows, for
instance, are planted together, the disease gets such
a head start, and builds up so much inoculum to
spread to the more tolerant red and pink varieties
nearby, that these varieties also are more heavily
infected than usual. When roses are mixed in beds
so that one or two particularly susceptible bushes
are surrounded by more resistant types, the infec-
Fig. 1 Rose Blackspot. Note fimbriate margin to spot tive material cannot increase so rapidly, and the net
Fig. 2 Rose Blackspot.

Two-celled conidia formed
in Acervulus under cuticle
Diplocarpon 101
result is less disease in the garden as a whole. one bush to another during the season. Drastic
Protected corners in the garden where air circula- spring pruning, far lower than normal, reduces the
tion is poor also increase the disease potentiality. amount of inoculum from infected canes.
Spores are apt to be splashed farther when water The importance of a dormant spray is debat-
hits hard-packed soil without a mulch. able. Experiments have shown that as a true
When old leaves drop to the ground, the myce- eradicant, applied in winter, it has little value in
lium continues a saprophytic existence, growing reducing the amount of blackspot the next sum-
through dead tissue with hyphae that are now mer. Use liquid lime sulfur after pruning, pro-
dark in color. In spring three types of fruiting vided the buds have not broken far enough to
bodies may be formed: microacervuli or sperma- show the leaflets.
gonia containing very small cells that perhaps act Summer spraying or dusting, weekly through-
as male cells; apothecia, the sexual fruiting bod- out the season (from late April to early November
ies formed on a stroma between the epidermis in New Jersey) is essential if you want to keep
and palisade cells and covered with a circular enough foliage on bushes for continuous produc-
shield of radiating strands; and winter acervuli, tion of fine flowers (it takes food manufactured in
formed internally and producing new conidia several leaves to produce one bloom) and for
in spring. The Diplocarpon or apothecial stage winter survival. Some strong varieties will, how-
is apparently not essential; it is known only ever, live for years without chemical treatment;
in northeastern United States and south-central they are usually scraggly bushes with erratic
Canada. The shield over the apothecium ruptures, bloom. The idea that floribunda varieties do not
and the two-celled ascospores are forcibly require as much spraying as hybrid teas is
discharged into the air to infect lowest leaves. a misconception. Some floribundas are quite
Where the sexual stage is not formed, primary resistant; others are very susceptible. The same
spring infection comes from conidia splashed by holds true for old-fashioned shrub roses. All too
rain to foliage overhead, from acervuli either in often blackspot gets a head start in a garden from
overwintered leaves on the ground or in cane shrub roses we thought it unnecessary to spray.
lesions. New roses from a nursery sometimes Roses can be defoliated as readily by
bring blackspot via these cane lesions to chemicals as by the blackspot fungus; so the
a garden previously free of disease. fungicide chosen must be safe under the condi-
Control The importance of sanitation may have tions of applications as well as effective. There
been somewhat overstressed; it cannot replace rou- are many chemicals that will control blackspot if
tine spraying or dusting. It is certainly a good idea they are applied regularly and thoroughly. Choice
to pick off for burning the first spotted leaves, if this depends somewhat on climate. Some copper
is done when bushes are dry so that the act of sprays and dusts cause red spotting and defolia-
removal does not further spread the fungus. Raking tion in cool, cloudy weather. Bordeaux mixture is
up old leaves from the ground at the end of the both unsightly and harmful, unless used in very
season makes the garden neater and may reduce weak dilution. At strengths recommended for
the amount of inoculum in spring, but, because the vegetables it will quickly turn rose leaves yellow
fungus winters also on canes in most sections of and make them drop off. Dusts containing more
the country, removal of leaves cannot be expected than 3 to 4 % metallic copper are injurious under
to provide a disease-free garden the next season. some weather conditions. Dusting sulfur fine
Comparative tests have shown that fall cleanup enough to pass through a 325-mesh screen has
is ineffectual. A good mulch, applied after been successfully used for years for blackspot
uncovering and the first feeding in spring, serves control, but in hot weather it burns margins of
as a mechanical barrier between inoculum from leaves. Copper and sulfur have a synergistic
overwintered leaves on the ground and developing effect; a mixture of the two is more effective
leaves overhead. A mulch also reduces disease by than either used alone, but such a mixture also
reducing the distance spores can be splashed from combines injurious effects.
102 Blackspot
There are literally hundreds of combination surfaces, and applications must be repeated at
rose sprays and dusts on the market under brand approximately weekly intervals. This may mean
names, and it seems to me easier, and even every 5 or 6 days when plants are growing rapidly
cheaper, considering the time saved, for home in a rainy spring and perhaps every 7 to 9 days in
gardeners to make use of them to control dry weather, when growth is slow. Intervals of
blackspot and other rose diseases as well as 10 to 14 days between sprays seldom give
insects in one operation. You will have to deter- adequate control. Most directions call for appli-
mine by trial and error the best combination for cation ahead of rain so that the foliage will be
your area, and you may not find one that com- protected when spores germinate during the rain;
bines remedies for all the pests you may have to but if sprays are applied every 7 days, there will
fight through the season. Choose one that con- always be enough residue left on the foliage to
tains ingredients required every week all sum- give protection during the next rain. It is not
mer, and then add other chemicals if and when necessary to make an additional application
necessary. Whatever mixture is chosen, coverage immediately after a rain if your spraying is on
should be complete on upper and lower leaf a regular basis.
Blights
According to Webster, blight is “any disease or hayfever. There are also parasitic forms causing
injury of plants resulting in withering, cessation blights and leaf spots. Sometimes the disease
of growth and death of parts, as in leaves, without starts as a leaf spot, but the lesions, typically
rotting.” The term is somewhat loosely used by formed in concentric circles, run together to
pathologists and gardeners to cover a wide vari- form a blight, the dark conidia making the surface
ety of diseases, some of which may have rotting appear dark and velvety.
as a secondary symptom. In general, the chief Alternaria alternata Blight, Foliage and Pod
characteristic of a blight is sudden and conspicu- of pea.
ous leaf and fruit damage, in contradistinction to Alternaria cassiae Seedling Blight of Cassia
leaf spotting, where dead areas are definitely (sicklepod, and coffee senna), and showy
delimited, or to wilt due to a toxin or other dis- crotalaria.
turbance in the vascular system. Fire blight, Alternaria cucumerina Alternaria Blight of
discussed under Bacterial Diseases, is a typical Cucurbits, Cucumber Blight, Black Mold, gen-
blight, with twigs and branches dying back but eral on cucumbers, muskmelon, watermelon, and
holding withered, dead foliage. winter and summer squash. Symptoms appear in
the middle of the season, first nearest the center of
the hill. Circular brown spots with concentric
Alternaria rings are visible only on upper surface of leaves,
but a black, moldy growth, made up of conidio-
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes phores and large brown spores, can be seen on
both leaf surfaces. Leaves curl and dry up, canta-
Dark, muriform conidia formed in chains, simple loupe foliage being more sensitive than that of
or branches, or sometimes singly, on dark, simple other cucurbits. The disease spreads rapidly in
conidiophores growing from dark hyphae (see warm, humid weather, and, with the vines drying,
Fig. 1). The apical portion of each conidium is the fruit is exposed to sunburn. Sunken spots
narrowed and often elongated, bearing at its tip develop on the fruit, covered with an olive
the next ovoid, tapering conidium. Species with green mass of conidia. Other species of
this characteristic formerly placed in Alternaria cause a decay of melons in transit
Macrosporium are now in Alternaria; those with and storage.
spores rounded at both ends have been transferred Control Purdue 44 and some other varieties of
to Stemphylium. muskmelon are rather resistant.
There are many saprophytic species in Alternaria dauci Alternaria Blight of carrot,
Alternaria, the spores of which are wind-borne Carrot Leaf Blight, general on carrot and parsley.
for many miles and are a common cause of Affected leaves and petioles are spotted, then turn

104 Blights
Alternaria Botrytis Cercospora Entomosporium Ovulinia
Pestalotia Phomopsis Septoria Volutella
Fig. 1 Conidial Production Among Some Fungi Causing cell, borne free on mycelium; Pestalotia, in acervulus,
Blights. Alternaria, dark muriform spores in chains; median cells colored, end cells hyaline, apical cell with
Botrytis, hyaline spores in clusters; Cercospora, pale to appendages; Phomopsis, oval and filiform hyaline spores
dark septate spores on dark conidia protruding from sto- in pycnidium; Septoria, septate hyaline spores in Pycnid-
mata; Entomosporium, peculiarly appendaged spores in ium; Volutella, hyaline spores formed on a hairy
acervulus; Ovulina, hyaline spore with basal disjunctor sporodochium
yellow and brown; entire tops are killed in severe Control Commercial growers can often avoid
infections. In California the disease is known as Alternaria blight by keeping plants growing con-
late blight, with the peak coming in November. tinuously in the greenhouse. Cuttings should be
The fungus apparently winters in discarded tops disease-free, taken from midway up the stem,
and on seed. broken at the joint rather than cut, and started in
Control Clean up refuse. Spray with a fixed cop- sterilized soil. Ordinarily the foliage should be
per spray or dust, starting soon after seedlings kept dry, but under mist propagation chemicals
emerge and repeating at 7-to 10-day intervals. introduced into the mist system have reduced
Alternaria dianthicola Carnation Collar blight.
Blight, Leaf Spot, Stem and Branch Rot, general Alternaria helianthi Blight and Stem Lesion of
on carnation, widespread on garden pinks and sunflower.
sweet william. The chief symptom is a blight or Alternaria panax Alternaria Blight, Root Rot,
rot at leaf bases and around nodes, which are Leaf Spot of ginseng, ming aralia, and golden-
girdled. Spots on leaves are ashy white but cen- seal, generally distributed. In Ohio the disease
ters of old spots are covered with dark brown to appears each year in semiepidemic form and has
black fungus growth. Leaves may be constricted been controlled with bordeaux mixture or a fixed
and twisted, the tip killed. Branches die back to copper spray plus a wetting agent, starting when
the girdled area, and black crusts of spores are plants emerge in early May and repeating every
formed on the cankers. Conidia are spread during 2 weeks until 3 weeks after bloom.
watering in the greenhouse or in rains, outdoors. Alternaria solani Early Blight of potato and
Entrance is through wounds, stomata, or directly tomato, general on these hosts, occasional on
through the cuticle. The spores are carried on eggplant and pepper. The pathogen was first
cuttings. described from New Jersey, in 1882.
Ascochyta 105
Leaf symptoms are dark brown, circular to

oval spots, marked with concentric rings in Ascochyta
a target effect, appearing first on lower, shaded
foliage, with the spots growing together to blight Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
large portions or all of leaves, exposing fruits.
There may be a collar rot of young tomato seed- Pycnidia dark, globose, separate, immersed in
lings, sunken spots or cankers on older stems, host tissue, ostiolate; spores two-celled, hyaline
blossom-drop with loss of young fruits, or dark ovoid to oblong.
leathery spots near the stem end of older fruits. Ascochyta asparagina Stem Blight of asparagus
Alternaria blight is the most common leaf spot fern. Small branchlets dry and drop prematurely;
disease of tomatoes in the Central and Atlantic small branches are killed if attacked at crown.
States but is somewhat less important elsewhere. Ascochyta chrysanthemi (Mycosphaerella
Foliage symptoms on potato are similar to ligulicola). (see ▶Phoma chrysanthemi
those on tomato. Small round spots on tubers (Didymella ligulica)). Ascochyta Ray Blight of
afford entrance to secondary rot organisms. chrysanthemum, a conspicuous and rapid disease
Each leaf spot may produce three or four crops of ray flowers.
of dark spores, which remain viable more than Ascochyta fabae f. sp. spiricia Leaf Blight of
a year. They are blown by wind, splashed by rain, vetch.
sometimes transmitted by flea beetles. The fun- Ascochyta piniperda Spruce Twig Blight on
gus is a weak parasite, entering through wounds young shoots of red, Norway, and blue spruce;
and thriving in warm, moist weather, with 85 F apparently a minor disease.
as optimum temperature. It can survive in soil as Ascochyta pisi, A. pinodes, A.
long as the host refuse is not completely rotted; it pinodella Ascochyta Blight or Mycosphaerella
also winters on seed and on weed hosts. Blight of peas. All three fungi may be connected
Control Plan, if possible, a 3-year rotation with with the disease complex known as Ascochyta
crops not in the potato family; dig under diseased blight, are carried in infected seed and overwinter
refuse immediately after harvest. Use seed from in plant debris. A. pinodes has Mycosphaerella
healthy tomatoes, or purchase plants free from pinodes as its ascospore stage so that the life
collar rot. cycle can start from either pycnidia or perithecia
Alternaria tagetica Blight of marigold. produced on plants or stubble. Lesions begin as
Alternaria tenuissima Alternaria Blight, Leaf small purplish specks on leaves and pods. When
Spot of violet and pansy. Spots vary from greenish infection is caused by M. pinodes or A. pinodella,
yellow to light buff with burnt amber margins. the specks enlarge to round, targetlike spots,
Brown patches run together to form large, blighted which join together to form irregular, brownish
areas. Clean up and burn old leaves in fall. purple blotches. M. pinodes often withers and
Alternaria zinniae Zinnia Blight, Alternariosis distorts young pods; A. pinodella causes
on zinnia. Small reddish brown spots with grayish a severe foot rot, a dark region at the soil line.
white centers increase to irregular, large, brown, Elongated, purplish black stem lesions are com-
dry areas. Similar spots on stem internodes or at mon. A. pisi causes leaf spots with dark brown
nodes may girdle the stem, with dying back of margins, stem and pod spots, but no foot rot.
upper portions. Dark brown to black basal can- Control Use western-grown seed, usually free
kers with sunken lesions are common. Roots may from the disease; clean up all pea refuse and use
turn dark gray, rot, and slough off. Small brown a 3-or 4-year rotation. The host range now
flower spots enlarge to include whole petals, includes many plants such as carrot, banana, and
causing conspicuous blighting. The fungus foliage plants.
apparently winters on seed and in soil. Phoma chrysanthemi (Telemorph, Didymella
Control Clean up refuse; use a long rotation if ligulica) (formerly Ascochyta chrysanthemi
growing plants commercially. (telemorph, Mycosphaerella ligulicola)).
106 Blights
Ascochyta Ray Blight of chrysanthemum, scattered throughout the stromatic tissue, or

a conspicuous and rapid disease of ray flowers. seated on the surface, or like perithecia, as in
If young buds are infected, the head does not Botryosphaeria ribis. In B. ribis there are two
open; if the attack is later, there may be one- pycnidial forms, a Dothiorella stage containing
sided development of flowers. A tan or brown very small spores that may function as male cells
discoloration proceeds from the base toward the and a Macrophoma stage containing larger
tip of each individual flower, followed by with- spores, one-celled, hyaline, functioning as other
ering. Upper portions of stems and receptacles conidia.
may turn black. Keep plants well spaced; avoid Botryosphaeria ribis var. chromogena Current
overhead watering and excessive humidity. Cane Blight, Canker, Dieback of currant,
flowering currant, gooseberry, apple, rose, and
many other plants (also ▶ Cankers and Die-
Balansia backs). There are two forms of this species, one
being a saprophyte developing on already dying
Ascomycetes, Hypocreales, tissue. The parasitic form chromogena is so
Clavicipitaccae. named from its developing a purple-pink color
when grown on starch paste. There are also
Balansia cyperi Diseased Inflorescence, Blight a number of pathogenic strains, varying from
of purple nutsedge; fungus is systemic and trans- high to low in virulence. Some currant varieties
mitted through tubers. are quite resistant, but the widely grown Wilder
and Red Lake are rather susceptible.
Dieback and death of fruiting branches occur
Beniowskia as the berries are coloring, with leaves wilting
and fruit shriveling. Later in the season small,
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes dark, wartlike fruiting bodies appear in rather
definite parallel rows on the diseased canes.
Hyphae are coiled at the periphery of mature
Rose canes show a similar dying back and wilting
sporodochia; spherical spores are borne on short above a canker. The fungus winters in the canes;
denticles. ascospores infect new shoots; secondary infec-
Beniowskia sphaeroidea Blight of knotroot
tion is by spores oozing from pycnidia. The
bristlegrass. mycelium grows downward through bark and
wood to the main stem, which it encircles and
kills.
Botryodiplodia
Control Cut out and burn diseased canes as soon
as noticed. Take cuttings from healthy bushes.
Pycnidia black, ostiolate, erumpent, stromatic,

confluent; conidiosphores simple, short; conidia
Botryotinia
dark and 2-celled, ovoid to elongate
Ascomycetes, Helotiales,
Sclerotiniaceae
Botryosphaeria
Stroma a typical black sclerotium, loaf-shaped or
Ascomycetes, Dothideales hemispherical, just on or beneath cuticle or epi-
dermis of plant and firmly attached to it;
Asci in locules in a stroma; spores one-celled, apothecia cupulate, stalked, brown; ascospores
hyaline, eight in an ascus. There is a good deal hyaline, one-celled; conidiophores and conidia
of variation in the genus. The locules may be of the Botrytis cinerea type.
Botrytis 107
Botryotinia fuckeliana The apothecial stage of

Botrytis cinerea, the connection having been
made with isolates from grape, apple, celery,
and potato. The name of the conidial stage is
still widely used for the pathogen causing gray
mold blights.
Botryotinia ricini Gray Mold Blight of castor
bean, Soft Rot of caladium. A pale to olive gray
mold develops on castor-bean inflorescence, and
when fading flowers drop onto stem and leaves,
they are infected in turn.
Botrytis
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Fig. 2 Botrytis Petal Spot on Magnolia
Egglike conidia hyaline, one-celled, are formed on
branched conidiophores over the surface, not in throwing out half a box of strawberries or rasp-
special fruiting bodies (see Fig. 1). The arrange- berries. But in continued humid weather the
ment of the spores gives the genus its name, from blight appears on fruits before harvest.
the Greek botrys, meaning a cluster of grapes. Blackberries in the Northwest are subject to
Flattened, loaf-shaped, or hemispherical black gray mold. The fungus winters in blighted blue-
sclerotia are formed on or just underneath cuticle berry twigs, and spores infect blossom clusters.
or epidermis of the host and are firmly attached to Vegetables are commonly afflicted as seed-
it. These sclerotia, with a dark rind and light inte- lings grown in greenhouses and in storage after
rior made up of firmly interwoven hyphae, serve as harvest. If lettuce plants are set in the garden too
resting bodies to carry the fungus over winter. close together, they may blight at the base in
Microconidia, very minute spores that are moist weather, as will endive and escarole. Gray
spermatia or male cells, function in the formation mold is common on lima beans, is sometimes
of apothecia in the few cases where a definite found on snap and kidney beans. In rainy or
connection has been made between the Botrytis foggy periods globe artichoke may be covered
stage and the ascospore form, Botryotinia. with a brownish gray, dusty mold, with bud scales
Botrytis species are the common gray molds, rotten. Asparagus shoots are sometimes blighted,
only too familiar to every gardener. Some are tomato stems rotted.
saprophytic or weakly parasitic on senescent Some of the ornamentals on which Botrytis
plant parts on a wide variety of hosts; others are cinerea is troublesome are given in the following
true parasites and cause such important diseases annotated list:
as peony blight, lily blight, tulip fire. African violet –leaf and stem rot, cosmopoli-
Botrytis cinerea Gray Mold Blight, Bud and tan in greenhouses.
Flower Blight (see Fig. 2), Blossom Blight, Gray Amaryllis –gray mold, mostly in the South, on
Mold Rot, Botrytis Blight of general distribution outdoor plants after chilling.
on a great many flowers, fruits and vegetables. Anemone – occasional severe rotting of
There are undoubtedly many strains of this fun- crowns.
gus and perhaps more than one species involved, Arborvitae –twig blight.
but they have not been definitely separated. Aster – brown patches in flower heads of
This gray-mold disease is common on soft ripe perennial aster; gray mold on flowers of China
fruits after picking, as any cook knows after aster grown for seed in California.
108 Blights
Begonia – dead areas in leaves and flowers Rose – bud or flower blight, cane canker.
rapidly enlarging and turning black in a moist When half-open buds ball, the cause is often an
atmosphere; profuse brownish gray mold. infestation of thrips; but if gray mold is present,
Calendula –gray-mold blight. Botrytis is indicated. Canes kept too wet by
Camellia – flower and bud blight, common a manure mulch, or wet leaves, or injured in
after frost. some way, are often moldy.
Carnation – flower rot or brown spotting, Snapdragon – flower spikes wilt; tan cankers
worse in a cool greenhouse. girdle stems.
Century plant –gray mold after overwatering Sunflower –bud rot and mold.
and chilling. Sweet pea –blossom blight.
Chrysanthemum – cosmopolitan on flowers, Viola spp. –gray mold and basal rot of violet
buds, leaf tips, and cuttings. Ray blight on flowers and pansy.
starts as small, water-soaked spots, which rapidly Zinnia –petal blight, head blight, moldy seed.
enlarge with characteristic gray mold. Botrytis cinerea may also infect arabis, ciner-
Dahlia –bud and flower blight. aria, eucharis, euphorbia, fuchsia, gerbera, gyp-
Dogwood – flower and leaf blight. In wet sophila, heliotrope, hydrangea, iris, lilac, lupine,
springs anthers and bracts of aging flowers are May-apple, pyrethrum, periwinkle, rose-of-Sha-
covered with gray mold, and when these rot down ron, stokesia, viburnum, and wallflower.
on top of young leaves, there is a striking leaf Control Sanitation is more important than any-
blight. thing else. Carry around a paper bag as you
Eupatorium – stem blight, common in inspect the garden; put into it all fading flowers
crowded plantings. A tan area girdles stem near and blighted foliage; if infection is near the base,
ground with tops wilting or drying to that point. take the whole plant up for burning. Keep green-
Geranium (Pelargonium) – blossom blight house plants widely spaced, with good ventila-
and leaf spot, most common in cool, moist green- tion; avoid syringing, overhead watering, and too
houses where plants are syringed frequently. cool temperature. Propagate cuttings from
Petals are discolored, flowers drop, gray mold healthy plants in a sterilized medium.
forms on leaves. Botrytis douglasii Seedling Blight of giant
Lily – Botrytis cinerea is common on lilies, but sequoia and redwood, perhaps a form of B.
see also ▶ B. elliptica. cinerea.
Marigold –gray mold prevalent on fading Botrytis elliptica Lily Botrytis Blight, general on
flowers. lilies, also reported on tuberose and stephanotis in
Peony – late blight, distinguished from early California. Lily species vary in susceptibility to
blight (see ▶ B. paeoniae) by the sparse mold, the disease, but there are several strains of the
usually standing far out from affected tissues, fungus, and few lilies are resistant to all strains.
rather than a thick, short velvety mold, and by Madonna lily, L. candidum, is particularly sus-
much larger, flatter sclerotia formed near base of ceptible, with infection starting in autumn on the
the stalk. Late flowers are infected, and when rosette of leaves developed at that time.
they drop down onto wet foliage, irregular If the blight strikes early, the entire apical
brown areas are formed in leaves. growth may be killed with no further develop-
Pine – seedling blight. ment. More often the disease starts as a leaf spot
Pistachio – shoot blight. when stems are a good height. Spots are orange to
Poinsettia – tip blight and stem canker. reddish brown, usually oval. In some species
Primrose – crown rot and decay of basal there is a definite red to purple margin around
leaves, with prominent gray mold, very common a light center; in others the dark margin is
in greenhouses where plants are heavily watered. replaced by an indefinite water-soaked zone. If
Rhododendron – flower, twig, and seedling spots are numerous, they grow together to blight
blight. the whole leaf. Infection often starts with the
Botrytis 109
lowest leaves and works up the stem until all moist weather the whole flower turns brown and
leaves are blackened and hanging limp. This is slimy. Flowers with no visible spotting when
the result of many spot infections and not from an packed often arrive ruined. After the flowers are
invasion of the vascular system. cut, infection spreads down the stalk and into the
Buds rot or open to distorted flowers with corm, producing dark brown spots, irregular in
irregular brown flecks. There are sometimes shape and size, most numerous on the upper sur-
severe stem lesions, but the rot rarely progresses face. Corms may become soft and spongy with
into the bulbs. Spores formed in the usual gray- a whitish mold. Oval, flat, black sclerotia, 1/8 to
mold masses in blighted portions are spread by 1/4 inch long, are formed on corms in storage and
rain, air currents, and gardeners. Optimum spore in rotting tissue in the field or in refuse piles. They
germination is in cool weather, around 60 F, but may persist in the soil several years.
once infection has started 70 F promotes most Control Cure corms rapidly after digging; bury
rapid blighting. With sufficient moisture the or burn all plant refuse.
cycle may repeat every few days through the Botrytis hyacinthi Hyacinth Botrytis Blight
season. The fungus winters as very small black recently found in Washington on plants grown
sclerotia, irregular or elliptical in shape, in fallen from imported bulbs. Leaves have brown tips
flowers or blighted dead stems and leaves, or as with gray mold or brown spots on lower surface.
mycelium in the basal rosette of Madonna lilies. Leaves may be killed, with small black sclerotia
Control Avoid too dense planting, and shady or formed in rotting tissue. Flowers rot and are cov-
low spots with little air circulation and subject to ered with powdery gray spores. Do not work with
heavy dews. Clean up infected plant parts before plants when they are wet; remove infected parts
sclerotia can be formed. Copper sprays are more or whole plants.
effective for the lily Botrytis than the newer Botrytis narcissicola ▶Sclerotinia
organics. Spray with bordeaux mixture; start narcissicola, under Rots.
when lilies are 5 or 6 inches high and continue Botrytis paeoniae Peony Botrytis Blight, Early
at 10-to 14-day intervals until flowering. Blight, Bud Blast, Gray Mold, probably present
Botrytis galanthina Botrytis Blight of snow- wherever peonies are grown. It is also recorded
drop, sometimes found in the sclerotial state on on lily-of-the-valley, but that may be a form of
imported bulbs. If the black dots of sclerotia are Botrytis cinerea. Peony blight was first noticed in
present only on outer scales, remove scales epiphytotic form in this country in 1897 and has
before planting; otherwise discard bulbs. been important in wet springs ever since.
Botrytis gladiolorum Gladiolus Botrytis Blight, Young shoots may rot off at the base as they
Corm Rot, first reported in Oregon in 1939 and come through the ground or when a few inches
now serious in all important gladiolus-growing high, with a dense velvety gray mold on the
areas – the Pacific Coast, the Midwest, rotting portions. This early shoot blight is far
Florida – in cool, rainy weather. In northern more common when the young stems are kept
areas the disease is a corm-rotting problem, in moist by having to emerge through a mulch of
the South a flower blight, damaging in transit, and manure or wet leaves. Flowers are attacked at any
in all areas it is a leaf spot or blight. stage. Buds turn black when they are very tiny,
In dry weather and in more resistant varieties never developing, or they may be blasted when
the leaf spots are very small, rusty brown, they are half open. If it is dry in early spring,
appearing only on the exposed side of the leaf. infection may be delayed until flowers are in
In more humid weather the spots are large, full bloom, at which time they turn brown. Infec-
brown, round to oval or smaller, pale brown tion proceeds from the flower down the stem for
with reddish margins. Flower stems have pale a few inches, giving it a brown and tan zoned
brown spots that turn dark. There may be a soft appearance. Leaf spots develop when infected
rotting at the base of florets. The disease starts on petals fall on foliage. Continued blighting of
petals as pinpoint, water-soaked spots, but in leaves through the summer and late blasting of
110 Blights
flowers may be due to Botrytis cinerea, which

produces a sparser mold and conidiophores
projecting farther from the petal or leaf surface.
Conidia are blown by wind, splashed by rain,
carried on gardeners’ tools, and sometimes
transported by ants. Secondary infection is abundant
in cool moist weather. In late summer small, shiny
black, slightly loaf-shaped sclerotia are formed near
the base of stalks, just under the epidermis. They are
quite different from the large, flat, black sclerotia
often formed by B. cinerea on the same stalks.
Control Sanitation is the most important step. Fig. 3 Botrytis Blight on Tulip
Cut down all tops in autumn at ground level, or
just below, to get rid of sclerotia wintering near flower stems or bulbs. Sometimes the latter have
base of stems. Burn this debris; never use it for yellow to brown, slightly sunken, circular lesions
a mulch. Avoid any moisture-retentive covering. on outermost fleshy scales without the formation
If you insist on manure, apply it in a wide ring of sclerotia. Spring infection comes from spores
around the plant, well outside the area of emerg- produced on such bulbs or from sclerotia on bulbs
ing shoots. Go around with a paper bag periodi- or sclerotia left loose in the soil after infected
cally, cutting off for burning all blighted parts; tissues have rotted.
never carry these parts loose through the garden Control Inspect all bulbs carefully before plant-
for fear of shedding spores to healthy plants. ing; discard those harboring sclerotia or suspi-
Botrytis polyblastis ▶Sclerotinia polyblastis. cious brown lesions. It is wise, though seldom
Botrytis streptothrix (see ▶Streptobotrys possible in a small garden, to plant new bulbs
arisaemae) (teleomorph state Streptotinia where tulips have not grown for 3 years. Plant
arisaemae). Leaf and Stalk Blight of Jack-in- where there is good air circulation. Make periodic
the-pulpit and golden club. inspections, starting early, removing into a paper
Botrytis tulipae Tulip Fire, Botrytis Blight of bag plants with serious primary infection and
tulips, general wherever tulips are grown, causing blighted leaves. Cut off all fading flowers before
much damage in rainy springs. The first indica- petals fall; cut off all foliage at ground level when
tion of disease is the appearance of a few mal- it turns yellow. Burn all debris.
formed leaves and shoots among healthy tulips or Streptobotrys arisaemae (formerly Botrytis
large light patches resembling frost injury on streptothrix) (teleomorph state Streptotinia
leaves. Gray mold forming on such blighted arisaemae). Leaf and Stalk Blight of Jack-in-the-
areas of plants grown from infected bulbs pro- pulpit and golden club. This species has conidio-
vides an enormous number of conidia to be phores with strikingly twisted branches, produc-
splashed by rain to nearby tulips. Secondary ing a reddish brown mat of conidia. Sclerotia are
infection appears as minute, slightly sunken, yel- very small, seldom over 1/32 inch, black, shiny,
lowish leaf spots, surrounded with a water- and somewhat hemispherical.
soaked area, and gray to brown spots on stems,
often zonate, and resulting in collapse. Small
white spots appear on colored flowers, brown Briosia
spots on white petals (see Fig. 3); but with con-
tinued moisture the spots grow together, and in Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
a day or so the fuzzy gray mold has covered rotten
blooms and large portions of blighted leaves. Conidia on synnemata or coremia, erect fascicles
Very small, shiny black sclerotia are formed in of hyphae ending in a small head; spores globose,
leaves and petals rotting into the ground, or on old dark, one-celled, catenulate (formed in chains).
Cercospora 111
Briosia azaleae (see ▶Pycnosystanus azalea) Infection starts near a terminal bud in late
(Pycnostysanus azaleae). Bud and Twig Blight summer and progresses down a twig into
of azalea and rhododendron, widespread but a node, sometimes beyond into 2-year wood.
occasional. The needles redden and die; they are conspicuous
Pycnosystanus azalea (formerly Briosia in spring but drop in late summer. Then brown to
azaleae) (Pycnostysanus azaleae). Bud and black apothecia with a greenish surface to the cup
Twig Blight of azalea and rhododendron, wide- appear on twigs. Cut off and destroy infected
spread but occasional. The disease was reported twigs.
from New York in 1874 and, as a rhododendron
bud rot, from California in 1920. It was particu-
larly serious on Massachusetts azaleas in 1931 Cercospora
and 1939. Flower buds are dwarfed, turn brown
and dry; scales are silvery gray. Twigs die when Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
lateral leaf buds are infected. Successive crops of
coremia are produced on old dead buds for as Conidia hyaline to pale to medium green or
long as three years, the first crop appearing the brown; long, usually with more than three cross
spring after summer infection. The coremia heads walls; straight or curved, with the base obconate
are dark, and the buds look as if stuck with tiny, or truncate, tip acute to obtuse; thin-walled; not
round-headed pins. Prune out and burn infected formed in a fruiting body but successively on
buds and twigs in late autumn and early spring. slender conidiophores, which emerge in fascicles
Spraying with bordeaux mixture before or groups from stomata and usually show joints or
blossoming and at monthly intervals after bloom scars where conidia have fallen off successively.
may be wise in severe cases. The conidiophores are always colored, oliva-
ceous to brown, pale to very dark (Fig. 1).
This is the largest group of the Dematiaceae,
Calonectria with about 400 species, all parasitic, causing leaf
spots or blights. The teleomorph state, when
▶Cylindrocladium under Blights. known, is Mycosphaerella.
Calonectria colhounii Blight on Cercospora apii Early Blight of celery, general
Leucospermum. on celery and celeriac, first noted in Missouri in
1884 and since found in varying abundance wher-
ever celery is grown. The disease is most severe
Cenangium from New Jersey southward. The name is some-
what misleading; in Florida early blight rarely
Ascomycetes, Helotiales appears before the Septoria disease known as
late blight. Foliage spots appear when plants are
Apothecia small, brown to black, sessile or about 6 weeks old. Minute yellow areas change to
substipitate on bark; spores hyaline, elliptical, large, irregular, ash gray lesions, covered in moist
one-celled; paraphyses filiform. weather with velvety groups of conidiophores
Cenangium ferruginosum Pine Twig Blight, and spores on both sides of leaves. Sunken, tan,
Pruning Disease; Cenangium Dieback of fir elongated spots appear on stalks just before har-
and pine. The fungus is ordinarily saprophytic vest. The disease spreads rapidly in warm, moist
on native pines but may become parasitic weather, the spores being splashed by rain, car-
when their vigor is reduced by drought. The ried with manure or cultivators, or blown by
disease is considered beneficial to ponderosa wind. The life cycle is completed in 2 weeks.
pine in the Southwest because it prunes off the Control Seed more than 2 years old is probably
lower branches; on exotic pines it can be free from viable spores; other seed should be
damaging. treated with hot water, 30 min at 118 to 120 F.
112 Blights
Bordeaux mixture and other copper sprays be purplish; the fungus fruits on underside of
have been recommended. Spray applications leaves. The blight is seldom important enough
should start soon after plants are set and be to warrant control measures.
repeated weekly, or more often. Emerson Pascal
is blight-resistant.
Cercospora carotae Early Blight of
Cercosporidium
carrot. Lesions on leaves and stems are
subcircular to elliptic, pale tan to gray or
Cercosporidium punctum Stem and Foliage
brown or almost black; lobes or entire leaflets
Blight of fennel.
are killed. The disease is more severe on young
leaves and builds up as the plant grows. Spores,
produced on both leaf surfaces, are spread by
wind. Choanephora
Control Rotate crops and clean up refuse.
Cercospora microsora Linden Leaf Blight, Zygomycetes, Mucorales
general on American and European linden.
Small circular brown spots with darker borders Mycelium profuse; sporangia and conidia pre-
coalesce to form large, blighted areas, often sent; sporangiola lacking. Sporangium pendent
followed by defoliation; most serious on young on recurved end of an erect, unbranched sporan-
trees. giophore with a columella, containing spores
Cercospora sequoiae Arborvitae Blight, Fire provided at both ends and sometimes at the side
Blight, on oriental arborvitae and Italian cypress with a cluster of fine, radiating appendages.
in the South; destructive in ornamental plants. Conidia formed in heads on a few short branches
First reported from Louisiana in 1943, the fungus or an erect conidiophore enlarged at the
was named as a new species of Cercospora in tip; conidia longitudinally striate, without
1945, but it is nearer Heterosporium in spore appendanges.
character. Affected leaves and branchlets are Choanephora cucurbitarum Blossom Blight,
killed, turn brown, and gradually fall off, leaving Fruit Rot, common on summer squash and pump-
shrubs thin and ragged. The lower two-thirds of kin, occasional on amaranth, cowpea, cucumber,
the bush is affected most severely, with a tuft of okra, and pepper; on sweet potato foliage, on
healthy growth at the top. When close to a house, fading hibiscus, on vinca, and other flowers.
the side away from the wall shows most symp- This blight is often found in home gardens in
toms. Plants crowded in nurseries are killed in seasons of high humidity and rainfall. Flowers
1 to 3 years, but in home gardens they may persist and young fruits are covered with a luxuriant
for years in an unsightly condition. Conidio- fungus growth, first white, then brown to purple
phores in fascicles produce conidia after girdling with a definite metallic luster. The fruiting bodies
cankers have killed the twigs. There is often look like little pins stuck through this growth.
a swelling above the girdle that resembles an Both staminate and pistillate flowers are infected,
insect gall. and from the latter the fungus advances into
Cercospora sordida (Mycosphaerella tecomae) young fruits, producing a soft wet rot at the blos-
(see ▶Pseudocercospora sordida)Trumpetvine som end. In severe cases all flowers are blighted
Leaf Blight from New Jersey to Iowa and or fruits rotted.
southward. Control Grow plants on well-drained land;
Pseudocercospora sordida (formerly rotate crops. Remove infected flowers and fruits
Cercospora sordida) (Mycosphaerella tecomae). as noticed.
Trumpetvine Leaf Blight from New Jersey to Choanephora infundibulifera Blossom
Iowa and southward. Small, angular, sordid Blight on hibiscus and jasmine. Leaf Blight on
brown patches run together; edge of leaflets may soybean.
Coryneum 113
Colletotrichum acutatum Twig Blight and

Ciboria Fruit Spot on dogwood
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Seedling
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, Blight of papaya.
Sclerotiniaceae Colletotrichum dematium Twig Blight on
vinca.
Stroma a dark brown to black sclerotium in cat-
kins or seed, simulating in shape the stromatized
organ and not resembling a sclerotium externally. Corticium
Apothecia cupulate to shallow saucer-shaped;
brown. Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
Ciboria acerina Maple Inflorescence Blight on
red and silver maple. Apothecia, developed in Hymenium or fruiting surface of basidia
great numbers from stromatized inflorescences consisting of a single resupinate or horizontal
on ground beneath trees, start discharging spores layer. This genus has contained a rather hetero-
when maple flowers appear overhead. Mycelium geneous collection of species; some of the more
spreads through stamens, calyx, and bud scales important have been transferred to the genus
until flower cluster drops. Pellicularia.
Ciboria carunculoides Popcorn Disease of Corticium koleroga Thread Blight.
mulberry, a southern disease, not very important. ▶Pellicularia koleroga.
Sclerotia are formed in carpels of fruit, which Corticium microsclerotia Web Blight.
swells to resemble popcorn but remains green. ▶Pellicularia filamentosa.
Corticium salmonicolor (see ▶Erythricium
salmonicolor). Limb Blight of fig, pear, apple in
Ciborinia Gulf States.
Corticium stevensii Thread Blight.
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, ▶Pellicularia koleroga.
Sclerotiniaceae Corticium vagum, now Pellicularia
filamentosa, teleomorph state of Rhizoctonia
Stroma a thin, flat, black sclerotium of discoid solani, causing black scurf of potatoes and
type in leaves; one to several stalked apothecia damping-off and root rot of many plants. See
arise from sclerotia; apothecia small, brown, both ▶Pellicularia and ▶Rhizoctonia under Rots.
cupulate to flat when expanded. Erythricium salmonicolor (formerly
Ciborinia erythronii and C. gracilis Leaf Corticium salmonicolor). Limb Blight of fig,
Blight of erythronium. Flat black sclerotia are pear, apple in Gulf States. The spore surface is
prominent in leaves. pinkish.
Cladosporium
Coryneum
▶ Blackleg.
Cladosporium cladosporioides Blossom Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Blight on strawberry.
Acervuli subcutaneous or subcortical, black,
cushion-shaped or disc-shaped; conidiophores
Colletotrichum slender, simple; spores dark with several cross
walls, oblong to fusoid; parasitic or saprophytic
▶ Anthracnose. (see Fig. 1, chapter ▶ Cankers and Diebacks).
114 Blights
Coryneum berckmansii (see ▶Seimatosporium formed on foliage, dropping out to leave typical
berckmansii). Coryneum Blight of Oriental arbor- shot holes, followed by considerable defoliation.
vitae, also on Italian cypress, causing serious Apricot buds are blackened and killed during
losses in nurseries and home gardens in the Pacific winter; fruiting wood in peaches is killed before
Northwest. growth starts. In late rains leaves and fruit are
Coryneum microstictum (see ▶Seimatosporium peppered with small, round, dead spots. Fruit
lichenicola). Twig Blight of American bladdernut. lesions are raised, roughened, scabby. The fungus
Coryneum carpophilum (Cladosporium winters in twigs, diseased buds and spurs.
beijerinckii) (see ▶Stigmina carpophila, Control In California, the standard spray for
Anamorph, Cladosporium beijerinckii). Peach peach is bordeaux mixture applied in autumn
Shoot Blight, Coryneum Blight of stone fruits, immediately after leaf fall and before the rainy
Shot Hole, Fruit Spot, Winter Blight, Pustular season. On apricots additional sprays are suggested
Spot, general on peach in the West, also on for late January and at early bloom. On almonds at
almond, apricot, nectarine, and cherry. least two spring sprays are recommended, one at
Seimatosporium berckmansii (formerly the popcorn stage of bloom, the other at petal fall.
Coryneum berckmansii). Coryneum Blight of
Oriental arborvitae, also on Italian cypress, caus-
ing serious losses in nurseries and home gardens Cryptocline
in the Pacific Northwest. Small twigs or branches
are blighted, turn gray-green then reddish brown; Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
many small branchlets drop, leaving a tangle of
dead gray stems; larger limbs may be girdled. Cryptocline cinerescens Twig Blight of oaks.
Twigs are dotted with black pustules bearing
five-septate spores. As new growth develops
in blighted areas, the spores spread the disease Cryptospora
to young contiguous foliage. Reinfection
continues until the plant is so devitalized it dies. Scomycetes, Amphisphaeriales
The fungus fruits only on scale leaves or young
stems. Perithecia immersed in a stroma, with long necks
Control Remove and destroy blighted twigs. converging into a disc; ascospores long, filiform,
Apply a copper spray in September to healthy hyaline; conidia on a stroma.
bushes as a preventive spray; apply in September Cryptospora longispora (see ▶Servazziella
and repeat in late October to infected bushes. longispora). Araucaria Branch Blight.
Seimatosporium lichenicola (formerly Servazziella longispora (formerly Cryptospora
Coryneum microstictum). Twig Blight of Ameri- longispora). Araucaria Branch Blight. Lower
can bladdernut. Young twigs are killed; the fun- branches are attacked first, with disease spread-
gus winters in acervuli on this dead tissue, and ing upward; tip ends are bent and then broken off;
spores are disseminated in spring. Prune out and plants several years old may be killed. Prune off
burn diseased twigs during the winter. and burn infected branches.
Stigmina carpophila (formerly Coryneum
carpophilum (Cladosporium beijerinckii)).
Peach Shoot Blight, Coryneum Blight of stone Cryptostictis
fruits, Shot Hole, Fruit Spot, Winter Blight, Pus-
tular Spot, general on peach in the West, also on Deutermycetes, Coelomycetes
almond, apricot, nectarine, and cherry. Twig lesions
are formed on 1 -year shoots, reddish spots devel- Spores dark, with several cross walls, formed in
oping into sunken cankers; fruit buds are invaded, acervuli.
and there is copious gum formation. Small spots are Cryptostictis sp. Twig Blight of dogwood.
Cylindrosporium 115
a week in warm rainy weather, and the

Curvularia fungus can survive in the soil for 3 years.
Many gladiolus varieties are more or less
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes resistant; Picardy and some others are very
susceptible.
Conidiophores brown, simple or sometimes
branched, bearing conidia successively on new
growing tips; conidia dark, three-to five-celled,
with end cells lighter, more or less fusiform, Cylindrocladium
typically bent or curved with central cells
enlarged; parasitic or saprophytic. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Curvularia cymbopogonis Blight and Leaf
Spot of itchgrass. Leafspots coalesce after 3 or Conidiophores dichotomously branched; spores
4 days to form larger lesions and final blighting hyaline, two-or several-celled.
symptoms. Cylindrocladium clavatum Blight on bird-of-
Curvularia lunata (C. trifolii f. sp. gladioli). paradise.
Gladiolus Flower Blight and Leaf Spot, Cylindrocladium scoparium Cylindrocladium
Curvularia Disease. Suddenly, in 1947, a blight Blight. Damping-off of seedlings and
showed up in Florida as a serious threat to the cuttings – conifers, azalea, magnolia, hydrangea,
gladiolus cut-flower industry, ruining hundreds holly, pyracantha, bottle brush, and poinsettia –in
of acres there and in Alabama in the next few greenhouses under very moist conditions.
months. The disease is now recorded as far north Infected azalea leaves turn black, with petiole
as New York and Wisconsin and on the Pacific bases softened, and drop in a few days; the bark
Coast. The pathogen is usually identified as turns brown. Leaves and stems are covered with
Curvularia lunata, known as a crop pest for brownish mycelial strands and white powdery
many years, especially in the tropics, but studies masses of conidia. Control by proper humidity
indicate it is a special form of C. trifolii, cause of and aeration.
a leaf spot of clover. Cylindrocladium avesiculatum Blight and
Curvularia spots on leaf or stem are oval, tan Leaf Spot of Leucothoe¨ axillaris.
to dark brown, showing on both sides of the leaf,
bordered with a brown ring, slightly depressed
and with a narrow yellowish region between the
spot and normal green of the leaf. Tan centers of Cylindrosporium
spots are covered with black spores resembling
powder. Premature death comes when stems of Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
young plants are girdled; florets fail to open when
petioles are girdled. Acervuli subepidermal, white or pale, discoid or
Under favorable weather conditions tan spots spread out; conidiophores short, simple; conidia
on petals turn into a smudgy flower blight. hyaline, filiform, straight or curved, one-celled or
Brown to black irregular lesions appear on becoming septate; parasitic on leaves. Many spe-
corms of blooming stock and develop further in cies have Higginsia or Coccomyces as
storage; the fungus survives in corms from one a teleomorph state.
season to the next. This is a high temperature Cylindrosporium defoliatum Leaf Blight of
fungus, with optimum for growth 75 to 85 F Hackberry. May cause defoliation but usually
and no infection under 55 F. A 13-h dew period unimportant.
is sufficient moisture. Leaf spots show up in 4 to Cylindrosporium griseum On western
5 days, spots on florets and stems in only 2 to soapberry.
3 days. The complete life cycle is as short as Cylindrosporium juglandis On walnut.
116 Blights
several inches upward and down into roots.

Delphinella Scattered dark pycnidia are present in stems, pet-
ioles, leaf blades, and seed capsules, the latter
Ascomycetes, Dothideales probably spreading the blight. Crowns are some-
times developed in a cottony weft of mycelium;
Delphinella balsameae Tip Blight of fir. perithecia develop on decaying stems. Remove
and destroy diseased plants; use seed from
healthy plants.
Dendrophoma Diaporthe phaseolorum Lima Bean Pod
Blight, Leaf Spot, apparently native in New Jer-
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes sey, where it was first noticed in 1891, more
abundant on pole than on bush beans. Leaf spots
Pycnidia dark or light brown, superfcial or sub- are large, irregular, brown, often with discolored
merged and erumpent; globose or elongate, borders and large black pycnidia formed in con-
ostiolate; conidiophores elongated, branched; centric circles in dead tissue. Necrotic portions
conidia hyaline, one-celled, elongate to ellipsoid; may drop out, making leaves ragged.
parasitic or saprophytic. Pod lesions spread; pods turn black and wilted,
Dendrophoma obscurans (see ▶Phomopsis with prominent black pycnidia. Seeds are shriv-
obscurans). Strawberry Leaf Blight, Angular eled or lacking. Spores are produced in great
Leaf Spot. The lesions are large, circular to angu- numbers, are disseminated by wind and pickers,
lar, reddish purple, zonate with age, having a dark and enter through stomata or wounds. The dis-
brown center, a light brown zone, and a purple ease is most severe along the coast; optimum
border. Spots may extend in a V-shaped area temperature is around 80 F. The fungus is seed-
from a large vein to edge of the leaf, with black borne, but most lima bean seed is produced where
fruiting bodies appearing in the central portion. the disease does not occur. Use healthy seed;
Not serious before midsummer, the disease may clean up refuse; rotate crops.
be destructive late in the season. The fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae Soybean
winters on old leaves. Pod and Stem Blight, widespread. This disease
Phomopsis obscurans (formerly Dendrophoma was formerly confused with the more acute stem
obscurans). Strawberry Leaf Blight, Angular canker caused by D. phaseolorum var. caulivora
Leaf Spot. (▶ Rots). The pod blight is a slower disease,
killing plants in later stages of development. It
can be identified by the numerous small black
Diaporthe pycnidia scattered over the pods and arranged in
rows on stems. The blight is more serious in wet
Ascomycetes, Diaporthales seasons. The fungus winters on the seed and on
diseased stems in the field. Use clean seed; clean
Perithecia in a hard black strom a made up of host up plant refuse; rotate crops.
and fungal elements, first immersed, then Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora Stem
erumpent; ascospores fusoid or ellipsoid, two- Blight of soybean; also causes pod and seedling
celled, hyaline. Anamorph state a Phomopsis blight, stem canker, and seed decay of soybean.
with two types of spores; alpha conidia, hyaline, Diaporthe vaccinii Blueberry Twig Blight. The
one-celled ovate to fusoid, and beta conidia, same fungus that causes cranberry rot blights new
curved or bent stylospores. shoots of cultivated blueberries, entering at tips,
Diaporthe arctii Diaporthe Blight of Larkspur, progressing toward the base, and ultimately gir-
Stem Canker, on annual larkspur and delphin- dling old branches. Pycnidia develop on leaves
ium. Lower leaves turn brown and dry but remain and dead twigs. The disease is seldom serious
attached; brown lesions at base of stems extend enough for control measures.
Didymella 117
Diaporthe vexans Phomopsis Blight of Egg- Control Spray small trees and nursery stock sev-
plant, Fruit Rot, general in field and market, espe- eral times during summer and fall with bordeaux
cially in the South. Destruction is often complete, mixture.
with every above-ground part affected. Seedlings Didymascella tsugae (see ▶Fobrella tsugae).
rot at ground level. The first leaf spots are near the Hemlock Needle Blight. Needles of Canada hem-
ground, definite, circular, gray to brown areas lock turn brown and drop in late summer. Spores
with light centers and numerous black pycnidia. are matured in apothecia on fallen needles with
The leaves turn yellow and die. Stem cankers are new infection in spring. The damage is not heavy.
constrictions or light gray lesions. Fruit lesions Fobrella tsugae (see ▶Didymascella tsugae).
are pale brown, sunken, marked by many black Hemlock Needle Blight. Needles of Canada hem-
pycnidia arranged more or less concentrically. lock turn brown and drop in late summer.
Eventually the whole fruit is involved in a soft
rot or shriveling. Spores winter on seed and in
contaminated soil. There is no fungicidal control. Didymella
Use resistant varieties Florida Market and Florida
Beauty. Ascomycetes, Sphaeriales,
Mycosphaerellaceae
Dichotomophora Perithecia (or perithecia-like stromata) membra-

nous, not carbonaceous; innate; not beaked;
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. paraphyses present; spores two-celled, hyaline.
Dichotomophora lutea Stem Blight, of com- Didymella applanata Raspberry Spur Blight,
mon parsley. Purple Cane Spot, Gray Bark, general on rasp-
berries, also on dewberry, blackberry. Named
because it partially or completely destroys spurs
Didymascella (Keithia) or laterals on canes. The disease, known in North
America since 1891, may cause losses up to 75 %
Ascomycetes, Phacidiales, of the crop of individual plants of red raspberries.
Stictidiaceae Dark reddish or purple spots on canes at point of
attachment of leaves enlarge to surround leaf and
Apothecia brown, erumpent on leaves of coni- bud and may darken lower portion of cane.
fers; spores dark, two-celled, ovoid; paraphyses Affected areas turn brown, then gray.
filiform; asci two-to four-spored. If buds are not killed outright during the winter,
Didymascella thujina Arborvitae Leaf Blight, they are so weakened that the next season’s spurs
Seedling Blight of arborvitae in eastern states are weak, chlorotic, seldom blossoming. Pycnidia
and of giant arborvitae, sometimes called western of the anamorph Phoma state and perithecia are
red cedar. The fungus is a native of North Amer- numerous on the gray bark; ascospores are
ica and occurs abundantly in the West, damaging discharged during spring and early summer; on
seedlings and saplings, often killing trees up to germination they can penetrate unwounded tissue.
4 years old, if they are in dense stands in humid Control Keep plants well-spaced, allowing plenty
regions. Older trees do not die, but foliage of sunlight for quick drying of foliage and canes.
appears scorched, particularly on lower branches, Remove infected canes and old fruiting canes after
and young leaf twigs may drop. Cushionlike, harvest. A delayed dormant spray of lime sulfur or
olive brown apothecia embedded in leaf tissue, Elgetol may be advisable, followed by two sprays
usually upper, are exposed by rupture of the epi- of ferbam or bordeaux mixture, applied when new
dermis. After summer discharge of spores (round, shoots are 6 to 10 inches high and 2 weeks later.
brown, unequally two-celled) the apothecia drop Didymella bryoniae Gummy stem blight and
out of the needles, leaving deep pits. fruit spot; of watermelon.
118 Blights
Didymosphaeria Dothistroma
Ascomycetes, Dothideales Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Perithecia innate or finally erumpent; not beaked; Stroma dark, elongate, innate, becoming
smooth; paraphyses present; spores dark, two- erumpent and swollen, with a stalk extending
celled. into the substratum, composed internally of
Didymosphaeria populina (Venturia populina, dense, vertical hyphae; locules separate, one to
V. tremulae, V. macularis also cause this disease). several in the upper part of the stroma; conidio-
Shoot Blight of polar, Leaf and Twig Blight. phores simple, slender; conidia several-celled,
Young shoots are blackened and wilted. In hyaline, long-cylindrical to filiform.
moist weather dark olive green masses of spores Dothistroma pini Needle Blight on Austrian
are formed on leaves. pine and red pine.
Cryphonectria (Endothia)
Diplodia
Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
Perithecia deeply embedded in a reddish to yel-
Pycnidia innate or finally erumpent; black, single,
low stroma, with long necks opening to the sur-
globose, smooth; ostiole present; conidiophores
face but not beaked; paraphyses lacking; spores
slender, simple; conidia dark, two-celled, ellip-
two-celled, hyaline. Conidia borne in hollow
soid or ovoid. Parasitic or saprophytic.
chambers or pycnidia in a stroma and expelled
Some species cause twig blights which are not
in cirrhi.
too important: Diplodia coluteae on bladder
Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut Blight,
senna; D. longispora on white oak; Sphaeropsis
Endothia Canker, general on chestnut. To most
sapinea (formerly D. pinea) on pine;
gardeners this disease is of only historical impor-
D. sarmentorum on pyracantha.
tance, for practically all of our native chestnuts
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly Diplodia
are gone. The disease, however, persists in
natalensis) (anamorph state of Physalospora
sprouts starting from old stumps and in the chin-
rhodina) causes blight, stem gumming, or stem-
quapin. One of the most destructive tree diseases
end rot of melons, as well as twig blight of peach
ever known, chestnut blight at least served to
and citrus. See further under ▶ Rots.
awaken people to the importance of plant disease
Diplodia gossypina (see ▶Lasiodiplodia
and to the need for research in this field.
theobromae). Blight of slash pine and loblolly
First noticed in the New York Zoological Park
pine seedlings.
in 1904, the blight rapidly wiped out the chestnut
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly Diplodia
stands in New England and along the Allegheny
gossypina). Blight of slash pine and loblolly pine
and Blue Ridge Mountains, leaving not a single
seedlings
undamaged tree. In 1925 the disease eliminated
chestnuts in Illinois and by 1929 had reached the
Pacific Northwest.
Discula Conspicuous reddish bark cankers are formed
on trunk and limbs, often swollen and splitting
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes longitudinally. As the limbs are girdled, the
foliage blights, so that brown, dried leaves are
Discula quercina, Twig Blight of oaks. seen from a distance. The fungus fruits
Diplocarpon (Fabraea) 119
abundantly in crevices of broken bark, first pro- circular lesion, 1/4 inch or less in diameter, with
ducing conidia extruded in yellow tendrils from the raised black dot of a fruiting body in the
reddish pycnidia and later ascospores from peri- center of each spot. If spots are numerous, there
thecia embedded in orange stromata. Fans of is extensive defoliation. Fruit spots are red at first,
buff-colored mycelium are found under affected then black and slightly sunken; the skin is rough-
bark. ened, sometimes cracked. Quince has similar
Ascospores can be spread many miles by the symptoms.
wind, landing in open wounds, but the Twig lesions appear on the current season’s
sticky conidia are carried by birds and insects. growth about midsummer, indefinite purple or
The fungus can live indefinitely as a saprophyte, black areas coalescing to form a canker. Primary
and new sprouts developing from old spring infection comes more from conidia
stumps may grow for several years before they produced in these twig lesions than from asco-
are killed. spores shot from fallen leaves on the ground.
Control All eradication and protective Most commercial varieties of pear and quince
measures have proved futile. Hope for the are susceptible, although some are moderately
future lies in cross-breeding resistant Asiatic resistant.
species with the American chestnut (and Fabraea maculate, Entomosporium
there has been some success in this line) or in maculatum (▶Diplocarpon mespili,
substituting Chinese and Japanese chestnuts for ▶Entomosporium mespili). Pear Leaf Blight,
our own. Entomosporium Leaf Spot, Fruit Spot, generally
distributed on pear and quince, widespread on
amelanchier, sometimes found on apple, Japa-
Diplocarpon (Fabraea) nese quince, medler, mountain-ash, Siberian
crab, cotoneaster, loquat, photinia.
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, Fabraea thuemenii (Entomosporium
Dermateaceae thuemenii). Hawthorn Leaf Blight, wide-spread
on Crataegus species. Symptoms are similar to
Apothecia develop on fallen leaves; small, those of pear leaf blight and for a long time the
disclike, leathery when dry, gelatinous when pathogen was considered identical. Small dark
wet; asci extend above the surface of the disc; brown or reddish brown spots, with raised black
ascospores two-celled, hyaline. The anamorph dots, are numerous over leaves, which drop pre-
stage an Entomosporium with distinctive cruciate maturely in August. In wet seasons trees may be
four-celled conidia, each cell with an appendage, naked by late August.
formed in acervuli (Fig. 1). Control Because the fungus winters in twig can-
Didymascella tsugae (see ▶Fabrella tsugae). kers as well as in fallen leaves, sanitation has
Hemlock Needle Blight. Needles of Canada hem- little effect. Standard recommendation has been
lock turn brown and drop in late summer. to spray three times with bordeaux mixture,
Diplocarpon mespili (Entomosporium mespili) starting when leaves are half out and repeating
(formerly Fabraea maculate, Entomosporium at 2-week intervals. The copper may be some-
maculatum). Pear Leaf Blight, Entomosporium what phytotoxic, causing small reddish spots sim-
Leaf Spot, Fruit Spot, generally distributed on ilar to those of blight, but it does prevent
pear and quince, widespread on amelanchier, defoliation.
sometimes found on apple, Japanese quince, Fabrella tsugae (formerly Didymascella
medler, mountain-ash, Siberian crab, cotoneas- tsugae). Hemlock Needle Blight.
ter, loquat, photinia. Needles of Canada hemlock turn brown and
Pears may be affected as seedlings in nurseries drop in late summer. Spores are matured in
or in bearing orchards. Very small purple spots apothecia on fallen needles with new infection
appear on leaves, later extending to a brownish in spring. The damage is not heavy.
120 Blights
Furcaspora Glomerella
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes ▶ Anthracnose.

Glomerella cingulata Cyclamen Leaf and Bud
Starlike botryoblastospores; acervuli become Blight Leaf and Shoot Blight of poplar.
erumpent at maturity and grade into sporodochia
and pycnidia.
Furcaspora pinicola Needle Cast of pine. Gnomonia
▶ Anthracnose.
Gnomonia rubi Cane Blight of blackberry,
Fusarium dewberry, raspberry.
▶ Rots.
Fusarium graminearum Head Blight of wild Hadrotrichum
rice.
Fusarium moniliforme var. subgluti- Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
nans Blight of slash pine and loblolly pine
seedlings. Sporodochia cushion-shaped, dark; conidio-
Fusarium solani Stem and Leaf Blight on phores dark, simple, forming a palisade and aris-
Spanish moss. ing from a stroma-like layer; conidia dark, nearly
Fusarium subglutinans Foliar Blight and Collar spherical, one-celled, borne singly; parasitic on
Rot on Chinese evergreen. Seedling Blight on leaves.
pine. Hadrotrichum globiferum Leaf Blight of
Fusarium tabacinum Stem Blight of squash lupine.
and pumpkin.
Helminthosporium
Gibberella Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Ascomycetes, Hypocreales, Mycelium light to dark; conidiophores short or

Nectriaceae long; septate, simple or branched, often protrud-
ing from stomata of host; more or less irregular or
Perithecia superficial, blue, violet, or greenish; bent, bearing conidia successively on new grow-
spores hyaline with several cells. Conidial stage ing tips; conidia dark typically with more than
in genus Fusarium with fusoid curved spores, three cells, cylindrical or ellipsoid, sometimes
several-septate. The species causing stalk rots of slightly curved or bent, ends rounded. Parasitic,
corn and producing gibberellic acid are more often causing leaf spots or blights of cereals and
important than those causing blights. grasses.
Gibberella baccata (Fusarium lateritium). Helminthosporium catenarium (Drechslera
Twig Blight of ailanthus, citrus, cotoneaster, fig, catenaria). Leaf Blight or Crown Rot on creeping
hibiscus, hornbeam, peach, and other plants in bentgrass; red leaf lesions and leaf tip dieback;
warm climates, sometimes associated with other eventually entire plant becomes blighted to
diseases. crown.
Hypoderma 121
Helminthosporium gigantea (Drechslera Herpotrichia juniperi Brown Felt Blight of

gigantea). Blight or Zonate Leaf Spot on wild conifers at high elevations; on fir, juniper, incense
rice and grasses. cedar, spruce, pine, yew when under snow. When
Helminthosporium maydis (Cochliobolus the snow melts, lower branches are seen covered
heterostrophus). Southern Corn Leaf Blight, eas- with a dense felty growth of brown to nearly
ily confused with southern corn leaf spot due to black mycelium, which kills foliage by excluding
H. carbonum. The leaf blight occurs throughout light and air as well as by invading hyphae.
the corn areas of the South and north to Illinois, Small, black perithecia are scattered over the
more important on field than on sweet corn. Gray- felt. This pathogen also found on dwarf mistletoe.
ish tan to straw-colored spots with parallel sides
unite to blight most of the leaf tissue. The fields
Heterosporium
appear burned by fire. Resistant varieties offer the
only control.
Helminthosporium turcicum (see
Setosphaeria turcica). Northern Corn Leaf Blight
Conidiophores dark, simple, bearing conidia suc-
on field and sweet corn and on grasses; found
cessively on new growing tips; conidia dark, with
from Wisconsin and Minnesota to Florida but
three or more cells, cylindrical, with rough walls
more severe in states with heavy dews, abundant
(echinulate to verrucose); parasitic, causing leaf
rainfall, and warm summers, losses running from
spots, or saprophytic.
a trace to 50 %.
Heterosporium syringae Lilac Leaf Blight.
Setosphaeria turcica (formerly
A velvety, olive green bloom of spores if formed
Helminthosporium turcicum). Northern Corn
in blighted, gray-brown leaf areas, which may
Leaf Blight on field and sweet corn and on grasses;
crack and fall away. Infection is on mature leaves
found from Wisconsin and Minnesota to Florida
and the fungus is often associated with
but more severe in states with heavy dews, abun-
Cladosporium. If necessary, spray after mid-
dant rainfall, and warm summers, losses running
June with bordeaux mixture.
from a trace to 50 %. The disease starts on the
lower leaves and progresses upward. Small, ellip-
tical, dark grayish green, water-soaked spots turn Higginisia
greenish tan and enlarge to spindle-shape, 1/2 to 2
inches wide, 2 to 6 inches long. Spores developing See ▶Coccomyces under Leaf Spots.
on both leaf surfaces after rain or heavy dew give Higginisia hiemalis Cherry Leaf Blight. See
a velvety dark green appearance to the center of ▶ Blumeriella jaapi and ▶Coccomyces
the lesions. Whole leaves may be killed; entire biemalisi, Cherry Leaf Spot.
fields turn dry. The fungus winters in corn residue Higginisia kerriae Kerria Leaf and Twig Blight.
in the field and produces spores the next spring; See ▶ Blumeriella kerriae and ▶Coccomyces
these are spread by wind. kerriae under Leaf Spots.
Control Use a 3-year or longer rotation.
Hypoderma
Herpotrichia
Ascomycetes, Rhytismatales
Ascomycetes, Dothidiales
Ascospores formed in hysterothecia (elongated
Mycelium dark, perithecia superficial; spores perithecia or apothecia) extending along ever-
with several crosswalls, olivaceous when mature. green needles; asci long-stalked; ascospores
122 Blights
one-celled hyaline, fusiform, surrounded by

a gelantinous sheath (see Fig. 1, chapter ▶ Nee- Hyponectria
dle Casts).
Hypoderma lethale (see ▶Ploidoderma Ascomycetes, Hypocreales,
lethale). Gray Leaf Blight of hard pines, from Nectriaceae
New England to the Gulf States.
Ploioderma lethale (formerly Hypoderma Perithecia bright colored, soft; innate or finally
lethale). Gray Leaf Blight of hard pines, erumpent; paraphyses lacking; spores one-celled,
from New England to the Gulf States. light-colored, oblong.
Hysterothecia are short, narrow, black; often Hyponectria buxi Leaf Blight, Leaf Cast of
seen on pitch pine. boxwood.
Itersonilia
Hypodermella
Cells reproducing by budding and germinating by
Like Hypoderma but one-celled spores are club- repetition; clamp connections as in Basidiomy-
shaped at upper end, tapering toward base (see cetes and probably anamorph species of
Fig. 1, chapter ▶ Needle Casts). Tremellales. The genus is not well understood.
Hypodermella abietis-concoloris (see ▶Lirula Itersonilia perplexans Petal Blight of chrysan-
abietis-concoloris). Fir Needle Blight on firs and themum and China aster. The fungus was isolated
southern balsam. from greenhouse chrysanthemums in Minnesota in
Hypodermella laricis Larch Needle and Shoot 1951 but apparently has been present, as a parasite
Blight. Yellow spots are formed on needles, or saprophyte, on many other plants. On pompom
which turn reddish brown but stay attached, giv- chrysanthemums the tip half of outer petals turns
ing a scorched appearance to trees. Hysterothecia brown and dries; the diseased tissue is filled with
are very small, oblong to elliptical, dull black, on broad hyphae and clamp connections. Inoculated
upper surface of needles. snapdragons show similar symptoms. Adequate
Lirula abietis-concoloris (formerly greenhouse ventilation seems to prevent trouble.
Hypodermella abietis-concoloris). Fir Needle This fungus has also been reported on dill.
Blight on firs and southern balsam. Itersonilia sp. Leaf Blight, Canker of parsnip,
seasonal in New York and neighboring states.
Plants are defoliated in cool, moist weather.
Spores from leaves produce a chocolate brown
Nectria (Hypomyces) dry rot on shoulder or crown of the root. Good
drainage and long rotation aid in control.
Ascomycetes, Hypocreales
Perithecia bright colored with a subicle (crustlike Kellermannia

mycelial growth underneath); spores two-celled,
light, with a short projection at one end. Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Hypomyces ipomoeae (see ▶Nectria
ipomoeae). Twig Blight of bladdernut. Pycnidia black, globose, separate; immersed in
Nectria ipomoeae (formerly Hypomyces host tissue; ostiolate; conidiophores short, sim-
ipomoeae). Twig Blight of bladdernut. ple; conidia hyaline, mostly two-celled,
Micropeltis 123
cylindrical with an awl-shaped appendage at the Control Sanitation is very important; cut out and
tip; parasitic or saprophytic. burn all diseased canes. A control program for
Kellermania anomala (K. yuccaegena.) Yucca spur blight should suffice for cane blight.
Leaf Blight, general on nonarborescent forms of Leptosphaeria (Melanomma) conithyrium
yucca; in Florida and California on arborescent (Coniothyrium fuckelii) (see ▶Diapleella
forms. coniothyrium) Raspberry Cane Blight, general
Kellermania sisyrinchii (see ▶Scolecosporiella on raspberry, dewberry, blackberry.
sisyrinchii.) Leaf Blight of blue-eyed grass. Leptosphaeria korrae Blight on turfgrass
Scolecosporiella sisyrinchii (formerly (associated with Fusarium blight syndrome); dis-
Kellermannia sisyrinchii.) Leaf Blight of blue- ease is also called spring dead spot.
eyed grass. Leptosphaeria thomasiana Cane Blight of
dewberry, raspberry, in Pacific Northwest.
Leptosphaeria sp. Blight; of Miscanthus.
Labrella
Linospora
Pycnidia with a radiate shield, rounded; innate or
▶ Leaf Spots.
erumpent; spores hyaline, one-celled.
Linospora tetraspora Leaf Blight of poplar.
Labrella aspidistrae Leaf Blight of aspidistra.
Leptosphaeria Lophodermella
Ascomycetes, Dothideales Ascomycetes, Rhytismatales
Perithecia membranous, not beaked, opening Hymenium on a fleshy-gelatinous stroma under

with an ostiole; innate or finally erumpent; the bark of woody plants; ascospores aseptate.
paraphyses present; spores dark, with several Lophodermella sp. Needle Cast of pine.
cells. Anamorph state a Coniothryium with
black, globose pycnidia and very small, dark,
one-celled conidia, extruded in a black cirrhus. Macrophomina
Diapleella coniothyrium (formerly
Leptosphaeria (Melanomma) conithyrium; ▶ Rots.
(Coniothyrium fuckelii)). Raspberry Cane Blight, Macrophomina phaseolina Ashy Stem Blight,
general on raspberry, dewberry, blackberry. The Charcoal Rot of soybeans, sweet potatoes, many
same fungus causes cankers of apple and rose other plants. ▶ Rots.
(▶ Cankers and Diebacks). On raspberry, brown
dead areas extend into wood; whole canes or
single branches wilt and die; often between Micropeltis
blossoming and fruiting. The fungus enters the
bark at any time during the season, through an Ascomycetes, Dothideales
insect wound or mechanical injury. Smutty
patches on the bark come from small olive A single hymenium, fruiting layer, covered with
conidia of the Coniothyrium stage and larger, an open, reticulate scutellum; paraphyses pre-
dark, four-celled ascospores. Ascospores are sent; spores hyaline, with several cells.
spread by rain; conidia by rain and insects Micropeltis viburni Leaf Blight of viburnum.
124 Blights
cucumber. Gray to brown dead areas in leaves

Monilinia (Sclerotinia) are marked with black pycnidia; leaves may turn
yellow and shrivel. Stem infection starts with
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, a water-soaked oily green area at nodes. The
Sclerotiniaceae stem is girdled, covered with a dark exuded
gum, and the vine wilts back to that point. Fruit
Stroma is a sclerotium formed in fruit by the rot starts gray, darkens to nearly jet black, with
fungus digesting fleshy tissues and replacing gummy exudate.
them with a layer of broad, thick-walled, inter- Control Clean up crop refuse; practice rotation.
woven hyphae forming a hollow sphere enclosing Some varieties are more resistant than others.
core or seed of fruit, which has become a dark, Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black Sigatoka on
wrinkled, hard mummy. Apothecia funnel-form dwarf banana in FL.
or cupulate, rarely flat-expanded, some shade of Mycosphaerella melonis Gummy Stem Blight
brown; asci eight-spored; ascospores one-celled, of cucumbers.
ellipsoidal, often slightly flattened on one side, Mycosphaerella pinodes Pea Blight.
hyaline. Conidia hyaline, one-celled, formed in ▶ Ascochyta pinodes.
chains in grayish masses called sporodochia. Mycosphaerella rabiei (Anamorph, Phoma
Monilinia azaleae Shoot Blight of native or rabiei). Blight of chickpea
pinxter azalea (Rhododendron roseum). Mycosphaerella sequoiae Needle Blight of
Apothecia are formed on overwintered mummied redwood.
fruits (capsules) in leaf mold under shrubs in
moist places. Ascospores infect leaves and suc-
culent shoots when the azalea is in full bloom. Myriogenospora
The conidial stage is common on young develop-
ing fruits in late June and July (New York). Ascomycetes, Hypocreales
Monilinia fructicola Leaf Blight and Shoot
Blight of peach. Ascomata superficial or in a stroma, fleshy,
Monilinia johnsonii Leaf Blight, Fruit Rot of bright-colored; ascus with a thick cap traversed
hawthorn. by a slender pore; ascospores filifrom,
Monilinia laxa Blossom Blight, Brown Rot of multiseptate, often fragmenting.
apricot, almond, cherry, plum, and prune on Myriogenospora atramentosa Blight on turf
Pacific Coast. Blossoms and twigs are blighted grass, centipedegrass.
with a good deal of gum formation. Monilinia
laxa is sometimes coincident with, and confused
with, M. fructicola, which causes a more general Mystrosporium
rot of stone fruits. Both are discussed more fully
under Rots. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Monilinia rhododendri (Sclerotinia seaveri).
Twig Blight, Seedling Blight of sweet cherry. Conidia dark, muriform; hyphae long.
Bipolaris iridis (formerly Mystrosporium
adustum). Leaf Blight, Ink Spot of bulbous iris;
Mycosphaerella also on montbretia and lachenalia. Irregular black
patches or blotches appear soon after leaves push
▶ Anthracnose. through the ground; under moist conditions the
Mycosphaerella citrullina (M. melonis) conid- foliage withers and dies prematurely. Inky black
ial stage Didymella bryoniae. Gummy Stem stains appear on husks of bulbs (usually Iris
Blight, Stem End Rot, Leaf Spot of watermelon, reticulata), and yellow dots or elongated sunken
muskmelon, summer squash, pumpkin, and black craters show on fleshy scales. The bulbs
Ovulinia 125
may rot, leaving only the husk and a mass of large, obovoid, one-celled except for basal
black powder. The fungus spreads through the appendage or disjunctor cell; borne singly at
soil, invading adjacent healthy bulbs. tips of short branches of mycelium forming
Control Dig bulbs every year; discard all dis- a mat over surface of petal tissue (see Fig. 1).
eased bulbs and debris; plant in a new location. Ovulinia azaleae Azalea Flower Spot, Petal
Spray with bordeaux mixture. Blight, very destructive to southern azaleas in
Mystrosporium adustum (see ▶ Bipolaris humid coastal regions, occasional on mountain-
iridis). Leaf Blight, Ink Spot of bulbous iris; laurel and rhododendron. Starting as a sudden
also on montbretia and lachenalia. outbreak near Charleston, South Carolina, 1931,
the disease spread rapidly north of Wilmington,
North Carolina, down the coast to Florida, and
Myxosporium around the Gulf. It reached Texas by 1938 and
was in California by 1940; it was reported in
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Maryland in 1945, in Virginia in 1947, and in
Philadelphia in 1959. Petal blight was reported
Conidia hyaline, one-celled, in discoid to from a Long Island, New York, greenhouse in
pulvinate acervuli on branches. 1956, apparently present there since 1952, and in
Myxosporium diedickei Twig Blight of 1959 infected all the azaleas in one New Jersey
mulberry. greenhouse. In both cases the blight started on
Myxosporium everhartii Twig Blight of dog- plants purchased from the South. This is the most
wood. M. nitidum. Twig blight and dieback of spectacular disease that I have ever witnessed,
native dogwood. Prune twigs back to sound with most of the bloom on all the azaleas in
wood; feed and water trees. a town blighting simultaneously and seemingly
overnight under special weather conditions. The
blight does not injure stem or foliage; it is con-
Neopeckia fined to the flowers. The loss is aesthetic and
economic from the standpoint of tourist trade.
Ascomycetes, Dothideales For many years, before a control program was
worked out, the great azalea gardens of the South
Perithecia hairy, not beaked, formed on had to close their gates to visitors far too early in
a mycelial mass; paraphyses present; spores the season.
two-celled, dark. Primary infection comes from very small
Neopeckia coulteri Brown Felt Blight on pines apothecia produced from sclerotia on the ground
only, otherwise similar to brown felt blight under shrubs, usually in January or February,
caused by Herpotrichia, a disease of high alti- occasionally as early as December. Spores shot
tudes on foliage under snow. into the air are carried by wind drift to flowers
near the ground of early varieties, initial spots
being whitish. If you put your finger on such
Ovulinia a spot, the tissue melts away. With continued
high humidity, heavy fog, dew, or rain, conidia
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, are produced over the inner surfaces of petals and
Sclerotiniaceae are widely disseminated to other petals by wind,
insects, and splashed rain. Within a few hours
Stroma a sclerotium, thin, circular to oval, shal- colored petals are peppered with small white
lowly cupulate, formed in petal tissue but falling spots, and white flowers have numerous brown
away; minute globose spermatia; apothecia of spots. By the next day flowers have collapsed into
Sclerotinia type, small; asci eight-spored; a slimy mush, bushes looking as if they had had
paraphyses septate with swollen tips; conidia scalding water poured over them. If the weather
126 Blights
stays wet, small black sclerotia are formed in the

petals in another 2 or 3 days. Infected blooms Pellicularia
seldom drop normally but remain hanging on
the bushes in an unsightly condition for weeks Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
and months, some even to the next season. Many
of the sclerotia, however, drop out and remain in Includes some species formerly assigned to
the litter on the ground ready to send up apothecia Corticium, Hypochnus, and Peniophora. Hyphae
the next winter. stout, very short-celled; mycelium branching at
Both Indian and Kurume varieties are right angles; basidia very stout, formed on
attacked, the peak of infection coming with a resupinate, cottony or membranous layer of
mid-season varieties such as Pride of Mobile or mycelium. Anamorph state a Rhizoctonia, with
Formosa. In some seasons dry weather during sclerotia made up of brown, thin-walled, rather
early spring allows a good showing of azaleas; angular cells, or Sclerotium, with sclerotia having
in other years blight starts early and there is little a definite brown rind and light interior.
color unless azaleas are sprayed. On Belgian aza- Athelia rolfsii (formerly Pellicularia rolfsii
leas in greenhouses blight may start in December. (Anamorph, Sclerotium rolfsii). Southern Blight,
Control Some mulches and soil treatments will Crown Rot. The disease has been known, in its
inhibit apothecial production. Secondary infec- sclerotium stage, for many years on hundreds of
tion is bound to come from some untreated azalea plants. The connection with Pellicularia is recent,
in the neighborhood. Spraying gives very effec- and the name does not have universal agreement.
tive, even spectacular, control if started on time, One strain of the fungus has been called Sclero-
when early varieties are in bloom and midseason tium delphinii in the North, where the disease is
azaleas are showing color. Sprays must be usually designated crown rot. This is, however,
repeated three times a week as long as petal a variable fungus with single spore cultures from
surface is expanding, about 3 or 4 weeks. After the Pellicularia stage producing sclerotia typical
that, weekly spraying is sufficient. Spraying is of Sclerotium delphinii and of S. rolfsii, with inter-
mandatory now for the big azalea gardens, and mediate forms. Sclerotia of the southern blight
the admission fees from the lengthened season strain are very small, round, tan, about the size,
pay for the program many times over. shape, and color of mustard seed, the pathogen
The original successful formula was: Dithane being frequently called the mustard-seed fungus.
D-14 (nabam) 1 1/3 quarts to 100 gallons water, Southern blight affects almost all plants
plus 1 pound 25 % zinc sulfate, 1/2 pound except field crops like wheat, oats, corn, and
hydrated lime, and 1 ounce of spreader Triton sorghum. Fruits and vegetables include Jerusa-
B 1956. Later work showed that the lime could lem artichoke, avocado, bean, beet, carrot, cab-
be omitted, Dithane reduced to 1 quart, and zinc bage, cucumber, eggplant, endive, lettuce, melon,
sulfate to 2/3 pound to prevent injury in periods of okra, onion, garlic and shallot, pea, peanut, pep-
drought. The spray should be a fine mist, applied per, potato, rhubarb, strawberry, sweet potato,
from several directions to get adequate coverage. tomato, turnip, and watermelon. Ornamentals,
Commercial growers should beware of order- too numerous to list in entirety, include ajuga,
ing azaleas from the South unless they are bare- ageratum, amaryllis, azalea, caladium, calendula,
rooted and all flower buds showing color campanula, canna, carnation, cosmos, China
removed. As a matter of fact, any potted or balled aster, chrysanthemum, dahlia, delphinium,
and burlapped plant grown in a nursery near daphne, duranta, gladiolus, hollyhock, hydran-
azaleas could very easily bring along some of gea, iris, jasmine, lemon verbena, lily, lupine,
the tiny sclerotia in the soil, and they might marigold, morning-glory, myrtle, narcissus,
remain viable more than 1 year. All traces of orchids, phlox, pittosporum, rose, rose-mallow,
soil should be washed off roots, and the plants rudbeckia, scabiosa, sedum, sweet pea, star-of-
wrapped in polyethylene for shipping. bethlehem, tulip, violet, and zinnia.
Pellicularia 127
The first sign of blight is the formation of stems, pods, and foliage. Infection starts with
white wefts of mycelium at the base of the stem, small circular spots that appear water-soaked or
spreading up in somewhat fan-shaped fashion scalded. They enlarge to an inch or more, become
and sometimes spreading out over the ground in tan with a darker border, are sometimes zonate.
wet weather. The sclerotia formed in the wefts are The whitish mycelium grows rapidly over the leaf
first white, later reddish tan or light brown. They blade, killing it, and spreads a web from leaf to
may be numerous enough to form a crust over the leaf, over petioles, flowers, and fruit, in wet
soil for several inches around a stem, or they may weather and at temperatures 70 to 90 F; in dry
be somewhat sparse and scattered. weather growth is inconspicuous except on fallen
In the white stage, droplets of liquid often leaves. The fungus is spread by wind, rain, irri-
form on the sclerotia, and the oxalic acid in this gation water, cultivating tools, and bean pickers;
liquid is assumed to kill plant cells in advance of it survives in sclerotial form from season to
the fungus hyphae. This means that the pathogen season.
never has to penetrate living tissue and explains Control Destroy infected plants; clean up refuse.
why so many different kinds of plants succumb so In Florida, do not plant beans between June and
readily to southern blight. Fruits touching the September if web blight has been present. Use
ground, as well as vegetables with fleshy roots, a copper spray or dust.
like carrots and beets, or plants with bulbs or Pellicularia filamentosa f. sp. sasakii See
rhizomes, like onions, narcissus, and iris, seem ▶Thanatephonus cucumeris. Leaf Blight of
particularly subject to this disease. Low orna- grasses, clover, etc.
mentals such as ajuga blight quickly, the whole Pellicularia filamentosa f. sp. timsii See
plant turning black; tall plants like delphinium rot ▶Thanatephonus cucumeris. Leaf Blight of fig.
at the crown and then die back or topple over; Pellicularia rolfsii See ▶ Athelia rolfsii,
bulbs have a cheesy interior, with sclerotia Anamorph, ▶Sclerotium rolfsii. Southern Blight,
forming on or between the scales. Crown Rot. The disease has been known, in its
Control Remove diseased plants as soon as they sclerotium stage, for many years on hundreds of
are noticed. Take out surrounding soil, for 6 plants. The connection with Pellicularia is
inches beyond the diseased area, wrapping it recent, and the name does not have universal
carefully so that none of the sclerotia drop back. agreement. One strain of the fungus has been
Increasing the organic content of the soil reduces called Sclerotium delphinii in the North, where
southern blight, as does the addition of nitroge- the disease is usually designated crown rot. This
nous fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate. is, however, a variable fungus with single spore
Treating narcissus bulbs in hot water for 3 h, as cultures from the Pellicularia stage producing
for nematodes, kills the fungus in all except the sclerotia typical of Sclerotium delphinii and of
very largest bulbs. S. rolfsii, with intermediate forms. Sclerotia of
Pellicularia filamentosa (see ▶Thanatephorus the southern blight strain are very small, round,
cucumeris), teleomorph state of Rhizoctonia tan, about the size, shape, and color of mustard
solani. This is a variable fungus with some strains seed, the pathogen being frequently called the
or forms causing leaf blights but best known as mustard-seed fungus.
cause of Rhizoctonia rot of potatoes and Southern blight affects almost all plants
damping-off of many plants. ▶ Rots. except field crops like wheat, oats, corn, and
Pellicularia filamentosa f. sp. sorghum. Fruits and vegetables include Jerusa-
microsclerotia (Corticium microsclerotia) see lem artichoke, avocado, bean, beet, carrot, cab-
▶Thanatephorus cucumeris. Web Blight of snap bage, cucumber, eggplant, endive, lettuce, melon,
bean, lima bean, also reported on fig, elder, hibis- okra, onion, garlic and shallot, pea, peanut, pep-
cus, hollyhock, tung oil, and phoenix tree, from per, potato, rhubarb, strawberry, sweet potato,
Florida to Texas. Many small brown sclerotia and tomato, turnip, and watermelon. Ornamentals,
abundant weblike mycelium are found on bean too numerous to list in entirety, include ajuga,
128 Blights
ageratum, amaryllis, azalea, caladium, calendula, roses, and other ornamentals, and some fruits.
campanula, canna, carnation, cosmos, China The disease is recorded on apple, azalea, banana
aster, chrysanthemum, dahlia, delphinium, shrub, blackberry, boxwood, camphor, cherry
daphne, duranta, gladiolus, hollyhock, hydran- laurel, chinaberry, columbine, crabapple, crape
gea, iris, jasmine, lemon verbena, lily, lupine, myrtle, casuarina, currant, dewberry, dogwood,
marigold, morning-glory, myrtle, narcissus, elderberry, elm, erythrina, euonymus, fig,
orchids, phlox, pittosporum, rose, rose-mallow, flowering almond, flowering quince, goldenrod,
rudbeckia, scabiosa, sedum, sweet pea, star-of- gooseberry, guava, honeysuckle, hibiscus, morn-
bethlehem, tulip, violet, and zinnia. ing glory, pear, pecan, pepper vine, persimmon,
The first sign of blight is the formation of pittosporum, plum, pomegranate, quince, rose,
white wefts of mycelium at the base of the stem, satsuma orange, soapberry, silver maple, sweet
spreading up in somewhat fan-shaped fashion potato, tievine (Jacquemontia), tung, Virginia
and sometimes spreading out over the ground in creeper, and viburnum.
wet weather. The sclerotia formed in the wefts are The fungus winters as sclerotia on twigs and
first white, later reddish tan or light brown. They leaf petioles, and in May and June produces
may be numerous enough to form a crust over the threadlike mycelium that grows over lower sur-
soil for several inches around a stem, or they may face of leaves, killing them and causing prema-
be somewhat sparse and scattered. ture defoliation, although often dead leaves hang
In the white stage, droplets of liquid often on the tree in groups, matted together by thread-
form on the sclerotia, and the oxalic acid in this like spider webs. Fruiting patches on leaves are
liquid is assumed to kill plant cells in advance of first white, then buff. The fungus flourishes in
the fungus hyphae. This means that the pathogen moist weather, temperatures 75 to 90 F.
never has to penetrate living tissue and explains Control On figs, one or two applications of tri-
why so many different kinds of plants succumb so basic copper sulfate, or bordeaux mixture, are
readily to southern blight. Fruits touching the satisfactory until the fruit ripens in July. Pruning
ground, as well as vegetables with fleshy roots, out infected branches may be sufficient on tung
like carrots and beets, or plants with bulbs or and pecan, but at least one spray of bordeaux
rhizomes, like onions, narcissus, and iris, seem mixture may be required.
particularly subject to this disease. Low orna- Thanatephonus cucumeris (formerly
mentals such as ajuga blight quickly, the whole Pellicularia filamentosa), teleomorph state of
plant turning black; tall plants like delphinium rot Rhizoctonia solani. This is a variable fungus
at the crown and then die back or topple over; with some strains or forms causing leaf
bulbs have a cheesy interior, with sclerotia blights but best known as cause of Rhizoctonia
forming on or between the scales. rot of potatoes and damping-off of many plants.
Control Remove diseased plants as soon as they ▶ Rots.
are noticed. Take out surrounding soil, for Thanatephonus cucumeris (formerly
6 inches beyond the diseased area, wrapping it Pellicularia filamentosa f. sp. micro-sclerotia
carefully so that none of the sclerotia drop back. (Corticium micro sclerotia)). Web Blight of
Increasing the organic content of the soil reduces snap bean, lima bean, also reported on fig, elder,
southern blight, as does the addition of nitroge- hibiscus, hollyhock, tung oil, and phoenix tree,
nous fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate. from Florida to Texas. Many small brown scle-
Treating narcissus bulbs in hot water for 3 h, as rotia and abundant weblike mycelium are found
for nematodes, kills the fungus in all except the on bean stems, pods, and foliage. Infection starts
very largest bulbs. with small circular spots that appear water-
Pellicularia koleroga (Corticium stevensii). soaked or scalded. They enlarge to an inch or
Thread Blight, a southern disease, from North more, become tan with a darker border, are some-
Carolina to Texas, important on fig and tung, times zonate. The whitish mycelium grows rap-
sometimes defoliating pittosporum, crape myrtle, idly over the leaf blade, killing it, and spreads
Phacidium 129
a web from leaf to leaf, over petioles, flowers, and temperature than the fungus; shading transplants
fruit, in wet weather and at temperatures 70 to is helpful.
90 F; in dry weather growth is inconspicuous Pestalotia sp. and Penicillium sp. Flower Blight
except on fallen leaves. The fungus is spread by on camellia.
wind, rain, irrigation water, cultivating tools, and Pestalotiopsis funerea (formerly Pestalotia
bean pickers; it survives in sclerotial form from funerea). Tip Blight of conifers, Needle Blight,
season to season. Twig Blight of chamaecyparis, retinospora,
Control Destroy infected plants; clean up refuse. cypress, bald cypress, arborvitae, juniper, yew,
In Florida, do not plant beans between June and and giant sequoia. The fungus is saprophytic on
September if web blight has been present. Use dead and dying tissue and also weakly parasitic,
a copper spray or dust. infecting living tissue through wounds under
Thanatephonus cucumeris (formerly moist conditions. It appears in sooty pustules on
Pellicularia filamentosa f. sp. sasakii). Leaf leaves, bark, and cones.
Blight of grasses, clover, etc.
Thanatephorus cucumeris (formerly
Pellicularia filamentosa f. sp. timsii). Leaf Blight Phacidium
of fig.
Ascomycetes, Helotiales
Apothecia innate, concrete above with the epi-

Penicillium
dermis and slitting with it into lobes; spores one-
celled, hyaline.
▶ Cankers and Diebacks.
Phacidium abietinellum (see ▶Nothophacidium
Penicillium oxalicum Leaf Blight of grass.
abietinellum). Needle Blight of balsam fir.
Phacidium balsameae (see ▶Sarcotrochilia
balsameae). Needle Blight of balsam fir in New
Pestalotia England, of white and alpine fir in the Northwest.
Phacidium infestans Snow Blight of conifer
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes seedlings on fir and young pines in the Northeast,
also on arborvitae and spruce; on white and
Acervuli dark, discoid or cushion-shaped, subcu- alpine fir in the Northwest. This native fungus is
taneous; conidiophores short, simple; conidia most damaging in nurseries, attacking foliage
fusiform, several-celled with median cells col- under the snow. The needles turn brown, with
ored, end cells hyaline, a short stalk at the basal a covering of white mycelium, just as the snow
cells and a crest of two or more hyaline append- melts. In late summer and fall brown to nearly
ages, setae, from the apical cell (Fig. 1). Weak black apothecia appear on underside of browned
parasites or saprophytes; some are treated under needles. Ascospores are spread by wind, primary
Leaf Spots. infection being in autumn. Additional infection
Pestalotia funerea (see ▶Pestalotiopsis occurs in late winter, when mycelium grows out
funerea). Tip Blight of conifers, Needle Blight, under the snow from diseased to dormant, healthy
Twig Blight of chamaecyparis, retinospora, needles.
cypress, bald cypress, arborvitae, juniper, yew, Control Spray nursery beds with dormant-
and giant sequoia. strength lime sulfur in late fall; remove infected
Pestalotia hartigii Associated with a basal stem seedlings; dip new stock in lime sulfur before
girdle of young conifers but parasitism not planting.
proven. The stem has a swelling above the gir- Nothophacidium abietinellum (formerly
dling lesions, and the tree gradually turns yellow Phacidium abietinellum). Needle Blight of
and dies. The effect may be more from high balsam fir.
130 Blights
Sarcotrochilia balsameae (formerly Phoma piceina Twig and Needle Blight of Nor-
Phacidium balsameae). Needle Blight of balsam way spruce. May cause defoliation and some-
fir in New England, of white and alpine fir in the times death of forest trees.
Northwest. Phoma sclerotioides Brown Root Rot of alfalfa.
Phoma strobiligena (see ▶Sclerophoma
pythiophila), on cone scales of Norway spruce.
Phaeoacremonium Sclerophoma pythiophila (formerly
Phoma strobiligena), on cone scales of Norway
Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum Black spruce.
Goo on grape.
Phialophora Phomopsis
▶ Rots. Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes

Phialophora graminicola Blight on turfgrasses
(associated with Fusarium blight syndrome). Pycnidia dark, ostiolate, immersed, erumpent,
nearly globose; conidiophores simple; conidia
hyaline, one-celled, of two types-ovate or ellip-
Phloeospora soidal and long, filamentous, sickle-shaped or
hooked at upper end (Fig. 1). Anamorph state of
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Diaporthe; parasitic causing spots on various
plant parts.
Pycnidia dark, imperfectly formed, globose, Dendrophoma obscurans (see ▶Phomopsis
innate in tissue, not in distinct spots; conidia obscurans). Strawberry Leaf Blight, Angular
hyaline or subhyaline, several-celled, elongate Leaf Spot.
fusoid to filiform; parasitic or saprophytic. One Phomopsis ambigua (teleomorph, Diaporthe
of the conidial forms linked with Mycosphaerella eres). Twig Blight of pear, widespread.
as a teleomorph state. Phomopsis diospyri Twig Blight of native
Phloeospora adusta Leaf Blight of clematis. persimmon.
Phomopsis japonica Twig Blight of kerria.
Phomopsis juniperovora Nursery Blight, Juni-
Phoma per Blight, Cedar Blight, Canker on red-cedar
and other junipers, cypress, chamaecyparis, Jap-
▶ Blackleg. anese yew (Cephalotaxus), arborvitae, giant
Phoma conidiogena (see ▶Phoma glomerata). sequoia, and redwood. This disease occurs in
Boxwood Tip Blight. Ashy gray necrotic areas at virulent form from New England to Florida and
leaf tips, with pycnidia on both leaf surfaces. through the Middle West; it may also occur on the
Phoma glomerata (formerly Phoma Pacific Coast.
conidiogena). Boxwood Tip Blight. Tips of branches turn brown with progressive
Ashy gray necrotic areas at leaf tips, with dying back until a whole branch or even a young
pycnidia on both leaf surfaces. tree is killed. Trees over 5 years old are
Phoma fumosa Twig Blight, occasional on less seriously injured. Spores produced in quan-
maple. tity in pycnidia on diseased twigs ooze out in little
Phoma macdonaldii Blight, Premature Ripen- tendrils in moist weather, to be spread by
ing of sunflower. splashing water, insects, and workers. Entrance
Phoma mariae Twig Blight on Japanese is through unbroken tissue as well as wounds; the
honeysuckle. stem is killed above and below the point of
Physalospora 131
entrance. Small, sunken lesions give a flattened

appearance to some seedlings. Overhead irriga- Phyllosticta
tion in a nursery is a predisposing factor, and
a large amount of stock can be blighted in Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
a very short time. Older trees in home
plantings suffer from twig blight. The fungus Pycnidia dark, with ostiole, in spots in leaves;
winters on infected plant parts and remains viable spores one-celled, hyaline. The characteristics
at least 2 years. are the same as Phoma except that leaves rather
Control Have seedbeds well drained; water by than stems are infected. Other species are listed
ditch irrigation; remove and burn diseased seed- under Leaf Spots.
lings early in the season; keep seedbeds away Phyllosticta batatas Sweet Potato Leaf Blight,
from older cedar trees; do not use cedar branches occasional from New Jersey to Florida, more
or needles for mulching. Spray with fixed prevalent in the South but seldom important
copper or bordeaux mixture plus a wetting enough for control measures. Numerous white
agent, starting when growth begins and repeating spots on leaves are bordered with narrow reddish
to keep new foliage covered. Spiny Greek and zones; pycnidia are numerous; spores are
Hill junipers and Keteller red-cedars are some- extruded in tendrils.
what resistant. Phyllosticta cryptomeriae Needle Blight
Phomopsis kalmiae Mountain-Laurel Leaf found on Cryptomeria.
Blight, Blotch. Circular, brown, often Phyllosticta lagerstroemiae Tip Blight of
zonate areas on leaves, frequently starting near crape-myrtle.
margin or tip, gradually enlarge and coalesce Phyllosticta multicorniculata Needle Blight of
until most of the blade is involved. The fir.
fungus often works down the petiole to Phyllosticta pteridis Tip Blight of fern. Leaves
cause a twig blight. The disease is more lose green color; spots are ash gray with purple
prominent on bushes in the shade or under drip brown margins and numerous black pycnidia in
of trees. Remove blighted leaves or clean up center. A very weak bordeaux mixture has been
fallen leaves. suggested for control; if overhead watering is
Phomopsis longicolla Black Pod Spot and Seed avoided, spraying may not be necessary.
on cowpea.
Phomopsis oblonga Twig Blight on Chinese
elm. Physalospora
Phomopsis obscurans (formerly Dendrophoma
obscurans). Strawberry Leaf Blight, Angular Ascomycetes, Sphaeriales
Leaf Spot. The lesions are large, circular to angu-
lar, reddish purple, zonate with age, having a dark Perithecia with papillate mouths, immerse in sub-
brown center, a light brown zone, and a purple stratum but without well-defined stromata;
border. Spots may extend in a V-shaped area paraphyses present; spores one-celled, hyaline.
from a large vein to edge of the leaf, with black A few species cause blights; many cause rots.
fruiting bodies appearing in the central portion. Botryosphaeria obtusa (formerly
Not serious before midsummer, the disease may Physalospora obtusa). Cane Blight of rose, also
be destructive late in the season. The fungus Black Rot of apple, Canker and Dieback of many
winters on old leaves. plants. ▶ Cankers and Diebacks and also ▶ Rots.
Phomopsis occulta Shoot Blight of Colorado Glomerella cingulata (formerly Physalospora
blue spruce. dracaenae). Dracaena Tip Blight, Leaf Spot. Dis-
Phomopsis vexans Phomopsis Blight of egg- ease starts at the tips of lower leaves and spreads
plant. ▶Diaporthe vexans. down toward the base. Infected areas are sunken
Phomopsis vaccinii Twig Blight of blueberry. and straw-colored, dotted with black specks of
132 Blights
pycnidia. All leaves on the plant may die except first, later large bleached or scalded areas. Dark,
a few at the top. Remove infected leaves as soon watersoaked patches on fruits are covered with
as noticed. Spray with a copper fungicide. white mycelium. The fruit withers but remains
Physalospora dracaenae (▶Glomerella attached; 60 % of green fruit may be infected in
cingulata). Dracaena Tip Blight, Leaf Spot. southwestern commercial plantings. Seed are
Physalospora gregaria Twig Blight of yew. infected from the fruit. Symptoms on squash are
Physalospora obtusa (see ▶ Botryosphaeria somewhat similar; green leaf lesions spreading
obtusa). Cane Blight of rose, also Black Rot of over the blade, a basal stem rot, and wilting. Wet
apple, Canker and Dieback of many plants. soil and high temperatures encourage blight.
Control Place seedbeds on land that has not pre-
viously grown peppers; rotate crops. Avoid over
Phytophthora irrigation.
Phytophthora citrophthora (also P. citricola
Oomycetes, Peronosporales and P. nicotianae var. parasitica). Shoot and
Stem Blight on azalea. Needle Blight and Branch
This most important genus contains many species Dieback of sequoia.
causing destructive blights, cankers, and rots. Phytophthora erythroseptica Leaf Blight of
The name, which means “plant destroyer,” was pink and golden calla. Leaves are wilted and
given in 1876 for the potato blight fungus. distorted; petioles are black and soft.
Sporangia, formed successively on sporangio- Phytophthora ilicis Holly Blight,
phores, slender, sparsely branched hyphae Phytophthora Leaf and Twig Blight, the most
emerging from stomata, germinate either by serious disease of English holly, particularly seri-
a germ tube or by zoospores. The sexual spore ous in the Northwest. For many years the trouble
is an oospore. was ascribed to Boydia insculpta and called
Phytophthora cactorum Lilac Shoot Blight. Boydia canker, but this fungus merely invades
Blossoms and succulent growing tips are blighted tissue killed by Phytophthora. Leaf spots are
and turn brown; suckers are killed back 4 or 5 dark, developing on lower leaves in cool rainy
feet. Blight is most severe in wet springs when weather and progressing upward in late fall and
shrubs are crowded, shaded, and improperly winter. Young twigs die back; black stem cankers
pruned. The same fungus causes a canker, foot kill older twigs. Young plants in nurseries are
rot, and dieback of rhododendron and other plants defoliated and sometimes killed.
and is considered again under Cankers. Avoid Control Choose a planting site with moderate air
planting lilacs and rhododendrons close together. movement; space trees well apart. Prune out all
Prune each year for air circulation and to remove cankered and blighted twigs; prune also for air
dead twigs. movement through trees. Spray with tribasic cop-
Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora Blight of per sulfate, starting the middle of October.
Pepper, Leaf and Stem Blight of Squash, Fruit Phytophthora infestans Late Blight of potato
Rot of pepper, eggplant, tomato, cucumber, and and tomato, general on potato in the Northeast, in
melon. The disease was first found in New Mex- Middle Atlantic and North Central states, some-
ico in 1918 injuring chili peppers; it occurs times in Gulf and western states; on tomato in
chiefly in southwestern and Gulf states. In 1953, humid regions and seasons. Here is a pathogen
however, it was reported that for some years it that has not lost its destructive virulence with pas-
had been causing a leaf blight of squash in North sage of time. In 1946, a whole century after potato
Carolina. blight caused the famous Irish famine, tomato
Pepper plants are girdled at the soil line with blight devastated tomatoes along the eastern sea-
a dark green water-soaked band, which dries and board, both in home gardens and canning fields.
turns brown, followed by wilting and death of the The potato went to Europe from South Amer-
entire plant. Leaf spots are dark green and small at ica shortly before 1600, seemingly leaving its
Late Blight of Potato 133
pathogens at home. For 200 years potatoes

thrived in Europe as the main source of carbohy-
drate food, but in August 1845, the Gardener’s
Chronicle reported: “A fatal malady has broken
out amongst the potato crop. On all sides we hear
of destruction. In Belgium the fields are said to
have been completely desolated. There is hardly
a sound sample in Covent Garden Market.”The
editor went on to describe the decay and to say:
“As to cure for this distemper there is none. One
of our correspondents is today angry with us for
not telling the public how to stop it; but he ought
to consider that Man has no power to arrest the Fig. 4 Late Blight on Potato
dispensations of Providence. We are visited by
a great calamity which we must bear.” And in weather, first on lower leaves. As a spot enlarges
1946 American gardeners were again blaming the the center is shriveled, dry, dark brown to black,
editor, for lack of information on tomato blight. and a downy, whitish growth appears on the
In 1845 the weather was continued gloom and underside of leaves. Similar lesions are formed
fog, with below-average temperatures. The Gar- on stems and petioles, and there is a characteristic
dener’s Chronicle editor was sure blight was due strong odor as tops are blighted. On tubers, first
to potatoes being overladen with water. The Rev. symptoms are small brown to purple discolor-
M. J. Berkeley disagreed. He insisted blight was ations of skin on upper side, changing to
due to a fungus, with the weather contributing to depressed pits when tubers are removed from
spread of a moisture-loving parasite. The argu- soil and put in storage (see Fig. 4). On cutting
ment raged, for this was long before Pasteur and through the potato, a reddish brown dry rot is
his germ theory, and the first time anyone seen.
believed a fungus could be the cause and not the Life History The primary cycle starts with
consequence of plant disease. A French scientist, infected tubers, which have harbored mycelium
Montagne, named the fungus Botrytis infestans, in the dry rot patches over winter. If infected seed
but the first really good description of it was pieces are planted, the fungus grows systemically
published by Berkeley, and it remained for the into the shoots and finally fruits by sending spo-
German de Bary, in 1876, actually to prove rangiophores out through the stomata on lower
the pathogenic nature of the fungus and to leaf surfaces (see Fig. 5). These swell at the tips
erect the new genus Phytophthora to include it. into ovoid bodies, sporangia, then branch and
Meanwhile the disease was making history. produce successively more sporangia. The latter
The loss of the potato crop in 1845 and 1846 may function as conidia, putting out a germ tube,
killed off a million people and caused another but more often are differentiated into a number of
million and a half to emigrate; the first Govern- swarmspores (zoospores), which have cilia
ment Relief program was instigated; and the enabling them to swim about after they are
English Corn Laws were repealed with a change splashed by rain to another leaf. Eventually they
to a policy of free trade and unbounded expansion stop swimming and send a germ tube in through
of commerce. the leaf cuticle or enter through a stoma. Initial
infection in the field also comes from conidia
blown over from sprouts produced on infected
Late Blight of Potato tubers in cull piles. Blighting follows rapidly,
with first symptoms 5 days or less from the time
Symptoms After blossoming, large, dark green, of infection and with the fungus fruiting again in
water-soaked spots appear on leaves in wet a whitish layer on the underside of leaves.
134 Blights
Fig. 5 Late Blight of Potatoes. Sporangiophores of Phytophthora infestans emerging from leaf, bearing sporangia,
sometimes called conidia, which germinate by zoospores
Tubers with only a thin covering of soil may be

infected by swarmspores washing down onto Late Blight of Tomato
them from blighted leaves overhead; they are
also infected during digging if it is done in Although there are potato and tomato strains of
moist weather while tops are still green. Phytophthora infestans, each is capable of
Swarmspores remain viable in the soil several infecting the other host. Ordinarily blight starts
weeks while awaiting favorable conditions. with potatoes in midsummer; when the fungus
Oospores, the sexual spores, are apparently not moves over to tomatoes, it has to go through
required in the life cycle for they are not found several cycles to build up a strain virulent enough
with potatoes grown in the field. They have been to produce general blighting, and by that time the
produced in culture. tomato season is nearly over. Now we know that
Weather Relations This is a disease entirely it is possible for the tomato strain to winter in
dependent on weather conditions. Temperature potato tubers and be ready to inflict damage on
and moisture conditions are right for an epiphy- tomatoes with the first crop of zoospores pro-
totic about 2 years out of 5. Zoospores are produced on potato sprouts. Conversely, tomato
duced only in cool weather, 60 F and under, but seedlings brought up from the South and planted
they invade leaves most rapidly at higher temper- near potato fields can start an epiphytotic of late
atures. Because they are swimming spores, rain is blight on potatoes.
required. A cool, wet July is usually followed by The 1946 tomato blight saga – the one that
blight in August and September. awakened eastern gardeners to the fact that plant
Control Some varieties, such as Kennebec, Essex, disease could be as important to home gardeners
Pungo, and Cherokee, are resistant to the common as to farmers – started in Florida late in Novem-
strain of the fungus but not to some of the newer ber 1945. By January the disease was extremely
strains. Treat potato dumps and cull piles with destructive in tomato seedbeds, and it continued
a weed spray to control sprouts. Delay digging crop so intermittently whenever temperatures ranged
until 2 weeks after tops die, or else kill the tops with from 60 to 70 F and relative humidity was
a weed killer to prevent infection at early digging. nearly 100 % for more than 15 h. Evidence
Pyricularia 135
indicated spores could be wind-borne for as far as

30 miles. The wave of late blight went west to
Alabama, taking 75 % of the early crop, and
rolled up the Atlantic Coast, reaching the Caroli-
nas in May and Virginia and Maryland in June,
again taking 75 % of the early crop. It rolled into
Delaware and New Jersey in July, but did not
reach peak epidemic form until after an extended
rainy period in August, and ended in Massachu-
setts in August and September.
In 1947 a blight-forecasting service was
started, based on weekly graphs prepared by plot-
ting daily the cumulative rainfall and mean tem-
peratures and aided by reports from key Fig. 6 Late Blight on Tomato
pathologists in various states. If conditions are
unfavorable for blight, we can save time and
money by eliminating useless spraying. On lilacs large irregular leaf patches have
Symptoms On seedlings small, dark spots on a lighter zone at margin. There may be some
stems or leaves are followed by death within 2 defoliation.
or 3 days. On mature plants blight starts with
dark, water-soaked leaf spots and large, dark
brown spots on fruit, with most of the leaves Plectosporium
soon hanging lifeless and fruit rotting on the
ground (see Fig. 6). Plectosporium abacinum Blight on Hydrilla.
Control Bordeaux mixture applied to young
tomato plants will either prevent fruit setting or
cause stunting. It can be used after blossoming, or Pyrenochaeta
a fixed copper can be substituted.
Phytophthora meadii Blight and Leaf Spots on Deuteromycetes, Sphaeropsidales,
West Indian holly. Sphaerioidaceae
Phytophthora medicaginis Rot Root on
Medicago spp. Pycnidia dark, ostiolate, nearly globose,
Phytophthora nicotianae (formerly erumpent with a few bristles near ostiole; conid-
Phytophthora parasitica var, parasitica. Leaf, iophores simple or branched; conidia small, one-
Stem and Bub Blight on bougainvillea, dog- celled, hyaline, ovate to elongate; parasitic or
wood, hibiscus, artillery plant, and aluminum saprophytic. See also under ▶ Rots.
plant. Leaf blight; on jojoba. Pyrenochaeta phlogis Stem Blight of Phlox.
Phytophthora parasitica var. parasitica (see
▶Phytophthora nicotianae). Leaf, Stem and
Bub Blight on bougainvillea, dogwood, hibiscus, Pyricularia
artillery plant, and aluminum plant. Leaf blight;
on jojoba. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Phytophthora syringae Citrus Blight, also on
lilac, but the more common lilac blight is due to Conidiophores long, slender, simple or rarely
P. cactorum. On citrus trees leaves have semi- branched, septate, single or in tufts; conidia pyr-
transparent spots similar to frost damage. Other iform to nearly ellipsoid, borne singly and
Phytophthora species may be present with attached at broader end; spores hyaline, two-to
P. syringae to cause brown rot of fruits. ▶ Rots. three-celled; parasitic, chiefly on grasses.
136 Blights
Pyricularia grisea Leaf Blight on creeping bent sclerotia made up of short, irregular, angular or
grass and buffelgrass. somewhat barrel-shaped cells.
Rhizoctonia ramicola Silky Thread Blight
a southern disease similar to web blight caused
Pythium by Pellicularia koleroga. Perennial ornamental
hosts in Florida include elaeagnus, erythrina,
▶ Rots. crape-myrtle, holly, guava, pittosporum, pyr-
Pythium myriotylum Blight of tomato. acantha, Carolina jessamine, feijoa, and rhodo-
dendron. Tan spots with purple-brown margins
appear on leaf blades, dead lesions on petioles
and young twigs. When leaves are abscissed, they
Delphinella (Rehmiellopsis) are often held dangling and matted together by
brown fungus threads. Infection recurs annually
Ascomycetes, Dothideales in moist weather with high daytime temperatures.
The fungus winters as mycelium in leaf lesions
Perithecia single, globose, rupturing irregularly; and diseased twigs. Sclerotia are apparently
asci in fascicles, no paraphyses; spores hyaline, lacking in this species.
two-celled. Rhizoctonia sp. (teleomorph, Aquathana-
Delphinella balsameae (formerly tephorus pendulus). Blight on water hyacinth.
Rehmiellopsis balsameae). Tip Blight, Needle Rhizoctonia sp. (teleomorph, Thanatephorus
Blight of balsam fir, on native balsam fir in north- cucumeris). Blight on beet. Needle blight on
ern New England and on ornamental firs in south- pine.
ern New England and New York. Infection is in Rhizoctonia solani Blight of pistachio and
spring with needles of current season shriveled, Cynodon spp., and Foliar Blight of soybean.
curled, and killed, often with a dieback of termi-
nal or lateral shoots and sometimes cankers at
base of infected needles. Satisfactory control on Rhizopus
ornamental firs has been obtained by three sprays,
at 10-day intervals, ofbordeaux mixture, the first ▶ Rots.
application made as new growth starts. Rhizopus stolonifer Seedling Blight on lupine;
Rehmiellopsis balsameae (see ▶Delphinella also caused by Pleiochaeta setosa, Alternaria sp.,
balsameae). Tip Blight, Needle Blight of balsam Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and
fir, on native balsam fir in northern New England Curvularia sp.
and on ornamental firs in southern New England
and New York.
Rosellinia
Rhizoctonia Ascomycetes, Xylariales
Deuteromycetes, Mycelia Sterilia Perithecia separate, superficial from the first, car-
(Fungi Imperfecti) bonaceous, not beaked, ostioles papillate; spores
dark, one-celled with a small groove.
Sclerotial form of some species of Pellicularia, Rosellinia herpotrichioides Hemlock Needle
Corticium, Macrophomina, and Helicobasidium. Blight. Needle-bearing portions of twigs become
Young mycelium colorless, with branches covered on underside with a grayish brown myce-
constricted at points of origin from main axis, lial mat; black perithecia are produced in this mat
but soon colored, a weft of brownish yellow to in great abundance. Ovoid, hyaline conidia are
brown strands, organized into dense groups, formed on Botrytis-like conidiophores.
Sclerotinia (Whetzelinia) 137
into flower, the ascospores infecting the perianth

Schirrhia and causing flower spotting. From withered
flowers numerous large conidia, germinating
Ascomycetes, Dothideales, with several germ tubes, infect foliage, on
Dothideaceae which large sclerotia are formed late in the sea-
son. Remove infected parts immediately; spray
Asci usually short, cylindrical, and relatively early in the season.
numerous in spherical, ostiolate locules. Ciberinia camelliae (formerly Sclerotinia
camelliae). Camellia Flower Blight, long known
in Japan, first noted in California in 1938, con-
Scleropycnium firmed in Georgia in 1948, although probably
there several years previously, reported in Ore-
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes gon in 1949, Louisiana and North Carolina in
1950, South Carolina in 1954. The blight is now
Pycnidia open out to a deep cupulate or discoid widespread in Virginia, confined to certain
structure, tough, dark or black, subepidermal or counties in other states. It was not officially
subcortical, then erumpent; spores hyaline, one- recorded from Texas until 1957 but must have
celled. Largely saprophytic on twigs, sometimes been there earlier. The 1950 outbreak at Shreve-
parasitic on leaves. port, Louisiana, is said to have started on plants
Scleropycnium aureum Leaf Blight of brought in from Texas that probably originated in
mesquite. California.
Floral parts only are affected, infection taking
place any time after tips of petals are visible in
Sclerotinia (Whetzelinia) opening buds. Few to many brownish specks on
expanding petals enlarge until the whole flower
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, turns brown and drops. In early stages darkened
Sclerotiniaceae veins are prominent diagnostic symptoms. When
the flowers rest on moist earth, spermatia are
Apothecia arising from a tuberoid sclerotium produced on petals in shiny black masses. Hard,
which, though formed free on aerial mycelium, dark brown to black sclerotia formed at the base
is sometimes enclosed in natural cavities of of petals frequently unite into a compound struc-
suscept or host, as in hollow stem of perennials. ture simulating petal arrangement. This com-
Interior (medulla) of sclerotium white, pound sclerotium may be an inch or more in
completely enveloped by a dark rind; gelatinous diameter. Although the petals do not melt when
matrix lacking. Conidia wanting but spermatia touched as do azaleas with petal blight, there is
(very small microconidia) formed on a distinctive moist feeling that helps to differen-
sporodochia borne free or enclosed in cavities. tiate flower blight from frost injury. Rarely,
Apothecia some shade of brown; cupulate to fun- a flower blight of camellias is caused by another
nel-form; usually at maturity saucer-shaped to Sclerotinia (S. sclerotiorum).
flat expanded; ascospores hyaline, one-celled, Sclerotia lie dormant on ground or in
ovoid. Species formerly included in Sclerotinia mulching materials until the next winter when,
but possessing monilioid conidia are now in from January on (possibly earlier), after wet
Monilinia. periods with rising temperature, they produce
Botryotinia polyblastis (formerly Sclerotinia one to several apothecia on long or short stipes
polyblastis). Narcissus Fire. A serious flower with brown, saucerlike discs 1/4 to 3/4 inch
blight in England, known here on the Pacific across, rarely up to 1 inch. Spores, discharged
Coast. In England overwintering sclerotia pro- forcibly, are carried by wind currents to flowers,
duce apothecia when Narcissus tazetta comes thus completing the cycle. Spores may be
138 Blights
wind-borne at least 1/3 mile, but presumably Sclerotinia minor Blight of soybean, peanut,
a large proportion of them land on opening petals and Eclipta.
of the bush overhead. The sclerotia remain viable Sclerotinia (Botryotinia) polyblastis (see
in the soil at least 2 or 3 years, sending up more ▶Botryotinia polyblastis). Narcissus Fire.
apothecia each season. No conidia are known; so A serious flower blight in England, known here
there is no secondary infection from flower to on the Pacific Coast.
flower as with azalea blight. The amount of pri- Sclerotinia rolfsii Southern Blight on St.
mary inoculum is very large, however. One after- Johnswort.
noon in New Orleans I collected nearly 1000 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Shoot and Twig
sclerotia that were producing apothecia from Blight of lilac, grape, pistachio, soybean, peanut,
under a single camellia. and malaviscus; flower blight of camellia resem-
Control The first line of defense is exclusion. bling that caused by S. camelliae but far less
Most southern states have quarantines against serious. Tuber blight and storage rot; of Trillium.
known infected areas; they require that plants be This ubiquitous fungus more often causes stem
shipped bare-rooted, with all flower buds show- rots on its many different hosts. ▶ Rots.
ing color removed. Northern gardeners ordering
plants for greenhouses should insist on the same
precautions even without specific quarantines. Sclerotium
Practically all outbreaks of camellia flower blight
have been traced to plants shipped in cans, pre- Deuteromycetes, Mycelia Sterilia
sumably carrying sclerotia in the soil. The disease (Fungi Imperfecti)
has also appeared on flowers shipped in by air for
camellia shows. Schedules should state that all Asexual fruit bodies and spores lacking; there is
specimens become the property of the show com- merely a resting body, sclerotium, made up of
mittee, to be destroyed at the end of the show; no a compact, rounded mass of light-colored hyphae
blooms should be taken home for propagation. with a brown to black rind; parasitic, often on
Theoretically, because there is no conidial underground plant parts. Pellicularia has proved
stage to spread the fungus, this should be an to be the teleomorph state for some forms.
easy disease to eradicate, but it has not proved Sclerotium bataticola Ashy Stem Blight. See
so in practice. Camellias have thousands of ▶Macrophomina phaseoli under Rots.
flowers produced over a period of months. Sclerotium hydrophilum Blight of wild rice.
They drop into various ground covers, and it is Sclerotium oryzae Blight of wild rice.
almost impossible to find and destroy all infected Sclerotium rhizodes White Tip Blight of grass.
blooms before rotting tissues release sclerotia ▶ Snowmold.
into the litter. Some cities have quarantined Sclerotium rolfsii Southern Blight.
infected properties and provided a host-free ▶Pellicularia rolfsii.
period of 2 years, during which all flower buds
are removed from all camellias in the area, but
this approach has been only partially successful. Septoria
Various chemicals have been tried as ground
treatment to inhibit formation of apothecia. Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Sclerotinia camelliae (see ▶Ciberinia
camelliae). Camellia Flower Blight, long known Pycnidia dark, separate, globose, ostiolate; pro-
in Japan, first noted in California in 1938, con- duce in spots, erumpent; conidiophores short,
firmed in Georgia in 1948, although probably conidia hyaline, narrowly elongate to filiform,
there several years previously, reported in Ore- several septate; parasitic, typically causing leaf
gon in 1949, Louisiana and North Carolina in spots, but also blights and blotches (see Fig. 1).
1950, South Carolina in 1954. There are about 1000 species.
Sirococcus 139
Septoria apiicola (Syn. Septoria apii and The generally destructive Septoria on chrysan-
S. apii-graveolentis) Celery Late Blight, gen- themum is S. chrysanthemi. ▶ Leaf Spots.
eral on celery, also on celeriac. The two species, Septoria petrosellini Leaf Blight of parsley, sim-
singly or together, produce the disease known as ilar to late blight of celery but confined to parsley.
late blight, first reported in Delaware in 1891 and *Recent study indicates these are one species
since causing much crop destruction, one and that the name should be S. apiicola.
California county reporting half a million dollars
loss from celery blight in 1908 and Michigan
a million in 1915. It was not known until 1932 Septotinia
that two distinct species were involved.
Early symptoms are similar. Large leaf spot, Ascomycetes, Helotiales,
due to S. apii, starts as a light yellow area, which Sclerotiniaceae
soon turns brown and dies. Spots are up to 1/4
inch in diameter, with small black pycnidia. In Stroma a definite, small, thin, elongate to angular
small leaf spot, due to S. apiigraveolentis, the black sclerotium maturing in host tissue after it
more common and destructive pathogen, has fallen to ground. Apothecia shallow cup-
pycnidia appear at the first sign of chlorotic spot- shaped, stipitate; spores hyaline, ovoid, one-
ting and are often outside of the indefinite mar- celled. Conidial stage a Septotis, with hyaline
gins of the spots, which are not over 2 mm. If spores, two or more cells, formed on sporodochia.
infection is severe, the spots fuse, and the leaves Septotinia podophyllina Leaf Blight of may-
turn brownish black and rot. Leaf stalks may also apple, found on leaves and stalks of this plant only.
be infected. Pycnidia winter on seed and in plant
refuse in garden and compost. A single pycnid-
ium of the small-spot fungus has an average of Servazziella
3675 spores, extruded in gelatinous tendrils.
A single leaf spot may average 56 pycnidia, and Ascomycetes, Amphisphaeriales
a single plant may have 2000 spots. Thus there
are enormous amounts of inoculum to be spread Perithecia immersed in a stroma, with long necks
by rain, insects, people, and tools. Some years converging into a disc; ascospores long, filiform,
ago on Long Island, when celery was inter- hyaline; conidia on a stroma.
cropped with spinach, it was found that workers Cryptospora longispora (see ▶Servazziella
spread blight spores on their sleeves as they cut longispora). Araucaria Branch Blight.
the spinach in early morning dew. And there is Servazziella longispora (formerly Cryptospora
a case on record where a man walked through his longispora). Araucaria Branch Blight. Lower
own blighted celery before taking a diagonal path branches are attacked first, with disease spread-
across his neighbor’s healthy field. In a few days ing upward; tip ends are bent and then broken off;
blight showed up all along that diagonal path. plants several years old may be killed. Prune off
Control The fungus usually dies in the seed coat and burn infected branches.
while the seed is still viable. Using celery seed
more than 2 years old obviates the necessity for
treatment. Fresh seed can be soaked in hot water Sirococcus
for 30 min at 118 to 120 F. Use crop rotation; do
not plant near where celery was grown the year Deuteromycetes, Sphaeropsidales,
before. Spray with bordeaux mixture or a fixed Sphaerioidaceae.
copper, starting in the seedbed when plants are
just out of the ground. Small, rounded, black, semi-immersed pycnidia
Septoria leucanthemi* Leaf Blight, Blotch on with wide ostioles; conidia hyaline, fusiform,
chrysanthemum, shasta daisy, and oxeye daisy. slightly constricted, 1-septate.
140 Blights
Sirrococcus elavigignenti-juglandacear- Sporodesmium scorzonerae (see ▶ Alternaria

um Canker of black walnut and butternut. scorzonerae). Salsify Leaf Blight. Leaves have
Sirococcus strobilinus Shoot Blight of Picea, many circular ispots, varying from pin point to
Abies, Pinus, and Tsuga spp. 1/4 inch, brown with red borders.
Sphaeropsis Stemphylium
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. ▶ Leaf Spots.

Sphaeropsis sapinea Shoot Blight of pine. Stemphylium vesicarium Stemphylium Blight
of onions. Lesions are nondelineated, light yel-
low to brown, water-soaked and range in length
Dothiora (Sphaerulina) from one centimeter to the entire leaf.
Ascomycetes, Dothideales
Systremma
Perithecia innate or finally erumpent, not beaked;
paraphyses and paraphysoids lacking; spores Ascomycetes, Dothideales
hyaline, several-celled.
Dothiora wolfii (formerly Sphaerulina Asci in locules in an elongated stroma, which
polyspora). Twig Blight of sourwood, and is erumpent and superficial at maturity; spores
oxydendron. light brown, two-celled. Conidial state
Dothiora taxicola (formerly Sphaerulina taxi). Lecanosticta with brown conidia, two to four
Needle Blight of yew. cells, formed on a conidial stroma resembling
Sphaerulina polyspora (see ▶Dothiora wolfii). an acervulus.
Twig Blight of sourwood, and oxydendron. Mycosphaerella dearnessii (formerly
Sphaerulina taxi (see ▶Dothiora taxicola). Nee- Systremma acicola). Pine Brown Spot Needle
dle Blight of yew. Blight, on southern pines, most serious on
longleaf. The name and classification of the fun-
gus has been in dispute. The conidial stage,
Sporidesmium known since 1876, was first listed as Septoria,
later placed in Lecanosticta. The teleomorph
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes state was named Scirrhia acicola in 1939 but
later transferred to Systremma because of its col-
Conidiophores clustered, dark, short, simple, ored spores.
each bearing a terminal conidium; conidia dark, Most injurious on seedlings, needle blight may
quite large, muriform with many cells, oblong to also injure large trees. Small, gray-green spots on
ovoid; usually saprophytic, sometimes parasitic. needles turn brown and form a narrow brown
Alternaria scorzonerae (formerly band, the needle tips dying. Three successive
Sporodesmium scorzonerae). Salsify Leaf Blight. seasons of brown spot kill longleaf seedlings.
Leaves have many circular ispots, varying from The fungus is more severe on trees in unburned
pin point to 1/4 inch, brown with red borders. areas because of accumulation of inoculum.
Leaves or whole tops die; roots are small and Spray seedlings in plantations with bordeaux
unsalable. The fungus winters as mycelium and mixture every 2 weeks from May to October or
spores in plant refuse. May be the same as November.
Alternaria tenuis. Systremma acicola (see ▶Mycosphaerella
Sporidesmium maclurae Leaf Blight of osage- dearnessii). Pine Brown Spot Needle Blight, on
orange. southern pines, most serious on longleaf.
Volutella 141
Thelephora Volutella
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Fruiting body leathery, upright, stalked; pileate or Sporodochia discoid, with marginal dark setae;
fan-shaped or much lobed, or in an overlapping conidiophores usually simple, in a compact pali-
series; hymenium on the underside, smooth or sade; conidia hyaline, one-celled, ovoid to
slightly warty; spores one-celled. oblong; parasitic or saprophytic (see Fig. 1).
Thelephora spiculosa Stem Blight found on Pseudonectria pachysandricola (see
azalea, fern, and other ornamentals in a Maryland ▶Volutella pachysandrae, Telemorph). Pachy-
garden. The fungus formed a dense weft of myce- sandra Leaf and Stem Blight. Large areas of
lium on surface of the soil and on plants. leaves turn brown to black, along with portions
Thelephora terrestris Seedling Blight, Smother. of stems, and in wet weather numerous pinkish
The mycelium ramifies in the soil, and the leathery spore pustules appear along stems.
fruiting body grows up around the stem of a seedling Volutella buxi Boxwood Leaf Blight, Nectria
conifer or deciduous tree, smothering it or strangling Canker. Pinkish spore occur as pustules on leaves
it without being actually parasitic on living tissue. and twigs. Leaves often turn straw-colored. See
The disease occurs most often in crowded stands in further under ▶ Cankers and Diebacks.
nurseries. The damage is seldom important. Volutella pachysandrae (formerly,
Pseudonectria pachysandricola). Pachysandra
Leaf and Stem Blight. Large areas of leaves turn
Tryblidiella brown to black, along with portions of stems, and
in wet weather numerous pinkish spore pustules
Ascomycetes, Patellariales appear along stems. The blight is most serious
when pachysandra has been injured or is too
Apothecia opening by a wide cleft; spores dark, crowded or is kept too moist by tree leaves falling
cylindrical, with several cells. into the bed. Spraying once or twice with bor-
Rhytidhysteron rufulum (formerly deaux mixture gives excellent control if severely
Tryblidiella rufula). Twig Blight on citrus. blighted plants have been removed before treat-
Tryblidiella rufula (see ▶Rhytidhysteron ment. Keep pachysandra thinned and sheared
rufulum). Twig Blight on citrus. back periodically.
Blotch Diseases
Diseases designated as blotch have symptoms Cercospora

that are intermediate between blights, where the
entire leaf or shoot dies, and leaf spots, where the ▶ Blights.
necrotic lesions are definitely delimited. Blotches Cercospora concors (see ▶Myrovellosiella
are irregular or indefinite large or small necrotic concors). Potato Leaf Blotch. An unimportant
areas on leaves or fruit. disease; leaflets turn yellow with small blackened
dead areas or larger, irregular brown areas.
Cercospora purpurea (see ▶Pseudocercospora
purpurea). Avocado Blotch, Cercospora Spot,
Alternaria considered the most important avocado disease
in Florida with no commercial variety entirely
▶ Blights. resistant.
Alternaria porri Purple Blotch of onion, also Myrovellosiella concors (formerly Cercospora
on garlic, and shallot, a problem in southern and concors). Potato Leaf Blotch. An unimportant
irrigated areas. Small, white, circular to irregular disease; leaflets turn yellow with small blackened
spots increase to large purplish blotches, some- dead areas or larger, irregular brown areas.
times surrounded by orange and yellow bands, on Pseudocercospora purpurea (formerly
leaves and flower stalks. Leaves often turn yellow Cercospora purpurea). Avocado Blotch,
and die beyond the spots; girdled stalks die before Cercospora Spot, considered the most important
seeds mature. Brown muriform spores form avocado disease in Florida with no commercial
a dusky layer on the blotches. Varieties with variety entirely resistant. Leaf spots are angular,
a waxy foliage are more resistant than those brown to chocolate brown, scattered and distinct,
with glossy leaves. The fungus winters as myce- less than 1/16 inch or coalescing to larger
lium and spores in crop refuse. Rotation, cleaning patches. With a hand lens, grayish spore groups
up plant debris, and seed treatment are can be seen on both sides of the leaf. Successive
recommended. crops of spores are produced in moist periods
Two other species of Alternaria, A. alternata throughout the year. Fruit spots are 1/4 inch or
and A. tenuissima, may cause purple or brown less in diameter, brown to dark brown, irregular,
blotches on onion, and there are physiological sunken, with cracked surfaces and grayish spore
races as well. tufts. Lesions are confined to the rind so that the

144 Blotch Diseases
flesh is not affected, but the cracks furnish Gloeodes pomigena Sooty Blotch of Fruit on
entrance to anthracnose and other decay organ- apple, crabapple, blackberry, pear, and citrus, in
isms. The fungus winters in leaves, and appears to eastern and central states down to the Gulf, rare in
be progressively more abundant. the West. Fruit may be infected by heavy spore
dissemination from pycnidia on twigs of various
wild trees, including persimmon, prickly-ash,
Cladosporium white ash, bladdernut, hawthorn, red elm, sassa-
fras, maple, sycamore, and willow. On apples,
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes clusters of short dark hyphae make a superficial
thallus on the cuticle, which appears as a sooty
Conidiophores dark, branched variously near brown or black blotch, 1/4 inch in diameter.
upper or middle portion, clustered or single; Numerous spots may coalesce to cover the
conidia dark, one-or two-celled, variable in size apple, a condition known as cloudy fruit. Because
and shape, ovoid to cylindrical, borne singly or in the lesion is superficial the fruit flesh is little
chains of two or three; parasitic or saprophytic. affected, but the grade and market value are
Cladosporium herbarum Leaf Blotch of reduced. On citrus the fungus does not penetrate
lilac. The fungus is usually secondary, sapro- the rind, and spots can be removed by gentle hand
phytic, following blights. rubbing. The disease develops in cool rainy
Cladosporium paeoniae Peony Leaf Blotch, weather during the summer. To control open up
Red Stem Spot, Measles. Leaf and stem spots the trees in the orchards to facilitate quick drying.
are purplish or brownish red. On stems the spots
are raised, upto 4 mm long; on leaves the lesions
are small specks. Small reddish spots are also Guignardia
present on floral bracts and petals. The disease
is widely distributed in commercial plantings and Ascomycetes, Dothideales
may sometimes destroy the value of flowers for
cutting. Cut down tops in fall as for Botrytis Perithecia immersed in substratum, stroma
blight. Spraying the ground with Elgetol in spring lacking, mouths papillate; spores hyaline
before new growth starts has given good control unequally two-celled, with lower cellcut off just
in some fields. before maturity.
Guignardia aesculi Horse-Chestnut Leaf
Blotch, Buckeye Leaf Blotch, general on horse-
Geastrumia chestnut and Ohio buckeye, sometimes on red
and yellow buckeye. Large, reddish brown
Geastrumia polystigmatis Sooty Blotch of blotches in foliage are, usually, surrounded by
Fruit on apple and blackberry. a yellowish area. Numerous pin-point black
dots, pycnidia, distinguish blotch from scorch
due to drought. Petioles often have reddish oval
Gloeodes spots. In a rainy season there is a good deal of
secondary infection from spores spread by wind
Deuteromycetes, Sphaeropsidales, and rain. Blotches appear on nearly every leaflet
Leptostromataceae with extensive defoliation. Primary infection in
spring comes from ascospores developed in
Pycnidia dimidiate, having a radiate cover over fallen overwinter leaves.
the top half only, on a dark subicle or mycelial Control Rake up and burn leaves in fall. Feed
crust; pseudoparaphyses present; conidia hyaline, trees that have been defoliated for successive
one-celled. years.
Septoria 145
Phyllosticta solitaria Apple Blotch, wide-

Mycosphaerella spread on apple and crabapple in eastern states,
serious in the South and in the Ozark section of
▶ Blights. Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The
Mycosphaerella dendroides (Cercospora disease is also called fruit blotch, dryrot, black
halstedii, Anamorph). Pecan Leaf Blotch, on scab, late scab, cancer, and tar blotch. From Kan-
pecan in the South, on hickory in East and sas eastward it is second in importance to apple
South, a foliage disease of nursery and orchard scab. Leaf spots are very small, round, white,
trees. Olive green velvety tufts of conidio- with a single black pycnidium in the center of
phores and spores appear on undersurface of each. Larger elongate lesions are formed on
mature leaves in June and July (in Florida), veins, midribs, and petioles. Leaves do not turn
and yellow spots appear in corresponding yellow, but they drop prematurely if spots are
areas on upper leaf surfaces. Black pimplelike numerous. Cankers on twigs and branches are
perithecia are produced in the tufts about mid- located at leaf nodes or base of spurs. The first
summer, united in groups to give the leaf season they are small, purple to olive in color; the
a shiny black, blotched appearance after the next season this portion is tan and the new area
spores are washed away. In nursery trees, defo- dark purple, often slightly raised. Pycnidia
liation, starting with basal leaves and formed in twig lesions wash to leaves, fruit, and
progressing upward, may be serious. The dis- new shoots, discharged only after heavy rains and
ease is of little consequence to orchard trees in warm weather. Heavily fertilized trees are
unless they have been weakened by more susceptible.
overcrowding, borer attack, or other cause. Fruit blotches are brown, irregular, feathery at
The fungus winters in fallen leaves. To control the margin, studded with numerous pycnidia.
clean up fallen leaves. They afford entrance to secondary decay organ-
Mycosphaerella diospyri Leaf Blotch of Japa- isms and may develop deep cracks, but the blotch
nese persimmon. fungus itself is superficial. It winters in infected
Mycosphaerella lythracearum (Cercospora twigs and bark cankers.
punicae, Anamorph). Leaf Blotch, Fruit Spot of Control Secure healthy nursery stock. Some
pomegranate. The anamorph state has been varieties, including Grimes Golden, Jonathan,
thought the same as that on crape-myrtle Stayman Winesap, and Winesap, are rather
(Cercospora lythracearum), but is now consid- resistant.
ered distinct. Leaf spots are circular, small, dark
reddish brown to almost black, sometimes gray-
ish brown. Septoria
▶ Blights.
Phoma Septoria agropyrina Brown Leaf Blotch on
wheat grasses.
▶ Blackleg. Septoria elymi Speckled Leaf Blotch on
Phoma arachidicola Web Blotch of peanut. wheat grasses. A salt and pepper effect with
numerous pycnidia in pale gray, tan, or fuscous
lesions.
Phyllosticta Septoria macropoda Purple Leaf Blotch, gen-
eral on blue grasses. Irregular blotches on blades
▶ Blights. are mottled greenish, then gray, tan or brown,
Phyllosticta congesta Leaf Blotch of garden finally bleached nearly white. Pycnidia are
plum. round, flattened, and light brown.
146 Blotch Diseases
losses in California greenhouses in 1953 and

Zygophiala reported from Pennsylvania in 1957. Small, radi-
ate patterns, resembling spider webs, appear as if
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes dipped in oil. Leaves become brittle, turn yellow,
and die prematurely. The same fungus is present
A genus described from banana leaves in as a flyspeck on apple.
Jamaica.
Zygophiala jamaicensis Greasy Blotch of car-
nation. A tropical fungus found causing serious
Broomrapes
Broomrapes are parasitic seed plants like dodder long as has been believed, for they can live on some
and mistletoe. They are leafless herbs, of the family weeds between crops.
Orobanchaceae, living on roots of other plants and Orobanche ludoviciana Louisiana Broom-
arising from them in clumps of whitish, yellowish, rape on tomato and other plants, including Span-
brownish, or purplish stems. There are 130 or more ish needle and coldenia, becoming a problem in
species, mostly from North Temperate regions, but California. Tomatoes are stunted and do not pro-
few have any garden importance. The seed germi- duce a full crop of fruit.
nates in soil and produces a filiform plant body that Orobanche ramosa Branched Broomrapeh,
grows into the ground penetrating crown or root of Hemp Broomrape, most serious on hemp but
the host plant and forming a more or less tuberous parasitizing tomatoes, lettuce, tobacco, eggplant,
enlargement, from which the flowering shoots Ganra, Melitlotus, Silene, poppy mallow,
arise. Such shoots may be nearly naked, clothed cranesbil, Chaerophyllum, Verbena, Coreopsis,
only with a few scattered rudimentary leaves, fleabank, engelmann daisy, and other hosts in
or they may be covered with conspicuous, California. In small infections destroy the aerial
overlapping scalelike leaves. The seed may remain stems before they set seed; practice crop rotation.
viable in the soil several years but probably not as Deep plowing gives some control.

Cankers and Diebacks
A canker is a localized lesion or diseased area light gray sunken areas in bark vary from several
often resulting in an open wound and usually on inches to a foot across. The fungus is confined to
a woody structure. Starting as a definite necrotic dead bark; trees are not injured.
spot, it may girdle cane, stem, or tree trunk, Dendrothele acerina (formerly Aleurodiscus
killing the water-conducting tissues so that the acerina). Bark Patch, wide-spread on maple.
most prominent symptom becomes a dieback.
When twigs and branches die back from the tip,
the condition may be a blight, with the pathogen
Amphobotrys
directly invading the dying area, or it may be
a secondary effect from a canker some distance
below.
Conidiophores are long, slender, pigmented, and
highly branched; clusters of conidia at apex of
Aleurodiscus
each branch; conidia ovoid, one-celled, hyaline.
Amphobotrys ricini Stem Canker on
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
texasweed and castorbean. Girdling stem canker;
of prostrate spurge.
Hymenium resupinate, of one layer, with
projecting spinose or short-branching cystidia
(swollen sterile cells); spores hyaline. Facultative
parasite on trees. Apioporthe
Aleurodiscus acerina (see ▶Dendrothele
acerina). Bark Patch, wide-spread on maple. Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
Aleurodiscus amorphus Balsam Fir Canker.
Cankers are formed on main stems of saplings, Perithecia in a black, carbonaceous stroma;
which are sometimes killed, but the fungus is also spores two-celled, hyaline; conidia in cavities in
widespread as a saprophyte on dead bark of firs a stroma.
and other conifers. Cankers center around a dead Anisogramma anomala (formerly Apioporthe
branch, are narrowly elliptical with a raised bor- anomala). Canker, Twig Blight of hazelnut.
der; the dead bark is covered with a light-colored Apioporthe anomala (see ▶Anisogramma
layer of the fungus. anomala). Canker, Twig Blight of hazelnut.
Aleurodiscus oakesii Oak Bark Patch, Smooth Apioporthe apiospora Twig Canker, Dieback
Patch of white oak. Irregularly circular, smooth, of elm.

150 Cankers and Diebacks
larger branches and main stems. Cankers persist

Ascospora for many years, but extension stops after about
10 years.
Ascomycetes, Sphaeriales,
Sphaeriaceae
Botryodiplodia
Perithecia with a subicle; paraphyses lacking;
spores two-celled, hyaline. ▶ Blights.
Ascospora ruborum (Hendersonia rubi, Botryodiplodia gallae (see ▶Lasiodiplodia
Anamorph). Cane Spot, Dieback of red and theobromae). Canker of oak.
black raspberry, dewberry. Botryodiplodia theobromae Canker of rose,
and citrus.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly
Atropellis Botryodiplodia gallae). Canker of oak.
Apothecia black, sessile or with short stalk; asci Botryosphaeria

clavate, with longer, hairlike paraphyses; spores
needlelike to slightly club-shaped, hyaline, one- ▶ Blights.
celled. Botryosphaeria dothidea Canker, Gummosis,
Atropellis apiculata Twig Canker. On southern and Dieback on peach, Bradford pear, thornless
pines. blackberry, sequoiadendron and sequoia.
Atropellis arizonica Branchand Truck Canker. Botryosphaeria obtusa Canker, on thornless
On western yellow pine. blackberry.
Atropellis pinicola (syn. A. piniphila) Pine Botryosphaeria ribis Saprophytic on dying tis-
Branch and Trunk Canker, on western white, sue, and var. chromogena, parasitic. Canker,
sugar, and lodgepole pines in Pacific Northwest Dieback of at least 50 woody plants, including
and California. Branches are girdled and killed, apple, avocado, eucalyptus, fig, forsythia, hick-
but not the trees. Perennial cankers are smooth, ory, pecan, pyracantha, quince, rhododendron,
elongated, flattened depressions covered with sequoia, sequoiadendron, sweet gum, and wil-
bark, in which appear very small black apothecia, low. See under ▶ Blights for the disease caused
2 to 4 mm in diameter. on currant and rose, under Rots for apple and
Atropellis piniphila (Cenangium piniphilum, avocado diseases.
Anamorph). Branch and Truck Canker on On redbud, sunken oval cankers nearly girdle
lodgepole and ponderosa pines on Pacific Coast, branches, the fungus entering through wounds,
on cultivated pines in the South. Trees 5 to 25 and dead and dying twigs. On rhododendron
years old are damaged by deformation of main there is a leaf spot and dieback similar to that
stem and branches. Infection is at branch whorls. caused by Phytophthora except that the surface is
Cankers are elongated, flattened depressions cov- roughened by protruding fruit bodies. Cankers on
ered with bark and copious resin. Apothecia have twigs, larger branches, and trunks of willow may
short stalks, are black with brownish discs, 2 to kill trees in a few years. Trunk lesions are very
5 mm across. small, 1/4 to 1/2 inch, and numerous or else large,
Atropellis tingens Branch and Truck Canker of from the union of several small cankers, with
native and exotic hard pines from New England fissured bark. Apples have watery blisters on
and Lake states to Gulf states. Slash pine saplings bark and decline in vigor. Forsythia has affected
are most susceptible. Smaller branches are gir- canes girdled and killed with conspicuous brown
dled; perennial target cankers are formed on dead leaves above the canker.
Ceratocystis (Ceratostomella) 151
Control Prune and burn dead twigs and heavily

infected branches; paint wounds with Ceratocystis (Ceratostomella)
a disinfectant followed by tree paint; avoid inju-
ries. Copper sprays may help. Ascomycetes, Micrascales
Botryosphaeria stevensii Canker, on juniper.
Perithecia with very long beaks, carbonaceous or
leathery; ascospores hyaline, one-celled; brown,
ovoid conidia and one-celled rodlike endospores
Botrytis formed inside tubelike conidiophores and
extruded endwise. Some species are important
▶ Blights. tree pathogens; see ▶Oak Wilt and ▶Dutch Elm
Botrytis cinerea Canker of rose. Disease under Wilts.
Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani (Endo-
conidiophora fimbriata f. sp. platani). Canker
Stain of London Plane, Plane Blight, on London
Caliciopsis plane and also on American plane or sycamore.
This serious disease started as a killing
Ascomycetes, Coryneliales epidemic in the Philadelphia area about 1935,
destroying city shade trees by the thousands
Stroma lobed, each lobe containing a single loc- there and in Baltimore during the next few
ule, which is finally wide open; perithecia years. The disease now extends from New
stalked; asci on long slender stalks; spores dark, Jersey to North Carolina and Mississippi.
one-celled. Trees show sparse foliage, smaller leaves, and
Caliciopsis pinea Pine Canker on eastern white elongated sunken cankers on trunks and larger
pine and other species, also on Douglas fir. Can- branches. Cross sections through cankers reveal
kers are sharply depressed areas in bark, reddish blue black or reddish brown discoloration of
brown and smoother than rest of bark, up to wood, usually in wedge-shaped sectors. First
several inches in diameter. Small, globose, clus- year cankers may not be more than 2 inches
tered black pycnidia, and stalked perithecia wide and a yard or so long, but they widen
looking like slender black bristles, arise from annually, girdling and killing trees in 3 to
stroma in cankered bark. The disease is most 5 years. Several cankers coalescing around the
serious on suppressed saplings. trunk kill more quickly. Once infection starts,
the tree is doomed.
Ascospores and the two types of conidia are
produced in moist spring weather (see Fig. 1).
Encoelia (Cenangium) They may be spread by rain a short distance, but
most dissemination is by man in pruning opera-
▶ Blights. tions, and ordinary tree paint carry viable spores.
Cenangium singulare (see ▶Encoelia Some beetles may be vectors. Infection is solely
pruinosa). Sooty-Bark Canker of aspen, on through wounds.
Populus tremuloides in Rocky Mountain area. Control Do not try to save trees where trunk has
Encoelia pruinosa (formerly Cenangium been invaded; diseased branches may sometimes
singulare). Sooty-Bark Canker of aspen, on be removed, cutting at least 3 feet from infected
Populus tremuloides in Rocky Mountain area. area. Do not prune unless absolutely necessary
Cankers on older trees, at any point on trunk up and then only in winter when trees are less sus-
to 60 to 70 feet may extend 10 to 15 feet before ceptible. Use tree wound dressing fortified with
they girdle the tree. The bark is sooty black with a disinfectant.
a thin white outer layer. Ceratocystis sp. Canker and Dieback on poplar.
Fig. 1 Spore Formation of

Some Canker Fungi.
Coniothyrium, small dark
spores on short
conidiophores in
pycnidium; Seiridium,
(formerly Coryneum), dark,
septate spores in acervulus;
Cytospora, sausage-shaped
spores in valsoid pycnidia
expelled in cirrhi;
Endoconidiophora, spores
formed on inside of
conidiophores; Nectria,
twocelled bright ascospores
in reddish perithecia
clustered on bark; Phoma,
hyaline spores in pyncnidia
formed in spots on bark
Chondropodium Coniothyrium
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Pycnidia stromatic, stalked, columnar, externally Pycnidia black, globose, separate, erumpent,
black, hard, internally gelatinous; conidiophores ostiolate; conidiophores short, simple; conidia
simple; conidia hyaline, with several cells, cres- small, dark, one-celled, ovoid or ellipsoid; para-
cent-or sickle-shaped; weakly parasitic or sitic or saprophytic (see Fig. 1).
saprophytic. Coniothyrium fuckelii (Anamorph, Diapleella
Chondropodium pseudotsugae Bark Canker of coniothyrium). Rose Commom Canker, Stem
Douglas-fir. This is a superficial canker with Canker, widespread on rose, also causing rasp-
outer layers of bark killed over small, circular to berry cane blight (see ▶Leptosphaeria under
elliptical areas, in which pycnidia project as Blights), sometimes associated with apple rots,
short, blunt, black spines. Trees are not notice- peach cankers, and stem canker of Virginia
ably injured. creeper. Of the three species of Coniothyrium
that cause rose cankers, C. fuckelii is by far the
most common. Any plant part may be affected.
Pycnidia have even been found within blackspot
Colletotrichum lesions on leaves, but this is primarily a cane
disease, starting as a red or yellow spot on bark,
▶ Anthracnose. drying out and turning brown as it increases in
Colletotrichum acutatum Canker and Dieback size, with the epidermis somewhat wrinkled and
on Japanese maple. perhaps rupturing irregularly over sooty masses
Seiridium (Coryneum) 153
of very small, olive brown spores. The stem may purple margin, contrasting sharply with the green
be girdled with dieback to that point. of the cane. The center of the spot turns light
Stem cankers are found around insect punc- brown as the cells die, and little longitudinal
tures, thorn pricks, leaf or thorn scars, or abra- slits appear over the developing pycnidia. Spores
sions caused by tying, but the majority of cankers are olive brown, nearly twice the size of C.
are formed at the cut end of a cane when a stub fuckelii, and released through epidermal slits
has been left in pruning above a leaf axil or bud. instead of being spread in a sooty mass under
Roses cut properly close to a bud seldom develop the epidermis. Cankers formed under the winter
this canker. A rose stub usually dies back to the protection of soil are black when roses are first
first node, and since this fungus is a weak para- uncovered in spring, which explains the name
site, it starts most readily in such dead or dying Brandfleckenkrankheit, meaning fire-spot
tissue. When a cut is made close to the node, it is disease.
quickly callused over, and the callus is a good C. wernsdorffiae is a cold temperature fungus,
defense against wound fungi. infecting rose canes under the winter covering,
Control Prune out cankered and dying stems as entering through insect wounds, thorn scars,
soon as noticed. Make all cuts just above a bud or scratches, and occasionally through dormant
leaf axil, not only at spring pruning but in cutting buds. During a 4-year investigation at Ithaca,
flowers for the house or cutting off dead blooms I found no infection on canes not hilled with
during the season. earth or other moist cover over winter and no
Coniothyrium rosarum Rose Graft Canker. natural infection during the summer.
This is a disease of roses under glass, starting at Control Omit the usual winter protection of soil
the union of stock and scion in the warm moist or other materials that keep canes moist. If brand
propagating frame and continuing in a large canker is a problem, just fasten canes of climbers
amount of dead wood when plants are removed down near the ground, uncovered, and hope for
to the greenhouse bench. Some consider the path- the best. Loss from winter injury will be less than
ogen a form of C. fuckelii. Having measured from the canker. Cut out diseased canes carefully.
spores of the type specimen, in the Kew Herbar-
ium, I think they are distinct species, but that
some cases of graft canker are due to the common Seiridium (Coryneum)
canker fungus.
Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae Rose Brand Can- ▶ Blights.
ker, a rather rare but very serious disease. The Coryneum cardinale (see ▶Seiridium
pathogen was named in Germany in 1905 and cardinale (Leptosphaeria sp., Telemorph)).
was not reported in this country until 1925, Coryneum Canker of Cypress, Bark Canker of
although it was subsequently shown to have cypress, incense ceder, common juniper and ori-
been collected in Canada in 1912 and in Pennsyl- ental arborvitae.
vania and Minnesota in 1914 and 1916. In 1926 Coryneum foliicola Twig Canker, Fruit Rot,
a severe epiphytotic appeared at Ithaca, New widespread on apple, affecting twigs, foliage
York, in the Cornell rose garden, infecting about and fruit.
90 % of the climbers so seriously that the canes Seiridium cardinale (formerly Coryneum
had to be cut to the ground. Since then it has been cardinale (Leptosphaeria sp., Telemorph)).
reported from a few other states, but in several Coryneum Canker of Cypress, Bark Canker of
instances it has been confused with common cypress, incense ceder, common juniper and ori-
canker. ental arborvitae. This disease, since its discovery
Small, dark reddish spots on canes enlarge and in 1927, has been gradually exterminating Mon-
acquire a more or less definite reddish brown or terey Cypress in most parts of California and is
also serious on Italian cypress. Twigs, branches, Amphiporthe castanae (formerly

and whole trees turn sickly, lose their leaves, and Cryptodiaporthe castanea). Dieback, Canker of
finally die. The fungus attacks living bark and Asiatic Chestnut, widespread, chiefly on seed-
cambium, girdling twig and branch. Cankers lings or on larger trees in poor sites. Canker starts
appear first at base of lateral twigs; they are as a brown discoloration of bark of the trunk,
slightly sunken, dark, resinous, rough, with limb, or twig, often girdling twig and then invad-
black spore pustules. Conidia have dark median ing larger branch. Leaves on girdled branches
cells, five cross-walls (see Fig. 1). They are wilt without yellowing, turn brown, and die.
spread by tools, in nursery stock, by wind and Bark splitting over callus formation at edge of
rain, and perhaps by birds and insects. Infection diseased area forms pronounced canker. Conidia,
appears first in upper parts of trees, usually in two-celled, fusoid, are formed in pustules in bark;
spring during moist weather. Yellowing and beaked perithecia are formed in groups by
browning of foliage together with gummy ooze midsummer.
at the cankers form conspicuous symptoms. Control Maintain vigor; plant on well-drained,
Control Drastic surgery, removing wood well fertile soil. Prune out diseased portions several
below infected parts, and spraying foliage inches below affected area.
heavily with bordeaux mixture help some, but Crytodiaporthe aculeans, Sporocybe rhois,
with heavy infection the price of saving healthy Anamorph (see ▶Amphiporthe aculeans). Die-
trees is the removal and destruction of all dis- back, Canker of sumac.
eased specimens. California citizens, threatened Cryptodiaporthe castanea (see ▶Amphiporthe
with the loss of the famous native stands of Mon- castanae). Dieback, Canker of Asiatic Chestnut,
terey cypress at Point Lobos and Cypress Point, widespread, chiefly on seedlings or on larger
voluntarily destroyed their own plantings by the trees in poor sites.
thousands. Cryptodiaporthe salicella Twig and Branch
Canker of willow.
Cryphonectria
Cryptomyces
Production of perithecial ascocarps produced in
a stroma of fungal and substrate tissues or directly Apothecia effuse, splitting irregularly; paraphy-
from somatic hyphae on the substrate. Asco- ses present; spores hyaline, one-celled.
spores are hyaline to brown and one-to-several- Cryptomyces maximus Blister Canker on com-
septate. mon and purple osier.
Cryphonectria parasitica Canker on oak.
Cryptosporella
Cryptodiaporthe Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
Ascomycetes, Sphaeriales, Valsaceae Perithecia in a circle in a stroma, with long necks

converging in a common canal; spores one-
Like Diaporthe but without blackened zones in celled, hyaline; conidia borne on surface of
substratum; spores hyaline, two-celled. stroma.
Amphiporthe aculeans (formerly Cryptosporella umbrina Rose Brown Canker,
Cryptodiaporthe aculeans; Sporocybe rhois, a widespread and serious rose disease, first
Anamorph). Dieback, Canker of sumac. reported in Virginia in 1917 but known from
Cryptosporium 155
Control The best time to take care of brown

canker is at spring pruning. Cut out every dis-
eased cane possible. A dormant lime sulfur
spray, immediately after pruning, kills spores
that may have been spread in the process
and may inhibit the fungus in initial lesions.
Copper or sulfur sprays largely prevent
summer infections. Brown canker is more likely
to be serious where roses are overprotected for
winter with salt, hay, leaves, or other material
added to the mound of soil. I have no trouble
with brown canker when roses are left unhilled
over winter.
Cryptosporella viticola Dead-Arm Disease of
grapes, Branch Necrosis, widespread, especially
in the Northeast, serious in Illinois, important in
California. Small, angular spots with yellowish
margins and dark centers are formed on
leaves, stems of flower clusters and canes. The
latter may split to diamond-shaped cankers, and
by the next season the arm is dead or producing
yellowed, dwarfed and crimped foliage. Lesions
on cluster stems advance into fruit late in the
season causing rotting. Pycnidia are developed
Fig. 2 Brown Canker on Rose
on old wood; infection is often through pruning
herbarium specimens to have been present since wounds.
1903. The fungus was first placed in Diaporthe Control Make pruning cuts at least 6 inches
because of occasional two-celled spores. below the lower margin of the infected part.
Symptoms are most noticeable on canes, Spray with bordeaux mixture when spores are
starting with very small purplish spots, the center extruded.
soon turning white with a reddish purple margin
(see Fig. 2). Many small spots may be grouped on
a single cane. During the winter, and especially
on portions of canes covered with earth, cankers Cryptosporium
or girdling lesions are formed, often several
inches long, with tan centers and purplish bor- Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
ders. In moist weather the surface of these large
cankers is covered with yellow spore tendrils Acervuli erumpent, becoming cup-shaped or
from pycnidia just under the bark; asci are also disclike; stroma brownish; conidiophores simple
extruded in tendrils from perithecia. or branched; conidia hyaline or subhyaline, one-
Leaf spots are small purplish specks or larger celled filiform.
dead areas, cinnamon buff to white, bordered Cryptosporium minimum Canker on rose, not
with purple and with black pycnidia in the center. common.
Marginal spots are subcircular. Buds are some- Cryptosporium pinicola (see ▶Gelatirosporium
times blighted; exposed petals of flowers have piricola). Canker, Branch Mortality of Abies spp.
cinnamon-buff spots without the purple border. Gelatirosporium piricola (formerly
Infection is through wounds and also uninjured Cryptosporium pinicola). Canker, Branch Mor-
tissue. tality of Abies spp.
Cytospora chrysosperma (Teleomorph, Valsa

Cylindrocarpon sordida). Cytospora Canker of poplar, aspen,
cottonwood, willow, occasional on mountain-ash,
▶ Rots. maple, cherry, and elder. Cankers form on trunks
Cylindrocarpon didymium Bole Canker on and large branches, most often on trees of low
apple. vigor. Bark is discolored in more or less circular
Cylindrocarpon cylindroides Canker, Branch areas; sapwood is reddish brown. In old cankers
Mortality of Abies spp. exposed wood is surrounded by layers of callus
tissue. In moist weather spring spore tendrils are
extruded from pycnidia in dead bark. Perithecia
Cylindrocladium are found infrequently in aspen, arranged circu-
larly around a grayish disc; they are flask-shaped
▶ Blights. with long necks pushing through the bark. Twigs
Cylindrocladium scoparium Crown Canker of and small branches may die back without
rose. The cane is attacked at or just below the a definite canker. The fungus is often present on
union of stock and scion, the bark darkening into healthy trees, not becoming pathogenic until the
a black, water-soaked punky region. The cankers trees are weakened by neglect, drought, pollarding
girdle but do not kill the canes; there are fewer or other causes. Entrance is through wounds. Lom-
and more inferior blooms. The disease was long bardy and Simon poplars are frequently killed.
thought confined to greenhouse roses but has Control Remove dead and dying branches and
appeared once or twice in outdoors fields. The trees with extensive cankers. Avoid wounds; feed
fungus lives in the soil and enters through wounds and water as necessary. Plant poplars that are less
in the presence of sufficient moisture. Before susceptible than Lombardy. Rio Grande cotton-
planting of fresh stock, greenhouse benches wood is resistant to twig blight.
should be washed with boiling water and soil Cytospora kunzei (Teleomorph, Leucostoma
sterilized or changed. kunzei). Cutospora Canker of spruce. Twig
The same fungus injures seedling conifers in Blight, common and serious New England to the
nursery rows, causing damping-off, root rot, stem Midwest. Cankers start around bases of small
canker and needle blight to white pine and Doug- twigs or on trunks. Browning and death of Colo-
las-fir. See under ▶ Blights for a discussion of the rado blue spruce branches starts near the ground
pathogen on cuttings of azaleas and other and progresses upward, a large flow of resin on
ornamentals. affected limbs. Needles drop immediately or per-
sist for a time. Cankers are formed near resin
spots and yellow tendrils extruded. Spores are
splashed by rain and wind to other branches;
Cytospora infection is mostly through wounds.
Another form of the pathogen, Valsa kunzei
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes var. superficialis, occurs on pine and variety
kunzei on balsam fir, Douglas-fir, larch and
Cosmopolitan species, anamorph state of Valsa. hemlock.
Pycnidia in a valsoid stroma with irregular cavi- Control There are no satisfactory control mea-
ties, incompletely separated; conidia hyaline, sures except removal of diseased branches and
one-celled, allantoid, expelled in cirrhi perhaps carefully excising cankered bark.
(see Fig. 1). Spraying with bordeaux mixture has been
Cytospora abietis Canker, Branch Mortality of recommended but is seldom very effective.
Abies spp. Avoid wounding ornamental trees with lawn
Cytospora pruinosa Canker, Dieback of ash, mowers; sterilize pruning tools between cuts;
on twigs and branches. feed to renew vigor.
Dasyscyphus 157
Cytospora leucostoma Canker of black cherry. Dasyscyphus pseudotsugae (see ▶Lachnellula

Cytospora nivea Canker, Dieback of poplar pseudotsuga). Canker on Douglas-fir. Swollen
and willow, similar to that caused by C. open cankers, 2 to 3 inches long, are formed on
chrysosperma; occasional. suppressed saplings.
Cytospora leucosperma Branch Canker of Dasyscyphus resinaria (see ▶Lachnellula
elder. resinaria). Canker on balsam fir. Swollen cankers
Cytospora sp. Canker on alder and pecan. at base of branches; younger stems girdled and
Cytospora spp. Cytospora Canker of Italian killed.
Prunce, causing severe injury to prune and apri- Dasyscyphus willkommii (see ▶Lachnellula
cot in Idaho orchards since 1951, also present on willkommii (Trichoscyphella willkommii syn.
cherries, peach, apple and willows. Lachnellula wilkommii)). European Larch Can-
Some orchards have been lost, others hard hit. ker. Found in Massachusetts in 1927 on nursery
Symptoms are yellow to brown flags of dead stock from Great Britain.
leaves and erumpent, gummy cankers or elon- Lachnellula agassizi (formerly Dasyscyphus
gated necrotic streaks in the bark. All suspicious agassizi). Common on blister-rust lesions of
wood should be cut out, hauled out of the orchard, white pine; saprophytic on dead branches.
and burned. Lachnellula pseudotsuga (formerly
▶Valsa cincta for further discussion of can- Dasyscyphus pseudotsugae). Canker on Doug-
kers on stone fruits. las-fir. Swollen open cankers, 2 to 3 inches long,
are formed on suppressed saplings.
Lachnellula resinaria (formerly Dasyscyphus
resinaria). Canker on balsam fir. Swollen cankers
Dasyscyphus at base of branches; younger stems girdled and
killed.
Ascomycetes, Helotiales, Helotiaceae Lachnellula subtilissima (formerly
Dasyscyphus calycina (Trichoscyphella
Apothecia stalked, white and hairy on the outside hahniana)). On larch and fir, ordinarily
with a bright disc; paraphyses filiform; asci a saprophyte but can be a weak parasite; occa-
inoperculate; spores elliptical to fusoid. sional on blister-rust cankers.
Dasyscyphus agassizi (see ▶Lachnellula Lachnellula willkommii (formerly
agassizii). Common on blister-rust lesions of Dasyscyphus willkommii (Trichoscyphella
white pine; saprophytic on dead branches. willkommiisyn. Lachnellula wilkommii)). Euro-
Dasyscyphus calycina (Trichoscyphella pean Larch Canker. Found in Massachusetts in
hahniana) (see ▶Lachnellula subtilissima). On 1927 on nursery stock from Great
larch and fir, ordinarily a saprophyte but can be Britain. Infected trees were removed and the
a weak parasite; occasional on blister-rust fungus not seen again until 1935, near the
cankers. original location. Perennial branch or trunk
Dasyscyphus ellisiana Canker of Douglas-fir cankers are flattened depressions, swollen on
and pine in eastern United States. This is the flanks and on the opposite side of the
a native fungus on twigs and branches of native stem. Neighboring bark is somewhat cracked
and introduced pines and on basal trunk and dark with heavy exudation of resin. Cup-
and branches of Douglas-fir. Bark on trunk shaped apothecia are 3 to 6 mm across with
may be infected for 10 to 15 feet, with white hairs and orange to buff discs, very short
copious resin flow and numerous swellings, but stalks. Young trees may be killed; older trees
trees are not killed. Apothecia are short-stalked, usually survive. Frost wounds are a contributing
covered with white hairs, with an orange to yel- but not an essential factor. Promptly remove all
low disc, 2 to 4 mm across. Remove trees with trees showing cankers; continue periodic
trunk cankers. inspection.
sesbania, indigo, spiny amaranth, vetch and

Dermea (Dermatea) soybean.
Diaporthe pruni Twig Canker on black cherry;
Ascomycetes, Helotiales D. prunicola on American plum.
Apothecia small, brownish to black with

a circular opening; innate at first, on a stromoid Dichotomophthora
base, rupturing host at maturity; spores one-
celled, hyaline, globose to oblong. Cup fungi Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
(ascocarpcup-shaped); excipulum of subglobose
cells; sclerotia absent. Conidiophores brown, branching dichotomous to
Dermatea acerina (see ▶Dermea acerina). subdichotomous, elongated, terminal branches
Bark Canker of maple, occasional. 4–8 lobed each lobe bearing single conidium;
Dermatea balsamea (see ▶Dermea balsamea). conidia dark, ovoid to elongate–ovoid, 1 to 6
Twig Canker of hemlock. celled.
Dermatea livida (see ▶Pezicula livida). Bark Dichotomophthora portulacae Stem Canker
Canker of redwood. and Root Rot on common purslane.
Dermea acerina (formerly Dermatea acerina).
Bark Canker of maple, occasional.
Dermea balsamea (formerly Dermatea Pseudomassaria (Didymella)
balsamea). Twig Canker of hemlock.
Dermea pseudotsugae Branch Canker on fir. ▶ Blights.
Pezicola livida (formerly Dermatea livida). Didymella sepincoliformis (see
Bark Canker of redwood. ▶Pseudomassaria sepincolaeformis). Dieback
of rose.
Pseudomassaria sepincolaeformis (formerly
Didymella sepincoliformis).
Diaporthe Dieback of rose.
▶ Blights.
Cryphonectria cubensis (formerly Diaporthe Diplodia
cubensis). Canker of Eucalyptus spp.
Diaporthe eres Canker, Dieback of English ▶ Blights.
holly in the Northwest. The fungus name is Diplodia sp. Rose Dieback, sometimes after
a species complex that may include a Diaporthe drought and other contributing factors. In Texas
on rose petals and one causing a peach constric- the disease is most evident in autumn, progressing
tion disease. on roses in storage or overwintering in the ground.
Diaporthe cubensis (see ▶Cryphonectria Canes die from tip downward, often starting in the
cubensis). Canker of Eucalyptus spp. flower stem. Diseased wood turns brown or black,
Diaporthe eres Canker, Dieback of English and is somewhat shriveled. Pycnidia are produced
holly in the Northwest. in dead canes. Improve general rose vigor; use
Diaporthe helianthi Canker of sunflower; also fungicides as for blackspot. May also cause
leaf spot of sunflower. canker of Russian olive.
Diaporthe oncostoma Canker, Dieback of Diplodia camphorae Canker, Dieback of cam-
black locust. phor-tree.
Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora Canker Diplodia infuscans (see ▶Sphaeropsis
of painted spurge, prickly sida, redweed, morn- hyalina). Ash Canker and Dieback, northeastern
ing-glory, black nightshade, jacquemontia, hemp states.
Dothiorella 159
Diplodia juglandis Dieback, widespread on slightly darker, sunken areas, often at base of
branches of walnut. twigs and limbs, and become elongated. The
Diplodia mutila Stem Canker on Laburnum. bark is killed to the cambium; sapwood is
Branch Dieback on juniper. brown. If a stem is completely girdled, it dies;
Diplodia natalensis (see ▶Lasiodiplodia otherwise, callus formation goes on through the
theobromae). Stem Canker of prickly-ash; Die- summer, over the canker. In time diseased bark
back of citrus twigs, also causing citrus stem-end turns brown and cracks. Spores are extruded in
rot. amber tendrils, drying to brown, and are washed
Diplodia quercina Canker and Blight of oaks. to wounds in the wood.
Diplodia sophorae Dieback of pagoda tree. Control Destroy infected stock in nurseries and
Diplodia sycina Canker, Dieback of fig. plantations; do not move stock from a nursery
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly Diplodia where the disease is known. Avoid pruning and
natalensis). Stem Canker of prickly-ash; Die- other wounds so far as possible; sterilize tools
back of citrus twigs, also causing citrus stem- between cuts. Spraying nursery trees with bor-
end rot. deaux mixture in spring may be helpful.
▶ Rots. Dothichiza populea (see ▶Discosporium
Sphaeropsis hyalina (formerly Diplodia populeum). Dothichiza Canker of poplar; Euro-
infuscans). Ash Canker and Dieback, northeast- pean Poplar Canker, widespread but sporadic as
ern states. a branch and trunk canker.
Discella Dothiora
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Ascomycetes, Pseudosphaeriales
Pycnidia cupulate or discoid; spores 2-celled, Ascocarps hairy and phragonosporous or

hyaline. muriform ascospores are colored.
Discella carbonacea (see ▶Discella Dothiora polyspora (see ▶Sydowia
microsperma). Twig Canker of willow. dothideoides). Canker of aspen.
Discella microsperma (formerly Discella Sydowia dothideoides (formerly Dothiora
carbonacea). Twig Canker of willow. polyspora). Canker of aspen.
Dothichiza Dothiorella
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Pycnidia innate, finally erumpent; conidiophores Pycnidia dark, globose, grouped in a subcortical
lacking; conidia hyaline, one-celled. stroma; conidiophores simple, short; conidia hya-
Discosporium populeum (formerly Dothichiza line, one-celled, ovoid to ellipsoid; parasitic or
populea). Dothichiza Canker of poplar; Euro- saprophytic on wood.
pean Poplar Canker, widespread but sporadic as Botryodiplodia gallae (formerly Dothiorella
a branch and trunk canker. Lombardy poplars are quercina). Dothiorella Canker of oak, very
most susceptible, but hosts include black and destructive to red and white oaks in Illinois,
eastern cottonwoods, balsam, black and Norway affecting twigs, branches, and occasionally
poplars. Japanese poplars are rather resistant. trunks. Cankers are dark brown, elongated,
Young trees in nurseries are most injured, can- sunken, often with cracks at the margin. Pustules
kers often starting around wounds. They start as of pycnidia develop in bark and erupt through
cracks, spores oozing on the surface. Sapwood

has dark streaks. Fusarium
Dothiorella fraxinicola Branch Canker of ash.
Dothiorella quercina (see ▶Botryodiplodia ▶ Rots.
gallae). Dothiorella Canker of oak, very destruc- Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans (see
tive to red and white oaks in Illinois, affecting ▶Fusarium subglutinans). Pitch (Branch) Can-
twigs, branches, and occasionally trunks. kers and Shoot Dieback on southern pine species,
Dothiorella sp. London Plane Canker, first loblolly and pond pines.
noted in New York City in 1947. Infected trees Fusarium oxysporum Stem Canker on peanut.
have sparse, undersized foliage and narrow, lon- Fusarium solani Stem Canker of sweet potato,
gitudinal cankers on trunk and branches, varying black walnut, oak, and poinsettia.
from 1 to 4 inches wide and often extending from Fusarium subglutinans (formerly Fusarium
ground level to branch top. The bark is rough, moniliforme var. subglutinans). Pitch (Branch)
deeply fissured; inner bark is brown, dry; sap- Cankers and Shoot Dieback on southern pine
wood is only superficially discolored. Branches species, loblolly and pond pines.
wilt and die back.
Dothiorella ulmi Dieback, Wilt of elm. ▶ Wilt
Diseases.
Fusicoccum
Endothia
Pycnidia one to several in a stroma, spherical or
▶ Blights. flattened, subepidermal, erumpent; opening sep-
Endothia gyrosa Branch Canker on oak. arately or with a common pore; conidiophores
simple, short; conidia hyaline, one-celled, fusoid;
parasitic or saprophytic.
Fusicoccum amygdali Twig Canker of peach,
Epicoccum increasingly important on peaches in North
Atlantic coastal area. Leaf spots are large, irreg-
▶ Leaf Spots. ular or circular, often zonate, brown with
Epicoccum nigrum Canker on thornless scattered pycnidia near center. Cankers at buds
blackberry. and bases of young twigs result in death of the
distal portions; trunks of young trees may be
girdled. Infections occur throughout the season
at bud scales, stipules, fruit and leaf scars. Prune
Eutypa only in winter.
Fusicoccum elaeagni Canker on Russian-olive.
Ascomycetes, Xylariales, Diatrypaceae
Stroma effuse; perithecia with necks at right

angles to surface. Gibberella
Eutypa armeniacae syn. E. lata Cytosporina
Dieback of apricot and of grape; Twig Canker ▶ Blights.
on cherry and chokecherry. Anamorph state Gibberella baccata Twig Canker of acacia,
reported from California in 1962, perithecia in ailanthus, apple, boxwood, mimosa, mulberry,
1965. Bark cankers with gum are formed at prun- and also on other plants where twig blight is the
ing wounds. most important symptom. ▶ Blights.
Griphosphaeria 161
Gloeosporium Griphosphaeria
▶ Anthracnose. Ascomycetes, Amphisphaeriales

Gloeosporium sp. Canker on holly.
Gloeosporium sp. (Gnomonia rubi, Perithecial wall carbonaceous, mouths papillate;
Teleomorph). Canker on thornless blackberry. spores dark, with several cells.
Discostroma corticola (formerly
Griphosphaeria corticola (Anamorph,
Seimatosporium lichenicola). Rose Canker, Die-
Glomerella back. Cankers are formed near base of canes,
often showing dark glistening pustules of conidia.
▶ Anthracnose. Occasionally when the canker has girdled the
Glomerella cingulata Camellia Dieback, Can- cane, a large gall forms above the lesion (see
ker, widespread; sometimes on azalea, black- Fig. 3). It resembles crown gall but is apparently
berry, bittersweet, rose, raspberry, soapberry, due to interference with downward transfer of
mountain-ash, and English ivy; also causing bitter food. Cut out infected canes.
rot of apple (▶ Rots) and anthracnose of various Griphosphaeria corticola (see ▶Discostroma
hosts (▶ Anthracnose). Camellia tips die back; corticola (Anamorph, Seimatosporium
leaves wilt, turn dull green and finally brown. lichenicola)). Rose Canker, Dieback. Cankers
The stem dries out, turns brown, and there is are formed near base of canes, often showing
a girdle of dead bark. Elliptical cankers are pre- dark glistening pustules of conidia.
sent on older wood. Infection is solely through
wounds, principally leaf scars in early spring but
also through bark wounded by cultivating tools or
lawn mowers, frost cracks, or the graft union.
Governor Moulton, Professor Sargent, and
some other varieties are rather resistant; Flora
Plena, Prince Eugene Napoleon, and many others
are highly susceptible. Spraying with bordeaux
mixture to prevent infection through leaf and bud
scars gives fair control.
Cryptosporiopsis (Glutinium)
Pycnidia innate, without a stroma; spores borne at

tip and sides of conidiophores, hyaline, one-
celled.
Cryptosporiopsis pruinosa (formerly
Glutinium macrosporum). Canker, Fruit Rot of
apple.
Glutinium macrosporum (see
▶Cryptosporiopsis pruinosa). Canker, Fruit Rot
of apple. Fig. 3 Discostroma Canker on Rose
commonly attacked, balsam poplar less fre-

Hendersonula quently. This is usually a forest, rather than
a home garden, disease. Trees less than 30 years
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes old, growing on poor sites, are most susceptible.
Trunk cankers start as small, yellow to reddish
Pycnidia black, stromata, one to several per stroma, brown, slightly sunken areas, centering around
locules occurring at different levels in stroma; a wound, there grow together to form a canker
conidophores long, flexuous; conidia often extruded marked off by vertical cracks. The bark is mottled,
in cirrhi; at first one-celled, hyaline to yellowish, gray, with black patches where the blackened cor-
later becoming three-to four-celled and dark. tex is exposed. Conidia appear in blisterlike stro-
Hendersonula toruloidea Canker on Arbutus mata on first-and second-year cankers, whereas
menziesii. perithecia are formed on third-year cankers in
hard, black stromata covered with a white pruinose
coat. Ascospores are ejected in winter. Eliminate
Hymenochaete infected trees when thinning stands.
Kabatina
Pileus, fruiting structure, resupinate, of several
layers, with long, stiff, usually brown setae Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
(cystidia).
Hymenochaete agglutinans Hymenochaete Kabatina juniperi Blight on eastern red cedar;
Canker on apple, birch, hazelnut, sweetgum, mis- conidia produced in black acervuli on discolored
tletoe, and various young hardwoods. When an foliage.
infected dead stem comes in contact with a live
one, the mycelium forms a thin leathery fruiting Lachnellula
body around the living stem, holding it to the
dead stem. This resupinate structure is deep Ascomycetes, Helotiales
brown in the center, with a yellow margin. The
stem is constricted at the point of encirclement, Apothecia mostly cup-shaped.
and the sapling usually dies in 2 or 3 years. If the Lachnellula willkommii (Syn. Trichoscyphello
dead stem is removed before girdling, a sunken willkommii). Canker of European larch
canker appears on one side, but this may be over- (▶Dasyscypha).
grown with callus and disappear. Do not leave
severed stems in contact with living seedlings or
saplings in nursery stands. Leptosphaeria
▶ Blights.
Hypoxylon Diapleella coniothyrium (formerly
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium). Canker on thorn-
Ascomycetes, Xylariales less blackberry.
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (see ▶Diapleella
Perithecia in a pulvinate stroma, often confluent coniothyrium). Canker on thornless blackberry.
and crustose; ascospores with one cell, rarely
two, blackish brown; conidia in superficial layer
on surface of young stroma. Leucostoma
Hypoxylon mammatum Hypoxylon Canker of
poplar. Aspen and large-tooth aspen are most Leucostoma cincta Canker on apple.
Monochaetia 163
black, Japanese, and English walnut. The disease

Macrophoma was first described from Connecticut in 1923, but
evidently was responsible for slow dying of but-
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes ternuts long before that. If trees have been previ-
ously weakened, the fungus proceeds rapidly;
Like Phoma, with discrete pycnidia arising otherwise there is the slow advance of a weak
innately, but with much larger spores; conidia parasite. Dead limbs are sprinkled with small,
hyaline; one-celled. black acervuli, looking like drops of ink and
Diplodia tumefaciens (formerly Macrophoma occasionally, in wet weather, developing spore
tumefaciens). Branch Gall Canker of poplar. horns of olive gray conidia. In the teleomorph
Nearly spherical round galls, not over 1 1/2 state, which is rare, perithecia are embedded in
inches in diameter, at base of twigs, which usu- the bark singly or in groups. Mycelium invades
ally die; not serious. bark and wood, with a dark discoloration, and
Macrophoma candollei Associated with Die- grows slowly down a branch to the trunk. When
back of boxwood but apparently saprophytic the latter is reached, the tree is doomed. In final
only. The large black pycnidia are, however, stages trees have a stag-headed effect from loss of
quite striking on straw-colored leaves. leaves.
Macrophoma cupressi Dieback of Italian Control Remove diseased branches promptly,
cypress. cutting some distance below infection; remove
Macrophoma phoradendron Defoliates mis- trees developing trunk cankers; keep the rest
tletoe, but it grows back. growing well with food and water.
Macrophoma tumefaciens (see ▶Diplodia
tumefaciens). Branch Gall Canker of poplar.
Meria
Massaria Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Ascomycetes, Pyrenulales Hyaline mycelium, branched; conidiophores sim-

ple, septate; conidia hyaline, one-celled, pro-
Spores dark, with several cells, oblong-fusiform, duced singly or in clusters.
with mucous sheath. Meria laricis, Dieback and Blight, on western
Massaria platani (see ▶Splanchrorema larch seedlings.
platani). Canker, widespread on branches of
American, London, and California plane trees.
Splanchrorema platani (formerly Massaria Monochaetia
platani). Canker, widespread on branches of
American, London, and California plane trees. Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Acervuli dark, discoid or cushion-shaped, subcu-

Melanconis taneous; conidia several-celled, dark median
cells, hyaline end cells, and a single apical
Ascomycetes, Diaporthales appendage; parasitic.
Monochaetia mali (see ▶Seiridium unicorne).
Perithecia in an immersed black stroma; paraph- Canker, Leaf Spot of apple.
yses present; spores two-celled, light; conidia Seiridium unicorne (formerly Monochaetia
superficial on a stroma. mali). Canker, Leaf Spot of apple. Fungus enters
Melanconis juglandis Walnut Canker, Butter- through deep wounds and grows into wood, then
nut Dieback, widespread on butternut, also on attacks resulting wound callus and produces
numerous fruiting bodies on exposed wood and Nectria coccinea var. faginata Nectria Beech
callus layer. Killing of successive callus layers Bark Canker on beech in the Northeast. The dis-
results in a canker similar to European apple ease occurs solely in connection with the woolly
canker. The disease is not common enough to beech scale insects (Cryptococcus fagi and C.
be serious. fagisuga), but it has caused high mortality in
Canada, killing 50 % of beech stands; it is epi-
demic in Maine on American beech and is now
Nectria present in much of New England and New York.
The scale nymphs, covered with a woolly
Ascomycetes, Hypocreales, white down, cluster thickly around cracks and
Nectriaceae wounds in bark, often making trunk and branches
appear to be coated with snow. The small yellow
Perithecia bright, more or less soft and fleshy, in larvae establish themselves on the bark in
groups, basal portion seated on a stroma; spores autumn, each inserting its sucking organ, stylet,
two-celled, hyaline or subhyaline (see Fig. 1). into the living bark, which shrinks and cracks.
Nectria cinnabarina Dieback, Twig Canker, Nectria enters through these cracks and kills sur-
Coral Spot, cosmopolitan on hardwoods, most rounding tissue in bark and cambium. When the
common on maples but also found on ailanthus, cells are dead, the insects can no longer obtain
amelanchier, apple, crabapple, apricot, ash, food; therefore, they disappear.
blackberry, chokecherry, beech, birch, elm, hick- White pustules of sporodochia are pushed out
ory, horsechestnut, mimosa, linden, paper mul- through dead bark, bearing elongate, three-to
berry, pear, peach, sophora, locust, and honey nine-celled, slightly curved macroconidia. Red
locust. It may also appear in stem cankers on perithecia, slightly lemon-shaped, appear in clus-
vines and shrubs–ampelopsis, barberry, box- ters on the bark, often so abundant that the bark
wood, callicarpa, cotoneaster, currant, goose- appears red. After ascospores are discharged, the
berry, fig, honeysuckle, kerria, California laurel, upper half of the perithecium collapses and sinks
rose, and syringa. The fungus is widespread as into the lower. The eventual canker is a deeply
a saprophyte. On ornamental trees and shrubs it is depressed cavity surrounded by callus. After the
weakly parasitic, producing cankers around cambium dies, the leaves wilt; the twigs,
wounds and at base of dead branches or causing branches, and roots finally die.
a dieback of twigs and branches. Control Ornamental trees can be sprayed or
On maple, the fungus is more pathogenic, scrubbed to kill the insects. A dormant lime sulfur
killing twigs, small branches, young trees, and spray is very effective. Oil sprays will kill the
girdling larger branches. It is more frequent on scale but may injure beech. Late summer
Norway maple and boxelder; it may also invade spraying for crawlers can supplement the dor-
red, sycamore, Japanese, and other maples. First mant spray.
symptoms are small, depressed, dead areas in Nectria desmazierii (Fusarium buxicola,
bark near wounds or branch stubs. Conspicuous Anamorph). Canker and Dieback of boxwood
flesh-colored or coral pink sporodochia, formed (see Fig. 4).
in dead bark, bear conidia. Later the pustules turn Nectria ditissima Sometimes reported but not
chocolate brown and form pockets, in which confirmed in the United States; reports probably
perithecia are produced. The canker is most refer to Nectria galligena.
common in severely wounded or recently Nectria fuckeliana Canker on fir.
pruned trees. Sapwood has a greenish discolor- Nectria galligena (Cylindrosporium mali,
ation. Open cankers are eventually formed with Anamorph). European Nectria Canker, Trunk
successive rolls of callus. Remove diseased wood Canker, widespread on apple, pear, quince,
and bark, cutting beyond the greenish aspen, beech, birch, maple, hickory, Pacific dog-
discoloration. wood, and various other hardwoods. This is one
Nummularia 165
after leaf fall in autumn with bordeaux mixture to

prevent infection through leaf scars.
Nectria magnoliae Nectria Canker, similar to
the preceding but found on magnolia and
tuliptree.
Neofabraea
▶ Anthracnose.
Neofabraea perennans (Gloeosporium
Fig. 4 Volutella Blight or “Nectria” Canker on Boxwood perennans) (see ▶Pezicula malicorticis). Peren-
nial Canker of apple, also bull’s-eye rot of fruit.
Pezicula malicorticis (formerly Neofabraea
perennans (Gloeosporium perennans)). Peren-
of the more important diseases of apple and pear nial Canker of apple, also bull’s-eye rot of fruit.
in Europe but is less serious in this country. In The disease is much like northwestern anthrac-
eastern United States it is primarily an apple nose. It often follows after winter injury or starts
disease; on the Pacific Coast it is more common at pruning cuts where aphids congregate, or may
on pear. appear after an application of wound dressing.
Young cankers are small, depressed or flat-
tened areas of bark near small wounds or at base
of dead twigs or branches, darker than the rest of Nummularia
the bark and water-soaked. Older cankers are
conspicuous and somewhat like a target, with Ascomycetes, Xylariales
bark sloughed off to expose concentric rings of
callus. Cankers on elm, sugar maple and birch are Stroma superficial, composed entirely of fungus
usually circular; those on oak irregular; on bass- elements, covered with a conidial layer when
wood elongate, pointed at ends. If the canker is young. Perithecia flask-shaped, embedded in
nearly covered with a callus roll, it indicates that stroma; spores one-celled, dark.
the infection is being overcome. Biscogniauxia marginata (formerly
Small red perithecia are formed singly or in Nummularia discreta). Blister Canker of apple,
clusters on bark or on wood at margin of cankers. crabapple, pear, mountain ash; also reported on
Ascospores discharged during moist weather are serviceberry, birch, elm, magnolia, and honey
disseminated by wind and rain. Creamy-white locust. This is a major apple disease east of the
sporodochia protruding through recently killed Rocky Mountains, especially in Upper Missis-
bark of young cankers produce cylindrical sippi and Lower Missouri River valleys, where
macroconidia and ellipsoidal microconidia. Inva- millions of apple trees have been killed. Large
sion is through bark cracks or other wounds in and small limbs are affected. Cankers are dead
living or dying, but not dead, wood. Infection is areas, up to 3 feet long, mottled with living wood
slow, with annual callus formation; only the and dotted with numerous round cushions of stro-
smallest branches are likely to be girdled. Youn- mata, looking like nailheads. Perithecia, with
ger, more vigorous apple trees receiving nitroge- dark ascospores, are buried in the stromata;
nous fertilizer appear to be more susceptible. hyphae bearing small, light-colored conidia
Control Remove and destroy small branches grow over the surface. The fungus enters through
with cankers. Clean out trunk cankers and cut branch stubs, bark injuries, and other wounds.
back to sound bark; treat with bordeaux paste. Control Avoid especially susceptible varieties
On the West Coast spray pome fruits immediately like Ben Davis. Shape trees early to prevent
large pruning wounds on older trees; the canker

seldom appears on trees less than 10 years old. Pezicula
Shellac pruning cuts immediately; sterilize tools
between cuts. Ascomycetes, Helotiales
Nummularia discreeta (see ▶Biscogniauxia
marginata). Blister Canker of apple, crabapple, Apothecia similar to Dermatea but lighter.
pear, mountain ash; also reported on service- Pezicula carpinea Bark Canker of hornbeam.
berry, birch, elm, magnolia, and honey locust. Pezicula corticola Superficial Bark Canker and
Fruit Rot, rather common on apple and pears.
Hyaline, one-celled conidia of the Myxosporium
Ophionectria (Scoleconectria) stage are formed in acervuli.
Pezicula pruinosa Canker on branches of
Ascomycetes, Hypocreales amelanchier.
Perithecia red to white, globoid, with a round

ostiole, superficial, paraphyses lacking; spores
Phacidiella
needle-shaped to filiform, light colored.
Ophionectria balsamea (see ▶Thyronectria
balsamea). Bark Canker of balsam fir.
Ophionectria scolecospora (see
Asci borne in hymenial layers, covered with
▶Scoleconectria cucurbitula). Bark Canker of
a membrane until mature, then splitting;
balsam and alpine firs.
apothecia remain embedded in a stroma; paraph-
Scoleconectria cucurbitula (formerly
yses present; asci clavate.
Ophionectria scolecospora). Bark Canker of bal-
Phacidiella coniferarum (Anamorph,
sam and alpine firs.
Phacidium coniferarum). Phomopsis Disease of
Thyronectria balsamea (formerly
conifers. The fungus is usually saprophytic, but it
Ophionectria balsamea). Bark Canker of balsam
is parasitic on Douglas-fir and larch in Europe
fir.
and on living pine in Maine.
Penicillium
Phomopsis
▶ Blights.
Conidia in heads; conidiophores unequally verti- Phacidiopycnis boycei (formerly Phomopsis
cillate at tip in whorls; globose conidia formed in boycei). Phomopsis Canker of lowland white
chains, one-celled, hyaline or brightly colored in fir. Branches or main stem of saplings may be
mass; parasitic or saprophytic. girdled and killed; there is often swelling at base
Penicillium vermoeseni Penicillium Disease of of canker where dead tissues join living.
Ornamental palms, serious in southern California The reddish brown needles of dead branches
with symptoms varying according to type of palm. are prominent against living foliage.
On queen palm (Arecastrum or Cocos plumosa) Phacidiopycnis piri (Teleomorph,
the disease is a trunk canker, which may remain Potabiamyces pyri, formerly Phomopsis dis-
inconspicuous for several years but leads to weak- color). Pear branch canker and fruit rot.
ening and breaking of trunk. Infected trees should Phomopsis alnea Canker of European black
be removed at an early stage. On Canary date palm alder.
the disease is a leafbase rot, and on Washington Phomopsis amygdali Branch Dieback on
a bud rot. ▶ Rots. almond.
Physalospora 167
Phomopsis boycei (see ▶Phacidiopycnis

boycei). Phomopsis Canker of lowland white fir. Phragmodothella
Phomopsis discolor (see ▶Phacidiopycnis piri,
see ▶Teleomorph, see ▶Potabiamyces pyri). Ascomycetes, Dothideales
Pear branch canker and fruit rot.
Phomopsis elaeagni (Syn. Phomopsis Asci in locules immersed in groups in
arnoldia). Canker of Russian-olive. a cushionlike stroma; spores hyaline, many-
Phomopsis gardeniae (Teleomorph, Diaporthe celled.
gardeniae). Gardenia Canker, Stem Gall, wide- Dothiora ribesia (formerly Phragmodothella).
spread in greenhouses. Although not reported Dieback,Black Pustule on currant, flowering cur-
until about 1933, this seems to be the most com- rant, and gooseberry.
mon gardenia disease. Symptoms start with Phragmodothella ribesia (see ▶Dothiora
brown dead areas on stem, usually near the soil ribesia). Dieback,Black Pustule on currant,
line. The canker is first sunken, then, as the stem flowering currant, and gooseberry.
enlarges, swollen with a rough, cracked outer
cork. The stem is bright yellow for a short dis-
tance above the canker, a contrast to its normal Physalospora
greenish white. When stems are completely gir-
dled, the foliage wilts and dies; the plant may live ▶ Blights.
a few weeks in a stunted condition. Flower buds Botryosphaeria corticis (formerly
fall before opening. When humidity is high, black Physalospora corticis). Blueberry Cane Canker,
pycnidia on cankers exude yellowish spore in Southeast on cultivated blueberries. The fun-
masses. Entrance is through wounds; spores gus enters through unbroken bark, probably
may be spread on propagating knives. Infection through lenticels, with cankers starting as red-
often starts at leaf joints at the base of cuttings dish, broadly conical swellings, enlarging the
after they have been placed in a rooting medium. next year to rough, black, deeply fissured cankers
Because the cankers may be only slightly visible that girdle the shoots. The portions above cankers
on rooted cuttings, the disease may be widely are unfruitful and finally die. Avoid very suscep-
distributed by the sale of such cuttings. tible varieties like Cabot and Pioneer.
Control Use sterilized rooting medium. Use Botryosphaeria obtusa (formerly
steam for a sand and peat mixture. Destroy Physalospora obtusa (Sphaeropsis malorum)).
infected plants; sometimes it is possible to wait Dieback, Canker of hardwoods, New York
until blooms are marketed. Apple-Tree Canker, Black Rot of Apple. The
Phomopsis lirella (Teleomorph, Diaporthe fungus attacks leaves, twigs, and fruits, is more
vincae). Canker, Dieback of vinca, and important east of the Rocky Mountains, and is
periwinkle. found on many plants, including alder,
Phomopsis lokoyae Phomopsis Canker of ampelopsis, birch, bignonia, bittersweet,
Douglas-fir mostly on saplings in poor sites in callicarpa, catalpa, ceanothus, chestnut, currant,
California and Oregon. Long, narrow cankers, cotoneaster, hawthorn, Japanese quince, maple,
somewhat pointed at ends, develop during the peach, pear, and persimmon. On hardwoods the
dormant season after young shoots are infected. canker is similar to that caused by P. glandicola
If the tree is not girdled during the first season, the on oaks. Limbs are girdled with large areas of
canker heals over. rough bark with numerous protruding black
Phomopsis mali Bark Canker of pear, and apple. pycnidia. For the fruit rot phase of this disease
The bark is rough. ▶ Rots.
Phomopsis padina (Telomorph, Diaporthe Botryosphaeria quercuum (formerly
decorticans). Canker, Twig Blight of sour cherry. Physalospora glandicola (Sphaeropsis quercina,
Phomopsis sp. Shoot Dieback on peach. Anamorph)). Sphaeropsis Canker, Dieback of
red, chestnut, and other oaks. Shade and orna- scab to form the disease complex known as wil-
mental trees of all ages may be killed. Infection low blight in New England and New York.
may start anywhere through wounds but more Physalospora obtusa (Sphaeropsis malorum)
often on small twigs and branches, passing to (see ▶Botryosphaeria obtusa). Dieback, Canker
larger branches and trunk. Twigs and branches of hardwoods, New York Apple-Tree Canker,
die; leaves wither and turn brown; infected bark Black Rot of Apple.
is sunken, and wrinkled, with small black Physalospora rhodina (see ▶Botryosphaeria
pycnidia breaking through. On larger stems the rhodina). Black Rot Canker of tung in Mississippi
bark has a ridge of callus around the canker, the and Louisiana.
sapwood in this area turning dark with black
streaks extending longitudinally for several
inches. Numerous water-sprouts grow from Phytophthora
below the dead crown. The fungus winters on
dead twigs, producing a new crop of conidia in ▶ Blights.
spring, readily infecting most trees weakened by Phytophthora cactorum Bleeding Canker of
unfavorable environmental conditions. maple, beech, birch, elm, horsechestnut, linden,
Control Prune out diseased portions at least 6 oak, sweetgum, and willow; Crown Canker of
inches below cankers. Fertilize and water to dogwood; Dieback of rhododendron; Trunk Can-
improve vigor. Remove seriously diseased trees. ker of apple, almond, apricot, cherry, and peach.
Botryosphaeria rhodina (formerly Bleeding Canker, first noticed in Rhode Island
Physalospora rhodina). Black Rot Canker of on maple about 1939 and found in New Jersey the
tung in Mississippi and Louisiana. Black, sunken next year, is now present on many trees in the
cankers on trunks, limbs, twigs, and shoots, may Northeast. The most characteristic symptom is
girdle and kill trees. Rogue and burn diseased the oozing of a watery light brown or thick red-
specimens. dish brown liquid from fissures in bark at the root
Glomerella cingulata (formerly Physalospora collar and at intervals in trunk and branches.
miyabeana). Willow Black Canker, accompany- When dry, this sap resembles dried blood, hence
ing scab to form the disease complex known as the name, bleeding canker. Sunken, furrowed
willow blight in New England and New York. cankers are more definite on young trees than on
Starting in leaf blades, the fungus proceeds older trees with rough bark. Symptoms are most
through petioles into twigs; it also causes cankers prominent in late spring and early fall, with trees
on larger stems, followed by defoliation. Pinkish in moist situations most often affected. The fun-
spore masses of the anamorph Gloeosporium gus lives in the soil and advances upward from
state are formed on dead twigs and branch can- a primary root infection. Wilting of leaves and
kers and then short-necked perithecia, which blighting of branches is evidently from a toxin.
overwinter. Remove and destroy dead twigs and Mature trees have fewer, smaller, yellow-green
branches during the dormant period. Spray 3 leaves, and there is an acute dieback of branches.
times with bordeaux mixture, starting just after Reddish-brown areas with intense olive-green
leaves emerge in spring. margins are found in wood extending vertically
Physalospora cortices (see ▶Botryosphaeria from roots to dying branches, marked at irregular
corticis). Blueberry Cane Canker, in Southeast intervals with cavities containing the watery
on cultivated blueberries. fluid.
Physalospora glandicola (Sphaeropsis Control Although there is no real “cure,”
quercina, Anamorph) (see ▶Botryosphaeria injecting trees with Carosel, a mixture of helione
quercuum). Sphaeropsis Canker, Dieback of orange dye and malachite green, has inhibited the
red, chestnut, and other oaks. fungus and neutralized the toxin. In some cases
Physalospora miyabeana (see ▶Glomerella trees recover without treatment. Avoid heavy
cingulata). Willow Black Canker, accompanying feeding; this seems to encourage the spread of
Pseudovalsa 169
disease and causes chronic cases to become Phytophthora cinnamomi Basal Canker of
acute. Maple, particularly Norway maple. Trees have
Crown Canker, collar rot, is the most serious a thin crown, fewer and smaller leaves, and die
disease of dogwood reported in New York, New a year or two after cankers are formed at the base
Jersey, and Massachusetts. The first symptom is of the trunk. Sapwood is reddish brown; the roots
a general unhealthy appearance, with leaves decay. Remove diseased trees. Plant new Norway
smaller and lighter green than normal, turning maples in good soil, well drained, rich in organic
prematurely red in late summer. Leaves may matter; treat injuries at base of trunk promptly.
shrivel and curl during dry spells (normal leaves See under ▶ Rots and ▶ Wilt Diseases for other
often do likewise). Twigs and large branches die, manifestations of this pathogen.
frequently on one side of the tree. The canker Phytophthora syringae Pruning Wound Can-
develops slowly on the lower trunk near the soil ker of almond.
level. Inner bark, cambium and sapwood are
discolored; the cankered area is sunken; the
bark dries and falls away, leaving wood exposed. Plenodomus
Trees die when the canker extends completely
around the trunk base or root collar. The fungus Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
lives in the soil in partially decayed organic mat-
ter, and spores are washed to nearby trees. Pycnidia dark, immersed, irregular in shape and
Entrance is through wounds. The disease affects opening irregularly; conidia hyaline, one-celled,
transplanted dogwoods, seldom natives growing oblong; parasitic.
in woods. Aposphaeria fuscomaculans (formerly
Control Transplant carefully, avoiding all unnec- Plenodomus fuscomaculans). Canker on apple.
essary wounds; avoid hitting base with lawnmower, Plenodomus fuscomaculans (see ▶Aposphaeria
by using a wire guard around the tree. It is difficult fuscomaculans). Canker on apple.
to save trees already infected, but cutting out small
cankers and painting the wound with bordeaux
paste is worth trying. If trees have died from Pseudonectria
crown canker, do not replant with dogwoods in
the same location for several years. Ascomycetes, Hypocreales
Rhododendron Dieback, is a disease in which
terminal buds and leaves turn brown, roll up, and Perithecia superficial, blight-colored, smooth;
droop as in winter cold. A canker encircles the spores one-celled, hyaline.
twigs, which shrivel with the terminal portion Pseudonectria rouselliana Nectria Canker of
wilting and dying. In shady locations leaves boxwood, Leaf Cast, Twig Blight. The perithecia
have water-soaked areas, changing to brown, are formed on dead leaves, but the fungus is
zonate spots. Do not plant rhododendrons near thought to be the teleomorph state of Volutella
lilacs, for they are blighted by the same fungus. buxi, which see.
Prune diseased tips well below the shriveled part,
and spray after blooming with bordeaux mixture,
two applications 14 days apart. Pseudovalsa
Trunk Canker of Apple, is an irregular canker
often involving the entire trunk and base of scaf- Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
fold branches, the first outward symptom a wet
area on bark. Trees must be 5-years old or older Perithecia in a stroma; spores ark, with several
for infection. Grimes Golden and Tomkins King cells.
are especially susceptible, often being Pseudovalsa longipes Twig Canker on coast
completely girdled. live oak and white oak.
Sclerotinia (Syn. Whetzelinia)

Rhabdospora sclerotiorum Basal Canker on Euonymus.
Stem Canker and Wilt on sage.
Pycnidia separate, not produced in spots, Septobasidium

erumpent, ostiolate; conidiophores short, simple
conidia hyaline, filiform to needle-shaped, with Basidiomycetes, Septobasidiales
several cells; parasitic or saprophytic.
Rhabdospora rubi (see ▶Septocyta ruberum). All species are on living plants in association
Cane Spot, Canker of raspberry. with scale insects; the combination causes dam-
Septocyta ruberum (formerly Rhabdospora age to trees. Fungus body variable, usually resu-
rubi). Cane Spot, Canker of raspberry. pinate, dry, crustaceous or spongy, in most
species composed of subiculum growing over
bark; a middle region of upright slender or thick
Scleroderris pillars of hyphae supports the top layer, in which
hymenium is formed. Basidium transversely sep-
Ascomycetes, Helotiales tate into two, three, or four cells, rarely one-
celled; basidiospores elliptical, colorless, divided
Apothecia black, opening with lobes, crowded into two to many cells soon after formation, bud-
together or with a stroma, short-stalked; spores ding with numerous sporidia if kept moist. Some
hyaline, elongate, with several cells. species with conidia.
Ascocalyx abietina (formerly Scleroderris The fungus lives by parasitizing scales,
lagerbergii ¼ Gremmeniella abietina). Canker obtaining food via haustoria. The insects pierce
on pine. the bark to the cambium, sometimes killing
Grovesiella abieticola (formerly Scleroderris young trees. The fungus kills a few scales but
abieticola). Canker of balsam fir, on Pacific protects many more in its enveloping felty or
Coast. An annual canker, starting in autumn and leathery covering, a symbiotic relationship.
ceasing when cambium is active in spring, is Spores are spread by scale crawlers and by
formed on twigs, branches, and trunks of sap- birds. Most felt fungi are found in the South,
lings. Only twigs and small branches are girdled, abundant on neglected fruit, nut, or ornamental
and if this does not happen before spring, the trees, rare on those well kept.
wound heals over. Small black apothecia with Septobasidium burtii Felt Fungus on southern
short stalks appear on dead bark. Ascospore hackberry, beech, pear, apple, and peach. This is
infection is through uninjured bark or leaf scars. a perennial growth, with a new ring added to the
Scleroderris abieticola (see ▶Grovesiella patch each summer. Probasidia are formed during
abieticola). Canker of balsam fir, on Pacific the winter, and four-celled basidia in spring.
Coast. Septobasidium castaneum Felt Fungus abun-
Scleroderris lagerbergii Syn. Gremmeniella dant on willow and water oaks, and holly; may
abietina (see ▶Ascocalyx abietina). Canker on injure azaleas. The surface is smooth, shiny,
pine. chocolate brown to nearly black.
Scleroderris lateritium Canker on pine. Septobasidium curtisii Felt Fungus, wide-
spread on many trees in the Southeast, commonly
on sour gum (tupelo) and American ash, also on
Sclerotinia hickory, hawthorn, Japanese quince, and others.
The felt, purple-black throughout, is mounded
▶ Blights. over the insects.
Strumella 171
Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum Felt Fun-

gus, on citrus twigs, sometimes on main stem or Stegonsporium
branches of hornbeam. Surface is smooth, buff-
colored over dark brown pillars. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Stegonsporium sp. Maple Canker, Dieback.

Solenia (Henningsomyces) Reported from New Jersey. Large branches die
back with conspicuous flagging. Black tarlike
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales fruiting bodies are formed in cankers.
Fruiting layers erect, cylindrical, formed in

groups, membranous.
Cyphellopsis anomala (formerly Solenia Strumella
(Henningsomyces) anomala). Bark Patch, Can-
ker, widespread on alder. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Merismodes ochracea (formerly Solenia
ochracea). Bark Patch of birch, hornbeam, hick- Sporodochia wartlike, gray to black, of
ory, and alder. interwoven hyphae; conidiophores dark,
Solenia (Henningsomyces) anomala (see branches; conidia dark, one-celled, ovoid to
▶Cyphellopsis anomala). Bark irregular.
Patch, Canker, widespread on alder. Conoplea globosa (formerly Strumella
Solenia ochracea (see ▶Merismodes coryneoidea). Strumella Canker of oak, espe-
ochracea). Bark Patch of birch, horn beam, hick- cially the red oak group, also on American
ory, and alder. beech and chestnut, occasional on pignut and
hickories, red maple, and tupelo. Primarily
a forest disease, this canker may become impor-
Sphaeropsis tant on red and scarlet ornamental oaks. Starting
as a yellowish discoloration of bark around a dead
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes branch or other point of infection, the canker
develops into a diffuse lesion or into a target
Pycnidia black, separate or grouped, globose, canker with concentric rings of callus. Whitish
erumpent, ostiolate; conidiophores short; conidia mycelium is present near outer corky bark, and
large, dark, one-celled, ovate to elongate, on fili- the infected portion of the trunk may be flattened
form conidiophores. Some species have or distorted. Target cankers may be up to 2 feet
Physalospora as the teleomorph state. wide and 5 feet long. The small black nodules
Sphaeropsis sapinea Bleeding Canker on pine. bear no spores while trees are living, but after
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Canker and Gall on death dark brown spore pustules are formed,
Carissa. which blacken with age. New pustules are formed
Sphaeropsis ulmicola Sphaeropsis Canker of yearly. Canker eradication has been unsuccessful
American elm. The disease spreads downward in forest stands. The diseased trees should be
from small twigs to larger branches with removed and utilized before spores can spread
a brown discoloration of wood just under the infection.
bark. Secondary shoots sometimes develop Strumella coryneoidea (see ▶Conoplea
below the cankers. Trees weakened by drought globosa). Strumella Canker of oak, especially
or poor growing conditions are particularly sus- the red oak group, also on American beech and
ceptible. Prune out infected wood, cutting well chestnut, occasional on pignut and hickories, red
below cankers. maple, and tupelo.
Sydowia Tympanis
Ascomycetes, Dothidiales Ascomycetes, Helotiales, Helotiaceae
Asci usually short, cylindrical, and relatively Ascocarp cup-shaped; sclerotia absent;
numerous, in spherical, ostiolate locules. expiculum usually, if parallel hyphae.
Sydowia polyspora Twig Dieback on fir. Tympanis confusa Canker on pine.
Thyronectria Valsa
Ascomycetes, Hypocreales Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
Stroma valsoid with several perithecia, bright- Many perithecia in a circle in a stroma in
colored; spores muriform, hyaline to subhyaline. bark; flask-shaped with long necks opening to
Thyronectria austro-americana Canker, Wilt the surface; spores hyaline, one-celled, curved,
of honeylocust. Slightly depressed cankers rang- slender.
ing from pinhead size to 1/2 inch grow together Leucostoma cincta (formerly Valsa cincta).
and enlarge to girdle a branch. Underlying wood Perennial Canker of peach, Dieback, also on
is streaked reddish brown for several inches from nectarine. The fungus is apparently infective dur-
the canker, and there is often a gummy exudate. ing the dormant season, entering through
Some trees die, but many survive. wounds, dead buds, leaf scars, and fruit spurs. It
Thyronectria balsamea Canker on fir. forms a canker complex with V. leucostoma and
Thyronectria berolinensis Cane Knot Canker sometimes the brown-rot fungus. It is more com-
of fruiting and flowering currants. mon in northern latitudes than in southern, but is
not important in well-cared-for orchards.
Leucostoma kunzei (formerly Valsa kunzei).
▶Cytospora kunzei.
Trichothecium Leucostoma persoonii (formerly Valsa
leucostoma). Apple Canker, Dieback, Twig
▶ Rots. Blight on apple, apricot, peach, pear, quince,
Trichothecium roseum Canker of rose. plum, cherry, willow, and mountain-ash. The
fungus is a weak parasite entering through
wounds or twigs killed by frost.
Valsa cincta (see ▶Leucostoma cincta). Peren-
Tubercularia nial Canker of peach, Dieback, also on nectarine.
Valsa kunzei (see ▶Leucostoma kunzei).
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes ▶Cytosporakunzei.
Valsa cincta (see ▶Leucostoma cincta). Peren-
Forms bright colored cushions, mostly on wood nial Canker of peach, Die back, also on nectar-
or bark; fine branching conidiophores bearing ine. Valsa kunzei (see ▶Leucostoma kunzei).
small, elipsoidal hyaline conidia. ▶Cytospora kunzei.
Tubercularia ulmea Canker on Russian olive Valsa leucostoma (see ▶Leucostoma
and honeylocust. persoonii). Apple Canker, Dieback, Twig Blight
Volutella 173
on apple, apricot, peach, pear, quince, plum, Volutella buxi Boxwood “Nectria” Canker,
cherry, willow, and mountain-ash. Valsa salicina Volutella Blight. The teleomorph state of the fun-
(Cytospora salicis). Twig and Branch Canker of gus is supposed to be Pseudonectria rouselliana,
willow. which see. As a canker the disease often follows
Valsa sordida ▶Cytospora chrysosperma. after winter injury, with salmon-pink spore pus-
tules on dying twigs, branches, and main stems.
As a blight, the fungus spreads rapidly in moist
Vermicularia weather in summer, attacking healthy twigs when
humidity is high and often discernible at
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes a distance by a straw yellow “flag.” On such
yellowing branches the backs of leaves and the
Like Colletotrichum but setae are scattered bark of twigs are both covered with the pinkish
throughout the acervuli, not just marginal; spores spore pustules.
hyaline, globose to fusoid. Control Cut out branches where the bark has
Vermicularia ipomoearum Stem Canker of been loosened by winter ice and snow. Have
morning glory. a yearly “housecleaning,” brushing out accumu-
lated leaves and other debris from interior of
bushes and cutting out all twigs with pink pus-
Volutella tules. If there are signs of disease, follow cleaning
with thorough spraying, from ground up through
▶ Blights. interior of bushes, with lime sulfur.
Club Root
Plasmodiophora and drop. The root system becomes a distorted

mass of large and small swellings, sometimes
Plasmodiophoromycetes, several roots swollen like sweet potatoes, and
Plasmodiophorales sometimes joined in one massive gall. Lateral
and tap roots are scabby and fissured, with rot
This genus, founded on the club root organism, starting from secondary fungi.
has a somewhat doubtful taxonomic position. When diseased roots decompose, small spher-
Formerly considered a slime-mold, one of the ical spores are liberated in the soil; they are capa-
Myxomycetes, then placed in the Chytridiales, ble of surviving there many years between crops.
lowest order of true fungi, it is now placed in In spring, with suitable temperature and moisture,
a separate order, Plasmodiophorales. the resting spores germinate, each becoming
Thallus amoeboid, multinucleate in host cell; a motile swarm spore with a flagellum. This
spores lying free in host cell at maturity; fre- whiplike appendage is soon lost, and the organ-
quently causing hypertrophy; parasitic on vascu- ism becomes amoebalike, moving by protoplas-
lar plants. mic streaming until it reaches a root hair or other
Plasmodiophora brassicae Club Root of cab- root tissue. The plasmodium continues to grow
bage and other crucifers; finger-and-toe-disease, and divide until it reaches the cambial cells, in
on alyssum, brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese which it develops up and down the root. The
cabbage, candytuft, cauliflower, hesperis, hon- swelling is produced by division of plasmodia
esty, peppergrass, garden cress, mustard, radish, and of the infected cells. Eventually the
rutabaga, stock, turnip, and western wallflower. multinucleate plasmodium breaks up into many
Club root was present in western Europe as small resting spores, each rounded up around
early as the thirteenth century, but the true cause a single nucleus. They are set free by the millions
was not known until the classic paper of the when the root rots, and are spread in soil clinging
Russian Woronin in 1878. The disease was to shoes or tools and in drainage water, manure,
important in the United States by the middle of and plant refuse. Spores are not seed-borne.
the nineteenth century, and is now present in at Long-distance spread is probably by infected
least 37 states. Losses come from death of the seedlings. Infection takes place chiefly in
plants and also from soil infestation, for suscep- a neutral to acid soil, pH 5.0 to 7.0, at tempera-
tible crucifers cannot be grown again on the same tures below 80 F, and when moisture of soil is
land for several years, unless it is treated. The first above 50 % of its water-holding capacity.
symptom is wilting of tops on hot days, followed Control Inspect seedlings carefully before plant-
by partial recovery at night; affected plants may ing. Dispose of infested crops with caution; rest-
be stunted and not dead; outer leaves turn yellow ing spores passed through animals are still viable.

176 Club Root
A long rotation of crops has been recommended, high to use potatoes as a following crop. Most
combined with adding lime to soil, which must be turnip and rutabaga varieties are relatively resis-
applied in large amounts, about 6 weeks before tant to strains of the club root organism present in
the cabbage crop is set. This brings the pH too the United States.
Damping-Off
Damping-off is the destruction of young seed- rolfsii, Fusarium equiseti, and Phytophthora
lings by soil organisms. There are two types. may be important on occasion. A synergistic
Pre-emergence damping-off rots the sprouting interaction of Pythium myriotylum, Fusarium
seed before it breaks through the soil; it is recog- solani, and Meloidogyne arenaria causes
nized by bare spaces in what should be uniform damping-off of peanut which has been reported
rows. Such a poor stand may be due to poor in Florida. See under Rots for details.
viability of seed, but more often it is due to soil Also, Caloscypha fulgens (anamorph state,
fungi functioning in cold, wet soils when germi- Geniculodendron pyriforme) causes damping-off
nation is slow. Post-emergence damping-off is of spruce seed, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of
the rotting or wilting of seedlings soon after papaya, Colletotrichum acutatum of flowering dog-
they emerge from the soil. Succulent stems have wood and Fusarium moniliforme var. intermedia
a water-soaked, then necrotic and sunken, zone at of pine.
ground level; the little herbaceous plants fall over Damping-off is prevented by starting seed in
on the ground or, in woody seedlings, wilt and a sterile medium, such as vermiculite, perlite, or
remain upright. Root decay follows. This type of sphagnum moss, or by treating the soil or the seed
damping-off is most common in greenhouses or before planting. Commercial operators treat soil
outdoors in warm humid weather and where seed- with steam or electricity.
lings are too crowded. Tree seedlings in nursery Seed treatment, the coating of seed with
rows are subject to this type of damping-off, and a protectant dust, is crop insurance. In some sea-
so are perennial flowers started in late summer for sons, good stands can be obtained without it, but
the next year. it scarcely pays to take a chance. Seed disinfec-
Many fungi living saprophytically in the upper tion is used to kill organisms of anthracnose
layers of soil can cause damping-off. Pythium and other specific diseases carried on seed. The
debaryanum, P. mastophorum and Rhizoctonia damping-off organisms are in the soil, not on the
solani are probably most common, but other seed, and coating the seed with a chemical is
species of these two genera and Aphanomyces, intended to kill or inhibit fungi in the soil imme-
Botrytis, Cylindrocladium, Diplodia, Fusarium, diately surrounding the seed and so provide
Macrophomina, Helminthosporium, Sclerotium temporary protection during germination.

Dodder
Dodders are seed plants parasitic on stems and have died. Such tangles are conspicuous in
other parts of cultivated or wild plants. They are weeds along roadsides.
leafless, orange to yellow twining vines, without In ornamental plantings host plants are not
chlorophyll and hence incapable of manufactur- often killed but exhibit stunting and pallor, symp-
ing their own food. They are called love vine, toms of starvation. Minute scales or rudimentary
strangle weed, gold thread, hairweed, devil’s leaves form on the dodder tendrils followed by
hair, devil’s ringlet, pull down, clover silk, and dense clusters of beautiful white blossoms (some-
hell-bind, the last being most appropriate. There times pale pink or yellow), which ripen seed in
are about 40 species in the United States, causing late summer, with as many as 3000 seed being
serious agricultural losses in clovers, alfalfa, and produced on a single plant.
flax, and becoming more and more important in Cuscuta spp. Much of the dodder infesting
gardens on ornamentals and sometimes vegeta- ornamentals is not readily identified as to spe-
bles. Dodders belong to the single genus Cuscuta, cies, but it is widespread on a great many shrubs,
family Cuscutaceae, close to the morning-glory perennials and annuals. It is found very com-
family. monly on chrysanthemum, also strangling any
Dodder seed is grayish to reddish brown, other plant in the vicinity. Many hours may be
resembling small legume seed but roughened spent cleaning up ivy and trumpet-vine, petunias
with three flattened sides. It germinates as ordi- and asters. Dodder is reported on camellias in
nary seed but is synchronized to start a little later the South. It is even a pest of house plants, if
than its host seedlings. The parasite is a slender, field soil has been used for the potting mixture.
yellowish, unbranched thread with the growing Dodder has, however, one virtue for plant
tip circling around in search of support. When it pathologists. It is used as a bridge between
touches the host it twines like a morning-glory plants to carry viruses and MLOs in testing
and puts out little suckers, haustoria, into the their host range.
stem of the victim, after which its original Cuscuta americana on citrus C. californica
connection with the soil dries up (see Fig. 1). on beet.
Although seedlings can live for a few weeks Cuscuta coryli Hazel Dodder. C.
without a susceptible host, they finally die if epithymum. Clover Dodder on legumes.
a connection is not established. Successful para- Cuscuta exaltata on redbud, ilex, and sumac.
sites continue to twine and to spread orange ten- Cuscuta gronovii Common Dodder on but-
drils from one plant to the next, often making tonbush, cucumber, raspberry, members of the
a tangle of matted orange hairs many feet across, potato family, and many garden ornamentals,
with a black region in the center where plants including hedge plants.

180 Dodder
Cuscuta pentagona (C. arvensis) Field Dod-

der, widely distributed, most common and seri-
ous east of Mississippi on many cultivated and
wild herbaceous plants.
Cuscuta planifera Littleseed Alfalfa Dodder,
on some legumes in the West.
Control Avoid dodder-infested seed. Commer-
cial seed containing one or more dodder seed per
5-g sample is prohibited entry into the United
States. Many states have laws regulating sale of
infested seed, but it may still be included inad-
vertently in a seed packet. If any contamination
with rough, flat-sided seed is found, do not use
any of the lot. Commercial dealers sometimes
clean infested seed by screening or treating with
an iron powder, which sticks to the rough dodder
seed so it can be drawn out by magnets. Before
breaking new ground for a garden on native sod,
examine it carefully. If dodder is found, burn over
the area, then hoe lightly but repeatedly for sev-
eral weeks to allow buried seed to germinate and
die. When dodder is present on cultivated plants,
Fig. 1 Dodder on Oleander the only thing to do is to remove and burn infested
parts before seed is formed. Pulling off the orange
tendrils is not sufficient. All parts of the plant
attacked must be cut off and burned, for even
Cuscuta indecora Bigseed Alfalfa Dodder on a small fraction of a tendril left twined around
alfalfa from Colorado westward, also on sweet a stem will start growing again.
pea and tomato. A fungus, Colletotrichum destructivum, has
Cuscuta paradoxa on rose, Texas and been found to parasitize dodder and offers
Florida. a slight possibility of biological control.
Downy Mildews
Downy mildews, sometimes called false mil- Basidiophora entospora Downy Mildew of
dews, are Oomycetes, in the order Peronosporales aster, China aster, goldenrod, and erigeron.
and all in the family Peronosporaceae except Aster losses are reported by commercial growers
Phytophthora in the Pythiaceae. They form in the South, but apparently this is not an impor-
mycelium in higher plants and produce sporan- tant garden problem.
giophores that protrude through stomata in great
numbers, their sporangia making white, gray, or
violet patches on the leaves. The downy effect Bremia
distinguishes these mildews from the true or pow-
dery mildews that form white felty or powdery Oomycetes, Peronosporales
patches.
The sporangiophores are often branched; they Dichotomous branching of sporangiophores; tips
bear a single sporangium at the tip of each branch enlarged into discs bordered with sterigmata
simultaneously, or successively in Phytophthora. bearing sporangia; swarm spores rare; germina-
Sporangia germinate by swarm spores or with tion usually by a germ tube protruded through an
a germ tube as a conidium. An oospore, resting apical papilla (Fig. 1).
spores with external ridges or knobs, is formed in Bremia lactucae Downy Mildew of lettuce and
an oogonium, large globular multinucleate other composites, endive, cornflower, centaurea,
female cell, after it is fertilized by the antherid- celtuce, escarole, romaine, and various weeds.
ium, a smaller male cell. The oospores are set free First noticed around Boston in 1875, the disease
by weathering and decay of host parts. is serious in greenhouses and in states where
outdoor winter crops are grown. Light green or
yellowish areas on upper surface of leaves are
Basidiophora matched by downy patches on the under surface.
Affected portions turn brown, and leaves die, the
Oomycetes, Peronosporales older ones first. Entrance is through stomata. The
disease is worse in damp, foggy, cool weather
Sporangiophore a single trunk with a swollen (43 to 53 F).
apex from which short branches grow out, each Control The pathogen has numerous physiolog-
bearing a nearly globose sporangium; germina- ical races so that lettuce varieties like Imperial 44
tion by swarm spores; oospore wall not confluent and Great Lakes that are resistant in some local-
with that of oogonium. Mycelium is intercellular, ities may not be so in others. Avoid excessive
haustoria small, knoblike (Fig. 1). irrigation; eliminate crop residue and weeds.

182 Downy Mildews
Fig. 1 Downy Mildews Fruiting from Stomata on Under- dichotomous branching; Peronospora, sporangia on
side of Leaves. Basidiophora, sporangiophoore with swol- sharply pointed terminal branches; Plasmopara, on obtuse
len apex; Bremia, sporangiophore tip enlarged to a disc, tips; a and a1, sporangium; b1, zoospore
Peronospora arthuri Downy Mildew of gode-

Peronospora tia, clarkia, gaura, and evening primrose.
Peronospora destructor Onion Downy Mil-
Oomycetes, Peronosporales dew, Blight, general on onion, shallot, Vidalia
sweet onion, and garlic. One of the more serious
Mycelium intercellular; haustoria in a few spe- diseases of onion, reported in the United States in
cies short and knoblike, but in most filamentous 1884. All varieties are susceptible, but red onions
and more or less branched. Sporangiophore with have some resistance. Reduction in yield may be
erect trunk two to ten times dichotomously as high as 75 %. The first sign of onion mildew is
branched, with branches somewhat reflexed and the production of conidiophores with a purplish
terminal branches sharp-pointed; sporangia col- tinge a short distance back from tips of older
ored, lacking an apical papilla, germinating from leaves. Leaves turn yellow, wither, and break
an indeterminate point on the side. Oospores over; seedstalks may be infected. Onion mildew
smooth or variously marked, germinating by is sporadic, abundant in years of heavy rainfall.
germ tubes (see Fig. 1). Spores, produced in great numbers in rain or
Peronosclerospora sorghi (formerly when plants are wet with dew, lose vitality
Peronospora sorghi). Downy mildew, on sweet quickly when exposed to sun. Low temperature,
corn. optimum 50 F, favors infection. The fungus
Peronospora antirrhini Snapdragon Downy winters as mycelium in bulbs, in overwintering
Mildew, reported from California, Oregon, Okla- plants in mild areas, or as oospores in soil. Peren-
homa, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. nial onions in home gardens are considered an
Peronospora arborescens Downy Mildew of important source of primary inoculum, but
prickly-poppy on leaves, buds, and capsules. Yel- oospores have been known to survive 25 years
low or light brown blotches on upper leaf surface in soil.
turn dark, with light gray mold on the underside. Control Calred is a resistant variety adapted to
The fungus winters in old plant debris in soil. California. More onion seed is being produced in
Remove and burn infected plants. Use clean seed. Idaho, where dry summers preclude mildew.
Peronospora 183
Peronospora dianthicola Carnation Downy mycelium in seed and oospores in soil. There are at
Mildew, common in California on seedlings. least three races.
Leaves turn pale, curl downward; terminal Peronospora myosotidis Forget-Me-Not
growth is checked, and plants may die. There is Downy Mildew, also on lappula. Pale spots on
a white growth on lower leaf surfaces. upper surface of leaves, with downy growth
Peronospora effusa Spinach Downy Mildew, underneath.
Chard Blue Mold, found wherever spinach and Peronospora oxybaphi, on sand verbena and
swiss chard are grown, absent some seasons, four-o’clock.
nearly destroying the crop in others. Large pale Peronospora parasitica,on garden cress;
yellow spots grow together to cover all or part of P. leptosperma, on artemisia; P. linariae, on
the leaf; lower leaves are infected first, and then linaria; P. lophanthi, on agastache.
the blight is scattered through the plant. Gray to Peronospora parasitica Downy Mildew of cru-
violet mold forms on underside of leaves; some- cifers, general on cabbage, Chinese cabbage,
times the whole plant decays and dries. Initial broccoli, cauliflower, horseradish, radish, turnip,
infection comes from oospores in the soil; it cress, peppergrass, also on sweet alyssum, arabis,
requires humidity above 85 % and a mean tem- arugula, stock, and hesperis. Chief damage is to
perature between 45 and 65 F for a week. Sec- cabbage seedlings or plants grown for seed. Leaf
ondary infection is from conidia. The fungus is an lesions are light green, then yellow, with downy
obligate parasite and does not live over on hosts mold on both sides of the leaf in the widening
other than spinach. yellow zone but not in the dead, shrunken, gray or
Control Plant on well-drained, fertile ground; tan central portion. Secondary fungi often cover
do not crowd; if overhead irrigation is used, dead parts with a black sooty mold. Fleshy roots
water early on sunny days; practice a 2-to of turnips and radishes may be discolored inter-
3-year crop rotation. Resistant varieties such as nally. Warm days and cool nights favor the dis-
Califlay and Texas Early Hybrid 7 are being ease. The pathogen lives between crops in
introduced. perennial plants or winter annuals. There are sev-
Peronospora farinosa (formerly Peronospora eral strains of P. parasitica; one, often reported as
schactii). Beet Downy Mildew, on beet, sugar P. matthiolae, blights stock in greenhouse and
beet, and swiss chard. Inner leaves and seedstalks nursery. Leaves wilt; tender stems and flower
are stunted and killed, covered with violet down. parts are stunted and dwarfed.
The disease appears on the Pacific Coast during Control Avoid crowding plants; keep foliage
the fall rainy season. Oospores can survive in the dry. Spray cabbage seedlings; repeat two or
soil several years. three times a week until plants are set in field.
Peronospora fragariae Strawberry Downy Treat heading cabbage every 6 or 7 days begin-
Mildew.Peronospora grisea, on veronica, a ning 1 to 3 weeks before harvest.
grayish mildew on underside of leaves. Peronospora pisi Pea Downy Mildew. Water-
Peronospora manshurica. Soybean Downy soaked tissue and white growth appear on any
Mildew, general. Yellow-green foliage spots aerial plant part. The mycelium winters in vetch
turn brown, with a grayish mold underneath; stems, fruiting there in spring, and spores are
there may be premature defoliation. The patho- disseminated back to peas. The disease is not
gen winters as mycelium in seed and oospores in important enough for control measures.
soil. There are at least three races. Peronospora potentillae Downy Mildew of
Peronospora grisea on veronica, a grayish mil- agrimony and mock strawberry.
dew on underside of leaves. Peronospora radii Downy Mildew of Margue-
Peronospora manshurica Soybean Downy rite daisy, Argyranthemum frutescens (formerly
Mildew, general. Yellow-green foliage spots turn Chrysanthemum frutescens).
brown, with a grayish mold underneath; there may Peronospora rubi Downy Mildew of black-
be premature defoliation. The pathogen winters as berry, dewberry, and black raspberry.
184 Downy Mildews
Peronospora rumicis Rhubard Downy Mil- Control Use seed grown in the West where mil-
dew. A European disease reported from Califor- dew is not present; plan a 2 to 3-year rotation.
nia on garden rhubarb. Fungus winters in Copper dusts are satisfactory.
rootstalks and grows up into new leaves.
Peronospora schactii (see ▶Peronospora
farinosa). Beet Downy Mildew, on beet, sugar Plasmopara
beet, and swiss chard.
Peronospora sorghi (see ▶Peronosclerospora Oomycetes, Peronosporales
sorghi). Downy mildew, on sweet corn.
Peronospora sparsa Rose Downy Mildew, Sporangiophores with monopodial branches, with
chiefly on roses under glass, rarely outdoors. obtuse tips, arising more or less at right angles;
Young foliage is spotted, leaves drop; flowers haustoria unbranched and knoblike; sporangia
are delayed or unmarketable. Abundant spores (conidia) small, hyaline, papillate, germinating
are produced on undersurface of leaves. To con- sometimes by germ tubes but usually by swarm
trol, keep humidity below 85 % and daytime spores; oospores yellowish brown, outer wall
temperature relatively high. wrinkled, sometimes reticulate, oogonial wall per-
Peronospora statices Downy Mildew on sistent but not fused with oospore wall (see Fig. 1).
statice. Plasmopara acalyphae Acalypha Downy
Peronospora tabacina Blue Mold of tobacco, Mildew.
Downy Mildew; also on eggplant, pepper, and Plasmopara geranii on geranium P. gonolobi
tomato. This is a seedling disease that can be on gonolobus.
controlled by sprays on eggplant and pepper; it Plasmopara halstedii Downy Mildew of bur-
is unimportant on tomato. marigold, centaurea, erigeron, eupatorium,
Peronospora trifoliorum Downy Mildew of gnaphalium, goldenrod, hymenopappus, Jerusa-
lupine, and alfalfa. lem artichoke, ratibida, rudbeckia, senecio,
silphium, verbesina, and vernonia. Zoospores
germinate in soil moisture and invade seedlings
Phytophthora via root hairs; mycelium moving up into stem and
leaves causes early wilting and death. Older
▶ Blights. plants may not die but exhibit a light yellow
Phytophthora phaseoli Downy Mildew of mottling. Sporangiophores project through sto-
lima bean, most important in Middle and North mata on underside of leaves. The fungus winters
Atlantic states, in periods of cool nights, heavy in seed and as oospores in soil.
dews, and fairly warm days. Some seasons it Plasmopara crustosa (formerly Plasmopara
takes 50 to 90 % of the crop; in other years it nivea). Downy Mildew of carrot, parsley, pars-
is of little consequence. The white downy mold nip, and chervil. Yellow spots on upper surface of
is conspicuous on the pod, either in patches or foliage and white mycelial wefts on under surface
covering it completely. The fungus grows turn dark brown with age. The disease is rela-
through the pod wall into the bean, then the pod tively infrequent, important when plants are so
dries, turns black. On leaves the white mycelial crowded they cannot dry off quickly after rain or
weft appears sparingly, but veins are often heavy dew. Control by spacing rows properly.
twisted, purplish, or otherwise distorted. Young Plasmopara nivea (see ▶Plasmopara crustosa).
shoots and flowers are also attacked, bees Downy Mildew of carrot, parsley, parsnip, and
and other insects carrying spores from diseased chervil.
to healthy blossoms. The fungus fruits abun- Plasmopara pygmaea, on anemone, and
dantly on pods, stems, and leaves; spores are hepatica. Fine white mildew covers underside of
splashed by rain. leaves; plants are distorted, stems aborted.
Pseudoperonospora 185
Plasmopara viburni Viburnum Downy Mildew. Toward the end of the growing season thick-
Plasmopara viticola Grape Downy Mildew, walled resting spores, oospores, are produced in
general on grape, also on Virginia Creeper and intercellular spaces of the infected leaves. These
Boston ivy. This is a native disease, endemic in are set free in spring by disintegration of host tissue,
eastern United States, first observed in 1834 on are rain-splashed to other vines, and germinate by
wild grapes. It appeared in France after 1870, production of a short, unbranched hypha bearing
imported with American stock resistant to the a single large sporangium, to start the cycle anew.
Phylloxera aphid, and in a few years had become Control Copper sprays are effective. Apply bor-
as ruinous to the wine industry of Europe as the deaux mixture immediately before and just after
potato blight had been to Ireland. The efficacy of blooming; repeat 7 to 10 days later and possibly
bordeaux was first discovered in connection with when fruit is half grown. Destroy fallen leaves by
this mildew. burning.
In this country downy mildew is most destruc-
tive on European varieties of grape. Pale yellow
spots, varying in form but often nearly circular Pseudoperonospora
and somewhat transparent, appear on upper leaf
surfaces, and a conspicuous white coating Oomycetes, Peronosporales
appears on lower surfaces. The spots turn brown
with age; in dry weather the downy growth is Like Plasmopara but with branches of sporan-
scanty. Young canes, leafstocks, and tendrils giophores forming more or less acute angles; tips
may be infected; flowers may blight or rot; more acute.
young fruits stop growing, turn dark, and dry Pseudoperonospora celtidis Downy Mildew of
with a copious grayish growth. Older fruits have hackberry.
a brown rot but lack the mildew effect. Fruits Pseudoperonospora cubensis Downy Mildew
from diseased vines have less juice; bunches are of cucurbits, destructive to cucumber, musk-
very poorly filled. melon, and watermelon, particularly along the
Initial infection comes from a swarm spore Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf Coast, occasional
stopping on the lower side of a leaf, putting out on gourd, pumpkin, and squash. The disease was
a germ tube and entering through a stoma. In 5 to first noted in 1889 in New Jersey, and in 1896
20 days the mycelium has spread through the leaf destroyed most of the cucumbers on Long Island.
between cells, obtaining food through thin- Irregular yellow spots appear on upper leaf sur-
walled, globular haustoria. The hyphae mass in faces, often on leaves nearest the center of the
compact cushions just beneath the stomata; under hill. The lesion is brown on the opposite side,
humid conditions a few grow out through the covered with a purple growth in rain or dew.
openings and develop into branched conidio- The whole leaf may wither and die, with the
phores (sporangiophores). Each has three to six fruit dwarfed to nubbins and of poor flavor. The
main branches, and they branch again. The ter- fungus does not live in the soil and is not preva-
minal branches end in two to four short, slender lent in the North until July or August. It winters in
sterigmata, each of which produces a single greenhouses or comes up from the South by
multinucleate spore. With moisture, each nucleus degrees. Sporangia are spread by wind and
with adjacent protoplasm is organized into cucumber beetles. The disease is favored by
a swarm spore, motile with two cilia. They high humidity, but temperatures need not be as
swim around for a while, then settle down, absorb cool as for other downy mildews.
their cilia, and put out a germ tube. If they happen Control Resistant cucumbers are of rather poor
to be on the upper side of a leaf, nothing happens; quality. Cantaloupe varieties Texas Resistant
if on the lower surface, the germ tube may reach No. 1 and Georgia 47 combine resistance to
a stoma and start an infection. aphids with resistance to downy mildew.
186 Downy Mildews
Sclerospora farlowii Downy Mildew of Ber-

Sclerospora muda grass, in the Southwest. Short, black, dead
areas prune off tips of leaves without serious
Oomycetes, Peronosporales damage to grass. Tissues are filled with thick-
walled, hard oospores.
Oospore wall confluent with that of oogonium; Sclerospora graminicola on cereals.
sporangiophore typically stout with heavy Sclerophthora macrospora (formerly
branches clustered at apex; mycelium Sclerospora macrospora). Downy Mildew of
intercellular, with small, knoblike, unbranched oats, crazy top of corn, wheat, barley, St.
haustoria; germination by germ tube or Augustinegsrass, Kentucky bluegrass and wild
swarmspores. Common in moist tropic regions grasses. Plants bunch owing to shortening of
on corn, millet, sorghum, and sugar cane. internodes.
Fairy Rings
Several species of mushrooms growing in circles 2 to 12 inches across, white with scattered brown
in lawns and golf greens cause a condition known scales; flesh white; gills green when mature,
as fairy ring, rather common when the soil is quite spores green turning yellow, stem bulbous at
moist and contains a superabundance of organic base with a large ring (annulus). Poisonous,
matter. Less commonly, some of these mush- though other members of this genus, also causing
rooms are responsible for a poor condition of fairy rings, are edible.
other herbaceous plants and of roses. The chief Marasmius oreades Cap 2 inches or less,
symptom in turf is the appearance of continuous convex to plane, thin, tough, withering but not
or interrupted bands of darker green, due to the decaying; gills free from stem; spores white.
fungus mycelium breaking down organic matter Edible.
into products easily assimilated by grass roots. Psalliota (Agaricus) campestris Cap 1 1/2 to
Following the zone of stimulated growth there 3 inches; white, silky, nearly flat; flesh white to
may be a zone of dying grass due to temporary pinkish; gills pink, then brown; spores brownish
exhaustion of nutrients, or to toxic substances purple; stem white, with a ring when young.
from the mushroom mycelium, or because Edible.
a layer has developed that is rather impervious Other Basidiomycetes found on lawns in moist
to water. The green rings are more conspicuous weather include puffballs, which are very good
on underfertilized lawns, and their presence can eating when white and firm inside, and bird’s nest
sometimes be masked by adequate fertilization. fungi, which are tiny cups filled with “seed,”
Breaking off the mushrooms, possibly spiking the resembling a nest of eggs.
sod, is all the control ordinarily recommended.
The following species are merely representative
of the Basidiomycetes found in fairy rings. They are Trechispora
in the order Agaricales, family Agaricaceae.
Cyathus stercoreus (Bird’s Nest Fungus) Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
Fairy Ring on turf.
Lepiota morgani On turf and also in rose Trechispora alnicola Blight, Fairy Ring of
greenhouses, causing poor growth. The caps are Kentucky bluegrass.

Fruit Spots
Many fruit blemishes are symptoms of rot dis- Helminthosporium

eases and are treated under Rots; others are due to
physiological disturbances; a few others, limited ▶ Blights.
to fruits and known primarily as fruit spots or Helminthosporium papulosum Black Pox on
specks, are included here. apples and pears in eastern states. Fruit spots are
small, sunken, dark, scattered in profusion over
the surface. Blackish papules on bark are
Aureobasidium followed by a pitted or scaly condition. Spray
with sulfur (except at high temperatures).
Deuteromycetes
Yeast-like growth characteristics. Microthyriella

Aureobasidium pullulans Fruit Russet on
apple. Ascomycetes, Hemisphaeriales
Vegetative mycelium lacking; stromata with

Cribropeltis radial structure appearing as black superficial
dots on leaves or stems.
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Microthyriella rubi (see ▶Schizothyrium
pevexiguum). Fly Speck of pome fruits, general
Brown mycellium, branches profusely; black, on apple, also on pear, quince, citrus fruits,
irregularly circular pycnidia; simple, hyaline, banana, Japanese persimmon, plum, blackberry,
clavate conidiophores; pale, oblong, straight or raspberry, and grape.
slightly curved conidia. Schizothyrium pevexiguum (formerly
Cribropeltis citrullina Fly Speck of water- Microthyriella rubi). Fly Speck of pome fruits,
melon fruits. general on apple, also on pear, quince, citrus
fruits, banana, Japanese persimmon, plum, black-
berry, raspberry, and grape. The pathogen has
Zygophiala long been recorded as Leptothyrium pomi, but
this is apparently a misconception. The anamorph
▶ Blotch Diseases. state is Zygophiala jamaicensis, originally iso-
Zygophiala jamaicensis (Schizothyrium pomi). lated from banana and recently reported as caus-
Fly Speck on apple. ing a greasy blotch of carnations. Flyspeck is

190 Fruit Spots
often associated with sooty blotch on apples, but quince, most prevalent in northeastern states.
the two diseases are distinct. Flyspeck looks like Spots appear on fruits in July or early August,
its name, groups of 6 to 50 very small, slightly deeper red on the colored face of apples, darker
elevated, superficial black dots connected with green on the lighter surface. They are irregular,
very fine threads. Spots may extend entirely slightly sunken, more abundant near the calyx
around blackberry canes and shoots. end of the fruit, usually with centers flecked
with black. The symptoms on quince are more
of a blotch than a definite spot.
Mycosphaerella
▶ Anthracnose. Rhodotorula
Mycosphaerella pomi Brooks Fruit Spot,
Phoma Fruit Spot. Quince Blotch, of apple and Rodotorula glutinis Fruit Russet on apple.
Galls
Galls are local swellings, hyperplastic enlarge- exposing the spore-bearing layer. There is sel-
ments of plant tissue due to stimulation from dom more than one diseased shoot on a stem,
insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and occasionally and not many on the whole bush; so the disease
physiological factors. Crown gall, a common and does not cause serious damage.
serious problem, is discussed under Bacterial Control Handpicking of affected parts,
Diseases. Cedar galls are treated under Rusts. searching carefully for diseased leaves at base
See ▶ Black Knot for hypertrophy of plum of new growth, removing them before spores
branches. are formed, keeps sporadic infection at
a minimum. Spraying with a low-lime bordeaux
may be effective but is seldom necessary.
Exobasidium Exobasidium oxycocci Cranberry Rose Bloom,
Shoot Hypertrophy on cranberry, and manza-
Basidiomycetes, Exobasidiales nita. The disease appears in cranberry bogs soon
after water is removed in spring. Bud infection
Mycelium intercellular with branched haustoria results in abnormal lateral shoots with enlarged,
entering host cells; basidia extend above the layer swollen, pink or light rose distorted leaves that
of epidermal cells much like the layer of asci in somewhat resemble flowers. Excessive water
Taphrina; each basidium bears two to eight supply promotes the disease. Remove water
basidiospores. Species cause marked hypertro- early in spring. If necessary, spray with bordeaux
phy in the Ericaceae. mixture.
Exobasidium vaccinii Leaf Gall, widespread on Exobasidium rhododendri Rhododendron
flame azalea. Leaf Gall. Large vesicular galls, especially on
Exobasidium burtii Leaf Gall, Yellow Leaf Rhododendron catawbiense and R. maximum.
Spot on azalea and rhododendron. Exobasidium symploci Bud Gall on sweetleaf.
Exobasidium camelliae Camellia Leaf Gall on Exobasidium uvae-ursi Shoot Hypertrophy of
camellia in the Southeast, more common on bearberry.
sasanqua than on japonica. Symptoms are Exobasidium vaccinii Azalea Leaf Gall, Red
a striking enlargement and thickening of leaves Leaf Spot, Shoot Hypertrophy of and romeda,
and a thickening of stems of new shoots. Dis- arbutus (A. menziesii), bearberry, blueberry (fruit
eased leaves are four or more times as wide and green spot), box sandmyrtle, chamaedaphne,
long as normal leaves, very thick and succulent. cranberry, farkleberry, huckleberry, ledum,
Color of the upper surface is nearly normal, but leucothoë, manzanita, and rhododendron. On
the underside is white with a thin membrane that azaleas and other ornamentals the galls are blad-
cracks and peels back in strips or patches der-shaped enlargements of all or part of a leaf,

192 Galls
Fusarium
▶ Rots.
Fusarium decemcellulare (Teleomorph, Nectria
rigidiuscula). Gall on midge.
Kutilakesa
Sporodochia erumpent, pale olive-green, cush-

ion-shaped; similar to Kutilakesopsis but differs
by having larger two-celled conidia; teleomorph
state is Nectriella.
Kutilakesa pironii Stem and Leaf Gall, Can-
kers on croton, zebra plant, and Clorodendron.
Fig. 1 Azalea Leaf Gall Nocardia
Actinomycetales
sometimes a flower bud (see Fig. 1). They are
white or pink, soft and succulent when young, Related to bacteria with mycelial filaments
brown and hard with age. This is seldom a serious breaking up into rod forms.
disease but in wet seasons, particularly in the Nocardia vaccinii Blueberry Bud-Proliferating
South, and in shaded gardens, the number of Gall, first observed in Maryland in 1944,
galls may become rather alarming. On cran- described as a new species in 1952. Galls, similar
berries and blueberries the gall is a small, round, to crown gall, are formed at the soil line. Abnor-
red blister in the leaf, with spores packed in mal buds abort at an early stage or grow into weak
a dense layer on the underside. The fungus is shoots, 1 to 6 inches high, forming a witches’
systemic in blueberries, fruiting on the leaves in broom effect.
June and July.
Control Handpick and destroy galls as they
appear. Spraying is seldom required for cran- Phoma, Phomopsis
berries and other fruits.
Exobasidium vaccinii-uliginosi Shoot and ▶ Blights.
Leaf Gall, Witches’ Broom of rhododendron, Phoma sp. or Phomopsis sp Stem Gall on win-
manzanita, and mountain heath. An excessive ter jasmine, privet, forsythia, and rose, at
number of twigs is formed on infected branches. scattered locations. Both pathogens have been
Leaves are yellowish white covered with a dense reported causing roundish, rather rough stem
mealy fungus growth. The mycelium penetrates enlargements on ornamentals. It has not been
the whole plant so that it is wiser to remove the determined whether more than one fungus is
shrub than to attempt remedial measures. involved.
Synchytrium 193
delphinium, geum, golden-glow, marsh-mari-

Plasmopara gold, and viola. Pick off and burn affected parts.
Synchytrium endobioticum Potato Wart,
▶ Downy Mildews. Black Wart of potatoes, a warty hypertrophy of
Plasmopara halstedii Basal Gall on sunflower. tubers. A European disease wart was found in
1918 in backyard gardens in mining towns of
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia. Dis-
Protomyces eased tubers had apparently been brought in by
immigrants. A strict quarantine was placed on
Archiascomycetes, Taphrinales infested districts, and there has been no spread
to commercial potato fields. The disease shows as
Protomyces gravidus Stem gall on ragweed. prominent outgrowths or warts originating in the
Protomyces macrosporus Leaf gall on hedge eyes, varying from the size of a pea to that of the
parsley (Torilis sp.). tuber itself. Numerous yellow sporangia are
released into the soil by decay of the malformed
tissue. The disease, which may affect other spe-
Sphaeropsis cies of Solanum, is spread by contaminated soil or
infected tubers. Buds and adventitious shoots of
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. tomato are infected below the soil line.
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Canker and Gall on Control By 1953 potato wart had been eradi-
Carissa. cated from more than half of the 1,112 infested
gardens in Pennsylvania. The plan called for
applying copper sulfate the first year, keeping
Synchytrium the land clean and cultivated, applying lime the
next year, growing vegetables the third year, and
Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiales going back to potatoes the fourth year to test
results.
Mycelium lacking; thallus converted into a soros Synchytrium vaccinii Red Leaf Gall on cran-
with a membrane, at maturity functioning in entirety berry, azalea, chamaedaphne, gaultheria, and
as a resting sporangium or divided to form many ledum, from New Jersey northward. On cran-
sporangia in a common membrane; zoospores with berry the disease appears just before blossoms
one cillum at posterior end. Various species cause open. Buds, flowers and young leaves are covered
excrescences on leaves and fruit; potato wart. with small, red, somewhat globular galls about
Synchytrium anemones Leaf Gall, Flower Spot the size of birdshot; affected shoots bear no fruit.
of anemone and thalictrum. Flowers are spotted, The disease is erratic in appearance but is most
distorted, dwarfed, and may fall. Red spots are frequent in bogs that have excessive or uneven
formed on leaves and stems. water supply.
Synchytrium aureum Red Leaf Gall, False Rust Synchytrium sp Stem Gall on castor bean, in
on many plants, 130 species in widely separated Texas. Small red galls on stems, petioles, and
genera, including calypha, artemisia, clintonia, leaves of seedlings.
Leaf Blister and Leaf Curl Diseases
A single genus, Taphrina, is responsible for most undersurface, convex and yellow on the upper
of the hyperplastic (overgrowth) deformities surface. Individual blisters are 1/4 to 1/2 inch
known as leaf blister, leaf curl, or, occasionally, across but often become confluent, causing the
as pockets. leaf to curl. Ascospores are borne on the surface
of the blistered area. The disease is most serious
in a cool wet spring.
Taphrina Control A single dormant eradicant spray,
before the buds swell, controls the disease; later
Archiascomycetes, Taphrinales sprays are ineffective.
Taphrina carnea Birch Red Leaf Blister.
Parasitic on vascular plants, causing hypertrophy. Taphrina castanopsidis California Chinquapin
Asci in a single palisade layer, not formed in Leaf Blister.
a fruiting body; hyphal cells become thin-walled Taphrina communis Plum Pockets, common
chlamydospores; on germination the inner spore on American plums; T. pruni, on European spe-
protrudes from the host and is cut off by a septum cies, not in United States; T. prunisubcordata,
to form an eight-spored ascus, which may in western United States. Leaves, shoots and
become many-spored by budding or the fruits become puffy and enlarged into reddish or
ascospores. white swollen bladders. Fruits are sometimes ten
Taphrina spp Maple Leaf Blister. Leaves after times the size of normal plums. Most garden
expanding in spring show dark spots, shrivel, and plums are of foreign origin and not susceptible
fall. The disease may be locally epidemic; it is to the American species of Taphrina. Bordeaux
more common in shaded locations. mixture applied in spring before flower buds open
Taphrina aceris Western Maple Leaf Blister. gives satisfactory control.
Taphrina aesculi Leaf Blister of California Taphrina coryli Hazelnut Leaf Blister.
buckeye; yellow turning to dull red; witches’ Taphrina deformans Peach Leaf Curl, general
broom formed. on peach, also on nectarine and almond but not on
Taphrina australis American Hornbean Leaf apricot. This is an old disease, known in the
Curl. United States for well over a century but not
Taphrina caerulescens Oak Leaf Blister on var- quite so important since 1900, when a control
ious oak species, with red oak particularly sus- was worked out. Young leaves are arched and
ceptible but often defoliating and sometimes reddened, or paler than normal as they emerge
killing water, willow, laurel, and live oaks in the from the bud, then much curled, puckered, and
South. Blisters start on young partially grown distorted, greatly increased in thickness (Fig. 1).
leaves as gray depressed areas on the Any portion or the entire leaf may be curled,

196 Leaf Blister and Leaf Curl Diseases
Fig. 1 Peach Leaf Curl;

deformed leaf; palisade
layer of asci formed on
curled portion; germinating
spore
and one or all leaves from a bud. The leaves often Taphrina japonica (T. macrophylla). Leaf Curl
look as if a gathering string had been run along on red alder. Young leaves are enlarged to several
the midvein and pulled tight. Leaves may drop, times normal size and curled. They dry up after
lowering vitality of tree, with partial or total ascospore discharge, and a new crop of healthy
failure to set fruit, and increasing chances of leaves is formed.
winter injury. Young fruits may be distorted or Taphrina populina Leaf Blister, Yellow on
cracked. Defoliation for several seasons kills tree poplar.
outright. Taphrina populina Poplar Yellow Leaf Blister.
The fungus has no summer stage, and the asci Conspicuous blisters, small to large, an inch or
are formed not in a fruiting body but in a layer more in diameter, are brilliant yellow on the
over infected surfaces, giving them a silvery concave side when the asci are fully developed;
sheen. Before leaves fall, ascospores are later the color changes to brown.
discharged from this layer, and land on bark or Taphrina robinsoniana, T. occidentalis,
twigs and bud scales, there to germinate by bud- T. alni Catkin Hypertrophy of alder. Scales of
ding into yeastlike spores, which remain viable catkins enlarge and project as reddish curled
over winter, sometimes for 2 years. In spring they tongues covered with a white glistening layer.
are washed by rain to opening leaf buds. Infection can be reduced with a lime sulfur spray.
Control One spray during the dormant season Taphrina sacchari Maple Brown Leaf Blister.
gives effective control. This is best applied just Taphrina ulmi Elm Leaf Blister. Very small
before the buds swell, but can be done any time blisters on elm leaves. Dusting nursery trees
after leaf fall in autumn when the temperature is with sulfur has helped.
above freezing. Applications after the buds swell Taphrina weisneri Cherry Witches’ Broom,
have little effect. Leaf Curl on wild and cultivated cherries, T.
Taphrina faulliana Leaf Blister of Christmas flavorubra, on sand cherry; T. flectans, on west-
fern; T. filicina, on sensitive fern; T. ern wild cherry; T. farlowii, leaf curl and fruit
struthiopteridis, on ostrich fern. pockets on eastern wild cherry; T. confusa, on
Taphrina flava Yellow Leaf Blister of gray and chokecherry; T. thomasii, witches’ broom of
paper birches in northeastern states. cherry-laurel in California.
Leaf Scorch
According to the dictionary scorching means to Curvularia

heat so as to change color and texture without
consuming. Sometimes leaves are literally ▶ Blights.
scorched in summer heat, and sometimes symp- Curvularia sp Leaf Scorch on pecan.
toms caused by fungi resemble those of a heat
scorch. This section includes some of the latter.
Diplocarpon
Ceratocystis ▶ Blackspot.
Diplocarpon earlianum Strawberry Leaf
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. Scorch, general where strawberries are grown
Ceratocystis paradoxa Black Scorch, Bud but more prevalent in the South. Dark purplish
Scorch, Heart Rot of coconut, Canary, Washing- spots about 1/4 inch in diameter are scattered
ton, and Guadaloupe palms, also causing profusely over upper surface of leaves in all
a pineapple disease in the tropics. The most strik- stages of development. Later the spots enlarge
ing symptom is a black, irregular, necrotic con- to scorch wide areas of the leaf, and black
dition of the leaf stalk. The tissues look as if they fruiting bodies give a “tar spot” appearance.
had been burned, whence the name black scorch. Scorch spots always lack the white centers so
Furled pinnae of leaf fronds show pale yellow characteristic of Mycosphaerella leaf spot on
spots with broad margins that later converge and strawberry. Lesions are found on petioles, sto-
turn black; infection spreads rapidly, and in lons, and fruit stalks as well as leaves. If the fruit
severe cases the heart leaves dry up. The heart stems are girdled, flowers or young fruits die.
rot discolors trunk tissues and rots the pithy mate- Rarely the disease appears on green berries
rial between cells. Infection is through wounds as a superficial red or brown discoloration
during periods of relatively high humidity, or and flecking. Spores, produced in quantity in
through roots, or sometimes through uninjured acervuli on lesions, are distributed by birds,
fruit strands, petioles, or pinnae. Palms with vital- insects, and pickers on tools and clothing. The
ity lowered, as when the normal crown of leaves fungus winters in old leaves. Teleomorph and
has been reduced but the water supply to the anamorph states are both produced in spring,
leaves is not reduced, are most susceptible. and repeated infections occur throughout the
Control Destruction of infected parts seems to summer in moist weather.
be the chief control measure. It is easier to bury Control Remove all old leaves when setting
than to burn palm trunks. plants in spring. Spray with bordeaux mixture at

198 Leaf Scorch
10-day intervals, starting in January in Louisiana,

late February in North Carolina. Fairly resistant Septoria
varieties include Catskill, Midland, Fairfax,
Howard 17, Blakemore, Southland. ▶ Blights.
Septoria azaleae Azalea Leaf Scorch, Leaf
Spot. Small, yellowish, round spots enlarge irreg-
Epicoccum ularly, turn reddish brown, with dark brown
centers. Leaves fall prematurely; black fruiting
▶ Leaf Spots. bodies are produced in fallen leaves. The disease
Epicoccum sp Leaf Scorch on pecan. is most severe in greenhouses in fall and winter
and under high humidity.
Fusarium
Stagonospora
▶ Rots.
Fusarium sp Leaf Scorch on pecan. Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Pycnidia dark, separate, superficial, or erumpent,

Hendersonia globose, ostiolate; conidiophores short; conidia
hyaline, typically with three or more cells, cylin-
Deuteromycetes; Coelomycetes drical to elliptical; parasitic or saprophytic.
Stagonospora curtisii Narcissus Leaf Scorch,
Pycnidia dark, separate, globose, ostiolate, Red Blotch of Amaryllis, Red Leaf Spot,
immersed then usually erumpent; conidia dark, Red Fire Disease, also on crinum, eucharis,
several-celled, elongate to fusoid; saprophytic or hymenocallis, leucojum, nerine, sternbergia,
parasitic. vallota, and zephyranthes.
Hendersonia opuntiae Scorch, Sunscald, com- Leaf tips of narcissus are blighted for 2 or 3
mon and serious on prickly pear cactus inches as in frost injury and separated off from
(Opuntia). Segments turn reddish brown and healthy basal portions of leaves by a definite margin
die; centers are grayish brown and cracked. or yellow area. Spores formed in pycnidia in the
dead area furnish inoculum for secondary infection,
which consists of lesions in lower portions of leaves,
Pestalotia minute water-soaked or yellowish spots becoming
raised, scabby, and reddish brown. Flower stalks
▶ Blights. may be spotted; brown spots appear on petals.
Pestalotia sp Leaf Scorch on pecan. Bulbs suffer loss in weight due to killing of foliage
a month or two before normal dying down. All types
may be infected but the most susceptible varieties
Pseudopezicula are in the Leedsii and Polyanthus groups. The fun-
gus was described on narcissus in 1878 but was not
Ascomycetes, Helotiales considered a threat to it, nor was it known to be
connected with amaryllis red blotch before 1929.
Hyaline, gelatinous apothecia containing paraph- On amaryllis or hippeastrum red spots are
yses and 20–80 asci; asci contain four reniform, formed on leaves, flower stems, and petals. On
binucleate ascospores; five-spored asci rarely foliage the spots are bright red to purplish, small
observed. at first but often increasing to 2 inches. Leaf or
Pseudopezicula tetraspora Leaf Scorch of flower stalks are bent or deformed at the point of
grapevines. attack. This disease should not be confused with
Stagonospora 199
“red disease” caused by mites. The spores are var- Control Treat suspected narcissus bulbs before
iable in size and number of cells, one to six. They planting. Control secondary infection in the field
are embedded in a gelatinous matrix and are dis- with bordeaux mixture. Discard seriously dis-
seminated in rain. The fungus apparently winters in eased amaryllis bulbs; remove infected leaves
or on bulbs, infecting new leaves as they grow out and bulb scales; avoid syringing and heavy
in spring. watering.
Leaf Spots
Leaf spots are the most prevalent of plant dis- expensive proposition. If the budget is limited,
eases, so common we seldom notice them, and it is more important to have an elm sprayed for
rightly so, for if we should attempt to control all elm leaf beetles, which cause defoliation every
the miscellaneous leaf spots that appear in a small season, than for elm black spot, which may be
suburban garden in a single season, we would serious in only one year out of three or four.
quickly go mad. A typical leaf spot is a rather When it comes to rose blackspot (no relation to
definitely delimited necrotic lesion, often with elm black spot), weekly protection with
a brown, sometimes white, center and a darker a fungicide is necessary, but to save labor it can
margin. When the spots are so numerous they be combined with insecticides.
grow together to form large dead areas, the dis-
ease becomes a blight, or perhaps a blotch, or
scorch. Certain types of lesions are called Actinothyrium
anthracnose, spot anthracnose, blackspot. All of
these have been segregated out in their different Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
sections. What is left is a very large collection of
names. Pycnidia superficial, globose, with a more or less
The genus Septoria, for instance, has about fimbriate shield; spores filiform, hyaline.
1000 species, Mycosphaerella 500, Cercospora Actinopelte dryina (see ▶Tubakia dryina).
400, chiefly identified by the hosts on which they On oak.
appear. Cercospora beticola is so named because Actinothyrium gloeosporioides (see
it causes a leaf spot of beet, C. apii for its celery ▶Tubakia dryina). On oak. Leaf Spot on
host. Species recorded in this country as causing sassafras.
a definite disease are listed under their respective Tubakia dryina (formerly Actinopelte dryina).
hosts. They are not repeated here unless the leaf On oak. Very small dark spots between veins.
spot is of some importance or there is some useful Conspicuous in midsummer but not serious.
information that can be added to the name. Tubakia dryina (formerly Actinothyrium
Most leaf spot diseases flourish in wet seasons. gloeosporioides). Leaf Spot on sassafras.
A comparative few may be important enough to
call for control measures other than general san-
itation. Adequate protection usually means sev- Alternaria
eral applications of fungicides, and the cost of
spraying trees and shrubs must be balanced ▶ Blights.
against the expected damage. Calling in a tree Alternaria alternata Leaf Spot of
expert with high-pressure apparatus is often an Calathea spp.

202 Leaf Spots
Alternaria alternata (formerly Alternaria holes; there is more or less defoliation. The fun-
fasciculata). Leaf Spot on rose-acacia and gus is sometimes secondary following bacterial
asclepiodora. infection or midge infestation. Rake up and burn
Alternaria alternata (formerly Alternaria fallen leaves.
tenuis). Leaf Spot of magnolia, hibiscus, clarkia, Alternaria chrysanthemi (see ▶Alternaria
and many ornamental and other hosts. The fungus leucanthemi). Leaf Spot on shasta daisy, and
is a general saprophyte and an occasional weak Canada thistle.
parasite. It discolors beet, chard, and spinach Alternaria citri Cherry Leaf Spot, occasional,
seed. more often a rot of citrus fruits. ▶ Rots.
Alternaria angustiovoidea Leaf Spot and Alternaria fasciculata (see ▶Alternaria
Blight of leafy spurge. alternata). Leaf Spot on rose-acacia and
Alternaria brassicae (with large spores) and asclepiodora.
A. brassicicola (with small spores). Black Leaf Alternaria leucanthemi (formerly Alternaria
Spot of crucifers, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemi). Leaf Spot on shasta daisy, and
collards, turnip, garden cress, mustard greens, Canada thistle.
radish, and horseradish; Head Browning leaf Alternaria longipes Brown Spot of tobacco,
and pod spot of cauliflower; Damping-off, Wire- including ornamental flowering tobacco. Small
stem of seedlings. spots on lower leaves rapidly enlarge and turn
Seedlings are subject to pre-or post-emergence brown. The fungus winters on old stalks, which
damping-off, with dark brown to black sunken should be removed and burned.
spots on cotyledons, narrow dark spots on stems, Alternaria oleracea (see ▶Alternaria
followed by wire-stem, a blackening toward the brassicicola). Cabbage Leaf Spot, occasional
base. Leaf spots are small, circular, yellowish, on crucifers.
enlarging in concentric circles with a sooty black Alternaria panax Leaf Spot of schefflera,
color from the spores. In storage the spots unite to Dizygotheca, and Tupidanthurs.
form a moldy growth over the entire leaf. On seed Alternaria passiflorae Brown Spot of passion
pods, spots are purplish at first, later brown; in flower. Minute brown leaf spots, enlarging to an
moist weather entire pods may be infected. inch across are concentrically zoned with various
Cauliflower infection is a browning of the head, shades of brown. Dark green water-soaked spots
starting at the margin of an individual flower or on fruit turn brown; the fruit shrivels, but the
cluster. Spores are blown, splashed by tools, spots stay firm.
spread on feet of men and animals. Seed bears Alternaria polypodii Fern Leaf Spot. Brown,
spores externally, mycelium internally. Wounds circular to ovate, concentrically zonate spots
are not necessary for infection. are formed along margins of fronds. Chains of
Control Hot water treatment of seed, 122 F for spores are spread by syringing or air currents.
30 min, is fairly effective. Use long rotation for Keep foliage dry; remove and burn diseased
cauliflower, avoiding all other crucifers in inter- leaves.
mediate years. Alternaria raphani Radish Leaf Spot. Yellow
Alternaria brassicicola Leaf Spot on Thlaspi. spots with black sporulation, often with centers
Alternaria brassicicola (formerly Alternaria dropping out. Also occurs on turnip.
oleracea). Cabbage Leaf Spot, occasional Alternaria sonchi Leaf Spot of lettuce, esca-
on crucifers. Has been confused with role, endive, and chicory.
A. brassicicola. Alternaria tagetica Leaf Spot of marigold.
Alternaria catalpae Catalpa Leaf Spot, wide- Alternaria tenuis (see ▶Alternaria alternata).
spread in rainy seasons. Small, water-soaked Leaf Spot of magnolia, hibiscus, clarkia, and
spots, up to 1/4 inch, appear over the leaf; they many ornamental and other hosts.
turn brown and sometimes drop out leaving shot Alternaria tenuissima Leaf Spot on blueberry.
Ascochyta 203
Alternaria tenuissima (formerly Alternaria

tomato). Nailhead Spot of tomato, a leaf, stem, Aristastoma
and fruit spot. On leaves and stems the disease is
much like early blight (see ▶A. solani under Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Blights) with small dark brown spots with
yellow margins. But on fruit the disease is quite Pycnidia brown, globose, erumpent, separate,
different. Very small tan spots, 1/16 to 1/8 inch in with dark brown setae near ostiole;
diameter, become slightly sunken, with grayish conodiophores short, simple; conida hyaline,
brown centers and darker margins. Spores pro- several-celled.
duced abundantly on fruit and foliage are spread Aristastoma oeconomicum Zonate Leaf Spot
by winds and splashing rain. Treat seed and spray of cowpea, kidney bean.
as for early blight. Varieties Marglobe, Pritchard, Aristastoma sp. Leaf Spot on desert-rose.
Glovel, and Break O’Day are quite resistant to
nailhead spot. The same fungus causes ghost spot
of apple. Ascochyta
Alternaria tomato (see ▶Alternaria
tenuissima). Nailhead Spot of tomato, a leaf, ▶ Blights.
stem, and fruit spot. Ascochyta abelmoschi (possibly identical with
Alternaria sp. Leaf Spot of schefflera, and A. phaseolorum). Leaf Spot, Pod Spot, Stem
umbrella tree. Spot of okra. Dark, small, water-soaked spots
slowly enlarge, turn brown, with many large
black pycnidia in concentric rings in dead tissue.
Amerosporium Young okra pods are severely infected, and the
mycelium grows into the seed.
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Ascochyta althaeina (see ▶Phoma exigna).
Leaf Spot of hollyhock, rose-mallow.
Pycnidia superficial, discoid to cupulate, hairy; Ascochyta armoraciae Leaf Spot of horse-
spores one-celled, hyaline. radish.
Amerosporium trichellum (see Ascochyta aspidistrae Aspidistra Leaf Spot.
▶Colletotrichum trichellum). Leaf Spot and Large, irregular pale spots on leaves.
Stem Spot on English ivy. Ascochyta asteris (see ▶Phoma exigna). Leaf
Colletotrichum trichellum (formerly Spot of China aster.
Amerosporium trichellum). Leaf Spot and Stem Ascochyta boltshauseri (see ▶Stagonos-
Spot on English ivy. In some cases stems are poropsis hortensis). Leaf Spot, Pod Spot of
girdled, causing collapse and death. beans, on snap, kidney, lima, and scarlet runner
beans, reported in Oregon.
Aschochyta Leaf Spot on big bluestem, little
Annellophora bluestem (both species of And ropogon and on
indiangrass.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Ascochyta cheiranthi Leaf and Stem Spot of
wallflower. Grayish spots up to 1/2 inch
Conidiophores brown, simple, slender, elongat- long, may girdle stems. Leaf spots are circular
ing by successive proliferations through conidial to elongate, brown with darker brown
scars; conidia brown, multiseptate, obclavate to margins. Dark pycnidia contain hyaline, two-
fusoid. celled spores. Leaves wilt and fall; potted plants
Annellophora phoenicis Leaf Spot of date may be infected. Keep greenhouse on the
palm. dry side.
204 Leaf Spots
Ascochyta clematidina Clematis Leaf and formed on leaves and stems, sometimes cankers
Stem Spot, widespread. On out-door plants at base of young stems. Black pustules in center
stems are infected near the ground and are often of spots discharge spore tendrils in wet weather.
girdled, upper portions dying back. Spores for The fungus winters in old plant refuse, is a weak
initial infection probably come from pycnidia parasite, and is ordinarily too unimportant for
on stumps of old stems. Leaf spots are more control measures.
common in greenhouses, small, water-soaked, Stagonosporopsis hortensis (formerly
then buff with reddish margins. Remove and Ascochyta boltschauseri). Leaf Spot, Pod Spot
destroy infected leaves and stems. of beans, on snap, kidney, lima, and scarlet runner
Ascochyta compositarum Leaf Spot on aster, beans, reported in Oregon. Spots on leaves and
eupatorium, silphium, and sunflower. pods are dark to drab, zonate; light to dark brown
Ascochyta cornicola Dogwood Leaf Spot. pycnidia are numerous.
Ascochyta cypripedii Cypripedium Leaf Spot,
reported on orchid from Wisconsin. Leaf lesions
are narrow, brownish, with a dark brown border. Asteroma
Ascochyta juglandis Walnut Ring Spot. Very
small, round, brown leaf spots between veins, Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
ringed with targetlike ridges. The disease is
unimportant in trees sprayed for walnut blight. Pycnidia globose with a radiate subicle, a com-
Ascochyta lycopersici (Didymella pact, crustlike growth of mycelium underneath;
lycopersici) (see ▶Phoma lycopersici) Leaf without an ostiole; spores hyaline, one-celled.
Spot, Ascochyta Blight of tomato, eggplant, and Asteroma garretianum Black Spot on
potato. primrose.
Ascochyta phaseolorum (see ▶Phoma exigua). Asteroma solidaginis Black Spot, Black Scurf
Leaf Spot of snap beans. on goldenrod.
Ascochyta pisi Leaf Spot, Pod Spot of pea. Asteroma tenerrimum Black Spot on
General, but rare in the Northwest. One of three erythronium.
species causing the disease complex known as
Ascochyta blight (also see ▶ Blights). Foliage
spots are circular to irregular, pinhead size to Asteromella (Stictochlorella)
1/2 inch. Stem lesions, at nodes or base, are
brown to purplish black. Brown pycnidia exude Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
spore tendrils in wet weather.
Phoma exigua (formerly Ascochyta althaeina). Pycnidia smooth, with ostiole, densely gregari-
Leaf Spot of hollyhock, rose-mallow. ous in asteroma-like spots; spores hyaline, one-
Phoma exigua (formerly Ascochyta asteris). celled.
Leaf Spot of China aster. Spray foliage with Asteromella lupini Leaf Spot on lupine.
bordeaux mixture.
Phoma exigua (formerly Ascochyta
phaseolorum). Leaf Spot of snap beans. Recent Botrytis
isolation and inoculation studies indicate that
the Ascochyta leaf blights of hollyhock, okra, ▶ Blights.
pepper, eggplant, and tomato are all caused by Botrytis fabae Chocolate Leaf Spot on vetch.
strains of the bean pathogen.
Phoma lycopersici (formerly Ascochyta
lycopersici (Didymella lycopersici)). Leaf Spot, Calonectria
Ascochyta Blight of tomato, eggplant, and
potato. Brown spots with concentric rings are See ▶Cylindrocladium under Blights.
Cercospora 205
Calonectria colhounii Leaf Spot on sentry palm.

Calonectria crotalariae Leaf Spot on sentry Cephalosporium
palm.
Calonectria theae Leaf Spot on sentry palm. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Conidiophores slender or swollen, simple;

Cephaleuros conidia hyaline, one-celled, produced succes-
sively at the tip and collecting in a slime drop,
One of the green algae, possessing chlorophyll produced endogenously in some species; sapro-
but not differentiated into root, stem, and leaves; phytic or parasitic, some species causing vascular
forming motile spores in sporangia. wilts of trees.
Cephaleuros virescens Algal Spot, Red Leaf Cephalosporium apii Celery Brown Spot,
Spot, Green Scurf in the far South or in green- a new disease first reported from Colorado in
houses on acacia, albizzia, ardisia, avocado, bixa, 1943, later from New York and Ohio. Irregular
bischofia, camellia, camphor-tree, cinnamon- light tan or reddish brown shallow lesions are
tree, citrus, grevillea, guava, jasmine, jujube, formed on celery leaf stalks, petioles, and leaflets.
loquat, magnolia, mango, pecan, Japanese per- They may unite to make a scurfy brown streak up
simmon, privet, rhododendron, viburnum. the inside of the stalk and may develop transverse
On some hosts this is a disease of twigs and cracks. Utah and Pascal varieties are most
branches, which may be girdled and stunted, cov- susceptible.
ered with reddish brown hairlike fruiting bodies. Cephalosporium cinnamomeum Leaf Spot of
On magnolia leaves velvety, reddish brown to nephthytis and syngonium. Small circular to
orange, cushiony patches are formed, but in the irregular spots, reddish brown with pale yellow
absence of sporangia (tiny globular heads on fine, borders enlarge, with centers becoming gray and
dense reddish hairs) the leaf spots remain green- papery. In severe cases leaves turn yellow and
ish brown. Occasionally citrus fruits as well as die. Pick off infected leaves. Maintain low tem-
leaves are attacked. perature and humidity.
The sporangia formed on the fine hairs germi- Cephalosporium dieffenbachiae Dief-
nate in moist weather, producing zoospores that fenbachia Leaf Spot. Small red lesions with
enter through stomata and form mycelium-like dark borders appear on young leaves. Spots
chains of algal cells in host tissue. On twigs the sometimes run together, and the whole leaf
alga invades outer cortical tissue, which may turns yellow and dies. Infection is often through
swell abnormally, crack, and afford entrance to mealybug wounds. Avoid promiscuous syring-
injurious fungi. Weakened trees are most suscep- ing; keep temperature and humidity low; control
tible, and disease spread is most rapid in periods mealybugs, and ants that transport them.
of frequent and abundant rains. Twigs may die,
and there may be reduced yield of citrus fruit.
Control Improve draining and other growing Cercospora
conditions; citrus trees sprayed regularly with
copper seldom have algal trouble. If it gets ▶ Blights.
started, follow cleanup pruning with a bordeaux Cercospora abeliae Abelia Leaf Spot, reported
mixture spray in December or January. Repeat from Louisiana. Irregular purple to brown spots;
with bordeaux at start of rainy season or when red defoliation.
stage of the alga is first seen, and spray again Cercospora abelmoschi (see
1 month later. A neutral copper may substitute ▶Pseudocercospora abelmoschi). Leaf Spot on
for bordeaux for the last two applications. The okra, hibiscus.
copper kills beneficial insects parasitic on scales, Cercospora albo-maculans (Syn. Cercosporella
but the oil controls the scale insects. brassicae) (see ▶Pseudocercospora capsellae).
206 Leaf Spots
White Spot of turnip, Chinese cabbage, mustard, Control Crop rotation is highly important. In
and other crucifers, common in the Southeast. a small garden pick off the first spotted leaves.
Cercospora althaeina Leaf Spot of hollyhock Cercospora bougainvilleae (see
and abutilon. Spots circular, angular or irregular, ▶Cercosporidium bougainvilleae). Leaf Spot
1.5 mm, olivaceous to grayish brown, with the first seen in Florida in 1962 and now the most
dead tissue falling out. The fungus winters in old important pathogen of this host.
plant parts. Cercospora brunkii Geranium Leaf Spot,
Cercospora angulata Leaf Spot on philadel- mostly in the South. Spots are circular, light red-
phus, currant, flowering currant, and gooseberry. dish brown with dark brown borders, sometimes
Circular to angular spots, dingy gray centers, dark coalescing to kill entire leaf.
purple to nearly black margins. Cercospora calendulae Calendula Leaf Spot.
Cercospora aquilegiae Columbine Leaf Spot, Spots run together to blight and kill leaves; plants
reported from Kansas, Wisconsin, Oregon. Spots may be destroyed early in the season. Spores
circular to elliptical, reddish brown to nearly enter through stomata of plants more than
black; fruiting is on both sides of the leaf. a month old.
Cercospora arachidicola (Mycosphaerella Cercospora cannabina (see
arachidicola, Teleomorph). Peanut Early Leaf ▶Pseudocercospora cannabina). Leaf Curl and
Spot. Spots light tan aging to reddish or dark Wilt on hemp.
brown with a yellow halo, often confluent. Conid- Cercospora cannabis Leaf Spot on hemp.
iophores on both sides of the leaf, emerging from Cercospora capsici Pepper Leaf Spot,
stomata or breaking through epidermal cells. Stem-end Rot, common in the Southeast, serious
Conidia colorless to pale yellow or olive, with in rainy seasons. Spots 1/7 to 1 inch in diameter are
5 to 12 cells. Control with sulfur-copper dust. first water-soaked then white with dark brown
Cercospora armoraciae Horse-Radish Leaf margins. Leaves turn yellow and drop. The fungus
Spot. Tan to dingy gray lesions with yellow- grows through the pedicel into fruit, causing a rot
brown margin; often slightly zonate. of the stem end. Loss of foliage exposes the fruit to
Cercospora beticola Cercospora Leaf Spot of sunscald. Spray or dust with copper.
beet, general on garden and sugar beets, also on Cercospora circumscissa (Mycosphaerella
swiss chard, spinach. Brown flecks with reddish cerasella, Teleomorph). Leaf Spot, Shot Hole
purple borders become conspicuous spots with of apricot, plum, cherry, cherry-laurel, oriental
ash-gray centers and purple margins. The brittle cherry, and chokecherry. Dead spots are some-
central tissue often drops out, leaving ragged what larger than those caused by other shot-hole
holes. The spots usually remain small but are fungi, but the damage is not serious.
often so numerous that foliage is killed. If suc- Cercospora citrullina Leaf Spot of water-
cessive crops of leaves are lost, the crown of the melon, muskmelon, and other cucurbits. Spots
beet root is elongated and roughened. Leaf spot- are small, circular, black with grayish centers,
ting is of little direct importance except in chard, occurring first on leaves in center of watermelon
where foliage is used for greens. The beet root hills. On cucumber, muskmelon, and squash the
yield is reduced. spots are large and ochre-gray. Defoliation of
The grayish color of the spots is due to long, vines causes reduction in fruit size, but the dis-
thin, septate conidia produced on conidiophores ease is not considered important. Clean up dis-
protruded through stomata in fascicles or groups, eased vines; use a 2-or 3-year rotation; spray or
coming from a knotted mass of mycelium resem- dust as for bacterial wilt.
bling a sclerotium. Conidia are spread by rain, Cercospora concors (see ▶Mycovellosiella
wind, tools, and insects. Infection is through sto- concors). Potato Leaf Spot, Leaf Blotch.
mata; disease spread is most rapid under condi- Cercospora cornicola Dogwood Leaf Spot, in
tions of high humidity that keep stomata open. the Gulf states, often with Septoria florida. Spots
Hot weather favors the disease. irregular without definite borders.
Cercospora 207
Cercospora fusca (see ▶Sirosporium tan, or gray. Avoid syringing; keep plants well
diffusum). Pecan Brown Leaf Spot, prevalent spaced; ventilate greenhouse.
throughout the pecan belt but minor, serious Cercospora rosicola (Mycosphaerella rosicola,
only with high rainfall and in neglected orchards Teleomorph). Cercospora Spot of rose, wherever
where trees lack vigor. roses are grown but more important in the South.
Cercospora lathyrina Leaf Spot on pea and Spots are circular, 1 to 4 mm, but coalescing to
sweet pea, in southern states and north to New irregular areas, purplish or reddish brown with
Jersey and Missouri. Angular to elongate spots pale brown, tan, or gray centers. Perithecia are
have dirty gray centers with a black line border. formed in fallen leaves.
Cercospora lythracearum Leaf Spot on crape- Cercospora smilacis Smilax Leaf Spot. Spots
myrtle, in Texas. Spots circular, pale brown to are more or less circular up to 1/4 inch, dark
gray with a greenish fringe or yellow halo. purplish red, centers fading with age but margins
Cercospora magnoliae (see ▶Cercosporidium remaining definite and dark.
magnoliae). (Mycosphaerella milleri, Cercospora sojina Frog-Eye Disease of soy-
Telleomorph). On magnolia in South. bean. Typical frog-eye spots are formed on
Cercospora melongenae Eggplant Leaf Spot, leaves and elongated reddish lesions on stems,
more common in tropical areas. Yellow lesions changing to brown, gray, or nearly black with
change to large brown areas with concentric rings. age. Pods of late varieties may be infected. The
Cercospora nandinae Nandina Leaf Spot, one fungus winters on diseased leaves and stems.
of the few diseases of this usually healthy shrub. Seed treatment is not effective; crop rotation
Red blotches appear on upper leaf surface with is necessary. Early varieties often escape
centers of older spots almost black. There is injury. There is a wide difference in varietal
a scant sooty fruiting layer on the undersurface. susceptibility.
Reported from Alabama and North Carolina. Cercospora symplocarpi Leaf Spot on snow-
Cercospora personata (Mycosphaerella berry, coralberry, and wolfberry. Very small cir-
berkeleyii, Teleomorph) (see ▶Phaeoisariopsis cular to angular spots, uniformly brown or with
personata). Peanut Leaf Spot, general on peanut. tan centers and brown margins.
Cercospora piaropi Leaf Spot on water- Cercospora sp. Leaf Spot on kalanchoë.
hyacinths. Cercospora zebrina Leaf and Stem Spot on
Cercospora pittospori Pittosporum Leaf Spot, bean, cowpea, groundnut, peanut, birdsfoot tre-
reported from Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, foil and Lespedeza. Leaf Spot on clovers
and Texas. Spots small, angular, yellow to dull Cercosporidium bougainvilleae (formerly
brown, fruiting in fawn-colored effuse patches on Cercospora bougainvilleae). Leaf Spot first seen
lower surface. in Florida in 1962 and now the most important
Cercospora puderi (see ▶Pseudocercospora pathogen of this host. Lesions are 1 to 5 mm,
puderi). Leaf Spot on rose, reported from Georgia circular, depressed, with brown or tan centers,
and Texas. reddish brown margins and a diffuse chlorotic
Cercospora resedae Leaf Spot, Blight of area.
mignonette, a rapid disease killing much of the Cercosporidium magnoliae (formerly
foliage. Numerous small circular spots, pale Cercospora magnoliae). (Mycosphaerella
yellow with reddish brown borders, run together, milleri, Telleomorph). On magnolia in South.
discoloring the entire leaf. Spores are spread by Leaf spots are small, angular, dark, with narrow
wind and rain; lower leaves are most affected. yellow halo.
Cercospora rhododendri (see Mycovellosiella concors (formerly Cercospora
▶Pseudocercospora handelii). Rhododendron concors). Potato Leaf Spot, Leaf Blotch. Spots
Leaf Spot. none to large irregular brown areas. Fruiting on
Cercospora richardiaecola Leaf Spot on calla undersurface; conidiophores very pale; conidia
lily, sometimes injurious. Spots circular, brown, almost hyaline.
208 Leaf Spots
Phaeoisariopsis personata (formerly

Cercospora personata (Mycosphaerella Cercosporella
berkeleyii, Teleomorph)). Peanut Leaf Spot,
general on peanut. Spots are circular, 1 to 7 mm, Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
but may coalesce; dark brown to black, often with
a yellow halo. Conidiophores on both sides of the Conidiophores hyaline, bearing conidia apically
leaf, more numerous on the lower, are arranged or on short branches; conidia hyaline, cylindrical
concentrically in tufts; the epidermis is ruptured. to filiform with several cells (see Figs. 1 and 2);
Spores are pale brown to olivaceous, one-to like Cercospora except for light conidiophores;
eight-septate. In wet seasons vines may be nearly parasitic.
defoliated. Primary infections come from asco- Cercosporella brassicae (see ▶Pseudocer-
spores on overwintered peanut leaves. Sulfur dust cosporella capsellae). Leaf Spot of cabbage, tur-
with 3.5 % copper is recommended; apply every nip, mustard, on West Coast.
10 to 14 days. Pseudocercosporella capsellae (formerly
Pseudocercospora abelmoschi (formerly Cercosporella brassicae). Leaf Spot of cabbage,
Cercospora abelmoschi). Leaf Spot on okra, turnip, mustard, on West Coast. Lesions on
hibiscus. Spots indistinct, but a sooty fruiting of cabbage are black, those on turnip and mustard
spores on under leaf surface. gray with tan margins.
Pseudocercospora cannabina (formerly
Cercospora cannabina). Leaf Curl and Wilt on
hemp.
Pseudocercospora capsellae (formerly Cercosporidum
Cercospora albo-maculans (Syn. Cercosporella
brassicae)). White Spot of turnip, Chinese Cercosporidium personata (see
cabbage, mustard, and other crucifers, common ▶Phaeoisariopsis personata). Leaf Spot on
in the Southeast. Small, pale, circular slightly peanut.
sunken spots; may coalesce. Phaeoisariopsis personata (formerly
Pseudocercospora puderi (formerly Cercosporidium personata). Leaf Spot on
Cercospora puderi). Leaf Spot on rose, peanut.
reported from Georgia and Texas. Spots are
circular, to 5 mm, with dingy gray centers,
brown or reddish brown margins. Fruiting is
chiefly on the upper surface in dense fascicles of Ciborinia
short conidia.
Sirosporium diffusum (formerly Cercospora ▶ Blights.
fusca). Pecan Brown Leaf Spot, prevalent Ciborinia whetzelii (Syn. Sclerotinia
throughout the pecan belt but minor, serious whetzelii). Black Leaf Spot of poplar, Ink Spot,
only with high rainfall and in neglected orchards from New England States to the Rocky Moun-
where trees lack vigor. Spots are circular to irreg- tains on aspen, black poplar, and other species.
ular, reddish brown, often with grayish concen- Saucerlike, thin black sclerotia are formed in
tric zones. The fungus winters in old spots on leaves, fall to the ground, and produce apothecia
leaves. In Florida the disease appears first in in spring. There is often considerable defoliation,
June or July on mature leaves and may cause and small trees may be killed.
premature defoliation in October. Stuart variety Ciborinia seaveri (Sclerotinia bifrons). Ink
is particularly susceptible; others are more resis- Spot, in western states, producing apothecia on
tant. Control with one application of bordeaux ground under cottonwoods and poplars but path-
mixture between May 15 and June 15. ogenic state confused.
Blumeriella (Coccomyces) 209
Fig. 1 Shot-Hole on
Prunus sp
Fig. 2 Some Leaf-Spot Fungi. Ascochyta, hyaline, two- a perithecium; Phyllosticta, hyaline, one-celled conidia in
celled conidia in pycnidium; Cercosporella, hyaline, sep- pycnidia formed in spots on leaves; Ramularia, hyaline
tate spores on condiophores emerging from a stoma; spores, becoming septate, formed successively on conid-
Cladosporium (formerly Heterosporium), spiny, dark, iophores; Stemphylium, colored muriform spores borne
septate spores; Helmonthosporium, smooth, dark, septate free on mycelium
spores; Mycosphaerella, two-celled hyaline ascospores in
Cladosporium Blumeriella (Coccomyces)
▶ Blotch Diseases. Ascomycetes, Discomycetes

Cladosporium colocasiae Leaf Spot on ele-
phants ear. Blumeriella jaapii (formerly Coccomyces
Cladosporium echinulatum Leaf Spot on hiemalis and Higginisia hiemalis). Cherry Leaf
carnation. Spot, Blight, Shot Hole, general on sweet and
Cladosporium epiphyllum Leaf Spot on locust. sour cherries, the most common and destructive
Cladosporium oxysporum Leaf Spot on tomato. leaf disease of cherries. Leaf spots are circular,
210 Leaf Spots
first purplish, then brown, falling out to give the spots with darker borders. When spots are numer-
shot-hole effect (see Fig. 2). If lesions are numerous, leaves turn yellow and die. Similar lesions on
ous, the leaves turn yellow and fall by midsum- young stems may run together into extended
mer, this premature defoliation reducing next cankers, the bark splitting to show black
season’s harvest. The fungus winters in fallen pycnidia, from which ooze out masses of long,
leaves, producing disc-shaped apothecia for pri- white, curved spores. The fungus winters in old
mary infection. Secondary infection comes from dead leaves. Spraying with bordeaux mixture
conidia, formed in whitish masses on the spots in may help.
moist weather, more numerous on the undersur- Coccomyces hiemalis and Higginisia hiemalis
face. New infection continues through the sum- (see ▶Blumeriella jaapii). Cherry Leaf Spot,
mer after harvest. Defoliation prior to ripening Blight, Shot Hole, general on sweet and sour
reduces size and quality of fruit and exposes it to cherries, the most common and destructive leaf
sunscald. Some seasons shoots, spurs, and disease of cherries.
branches are killed, followed by a light crop the Coccomyces kerriae and Higginisia kerriae
next year. Thousands of sour cherry trees have (see ▶Blumeriella kerriae) Kerria Leaf Spot,
been killed. Twig Blight, widespread on kerria from eastern
Control An eradicant spray of a dinitro com- states to Texas.
pound, such as Elgetol, applied to the ground in Coccomyces lutescens (see ▶Blumeriella
early spring, reduces the amount of primary jaapii). Leaf Spot, Shot Hole on cherry-laurel,
inoculum, but summer sprays are also necessary. black cherry, and chokecherry.
On sour cherry this may mean a spray at petal fall, Coccomyces prunophorae (see ▶Blumeriella
another 10 days later, two sprays in June, and jaapii). Leaf Spot, Shot Hole on garden plum
another just after fruit is picked, with more appli- and apricot.
cations, especially on nursery trees, needed in
some seasons. Consult your state experiment
station for suitable materials and schedule for Colletotrichum
your area.
Blumeriella jaapii (formerly Coccomyces ▶ Anthracnose.
lutescens). Leaf Spot, Shot Hole on cherry-laurel, Colletotrichum acutatum Fruit Spot, Crown
black cherry, and chokecherry. Similar to the and Petiole Spot on strawberry.
disease caused by C. hiemalis. Colletotrichum coccodes Leaf Spot and Slight
Blumeriella jaapii (formerly Coccomyces Blight of velvetleaf.
prunophorae). Leaf Spot, Shot Hole on Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. truncata Leaf
garden plum and apricot. Reddish to brown Spot and Stem Canker of Stylosanthes spp.
spots, dark blue initially, produce pinkish spore Colletotrichum elastica (see ▶Colletotrichum
masses on underside of leaves in wet weather. gloeosporioides). Leaf Spot on fig (Fiscus
The shot-hole effect from dropping out of carica). Leaf Spot of basil, flowering dogwood,
dead tissue may be very prominent and accom- cyclamen, jasmine, passion flower, leaf and stem
panied by heavy fruit drop. Spray when shucks spot of calendula and dwarf mistletoe; on many
are off young fruit, 2 or 3 weeks later, and before other hosts as anthracnose.
fruit ripens, with lime sulfur, or with wettable Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (formerly
sulfur. Colletotrichum elastica). Leaf Spot on fig
Blumeriella kerriae (formerly Coccomyces (Fiscus carica). Leaf Spot of basil, flowering
kerriae and Higginisia kerriae). Kerria Leaf dogwood, cycla men, jasmine, passion
Spot, Twig Blight, widespread on kerris from flower, leaf and stem spot of calendula and
eastern states to Texas. Leaves have small, dwarf mistletoe; on many other hosts as
round to angular, light brown or reddish brown anthracnose.
Cryptostictis 211
on lipstick vine, and on weeping fig and leaf spot

Coniothyrium on thyme.

Coniothyrium concentricum (see Cristulariella
▶Microsphaeropsis concentrica). Leaf Spot of
century plant and yucca. Deuteromycetes, Moniliales,
Coniothyrium hellebori Black Spot of Moniliaceae
Christmas rose. Large, irregular, dark brown to
black spots on both sides of leaves, often running Sterile hyphae decumbent; fertile hyphae hya-
together with concentric zonation; many leaves line; ascending in a branched head with conidia
turn yellow prematurely and die; plants are weak- at tips of intermediate branches; spores globose,
ened and fail to mature the normal number of hyaline, one-celled.
leaves. Stems may be cankered, shrivel, and fall Cristulariella depraedans Leaf Spot on sugar
over, with wilting of unopened flower buds. Open and other maples. Spots gray, definite or
petals sometimes have black spots. In wet confluent.
weather in spring and fall the disease can spread Cristulariella moricola Zonate Leaf Spot on
through an entire planting in 2 or 3 days, but Halesia. Leaf Spot on hibiscus and tomato.
continuous moisture is necessary for infection. Cristulariella moricola (Telemorph,
Spray with bordeaux mixture. Grovesinia pyramidalis). Leaf Spot on maple,
Coniothyrium pyrina Leaf Spot, Fruit Spot of tree-of-heaven, apple, bean, blueberry, cherry,
apple, pear. dogwood, hibiscus, sycamore, tung tree, vibur-
Microsphaeropsis concentrica (formerly num, walnut, black walnut, beggar-ticks, trumpet
Coniothyrium concentricum). Leaf Spot of cen- vine, Mexican tea, dayflower, blue waxweed, tick
tury plant and yucca. Spots are zoned, light gray- clover, mistflower, white snakeroot, morning
ish brown, an inch or more in diameter, with glory, Indian tobacco, blue cardinal-flower, beef
concentric rings of tiny black pycnidia. Large steak plant, poke, smart weed, false buckwheat,
portions of leaves may be destroyed. Remove yellow dock, prickly mallow, goldenrod, catbird
and burn diseased leaves. grape, nectarine, grape, maple, serviceberry and
boxelder. Spots yellow-gray with definite
margins.
Corynespora
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Cryptomycina
Hyphae and conidia both dark. Ascomycetes, Rhytismatales

Corynespora cassiicola (Syn.
Helminthosporium vignicola). Soy Bean Target Apothecium splitting irregularly into lobes,
Spot, also on cowpea, tomato, poinsettia, vinca, hyphal layer thin; spores hyaline, one-celled.
and privet; general in South. Circular to irregular, Cryptomycina pteridis Tar Spot of fern,
reddish brown leaf spots, pin point to 1/4 inch, bracken. Spots are usually on lower surface and
often zonate and surrounded by yellow-green between veins; leaves may roll.
halos. Fruit necrotic pitting and freckles are also
found on infected fruit. Dark brown spots on
petioles, pods, and seed. Variety Ogden is mod- Cryptostictis
erately resistant. The same fungus causes reddish
purple spots on azalea, hydrangea and leaf spots ▶ Blights.
212 Leaf Spots
Cryptostictis arbuti (see ▶Seimatosporium Cylindrosporium betulae Brown Leaf Spot of

arbuti). Leaf Spot on Arbutus menziesii, Birch. Sometimes serious enough to defoliate but
Manzanita, ledum. not often present on ornamental trees.
Seimatosporium arbuti (formerly Cryptostictis Cylindrosporium chrysanthemi Chry-
arbuti). Leaf Spot on Arbutus menziesii, santhemum Leaf Spot. Spots are dark brown
Manzanita, ledum. with yellowish margins, increasing to take in the
whole leaf, which hangs down. Similar to more
Cycloconium common Septoria leaf spot.
Cylindrosporium clematidinis Clematis Leaf
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Spot. Reddish brown spots on lower leaves,
which may drop. Dusting with sulfur has been
Mycelium coiled, spores small, dark, two-celled; suggested.
scarcely different from short hyphae. Cylindrosporium salicinum Willow Leaf Spot.
Cycloconium oleaginum Olive Leaf Spot, Sometimes causing defoliation; can be controlled
Peacock Spot, Ring Spot. Blackish, more or less with bordeaux mixture if necessary.
concentric rings on leaves, especially those weak- Cylindrosporium sp. Leaf Spot on spirea,
ened or old. recorded from a Kansas nursery. Light yellow
lesions turn dark brown, with masses of yellow
Cylindrocladium conidia on underside.
Cytospora
Conidiophores repeatedly dichotomously or tri-
chotomously branched, each terminating in two ▶ Cankers and Diebacks.
or three phialides (cells developing spores); Cytospora sp. Leaf Spot on mulberry.
conidia hyaline, with two or more cells, cylindri-
cal, borne singly; parasitic or saprophytic.
Cylindrocladium avesiculatum Leaf Spot and Dactylaria
Twig Dieback on holly, and Leucothoe¨ sp.
Cylindrocladium colhounii Leaf Spot on bottle- Dactylaria higginsii Leaf Spot on nutsedge.
brush (Callistemon).
Cylindrocladium clavatum Leaf Spot on
bottle-brush (Callistemon). Dichotomophthoropsis
Cylindrocladium pteridis Leaf Spot, Leaf Blight
of Washington palm. Numerous small dark brown Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
spots with light margins are somewhat disfiguring.
Cylindrocladium pteridis Fern Leaf Spot, Leaf Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaearum Leaf
Blotch. Reddish brown lesions run together to Spot on water-lily, and water shield.
cover large areas. Pick off and burn infected fronds.
Cylindrosporium Didymaria
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Acervuli subepidermal, white or pale; conidio- Conidiophores simple, arising from leaf
phores short, simple; conidia hyaline, filiform, surface in loose groups; conidia hyaline, two-
straight or curved, one-celled or septate; parasitic celled, ovate-oblong, borne singly; parasitic on
on leaves. leaves.
Didymosporium 213
Didymaria didyma (see ▶Ramularia didyma).

Leaf Spot on anemone. Angular brown spots.
Ramularia didyma (formerly Didymaria
didyma). Leaf Spot on anemone. Angular brown
spots.
Didymellina
Acomycetes, Sphaeriales,
Mycosphaerellaceae
Perithecia separate, innate or finally erumpent,

not beaked; spores two-celled, hyaline.
Didymellina macrospora (Heterosporium
iridis, H. gracilis) (see ▶Mycosphaerella
macrospora, Anamorph). Irish Leaf Spot,
Blotch, Fire on both bulbous and rhizomatous
Fig. 3 Iris Leaf Spot
iris.
Didymellina ornithogali (Heterosporium
ornithogali) (see ▶Mycosphaerella ornithogali).
Leaf Spot on star-of-bethlehem.
Didymellina poecilospora A weak parasite Soils deficient in lime apparently favor the dis-
sometimes causing black discoloration of iris ease. Repeated spotting reduces bloom and, after
foliage. a number of years, may kill plants.
Mycosphaerella macrospora (formerly Control It is often sufficient to remove and burn
Didymellina macrospora; Heterosporium iridis, all old leaves at the end of the season; shearing
H. gracilis, Anamorph). Irish Leaf Spot, Blotch, back spotted leaves in midsummer is helpful. If
Fire on both bulbous and rhizomatous iris. The the disease is regularly a problem, spray with
spotting is conspicuous toward the end of the bordeaux mixture, starting when fans are 6 to
season but is not too serious in a normally dry 8 inches high and repeating at 10-to 14-day
season. Usually the spots are confined to the intervals.
upper half of leaves, but if plants are crowded Mycosphaerella ornithogali (formerly
and shaded and the summer is wet, the spotting Didymellina ornithogali; Heterosporium
appears earlier, covers more of the leaf, and is ornithogali, Anamorph). Leaf Spot on star-of-
more damaging. bethlehem. Occasional sooty spots on leaves,
Spots are dark brown at first, surrounded by with foliage blackened and killed in severe
a water-soaked and then yellowing region; they infections.
enlarge into rather oval lesions, up to 1/2 inch
long, with a red-brown border (Fig. 3). Flower
buds and stems of bulbous iris may be attacked. Didymosporium
Tufts of olive conidia turn the centers grayish, the
spores being produced in abundance and splashed Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
by rain to neighboring leaves. Infection is
through stomata or directly through the epider- Conidia are slime-spores in acervuli; dark,
mis. The fungus winters as mycelium in old two-celled.
leaves, and in spring produces a fresh crop of Didymosporium arbuticola Leaf Spot on
conidia or perithecia of the Didymellina stage. Arbutus menziesii.
214 Leaf Spots
Dothichiza caroliniana Leaf Spot, Double Spot

Dilophospora of blueberry, found only on Vaccinium australis in
North Carolina, but there causing extensive defo-
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes liation. Leaf spots are small, circular, with brown
centers and a dark brown ring, but in late summer
Pycnidia distinct in a stroma; conidia very long, infection spreads to a secondary necrotic area
filiform, with bristlelike hairs at each end. Usu- around the original spot, giving the common
ally found on cereals and sometimes with the name of double spot. Black pycnidia are formed
wheat nematode, causing a disease called twist. sparsely in the spots. All varieties of high bush
Dilophospora geranii (see ▶Pestalozziella blueberries are somewhat susceptible, but Cabot,
subsessilis). Leaf Spot on native geranium. Dixie, Pioneer, and Rancocas are most damaged.
Pestalozziella subsessilis (formerly
Dilophospora geranii). Leaf Spot on native
geranium. Ectostroma
Diplodina
Black stromata formed in leaves and stems.
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Ectostroma liriodendri Tar Spot, widespread
in tulip-trees but perhaps secondary after insect
Pycnidia black, separate, immersed or erumpent, injury.
globose or flattened, ostiolate; conidiophores sim-
ple, slender; conidia hyaline, two-celled, ovoid or Epicoccum
ellipsoid; parasitic or saprophytic. Similar to
Ascochyta but not produced in spots. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Diplodia rhododendri (see ▶Encoeliopsis rho-
dodendron). Leaf Spot on rhododendron. Sporodochia dark, rather cushion-shaped; conid-
Encoeliopsis rhododendron (formerly iophores compact or loose, rather short; conidia
Diplodia rhododendri). Leaf Spot on dark, with one or more cells, globose; mostly
rhododendron. saprophytic.
Epicoccum asterinum (see ▶Epicoccum
nigrum). Leaf Spot of yucca; E. neglectum, on
Diplotheca (Stevensea) royal palm; E. nigrum, on Magnolia grandiflora;
E. purpurascens, on amaryllis.
Ascomycetes, Myriangiales Epicoccum nigrum (formerly Epicoccum
asterinum). Leaf Spot of yucca; E. neglectum,
Asci born singly in locules at various levels in on royal palm; E. nigrum, on Magnolia grandi-
a massive stroma; spores dark, several-celled. flora; E. purpurascens, on amaryllis. All of these
Diplotheca wrightii Black Spot, Charcoal Spot may be secondary infections. E. neglectum and
of Opuntia cacti in Florida and Texas uncommon E. purpurascens are also synonyms of E. nigrum.
in the North. Dark spots, 1/4 inch or more in
diameter, are surrounded by a ring of fruiting Exosporium
bodies.
Dothichiza Conidia on subglobose to convex sporodochia;

spores dark, with two to several cells, somewhat
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. club-shaped.
Glomerella 215
Discogloeum concentricum (formerly conidia hyaline, elongate to filiform, one-to

Exosporium concentricum). Leaf Spot on euony- many-septate, straight or curved, in a slimy
mus and ligustrum (privet) in the South. matrix.
Exosporium concentricum (see Gloeocercospora inconspicua Leaf Spot of
▶Discogloeum concentricum). Leaf Spot on highbush and rabbit-eye blueberry. Circular to
euonymus and ligustrum (privet) in the South. angular brownish spots on leaves, with
sporodochia more frequent on upper surface.
Fusicladium These are flat discs when dry, glistening globules
when wet, containing curved, septate conidia.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Gloeocercospora sorghi Copper Spot of turf.
(▶Ramulispora sorghi).
Mycelium forming a stroma under cuticle of host;
conidiophores dark, short; conidia dark, two-
celled, produced successively as pushed-out Gloeosporium
ends of new growing tips. Parasitic on higher
plants, causing scab as well as leaf spots. ▶ Anthracnose.
Fusicladium pisicola Black Leaf of peas, first Asteroma inconspicuum (formerly
reported in Utah in 1921, causing trouble with Gloeosporium inconspicuum). Elm Leaf Spot,
canning peas. Spots start as small, irregular whit- Twig Blight, Anthracnose on American and
ish areas on undersurface of leaflets and stipules, English elms. Subcircular brown spots with
but they darken to gray or black from the closely darker margins and centers are visible on upper
packed layer of dark conidia. The disease is not and lower leaf surfaces.
very important. Cryptocline betularum (formerly
Fusicladium robiniae (see ▶Phaeoisariopsis Gloeosporium betularum). Leaf Spot, Anthrac-
robiniae). Leaf Spot, Seedling Leaf Blight of nose of river birch. Spots are more or less circu-
black locust. lar, 1/8 inch across, brownish with pale centers
Phaeoisariopsis robiniae (formerly and yellow margins.
Fusicladium robiniae). Leaf Spot, Seedling Leaf Gloeosporium betularum (see ▶Cryptocline
Blight of black locust. Spots are small, with light betularum). Leaf Spot, Anthracnose of river
centers and dark margins. There is frequently birch.
defoliation of seedlings, sometimes stunting and Gloeosporium inconspicuum (see ▶Asteroma
death. inconspicuum). Elm Leaf Spot, Twig Blight,
Anthracnose on American and English elms.
Gibbago Gloeosporium mezerei (see ▶Marssonina
daphnes). Leaf Spot on daphne.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Gloeosporium rhododendri Leaf Spot on rho-
dodendron, tulip-tree.
Gibbago trianthemae Leaf Spot of horse purs- Gloeosporium ulmicola Elm Leaf Spot. Elon-
lane; a new genus and species, recently described gated spots on midribs, veins, and margins,
(1986), with potential for bioherbicide activity. visible on both leaf surfaces.
Marssonina daphnes (formerly Gloeosporium
Gloeocercospora mezerei). Leaf Spot on daphne. Small brown
spots on both sides of leaves.
Sporodochia formed on surface of host above Glomerella

stomata from hyphae emerging through open-
ings; conidiophores hyaline, simple or branched; ▶ Anthracnose.
216 Leaf Spots
Glomerella cingulata Leaf Spot, widespread on common and less important toward fall. Asco-
queen palm, dracaena, and maranta. Sobralia spores are formed in spring in perithecia on fallen
blight of orchids. Dark discoloration starts at tip dead leaves; conidia are produced as a creamy
of leaves and advances toward base. exudate of spores in summer. The fungus also
Glomerella cingulata Leaf Spot on apple, winters as mycelium in dormant buds.
aucuba, wampi, and croton. See under Control Rake and burn fallen leaves. Chemical
▶ Anthracnose for this fungus on many other control is required only in a wet spring, difficult
hosts. to determine in advance.
Glomerella sp. Black Spot of Vanda orchids.
Gnomoniella
Gnomonia
▶ Anthracnose.
Gnomonia comari Leaf Spot/Blotch and Fruit Perithecia in substratum, beaked, membranous,
Rot of strawberry. separate; spores hyaline, one-celled.
Gnomonia fragariae Leaf Spot, Leaf Blotch of Gnomoniella coryli (see ▶Mamianiella
strawberry. Often associated with Dendrophoma coryli). Leaf Spot on hazel, frequent in northern
causing leaf blight, but not connected. states.
Gnomonia nerviseda (formerly Gnomonia Gnomoniella fimbriata (see ▶Mamianiella
caryae var. pecanae). Pecan Liver Spot. Dark fimbriata). Leaf Spot of hornbeam.
brown circular spots, mostly along midribs on Mamianiella coryli (formerly Gnomoniella
underside of leaves, appear in May and June. In coryli). Leaf Spot on hazel, frequent in northern
autumn the color changes to cinnamon brown, and states. Controlled with bordeaux mixture aided
dark fruiting bodies appear; there may be premature by cleaning up fallen leaves.
defoliation. Spray in May with bordeaux mixture. Mamianiella fimbriata (formerly Gnomoniella
Pecan Vein Spot. Lesions resemble pecan fimbriata). Leaf Spot of hornbeam.
scab on veins or leaf stems; sometimes a narrow
brown lesion extends nearly the length of
a midrib. Defoliation may be moderate or severe. Gonatobotryum
Stuart variety is especially susceptible. Spray
with bordeaux mixture just before and just after Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
pollination; repeat 3 to 4 weeks later.
Gnomonia ulmea, Anamorph, Gloeosporium Conidiophores dark, with spiny inflations at inter-
ulmeum (see ▶Stegophora ulmea). Elm Black vals, around which are borne ovoid, dark, one
Spot, Black Leaf Spot of Elm, general on celled conidia.
American, English, and Chinese elms. Gonatobotryum apiculatum Leaf Spot on
Gnomonia caryae var. pecanae (see witchhazel.
▶Gnomonia nerviseda). Pecan Liver Spot.
Stegophora ulmea (formerly Gnomonia ulmea, Graphium
Anamorph, Gloeosporium ulmeum). Elm Black
Spot, Black Leaf Spot of Elm, general on Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
American, English, and Chinese elms. Spots on
leaves are small but conspicuous, shining coal Synnema or coremium tall, dark, with a rounded
black, and slightly raised. Leaves may turn yellow terminal mass of conidia embedded in mucus;
and drop, with severe defoliation in a wet season, simple, hyaline conidiophores; oblong conidia
especially on Siberian elm. Defoliation in spring reproducing by budding; parasitic.
means death of twigs, but the disease is more Graphium sorbi Leaf Spot of mountain-ash.
Helminthosporium 217
Drechslera erythrospilum (formerly

Guignardia Helminthosporium erythrospilum). Red Leaf
Spot on redtop and bent grasses, widespread in
▶ Blotch Diseases. eastern and midwestern states. Under wet condi-
Guignardia bidwellii f. sp. parthenocissi Leaf tions lesions have small, pale centers with russet
Spot on Boston ivy, pepper-vine, and Virginia borders; in dry weather leaves wither as in
creeper. Spots are numerous, angular, reddish drought but with less evident spotting. Conidia
brown, usually dark brown at margins, with are typically cylindrical, rounded at both ends,
black dots in center, minute pycnidia of the yellowish, and germinate from any or all cells
anamorph Phyllosticta state. Leaves are quite (see Fig. 1).
unsightly and there may be defoliation. Bordeaux Drechslera giganteum (formerly
mixture applied two or three times, starting as Helminthosporium giganteum). Zonate Leaf
leaves are expanding, gives some control, but Spot, Eye Spot on bent grasses, Canada and
the “cure” looks about as bad as the disease. Kentucky bluegrass, and Bermuda grass. The
This fungus is a form of the species causing disease is present in turf and in nursery rows.
black rot of grapes. Spots are small, 1/16 to 1/8 inch, bleached-straw
color in centers. In presence of moisture (dew is
sufficient) the fungus grows periodically into new
Helminthosporium areas, giving the zoned appearance. In continued
wet weather leaves are killed and grass turns
▶ Blights. brown. Metropolitan and velvet bent grasses are
Bipolaris cynodontis (formerly less susceptible. Most injury is in July and
Helminthosporium cynodontis). Bermuda Grass August. The fungus overwinters as dormant
Leaf Blotch, general in South. Olive brown indef- mycelium in old leaves.
inite lesions on dry leaves. Drechslera poae (formerly Helminthosporium
Bipolaris setariae (formerly Helminthosporium vagans). Bluegrass Leaf Spot, Going-Out,
setariae (Drechslera setariae)). Leaf and Petal Melting-out, Foot Rot, general but most injuri-
or Greasy Spot on geranium, areca palm, fish- ous in northeastern states, on bluegrass only.
tail palm, rhapis palm, Calathea spp. Maranta Scattered circular to elongate leaf spots, 0.5 to 3
spp., and Chamaedorea spp. by 1 to 8 mm, have prominent reddish brown to
Bipolaris sorokiniana (formerly black borders; centers are brown changing to
Helminthosporium sativum). Melting-out, preva- straw-colored or white with age. The disease,
lent on bent grass in warm weather. Leaf Spot on favored by cool rainy weather, usually appears
Russian wildrye (Elymus); Spot Blotch on in early spring, sometimes in late fall, and is
switchgrass (Panicum). most severe on close-clipped turf. Grass thins
Bipolaris sorokiniana (formerly out in large areas; roots rot; weeds invade
Helminthosporium sorokiniana). Leaf Spot and exposed soil.
Stem Spot of wild rice. Leaf and Pod Spot on Control Merion bluegrass is quite resistant to
bean. leaf spot and will stand close-clipping. For other
Drechslera catenaria (formerly bluegrasses cut high and fertilize well to help turf
Helminthosporium catenarium). Leaf Spot on withstand the disease.
ribbon-grass. Drechslera siccans (formerly
Drechslera dictyoides (formerly Helminthosporium siccans; Teleomorph,
Helminthosporium dictyoides). Fescue Pyrenophora lolii). Brown Blight on fescue, and
Netblotch, general on fescue. Dark streaks across ryegrass. Leaves die back with numerous dark
green leaves with darker lengthwise streaks form chocolate-brown spots, oval to elongate and
a net pattern. Leaves turn yellow and die back often coalescing. The disease appears in early
from tips. spring in cool, moist weather.
218 Leaf Spots
Drechslera stenacra (formerly Helminthosporium siccans; Teleomorph,

Helminthosporium stenacrum). Leaf Mold on Pyrenophora lolii (see ▶Drechslera siccans).
redtop and bent grasses. Indefinite spots; leaves Brown Blight on fescue, and ryegrass.
dry, withered, in fall. Helminthosporium sorokiniana (see
Drechslera triseptata (formerly ▶Bipolaris sorokiniana). Leaf Spot and Stem
Helminthosporium triseptatum). Leaf Spot, Gray Spot of wild rice. Leaf and Pod Spot on bean.
Leaf Mold on redtop, spike and bentgrasses in Helminthosporium stenacrum (see
Oregon, Washington, and New York. Leaf tips ▶Drechslera stenacra). Leaf Mold on redtop
are killed with vague lesions; gray mold appears and bent grasses.
on dying tissue. Helminthosporium triseptatum (see
Drechslera tritici-repentis (formerly ▶Drechslera triseptata). Leaf Spot, Gray Leaf
Helminthosporium tritici-repentis). Leaf Spot Mold on redtop, spike and bentgrasses in Oregon,
on Russian wildrye (Elymus). Washington, and New York.
Exserohilum rostratum (formerly Helminthosporium tritici-repentis (see
Helminthosporium rostratum). Leaf Spot on ▶Drechslera tritici-repentis). Leaf Spot on
bromelia, areca palm, fishtail palm, rhapis palm, Russian wildrye (Elymus).
sweet sorghum, and Chamaedorea spp. Helminthosporium vagans (see ▶Drechslera
Helminthosporium catenarium (see poae). Bluegrass Leaf Spot, Going-Out, Melting-
▶Drechslera catenaria). Leaf Spot on ribbon- out, Foot Rot, general but most injurious in north
grass. eastern states, on bluegrass only.
Helminthosporium cynodontis (see
▶Bipolaris cynodontis). Bermuda Grass Leaf
Blotch, general in South. Hendersonia
Helminthosporium dictyoides (see
▶Drechslera dictyoides). Fescue Net-blotch, Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
general on fescue.
Helminthosporium erythrospilum (see Pycnidia smooth, innate or finally erumpent,
▶Drechslera erythrospilum). Red Leaf Spot on ostiolate; conidia dark, several-celled, elongate
redtop and bent grasses, widespread in eastern to fusoid; saprophytic or parasitic.
and Midwestern states. Hendersonia concentrica Leaf Spot on
Helminthosporium giganteum (see rhododendron.
▶Drechslera giganteum). Zonate Leaf Spot, Hendersonia crataegicola Leaf Spot on haw-
Eye Spot on bent grasses, Canada and Kentucky thorn. Spots irregular, dark brown.
bluegrass, and Bermuda grass.
Helminthosporium rostratum (see
▶Exserohilum rostratum). Leaf Spot on Cladosporium (Heterosporium)
bromelia, areca palm, fishtail palm, rhapis palm,
sweet sorghum, and Chamaedorea spp. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Helminthosporium sativum (see ▶Bipolaris
sorokiniana). Melting-out, prevalent on bent grass Conidiophores dark, simple; conidia dark, spiny,
in warm weather. Leaf Spot on Russian wildrye cylindrical, with three or more cells; parasitic,
(Elymus); Spot Blotch on switchgrass (Panicum). causing leaf spots, or saprophytic.
Helminthosporium setariae (Drechslera Acroconidiella escholtziae (formerly
setariae) (see ▶Bipolaris setariae). Leaf and Heterosporium escholtziae). Capsule Spot, Leaf
Petal or Greasy Spot on geranium, areca palm, Spot, Stem Spot of California poppy. Lesions
fishtail palm, rhapis palm, Calathea spp. Maranta faint purplish brown; seed capsules may shrivel.
spp., and Chamaedorea spp. Treat seed with hot water, 125 F, for 30 min.
Kabatia 219
Cladosporium allii (formerly Heterosporium

allii). Leaf Spot on onion, leek, shallot, chive, Illosporium
and garlic; rare in North America. Leaves have
elliptical, depressed, pale brown spots, and Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
yellow and wither from tip downward.
Cladosporium echinulatum (formerly Sporodochia cushionlike, light-colored; conidio-
Heterosporium echinulatum). Fairy Ring Spot, phores hyaline, branched with phialides bearing
Leaf Mold on carnation, occasional in green- conidia apically; spores hyaline, one-celled; par-
houses. Bleached spots on leaves have black asitic or saprophytic, often secondary.
spore groups in ring formation. Syringe as little Illosporium malifoliorum Leaf Spot of apple
as possible and on bright days; control and crabapple.
ventilation.
Cladosporium iridis (formerly Heterosporium
gracile). Leaf Spot on chlorogalum, daylily, Isariopsis
same as H. iridis on iris (conidial state of
Didymellina macrospora). Leaf Spot on iris, Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
blackberry, lily, freezia, and gladiolus.
Cladosporium variabile (formerly Dark, synnemata composed of loose conidio-
Heterosporium variabile). Leaf Spot, pinhead phores with spores at or near tips; conidia dark
“rust” of spinach, cabbage mold, sometimes or pale, with two or more cells, cylindrical to
severe in cold, wet weather. Circular, chlorotic obclavate, often curved; parasitic.
spots with brown or purple margins enlarge and Isariopsis griseola (see ▶Phaeoisariopsis
multiply until they cover most of the leaf, which griseda). Angular Leaf Spot, Pod Spot of
turns yellow, withers, dies. There is a greenish beans, also sweet pea.
black mold on both leaf surfaces, made up of Phaeoisariopsis griseda (formerly Isariopsis
large olive conidia, one-to six-celled, covered griseola). Angular Leaf Spot, Pod Spot of
with warts. Keep plants growing vigorously in beans, also sweet pea. Small, angular brown spots
wall-drained soil. are so numerous they give a checkerboard appear-
Heterosporium allii (see ▶Cladosporium allii). ance to leaves. The fungus forms a gray moldy
Leaf Spot on onion, leek, shallot, chive, and covering over dead areas on underside of leaves.
garlic; rare in North America. Pod spots are conspicuous when present, black
Heterosporium echinulatum (see with red or brown centers, varying from a speck
▶Cladosporium echinulatum). Fairy Ring Spot, to the width of the pod. Small, dark synnemata
Leaf Mold on carnation, occasional in scattered over the surface bear large conidia, with
greenhouses. two to four cells, at top of stalks. They are probably
Heterosporium escholtziae (see wind-disseminated. Control measures are seldom
▶Acroconidiella escholtziae). Capsule Spot, practical. Also, Leaf Spot on kidney bean.
Leaf Spot, Stem Spot of California poppy.
Heterosporium gracile (see ▶Cladosporium
iridis). Leaf Spot on chlorogalum, daylily, Kabatia
same as H. iridis on iris (conidial state of
Didymellina macrospora (Fig. 3)). Leaf Spot on Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
iris, blackberry, lily, freezia, and gladiolus.
Heterosporium variabile (see ▶Cladosporium Pycnidia with a radiate shield or scutellum, with
variabile). Leaf Spot, pin-head “rust” of spinach, an ostiole; spores two-celled, hyaline, like a tooth
cabbage mold, sometimes severe in cold, wet at the apex.
weather. Kabatia lonicerae Leaf Spot on honeysuckle.
220 Leaf Spots
Kabatia periclymeni (formerly Leptothyrium

Lasiobotrys periclymeni). Leaf Spot on honeysuckle,
widespread.
Ascomycetes, Dothideales Leptothyrium californicum Leaf Spot on coast
live oak.
Perithecia in a ring around a sclerotial stroma; Leptothyrium dryinum (see ▶Tubakia
spores dark, two-celled. dryina). Leaf Spot on white oak.
Lasiobotrys lonicerae Leaf Spot on honey- Leptothyrium periclymeni (see ▶Kabatia
suckle. Spot is well-marked with small, dark, periclymeni). Leaf Spot on hon eysuckle,
wartlike stromas. widespread.
Tubakia dryina (formerly Leptothyrium
dryinum). Leaf Spot on white oak.
Leptostromella
Linospora
Pycnidia elongate, with a cleft; separate; spores
filiform, with rounded ends, hyaline, continuous Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
to septate on simple conidiophores.
Leptostromella elastica Leaf Spot of rubber- Perithecia innate, beak often lateral, with
plant. The symptoms appear in spots and a shield; paraphyses lacking; spores spindle-
streaks, but infection spreads until the entire shaped to filiform, hyaline.
leaf is involved. Black lines outline spots in Linospora gleditschiae Leaf Spot, Tar Spot on
which small black pycnidia produce long, honey locust in the South. Numerous black
colorless spores. Remove and burn infected fruiting bodies are formed on undersurface of
leaves. leaves.
Leptothyrella
Lophodermium
Pycnidia with a radiate shield, separate; spores
2-celled, hyaline. Fruiting body a hysterothecium, midway between
Leptothyrella liquidambaris (see ▶Tubakia an elongated perithecium and a compressed apo-
dryina). Leaf Spot red on sweetgum. thecium, hard, black, opening with a long narrow
Tubakia dryina (formerly Leptothyrella slit; paraphyses present; hooked at tip; spores
liquidambaris). Leaf Spot red on sweetgum. filiform, septate or continuous. Most species
cause needle casts.
Lophodermium schweinitzii Rhododendron
Leptothyrium Leaf Spot. Large silvery white spots with red,
raised margins have very prominent oval, black
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes fruiting bodies on the upper surface. Lower side
of spots is a light chocolate brown. Infected por-
Pycnidium flattened with a more or less radiate tions may fall out, leaving irregular holes. The
shield, opening with a ostiole; spores one-celled, disease is more common on native than on hybrid
hyaline, on simple conidiophores. varieties.
Melasmia 221
There may be premature defoliation and kill-

Macrophoma ing of twigs.
Marssonina rhabdospora (Teleomorph,
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. Pleuroceras populi) (see ▶Cylindrosporium
Macrophoma candollei Leaf Spot of boxwood. populinum). Leaf Spot of poplar.
Conspicuous black pycnidia on dead leaves, usu- Marssonina rosae Anamorph state of the rose
ally straw-colored, sometimes brown or tan. The blackspot fungus, Diplocarpon rosae.
fungus is a weak parasite coming in secondarily Marssonina tremulae Leaf Spot on poplar.
after winter injury or other predisposing factors. Marssonina truncatula (see ▶Didymosporina
aceris). Leaf Spot and Leaf Blight of Norway
maple.
Marssonina Piggotia fraxini (formerly Marssonina fraxini).
Ash Leaf Spot, sometimes serious in nursery stock,
▶ Anthracnose. controlled by spraying with bordeaux mixture.
Cylindrosporium populinum (formerly
Marssonina rhabdospora; Teleomorph,
Pleuroceras populi). Leaf Spot of poplar. Mastigosporium
Brown spots on living leaves; beaked pyriform
perithecia formed in fallen leaves over winter. Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Didymosporina aceris (formerly Marssonina
truncatula). Leaf Spot and Leaf Blight of Norway Conidiophores hyaline, very short, simple;
maple. conidia with four or more cells, with or without
Diplosporonema delastrei (formerly apical appendages: broadly cylindrical with
Marssonina delastrei). Leaf Spot on corncockle rounded or pointed ends; parasitic on grasses.
and campion. Mastigosporium rubricosum Leaf Fleck on
Discella ochroleuca (formerly Marssonina redtop and bent grasses. Spores with rounded
ochroleuca). Leaf Spot on oak, American chest- ends, without appendages.
nut. Spots are circular, yellow to brown with
concentric markings, small on chestnut, up to an
inch on oak. Melanconium
Marssonina daphnes Daphne Leaf Spot.
Small, thick brown spots on both sides of leaf, Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
which turns yellow, dies.
Marssonina delastrei (see ▶Diplosporonema Acervuli subcutaneous or subcortical, conic or
delastrei). Leaf Spot on corn-cockle and discoid, black; with setae; conidiophores simple;
campion. conidia dark, one-celled, ovoid to ellipsoid; par-
Marssonina fraxini (see ▶Piggotia fraxini). asitic or saprophytic.
Ash Leaf Spot, sometimes serious in nursery Melanconium pandani Leaf Spot on pandanus.
stock, controlled by spraying with bordeaux
mixture.
Marssonina juglandis See ▶Gnomonia Melasmia
leptostyla under Anthracnose.
Marssonina ochroleuca (see ▶Discella Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
ochroleuca). Leaf Spot on oak, American
chestnut. Pycnidia in a broad, black, flattened stroma that is
Marssonina populi Poplar Leaf Spot. Brown superficial or nearly so, dimidiate; conidiophores
spots with darker margins. simple or branched; spores hyaline or subhyaline,
222 Leaf Spots
one-celled, allantoid or fusoid; parasitic on Monochaetia monochaeta Leaf Spot on chest-

leaves; anamorph states of Rhytisma. nut, white, red, and coast live oaks, winged elm,
Melasmia falcata Tar Spot of persimmon. hickories, especially destructive in the Southeast.
Melasmia menziesiae Leaf Spot tar spot of Spots are large, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, with
azalea. pale green or yellow centers with a red and brown
border or concentric zones of gray, yellow, and
Micropeltis brown.
Symptoms appear most often in late summer
▶ Blights. when loss of green tissue is not so important.
Micropeltis alabamensis Black Leaf Spot on
magnolia.
Lembosina (Morenoella)
Microstroma See ▶Lembosia under Black Mildew.

Lembosina quercina (formerly Morenoella
Basidiomycetes, Exobasidiales quercina). Leaf Spot, Black Mildew of red and
black oaks; twig blight of white oak, common in
Sporodochia small, white, breaking through epi- Southeast. Spots are purplish black, roughly cir-
dermis; conidiophores hyaline, one-celled, some- cular, up to 1/3 inch across, on upper surface and
what clavate, bearing conidia on short sterigmata; irregular brown areas on underside. Mycelium is
spores hyaline, one-celled, small, oblong; superficial in early summer, but by late summer
parasitic. “Conidia” are now known to be there are subcuticular hyphae and a black shield
basidiospores. formed over a flat cushion of fertile cells. Asci are
Microstroma juglandis Leaf Spot, White mature and shield is fissured by spring.
Mold, Downy Spot, Witches’ Broom of pecan, Morenoella quercina (see ▶Lembosina
walnut, and hickory. Yellow blotching of upper quercina). Leaf Spot, Black Mildew of red and
side of leaves and a glistening white coating on black oaks; twig blight of white oak, common in
underside, due to pustules with enormous num- Southeast.
bers of spores, may be accompanied by prema-
ture defoliation. On shagbark hickory the fungus
also invades the stems, causing witches’ broom Mycosphaerella
up to 3 feet across. Leaves formed on them in
spring are yellow-green, with white powder on ▶ Blights.
underside. Leaflets are small, curled, and soon Mycosphaerella angulata Angular Leaf Spot
drop. Prune out witches’ broom; spray with bor- of muscadine grapes. Many small, angular black
deaux mixture. spots, more conspicuous on lower surface of
leaves, which may turn yellow and die.
Mycosphaerella arachidis Peanut Leaf Spot.
Microthyriella ▶Cercospora arachidicola.
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi Peanut Leaf Spot.
▶ Fruit Spots. ▶Cercospora personata.
Microthyriella cuticulosa Black Spot of holly. Mycosphaerella (Anamorph, Pseudcercospora)
Dark spots on leaves of American holly, Georgia. bolleana Leaf Spot of fig, and rubber-tree.
Mycosphaerella (Anamorph, Asteromella
brassicae) brassicicola Ring Spot of crucifers,
Monochaetia chiefly cabbage and cauliflower, sometimes brus-
sels sprouts, broccoli, and turnip. Dead spots in
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. leaves, small to 1/2 inch, are surrounded by
Mycosphaerella 223
a green zone that keeps its color even if the rest of Mycosphaerella colorata Mountain-Laurel
the leaf turns yellow. Small black pycnidia are Leaf Spot. ▶Phyllosticta kalmicola.
deeply embedded in the dead tissue, often in Mycosphaerella (Anamorph, Pseudocercospora
concentric rings. In moist weather conidia ooze cruenta) cruenta Leaf Spot, Leaf Blotch of
from pycnidia in pink tendrils. The fungus win- soybean, and kidney bean. Leaf spots distinct to
ters in old plant refuse, and ascospores are forc- indistinct, circular to irregular, greenish to
ibly ejected from perithecia in spring. The disease yellowish to rusty brown to almost red, some-
is confined to the Pacific Coast and, as black times with gray centers.
blight, is serious on the seed crop in the Puget Mycosphaerella effigurata (Anamorph, Piggotia
Sound area. Sanitary measures and crop rotation fraxini). Ash Leaf Spot, general east of the Plains.
keep it in check. Spots small, purple to brown with yellow borders.
Mycosphaerella caroliniana Leaf Spot, Purple Mycosphaerella fragariae Strawberry Leaf
Blotch on oxydendron (sourwood). Reddish or Spot, Black-Seed Disease, general on straw-
purple spots on foliage in midsummer have dry, berries. Leaf spots are first purple then reddish
brown centers. Pycnidia embedded in tissue with light brown or white centers, 1/8 to 1/4 inch
break through lower surface, spores being formed across. Spots are also present on petioles and fruit
in great numbers. stems, and occasionally there are black spots on
Mycosphaerella caryigena Pecan Downy fruit, with blackened achenes prominent against
Spot. Conidial stage has been listed as a the white of unripe berries. Fruit is poor; total
Pseudocercosporella caryigena. Leaf spots are yield is reduced; runner plants are weakened.
pale yellow when young, turning yellow-brown, Conidia of the Ramularia stage are produced in
brown, or black. Conidia produced in minute clusters of short conidiophores on underside of
acervuli on underside of leaves form a white diseased areas; perithecia are formed in autumn
downy or frosty coating; leaves may drop early. at the edge of the leaf spots where the fungus
Spores are spread in rain, fog, and dew. The fungus winters. New conidia are produced in spring
overwinters in leaves, liberating ascospores in with most infection taking place through stomata.
spring to infect new foliage. Moneymaker and There is a difference in varietal susceptibility.
Stuart varieties are especially susceptible. Control Set healthy plants in well-drained soil;
Control Turn under old leaves before spring remove diseased leaves before planting; spray
(plowing under winter cover in spring takes care with bordeaux mixture before planting and fol-
of this). Spray as for scab, bordeaux mixture low with two or three more applications. The
when leaves are half-grown and bordeaux plus conidia are very sensitive to copper, which pre-
4 pounds of zinc sulfate when tips of small nuts vents sporulation and kills nongerminated spores.
have turned brown. Mycosphaerella fraxinicola (Anamorph,
Mycosphaerella cerasella ▶Cercospora Phyllosticta viridis). Ash Leaf Spot, east of the
circumscissa. Rocky Mountains.
Mycosphaerella (Anamorph, Cercospora) Mycosphaerella juglandis Leaf Spot of black
cercidicola Redbud Leaf Spot, general. Spots walnut.
are circular to angular or irregular with raised Mycosphaerella liriodendri (Phyllosticta
dark brown borders. With age, lesions become liriodendrica). Tulip-Tree Leaf Spot.
grayish above and rusty brown on the undersur- Mycosphaerella louisianae Purple Leaf Spot
face, with the leaf tissue yellow-green outside the of strawberry, in the South. Large, irregular,
borders. Spores are formed on fascicles of conid- reddish purple areas.
iophores projecting through stomata. The fungus Mycosphaerella mori Mulberry Leaf Spot,
winters on fallen leaves, producing perithecia in widespread, with the conidial stage reported
spring. Twigs may be attacked as well as foliage. variously as Cercosporella, Cylindrosporium,
Mycosphaerella citri Leaf Spot or Greasy Spot Phloeospora, Septogloeum, and Septoria. Yellow
on citrus. areas on upper leaf surface are matched by
224 Leaf Spots
whitish patches underneath, the fungus forming Mycosphaerella rosicola ▶Cercospora

a white downy or powdery coating. The disease is rosicola.
most serious in shady locations. Mycosphaerella rubi ▶Septoria rubi.
Mycosphaerella nigromaculans Black Stem Mycosphaerella pyri (Anamorph, Septoria
Spot of cranberry, reported from all cranberry pyricola). Pear Leaf Spot, also on quince, occa-
areas, often associated with red leaf spot. The sional on apple. Spots are small, 1/8 to 1/4 inch,
fungus enters through leaves, grows down the grayish in center, dotted with black fruiting bod-
petioles, and forms elongated black spots on the ies, with a well-defined dark brown margin.
stems, which may be completely girdled, followed There are marked differences in susceptibility in
by defoliation. Fruiting bodies are produced in pear varieties. Flemish Beauty, Duchess, and
autumn on dead stems with ascospores discharged Winter Nellis are moderately, and Kieffer very,
in rainy periods in spring. The anamorph state of resistant. Sprays applied for leaf blight or scab
the fungus is a Ramularia nigromaculans. control leaf spot.
Mycosphaerella nyssicola (Anamorph,
Phyllosticta nyssae). Tupelo Leaf Spot, on sour
gum and water tupelo. Purplish irregular blotches, Mycocentrospora
an inch or more across, are scattered on upper leaf
surface with lower surface dark brown. There may Mycocentrospora verrucosa Leaf Spot on
be heavy defoliation. Perithecia mature in spring euonymus.
on fallen leaves.
Mycosphaerella personata (Anamorph,
Isariopsis clavispora). Leaf Spot, widespread on Myrothecium
muscadine and other grapes after midseason.
Spots are dark brown, 1/4 to 1/2 inch, surrounded Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
by a yellow circle but with a narrow band of
normal green between spot and circle. Sporodochia cushionlike, light or dark; conidio-
Mycosphaerella populicola (Anamorph, phores subhyaline to colored, repeatedly
Septoria populicola); M. populorum branched, bearing conidia terminally; conidia
(S. musiva). Leaf Spot of native poplar; Canker subhyaline to dark, one-celled, ovoid to elongate;
on twigs and branches of hybrid poplars. weakly parasitic or saprophytic.
Mycosphaerella psilospora (Anamorph, Myrothecium roridum Leaf Spot on snap-
Septoria querceti). Oak Leaf Spot on red and dragon, stock, eremurus, gardenia, hollyhock,
other oaks, common in Iowa. Spots very small, aeschynanthus, aglaonema, aphelandra, dieffen-
circular, with strawcolor centers and dark margins. bachia, episcia, fittonia, nematanthus, hoya,
Mycosphaerella ribis Leaf Spot of flowering peperomia, pilea, and sphathiphyllum. Tissues
currant. are dry, brittle, with black sporodochia. Snap-
Mycosphaerella ribis (M. grossulariae, dragon leaves and flowering stems wilt, with
Anamorph, Septoria ribis). Leaf Spot of goose- sunken cracked cankers. Avoid excessive mois-
berry, current. Numerous small brown spots with ture; sterilize soil.
grayish centers are formed on both sides of
leaves; there may be premature defoliation. The
fungus winters in leaves, producing ascospores in
late spring. Two sprays of bordeaux mixture plus Nematostoma
1 pint of self-emulsifying cottonseed oil per 100
gallons have given good control of leaf spot on Ascomycetes, Dothideales
gooseberries in New York. The first application
is about June 1, the second in July right after fruit Nematostoma occidentalis Leaf Hair Discolor-
is picked. ation on Artemisa.
Pestalotia 225
Pestalotia aucubae Aucuba Leaf Spot. The

Neottiospora fungus appears as a weak parasite in sunscald
spots or after other fungi.
Deuteromycetes; Coelomycetes Pestalotia cliftoniae Leaf Spot on buckwheat-
tree. Ashy or pale brown spots. Spores usually
Pycnidia dark, smooth, innate; spores hyaline, curved, constricted at septa, three setae at crest.
one-celled with two to several appendages at the Pestalotia funerea (see ▶Pestalotiopsis
apex. funerea). Leaf Spot, Bark and Cone Spot on
Alpakesa yuccifolia (formerly Neottiospora conifers.
yuccifolia). Yucca Leaf Spot. Pestalotia guepini (see ▶Pestalotiopsis
Neottiospora yuccifolia (see ▶Alpakesa maculans). Camellia Leaf Spot, widespread.
yuccifolia). Yucca Leaf Spot. Pestalotia leucothoës (see ▶Pestalotiopsis
leucothoe¨s). Leucothoë Leaf Spot, apparently
following winter injury or other disease.
Ophiodothella Pestalotia macrotricha (see ▶Pestalotiopsis
quepini var. macrotricha). Rhododendron Leaf
Ascomycetes, Phyllachorales Spot, gray blight, twig blight, widespread on
azalea and rhododendron after winter injury.
Asci in locules immersed in groups in a stroma, Pestalotia palmarum (see ▶Pestalotiopsis
covered by host tissue at maturity; paraphyses palmarum). Palm Leaf Spot, Gray Leaf.
lacking; spores filiform. Pestalotia rhododendri (see ▶Pestalotiopsis
Ophiodothella vaccinii Leaf Spot on huckle- sydowiana). Rhododendron Leaf Spot.
berry, and farkleberry. Pestalotiopsis aquatica (formerly Pestalotia
aquatica). Leaf Spot of arrow-arum. Irregular,
chestnut-brown spots, up to an inch in diameter,
have purplish or dark borders and are wrinkled
Ovularia concentrically. Acervuli are sparse, black,
erumpent on upper side of leaf. Spores are five-
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes celled with three widely divergent setae.
Pestalotiopsis funerea (formerly Pestalotia
Conidiophores emerging from leaves in clusters, funerea). Leaf Spot, Bark and Cone Spot on
simple or branched; conidia hyaline, one-celled, conifers. Pathogenicity of the fungus is question-
ovoid or globose, apical or lateral, single or able. Median spore cells are dark brown; apical
sometimes catenulate; parasitic. hyaline cell has four or five erect setae.
Ovularia aristolochiae Leaf Spot on Pestalotiopsis leucothoës (formerly Pestalotia
Dutchmans-pipe. leucothoe¨s). Leucothoë Leaf Spot, apparently
Ovularia pulchella (see ▶Ramularia pusilla). following winter injury or other disease.
Tan Leaf Spot on creeping bent grass. Pestalotiopsis maculans (formerly Pestalotia
Ramularia pusilla (formerly Ovularia guepini). Camellia Leaf Spot, widespread.
pulchella). Tan Leaf Spot on creeping bent grass. Numerous, punctiform black fruiting bodies are
scattered over papery gray spots. The spores are
five-celled, bright olivaceous, with one to four
divergent, sometimes branched, setae, and
Pestalotia a straight, short pedicel. This species seems to
be a true parasite.
▶ Blights. Pestalotiopsis palmarum (formerly Pestalotia
Pestalotia aquatica (see ▶Pestalotiopsis palmarum). Palm Leaf Spot, Gray Leaf. Black
aquatica). Leaf Spot of arrow-arum. pustules are sparsely produced on both surfaces
226 Leaf Spots
of pale, dead areas with definite, reddish brown Pezizella (Discohainesia) oenotherae (see
borders. Spores are five-celled, with two or three ▶Discohainesia oenotherae). Leaf Spot, Fruit
setae, usually knobbed. The fungus is a wound Rot of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry;
parasite. leaf spot of evening primrose, eugenia, galax,
Pestalotiopsis quepini var. macrotricha (for- loosestrife, ludwigia, mock-strawberry, May-
merly Pestalotia macrotricha). Rhododendron apple, peony, and sumac.
Leaf Spot, gray blight, twig blight, widespread
on azalea and rhododendron after winter injury.
Dark or pale spots with black raised pustules are Phacidium
scattered over stems and leaves. Spots are often
silvery gray on upper surface and dark brown ▶ Blights.
underneath, with densely gregarious acervuli Phacidium curtisii Tar Spot, Leaf Spot of
sooty from dark spores. American holly, more serious in southern com-
Pestalotiopsis sydowiana (formerly Pestalotia mercial plantings. Small yellow spots appearing
rhododendri). Rhododendron Leaf Spot. Black in early summer age to reddish brown with nar-
pustules are scattered without order over dried row yellow borders. At end of season flat, black,
brown areas of living leaves. Spores are broader cushion-shaped stromata develop beneath the
than those of P. macrotricha and have shorter epidermis. Leaves seldom drop prematurely, but
setae. infected areas may fall out leaving holes. In years
of heavy rainfall berries as well as leaves are
spotted. Remove lower branches; clean up and
Pestalozziella burn or turn under fallen leaves. Spray with bor-
deaux mixture.
Conidia hyaline, one-celled, with a branched Phaeosphaeria

appendage at apex; acervuli subcutaneous;
conidophores slender, simple or branched. Ascomycetes; Dothideales
Pestalozziella subsessilis Leaf Spot on
geranium. Phaeosphaeria maydis Leaf Spot on sweet
corn.
Pezizella (Allophylaria)
Phaeotrichoconis
Apothecia sessile, bright-colored, smooth;
paraphyses filiform, blunt; spores elliptical to Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae Leaf Spot on
fusoid, hyaline, one-celled. areca palm; leaf spots on palms which are similar
Discohainesia oenotherae (formerly Pezizella in appearance are caused more often by
(Discohainesia) oenotherae). Leaf Spot, Fruit Bipolaris, Helminthosporium setariae and
Rot of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry; Helminthosporium (Exserohilum) rostratum.
leaf spot of evening primrose, eugenia, galax,
loosestrife, ludwigia, mock-strawberry, May-
apple, peony, and sumac. Spots are irregular,
gray in center with a dark brown border. Fruiting Phloeospora
bodies are light amber discs; spores are amber in
masse. ▶ Blights.
Phyllosticta 227
Phloeospora aceris Leaf Spot of maple, includ- Asterostomella saccardoi (formerly

ing vine and dwarf maples. The spot is small, Phyllosticta saccardoi). Rhododendron Leaf
rather angular, common but not important. Spot, similar to that caused by P. maxima.
Discochora philoprina (formerly Phyllosticta
Phoma ilicis (Teleomorph, Physalospora ilicis)). Holly
Leaf Spot on American and English holly and on
▶ Blackleg. winterberry.
Phoma sp. Leaf Spot on ragweed. Phoma exigua (formerly Phyllosticta
althaeina). Leaf Spot, Stem Canker on abutilon
and hollyhock. Ashy spots have black dots of
Phomopsis pycnidia. The tissue sometimes becomes brittle
and falls away, leaving jagged holes.
▶ Blights. Phoma exigua (formerly Phyllosticta decidua).
Phomopsis viticola Leaf Spot on grape. Leaf Spot of agrimony, aralia, basil weed,
betony, cynoglossum, eupatorium, germander,
hierachia, hoarhound, motherwort, lycopus,
Phlyctema mint, and monarda.
Phyllosticta althaeina (see ▶Phoma exigua).
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Leaf Spot, Stem Canker on abutilon and
hollyhock.
Pycnidia dark, separate or sometimes confluent, Phyllosticta andropogonivora Leaf Spot on
in or under epidermis or bark; closed or ostiolate; bluestem (Andropogon).
conidiophores simple or forked; conidia hyaline, Phyllosticta antirrhini Snapdragon Leaf Spot,
one-celled, cylindrical or long spindle-shaped, Stem Rot, Blight. Large circular, dark brown or
mostly bent, sickle-shaped; saprophytic usually. black spots, with concentric ridges, are located
Phlyctema ficuum Leaf Spot on strangler fig. most often near tips and margins of leaves; cen-
ters may be cream to pale brown, dotted with dark
pycnidia. Young leaves may be curled, older
Phyllachora leaves shrivel and hang down along the stem.
Petioles are girdled with brown elongated
Ascomycetes, Phyllachorales lesions. Stems have firm brown rot with shoots
or branches wilting or have ashy white spots with
Asci in locules, immersed in groups in a dark dark brown or purplish margins and stems crack-
stroma covered by host tissue at maturity; spores ing in area of spots. Young seedlings may damp
one-celled, hyaline; paraphyses present; asci off. Spray with bordeaux mixture; keep green-
cylindrical with short pedicels. house cool; avoid wetting foliage in watering;
Phyllachora graminis Tar Spot, Black Leaf clean up diseased plants.
Spot, general on wheatgrass, ryegrass, fescues, Phyllosticta aucubae Aucuba Leaf Spot.
redtop, and bent grass. Elongated grayish violet Brown or black zonate spots are mostly along
to dark olive green spots, on both leaf surfaces, margins of leaves, sometimes with much defoli-
turn glossy black. The disease is seldom serious. ation. Spores are exuded from leaves in yellow
Phyllachora sylvatica Tar Spot on fescues in tendrils, then spread by rain, or syringing in the
Northwest. greenhouse.
Phyllosticta camelliae (syn. P. camelliaecola)
Camellia Leaf Spot. Lesions are irregular brown
Phyllosticta spots.
Phyllosticta catalpae Catalpa Leaf Spot. Dark
▶ Blights. brown or black spots 1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter,
228 Leaf Spots
may run together to give a blotched appearance.

Minute black fruiting bodies pepper the spots,
which are often associated with injury by the
catalpa midge. Heavy infection may mean
defoliation.
Phyllosticta circumscissa Leaf Spot, wide-
spread on apricot, peach, sour cherry, choke-
cherry, and garden plum.
Phyllosticta concentrica English Ivy Leaf Spot,
also a twig blight, widespread. Plants look rag-
ged. Fruiting bodies are arranged in spots in con-
centric circles.
Phyllosticta cookei Magnolia Leaf Spot. Spots
are grayish without definite margins.
Phyllosticta decidua (see ▶Phoma exigua).
Leaf Spot of agrimony, aralia, basil weed,
betony, cynoglossum, eupatorium, germander,
hierachia, hoarhound, motherwort, lycopus,
mint, and monarda.
Fig. 4 Phyllosticta Leaf Spot on Mountain-Laurel
Phyllosticta ilicis (Teleomorph, Physalospora
ilicis) (see ▶Discochora philoprina). Holly
Leaf Spot on American and English holly and
on winterberry.
Phyllosticta hamamelidis Witch-Hazel Leaf irregular, 1/4 inch or more across, with brownish
Spot. Small spots enlarge to reddish brown centers, containing black pycnidia, and purple-
blotches, causing some defoliation. brown margins. The disease is seldom serious
Phyllosticta hydrangeae Hydrangea Leaf enough for control measures.
Spot, widespread. Brown spots usually near leaf Phyllosticta penicillariae Leaf spot; also stunt
margins; in severe cases both leaves and blos- chlorosis; on Pennisetum.
soms are killed. Spray with bordeaux mixture. Phyllosticta richardiae Calla Leaf Spot. Small,
Phyllosticta kalmicola (Teleomorph, round, ash-gray spots run together, producing
Mycosphaerella colorata). Mountain-Laurel irregular decayed areas.
Leaf Spot, Kalmia Leaf Spot. Circular, grayish Phyllosticta saccardoi (see ▶Asterostomella
white to silvery spots with red or purple borders, saccardoi). Rhododendron Leaf Spot, similar
up to 1/4 inch across, are sparsely or thickly to that caused by P. maxima.
covered with black pycnidia (see Fig. 4). Heavy Phyllosticta sanguinariae Bloodroot Leaf
infection means disfigured foliage and some Spot. Spots reddish brown with a darker border,
defoliation. The disease is worse in shady loca- then a zone of Indian red.
tions where shrubs are under drip of trees. Phyllosticta sojicola Leaf Spot and Pod Spot of
Phyllosticta maculicola Dracaena Leaf Spot. soybean; lesions have purplish red borders sur-
Irregular small brown spots have yellowish mar- rounding lighter brownish centers which contain
gins and long coils of spores from black pycnidia. numerous dark pycnidia (Fig. 4).
Phyllosticta maxima Rhododendron Leaf Phyllosticta vaccinii Leaf Spot of farkleberry
Spot, widespread. Spots are marginal or terminal, and highbush blueberry. Also Blueberry; Fruit
large, dark brown, and zonate. Rot. Early rot, scald, blast; on cranberry. Small,
Phyllosticta minima Maple Leaf Spot, Gray circular gray spots, with one to six pycnidia in
Spot, also on boxelder, widespread. Spots are center, have brown margins. The disease is
Pleiochaeta 229
unimportant as a leaf spot; fruits have a hard, Pirostoma nyssae (see ▶Tubackia dryira).
dry rot. Tupelo Leaf Spot.
Phyllosticta wistariae Wisteria Leaf Spot, more Tubackia dryina (formerly Pirostoma nyssae).
important in the South. Tupelo Leaf Spot.
Physoderma Placosphaeria
Chytridiomycetes, Blastocladiales Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Definite mycelium with terminal and intercalary Pycnidia globose, dark, in a discoid stroma;
enlargements which are transformed wholly or in spores hyaline, one-celled; teleomorph state in
part into sporangia and resting spores; sporangia Dothideales.
rare, oospores abundant, globose or ellipsoidal. Cheilaria agrostis (formerly Placosphaeria
Affected plant parts are discolored or slightly graminis). Tar Spot on redtop grass.
thickened. Placosphaeria graminis (see ▶Cheilaria
Physoderma maydis Brown Spot of corn, Corn agrostis). Tar Spot on redtop grass.
Measles, Corn Pox, Dropsy, most prevalent in Placosphaeria haydeni Black Spot, Tar Spot on
the South. Very small, bleached or yellowish goldenrod and aster, stems and leaves.
spots darken to brown or reddish brown with
a light margin. Adjacent spots may coalesce
to give the whole blade a rusty appearance. Laestadia (Plagiostoma)
Spots on midrib and leaf sheath are larger, up to
1/4 inch, irregular to square, darker than leaf Ascomycetes, Diaporthales
lesions. The entire sheath may turn brown on
death of host cells; the epidermis ruptures, expos- Spores two-celled, hyaline.
ing brown spore dust. In severe infections low Laestadia asarifolia (formerly Plagiostoma
nodes are girdled so stalks break over. The resting asarifolia). Fruit Rot, Early Rot, Scald, Blast on
spores remain in soil or plant refuse over winter, cranberry, also blueberry. Small, circular gray
germinating by swarm spores the next spring. spots, with one to six pycnidia in center, have
A fairly high temperature and low, wet land brown margins. The disease is unimportant as
favor the disease. Remove plant refuse early; a leaf spot; fruits have a hard, dry rot.). Leaf
rotate crops. Spot on wild ginger.
Mycosphaerella prenanthis (formerly
Plagiostoma prenanthis). Leaf Spot on
Phytophthora prenanthis.
Plagiostoma asarifolia (see ▶Laestadia
Phytophthora ramorum Leaf Spot (sudden asarifolia). Fruit Rot, Early Rot, Scald, Blast on
oak death), California buckeye. cranberry, also blueberry.
Plagiostoma prenanthis (see
Mycosphaerella prenanthis). Leaf Spot on
Tubackia (Pirostoma) prenanthis.
Pleiochaeta
Pycnidia superficial, with a shield; spores one-
celled, dark. Pleiochaeta setosa Leaf Spot on Genista.
230 Leaf Spots
chains; found on living leaves causing leaf spots

Pleospora or white mold.
Cercosporella pastinaceae (formerly
Ascomycetes, Dothideales Ramularia pastinaceae). Leaf Spot of parsnip.
Lesions are circular, very small, at first brown,
Perithecia membranous, paraphyses present; then with a white center and brown border.
spores muriform, dark; some species have Long, slender, septate, hyaline conidia are pro-
Alternaria, some Stemphylium as anamorph state; duced on exposed conidiophores. No control is
wide saprophytic and pathogenic relationships. necessary.
Pleosporaher barum (Stemphylium botryosum; Entylomella armoraciae (formerly Ramularia
S. sarcinaeforme). Leaf Spot of clovers, Leaf armoraciae). Pale Leaf Spot of horseradish. Few
Blight of lilac, Seed Mold of China aster and to numerous light green to yellowish spots appear
other plants. Spots on legumes are small, irregu- on leaves in early summer, the invaded areas
lar, dark brown, sunken, changing to concentric quickly turning thin and papery with dead por-
zonated light and dark brown areas. In final stages tions dropping out, leaving ragged holes late in
leaves are wrinkled, dark brown, and sooty. the season. Innumerable small sclerotium-like
Conidia, like ascospores, are muriform, oliva- bodies in the dead tissue carry the fungus over
ceous. Annual phlox has tan lesions. Asparagus winter, producing short knobby conidiophores in
has purple spots. spring, which either push out through stomata or
break through either epidermis. There is no spe-
Pleosphaerulina (Pringsheimia) cial control.
Ramularia armoraciae (see ▶Entylomella
Ascomycetes, Sphaeriales, armoraciae). Pale Leaf Spot of horseradish.
Dothioraceae Ramularia pastinacae (see ▶Cercosporella
pastinaceae). Leaf Spot of parsnip.
Perithecia innate, not beaked, paraphyses and Ramularia primulae Primrose Leaf Spot.
paraphysoids lacking; spores muriform, hyaline. Yellow blotches have ash-colored centers.
Pleosphaerulina sojicola (formerly Ramularia vallisumbrosae Narcissus White
Pringsheimia sojicola). Leaf Spot of soybean. Mold, sometimes destructive on Pacific Coast.
Small, sunken, grayish or yellow spots appear
Pseudocercosporella on leaves, especially near tips, increasing to
dark green to yellow-brown patches, on which,
Pseudocercosporella capsellae White Leaf in moist weather, spores are formed in white
Spot on mustard greens. powdery masses. The disease may become epi-
demic with the foliage killed several weeks
Pyricularia before normal ripening. Flower stalks of late
varieties may be attacked. Black “sclerotia” win-
▶ Blights. ter in leaf fragments on ground, producing spores
Pyricularia grisea Leaf Spot on grass. in spring to infect young shoots.
Control Spray with bordeaux mixture, starting
when leaves are 4 to 6 inches high. Clean bulbs
Ramularia thoroughly after digging and replant in a new
location.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Ramularia variabilis Foxglove Leaf Spot.
Irregular spots, up to 1/4 inch in diameter,
Conidiophores growing out from host through brown with a reddish border, are formed most
stoma, clustered, short, dark to hyaline; conidia often on lower leaves. Spores in tufts give
hyaline, cylindrical, mostly two-celled, often in a white, moldy appearance.
Sclerotinia 231
(see Fig. 5). Ascospores are developed in spring

Ramulispora in tar spots on fallen overwintered leaves and are
forcibly ejected, to be carried by air currents to
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes young leaves overhead.
Control Collect and burn fallen leaves. Spray in
Conidia on sporodochia, two-to many-septate, early May with copper, repeating in 3 weeks in an
hyaline to subhyaline, oblong to fusoid, irregu- unusually wet season.
larly united or branched at base; produced in Rhytisma andromedae Tar Spot on bog rose-
gelatinous masses. mary and lyonia.
Ramulispora sorghi Copper Spot of turf Rhytisma bistorti (see ▶Pseudorhytisma
grasses, sooty stripe of sorghum, Sudan grass, bistortae). Tar Spot on polygonum.
and Johnson grass. Black superficial sclerotia Rhytisma liriodendri Leaf Spot on tulip-tree.
are formed on both leaf surfaces, with conidia in Rhytisma punctatum Speckeled Tar Spot of
pinkish gelatinous masses. Spots on leaves are maple, a black speckled leaf spot on all species
straw-colored with purple borders. Dead areas but especially on silver, striped, and bigleaf
in turf are small, 1 to 3 inches, copper-red to maple in Pacific Coast states, rare in the East.
orange. Velvet bent grass in acid soil is very Black, raised specks, pinhead size, are formed
susceptible. Liming the soil may help. in groups on upper leaf surface, in yellow-green
areas about 1/2 inch in diameter. Such areas
retain their color even after leaves have faded in
Rhizoctonia the fall.
Rhytisma salicinum Tar Spot of willow, on
▶ Rots. pussy willow and other varieties. Spots are very
Rhizoctonia solani Leaf Spot of tobacco, thick, jet black, definitely bounded, 1/4 inch in
California pepper-tree (Schinus). diameter. The fungus winters in old leaves which
should be raked and burned.
Rhytisma Schizothyrium
Ascomycetes, Rhytismatales Ascomycetes, Dothideales
Apothecia concrete with epidermis and in black, Brown scutellum or shield, radiate at margin,
stroma-like spots, tar spots, on leaves; spores with a single hymenium underneath; apothecia
filiform, typically hyaline. round to linear, opening with a cleft or lobes;
Pseudorhytisma bistortae (formerly Rhytisma spores hyaline, two-celled.
bistorti). Tar Spot on polygonum. Black tarry Schizothyrium gaultheriae (see
spots similar to those on maple. ▶Schizothyrium pomi). Leaf Spot on
Rhytisma acerinum Tar Spot of maple, espe- wintergreen.
cially on cut-leaf varieties. Black, thickened, Schizothyrium pomi (formerly Schizothyrium
raised, tarlike spots, up to 1/2 inch in diameter, gaultheriae). Leaf Spot on wintergreen.
are formed on upper leaf surface. They may be
numerous enough to cause some defoliation but
ordinarily are more disfiguring than destructive.
Red and silver maples are commonly affected in Sclerotinia
the East. The lesions are light yellow-green
at first, forming black stomata in summer ▶ Blights.
along with the conidial stage (Melasmia acerina) Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Leaf Spot on peanut.
232 Leaf Spots
Fig. 5 Tar Spot of Maple;

black tarry spot on leaf;
section through spot; ascus,
paraphyses, and filiform
ascospores
Pseudoseptoria obtusa (formerly

Scolecotrichum Selenophorma obtusa). Speckle, Leaf Blotch
on bluegrass and other grasses. Brown flecks
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes and frog-eye spots on blades in early spring
enlarge to straw-colored blotches scattered with
Conidiophores in loose clusters, simple, bearing minute pycnidia. Spots may drop out, leaving
conidia on pushed-out ends of successive new holes.
growing points; spores dark, two-celled, ovoid Selenophoma donacis; Syn. Pseudoseptoria
or oblong, often pointed; parasitic. everhartii (formerly S. everhartii).
Cercosporidium graminis (formerly Pseudoseptoria obtusa (formerly S. obtusa).
Scolecotrichum graminis). Brown Stripe of lawn Speckle, Leaf Blotch on bluegrass and other
grasses, Streak of bluegrass and redtop. Grayish grasses. Brown flecks and frog-eye spots on
brown to dark linear streaks on leaf blade may blades in early spring enlarge to straw-colored
extend into leaf sheath and cause defoliation. blotches scattered with minute pycnidia. Spots
Dark gray masses of conidiophores emerge in may drop out, leaving holes.
rows through stomata of upper leaf surface. Selenophoma everhartii (see ▶Pseudoseptoria
Scolecotrichum graminis (see everhartii). Speckle, Leaf Blotch on bluegrass
▶Cercosporidium graminis). Brown Stripe of and other grasses.
lawn grasses, Streak of bluegrass and redtop. Selenophoma obtusa (see ▶Pseudoseptoria
obtusa). Speckle, Leaf Blotch on bluegrass and
other grasses.
Selenophoma
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Septocylindrium
Pycnidia brown, globose, immersed, erumpent, Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes

ostiolate; conidia hyaline, one-celled, bent or
curved, typically crescent-shaped, parasitic. Conidiophores hyaline, short and simple or lon-
Pseudoseptoria everhartii (formerly ger and branched, with irregular somewhat
Selenophoma everhartii). Speckle, Leaf Blotch inflated cells; conidia hyaline, two-to several-
on bluegrass and other grasses. Brown flecks and celled, in chains that are sometimes branched;
frog-eye spots on blades in early spring enlarge to parasitic or saprophytic.
straw-colored blotches scattered with minute Septocylindrium hydrophylli Hydrophyllum
pycnidia. Spots may drop out, leaving holes. Leaf Spot.
Septoria 233
Septoria callistephi Leaf Spot, Damping-off,

Septogloeum Stem Rot of China aster.
Septoria chrysanthemella and S. obesa -
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Chrysanthemum Leaf Spot, also on oxeye
daisy, general through eastern and central states
Acervuli subepidermal, erumpent, pale; conidio- to Florida; also reported in the West. This disease
phores short, simple; conidia hyaline, several- is sometimes confused with nematode injury, but
celled, oblong to fusoid; parasitic. the leaf nematode browns the leaves in wedge-
Diplodia acerina (formerly Septogloeum shaped areas between veins, and the fungi cause
acerinum). Maple Leaf Spot. A small leaf spot definite spots. These are first small and yellowish,
occasionally defoliating Norway and Schwedler then dark brown to nearly black. Sometimes the
maples in the Middle West. spots coalesce into blotches; minute black
Cheilaria agrostis (formerly Septogloeum fruiting bodies are faintly visible. Leaves may
oxysporum). Char Spot of lawn grasses. Lesions turn yellow and drop prematurely or dry and
are tawny with yellow margins, circular becom- hang down along the stems. Spores are splashed
ing elliptical, pointed at each end, covered with from plant to plant in watering or rain, and are
dull black to brown stromatic tissue. spread on cultivating tools.
Septogloeum acerinum (see ▶Diplodia Control Avoid syringing greenhouse plants; do
acerina). Maple Leaf Spot. not cultivate outdoor plants, when they are wet.
Septogloeum oxysporum (see ▶Cheilaria Septoria citri Citrus Septoria Spot on leaves but
agrostis). Char Spot of lawn grasses. more serious on fruits. Small, shallow, light brown
Septogloeum parasiticum Elm Leaf Spot, Twig depressions on green immature fruit retain a green
Blight. marginal ring as the fruit colors. Usually a minor
Septogloeum rhopaloideum (Guignardia trouble, sometimes important in California.
populi). Grayish brown, circular or irregular Septoria citrulli Watermelon Leaf Spot. The
spots on poplar. pathogen is like S. cucurbitacearum except that
spores are shorter. Dogwood Leaf Spot.
Septoria cornicola Angular lesions between
veins are grayish with dark purple margins.
Septoria Septoria cucurbitacearum Septoria Leaf Spot
of cucurbits, on cucumber, winter squash, musk-
▶ Blights. melon, and watermelon. Foliage spots are small,
Septoria agropyrina Brown Leaf Blotch on gray, circular, rather conspicuous, often bordered
wheatgrasses. with a zone of yellow tissue. The fungus fruits
Septoria bataticola Sweet Potato Leaf Spot, abundantly on upper side of leaves, with long thin
occasional, most common in northern tier of septate spores in black pycnidia. It winters in old
sweet potato states. Minute white spots on leaves plant parts; clean up all refuse at end of the season.
are bordered with a narrow reddish zone. Older Septoria cyclaminis Leaf Spot on cyclamen.
lesions have one or more pycnidia barely visible Septoria dianthi Septoria Leaf Spot of Dian-
to the naked eye. The spores, oozing out in ten- thus, on carnation and sweet william. Spots are
drils when water is present on the leaf, are spread more or less circular, light brown with purplish
by rain and insects. No control is needed except brown borders, scattered over leaves and stems,
cleaning up crop refuse. particularly on lower leaves. The spots may
Septoria calamagrostidis Leaf Spot on bent enlarge, and the leaves die. Take cuttings from
grasses. Scattered gray to straw-colored lesions disease-free plants; avoid syringing, or do it early
at tip of blades, appearing in Northwest in late in the day.
winter and early spring. Seaside creeping bent is Septoria divaricatae (see ▶Septoria phlogis).
especially susceptible. Septoria Leaf Spot of phlox.
234 Leaf Spots
Septoria gladioli Leaf Spot. More important as Plants may be defoliated in cold wet seasons,
a hard rot of gladiolus corms. but they are rarely killed.
Septoria glycines Brown Spot of soybean. Pri- Septoria paeoniae Septoria Leaf Spot of peony,
marily a foliage disease, this may also appear on Stem Canker. Round gray spots with reddish
stems and pods. It starts with irregular brown borders are found on stems and leaves. Control
patches on cotyledons, then reddish brown zones with sanitary measures.
on both sides of leaves, often with pale green or Septoria phlogis (formerly Septoria
chlorotic zones surrounding the lesions. Spots may divaricatae). Septoria Leaf Spot of phlox. Dark
cover the whole leaf, defoliation starting from low- brown circular spots, up to 1/4 inch in diameter,
est leaves. Brown discolorations with indistinct have light gray to white centers and often run
margins extend an inch or more along stems. The together in blotches.
pathogen winters in diseased leaves and in seed. Septoria pistaciarum Leaf Spot on pistachio.
Some varieties are quite resistant. Use healthy Septoria populicola Leaf Spot of poplar.
seed; treatment is unsatisfactory; rotate crops. Septoria rubi (Teleomorph, Mycosphaerella
Septoria lactucae Septoria Leaf Spot of lettuce, rubi). Blackberry Leaf Spot on blackberry, and
occasionally destructive to some varieties. dewberry, perhaps with more than one strain. See
Lesions are more common on lower leaves – ▶Sphaerulina rubi for forms reported on red
irregular reddish marks, dotted sparsely with raspberry. Leaf spots are light brown, sometimes
black pycnidia. The fungus is disseminated with with a purple border. Infection is usually so late in
seed. the season that it is of minor importance, but it
Septoria loligena Leaf Spot on ryegrass, in may cause some defoliation.
California. Chocolate brown spots, paler in the Septoria secalis var. stipae Leaf Spot on bent
center, surrounded by lighter areas. grass. White spots turn straw-colored, with
Septoria lycopersici Septoria Leaf Spot of scattered pycnidia.
tomato, Leaf Blight, quite destructive in Atlantic Septoria spraguei Leaf Spot on Russian
and central states, less important in the South and wildrye (Elysum).
West. In seasons with moderate temperature Septoria tageticola Marigold Leaf Spot,
and abundant rainfall enough foliage is destroyed reported in 1958 from Florida. Spots are oval to
so that fruits do not mature properly and are sub- irregular, smoky gray to black, speckled with
ject to sunscald. The disease appears at any age but minute black pycnidia. The disease advances
more often after fruit is set. Infection starts on upward from the lower leaves and also infects
older leaves near the ground, with small, thickly younger branches, peduncles, bracts, and seed.
scattered, water-soaked spots, which become African marigolds are very susceptible, French
roughly circular with gray centers and prominent almost immune.
dark margins. The spots are smaller, 1/16 to 1/8 Septoria tenella Leaf Spot on fescue grasses.
inch, and more numerous than those of early Small, vague, greasy brown spots.
blight. Leaflets may die with progressive loss of Septoria tritici var. lolicola Leaf Spot on
foliage from the bottom up. The pathogen winters ryegrass. Indefinite green to yellow mottled or
on tomato refuse and solanaceous weed hosts; blotched spots becoming fuscous to deep brown.
spores are washed from pycnidia by rain or spread
by brushing against moist leaves. Optimum tem-
perature is 60 to 80 F. Sphaerulina
Control Bury plant remains deep in soil or burn;
control weeds; use long rotations. Ascomycetes, Dothideales
Septoria oudemansii Leaf Spot of bluegrass, in
northern states. Dark brown, purple spots turning Perithecia separate, innate to erumpent, not
straw-colored appear on leaf sheaths and spread beaked, lacking paraphyses and paraphysoids;
to blades, with turf turning yellowish brown. hyaline, with several cells; clavate-cylindrical.
Stemphylium 235
Sphaerulina rubi (Anamorph, more severely when grown near very susceptible
Cylindrosporium rubi). Raspberry Leaf Spot on Stoplight and Casablanca. The disease, starting
red and black raspberry only, common east of the on particularly susceptible varieties, spreads radi-
Rocky Mountains. This disease and a similar one ally to less susceptible plants, decreasing in
on blackberry and dewberry were for many years severity with distance from focal point. The leaf
considered due to Septoria rubi and then attrib- spot disappears in summer and autumn, reappears
uted to Mycosphaerella as the teleomorph state. in winter 3 weeks after a cold period.
Later it was shown that two species were Control Use resistant varieties to separate very
involved, with Sphaerulina the ascomycete on susceptible types from those partly susceptible.
raspberry, Septoria rubi the pathogen commonly Stemphylium bolickii Leaf Spot of echeveria,
found on blackberry and dewberry. kalanchoë, and sedum. On some species lesions
Spots are small, circular to angular, first are small, raised, irregular to circular, brown to
greenish black, then grayish; pycnidia produce purplish black. On other species spots are larger,
elongate, three-to nine-septate spores. Perithecia, with tan centers, purplish margins.
formed in fallen leaves, are black, subepidermal, Stemphylium botryosum (Teleomorph,
later erumpent; ascospores are cylindrical, Pleospora herbarum). Leaf Spot, Black Seed
curved, pointed at both ends, usually four septate. Rot, Seed Mold on kidney beans, pea, onion, gar-
lic, shallot, salsify, asparagus, pepper, and tomato.
Stemphylium callistephi Leaf Spot of China
Sporonema aster. Brown, nearly circular, concentrically
zonate spots with dark margins on leaves, bracts,
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes petals, and stems.
Stemphylium cucurbitacearum Leaf Spot of
Pycnidia dark, membranous or carbonaceous, cucurbits, on cucumbers, muskmelon, and winter
innate, opening with torn lobes; spores hyaline, and summer squash. The pathogen is possibly
one-celled. secondary, perhaps confused with S. botryosum.
Sporonema camelliae Camellia Leaf Spot. Small brown spots with lighter centers have
mycelium growing over the lesion, producing
globose, multiseptate spores.
Stemphylium Stemphylium lycopersici Tomato Leaf Spot.
Similar to gray leaf spot but the conidia and
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes conidiophores longer.
Stemphylium solani Gray Leaf Spot,
Conidiophores dark, mostly simple, bearing a sin- Stemphylium Leaf Spot in pepper, tomato,
gle terminal conidium or successive conidia on groundcherry, eggplant, and other Solanum spe-
new growing tips; conidia dark, muriform, smooth cies, mostly in the South, occasionally a problem
or spiny; parasitic or saprophytic (see Fig. 2). elsewhere. In warm, humid weather, plants are
Stemphylium sp. sp. (Teleomorph, Pleospora defoliated in seedbed or field. First infection is on
herbarum). Red Leaf Spot of gladiolus, widely older leaves, which exhibit numerous small, dark
distributed, causing an annual loss in Florida brown spots extending through to the undersurface.
since 1938. Spots are small, round, translucent, Centers are often a glazed gray-brown with crack-
pale yellow with reddish brown centers. Leaves ing and tearing. Leaves turn yellow and wither; all
may be killed before flowering or after spikes are leaves may be killed except those at the top; seed-
cut, resulting in smaller corms. Infection takes beds are often destroyed.
place with 10 h of dew or fog; rain is unnecessary; Control Use clean soil for seedbed; spray seed-
optimum temperature is 75 F. Leaves may be lings at weekly intervals.
killed within 2 weeks of inoculation. Picardy Stemphylium vesicarium, Purple Spot of
variety is moderately susceptible; it is damaged asparagus.
236 Leaf Spots
Exosporium palmivorum (see ▶Stigmina

Stigmatea (Stigmea) palmivorum). Leaf Spot of palms, in greenhouses
and in the South.
Ascomycetes, Dothideales Stigmina liquidambaris (formerly Exosporium
liquidambaris). Leaf Spot on sweet gum.
Fruiting structure subcuticular, hymenium Stigmina palmivorum (formerly Exosporium
a single disclike layer covered with a scutellum; palmivorum). Leaf Spot of palms, in greenhouses
spores dark, two-celled; mycelium scanty. and in the South. Small, round, yellowish trans-
Hormotheca rubicola (formerly Stigmea parent spots run together to form large, irregular,
rubicola). Black Spot of raspberry. Spot gray-brown blotches; leaves may die. The disease
formed in late summer with a membranous is more serious with insufficient light. Spores are
layer under the cuticle; fruiting bodies produced long, club-shaped, brown, with many cells.
in spring. Remove and burn infected leaves. Spray with
Stigmea geranii Black Leaf Speck of Geranium bordeaux mixture.
(cranesbill). Stigmella platani-racemosae (see ▶Stigmina
Stigmea rubicola (see ▶Hormotheca rubicola). platani-racemosae). Leaf Spot of California
Black Spot of raspberry. Sycamore, sometimes causing premature
defoliation.
Stigmina platani-racemosae (formerly
Stigmina (Stigmella) Stigmella platani-racemosae). Leaf Spot of
California Sycamore, sometimes causing prema-
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes ture defoliation.
Conidiophores short, dark, with a single terminal

spore; conidia dark, muriform but with few cells,
ovoid to oblong to nearly spherical; parasitic on Ulocladium
leaves.
Exosporium liquidambaris (see ▶Stigmina Ulocladium cucurbitae Leaf Spot on
liquidambaris). Leaf Spot on sweet gum. cucumber.
Lichens
A lichen is a fungus body, usually one of the Lichens are more abundant on garden
Ascomycetes with apothecia, enclosing a green shrubs – boxwood, camellias, azaleas, and so
or blue-green alga. The fungus receives some on – and on citrus in the South. They flourish
food from the alga and the alga some food and in neglected gardens and orchards, and in shady
protection from the fungus, a relationship termed damp locations, and may sometimes kill twigs
symbiotic. Lichens frequently grow on living and branches of weak trees growing on poor
trees and shrubs, but their injury is indirect, an sites.
interference with light or gas exchange to stems In most gardens control is unnecessary. If
or foliage, rather than from penetration of living lichens become too disfiguring or too abundant
cells of the suscept plant. There are three types for plant health, they may be killed by spraying
associated with plants: crustose, a crust closely affected parts with bordeaux mixture or other
appressed to bark of main trunk or larger limbs; copper spray; spray when the lichens are dry.
foliose, leaflike, prostrate but not so firmly They may be removed from main trunks by
attached to the substratum; and fructicose, rubbing the bark with a steel brush after they are
bushlike, erect or hanging. softened by rain.

Mistletoe
Mistletoes are seed plants belonging to the family opposite leaves and round, jointed stems, and are
Viscaceae. They are semiparasites, manufactur- dioecious with inconspicuous petal-less flowers.
ing food but depending on a host plant for water They occasionally become so large or numerous
and mineral salts. There are three genera in North that the weight of the parasite breaks branches of
America: Phoradendron and Viscum which are the host. Growth is slow at first, but in 6 to 8 years
true mistletoes, and Arceuthobium, dwarf the tufts may be 3 feet across. The aerial part does
mistletoe. not live much longer than that, but the haustoria
The mistletoe seed is naked embryo and endo- live as long as the tree, producing new bunches
sperm invested with a fibrous coat and borne in from adventitious buds.
white, straw-colored, pink, or red Because they manufacture their own food, mis-
fruits – “berries” – embedded in a sticky gelati- tletoes require a lot of sun, which may be one
nous pulp enabling them to cling to bark of trees reason why they flourish so in the Southwest.
or stick to feet and beaks of birds, which dissem- Leafy mistletoes are relatively harmless in some
inate them. situations; in others they handicap shade and forest
The seeds can germinate almost anywhere but trees, and occasionally kill hackberries and oaks.
penetrate only young thin bark, by means of There are a few leaf spots and other fungus dis-
a haustorium sent out from a flattened eases that keep mistletoes from getting too abun-
disc. Branches of the haustorium extend up and dant. They are harvested for Christmas greens with
down and around the tree and occasionally pro- a curved mistletoe hook, which can be used to
duce secondary haustoria. The number of annual keep aerial portions cut off valuable trees. Break-
rings on a tree between the tip of the primary ing off or cutting off the bunches, however, may
haustorium and the bark tells the age of the mis- lead to more shoots in an ever-widening area.
tletoe. Many are 60 to 70 years old, and one has Dwarf mistletoes are far more injurious, espe-
been reported as living 419 years. The aerial cially to forest trees, and much less conspicuous.
portions of mistletoes are leafy, evergreen tufts In western coniferous forests they rank next to
of shoots on the stems of host plants, most con- heart rots in importance, reducing the quality and
spicuous on hardwoods after leaf fall (see Fig. 1). quantity of timber and paving the way for bark
The stems and leaves contain chlorophyll and are beetle infestations. Infected branches should be
green but often with a yellowish, brown, or olive pruned out; if the trunk is infected, the tree should
cast, depending on the season. All species have be felled and removed.

240 Mistletoe
Phoradendron serotinum (flavescens). East-

ern Mistletoe, from southern New Jersey west to
Ohio and Missouri and south to the Gulf, on many
hardwoods – oaks, elm, maple, sycamore, gums,
hickory, pecan, hackberry, hawthorn, persim-
mon, black locust, western soapberry, sassafras,
and trumpet-vine. This species has white berries
and is the common Christmas mistletoe.
Phoradendron tomentosum Texas Mistle-
toe, abundant in Texas on elms, oaks, mesquite,
osage-orange, and sugarberry; has white berries.
Phoradendron villosum Hairy Mistletoe,
ranging from Oregon through California, usually
on oaks, also on Oregon myrtle, California buck-
eye, chestnut, and manzanitas. It has pinkish
white berries and may cause large hypertrophies
on oaks.
Fig. 1 Mistletoe, common in southern trees Viscum (True Mistletoe)
The genus is restricted to California. It is now

known that Luther Burbank introduced the para-
Phoradendron (True Mistletoe) site into the state in about 1900. Burbank’s notes
indicate that seed was supplied to him by J. C.
Phoradendron means tree thief. The genus is Vaughan of Chicago, Illinois. This mistletoe has
restricted to the Americas, ranging from southern spread about 3.5 miles in 75 years.
New Jersey and Oregon southward. Most are on Viscum album European Mistletoe, on alder,
hardwoods. ash, birch, hawthorn, hickory, buckeye, maple,
Phoradendron californicum California- mountain ash, pear, persimmon, plum, poplar,
Mistletoe, ranging from southern California to pyracantha, willow, crabapple, and elm.
Arizona, chiefly on Leguminosae – mesquite,
carob, squaw-bush, creosotebush, parkinsonia.
This is a leafless species, generally pendent, Arceuthobium (Dwarf Mistletoe)
with long stems and reddish pink berries.
Phoradendron juniperinum Juniper Mistle- The genus is restricted to conifers, and most
toe, a leafless species with straw-or wine-colored species are found in the Northwest. Trees of any
berries, ranging from Colorado and Utah through age may be deformed or killed, but the greatest
New Mexico and Arizona. mortality is among seedlings and saplings, with
Phoradendron libocedri Incense Cedar Mis- lodgepole and ponderosa pines most susceptible.
tletoe, confined to incense cedar and occurring The most striking symptom is the formation of
throughout its range in Oregon, California, and witches’ broom, with sometimes the whole crown
Nevada. The pendent plants are leafless with transformed into a huge broom. In other cases
straw-colored berries. It may injure plants fusiform swellings in trunks turn into cankers.
severely, causing spindle-shaped swellings in Foliage of affected trees is reduced.
limbs at point of attack and living in the trunk The mistletoes themselves are small, rarely
as a parasite for hundreds of years after external attaining a maximum of 8 inches, sometimes
portions have disappeared. less than an inch. They are pereninal shoots,
Arceuthobium (Dwarf Mistletoe) 241
simple or branched, jointed, with leaves reduced A. cyanocarpum on limber pine. Found also on
to opposite pairs of scales at the top of each exotic pines in California.
segment. Stems range in color from yellow to Arceuthobium cyanocarpum Dwarf Mistle-
brown to olive green. Berries are olive green to toe on pine, timber pine, and hemlock.
dark blue; each contains a single seed, rarely two. Arceuthobium douglasii Douglas-Fir Dwarf
The seed is ejected with force and is spread hor- Mistletoe, confined to this host. Plants are small,
izontally for some feet. Animals and birds only 1 1/2 inches high, greenish, slender.
account for infection at a distance. Arceuthobium occidentale Dwarf Mistletoe,
Arceuthobium americanum Lodgepole on exotic pines in California.
Pine Dwarf Mistletoe, common on the Rocky Arceuthobium laricis Dwarf Mistletoe on fir
Mountain form but not the Pacific lodgepole and hemlock.
pine, found also on fir; rare on other pines. The Arceuthobium pusillum Eastern Dwarf Mis-
flowers bloom in spring, accessory branches tletoe, the only species in the East, from Minne-
forming a whorl. sota to New Jersey and north to Canada, common
Arceuthobium campylopodum Western on spruce, also on tamarack, and pines. The fruit
Dwarf Mistletoe. It forms witches’ broom and matures in autumn; shoots are very short, less
flowers late in summer. Widespread in Northwest than an inch.
principally on coastal ponderosa pine; species Arceuthobium tsugense Hemlock Dwarf
that were formerly called A. campylopodum are Mistletoe on western and mountain hemlock.
A. abietinum on white and grand firs, Colletotrichum gleosporioides –a hyperparasite.
A. divaricatum on pinon pines, A. laricis on west- Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp.
ern larch, A. microcarpum on blue and Englemann cryptopodum Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
spruce, A. tsugense on western hemlock, Dwarf Mistletoe. Plant yellowish, robust.
Molds
The word mold, or mould, has many meanings. Botryosporium

The first one given in Webster is “a growth, often
woolly, produced on various forms of organic Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
matter, especially when damp and decaying, by
saprophytic fungi.” Leaf mold is organic matter Conidiophores, tall, slender, hyaline producing
reduced to friable earth by these saprophytic numerous lateral branches of nearly equal length,
fungi. When rhododendrons are fed with each producing two or more secondary branches
a fertilizer having a cottonseed meal base, one that are enlarged at the tip and bear heads of
can often see a moldy growth, showing that ben- conidia; spores one-celled, hyaline; saprophytic.
eficial organisms are at work breaking down the Botryosporium pulchrum Leaf Mold on
material for plant use. tomato, also geranium (pelargonium), occasional
Some of these saprophytic fungi have in greenhouses.
a harmful, parasitic phase. The common
black bread mold, Rhizopus nigricans, causes
soft rot of sweet potatoes and “leak” of straw- Chalara (Chalaropsis)
berries and grapes. Penicillium spp., the common
blue molds on jellies, cause a decay of citrus and Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
other fruits. Such diseases are discussed under
Rots. Mycelium at first hyaline, then greenish; two
The word mold is used loosely to cover any types of conidia-macroconidia or chlamydo-
profuse fungus growth on the surface of spores, olive green, thick-walled when mature,
plant tissue. See Blights for a discussion of sessile or borne in short conidiophores in com-
Botrytis gray mold, so common on many pact groups; endoconidia, hyaline, formed inside
plants; see Leaf Spots for Alternaria brown end cells of a dark endoconidiophore and
molds and Ramularia white molds, and for extruded in chains.
moldy leaf spots due to Heterosporium and Chalara thielavioides (formerly Chalaropsis
Pleospora; see Sooty Molds for the black thielavioides). Black Mold of rose grafts. Manetti
growths on insect exudate; and see Snowmold mold, usually on grafted roses, sometimes on
for turf diseases. budded roses in nursery fields. The fungus

244 Molds
grows over and blackens cut surfaces of stock and Control Resistant varieties such as Globelle, Bay
scion, preventing union and resulting in death of State, and Vetomold have been developed, but
scions. When outdoor roses are budded on the fungus has mutated to more virulent forms.
Manetti understock, the bud often turns black Regulating ventilators in greenhouses to reduce
and dies. Infection is only through wounds. humidity seems to be the most practical control,
Rosa odorata and R. chinensis var. Manetti are sometimes providing heat on cool nights, even in
both very susceptible understocks; R. multifiora summer.
is moderately susceptible; Ragged Robin is
immune.
Control Use healthy understock. Spray green- Melanospora (Erostrotheca)
house benches, tools, etc., with copper sulfate;
prevent spread of spores by workmen on hands, Ascomycetes, Melanosporales
clothing, and budding knife.
Chalaropsis thielavioides (formerly Chalara Perithecia bright, more or less soft, without beak,
thielavioides). Black Mold of rose grafts. paraphyses lacking; spores ellipsoid, yellow to
olivaceous. Conidial stage has many spore forms.
Erostrotheca multiformis (see Melanospora
Cladosporium multiformis (Anamorph, Cladosporium album)).
White Mold of sweet pea, White Blight, also on
Blotch Diseases. perennial pea, observed on greenhouse crops.
Cladosporium fulvum (see Fulvia fulva). Melanospora multiformis (formerly
Leaf Mold of tomatoes, general on greenhouse Erostrotheca multiformis (Anamorph,
crops, occasionally serious in gardens in wet sea- Cladosporium album)). White Mold of sweet
sons in the Southeast and sometimes present in pea, White Blight, also on perennial pea,
other states. observed on greenhouse crops. Leaflets are cov-
Cladosporium herbarum Leaf Mold, Pod ered with tan or buff, circular to irregular, small
and Seed Spot. The fungus is a weak parasite to large spots with cinnamon brown pustules giv-
causing black mold of peanut, pod spot and seed ing a granular appearance. White tufts of mold
mold of lima and kidney beans, glume spot of represent the Cladosporium stage.
bluegrass, leaf mold of pepper and tomato, some- Pseudosclerotia are also formed in the leaves,
times a fruit mold. which may die and drop. The fungus enters
Cladosporium macrocarpum Black Mold of through stomata under conditions of high humid-
spinach, on old leaves or secondary after other ity. Dusting with sulfur has been suggested.
leaf spots.
Fulvia fulva (formerly Cladosporium
fulvum). Leaf Mold of tomatoes, general on Torula
greenhouse crops, occasionally serious in gar-
dens in wet seasons in the Southeast and some- Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
times present in other states. Diffuse, whitish
spots on upper surface of older leaves enlarge, Conidiophores lacking; entire branches of myce-
turn yellow; the undersurface of the patches has lium develop into simple or branched chains of
a velvety olive brown coating of spores that are dark conidia, which separate readily;
spread by air currents and in watering. Spores saprophytic.
remain viable about the greenhouse for several Periconia maculans (formerly Torula
months after plants are removed, and are some- maculans). Leaf Mold on yucca.
times carried on seed. Infection occurs only when Torula maculans (see Periconia maculans).
humidity is high. Leaf Mold on yucca.
Needle Casts
Certain diseases of conifers that result in conspic- Bifusella

uous shedding of needles are termed needle
casts, sometimes needle blights. Most of the Ascomycetes, Rhytismatales
fungi causing such symptoms are members of
the Phacidiales. Apothecia elongate, slitting with a cleft; paraph-
yses lacking; spores hyaline, one-celled, club-
shaped at both ends with halves joined by
Phaeocryptopus (Adelopus) a narrow neck (Fig. 1).
Bifusella abietis (see ▶Isthmiella abietis). Nee-
Ascomycetes, Dothideales dle Cast of fir on alpine and corkbark fir from
New Mexico to Idaho.
One of the black mildews, with superficial, Bifusella faullii (see ▶Isthmiella faulii). Needle
dark mycelium; perithecia innate with a central Cast of Balsam fir, the most common and destruc-
foot, without ostiole; spores two-celled, hyaline. tive of the needle casts of this host.
Adelopus g€ aumannii (see ▶Phaeocryptopus Bifusella linearis Needle Cast of pine, Tar
gaeumannii). Adelopus Needle Cast of Doug- Spot, on various pine species. Hysterothecia are
las-fir, Swiss Needle Cast. variable in length, shining black, on two-year
Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (formerly needles.
Adelopus g€ aumannii). Adelopus Needle Cast of Bifusella saccata Needle Cast on pine.
Douglas-fir, Swiss Needle Cast. Although Isthmiella abietis (formerly Bifusella abietis).
first noted in Switzerland in 1925, this seems Needle Cast of fir on alpine and corkbark fir
to be a native American disease occurring in from New Mexico to Idaho. Dark brown to
relatively harmless fashion on the Pacific Coast, black hysterothecia extend the entire length of
somewhat injurious to native Douglas-fir in the the middle nerve on undersurface of needle.
Southwest and to trees in New England and New Pycnidia are in two rows on upper surface.
York. Needles fall prematurely, leaving only the Isthmiella faulii (formerly Bifusella faulli).
current season’s growth. If this happens for sev- Needle Cast of Balsam fir, the most common
eral consecutive years, trees have thin foliage, and destructive of the needle casts of this
appear yellow or brown, and finally die. Needles host. Ascospores are discharged in July, but
are yellow-green to brown, often mottled, and on infected young needles do not change color
undersurface tiny black perithecia, issuing from until spring, then turn light brown to buff.
stomata, appear as sooty streaks, one on each side Effused pycnidia in the same color appear in the
of the middle nerve. groove on upper surface of the needle, followed

246 Needle Casts
Fig. 1 Needle Cast Fungi, which form ascospores in fusiform spores; Hypoderma, short fusiform spores;
hysterothecia, elongate apothecia opening with a cleft. Hypodermella, spores tapering at base; Lophodermium,
Bifusella, spores constricted in middle; Elytroderma, ascus with filiform spores, and paraphyses
by dusky brown hysterothecia (apothecia with Fusarium lateritium Needle Cast on Torreya
a covering), with maturing ascospores the second taxifolia.
summer.
Hypoderma
Canavirgella
Canavirgella banfieldii Needle Cast of pine.
Hysterothecia elliptical to oblong, opening by a
cleft; asci long-stalked, spores hyaline, fusiform,
Elytroderma surrounded by a gelatinous sheath (see Fig. 1).
Hypoderma desmazierii (see ▶Meloderma
Ascomycetes, Rhytismatales desmazierii). Needle Cast, Tar Spot of pines,
most frequent on eastern white pine.
Ascospores two-celled, broadly fusiform (Fig. 1). Hypoderma hedgecockii (see ▶Ploioderma
Elytroderma deformans Needle Cast, hedgecockii). Needle Cast of hard pines, in
Witches’ Broom on Coulter, ponderosa, southeastern states.
lodgepole, Jeffrey, pinon, and Jack pines. Elon- Hypoderma lethali (see ▶Ploioderma lethale).
gated dull, dark hysterothecia are on both leaf Gray Blight, Needle Cast of hard pines, from
surfaces. The tissues of ponderosa and Jeffrey New England to Gulf states.
pines may be penetrated and loose witches’ Hypoderma robustum (see ▶Virgella robusta).
broom formed. Saplings may have entire crown Needle Cast of Firs, in West, usually white fir.
converted; they die or make little growth. Meloderma desmazierii (formerly Hypoderma
desmazierii). Needle Cast, Tar Spot of pines,
most frequent on eastern white pine. Infected
Fusarium needles are at first yellow, then reddish brown,
and finally deep brown with a grayish cast.
▶ Blights. The tips are infected first, the fungus being
Lophodermium 247
a weak parasite, completing its cycle in a year. Hypodermella nervata (see ▶Lirula nervata).
Hysterothecia are shining black, elliptical. Needle Cast of Balsam.
Ploioderma hedgecockii (formerly Hypoderma Lirula abietis-concoloris (formerly
hedgecockii). Needle Cast of hard pines, in Hypodermella abietis-concoloris). On firs and
southeastern states. Elliptical shining black southern balsam.
hysterothecia are present in discolored areas on Lirula nervata (formerly Hypodermella
green needles. Each ascus contains four normal nervata). Needle Cast of Balsam. Pycnidia are
and four aborted spores. in a groove along upper surface of needle in
Ploioderma lethale (formerly Hypoderma continuous or occasionally interrupted row, turn-
lethaei). Gray Leaf Blight, Needle Cast of hard ing nearly black after spores are discharged.
pines, from New England to Gulf states. Lophodermella concolor (formerly
Hysterothecia are short, narrow, black, often Hypodermella concolor). Needle Cast of jack
found on pitch pine. pine and lodgepole pines. Virulent fungus
Virgella robusta (formerly Hypoderma infects young needles, in summer, which turn
robustum). Needle Cast of Firs, in West, usually brown the next season. Short hysterothecia are
white fir. Concolorous pycnidia, which form two concolorous with the leaf and appear as shallow
rows, one in each needle wing, often turn black depressions.
after spore discharge.
Lirula
Hypodermella
Lirula macrospora Needle Cast or Blight on
Like Bifusella with elongate apothecia, with spruce.
a cleft, but paraphyses present; spores hyaline,
one-celled, club-shaped at upper end, tapering
toward base (see Fig. 1).
Davisomycella ampla (formerly Hypodermella Lophodermium
ampla). Needle Cast of jack pine. All needles
may drop except those of the current season. ▶ Leaf Spots.
Short, elliptical, dull black hysterothecia are Lirula macrospora (formerly Lophodermium
scattered over light buff-colored areas. filiforme). Spruce Needle Cast, sometimes caus-
Hypodermella abietis-concoloris (see ▶Lirula ing serious defoliation of red and black spruce.
abietis-concoris). On firs and southern balsam. Hysterothecia are long or short, shining black
Hypodermella ampla (see ▶Davisomycella (see Fig. 1).
ampla). Needle Cast of jack pine. Lophodermium durilabrum Needle Cast on
Hypodermella concolor (see ▶Lophodermella pine.
concolor). Needle Cast of jack pine and Lophodermium filiforme (see ▶Lirula
lodgepole pines. macrospora). Spruce Needle Cast, sometimes
Hypodermella laricis Larch Needle and Shoot causing serious defoliation of red and black
Blight on eastern and western larches. Yellow spruce.
spots are formed on needles, which turn reddish Lophodermium juniperinum Widespread
brown but stay attached, giving a scorched and abundant on common juniper and red-
appearance to trees that are normally deciduous. cedar but apparently not parasitic. Hysterothecia
Hysterothecia are very small, oblong to elliptical, are ellipticcal, shining black, on both leaf
dull black, on upper surface of needles. surfaces.
248 Needle Casts
Lophodermium nitens Frequent but apparently

saprophytic on five-needle pines. Hysterothecia Phoma
short, black, shining.
Lophodermium piceae Needle Cast, Needle ▶ Blackleg.
Blight of fir, Tar Spot on fir and spruce, most Phoma eupyrena Needle Cast and Blight of red
severe on young specimens. Needles turn yellow, fir and Douglas-fir.
reddish, or brown, and drop. Short, shining black
hysterothecia are formed on all needle surfaces.
Lophodermium pinastri Pine Needle Cast, Rhabdocline
widespread. Pycnidia appear in spring or early
summer as tiny black spots on browned needles, Ascomycetes
followed by dull, occasionally shining, black,
short, elliptical hysterothecia. The fungus is Apothecia innate, brown, exposed by irregular
a weak parasite but can be epidemic in nurseries. rupture of epidermis; paraphyses present; spores
Bordeaux mixture will control it. one-celled, becoming septate after discharge
Lophodermium seditiosum Needle Cast of from ascus, rounded at ends and constricted in
scotch pine. the middle.
Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Needle Cast of
Douglas-Fir, Needle Blight, common on Pacific
Mycosphaerella Coast and in Rocky Mountain States on native
Douglas-fir and in northeastern states on orna-
▶ Blights. mental forms. The disease has reached Europe
Mycosphaerella laricina Needle Cast of Euro- on trees from western North America and is caus-
pean larch and western larch. ing much concern there.
Needles are infected in spring or early
summer, with first symptoms showing as slightly
Cyclaneusma (Naemacyclus) yellow spots, usually at ends of needles, in
autumn or winter. By the next spring the color
Ascomycetes, Rhytismatales is reddish brown, and leaves have a mottled
appearance. In severe infection needles turn
Apothecia bright-colored, soft, opening with a more uniform brown, and the entire tree
a cleft; paraphyses much branched; spores appears scorched. Apothecia are usually on
worm-shaped. underside of needles, sometimes on upper. They
Cyclaneusma niveum (formerly Naemacyclus are at first round cushions; then the epidermis
niveus). Needle Cast, occasional on various ruptures to expose a brown, elongated disc.
pines. Fruiting bodies tiny, elliptical, first waxy, Infected needles drop after ascospore discharge,
dark brown, later concolorous with leaf surface. thereby living only 1 year instead of the normal
Naemacyclus niveus (see ▶Cyclaneusma 8 or so.
niveum). Needle Cast, occasional on various pines. Control Spraying with bordeaux mixture when
new needles develop, repeating twice at 10-to
14-day intervals has been suggested; also,
Pestalotia spraying with lime sulfur at time of ascospore
discharge in early summer. In forests, control
▶ Blights. will probably depend on early elimination of
Pestalotia microspora Needle Spot, Cast of susceptible trees. Rhabdocline weirii. Needle
Torreya. Cast of Douglas-fir.
Rhizosphaera 249
Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Needle Cast of blue

Rhizosphaera spruce. Lowest needles are affected first, becom-
ing mottled yellow, and the disease progresses up
Deuteromycetes, Sphaeropsidales, the tree. It has been controlled in ornamentals
Sphaerioidaceae with three sprays of bordeaux mixture.
Pycnidia brown, on a stalk; spores ovoid, one-

celled, hyaline.
Nematodes
In the six decades since the first edition of this book references were used in the nematode taxonomic
was prepared, nematodes have become of major descriptions in this section:
importance in plant pathology. It used to be stated Nickle WR (1991) Manual of agricultural
that plant pests, insects, and diseases, took a toll of nematology. Dekker, New York. 1035pp
one-tenth of all our crops. Now we believe that Blaxter ML, DeLey P, Garey JR, Liu LX,
nematodes alone may cause a 10 % crop loss, and Scheldeman P, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren JR,
some place the figure as high as 25 %. The mone- Mackey LY, Dorris M, Frisse LM, Vida JT,
tary loss is not easy to figure. Guesses range from Thomas WK (1998) A molecular evolutionary
$500,000 to $8 billion a year in the U. S. Nematodes framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature
may be as damaging in home gardens as on farms. 392(6671):71–75.
Nematodes used to be considered primarily Nematodes live in moist soil, water, decaying
a southern problem, with the root-knot nematode organic matter, and tissues of other living organ-
the major culprit. Now we know that nematodes isms. Some cause diseases of man or animals;
can be as serious in Maine or Minnesota as in others cause plant diseases. The animal parasites
Florida or Texas, and that root-knot species are include hookworms, pinworms, and the worms in
responsible for only a fraction of total losses. pork causing trichinosis, and they range in length
A 1957 report from Maryland states that sam- from less than an inch to nearly a yard. Most plant
ples were taken from around the roots of crop parasites are practically microscopic in size,
plants on 1210 different farms and gardens, and sometimes just barely visible to the naked eye.
that every sample included at least one species of They mostly range from 0.5 to 2 mm long, or
nematode known to be a plant parasite, with root- from 1/50 to 1/10 inch.
knot nematodes making only 3.2 % of the total. Nematode diseases of plants are not new. The
A 1959 report from New Jersey states that, on the wheat eelworm was recorded more than two cen-
basis of 2500 soil and root samples taken since turies ago (in 1743); root knot has been
1954, a very conservative estimate of annual loss a recognized problem since 1855. Our systematic
in the state is $15 million. The root-knot nema- investigation of plant parasitic nematodes is very
todes which are reduced by cold winters, were in new. Only in the past few years have we made
third place because of their importance as pests of surveys to find out how widespread nematodes
greenhouse crops, including African-violets, are and how many cases of “decline” in plants are
roses, and other ornamentals, as well as vegetable due to them. Nematodes injure plants directly by
seedlings. Nematodes (eelworms or round- their feeding, causing cell death or gross modifi-
worms) are threadlike animals in the phylum cations and general stunting, and indirectly by
Nematoda (or Nemata). The following two affording entrance to bacteria and fungi causing

252 Nematodes
rots and wilts. Some nematodes also are vectors and nose. Basically there are six lips, but they
of ring spots and other virus diseases. may be fused in pairs. The sense organs, amphids,
Many nematodes may merely live in the soil are important diagnostic characters, one class of
close to the plant and cause no damage, and a few nematodes having amphids with conspicuous
are actually beneficial, feeding on such harmful openings, the other having amphids with minute
pests as Japanese beetle grubs. Only an expert pores. Most plant parasitic nematodes belong to
nematologist can determine species and decide the latter group.
which are responsible for a plant’s ill health. In Behind the mouth there is a cavity (stoma),
submitting samples to your experiment station for then the esophagus, the intestine, and the rectum.
diagnosis, dig up roots and some surrounding The latter terminates in a ventral terminal or
soil, place immediately in a plastic bag to prevent subterminal anus in females, in a cloacal opening
drying out, and mail as soon as possible. in males. The sexes are usually separate, but
Plant parasitic nematodes may be sedentary or sometimes males are missing and females are
migratory. They do not move through soil to any hermaphroditic. The body region behind the
great distance. Major dispersal is by shipment of anus or cloacal opening is called the tail.
infested nursery stock and soil; locally nematodes Near the posterior end of many nematodes
are spread on tools, and feet, in irrigation water, there is a pair of cuticular pouches called phas-
in plant parts, and sometimes as dry cysts by the mids, believed to be sense organs like the
wind. Plant nematodes are facultative or obligate amphids. They are used to divide nematodes
parasites. They may be endoparasitic, living into two main groups, the Secernentea, or
inside roots or other tissues, or ectoparasitic, liv- Phasmidia, with phasmids, and the Adenophorea,
ing outside the plant, inserting only the head for without phasmids.
feeding; and some forms are intermediate All of the plant parasitic nematodes feed by
between the two types. Most plant nematodes means of a stylet, which works something like
are root parasites, but some live in stems, bulbs, a hypodermic needle. It is a conspicuous protru-
leaves, or buds. Some cause galls or other dis- sible spear used to puncture tissue. In most fam-
tinctive symptoms; others produce a general ilies this is a stomatostylet, a hollow spear
yellowing, stunting, or dieback that is often derived from the sclerotized walls of the buccal
ascribed to other causes. cavity or stoma. Commonly the nematode punc-
Nematodes are usually long and cylindrical, tures plant tissue with its stylet, then injects
tapering at both ends, round in cross section. In a secretion from its salivary gland that predigests
some genera the female is pear-shaped or saclike, the food before it is sucked in through the stylet.
but the male is always vermiform. Nematodes in In the family Dorylaimidae the spear is an
general lack coloration, being transparent or with enlarged tooth, odontostylet, originating in the
a whitish or yellowish tint. They are covered with esophagus wall. It is usually hollow, but in the
a cuticle, made up of three main layers, largely genus Trichodorus the tooth (onchiostyle) is solid
protein, under which is a cellular layer called the but grooved.
hypodermis. The body cavity, pseudocoel, is The structure of the esophagus varies in dif-
filled with fluid. The body wall musculature, ferent groups and is an important diagnostic char-
directly beneath the hypodermis, consists of lon- acter. The esophagus commonly has one or two
gitudinal fibers only. This means that nematodes swellings, known as bulbs. Those provided with
cannot contract transversely. They move through a glandular apparatus are true bulbs; those
moist soil with a threshing motion, or a series of lacking such apparatus are pseudobulbs. True
undulations. bulbs are the chief pumping and sucking struc-
Nematodes have a complete digestive tract tures. They may be median, situated at midlength,
with a mouth at the anterior end. This is or posterior, at the end of the esophagus.
surrounded by lips bearing the sensory organs, Control measures for nematodes include crop
but there is no true head, and nematodes lack eyes rotation and other cultural practices and soil
Aphelenchoides 253
treatment with chemicals. Most chemicals are for 1 year. Soak seed for 2 h in tepid water with
meant for fallow soil; a few are safe around living a wetting agent; then hold for 15 min at 126 F.
plants. Details of nematicides and their applica- Anguina balsamophila On balsam-root; galls
tion are given in chapter ▶ Introduction. on underside of leaves.
Greenhouse soils are often steam-sterilized, and Anguina graminis Galls on leaves of fescue
plants are sometimes dipped in hot water, the grasses.
duration of the soak and the temperature Anguina tritici Wheat Nematode on wheat and
depending on the tolerance of the plant and the rye, a field crop pest forming galls in place of
kind of nematode to be eradicated. Some plants grain. The disease was recognized in 1745, the
are antagonistic to nematodes. Asparagus roots first to be attributed to nematodes. The species is
produce a chemical that is toxic to many species, long-lived, viable nematodes having been found
and marigolds grown with or in advance of some in seed stored 28 years. Brine flotation was the
flower crops reduce the numbers of Pratylenchus, old method of eliminating galled seed.
lesion nematodes. Some soil fungi trap
nematodes but do not provide a practical control.
The endospore-forming bacterium Pasteuria Aphelenchoides
penetrans is known to effectively suppress
certain root-knot nematodes. Aphelenchoididae. Bud and leaf nematodes,
foliar nematodes. Ecto- and endoparasites;
males and females wormlike, very slender; cuti-
Anguina cle finely annulated; stylet with small basal
knobs; tail with acute tip.
Anguinidae. Endoparasitic nematodes feeding in Aphelenchoides besseyi (including A. oryzae).
above ground plant tissue and transforming seeds Summer Dwarf Nematode of strawberry, pre-
or leaves into galls. Males and females both elon- sent from Maryland to Louisiana, also reported
gate (wormlike), but females are obese. Cuticle from Oklahoma, Missouri, southern Illinois, Cal-
finely striated; stylet short with well-developed ifornia, and Washington. The nematodes live in
basal knobs; tail coneshaped; single ovary. the soil and are washed into buds by rains and
Anguina agrostis Grass Nematode, serious on irrigation water, affecting young leaves as they
bent grass and chewings fescue in the Pacific develop. Leaflets are crimped or crinkled,
Northwest. Second-stage larvae remain in cupped, narrow, with a reddish cast to veins and
sheaths near growing tips most of the year, enter- petioles. Older leaves are darker green, more
ing embryonic flowers in late spring. There the brittle than normal. This is a major disease in
larvae mature, and the females lay large quanti- Florida, commonly noted from July to October.
ties of eggs. The quickly hatching young larvae Cold weather checks its progress often masking
transform developing seed into elongated dark symptoms, but plants do not recover; runner
purple galls. When the galls fall to the ground, plants from infested mother plants are diseased.
nematodes are released to reinfect grass in the In spring the nematode population may be low,
vicinity. There is only one generation a year, allowing nearly normal formation of early leaves,
and larvae cannot exist in moist soil more than but in summer a single bud may harbor up to 1300
a year without access to a host plant with devel- individuals, causing center leaves to be deformed
oping inflorescence. The disease is important and dwarfed. The same species causes a serious
only on grass grown for seed; it is not a problem disease of rice in Arkansas and Louisiana.
on clipped turf. When seed is threshed, galls can Control Buy certified plants; rogue and burn dis-
be carried 300 feet or more from the machines by eased plants as soon as noticed. Treat dormant
air currents, and still further in heavy winds. infested plants with hot water, 2 min at 127 F.
Control Rotate with a crop other than bentgrass Aphelenchoides fragariae (including A.
or fescue or plow under and prevent inflorescence olesistus). Spring Dwarf Nematode of
254 Nematodes
strawberry; Fern Nematode, a leaf nematode.

A bud parasite of strawberry from Cape Cod to
Maryland and found in scattered localities along
the Pacific Coast. This is a cold-weather species,
persisting through the winter with several thou-
sand nematodes present in a single bud as leaves
unfold in spring. The foliage is small twisted,
thickened, glossy, with swollen petioles; blossom
buds are killed or poor, and no fruit is set. Some
plants are killed; others recover.
As the fern nematode, or begonia leaf blight
nematode, this species is recorded on anemone,
aquatic plants (Cabomba sp., Limnophila sp.,
Peplis sp., and Potamogeton sp.), begonia,
bouvardia, calceolaria, chrysanthemum, clema-
tis, coleus, crassula, dianthus, doronicum, fern,
geranium, hosta, hydrangea, Lamium, lily,
peony, primrose, saintpaulia, scabiosa, zinnia,
and other ornamentals. Fern leaves have
a patchy or blotched appearance with dark Fig. 1 Foliar Nematode on Lily
brown to black areas on the fronds. In some
species these are rather narrow dark bands from near the end of the dormant period, can be treated
midrib to border, limited by parallel side veins; in with hot water, 2 min at 127 F. Crop rotation
bird’s-nest fern there is a profuse brown discol- helps.
oration from the base halfway up the leaf. Bulbs may be treated with hot water, for 1 h at
On begonias the disease is most serious on 111 F. Potted begonias can be submerged, pot
semituberous varieties grown in greenhouses. and all, for 1 min at 120 F, or for 3 min at 116 F.
Small brown spots with water-soaked margins, African violets may be treated for 30 min at
on underside of leaves, enlarge, coalesce, turn 110 F, ferns for 10 to 15 min at the same
dark brown, and become visible on the upper temperature.
surface. Whole leaves may turn dark; plants Aphelenchoides parietinus Causing root-plate
may be stunted. On fibrous-rooted begonias and scale necrosis of bulbous iris.
spots stay small, and leaves become shiny with Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Chrysanthemum
a tendency to curl, lose color, and drop. Nema- Foliar Nematode, common and serious on this
todes are spattered from plant to plant by syring- host in home gardens and greenhouses, first
ing or careless watering; there is no disease reported in New Jersey in 1890. It is also recorded
spread when foliage is kept dry. on dahlia, zinnia, and some other ornamentals but
Dieback of Easter lilies grown in the North- possibly confused with A. fragariae.
west is also attributed to this bud and leaf nema- A morphologically similar species produces
tode. Leaves are first blotched with yellow, then a yellow bud blight of Vanda orchids. The first
turn brownish, drooping and curling against the symptoms are dark spots on areas on underside of
stem (see Fig. 1). The nematodes live over in the leaves, but by the fifth day after infestation
bulbs and are splashed from leaves of one plant to discolored veins stand out sharply on upper leaf
another in the field. Lilies from diseased bulbs surface, and diseased leaves turn brown or black,
develop “bunchy-top” symptoms, with thick, starting in distinctive wedge-shaped areas
twisted foliage and dieback. between veins (see Fig. 2). Later the leaves dry,
Control Strawberry plants in nurseries should be wither, and hang down along the stems. The
inspected and certified in spring. Mother plants, nematodes swim from the soil up the stem in
Bursaphelenchus 255
Fig. 2 Leaf Nematode of

Chrysanthemum.
Wormlike male and female
nematodes cause wedge-
shaped browning between
veins, followed by general
blighting of leaf
a film of water, the disease going from lowest greenhouse in Connecticut. This is a major pest of
leaves progressively upward. Almost any variety strawberries, celery, and sweet corn in Florida. It
may be attacked, but Koreans are particularly injures Bermuda, centipede, and St. Augustine
susceptible. The nematodes may not survive the grasses and seedlings of slash and long-leaf
winter in old dead leaves but they do survive in pines, being first recorded from pine. Other plants
living leaves in old crowns. damaged by Belonolaimus species include pea-
Control Keep foliage dry; avoid overhead nut, pea, lupine, Austrian winter pea, cowpea,
watering. Use a mulch to avoid splashing. bean, lima bean, soybean, beets, cabbage, cauli-
Avoid crown divisions; make tip cuttings which flower, lettuce, endive, onion, potato, and sweet
are usually free from nematodes. Dormant plants potato. The slender worms feed at root tips and
can be treated with hot water, 5 min at 122 F or along the sides. Soil fungi enter roots through
30 min at 112 F. feeding punctures. Roots develop short stubby
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Current Nema- branches with necrotic lesions; plants are stunted.
tode, a bud parasite on black currants and goose- On woody plants decline symptoms include chlo-
berries in England; reported from California on rosis, twig dieback, premature dropping of fruit
gooseberries. Treat cuttings for 30 min in hot (such as grapefruit), and rapid wilting under
water, 110 F. moisture stress. The nematodes seem to be lim-
Aphelenchoides subtenuis Bud and Leaf Nem- ited to light, sandy soils.
atode on narcissus, causing scale necrosis. Control Rotate crops; cultivate to remove weed
Reported from the Southeast and Pacific Coast hosts.
states. Belonolaimus longicaudatus This species may
be responsible for some of the injury ascribed to
B. gracilis. It occurs in the same southeastern
Belonolaimus states and may injure roots of celery, peanut,
grasses, cabbage, bean, and other vegetables.
Belonolaimidae. Sting nematodes, migratory Potato and soybean are considered especially sus-
obligate ectoparasites, usually found free in soil ceptible. It has also been reported on magnolia.
near growing tips; both sexes long, slender, with
blunt ends; body strongly annulate; about 2 mm
long, stylet long, with well-developed knobs; two
ovaries. Bursaphelenchus
Belonolaimus gracilis Sting Nematode on
a wide variety of hosts from Virginia southward, Aphelenchoididae. Ecto- and endoparasites;
also reported from New Jersey and from a rose females (adult) have a vulval flap.
256 Nematodes
Bursaphelenchus lignicolus Causes wilt of

pine and the nematode is vectored by cerambycid Criconemoides (Genus dubium)
beetle (pine sawyer beetle).
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Pinewood Nem- Criconematidae. Ring nematodes; short, thick-
atode on pine. bodied; cuticle thick with retrose (inclining back-
ward) annules; ectoparasites with a wide host range
Criconemoides annulatum On holly oak, Mon-
tana; beans and citrus, Louisiana.
Cacopaurus
Criconemoides citri Citrus Ring Nematode on
citrus in Florida. The broadly annulated head is
Tylenchulidae. Cuticle finely annulate; female
often buried deep in root tissue, which dies near
small but very obese; eggs large; male lacks
the feeding puncture.
stylet.
Criconemoides crotaloides On Douglas-fir and
Cacopaurus pestis Reported from roots of Per-
poplar, Utah.
sian (English) walnut in California, causing typ-
Criconemoides curvatum Reported in large
ical decline with reduction in size and number of
numbers on carnations but apparently not very
leaves, fewer nuts, eventually complete defolia-
injurious; also on grasses, Ohio.
tion and death.
Criconemoides cylindricum On peanut, in
Georgia.
Criconemoides komabaensis On camellia, in
Criconema Florida.
Criconemoides lobatum On pines, Florida;
Criconematidae. Ring nematodes, short, thick, potato, New York; also grasses.
sedentary ectoparasites; cuticle thick with spines Criconemoides mutabile On marigold, D. C.
or scales; usually found in woodlands, in damp Criconemoides ornatum On grasses, Ohio.
areas, seldom in cultivated soil. Criconemoides parvum On grasses, Ohio.
Criconema civellae Reported on citrus roots in Criconemoides rusticum On grasses, Ohio.
a Maryland greenhouse. Criconemoides similis Cobb’s Ring Nema-
Criconema decalineatum Fig Spine Nema- tode. Apparently an important factor in decline
tode on figs. of peaches in Maryland and North Carolina,
Criconema spinalineatum Zoysia Spine Nem- reported on pine in Florida and North Carolina.
atode on Zoysia. Criconemoides teres On oak, California.
Criconemoides xenoplax On carnation, caus-
ing reduced root system, stunting, reduced flower
Mesocriconema yield; also reported on grape, peach and grasses.
Criconella xenoplax (see ▶Mesocriconema

xenoplax). Ring Nematode on peach cover Crossonema
crops including curly dock, perennial ryegrass,
vetch, crimson clover, hairy vetch, and cowpea; Crossonema sp. Decline of Alaska cedar.
also tall fescue, and white clover.
Mesocriconema xenoplax (formerly
Criconella xenoplax). Ring Nematode on Ditylenchus
peach cover crops including curly dock,
perennial ryegrass, vetch, crimson clover, hairy Anguinidae. Bulb and stem nematodes, slender,
vetch, and cowpea; also tall fescue, and white of moderate length, conelike tail, finely striated
clover. cuticle, mostly endoparasites.
Ditylenchus 257
Ditylenchus destructor Potato Rot Nematode. Infective larvae issue in large numbers in whitish
Feeding on underground stem structures of tufts in a break between basal plate and scales,
a large number of plants but important on potato, and work through the soil to invade adjacent
especially in Idaho and Wisconsin. Discolored plants.
spots on tubers progress to a gray or brown They are also spread in irrigation water, on
decay. The tissues have a granular appearance; tools, and by animals. Some winter in weed
they dry and shrink and the skin may crack. hosts, some in seed of composites. In moist soil
Invasions continue in storage, sometimes with they die in a year or so, but they have been
complete destruction of tubers. recovered from plants after 5 or 6 years. The
Ditylenchus dipsaci Stem and Bulb Nema- strain on phlox attacks campanula, sweet wil-
tode. An internal parasite of bulbs, stems, leaves, liam, evening primrose, goldenrod, schizanthus,
rarely roots, causing Eelworm Disease of Narcis- anemone, foxglove, and orchids. The leaves
sus, Ring Disease of Hyacinth, Onion Bloat, Stem are very narrow, crinkled, and waved, often brit-
Disease of Phlox. The name dipsaci covers many tle, with a tendency to lengthen petioles. Stems
strains and probably more than one species. The may be swollen near the top or bent sidewise;
type was found in 1857 on Fuller’s teasel. The plants are stunted, often fail to bloom, may
nematodes are thought to release a pectinase dur- die prematurely. The nematodes enter through
ing feeding, which results in a dissolution of the stomata of young shoots and work upward
middle lamella and the production of large as the stems develop. They infest seed of
intercellular spaces. They injure, besides hya- phlox and other composites, and may be so
cinth and narcissus, grape-hyacinth, tulip, disseminated.
galtonia, garlic, shallot, and onion, and cause In onions the inner bulb scales are enlarged,
a stem disease of alfalfa and many flowers causing a split onion that seldom flowers and
besides phlox. sometimes rots at the base. Seedlings are twisted,
The strains of hyacinth and narcissus are not stunted, covered with yellow spots. On plants
reciprocally infective, although the hyacinth grown from sets, a slight stunting and flaccid
strain does infect onions. Hyacinths have yellow condition of outer leaves is followed by leaf-tip
flecks or blotches on the leaves, which are often necrosis and continued stunting. The larvae may
twisted, short, and split. In narcissus there are live long in infested soil and may be carried in set
pustules or blisters, called spikkels, in leaves, onions.
which can be felt when the leaf is drawn through Control Commercial growers routinely treat
the fingers. Nematodes in such pustules probably narcissus bulbs in hot water, 4 h at 110 to
enter leaves as they push up through the soil. 112 F. All infected plants, parts, and debris
Bulbs badly diseased at planting produce no should be removed from fields and destroyed;
foliage, or a few leaves that are premature, a 2-to 4-year rotation may be tried. Take up and
twisted, and bent. burn infested phlox or similar plants. Put new
When leaves are dry, nematodes are inactive; plants in a new location or in fumigated soil.
but when the foliage is moist and decayed, they Ditylenchus (Sychnotylenchus) gallicus On
revive and pass down into the soil or the neck of elm.
the bulb. They enter bulb scales, move down to Ditylenchus iridis Probably a strain of
the basal plate, and then enter the base of other D. dipsaci, on bulbous iris. Mildly infected plants
scales. Infected scales are brown, and, since there dry up prematurely and have poor root systems.
is little lateral movement of nematodes, the cut Heavily infected plants are stunted, having
surface of a bulb shows one or more brown rings few if any roots, and the bulbs decay before
contrasting with healthy tissue. Eggs, larvae, and harvest. Treat bulbs with hot water as for narcis-
adults are all present in the brown areas. Male and sus, but soak only 3 h and as soon after curing as
female adults are wormlike, up to 1.9 mm long. possible.
258 Nematodes
pachysandra, pepper, pieris, pine, rhubarb, soy-

Dolichodorus bean, strawberry, wheat, and yew.
Helicotylenchus multicinctus Cobb’s Spiral
Dolichodoriadae. Awl nematodes similar to sting Nematode. Associated with roots of many
nematodes with long stylet with well-developed plants, including azalea, cherry, cranberry,
knobs; coarsely annulated cuticle; both sexes marsh grass, hibiscus, peach, pine, spruce, and
wormlike; male tail has a bursa (lateral exten- yew.
sion); female has two ovaries; ectoparasites. Helicotylenchus nannus Steiner’s Spiral Nem-
Dolichodorus heterocephalus Awl Nematode, atode, a small species common in the Southeast.
causing decline of celery, bean, tomato, corn, Found damaging roots of apple, azalea, boxwood,
pepper, and water chestnut in the Southeast, also asparagus fern, calathea, camellia, centipede
recorded on pecan. It feeds largely on root tips grass, civet bean, gardenia, peperomia, philoden-
and sometimes along the side of roots, causing dron, rubber-plant, royal palm, laurel oak, soy-
necrotic lesions. It also feeds on germinating bean, peanut, and tomato. There is a gradual
seeds and hypocotyls, sometimes penetrating decline, stunting, and failure to form flower buds.
the seedcoat to reach the embryo. Poor seedling Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus On corn,
emergence may be due to this nematode. grape, tomato, and soybean.
Dolichodorus (Neodolichlodorus) obtusus On
arctostaphylus and pecan, California.
Hemicriconemoides
Dorylaimus Criconematidae. Ectoparasites; female with

cuticular sheath, anchor-shaped stylet with ante-
Dorylaimidae. Spear nematodes, with an riorly concave knobs; males without sheath or
odontostylet (hollow tooth), bottle-shaped esoph- stylet. Commonly associated with turf and
agus; cuticle with longitudinal ridges; both sexes woody plants in warm climates, but pathogenic-
wormlike, tails rounded to cone-shaped; not ity not yet demonstrated.
proven plant parasites. Hemicriconemoides biformis Oak Sheathoid
Dorylaimus spp. Found in soil near soybean, Nematode. On roots of oak, Florida.
sweet potato, and other plants but not known as Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi Associated
a pathogen. with stunting of camellias.
Hemicriconemoides floridensis Pine
Sheathoid Nematode. On pine.
Helicotylenchus Hemicriconemoides gaddi On camellias.
Hemicriconemoides wessoni On myrica,
Hoplolaimidae. Spiral nematodes, ectoparasites Florida.
or semiendoparasites; long strong stylet with
basal knobs; cuticle annulated. The head is
inserted in a root, but the body remains outside Hemicycliophora
in a ventrically curved spiral with one or more
turns. Criconematidae. Sheath nematodes; ectopara-
Helicotylenchus dihystera On gardenia, corn, sites with sedentary habits; female retains last
and bluegrass. molt as an extra cuticle; knobs of stylet spheroid;
Helicotylenchus erythrinae Zimmerman’s males rare, without stylet.
Spiral Nematode. Rather common in Florida Hemicycliophora arenaria Causing root galls
around roots of grasses. Present in other states on rough lemon, also reproducing in tomato, pep-
on blueberry, boxwood, cauliflower, cedar, clo- per, celery, squash, and bean. Celery has large,
vers, corn, cranberry, turf grasses, oak, oat, multibranched galls.
Heterodera and Globodera 259
Hemicycliophora brevis On California-laurel. given off by potato or tomato roots stimulates

Hemicycliophora obtusa On beet, Utah. hatching, and the larvae (which have had a first
Hemicycliophora parvana Tarjan’s Sneath molt inside the egg) leave the cysts and migrate to
Nematode, damaging celery in Florida, also host plants, entering the roots. The females
recorded on corn, beans, and dracaena. become stationary, swell to pear shape, and
Hemicycliophora similis Grass Sneath Nema- break through the roots, remaining attached by
tode. Also causes small galls on roots of blue- a thin neck. The cylindrical males work out of the
berry and cranberry. roots and cluster around to mate with the females.
Eggs are formed, and the dead female becomes
the cyst, first white, then gold, orange, finally
Heterodera and Globodera brown. Cysts detached from roots remain in the
soil or may be spread in potato bags, crates,
Heteroderidae. Cyst nematodes, highly specific, machinery, even in trouser cuffs of farm workers.
attacking members of but few genera in a given Lily-of-the-valley pips, cacti, and other plants
plant family, partially endoparasitic, quite seden- intercepted at quarantine have had golden nema-
tary, attached to root by neck only. The female is tode cysts in fragments of soil around the roots.
lemon-shaped to globoid, white, yellow, or Control A quarantine restricts movement of
brown, 0.5 to 0.75 mm. Eggs are deposited or potatoes, nursery stock, root crops and top soil
retained in body of mother, whose leathery wall from infested land. Healthy potatoes are sold in
forms a true cyst. Eggs remain alive for years in paper bags to prevent reinfestation from second-
cysts, which are spread by wind or in soil around hand burlap bags. The Peconic strain of potato is
nonhost plants. Males are slender worms, up to said to be resistant; Rosa, Elba, and NY 71 are
1.75 mm. Root-knot nematodes, formerly all also resistant.
classed as Heterodera marioni, have been Heterodera avenae Oat Cyst Nematode on
reclassified as various species of Meloidogyne. pea.
The stylet Heterodera is twice as long as that in Heterodera cacti Cactus Cyst Nematode.
Meloidogyne, and the latter does not form true Obtained from various localities in Mexico,
cysts. where it is probably indigenous, and likely to
Globodera rostochiensis (formerly Heterodera occur on cacti wherever grown. The cyst is
rostochiensis). Golden Nematode on white pota- lemon-shaped.
toes, also eggplant, tomato, and other members of Heterodera carotae Carrot Cyst Nematode.
the Solanaceae, but not on tobacco. It was first Heterodera cruciferae Cabbage Cyst Nema-
discovered in the United States on Long Island in tode, closely related to the sugarbeet nematode.
1941, and it was kept there, by a rigorous quar- On crucifers in California. Hosts include broc-
antine, until 1967, when it was found at a single coli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale,
location in upstate New York. In 1968, it was kohlrabi, mustard, radish, rutabaga, seakale,
found on a potato farm in Delaware. Known as lobularia, sweet alyssum, wallflower, and garden
“potato sickness,” the disease has been serious in cress.
the British Isles for many years. Crops do not Heterodera fici Fig Cyst Nematode on fig in
show much damage until heavy populations Florida and California.
have built up in the soil; then there is midday Heterodera glycines Soybean Cyst Nematode
wilting, stunting, poor root development, early causing Yellow Dwarf Disease. An immigrant
death, with up to 85 % reduction in potato yield. from Japan and Korea, first noted in North Caro-
The eggs live in the soil inside cysts barely visible lina in 1954, thence spread to Arkansas, Florida,
to the naked eye. Each may contain up to 500 Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Mis-
eggs, and some hatch one year, some another. souri, Tennessee, and Virginia. Plants are yellow,
Cysts have remained viable 17 years. In spring, stunted; roots are small and dark with few or no
when soil temperature is around 60 F, a chemical bacterial nodules but with lemon-shaped brown
260 Nematodes
cysts clearly visible. This nematode reproduces on Jerusalem-cherry, eggplant, and pepper in Vir-
only in roots of lespedeza, vetch, tomato and ginia. Stunting is also caused on tobacco.
bean, besides soybean, but the cysts occur as Heterodera trifolii Clover Cyst Nematode. On
contaminants of narcissus bulbs and gladiolus clover and other legumes except peas. Spinach,
corms grown in infested soil and may be so beet, soybean, and carnation are minor hosts.
disseminated. Cysts are brown, lemon-shaped.
Infested areas are under federal and state quar- Heterodera zeae Corn Cyst Nematode. On
antines. Soil fumigation temporarily reduces sweet corn, field corn, and barley.
nematode populations and increases plant growth
and yield.
Heterodera gottingiana Pea Cyst Nematode Hoplolaimus
on pea.
Heterodera humuli Hop Cyst Nematode on Hoplolamidae. Lance nematodes, somewhat
bean, pea, and cucumber. migratory, some species tropical or subtropical,
Heterodera iri On grasses. of moderate length; strong stylet with basal
Heterodera mothi Cyst Nematode on knobs; often in a spiral or C-shape position.
nutsedge. Hoplolaimus coronatus On Nerine, grasses, car-
Heterodera punctata (Punctodera punctata). nation, oak, citrus, pine, sweet potato, and tomato.
Grass Cyst Nematode found on wheat and Hoplolaimus galeatus (H. coronatus) Crown-
small grains, also associated with bentgrasses in Headed Lance Nematode, wide-spread. On turf
North Dakota, Michigan, and Minnesota, and grasses, zoysia, nursery crops, corn, sugarcane,
turfgrass in New Jersey. citrus, tomato, sweet potato, pine seedlings, and
Heterodera rostochiensis (see ▶Globodera carnation. This species may feed from the out-
rostochiensis). Golden Nematode on white pota- side, burying the head only, or it may enter the
toes, also eggplant, tomato, and other members of root completely, destroying the cortex, which is
the Solanaceae, but not on tobacco. sloughed off, and feeding on the phloem.
Heterodera schachtii Sugar Beet Nematode, Hoplolaimus magnistylus Stunt on hibiscus.
occurring in sugar-beet areas from California to Hoplolaimus uniformis On various ornamen-
Michigan, also infesting table beets and tals, reported from Rhode Island.
crucifers – cabbage, broccoli, rape, turnip, ruta-
baga, and radish. The females, numerous white
specks clinging to roots, contain 100 to 600 eggs. Hypsoperine
Slender larvae puncture root cells with their
strong stylets and pass through three molts inside Heteroderidae. Similar to Meloidogyne, the root-
the roots. The wormlike males then leave the knot nematode, but female body oval rather than
roots to search for the flask-shaped females, pear-shaped.
which are attached to the roots only by their Hypsoperine graminis Described in 1964 from
heads. Eggs are deposited in a gelatinous mass. roots of grass and forming inconspicuous galls,
These soon hatch to start other generations, but primarily on members of the Gramineae. St. Augus-
the females die with more eggs inside their bod- tine grass may become chlorotic and die. Bermuda
ies, which turn brown and become cysts. Eggs grass may decline. Also present on zoysia.
inside cysts may remain viable 5 or 6 years.
Control depends on a very long crop rotation or
soil fumigation. Longidorus and Paralongidorus
Heterodera tabacum (Globodera tabacum
tabacum). Tobacco Cyst Nematode. Reported Longidoridae. Needle nematodes; relatively
from Connecticut on tobacco, tomato, and other large ectoparasites with long, slender stylet; sim-
solanaceous plants, but not potato; also reported ilar to Xiphinema but not causing galls.
Meloidogyne 261
Longidorus elongatus On grape, causing males are slender, wormlike. Females deposit
necrosis and excessive root-branching. eggs in a gelatinous mass, and the body is not
Longidorus maximus Reported associated with turned into a cyst as in Heterodera (see Fig. 3).
celery, leek, lettuce, and parsley. Root knot is the best known nematode disease,
Paralongidorus sylphus Thorn’s Needle Nem- with over 2000 plant species susceptible to one or
atode, fairly common in the Pacific Northwest, more forms of Meloidogyne. Root knot was first
causing severe stunting of peppermint. reported in England, in 1865 on cucumbers; in
1876 it was recorded in the United States on
violet. Infected plants are stunted; they often
Meloidodera wilt, turn yellow, and die. The chief diagnostic
symptom is the presence of small or large swell-
Heteroderidae. A new genus, a link between ings or galls in the roots (see Fig. 4). They are
Heterodera and Meloidogyne; eggs are retained nearly round or long and irregular, but they are an
in the female, but there is no distinct cyst stage; integral part of the root and cannot be broken off.
second stage larvae invade roots but no galls are This differentiates them from beneficial nodules,
formed. formed on legume roots by nitrogen-fixing bac-
Meloidodera floridensis In roots of slash pine teria, which can be readily broken off.
in Florida. Root-knot nematodes occur in practically
every state. We used to think they were killed
by northern winters, but some species can survive
Meloidoderita extreme cold. They do have fewer generations in
the North and do not build up such large
Tylenchulidae sp. On grapes. Males developed populations as in southern sandy or peat soils.
in soil and have a degenerate esophagus that lacks Grasses and grains are about the only plants
a stylet. immune or resistant to root knot.
The long, thin young larva takes form inside
the egg, breaks out, and migrates through the soil
Meloidogyne to a root. It moves in to the axial cylinder and
there becomes sedentary. It injects a secretion of
Heteroderidae. Root-knot nematodes, formerly its esophageal glands into the tissue by means of
considered one species, now known to be several, its short buccal stylet, and this stimulates the
distinguished by slight morphological differ- formation of 3 to 5 giant cells around the injection
ences such as striations, perineal pattern of the point. The nematode absorbs its food from these
tail, type of galls formed, host preferences, and nectarial cells the rest of its life. As it feeds, the
somewhat by locality. Females are white, pear- larva swells rapidly into a sausage-shaped body,
shaped to sphaeroid with elongated necks, slen- which, in the female, becomes whitish and pear-
der stylets with well-developed basal knobs; shaped, large enough to be just visible to the
Fig. 3 Root-Knot
Nematode Galls on Potato
262 Nematodes
have been developed resistant to particular spe-

cies. Soil fumigation before planting is a common
control; see chapter ▶ Introduction for satisfac-
tory chemicals. These usually kill larvae free in
the soil but not all of those inside root knots.
Meloidogyne arenaria Root-Knot Nematode.
Causes stunting and root gall on dwarf gardenia,
compacta holly, and japanese boxwood. Also
reported on watermelon.
Meloidogyne arenaria (formerly Meloidogyne
arenaria thamesi). Thames’ Root-Knot Nema-
tode. Occurring naturally in Florida, on Chinese
silk-plant (Boehmeria); found elsewhere in
greenhouses. Also reported on tomato and
scindapsus.
Meloidogyne arenaria thamesi (see
▶Meloidogyne arenaria). Thames’ Root-Knot
Nematode.
Meloidogyne chitwoodi Columbia Root-Knot
Nematode. Has been associated with alfalfa,
potato, tomato, sugar beet, wheat, and corn.
This is significant because wheat and corn are
commonly grown in rotation with potato and
sugar beets to reduce M. hapla. Both monocoty-
ledonous and dicotyledonous plant species are
Fig. 4 Root-Knot Nematode; pear-shaped female with good hosts, indicating a wide host range for this
egg sac; encysted young larva; and wormlike adult male nematode.
Meloidogyne graminicola Rice Root-Knot
naked eye. The male changes into a threadlike Nematode. On purple nutsedge and yellow nut-
cylindrical form, folded up inside the larval molt, sedge. Root-Knot Nematode on clovers.
from which it finally escapes. Meloidogyne hapla Northern Root-Knot Nem-
The female deposits its eggs in an extruded atode. Common on many outdoor crops in the
yellow-brown jelly. There may be up to 3000; the North and in florist and nursery stock. Hosts
average is nearer 300 to 500. The larvae develop include abelia, anoda, barberry, bean, blueberry,
inside the eggs and become free in the soil when boxwood, California-laurel, cantaloupe, carrot,
the host root cracks or decays. They may attack cherry, clematis, clovers, cocklebur, corn, cress,
the same root in a new place or another root. At cucumber, dog fennel, eggplant, escarole, for-
80 F a generation takes only 25 days; at 67 F the sythia, geranium, germander, gladiolus, grape-
cycle averages 87 days, and below 55 F activity hyacinth, goldenchain, jimsonweed, kale, lettuce,
ceases. Root-knot nematodes may be injurious marigold, mock-orange, morning-glory, mul-
by their feeding punctures even if typical swell- berry, myrtle, mustard, parsnip, pachysandra,
ings are not formed. Some have been shown to pansy, peanut, peony, pepper, periwinkle,
increase Fusarium and bacterial wilts, and potato, privet, rose, sainfoin, sequoia, soybean,
they almost surely complicate the crown-gall spirea, spurge, strawberry, sugar beet, tomato,
problem. velvetleaf, viburnum, wheat, and weigela.
Control Rotation of crops may be practical only This species is a particular pest of peanut and
for species with a narrow host range, and a few is probably the most important nematode on
varieties of vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals strawberries. It causes galls, reduces growth of
Paratylenchus 263
main roots, resulting in excessive branch roots; Cocos plumosa, cucurbits, eggplant, impatiens,
plants are stunted and may die. Injury is more radish, sequoia, snapdragon, soybean, tomato,
serious in sandy soils. Yields have been increased and watermelon. Resistant peanut, strawberry,
by using granular Nemagon, mixed with fertil- cotton, and pepper can be used in the rotation.
izer, as a side-dressing or by planting in fumi- Meloidogyne ovalis On maple.
gated beds. Rotation with corn and some grains
may be practical.
Meloidogyne incognita Root-Knot Nematode.
Naccobus
On kiwi, sequoia, society garlic, sweet potato,
and jacquemontia.
Pratylenchidae. Males wormlike; females swol-
Meloidogyne incognita Cotton Root-Knot
len in the middle, saclike, with a short, narrow
Nematode. A southern native associated with
tail; eggs extruded in a gelatinous matrix or held
many plants – forage crops, bean, cabbage, can-
within the body; stylet with small basal knobs;
taloupe, carrot, celery, chard, corn, cucumber,
endoparasites.
grape, lettuce, pepper, potato, radish, rhubarb,
Naccobus aberrans False Root-Knot Nema-
soybean, New Zealand spinach, squash, tobacco,
tode. Important in western sugar-beet fields,
tomato, turnip, watermelon; also on azalea, box-
also present on garden beets, cacti, carrot, cruci-
wood, camellia, calthea, coleus, collinsia, day-
fers, gaillardia, lettuce, and salsify. Root galls are
lily, gardenia, hibiscus, hollyhock, iris, India
similar to those caused by Meloidogyne, and may
love grass, nephthytis, roystonea, schefflera, and
be fairly large.
scindapsus. It was reported on iris in 1955, from
Naccobus batatiformis On cabbage, cactus,
New York and Texas, the first instance of rhizo-
carrot, and stock
matous iris credited as host to a root-knot nema-
Naccobus dorsalis Reported on heronsbill
tode. Tips of leaves turn yellow, then brown, with
(erodium), probably on other hosts.
whole leaf gradually dying. There are some resis-
tant soybean varieties, and asparagus, strawberry,
and peanut can be used in a rotation.
Meloidogyne incognita Southern Root-Knot Nacobbodera
Nematode. Native to the South and common
there, but overwintering as far north as New Heteroderidae
Jersey. This is the most important root-knot spe- Nacobbodera chitwoodi Reported on Douglas
cies on peach; it is also recorded on abelia, fir, and spruce.
banana, bean, carrot, coleus, corn, cucumber,
daylily, eggplant, gardenia, geranium, hibiscus,
onion, okra, sweet potato, pepper, tomato, water- Nothanguina
melon, and willow. It causes stunting and chloro-
sis of gardenia, but does not occur on peanuts or Anguinidae
strawberries, and these may be used in a rotation. Nothanguina (orrina) phyllobia Foliar Nema-
Resistant crotalaria and oats can be used as cover tode. On nightshade.
crops in peach orchards, and some peach
understocks are highly resistant.
Meloidogyne javanica Javanese Root-Knot Paratylenchus
Nematode. Common in southern peach orchards
and nurseries, widespread in Georgia on peaches Tylenchulidae. Pin nematodes, related to ring
such as Yunnan and Shali that are otherwise nematodes but thinner, primarily ectoparasites;
resistant to root knot. Found in northern green- minute; cuticle finely annulated; female with
houses. May be associated with azalea, bean, long stylet, body ventrally curved but too short
beet, cabbage, calendula, carrot, carnation, corn, for a spiral.
264 Nematodes
Paratylenchus (Gracilacus) anceps On Cali- Meadow Nematode. On corn, grasses, cereals,

fornia-laurel. asparagus, avocado, citrus, collinsia, dogwood,
Paratylenchus dianthus Carnation Pin Nema- peanut, pieris, pine, pineapple, potato, soybean,
tode. First reported on carnation in 1955 in strawberry, and tomato. Unsightly lesions are
Maryland, now well distributed through the formed on peanut shells, and the nematode sur-
Northeast. vives through curing. Preplanting soil fumigation
Paratylenchus elachistus On Boehmeria. has increased yield.
Paratylenchus (Gracilacus) epacris California Pratylenchus coffeae (P. musicola) Associated
Sessile Nematode. Associated with a decline of with strawberry black root and decline, in
black-walnut trees in California. Arkansas.
Paratylenchus hamatus Celery Pin Nematode, Pratylenchus crenatus Associated with many
Fig Pin Nematode. On azalea, bean, boxwood, kinds of nursery plants.
celery, chrysanthemum, clover, corn, fig, gera- Pratylenchus fallax Lesion nematode on grass.
nium, gladiolus, turf grasses, hemlock, holly, Pratylenchus hexincisus Described from corn
horse-radish, iris, oak, onion, parsley, peach, roots, Maryland.
pieris, pine, mountain-pink, prune, rose, soybean, Pratylenchus minyus On pear and grape, in
strawberry, and tomato. This species is responsi- California. Also, on filaree.
ble for celery losses in New England, plants being Pratylenchus musicola On banana, fig, olive,
stunted and chlorotic, and with decline of fig in and walnut.
California, symptoms being chlorosis and leaf Pratylenchus nannus Lesions nematode; On
drop and undersized fruit. On mint it has caused zinnia.
one-third reduction in growth. The nematodes Pratylenchus negelectus Lesion nematode on
can be starved out of celery fields by a 2-year potato.
rotation with lettuce and spinach. Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb’s Meadow
Paratylenchus micoletzkyi On marigold. Nematode. Associated with decline in alfalfa,
Paratylenchus macrophallus On mint. amaranth, apple, arborvitae, azalea, bean, black-
Paratylenchus projectus Reported from Mary- berry, blueberry, boxelder, cabbage, carrot,
land in 1955 on pasture grasses, also found on cedar, celeriac, celery, cherry, chrysan themum,
roots of alfalfa, bean, clover, corn, spruce, and clover, corn, cucumber, eggplant, fern, garden
soybean. A serious decline of celery and parsley balsam, gayfeather, gladiolus, grass, hemlock,
in New Jersey was attributed to this species. holly, horseradish, lettuce, lily, maple, mock-
Preplanting fumigation has produced a striking orange, onion, parsnip, peach, pear, peony, pep-
growth response. per, pieris, pine, mountain-pink, phlox, plum,
Paratylenchus penetrans On snapdragon. peach, pear, potato, raspberry, rose, safflower,
sequoia, soybean, spinach, spirea, strawberry,
sweet potato, tobacco, tomato, turnip, zinnia,
Pratylenchus and yarrow. This species is distributed throughout
the United States. Apples have necrotic black or
Pratylenchidae. Lesion nematodes, sometimes amber spots on white rootlets; roots may be
called root-lesion or meadow nematodes, widely stunted and distorted; tree vigor is reduced; leaves
distributed migratory endoparasites; males and are small. The disease has been called “little leaf”
females wormlike, small, 0.3 to 0.9 mm, with and “rosette.” The nematodes invade cortex only;
short stylet. Conspicuous necrotic spots are secondary fungi may play a part in symptoms.
formed on roots, and eggs are deposited in root Control measures include root dips and soil fumi-
tissues or in soil. Feeding punctures afford gation, hot-water treatment for strawberry stock
entrance to pathogenic microorganisms. plants, and removal of all old roots on lilies before
Pratylenchus brachyurus (P. leiocephalus) forcing. Marigolds produce a chemical toxic to
Godfrey’s Meadow Nematode, Smooth-Headed nematodes and can be used in rotations.
Radopholus 265
Pratylenchus pratensis DeMan’s Meadow growth. Where possible, fumigate soil before
Nematode. Important on grasses, strawberry, planting. Help plants to recover from root injury
lily, and narcissus; reported on a great many by mulching, adequate watering, and feeding.
other hosts, but there may have been some con-
fusion with other species.
Pratylenchus safaenis On soybean, corn, cot- Radopholus
ton, millet, rice, and sorghum.
Pratylenchus scribneri Scribner’s Meadow Pratylenchidae. Burrowing nematodes; endopar-
Nematode. First reported on potatoes in 1889 in asites with entire life cycle inside plants, includ-
Tennessee. Associated with amaryllis, hibiscus, ing copulation and egg deposition. Male and
strawberry in Florida, roses in California, and in female wormlike, with short stylet. Female with
New Jersey, clover, corn, dahlia, orchids, pars- flat lip region, two ovaries; 0.6 mm long; male
nip, peach, potato, raspberry, rose, soybean, and with rounded lip region.
tomato. Radopholus similis Burrowing Nematode,
Pratylenchus subpenetrans Described from Associated with SPREADING DECLINE OF
pasture grasses, Maryland. CITRUS. The most important citrus disease in
Pratylenchus thornei Thorn’s Meadow Nema- Florida. This is a subtropical species, first
tode. On wheat, other grains, and grasses. It has reported in 1893 from banana roots in the Fiji
also been reported on maple and nectarine. Islands. Citrus decline was known for many years
Pratylenchus vulnus Walnut Meadow Nema- before the nematode connection was made in
tode. Described in 1951 from California as an 1953. This species is also responsible for AVO-
important parasite of walnut and rose on the West CADO DECLINE and in 1963 was reported as
Coast, also present elsewhere. It may affect avo- infesting 237 plants in many families. Possible
cado, boxwood, almond, fig, forsythia, hosts include acanthus, allamanda, aluminum
gayfeather, apricot, citrus, peach, plum, rasp- plant, calathea, Barbados cherry, banana, castor-
berry, loganberry, rose, sequoia, strawberry, Jap- bean, cocculus, hibiscus, Japanese boxwood, Jap-
anese boxwood, spiny Greek juniper, blue rug anese persimmon, ixora, jacobinia, gingerlily,
juniper, walnut, and yew. Soil fumigation has loquat, Momordica, pandanus, peperomia, philo-
increased growth of roses by 400 %. dendron, periwinkle, pothos, podocarpus, palms,
Pratylenchus zeae Corn Meadow Nematode. guava, as well as corn, pepper, tomato, and other
Associated with corn, also alfalfa, bean, chrysan- vegetables, and various trees. Asparagus, mari-
themum, cucumber, grasses, pea, phlox, potato, gold, and crotalaria are among the few nonhosts.
soybean, tobacco, and tomato. The burrowing nematode has been found in Lou-
Pratylenchus spp. Lesion Nematodes. Proba- isiana as well as central Florida.
bly as widespread as a group as root-knot nema- The nematodes enter the cortical parenchyma
todes and even more serious, though less readily of young succulent roots just back of the tip and
recognized. The brown or black root condition form burrows, leaving behind avenues of infec-
usually comes from secondary fungi entering and tion for soil fungi and bacteria. Infected trees
rotting the roots after cells are pierced and torn by seldom die outright, but have poor growth and
the nematodes. In boxwood and other ornamen- cease to produce a profitable crop. The disease
tals there is often a brush or witches’ broom of spreads in all directions from an infected speci-
new surface roots to compensate for old roots men, but somewhat unevenly, the distance rang-
sloughed off. First symptoms are usually yellow, ing from 25 to 200 feet in a year, averaging about
black, or brown lesions on fine feeder roots. Box- 50 feet. Long-distance spread is by transplants
wood becomes sickly, stunted; foliage is dark from nurseries.
brown to orange, sometimes drops; some Control Living trees, once infected, cannot be
branches may be killed. Tuberous begonias may restored to vigor. Diseased trees in quarantined
be heavily infested in roots and tubers, with poor areas are pulled and burned, including two trees
266 Nematodes
beyond those known to be infested in an orchard,

and the soil is treated with D-D. Bare-rooted nurs- Scutellonema
ery stock can be treated with hot water, 10 min at
122 F. After the “pull and treat,” nonhosts are Hoplolaimidae. Spiral nematodes, similar to
grown for 2 years before citrus is replanted. There Rotylenchus.
is some hope of resistant varieties. Scutellonema blaberum (Rotylenchus
blaberus) West African Spiral Nematode. On
banana, yam, red spider lily, and African-violet.
Rotylenchulus Scutellonema brachyurum Carolina Spiral
Nematode. Working at crown and roots of Afri-
Hyplolaimidae. Reniform nematodes, partially can-violet, destroying root cells, depositing eggs
endoparasitic root parasites. Female swollen, kid- in cortical tissues. Also on amaryllis.
ney-shaped; two ovaries; male wormlike, unable Scutellonema bradys Yam Nematode.
to feed. Scutellonema christiei Christie’s Spiral Nema-
Rotylenchulus reniformis Reniform Nema- tode. Common on lawn grasses in Florida, also
tode. First described from pineapple roots in reported on apple and grasses in Maryland and
Hawaii, now found in Florida and other warm West Virginia.
states on turf, cotton, peanut, sweet potato,
tomato, gardenia, jacquemontia, and other orna-
mentals. The head of the female, with elongated
neck, goes in the cortical parenchyma of the Sphaeronema
rootlet, and her kidney-shaped body projects out-
side. It is covered with a gelatinous material Tylenchulidae
containing eggs and larvae, so that soil particles Sphaeronema sp sp. Decline of Alaska-cedar.
adhere.
Tetylenchus
Rotylenchus
Belonolaimidae. Male and female wormlike,
Hoplolaimidae. Spiral nematodes, worldwide in styletshort.
temperate and tropical climates; mostly ectopar- Merlinius joctus On blueberry.
asitic but partially endoparasitic, somewhat
migratory; body wormlike but held in shape of
a spiral; long stylet; female with two ovaries; 0.5
to 1 mm long. Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus
Rotylenchus blaberus Spiral Nematode on spi-
der-lily. Trichodoridae. Stubby-root nematodes; migra-
Rotylenchus buxophilus Boxwood Spiral tory ectoparasites with wide host ranges; thick-
Nematode. Associated with boxwood decline in bodied, cylindrical;0.5 to 1.5 mm long; smooth
Maryland and nearby states; also found with bar- cuticle; tail short, bluntly rounded; long, slender
berry, privet, and peony. The roots have minute stylet is a grooved tooth.
brown spots, and the root system is much Paratrichodorus allius Reported reducing
reduced. onion yield in Oregon.
Rotylenchus cristiei On grasses. Paratrichodorus christiei Christie’s Stubby
Rotylenchus robustus Reported on azalea. Root Nematode. Wide-spread in southern states
Rotylenchus uniformis Reported on many but also present elsewhere feeding on many
ornamental trees and shrubs in New Jersey plants in many different plant families. These
nurseries. include azalea, avocado, blueberry, bean, beet,
Tylenchus 267
cabbage, citrus, corn, cranberry, chayote, onion, treatment with the standard fumigants and also
potato, squash, strawberry, tomato, and turf with systemics gives adequate control. Nonhosts
grasses –St. Augustine, Bermuda, and zoysia. include peanut, pepper, cucumber, and crotalaria.
On tomato there is general stunting and formation Tylenchorhynchus dubius Reported on
of short lateral roots. The stubby effect is appar- cereals, grasses, clovers, also azalea and
ently caused by a secretion and not just mechan- carnation.
ical piercing by the stylet; there is reduced cell Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (formerly
multiplication. The host list is too long for crop Tylenchorhynchus martini). Sugarcane Stylet
rotation to be practical, and soil fumigation is not Nematode. On sugarcane, rice, soybean, and
as effective as with some other species. Aspara- sweetpotato.
gus and poinsettia are nonhosts, and asparagus Tylenchorhynchus martini (see
has a nematicidal effect. This nematode and some ▶Tylenchorhynchus annulatus). Sugarcane Sty-
other Trichodorus species are vectors of tobacco let Nematode. On sugarcane, rice, soybean, and
rattle virus, cause of potato corky ringspot. sweet potato.
Trichodorus obtusus Cobb’s Stubby Root Tylenchorhynchus maximus On turf.
Nematode. On Bermuda grass.
Paratrichodorus pachydermus Seinhorst
Stubby Root Nematode. On turf and dahlia.
Tylenchulus
Trichodorus primitivus On azalea.
Tylenchulidae. Female sedentary, with elongated
anterior portion entering the root and swollen,
Tylenchorhynchus
flask-shaped posterior outside the root; well-
developed stylet with large basal knobs; male
Belonolaidae. Stylet nematodes, sometimes
remains small, cylindrical; does not feed.
called stunt nematodes, primarily ectoparasities,
Tylenchulus semipenetrans Citrus Nematode.
somewhat migratory, common in roots of nursery
First noted in California in 1912, now widespread
stock and cultivated plants. Male and female
in citrus regions; important in California and
wormlike, 0.6 to 1.7 mm long; stylet variable in
Florida, present also in Arizona and Texas.
length with well developed knobs; female has
Hosts other than citrus include olive, persimmon,
rounded tail, two ovaries; male tail is pointed;
grape, and lilac. Citrus trees exhibit a slow
cuticle coarsely annulated.
decline resulting from reduced root activity.
Tylenchorhynchus brevidus On grasses.
Symptoms also include twig dieback, chlorosis
Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Causes stunting
and dying of foliage, wilting under moisture
and chlorosis of pepper, bean, tomato, and
stress, and reduced fruit production. Control mea-
sweetpotato.
sures include resistant rootstock, and hot-water
Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Tesselate Stylet
treatment of nursery stock, 25 min at 113 F or
Nematode. Common and widespread through
10 min at 116 F.
southeastern and eastern states. Associated with
and romeda, apple, arborvitae, azalea, bean, blue-
berry, boxwood, broccoli, cherry, cereals, clo-
vers, corn, cranberry, dogwood, forsythia, Tylenchus
grape, grasses, hemlock, holly, lettuce, lilac,
maple, peach, peanut, pepper, pine, potato, rasp- Tylenchidae. This genus, described in 1865, orig-
berry, rhododendron, soybean, strawberry, sweet inally contained most species with stomato-sty-
potato, tomato, tulip-tree, veronica, willow, and lets, but many of these have been transferred to
yew. Azaleas may be severely injured, with other genera. Those left are common in soil
reduced root system, short twigs, leaf chlorosis around plants but apparently not important
and increased susceptibility to winter injury. Soil parasites.
268 Nematodes
the feeder roots of plants. There may be very

Xiphinema high soil populations.
Xiphinema bakeri Dagger Nematode. On
Longidoridae. Dagger nematodes; very common sequoia.
migratory ectoparasites; very long, males and Xiphinema chambersi Chamber’s Dagger
females both wormlike; long, slender stylet Nematode. Causing a decline in strawberries, with
from a bottle-shaped esophagus. stunting and sunken, reddish brown root lesions.
Xiphinema americanum American Dagger Xiphinema diversicaudatum European
Nematode. A native, first described in 1913 Dagger Nematode. A proven pathogen of rose,
from specimens taken around roots of corn, strawberry, peanut, fig, tomato, soybean, garden
grasses, and citrus trees. Found all over the balsam, and other plants. This species is very
United States associated with many kinds of common in commercial rose greenhouses, reduc-
plants, including ash, azalea, bean, boxwood, ing vigor, causing chlorosis. Galls are formed on
clover, camellia, citrus, dogwood, elm, gera- rose roots; they are similar to root-knot galls but
nium, melon, oak, palm, pea, pecan, peach, more elongate and nearer the tip of the root, caus-
pepper, pine, poplar, rose, soybean, strawberry, ing it to curl. Cleaning up a greenhouse infestation
sweet potato, tomato, viburnum, vinca, and wal- means disposal of all plants in a bed, careful ster-
nut. In addition to its causing decline and some- ilization of soil, and replanting with clean stock.
times winterkill by its feeding on roots, this Xiphinema index California Dagger Nematode.
species is believed to transmit tomato ringspot, Reported on Boston ivy, grape, fig monkshood
peach yellow bud mosaic, and grape yellow vein vine, pistachio, and rose. Feeding in root tips
viruses and to increase the incidence of causes a terminal swelling with angling of main
Cytospora canker on spruce. Dagger nematodes roots, death of lateral roots.
may be introduced into greenhouses with virgin Xiphinema radicicola Pacific Dagger Nema-
soil from the woods and may destroy almost all tode. Reported on oak, in Florida.
Nonparasitic Diseases
Plants in poor health from one or more environ- Spray injury is exceedingly common, with the
mental conditions far outnumber those afflicted gardener thinking the red or brown spots are
with diseases caused by parasites – bacteria, fungus leaf spots and increasing the chemical
fungi, and nematodes. When foliage turns yellow dosage until all foliage is lost. Weed killers take
from lack of nitrogen, or from unavailability of their unexpected toll of nearby ornamentals.
iron in an alkaline soil, or from lack of oxygen in Either a deficiency or an excess of plant nutrients
a waterlogged soil, we call it a physiological or can cause a physiological disease. Greenhouse
physiogenic or nonparasitic disease. The adverse operators and commercial growers in the field
condition may be continuing, as it is with must watch nutrition very carefully. The back-
a nutrient deficiency, or it may be transitory, an yard farmer gets along pretty well by using
ice storm, perhaps, lasting but a day but with a “complete” fertilizer containing nitrogen, phos-
resultant dieback continuing for the next two phorus, and potassium in large amounts and
years. It may be chemical injury from injudicious minor elements in trace amounts. There are kits
spraying or fertilizing or from toxic substances in available for amateur diagnosticians who wish to
the atmosphere. It may be due to a toxin injected check soil deficiencies and acidity, but you may
by an insect. prefer to send a soil sample to your state experi-
Trees and crops can be insured against hail, ment station for a correct interpretation of nutri-
hurricanes, lightning, and other acts of God, but ents and soil acidity. Take a slice through the soil
not the misguided zeal of gardeners. Years of to spade or trowel depth from several places in
working in gardens in my own state and visiting the garden, mix those samples together, and send
gardens in other states from coast to coast have a small sample of the mixture.
convinced me that plants often suffer more from
their owners than from pests and diseases. Aza-
leas die from an overdose of aluminum sulfate Acidity, Excess
applied to correct acidity, when the original cause
of ill health was a too-wet soil. Rhododendron die Soil acidity or alkalinity is measured on a pH
when a deep, soggy mass of maple or other “soft” scale that runs from 0 to 14. When the number
leaves is kept around the trunks. Roses die when of acid or hydrogen ions balances the number of
the beds are edged with a spade and soil is alkaline or hydroxyl ions, we have pH7.0 or neu-
mounded up in the center, burying some plants tral. Above pH 7.0 the soil is alkaline and may
too deeply and exposing roots of others. Seed- contain free lime; below it, the soil is acid. Few
lings die from an overdose of fertilizer in hot crop plants will grow below pH 3.5 or above pH
weather. Trees die from grading operations. 9.0. If the soil becomes very acid, roots are poorly

270 Nonparasitic Diseases
developed and may decay, growth is slow, and reaction of unburned hydrocarbons, as from auto-
foliage is mottled or chlorotic. This result is due mobiles, ozone, sunlight, and, usually, thermal
either to actual excess of hydrogen ions or to inversion. Tremendous losses in California
physical structure of the soil and solubility of orchid houses come when smog appears when
nutrients. plants are in the budding stage.
Most flowering plants, fruits, and vegetables Chrysanthemums may be prevented from
do well in a soil just slightly acid, in a pH range of flowering by ethylene in the atmosphere; tomatoes
6 to 7 or 6 to 8. Plants flourishing in a very acid are also very sensitive. Injury from sulfur dioxide,
soil, pH 4 to 5, are few: alpines, azalea, arbutus, a product of fuel combustion, is at a high level in
and romeda, bunchberry, wild calla, camellia, the colder months. Foliage has white spots, tips, or
Chamaecyparis (white cedar), a few ferns, wild margins. Soot particles entering houses from
orchids, pitcher-plants, galax, and mountain-ash. smokestacks cause necrotic spots.
In the pH 5 to 6 list are: arbutus-tree, azalea, Control For orchids and other high-priced
bleeding-heart, birch, blueberry, bent grasses, greenhouse crops, air can be passed through
bracken, camellia, Carolina jessamine, Clarkia, a filter of activated charcoal. Taller smokestacks
cranberry, cypress, Daphne odora (but not reduce injury from gases and soot. Increasing the
D. mezerium, which is in the 6 to 8 group), hem- vitamin C content of plants by treating them with
lock, juniper, mountain-laurel, some ferns, some a substance such as potassium ascorbate may
orchids, some oaks, pine, rhododendron, sour reduce injury from ozone. Installation of purifi-
gum, spruce, silver-bell tree, Styrax, strawberry, cation devices in automobiles and industrial
sweet potato, and yew. plants may provide some future relief.
The small kits for home testing of soils include
a booklet giving the pH preferences of a long list
of plants and the amount of lime required to Alkali Injury
correct the acidity. This varies with the type of
soil and the original pH. To bring a sandy soil Some semiarid soils are nearly barren from
from pH 4 to above 6 takes only 1/2 pound of excess of chemicals with a basic reaction. Com-
hydrated lime; it takes 2 pounds of lime to effect position varies, but three common salts are
the same change in a clay soil. sodium chloride, sulfate of soda, and carbonate
of soda; these salts become concentrated at the
soil surface with a whitish incrustation. Other
Air Pollution soils are black alkali, where the organic matter
has been dissolved. Applications of gypsum or
Polluted air is not confined to cities. Even in the sulfur, cultivation, and mulching are correctives.
country crops suffer when sunlight plus automo-
bile exhaust produce ozone and other gases. Air
pollutants come from smelters, pulp mills, facto- Alkalinity
ries, power plants, incinerators, and other
sources. Ozone injury is common in pine, Either aluminum sulfate or sulfur, or both mixed
resulting in chlorotic and needle mottling, together, can be used to reduce the pH for plants
tipburn, blight, needle flecking, and stunting; in doing best in a somewhat acid soil.
tobacco, causing “weather fleck”; in spinach,
with oily areas followed by white necrotic spots
on upper leaf surface; in grape, with a dark stip- Aluminum Toxicity
pling. Other sensitive plants include bean, celery,
corn, tomato, carnation, orchid, radish, marigold, Occasional, if aluminum is used in excess. Brow-
and petunias. Some varieties are more susceptible ning, dieback, sometimes death of azaleas and
than others. Smog occurs from a chemical other plants may occur.
Blossom-End Rot 271
Arsenical Injury Black Root
Leaves of peaches, apricots, and other stone fruits Defective soil drainage and accumulation of
are readily spotted or burned with lead arsenate toxins are associated with black roots, but so too
unless lime or zinc sulfate is added as a corrective. are soil fungi and root nematodes.
There may be similar leaf spotting and defoliation
when these tender fruits are grown in old apple land
that has accumulated a residue of lead arsenate over
a period of years. Even apple trees can be severely Blasting
injured by arsenical sprays under some conditions.
Blasting of influorescence and failure to produce
seeds. These symptoms seem associated with
Baldhead extremes of soil moisture, too wet or too dry, at
blossom time. Onion Blast, prevalent in the Con-
In beans this is loss of the growing point, due to necticut Valley, appears within a few hours after
mechanical injury in threshing seed. bright sunshine follows cloudy, wet weather.
Leaf tips are first white, then brown.
Bitter Pit
On apples this is called stippen or Baldwin spot Blindness

and is characterized by small, circular, slightly
sunken spots on fruit, increasing in storage, espe- Blindness of tulips and other bulbs. Failure to
cially at warm temperatures, most frequent on flower may be due to Botrytis blight or other
varieties Jonathan, Baldwin, Spy, Rhode Island disease, but it may come from root failure in dry
Greening. It seems to be related to fluctuation of soil or from heating of bulbs in storage or transit.
the moisture supply in soil and increased by Too early forcing may result in blindness.
abundant rainfall shortly before harvest. On
pear, bitter pit is sometimes associated with mois-
ture deficiency; in olives, with overnutrition. Blossom-End Rot
Very common on tomatoes, also on pepper,

Black End squash, watermelon. The tissues at the blossom
end of the fruit shrink, causing a dark, flattened or
In pear, the whole blossom end of the fruit may turn sunken, leathery spot, which may include nearly
black and dry; the disease appears when oriental half the fruit (see Fig. 1). The disease is most
pear rootstocks are used in poor soil. In walnut, common on plants that have had an excess of
black end of nuts is probably drought injury. rainfall in the early part of the season, followed
by a period of drought. There are, however, var-
ious contributing factors, the most important
Black Heart being a deficiency of calcium, which is needed
for synthesis of rigid cell walls of the tomato.
In beets, this is generally boron deficiency (see Adding calcium oxide to the soil or spraying
below); occasionally it is potassium or phospho- with 1 % calcium chloride has reduced the dis-
rus deficiency. In apple wood it may be freezing ease. For home gardens, deep soil preparation,
injury; in potatoes, lack of oxygen; in celery, use of a complete balanced fertilizer, and
fluctuating soil moisture. mulching to conserve moisture should help.
Fig. 1 Blossom-End Rot

on Tomato
of tree trunk, in a 1-foot band outside the drip of

Bordeaux Injury the branches. Apply only once in 3 years, and
reduce the amount by half for peaches and other
Both the copper and the lime in bordeaux mixture stone fruits and for very sandy soils.
can be injurious to some crops. Cucurbits are Beets, turnips, other root crops. Black Heart,
stunted, and blossoming and fruit-setting are Brown Heart. Roots have dark spots; plants are
delayed in tomatoes. Red-spotting of foliage of gradually stunted and dwarfed; leaves are small,
roses and apples is followed by yellowing and variegated, twisted. The interior of the beet or
defoliation. See ▶Copper Spray Injury; Lime- turnip has a dark brown to nearly black water-
Induced Chlorosis. soaked area, sometimes with a hollow center. The
amount of borax that can be added without injury
depends on type of soil and moisture content.
Boron Deficiency Celery. Cracked Stem. Leaves have
a brownish mottling; stems are brittle, cracked
A small quantity of boron is required for normal with brown stripes.
growth of most plants. For some there is not much Lettuce. There is malformation of young
leeway between necessary and toxic amounts; leaves, death of growing point.
other plants require or tolerate large amounts. Ornamentals. Terminal flower bud dies; top
Deficiency symptoms vary with the crop. leaves are thick and brittle. Application of boron
Fruit trees. Internal and external cork of in fritted form has prevented splitting in carna-
apples, dieback, rosette; dieback, blossom blight tions, and has increased flower production in
of pear; stunting, excessive branches, internal greenhouse roses.
necrosis of peaches. Apple leaves on terminal
shoots turn yellow, are convex with red veins;
twigs die back from tip; dwarfed, thickened, brit- Boron Toxicity
tle leaves are in tufts at nodes; internodes are
abnormally shortened. Fruit has dry corky lesions Retardation or prevention of germination, death
throughout the flesh or diffuse brown lesions and or stunting of plants, bleaching or yellowing of
bitter taste. McIntosh, Baldwin, Rome, North- tops, disappearance of color along midrib and
western Greening, and Jonathan exhibit external veins, all are indications of excess boron. Beans
cork with severe russeting of surface. Control by are extremely sensitive to boron, with injury from
applying borax, 1 ounce per each inch of diameter as little as 4 pounds borax broadcast per acre.
Copper Deficiency 273
If borax has been used for root crops, boron- In fruits, calcium deficiency shows first in the
tolerant cabbage should follow before beans in roots, which are short and stubby with a profuse
the rotation. growth behind the tips that have died back. Basal
immature peach leaves sometimes have reddish
discolorations, and twigs may die back. Corn and
Brown Bark Spot legumes require large amounts of calcium, which
may become unavailable under conditions of
Brown Bark Spot of fruit trees. Perhaps this is high soil acidity.
arsenical injury from residue in the soil.
Catface
Brown Heart
Fruit deformity, due to insects or growth
Brown Heart of turnip, cabbage, cauliflower. disturbances.
▶Boron Deficiency.
Chlorine Injury
Bud Drop
A tank of chlorine gas for the swimming pool
In sweet pea very young flower buds turn yellow carelessly opened too close to trees and shrubs
and drop off when there is a deficiency of phos- causes foliage browning and sometimes death.
phorus and potassium during periods of low light Leaf margins are sometimes killed by chlorine
intensity. Water sparingly at such periods; avoid gas from manufacturing processes.
excess of nitrogen. Gardenias often drop their
buds when taken from greenhouses to dry
homes, but there is also bud drop in greenhouses Chlorosis
with high soil moisture, high temperature, and
lack of sunlight in winter. Yellowing or loss of normal green color may be
due to deficiency of nitrogen, magnesium, or man-
ganese. Occasionally boron deficiency or toxicity,
insufficient oxygen to the roots in a waterlogged
Calcium Chloride Injury
soil, or alkali injury may cause chlorosis but in the
majority of cases, and particularly with broad-
Trees may be damaged when this dust-laying
leaved evergreens, it occurs because iron is
chemical is washed off country roads or drive-
unavailable in an alkaline soil. ▶Iron Deficiency.
ways down to roots.
Chlorosis
Calcium Deficiency
Hydroponically grown basil with interveinal
All plants require calcium, which is built into chlorosis associated with CO2 enrichment.
walls of cells, neutralizes harmful by-products,
and maintains a balance with magnesium and
potassium. Calcium is leached out of the soil as Copper Deficiency
calcium carbonate and should be replaced by
adding ground limestone, or dolomite (calcium Exanthema or dieback of fruits – apple, apricot,
magnesium carbonate), or gypsum (calcium sul- citrus, olive, pear, prune; failure of vegetables on
fate), which does not increase the pH of the soil. muck soils. Copper deficiency in fruits is
widespread in Florida and occurs frequently in

California. Leaves are unusually large and dark DDT Injury
green, or very small and quickly shed, on twigs
that die back, with a reddish brown gummy dis- Foliage of some plants – cucurbits particularly,
charge. Citrus fruits are bumpy and drop, or have roses occasionally – turns yellow or orange, often
insipid flavor and dry pulp. Application of copper with stunting. Certain camellia varieties have
sulfate to the soil corrects the deficiency, but been injured when shrubs are under trees sprayed
often spraying trees once or twice in the spring with DDT. Continued spraying with DDT builds
with bordeaux mixture provides sufficient copper up a residue in the soil which may eventually
indirectly. Spraying almonds with a copper che- have a toxic effect on the root system, the effect
late has prevented shriveling of kernels. Muck or varying with the type of soil and plant.
peat soils in New York, formerly unproductive,
now grow normal crops of onions and lettuce
with the addition of copper sulfate. On copper- Dieback
deficient Florida soils, many truck crops fail to
grow or are stunted, bleached, and chlorotic. This is due to deficiency or excess of moisture,
nutrients; winter injury; also cankers, nematodes,
borers.
Copper Spray Injury
Some fixed copper sprays are less injurious than Drought

bordeaux mixture, but all coppers may be harm-
ful to some plants under some conditions. Foliage The effects of a prolonged dry period may be
spots are small, numerous, reddish, sometimes evident in trees and shrubs for two or three
brown. In peach leaves the centers of the spots years thereafter.
may fall out, leaving shot holes. Rosaceous plants
follow spotting with yellowing and dropping of
leaves. Even mild coppers may be injurious if the End Spot
temperature is below 55 F, or the weather con-
tinues rainy or cloudy. Treated leaves are often End Spot of avocado. Unequal maturity in both
harsher than normal and more subject to frost ends of the fruit seems to be a factor in withering,
injury. Dwarfing and stunting are important spotting, and cracking at lower end. Pick
symptoms on many crops, especially cucurbits. promptly, instead of leaving on trees.
Tomato flowering is injured or delayed; apple and
tomato fruits are russeted. Tree roots are injured
by overflow from pools treated with copper for Exanthema
algae.
Copper deficiency, in fruits.
Cork
Frost Injury
Boron deficiency, in apple.
This injury is caused by low temperature after
plants have started growth in spring or before
they are dormant in fall (see ▶Winter Injury
Cracked Stem for freezing during the dormant period). Yellow
color of some leaves in early spring is due
Boron deficiency, in rhubarb, celery. to temperatures unfavorable for chlorophyll
Grading Injuries 275
Fig. 2 Frost Injury on

Holly
formation. Some leaves, including those of rose,

are reddened or crinkled with frost (Fig. 2). Blos- Girdling Roots
som buds of fruit trees are critically injured by
frost late in spring. In the South, where plants Unfavorable conditions sometimes deflect roots
come out of dormancy early, orchard heaters, from their normal course, and one or two may
smudge fires, power fans, and airplanes flying grow so closely appressed to a tree as to almost
low to stir up the air are all used to help save the strangle it. If one side of a tree shows lighter
crop. Many ornamentals are injured when a long, green leaves with tendency to early defoliation,
warm autumn ends in a sudden very cold snap, or dig down on that side to see if a root is choking
warm weather in February or March is followed the trunk under the soil surface. The root should
by heavy frosts. Cracks in tree trunks come from be severed and removed, then all cut surfaces
such temperature fluctuations. painted.
Gas Toxicity
Grading Injuries
Illuminating gas escaping from aging gas mains
causes slow decline or sudden death, depending Many shrubs die when they are planted much
on the plant. Tomatoes are extremely sensitive deeper than the level at which they were grown
and indicate the slightest trace of gas by leaves in the nursery. Similarly, many trees die when
and stems bending sharply downward. Plane trees they are covered over with fill from house exca-
develop “rosy canker” –long, narrow cankers near vations. Roots require oxygen for survival, and
the trunk base with inner bark watermelon-pink a sudden excess of soil cuts off most of the sup-
and swollen. With large amounts of gas escaping, ply. A tree expert should be on hand to give
foliage wilts and browns suddenly, followed by advice before any digging starts. Afterward is
death of twigs and branches; with slow leaks, the too late. And if grading means filling in soil
symptoms appear gradually over a year or two. around trees, a little well around the trunk is not
After the leak is repaired, it is sometimes possible enough. There must be radial and circular
to save trees by digging a trench to aerate the roots, trenches laid with tile, and then crushed stone
applying large quantities of water, burning out and gravel, before the top soil goes in place.
severely injured roots, then replacing soil and feed- Consult Tree Maintenance by P. P. Pirone for
ing to stimulate new growth. clear descriptions and diagrams for protecting
Natural gas is, apparently, not as injurious. trees from contractors.
Graft Incompatibility Internal Browning or Cork
Lilacs are sometimes blighted from incompatibil- Internal Browning or Cork of apple. Boron
ity of the lilac scion on privet stock. Walnut deficiency.
girdle is due to incompatibility of scions on
black walnut roots.
Iron Deficiency
Gummosis Iron is seldom, or never, actually deficient in the

soil, but it is often in such an insoluble form in
Formation of gum on bark of fruit trees is com- neutral or alkaline soils that plants cannot absorb
monly formed in cases of bacterial canker, brown it, or it may be precipitated as insoluble iron
rot, crown rot, and root rots from soil fungi and in phosphate where excessive amounts of phos-
connection with the peach tree borer, but other phates are added to the soil. Chlorosis is an indi-
cases of gummosis seem connected with adverse cation of the lack of iron, for it is necessary for the
sites and soil moisture conditions irrespective of formation of chlorophyll, the green pigment (see
parasitic organisms. Fig. 3). In acid soils iron is usually available; in
alkaline soils leaves turn yellowish green, often
remaining green along the veins but yellowing in
Heart Rot
Boron deficiency, in root crops.
Heat Injury
There are many ways in which excessive high

temperatures can injure plants, ranging from
death to retarded growth or failure to mature
flowers and fruit. Sunstroke, outright killing of
plants, is a limiting factor in flower and vegetable
production in summer in the South. Seedlings,
especially tree seedlings and beans, may
have heat cankers with stem tissues killed at the
soil line. See also ▶Sunscald, Leaf Scorch,
Tipburn.
Hollow Heart
This is sometimes due to excessive soil moisture.
Hopperburn
Marginal chlorosis, burning and curling of leaves

of potatoes and dahlias is due to leafhoppers. Fig. 3 Iron Deficiency in Chrysanthemum
Lime-Induced Chlorosis 277
interveinal areas. Terminal growth of twigs is

small, and the shrub or tree is generally stunted.
To obtain a quick response it is possible to
spray leaves with a solution of ferrous sulfate.
More lasting is a soil treatment of a 50–50 mix-
ture of ferrous sulfate and sulfur.
Rather recent is the use of chelated iron, sold
as Sequestrene and under other trade names. In
this form the iron cannot be combined with soil
elements and remains available to the plant even
under alkaline conditions. The solution, prepared
according to directions on the package, is poured
on the soil around the unthrifty bush, and often
the green color returns in a matter of days. Iron
chelates are now extensively used for citrus and
for ornamentals.
Leaf Scorch
Leaf Scorch, of maple, horse-chestnut, beech,

walnut, and other trees. Scattered areas in the
leaf, between the veins or along the margins,
turn light or dark brown, with all the leaves on
a branch affected more or less uniformly. The
canopy of the tree looks dry and scorched; leaves
may dry and fall, with new leaves formed in
summer. Lack of fruiting bodies distinguishes Fig. 4 Scorch in Iris
scorch from a fungus leaf blotch. It appears dur-
ing periods of high temperature and drying winds
and often after a rainy period has produced suc-
culent growth. Lightning Injury
Leaf scorch of Easter lilies has been a problem
for years but can be prevented by keeping the pH Trees may be completely shattered or a narrow
of soil near 7.0 with lime, adequate nitrogen, but strip of bark and a shallow layer of wood torn
low phosphorus. It may have some connection down the trunk. Tall trees or those growing in the
with root rots. open are most likely to be struck. Valuable trees
Leaf scorch of iris has puzzled amateur can be protected with lightning conductors,
growers in the past few years; it is more serious installed by a competent tree expert.
in the Southwest but has appeared in gardens
elsewhere. Leaves turn bright reddish brown at
the tips in spring before flowering, and in a few
days the whole fan is scorched and withered, and Lime-Induced Chlorosis
the roots have rotted with a reddish discoloration
(see Fig. 4). Many theories, including nutrition Plants are sickly, with yellow foliage, in calcare-
and nematodes, have been advanced, but there is ous soils or near cement foundations. ▶Iron
no general agreement as to cause. Deficiency.
in greenhouses. Covering the paint with a paste of

Little Leaf dry lime sulfur mixed with lime, flour, and water
reduced the amount of toxic vapor.
Little Leaf, on almond, apricot, avocado and
other fruits. ▶Zinc Deficiency.
Molybdenum Toxicity
Magnesium Deficiency Cause of whiptail in broccoli and cabbage, chlo-

rosis of citrus in Florida, of grapes in Michigan.
Large areas in the Atlantic and Gulf Coast truck crop Citrus leaves have large interveinal yellow spots
regions are low in magnesium because of natural with gum on undersurface and may fall. Injecting
lack of magnesium rock, extensive leaching from the trunk with sodium molybdenate has corrected
heavy rainfall, removal of large quantities in crops, the condition quickly. On grapes chlorosis of
and use of fertilizers lacking this element. In toma- terminal leaves was attributed to molybdenum
toes, veins remain dark green while rest of leaf is deficiency correlated with nitrogen toxicity and
yellow or chlorotic. Cabbages have lower leaves was corrected by adding 0.01 ppm molybdic acid
puckered, chlorotic, mottled, turning white at the to nutrient solutions.
margin and in center. In strawberries, leaves are
thin, bright green, then with necrotic blotches. On
fruit trees, fawn-colored patches are formed on Mottle Leaf
mature, large leaves, with affected leaves dropping
progressively toward the tip. In flowering plants Zinc deficiency.
there are a greatly reduced rate of growth, yellowing
between veins of lower leaves, sometimes dead
areas between veins, sometimes puckering. Nitrogen Deficiency
Control by using dolomitic limestone, or with
fertilizers containing magnesium, or with Epsom Symptoms are paleness or uniform yellowing of
salts (magnesium sulfate) around azaleas and leaves, and stems, firing or burning of lower
other shrubs in home gardens. leaves, sometimes red pigments along veins,
stunted growth, reduced yield with small fruit.
Immediate results can be obtained by side-
Manganese Deficiency
dressing with a quickly available nitrogenous
fertilizer, but long-range planning includes use
Top leaves become yellow between veins, but
of legumes in the rotation, green-manure crops,
even smallest veins retain green color, giving
and balanced fertilizers. Urea is recommended
a netted appearance. Lower the pH below 7 and
for turf, one application providing a slow release
add manganese sulfate to the soil.
through the season.
Marginal Browning
Nitrogen Excess
Potassium deficiency or hopperburn.
Too much nitrogen leads to overdevelopment of
vegetative growth at the expense of flowers and
Mercury Toxicity fruit; to bud drop of roses, sweet peas, and toma-
toes; and, in high concentrations, to stunting, chlo-
Roses are extremely sensitive to mercury vapor rosis, and death. Excessive nitrogen decreases
and have been gravely injured when paints resistance to winter injury and to such diseases as
containing mercury were used to paint sash bars fire blight, powdery mildew, and apple scab.
Salt Injury 279
Oedema Potassium Deficiency
Small, wartlike, sometimes corky, excrescences Marginal browning, bronzing, or scorching

are formed on underside of leaves of many appears first on lower leaves and advances up
plants – cabbage, tomatoes, geraniums, begonia, the plant, which is stunted. Leaves are often crin-
camellias, etc. When roots take up more kled, curl inward, develop necrotic areas; the
water than is given off by leaves, the pressure whole plant may look rusty. The lack of potas-
built up may cause enlarged mesophyll cells sium can be made up with a complete fertilizer
to push outward through the epidermis. This containing 5 to 10 % potash. Wood ashes also
condition is rare outdoors but is found in help to supply potassium.
greenhouses and sometimes on house plants
where they have been overwatered. Copper
sprays sometimes produce similar intumes- Ring Spot
cences. Camellias frequently have corky swell-
ings on bottom surface of leaves, often due to Yellow rings on African-violet foliage come
water relations, sometimes to a spot anthracnose from breaking down of the chloroplasts when
fungus. the leaf temperature is suddenly lowered, as in
watering with water considerably colder than
room temperature.
Oxygen Deficiency, Asphyxiation

Rosette
Overwatered house plants and crops in poorly
Zinc deficiency in pecan and walnut, boron defi-
drained low situations often show the same symp-
ciency in apple.
toms as those caused by lack of water, for the
roots cannot respire properly and cannot take up
enough water. Improve drainage; lighten soil
with compost and sand; avoid too much artificial
“Rust”
watering.
This term is used by amateur gardeners for any
rust discolorations – for a leaf blight of phlox of
unknown origin (probably a water relation),
a spot necrosis of gladiolus, red-spider injury,
Phosphorus Deficiency and many other troubles that have nothing to do
with true fungus rusts.
Young leaves are dark green; mature leaves are
bronzed; old leaves are mottled light and dark
green. In some plants there is yellowing around Salt Injury
leaf margins. Stems and leafstalks develop red-
dish or purplish pigments; plants are stunted, Trees and shrubs along the seacoast are injured by
with short internodes; growth is slow, with ocean spray, and after hurricanes and high winds
delayed maturity. Most complete commercial traces of injury can be found 35 to 40 miles
fertilizers have adequate phosphorus, but it can inland. Conifers are usually affected most; they
be added separately in the form of superphos- appear damaged by fire, with needles bright yel-
phate. In preparing rose beds apply a liberal low, or orange-red. Eastern white pine is very
amount at the second spade depth as well as in susceptible; Austrian and Japanese black pines,
the upper soil. blue spruce, and live oak are highly resistant.
Roses have often survived submersion in salt

water during hurricanes. Roadside trees, and
e specially maples, may be injured by salt used
on highways during the winter. Either sodium
chloride or calcium chloride may be harmful.
Scald
Scald, of apple. Asphyxiation injury to fruit in

storage from accumulation of harmful gases;
most important when immature fruit is stored
without adequate ventilation at too high temper-
ature and humidity. Wrapping fruit in oiled paper Fig. 5 Ozone Injury on Tobacco
or packing with shredded oiled paper, and storage
near 32 F, with a high concentration of carbon
dioxide at the start, control scald. processes. Acute smoke injury shows in rapid
discoloration of foliage, defoliation, sometimes
death. Conifer needles turn wine red, in whole or
Scorch part, then brown. Leaves of deciduous trees have
yellow to dark brown dead areas between veins,
▶ Leaf Scorch. with tissue next to larger veins remaining green.
Chronic injury results in unhealthy, stunted trees,
but less apparent discoloration and defoliation.
Shot Berry Roses, grapes, and legumes are seriously injured.
Gladiolus leaves appear burned from the tips
Shot Berry, of grape. Defective pollination. down.
Control of injurious smoke must be at the
source – by filters, tall smokestacks, neutralizing
Smog Injury the acid gases, or using them in the manufacture
of sulfur and sulfuric acid.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons and ozone in the atmo-
sphere are the cause, with many kinds of plants
injured in the Los Angeles area. Tan lesions
appear on fern leaves in 24 h with necrosis in 24 Soot Injury
more (Fig. 5). Many ornamentals and vegetables
are injured, with annual loss $3 million. Spraying City trees and shrubs acquire an accumulation of
carnations in greenhouses with Vitamin soot, the solid residue of smoke, which screens
C prevents sleepiness from smog. Some green- out the sunlight. Evergreens can be sprayed with
houses have installed activated-carbon filters for a soapy solution of Calgon (sodium hexameta-
polluted air. phosphate), followed by syringing with clear
water.
Smoke Injury
The most important agent in smoke injury is Stigmonose

sulfur dioxide, a colorless gas with a suffocating
odor released from smelters and many industrial Dimpling of fruit by insect punctures.
Water Deficiency 281
Sulfur Injury
Sulfur sprays and dusts are likely to burn foliage

in hot weather, when temperature is much over
85 F. There is often a browning of tip or margin
of leaves. Lime sulfur is injurious to some plants
in any weather, russeting peach foliage, causing
apple drop, etc. When roses or other plants are
continuously dusted with sulfur over a period of
years, the soil may become too acid and require
lime as a corrective.
Sunscald
Trees with smooth bark are subject to sunscald

when trunks or branches are suddenly exposed to
the sun, as when the next tree is removed. Young Fig. 6 Tomato Sunscald
trees are subject to sunscald the first year or two
after planting and should have trunks wrapped in marginal browning of leaves and small brown or
burlap or sprayed with a protective wax to prevent black spots in tissues near larger veins. A regular
the cambium under the thin bark from drying out. supply of moisture and avoidance of excessive
Boxwood foliage is subject to sunscald in fertilization in warm weather reduce tipburn, but
spring after winter covering is removed, particu- more reliance should be placed on growing vari-
larly if this is done on a sunny day with drying eties resistant to summer heat.
winds. Sunscald is common on green tomatoes
when fruits are exposed to sun in hot dry weather
(Fig. 6). This happens when foliage is lost through Topple
disease or excessive irrigation, or when too much
is removed in training tomatoes to a single stem. Topple, of gladiolus. Toppling over is apparently
A yellow or white patch appears on the side of the due to calcium deficiency; reduced by a spray of
tomato nearest the sun, often developing into 2 % calcium nitrate.
a blister, then into a large, flattened spot with
a papery white surface darkened by the growth of
secondary fungi and internal decay. Variegation
Chlorophyll deficiency, genetic factors, and virus

Sunstroke diseases can produce variegated plants.
Outright killing in excessive heat.

Water Deficiency
Tipburn Practically all of the injury laid to excessive heat

or cold is basically due to lack of water. Winter
Potassium deficiency may produce a tipburn, but winds and summer sun evaporate it from cells
more often this is a reaction to heat, common in faster than it can be replaced from roots, so that
potatoes and particularly in lettuce, which shows the cells collapse and die.
Weed-Killer Injury
There has always been some unintentional injury

to neighboring plants in the use of weed killers of
the kill-all variety on driveways; but since we
have had 2,4-D as a selective weed killer for
lawns, the damage to innocent bystanders has
been enormous, not only from spray drift and
volatile material in the atmosphere but from
using for other spraying purposes equipment
that has applied 2,4–D. It is impossible ade-
quately to clean out such a sprayer; mark it with
red paint and keep it for weeds only. Symptoms
of injury are curling, twisting, and other distor-
tions; there is often a fern-leaf effect instead of
normal-size foliage (Fig. 7). I have seen roses
seriously malformed when a factory several hun-
dred feet away mixed up some 2,4-D. I have seen
tall oaks with all leaves unrecognizable after
powdered 2,4-D was applied to the lawn. I have
seen chrysanthemum in a greenhouse utterly
deformed when 2,4-D was used on a lawn out-
side. Fortunately, unless the dose is too heavy, the
plants gradually grow back to normal.
Fig. 7 Weed-Killer Injury; Tomato and Oak

Winter Injury
Most winter browning of evergreens is due to

rapid evaporation of water in sudden warm or
Zinc Deficiency
windy spells. Copious watering late in the fall,
a mulch, and windbreaks are helpful for broad
Little Leaf of almond, apricot, apples, grape,
leaf evergreens, as is spraying them with a waxy
peach, plum. Foliage is small, narrow, more or
material, Wilt-Pruf, which prevents evaporation.
less crinkled, chlorotic at tips of new growth, with
Sudden icestorms cause obvious breaking in
short internodes producing rosettes of leaves.
trees; in boxwood and similar shrubs they result
Defoliation progresses from base to top of
in bark sloughing off and gradual dieback for
twigs. The method of supplying zinc depends
months, even years afterwards. I have seen symp-
somewhat on the fruit. Spray apples, peaches,
toms on azaleas long after the ice was forgotten.
plums, pears during dormant period with zinc
sulfate. Swab grape vines immediately after win-
ter pruning.
Yellows Mottle Leaf of citrus. Leaves are small,
pointed, with a sharply contrasting pattern of
This term is used for some deficiency disease but green along midrib and main laterals and light
also for various virus diseases and Fusarium wilts. green or yellow between veins.
Zinc Deficiency 283
Rosette of pecans and walnuts. Narrow, crin- Variety Money-maker is resistant to zinc
kled leaflets with dead or perforated areas have deficiency.
a rosette appearance; trees often bear no nuts. Vegetable crops – corn, beans, tomato,
Pecan growers in southeastern states broadcast soybean – have been protected by amending the
zinc sulfate on soil under each tree in winter. soil with 23 pounds zinc sulfate per acre.
Powdery Mildews
Mildew is a disease in which the pathogen is seen inside the leaf but produces a tangle of septate
as a growth on the surface of plants. The same threads, hyphae, on the surface. Special sucking
word is used for the fungus causing the disease. organs, haustoria, penetrate the epidermal cells,
Mildews are Ascomycetes. Black mildews are occasionally the subepidermal cells, in search of
parasites in the order Meliolales with a dark food. The penetrating tube is slender, but, once
mycelium to give a sooty effect. They are com- inside the cells, the haustorium becomes a round
mon in the South or on tropical plants in green- or pear-shaped enlargement or a branched affair,
houses (▶ Black Mildew). Powdery mildews are with greatly increased absorbing surface.
plant parasites in the order Erysiphales. They Condiophores, growing at right angles from the
have white mycelium, in a delicate weft or thick mycelium, produce one-celled conidia in rows or
felt, made up of a criss-cross tangle of hyphae. chains of somewhat barrel-shaped hyaline cells,
Colorless spores borne in chains on upright which become oval as they are dislodged from the
conidophores give the white powdery effect (see top of the chain and disseminated by wind. Mil-
Fig. 1). False or downy mildews are oomycetes, dews known only in this anamorph state are called
and the conspicuous growth is not vegetative by the form genus name Oidium. It requires the
mycelium but fruiting structures and conidia pro- sexual fruiting bodies, perithecia, to place mildews
truding through stomata or epidermis to give in their proper genera.
a white frosty appearance in moist weather Perithecia are round with a dark membranous
(▶ Downy Mildews). wall, technically cleistothecia because they have
True powdery mildews – and in speaking of no beak or ostiole, and rupture irregularly to free
them we usually eliminate the word the asci. They are held in place in the mycelium
“powdery” – are widely distributed but some- by appendages. The form of these appendages
times more abundant in semiarid regions than in and the number of asci in the perithecium are
areas of high rainfall, where other diseases flour- the chief characters differentiating the six genera
ish. Unlike those of most other fungi, powdery important in this country (see Fig. 2).
mildew spores do not require free water for ger- Sphaerotheca and Erysiphe both have simple
mination. Some species require high humidity, appendages; but the former has only one ascus,
but it is usually provided at the leaf surface the latter several. Podosphaera has appendage
when cold nights change to warm days or when tips dichotomously branched and one ascus;
plants are grown in crowded, low, or shady loca- Microsphaera has the same type of appendage
tions without sufficient air circulation. Spores of but several asci. Phyllactinia has lancelike
other species can germinate with very low humid- appendages swollen at the base; those of
ity. When a mildew spore lands on a leaf and puts Uncinula are coiled at the tip. Both have more
out its germ tube, it does not make its nearest way than one ascus.

286 Powdery Mildews
Fig. 1 Powdery Mildew:

mycelium and conidia
formed on surface of a leaf
and two types of the
haustoria in host cells
Fig. 2 Powdery Mildews.

Perithecia (cleistothecia) of
the six genera: Erysiphe,
simple appendages and
several asci; Sphaerotheca,
same with one ascus;
Mycrosphaera,
dichotomously branched
appendages and several
asci; Podosphaera, same
with one ascus;
Phyllactinia, appendages
bulbous at base; Uncinula,
appendages coiled at tip
Powdery mildews are obligate parasites, hav- mildews; some copper sprays are effective.
ing no saprophytic growth periods in dead Many of the newer organics are ineffective.
plant parts, although the perithecia carry the fun- However, inorganics, in a formulated form,
gus through the winter on either living or dead i.e. potassium biocarbonate are very effective
tissue. Mycelium sometimes winters in buds. and safe.
Symptoms of mildew are dwarfing and stunting,
often with a slight reddening and curling of
leaves before the white mycelium is noticeable. Erysiphe
There may be deformation of flower buds. Such
symptoms are due to the withdrawal of plant Cleistothecia globose, or globose-depressed,
foods by the fungus and to excessive respiration. sometimes concave; asci several, two-to eight-
Sulfur dust and lime sulfur sprays have long spored; appendages floccose (cottony), simple
been considered specific remedies for powdery or irregularly branched; sometimes obsolete,
Erysiphe 287
usually similar to mycelium and interwoven with

it; mycelium brown in rare cases.
Blumeria graminis (see Erysiphe graminis).
Powdery Mildew of cereals and grasses, econom-
ically important on bromegrass, wheat, oats, bar-
ley, and rye; aesthetically important on lawn
grasses, wheatgrass, fescue, and bluegrass.
Brasiliomyces trina (formerly Erysiphe trina).
Oak Powdery Mildew, on tanbark oak and coast
live oak, in California, causing witches’ broom
(but ▶Sphaerotheca lanestris for the common
live-oak mildew). Perithecia are small, yellow-
brown, with appendages lacking or rudimentary;
asci have two, rarely three, spores.
Erysiphe aggregata Alder Powdery Mildew.
Perithecia large, asci with eight spores, rarely
six or seven.
Golovinomyces cichoracearum (formerly
Erysiphe cichoracearum). Powdery Mildew of
cucurbits and many ornamentals, mostly compos-
ites, perhaps best known to gardeners as the Phlox
Mildew. Asci are two-spored, perithecia rather
small, haustoria not lobed. There are nearly 300
hosts including: cucumber, squash, pumpkin,
gourds, cantaloupe, watermelon, lettuce, endive,
Jerusalem artichoke, pepper, potato, salsify, Ech-
Fig. 3 Erysiphe cichoracearum on Phlox
inacea, Eucalyptus, Achillea, Anchusa, Artemi-
sia, aster, begonia, Boltonia, calendula,
campanula, chrysanthemum, clematis, coreopsis, in another decade the fungus had produced
cosmos, dahlia delphinium Eupatorium, gaillar- a different strain to which Cantaloupe 45 was
dia golden-glow, goldenrod, Helenium, holly- susceptible. Plant breeders can never rest on
hock, Inula, mallow Mertensia phlox, their laurels because fungi that are obligate para-
rudbeckia, Salpiglossis, salvia (sage), sunflower, sites seldom stay long outwitted. Other varieties,
stokesia and zinnia. Cantaloupes 5, 6, and 7, were bred resistant to
There are various strains of the fungus, the both strains of the fungus.
form on cucurbits not affecting ornamentals, the Powdery mildew is the principal disease of
strain of phlox (see Fig. 3) is reportedly limited to cucumbers in greenhouse culture, with tiny
that host, the strain on zinnia with a wide range of white superficial spots on leaves and stems
host plants. The lettuce strain, perhaps a mutation enlarging and becoming powdery. Young water-
of the form on wild lettuce, was not reported on melon fruits in greenhouses have small pimples
cultivated lettuce before 1951 and is important or warts under the area covered by mildew
only in California and Arizona. Powdery mildew mycelium.
was reported on cucurbits in North America in Phlox mildew is only too familiar to gar-
1890, but did not gain much prominence until deners. The white coating often appears on vari-
1926, when it suddenly reduced the melon crop ety Miss Lingard in June, but on other varieties
in the Imperial Valley of California by 5000 (in New Jersey) more prominently in July and
carloads. By 1939 mildew-resistant Cantaloupe August. The mycelium is present on both leaf
45 had been developed to meet the situation, but surfaces and forms a thick felt on stems. In late
288 Powdery Mildews
summer black perithecia are formed in great The legume mildew is widespread on lupine,
abundance. Powdery mildew on zinnias and chry- occasional on sweet pea. Other ornamental hosts
santhemums usually starts so late in the season include acacia, anemone, arrowleaf clover, can-
that it is more conspicuous than harmful. dytuft, calendula, California poppy, iceland
Control Sulfur dust gives excellent control but is poppy, China aster, clematis, columbine, dahlia,
phytotoxic to some melons and other cucurbits. delphinium, Erigeron, gardenia, geranium,
Sulfur-tolerant cantaloupes have been produced. hydrangea, honeysuckle, locust, matrimony-
The variety Homegarden is supposedly resistant to vine, peony, sugar beet, and tulip-tree.
mildew and other pests. Keep phlox and other Teleomorph state found on sugar beet in CO,
ornamentals well spaced, and dust with sulfur at MT, NB, WA, and WY.
the first sign of white growth. Because the perithe- Control Choose resistant vegetable varieties or
cia winter on old stems and leaves, plants should dust with sulfur. Spray or dust ornamentals with
be cut at ground level in autumn and burned. Karathane or sulfur.
Erysiphe cruciferarum Powdery Mildew on Erysiphe taurica (▶Leveillula taurica). On
cabbage and turnip. leaves of mesquite.
Erysiphe graminis (syn. Blumeria graminis) Erysiphe trina (see Brasiliomyces trina). Oak
Powdery Mildew of cereals and grasses, econom- Powdery Mildew, on tanbark oak and coast live
ically important on bromegrass, wheat, oats, bar- oak, in California, causing witches’ broom (but
ley, and rye; aesthetically important on lawn ▶Sphaerotheca lanestris for the common live-
grasses, wheatgrass, fescue, and bluegrass. The oak mildew).
foliage is yellow or chlorotic with a white weft or Erysiphe sp. Powdery Mildew on tomato.
mealy coating on upperside of leaf, which later
turns yellow and is often studded with tiny brown
perithecia. Seed from infected plants is small and Leveillula
shriveled. Apply sulfur dust or wettable sulfur
sprays. Cleistothecia globose, or globose-depressed,
Erysiphe heraclei Powdery Mildew on carrot, sometimes concave; asci two-to eight spored;
parsley, chervil (culinary herb), and celery. appendages floccose (cottony), simple or irregu-
Erysiphe orontii Powdery Mildew on mint. larly branched; usually similar to mycelium and
Erysiphe panax Powdery Mildew on ginseng. interwoven with it.
Erysiphe polygoni Powdery Mildew of Leveillula taurica (formerly Erysiphe taurica).
legumes, and many other vegetables and ornamen- On leaves of mesquite. Commonly causes pow-
tals, about 200 species in 90 plant genera. Append- dery mildew on tomatoes in Eastern Mediterra-
ages are long or short, interwoven with the nean region and reported on fresh market tomato
mycelium, but the perithecia are not immersed in in California and Utah; also on cucumber, hibis-
it. Asci have three to six spores. Peas exhibit a white cus, onion, guar, wild tobacco, cotton and desert
powdery coating over leaves and pods, with bird of paradise.
the latter often discolored. Leaves are sometimes
yellowish and deformed. The disease may be
severe on peas in arid sections of western states, Microsphaera
particularly on late homegarden varieties.
On beans, the mildew is grayish. It is prevalent Cleistothecia globose to globose-depressed;
in California in cloudy weather or in autumn appendages branched dichotomously at apex,
when humidity is increased, but it is more impor- often ornate; asci several, with two to eight
tant in the Southeast. Other vegetables infected spores.
by this species include lima bean, soybean, cab- Microsphaera penicillata Named for the alder
bage, turnip, radish, horse-radish, and carrot. (Alnus), on which it is widespread, but best
Spores germinate at quite low humidity. known to gardeners as the Lilac Mildew. It also
Oidium 289
infects many other trees, shrubs, and vines, soybean. Appendages are two to four times the
including azalea, beech, bittersweet, birch, diameter of the perithecia, with ultimate branches
catalpa, dogwood, elder, elm, euonymus, long, forming a narrow fork.
forestiera, hazelnut, magnolia, mountain-holly, Microsphaera euphorbiae On lima bean,
plane, New Jersey tea, privet, trumpetvine, and euphorbia, roselle.
viburnum. According to some taxonomists the Microsphaera grossulariae European Pow-
proper name of this species is Microsphaera dery Mildew, occasional on currant, gooseberry.
penicillata, but M. alni is more familiar and still There is a light weft of mycelium mainly on
widely used. Mildew is prevalent on lilac in late upper surface of leaves. For the more important
summer and fall, sometimes in dry seasons, American mildew ▶Sphaerotheca mors-uvae.
almost completely covering foliage with a thick Microsphaera penicillata Powdery Mildew on
white coating; but, because it comes so late in the Leucothoe¨ axillaris.
season, it is not very injurious. It is also common Microsphaera pulchra Powdery Mildew on
on deciduous azaleas in late summer, forming flowering dogwood.
a very thin grayish white coating with numerous
prominent dark perithecia. This species is more
prevalent than the legume mildew on sweet peas, Oidium
but it is chiefly a greenhouse problem in spring,
when temperatures and humidity are less uni- This term is used for mildews known solely from
form. The foliage may be malformed, dropping the conidial stage. In some cases the type of
prematurely or drying out and shriveling. conidial fructification may suggest correct gen-
Among tree hosts oaks are probably most sus- era, but until perithecia are found, Oidium is
ceptible, but it would seldom pay to attempt con- preferred.
trol measures except in nursery rows. On pecans Oidium araliacearum Powdery Mildew on
the white coating starts forming on leaves and English Ivy.
nuts in July with occasional defoliation, shuck Oidium begoniae Begonia Mildew, especially
splitting, and shriveled kernels. Most commercial important on tuberous begonias on the West
pecan varieties are mildew-resistant. Coast, though it may also occur on fibrous-rooted
Blueberry Mildew is caused by a special strain begonias.
of lilac mildew, reported as Microsphaera Oidium dianthi Carnation Powdery Mildew.
vaccinii, and M. penicillata var. vaccinii. Varie- Oidium euonymus japonici Euonymus Mil-
ties Pioneer, Cabot, and Wareham are said to be dew, general throughout the South and on the
particularly susceptible; Concord, Jersey, and Pacific Coast on Euonymus japonicus. The myce-
Rubel are intermediate; and Stanley, Rancocas, lium forms a thick felt on the leaf surface, causing
Harding, and Katherine, highly resistant. On some yellowing and defoliation (see Fig. 4).
some blueberries the mycelium is conspicuous I have seen this disease rampant in foggy coast
on upper leaf surfaces, on others barely visible towns like Beaufort, South Carolina, or Mobile,
on underside. Midsummer defoliation weakens Alabama, and equally severe in semiarid El Paso,
the bushes. Cranberries, farkleberries, trailing Texas. The washing effect of a water spray
arbutus and lyonia are possible hosts to this applied with pressure, either by adjusting the
strain. hose nozzle or putting the thumb over a portion
Control Bordeaux mixture is recommended for of the orifice, is a deterrent to this mildew. Sulfur
pecans – two applications, June and July. Dust dust can be used, probably Karathane.
blueberries with sulfur. Use sulfur on lilacs and Oidium obductum On oriental plane.
other ornamentals. Oidium pyrinum On crabapple.
Microsphaera diffusa General on snowberry, Oidium tingitaninum Citrus Mildew, common
widespread on wolfberry, coralberry, occasional in Java, Ceylon, India, but in this country causing
on black locust, lima bean, kidney bean and only limited injury to tangerine trees in
290 Powdery Mildews
intercellular spaces; each of these intercellular

branches or hyphae sends a single haustorium
into the adjacent cell.
Phyllactinia angulata Powdery Mildew on
elm.
Phyllactinia corylea (syn. P angulata). Pow-
dery Mildew of trees, named for the hazelnut or
filbert but prevalent on many other trees and
shrubs, such as amelanchier, ash, barberry,
beach, birch, boxwood, catalpa, chinaberry,
crabapple, currant, blackberry, raspberry, goose-
berry, crape-myrtle, dogwood, buttonbush, chest-
nut, elm, elder, fringe-tree, hawthorn, hickory,
hornbeam, holly, linden, oak, plane trees, quince,
rose, sassafras, tulip-tree, walnut and willow.
Fig. 4 Powdery Mildew on Euonymus; prevalent in the Mildew is seldom serious enough on shade trees
South to warrant control measures, but in the nursery
dusting with sulfur may be advisable. It is com-
mon on filberts in Oregon, but comes so late in the
California. White patches are formed on upper season it does not affect yield.
surface of leaves, the tissue underneath first
a darker, watery green, then losing color, turning
yellowish. Podosphaera
Oidium sp. On greenhouse snapdragons,
a white powdery growth on both leaf surfaces, Perithecia globose; one ascus, with eight spores;
sometimes on young stems. Control with appendages dark brown or colorless, dichoto-
Karathane or sulfur. mously branched at tip; rarely an extra set of
Oidium sp. On avocado, occasionally in Flor- basal appendages present.
ida, in nurseries or on young trees in shaded Podosphaera leucotricha Powdery Mildew of
locations. Tips of shoots are killed back; dark apple, also crabapple, pear, quince, photinia. First
green spots appear on upper leaf surfaces with noted in Iowa on seedling apples in 1871, this
white mycelium on the underside. The mildew mildew became more important in orchards when
can be controlled with lime sulfur. On alfalfa in organic fungicides, ineffective for mildew, were
Wisconsin. substituted for sulfur and copper in the apple-scab
Oidium sp. On shrub banana in LA. schedule. Twigs, foliage, blossoms and fruits
Oidium sp. On black medic in CA. may be disfigured, stunted, deformed or killed.
Oidium sp. On Melilotus alba in FL. Gray to white felty patches are formed on leaves,
Oidium sp. On poinsettia. usually on underside. Leaves are crinkled, curled,
Oidium sp. On tomato. sometimes folded longitudinally and covered
Oidium sp. On Torena. with masses of powdery spores. They soon turn
brittle and die, resulting in decreased yield. The
same powdery growth starts on 1-year twigs, but
Phyllactinia in midsummer it is transformed into a brown,
felty covering, in which minute, dark perithecia
Perithecia are large; appendages are lancelike are embedded in dense aggregations. Infected
with a bulbous base. Mycelium does not send twigs are stunted or killed. The fungus winters
haustoria into epidermal cells of host but forms as dormant mycelium on twigs or in buds. Such
special branches that pass through stomata into buds produce shriveled blossoms and no fruit.
Sphaerotheca 291
Fruit produced on infected twigs is stunted Control Sulfur dusts have been standard treat-
or russeted. Jonathan variety is especially ment for garden roses for many years; to be
susceptible. effective dusting must be started at the first sign
Podosphaera clandestina (P. clandestina var. of mildew, before the mycelium gets too thick.
tridactyla). Powdery Mildew of cherry, occa- Sulfur may be injurious to roses in very hot
sional on plum, peach, apricot, apple, pear, quince, weather. Choice of variety of rose is important.
hawthorn, serviceberry, spirea. Budded sour Shiny-leaved climbers like Dr. Van Fleet seldom
cherry is most severely attacked, but the disease have mildew, and the shrub polyantha, The Fairy,
is seldom serious except on nursery stock. Young is very resistant. Many red roses, hybrid teas and
leaves and twigs are covered with a white myce- fluoribundas, are especially susceptible, but the
lium and powdery spores. Leaves are curled orange-red floribunda Spartan remains free from
upward; terminal leaves are smaller; twig growth it (in my own experience). Garden planning
is stunted. Sulfur sprays or dusts will control. avoids a lot of mildew trouble. Keep the plants
Podosphaera pannosa (formerly Sphaerotheca well spaced, in beds away from buildings, and not
pannosa var. rosae). Rose Mildew, general on surrounded by tall hedges or walls.
rose; distinct from peach mildew but apparently Podosphaera tridactyla Recently reported on
not confined to rose, since apricots growing near almond in California and the most common mil-
roses have been infected. More than one strain dew on apricot, causing large nonnecrotic lesions
may be involved. Rose mildew is found wherever on leaves.
roses grow. Always a problem with greenhouse
roses, it was enhanced when aerosol treatments
for red spiders and other pests were substituted Sphaerotheca
for old-fashioned syringing. Mildew increased in
garden roses when ferbam and other new Appendages simple, flexuous, resembling
organics replaced the old sulfur and copper in hyphae; only 1 ascus in a perithecium.
the blackspot sprays. Rose mildew is omnipresent Cystotheca lanestris (formerly Sphaerotheca
along the Pacific Coast and is serious in the semi- lanestris). Powdery Mildew of coast live oak on
arid Southwest. In the East, it appears on small- Quercus agrifolia in California, reported also on
flowered ramblers such as Dorothy Perkins and white, southern red, bur and post oaks. The dis-
Crimson Rambler in May, and may be quite seri- ease is most destructive in the narrow coastal
ous on hybrid teas and some floribundas in late plain. The most conspicuous symptom is
summer, with the advent of cool nights. a powdery white, stunted growth developing
The first symptom may be a slight curling of from certain terminal or lateral buds. The shoots
leaves, with the mycelial growth such a light and are swollen, fleshy, with much shortened inter-
evanescent weft as to be almost unnoticed. Later nodes. Foliage on such shoots is often reduced to
the white coating is conspicuous from the chains of pale yellow, bractlike leaves, which turn brown,
conidia produced lavishly over the surface. The dry, and shrivel; these shoots resembles witches’
coating may cover buds, resulting in no bloom or broom. On leaves developing from normal buds
distorted flowers. Leaves often have a reddish or and shoots, the fungus forms a dense layer on
purplish cast under the white mycelium and some- both surfaces, more abundant on the lower side.
times turn black. They may be slightly blistered. This species is sometimes called the brown mil-
On canes, the growth is heavier and more felty, dew because the grayish-white mycelium
especially near thorns. Toward the end of the sea- changes to tan and then brown with age. Perithe-
son perithecia may be found on canes, but they are cia are formed in the brown felt, abundantly in
not common, and I have not seen them on leaves some years, rarely in others. In southern Califor-
except on a Rugosa rose at Ithaca, New York. nia the fungus may winter in the conidial state,
Mildew is prevalent on soft succulent shoots, fos- with widespread leaf and shoot infections coming
tered by an excess of nitrogen. from wind-borne spores.
292 Powdery Mildews
Control is not easy. Spraying with lime sulfur with fruit often failing to color. Resistant varie-
in March and October is fairly effective but may ties include Sparkle, Puget Beauty, Siletz and
be phytotoxic at high temperatures and low India.
humidity. Wettable sulfur has not been consis- Sphaerotheca mors-uvae American Goose-
tently effective. Removal of witches’ broom by berry Mildew, also on currant; sometimes the
pruning back to normal lateral branches is effec- limiting factor in gooseberry production. Fruits
tive only if the tree is slightly susceptible and dry up with a brown, felty covering. Leaves and
conditions for reinfection are unfavorable. canes are stunted with the usual white coating.
Heavy pruning stimulates new growth and Perithecia are formed on canes, and ascospores
increases the amount of mildew. The Holm or are discharged in early May as fruit is set. Conidia
holly oak is apparently resistant to mildew and for secondary infection are produced within 10
well adapted to the coastal region. days. Spray with lime sulfur immediately after
Sphaerotheca castagnei (see Sphaerotheca bloom.
fuligena). On buffaloberry, spirea. Sphaerotheca pannosa var. persicae Peach
Sphaerotheca fuliginea (formerly Sphaerotheca Mildew, general on peach, also on almond, apri-
castagnei). On buffaloberry, spirea. cot, nectarine, matrimony-vine, and Photinia.
Sphaerotheca fuliginea Powdery Mildew of The mycelium is pannose (ragged) or in dense
summer squash and cucurbits. patches, persistent, usually satiny, shining white,
Sphaerotheca fusca Powdery mildew; on or sometimes grayish or brown. Immature fruits
ground-cherry. are highly susceptible. They have brown blotches
Sphaerotheca lanestris (see Cystotheca and are scabby and malformed. The fungus win-
lanestris). Powdery Mildew of coast live oak on ters in shoots. Nonglandular varieties Peak and
Quercus agrifolia in California, reported also on Paloro are more affected than glandular Walton,
white, southern red, bur and post oaks. Johnson, Halford, and Stuart, at least in Califor-
Sphaerotheca macularis (S. humuli). Hop Mil- nia. Sulfur in the spray schedule for brown rot
dew, also on fruits, blackberry, dewberry, goose- should control mildew without additional treat-
berry, raspberry, strawberry, rose (probably ments. Karathane is effective but very slightly
rarely in this country), and other ornamentals, phytotoxic. Lime sulfur is recommended.
including Agastache, betony, buffaloberry, del- Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae
phinium, Epilobium, Erigeron, gaillardia, gera- (▶Podosphaera pannosa). Rose Mildew, general
nium, geum, gilia, hawksbeard, hawkweed, on rose; distinct from peach mildew but appar-
Hydrophyllum, kalanchoë, matricaria, meadow- ently not confined to rose, since apricots growing
sweet, ninebark, Polemonium, phlox, sumac, spi- near roses have been infected.
rea, tamarisk and Vernonia. Sphaerotheca phytoptophila Associated with
This mildew may be important on Latham gall mites causing witches’ broom on hackberry.
variety of raspberry, appearing on new canes The mycelium is evanescent; perithecia are
when they are 2 to 3 feet high. The tip leaves formed inside loose scales of enlarged buds.
are dwarfed, mottled, and distorted, almost as if Sphaerotheca sp. On Tolmiea, pick-a-back
they had mosaic. The undersurface of leaves is plant, in greenhouse.
water-soaked or has the familiar white coating.
There is no specific control except to space plants
for free air circulation. Uncinula
The powdery mildew sometimes serious on
strawberries in northeastern and Pacific Coast Perithecia globose; appendages uncinate, slightly
States is probably a special strain. The edges of coiled at tips; several asci, with two to eight
affected leaves curl upward, exposing the lower spores.
surface, where the powdery frosty growth is evi- Pleochaeta prosopidis (formerly Uncinula
dent. Fruit, stems, and berries may be affected, prosopidis).
Uncinula 293
Uncinula circinata On maples, Virginia have been found only in Florida, but presumably
creeper, western soapberry. it is the same species throughout the host range.
Uncinula clintonii General on American linden. The disease appears on young shoots in early
Uncinula flexuosa (see Uncinuliella flexuosa). spring, later infecting leaves and different parts
Horse-Chestnut Powdery Mildew, on Aesculus of the influorescence. Affected parts are covered
spp., including red, yellow and Ohio buckeye, heavily with a white mealy to dusty growth;
widespread in central and eastern states. young leaves are stunted, often less than one-
Uncinula macrospora General on American third normal size but abnormally thickened.
and winged elms. Internodes are short, flower stems stunted; buds
Uncinula necator Grape Powdery Mildew, often fail to develop flowers. Infected portions
general on grapes, also on Ampelopsis; common often have a reddish discoloration under the
in late summer on eastern grapes but not serious; white coating. Diseased leaves and buds drop in
a major problem in California. Leaves, canes and a week or two, but stems may sprout again and
young fruits are covered with white patches; sometimes produce normal growth in hot
growth is often distorted. Late in the season the weather.
white mycelium disappears and the spots appear The fungus winters as mycelium in dormant
brown or black; berries are russeted or scurfy, buds and in spring covers such buds with a dense
failing to mature. white coating of conidia, the source of primary
Control Keep California grapes covered with infection, which starts as small, circular white
a light coating of sulfur dust. Apply when new patches on young leaves. Spores produced in
shoots are 6 to 8 inches long; when they are 12 to abundance on these patches account for rapid
16 inches, 14 days later; when shoots are 2 to spread of the disease until midsummer heat.
3 feet; when fruit is half. grown; when fruit Control Spray with lime sulfur when buds burst
begins to ripen. If some of the applications are in spring and repeat 2 weeks later. If the initial
omitted, and mildew gets a head start, wettable infection is not checked, spray wettable sulfur or
sulfur is used as an eradicant spray. Karathane is dust with sulfur.
also effective. Copper sprays are often used in the Uncinuliella flexuosa (formerly Uncinula
East, if any are necessary. Bicarbonate sprays are flexuosa). Horse-Chestnut Powdery Mildew, on
excellent as protectant and eradicant. Aesculus spp., including red, yellow and Ohio
Uncinula parvula; U. polychaeta Widespread buckeye, widespread in central and eastern states.
on hackberry and southern hackberry. This mildew gives a very thin coating on the leaf
Uncinula prosopidis (see Pleochaeta prosopidis). surface, supposedly mostly on the underside
On mesquite. although I have seen it on the upper. Perithecia
Uncinula salicis (see Uncinula adunca). Willow are numerous, small, barely discernible with the
Powdery Mildew, also on pussy willow and pop- naked eye. Control is usually unnecessary except
lar, sometimes causing defoliation but not often in nurseries. A copper spray used for blotch will
serious. also control mildew.
Uncinuliella australiana (not Erysiphe Uncinula adunca (formerly Uncinula salicis).
lagerstroemiae as reported earlier in U. S.). Willow Powdery Mildew, also on pussy willow
Crape-Myrtle Powdery Mildew on crape-myrtle and poplar, sometimes causing defoliation but
only, from Maryland to Florida and Texas, the not often serious. The growth is in diffused or
most serious disease of this shrub. The perithecia circumscribed patches on both leaf surfaces.
Rots
A rot is a decay, a decomposition or disintegra- rot thriving in warmer sections, more important
tion of plant tissue. It may be a hard dry decay or in New Jersey than in Massachusetts.
a soft and squashy one. It may affect root or Physalospora vaccini (formerly
rhizome, stem, tree trunk, blossom or fruit. Acanthorhynchus vaccinii). Cranberry Blotch
Some rots also affect leaves, but diseases that Rot, a common fruit rot thriving in warmer sec-
are primarily of foliage are more often designated tions, more important in New Jersey than in Mas-
leaf spots or blights. Rots caused by bacteria are sachusetts. The rot starts as a small, light-colored
discussed under Bacterial Diseases. spot on the berry, spreading to destroy the whole
There are a great many wood rots of trees, fruit, with dark blotches on the skin. The fungus
recognized by the sporophores or conks of the may invade leaves, but it seldom fruits on them
various species of Fomes, Polyporus, and other until they have fallen. Cranberry bogs in New
shelving or bracket fungi. By the time these signs Jersey may need three or four sprays of Bordeaux
appear, it is usually too late to do anything about mixtures starting at midbloom, but in Massachu-
the disease. The tree-rot fungi enter through unpro- setts two are sufficient.
tected wounds – either pruning cuts or breaks due
to wind and icestorms. For proper pruning
methods and treatment of wounds, see U. S. Acremonium
Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin
1896, Care of Damaged Shade Trees, Tree Main- Acremonium sp. Root Rot on melon and
tenance by P. P. Pirone or Tree Experts Manual by watermelon.
Richard R. Fenska. The fact that tree wound dress-
ings are now available in convenient aerosol
bombs should make it easier for home gardeners Alternaria
to protect pruning cuts from wood-rotting fungi.
▶ Blights.
Alternaria alternata Fruit Rot on tomato and
Physalospora (Acanthorhynchus) black pit disease on potato tubers (stored).
Alternaria citri Alternaria Rot of citrus fruits,
Ascomycetes, Amphisphaeriales navel-end rot, black rot, widespread, prevalent in
warm dry sections, but not too serious. In oranges
Perithecia separate, innate, beaked; spores one- the rot is most common in the Washington Navel
celled, dark. variety – a firm, dry, black rot at the navel end,
Acanthorhynchus vaccinii (see ▶Physalospora often in only one segment, with fruit coloring
vaccini). Cranberry Blotch Rot, a common fruit prematurely, appearing sound on the outside.

296 Rots
In lemons the disease is a soft, dark internal rot of arranged in a single row and encysting at the
old or weak fruit in storage. Firm dark brown mouth; saprophytic or parasitic, living in the
spots are formed on the rind. Grapefruit some- soil and causing root rots or damping-off.
times has a dark internal storage rot, not readily Aphanomyces cladogamus Causing rootlet
discernible externally. necrosis of tomato, pepper, spinach, and
Control Chemical treatment after picking is not a severe root rot of pansy.
very satisfactory. Produce sound fruit in the Aphaomyces cochlioides A seedling disease of
orchard; avoid holding too long on the tree; sugar and table beets, part of the complex called
avoid holding weak or old fruit too long in stor- black root; causing tip rot, a wilting of tops. Crop
age; store at low temperatures. rotation and proper fertilization are helpful.
Alternaria mali Fruit Rot, widespread storage Aphanomyces euteiches Pea Root Rot, also on
rot of apple, sometimes quince. Also a weak par- bean, sweet pea and perennial pea. The fungus is
asite enlarging injured spots on foliage. Try cap- also a weak parasite in roots of many nonle-
tan at 6-to 14-day intervals. gumes. First described in 1925, the fungus prob-
Alternaria radicina (Syn. Stemphylium ably existed earlier in various root disease
radicinum). Black Rot of carrots, a soft storage complexes and was responsible for giving up
rot of roots held over winter. Rot may start at the land formerly devoted to canning peas. Consid-
crown or from some wound on the side of the ered the most important of the pea root rots, found
root. Initial infection may be in field or in storage in every district, it is particularly destructive in
house; a black mycelial weft with large, brown eastern and central states.
muriform spores develops over the rotted tissue. The fungus is parasitic on subterranean parts,
There is no control except to choose firm, healthy causing root and stem rot in peas of all ages,
roots for storage and to store at low temperatures. symptoms and crop yield varying with the time
Alternaria solani Collar Rot of tomato, also of infection. If the root system is invaded when
fruit rot and early blight, general on tomato with only three or four nodes are formed, the plant may
the collar rot stage most frequent in the South. wilt and die suddenly; later invasion results in
▶ Blights. dwarfing and drying out of foliage from the
Alternaria zinniae Stem Rot on Ageratum. ground upward. When seedlings are pulled out
Alternaria sp. Flower Rot of Vanda orchids, of the ground, the roots do not break off but come
causing infection in transit along with Botrytis. out as a fibrous string or vascular cylinder freed
Alternaria sp. On Schefflera in Florida. from cortex. The fungus invades only the cortex
Alternaria sp. Calyx-End Rot on apple. or roots and base of stem, causing softening and
rapid decay of tissue. Large numbers of thick-
walled oospores are formed in the cortex; these
Amphobotrys may remain viable in the soil more than one
season.
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. It is a novel root pathogen on alfalfa in
Amphobotrys ricini Stem Rot and Wilt of Canada.
poinsettia. Control A well-drained soil with low moisture
content decreases rot. When soil moisture is at
45 % of saturation, there is no disease; at 75 %
Aphanomyces there may be more than 70 % infection. Nitroge-
nous fertilizers are helpful.
Phycomycetes, Saprolegniales Aphanomyces raphani Radish Black Root and
Damping-Off, wide-spread; more important on
Thallus composed of cylindrical branching long-rooted icicle varieties. Also on Abyssinian
hyphae without definite constrictions; sporan- mustard, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Chinese
gium cylindrical, threadlike, swarm spores kale, honesty, mustard green, rape, rocuet salad,
Armillaria 297
sea-kale, Spanish mustard, wild radish and Bras-

sica robertiana. Small, steel-gray to black areas
appear around point of emergence of secondary
roots. Enlarging roots are constricted and turn
black. Rotation is essential for control. Choose
globe rather than long varieties.
Armillaria
Basidiomycetes, Agaricales
One of the mushrooms, cap-shaped on a stalk

with an annulus or ring butno volva (cup) at the
base; gills attached to the stem; spores white Fig. 1 Mushroom Root-Rot Fungus, Armillaria mellea
(see Fig. 1).
Armillaria mellea Mushroom Root Rot of trees
and shrubs, also known as Armillaria root rot or
toadstool disease, first described in America in and girdling the root crown. Leaves are dwarfed,
1887, known in Europe a hundred years earlier. turn yellow or fall prematurely; on small trees all
The fungus is called honey mushroom, honey foliage may die simultaneously. On conifers, par-
agaric, oak fungus and shoestring fungus. ticularly pines, there is an abnormal flow of resin
Although the honey-colored toadstools are often from the root collar.
seen in the East around rotting tree stumps and Trees subnormal in vigor and suffering from
may occasionally cause death to weak ornamen- drought are most injured. Orchards of citrus
tal trees, the chief damage is west of the Rocky and other fruits on lands recently cleared of
Mountains, especially in California, where most oaks are liable to enormous damage unless
fruit and nut crops and ornamental trees and resistant rootstocks are used. The rot is found
shrubs are menaced. less often on dry hillsides than in valleys near
The decay is of the roots and root crown. streambeds, where flood waters deposit soil
Sheets of tough, fan-shaped mycelium are found and infected debris around root crowns, or in
between bark and wood, the latter changing to places kept too wet by artificial watering.
light tan, becoming soft and watery in texture. Ornamental trees and shrubs are often injured
Clumps of toadstools are often found at the base when extra soil is added in grading and terrac-
of dead or dying trees, especially in autumn, but ing, and are then kept too wet by watering the
do not always appear in dry seasons. They are lawn frequently.
honey-colored or light tan, with a stalk 4 to 6 The list of susceptible plants is far too long to
inches or more high and a cap 2 to 4 inches be given in entirety. A representative selection
across, often dotted with brown scales. Basidio- includes almond, apple, apricot, avocado, cherry,
spores formed along the gills are wind-borne. citrus, currant, grape, incense cedar, peach, pear,
They can establish themselves in old stumps and plum and raspberry, hickory, filbert and walnut,
dead trees but cannot infect healthy trees. The California pepper-tree; oaks, pines, spruce and
latter are infected in the ground by means of sycamore; azalea, rhododendron, boxwood and
black or brown cordlike rhizomorphs, the “shoe- rose; (root, crown, and stem rot on) African
strings,” which grow out from infected roots daisy and (stem rot on) sunflower; and sometimes
a short distance through the soil. On meeting other herbaceous plants such as begonia, carna-
and penetrating a healthy root, the fungus pro- tion, dahlia, narcissus, peony, rhubarb, and
gresses along the cambium layer, working up to strawberry.
298 Rots
Control Use resistant plants where possible. Of definitely a foot rot, with infection at the root
fruits, only French pear, Northern California crown or base of stem.
black walnut, fig and persimmon are sufficiently
resistant to grow safely on infested soil. Some
plants can be grafted onto resistant rootstock Aspergillus
such as Myrobalan 29. The University of Califor-
nia has prepared a list of resistant or moderately Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
resistant ornamental shrubs. Some on the list are
Acacia decurrens var. mollis, A. verticillata, Conidiophores have a round head at the top, with
Buxus semipervirens, Ilex aquifolium, Lonicera radially arranged bottle-shaped sterigmata that
nitida, Prunus ilicifolia (hollyleaf cherry), P. bear conidia in chains; spores are one-celled,
lyoni (Catalina cherry), Pyracantha coccinea globose to ellipsoid, hyaline. Bread molds are in
and var. lalandii but not P. angustifolia, which this genus. When, rarely, a sexual fruiting body
is susceptible. (cleistothecium) is formed, the species is placed
Moderately resistant shrubs include Abelia in the order Eurotiales.
grandiflora, Darwin, Japanese, and Mrs. Wilson Aspergillus alliaceus Cladode Rot, Stem and
barberry, Mexican orange (Choisya), Elaeagnus Branch Rot on Cereus and Opuntia cacti. This is
argentea, Euonymus japonica, Japanese privet, a high temperature species. Spores are yellow in
Myrtus communis, Pittosporum tobira and Spi- mass.
raea prunifolia. Aspergillus fumigatus Wound Rot (storage) on
Mechanical measures are often helpful. beet.
Excavate and expose the root crown; remove Aspergillus niger Calyx-End Rot of dates, Fig
diseased portions of bark and affected small Smut, Bunch Mold of grapes, Pomegranate Rot,
roots. Paint wounds with a pruning wound com- Black Mold of peach. Crown Rot of peanut; also
pound. Leave the treated roots exposed until market and storage rot of shallot, onion, apple
cool weather in autumn. Trenching or digging and potatoes. The fungus is a weakly parasitic
a ditch around a plot will restrict the disease black mold invading ripe tissue through wounds.
temporarily, but roots will grow through the In dates, the interior of the fruit is filled with
ditch in time. a black dusty mass of spores, spread to a large
Carbon disulfide is still recommended as a soil extent by the dried-fruit beetle. Practice orchard
disinfectant, applied in staggered rows, in holes sanitation; keep decaying fruits cleaned up so
18 inches apart each way, which should be imme- insects cannot carry spores.
diately closed by tamping. Hand applicators are Aspergillus niger var. floridanus Wound para-
available for injecting the disulfide 6 to 7 inches site on Dracaena. Lower stem black, rotted, with
deep. This treatment is for land where valuable dark brown spore masses.
trees have been removed; one cannot go closer to Aspergillus spp. Green and yellow molds caus-
a healthy tree than the edge of the branch spread. ing secondary rots of many fruits and some veg-
After treatment, the land should remain fallow for etables in storage.
at least 60 days, and then be ploughed before
planting.
Lasiodiplodia (Botryodiplodia)
Ascochyta ▶ Blights.
Botryodiplodia theobromae (see
▶ Blights. ▶Lasiodiplodia theobromae). Root Rot on apple
Ascochyta pinodes Foot Rot of peas. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly
Of the three species that make up the Ascochyta Botryodiplodia theobromae). Root Rot on
blight complex, this one produces most apple.
Brachysporium 299
spring growing from or near sclerotia. Affected

Botryosphaeria plants do not start spring growth.
▶ Blights.
Botryosphaeria dothidea Fruit Rot of peach Botrytis
and grape.
Botryosphaeria obtusa Fruit Rot of peach, ▶ Blights.
Black Root Rot of apple. Botrytis aclada Gray Mold Neck Rot of onion,
Botryosphaeria rhodina Fruit Rot of peach. also shallot and garlic; widespread. This is usually
Botryosphaeria ribis (Anamorph, Dothiorella found on bulbs after harvest, infection taking
gregaria) Dothiorella Rot of avocado and citrus, place through neck tissue and scales appearing
Black Fruit Rot of apple and pear, Nut Rot of tung sunken and “cooked.” Sclerotia are first white,
oil. On avocado this is a soft rapidly spreading then dark, 2 to 4 mm across. Conidiophores and
surface rot, starting from small spots when conidia forming the gray mold are produced
fruit begins to soften. The fruit may be covered directly from mycelium in tissue or from sclerotia.
with decay spots by the time it is usable. The Artificially cure bulbs after harvest to cause rapid
fungus winters in dead twigs, in tip-burned dessication of neck tissue; store at low tempera-
leaves, and enters the avocado while it is still ture. Colored varieties keep better than white.
on the tree. Two sprays, mid-September and Botrytis byssoidea Mycelial Neck Rot of Onion.
early October, using bordeaux mixture, have The fungus is much like B. aclada but produces
given fairly good control. Remove dead wood more mycelium and less profuse gray mold.
from trees, to reduce source of inoculum, and Botrytis cinerea Gray Mold Fruit Rot, Cosmo-
pick fruit early. politan on peach, cherry, plum, pomegranate,
On lemons and other citrus fruits the rot starts quince, pear, grape, strawberry, pepper, tomato
as a discoloration around the button, becoming and eggplant. Also causing a leaf rot of hothouse
a brown, leathery but pliable decay. When fruit is rhubarb and a rot of carrot, lettuce, celery and
entirely involved it becomes olivaceous black. onion. See further under ▶ Blights.
On tung, brown lesions appear on green fruit, Botrytis gladiolorum Botrytis Neck Rot, Corm
which drops prematurely. See further under Rot, Blight of gladiolus.
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. ▶ Blights.
Botrytis porri Seedborne causing natural
infection.
Botryotinia Botrytis (Teleomorph, Botryotinia)
squamosa Small Sclerotial Neck Rot of onion.
▶ Blights. Elliptical leaf lesions with withering of tips.
Botryotinia convoluta Botrytis Crown Rot of Botrytis tulipae Bulb Rot of Vidalia sweet
iris, Gray Mold Rot on rhizomatous iris, first onion.
recorded in Canada in 1928 and apothecia
later produced in culture. The chief diagnostic
character is the presence of many shining black Brachysporium
sclerotia, much convoluted and agglomerated
into large clusters on rotting rhizomes. These Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
are often found in spring on plants that started
into the winter apparently healthy, for the fun- Conidiophores brown, erect, usually solitary,
gus is active in cool, wet weather. Conidio- septate; conidia dark, unequally two-or more-
phores are brown, formed in fascicles, and septate; attached to apical cell of conidiophore
bear dense clusters of light brown ovate or by a short narrow cell; saprophytic.
slightly pyriform conidia. They appear in Brachysporium tomato Fruit Rot of tomato.
300 Rots
Calonectria
See ▶Cylindrocladium under Blights.

Calonectria crotalariae Basal Stem Rot of
oleander.
Calonectria sp. (Anamorph, Cylindrocladium)
Crown and Collar Rot on papaya.
Catenularia
Hyphae dark; conidophores simple or sparingly

branched, with terminal chains of conidia; spores
dark, one-celled.
Catenularia fuliginea Fruit Rot of date.
Mycocentrospora
Spores hyaline, filiform, with long, whiplike taper- Fig. 2 Storage Rot on Carrot
ing beaks, several cross walls and a swordlike
appendage from basal cell; mycelium dark.
Centrospora acerina (see ▶Mycocentrospora Cephalosporium gregatum (see ▶Phialophora
acerina). Black Crown Rot of celery, Storage gregata). Brown Stem Rot of soybean.
Rot of carrot. Phialophora gregata (formerly
Mycocentrospora acerina (formerly Cephalosporium gregatum). Brown Stem Rot of
Centrospora acerina). Black Crown Rot of cel- soybean.
ery, Storage Rot of carrot (see Fig. 2). On celery A vascular disease of major importance in
the disease appears 7 or 8 weeks after stock has the Midwest, also present in Florida, North
been placed in cold storage with pale, ochraceous Carolina and Virginia. It has been controlled
lesions at the crown end, gradually turning black, with a long rotation 5 years corn, 1 year
sometimes reddish. The fungus lives in the soil; soybeans.
use infested fields for early celery to be marketed
without storage. The same species also causes
leaf spot of pansy. Ceratocystis

Cephalosporium Ceratocystis fimbriata (Endoconidiophora
fimbriata) Sweet Potato Black Rot, found wher-
▶ Leaf Spots. ever sweet potatoes are grown, most destructive
Cephalosporium carpogenum Fruit Rot on in storage but present also in seedbed and field.
apple in storage, reported from Washington and Round, blackish spots extend into vascular ring
Pennsylvania. or deeper; sprouts are sickly with black cankers
Armillaria (Clitocybe) 301
below ground or are killed. The fungus winters in

storage houses, on wild morning-glory and other Chalara (Chalaropsis)
weeds near the field and in soil, where it remains
viable for several years. Spores are spread by the ▶ Molds.
sweet potato weevil and in wash water if potatoes Chalara thielaviopsis (formerly Chalaropsis
are washed before storing. This fungus also thielaviopsis). Root Rot on poinsettia.
infects Jacquemontia. Chalaropsis thielaviopsis (see ▶Chalara
Control Standard treatment has been disinfec- thielaviopsis). Root Rot on poinsettia.
tion of planting stock in a solution of borax.
Using pulled sprouts provides plants free
from black rot. Plan a 4-year rotation; sort Armillaria (Clitocybe)
carefully before storage; cure quickly at high
temperature and humidity. Yellow Jersey is Basidiomycetes, Agaricales
highly susceptible; some varieties are quite
resistant. One of the mushrooms, with gills typically decur-
A strain of this fungus is reported causing rent (running down the stem), cap homogenous
Black Cane Rot in propagating bed of Syngonium and confluent with fleshy stripe, which has nei-
auritum (Philodendron trifoliatum) in ther ring nor cup; spores white or very lightly
a California nursery. Brown to black water- colored.
soaked girdling cankers, often on parts in contact Armillaria tabescens (formerly Clitocybe
with the soil, cause yellowing and death of monadelpha). On privet, apple.
foliage. The fungus can be eradicated by treating Armillaria tabescens (formerly Clitocybe
canes with hot water, 120 F for 30 min. tabescens). Mushroom Root Rot, Clitocybe
Ceratocystis wageneri (see ▶Ophiostoma Root Rot of citrus, pecan and other fruits and
wageneri). Root Rot of lodgepole pine and many ornamentals. This root rot is as devastating
ponderosa pine. in Florida as Armillaria rot is in California and
Ophiostoma wageneri (formerly Ceratocystis very similar (some say the pathogen is identical).
wageneri). Root Rot of lodgepole pine and It is important in the decline of citrus groves, on
ponderosa pine. orange, grapefruit, lemon, tangerine and lime on
rough lemon stock; is very destructive to Austra-
lian-pine (Casuarina); and has been reported on
Apostrasseria (Ceuthospora) more than 200 species in 59 plant families,
including Acalypha, avocado, arborvitae, apricot,
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes camellia, castor-bean, cherry-laurel, crape-
myrtle, cotoneaster, cypress, dogwood, Eugenia,
Pycnidia in a valsoid stroma; conidia oblong to eucalyptus, grape, guava, glorybush, Hamelia,
bacillar, extruded in tendrils; conidiophores holly, Ligustrum, juniper, jasmine, loquat,
obsolete or none. oleander, poinciana, pomegranate, pear,
Apostrasseria lunata (formerly Ceuthospora Parkinsonia, rose, viburnum and wax-myrtle.
lunata). Black Rot of cranberry, developing in In recent years Clitocybe root rot has become
berries after picking. The fruit turns dark and economically important on Georgia peach trees
soft. The disease is more important in Washing- and has killed many lychee trees in Florida.
ton and Oregon. Spraying for other cranberry It is said to account for 75 % of rose mortality
diseases largely controls this rot. Pick berries in some sections.
when dry; avoid bruises; keep them cool. Symptoms of decline do not ordinarily
Ceuthospora lunata (see ▶Apostrasseria develop until the pathogen has been working
lunata). Black Rot of cranberry, developing in a number of years and has killed a large part of
berries after picking. the root system. Often mushrooms are present
302 Rots
at the base of trees before the tops show more Clitocybe tabescens (see ▶Armillaria
than a slight yellowing or lack of vigor; but if tabescens). Mushroom Root Rot, Clitocybe
soil is removed from the root crown, many Root Rot of citrus, pecan and other fruits and
lateral roots are found dead, and often the many ornamentals.
taproot is also gone. Infection starts at some
point on the lateral roots, spreads to the base of
the tree, and then to other roots. Sometimes Colletotrichum
there is gumming at the crown extending
upward on the trunk. Mycelial fans or sheets ▶ Anthracnose.
are present between bark and wood; the clus- Colletotrichum acutatum Bitter Rot of apple
ters of mushrooms developing at the base are fruit; fruit rot of grape.
similar to those of Armillaria, but the black Colletotrichum capsici Ripe Rot of pepper, Boll
shoestring rhizomorphs are lacking. Instead, Rot of Cotton.
there are sometimes black, hard stromatic out- Colletotrichum circinans Onion Smudge,
growths from fissures in bark of infected roots. surface rot, also on shallot, garlic and leek.
The fruiting clusters develop in fall, from mid- Bulb or neck has a dark green or black smudge,
September to December. The caps are light tan often covered with stiff bristles of the acervuli of
to honey-colored, 2 to 3 1/2 inches in diameter. the fungus. Smudge is more prominent in white
The rot is most prevalent on land cleared of onions; it is confined to the neck of colored
oaks and other hardwoods, also on sandy, well- bulbs. The fungus winters on mature onions, on
drained land subject to drought. sets or in soil. It develops in the field at
Control Citrus trees on sour orange stock are a fairly high temperature and soil moisture with
quite resistant. Surgical treatment for fruits and most of the damage just before harvest. Cure
ornamental trees is often quite successful. rapidly after harvest; rotate crops; clean up
Remove the soil at least 2 or 3 feet from the debris; change to colored onions if the rot is too
trunk, working carefully to avoid injuring healthy serious on white.
roots. Cut off all dead roots, flush with the root Colletotrichum coccodes Root Rot and Wilt of
crown and remove any infected oak or foreign greenhouse tomato.
roots in the vicinity. Cut out dead and infected Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Fruit Rot of
bark at the root crown or the base of the trunk, grape and pepper.
being sure to collect all chips (on heavy paper Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (formerly
placed under exposed roots) for burning. Paint all Colletotrichum nigrum). Fruit Rot of pepper,
exposed surfaces with a pruning wound com- probably general on pepper in South and East.
pound and fill in partially, disinfesting the soil The fungus is a wound parasite on pepper pods.
with bordeaux mixture. The root crown can be The spots are irregular, indefinite, depressed,
left exposed to aeration and drying or, if too large blackish. Numerous acervuli with stout setae are
a proportion of the root system has been lost, new scattered over spots.
roots can be stimulated by mounding the soil Colletotrichum lilii Black Scale Rot of
around the base to a height of several inches Easter lily, Brown Scale. First noticed in Louisi-
above the partial girdle. The new roots will ana in 1937, the rot immediately threatened the
come from callus formed at the margin of living lily industry in that section. Bulbs are brown to
bark. nearly black when dug, with outer scales most
Trenches 2 or 3 feet deep will aid in affected. Young lesions start as irregular light
preventing spread to healthy trees. Fallow soil brown areas, then become black and sunken
can be treated with carbon disulfide; ▶Armillaria owing to collapse of epidermal cells and subepi-
mellea. dermal layers. Oldest lesions are nearly
Clitocybe monadelpha (see ▶Armillaria black, with tissue dry and shriveled. Stems
tabescens). On privet, apple. and roots are not affected. The acervuli are
Corticium 303
small, gregarious, with many dark brown setae Cylindrobasidium corrugum (formerly
and continuous hyaline conidia. Coniophora corrugis). Sapwood Rot of alpine fir.
Colletotrichum nigrum (see ▶Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides). Fruit Rot of pepper, probably
general on pepper in South and East. The fun- Coniella (Coniothyrium)
gus is a wound parasite on pepper pods. The
spots are irregular, indefinite, depressed, black- ▶ Cankers and Diebacks.
ish. Numerous acervuli with stout setae are Coniella diplodiella (formerly Coniothyrium
scattered over spots. diplodiella). White Rot of grapes, appearing spas-
modically on grapes but not one of the more
important diseases. Small pycnidia appear on out-
Frammulina (Collybia) side of fruit cuticle as shiny, rosy points, also on
leaves. Infection is usually through wounds. Spots
Basidiomycetes, Agaricales on ripe grapes are grayish, with brown borders.
Coniothyrium diplodiella (see ▶Coniella
Margin of young cap turned in; gills not decur- diplodiella). White Rot of grapes, appearing
rent; stipe central; no annulus or volva; spores spasmodically on grapes but not one of the more
white or light; causing wood rots. important diseases.
Collybia velutipes (see ▶Frammulina
velutipes). Heart Rot, White Sapwood Rot of
hardwoods. Coprinus
Frammulina velutipes (formerly Collybia
velutipes). Heart Rot, White Sapwood Rot of Basidiomycetes, Agaricales
hardwoods. The fungus is a small toadstool with
central stem, base covered with dark brown vel- Inky cap mushrooms; hymenium lining gills;
vety hairs, cap yellowish or brownish. The disease gills deliquesce into a black, inky liquid.
is a soft spongy white rot of sapwood of living Coprinus urticicola Fruit Rot of pear.
hardwoods, particularly basswood, horse-
chestnut, American elm and on catalpa. The
toadstools are formed in clusters at wounds. Corticium
Coniophora
Pileus resupinate, effuse; hymenium with one
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales layer, cystidia lacking; spores hyaline. Corticium
vagum and other species with a thin film of myce-
Pileus resupinate, effuse; hymenium with one lium with short, broad cells on substratum have
layer, cystidia lacking; spores dark; wood- been transferred to Pellicularia. Species with
destroying. cystidia have been placed in Peniophora. See
Coniophora puteana Brown Cubical Rot of also ▶Corticium under Blights.
conifers and sometimes hardwoods – on slash, Butlerelfia eustacei (formerly Corticium
building timbers, and sometimes living trees. centrifugum). Fisheye Fruit Rot of apple, generally
The crustlike fleshy fruiting bodies are a little distributed. A dry, spongy rot often following scab.
over 2 inches in diameter, olive to brown with Corticium centrifugum (see ▶Butlerelfia
whitish margins and smooth to slightly waxy eustacei). Fisheye Fruit Rot of apple, generally
surface. distributed.
Coniophora corrugis (see ▶Cylindrobasidium Corticium fuciforme (see ▶Laetisaria
corrugum). Sapwood Rot of alpine fir. fuciformis). Pink Patch of turf, red thread.
304 Rots
Corticium galactinum (see ▶Scytinostroma

galactinum). White Root Rot of apple, also Cryptochaete
recorded on blackberry, dewberry, wineberry,
peach and many ornamentals – baptisia, dog- Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
wood, holly, flowering almond, flowering plum,
iris, winter jasmine, kalmia, pearl bush, peony, Basidocarp cartilaginous or coriaceous,
spirea, sumac, viburnum and white campion. erumpent, at first tuberculiform; gloecystidia
Corticium radiosum (see ▶Vesiculomyces yellowish or hyaline; cystidia present or
citrinus). White Butt Rot on sub alpine fir in lacking; spores hyaline, curved-cylindrical to
Colorado. allantoid, smooth.
Laetisaria fuciformis (formerly Corticium Cryptochaete (Corticium) polygonia (see
fuciforme). Pink Patch of turf; red thread. Grass ▶Peniophora polygonia). White Rot on aspen in
is first water-soaked, then dead, in isolated Colorado.
patches, 2 to 15 inches in diameter, with pinkish Peniophora polygonia (formerly Cryptochaete
red gelatinous strands of the fungus matting the (Corticium) polygonia). White Rot on aspen in
blades together and growing into coral red horns, Colorado.
1/8 to 2 inches long. These turn brittle, break into
pieces to spread the pathogen. Velvet bent grasses
are more susceptible than colonial and creeping Cylindrocarpon
bents. Cadmium compounds will control if
applied as protectants before the disease appears. Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
Scytinostroma galactinum (formerly
Corticium galactinum). White Root Rot of Conidia on sporodochia; spores with several
apple, also recorded on blackberry, dewberry, cells, like Fusarium but more nearly cylindrical
wineberry, peach and many ornamentals – bapti- with rounded ends; cosmopolitan in soil, occa-
sia, dogwood, holly, flowering almond, flowering sionally pathogenic.
plum, iris, winter jasmine, kalmia, pearl bush, Cylindrocarpon liriodendri Root Rot of tulip
peony, spirea, sumac, viburnum and white cam- poplar.
pion. The fungus also causes a root rot of white Cylindrocarpon destructans Sometimes listed
pine and a decay of firs, affecting also western as cause of Scale-Tip Rot of Easter lily in Pacific
white cedar and spruce. The disease starts at the Northwest, but probably secondary. True cause
collar or on larger roots and advances rapidly of rot unknown.
outward on smaller roots. The collar may be
girdled and killed while distal portions are still
alive. A dense weft of white mycelium covers Cylindrocladium
roots and penetrates to wood, causing the white
rot. The disease is prevalent on lands recently ▶ Blights.
cleared of oaks. Cylindrocladium clavatum Root Rot on Nor-
Vesiculomyces citrinus (formerly Corticium folk-island-pine.
radiosum). White Butt Rot on subalpine fir in Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Teleomorph,
Colorado. Calonectria crotalariae). Cylindrocladium
Black Rot on peanut, and Root Rot on tulip tree
and kiwi. Red crown rot; on soybean.
Corynespora Cylindrocladium scoparium Root Rot on
peach and tulip-tree.
▶ Leaf Spots. Cylindrocladium heptaseptatum Postharvest
Corynespora cassiicola Root Rot on soybean. Decay on leatherleaf fern.
Diaporthe 305
Cylindrocladium pauciramosum Root and sometimes on living trees, especially willows,

Crown Rot on heath. near wounds. Annual leathery to rigid conks
Cylindrocladium parasiticum Black Rot of (sporophores) are shelf-shaped, up to 6 inches
hoary-tick clover and on peanut. wide, and may occasionally encircle a
Cylindrocladium pteridis Postharvest Decay small, dead stem. The upper surface is gray to
on leatherleaf fern. brown, smooth, concentrically zoned. Mouths of
Cylindrocladium scorparium Root Rot on tubes on undersurface are elongated, wavy in
pine, sweet gum and tulip-tree. outline.
Daedalea Daldinia
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales Ascomycetes, Xylariaceae
Pileus dimidiate to caplike and stipitate; pores Perithecia in a globoid to pulvinate, concentri-
waved, mazelike or somewhat resembling gills; cally zoned stroma, carbonaceous to leathery,
without cystidia; hymenium labyrinthine. 3 to 5 cm across; spores one-celled; dark.
Cerrena unicolor (formerly Daedalea Daldinia concentrica Wood Rot of ash, beech,
unicolor). Heart Rot, Canker of maples and various hardwoods and occasionally citrus.
other living hardwoods, including alder, ailan- There is a superficial white rot on dead parts of
thus, amelanchier, birch, chestnut and hackberry. living trees. On English ash the decay is called
Decayed wood is yellow at first, later white and calico wood and is strikingly marked with irreg-
soft. Conks are small, corky, often occuring in ular brown to black bands. Stroma containing
clusters, varying from brown to gray. perithecia are hemispherical, black,
Daedalea confragosa (see ▶Daedaleopsis carbonaceous.
confragosa). White Mottled Wound Rot of hard-
woods, also on fir.
Daedalea quercina Brown Cubical Rot of dead Diaporthe
timber; Heart Rot of living trees in immediate
vicinity of butt wounds, usually on oak, chestnut, ▶ Blights.
sometimes on maple, birch and hickory. In Diaporthe phaseolorum Sweet Potato Dry
advanced stages the wood is reduced to Rot. If diseased potatoes are planted, the sprouts
a yellow-brown friable mass, with a tendency to are affected, but the disease shows little in the
break into small cubes. Conks are corky and field. The roots, infected at the stem end, continue
shelf-shaped, up to 7 inches wide, grayish to to rot in storage. They are shrunken, often mum-
almost black with smooth upper surface and mified, covered with papillae, which are pycnidia
cream to brownish under-surface. Mouths are under the skin massed in a coal-black stroma.
large, elongated, irregular. The conks are more Optimum temperature for the fungus is 75 to
or less perennial. 90 F. Use cool storage.
Daedalea unicolor (see ▶Cerrena unicolor). Diaporthe citri Phomopsis Stem End Rot,
Heart Rot, Canker of maples and other living Melanose, general on citrus; Stem Rot of
hardwoods, including alder, ailanthus, mango. The rot on fruits is a leathery, pliable,
amelanchier, birch, chestnut and hackberry. buff to brown area at the button end. The
Daedaleopsis confragosa (formerly Daedalea melanose is a superficial marking of fruits
confragosa). White Mottled Wound Rot of hard- with yellow or brown, scabby, waxy dots or
woods, also on fir. This is a white soft rot, a slash crusts, on leaves, twigs and fruit, often in
destroyer in eastern hardwood forests but streaks. On lemon trees, especially variety
306 Rots
Eureka, there is a condition known as Diplodia zeae (see ▶Stenocarpella maydis).

decorticosis or shell bark. The outer bark Diplodia Corn Ear Rot, Root and Stalk Rot, seed-
dies, loosens, peels off in longitudinal strips. ling blight.
New bark forms below this, and the tree may Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly Diplodia
recover only to develop the disease again in 4 natalensis). Diplodia Collar and Root Rot; Fruit
or 5 years. Some leaves and twigs die; the Rot, Gummosis, general on citrus, sometimes
fungus winters in dead wood. peach, mango and avocado. On fruit, the rot
Control A single copper spray, bordeaux or resembles Phomopsis rot in being a leathery pli-
a neutral copper, applied within 1 to 3 weeks able decay of the stem end. It can be prevented by
after fruit is set, controls melanose. Copper spraying with bordeaux mixture, adding 1 %
applied in summer induces excessive cork forma- oil to check the increase in scale insects after
tion in the melanose lesions, a condition known the copper kills entomogenous fungi keeping
as star melanose. Applied early, it is them in check. The collar rot may girdle young
noninjurious. trees and produce some gumming. Trees affected
Diaporthe phaseolorum Fruit Rot of pepper with root rot seldom recover and should be
and tomato, also pod blight of lima bean. removed.
▶ Blights. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly Diplodia
theobromae). Sometimes considered a synonym
of D. natalensis but differentiated by pycnidia
Dichotomophthora developed in a stroma instead of on a subiculum
and by darker spores. Causing rots of tropical
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. fruits, stem-end rot of avocado and collar rot of
Dichotomophthora portulacae Black Stem Rot peanuts. The peanut rot appears in Georgia, Flor-
on common purslane. ida and Alabama. Runners and central stem are
invaded; they are brown at first, then black with
pycnidia.
Diplodia Lasiodiplodia theobromae (formerly Diplodia
tubericola). Java Black Rot, general on sweet
▶ Blights. potatoes, especially in the South. So named
Diplodia natalensis (see ▶Lasiodiplodia because the first diseased specimens came from
theobromae). Diplodia Collar and Root Rot, Java; this is strictly a storage rot. The inner part of
Fruit Rot, Gummosis, general on citrus, some- the tuber is black and brittle; innumerable
times peach, mango and avocado. pycnidia are produced under the skin, giving
Diplodia opuntia Cladode Rot of cactus. it a pimply appearance. The potato is finally
Diplodia phoenicum Leaf and Stalk Rot of date mummified. Use care in handling so skins are
palms, Fruit Rot. The disease is sometimes fatal not broken or bruised; cure properly after harvest;
to transplanted offshoots. Leaves decay and have suitable temperature in the storage house.
die prematurely; spores are produced in great Stenocarpella maydis (formerly Diplodia
abundance. Infection is through wounds. Remove zeae). Diplodia Corn Ear Rot, Root and Stalk
diseased tissue as far as possible and apply Rot, seedling blight. This is one of several fungi
copper-lime dust. commonly causing ear rot in corn. The rot is dry,
Diplodia pinastri Collar Rot of pine. varying from a slight discoloration of kernels to
Diplodia theobromae (see ▶Lasiodiplodia complete rotting of the ear. Seedlings and inner
theobromae). Sometimes considered a synonym stalks have a dry, brown decay. Another species
of D. natalensis. (D. macrospora) is similar but less common,
Diplodia tubericola (see ▶Lasiodiplodia found in more humid, warmer regions. The rot
theobromae). Java Black Rot, general on sweet is greater in smutted plants. Treat seed before
potatoes, especially in the South. planting with Spergon.
Fomes 307
Polyporus mori (formerly Favolus alveolaris).

Diplodina Heart Rot of hickory.
▶ Leaf Spots.
Diplodina persicae Fruit Rot of peach, found in Fomes
Louisiana in 1952, affecting stem and leaves as
well as fruit. All varieties are susceptible. Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
Pileus woody, perennial, with tubes in layers;

Epicoccum common cause of wood decay. Spores hyaline
to brown to nearly black.
▶ Leaf Spots. Fomes annosus (see ▶Heterobasidion
Epicoccum nigrum Postharvest Decay on annosum). Heart Rot, Root and Butt Rot, Spongy
cantaloupe. Sap Rot of conifers, sometimes hardwoods; also
Root Rot on juniper and rhododendron.
Fomes applanatus ▶Ganoderma applanatum.
Echinodontium Fomes connatus White Spongy Rot of heart-
wood of living hardwoods, most prevalent on
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales maples, especially red and sugar maples.
Entrance is through wounds or branch stubs, but
Hymenium in the form of teeth with spiny serrate fruiting is usually on basal stems or scars. Conks
margins; pileus caplike to crustose. appear annually but are perennial, small, less than
Echinodontium tinctorium The Indian paint 6 inches wide, hoof-shaped, corky to woody,
fungus causes Brown Stringy Rot, Heartwood white to yellowish, the upper surface covered
Rot of living conifers –balsam fir, hemlock, with moss or algal growth. There is usually
Engelmann spruce, larch, and Douglas-fir –- a limited area of decay.
chiefly in the West, often with large losses in Fomes everhartii (see ▶Phellinus everhartii).
forest stands. Light brown to tan spots are pro- Yellow Flaky Heart Rot of living hardwoods,
duced in heartwood accompanied by small radial including birch and beech and especially oaks.
burrows resembling insect galleries. Rusty Fomes fomentarius White Mottled Rot of
streaks follow the grain. In older trees rot can birch, beech, poplar, maple, and other hard-
extend entire length of heartwood and into roots. woods. This fungus mostly decays dead timber;
External signs of decay are hard, woody, hoof- sometimes it attacks living trees. The wood is
shaped perennial conks, the upper surface dull brownish, firm in early stages of decay, but in
black, cracked, the undersurface gray, covered advanced stages is yellowish white, soft, spongy,
with coarse teeth, the interior rust are brick red with narrow dark zone lines and small radial
with a pigment used by the Indians for paint. Even cracks filled with yellow mycelium, giving
one fruiting body is indicative of extensive decay. a mottled effect. Decay starts in upper part of
the bole and progresses downward. Conks are
profuse on dead trees. They are hard, perennial,
Polyporus (Favolus) hoof-shaped, up to 8 inches wide, with a smooth
concentrically zoned upper surface, gray to
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales brown undersurface. The interior is brown,
punky, with tubes encrusted with white.
Pileus usually stipitate; lamellae forking irregu- Fomes fraxinophilus (see ▶Perenniporia
larly to form elongate, rhomboidal pores. fraxinophila). White Mottled Rot of ash,
Favolus alveolaris (see ▶Polyporus mori). a heartwood rot most common on white ash,
Heart Rot of hickory. also on green ash and willow.
308 Rots
Fomes igniarius (see ▶Phellinus igniarius). Heterobasidion annosum (formerly Fomes

White Spongy Rot, White Trunk Rot, Heart annosus). Heart Rot, Root and Butt Rot, Spongy
Rot, on a wide variety of hardwoods but not on Sap Rot of conifers, sometimes hardwoods; also
conifers. Root Rot on juniper and rhododendron. Infection
Fomes officinalis (Fomitopsis officinalis) (see is through wounds. Tissue thin, mycelial felts are
▶Fomitopsis officinalis). Brown Trunk Rot of formed between bark and wood, which is pinkish
conifers infecting heartwood of living larch and to violet in incipient states. In advanced stages
other trees. white pockets are formed in wood. Perennial
Fomes pini (Trametes pini) (see ▶Phellinus conks are bracket-shaped to flat layers, upper
pini). Red Ring Rot, white pocket rot, of conifers, surface zonate, light to dark grayish brown,
especially Douglas-fir, larch, pine and spruce, undersurface beige with small pores. Infection is
causing heavy forest losses. sometimes through dead roots from mycelium
Fomes pinicola (see ▶Fomitopsis pinicola). growing through soil, sometimes by spores
Brown Crumbly Rot of many conifers and some washed by rain or carried by rodents.
hardwoods – maple, birch, beech, hickory, Perenniporia fraxinophila (formerly Fomes
peach – usually on dead trees, occasionally in fraxinophilus). White Mottled Rot of ash,
heartwood of living trees. a heartwood rot most common on white ash,
Fomes rimosus (see ▶Phellinus robiniae). also on green ash and willow. Conks are up to
Heart Rot on locust. a foot wide, with dark, rough upper surface,
Fomes robustus (see ▶Phellinus robustus). brownish underneath, appearing first when
Heart Rot of cacti and other desert plants; of wood has decayed only a short distance. Infection
oak, fir, juniper, in different strains. is usually through branch stubs.
Fomes roseus (see ▶Fomitopsis rosea). Brown Phellinus everhartii (formerly Fomes
Pocket Rot, cubical rot of heartwood of living everhartii). Yellow Flaky Heart Rot of living
conifers, particularly Douglas-fir. hardwoods, including birch and beech and espe-
Fomitopsis officinalis (formerly Fomes cially oaks. Infection is usually limited to the
officinalis (Fomitopsis officinalis)). Brown lower trunk, and the flaky character is because
Trunk Rot of conifers infecting heartwood of liv- the decay is more rapid between rays. There are
ing larch and other trees. Intensely white spore narrow, dark brown zone lines. Gnarled swellings
surface; very bitter, known as the quinine fungus. on the trunk indicate sapwood invasion. The
Fomitopsis pinicola (formerly Fomes pinicola). conks are perennial, hard, woody, shelf-shaped,
Brown Crumbly Rot of many conifers and some up to a foot wide, with the yellow-brown upper
hardwoods – maple, birch, beech, hickory, surface becoming black, charred, rough, concen-
peach – usually on dead trees, occasionally in trically grooved with age. The undersurface is
heartwood of living trees. Sporophores are reddish brown.
shelf-to hoof-shaped, 2 to 10 inches across, some- Phellinus ingiarius (formerly Fomes igniarius
times up to 2 feet, upper surface gray to black, (Phellinus igniarius)). White Spongy Rot, white
often with a red margin, underside white to yel- trunk rot, heart rot, on a wide variety of hard-
low when fresh. woods but not on conifers. Aspen and birch are
Fomitopsis rosea (formerly Fomes roseus). particularly susceptible. Decay is mostly con-
Brown Pocket Rot, cubical rot of heartwood of fined to heartwood, but in yellow birch living
living conifers, particularly Douglas-fir. Decay sapwood is killed, causing cankers on the trunk.
originates in upper part of bole. Wood is yellow In an advanced stage the decay is soft, whitish,
to reddish brown, soft, breaking into irregular with fine black lines running through it. The
cubes. Woody bracket conks, up to 6 inches conks are perennial, hard, woody, thick, usually
wide, have black tops and rose undersurface. hoof-shaped, up to 8 inches wide, the upper sur-
Infection is through dead branch stubs and broken face gray to black, becoming rough and cracked
tree tops. with age; undersurface is brown and the interior
Fusarium 309
rusty brown with many layers of tubes, the oldest smaller microconidia with one or two cells; rest-
stuffed with white. Infection is through branch ing spores, chlamydospores, common.
stubs and open wounds. A single conk may indi- Teleomorph state when known usually in
cate 15 linear feet of rot in heartwood. Hypocreales, Nectria or Gibberella. Cause of
Phellinus pini (formerly Fomes pini (Trametes many important rots, wilts, and yellows diseases.
pini)). Red Ring Rot, white pocket rot, of coni- Classification difficult, with different systems
fers, especially Douglas-fir, larch, pine and and synonyms, many forms and races. (see Fig. 3)
spruce, causing heavy forest losses. Decay starts Fusarium acuminatum Fruit Rot of squash and
as a purplish or red discoloration of the heart- pumpkin.
wood, but in an advanced stage there are many Fusarium avenaceum Crown Rot of Eustoma.
soft, white fibrous pockets separated by sound Associated with cereal diseases, fruit and storage
wood. Sporophores vary from shelf-to bracket- rots, but now included in F. roseum by many
to hoof-shaped, averaging 4 to 8 inches across, pathologists. Fruit Rot of squash and pumpkins.
rough gray to brownish black with light brown Fusarium culmorum Also on cereals, included
margin on upper surface and gray to brown in F. roseum by many pathologists. Fruit Rot of
underneath. Tube mouths are circular to irregular. squash and pumpkins, also Root and Basal Rot of
On living trees conks are formed at knots or leak.
branch stubs. Fusarium equiseti Fruit Rot of squash and
Phellinus robiniae (formerly Fomes rimosus) pumpkin.
Heart Rot on locust. Fusarium moniliforme (Teleomorph,
Phellinus robustus (formerly Fomes robustus). Gibberella fujikuroi). Ripe Rot of figs, carried
Heart Rot of cacti and other desert plants; of oak, by the pollinating fig wasp; Root, Stalk, Pink
fir, juniper, in different strains. Context of sporo- Kernel Rot of corn. The rotted kernels are pink
phores bright yellow-brown; spores hyaline. to reddish brown; the stalks have brown lesions,
may break over or ripen prematurely.
Fusarium oxysporum Reported as causing
Fusarium a new disease of soybean in Missouri and Iowa.
Root rot, with rapid wilting and drying of leaves;
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes most severe on seedlings.
Fusarium oxysporum Root Rot on apple and
Mycelium and spores generally bright in color. sage; tomato hypocotyl rot on sugar pine, red and
Macroconidia fusoid-curved, septate, on white firs; stem rot on zygocactus; and rot of
branched conidia in slimy masses, sporodochia; stone plant. This pathogen may also be seedborne
Fig. 3 Forms of Fusarium. (a) septate macroconidia; (b) micoconidia in chains or a head; (c) clamydospores;
(d) sclerotium
310 Rots
and pathogenic on Douglas-fir. Root and crown Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (F.
rot; of leafy spurge. orthoceras var. gladioli). Fusarium Brown Rot,
Fusarium oxysporum Iris Basal Rot on bulbous Yellows of gladiolus, a major disease in some
varieties of iris. Plants fail to emerge, or turn sections. Most infection takes place in the field,
yellow, wilt and die. Roots are few or none. The but subsequent decay appears in storage. Corm
bulb is infected at the base, which shrinks; the lesions are first small, reddish brown, more often
husk adheres firmly, sometimes with a white or on lower half of corm. They enlarge in storage to
reddish mass of mycelium. The rot is more seri- irregular to circular, sometimes zonate brown
ous in warm climates and on yellow rather than areas, which do not infrequently advance until
blue varieties. De Wit is very susceptible; the whole corm is a hard, dry, brownish black
Wedgewood is quite resistant. mummy. Infection comes from old corms, the
Control Avoid bruising bulbs in digging; sort fungus penetrating through the basal plate and
and discard diseased bulbs right after digging; the center of the new corm. The latter may be
dry bulbs rapidly. entirely decayed in storage, with the fungus
Fusarium oxysporum Tulip Basal Rot. Leaves advancing from the center to the outside, causing
growing from diseased bulbs turn red, wilt and brown to black surface lesions.
die; roots are few or none. Bases of bulbs have Symptoms of yellows, a vascular disease,
a rather firm rot with white or pink felty masses of include bending of young leaf stalks, cupping of
spores. The diseased area usually turns chalky. leaf stalks in older plants, crooked flower stems,
This is primarily a storage disease in bulb sheds often greener than normal and a curving of
and warehouses. growth away from the side of the corm showing
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas Sweet rot. There is gradual yellowing and dying of
Potato Stem Rot, a widespread field disease, foliage, starting with the oldest leaves. Picardy
destroying more than 50 % of plants in some and Spotlight varieties are particularly suscepti-
fields. This fungus also infects Jacquemontia. ble. Nitrogenous fertilizers and manures, espe-
The stem rot is conspicuous about 2 weeks after cially where phosphorus is low, increase corm
sprouts are set. Sprouts are yellow or dead, and rot.
the vines brown or black, often split near the Control Cure immediately after digging at 95 F
ground. Some plants develop new roots above to develop wound periderm and cuticle resistant
the decayed section and so survive. Sweet pota- to the fungus; use resistant varieties where possi-
toes from infected plants are small, decayed at the ble or a 3-to 4-year rotation.
stem end, with vascular tissues brown. The fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii. Basal Rot of
winter in stored roots and can live indefinitely in lily, on bulbs, roots, stems of garden and native
soil. Varieties Big Stem Jersey, Little Stem Jer- lilies; Corm Rot of crocus, also on freesia and
sey, Maryland Golden and Nancy Hall are very cactus (Cereus). A chocolate rot at base of scales
susceptible; Porto Rico is intermediate; Southern next to the basal plate progresses until the scales
Queen, Triumph, and Yellow Strassburg are quite fall away. The disease is more destructive to
resistant. Madonna and some other garden lilies; it is sel-
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae Bulb Rot, dom a problem with Easter lilies grown in the
Basal Rot of onion, shallot and garlic. In the Northwest. Keep bulbs cool in storage, and plant
field there is progressive yellowing and dying in cool soil. Infection comes from contaminated
back from tips, the roots commonly turning pink soil as well as diseased bulbs.
and gradually decaying. The rot is often associ- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi (F.
ated with wounds of maggots and other insects. In bulbigenum). Narcissus Basal Rot, general on
storage the rot is most active at room temperature hardy varieties, rare on polyanthus varieties. Rot
or above. begins at the root plate at base of bulbs and
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi - spreads through central portions first, extension
Fusarium Wilt of chrysanthemum. of the rot being more rapid in affected scales than
Fusarium 311
across to adjacent healthy scales. Rotted tissue is brownish red or crimson. Infection is only
chocolate or purplish brown, the mycelium through injured, weak or old tissue.
a delicate weft of white or pink threads. The rot Fusarium semitectum Corky Dry Rot on
is dry, spongy, with little external evidence; it is cantaloupe.
primarily a storage or transit disease, but it may Fusarium solani Tuber Rot on caladium and
occur in the field late in the season. When lightly Stem Rot on chrysanthemum, Fraser fir, Doug-
infected bulbs are planted, there is no root devel- las-fir, dieffenbachia (cutting rot), and sweet
opment, and plants are stunted. Basal rot is spread potato (root rot); shefflera is susceptible with no
in hot-water treatment for nematodes. It is more symptoms. Root rot; this pathogen also causes
prevalent where soil temperatures are above 65 F root rot of apple. Root and Crown Rot of leafy
and on large trumpet varieties. Golden Harvest is spurge.
much more susceptible than King Alfred. Fusarium solani (Teleomorph, Nectria
Control Discard all bulbs showing rot, or that are haematococca). Stem Rot and Wilt of Exacum.
soft when pressed; if disease has occurred previ- Fusarium solanif. sp. cucurbitae (Teleomorph,
ously, plant in a new location. Hypomyces solani). Fusarium Root Rot of cucur-
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis- bits, primarily pumpkin and squash, occasionally
lycopersici Root and Crown Rot of tomato. muskmelon, watermelon and cucumber. The fun-
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens Root gus usually girdles the plant at ground level with
Lesions of pine. a soft dark decay, resulting in a striking wilt of the
Fusarium poae Carnation Bud Rot, Silver Spike entire vine. Fruits on the ground may be rotted
Disease of bluegrass. The interior of carnation and the fungus carried on seed to infest clean soil.
buds is brown or pink, decayed, moldy and Do not plant cucurbits in land known to be
often infested with grass mites, which have intro- contaminated.
duced the spores. The disease is favored by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli Dry Root Rot of
excessive dampness. Pick and destroy diseased bean and lima bean, common but most important
buds; control mites. in New York, Idaho and other areas intensively
On bent grasses, fescues and especially Ken- cropped for many years. Indefinite reddish
tucky bluegrass, seed heads wither before they lesions or streaks on taproot and subterranean
are fully expanded, appearing silvery. Seeds are stem turn dark brown to black. Lateral roots are
aborted, and in moist weather copious mycelium reduced and plants stunted. This is a late season
grows from decayed areas in culms. The patho- disease favored by warm soil. The fungus winters
gen is disseminated and grass inoculated by the in crop refuse and soil and may be carried in dust
grass mite (Siteroptes graminum). Burning over on seed. The best control is a long rotation
dead grass is a practical means of control. between crops.
Fusarium proliferatum Root Rot and Stem Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi Root Rot on chick-
Wilt on asparagus in CT. Root Rot and Crown pea, spruce, pine, fir, and hemlock.
Rot of clovers and leafy spurge, Bulb Rot of Fusarium subgutinans Collar Rot and Foliar
onions. Blight on Chinese evergreen.
Fusarium roseum Peppermint Root and Rhi- Fusarium sp. Root and Seed Rot of bird-of-
zome Rot. Reported from Oregon as part of paradise (Strelitizia), part of a fungus complex.
a complex with Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium Controlled by treating seed in hot water, 135 F
sp. Necrotic lesions girdle rhizomes; new shoots for 30 min, and immediately cooling in cold
damp-off. Fall-plowed mint gave stronger stands. water and treating planting medium with methyl
This pathogen also causes seedling stem rot on bromide or steam.
Douglas-fir. Fusarium sp. Dill Root Rot, Wilt, discovered in
Fusarium cerealis Stem Rot of carnation and Ohio in 1949. Symptoms include browning of
cereals. Roots and stems of cuttings and young roots, necrosis of vascular system, yellowing,
plants rot; in older stock the diseased tissue turns wilting and death. Young plants are most
312 Rots
susceptible. Seed treatment did not give satisfac- sassafras, maples and citrus. This fungus may be
tory control. an important facultative parasite on city shade
Fusarium sp. Root Rot of sweet peas, reported trees. The rot is white, spongy, with black spots
as prevalent in Montana. Plants turn yellow when scattered throughout. The conks are annual, with
in bloom with necrosis of vascular system which a reddish, shiny, lacquered upper surface and
leads to drying up of plant. a short, thick lateral stalk; common on logs,
stumps, standing or fallen trees.
Ganoderma zonatum Butt Rot of queen palms,
Gaeumannomyces Florida.
Ganoderma zonatum On mesquite, in Texas.
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis.
Blight of centipede grass and Bermudagrass.
Root rot; of St. Augustinegrass. Leaf yellowing Greeneria
and root mass reduction; of Zoysia.
Ganoderma Greeneria uvicola Bitter Rot of grape.
Gibberella
Differing from Fomes in having spores truncated
at one end and two-layered, the spines of the ▶ Blights.
brown endospore projecting into hyaline exo- Gibberella zeae (Anamorph, Fusarium
spore. Sporophore has a hard crust, formed by graminearum). Corn Root Rot, Stalk Rot, Ear
a layer of thick-walled, elongated cells. Rot, also Fusarium Head Blight or Scab of
Ganoderma applanatum (Syn. Fomes cereals and grasses. Corn is attacked at all ages,
applanatus). White Mottle Rot, widely distrib- with both roots and kernels rotted. Conidia are
uted on hardwoods, maple, beech, alder, pinkish in mass; black perithecia are numerous on
acacia, birch, horse-chestnut, hawthorn and hick- overwintered corn stalks and residues. Hybrid
ory, and sometimes on conifers. The rot is ordi- corn with loose husks exposing the ear tip or
narily on dead timber, but the fungus can attack varieties with upright ears retaining water are
living trees through wounds and destroy heart- more apt to be infected. Rotation and clean
wood for a few feet. In early stages the wood is plowing aid in control.
somewhat bleached, surrounded by a dark brown
band. This shelf fungus is called artists’ conk
because the white undersurface immediately Gilbertella
turns brown when bruised and can be used
for writing or etching pictures. The upper Zygomycetes, Mucorales
surface is smooth, zoned, gray or gray-black; up
to 2 feet wide. Gilbertella persicaria Fruit Rot on peach.
Ganoderma curtisii (see ▶Ganoderma
lucidum). Perennial, with several layers of pores.
Ganoderma lucidum (formerly Ganoderma Gloeosporium
curtisii). Perennial, with several layers of pores.
Ganoderma lucidum (Syn. Polyporus lucidus). ▶ Anthracnose.
The varnish or lacquer fungus causes Heart Rot Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (formerly
of eastern hardwoods and conifers, especially Gloeosporium foliicolum). (Glomerella
hemlock, reported also on boxwood, hackberry, cingulata). Fruit Rot on citrus fruits.
Guignardia 313
Gloeosporium foliicolum (see ▶Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides). (Glomerella cingulata). Fruit Rot Godronia
on citrus fruits.
Gloeotinia Apothecia coriacious, pitcher-shaped; spores fili-

form, hyaline.
Gloeotinia granigera (formerly Gloeotinia Godronia cassandrae (Fusicoccum
temulenta). Blind Seed Rot on grass. putrefaciens). Cranberry End Rot, general on
Gloeotinia temulenta (see ▶Gloeotinia cranberry, with the ascospore stage also found
granigera). Blind Seed Rot on grass. on dead branches of leatherleaf (Cassandra).
The rot appears late, often after picking and pack-
ing, and is enhanced by injuries during harvesting
Glomerella and screening. It starts at either blossom or stem
end of the berry; the fruit becomes soft and light-
▶ Anthracnose. colored.
Glomerella cingulata Bitter Rot of apple and Godronia cassandrae f. sp. vaccinii On
pear, Fruit Rot of peach, also Stem Rot, Canker, blueberry.
Dieback of many fruits and ornamentals, Ripe
Rot of grapes. Bitter rot is a late season disease
of apple, often destructive in central and south-
ern states. The fruits have light brown circular Guignardia
spots, which gradually enlarge; they cover rot-
ting flesh, which has a bitter taste. Lesions ▶ Blackleg.
become concave and have concentric rings of Botryosphaeria vaccinii (formerly Guignardia
pink to dark spore pustules in sticky masses. vaccinii). Cranberry Early Rot, Scald, Blast, gen-
Spores are splashed by rain or carried by flies eral on cranberry and sometimes on huckleberry.
and other insects. Eventually apples turn into All aerial plant parts are attacked, but the disease
dry, shriveled mummies, in which the fungus is more destructive to the fruit. Young fruit may
overwinters and where the ascospore stage is blast and shrivel, but more often rot starts as
produced. Large limbs have oval, roughened, a light-colored soft spot when fruit is half
sunken cankers. The disease is favored by hot grown. The berry mummifies, turns black and is
muggy weather. covered with small pycnidia. Leaves have red-
Apple varieties vary greatly in resistance, dish brown spots, sometimes drop prematurely.
and some, like Yellow Newtown, are resistant Guignardia bidwellii Black Rot of grapes,
to the canker but susceptible to fruit rotting. widespread, principal cause of failure of Euro-
Varieties somewhat resistant include Delicious, pean grapes in eastern United States, causing
Rome Beauty, Stayman Winesap, Winesap more loss than all other grape diseases combined.
and York Imperial. Ripe rot starts on grapes All parts of the vine are attacked. On leaves,
as they mature and gives a bitter taste to reddish brown dead spots are sprinkled with
the pulp. To control disease remove mummies black pycnidia. Rot starts on half-grown fruit as
from trees and prune out dead twigs and a pale spot, soon turning brown and involving the
cankers. entire berry, which shrivels into a black wrinkled
Glomerella cingulata var. vaccinii Cranberry mummy, dropping or remaining in the cluster
Bitter Rot, a field and storage rot. A soft brown- (see Fig. 4). Some berries shatter if attacked
ish yellow discoloration develops on fruit late in early. Ovoid conidia and sometimes
the season, most serious in a hot July and microconidia (spermatia) are formed on leaves,
August. berries and canes. Ascospores are produced in
314 Rots
Fig. 4 Black Rot of

Grapes
overwintered mummied berries. Primary infec- turning them reddish or violet. The disease is
tion in spring comes from either spore form. confined to underground parts unless continu-
Thecaphora deformans Seed Smut of lupine. ously wet weather allows the reddish-purple
Control If mildew is also a problem, use a fixed mycelium to grow up the stem. Small, darker
copper. Cultivate in early spring so as to cover old sclerotia are embedded in this purplish mat,
mummies with soil and so eliminate that source which turns brown with age.
of inoculum.
Guignardia vaccinii (see ▶Botryosphaeria Helminthosporium
vaccinii). Cranberry Early Rot, Scald, Blast, gen-
eral on cranberry and sometimes on huckleberry. ▶ Blights.
Bipolaris cactivora (formerly
Helminthosporium cactivorum). Stem Rot of
Helicobasidium cacti, Basal or Top Rot of seedling cacti, which
turn into a shrunken brown mummy covered with
Basidiomycetes, Septobasidiales spores. Initial symptoms are yellow lesions; rot-
ting may be complete in 2 to 4 days.
An exposed cottony hymenium or fruiting layer; Exserohilum turcicum (formerly
basidia transversely septate; spores coiled like Helminthosporium turcicum). Crown Rot of
a watch spring. sweet corn, Leaf Blight. ▶ Blights.
Helicobasidium corticioides Brown Pocket Helminthosporium cactivorum (see
Rot on subalpine fir, in Colorado. ▶Bipolaris cactivora). Stem Rot of cacti, Basal
Helicobasidium brebissonii (Anamorph, Rhi- or Top Rot of seedling cacti.
zoctonia crocorum). Violet Root Rot of potato, Helminthosporium sesami Stem Rot on ses-
sweet potato, asparagus, beet, carrot and some ame in Texas.
ornamentals – ash, catalpa, chinaberry, crocus, Helminthosporium turcicum (see
elm, mulberry, parthenocissus and western soap- ▶Exserohilum turcicum). Crown Rot of sweet
berry. The fungus invades roots from the soil, corn, Leaf Blight.
Lasiodiplodia 315
Hericium Inonotus
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales Inonotus tomentosus (Syn. Polyporus

tomentosa). Root Rot of spruce.
Fleshy, branched or unbranched, with subulate
spines long and pendant; spores spherical or
subspherical, staining blue with iodine. Like Irpex
Hydnum but sporophore formed on wood, not
on the ground. Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
Hericium erinaceus (Syn. Hydnum erinaceus),
hedgehog fungus. White Heart Rot, occasional Resupinate, effused-reflexed, or shelf-like; youn-
on living oak, maple and other trees. The soft ger parts of hymenophore are poroid; with
white spongy rot may entirely decompose the increasing age produce flattened teeth.
tissue, leaving large hollows lined with yellowish Irpex lacteus Wood Rot and Decline of apple.
mycelium. Sporophores are annual; soft, white,
browning with age, globular with a hairy top and
long slender teeth on the lower surface. Gliocladium (Isaria)
Grandinia (Hyphodontia)
Conidiophores equally distributed on a synnema,
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales erect fascicle of hyphae; conidia hyaline, one-
celled, ovoid; some species in insects.
Grandinia granulosa (formerly Hyphodontia Gliocladium roseum (formerly Isaria
aspera). Root and Butt Rot of spruce. clonostachoides). Isaria Rot of tomato. Fruits
are partly covered with cottony mycelium,
white turning pink or orange and becoming gran-
Hypholoma ular, but rot remaining firm. Reported from
around Washington, D. C.
Basidimycetes, Agaricales Isaria clonostachoides (see ▶Gliocladium
roseum). Isaria Rot of tomato.
Margin of cap with a curtainlike veil; stipe with
incomplete or vanishing ring; spores purple.
Hypholoma sublateritium Root Rot of currant. Kluyveromyces
Ascomycetes, Saccharomycetaceae
Idriella
Kluyveromyces marxianus var.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes marxianus Soft Rot of onion caused by a true
yeast on bulbs.
Mycelium hyaline to brown; conidophores
brown, simple, nonseptate, narrowed above,
with prominent spore scars; conidia Lasiodiplodia
(sympodulospores) lunate to falcate, with pointed
ends, produced in clusters near apex of the conid- Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
iophore; aleuriospores brown, several-celled.
Idriella lunata Root Rot on strawberry. Lasiodiplodia theobromae Collar Rot on peanut.
316 Rots
Lentinus Leptosphaeria
Basidiomycetes, Agaricales ▶ Blights.

Leptosphaeria korrae Root and Crown Rot of
Gills are notched or serrate at edge, decurrent, turf grasses (necrotic ring spot).
stipe often lateral or lacking cap, tough-fleshy to
leathery; spores white.
Lentinus lepideus (see ▶Neolentinus lepideus). Macrophoma
Scaly Cap, causing a brown cubial rot of conifer-
ous wood and sometimes decaying heartwood of ▶ Cankers and Diebacks.
living pines. Macrophoma sp. Fruit Rot of grape.
Lentinus tigrinus Sapwood Rot, white
mottled butt rot of living hardwoods, commonly
associated with fire scars and one of the most Macrophomina
important decay fungi in the Mississippi
Delta. Fruiting body is white with cap depressed Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
in center, more or less covered with blackish
brown hairy scales, rarely developing on living Spores hyaline, one-celled, in pycnidia.
trees. Macrophomina phaseolina (Anamorph, Scle-
Neolentinus lepideus (formerly Lentinus rotium or Rhizoctonia bataticola). Charcoal Rot,
lepideus). Scaly Cap, causing a brown cubial rot Ashy Stem Blight, on many plants in warm
of coniferous wood and sometimes decaying climates and sometimes in temperate zones.
heartwood of living pines. The name for the sterile stage comes from
sweet potato, and the term charcoal rot is
used because the interior of the potato becomes
Lenzites jet black.
The fungus lives in the soil, is particularly
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales prevalent in warm soils and attacks roots and
stems of a varied list of hosts, including bean,
Pores elongated radially to resemble gills; pileus lima bean, soybean, beet, corn, cowpea, cab-
shelflike; woolly and zonate above. bage, eggplant, garlic, gourds, pepper, straw-
Gloeophyllum sepiarium (formerly Lenzites berry and watermelon; also chrysanthemum,
saepiaria). Timber Rot, Brown Pocket Rot, dahlia, garden mallow, mountain-laurel, mari-
usually of dead sapwood, occasionally a heart gold and zinnia. In most cases the pycnidial
rot, rarely on living trees. This is the common stage is not formed. The mycelium spreads
destroyer of coniferous slash; it is found on through the soil, and very small black sclerotia
telephone poles and other timber. Fruiting bodies are formed in great abundance on or in lower
are long narrow shelves coming from cracks, stems and roots. On beans, black sunken can-
the upper surface a yellow red to dark reddish kers appear just below the cotylendonary node,
brown. and the lesion may extend up the stem, ashy
Lenzites betulina Heart Rot of birch and gray in the center. Stems may break over, or
cypress. the growing point may be killed. In sweet
Lenzites saepiaria (see ▶Gloeophyllum potatoes the disease is a storage rot, the tissue
sepiarum). Timber Rot, Brown Pocket Rot, usu- becoming a dark red-brown with the outer zone
ally of dead sapwood, occasionally a heart rot, black from the formation of myriads of sclero-
rarely on living trees. tia. The decay is spongy, then hard,
Monilinia 317
mummified. The fungus is spread in irrigation

water, crop debris, imported soil and on seed. Monilinia
Control Use bean seed grown in western dis-
ease-free regions. Keep plants growing vigor- ▶ Blights.
ously with proper food and water; practice Monilinia fructicola (Syn. Sclerotinia
general sanitation. fructicola). Brown Rot of stone fruits, blossom
Macrophomina phaseolina Charcoal Rot on blight, general on peach, plum and cherry, also on
soybean, sunflower, Amaranthus, Euphorbia apricot, almond, beach-plum, Japanese quince,
spp., Ipomea, Sonchus and Tidestrominia; root and, rarely, apple and pear. The fungus is distinct
rot on caper spurge. from the species in Europe (Sclerotinia
fructigena) causing brown rot of stone fruits and
also a serious apple rot. In the United States,
Magnaporthe brown rot is our most destructive stone-fruit
disease, causing an annual peach loss of over
Ascomycetes, Diaporthales $5 million. Monilina fructicola is the usual caus-
ative agent east of the Rocky Mountains; M. laxa
This is characterized by the production of peri- causes a similar rot and blossom blight on the
thecial ascocarps produced in a stroma of fungal Pacific Coast. See also ▶ Blights.
and substrate tissues or directly from somatic Flowers turn brown prematurely, rot in moist
hyphae on the substrate. weather; the calyx cup is blackened, and the
Magnaporthe poae Summer patch and large discoloration may extend down into the pedicels.
brown patch on grass. Infrequently there is a leaf and twig blight; can-
kers are formed on the larger limbs, with exuda-
tion of gum. The fruit rot is the familiar stage seen
Melanconium in any backyard with a fruit tree and usually in
baskets of peaches, plums or cherries purchased
▶ Leaf Spots. for preserving and held over to the next day. The
Greeneria uvicola (formerly Melanconium rot starts as a small, circular brown spot but
fuligineum). Bitter Rot of grapes, widespread spreads rapidly to take in the entire fruit, with
but especially serious on Muscadine grapes in the rotted surface covered with gray to light
Georgia. Decayed berry pulp has a bitter brown spore tufts or cushions (sporodochia),
taste; up to 30 % of fruit is reduced to dry, hollow sometimes in concentric rings (see Fig. 5).
shells. Spray with bordeaux mixture three Conidia are formed in chains on the sporodochia.
times at 14-day intervals beginning after fruit is The fruit finally shrinks and mummifies and
set. The later sprays for black rot should control either falls to the ground or remains clinging to
bitter rot. the tree.
Melanconium fuligineum (see ▶Greeneria The fungus and decayed tissue together
uvicola). Bitter Rot of grapes, widespread but form a stroma that acts as a sclerotium; in
especially serious on Muscadine grapes in spring, if the mummy has been kept moist
Georgia. and partially or wholly covered with soil,
cup-shaped brown apothecia are produced. Pri-
mary infection is from ascospores, forcibly
Mycocentrospora ejected and carried up to blossoms by air cur-
rents or from a new crop of conidia formed on
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes mummies hanging on trees. Secondary infec-
tion is from conidia wind-borne from blossom
Mycocentrospora acerina Dry Rot of carrot. to blossom and later from fruit to fruit.
318 Rots
very important. For one or two trees in

a home garden one of the all-purpose fruit
sprays or dusts now available under various
trade names may be satisfactory. Consult your
county agent for the schedule right for your
locality.
Monilinia laxa (Syn. Sclerotinia laxa). Brown
Rot, green and ripe fruit rot, blossom blight, on
almond, apple, apricot, cherry, peach, plum, pear,
nectarine, quince and Japanese quince in Wash-
ington, Oregon and California; also reported
from Wisconsin and Michigan. Although this
disease is similar to that caused by M. fructicola,
the blossom and twig blight phase is more impor-
tant than the brown rot. Sulfur, which can be used
in later sprays for most stone fruits, may injure
apricots.
Monilinia oxycocci (Syn. Sclerotinia oxycocci).
Cranberry Hard Rot, Tip Blight in Pacific North-
Fig. 5 Brown Rot of Plums west and Wisconsin. Young growing tips wilt
and dry just before blossoming; grayish spores
Entrance is often through wounds made by the tufts are formed on tips. Fruit is attacked through
plum curculio, oriental fruit moth and other blossoms or wounds. The berries are yellowish
insects. Rotting and conidial production con- white, firm, leathery, cottony inside, turning
tinue after picking. dark and mummifying late in the season. The
The rot is favored by wet weather, conidia disease is too erratic to justify cost of regular
germinating only in a film of water. Acid soil is spraying; clean harvest will prevent
said to increase apothecial production from overwintering.
mummies on the ground. In a normal season Monilinia urnula (Syn. Sclerotinia vaccinii-
reduction from blossom blight is not important corymbosi). Blueberry Brown Rot, Mummy
because some thinning is advantageous; but if Berry, Twig Blight of high bush blueberry, similar
blossom blight is not prevented, inoculum is pro- to hard rot of cranberry. Varieties differ in sus-
vided for the fruit rot that causes such enormous ceptibility, with June and Rancocas often show-
losses. ing severe primary infection.
Control Sanitary measures are important. In
the small garden rake up and burn or bury
deeply the fallen mummies; pick mummies Monilochaetes
from trees; cut out twigs showing gum; in
summer remove infected fruit before conidia Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
form. Standard control has been wettable sul-
fur sprays or sulfur dust, applied: every 3 or Conidiophores dark, erect, slender, usually sim-
4 days during bloom to control blossom blight; ple; septate; conidia hyaline or becoming
when shucks are falling; 2 or 3 weeks after pigmented in age, borne singly at apex or pro-
shuck fall; and 2 to 4 weeks before fruit ripens. duced in chains under conditions of high
In some instances the newer organic fungicides humidity.
are preferred to sulfur, and sometimes they are Monilochaetes infuscans Root Rot of weed
used with it. Control of the plum curculio is species of genus Ipomoea.
Neurospora 319
Myrothecium sp. On Bells of Ireland, causing

Monosporascus crown necrosis. Stems are girdled at ground
level; tops wilt; basal branches die.
Ascomycetes, Sordariales
Monosporascus cannonballus Root Rot on Nematospora

cantaloupe and watermelon.
Ascomycetes, Saccharomycetales
Mucor This is a yeast or budding fungus, following

after insect injury; asci, with 8 to 16 spores,
Zygomycetes, Mucorales derived directly from vegetative mycelial cells;
spores elongate, fusiform to needle-shaped,
Mycelium profusely developed. Sporangio- flagellate.
phores erect, simple or branched, all branches Nematospora coryli Yeast Spot of soybean,
terminated by sporangia which are globose to Dry Rot of pomegranate, citrus, Pod Spot of
pyriform with a columella and thin wall; gam- pepper, bean and soybean, Cloudy Spot of
etangia essentially alike, suspensors without def- tomato, Kernel Spot of pecan. The yeast is almost
inite outgrowths; hyaline chlamydospores always associated with plant bug injury. The
sometimes formed. western leaf-footed plant bug carries the fungus
Mucor mucedo Postharvest Rot of tomato. from pomegranate to citrus. On pomegranates
Mucor piriformis Postharvest Rot of tomato. depressed light spots in flesh around seeds are
Fruit Rot of cherry. followed by general browning and collapse. In
Mucor racemosus Storage Rot of sweet potato, citrus, the juice sacs just inside the rind dry out
occasional after chilling; with a brownish to reddish stain. Cloudy spot on
Fruit Rot of citrus. Control with low tomato fruit is associated with pumpkin bugs and
temperatures and dry atmosphere in the storage leaf-footed plant bugs. Brown areas are formed
house. on pecan kernels.
Nematospora phaseoli Yeast Spot of lima
bean, a seed disease, destructive from Maryland
Mycoleptodiscus southward. Infection follows puncture of pods by
the southern green stinkbug and possibly other
Mycoleptodiscus terrestris Root and Stem Rot insects. The seed lesions are dark brown, sunken,
of soybean and birdsfoot trefoil. wrinkled.
Myrothecium Neurospora
▶ Leaf Spots. Ascomycetes, Sordariales

Myrothecium roridum Ring Rot of tomato,
Crown Rot of snapdragon and pansy. Crowns of Perithecia flask-shaped, membranous; asco-
greenhouse snapdragons appear water-soaked, spores dark, one-celled with gelatinous coating;
then covered with a thin white mycelium and conidial stage monilioid
numerous black sporodochia. Irregular brown Neurospora sitophila Ripe Rot of pear. The
spots on tomato fruits are surrounded by slight fungus is the same one causing pink bakery
depressions. Also causes root rot of red clover mold on bread. There is a luxuriant pink growth
and alfalfa. over fruit; conidia are formed in chains.
320 Rots
healthy plants for new date gardens. Soil can

Nigrospora be treated with carbon disulfide, as for
Armillaria rot.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Omphalia pigmentata (Omphalia tralucida)
(see ▶Marasmiellus pigmentatus). Decline Dis-
All hyphae more or less creeping, hyaline; conid- ease of date palms.
iophores short, dark, cells somewhat inflated;
conidia black, one-celled, situated on
a flattened, hyaline vesicle at top of the Oospora (Geotrichum)
conidiophore.
Nigrospora oryzae Ripe Fruit Rot of tomato, Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Nigrospora Cob Rot of corn. Corn cobs are
shredded, with the pith completely disintegrated; Slender branched or unbranched mycelium
kernels are filled with masses of black spores. breaking up into ellipsoidal or spherical hyaline
Corn on poor soil is more susceptible; stalks or light-colored conidia called “oidia.”
break over at any point. Rapid drying checks Geotrichum citriaurantii (formerly Oospora
infection of seed corn. citri-aurantii). Sour Rot of citrus. This is a soft,
putrid slimy rot of fruit, mostly of stored lemons,
where it is spread by contact. The mycelium
Olpidium forms a thin, compact, somewhat wrinkled layer
over the surface. Fruitflies help to spread the
Chytridiomycetes, Spizellomycetales spores. Fruit should be stored as short a time as
possible and frequent inspections made during
Endobiotic, living in host cells or tissues, living storage.
or dead. Geotrichum candidum (formerly Oospora
Olpidium brassicae Sometimes found in outer lactis). Sour Rot, Watery Fruit Rot of tomato,
cells of rootlets of cabbage and other crucifers, common in transit and market, especially on
tomato, lettuce and other plants, producing fruit from the South. There is a velvety or granu-
zoosporangia and resting spores in the cells. The lar coating over the surface or a fluffy growth
effect on the host is usually merely a slight along the margin of cracks, and a disagreeable
unthriftiness. Olpidium has been found associ- odor and flavor. The rot is common on ripe fruit
ated with a disease of lettuce, Big Vein, now touching the ground, occasional on green fruit.
thought due to a virus. The fungus is a weak parasite, entering through
wounds.
Oospora citri-aurantii (see ▶Geotrichum
Omphalia citriaurantii). Sour Rot of citrus.
Oospora lacti (see ▶Geotrichum candidum).
Basidomycetes, Agaricales Sour Rot, Watery Fruit Rot of tomato, common
in transit and market, especially on fruit from the
Gills decurrent, cap sunken in center, somewhat South.
funnel-shaped; central cartilaginous stem; spores
white.
Marasmiellus pigmentatus (formerly Ophiosphaerella
Omphalia pigmentata). Omphalia tralucida.
Decline Disease of date palms. Growth is Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
retarded; roots decay; leaves die prematurely;
fruit is worthless. Deglet Noor variety is Ophiosphaerella sp. Large Brown Patch Rot on
most susceptible. Select thrifty offshoots from bermudagrass and creeping bentgrass.
Pellicularia 321
killed back extensively. Most of the tubers

Paecilomyces are small, often with a brown jelly rot at the
stem end.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Under moist conditions a white cobwebby
weft of mycelium is formed at the base of
Conidiophores and branches more divergent than potato stems, and the basidial stage is pro-
in Penicillium; conidia (phialospores) in dry duced as a powdery crust on this weft. The
basipetal chains, one-celled, ovoid to fusoid, fungus winters as mycelium or sclerotia in
hyaline. soil or tubers. The mycelium can grow sapro-
Paecilomyces buxi (see ▶Sesquicillium buxi). phytically long distances in the soil indepen-
Root Rot and Decline on boxwood. dent of any plant. Infection is favored by cool
Sesquicillium buxi (formerly Paecilomyces temperatures; the disease is most serious in
buxi). Root Rot and Decline on boxwood. wet seasons on heavy soils. The average yearly
loss for the country is about 10 million
bushels, 2 to 3 %, but individual losses may
Pellicularia be from 5 to 50 %. For control use healthy
tubers for seed.
▶ Blights. Thanatephorus cucumeris (Syn. Pellicularia
Thanatephorus cucumeris (Syn. Pellicularia filamentosa (Anamorph, Rhizoctonia solani)).
filamentosa) (considered by some Brown Patch of turf, Root and Leaf Rot of lawn
Botryobasidium). Rhizoctoniose, Black Scurf of grasses, wheat grass, bentgrass, fescues, ryegrass,
potatoes, stem canker and soil rot of beans (see Kentucky bluegrass (infrequently on Canada
under ▶ Blights for Web Blight of beans and bluegrass), St. Augustine grass, and Bermuda
other plants); Rhizoctonia Dry Rot Canker of grass. Brown or blackish patches on the turf
Beets, Crown and Crater Rot of Carrots; Rhizoc- resemble sunscald or chinch bug injury. The
tonia Disease of Celery, Crucifers, Cucurbits; areas are roughly circular, from an inch to 3 feet
Bottom Rot of Lettuce; Damping-Off of Pepper across, sometimes up to 20 feet. The fungus
and Eggplant; Root Rot of Onion; Root and Basal works outward with a “smoke ring” of grayish
Stem Rot of Pea; Crown Rot of Rhubarb. The black mycelium at the advancing margin. The
sterile state of this fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, leaves are first water-soaked, black, then col-
was first named in 1858 in a German textbook lapsed, dry and light brown, but the roots are
and is still the most familiar term for a fungus seldom killed. The disease develops most rapidly
with many pathogenic strains causing many types during warm humid periods and with an excess of
of diseases. nitrogen.
Any cook has seen signs of the pathogen on Thanatephorus cucumeris (Syn. Pellicularia
potato tubers – small brown to black hard filamentosa (Anamorph, Rhizoctonia solani)).
flecks, sclerotia, on the skin. They look like Root and Stem Rot, Damping-Off of ornamen-
particles of dirt but do not scrub off when tals. In wet weather cobwebby mycelium
potatoes are washed. There may be only one develops on lower portions of stems; the
or two sclerotia, or they may nearly cover the lower leaves rot and upper portions of
whole surface of the tuber. When such potatoes plants wilt and die. Seedlings and older plants
are planted, the growing point may be killed. so rotted include Aconitum, abelia, Achillea,
Some sprouts renew growth after being gir- Ageratum, aster, artichoke, begonia, calendula,
dled, which may be repeated until they die. campanula, carnation, endive, dahlia, delphin-
Larger plants have stems decayed just ium, geranium, iris, lettuce, lupine, orchids,
below the soil line, interrupting the downward platycodon, poinsettia, salsify, sunflower and
transfer of food and resulting in a cluster of tulip. For control avoid excessive use of
green or reddish aerial tubers. Roots may be manure.
322 Rots
Penicillium gladioli Blue Mold Rot, Penicillium

Penicillium Dry Rot of gladiolus, also found in imported
bulbs – scilla, tritonia (montbretia). This is
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. a storage rot. Light to dark brown sunken lesions
Various species cause blue, green, occasion- appear on any part of corms with border of the
ally pink molds, including the common blue- decayed area water-soaked and greenish. Small
green mold on jellies. Some produce antibiotics, grayish sclerotia are formed, and under moist
Penicillium notatum being the one used for pro- conditions masses of blue mold. Dry rapidly
duction of penicillin. after harvest, 80 F for 10 to 14 days, then store
Gliocladium roseum (formerly Penicillium at low temperature; avoid wounds and bruises;
roseum). Fruit Rot of citrus and of dates. A pink sort before planting.
mold, found on lemons but not oranges. Penicillium italicum Blue Contact Mold of cit-
Gliocladium vermoeseni (formerly Penicil- rus, Fruit Rot. The mold is blue in the older
lium vermoeseni). Bud Rot of palms. The termi- portion but powdery white at margins. It spreads
nal bud is killed and base of leaf stalks rotted. readily from fruit to fruit by contact, through
Affected trees of very susceptible Washingtonia uninjured skin.
filifera should be replaced with resistant Penicillium roseum (see ▶Gliocladium
Washingtonia robusta, Mexican fan palm. Also roseum). Fruit Rot of citrus and of dates. A pink
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. mold, found on lemons but not oranges.
Penicillium aurantiogriseum Crown Rot of Penicillium vermoeseni (see ▶Gliocladium
asparagus, a seedling disease recently prevalent vermoeseni). Bud Rot of palms.
in Washington, following freezing injury. Bright
blue spore masses appear on diseased crowns.
Protect seedlings for winter by slight hilling in Peniophora
fall; avoid mechanical injury in harvesting; pre-
vent drying out of crowns between digging and Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
replanting.
Penicillium digitatum Green Mold of citrus Like Corticium but with cystidia.
fruit, Clove Rot of garlic. On lemons and other Chaetoderma luna (formerly Peniophora
citrus, olive-green powdery spore masses, luna). Brown Rot in lodgepole pine, Rocky
forming a dust cloud when disturbed, cover fruit Mountain area.
except for a band of white mycelium outside the Peniophora luna (see ▶Chaetoderma luna).
green area. Garlic plants are yellow and stunted. Brown Rot in lodgepole pine, Rocky Mountain
Avoid injury in harvesting and packing. Com- area.
mercial growers use chemicals in the wash
water to prevent decay.
Penicillium expansum Blue Mold Rot of many Pestalotia
fruits; Soft Rot of apple, pear, avocado, pome-
granate, Japanese persimmon, quince and feijoa. ▶ Blights.
The decay on avocados is slow, and often the Pestalotia longisetula Root, Stolon, and Peti-
affected portions can be trimmed off. This fungus ole Rot on strawberry.
causes 80 to 90 % of the decay of storage apples.
The rotted portions are light-colored, soft,
watery, with a disagreeable moldy taste and Phaeoacromonium
odor. A few rotted apples spoil all the others in
a container. Use great care in harvesting and ▶ Blights.
grading to avoid wounds; keep temperature as Phaeoacremonium aleophilum Decline of
low as possible. grape.
Phomopsis 323
Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum Decline Blanching, also on carrot, parsnip, parsley and

of grape. caraway. The disease appears first in the seedbed,
Phaeoacremonium inflatipes Decline of grape. a black rot of the crown or base of leafstalks.
Plants are stunted, outer leaves or entire plant
killed, falling over as roots rot off. Spores are
Phialophora produced in tendrils from black pycnidia and
spread in rains and irrigation water. Use clean
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes seed, grown in California, where the disease is
rare; sterilize seedbed soil or use a fresh location.
Conidiophores dark, short, single or clustered; Phoma betae (Teleomorph, Pleospora betae).
phialides broader near middle, tapering toward Phoma Rot of beets, causing black root of seed-
ends, producing conidia endogenously, spores lings, necrotic streaks on seedstalks, brown spots
subhyaline to dark, one-celled. on old leaves and rot of fleshy roots. The fungus is
Phialophora malorum Storage Rot of apples. seed-borne and winters in roots carried over for
seed production and in debris. Crop rotation is
essential.
Phlebia Phoma destructiva Phoma Rot of tomato, pep-
per, nearly general, especially in the South, but
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales not in North Central States. Small, irregular dark
spots appear on leaves in great numbers; zonate
Basidiocarp effuse, typically monomitic; spores markings are similar to those of early blight.
even in general outline, hyaline or pale in color, Severely infected leaves turn yellow, wither.
typically nonamyloid. Fruit spots in field are small, 1/8 inch, slightly
Phlebia chrysocrea Heart Rot on oak. depressed, with numerous tiny black pycnidia.
After harvest, spots enlarge to 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches
and become black, leathery, with minute pus-
Pholiota tules. The fungus winters in decaying refuse in
soil; seedbed infection is common, and the dis-
Basidomycetes, Agaricales ease reaches the field via infected seedlings.
Masses of spores produced on leaves are washed
Spores ochre yellow to rusty brown; gills to fruits by rain or spread by workers and are
attached to stipe, which has an annulus but no distributed during harvesting and packing.
cup at the base. Control Locate seedbeds away from land that
Pholiota adiposa Brown Mottled Heart Rot of has previously grown tomatoes; spray as for
maple and other living hardwoods – basswood, early blight; do not harvest when wet.
birches, poplars and more rarely conifers. The Phoma macdonaldii (Teleomorph,
wood has brown mottled streaks. The sporo- Leptosphaeria lindquistii). Stem Rot on
phores are formed in clusters on trunks and sunflower.
stumps – mushrooms with yellow central stems Phoma terrestris on sweet corn.
and caps, sticky yellow slightly scaly upper sur- Phoma sp. Crown and Root Rot on bugleweed.
face, yellow to brown gills.
Phomopsis
Phoma
▶ Blights.
▶ Blackleg. Phomopsis amygdali Fruit Rot on almond.
Phoma apiicola Phoma Root Rot of celery, Phomopsis mali Fruit and Core Rot
occasionally serious, especially in Golden Self (Postharvest) on apple.
324 Rots
Phomopsis vaccinii Fruit Rot on blueberry. tuberose, valerian, verbena, violet, wallflower,
Phomopsis sp. Fruit Rot on peach. wandering jew, water cress, watermelon, yaupon,
yucca and zinnia.
Phymatotrichum root rot occurs from July
Phymatotrichopsis (Phymatotrichum) until frost. It kills plants in more or less circular
spots, ranging from a few yards to an acre or
Deuteromycetes, Hypohomycetes more. Death may come within a few days of
first wilt symptoms, and just preceding the wilt
Conidiophores stout with inflated tips bearing plants actually run a fever, with a higher than
loose heads of conidia; spores hyaline; one- normal temperature. If plants next to the wilted
celled, produced on surface of soil. ones are pulled out, these apparently healthy
Phymatotrichopsis omnivors (formerly plants will often be found to be covered with
Phymatotrichum omnivorum). Texas Root Rot, yellow to buff mats of mycelium, and under
Phymatotrichum Root Rot, Cotton Root Rot. moist conditions spore mats appear on the surface
This is the most destructive plant disease in of the soil around diseased plants. Such mats are 2
Texas, a limiting factor in gardening and crop to 12 inches in diameter, first snow white and
production. It occurs in the Red River counties cottony, later tan and powdery from spores pro-
of Oklahoma, the southwestern half of Arizona, duced in quantities. The fungus spreads through
the southeastern edge of Nevada and California, the soil by means of rhizomorphs, smooth, dark
the southeastern corner of Arkansas and Utah, the brown strands. The rate of spread may be 2 to
northwestern corner of Louisiana and in most of 8 feet a month in an alfalfa field, 5 to 30 feet
Texas except the Panhandle. a season in a cotton field, or around fruit trees.
The list of susceptible plants flowers, vegeta- Sclerotia are formed along the mycelial
bles, fruits, field crops and trees – is much longer strands. They are small, roundish, light at first,
than that of plants resistant to this omnivorous then dark and warty. The fungus winters either as
fungus, so aptly named. At least 1700 plant spe- sclerotia in soil, persisting several years in the
cies are attacked, more than by any other known absence of live hosts, or as dormant mycelium in
pathogen. Because of the wide host range and living roots. The disease is most common and
destructiveness, the economic losses are enor- severe on heavy, alkaline soils. Abundant organic
mous, $100 million a year in Texas alone, with material reduces rot by favoring antagonistic soil
perhaps $50 million in adjacent states. saprophytes.
Crops that either are resistant or escape the Control In ornamental plantings replace dis-
disease are the cereals and grasses, annuals eased plants with some of those given in the
grown in winter only, and sweet alyssum, ama- resistant list. Monocotyledons are generally resis-
ranth, sweet basil, beauty-berry, bee-balm, tant. In locating new orchards, make sure that
collinsia, diosma, calceolaria, calla lily, Califor- root rot has not been present previously by grow-
nia-poppy, candytuft, canna, chicory, cranberry, ing an indicator crop of cotton for a year. Grow
cucumber, currant, cyclamen, daffodil, dahoon, immune crops in rotation with susceptible crops,
deutzia, dill, fenner, fern, staghorn, foxglove, and grow susceptible annuals in winter rather
freesia, goldentuft, mustang grape, gypsophila, than summer. Try heavy manuring.
hackberry, hoarhound, hyacinth, iris, lily, nigella, Ammonium sulfate can sometimes save
marsh-marigold, mignonette, mints, mimulus, a valuable ornamental tree or shrubs already
muskmelon, mustard, nasturtium, oak, osage- infected with root rot. Prune back the top, make
orange, oxalis, Indian paint-brush, palms, pansy, a circular ridge about the plant at the edge of the
petunia, phlox, Chinese pink, pitcher-plant, branch spread, and work ammonium sulfate into
pomegranate, poppy, portulaca, primrose, pump- the soil within the ridge then fill the basin with
kin, red-cedar, sage, scarlet-brush, snapdragon, water to a depth of 4 inches. The chemical treat-
snowdrop, stock, strawberry, strawflower, ment and watering is repeated in 5 to 10 days,
Phytophthora 325
then no more chemical the same season. Follow Physalospora mutila (see ▶Botryosphaeria
through with frequent watering. stevensii). Black Rot of apple, in the West, similar
Phymatotrichum omnivorum (see to disease by P. obtusa in the East.
▶Phymatotrichopsis omnivors). Texas Root Rot, Physalospora obtusa (see ▶Botryosphaeria
Phymatotrichum Root Rot, Cotton Root Rot. obtusa). Black Rot of apple, New York Apple
Tree Canker, Frog-Eye Leaf Spot, general on
apple and crabapple, from Atlantic Coast to the
Physalospora Great Plains; also widespread on pear, mountain-
ash, peach, quince, currant and various woody
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. species.
Botryosphaeria stevensii (formerly Physalospora rhodina (see ▶Botryosphaeria
Physalospora mutila). Black Rot of apple, in the rhodina). Diplodia Rot of citrus, fig, rubber-tree
West, similar to disease by P. obtusa in the East. and pear, possibly apple.
Botryosphaeria obtusa (formerly
Physalospora obtusa). Black Rot of apple, New
York Apple Tree Canker, Frog-Eye Leaf Spot, Phytophthora
general on apple and crabapple, from Atlantic
Coast to the Great Plains; also widespread on ▶ Blights.
pear, mountain-ash, peach, quince, currant and Phytophthora cactorum Stem Rot, Foot Rot of
various woody species. The fungus, in its lily, Photinia, tulip, Hydrastis, blue laceflower,
anamorph state (Sphaeropsis malorum), was baby’s breath, Centaurea, peony, clarkia, rhu-
first reported as causing apple rot in 1879. barb and tomato; leather rot of strawberries; col-
The lesions start as small brown spots, fre- lar rot of dogwood, walnut, apple and pear; crown
quently at a wormhole, but they darken and turn rot of Euonymus and strawberry; root rot of box-
black as they expand. There is usually one lesion wood and vinca, and crown rot of peach and
to an apple, often at the calyx end, with concen- Cannan fir; kernel and shuck rot of pecan. With
tric zones of black and brown, and minute black foot rot, lilies suddenly fall over, wilt and die; the
pycnidia. The rot eventually takes in the whole lower part of the stem is shrunken. Plant only
fruit, which is shriveled and wrinkled and finally healthy bulbs and where the disease has not
mummifies. The pycnidia are black, carbona- occurred previously.
ceous, and may contrain three types of Strawberry leather rot occurs when berries
spores – large one-celled brown spores, large come in contact with soil, starting with a brown
hyaline spores, and two-celled colored spores. rotted area on green fruit and a discoloration of
Perithecia, sometimes formed in cankers or on vascular bundles. Ripe fruit has a bitter taste.
twigs, apparently play little part in the life his- Crown rot of rhubarb starts with slightly sunken
tory, the fungus wintering as dormant mycelium lesions at base of petiole, which enlarge until the
or in the pycnidial state. Conidia, entering entire leaf collapses. Spraying crowns with bor-
through wounds, start primary infection in spring deaux mixture is helpful. Start new beds with
on leaves with the small “frog-eye” leaf spots. healthy plants. Collar rot on English walnut is
Control Use the same spray schedule as for a bark disease starting below the ground with
apple scab, starting with the petal-fall applica- irregular dark brown or black cankers and soft,
tion. Clean up mummied apples; avoid bruising; spongy areas at the crown, a black fluid in cam-
cut out cankers. bial cavities. Trees are stunted, with sparse yel-
Botryosphaeria rhodina (formerly low-green top growth. There may be an unusually
Physalospora rhodina). Diplodia Rot of citrus, heavy crop of nuts, but the tree dies the next
fig, rubber-tree and pear, possibly apple. The season. Grow walnuts grafted on Persian or
conidial stage is a Diplodia, probably Paradox rootstocks. See under ▶ Cankers and
D. natalensis, with dark, two-celled spores. Diebacks for symptoms on apple and dogwood.
326 Rots
Stem rot and wilt of snapdragon starts with mold, except in moist air, but a slightly rancid,
water-soaked lesions on the stem; these turn yel- penetrating odor. Lemons and oranges may be
low, brown, enlarge to girdle the stem; plant affected on the tree, on branches near the ground,
wilts. Sterilize soil before planting. and there is much loss in storage. The fungus
Phytophthora capsici One of the species caus- lives in the soil; spores are splashed up in rainy
ing buckeye rot of tomato. See under ▶ Blights weather and are spread in the washing tank.
for pepper rot and blight. Lemons are most susceptible to gummosis, then
Phytophthora cinnamomi Avocado Root Rot, lime, pumelo, grapefruit, sweet orange and
Pine Little Leaf, Collar Rot of hardwoods and finally sour and trifoliate oranges. The latter two
conifers, seedling root rot, on more than 100 are used as fairly resistant understocks.
hosts, including firs, cedars, cypress, juniper, Control Plant susceptible trees high, with lat-
Japanese umbrella tree, larch, pine, spruce, eral roots barely covered; expose the root
arborvitae, heaths, heather, azalea, Heuchera, crown of infected trees with a basin 6 inches
cranberry, highbrush blueberry, rhododendron, deep and 4 feet across. Once a year cover
camellia, birch, western swordfern, manzanita, crown and lower trunk with bordeaux paste.
walnut, oak, locust, yew, venus-flytrap and To control fruit rot, spray ground and lower
gold-dust plant. In conifers root rot is dry with branches, up to 3 feet, with bordeaux mixture
resin flow; needles gradually lose color. Infected just before rains begin. If fumigation is to be
tissue of hardwoods turns reddish brown except practiced, substitute a copper-zinc-lime spray
in black walnut, where it is black; seedlings die. for the bordeaux.
The disease is aggravated in pine by poor aeration Phytophthora colocasiae Root Rot of ginseng.
and low fertility. Phytophthora cryptogea Collar Rot of rhodo-
Root rot is the most serious avocado disease in dendron, China aster, marigold, gloxinia and zin-
California, present also in Florida and Texas. It nia; root, crown, and stem rot on watercress,
occurs on soils with poor drainage, excess mois- juniper, African daisy, chicory, beet, globe this-
ture being necessary. As the roots rot, leaves tle, lettuce, parsley, peach, sage, spruce, and ice
become light-colored and wilt even if soil is plant; stem rot on sunflower, pink rot of potato.
moist; trees decline over a period of years. The Stems and roots appear water-soaked, then black
fungus can be spread with seed if fruit is allowed from a soft rot. Sterilize soil.
to lie on the ground. Treat suspected seed with hot Phytophthora cryptogea var. richardiae Root
water, 120 to 125 F for 30 min; use nursery Rot of calla. The feeder roots rot from tips back to
stock grown in fumigated soil; prevent movement rhizomes, leaving the epidermis a hollow tuber.
of soil water from infested areas; plant on well- New roots sent out from the rhizome rot in turn.
drained soil; water trees individually to avoid Leaves turn yellow and drop, starting with outer
excess moisture. leaves; plants do not flower, or the tips of blos-
Phytophthora citricola Root Rot of pine, hem- soms turn brown. Rot in the rhizome is dry and
lock and Fraser fir seedlings in Christmas tree spongy, not wet and slimy. Clean old rhizomes
plantings; also fruit rot of avocado. thoroughly; cut out rotted spots. Grow in steril-
Phytophthora citrophthora Root and Crown ized pots rather than benches.
Rot of Penstemon. Phytophthora drechsleri Root Rot on fir, basil,
Phytophthora citrophthora Brown Rot, Gum- blackberry, columbine, juniper, sage, linden,
mosis, Foot Rot of citrus. Masses of amber gum pine, and spruce. Sometimes associated with
break out from the trunk near crown; the bark is tomato buckeye rot, basal decay of sugar beets,
killed above and below ground; foliage turns tuber rot of potato, root rot of safflower.
yellow; trees may die. The disease is prevalent Phytophthora erythroseptica Pink Watery Rot
where excess water stands around the tree after of potato, Rot of calla lily and golden calla,
irrigation or where there is poor drainage. Brown Crown and Root Rot of wild rice. The rot starts
rot of fruit is a decay with no visible surface at stem end of potatoes; affected tissues exude
Phytophthora 327
water under pressure. When tubers are cut, flesh hedges. Remove and destroy infected plants, get-
turns pink or red, then black. The fungus can exist ting the entire root system.
in soil 4 years. Phytophthora megasperma Root Rot, occa-
Phytophthora fragariae Strawberry Red Stele sional on cabbage, cauliflower, brussel sprouts,
Disease, Brown Core Rot, a very serious straw- carrot, artichoke, stock, citrus, soybean and wall-
berry disease, first noticed in Illinois in 1930, now flower. Diseased plants wilt suddenly; leaves turn
widespread in northern strawberry sections and in red to purple; underground stems and roots rot.
California. A strain of this pathogen causes root The disease is more prevalent in winter plantings
rot of loganberry. The fungus attacks roots only, in California and in low, poorly drained areas.
destroying fine feeding roots first, then invading Level ground properly before planting to avoid
the central cylinder, stele, which turns dark red. waterlogged spots. Root and crown rot on peach.
New spring leaves on badly affected plants are Phytophthora megasperma f. sp.
small, bluish, have short petioles; large leaves glycinea Root and Stem Rot on soybean.
from the previous season dry up; little or no Phytophthora nicotianae var.
fruit is produced; plants die in the first dry period nicotianae Crown Rot, Root Rot, and Stem
or are stunted. Canker on flannel bush.
The fungus is most active in cold, wet soil, in Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica Syn.
rainy periods in late fall, winter, and early spring Phytophthora parasitica (P. terrestris). Brown
except when ground is frozen. Zoospores pro- Rot of citrus, in Florida; Buckeye Rot of tomato,
duced on roots are spread by water; resting spores also on lily roselle, sempervivum, potato (tuber
formed in the red stele carry the pathogen in rot), zebra plant (stem rot), sage (root rot), and
a dormant state through the heat of summer. Christmas cactus (root rot). The disease appears
There are at least three physiological races, and on the lowest tomato fruits, where water stands
once the fungus infests a field it is worthless for after rains. The lesions have concentric narrow
strawberries for 10 years. dark brown bands alternating with wide light
Control Buy clean, certified plants. Aberdeen brown bands. The decay is rapid and the internal
and Stelemaster varieties are resistant; Temple, tissue semi-watery, though the exterior is firm.
Sparkle, Fairland, Redcrop, and Pathfinder, Control by staking tomatoes; avoid poorly
fairly so. drained soil or plant on ridges. This species is
Phytophthora lateralis Cypress Root Rot on often present with P. citrophthora in cases of
Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) citrus foot or collar rot.
often called Port Orford cedar, and Hinoki Phytophthora nicotianae var.
cypress (C. obtusa), killing thousands of trees in parasitica Crown Rot on petunia and poinsettia
Oregon nurseries and landscape plantings. It is (stem rot).
found on juniper and azalea in North Carolina. It Phytophthora palmivora Palm Bud Rot, Leaf
is also reported on mountain-laurel and Photinia Drop, Wilt of coconut, Washingtonia, and queen
in NC and on cypress from Washington and palm, root and crown rot of mango; also root rot
apparently native to the Northwest. The fungus on English ivy. The fungus is an omnivorous
enters through the roots and spreads to lower part tropical species, presumably the one causing
of main trunk killing the tissues. Blue cypress stem rot of dieffenbachia and peperomia. It has
changes to purple, green, finally tan and dies. been prevented in nurseries by using cuttings
The color changes take several months in cool, from healthy plants in pasteurized soil.
damp weather, only 2 or 3 weeks in hot, dry Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Syn.
weather. There is no practical chemical control, P. nicotianae var. parasitica). Root Rot on pine.
and Lawson cypress seems to be incompatible Phytophthora porri Head Rot on cabbage.
with resistant rootstocks. Grow disease-free Phytophthora sojae (Syn. P. megasperma f. sp.
propagating stock in new soil. Avoid large plant- glycinea). Root and Stem Rot of soybean,
ings of Lawson cypress such as windbreaks or a relatively new disease reported from Illinois,
328 Rots
Indiana, Missouri, North and South Carolina and Pleospora herbarum Fruit Rot of tomato.
Ohio. Serious in cool rainy weather, causing pre- A firm dark rot develops in fruit after picking,
and post-emergence damping-off. starting from infections through cracks near stem
Phytophthora syringae Root Rot on shore juni- end of fruit. Progress is most rapid at 65 to 70 F
per and Photinia. and is checked by storage at 45 F.
Phytophthora torulosum Root Rot and
Damping-off on soybean.
Pleurotus
Plectospira Basidiomycetes, Agaricales
Oomycetes, Saprolegniales Stipe off center or lacking; cap sometimes

inverted; gills more or less fleshy and separable
Sporangium with much inflated branching; into two layers, edges acute; spores white.
swarm spores are formed in basal portion and Hypsizygus ulmarius (formerly Pleurotus
cut out into a single row in an elongate filamen- ulmarius). Brown Heart Rot sapwood wound rot
tous apical portion, which acts as an exit tube. of elm, maple, and other living hardwoods. Rot
Swarm spores encyst at the mouth as in starting in heartwood may extend into sapwood;
Aphanomyces. Oogonium terminal or intercalary, infected wood separates along annual rings.
accompanied by up to 65 antheridia. Annual sporophores have a long excentric stalk,
Plectospira myriandra Rootlet Necrosis on and white to yellow to brown smooth upper sur-
tomato. The fungus is weakly parasitic on roots. face. They issue from crotches and pruning
wounds.
Pleurotus ostreatus, oyster cap. White Flaky
Plenodomus Sapwood Rot of maple and other hardwoods,
sometimes on living trees. A light-colored decay
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes is surrounded by a narrow brown zone. Fleshy
annual conks are shelving, sessile, or with a short,
Pycnidia coriaceous or carbonaceous, more or stout excentric stalk. The upper surface is
less sclerotoid. Condiophores obsolete or none; smooth, white or grayish, gills extending onto
conidia one-celled, hyaline. the stalk, an edible fungus. Infection is through
Plenodomus destruens Foot Rot of sweet open wounds. Wood Rot of grape.
potato, one of the more important field diseases Pleurotus ulmarius (see ▶Hypsizygus
and sometimes a storage rot. The base of the stem ulmarius). Brown Heart Rot sapwood wound rot
turns brown from just under the soil surface to 4 of elm, maple, and other living hardwoods.
or 5 inches above; leaves turn yellow and drop
off; vines wilt unless adventitious roots are put
out; pycnidia are numerous. The root has a firm Polyporus
brown rot, not affecting the whole potato but
enough to make it worthless for food. The fungus Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
winters in old plant refuse but not in soil. Use
clean seed potatoes; rotate crops. This fungus Pileus tough, thick, with a stipe, or as a shelf;
also infects Jacquemontia. pores rounded, small, tubes crowded.
Dichomitus squalens (formerly Polyporus
anceps). Red Ray Rot on western conifers, caus-
Pleospora ing heart rot of living trees but beneficial as
a cause of rapid decay of slash in forests. Fruiting
▶ Leaf Spots. bodies rarely develop on living trees.
Polyporus 329
Ganoderma lucidum (formerly Polyporus

lucidus). Root Rot on redbud.
Inonotus dryadeus (formerly Polyporus
dryadeus). White Root Rot, occasional in oaks
and conifers in the West. Roots are killed; tree
dies. Decayed wood is white to cream; bark is
loosened and shredded.
Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus
hispidus). White Spongy Heart Rot of
living trees of black ash, oak, maple and birch;
does not decay dead trees. Heartwood in
upper portion of trunk is reduced to soft spongy
yellow or white mass. Shelf sporophores, up to
10 inches wide, have dark brown, coarse, velvety
to hairy upper surface and golden brown under-
surface, turning dark brown with age. They are
formed at branch stubs, frost cracks, or trunk
cankers.
Inonotus tomentosus (formerly Polyporus
tomentosus var. circinatus Syn. Inonotus
circinatus). Root Rot of sand pine.
Laetiporus sulphureus (formerly Polyporus
sulphureus Syn. Laetiporus sulphureus), sulphur
fungus. Red Brown Heart Rot, Brown Cubical
Rot in heartwood of maple and other living hard-
Fig. 6 Shelf Fungus (Laetiporus sulphureus) on Oak
woods and conifers, widespread on oak, balsam,
Douglas-fir and spruce. The annual, shelflike Polyporus anceps (see ▶Dichomitus squalens).
fruiting bodies are most conspicuous – soft, Red Ray Rot on western conifers.
fleshy, moist when fresh, with bright orange-red Polyporus balsameus (see ▶Postia balsamea).
upper surface and brilliant yellow underneath, Balsam Butt Rot of living balsam fir, eastern hem
formed in overlapping clusters. When old they lock, northern white-cedar, western red-cedar,
are hard, brittle, dirty white (see Fig. 6). Infection also prevalent on dead trees.
is through dead branch stubs and wounds. Polyporus betulinus Syn. Piptoporus
Phaeolus schweinitzii (formerly Polyporus betulinus (see ▶Piptoporus betulinus). Brown
schweinitzii) Root Rot on pine. Cubical Rot of dead or dying gray and paper
Phellinus gilvus (formerly Polyporus gilvus). birches.
White Sapwood Rot, prevalent on dead trees, Polyporus dryadeus (see ▶Inonotus dryadeus).
occasional on living trees. Small, annual, yellow White Root Rot, occasional in oaks and conifers
to red, brown leathery to corky sporophores, in the West.
developed in profusion. Polyporus gilvus (see ▶Phellinus gilvus).
Pitoporus betulinus (formerly Polyporus White Sapwood Rot, prevalent on dead trees,
betulinus Syn. Piptoporus betulinus). Brown occasional on living trees.
Cubical Rot of dead or dying gray and paper Polyporus hispidus (see ▶Inonotus hispidus).
birches. Conks have smooth grayish upper sur- White Spongy Heart Rot of living trees of black
face with incurved margin. ash, oak, maple and birch; does not decay dead
Polyporus abietinus Syn. Hirshioporus trees.
abietinus (see ▶Trichaptum abietinum). Pitted Polyporus lucidus (see ▶Ganoderma lucidum).
Sap Rot, Hollow Pocket, White Pocket Rot on fir. Root Rot on redbud.
330 Rots
Polyporus pargamenus White Pocket Rot of Trichaptum abietinum (formerly Polyporus

dead sapwood in eastern United States but some- abietinus Syn. Hirshioporus abietinus). Pitted
times on living maple and other hardwoods. Sap Rot, Hollow Pocket, White Pocket Rot on
Polyporus sulphureus Syn. Laetiporus fir. May attack dead sapwood in wounds of living
sulphureus (see ▶Laetiporus sulphureus), sul- trees.
phur fungus. Red Brown Heart Rot, Brown Cubi-
cal Rot in heartwood of maple and other living
hardwoods and conifers, widespread on oak, bal- Poria
sam, Douglas-fir and spruce.
Polyporus schweinitzii (see ▶Phaeolus Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
schweinitzii). Root Rot on pine.
Polyporus squamosus White Mottled Heart Pileus resupinate, thin, membranous; tubes
Rot on maple, buckeye, birch and occasional on wartlike, separate.
living trees near wounds. Conks are annual, Junghuhnia luteoalba (formerly Poria
fleshy, white to dingy yellow with a short, thick luteoalba). Brown Rot of coniferous wood.
lateral stalk, upper surface with broad appressed Perenniporia subacida (formerly Poria
scales, up to 18 inches wide. prunicola). White Rot of cherry and other Prunus
Polyporus tomentosus var. circinatus Syn. spp.
Inonotus circinatus (see ▶Inonotus Phellinus laevigatus (formerly Poria
tomentosus). Root Rot of sand pine. laevigata). Red Mottle Rot on Prunus spp.
Polyporus versicolor Syn. Coriolus Phellinus weirii (formerly Poria weirii). Doug-
versicolor (see ▶Trametes versicolor), rainbow las-Fir Root Rot. The disease is most destructive
conk. Sapwood Rot. to trees 70 to 150 years old, which are killed
Postia balsamea (formerly Polyporus in groups. The fungus can persist in dead
balsameus). Balsam Butt Rot of living balsam roots for a century. Less susceptible conifers
fir, eastern hemlock, northern white-cedar, should be planted with judicious cutting of
western red-cedar, also prevalent on dead trees. infected stands.
Advanced decay is brown, brittle, breaking Poria cocos (see ▶Wolfiporia cocos). Root Rot
into large cubes, easily crushed to a clay-colored on roots of various trees, especially pine, in
powder. In living trees the rot column is usually southeastern United States.
only 3 or 4 feet from ground. Sporophores are Poria luteoalba (see ▶Junghuhnia luteoalba).
shelving, up to 2 inches wide, with pale brown Brown Rot of coniferous wood.
upper surface with concentric zones, white Poria prunicola (see ▶Perenniporia subacida).
underneath. White Rot of cherry and other Prunus spp.
Trametes versicolor (formerly Polyporus Poria laevigata (see ▶Phellinus laevigatus).
versicolor Syn. Coriolus versi-color), rainbow Red Mottle Rot, on Prunus spp.
conk. Sapwood Rot. This is the most common Poria subacida Feather Rot, Spongy Root Rot,
fungus on hardwood slash in woods and some- String Butt Rot of living conifers and dead hard-
times on conifers. The rot is soft, white spongy. wood. Decay rarely extends more than 6 to 10
Heartwood of living catalpa may be decayed, the feet in the trunk. Irregular pockets run together
fungus entering through wounds and dead forming masses of white fibers; annual rings sep-
branches. The conks are thin, tough, leathery, arate readily. Sporophores are white to straw-
annual, up to 2 inches wide with a hairy or vel- colored to cinnamon-buff crusts forming sheets
vety surface multicolored white, yellow, brown, several feet long on underside of fallen trunks or
gray, and black. The undersurface is yellow or on underside of root crotches or exposed roots of
white. This pathogen also causes wood decay and living trees.
decline of apple and has been reported as Poria weirii (see ▶Phellinus weirii). Douglas-
Trametes versicolor. Fir Root Rot.
Pythium 331
Wolfiporia cocos (formerly Poria cocos). Root brown and wrinkled. The fungus lives in the
Rot on roots of various trees, especially pine, in soil; primary infection is in the field, secondary
southeastern United States. Huge sclerotia, from contact in transit or storage. Sort carefully
weighing up to 2 pounds, are formed; this stage before packing. Refrigerate at 45 to 50 F in
is known as Pachyma cocos. transit.
Pythium aristosporum Root Rot of bean.
Pythium arrhenomanes Root Rot on tomato,
Pyrenochaeta broadleaf signalgrass, large crabgrass,
barnyardgrass, nutsedge, goosegrass, itchgrass
▶ Blights. and johnsongrass.
Phoma terrestris (formerly Pyrenochaeta Pythium carolinianum Root and Stem Rot of
terrestris). Pink Root of onions, widespread on parrotfeather (Myrio-phyllum).
onions, garlic and shallot; also on grasses. Roots Pythium catenulatum Root Rot of bean.
of affected plants shrivel and turn pink. New Pythium debaryanum Damping-Off of seed-
roots replacing the old are infected in turn; plants lings. Watery Leak of potatoes. Leak starts as
are stunted, bulbs small. The fungus persists a brown discoloration around a wound and soon
indefinitely in the soil and is distributed on spreads to include the whole potato, which is soft,
onion sets and transplants. Yellow Bermuda is easily crushed, and drips a brown liquid with the
the most resistant of commercial onion varieties. slightest pressure. Entrance to the tuber is usually
The green Beltsville Bunching onion, Nebuka through harvest wounds. Pythium hyphae grow
strain of Welsh onion, Evergreen variety of shal- through the soil in great profusion and can enter
lot, and leaks and chives are resistant. In Arizona, seedlings through either stomata or unbroken
Granex gives a better yield than other onions epidermis. See ▶ Damping-Off, for rot of
despite pink root. seedlings.
Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Root Rot on tomato. Pythium dissotocum Root Rot of bean, and
Pyrenochaeta terrestris (see ▶Phoma spinach.
terrestris). Pink Root of onions, wide spread on Pythium irregulare Associated with Melon
onions, garlic and shallot; also on grasses. Root Rot and Fruit Rots of other cucurbits in
cool weather and Seed Decay of corn. Root Rot
and Crown Rots of clovers and basil.
Pythium Pythium mastophorum Damping-off on
celery.
Oomycetes, Peronosporales Pythium myriotylum Root Rot on tomato.
Pythium paroecandrum Stem, Crown and
Wall of sporangium smooth; dischargings warm Root Rot on lupine.
spores in imperfectly formed state into thin- Pythium polymastum Bottom Rot and
walled vesicle, which later ruptures to allow Damping-off on cabbage.
spores to escape. Sporangia terminal or interca- Pythium splendens On Chinese evergreen, pep-
lary. Species live in moist soil causing damping- eromia, and philodendron.
off and root rots. Pythium ultimum Fruit Rot of muskmelon,
Pythium acanthicum; P. myriotylum; P. often with luxuriant white fungus growth;
periplocum Causing rot of watermelon fruit. Damping-Off, Root Rot of many seedlings in
Pythium aphanidermatum Leak, Root Rot. greenhouse and field. Root Rot and Crown Rot of
Damping-off of muskmelon, cucumber, squash, clovers. Crown Rot of impatiens. Root Rot of kiwi.
also papaya, bean, radish, spinach, sugar beet, Pythium uncinulatum Stunt and Leaf
guayule, caper spurge, and ice plant. There is Yellowing on lettuce.
a watery decay with a yellow brown liquid Pythium spp. Most soils contain several species
leaking out when fruit is pressed. Lesions are of Pythium ready to perform at optimum moisture
332 Rots
burned areas. Infected roots are matted together

with white mycelium. More or less resinous annual
fructifications are formed on the ground. They are
irregular, an undulating brown upper surface with
narrow white margin, 2 to 3 inches across. There is
no control, but the disease is minor.
Rhizoctonia
Sclerotial form of Pellicularia, Corticium,

Macrophomina, and Helicobasidium. Young
mycelium colorless; branches constricted at
points of origin from main axis; older mycelium
colored, wefts of brownish yellow to brown
strands, organized into dense groups of hyphae,
sclerotia, made up of short, irregular, angular or
somewhat barrel-shaped cells (see Fig. 8).
Rhizoctonia sp. Postharvest Decay on leather-
leaf fern.
Fig. 7 Pythium Blackleg on Geranium
Rhizoctonia bataticola Charcoal Rot.
▶Macrophomina phaseoli
and temperature. Exact determination is not Rhizoctonia crocorum Violet Root Rot.
always practical. Nematode wounds often dis- ▶Helicobasidium purpureum.
pose plants to rot. Diseases include African- Rhizoctonia solani Black Scurf of potatoes,
violet rot, aloe root rot, black rot of orchids, Brown Patch of turf. ▶Pellicularia filamentosa
begonia root rot, coleus black leg, geranium cut- Root Rot and Crown Rot of clovers.
ting rot (see Fig. 7), bean and parsley root rot, Rhizoctonia solani Root and Stem Rot of poin-
rhubarb crown rot, mottle necrosis of sweet settia and other ornamental plants, including basil,
potato, and other rots. Some plants can be treated begonia, camellia, calla, carnation, chrysanthe-
with hot water, 115 F for 30 min. Sterilize soil mum, coleus, cornflower, geranium, gloxinia,
before use; avoid excessive watering. See impatiens, lily, pansy, pothos, peperomia, prim-
▶ Damping-Off, for seedling rots. rose, ragweed, rosemary, caper spurge, and sain-
foin (crown rot). Although Pythium flourishes best
in the low oxygen content of poorly drained soils,
Rhizina Rhizoctonia, causing similar root rots, is serious in
well-drained soils. On poinsettia, dark brown
Ascomycetes, Pezizales lesions at or above soil level are often covered
with brown mycelium; the leaves turn yellow and
Cup-shaped apothecia with rhizoids underneath; drop, the roots rot, and the plant dies. Web Blight
asci operculate, opening with a lid, eight-spored; and Stem Canker on alfalfa. Damping-off and
spores fusoid, spindle-shaped, paraphyses present. Bottom Rot on Cichorum (endive, escarole and
Rhizina undulata Seedling Root Rot, witloof chicory) and Nicotiana.
Damping-Off. Coniferous seedlings in the Pacific Rhizoctonia tuliparum Gray Bulb Rot of tulips,
Northwest are sometimes killed in isolated circular in northeastern and Pacific states. The most con-
patches 2 to 4 feet in diameter, particularly in spicuous sign of this disease is a bare patch in
Rhizopus 333
Fig. 8 Forms of Rhizoctonia solani . (a) young myce- sclerotium formed from aggregation of cells in b;
lium, constricted at branches; (b) loosely formed angular (d) basidium and spores of Pellicularia, teleomorph state
to barrel-shaped colored cells; (c) section through of R. solani
spring where tulip shoots should be showing. Rhizopus arrhizus Soft Rot on gladiolus corms,
Occasionally an infected bulb will produce light brown and on beet.
some above-ground growth, but the plants are Rhizopus arrhizus (formerly Rhizopus oryzae).
slow and often wither and die before flowering. Head Rot on sunflower.
Bulbs rot from the top down; mycelium forms Rhizopus nigricans (Syn. R. stolonifer), the
felty masses between scales; on bulbs and in common black bread mold. Soft Rot of sweet
surrounding soil are masses of brown to black, potato and other vegetables; Rhizopus Rot,
flattened sclerotia, composed of the yellow- “Whiskers,” Leak of peach, strawberry, and
brown, thin-walled irregular cells typical of Rhi- other fruits. This is one of the more serious stor-
zoctonia. These can survive in soil for years, age rots of sweet potato, soft, watery, progressing
germinating to infect bulbs after planting or in rapidly, with rotting complete inside 5 days after
very early spring. Occasionally sclerotia are visible infection. The tuber is brownish within,
transported on bulbs, but the bulbs are usually covered with a coarse whiskery mycelial growth;
so noticeably diseased that they are not sold. there is a mild odor. Cucurbits, crucifers, carrots,
Control Remove soil and plants from affected beans, lima beans, onions, peanuts, potatoes,
area and for at least 6 inches beyond. Destroy Jerusalem artichoke, and guava are susceptible
all infected bulbs at harvest. Use a 4-to 5-year to this black mold. Nancy Hall and Southern
rotation. Queen are among the more resistant varieties
of sweet potato. To prevent rot, cure at 80
to 85 F for 10 to 14 days, at high humidity, to
Rhizopus permit rapid corking over of wounds; then store
at 55 F.
Zygomyetes, Mucorales The fungus is a weak parasite on ripe
fruit –peach, fig, strawberry, citrus, persimmon,
Sporangium large, globose, multispored, with pear, avocado and melons. A coarse cottony mold
a columella and a thin wall; sporangiola and appearing in wounds and over the surface is cov-
conidia lacking. Sporangiophores arise in fasci- ered with sporangia, white when young, black at
cles from aerial arching stolons, which develop maturity. A watery fluid with an offensive odor
rhizoids at point of contact with substratum leaks from the soft fruit. Avoid wounding in
(Fig. 2, chapter ▶ Fungi). harvesting; do not pack overripe fruit; keep at
334 Rots
low temperature in transit and market. Amaryllis, Schizophyllum commune Wound Rot, com-
lily, and tulip bulbs may be infected. mon on dead parts of living trees– maple,
Rhizopus oryzae (see ▶Rhizopus arrhizus). boxelder, almond, acacia, ailanthus, birch,
Head Rot on sunflower. catalpa, hickory, peach, pecan and citrus, fig.
Rhizopus stolonifer Soft Rot of Euphorbia Fruiting bodies are small, thin, sometimes
trigona. lobed, up to 2 inches wide, fan-shaped with
gray-white downy upper surface, brownish
forked gills on underside, common on fruit
Roesleria trees. This pathogen also causes wood decay
and decline of apple.
Mycelium inconspicuous; apothecia cup-shaped, Sclerotinia

opening more or less completely; asci disappearing
early, leaving a persistent mass of spores and ▶ Blights.
paraphyses. Spores hyaline, one-celled, globose. Botryotinia narcissicola (formerly Sclerotinia
Roesleria hypogaea Root-Rot of grape. narcissicola). Narcissus Smoulder. Perhaps the
fungus should be transferred to Botryotinia, since
there is a conidial stage. The disease is a decay of
Rosellinia stored narcissus bulbs, also known on snowdrop,
and a rot of foliage and flowers in the open,
Ascomycetes, Xylariales especially during cold wet seasons. Leaves are
distorted, stuck together as they emerge from soil.
Perithecia smooth, ostiole simple or with a low Sclerotia are small, black, flattened bodies, up to
papilla; with a subicle under the fruiting layer; 1/2 inch long when several grow together, just
paraphyses present; spores olive to brown, one- below outer papery bulb scales. In prolonged
celled. storage there is a yellow-brown rot.
Rosellinia necatrix (Syn. Dematophora). Control Remove and destroy diseased plants as
White Root Rot of fig, grape, avocado, apricot, soon as noticed; destroy weeds to provide air
cherry, apple, pear, peach, walnut, holly circulation; spray with bordeaux mixture; discard
osmanthus, privet and poplar. This is like rotting bulbs at harvest; change location every
Armillaria root rot in that all trees in a certain year.
area are killed, but there are no rhizomorphs or Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Dollar Spot. Small
toadstools formed. A white mycelial growth on Brown Patch of turf on bent grasses, fescues
surface of affected roots turns black and cob- and bluegrass. Spots are brown at first, then
webby. During wet weather a delicate mold bleached and straw-colored, about 2 inches in
forms on surface of bark and on soil around base diameter but coalescing to large irregular
of tree. Foliage is sparse and wilting, growth slow patches. While leaves are being killed, a fine
or none. Crabapples are quite resistant. Plums and white cobwebby growth of mycelium can be
apricots can be grown on resistant understock. seen in early morning when dew is present.
Sclerotinia intermedia Stem Rot, market dis-
ease of celery, carrot and salsify.
Schizophyllum Sclerotinia minor Stem Rot of lettuce, celery,
carrot, cocklebur, Austrian winter pea, lana
Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales woolly pod vetch, phacelia and basil; also
stem rot on fennel, root and crown rot on cab-
Pileus leathery; stipe lateral or none; edge of gills bage, crown rot and wilt on Cichorium
split; spores white. (radicchio). Root and Pod Rot of peanut.
Sclerotinia 335
Fig. 9 Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum.
(a) sclerotium formed in
pith of stem and one falling
out from broken stem;
(b) apothecia produced
from sclerotium on ground;
(c) ascus with paraphyses;
(d), section through
sclerotiorum, with colorless
medulla and dark wall on
rind cells
Resembles rot due to S. sclerotiorum, but sclero- continuous wet weather during and after
tia are much smaller. Crown Rot of pepper. blooming. Spraying for brown rot helps to
Sclerotinia narcissicola (see ▶Botryotinia control green rot. Shaking or jarring trees after
narcissicola). Narcissus Smoulder. Perhaps the bloom to remove jackets from young fruits is
fungus should be transferred to Botryotinia, since suggested.
there is a conidial stage. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Leaf and Crown
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Black Rot of bulbous Necrosis of African daisy; Root Rot and Wilt of
iris, hyacinth, narcissus and tulip. Iris fails to start peanut. White Mold Rot of soybean.
growth, or plants turn yellow, wilt, and die, often Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. libertiana) Let-
in clumps. Bulbs are covered with thin gray tuce Drop, Watery Soft Rot of endive; Pink Rot
masses of mold with black irregular sclerotia of celery, Cottony Rot of bean, carrot, parsnip,
between scales. Tulip leaves develop reddish cabbage, and other crucifers and cucurbits. In
color early in spring, wilt and die; stems and lettuce, older leaves wilt and fall flat on the
bulbs are rotted into a crumbly mass of fragments ground, leaving center leaves erect, but these
and black sclerotia. This is a cool-temperature are soon invaded by mycelium and reduced to
fungus that stops action about the time the heat- a slimy wet mass. In continued moisture a thick,
loving Sclerotium rolfsii starts in. Remove dis- white cottony mold is formed, bearing large black
eased plants and surrounding soil as soon as sclerotia up to the size of peas (see Fig. 9). They
noticed. Discard all small bulbs at harvest; plant winter in the soil, send up groups of apothecia in
healthy bulbs in clean soil. The pathogen suppos- spring. These are brown, cup-to saucer-shaped,
edly dies out after 2 years in soil without suitable up to an inch across, on a stalk. Ascospores are
host. ejected in a veritable cloud; there is no known
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Calyx-End Rot on conidial stage.
apple and Root and Pod Rot of peanut, Root Control In commercial celery fields deep
and Stem Rot of alfalfa. plowing or flooding is used to inhibit apothecial
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Green Fruit Rot of production. Sterilize seedbed soil before
almond, peach, apricot, fig and strawberry; Rhi- planting.
zome Rot of ginseng. In almond, young shoots Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Stem Rot of pepper,
and fruits are killed and wither soon after petals cocklebur, tomato, and many
fall. Infection takes place through jackets from ornamentals – aconite, basil, calendula, chervil,
apothecia produced under trees where weeds or canola, chrysanthemum, cynoglossum, dahlia,
crop plants have been previously infected with daisy, delphinium, Gaillardia, gazania, holly-
cottony rot. Losses are serious only when there is hock, peony, purple coneflower, snapdragon,
336 Rots
sunflower, zinnia, and others. The same sort of

cottony mold is formed on flower stems as on Steccherinum
vegetables, but here the sclerotia are usually
inside the pith and so are rather long and thin. Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
You can feel them by running thumb and finger
along the stem; sometimes the cottony mycelium, This genus has been separated off from Hydnum.
or cracks in the stem, or one or two external The pileus is sessile or substipitate and laterally
sclerotia indicate their presence. They are com- attached, on a woody substratum; spines are
mon in peony stems. When sclerotia are formed terete or flattened; cystidia present; spores
in flowers, the shape corresponds to floral parts. white, smooth.
Sunflowers have large compound sclerotia. Climacoden septentrionalis (formerly
Control Cut out and destroy affected parts, try- Steccherinum septentrionale Syn. Hydnum
ing to keep sclerotia from falling out onto soil. septentrionale) White Spongy Rot of heartwood
Dusting with sulfur sometimes checks rapid of living maples, beech, hickory, and other hard-
spread of mycelium. woods. A zone of brown discolored wood is
Sclerotinia trifoliorum Root Rot, Stem Rot of around the white rot area, and there are fine
cocklebur and alfalfa. black zone lines. The fruiting bodies are large,
soft, soggy, creamy white, in very large, bracket-
shaped clusters on trunks.
Sclerotium Hericium obietis (formerly Steccherinum
abietis Syn. Hydnum abietis). Brown Pocket
▶ Blights. Rot of heartwood of living firs and western hem-
Sclerotium cepivorum White Rot of onion, lock in Pacific Northwest. Elongated pockets,
shallot and garlic. Affected plants die from empty or with white fibers, are separated by firm
a rotting at the neck, at which point there is reddish brown wood. Sporophores are like coral,
a surface crust of small black sclerotia and white to cream, up to 10 or 12 inches high and
a thin weft of white mycelium. The sclerotia are wide, usually on dead trees, sometimes in wounds
smaller and rounder than those of Botrytis. Roots of living trees.
are often rotted off, and sometimes spots in a field Steccherinum abietis Syn. Hydnum abietis
covering several square yards are infested. (see ▶Hericium obietis). Brown Pocket Rot of
Sclerotium rolfsii (including Sclerotium heartwood of living firs and western hemlock in
delphinii). Crown Rot of delphinium, iris, ajuga, Pacific Northwest.
aconite, quinoa, sainfoin, kiwi, and many other Steccherinum septentrionale Syn. Hydnum
ornamentals and vegetables, Root Rot and Wilt of septentrionale (see ▶Climacoden
peanut, Wet Scale Rot of narcissus, Southern septentrionalis) White Spongy Rot of heartwood
Blight. For a full discussion see ▶Pellicularia of living maples, beech, hickory, and other
rolfsii under Blights. hardwoods.
Seaverinia Stereum
Ascomycetes, Helotiales Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
Apothecia shallow, cup-to disc-shaped; a stroma Effused-reflexed to stipitate; spore-bearing sur-

formed but no definite sclerotia; conidia face smooth, pale brown, upper surface with
botryose. a velvety coating of hairs, formed in several dis-
Seaverinia geranii (Syn. Sclerotinia geranii). tinct layers; gloeocystidia and cystidia present or
Rhizome Rot on geranium. lacking; spores smooth, colorless.
Stromatinia 337
Chondrostereum purpureum (formerly conidia in chains on sporophores; primarily soil

Stereum purpureum). Silver Leaf, Sapwood Rot, forms, some parasitic.
common on plums and other fruit trees, sometimes Streptomyces ipomoea (Syn. Actinomyces
important on apples, occasional on shade and orna- ipomoea) Soil Rot or Pox of sweet potatoes, gen-
mental trees, widespread but more serious in the eral New Jersey to Florida and in the Southwest.
Northwest. The fungus enters through wounds; This pathogen also infects Jacquemontia. Leaves
grows first in heartwood, and then kills sapwood are small, pale green to yellow; plants are
and bark; infected branches develop foliage with dwarfed, make little or no vine growth, and may
dull leaden or metallic luster. If the disease is not die before end of the season; the root system is
checked, the entire tree may be lost. The sporo- poorly developed with most roots rotted off, or
phores appear after death, resupinate to somewhat breaking off if plant is pulled from the soil. Small
shelf-shaped, with purple undersurface. dark lesions are formed on stems below the soil
Stereum fasciatum (Syn. S. ostrea). Brown line. Pits with jagged or roughened margins, often
Crumbly Rot, mostly on slash, sometimes on coalescing, are formed on mature roots. The rot is
maple and birch. Thin, leathery grayish sporo- found in soils at pH 5.2 or above; and is worse in
phores with undersurface light brown, smooth. dry soils and seasons. Variety Porto Rico is very
Stereum hirsutum Wood Rot, Sapwood susceptible.
Wound Rot, occasionally near wounds of living Control Apply sulfur to acidify soil to pH 5.0.
trees –birch, maple, hickory, mountain-mahog-
any, eucalyptus, peach, and others. Thin, leathery
crustlike sporophores have hairy, buff to gray Stromatinia
upper surface, smooth gray undersurface.
Control Remove branches and burn at first sign Ascomycetes, Helotiales,
of silvering. Protect trees from wounds; paint Sclerotiniaceae
pruned surface with bordeaux paste or other dis-
infectant; keep brush removed from orchard. Apothecia arising from a thin, black,
Stereum purpureum (see ▶Chondrostereum subcuticular, effuse sclerotium or stroma;
purpureum). Silver Leaf, Sapwood Rot, common small black sclerotia are borne free on mycelium,
on plums and other fruit trees, sometimes important not giving rise to apothecia. There is no
on apples, occasional on shade and ornamental conidial stage; apothecia resemble those of
trees, widespread but more serious in the Northwest. Sclerotinia.
Stereum sanguinolentum Red Heart Rot of Stromatinia gladioli (Syn. Sclerotinia gladi-
slash and living conifers – firs and eastern white oli). Dry Rot of gladiolus, also found on crocus,
pine. Fruiting bodies are small, not over 2 inches freesia and tritonia. Lesions on corms start as
wide; upper surface is a silky pale olive buff; reddish specks, with slightly elevated darker bor-
lower surface “bleeds” readily when wounded, der; spots enlarge, and centers become sunken,
dries to grayish brown. Sporophores are produced dark brown to black with lighter raised edges;
in profusion on dead wood, occasionally on dead they grow together into irregular areas. On
branches of living trees. husks the lesions are tobacco brown. Very small
black sclerotia are formed on husks, in corm
lesions, and on dead stems. Plants in the field
Streptomyces turn yellow and die prematurely owing to decay
of leaf sheath. Corms may appear normal when
Schizomycetes, Actinomycetales dug, the rot developing in storage. The disease is
more prevalent in heavy soils, and the fungus can
Intermediate form between bacteria and survive several years in soil. Apothecia have been
fungi. Much-branched mycelium that does produced artificially by fertilizing receptive bod-
not fragment in bacillary or coccoid forms; ies on sclerotia with spermatia (microconidia).
338 Rots
They are densely crowded, 3 to 7 mm broad, on Control Sterilize soil for seedbeds; use clean
stipes 6 to l0 mm high. pots for poinsettias and other greenhouse plants;
Control Use soil with good drainage and reduce pH with sulfur or by using half peat moss
a 4-year rotation. Removing husks before plant- and half soil.
ing helps to reduce gladiolus rot diseases. Cure
corms rapidly after harvest.
Stromatinia narcissi Large-scale speck fungus Trametes
on narcissus and zephyranthes. Black, thin,
round, flat sclerotia 1/2 to 1 mm, adhere firmly Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
to outer scales. The fungus is mostly on bicolor
varieties and seems to be saprophytic without Pileus without stipe, sessile to effuse-reflexed,
causing a definite disease. firm; hymenium white or pallid, punky to corky,
not friable when dry; tubes unequally sunken.
Trametes suaveolens White Wood Rot of wil-
Thielaviopsis low and poplar, after wounding. A dry, corky
decay with an anise odor begins in lower trunk
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes and progresses upward. Leathery to corky sporo-
phores 6 inches wide are white when young, gray
Hyphae dark; two kinds of conidia-small, cylin- to yellow with age.
drical, hyaline endogenous spores and large,
ovate, dark brown exogenous spores, both
formed in chains. Trichoderma
Thielaviopsis basicola Black Root Rot, seedling
root rot of tobacco and many vegetables – bean, Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
carrot, corn, chickpea, lentil, okra, onion, pea,
tomato, corn-salad, vinca, and watermelon; and Conidia in heads on conidiophores divided into
ornamentals – begonia, cyclamen, gerbera, elm, two or three tips, a single head on each tip; spores
oxalis, lupine, pelargonium, peony, poinsettia, hyaline, one-celled.
pansy, scindapsus, and others. There is blacken- Trichoderma viride Green Mold Rot, Cosmo-
ing and decay of roots; young plants damp-off politan on narcissus, also on shallot, garlic, occa-
and die; older plants are stunted, with the decay sional on citrus, but saprophytic. This fungus has
proceeding until all roots are destroyed. Stem an antibiotic or antagonistic effect on Rhizocto-
discoloration extends 2 to 3 inches above the nia, Pythium, and other damping-off fungi and is
soil line. The fungus lives in soil as quite helpful in reducing Armillaria root rot and
a saprophyte, entering through nematode crown rot due to Sclerotium rolfsii.
wounds. Hyaline conidia produced inside Trichoderma harzianum Fruit Rot of apples in
conidioles are forced out through hyphal tips. storage.
Chlamydospores are larger, dark, club-shaped,
with several cells; they break up so that each
pillbox acts as a spore. This disease is especially Trichothecium
serious on poinsettia, dwarfing plants, causing
misshapen leaves and flower bracts. The rot is Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
most destructive in heavy, cold, slightly acid to
alkaline soils well supplied with humus. Long Conidiophores long, unbranched; conidia two-
wet periods after transplanting increase rot. celled, hyaline or bright, single, at apex of conid-
Soils with pH lower than 5.6 or sandy soils low iophore; upper cell usually larger than basal cell;
in organic matter are less conducive to disease. mostly saprophytic.
Xylaria 339
Trichothecium roseum Fruit, Storage Rot on Leptographium procera (formerly

tomato, fig, celery, carrot, occasional on quince Verticicladiella procera. Root Rot and Decline
and pear; a pink mold. Pink Mold Rot on plum, of eastern white pine, sand pine and red pine.
nectarine and peach. Leptographium wagenerii (formerly
Verticicladiell awagenerii). Root Rot on fir and
pine.
Ustulina Verticicladiella abietina (see ▶Leptographium
abietinum) Root Rot on white pine.
Ascomycetes, Xylariales Verticicladiella penicillata (see
▶Leptographium penicillata). Root Rot on
Stroma globoid, cupulate to pulvinate; carbona- white pine.
ceous, black, somewhat hollow; spores dark, one- Leptographium procera (see
celled. ▶Verticicladiella procera). Root Rot and
Ustulina deusta White Heart Rot, a brittle white Decline of eastern white pine, sand pine and red
rot with prominent black zones in butts of living pine.
hardwoods; prevalent on sugar maple sprouts. Leptographium wagenerii (see
Black crusts appear on stumps, logs, and on flat ▶Verticicladiella wagenerii). Root Rot on fir
cankered areas of American beech. and pine.
Valsa Xylaria
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. Ascomycetes, Xylariales

Valsa ambiens subsp. leucostomoides Causing
decay around holes of tapped sugar maples. Stroma is upright, simple or branched; perithecia,
immersed laterally, are produced after conidia;
spores dark, one-celled.
Leptographium (Verticicladiella) Xylaria hypoxylon Root Rot of hawthorn and
gooseberry.
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomyceres Xylaria mali Black Root Rot of apple, also
honey locust. Wood is soft, spongy, dirty white,
Conidiophores upright, tall, brown, branched with narrow conspicuous black zones forming
only near apex, penicillate; conidia fantastic patterns. Roots are covered with thin
(sympodulospores) hyaline, one-celled, ovoid to compact white mycelium, which changes to
clavate, often curved, apical on sympodially black incrustations. Fruiting bodies are dark
formed new growing points, in slime droplets. brown to black, club-shaped, 1 to several inches
Leptographium abietinum (formerly high, united at the base, extending upward like
Verticicladiella abietina). Root Rot on white a fan. The disease is not common, and where it
pine. does occur, only a few trees are killed.
Leptographium penicillata (formerly Xylaria polymorpha On decaying wood,
Verticicladiella penicillata. Root Rot on white identified by cylindrical thumblike fruiting
pine. bodies.
Rusts
Rust fungi belong to the Uredinales, a highly II. Urediospores (uredospores, summer spores,
specialized order of the Basidiomycetes. In com- red rust spores), one-celled, walls spiny or
mon with mushrooms they have spores of the warty, reddish brown, on stalks or in chains
sexual stage borne in fours on a club-shaped in a uredium (uredinium or uredosorus), over
hypha known as a basidium, but apart from this which the epidermis of the host is broken to
they differ very decidedly from woody and fleshy free the spores. Resting II spores, formed by
Basidiomycetes. The term rust is applied both to some rusts, have thicker and darker walls.
the pathogen and to the disease it inflicts. There III. Teliospores (teleutospores, winter spores,
are more than 4000 species of rusts, all obligate black rust spores), one or more cells, in
parasites on ferns or seed plants. Many are heter- telia (teleuto sori), either on stalks, as in the
oecious, completing their life cycle on two dif- family Pucciniaceae, or sessile, in crusts or
ferent kinds of plants; but some are autoecious cushions as in the Melampsoraceae.
(monoecious), having all spore forms on a single IV. Basidiospores (sporidia) on a basidium or
host species. There are only two families, promycelium formed by the germinating
Melampsoraceae and Pucciniaceae. teliospore. Basidium is usually divided trans-
Many rusts show physiological specialization, versely into four cells, with one sporidium
the existence within a species of numerous strains formed from each cell at the tip of a sterigma.
or races that look alike but attack different vari- In heteroecious rusts spore stages 0 and I are
eties of crop plants, thus greatly complicating the formed on one host and II and III on another, and
problem of breeding for rust resistance. Rusts are so indicated in the information given with
with a complete life cycle have five different each species. Stage IV always follows III on
spore forms, numbered 0 to IV. germination. Although most autoecious rusts
0. Pycniospores (spermatia) formed in pycnia have all spore forms, on one host, there are
(spermagonia). The pycnia resemble pycnidia a few short-cycle (microcylic) rusts with some
of Ascomycetes, are usually on upperside of spore stages dropped out. For a detailed life his-
leaves. They discharge one-celled tory of a heteroecious rust, ▶Puccinia graminis.
pycniospores with drops of nectar, and these, Gardeners frequently mistake a reddish discol-
usually distributed by insects attracted to the oration of a leaf, perhaps due to spray injury or
sweet secretion, function in fertilization. weather or a leaf-spot fungus, for rust. True rust is
I. Aeciospores (aecidiospores), one-celled, identified by the presence of rust-colored spores in
orange or yellow, formed, often in chains, powdery pustules or perhaps gelatinous horns.
in a cuplike sorus or aecium, which has With rusts, the discoloration of tissue is yellowish,
a peridium (wall) opening at or beyond the not red, and it is due to increased evaporation from
surface of the host. the broken epidermis. Plants are often stunted.

342 Rusts
Losses in food crops due to rust have been

enormous since the beginning of history. The Baeodromus
Romans had a festival to propitiate the rust
gods. Now we try to do it by removing the alter- Pucciniaceae. Spores one-celled; telia pulvinate,
nate host, barberry to save wheat, black currants erumpent; short chains of spores.
to save white pine; or by developing more and Baeodromus californicus On senecio, III.
more resistant varieties for the ever increasing Baeodromus eupatorii (see ▶Coleosporium
rust strains; or by the use of fungicides, classi- steviae). On eupatorium.
cally sulfur, latterly some of the carbamates, and, Coleosporium steviae (formerly Baeodromus
in a few cases, antibiotics. eupatorii). On eupatorium.
Achrotelium Bubakia (Phakopsora)
Melampsoraceae. Telia on underside of leaves; Melampsoraceae. Telia indehiscent, lenticular,

spores one-celled at first, four-celled on germina- spores formed in irregular succession, one-celled.
tion, stalked. Uredia without peridium or paraphyses.
Achrotelium lucumae II, III on lucuma and egg Bubakia erythroxylonis On erythroxylon.
fruit, Florida.
Caeoma
Aecidium
Form genus. Aecia with catenulate spores but no
This is a form genus, a name applied to the aecial peridium.
stage where the full cycle is unknown and 0 and Caeoma faulliana (see ▶Melampsora medu-
I are the only spores. Aecia have a peridium and sae). Needle Rust on alpine fir. Aecia orange-
catenulate spores. There are many species. yellow, on needles of current year.
Aecidium avocense On poppy-mallow, proba- Caeoma torreyae On torreya, California.
bly aecial stage of Puccinia avocensis. Melampsora medusae (formerly Caeoma
Aecidium conspersum On houstonia and faulliana). Needle Rust on alpine fir. Aecia
galium, Wisconsin. orange-yellow, on needles of current year.
Aecidium rubromaculans On viburnum,
Florida.
Cerotelium
Angiospora Pucciniaceae. Spores one-celled; teliospores in

a many-layered mass; hyaline, not exserted
▶Physopella. through stomata; aecia with peridium; uredia
with paraphyses; spores borne singly.
Cerotelium dicentrae 0, I on bleeding heart; II,
Aplopsora III on Urticastrum.
Cerotelium fici (Physopella fici). Fig Rust, II,
Melampsoraceae. Teliospores sessile, hyaline, III on common fig, Florida strangler fig and
one-celled, in a single layer; aecia unknown. osage-orange, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Min-
Aplopsora nyssae On tupelo, II, III. nesota, South Carolina, Texas.
Coleosporium 343
Chrysomyxa Coleosporium
Melampsoraceae. Teliospores in cylindrical or Melampsoraceae. Pycnia and aecia are on pines;

branching chains; promycelium exserted; uredio- uredia and telia on dicotyledons. Pycnia subepi-
spores typically in short chains; uredia without dermal or subcortical, flattish, linear, dehiscent
peridium. by a slit; aecia on needles, erumpent, with prom-
Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli On bearberry, III. inent peridium, spores ellipsoid or globular;
Chrysomyxa chiogenis II, III on creeping uredia erumpent, powdery without peridia; ure-
snowberry; 0, I on spruce. diospores globose or oblong, catenulate, with
Chrysomyxa empetri II, III on crowberry; 0, verrucose (warty) walls; telia indehiscent, waxy,
I on red and white spruce. Aecia on upper and gelatinous on germination; spores sessile or
lower surfaces of needles. obscurely catenulate, one-celled, smooth but
Chrysomyxa ilicina II, III on American holly. with thick and gelatinous walls.
Chrysomyxa ledi 0, I, on black, red and Norway Coleosporium apocyanaceum 0, I on loblolly,
spruce; II, III on underside of leaves of Ledum longleaf, and slash pines; II, III on Amsonia
spp. spp. in the Southeast.
Chrysomyxa ledi var. cassandrae Spruce Nee- Coleosporium asterum (C. solidaginis). Nee-
dle Rust. 0, I on black, red, blue and Engelmann dle Blister Rust of pine. 0, I on all two-and
spruce; II, III on bog rosemary (Chamaedaphne). three-needle pines in eastern United States; II,
May become epidemic on spruce, causing con- III on aster and goldenrod, on China aster (except
siderable defoliation. far South), on golden aster (Chrysopsis), erig-
Chrysomyxa ledi var. groenlandici On Labra- eron, grindelia, seriocarpus, and other compos-
dor-tea, Michigan, New Hampshire. ites. This blister rust on pine needles has pustules
Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri II, III on higher than they are long, in clusters or short
rhododendron, Washington. A European rust rows. The rust is fairly common on ornamental
first noted on Pacific Coast in 1954, apparently pines in gardens, wintering on aster and related
entering despite quarantine on nursery stock. composites. Older needles of young pines may be
Yellow uredia on leaves. severely infected, with white aecia conspicuous
Chrysomyxa ledicola 0, I on white, black red, in spring and early summer. Aster leaves have
blue, Engelmann, and Sitka spruce; II, III on bright orange-yellow spore pustules on undersur-
upperside of leaves of Ledum spp. Spruce needles face. Destroy goldenrod near pines.
may be so discolored that trees appear yellow. Coleosporium crowellii III only stage known;
Chrysomyxa moneses On Sitka spruce and on needles of pinon and limber pines, Arizona,
moneses. Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and
Chrysomyxa piperiana 0, I on Sitka spruce; II, California.
III on underside leaves of Rhododendron Coleosporium delicatulum Pine Needle Rust.
californicum, California, Oregon, Washington. 0, I on two-and three-needle pines; II, III on
Chrysomyxa pirolata (C. pyrolae). 0, I on goldenrod and euthamia.
cones of black, blue, Engelmann, Norway, red Coleosporium helianthi 0, I on two-and three-
and white spruce; II, III on pyrola. Aecia are on needle pines, especially in the Southeast; II, III on
upperside of cone scales; infected cones turn silphium and parthenium.
yellow, produce no seed. Coleosporium helianthi Sunflower Rust. 0, I
Chrysomyxa weirii Spruce Needle Rust. III on on pitch and short-needle pines; II, III on
Engelmann and red spruce. Waxy orange to wild and cultivated sunflower, Jerusalem arti-
orange-brown elongate or elliptical telia occur choke and heliopsis. Sunflower leaves, with
on 1-year needles. This is the only spore stage brown rust pustules, dry up and drop. Control is
known; teliospores can reinfect spruce. not easy.
344 Rusts
Fig. 1 Pine Rusts. Coleosporium asterum, uredial (II) and telial (III) stages on aster, teliospores germinating in situ.
Cronartium ribicola, II and III stages on currant
Coleosporium ipomoeae 0, I on southern and Coleosporium vernoniae 0, I on various two-

Chihuahua pines; II, III on moonflower, morning- and three-needle pines; II, III on ironweed.
glory, sweet potato, jacquemontia, and Coleosporium viburni 0, I, unknown; II, III on
quamoclit; most abundant in warmer regions. Viburnum spp.
The uredia are orange-yellow, telia deep reddish
orange on sweet potato.
Coleosporium jonesii 0, I on pinon pine; II, III Cronartium (Causing Blister Rusts)
on flowering currant and gooseberry.
Coleosporium lacinariae 0, I on loblolly, Melampsoraceae. Heteroecious; pycnia and aecia
longleaf, and pitch pines; II, III on liatris. on trunk and branches of pine; uredia, telia on
Coleosporium mentzeliae On mentzelia. herbaceous or woody dicotyledons.
Coleosporium minutum 0, I on loblolly and Pycnia on stems, caeomoid, forming blisters
spruce pines; II, III on forestiera. beneath host cortical layer; dehiscent by longitu-
Coleosporium pacificum 0, I on Monterey, dinal slits in bark; aecia on trunks, erumpent, with
Coulter, and Jeffrey pines; II, III on marigold, peridium sometimes dehiscent at apex, more
sunflower, tarweed, and other composites. often splitting irregularly or circularly at side;
Coleosporium pinicola III on Virginia or scrub aeciospores ellipsoid with coarsely warted
pine. walls, sometimes with smooth spot on one side.
Coleosporium tussilaginis 0, I on pitch, red, Uredia on underside of leaves or on stems of
and Virginia pines; II, III on campanula, herbaceous hosts; delicate peridium, dehiscent
lysimachia, and specularia, Underside of bluebell at first by a central pore; urediospores borne sin-
leaves are covered with orange to reddish brown gly on pedicels, ellipsoidal with spiny walls; telia
pustules. Leaves dry; plants are stunted. erumpent, often coming from uredia; catenulate,
Coleosporium tussilaginis 0, I on Scotch pine; one-celled teliospores often form a extended
II, III on sow-thistle. cylindrical or filiform column, horny when dry
Coleosporium tussilaginis 0, I, unknown; II, III (see Fig. 1).
on senecio. Blister rusts are characterized by swellings
Coleosporium vernoniae 0, I on two-and three- that are globose, subglobose, or fusiform,
needle pines in South; II, III on elephantopus. depending on species. A rust on a pine stem is
Cronartium (Causing Blister Rusts) 345
invariably a Cronartium, although this stage has Cronartium conigenum Pine Cone Rust. 0, I
often gone under the name of Peridermium. on cones of Chihuahua pine; II, III on oaks in
Cronartium appalachianum (Peridermium Southwest. Cones develop in large galls produc-
appalachianum). I on Virginia pine, North Caro- ing aecia with distinct, erumpent peridium 2 or
lina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia. 3 years after infection.
Girdling bark lesions with columnar aecia. Cronartium harknessii (see ▶Endocronartium
Cronartium coleosporioides Ponderosa Pine harknessii). Western Gall Rust. 0, I on Jeffrey,
Rust, widespread in Rocky Mountains; II, III on ponderosa, lodgepole, and digger pines; II, III on
Indian paintbrush. Indian paintbrush, lousewort, owls-clover, or
Cronartium coleosporioides (C. omitted, with direct infection from pine to pine.
filamentosum). Western Gall Rust, Paintbrush Cronartium occidentale Pinon Blister Rust. 0, I
Blister Rust. 0, I on lodgepole, ponderosa and in pinon and Mexican pinon; II, III on currant,
Jeffrey pines, in West; II, III on Indian paint- gooseberry and flowering currant. This rust can-
brush, birds-beak, owls-clover and wood-betony. not be told from whitepine blister rust on Ribes
Slight swellings are formed on twigs, trunks, and hosts, but is differentiated by the type of pine
branches; many lodgepole pine seedlings are attacked. Aecia on Mexican or single leaf pinon
killed. are distinct sori; on pinon they form broad layers
Cronartium comandrae Comandra Blister under bark.
Rust. 0, I on ponderosa, Arizona, and lodgepole Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme Rust
pines in West and pitch, mountain, jack, loblolly, on pine.
Austrian, Scotch, and maritime pines in the East; Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme -
II, III on bastard toadflax (Comandra spp.). Southern Fusiform Rust, 0, I on hard pines in
Destructive effect is limited to distribution of southern states, especially loblolly, slash, and
toadflax, which is widespread but locally pitch pine; II, III on evergreen oaks on underside
restricted to small areas. Ponderosa pine of leaves. Pine stems have pronounced spindle-
suffers most severely, with many seedlings and shaped swellings, sometimes with witches’
saplings destroyed; occasionally a large tree is broom. Branch infections that do not reach the
attacked. main trunk are not serious, but those that go on to
Cronartium comptoniae Sweet-Fern Blister the trunk may kill the tree. Longleaf pines are
Rust.0, I on two-and three-needle pines; II, III rather resistant, and shortleaf P. echinata almost
on sweet-fern and sweet gale in northern pine immune. Pines well spaced in good locations
regions and south to North Carolina, and on grow more rapidly and may have more rust than
Pacific wax-myrtle on Pacific Coast. Young those in poor sites. It has also been reported on
pines may be girdled and killed, but are fairly oaks.
safe after attaining a trunk diameter of 3 inches. Control Prune branches yearly before swellings
Losses in nurseries and plantations are high, reach main stem.
especially among lodgepole and ponderosa Cronartium quercuum (C. cerebrum) Eastern
pines. Affected stems swell slightly near the Gall Rust. 0, I on pines, especially scrub and
base with long fusiform swellings or depressed shortleaf in the South; II, III on chestnut, tanbark
streaks on eastern hard pine; pitch oozes out from and oak. Globose to subglobose galls are formed
insect wounds in these areas. Killing of main on pine stems; in spring aecia break through the
stem often results in multiple-stemmed shrublike bark in more or less cerebroid (brainlike)
trees. Orange aecia appear on 3-year seedlings, arrangement.
preceded by pycnia the year before; spores are Cronartium ribicola White Pine Blister Rust.
wind-borne many miles to herbaceous hosts. 0, I on eastern white pine from Maine to Virginia
Control Remove Myrica species for several hun- and Minnesota, on western white pine in the
dred yards around nurseries or pine plantations, Pacific Northwest, on sugar pine in California;
and allow no large groups within a mile. II, III on currant, flowering currant and
346 Rusts
gooseberry. Occurs also on limber pine in but if discoloration is delayed until midsummer,
Northcentral and Southeastern Wyoming. they appear the next year. The male fruiting bod-
This dread disease is supposed to have origi- ies are small, honey yellow to brown patches,
nated in Asia, whence it spread to Europe, where swelling to shallow blisters and rupturing to dis-
the eastern white pine introduced from America charge drops of a yellowish, sweet liquid. After
was very susceptible. White pine blister rust was this is eaten by insects or washed away by rain,
found in Russia in 1854, and by 1900 had spread the lesions turn dark. The next spring or summer
over most of Europe. It was recorded on Ribes at aecia push through the bark in the same region.
Geneva, New York, in 1906, but probably was These are white blisters, rupturing to free orange-
there some years previously. In 1909 it was found yellow aeciospores, which are carried away by
on pine, at which time it was learned that infected wind. The bark then dries out and cracks, with
pines from a German nursery had been widely death of cambium and underlying wood. The
planted throughout the Northeast. The next year disease has taken 3 to 6 years to reach this stage.
the disease reached Vancouver, British Colum- Production of aecia continues yearly until
bia, in a shipment from a French nursery, whence stem is killed beyond the lesion. Dead foliage
it spread to Washington, Oregon, Northern Cali- assumes a conspicuous red-brown color. This
fornia, Idaho, and western Montana. Thus from “flag” of brown on a green background is the
cheap stock brought in for forest planting has most conspicuous symptom of blister rust before
come one of our greatest forest hazards. Our death of the pine. Infection progresses downward
present quarantine laws are designed to prevent from small to larger branches and into trunk.
such introductions. Swellings are not apparent on stems much over
The western white sugar and whitebark pines 2 inches in diameter on eastern white pine, but
are even more susceptible to blister rust than in the West they sometimes show up in stems
eastern white pine; but in either case robust, 5 inches through. Larger limbs and trunks some-
dominant trees are more severely attacked, with times show constriction in the girdled area.
frail individuals lightly infected. This however, is The aeciospores, large, ellipsoidal, with thick,
partly explained by more vigorous trees having warty walls, are carried by wind great distances to
more needles to receive spores. Of the Ribes Ribes species (they cannot reinfect pine). They
species, black currant is most susceptible and send their germ tubes into a currant or gooseberry
dangerous. Cultivated red currants are somewhat leaf through stomata, and within 1 to 3 weeks
resistant, causing a minimum of pine infection; pinhead-size blisters appear in clusters on
Viking and Red Dutch varieties are practically yellowed leaf tissue. These uredia rupture to
immune. Wild gooseberries and skunk currant release large, ellipsoidal, yellow urediospores
are highly susceptible in the Northeast, as are with thick, colorless walls and short, sharp but
western black currant, stink currant, and red sparse spines. The spores are somewhat moist and
flowering currant. The greater the susceptibility sticky, and are windborne short distances to other
of the Ribes species, the more spores are pro- Ribes bushes nearby. There may be up to seven
duced to inoculate pines, with proportionate generations in a summer, or the spores may
damage. remain viable over winter in uredia; this stage
Symptoms and Life History When a spore arrives can infect only currant.
on a pine needle from a currant, the first sign of In late summer telia follow uredia in the same
infection is a small golden yellow to reddish or new leaf lesions, appearing as short brown
brown spot. The next season, or possibly in two bristles on underside of leaves or looking like
years, the bark looks yellowish, often with an a coarse felt. Each felty bristle is composed of
orange tinge to the margin of the discolored vertical rows of broad, spindle-shaped spores,
area, and there may be a spindle-shaped swelling. which germinate in situ to a five-celled
If such symptoms appear early in the season, promycelium with each of the four upper
pycnia are formed in bark by July or August; cells bearing at the point of a sterigma a small,
Endophyllum 347
thin-walled, round basidiospore. This cannot Control Remove trees with galls for a distance
reinfect currant and soon dies from exposure to of 300 yards around nurseries. Do not ship
the sun unless the wind blows it immediately to infected trees from nurseries.
a pine needle. The effective range is around 300 Peridermium stalactiforme (formerly
feet except for spores from black currants, which Cronartium stalactiforme). 0, I on lodgepole
can be carried a mile. The spores from pine to pines in Rocky Mountain regions; II, III on Indian
currant can be carried many miles, up to 300. paintbrush. The rust enters pine trunks through
Blister rust is more important at elevations of small twigs, producing diamond-shaped lesions
1000 feet or over, where it is increased by lower that elongate an average of 7 inches a year, but
temperatures and more rainfall. grow laterally less than 1/2 inch. Removal of
Control Eradication of the Ribes host is defi- diseased trees is the only known control.
nitely effective in controlling white pine blister
rust. This means complete removal of black cur-
rants and local removal of cultivated red and wild Cumminsiella
currants and gooseberries within 300 or 900 feet
of pines, according to state regulations, taking Pucciniaceae. Autoecious; teliospores two-
care to get all the root system capable of celled; pycnia and other sori subepidermal;
resprouting. aecia cupulate.
Blister rust is seldom found on ornamental Cumminsiella mirabilissima 0, I, II, III on bar-
pines in cities; the smoke and fumes are unfavor- berry and mahonia in the West, Arizona, Califor-
able to the fungus. Elsewhere valuable ornamen- nia, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, New
tals can be saved by cutting off infected branches Mexico.
and cleaning out trunk infection, stripping off Cumminsiella texana On barberry, Texas.
diseased bark and a 2-inch side margin, 4-inch
margin at top and bottom, of healthy bark. If
the cankers are nearer to the trunk than 6 inches, Desmella
the bark should be excised around the branch
stub. The red currant Viking is immune to blister Pucciniaceae. Uredia and telia subepidermal,
rust, and a couple of black currant hybrids are protruding in tufts; uredia without peridium or
resistant. Some white pines are exhibiting paraphyses. Spores globoid, on pedicels, two-
resistance. celled.
Cronartium stalactiforme (see ▶Peridermium Desmella aneimiae On Boston fern, Florida.
stalactiforme). 0, I on lodgepole pines in Rocky
Mountain regions; II, III on Indian paintbrush.
Cronartium strobilinum Pine Cone Rust. 0, I Endocronartium
on cones of longleaf and slash pines; II, III on
evergreen oak. Cones are swollen, reddish; 25 to Badisiomycete, Uredinales,
90 % drop. Pucciniaceae
Endocronartium harknessii (formerly
Cronartium harknessii). Western Gall Rust. 0, I Endocronartium harknessii Western Gall Rust
on Jeffrey, ponderosa, lodgepole, and digger or Pine-Pine Gall Rust on pine.
pines; II, III on Indian paintbrush, lousewort,
owls-clover, or omitted, with direct infection
from pine to pine. Galls are globose, with large,
confluent aecia; bark sloughs off in large scales; Endophyllum
witches’ broom are formed. A variety of this
species, alternate stage unknown, occurs on Mon- Pucciniaceae. Teliospores in form of aecio-
terey and knobcone pines in California. spores; telia with cupulate peridium.
348 Rusts
Endophyllum sempervivi III on houseleek and eastern United States in 1822, present from Can-
hen-and-chickens. Succulent leaves may be cov- ada to Florida and from Alaska to southern
ered with reddish pustules. This is not common, California.
but may be serious. Clean out infected parts.
Endophyllum tuberculatum III on hollyhock
and checkermallow. Gymnosporangium
Pucciniaceae. All but one species heteroecious.

Frommeella Picnia and aecia usually on trees and shrubs of the
apple family; telia confined to cedars and junipers
Pucciniaceae. Teliospores two-to many-septate; except for one species on cypress; uredia want-
aecia and uredia erumpent. ing. Teliospores thick-or thin-walled, various in
Frommeella duchesneae II, III on mock-straw- form but mostly flat, tongue-shaped, expanding
berry, false strawberry, or Aztec Indian berry. greatly when moistened, usually with two cells;
walls smooth, one to several pores in each cell;
pedicel colorless, usually with outer portion
swelling and becoming jellylike when moistened.
Arthuriomyces (Gymnoconia) Aecia are highly differentiated and conspicuous,
with catenulate aeciospores, deeply colored with
Pucciniaceae. Uredia lacking; aecia present but verrucose walls (see Fig. 2).
without peridium; teliospores two-celled, one The life cycle is similar in all juniper leaf rusts.
pore in each cell. In early summer, small, slightly swollen spots
Arthuriomyces peckianus (formerly appear on leaves of the pomaceous host, then
Gymnoconia peckiana (G. interstitialis). Orange small raised specks in this area on the upper
Rust of blackberry. 0, I, III on blackberry, dew- surface, openings of flask-shaped pycnia embed-
berry and black raspberry, first described from ded in leaf tissue. After exuding an orange liquid
eastern United States in 1822, present from Can- containing pycniospores, the specks are black.
ada to Florida and from Alaska to southern Cal- Later, aecia push out on the underside of the
ifornia. Very bright orange spores cover same spots as dingy white columns, rostelia,
underside of leaves in spring. The mycelium is with the outer coating rupturing to release
perennial in the bush, living throughout the year a powdery mass of yellow to brown aeciospores.
between cells of the stem, crown, and roots, each The ruptured segments sometimes make the open
season invading new tissue as new growth begins. aecium look star-shaped, but in the common
Shoots may be bunched, often with a witches’ cedar-apple rust aecia are cup-shaped. Aecia are
broom effect; plants are dwarfed. Spraying is also formed on fruit and tender green stems.
useless; infected plants never recover. Plant Aeciospores released during summer are wind-
only healthy stock, obtained from a nursery borne to junipers. Mycelium winters in the juni-
where the disease is unknown. Remove infected per needle or stem, and in spring galls are started
plants showing upright habit of growth, yellow that take a year or more to produce teliospores in
color, and glistening yellowish dots of pycnia cushions or horns.
before the orange spore stage appears. Black- Gymnosporangium bermudianum 0, I, III on
berry varieties Eldorado, Orange Evergreen, Rus- stems of eastern and southern red-cedar in the
sell, Snyder, Ebony King, dewberry Leucretia, Gulf states. No alternate host; aecia precede
and boysenberries are quite resistant. telia on small galls.
Gymnoconia peckiana (G. interstitialis) (see Gymnosporangium bethelii III on Rocky
▶Arthuriomyces peckianus). Orange Rust of Mountain juniper; 0, I on fruits of hawthorn.
blackberry. 0, I, III on blackberry, dewberry Gymnosporangium bethelii III on stems of
and black raspberry, first described from prostrate and Rocky Mountain junipers; 0, I on
Gymnosporangium 349
Fig. 2 Cedar-Apple Rust.

Gymnosporangium
juniperi-virginianae. a
section through crabapple
leaf with pycnidia (0) on
upper surface and aecium
(I) with prominent
peridium and aeciospores
in chains on undersurface;
b two-celled teliospores on
gelatinous stalks, which
help form the jellylike telial
horns on cedar galls; c,
teliospores germinating
with a promycelium and
basidiospores; d teliospore
of G. clavipes, the quince
rust
leaves, fruit of hawthorn. Telia are 3 to 4 mm high including Jonathan, Rome, Ben, Davis, and
on irregular galls on cedar twigs and branches. Wealthy. Red Delicious is quite susceptible.
Gymnosporangium biseptatum III on stems of Destroy cedars in neighborhood of orchards;
Chamaecyparis thyoides; 0, I on amelanchier. spray as for apple rust.
Spindle-shaped swelling in stem; trees may die. Gymnosporangium confusum III on Savin
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme III on com- Juniper; 0, I on hawthorn.
mon and Mountain juniper; 0, I on chokeberry, Gymnosporangium cornutum (G.
amelanchier, pear and quince. Slender telia 5 to auriantiacum). Juniper Gall Rust. III on
10 mm high produced on long fusiform swellings leaves and stems of common juniper; 0, I on
on branches. mountain-ash.
Gymnosporangium clavipes Quince Rust. III Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum III on
on eastern red-cedar, dwarf, mountain, and pros- Arizona cypress; 0, I on amelanchier.
trate junipers; 0, I on fruits and young stems of Gymnosporangium davisii III on mountain
amelanchier, apple, chokeberry, crabapple, haw- and common juniper; 0, I on leaves of red and
thorn, mountain-ash, quince, Japanese quince and black chokecherry. Telia are usually on upper
pear. Short slight swellings, somewhat spindle- surface of needles, sometimes at base of stems.
shaped, occur in cedar twigs and branches, many Gymnosporangium effusum III on eastern red-
of which die. On the main trunk, infected areas cedar; 0, I on chokeberry. Fusiform swellings on
are black rough patches or rings around the bark. cedar trunk and branches.
Mycelium is perennial, confined to the outer layer Gymnosporangium ellisii Witches’ Broom
of living bark; it can sometimes be scraped out by Rust. III on southern white cedar
scraping the bark. On pomaceous hosts, the dis- (Chamaecyparis); 0, I on sweet-fern, gale, bay-
ease is most frequent on fruits, often causing berry, wax-myrtle leaves, fruits and young stems.
distortion. Rust sometimes affects twig and buds Aecia are cluster cups; telia are cylindrical, fili-
but seldom leaves. Aecia are particularly promi- form, 3 to 6 mm high, appearing on leaf blade or
nent on hips of English hawthorn, with long whit- axil the first season after infection, thereafter only
ish perithecium around orange spores. on stems, invading inner bark and wood.
Control Some apple varieties susceptible to Witches’ broom are abundant; even large trees
apple rust are rather resistant to quince rust, die if heavily broomed.
350 Rusts
Gymnosporangium exiguum III on leaves of cedar, eastern and southern, on prostrate and
alligator and Mexican junipers, eastern red- Rocky Mountain junipers; 0, I general on apple
cedar; 0, I on leaves, fruits of hawthorn. and crabapple east of Great Plains. The fungus is
Gymnosporangium exterum III on stems of a native of North America and does not occur
eastern red-cedar; 0, I on gillenia. Flattened telia elsewhere. It is more important commercially in
anastomose over short fusiform swellings with the apple-growing regions of the Virginias and
roughened bark on cedars. Also galls on stems Carolinas and certain states in the Mississippi
of juniper. Valley. It is important in many areas on ornamen-
Gymnosporangium floriforme III on red- tal crabapples in home plantings.
cedar; 0, I on leaves of hawthorn. Cedar galls The cedar “apples” or galls vary from 1/16
are small. inch to over 2 inches across. Leaves are infected
Gymnosporangium fraternum (G. during the summer, and by the next June a small,
transformans). III gall on Chamaecyparis greenish brown swelling appears on upper or
thyoides; 0, I on chokeberry. inner leaf surface. This enlarges until by autumn
Gymnosporangium globosum Hawthorn Rust, the leaf has turned into a chocolate brown, some-
III general on eastern red-cedar, also on dwarf, what kidney-shaped gall covered with small cir-
prostrate, and Rocky Mountain junipers; 0, cular depressions. The next spring in moist
I mostly on hawthorn, also on apple, crabapple, weather orange telial horns are put forth from
pear and mountain-ash. Leaf galls on cedar are the pocketlike depressions. The teliospores are
very similar to those of common cedar-apple rust, enveloped in a gelatinous material that swells
but are smaller, seldom over 1/2 inch, nearer vastly, a gall covered with horns sometimes
mahogany red in color, and not perennial, pro- reaching the size of a small orange. They germi-
ducing telial horns one season only. Apple and nate in place to produce the basidiospores, which
pear foliage may be slightly affected but not the are carried by wind to infect apple or other decid-
fruit; aecia are common on hawthorn pips. uous host.
Gymnosporangium gracile III Witches’ By midsummer, apple leaves show yellow
Broom on juniper; 0, I on hawthorn, quince, and areas with amber pustules on upper surface; but
shadbush. after pycnia have exuded drops of sticky liquid,
Gymnosporangium asiaticum III on leaves of they appear as black dots in a rather reddish
Chinese juniper; 0, I on Chinese flowering quince circle. On the undersurface of these spots small
and pear. cups are formed, with recurved fimbriate mar-
Gymnosporangium harknessianum III on gins. These aecia may also appear near stem end
western juniper; 0, I on amelanchier, chiefly on of apples and are common on swollen twigs of
fruits, sometimes stems. Papery margins of aecia crabapple. Spores from these cups are blown
are usually long. back to the cedar in late summer, the entire
Gymnosporangium hyalinum III on southern cycle thus taking 2 years, 18 to 20 months on
white-cedar; 0, I on hawthorn and pear leaves. the cedar, 4 to 6 on the apple host.
Slight swellings are formed on small twigs and Chief injury is to the apple host, the rust caus-
branches of white-cedar. ing premature defoliation, dwarfing and poor-
Gymnosporangium inconspicuum III on Utah quality fruit. On very susceptible crabapples,
juniper; 0, I on fruits, mostly of amelanchier and such as Bechtel’s crab, repeated infection may
squaw-apple. Juniper leaves turn yellow; rarely cause death of the branches or of the entire tree.
telia appear on branches. All our native crabapples are susceptible; most
Gymnosporangium japonicum (G. photiniae). Asiatic varieties are resistant.
III gall on stems of Chinese juniper; 0, I on Control Care in planning is most important.
photinia. Don’t let your landscape architect or gardener
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginia- put cedars and native crabapples or hawthorns
nae Cedar-Apple Rust. III general on red close together. Keep them separated as far as
Hyalopsora 351
possible with a windbreak in between of some tall Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Witches’

nonsusceptible host. Some states have laws Broom Rust. III on eastern and southern red-cedars,
prohibiting red-cedars within a mile of commercial on prostrate and Rocky Mountain junipers; 0, I on
apple orchards, but for practical garden purposes fruit, young stems, leaves of apple, hawthorn,
a few hundred yards is sufficient, the danger mark- mountain-ash, quince, Japanese quince,
edly decreasing with distance, especially with amelanchier or serviceberry. Trunks and branches
a house or hedge as a windbreak. of large trees have witches’ broom and long spindle-
If junipers are already planted, it is possible in shaped swellings. Aecia are on both leaf surfaces.
late winter to go over small specimens and Gymnosporangium nootkatense Gall Rust. II,
remove galls before spore horns are formed. III on Alaska cedar; 0, I on mountain-ash, and
Spraying in spring inhibits telial development Oregon crabapple. This is the only
and germination of teliospores. Spray red-cedars Gymnosporangium species with uredial stage.
in August to prevent infection from crabapples. Uredia are bright orange fading to pale yellow;
Fairly resistant apple varieties are Baldwin, teliospores appear later in the same pustules.
Delicious, Rhode Island and North-western Aecia are cluster cups.
Greening, Franklin, Melrose, Red Astrachan, Gymnosporangium speciosum III on alligator,
Stayman, and Transparent. Avoid susceptible one-seed, and Utah junipers; 0, I on leaves of
Jonathan, Rome, Wealthy, and York Imperial. syringa (Philadelphus) and fendlera. Telia are in
Most junipers susceptible to apple rusts are culti- longitudinal rows on long fusiform swellings on
vars of Juniperus virginiana and J. scopulorum. juniper branches, which are girdled and die. In
Many cultivars of J. chinensis and J. horizontalis severe infections the whole tree dies.
are resistant, and there are even some resistant Gymnosporangium trachysorum III on stem
forms of J. virginiana. of eastern red-cedar; 0, I on hawthorn leaves.
Gymnosporangium kernianum III on alliga- Swellings on cedar are abruptly fusiform to glo-
tor, Utah, and western junipers; 0, I on boid with prominent telia 6 to 10 mm high.
amelanchier and pear. Telia arise between leaves Gymnosporangium tremelloides (G.
on green twigs, but mycelium is perennial in juniperinum). III, stem gall on mountain juniper;
stems, causing dense witches’ broom 6 to 0, 1 on Pacific mountain-ash. On smaller
18 inches in diameter. branches swellings are subglobose galls up to
Gymnosporangium libocedri III on incense 3/4 inch in diameter; hemispherical swellings on
cedar; 0, I on leaves, fruits, of amelanchier and larger branches are covered with flattened telia.
hawthorn, also apple, crabapple, pear, quince, Jap- Gymnosporangium vauqueliniae Witches’
anese quince and mountain-ash. Aecium is Broom Rust. III on one-seed juniper; 0, I on
a cluster cup on foliage; telia are always on leaves; Vauquelinia californica. This rust is the only
witches’ broom and swellings are produced on Gymnosporangium causing witches’ broom on
branches, rarely on trunks. The fungus is said to the aecial host.
persist in the mycelial stage up to 200 years.
Gymnosporangium multiporum III on stems
of western, one -seed, and Utah juniper between Hyalopsora
leaves; 0, I unknown.
Gymnosporangium nelsonii III on juniper and Melampsoraceae. Telia on ferns, teliospores sev-
red-cedar; 0, I on leaves of amelanchier. eral-celled, in epidermis; urediospores of two
Gymnosporangium nelsonii III on one-seed, kinds, with pores.
prostrate, Rocky Mountain, Utah, and western Hyalopsora aspidiotus Fir-Fern Rust. 0, I on
junipers; 0, I on hawthorn, quince, Oregon crab, balsam fir; II, III on oak fern (Phegopteris
pear, squaw-apple and Pacific mountain-ash. dryopteris). Pycnia are slightly raised orange-
Galls are firm, woody, round, up to 2 inches in yellow spots on needles; aecia are yellow to
diameter. white, columnar, on 2-year needles.
352 Rusts
Hyalopsora cheilanthis Fir-Fern Rust. 0, I on erumpent, pulverulent; spores globoid or ellip-

balsam fir; II, III on rock brake, parsley fern, soid, single on pedicels.
and cliff brake. Species heteroecious when telia are on woody
Hyalopsora polypodii Fir-Fern Rust. General in plants; autoecious if telia are on herbaceous
northern and western states on polypody fern and plants (Fig. 3).
woodsia. Malampsora abieti-capraearum Fir-Willow
Rust. 0, I on balsam, white, and alpine firs; II,
III on willows, widespread. Yellow spots on wil-
Kuehneola low leaves in early summer are followed by dark
pustules when the telial stage is produced. There
Puciniaceae. Teliospores two-to many-celled; may be some defoliation.
wall faintly colored or colorless. Melampsora abietis-canadensis Hemlock-
Kuehneola malvicola II, III on hibiscus and Poplar Rust. 0, I on eastern hemlock; II, III on
malvaviscus. various poplars. Cones have golden powdery
Kuehneola uredinis Yellow Rust, Cane Rust. 0, masses of spores over the surface; later shrivel,
I, II, III on blackberry, dewberry, and raspberry. turn black, and hang as mummies; no viable seed
The disease appears to be increasingly prevalent, produced. Uredia are golden powdery pustules on
especially on leaves, but there is a great difference undersurface of poplar leaves; in late summer
in varietal susceptibility. Eldorado, Foster, Jumbo, telia are formed in orange-yellow crusts that
Lawton blackberries are highly susceptible; change to black; in spring basidiospores reinfect
Nantichoke, Austin Thornless, Boysen Brainerd, hemlock.
Burbank Thornless, Jersey Black are resistant. Melampsora arctica 0, I on saxifrage; II, III on
European varieties are generally resistant. willow.
Melampsora farlowii Needle And Cone Rust
of hemlock. 0, I unknown; III on hemlock.
Kunkelia Reddish slightly raised telia are on undersurface
of needles, shoots of the current year, and on
Pucciniaceae. Pycnia subcuticular; telia cones. Young shoots may be twisted and killed.
subepidemal, caeomoid; teliospores catenulate, Injury may occur in nurseries and in ornamental
one-celled. hedges.
Gymnoconia nitens (formerly Kunkelia nitens). Melampsora hypericorum (Mesopsora
Short-Cycle Orange Rust of blackberry. I, gen- hypericorum). On St. Johnswort, Montana.
eral on blackberry but more common in the South Melampsora larici-populina Rust;0, I, on pine
and West, also on dewberry and black, but not red and larch; II, III, on poplar.
raspberry. This is a perennial rust, a systemic Melampsora medusae Douglas-Fir Needle
disease with only the aecial stage present. Under- Rust. 0, I on Douglas-fir, big-cone spruce; II, III
side of leaves may be covered with quantities of on native poplars. Pycnia are on upper surface of
orange-yellow spores. Remove infected bushes. current-year needles; aecia, of the caeoma type,
Kunkelia nitens (see ▶Gymnoconia nitens). are orange-yellow on the undersurface. The rust
Short-Cycle Orange Rust of blackberry. is often epidemic on young trees but with little
permanent ill effect.
Melampsora medusae Larch Needle Rust. 0, I
Melampsora on larch in northeastern states; II, III on native
and introduced poplars except in far South.
Melampsoraceae. Telia more or less indefinite; Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae Rust; 0, I
teliospores sessile, subcuticular or subepidermal, on Douglas fir, pine and larch; II, III, on poplar.
forming crusts of a single layer; aecia when pre- Melampsora occidentalis Poplar Rust. 0, I
sent with rudimentary peridium; uredia unknown; II, III on native poplars in the West.
Milesina 353
Fig. 3 Teliospores. Melampsora, sessile in crust under host epidermis; Phragmidium, stalked, with several cells;
Puccinia, stalked, two-celled; Uromyces, stalked, one-celled
Melampsora paradoxa (M. bigelowii). Larch- in spring; aecia form in summer on underside, in
Willow Rust.0, I on larch; II, III on many species two rows of orange blisters. The disease is sel-
of willow. The damage to larch is insignificant. dom serious enough for control measures. In for-
The fungus winters on willow as mycelium in est practice remove trees with main stem
catkins, terminal buds, and young stems and can infections early in life of the stand.
maintain itself on willow in the uredial stage
without larches.
Melampsora ribesii-purpureae 0, I on currant, Melampsoridium
flowering currant and gooseberry; II, III on wil-
low species. Melampsoraceae. Heteroecious, on larch and
dicotyledonous shrubs and trees; pycnia
subcuticular; other sori subepidermal; teliospores
Melampsorella sessile, one-celled.
Melampsoridium betulinum Birch Leaf Rust.
Melampsoraceae. Heteroecious on fir, spruce, 0, I on larch; II, III on birches. Uredia on underside
and dicotyledons; pycnia subcuticular, aecia and of birch leaves are small reddish yellow powdery
uredia subepidermal, telia in epidermal cells. pustules, followed later in summer by telia, first
Only one species in United States. waxy yellow, then dark brown to nearly black.
Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (M.
cerastii). Yellow Witches’ Broom Rust. 0, I on
many firs; II, III on chickweed. Infected ever- Milesina
green branches develop numerous upright lateral
shoots from one point, forming a compact Melampsoraceae. Heteroecious on firs and ferns.
witches’ broom; twigs are dwarfed, and needles All spores are colorless; urediospores obovate or
turn yellow and drop, leaving broom bare. The laceolate; teliospores in epidermal cells.
fungus is perennial in stems, and shoots develop Milesina fructuosa 0, I on balsam fir; II, III on
with yellow leaves. Pycnia appear in raised Dryopteris spp. Aecia are white on current
orange spots on both surfaces of dwarfed leaves needles, maturing by midsummer.
354 Rusts
Milesina laeviuscula Needle Rust. 0, I on grand cells, each with two or three lateral pores; walls
fir; II, III on licorice fern, in West. somewhat layered, inner layer colored, outer
Milesina marginalis 0, I on balsam fir; II, III on nearly colorless, smooth or verrucose; pedicel
Dryopteris marginalis. Pycnia are on both sides colorless except near spore; often swelling in
of needles, aecia of needles of current year, lower portion (see Fig. 3). Aecia with catenulate
maturing by midsummer. globoid or ellipsoid verrucose spores; uredia
Milesina pycnograndis (M. polypodophila). 0, when present circled with paraphyses; uredio-
I on balsam fir; II, III on Polypodium spores single on pedicels, walls verrucose or
virginianum. Hyphae are perennial in needles echinulate with indistinct scattered pores.
and small stems of balsam fir; aecia on needles Phragmidium americanum 0, I, II, III on
3 to 9 years old. leaves of native and cultivated roses. Teliospores
with eight to eleven cells.
Phragmidium fusiforme (P. rosae-acicularis).
Nyssopsora 0, I, II, III on several hosts species. Teliospores
with five to eleven cells, walls chocolate brown,
Puccinaceae. Autoecious; teliospore with three cells. verrucose.
Nyssopsora clavellosa III on Aralia hispida. Phragmidium montivagum 0, I, II, III on many
species of roses. Teliospores with six to nine
cells.
Peridermium Phragmidium mucronatum (P. disciflorum).
Leaf Rust of Rose.0, Ion leaves and stems; II, III
A form genus with 0, I, on Gymnosperms. Aecia on leaves of cultivated roses, eastern states to the
have peridia and are cylindrical, tonguelike or Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. This
bullate. is the common rust of hybrid teas and other roses
Peridermium bethelii On dwarf mistletoe. with large, firm leaflets. It is not much of
Peridermium ornamentale 0, I on white, a problem in the East, although sometimes
alpine, and noble firs. found in New York and New England gardens,
Peridermium rugosum 0, I on Pacific silver but it is a serious menace along the Pacific Coast.
and lowland white firs. Aecia appear on leaves as small, roughly circular
spots, 1/25 inch across, bright orange on the
underside of leaf, from the spore masses, light
Phakopsora yellow on the upper surface, sometimes bordered
with a narrow green zone. Leaf lesions may be
Melampsoraceae. Telia indehiscent, lenticular; slightly cup-shaped viewed from the upper sur-
spores formed in irregular succession, not in face. Stem lesions are long and narrow. The sum-
chains. mer uredial stage has reddish orange spores in
Phakopsora cherimoliae On cherimoya. very small spots, 1/50-inch, over underside of
Phakopsora jatrophicola On cassava. leaves. This stage may repeat every 10 to 14
Phakopsora pachyrhizi On soybean. days in favorable weather, with wilting and defo-
Phakopsora zizyphi-vulgaris On Zizyphus liation. In mild climates the uredial stage con-
jujuba, Florida. tinues; in cooler areas the telial stage is formed
toward autumn –black pustules of stalked dark
spores, rough, with a point, five to nine cells.
Phragmidium The leaf surface must be continuously wet for
4 h for rust spores to germinate and enter the leaf;
Pucciniaceae. Autoecious. Pycnia subcuticular, this means liquid water and not high humidity as
other sori subepidermal; aecia caeomoid; telio- with mildews. High summer temperatures
spores large, conspicuous, of one to ten or more adversely affect infection, summer spores
Puccinia 355
retaining viability for only a week at 80 F. In Phragmopyxis acuminata 0, III on Coursetia.

southern California temperatures are uniformly
favorable for rose rust, and from October to
April there is sufficient rainfall. In drier months Physopella (Angiopsora)
fog may provide requisite moisture.
Control Removing infected leaves during the Pucciniaceae. Only uredia and telia known. Telia
season and all old leaves left at the time of winter indehiscent, lenticular; teliospores in chains.
or early spring pruning may be somewhat helpful. Physopella ampelopsidis (Phakopsora vitis).
Phragmidium rosae-arkansanae 0, I, II, III on On ampelopsis and grape, Florida.
Rosa arkansana and R. suffulta. Teliospores with Physopella compressa On paspalum, southern
five to eight cells. ornamental grass.
Phragmidium rosae-californicae 0, I, II, III on
many rose species. Teliospores with eight to
eleven cells. Pileolaria
Phragmidium rosicola III on Rosa engelmanii
and R. suffulta. Teliospores one-celled, nearly Pucciniaceae. Autoecious, on members of family
round. Anacardiaceae. Teliospores stipitate, dark, with
Phragmidium rubi-idaei Leaf and Cane Rust pores, one-celled; pycnia subcuticular; uredia
of raspberry; Western Yellow Rust, general but present.
important only in the Pacific Northwest. 0, I, II, Pileolaria cotini-coggyriae On smoke tree.
III on red rasberries, sometimes black but not on Pileolaria patzcuarensis 0, I, II, III on sumac.
blackberries. Small, light yellow spore pustules
appear in young leaves, with black teliospores
following in the same spots later in the season. Prospodium
Deep, cankerous lesions are formed on canes in
the fruiting year, Cuthbert variety being particu- Pucciniaceae. Autoecious on Bignoniaceae and
larly susceptible. Spring infection probably Verbenaceae in warm climates.
comes from sporidia formed in telia on fallen Prospodium appendiculatum On tecoma,
leaves. A dormant spray may be helpful, along Florida, Texas.
with cleaning out infected canes at winter Prospodium lippiae On lippiae, Arizona.
pruning. Prospodium plagiopus On tabebuia, Florida.
Phragmidium speciosum 0, I on stems and Prospodium transformans On tecoma,
leaves, III on stems of cultivated and native Florida.
roses, throughout United States except far South.
Phragmidium subcorticium Obsolete name.
Some specimens formerly recorded as this spe- Puccinia
cies belong to P. mucronatum, others to P.
rosaepimpinellifoliae. Pucciniaceae. A very large genus, comprising
Phragmidium tuberculatum On Rosa sp. Con- nearly half of all known rusts; autoecious and
necticut and Alaska. heteroecious. Teliospores smooth, two-celled
with apical pores, firm pedicels, colored; aecia
cluster cups with peridium (see Fig. 3). The spe-
Phragmopyxis cies listed here are a small selection of those on
garden plants; others are listed in host section.
Pucciniaceae. Teliospores colored, two-to many- Puccinia acroptili Rust on Centaurea.
septate; wall three-layered, the middle layer Puccinia allii (P. porri). Autoecious on onion,
swelling in water; aecia, uredia, and telia with garlic and shallot, but 0, I stages rare. Occasional
a border of paraphyses. on cultivated onion, more common on garlic,
356 Rusts
Puccinia aristidae and varieties II, III on wild

grasses, Aristides and Distichlis; 0, I on
eriogonum, greasewood, beet, spinach, western
wallflower, garden cress, radish, California blue-
bell, heliotrope, cleome, primrose, sand-verbena,
and others.
Puccinia asparagi Asparagus Rust. II, III gen-
eral on susceptible varieties; 0, I not reported in
natural infections. Also on onion. Asparagus
rust reached America in 1896 from Europe
and spread with devastating suddenness from
Boston and New Jersey to California, reaching
there by 1912, one of the fastest cases of disease
spread in our history. If tops are attacked several
years in succession, the root system is so
weakened that shoots fail to appear in spring or
are culls.
The first symptom is a browning or reddening
Fig. 4 Rust on Snapdragon
of smaller twigs and needles, with the discolored
area spreading rapidly until the whole planting
wild garlic, and wild onion. Uredia are yellowish, looks as if it had ripened prematurely. The red-
telia black. dish color is due to numerous small pustules of
Puccinia amphigena (Aecidium yuccae). On urediospores that give off a dusty cloud when
yucca. touched. These appear in successive generations
Puccinia andropogonis, with various strains. until autumn, or a spell of drought, when they are
0, I on lupine, Indian paintbrush and turtlehead; replaced by black teliospores, either in the same
II, III on and ropogon. or a new fruiting body. They remain on old stems
Puccinia antirrhini Snapdragon Rust. II, III until spring, germinating then to infect new
general on snapdragon, also on linaria, shoots as they emerge from the ground.
corydylanthus; 0, I unknown. Pustules of spores Control For a long time resistant varieties Mary
on underside of leaves are chocolate brown, often Washington and Martha Washington were the
in concentric circles (see Fig. 4). The area over answer to the rust problem, but the fungus has
the pustule is pale or yellow on upper surface. developed resistant strains. Waltham Washing-
Spores also appear on stems; there is a drying and ton, Seneca Washington, and California 500
stunting of whole plant. The rust is spread by have some resistance. Clean up volunteer or
wind-blown spores and on cuttings. For infection, wild asparagus around beds. A parasitic fungus,
plants need to be wet with rain or dew 6 to Darluca filum, helps keep rust in check.
8 h with day temperatures around 70 to 75 F. Puccinia brachypodii var. poae-nemoralis
Spores are killed above 94 F. There are at least (formerly Puccinia poaenemoralis (Syn.
two races. P. poae-sudeticae)). Bluegrass Leaf Rust, Yellow
Control Purchase only rust-resistant variety. Leaf Rust. II, III on turf grasses, mostly Canada
Bordeaux mixture controls secondary fungi fol- and Kentucky bluegrass; 0, I, unknown; general
lowing rust but not the rust itself. Sulfur dust is east of the Rocky Mountains. The uredia are
still useful, or a spray made by adding 1 ounce orange-yellow with numerous peripheral paraph-
rosin soap to a gallon of water and then adding 1 yses. Telia are covered rather permanently with
ounce dry lime sulfur. epidermis; spores are dark brown with short ped-
Puccinia arachidis Peanut Rust, occasional in icels. The wheat stem rust is more important on
Alabama, Florida, Texas. Merion bluegrass.
Puccinia 357
Puccinia calcitrapae var. centaureae (for- in north central and northeastern states; II, III on
merly Puccinia carthami). Widely distributed wheat and other cereals and wild and cultivated
on safflower in Great Plains and California. grasses.
Spores carried on seed or persisting in soil infect This is the classic example of rust, the one
seedlings, which often die. used in school textbooks and known through the
Puccinia canaliculata Rust on purple nutsedge ages as the major limiting factor of wheat pro-
and yellow nutsedge. duction. Proof of the connection between bar-
Puccinia carduorum Rust on Carduss berry and wheat in the life cycle was not made
tenniflorus and Carduss thoermeri. until 1864, but long before that farmers
Puccinia caricina (P. caricis var. grossulariata, had noticed that wheat suffered when barberry
P. pringsheimia). 0, I on currant, flowering cur- plants were near. France in 1660, Connecticut in
rant, gooseberry; II, III on Carex spp. Common 1726, and Massachusetts in 1755 enacted
only on wild species or in neglected gardens. laws requiring the destruction of barberry near
Leaves are thickened, sometimes curled in red- grain fields.
dish cluster cup areas; there are enlargements on There are six commonly recognized varieties
stems and petioles, red spots on berries. Control of stem rust: Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae–on
by eliminating the sedge host. oats, sweet vernal grass, brome grasses, some
Puccinia carthami (see ▶Puccinia calcitrapae fescues.
var. centaureae). Widely distributed on safflower P. graminis f. sp. agrostidis–on redtop and
in Great Plains and California. other Agrostis spp.
Puccinia claytoniicola On claytonia, P. graminis f. sp. graminicola—on St. Augus-
Wyoming. tine grass.
Puccinia conoclinii On ageratum, Ohio. P. graminis f. sp. phlei-pratensis–on timothy
Puccinia coronata Crown Rust of oats; Orange and some related grasses.
Leaf Rust of Oats. 0, I on buckthorn and rattan P. graminis f. sp. poae–on Kentucky and other
vine; II, III on oats and grasses. There are several bluegrasses.
varieties and many physiological races of this P. graminis f. sp. secalis–on rye, some wheat,
rust, which is as destructive to oats as leaf rust and barley grasses.
is to wheat. Redtop, meadow fescue, ryegrass, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, wheat rust – on wheat,
and bluegrass are among the lawn grasses that barley, rye, and many grasses.
may show orange or black pustules on leaves. Stem rust occurs wherever wheat is grown, but
Puccinia crandallii 0, I on snowberry, wolf- is most serious in northern states. It is dependent
berry, coralberry; II, III on grasses, fescues, on weather conditions, with epidemics and disas-
bluegrass. trous losses in certain seasons. The amount
Puccinia cynodontis On Bermuda grass, New depends on the maturity of the crop when rust
Mexico. strikes, but losses may run 25 % of expected yield
Puccinia cypripedii On orchids. for the nation and much higher for individual
Puccinia dioicae (P. extensicola) in many vari- states. There are a great many physiological
eties. 0, I on aster, goldenrod, erigeron, senecio, races.
lettuce, oenothera, rudbeckia, and helenium; II, On grains and grasses the first rust appears as
III on Carex spp. long, narrow streaks on stems, leaf sheaths, leaf
Puccinia dracunculi (see ▶Puccinia tanaceti bases, and distal portions of blades. These streaks
var. dracunculina). On artemisia, Wisconsin to are uredial sori, the epidermis being torn back to
the Pacific Coast. form a white collar around a dark red powdery
Puccinia flaveriae (see ▶Puccinia melampodii). mass of one-celled urediospores. Later the same
On Calendula. sori turn black as dark, two-celled teliospores
Puccinia graminis Stem Rust of grains and replace summer urediospores. Stems may be bro-
grasses. 0, I on barberry and mahonia, especially ken at this stage.
358 Rusts
The summer spores appear about 10 days after Control Resistant varieties are of primary
infection. This stage can be repeated, the spores importance, but they are difficult to maintain
reinfecting wheat, and, since they are carried by because the sexual process in rusts allows the
wind from one plant to another, one state to continuous development of new strains.
another, even to hundreds of miles, they account More than 200 strains are known, but only
for large outbreaks of disease. In Mexico and a dozen or so are important in any one year.
southern Texas this II stage continues through Race 15B is prevalent most years and can attack
the winter and causes spring infection without all varieties of wheat grown in this country. Erad-
the intervention of barberry. Waves of uredio- ication of the barberry eliminates the alternate
spores coming up from the South may start north- host and also the breeding place of new rust
ern infection. varieties. Most barberry and mahonia species
Normally in the North, spring infection starts are under quarantine, but some have been desig-
on barberry from sporidia (basidiospores) pro- nated rust-resistant by the U.S. Department
duced on a promycelium put forth by of Agriculture and may be shipped interstate
a teliospore wintered on a wheat stem. Two under permit.
sexes occur in this rust, Puccinia helianthi Sunflower Rust. 0, I, II, III
designated + and – rather than male and female. general on sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, and
A young teliospore contains two nuclei, one + heliopsis. Numerous brownish pustules in which
and the other –; as the spore matures, these fuse to repeating spores are formed develop on underside
a single nucleus, which divides twice in the proof leaves, which may dry and drop.
duction of the four-celled basidium Puccinia heterospora III on abutilon, holly-
(promycelium). Each cell produces a sporidium; hock, mallow, and malvaviscus.
two of these are + and two –. A sporidium falling Puccinia heucherae III on coral bells, wood-
on a barberry leaf germinates, sends in an infec- land star, saxifrage, bishops-cap, and foam-
tion thread, and develops a mononucleate (hap- flower.
loid) feeding mycelium and finally a flask-shaped Puccinia hieracii 0, I, II, III widespread on
pycnium containing pycniospores, which corre- endive and hawksbeard. Endive leaves are spot-
spond to the sex of the sporidium starting infected and blighted with dusty spore pustules. The
tion. The pycnia are in reddish lesions on the crop is occasionally lost, but no control has
upper leaf surface. Hyphal threads, receptive seemed practical.
hyphae, extend through the mouth of the Puccinia horiana White Rust. III, IV on chry-
pycnium. Aided by insects, which are attracted santhemum; no alternate host known. First
by a sweet nectar, pycniospores (spermatia) of reported in England in 1964; became widespread
one sex are brought into contact with receptive there in 1976. Found in amateur chrysanthemum
hyphae of the opposite sex, and sexual union plantings in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in
takes place, without which there is no further 1977.
development of the rust. Puccinia iridis Iris Rust. 0, I, II, III on bulbous
The dicaryotic or binucleate mycelium formed iris, serious in the Southeast, uncommon in
from the fertilized hypha grows through the cells Northwest. Small, oblong to oval, red or dark
of the barberry leaf and masses together on the brown powdery spots, often surrounded by
underside to produce aecia filled with a yellowish a yellow margin, are present on leaves and
waxy layer of aeciospores in cluster-cup forma- stems, which may die prematurely. In inoculation
tion. These spores, unable to reinfect barberry or tests with Dutch iris, varieties Early Blue, Gold
mahonia are wind-borne to the cereal or grass and Silver, Golden West, Imperator, Lemon
host, the subsequent mycelium continuing binu- Queen, and Texas Gold were resistant.
cleate until the fusion in the teliospore. New Puccinia jaceae var. diffusa Rust on
crops of urediospores can be produced every 10 Centaurea.
to 14 days. Puccinia lagenophorae On English daisy.
Puccinia 359
Puccinia malvacearum Hollyhock Rust. III poae-nemoralis). Bluegrass Leaf Rust, Yellow
general on hollyhock, also on mallow, and Leaf Rust. II, III on turf grasses, mostly Canada
lavatera. This rust is so common and destructive and Kentucky bluegrass; 0, I, unknown; general
it limits the use of hollyhocks as ornamentals. east of the Rocky Mountains.
Stems, leaves, bracts may be attacked. There are Puccinia polygoni-amphibii Rust; II, III, on
yellow areas on the upper surface of leaves, jointweed.
orange-red spore pustules on the underside, and Puccinia polysora Southern Corn Rust. 0, I,
elongated lesions on stems. Spore pustules are unknown; II, III on corn and grasses. Present in
sometimes grayish from formation of sporidia, the South, requiring higher temperatures than
but the alternate host is unknown. In severe infec- common corn rust; not very important. Uredio-
tions leaves dry and hang down along the stem. spores are yellow to golden, teliospores chestnut
The fungus winters in pustules in basal leaves and brown, angular; often parasitized by Darluca
in old stems. filum.
Control Cleaning up all infected plant parts in Puccinia psidii Rust on allspice (Pimenta
fall and again very early in spring is most impor- dioica) Melaleuca quinquenervia, and Syzygium
tant; infection starts early in the season, and once jambos.
it is under way, it is very difficult to curb with Puccinia pygmaea Rust on grasses.
a fungicide. Puccinia recondita (P. rubigo-vera). Leaf Rust
Puccinia melampodii (formerly Puccinia of cereals and grasses, with several varieties:
flaveriae). On Calendula. P. recondita tritici (P. triticina). II, III on wheat
Puccinia melampodii On Baccharis, Texas. (but not grasses); 0, I on meadow rue. This rust is
Puccinia menthae Spearmint Rust. 0, I, II, III worldwide and more serious than stem rust in the
on spearmint, peppermint, oregano, also horse- southern half of the American wheat belt, some-
mint, mountain-mint, dittany, bee-balm, yerba times epiphytotic with losses up to 30 %. The leaf
buena, and germander; especially serious for tissue is progressively destroyed through the sea-
mint farmers in Middle West and Northwest. In son, resulting in a reduced number of kernels,
spring and early summer the disease appears as shriveled grain, low weight and protein content.
light yellow to brown raised spots on deformed Rust pustules breaking through the epidermis
stems and leafstalks, sometimes on main veins; greatly increase transpiration losses. Orange
golden to chocolate brown spots appear in late uredial pustules are followed later by gray telial
summer and fall. Affected leaves dry, and the sori, but urediospores are the effective spore form
yield of oil is reduced. The pathogen has at least and can survive southern winters. There are many
10 races. Dusting with sulfur and early cutting are physiological races.
recommended. P. recondita agropyri. II, III on wheat grasses
Puccinia nakanishikii Rust on lemon grass. and wild ryegrasses; 0, I on clematis, buttercup,
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis Pelargonium columbine, larkspur, and other Ranuculaceae.
Rust. The uredinial stage of a rust, presumably Common in Rocky Mountain area.
this species, was found on geranium in New York P. recondita agropyrina. Similar to the above
and California in 1967. It has now been reported but occurring outside mountainous areas.
in Pennsylvania and Florida. Brown spore pus- P. recondita apocrypta. II, III on wheat and
tules appear on leaves, petioles, and stems; leaves wild grasses; 0, I on waterleaf and mertensia.
turn yellow and drop. Destroy infected plants. P. recondita impatientis. II, III on redtop and
Puccinia phragmitis 0, I on rhubarb; II, III on related grasses; 0, I on touch-me-not.
reed grass, sometimes present in California but P. recondita secalis. II, III on rye; 0, I on
not serious. Aecia are white, on underside of bugloss (Lycopsis).
rhubarb leaves, surrounded by pycnia. Puccinia solheimi On dodocatheon, Wyoming.
Puccinia poae-nemoralis (Syn. P. poae- Puccinia sorghi Corn Rust. 0, I on oxalis; II, III
sudeticae) (see ▶Puccinia brachypodii var. on corn, sweetcorn, general in northeastern and
360 Rusts
north central states. Cinnamon brown spore pus- raspberry, not black. This rust appears late in
tules cover both leaf surfaces with black pustules the season on Cuthbert and other susceptible
toward autumn. The disease is not often serious varieties, in northern half of the country, most
enough for control measures. common east of the Mississippi. Fine light yellow
Puccinia sparganioides (P. peridermiospora). powdery masses of spores appear on basal leaves,
Ash Rust.0, I, general on ash east of the Great leaf petioles, shoots, and even fruit.
Plains; II, III on marsh and cord grasses (Spartina Pucciniastrum epilobii Fuchsia Rust, the alter-
spp.). Ash twigs and petioles are swollen and nate hosts are species of Abies.
leaves distorted. Cluster cups filled with yellow Pucciniastrum goeppertianum Fir-
powdery aeciospores are formed in the swellings. Huckleberry Rust, Blueberry Witches’ Broom.
In New England, where rust is often severe, the 0, I on firs; III on low and high bush blueberries.
most important infection period on ash is May 15 The fungus is systemic and perennial in blue-
to June 20, with 6 to 8 hours of damp air neces- berries, producing short swollen twigs in
sary. Marsh grasses are infected and reinfected a witches’ broom effect, and telia forming
July 20 to August 20. a polished red layer around the shoots. Destroy
Puccinia stenotaphricola On St. Augustine diseased bushes; keep blueberry plantations some
grass, Florida. distance from firs.
Puccinia striiformis (P. glumarum). Stripe Pucciniastrum hydrangeae 0, I on eastern and
Rust of wheat. II, III on wheat, barley, rye, redtop, Carolina hemlock; II, III on hydrangea.
orchardgrass, and many other grasses. Uredial Pucciniastrum vaccinii (P. myrtilli). Hemlock
stage is yellow, and pustules are formed in Rust, Leaf Rust of blueberry; widespread. 0, I on
streaklike clusters on leaves; telia are in black eastern hemlock; II, III on azalea, blueberry,
streaks. cranberry, lyonia, menziesia, and rhododendron.
Puccinia substriata Rust on eggplant. This is the most common hemlock rust, but often
Puccinia taneceti Chrysanthemum Rust. II only a single leaf or twig is infected. Aecia are
general; III known only in Japan; 0, I unknown. formed on current-year needles. Blueberries have
Small blisters of pinhead size appear on under- yellow pustules, on leaves only, with defoliation
side of leaves and occasionally on upper surface. in mid-or late summer.
The spore mass is dark reddish brown and pow-
dery. The rust is more common in greenhouses
than outdoors. Optimum germination is at 60 to Ravenelia
70 F; spores are killed at high temperatures.
Puccinia tanaceti var. dracunculina (formerly Pucciniaceae. Autoecious, tropical with only
Puccinia dracunculi). On artemisia, Wisconsin to a few species in United States. Teliospores more
the Pacific Coast. or less muriform, with compound stalks.
Puccinia thaliae (P. cannae). II, III on edible Ravenelia dysocarpae (see ▶Ravenelia
canna, garden canna, and maranta. fragrans var. evernia). On Mimosa, Arizona.
Ravenelia fragrans var. evernia (formerly
Ravenelia dysocarpae). On Mimosa, Arizona.
Pucciniastrum Ravenelia humphreyana On Poinciana, Flor-
ida, Texas.
Melampsoraceae. Heteroecious with perennial Ravenelia indigoferae On Indigofera, Arizona.
mycelium, pycnia and aecia on conifers: firs and
spruces; pycnia subcuticular, other sori subepi-
dermal; telia may be intraepidermal; aecia and Maravalia (Scopella)
urediospores yellow.
Pucciniastrum americanum Late Leaf Rust of Pucciniaceae. Tropical. Uredia and telia subepi-
raspberry. 0, I on white spruce; II, III on red dermal. Teliospores one-celled, on pedicel.
Uromyces 361
Maravalia sapotae (formerly Scopella sapotae,

Syn. Uredo sapotae). On sapodilla in Florida, Triphragmium
infecting leaves in winter and early spring.
Scopella sapotae Syn. Uredo sapotae (see Pucciniaceae. Teliospores stalked, with three
▶Maravalia sapotae). On sapodilla in Florida, cells forming a triangle, each with a single pore.
infecting leaves in winter and early spring. Triphragmium ulmariae 0, I, II, III on
meadowsweet.
Sphenospora
Uredinopsis
Pucciniaceae. Tropical. Telia and peridia subepi-
dermal, then erumpent; teliospores waxy, two- Melampsoraceae. Telia on ferns; teliospores
celled, on pedicel. scattered irregularly in mesophyll, rarely in sub-
Sphenospora mera On bletilla, Florida. epidermal crust, typically several-celled; aecia
white.
Uredinopsis osmundae Fir-Fern Rust. 0, I on
balsam fir, widespread; II, III on Osmunda spp.
Sphaerophragmium Uredinopsis phegopteridis Fir-Fern Rust. 0, I
on balsam fir; II, III on Phegopteris dryopteris.
Pucciniaceae. Teliospores stalked, four-to sev- Uredinopsis pteridis (U. macrosperma). Fir-
eral-celled, with transverse and horizontal septa; Fern Rust. 0, I on various firs; II, III on Pteridium
on legumes. aquilinum. Aecia are on 1-to 5-year needles of
Sphaerophragmium acaciae On lebbek, Pacific silver, white, lowland white, alpine, and
Florida. noble firs.
Uredinopsis struthiopteridis Fir-Fern Rust. 0,
I on balsam, lowland white, alpine, and noble firs;
II, III on ostrich fern.
Tranzschelia
Pucciniaceae. Teliospores two-celled, stalked; Uredo

uredia with pseudoparaphyses; on
Ranunculaceae and Prunus. Form genus; uredia with or without peridia.
Tranzschelia discolor (T. pruni-spinosae var. Uredo artocarpi Breadfruit in Hawaii.
discolor). Rust of stone fruits. Peach Rust. Uredo coccolobae On sea-grape, Florida.
0, I on Anemone coronaria; II, III on apricot, Uredo ericae (Pucciniastrum ericae). On erica,
peach, plum, prune, almond, and cherry, in late California.
summer. Yellow angular spots appear on leaves Uredo phoradendri On mistletoe.
with powdery spore pustules on underside, red-
dish on peach, dark brown on almonds; some-
times with late season defoliation. Peach fruit Uromyces
may have round sunken green spots; twigs may
have oval blisters in early spring. Urediospores Pucciniaceae. Like Puccinia but teliospores with
wintering on sucker shoots can start spring infec- one cell, yellow to dark; aecia when present with
tion without the alternate host. The Drake variety a persistent peridium (see Fig. 3).
of almond is most susceptible. Uromyces appendiculatus Bean Rust. 0, I rare
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. typica 0, I on on bean; II, III general on dry beans, widespread
anemone, hepatica, thalictrum, and buttercup; II, but infrequent on lima bean, scarlet runner bean.
III on wild species of Prunus. This is the true bean rust, an old disease reported
362 Rusts
as far back as 1798 and quite distinct from Uromyces costaricensis Rust on wild bamboo.
anthracnose that is sometimes called rust. It is Uromyces dianthi (U. caryophyllinus). Carna-
particularly serious and prevalent on Kentucky tion Rust. 0, I on euphorbia (but not in United
Wonder pole beans. States); II, III general on carnation and sweet
Small rust pustules are formed on leaves most william, a serious disease under glass. Chocolate
frequently, sometimes on stems and pods. The brown pustules, varying from 1/16 to 1/4 inch,
reddish brown sori are most numerous on under- break out on both sides of leaves and on buds and
side of leaves, with the upper surface yellowing stems. Leaves curl up, often die; infected plants
in the same areas. There may be nearly complete are stunted.
defoliation. In late summer in the North, dark Control Use surface watering where possible,
telia replace summer spores, but in the South, avoiding syringing; keep greenhouses properly
urediospores survive the winter and start early ventilated; use rust-free cuttings.
spring infection. Rust spores are spread by wind Uromyces fabae Pea Rust. 0, I, II, III on pea,
and on tools and clothing. Some even cling to peavine, occasionally on broad bean; not very
supporting poles and can start a fresh outbreak of serious.
rust if poles are not disinfested before reuse. Uromyces galii-californici On galium,
Control No bean variety is resistant to all of the California.
more than 30 races so far identified. Most Uromyces punctatus Rust on Astragulus in ID
snapbeans are highly tolerant of rust; and pole and OR.
beans White Kentucky Wonder, U.S. 4 Kentucky Uromyces trifolii, in several varieties. 0, I, II,
Wonder, Potomac, and Rialto are fairly tolerant. III on clovers. Pale brown pustules surrounded by
Uromyces appendiculatus var. torn epidermis, appear on underside of leaves and
appendiculatus (Syn. U. phaseoli). Rust on on petioles and stems.
bean. Uromyces sp. Rust on birdsfoot trefoil.
Uromyces ari-triphylli On jack-in-the-pulpit;
Autoecious, O, I, II, III stages (entire life cycle)
on one host. Uropyxis
Uromyces betae Beet Rust. II, III on beets, and
swiss chard, in California, Oregon, occasionally Pucciniaceae. Autoecious. Teliospores two-
Arizona and New Mexico. Reddish brown pus- celled, on pedicels; uredia with paraphyses.
tules may be numerous on foliage in late summer Uropyxis daleae var. eysenhardtiae (formerly
or in wet seasons. Control is seldom attempted for Uropyxis eysenhardtiae). On Dalea and
table beets; some sugar beet varieties are resis- Eysenhardtia in Arizona.
tant. The seed-borne fungus also persists in vol- Uropyxis eysenhardtiae (see ▶Uropyxis
unteer plants and debris. daleae var. eysenhardtiae). On Dalea and
Uromyces ciceris-arietini Rust on chickpea. Eysenhardtia in Arizona.
Scab
Diseases characterized by an overgrowth of tis- scattered, with tissue drying and falling out, leav-
sue in a limited area are commonly called scab. ing circular holes.
The hyperplastic scablike lesions correspond to Control The brown-rot spray schedule should
the necrotic or dead areas of leaf spots and can- also control scab, a sulfur spray 4 to 6 weeks
kers. Diseases called scab caused by Elsinoë or its after petal fall being especially important.
anamorph, Sphaceloma, are treated under Spot A fungicide can be combined with an insecticide
Anthracnose. spray for curculio.
Cladosporium caryigenum Pecan Scab, Leaf
Spot, general on pecan, and hickory. Scab is
Cladosporium perhaps the most important limiting factor in
pecan production in the Southeast. All varieties
▶ Blotch Diseases. are somewhat susceptible, even those, like Stuart,
Cladosporium bruneo-atrum Possible cause that have been quite resistant in the past. Crop
of russeting of citrus fruit hitherto attributed losses may reach 75 to 95 %.
solely to citrus mite. The fungus attacks rapidly growing tissue in
Cladosporium carpophilum (Syn. leaves, shoots, and nuts; mature growth seems to
Fusicladium carpophilum), apparently be immune. On Schley and other highly suscep-
a different strain from peach scab fungus. tible varieties, primary infection shows in elon-
Almond Scab. Water-soaked symptoms on gated olive brown lesions on veins and underside
young shoots turn brown; leaves turn black, of leaves. With secondary infection leaves appear
drop prematurely; circular, olivaceous spots coa- almost black, as a result of coalescing of spots;
lesce on fruit. defoliation follows. On more resistant varieties,
Cladosporium carpophilum Peach Scab, gen- such as Moore and Stuart, infection is of ten
eral on peach, widespread on apricot, nectarine, delayed until the leaves are nearly mature, and
cherry, and plum. The form on cherry and Euro- so scab spots are confined to nuts. Nut lesions are
pean plum has been attributed to Venturia small, black, circular, slightly raised at first, then
cerasae (Cladosporium cerasi). Small, round, sunken. Spots may be so close together that the
olive black spots appear on infected fruits about entire surface turns black; the nuts drop prema-
6 weeks after petals have fallen. These are usually turely or remain attached to shoots indefinitely.
on upperside of fruit, and cracking may follow. Infection is correlated with spring and early sum-
Twigs show nearly circular yellow-brown mer rainfall, continuous moisture for 6 to 8 hours
blotches with gray or bluish borders; cambium being required for the spores to germinate and
may be killed and twig die. Leaf spots are brown, enter the host. First lesions appear in 1 or 2 weeks.

364 Scab
Control Knock off old shucks and leaf stems

before trees leaf out in spring. When they are Spilocaea (Fusicladium)
wet after a rain, a slight jarring of branches will
make such diseased material drop. Prune off low ▶ Leaf Spots.
limbs for better air circulation. Four protectant Fusicladium dendriticum (see ▶Spilocaea
sprays are required in Georgia, five in Florida. pomi). Conidial stage of the apple-scab fungus.
Cladosporium cladosporioides f. sp. pisicola ▶Venturia inaequalis.
(formerly Cladosporium pisicola). Pea Scab, Fusicladium eriobotryae (see ▶Spilocaea
Black Spot of pea. Dark spots covered with pyracanthae). Loquat Scab, widespread on
velvety mold are formed in moist weather on leaves, stems, fruit of loquat.
leaves, stems, where black streaks may develop Fusicladium photinicola (see ▶Spilocaea
into cankers and pods may be distorted. The photinicola). Christmasberry Scab on Photinia
fungus is seed-borne, and lives in soil in plant arbutifolia.
refuse. Fusicladium pyracanthae (see ▶Spilocaea
Cladosporium coreopsidis Reported on core- photinicola). Pyracantha Scab, widespread on
opsis in Wisconsin, causing stunting and suppres- leaves and fruit.
sion of flowering. Fusicladium saliciperdum (Syn. Venturia
Cladosporium cucumerinum Cucumber chlorospora) (see ▶Pollaccia saliciperda).
Scab, general on cucumber in greenhouses, an Willow Scab, Blight, first noticed on willow in
important transit and storage decay of musk- Connecticut in 1927, apparently introduced from
melon, sometimes serious on late-planted squash. Europe.
The disease was first noted in New York in 1887. Pollaccia saliciperda (formerly Fusicladium
Leaves with water-soaked spots may wilt, stems saliciperdum (Syn. Venturia chlorospora). Wil-
have slight cankers, but most injury is to the fruit. low Scab, Blight, first noticed on willow in Con-
First symptoms, while cucumbers are still small, necticut in 1927, apparently introduced from
are gray, slightly sunken spots, sometimes exud- Europe. Repeated defoliation has killed thou-
ing a gummy substance. They darken with age, sands of trees in the Northeast. Young leaves
and the collapsed tissue forms a pronounced cav- are attacked and of ten killed in spring, almost
ity, lined with a dark green velvety layer of within a few hours, and from the leaf blades the
greenish mycelium, short conidophores, and fungus enters twigs, kills back young shoots, and
dark, one-to two-celled spores. On leaves, these causes cankers. Olive green felty spore masses are
fruiting fascicles are extruded through stomata. formed on the long veins on underside of leaves.
The disease becomes epidemic after mid-sum- Overwintering is as dormant mycelium in twigs
mer, when night temperatures are cold or with infected the previous spring. Another fungus,
heavy dews and fog. Physalospora miyabeana, is found with the scab
Control Resistant cucumber varieties include fungus, and the two together form the disease
Maine No. 2, Wisconsin SR 10, SR 6, and complex known as willow blight. Physalospora
Highmoor. A long rotation is advised. usually attacks later in the season than
Cladosporium pisicola (see ▶Cladosporium Fusicladium and causes cankers on larger stems.
cladosporioides f. sp. pisicola). Pea Scab, Black Control Prune heavily to remove diseased parts.
Spot of pea. Spray with bordeaux with excess lime.
Spilocaea photinicola (formerly Fusicladium
photinicola). Christmasberry Scab on Photinia
Fusarium arbutifolia. Brown velvety spots appear on
leaves, flower stalks, and green berries; the
▶ Rots. berries being disfigured when mature. Prune in
Fusarium heterosporum Head Scab of tall winter to remove dead wood and foliage. Spray
fescue. before blossoming with bordeaux mixture.
Streptomyces 365
Spilocaea pomi formerly Fusicladium dissolving cuticle and killing cells. When the
dendriticum). Conidial stage of the apple-scab food supply diminishes, the plasmodium again
fungus. ▶Venturia inaequalis. breaks up into spore balls.
Spilocaea pyracanthae (formerly Fusicladium Control Avoid low soggy ground; if such soil
eriobotryae). Loquat Scab, widespread on must be used, acidify it with sulfur as for common
leaves, stems, fruit of loquat. This is similar to scab.
pear and apple scab. Dark velvety spots cause
more or less deformation of fruit, but the disease
is seldom important. Streptomyces
Spilocaea pyracanthae (formerly Fusicladium
pyracantha). Pyracantha Scab, widespread on ▶ Rots.
leaves and fruit. The unsightly black scabs Streptomyces acidiscabies Acid Scab on beet,
spoil the appearance of bright berries. The carrot, radish, parsley and turnip.
fungus winters in the mycelial state in Streptomyces scabies (Syn. Actinomyces sca-
attached leaves. Frequent spraying with bor- bies). Common Scab of potatoes, Beet Scab,
deaux mixture controls scab but causes some Corky Scab, Actinomycosis, general on potatoes,
defoliation. widespread on beets, also reported on carrot,
parsnip, radish, rutabaga, and turnip. This disease
may have been in America as long as potatoes
Spongospora have been grown, but the causal organism was
not described until 1890. Scabby potatoes, by
Plasmodiophoromycetes, lowering the market grade, mean an annual loss
Plasmodiophorales of several million dollars. Chief symptoms are
the tuber lesions, starting as minute brown specks
Spores in a hollow sphere with several openings; and progressing to scabs that are warty or with
zoosporangia formed; zoospores anteriorly bi- corky ridges, or are pitted and depressed with the
flagellate; sexual fusion of myxamoebae. skin cracking open. Such potatoes can be eaten,
Spongospora subterranea Powdery Scab of but have poor customer appeal and are wasteful
potatoes, Canker, Spongy Scab. Indigenous to because of the deep peeling required. On beets,
South America and introduced into Europe the scabs are similar but more bulging. The path-
more than a century ago, potato scab was not ogen can be found even in virgin soil. It invades
noticed in North America before 1913, in young tubers and may sometimes be seen as
Maine. Ordinarily not important, it causes eco- a grayish coating on freshly dug potatoes. It is
nomic loss in some seasons. Slightly raised pim- most destructive in soils with pH 5.7 and over,
ples appear on tubers when they are less than an with its activity sharply limited in soils slightly
inch in diameter; they are varying shades of more acid. Although its optimum temperature is
brown on the surface, faintly purple underneath. 72 to 86 F, the fungus can withstand great
The epidermis, not growing as fast as the pimple, extremes of temperature and moisture and can
breaks and curls back over the pustule, which, by pass through the digestive tract of animals,
this time, is a brown powdery mass of spore balls returning to the field in manure.
and decomposed plant tissue. The lesions are Control Seed tubers have been treated with for-
often “corked off,” but under favorable condi- malin, but the organism is so prevalent in potato
tions large, depressed cankers may form. The soils that such treatment may have little result.
fungus winters on stored tubers or in soil, Soils already slightly acid may be further acidi-
remaining viable for many years. In the presence fied with sulfur. Enough sulfur to acidify highly
of a potato tuber and enough moisture, each alkaline soil would be too expensive and too
spore in the ball germinates by swarmspores, injurious to potatoes. Alkaline materials – time,
which stay grouped together in a plasmodium, wood ashes, and manure – should not be
366 Scab
Fig. 1 Apple scab on leaf

and fruit
applied to potato soil. Somewhat resistant varie- 1819 and was recognized in New York and New
ties include Menonimee, Ontario, Cayuga, and Jersey in 1834, apparently having come here with
Seneca. some European imports.
Symptoms The first symptom of scab on leaves
is a dull smoky area that changes to an olive-
Venturia drab moldy spot, 1/4 inch or more in diameter,
without a sharp outline. Sometimes the leaf is
Ascomycetes, Pleosporales, raised or domed in the vicinity of the spot;
Venturiaceae sometimes it turns brown and drops prema-
turely. Similar spots may be formed on blossom
Perithecia setose, often only near apex, papillate; pedicel, calyx, and petals, followed by dropping
paraphyses absent; spores unequally two-celled, of young fruit. Scabby lesions sometimes appear
olive. on twigs, but are less common. On fruits, spots
Venturia cerasi On cherry and European plum, are small, more or less raised, rounded, dark
perhaps a strain of the peach scab fungus but not olive areas (see Fig. 1). As they increase in
infecting peach. size, the cuticle ruptures to form a white rim
Venturia inaequalis (Anamorph, Spilocaea around a dark, velvety center, and still later the
pomi). Apple Scab, Scurf, Black Spot, general center may be raised, corky, and tan in color,
on apple except in far South, widespread on after dark mycelium and spores have
crabapple; reported also on mountain-ash and disappeared. Lesions are usually most abundant
hawthorn, but probably other species of near calyx end of fruit; if they are too numerous,
Fusicladium infect these hosts. Scab is the the fruit splits.
world’s top-ranking apple disease and is probably Life History The fungus winters in dead fallen
coextensive with the host. In this country it takes leaves, producing small, dark, flask-shaped peri-
a fourth or more of the crop in a favorable scab thecia and, toward spring, asci with eight brown
year, the average national loss running around ascospores, unequally two-celled, with the upper
8 %, or over 10 million bushels. Scab is some- cell wider than the lower (Fig. 2). The ascospores
what less important in the South and in irrigated mature about the time blossoms show pink, and
sections of Washington, but it is important in the are forcibly expelled during warm spring rains.
humid coastal areas (Fig. 1). The pathogen was Each ascus elongates, protrudes its tip through
first described and named by Fries in Sweden in the mouth of the perithecium, and explodes its
Venturia 367
Fig. 2 Venturia
inaequalis, the apple-scab
fungus. A one-celled dark
conidia of Fusicladium
stage; B perithecium with
two-celled ascospores
spore content. When a spore, carried by wind, fungus. Nitrogenous fertilizers increase yield of
arrives on a young leaf or bud, it penetrates the the fruit but also susceptibility to scab.
cuticle with a germ tube and develops a layer of Protective spraying, having a chemical film on
branching mycelium just under it. The scab spot blossom, fruit, or foliage at all times when
is evident in about 10 days, when brown weather makes infection probable, is the only
conidiopores bearing olive brown, one-celled, real answer to scab. This may mean more than
somewhat pointed spores appear on the surface. a dozen applications in a wet year and a minimum
Secondary infection occurs when these conidia of five any season, a program more suited to the
are carried to new infection courts. commercial grower than to the amateur. Timing
The expulsion of ascospores proceeds in is all-important, and most states have a spray
a series of discharges over a rather long period, warning service that tells of imminent discharge
up to 3 months, starting in February, on the West of ascospores. Any spray schedule must be tai-
Coast, but a shorter period, beginning in April, in lored for the locality, the season, and apple vari-
New York. Germination and infection take place eties grown. The apple grower gets this specific
from 41 to 79 F. Length of wetting period help from his county agents.
necessary for primary infection decreases as the Venturia pyrina (Anamorph, Fusicladium
temperature rises 13 to 18 h of continuous wet- pyrorum). Pear Scab, general on pear, also on
ting at 43 F and only 4 to 6 at 70 F. Secondary quince, similar to apple scab. The pear species of
infection from conidia continues all season in Venturia overwinters in fallen leaves and also in
rainy periods and even in storage scab may affected twigs; the perithecia mature somewhat
show up on apples infected just before picking. later than those of apple scab. Conidia are formed
Control No varieties are immune to scab. Resis- on pear twigs and washed to leaves and fruit.
tance varies with the season and the part of the Pear scab is not serious except on such varie-
country. McIntosh apples are very susceptible; ties as Flemish Beauty, Winter Nelis, Seckel,
Baldwins are fairly resistant but may scab badly Anjou, Bosc, and Duchess. Bartlett pears are
some years. There is more than one strain of the rather resistant.
Scurf
Two diseases, one of sweet potatoes and one of from potatoes bedded in sand that has not grown
potatoes, are commonly called scurf. sweet potatoes before.
Monilochaetes Helminthosporium (Spondylocladium)
Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes Deuteromycetes, Hyphomycetes
Hyphae and conidiophores dark, spores hyaline, Conidiophores dark, straight, septate, the upper
one-celled, oblong-cylindric, in chains. cells bearing whorls of conidia; conidia dark with
Monilochaetes infuscans Sweet Potato Scurf. three or more cells.
Small, circular, brown or black spots are formed Helminthosporium solani (formerly Spondy-
on all underground parts, often forming a uniform locladium atrovirens). Silver Scurf of potatoes.
patch over the whole potato or a black patch on Scab, Dry Rot, present in almost all potato dis-
red-skinned varieties. The skin cracks, and pota- tricts but not too important. Light brown lesions
toes shrink in storage. The black conidiophores become somewhat blistered, giving the skin a
stick up from the surface of the lesions like bris- marked silvery appearance. The disease is only
tles. The fungus winters on the roots and on skin deep, and control measures are seldom used.
decaying vines. Spondylocladium atrovirens (see Helminth-
Control Scurf, formerly present in 50 % of New osporium solani). Silver Scurf of potatoes. Scab,
Jersey sweet potatoes, is now rare because of Dry Rot, present in almost all potato districts but
proper care. Set only healthy sprouts, grown not too important.

Slime Molds
Slime molds belong to the Myxomycetes, a group multinucleate plasmodium. There are many spe-
intermediate between bacteria and fungi. Their cies. Two only are listed here, as being common
assimilative phase is a plasmodium, which is on turf.
transformed into distinct fructifications on a Fuligo septica (formerly Mucilago spongiosa).
substratum. They are not parasitic and are often Cream to yellow plasmodium forms large grayish
found in rotting logs. Sometimes they are a nui- white structures, 2 to 6 cm long by 1 to 6 cm wide,
sance in lawns, for the plasmodium after that are lobed and branched sporangia filled with
ingesting decayed organic matter or microorgan- a dark mass of purple, spiny spores.
isms for food moves up a grass blade for fruiting. Mucilago spongiosa (see Fuligo septica).
Their spores are produced on or in aerial Physarum polycephalum Plasmodium color-
sporangia and are spread by wind. On absorbing less, watery-white or yellow. Fruiting bodies
water the spore cracks open and the contents small, gray, sessile, crowded on grass blades,
escape as a swarmspore, sometimes two, with and scattered in groups or rings over an area of
two flagella. The swarmspore ingests food like several feet. Spores are purple brown in mass.
an amoeba, divides by fission into a myxamoeba, The sporangia develop during humid weather in
unites with another to form a zygote, summer and autumn. Use a stream of water to
which enlarges, with mitotic division, into a wash the spore masses off the grass.

Smuts
Smuts, of the fungus order Ustilaginales, are given in most textbooks and also the false
named for their sooty black spore masses. Like smuts, Graphiolaceae (Ustilaginales), which
the rusts, they belong to the Basidiomycetes and have an uncertain taxonomic position.
are all plant parasites, of most economic impor- There are three types of infection with smuts,
tance on cereals and grasses, but they differ from with control measures modified according to
rusts in having a less complicated life history and type. The mycelium always penetrates the
in being able to live part of their lives saprophyt- young host tissue directly; it does not enter
ically in rich organic matter or in culture media. through stomata.
There are two spore forms. The teliospore, 1. Infection of seedlings as the seed germinates,
usually called a chlamydospore, is formed by from spores adhering to the outside of the
the rounding up of a hyphal cell. In addition to a seed or present in soil; controlled by dusting
thin inner endospore wall, it has a thick outer seed and planting in noninfested soil.
exospore wall, usually dark, smooth or ornamen- 2. Seedling infection by mycelium within the
tal. Teliospores are formed singly or united into seed as a result of ovary infection from spores
balls. They can be distributed long distances by germinating on the stigma; controlled by
wind, and spores of some species remain viable treating seed with hot water.
for years. Some have to ripen several months 3. Infection of any actively growing meriste-
before they can germinate. matic tissue (roots, shoot, tassels, or young
Occasionally the teliospore puts out a germ ears) by spores transported by wind
tube that penetrates host tissue directly. More from decaying plant material; controlled,
often it produces a promycelium that gives rise partially, by spraying or dusting susceptible
to sporidia, which can bud to more sporidia. plants.
Classically true smuts have been divided into
two families on the type of sporidial formation:
Ustilaginaceae, with sporidia produced on the Burrillia
sides of a four-celled promycelium, and
Tilletiaceae, with sporidia produced at the end Tilletiaceae. Sori in various host parts, often in
of a one-or two-celled promycelium. Fischer, leaves, rather permanently embedded. Spore
however, points out that there are so many vari- balls with a central sterile mass surrounded by
ations that it is preferable to include all species in fertile teliospores but no sterile cortex (surface
a single family, Ustilaginaceae, and to differenti- layer). Teliospore hyaline to yellowish, rather
ate the species on the basis of morphological firmly united. On water plants.
characters and the host family. This is logical, Burrillia decipiens Leaf Smut of floating heart
but we include here the families as they are (Nymphoides).

374 Smuts
Entyloma dahliae Dahlia Leaf Smut, a Euro-

Cintractia pean disease occasionally reported here. It
showed up in one location in California where
Ustilaginaceae. Sori usually in ovaries, black, overhead watering was used, but disappeared
more or less agglutinated spore masses with a when the practice was discontinued. Leaves are
peridium. Teliospores single, olive to reddish marked by more or less circular spots, first
brown, formed from a fertile stroma surrounding yellow-green, then brownish and dry. Primary
a central columella of host tissues. On spores germinate in leaves and send projections
Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. to the outside, where secondary spores are
formed to spread the disease. Late planting
seems to increase disease incidence.
Doassansia Entyloma ellisii Spinach Smut. An occasional
disease with infected leaves pale and worthless.
Tilletiaceae. Sori usually in leaves; spore balls Spores are produced in irregular, marginal
large and conspicuous, with a sterile layer around necrotic lesions.
fertile cells. Teliospores pale yellowish brown to Entyloma lineatum Smut of wild rice.
hyaline, thin walled. Germination often in situ. Entyloma polysporum Leaf Smut of
On water plants. gaillardia, golden-glow, senecio, sylphium, and
Doassansia epilobii Leaf Smut on epilobium. sunflower.
Entyloma
Graphiola
Tilletiaceae. Sori generally in leaves forming
light spots, giving the name white smut, or Ustilaginales. This family and genus are
slightly raised darker blisters. Teliospores pro- sometimes included in the smuts, sometimes
duced singly but often adhering in irregular not. The sori are erumpent, enclosed in
groups – hyaline to pale green, yellow, or a compact black peridium on leaves of palms.
brown. Sporidia formed on the surface give the The spores are formed in parallel chains, and
white powdery appearance. bud laterally to form two or more sporidia,
Entyloma calendulae Calendula White Smut. which become somewhat colored with thickened
Spots are pale yellow, turning brown to black, 1/4 walls.
inch in diameter. The smut is common but not Graphiola phoenicis False Smut of palms, Leaf
very serious in commercial calendula plantings Spot on queen, canary date, royal and Washing-
around San Francisco. Plant debris should be ton palms and on palmetto. Leaves are yellow-
cleaned up, perhaps the location changed. spotted with small black scabs or warts having
Entyloma compositarum, White Smut of a dark, horny outer surface and long, flexuous
composites, boltonia, calendula, erigeron, sterile hyphae protruding from an inner
eupatorium, gnaphalium, golden-glow, helenium, membrane containing powdery yellow or light
and prairie coneflower. brown spore masses. Seriously infected leaves
Entyloma dactylidis (E. crastophilum and may die.
E. irregulare). Bluegrass Blister Smut, on Poa The disease occurs on date palm where humid-
spp., Oregon, Washington, Minnesota, North ity is continuously high, but is checked in desert
Dakota. Gray-black, blister areas in leaves from areas best suited to date culture. Kustawy variety
subepidermal masses of chlamydospores. A is less susceptible than some others. The disease
series of fine dotlike masses of sporidia (conidia), also appears on small ornamental palms in green-
appear scattered in rows along surface of the houses and conservatories. Cut out and burn
blisters. infected leaves or parts.
Tilletia 375
Sphacelotheca cruenta (see Sporisorium

Mycosyrinx cruentum). Loose Kernel Smut on sorghum,
causing smutting and excessive branching.
Ustilaginaceae. Spores united in pairs; sori with Sphacelotheca reiliana (see Sporisorium
a double peridium in swollen pedicels and pedun- holci-sorghi). Head Smut of corn, in Pacific
cles. Mostly tropical. states and scattered locations in South.
Mycosyrinx osmundae Inflorescence Smut on Sphacelotheca sorghi (see Sporisorium sorghi).
osmunda fern. Covered Kernel Smut.
Kernels replaced by smut galls
Sporisorium cruentum (formerly Sphacel-
Neovossia otheca cruenta). Loose Kernel Smut on sorghum,
causing smutting and excessive branching. Con-
Tilletiaceae. Sori in ovaries, semi-agglutinated to trolled by seed treatment and resistant varieties.
powdery. Teliospores borne singly, each with a Sporisorium holci-sorghi (formerly Sphacel-
long pedicel appendage, and producing many otheca reiliana). Head Smut of corn, in Pacific
sporidia. states and scattered locations in South. Galls on
Neovossia iowensis On grains, affecting kernels tassels and ears breaking into loose dark brown
in the dough stage. spore masses. Do not plant in a smutted field for 2
years; use certified seed, resistant hybrids.
Sporisorium sorghi (formerly Sphacelotheca
Schizonella sorghi). Covered Kernel Smut. Kernels replaced
by smut galls.
Ustilaginaceae. Sori in leaves; short to long
striae; black, agglulinated teliospores in pairs,
germinating with three-to four-celled Thecaphora
promycellium with lateral sporidia. Two species
on Cyperaceae. Ustilaginaceae. Sori in various host parts, mostly
inflorescence; powdery or granular. Spores firmly
united into balls, with no sterile cells. Chiefly on
Sorosporium Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae.
Ustilaginaceae. Spores loosely united into balls,

readily separable by pressure, in various hosts, Tilletia
more often in reproductive parts. Germination by
promycelium and sporidia or germ tube. Mostly Tilletiaceae. Sori mostly in ovaries, occasionally
on grains. in vegetative parts of host forming a powdery or
Sorosporium saponariae Flower Smut of semi-agglutinated spore mass, often foetid. On
silene. grains and grasses, called bunt; interior of seed
a solid mass of spore balls (see Fig. 1).
Tilletia buchloëana Bunt of buffalograss.
Sporisorium Tilletia caries Dwarf Bunt of wheat. Plants
a fourth or half size of healthy plants.
Ustilaginaceae. Sori in various host parts but Tilletia foetida Stinking Smut, Common Bunt
mostly in inflorescence; granular to powdery, of Wheat, on wheat and wheat grasses wherever
covered at first by a peridium. Teliospores single, grown, occasionally on rye. A major agricultural
formed around a central columella. Germination disease, especially in Pacific Northwest, this is
usually with sporidia. Most species on grains and of historical importance as the first disease con-
grasses, sometimes causing severe stunting. trolled by seed disinfection. In 1670 a ship was
376 Smuts
Fig. 1 Smut Spores.

Ustilago (left), spiny
chlamydospore
germinating with
promycelium and sporidia
formed at sides; Tilletia
(right), reticulate
chlamydospore with long
H-shaped sporidia formed
at end of promycelium and
sometimes forming small
secondary sporidia
wrecked off the Coast of England, but the cargo sterile spores on the surface, only a few fertile
of wheat was salvaged, free from bunt because of spores. Sori without peridium.
its salt-water bath. Dark smut balls replace Urocystis agropyri Flag Smut of wheat, also on
kernels, and there is a fishy odor. Plants are wheat grass, red top, and bluegrasses. Symptoms
stunted, but not as much as with dwarf bunt. are similar to those of stripe smut.
Spore balls are broken in threshing and seed Urocystis anemones (including U. hepaticae-
contaminated. Many materials are offered for trilobae). Leaf and Stem Smut of anemone,
seed treatment. Seed dealers treat seed for hepatica, and trautveteria.
farmers in special machinery at low cost. Urocystis carcinodes Smut of aconite, bane-
Tilletia pallida Bunt on velvet and creeping berry, clematis, and cimicifuga.
bent grass, Oregon, Rhode Island. Seeds are filled Urocystis colchici (Fischer includes U. cepulae
with black spores, plants stunted. The disease is in this species). Leaf Smut of autumn crocus,
serious where grass is grown for seed, with up to camassia, Solomons-seal and false Solomons-
80 % nonviable seed. seal.
Urocystis gladiolicola Gladiolus Smut. This
disease had been intercepted several times at
Urocystis quarantine and appeared once in California fields,
in 1950, but apparently is eradicated there.
Tilletiaceae. Sori mostly in leaves and stems, Growers should be on the lookout for corms
blackish; embedded in host tissues. Spore balls with low blister swellings, with ridges paralleling
permanent, without sterile cortex but sometimes veins, bluish black, breaking open to expose
with a layer of hyaline, hyphal fragments. On dense black spore balls. Seedlings exhibit blister-
Liliaceae, Primulaceae. ing, shredding, and necrosis of stem and leaf
Tuburcinia trienthalus (see Urocystis tissues; they die if the disease is severe.
trientalus). Leaf and Stem Smut of starflower. Urocystis kmetiana Floral Smut of field pansy
Urocystis trientalus (formerly Tuburcinia (Viola bicoler).
trientalus). Leaf and Stem Smut of starflower. Urocystis magica (U. colchici). Onion Smut,
general on onion, also on leek, shallot, garlic,
and chives. This is the most destructive onion
Urocystis disease, found in the Connecticut Valley as
early as 1861 and thence spread to all northern
Tilletiaceae. Sori usually in leaves, stem sheaths, onion-growing sections, but more important
occasionally in flowers; dark brown to black, where onions are grown from seed rather than
powdery to granular. Spore balls with distinct sets as in most home gardens. Black elongated
Ustilago 377
blisters or pustules of spores break out on scales Ustilago hordei Covered Smut of barley. Heads
or leaves of young plants. Many plants die; others are converted into hard, black, smutted masses,
survive and have black or brown smut pustules on enclosed within thin membranes.
the cured bulbs. Plants are stunted but not rotten, Ustilago kolleri Covered Smut of oats. Spore
although smut may be followed by secondary rot balls remain intact within glumes until threshing,
organisms. when spores are distributed over surface of seed,
The spores can live in soil for years, but infec- ready to infect young seedlings.
tion is possible only in young plants from the Ustilago maydis (U. segetum). Corn Smut, Boil
second day after seed germination until the seed- Smut, general on corn but most destructive to
ling is in first leaf, a period of 10 to 15 days. The sweet corn. The average annual loss is 3 to 5 %
spore is able to penetrate the onion through root but it can be 100 % in any one field. The fungus
and cotyledon but cannot enter a true leaf. After was described in Europe in 1754 and not reported
entrance it spreads through the seedling until it here before 1822, but it may be native along with
reaches the leaves to form fruiting pustules just its host. There are many physiological races, and
below the epidermis. When this ruptures, spores smut resistance is likely to be correlated with lack
are dropped, to be disseminated by running water of vigor, so that it has been hard to breed desir-
and tools, on feet of persons and animals, and on able resistant varieties.
roots of transplanted vegetables. Onion smut is Any plant parts aboveground may be
confined to states with cool summers, optimum attacked – stalks, prop roots, leaves, tassels,
soil temperature for infection being 72 F. husks, and ears (see Fig. 2). Large boils are
Urocystis tritici Flag Smut of wheat. Plants are formed, at first covered with a greenish white
dwarfed with twisted leaf blades; sheaths are membrane, said to be good eating when boiled
marked with grayish-black stripes; diseased tis- or fried. Later the membrane breaks and releases
sues dry up and are shredded. Infected plants myriads of dark chlamydospores. The plant
rarely produce heads. is often distorted. Infections are local; each boil
is formed where a spore lands, and there is
no systemic growth through the plant. The fungus
Ustilago is not seed-borne, and germinating seedlings
are not affected. Chlamydospores winter in soil,
Ustilaginaceae. Sori in various host parts; spore corn debris, and manure. They produce sporidia,
masses powdery to agglutinated; usually dark which may bud to form secondary sporidia,
brown to black, in some species yellow to purple and these are carried by wind and other agencies
without a peridium. Spores single, not united in to corn plants, which are 1 to 3 feet high.
balls (see Fig. 1). Mycelium from spores of two sexes is needed
Ustilago avenae Nigra Loose Smut, general on for active development. Spores formed in
barley. the first boils provide inoculum for secondary
Ustilago avenae (including U. perennans). infection of ears.
Black Loose Smut on oats and some grasses. Corn smut thrives in warm weather, optimum
Individual flowers in panicle are largely replaced temperature for spore germination being 80 to
by a spore mass. The young seedling is diseased 92 F. Heaviest infection occurs when scant rain-
from the seed, and the fungus grows systemically fall in early stages of growth is followed by
in the plant. moderate rainfall as corn approaches maturity.
Ustilago buchloes Stripe Smut on grass. Vigorous plants are most susceptible, but may
Ustilago bullata Head Smut on many grasses. escape the most serious effects because of their
Ustilago esculenta Smut on wild rice. rapid growth. Spores retain viability 5 to 7 years.
Ustilago heufleri Erythronium Smut. Large They remain viable in passage through an
dusty pustules lead to cracking and dying of animal into manure, but are killed by the acids
leaves of dogtooth violet. in silage.
378 Smuts
Fig. 2 Corn smut

Ustilago 379
Control Seed treatment is not effective. Some systemically infected, make poor growth, and
hybrid varieties are rather resistant. Most reliance inflorescences are stunted or absent. Perennial
in home gardens should be placed on cleanliness, mycelium may overwinter in the plant.
cutting off and burning all smutted parts before Ustilago violacea Anther Smut of carnation,
the boils break open to release spores. dianthus, lychnis, and silene. Infected plants
Ustilago mulfordiana Fescue Smut on fescue grow slowly, produce many weak axillary shoots;
grasses. stem internodes are shortened; flower buds are
Ustilago tritici Nuda Loose Smut. Normal short and squatty; calyxes tend to split; flowers
heads replaced by black powdery masses. are sprinkled with black sooty dust from the
Ustilago striiformis Stripe Smut, general on anthers, whose pollen grains are replaced by
grasses – wheatgrasses, redtop, bentgrasses, smut spores. The fungus enters through flowers
fescues, ryegrass, and bluegrass; does not occur or injured surfaces and grows systemically.
on cereals. Long dark narrow striations develop Spores are spread on cuttings. Control by roguing
in leaves; as the sori mature, spores are freed, diseased plants before flowering. Do not take
and the blade splits into ribbons. Plants are cuttings from plants with grassy or bushy habit.
Snowmold
Northern lawns and turf of golf greens often show Severity is increased by applying fertilizer in late
round light patches as the snow melts in early autumn and an excess of organic matter in the
spring. Such a disease is called snow mold and soil. Reports differ as to susceptibility, but Colo-
may be due to one of several fungi, sometimes to nial, Washington and Metropolitan bentgrasses
two appearing together. appear to be more resistant then Seaside bent.
Microdochium (Fusarium) Sclerotium
▶ Rots. ▶ Blights.
Fusarium nivale, Teleomorph, Monographella Sclerotium rhizodes Frost Scorch, String of
nivales (see ▶Microdochium nivale). Pink Pearls, in northern states. Not exactly a
Snowmold, Fusarium Patch, most important on snowmold but appearing in early spring with
bentgrass on golf courses but infecting other turf bleached, withered leaves covered with rows of
grasses and winter wheat and winter rye. tiny sclerotia. Collect clippings when mowing
Microdochium nivale (formerly Fusarium diseased areas to remove sclerotia on leaf tips.
nivale, Teleomorph, Monographella nivales).
Pink Snowmold, Fusarium Patch, most impor-
tant on bentgrass on golf courses but infecting Typhula
other turf grasses and winter wheat and winter
rye. Irregularly circular patches, from 1 to 2 Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales
inches to a foot or more, appear as snow is melt-
ing. They are whitish gray, often with a pinkish Fruit body erect, simple, like a little club, on
tinge, and several patches may run together to a long stipe from a sclerotium; basidia with four
cover large areas. Individual plants have sterigmata and simple, hyaline spores.
a bleached appearance, feel slimy when wet. Typhula incarnata Snowmold of turf and lawn
Spores are formed in salmon-pink sporodochia grasses, Typhula Blight, common in eastern
over stomata in leaves. They are sickle-shaped, United States. As the snow disappears in spring,
one-to three-septate. Perithecia are produced on a felty white mycelial mat is seen over grass and
the luxuriant white mycelial mat. adjacent soil. Plants wither and turn light brown
Abundant moisture in the fall, snow falling on or tan in roughly circular patches, very conspic-
unfrozen ground, deep snow, and a prolonged, uous against the green of the rest of the lawn. The
cold wet spring are predisposing factors, but the chief diagnostic character is the presence of very
presence of snow is not a requisite for the disease. small, tawny to hazel brown spherical sclerotia in

382 Snowmold
large numbers over affected parts. These can be often uniformly green and show little sign of
made to fruit in the laboratory into rose-colored having been affected. Phosphate fertilizers are
sporophores up to 1 inch tall. said to decrease injury from Typhula.
Control The disease gradually disappears as Typhula idahoensis Snowmold on wheat and
moisture decreases and temperature and sunlight grasses in Idaho and Montana. Sclerotia are
increase; so control seldom seems necessary. Six chestnut brown, sporophores fawn to wood
weeks after striking cases of snowmold, lawns are brown, less than 1/2 inch high.
Sooty Mold
Sooty mold is a black coating on surface of leaves stylospores in very long flask-shaped concepta-
or fruit composed of a weft of dark mycelial cles, and muriform brown ascospores in
threads. As here used, the term applies to sapro- perithecia.
phytic fungi that live on insect honeydew and Although sooty molds do not obtain food from
harm plants only indirectly. See ▶ Black Mildew the plant, the black membrane interferes greatly
for the true parasites with dark mycelium and with photosynthesis and food manufacture.
spores giving a sooty appearance to foliage. Affected fruit is smaller, with coloring retarded;
it is more likely to decay than normal fruit.
Control is directed against the insects, either
Capnodium by spraying with insecticides or by using
entomogenous fungi and insect parasites. Oil
Ascomycetes, Capnodiales sprays kill the insects and help to clean the trees
of the sooty covering.
Mycelium superficial, dark; spores muriform, in Capnodium elongatum Sooty Mold of tulip-
perithecium-like conceptacles at tips of branches tree, oleander, holly-osmanthus, and others.
of a carbonaceous stroma; associated with insect Foliage of tulip-trees very frequently has
secretion on living plants. a black coating, often on honeydew secreted by
Capnodium citri Sooty Mold on citrus, on hon- the tulip-tree aphid, sometimes following attacks
eydew secreted by scale insects, aphids, white- of tulip-tree scale. A dormant oil spray controls
flies, especially abundant following whiteflies in the latter.
Florida, black scale in California. A black velvety Capnodium spp Sooty Mold on gardenia, fig,
membranous coating is formed over leaves, crape-myrtle, azaleas, and many other plants.
twigs, and fruit. If honeydew is slight, the coating Gardenias are especially subject to sooty mold
appears in spots; but if the insect secretion is following whiteflies, crape-myrtle after aphids,
abundant, the entire surface may be covered by azaleas after mealybugs and magnolias after
a dense continuous membrane resembling black scales. A summer oil spray helps to control the
tissue paper. With age, under dry conditions it insects and loosens the black coating so that it is
may be blown off in fragments. The black mem- more readily washed off.
brane is made up of hyphae that are individually Very often rhododendronss and other broad-
olive green to deep brown, with wide short cells. leaved evergreens growing inside the branch
Branches may crisscross or be cemented spread of tulip and other trees afflicted with
together. There are several spore forms: simple aphids and scales are covered with sooty mold
conidia that are cut off from upright hyphae, growing in the honeydew dropped down on
others formed in small, black pycnidia, foliage from the tree overhead.

384 Sooty Mold
trees and shrubs, also on house plants in honeydew

Fumago from aphids, mealybugs and scale insects.
Scorias
Mycelium dark, creeping over surface of leaves;
conidiophores dark, variable, bearing conidia ter- Ascomycetes, Capnodiales
minally or laterally; conidia variable, dark,
muriform, frequently in chains; saprophytic on Mycelium with parallel walls, forming a thick
honeydew; probably conidialstage of spongy mass; perithecium long-stalked, round;
Capnodium. spores four-celled.
Fumago vagans A heavy black moldlike growth Scorias spongiosa Sooty Mold. Often on
on leaves of linden and many other ornamental trees – alder, beech, pine, etc.
Spot Anthracnose
Diseases caused by species of Elsinoe¨ anamorph Campbell Early, Diamond, Norton, and Salem
state Sphaceloma, are characterized by some are quite susceptible; Concord, Delaware Moore
overgrowth of tissue. When this hyperplasia is Early, and Niagara are resistant. The fungus
pronounced, the disease is usually called scab; winters on canes.
when the overgrowth is scarcely noticeable Control Apply a dormant lime-sulfur spray and
(merely a slightly raised border around a necrotic four or five sprays of bordeaux mixture: when
center), the disease has been commonly known as new shoots are 7 to 8 inches long; just after
anthracnose. Recently, the term spot anthracnose bloom; 7 to 10 days later; and when berries are
was introduced to differentiate a Sphaceloma half grown.
malady from anthracnoses caused by fungi with Elsinoë cinnamomi Camphor-Tree Scab.
slime spores (Colletotrichum, Glomerella) and Inconspicuous brown leaf spots, sometimes
from the Venturia type of scab diseases. Conse- dropping out; elongated raised lesions on veins,
quently, all spot anthracnose diseases are petioles, and stems. Reported from South
included in this section, but with the common Carolina.
designation, scab or anthracnose, also listed. Elsinoë corni Dogwood Spot Anthracnose,
a serious threat to flowering dogwood from
Delaware to Florida, also reported from Louisiana.
Elsinoë Infected buds do not open, or they produce
stunted, malformed “flowers,” marked with
Ascomycetes, Myriangiales, numerous small, circular to elongated spots with
Elsinoaceae light tan centers, purple to brown borders, up to 50
on a bract. Leaf spots are 1 to 2 mm, slightly raised
A sciare borne singly, at different levels, in an at the margin, purple paling to yellow-gray at
effused stroma, having a gelatinous interior and centers, which may be broken in a shot-hole effect.
crustose rind, under or within the epidermis, There may be 100 spots on a leaf, scattered or
which ruptures to expose the asci. The anamorph concentrated at tip, margin, or midrib. Spots
state is a Sphaceloma. on petioles, fruit clusters, and stems are similar to
Elsinoë ampelina Grape Anthracnose, Bird’s leaf spots.
Eye Rot, widespread on grape. Small sunken Elsinoë diospyri Spot Anthracnose on leaves
spots with dark margins and light centers occur of native persimmon, reported from Florida,
on fruit, young shoots, tendrils, petioles, and leaf 1955.
veins. Leaves may be distorted and ragged from Elsinoë euonymi-japonici Spot Anthracnose
diseased portions dropping out. Outbreaks are on evergreen euonymus, Florida. Small, roundish
sporadic in eastern states. Varieties Catawba, spots, mostly on upper surface of leaves, brown

386 Spot Anthracnose
with raised, orange-cinnamon margin; stem Elsinoë jasminae Jasmine Scab. Reported from
cankers circular to elliptical, wrinkled or fissured, Florida. Spots numerous, round or irregular, up to
grayish white with raised orange margins. 2 mm.
Elsinoë fawcettii Sour Orange Scab, Citrus Elsinoë ledi Ledum Spot Anthracnose, wide-
Scab, Verrucosis on citrus fruits, except rare on spread on ledum, Labrador tea, and salal in
sweet orange. Lemons, sour orange, King orange, Northwest, leucothoë in Florida. Leaf spots are
bitter orange, and calamondin are very suscepti- grayish white with red-brown borders and purple
ble; Mandarin and Satsuma oranges, tangerines, margins. The disease is not serious.
and all grapefruit except Royal and Triumph are Elsinoë lepagei Scab on sapodilla and canistel
moderately susceptible. Climatic conditions in Florida (found on young nursery stock in cans).
play a part. Grapefruit and lemons in the Small, raised spots, gray at center.
Rio Grande Valley are less susceptible than Elsinoë leucospila Camellia Scab, also recorded
in Florida, but Satsumas in Alabama are on ternstroemia in Florida. Some corky excres-
more susceptible than those in Florida. cences on camellia foliage are due to this patho-
Known in the Orient since ancient times, scab is gen, others to moisture relations.
believed to have come to Florida on Satsumas Elsinoë magnoliae Magnolia Scab on Magno-
from Japan. It was first recorded there in 1885; lia grandiflora from Georgia to Louisiana. Spots
the fungus was identified as a Sphaceloma are circular to angular, with black papillae in
in 1925. centers, on upper leaf surface along midrib, mar-
Tender growth is most readily infected, and gin, or tip. Infected leaves may drop.
the disease is most important on young trees. On Elsinoë mangiferae Mango Scab. Spots usually
leaves, minute, semitranslucent spots change to originate on underside of young mango leaves but
raised excrescences with corky crests, pale yel- become visible above. They are circular to angu-
low to pinkish, then dull olive drab with a conical lar, dark brown to black with olive buff centers.
depression opposite the crust. Foliage may be Spots on mature leaves are larger, slightly raised
wrinkled or stunted. Fruits have slightly raised with narrow brown margins and dirty white cen-
scabs or are warty with corky crests, which may ters. Stems have irregular grayish blotches; fruit,
grow together into large irregular patches. Scabs gray to brown spots with dark margins.
on grapefruit may flake off as the fruit matures, Elsinoë mattirolianum Spot Anthracnose on
with the area remaining green. Spores are spread madrona and strawberry tree (Arbutus spp.) in
by wind, rain, dew-drip, possibly by insects. The California.
young fruit of grapefruit is very susceptible right Elsinoë parthenocissi Virginia Creeper Soft
after petal fall, but becomes progressively resis- Anthracnose. Leaf spots are few to numerous,
tant and is practically immune when it reaches circular, scattered or along midribs and veins;
3/4 inch in diameter. Temperature range for they have buff centers with narrow brown mar-
severe infection is from 59 to 73 F. Excessive gins; fruit spots are grayish white; lesions on
nitrogen increases scab. The pathogen winters on petioles are somewhat raised. Also reported
infected leaves, sometimes fruits. from pepper-vine.
Control Apply a neutral copper spray or Elsinoë phaseoli Lima Bean Scab. First United
bordeaux mixture just before growth starts in States report from North Carolina probably from
spring. A second copper spray, just after flowers imported seed. Lesions on pods, stems, and
shed, controls melanose as well as scab. leaves.
Elsinoë ilicis Chinese Holly Spot Anthracnose. Elsinoë piri Pome Fruit Spot Anthracnose on
Numerous black spots, 1 to 2 mm, coalesce to pear, apple, and quince in moist sections of west-
large black patches on upperside of leaf mostly ern Washington and Oregon, more prevalent in
the apical half, with distortion. Shoots and berries home gardens than commercial orchards. Fruit
have brown to gray lesions with slightly raised spots are small, up to 2 mm, red or reddish purple
margins. with pale centers, upwards of 100 on an apple.
Sphaceloma 387
Elsinoë quercicola Spot Anthracnose on water one surface, sunken on the other, with white to
oak, Florida. gray centers and brown borders.
Elsinoë quercus-falcatae Spot Anthracnose on Elsinoë tiliae Linden Spot Anthracnose
southern red oak, Georgia, South Carolina. reported from Nova Scotia and Virginia. Gray
Blackish brown leaf spots are few to abundant, spots with black margins are numerous on leave
scattered over upper surface. blades and petioles.
Elsinoë randii Pecan Anthracnose, Nursery Elsinoë veneta Bramble Anthracnose, general
Blight on pecans in the Southeast, an important on blackberry, dewberry, raspberry, being most
nursery disease, limiting factor in production of common on black raspberry. Circular, reddish
budded pecans in wet seasons. Small reddish brown sunken spots with purple margins and
lesions develop on both leaf surfaces, those on light gray centers, up to 3/8 inch in diameter,
the upper surface later turning ash gray. Diseased appear on young shoots. On older canes these
tissues become brittle and fall out, leaving ragged grow together into large cankers. Similar spots,
margins and perforations. Spray trees with bor- not always with purple margins, are formed on
deaux mixture when first leaves are half grown; fruit, leaf, and flower stalks. Leaf spots are first
follow with three sprays of bordeaux at 3-to 4- yellowish, then with a red margin around a light
week intervals. center, which may drop out. Leaves may drop
Elsinoë rosarum Rose Anthracnose, wide- prematurely; fruit may dry up as a result of loss
spread on rose, collected on wild roses as early of water from infected canes. Primary spring
as 1898, in most areas more important on infection comes from ascospores produced in
climbing roses than on hybrid teas. Leaf spots old lesions on canes; secondary spread is by
are scattered or grouped, sometimes running conidia.
together, usually circular, up to 1/4 inch. Control Cut old canes or “handles” from black
Young spots are red, varying brown or dark pur- raspberries after setting; remove and burn old
ple on upper leaf surface, showing up to 2 to 6 fruiting canes after harvest. In some cases the
days after inoculation but not visible on under single late dormant spray has controlled anthrac-
surface for 2 to 4 weeks, then dull reddish nose without later sprays; in others three foliage
brown to pale purple. On aging, the center of sprays have been effective without a dormant
the spot turns ashen white, with a dark red spray. Black raspberry Quillen is quite resistant.
margin. Leaves may turn yellow or reddish in
area of spots, may have slits or perforations as
the centers fall out. Sphaceloma
Cane spots are circular to elongated, raised,
brown or purple, with depressed light centers and Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes
acervuli in barely visible dark masses. The fun-
gus winters in cane spots; spores are produced Acervuli disc-or cushion-shaped, waxy; conidio-
and spread only in rainy periods. A single leaf phores simple, closely grouped or compacted,
lesion may produce 10,000 spores within an hour arising from a stromalike base; spores one-celled,
after wetting and will continue production as long hyaline, ovoid or oblong. Teleomorph state
as the rain lasts. where known is Elsinoe¨.
Control Where possible, prune out infected Aralia Scab on Hercules club (Aralia spinosa),
canes in spring. Keep foliage protected as for Maryland and Missouri.
blackspot. Sulfur and copper compounds are Sphaceloma hederae English Ivy Scab. Leaf
effective. spots are raised with red-brown margins, pale
Elsinoë solidaginis Goldenrod Scab in Florida, depressed centers, often numerous.
South Carolina, and Georgia. New growth is Sphaceloma lippiae Lippia Spot Anthracnose
affected as it develops. Lesions formed on mid- on fog-fruit. Closely resembling mint anthrac-
rib, veins, petioles, and leaf blades are raised on nose and found in same fields in Indiana, also
388 Spot Anthracnose
reported from Florida. Numerous spots on leaves Sphaceloma psidii Guava Scab, reported in fei-
and stems are scattered or grouped and nearly joa in Florida.
confluent; centers are depressed, buff-colored, Sphaceloma punicae Pomegranate Spot
with purple margins. Anthracnose. Very small purple spots with
Sphaceloma menthae Mint Anthracnose, paler centers on both leaf surfaces.
Leopard Spot Disease. Circular, oval or irregular Sphaceloma ribis Gooseberry Scab, Washing-
spots on leaves, stems, and rootstocks are black ton. Leaf spots numerous, very small, raised, and
with white centers, up to 5 mm. Formerly serious, grayish.
this disease is now controlled in commercial mint Sphaceloma spondiadis Mombin Scab. On
fields by fall plowing, covering plants deeply. purple mombin (Spondias) Florida.
Sphaceloma morindae Morinda Scab. Buff- Sphaceloma symphoricarpi Snowberry
colored spots on leaves, stems, and petioles, Anthracnose, widespread on snowberry,
Florida. impairing beauty of ornamental plants, first
Sphaceloma murrayi Gray Scab of willow. described from New York in 1910; also on coral-
Leaf spots are round, irregular, somewhat raised, berry. Leaf spots appear in early spring, minute,
grayish white with narrow, dark brown margins, dark purple to black, aging with dirty gray cen-
often confluent, sometimes fragmenting; long ters, coalescing into large areas subject to crack-
narrow patches along veins. ing. Leaves may be misshapen from early
Sphaceloma oleandri Oleander Scab. Leaf marginal infections. Spotting is inconspicuous
spots spherical to irregular, densely grouped in flowers but pronounced on berries, with purple
over entire surface, whitish with brownish black areas becoming sunken and pinkish. Secondary
margin, slightly elevated, 1 to 4 mm. infection by an Alternaria shrivels fruit into
Sphaceloma perseae Avocado Scab, one of the brown mummies. A dormant lime-sulfur spray
most important avocado diseases in Florida, followed by foliage sprays may help.
some years with nearly 100 % infection; also Sphaceloma viburni Snowball Spot
occurring in Texas. Leaf lesions are mostly on Anthracnose.
upper surface, very small red spots with a dark Sphaceloma violae Violet Scab, Pansy Scab,
olive conidial growth. Fruit lesions are corky, widespread on violet and pansy from Connecticut
raised, brownish, oval, but often coalescing giv- to Louisiana and Texas, a limiting factor in
ing a russeted appearance; sometimes cracking to maintaining violet collections. Reddish spots
allow entrance of fruit-rotting fungi. Avoid with white centers change to irregular to elon-
highly susceptible varieties like Lulu. Spray gated raised scabs on leaves and stems, often with
with bordeaux mixture as for blotch. much distortion. Remove and burn old leaves.
Sphaceloma poinsettiae Poinsettia Scab. Sphaceloma spp Undetermined species have
Light raised lesions on stems, veins, and midribs, been reported on Bignonia, catalpa, camellia,
pale buff at center with purple to nearly black and sambucus, in Louisiana, on buttonwood in
margins. Florida, rhododendron in Washington.
Virus, Viroid, Phytoplasma –
Pathogens and Diseases
For many years the classification of plant viruses an ornamental variety. The bright yellow mot-
was in a state of chaos. Fortunately recent bio- tling on green leaves tends to disappear in sub-
chemical and molecular investigations on orga- dued light. Transmission is by grafting,
nization and structure of genome as well as on occasionally by seed, and, in native Brazil, by
structural and nonstructural viral proteins pro- whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Plants may recover if
vided enough data to create a definition of spe- variegated leaves are persistently removed but
cies. A virus species is a polythetical class of may be reinfected.
viruses consisting of replicating lineage and
occupying a particular ecological niche. This
indicated that viruses and biological entities that Albutilon Yellows Closterovirus
possess genes, replicate, interact with hosts and
are exposed to selection pressure, thus specialize Transmitted by Triaulerodes abutilonea. Infected
and evolve. Guidelines provided in the Sixth and plants are chlorotic.
Seventh Reports of the International Committee
or the Taxonomy of Viruses are partly followed,
especially by use of a virus species name or Alligatorweed Stunting Closterovirus
vernacular name for the not fully described
viruses. Following are virus species (including Occurs in North America region and Florida.
viroids and phytoplasmas) and virus diseases in
alphabetical order by common names.
Alfalfa Mosaic Alfamovirus
Abelia Latent Tymovirus Potato, Celery Calico; Bean Yellow Dot. Various
strains of the alfalfa virus are transmitted by
Symptomless on Abelia; occurs in Eastern USA. cotton, pea, and other aphids to bean, clovers,
pea, cucumber, potato, tomato, zinnia, tumble-
weed, poison hemlock, wild carrot, Japanese
Abutilon Infectious Variegation; pachysandra, and other hosts. Calico is a minor
Abutilon Mosaic Bigeminivirus potato disease in California and Idaho. Leaf
spots are irregular, brilliant yellow to gray; yield
A single variegated seedling found among green may be reduced. Celery has a conspicuous
plants imported into England from the West yellow-green mosaic; bean has small, necrotic
Indies in 1868 was propagated vegetatively as lesions.

390 Virus, Viroid, Phytoplasma – Pathogens and Diseases
veinbanding mosaic and mild mosaic. There is

Almond Bud Failure no marked reduction in yield. Hosts other than
members of Rosaceae family include filbert, hop,
Virus on Drake almond, in California, is trans- birch, and horse chestnut.
missible by grafting. Limbs have many branches,
some dead at the end; leaves are darker green,
more upright, retained longer than normal; fruits Apple Stem Grooving Capillovirus
few, often misshapen.
First reported in Viriginia Crab. The main symp-
Almond Calico toms are stem grooves and abnormal graft union.
On almonds in California, graft transmissible.

Chlorotic blotches in leaves. Tulare Apple Mosaic Ilarvirus
Reported from California; has a wider host range

Alstroemeria Mosaic Potyvirus and than apple mosaic.
Alstromeria Streak Potyvirus
Both viruses are transmitted by aphids in a non- Apple, Dapple

persistent manner.
Fruit with circular islands or patches remaining
green; on trees with Virginia crab or Robusta
Alternanthera Mosaic Potexvirus V bodystock; first noted in New Hampshire.
Found in Florida, Maryland, and Pennsylvania on

skullcap, firecracker plant and moss rose. Apple Stem-Pitting
Wood-pitting in Virginia Crab bodystock, some-

Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Trichovirus times followed by bark cracks, dwarfing, early
fruit production.
Originally considered as a closterovirus but now
is the type species of Trichovirus genus.
Apricot Gummosis
Apple Green Mottle First noted in Washington in 1947; transmitted by

budding. Profuse gumming on branches and
On Duchess variety in New York. Fruit with trunks, necrosis and dieback of new shoots;
discolored rings, of little value. dead, punky areas in fruit.
Apple Mosaic Ilarvirus Apricot Ring Pox
Occurring naturally only on apples; no insect In California and Colorado. Irregular ring spots
vector known; transmitted by budding. Small with marked vein clearing in some varieties,
irregular cream to yellow leaf spots coalesce to chlorotic mottling in others; dead tissue may fall
large chlorotic areas, with or without vein- out leaving shot holes. Fruit bumpy or with red-
banding. Three strains cause severe mosaic, dish brown necrotic spots extending into flesh.
Bayberry Yellows 391
Arabis Mosaic Nepovirus Aster Chlorotic Stunt Carlavirus
It is one of the viruses that causes lilac yellow Reported in Aster novae-angliae in Ontario,
ring symptoms. Occurred on many genera of Canada.
ornamental, vegetable and orchard plants. Trans-
mitted by nematodes. This virus causes foliar
blanching on hosta. Aster Ring Spot
In Florida on China aster, pepper, pansy,

Artichoke (Globe) Curly Dwarf and other plants. Yellow ring, line, and
Potexvirus oakleaf patterns. A strain of Tobacco Rattle
Tobravirus.
In California on artichoke, cardoon, and zinnia,
milk thistle. Leaves curled, plants dwarfed, killed.
Avocado Sun Blotch Viroid
Artichoke Latent Potyvirus There are long, narrow, shallow, longitudinal

grooves, buff-colored on stems, whitish on
Symptoms on Cynara spp. are none or stunting green fruit, reddish purple on purple fruit.
and yellow flecking of plants. Shoots may be twisted and abnormal. Transmit-
ted through seeds.
Ash Ring Spot ¼ Arabis Mosaic

Nepovirus Avocado 3 Alphacryptovirus
On white ash, New York. Chlorotic green and Transmitted only by seeds.
reddish spots, rings, line patterns; stunting; dieback.
Barley Yellow Dwarf Luteovirus

Ash Witches’ Broom
Occurs on tall fescue, and various Poa and
Reported from Louisiana on Arizona ash. Festuca spp. Occurs on cereal crops in Alaska.
Yellowish leaves, a fourth to a third normal
size; multiple, spindly shoots.
Barley Yellow Streak Mosaic
Asparagus 1 Potyvirus Occurs on barley in Alaska.
Symptomless on Asparagus officinalis.
Bayberry Yellows
Asparagus 2 Ilarvirus
Wavy margins and tips on young apical leaves,
Caused stunting and decline on Asparagus distorted margins on older leaves, which are pale,
officinalis plants. Virus is transmitted by pollen yellow, small. Plant is stunted, with shortened
to the seed and to the pollinated plant. internodes, few or no fruits.
Bean Common Mosaic Potyvirus Bean Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus
Distributed worldwide in common beans wher- Mild Mosaic of Gladiolus. On beans, peas, sweet
ever they are grown. Many strains of the virus peas, clover, Tahitian bridal veil, gladiolus, false
were distinguished. They are transmitted by vec- lupine, and freesia. In beans there is a coarse
tors, sap, pollen and seed. Virus is serologically yellow mottling and distortion of leaves, which
related to 17 other Potyviruses. are pointed downward; proliferation of stems;
shortening of nodes and general stunting; reduced
pod production; delayed maturity. In pea and
Bean Mosaic ¼ Bean Common Mosaic sweet pea there is veinal chlorosis, with slight
Potyvirus ruffling. Gladiolus flowers are striped or flecked,
young leaves have an angular green mottling, but
Found wherever beans are grown, transmitted by symptoms are mild compared with the disease on
many species of aphids – pean, cotton, cowpea, beans and freesia, which should not be planted
cabbage, peach, spirea, turnip – and in seed. First near gladiolus and clovers. The virus is transmit-
leaves are crinkled, stiff, chlorotic; older leaves ted by bean and pea aphids but not through seed.
have chlorotic mottling, often with leaf margins Rogue infected plants as soon as noticed.
rolled down. Mosaic-resistant varieties include
Robust, Great Northern, U.S. No. 5 Refugee,
Idaho Refugee, and Wisconsin Refugee. Bean Yellow Stipple ¼ Cowpea
A strain known as bean greasy pod virus causes Chlorotic Mottle Bromovirus
a greasy appearance of the pods in some western
states. The asparagus-bean mosaic is a light and Mild mottle and chlorotic spots on bean leaves,
dark green mosaic with leaf rolling transmitted by sometimes coalescing.
seed and by the pea aphid. The virus may be
a strain of bean mosaic virus or a different virus.
Beet 2 Alphacryptovirus
Bean Leaf Roll Luteovirus Transmitted only by pollen and seeds.
Legume virus transmitted by aphids.

Beet Black Scorch
Bean Pod Mottle Comovirus Necrovirus, Tombusriridae. Reported in Colorado.
Systemic mottling in some varieties; circular,

light brown local lesions on pods of other varie- Beet Curly Top Hybrigeminivirus
ties. May also be seed transmitted in soybean.
Confined to North America, curly top is espe-
cially important in the commercial sugar beet
Bean Southern Mosaic Sobemovirus industry west of the Continental Divide, but it is
common on many plants. Vegetables include
Chlorotic mottling or localized necrosis of foliage; bean, beet, carrot, celery, cabbage and other
pods with dark green blotches or shiny areas, crucifers, cucumber, melon, squash, pumpkin,
slightly malformed, short, curled at end. Virus eggplant, spinach, chard, New Zealand spinach,
present in new seed but not in that stored 7 months. horseradish, and tomato. Ornamentals include
Beet Savoy 393
alyssum, blue flax, campanula, carnation, colum-

bine, coreopsis, cosmos, delphinium, foxglove, Beet Distortion Mosaic Virus
geranium, larkspur, nasturtium, pansy, petunia,
poppy, portulaca, pyrethrum, scabiosa, Shasta Transmitted probably by a fungus Polymyxa
daisy, stock, strawflower, veronica, and zinnia. betae; spreads in California.
In beets there are clearing of veins, leaf curl-
ing, with sharp protuberances from veins on
underside of leaf, increase in number of root- Beet Latent Virus
lets. In tomato, where the disease is called
western yellow blight or tomato yellow, seed- A symptomless virus in beets.
lings turn yellow and die. Older plants show
twisting and upward rolling of leaflets, stiff
and leathery foliage, with leaf petioles Beet Mosaic Potyvirus
curling downward; branches and stems are
abnormally erect; the whole plant is dull yel- On sugar and table beets, spinach. Discrete yel-
low, often with purple veins; roots are killed, lowish lesions, then chlorotic mottling, darkening
few fruits formed. of vascular tissue; leaves bend back near the tips,
In cucurbits, tips of runners bend upward; old which sometimes die. Transmission is by pea,
leaves are yellow, tip leaves and stems abnor- peach, bean, and other aphids.
mally deep green. In beans, there is a thickening
and downward curling of first true leaf, which
becomes brittle. The plant stops growing and Beet Ring Mottle
may die. Older plants survive until the end of
the season, with puckering and downward curling On sugar beet and spinach; stunting, distortion,
at the top of the plant, reduction in size of new mottling; transmission by aphids.
leaves, shortened internodes.
Ornamentals grown near diseased beets are
usually infected. Zinnias have shortened inter-
nodes, chlorotic secondary shoots arising from Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein
leaf axils. Cosmos leaflets are twisted and curled, Tobamovirus
petioles bent down. Geranium leaves are chlo-
rotic between veins with protuberances on lower On sugar beet and transmitted by soil-borne fun-
surface. gus Polymyxa betae.
The virus is confined to phloem in plants and is
transmitted by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer
tenellus). The insects winter on weed hosts, lay- Beet Pseudo-Yellows Closterovirus
ing eggs and maturing the first generation there
before migrating in swarms, often hundreds of Yellowing of sugar beet, carrot, spinach,
miles, to sugar beet fields. When the beets are cucumber, lettuce, and ornamentals; transmission
plowed out, the hoppers migrate to neighboring by greenhouse whitefly.
gardens.
Control Destruction of weed hosts helps some-
what, as does early planting. There are resistant Beet Savoy
varieties of sugar beets, none of table beets.
Tomatoes are sometimes protected with tempo- Leaves are dwarfed, curled down, with small
rary muslin tents. Infected plants must be veins thickened; roots have phloem necrosis.
destroyed. A plant bug (Piesma cinerea) is the vector.
Beet Western Yellows Luteovirus Blackberry Variegation
In Europe known as Beet Mild Yellowing On raspberry and blackberry. Infected leaves are
Luteovirus. More than 150 species from nearly white at maturity.
23 families are susceptible. Virus-transmitted by
insects but principal natural vector is Myzus
persicae. Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic
On urd bean.
Beet Yellow Net Luteovirus
On beets and chard. Leaves have a yellow net- Blueberry Leaf Mottle Nepovirus
work of veins against a green background. Trans-
mission by the peach aphid. Reported on cultivars Rubel and Jersey in
Michigan. Virus is transmitted by pollen and by
honeybees which carry the pollen.
Beet Yellows Closterovirus
On beets and spinach. Outer and middle Blueberry Necrotic Ring Spot
leaves are yellowed, thickened, brittle, with chlo-
rotic areas waxy. Vectors are peach and bean A strain of tobacco ring spot virus, causing
aphids. stunting and distortion; transmitted by dagger
nematodes.
Bidens Mottle
Blueberry Necrotic Shock Ilarvirus
On Rudbeckia, Zinnia, and Ageratum.
Leaf and flower necrosis symptoms occurred for
1–4 years, then plants recover and remain
Bidens Mottle Potyvirus symptomless.
On Rudbeckia, Zinnia, and Ageratum.

Blueberry Red Ring Spot Caulimovirus
Blackberry Dwarf Red spots and rings, oak leaf patterns.
▶Loganberry Dwarf.
Blueberry Ring Spot
Blackberry Dwarfing A minor disease chiefly on Cabot with red rings

and dots in leaves.
On brambles in California.
Blueberry Scorch Carlavirus
Blackberry Mosaic Transmitted by grafting, it caused marginal chlo-

rosis and necrosis of leaves but some cultivars
Mottling, crinkling, vein clearing and distortion. remain symptomless.
Canna Mosaic 395
Blueberry Shoestring Sobemovirus Brome Mosaic Bromovirus
Symptoms of “shoestring disease” included red- On cowpea.

dish streak on stem, narrow strap-like leaves and
flower breaking.
Cabbage Black Ring Spot
Blueberry Shoestring Sobemovirus ▶Turnip Mosaic Potyvirus.
On highbush bluberry.
Cabbage Ring Necrosis ¼ Turnip
Mosaic Potyvirus
Blueberry Stunt Phytoplasma
On cabbage and other crucifers, also infecting
Bushes are dwarfed with small leaves, yellowing petunia, zinnia, calendula, cucumber, beet,
in summer, brilliant red in fall; berries are chard, and spinach. Concentric necrotic rings on
small, poor. Transmission by a leafhopper leaves and irregular dark, slightly sunken lesions
(Scaphytopius magdalensis). Variety Rancocas on stems.
is quite resistant; Harding is tolerant. Eliminate
wild blueberries near cultivated.
Cactus X. Potexvirus
Broad Bean Severe Chlorosis On night-blooming cactus (Hylocereus).

Closterovirus
Caused chlorosis, necrosis and leaf malformation Calibrachoa Mottle Carmovirus

on broad beans.
Chlorotic blotch, leaf mottling and interveinal
yellowing on Calibrachoa species.
Broad Bean Wilt Fabavirus
Virus is the type species of genus. It is known also Camellia Yellow Mottle Varicosavirus
as a catalpa chlorotic leaf spot, tropaeolum, nas-
turtium and petunia ringspots, pea streak virus Infectious Variegation; Color-Breaking. A graft-
and parsley virus 3. transmissible disease with at least four strains;
CV1 –large white spots on petals; CV2 – small
Broad Bean Wilt Fabavirus white flecks on petals, leaf variegation; CV3–
feathery mottling of flowers; CV4– slower varie-
Causes leaf mottle, ring spots, and poor growth of gation and leaf mottle.
fibrous-rooted begonia; also found on clockvine,
bean, lettuce, spinach, lambsquarter, ajuga, and
dogwood. Canna Mosaic
Brome Grass Mosaic Leaves with irregular pale yellow stripes from
midrib to margin, parallel with veins, may be
Recently reported on Kentucky bluegrass, in wrinkled and curled with chlorotic areas often
Kansas. dusty brown. Stems, sepals, and petals have
yellow bands. Transmitted by peach and other

aphids. Carnation Necrotic Fleck Closterovirus
Severe necrotic flecking and streaking to mild

Canna Yellow Mottle Badnavirus yellow flecks on carnation.
Bacilliform virions, not enveloped, 120–130 nm

length and 28 nm wide. Virus caused systemic Carnation Ring Spot Dianthovirus
veinal yellowing, mottling and chlorosis of
Canna spp. Concentric rings on sweet william with vein
clearing, then general mosaic; necrotic rings on
carnation, often combined with reddening and
Carnation Etched Ring Caulimovirus curling of older leaves. Sap-transmissible on cut-
ting knife.
Causes an etched-ring pattern on carnation
leaves.
Carnation Streak
Carnation Italian Ringspot A strain of Carnation Necrotic Fleck

Tombusvirus Closterovirus. Yellow or reddish spots and
streaks parallel to veins; lower leaves turn yellow
It is synonym for carnation strain of Tomato and die. Graft-transmissible.
Bushy Stunt Tombusvirus.
Carnation Vein Mottle Potyvirus

Carnation Latent Carlavirus
The best test for diagnosis of this virus is immu-
This virus is serologically related to potato nosorbent electron microscopy technique.
viruses S and M, chrysanthemum virus B and
other carlaviruses.
Carnation Yellows
Carnation Mosaic Foliage mottling, flower streaking due to combi-

nation of streak and mosaic viruses.
Widespread on carnation and sweet william.
Light and dark green mottling in young leaves is Carrot Motley Dwarf ¼ Carrot Mottle
followed by yellow or necrotic spots or streaks. Umbrarvirus
Flowers may be spotted or striped. The vector is
the peach, not the carnation, aphid. Greenhouse An Australian disease now present in California.
fumigation helps in control. Leaflets are small, chlorotic, with twisted
petioles; plants are stunted, roots unmarketable.
Vectors are aphids.
Carnation Mottle Carmovirus
Carrot Red Leaf Luteovirus
Common in commercial carnations but
producing only faint leaf mottling and flower Transmitted by aphids in persistent manner, but
streaks; transmitted by root contact or cutting does not multiply in the vector. No transmission
knife. by sap, seeds, or pollen.
Cherry Bud Abortion 397
are stunted, with central leafstalks shortened,

Carrot Thin Leaf Potyvirus outer in a horizontal position with rusty necrotic
spots. Transmission is by many species of aphids.
Caused vein clearing and malformation of leaves A crinkle leaf strain of this virus causes a yellow
(narrowing). mottle with raised blister areas and crinkling on
celery leaves.
Cassava Common Mosaic Potexvirus

Celery Yellow Dwarf Poleroviridae
Reported from Florida, virus is transmitted by
mechanical inoculation and by grafting. Occurs on cereal crops in Alaska.
Cauliflower Mosaic Caulimovirus Celery Yellow Spot Luteovirus
Widespread on crucifers, broccoli, brussels On celery and parsnip in California. Yellow spots
sprouts, cauliflower, chinese cabbage, collard, and stripes, mostly along veins; circular white spots
kale, annual stock, and honesty. Clearing of on petioles; transmission by honeysuckle aphid.
veins in cauliflower is followed by mild chlorotic
mottling, with veins usually banded by dark
green necrotic flecks. Midribs are curled, leaves Cherry Albino
distorted, plants stunted, terminal heads dwarfed.
Stock is rosetted, with shortened internodes. On sweet cherry in Oregon. Branches die back in
Transmission is by cabbage, false cabbage, spring; leaves golden brown with up-rolled mar-
peach, and other aphids. gins; late summer, new growth small and
rosetted; fruit small and white; trees soon killed.
Transmission by tissue union.
Celery Calico
On cucumber, crookneck squash, tomato, celery, Cherry Bark Splitting

and larkspur. In celery there are vein clearing,
puckering, and downward cupping of younger On sour cherry and apricot.
leaves, green islands in yellows areas of outer
leaves, yellow and green zigzag bands on leaflets.
Basal and middle leaves of delphinium have Cherry Black Canker
orange-amber or lemon-yellow areas, chlorotic
ring and line patterns; younger leaves are normal On sweet cherry, Oregon. Black, rough cankers
green. Transmission is by many species of on twigs and branches.
aphids – celery, celery-leaf, rusty-banded, cotton,
erigeron-root, foxglove, greenpeach, and
honeysuckle. Cherry Buckskin
▶Peach Western X-Disease (under Bacterial Dis-

Celery Mosaic Potyvirus eases, Phytoplasma).
On celery, celeriac, and carrot in California. Cherry Bud Abortion

Young leaflets are mottled green and yellow, in
advanced stages narrow, twisted, cupped; plants On sweet and sour cherry.
uneven or delayed in ripening; crop is reduced.

Cherry Chlorosis Branches are shortened, trees stunted. Transmis-
sion by grafting or budding with no insect vector
On Malaheb and chokecherry. known, but the disease spreads from wild bitter
cherry to sweet cherry. Remove diseased trees.
Propagate with scions from virus-free trees.
Cherry Freckle Fruit Disease
On sweet cherry. Cherry Necrotic Rusty Mottle
On sweet cherry. Foliage and blossoms delayed

Cherry Green Ring Mottle in spring; brown necrotic or rusty chlorotic spots,
often with shot holes and defoliation.
On sour cherry.
Cherry (Sour) Pink Fruit

Cherry Gummosis
Fruit bitter, pink; tree stunted; foliage pale.
On sour cherry. Dieback of terminal shoots,
excessive gumming of branches.
Cherry Pinto Leaf
Cherry Little Cherry On sweet cherry. Chlorotic patterns of varying

size with disease tissue changing to bright yellow
On sweet and sour cherry; fruits are half-size. or white. Transmission by budding.
Flowering cherry acts as a reservoir for the virus.
Cherry Rasp Leaf Nepovirus

Cherry Midleaf Necrosis
Transmitted by nematode Xiphinema amerciana.
Dark brown necrosis starting in midvein; heavy Virus differs from other cherry diseases that
leaf fall; trees small and less vigorous but fruit cause leaf enations.
normal. On sour cherry in Oregon.
Cherry Rasp Leaf Nepovirus

Cherry Mora
On sweet cherry, in Northwest. Enations, elon-
Abnormal delay of a month or more in ripening gated protuberances from underside of leaves
fruit; leaves yellowish, small, rosetted, twisted on with depressed lighter areas on upper surface.
fruit spurs. On sweet cherry, Oregon.
Cherry Ring Spot ¼ Prunus Necrotic

Cherry Mottle Leaf Trichovirus Ringspot Ilarvirus
On sweet cherry in Northwest. Leaves show chlo- On sour cherry, sweet cherry (tatter leaf), peach,
rotic mottling, are puckered, wrinkled, distorted plum, prune, widespread in Northeast. Chlorotic
but not perforated. Fruit is small, hard, insipid, or necrotic rings and spots on leaves, with
Chrysanthemum Flower Distortion 399
lacerations to give the tatter-leaf effect. Trans- margins irregular; some leaves with elongated,
mission by grafting or budding, and, to a small slotlike perforations; small blisters on lower
extent, seed. Control by testing budwood sources side of veins, upper silvery. Leaves may fold
on a differential host, such as Shirfugen variety of along midrib, wilt and drop in midsummer.
Prunus serrulata, sensitive to all strains. Rosetting of some branches. Blossoms abnor-
mally abundant, but fruit reduced, pointed, flat-
tened on one side with swollen ridge.
Cherry (Flowering) Rough Bark
On Kwanzan flowering cherry. Internodes short- Cherry Yellows ¼ Prune Dwarf

ened; leaves in clusters and arched downward Ilarvirus
from necrosis and cracking of midribs; bark
deep brown, rough with longitudinal splitting; Widespread on sour cherry. Yellow areas enlarge
trees dwarfed. to cover whole leaves; defoliation. Diseased
leaves and fruit larger than on healthy trees, but
yield reduced by half. Transmission by budding
Cherry Rugose Mosaic ¼ Strain of and through seed.
Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Ilarvirus
On sweet cherry. General chlorosis of leaf Chickpea Filiform Potyvirus

between midvein and margin, with distortion;
fruit yield reduced; fruits flattened, angular. On chickpea. Found in Washington State, but
Transmission by grafting; incubation 9 months. there is no evidence of spread.
Cherry Rusty Mottle Chrysanthemum Aspermy
On sweet cherry. Many leaves turn bright yellow ▶Tomato Aspermy Cucumovirus.
to red with islands of green, and drop before
harvest; remaining leaves have yellow-brown
spots, rusty appearance; fruit is small, late, Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle
insipid. Remove diseased trees. Select grafting Viroid
material from virus-free trees.
Widespread in greenhouses and gardens. Bonnie
Jean, Ridge, and Delaware varieties are used as
Cherry Twisted Leaf indicators.
On Bing cherry, severe stunting, leaves small,

distorted, distal portion bent abruptly downward;
sometimes defoliation. Chrysanthemum Flower Distortion
Apparently not widespread in United States.

Cherry Vein Clearing Virus is carried without symptoms in leaves of
White Wonder, but if this is grafted to Friendly
Sweet Cherry Crinkle. A viruslike disease but not Rival, flowers are extremely dwarfed and
transmissible; probably genetic. Clearing of distorted, with ray florets short, narrow, incurved,
veins throughout leaves or in localized areas; or irregularly curved.
Chrysanthemum Mosaic, Cineraria Mosaic

Chrysanthemum B Carlavirus
Mottling, dwarfing, and distortion of leaves,
Noordam’s B, Keller’s Q, and other virus strains transmitted by seed, mechanically, and by Aphis
are widespread in chrysanthemum with mild to marutae.
severe leaf mottling and sometimes a brown
streaking of flowers. Transmission is by grafting
and by aphids. Control by indexing tips from Citrus Enation – Woody Gall
heat-treated plants on reliable test varieties to Luteovirus
make sure they are virus-free.
Found in different species of Citrus, Ulmus,
Morus, Rosa, Prunus, Viburnum and Ecualyptus.
Chrysanthemum Ring Spot
Reported from Alabama in plants also Citrus Exocortis Viroid

afflicted with Stunt. Large yellowish chlorotic
ring patterns, severe leaf dwarfing and Probably same as Rangpur lime disease; in Florida
distortion. and Texas on red grapefruit and sweet orange
trees, on Rangpur lime and trifoliate orange root-
stocks. Trees are stunted with bark shelling.
Chrysanthemum Rosette
A strain from symptomless Ivory Seagull pro- Citrus Leaf Rugose Ilarvirus and Citrus
duces veinbanding, crinkle, distortion, rosetting Variegation Ilarvirus
on Blazing Gold.
Disease known as citrus psorosis virus complex.
Viruses spread in California and caused psorosis
of young leaves and malformation of the old
Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid ones.
Widespread in greenhouses and gardens. Symp-

toms vary with variety, but plants are dwarfed, Citrus Leprosis Rhabdovirus
with small flowers and leaves and bloom earlier
than normal or later in some varieties. Blazing Transmitted by mite-vector Brevipalpus
Gold, Blanche, Mistletoe, Dauntless, and phoenicis.
Bonnie Jean often used as indicator varieties.
Leaves of Blanche are crinkled, and Mistletoe
has a “measles” pattern. Transmitted by dodder, Citrus Psorosis Complex: Citrus Leaf
sap-inoculation, grafting with incubation period Rugose Ilarvirus, Citrus Ringspot
6 weeks or longer; no insect vector is known. Virus, Citrus Variegation Ilarvirus
Many plant species have been infected experi-
mentally. Commercial growers go to great Found wherever citrus is grown. Leaf symptoms
lengths to select and reselect a virus-free are small elongated white or yellow areas near
stock, and great care is taken to prevent veins. Bark symptoms are scales or small pus-
recontamination. Garden varieties are now tules with irregular growth and gum deposits.
indexed and available. With B strain of the virus, leaves have dots,
Clover Club Leaf 401
rings, or large translucent areas and small corky are produced from main limbs and trunk. Trans-
pustules; fruit has surface rings. In the concave mission is by melon and other aphids. Make new
gum strain, cavities develop on trunks and larger plantings with stock-scion combinations known
limbs. The blind-pocket strain usually produces to be resistant. Best rootstocks are sweet orange,
troughlike depressions in bark, sometimes bark rough lemon, Rangpur lime, and sweet lime.
scaling. The crinkly leaf strain, usually on lemon,
causes warping and pocketing of mature leaves,
and rough, bumpy fruit. Transmission is by bud- Citrus Vein Enation
ding or through natural root grafts.
Remove trees with advanced infection; use In California on sour orange, Mexican lime, and
budwood from trees known to be free from other citrus. Veins swell and enations develop on
psorosis. Sometimes bark can be scraped, going lower surface. Transmission by grafts and aphids.
several inches beyond the margin of affected
areas and painting the scraped areas with bor-
deaux paste. Citrus Xyloporosis
Cachexia. In Florida, chiefly on sweet lime root-

Citrus Ringspot Virus stock, but also on mandarins and some of the
tangelo oranges. Symptoms include stunting of
Caused epinasty, chlorotic flecks, leaf mottling 2-or 3-year trees, small yellow leaves, partial
Ringspot and large irregular chlorotic pattern on leaf drop, early blooming and fruiting; horizontal
mature leaves of Citrus sp. growth of branches in middle section of
trees; dieback, followed by decay of entire
trunk and roots. Fruits are more rounded, with
Citrus Stubborn Disease a thicker rind. Transmission is by budding, pos-
sibly through seed. Use resistant rootstocks, as
Oranges have multiple buds, abnormal sour oranges of Israel and Bagdad, Valencia
branching, acorn-shaped fruit, which is sour and orange.
bitter at the navel end.
Citrus Yellow Vein

Citrus Tatter Leaf Cappillovirus
In California on limequat. Petioles and veins are
Reported from California and Texas on Meyer bright yellow.
lemon and lime. Blotchy spotting of younger
leaves and ragged margins.
Clerodendron Zonate Ring Spot
Citrus Tristeza Closterovirus In Florida on “bleeding-heart” vine. Chief symp-

toms are cleared veins.
Quick Decline. In California, Florida, and Texas;
usually in trees on sour orange rootstock. First
symptoms are partial or complete suppression of Clover Club Leaf
new flushes of growth. Older leaves are dull or
bronzed, later yellow. Defoliation continues pro- On crimson clover. Young leaves are light-
gressively from base of twigs to tip. Rootlets and colored, have club leaf appearance due to
then roots die. Limbs die back, and weak shoots delayed opening. Yellow margins of leaves
turn red or purple during summer. Transmission

by a leafhopper. Cocksfoot Streak Potyvirus
Caused chlorotic streaks on leaves of Dactylis

Clover (Alsike) Mosaic ¼ Clover glomerata.
Yellows Vein Potyvirus
On pea, causing chlorotic spotting and dark green Coleus Mosaic ¼ Cucumber Mosaic
banding of veins, leaves slightly cupped or Cucumovirus
distorted. Leaf puckering and plant stunting on
bean. Pea aphid is vector. Reported from Illinois on coleus, symptoms vary-
ing with variety. Leaves may be puckered, crin-
kled, asymmetrical, with oak-leaf markings or
Clover (Red) Vein Mosaic Carlavirus ring spots or small necrotic spots.
On garden pea, causing pea stunt, broad bean,

sweet pea, and red clover. Vein clearing and Commelina Diffusa Potyvirus and
chlorosis are chief symptoms with, on peas, curl- Commelina Mosaic Potyvirus
ing of leaves and rosetting of younger shoots,
wilting, and collapse. Vein clearing is the only Both viruses infected Commelina diffusa and
symptom on sweet pea. Broad beans may be Rhoeo spatecea on which mosaic or systemic
stunted and killed. Transmission is by the pea mottling symptoms occurred. Both viruses
aphid without incubation period or long reten- induced pinwheel structures in the cytoplasm.
tion. The Wisconsin pea stunt virus may be
a strain of the red clover virus.
Coriander Feathery Red Vein
Nucleorhabdovirus
Clover Yellow Mosaic Potexvirus
Virus multiplies in vectors (Myzus perscicae and
Transmitted by mechanical inoculation; serolog- Hydaphis foeniculi) and is transmitted congeni-
ically related to White Clover Mosaic, Cactus tally to the progeny of the vector.
X and Hydrangea Ringspot Potexviruses.
Corn Leaf Fleck

Clover Yellow Vein Mosaic
On field and sweet corn in California. Small,
On winged bean, wild carrot, poison hemlock, circular pale spots on leaves with tip and mar-
and red bean. ginal burning, leaves dying 7 to 10 days after
initial symptoms. Transmission by corn, peach,
Clover Wound Tumor Phytoreovirus and apple grain aphid, which retain the virus for
their entire lives.
Big vein disease, causing enlargement of veins,
sometimes with enations, woody tumors on roots,
sometimes stems. The virus was discovered acci- Corn (Sweet) Mosaic
dentally in leafhopper nymphs and has been trans-
mitted experimentally to many plants besides Leaves have broken or continuous interveinal
clovers. chlorosis.
Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus 403
Cotton Leaf Curl Bigeminivirus Crimson Clover Latent Nepovirus
Caused chlorosis, thickening and malfor- Symptomless on Trifolium incarnatum.

mation of veins, petioles and leaves on
Gossypium barbadense and Hibiscus esculentus
plants.
Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Bromovirus General with many strains in cucumber,

squash, melon, winged bean, periwinkle, wild
Reported in peanut, common bean, cowpea and violets, desert-rose, and a wide range of other
soybean plants. plants, including spinach, where the disease is
called blight; tomato, causing shoestring disease
with filiform leaflets; pepper, petunia, grlic mus-
Cowpea Mosaic Comovirus tard, fuschia, and tobacco. Wintering is on
ground cherry, milkweed, pokeweed, catnip,
Clearing of veins is followed by chlorotic mot- Texas bluebell and Peristroph sp. and other
tling, slight convex cupping of leaflets, shortened weed hosts. Transmission is by peach, cotton,
internodes, abortion of flowers, twisting of potato, and lily aphids and, in some cases,
petioles, and delayed maturity. Yield is reduced. through seed.
Vectors are potato, pea, and cotton aphids. In cucurbits there is a yellow-green systemic
Another cowpea mosaic, known in Trinidad and mottling, with leaves small, distorted, curled,
probably the same as one in the United States, plants dwarfed with shortened internodes, few
is transmitted by bean leaf beetles. May fruits set and those mottled and misshaped,
infect soybeans, hoary-tick clover (Desmodium a condition called “white pickle.” The lily mosaic
canescens). strain produces a masked infection or chlorotic
mottling and necrosis when mixed with Lily
Symptomless Virus. The lima-bean, southern cel-
ery mosaic, and cowpea strains cause chlorotic
Cranberry False Blossom mottling.
Geraniums are stunted and mottled; gladiolus
The most serious cranberry disease in Massachu- flowers are color-broken; dahlia foliage has
setts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin; known also on oakleaf patterns; periwinkle (myrtle) has
the Pacific Coast. American and European cran- a streaky mottle, down-curved leaves, small
berries are the only natural hosts, but the virus flowers with a white streak in the blue color.
has been dodder-transmitted to other plants. Petunias have distorted leaf blades, few or no
Cranberry flowers are erect, instead of pendent, blossoms. In delphinium, which is very suscepti-
with calyx lobes enlarged, petals short, streaked ble, the disease is called ring spot, stunt, witches’
with red or green, stamens and pistils abnormal. broom.
Flowers may be replaced by leaves or short Control Resistant varieties of spinach,
branches. Axillary buds produce numerous erect cucumber, and squash are available. Diseased
shoots forming witches’ broom; diseased fruits lilies and other flowers should be rogued imme-
are small and irregular. Transmission is by the diately. Control aphids by systemic ground treat-
blunt-nosed leafhopper. Select strains resistant to ments or sprays; repel aphid vectors by an
the vector or flood the bogs after leafhoppers have aluminum foil mulch. Lilies may possibly be
hatched. Spray with pyrethrum. freed of the virus by scale propagation.
Cucurbit Leaf Curl Begomovirus Dahlia Ring Spot
On pumpkin, cucumber, muskmelon, honeydew, Caused by a strain of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
zucchini, banana squash, and squash. Tospovirus. Leaves have concentric rings or
irregular zigzag markings. In Utah a yellow strain
causes bright yellow rings and zigzags.
Cucurbit Leaf Crumple Begomovirus
On cucumber. Dasheen Mosaic Potyvirus
Widespread in plants from Araceae family.

Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Crinivirus
On melon. Delphinium Ring Spot
Faint chlorotic rings around green and yellow

Currant (Red) Mosaic ¼ Tomato centers appear on young leaves, irregular necrotic
Ringspot Nepovirus spots or rings with yellow bands on mature
leaves.
Irregular, light green circular spots along midrib
and larger veins enlarge to bands. Canes are
stunted; plants decline. Desmodium Mosaic Potyvirus
Transmitted by aphids, sap and seeds. Leaf sap

Cymbidium Mosaic Potexvirus contains only a few filamentous (775 nm length)
virus particles.
Virus was isolated from many orchid species
showing mosaic symptoms. It is transmitted by
contact between plants. Desmodium Yellow Mottle Tymovirus
Transmitted by mechanical inoculation. Leaf sap

Dahlia Mosaic Caulimovirus; Stunt contains many isometric (30 nm diameter)
virions.
General. Bands along midrib and veins remain
yellow-green. In some varieties leaves are
distorted and blistered; in others, leaves are Diodia Vein Chlorosis Closterovirus
yellowed with margins up-rolled; in others,
plants are very short and bushy with short flower Transmitted by Trialeurodes abultilonea; caused
stems. Transmission is by peach and other aphids. chlorotic vein banding and chlorosis of Diodia
virgianiana plants.
Dahlia Oakleaf
Dodder Latent Mosaic
May be a separate entity or a strain of Tomato
Spotted Wilt Tospovirus. A pale chlorotic line Three species of dodder transmit mosaic to can-
across the leaf suggests the outline of an oak leaf. taloupe, potato, tomato, and celery.
Geranium Crinkle 405
Dogwood Mosaic Nepovirus Fig Mosaic
Considered earlier as a strain of Arabis Mosaic Systemic chlorotic mottling is accompanied by

Nepovirus. severe leaf distortion; fruits have light circular
areas or rusty spots, may be deformed and drop
prematurely. Transmission is by grafting and the
Elderberry Disease ¼ Elderberry fig midge (Aceria ficus).
Carlavirus, Elderberry Latent
Carmovirus
Figwort Mosaic Caulimovirus
A virus disease reported from golden elderberry
can infect various stone fruits and is considered The viral DNA has little homology with that of
a potential threat to the fruit industry. Cauliflower Mosaic Caulimovirus.
Elm Mosaic Filaree Red Leaf Luteovirus
On American elm in Ohio and eastern states. On Erodium in California. Early symptoms are
Some leaves are larger than normal, others mild vein clearing, outward curvature of petioles,
small, distorted, with yellow and green mottling. inward cupping of leaflets. Later leaflets cup out-
There may be some branch brooming, gradual ward, with reddish discoloration, are brittle, with
decline in vigor. Transmission is by grafting; no petioles stiffly upright; flowers are dwarfed or
insect vector is known. suppressed. Aphids are vectors. Caused vein
clearing and chlorosis of young leaves; older
leaves are red and breakable. Infected plants are
Elm Zonate Canker stunted and do not develop flowers.
On American elm, New Jersey, Ohio, Missouri.

Zonate cankers appear in bark as rings of dead Foxtail Mosaic Potexvirus
and living tissue in cortex or phloem. Some
leaves develop brown necrotic spots. Transmis- Virus related to Narcissus Mosaic and Viola
sion is by bark patch grafts; no insect vector is Mottle Potexvirus.
known.
Geranium Chlorotic Spot

Euonymus Mosaic
General on geranium. It is caused by tomato and
Infectious Variegation. Persistent yellowing along tobacco ring spot nepoviruses.
veins; transmission by grafting and budding.
Geranium Crinkle
Euphorbia Mosaic Begiminivirus Pelargonium Leaf Curl Tombusvirus. General on

geranium. Hyaline spots are small, circular to
Spreads in Florida by nymphs and adults of irregular, sometimes star-or tree-shaped, with
Bemisia tabaci. Infected plants showed mosaic brown centers. Young leaves are crinkled,
and leaf malformation. small, sometimes puckered and split; severely
infected leaves turn yellow and drop. Petioles and than normal, turning bronze or reddish along
stems have corky, raised necrotic streaks; tops veins, yellow between veins.
may die. The disease is most severe in spring,
inconspicuous in summer. Transmission is by
grafting (not by knife preparing cuttings) and
probably by whiteflies. Grapevine Stem Pitting Associated
Chlosterovirus
Geranium (Pelargonium) Mosaic Virions (800 nm length) found in phloem, but

they are very difficult to extract from host tissue.
Leaf Breaking. Leaves smaller, with purple spot- Virus related only to Citrus Tristeza
ting along veins, and suppression of horseshoe Closterovirus.
pattern in foliage of some geranium varieties.
Gladiolus Mosaic Grape Yellow Mosaic F Strain of

Grapevine Fanleaf Nepovirus
▶Bean Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus. (Panachure)
Yellowing of leaves of young shoots in some

Grapevine Fanleaf Nepovirus varieties; various types of leaf mottling;
blossom shedding. Transmission by grafting
Infectious degeneration in California; Court-noué and in soil.
and Roncet in Europe. New growth is severely
stunted; leaves are dwarfed and puckered or with
deep indentations and folded like a half-closed Grape Yellow Vein ¼ Tomato
fan; fruit set is poor. The virus is present in soil Ringspot Nepovirus
and can be transmitted, apparently, by nematodes.
Can be transmitted by dagger nematodes.
Grapevine Fleck Virus

Guar Symptomless Potyvirus
Generally symptomless in most cultivars; trans-
mitted only by grafting. Symptomless or caused mild green mottle on
Cyanopsis tetregonoloba.
Grapevine Rupestris Vein Feathering

Marafivirus Hellenium S. Carlavirus
On grape. Hellenium and Impatiens strains differ in host

range and aphid transmissibility.
Grape Leaf Roll ¼ Grapevine

Leafroll-Associated Closterovirus Henbane Mosaic
White Emperor Disease. In California, restricted Clearing or yellowing of veins of youngest

to Emperor variety. Fruit is greenish yellow or leaves, then a yellow mosaic and dark green
pink rather than normal red; leaves are darker vein banding.
Iris Mosaic ¼ Iris Mild Mosaic Potyvirus 407
Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Hyacinth Mosaic Potyvirus

Carmovirus
Spreads by aphids. Virus caused chlorotic
Caused very variable symptoms on the leaves of spots on leaves, stunt and color-breaking of
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; from mottling and chlo- flowers.
rotic spots to vein banding and rings.
Hydrangea Latent Carlavirus

Hibiscus Latent Fort Pierce
Tobamovirus Reported on Hydrangea macrophylla in U.S.A.
On Hibiscus.
Hydrangea Phyllody Phytoplasma
Witches’ Broom, “green” flowers.

Hippeastrum Mosaic Potyvirus
Virus known also as Amaryllis Mosaic Virus, Hydrangea Ring Spot Potexvirus
caused chlorotic streaking on leaves and flower
stalks. Chlorotic blotches and rings, brown rings and
oak-leaf patterns are common in florist’s
hydrangea. A probable cause of hydrangea
“running out.” Transmission is by cutting knife.
Hollyhock Mosaic Virus can infect snapdragon, sweet william and
globe amaranth.
Pronounced yellow and green mottle on holly-
hock and malva.
Iris Fulva Mosaic Potyvirus and Iris
Severe Mosaic Potyvirus
Holodiscus Witches’ Broom Both potyviruses are spread generally by

aphids. For diagnostic purposes they can be
On ocean spray. Diseased branches form clusters easily separated by pinwheel inclusions
of thin, wiry shoots with abnormally short inter- morphology.
nodes, crowded small leaves; foliage turns
bronze red early. Transmission by the spirea
aphid and by grafting. Iris Mosaic ¼ Iris Mild Mosaic
Potyvirus
Widespread on bulbous iris, especially serious on

Hop American Latent Carlavirus, Hop Pacific Coast. Plants are stunted with yellowish
Latent Carlavirus, Hop Mosaic streaks on leaves and dark, teardrop markings on
Carlavirus white, blue, or lavender flowers, clear feathery
markings on yellow flowers. Transmission is by
All three carlaviruses are distantly serologically peach and potato aphids. Establish disease-free
related. Usually they are symptomless or show foundation stock; rogue all diseased plants; spray
mild mosaics. for aphids.
Iris Yellow Spot Tospovirus Lettuce Big Vein Varicosavirus
On Allium sp. Including A. cepa. Transmitted by a vector-fungus, Olpidium

brassicae. Vein clearing followed by enlarging
and bleaching.
Impatiens Latent Potexvirus
Symptomless virus transmitted only by mechan- Lettuce Infectious Yellows

ical inoculation. Closterovirus
Virus infected lettuce, sugarbeets, cantaloupe,

Impatiens Necrotic Spot Tospovirus watermelons, melons, squash, and carrots. Main
symptoms included chlorosis, reddening and
Previously called strain of Tomato Spotted Wilt brittle leaves; plants stunted.
Tospovirus. It is the most common and most
damaging virus in the greenhouse industry. The
virus has an extremely broad host range and its Lettuce Speckles Mottle Umbravirus
vector, the western flower thrips, Frankliniella
occidentalis, are widespread and difficult to con- Virus in mixed infection is encapsidated in coat
trol. Symptoms caused by virus were variable but protein of Beet Western Yellows Luteovirus.
generally occurred as brown or black necrotic
spots, blotch, necrotic rings on leaves and flower
distortion. Often the center leaves collapse. Lettuce Mosaic Potyvirus
Infected plants are stunted and die prematurely.
The control of vector is essential in greenhouses. Widespread on lettuce. Leaves mottled, deformed,
yellowed, browned; plants stunted or dead. Trans-
mission is by peach and root aphids and in seed.
Ixia Mosaic Control vectors, use virus-free seed; rogue
seedbeds.
Perhaps iris mosaic.
Lilac Mottle Carlavirus

Johnsongrass Mosaic Potyvirus
Caused leaf chlorosis and mottling on Syringa spp.
Known also as Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus strains
0 and Kansas and as Sugarcane Mosaic Virus. On
Johnsongrass virus caused systemic mosaics. Lilac Ring Spot Carlavirus
Kalanchoe Top-Spotting Badnavirus Pale green to yellow spots, lines, broad diffuse
rings, and bands on lilac leaves, often with dis-
Kalanchoe blosfeldiana plants showed sunken tortion and holes in tissue.
yellow spots and sometimes leaf deformation.
Lilac Witches’ Broom Phytoplasma
Laburnum Mosaic
On lilac, privet in Maryland. Brooming symp-
Infectious variegation. Bright mottling of foliage, toms; lateral buds produce two to six slender
often with veins picked out in yellow. shoots, which branch freely, with very small
Lolium Latent Potexvirus 409
leaves on Japanese lilac. In common lilac and

Regal privet there is yellow vein clearing with Lily Rosette
less prominent brooming. Transmission by
grafting, and by dodder; no insect vector known. Yellow Flat. On Easter lily. Leaves curl down-
ward; plants are dwarfed, yellowed, mature early;
bulbs are small. Transmission by the melon
Lily Color Adding aphid, not by seed. Rogue diseased plants; spray
for aphids.
On lily.
Lily Symptomless Carlavirus

Lily Color Removing
Present in Easter lilies wherever grown commer-
On lily. cially but producing no symptoms alone; in com-
bination with Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus
causing necrotic fleck. Transmission by melon
Lily Fleck aphid.
Caused by Lily Symptomless Carlavirus and

Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus. Yellow Locust Witches’ Broom
flecks on Easter lily leaves change to gray or
brown, elongating parallel to veins; surface is Brooming disease on locust from Pennsylvania to
depressed but unbroken. Plants are dwarfed Georgia, Ohio, and Tennessee. Vein clearing is
with curled leaves, flowers small with brown followed by reduction in size of new leaves,
streaks. growth of spindly shoots to witches’ broom.
Roots are more brittle, shorter, and darker than
normal; rootlets branch excessively to root
Lily Latent Mosaic brooms. Transmission is by budding and grafting;
no insect vector is known.
In Easter lily and tulip, symptoms masked or
systemic chlorotic mottling.
Loganberry Dwarf
Lily Mottle Potyvirus Blackberry Dwarf. On loganberry and phenome-

nal blackberry in Northwest. Leaves are small,
It is a lily strain of Tulip Breaking Potyvirus. obovate, rigid, with new canes short and spindly.
Young plants have crinkled leaves with some
chlorosis or necrosis along veins. Flowers are
Lily Ring Spot ¼ Cucumber Mosaic small, drupelets ripen unevenly and tend to fall
Cucumovirus apart when fruit is picked. Transmission is by
aphids.
Possibly a form of cucumber mosaic. There is
only a faint mottling on some species, but on
Lilium tigrinum and L. regale dark ring markings
develop into necrotic areas. The growing point is Lolium Latent Potexvirus
killed; no flowers are formed; whole plant is
twisted, stunted, deformed. Peach aphid is the On ryegrass (Lolium perenne and
vector. L. multiflorum).
Lonicera Infectious Variegation Maize White Line Mosaic
Vein yellowing and variegation on honeysuckle; On field corn and weed hosts including Panicum,
graft-transmitted. Setaria and Digitaria.
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Potyvirus Malva Vein Clearing Potyvirus
First noted in Ohio in 1962 and since devastating Caused vein clearing and yellow mosaics on
to corn in many states. Red to purple streaks in many Malva and Lavatera species. Virus is
upper leaves, ears usually incomplete; plants known as Malva Mosaic, Malva Green Mosaic
dwarfed with great reduction in yield. Transmis- or Malva Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus.
sion by corn leaf and peach aphids. Occurs also
on Sorghum sp. and Triticum sp.
Melon Leaf Curl Bigeminivirus
Maize Chlorotic Mottle Machlovirus Caused leaf mottling and chlorosis on Cucurbits.
Usually occurred together with many potyviruses

on infected maize plants showing severe systemic Melon Necrotic Spot Carmovirus
necrosis and stunting. Plant often dying.
Transmitted by fungus Olpidium radical, by
sap, by contact between plants and by seeds.
Maize Rayado Fino Marafivirus It caused chlorotic and necrotic spots on
Cucurbits.
Initially described as a strain of Corn Stunt Virus
now in the type species of Marafivirus. Virus
frequently occurred in mixed infection with Mimosa Striped Chlorosis Badnavirus
Phytoplasmas. It is multiplied in the vector,
Dalbulus maydis, Cocadellidae and is not trans- Infected Albizzia sp. plant showed
mitted by sap, grafting or seeds. chlorotic stripes along leaf vein and interveinal
chlorosis.
Maize Stripe Tenuivirus

Mint Crinkle Closterovirus
Caused yellow striping and chlorosis on
natural hosts. Zea mays, Sorghum vulgare, On golden ginger mint.
S. bicolor, Triticum aestivum and Hordeum
vulgare.
Mirabilis Mosaic Caulimovirus

Maize Stunt ¼ Maize Chlorotic Dwarf
Waikavirus Genome consists of DNA, virus-transmitted in
semi-persistent manner by aphid, Myzus persicae
▶Corn Stunt. and by sap.
Oak Ringspot Virus 411
Muskmelon Mosaic ¼ Squash Mosaic Narcissus White Streak

Comovirus
Silver Leaf. Paper tips and white streaks in leaves
Widespread on melon. First leaves have dark are primary symptoms, with wilting and falling
green bands parallel with main leaf veins; over of foliage long before harvest so bulbs are
later leaves are mottled, sometimes deformed. small.
Transmitted by seed and sap; insect vectors Causes decline combined with chocolate spot.
unknown. Transmission by aphids. Replant only the largest
bulbs.
Muskmelon Vein Necrosis Carlavirus

Narcissus Yellow Stripe Potyvirus
Caused vein necrosis and leaf chlorosis on
cucumber and pea plants. Strong yellow streaking and mottling of
foliage, often roughened near veins and with
a peculiar twist. Flowers are streaked.
Mustard Mosaic Transmission by several species of aphids.
Select the best plants for a mother block, with
On black mustard, California. Small, brown local final selection during bloom; rogue plantings
lesions are followed by a general mottling. early before symptoms are masked by hot
weather.
Nandina Mosaic Potexvirus

Nasturtium Mosaic Potyvirus
Occurs in California; transmitted by mechanical
inoculation. Vein clearing, ruffling and cupping of
young leaves, dark green vein banding in older
leaves, sometimes chlorotic spots or white
Narcissus Chocolate Spot rings between veins. Flower color may be
broken, petals crinkled. Transmitted by several
Often present with white streak in a decline aphids.
complex.
Nothoscordum Mosaic Potyvirus

Narcissus Flower Streak
False garlic (wild amaryllis) mosaic transmitted
Strong breaking of flowers but normal foliage in through bulbs but not seed. Typical mosaic mot-
Oregon bulb crops. tling of foliage.
Narcissus Mosaic Potexvirus

Oak Ringspot Virus
Widespread on narcissus, but with mild symp-
toms, seldom apparent before plants bloom; has Caused mosaic, chlorotic ringspot and oak leaf
been confused with yellow stripe. pattern on the older leaves.
Oat Blue Dwarf Marafivirus Opuntia Sammons’ Tobamovirus
Synonym for Flax Crinkle Virus transmitted by Symptomless on Opuntia spp., virus is transmit-
aster leafhopper. Infected Avena sp. plants turned ted only by mechanical inoculation.
deep blue.
Orchid (Cattleya) Blossom Brown

Oat Golden Stripe Furovirus Necrotic Streak
Transmitted by fungus, Polymyxa graminis; sys- Brown spots, streaks of whole flower; leaves may
temically infected Avena sp. plants. have yellow streaks; transmission by knife. In
removing flower spikes use “hot knife,” with
attached propane torch.
Oat Mosaic Bymovirus
Only Avena sp. are susceptible (developing Orchid Fleck Rhabdovirus

mottle). Virus transmitted by fungus, Polymyxa
graminis. Caused chlorotic and necrotic fleck on many
orchid species. Virions are typical rhabdo or
bullet-shaped.
Odontoglossum Ringspot
Tobamovirus Orchid (Cattleya) Mosaic Potexvirus
It is synonym for orchid strain of Tobacco Mosaic Flower-Break. On Cattleya and other orchids.
Tobamovirus. There are apparently two diseases: mild color
break, with variegation in the flower but no
distortion, and severe color break, with flowers
distorted or twisted as well as variegated.
Onion Yellow Dwarf Potyvirus Leaves are mottled and sometimes twisted.
The virus may be present in apparently healthy
Yellow streaks develop at base of leaves, with plants but can be detected with antisera, and
yellowing crinkling, and flattening of new infected plants removed. Transmission is by
leaves. Leaves may be prostrate, flower stalks the green peach aphid.
bent, twisted, and stunted; yield is reduced.
Some species are relatively tolerant; tree onions
are symptomless. Bean, apple-grain, corn leaf, Orchid (Cymbidium) Mosaic
and other aphids are vectors. Control is by Potexvirus
indexing, growing sample lots of sets and
mother bulbs in greenhouse beds or production Black Streak; Cattleya Leaf Necrosis. The most
of virus-free stocks in areas where disease is common virus disease on many kinds of orchids.
absent, and roguing of infected volunteer On Cymbidium there is initially a mosaic mottle,
onions. Some varieties are resistant to the then necrotic spots, streaks, and rings on leaves
onion strain of the virus but not to the strain but no effect on flowers. In Cattleya there are
from shallot or garlic. sunken brown to black leaf patterns, sometimes
Pea Mosaic Potyvirus 413
rings, more often elongated streaks on older

leaves. If leaves are killed prematurely, flowers Panicum Mosaic Sobemovirus
are fewer and smaller but normal in form and
color. No insect vector is known. On St. Augustine grass.
Orchid (Odontoglossum) Ring Spot

Tobamovirus Papaya Mosaic Potexvirus
On Odontoglossum only. Small, necrotic spots Caused mosaic and stunting on Carica
and rings on older leaves, light green to yellow papaya.
areas on young leaves. Leaves may turn yellow
and drop in 2 or 3 months or persist longer. There
are no flower symptoms; no insect vector is
known. Papaya Ringspot Potyvirus
Symptoms on infected Carcia papaya plants

Orchid (Oncidium) Ring Spot included mottling, malformation of leaves and
streaking on flowers and fruits.
On mature leaves of Oncidium; round to irregu-
lar, slightly sunken yellow areas on both leaf
surfaces; becoming necrotic with age.
Pea Enation Mosaic Enamovirus
Orchid (Vanda) Ring Spot On pea, sweet pea, broad bean, soybean and
sweet clover. Symptoms are yellowish spots on
On 22 cultivated orchid species. leaves, which are later white, with crinkling and
savoying. Very susceptible varieties like
Alderman have necrotic spots and proliferations
Ornithogalum Mosaic Potyvirus or enations from underside of leaves. Pods may
be markedly distorted and twisted with seeds
On ornithogalum, galtonia, hyacinth, small and yellow. Transmission is by pea, potato,
lachenalia, agapanthus, hebe, fine light and and peach aphids.
dark green leaf mottling becomes gray or yel-
low as leaves mature. Flower stalks are marked
with light and dark green blotches; there are thin
longitudinal streaks on perianth segments. Pea Mosaic Potyvirus
Transmission is by melon, peach, potato and
lily aphids. On pea, sweet pea, red clover and broad beans.
Sweet pea has leaf mottling, chlorosis, breaking
of flower color. Garden pea has vein clearing
Palm Mosaic Potyvirus followed by mottling or general chlorosis and
stunting. Transmission is by pea, peach and
Infected Washingtonia robusta plants showed bean aphids. Perfection and Horal varieties are
mosaics, ringspots and line pattern. Plants are resistant to this virus but not to pea enation
often stunted. mosaic.
Pea Mottle Peach Golden Net
Pea Mottle caused by Clover Yellow Mosaic Probably identical with line pattern.
Potexvirus and Clover Yellow Vein Potyvirus.
Fairly widespread on garden pea, snapbean,
white clover and broad bean. On pea a severe Peach Little Peach
systemic mosaic may be fatal. Some plants have
chlorotic mottling of leaves and stipules, but Related to peach yellows, and in same host range,
stems, pods, and seeds are normal. Bean and pea eastern United States.
aphids are probably vectors.
Peach Mosaic
Pea Streak Carlavirus
In Southwest on peach, apricot, nectarine, plum
Light brown to purple, oblong, necrotic lesions and capable of infecting almond. Spring growth
are scattered along stems and petioles with stems of peach has short internodes, with sometimes
often girdled. Leaves and pods are roughened flower breaking, chlorotic mottling, and foliage
with light brown necrotic areas. distortion early in the season, with masking of
symptoms or dropping out of affected areas in
midsummer. Fruit is small, irregular in shape,
Pea Wilt unsalable. Apricot stones have white rings and
blotches. Transmission is by budding, grafting, a
Causing severe streak in pea if pea-mottle virus is mite (Eriophyes insidiosus), and perhaps the plum
also present. aphid. Removal of infected trees, nursery inspec-
tion and quarantine reduce the incidence of mosaic.
Peach Asteroid Spot

Peach Mottle
Discrete, chlorotic lesions spread along veins
forming starlike spots; some chlorophyll is Known only in Idaho.
retained in lesions as leaves turn yellow.
Peach Necrotic Leaf Spot

Peach Calico
On peach but with sweet cherry as a symptomless
Leaves are first mottled, then yellowed, then carrier. Light brown, dead, membranous areas in
papery white. Creamy white streaks develop on unfolding leaves fall out, leaving holes. The dis-
twigs. Fruit is shorter, rounder, with creamy ease is recurrent on peach.
white to red patches. Transmission is by budding.
Peach Phony Disease

Peach Dwarf
The most important peach disease in the South-
Only on Muir peach. Profusion of large, flat, dark east. Trees are dwarfed; foliage is abnormally
green leaves, closely appressed on short twigs; green, fruit small; there are flecks in wood, espe-
witches’ broom showing in dormant period; fruit cially in roots. Phony trees have short terminal
larger than normal, misshapen. and lateral twigs; profuse lateral branching.
Pear Decline Phytoplasma 415
Growth starts in spring earlier than on normal

trees. Production gradually decreases, with trees Peach Wart
worthless in a few years. Transmission is by root
grafting and sharpshooter leafhoppers. Control Foliage is normal but fruits are blistered,
has been by eradication and by quarantine to welted, and have conspicuous raised warty out-
restrict movement of nursery stock. growths. Tissues are light tan to red, rough,
cracked, and russeted or smooth, with
severe gumming. Transmission by budding or
Peach Red Suture inarching.
Probably a form of yellows. On peach and

Japanese plum. Fruit ripens prematurely with Peach Yellow Bud ¼ Tomato Ringspot
softening, swelling, and red blotching on the Nepovirus
suture, flesh coarse and watery while rest of
fruit is hard and green. Eradicate diseased trees; Winter’s Peach Mosaic. On peach, apricot and
propagate from healthy budwood. almond in California. Pale yellow, feather-edged
blotches along the midvein with leaf distortion,
and defoliation near base of shoots. Transmission
Peach Ring Spot Ilarvirus is by grafting. In field spread is only to adjacent
trees, perhaps through soil.
▶Cherry Ring Spot.
Peanut Mottle Potyvirus

Peach Rosette
On wild peanut (Arachis chacoense).
On peach and plum. Trees suddenly wilt and die,
or there are abnormally short stems bearing
dwarfed leaves, with veins cleared and thickened; Peanut Stunt Cucumovirus
death follows in a few months. The virus can be
inactivated by heating at 122 F for 10 min. First noted on peanuts in Virginia in 1964 and
also occurs in bean, red and white clover. Severe
dwarfing and malformation of foliar parts and
Peach Rosette Mosaic Nepovirus suppression of fruit development. Transmission
by grafting and green peach aphid.
Of minor importance on peach, highbush blue-
berry, and plum. Delayed foliation, chlorotic
mottling, rosetting of shoots, dark green color; Peanut Top Paralysis Potyvirus
transmission by grafting and through soil. Eradi-
cate trees; do not replant in same soil without Found in Oklahoma but there is no evidence of
fumigation. spread.
Peach Stubby Twig Pear Decline Phytoplasma
A new disease of peach and nectarine in A relatively new and devastating disease in
California. Chlorotic leaves, stubby twig growth, California, Oregon, and Washington, trees
decreased fruit production; transmitted with showing a slow decline or rapid collapse. First
infected budwood. thought due to a toxin of the pear psylla
(Psylla pyricola), now considered a virus disease

transmitted by the psylla. Pepper Mild Mottle Tobamovirus
Infectious virus particles were found in water for

Pear Stony Pit greenhouse irrigations.
On Bosc and other pears in Pacific Northwest.

Dark green areas appear just beneath epidermis of Pepper Mild Tigre’ Bigeminivirus and
fruit, 10 to 20 days after petal fall, resulting in Pepper Texas Bigeminivirus
deeply pitted or deformed fruit at maturity, with
corky or necrotic hard tissue at base of pits. The Both viruses are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci
fruit is gnarled, hard to cut. Transmission is by and spread in Texas and Mexico.
grafting; no insect vector is known. Bosc and
Anjou pears can be top-worked with Bartlett to
reduce losses from stony pit. Pepper Strain of Alfalfa Mosaic
On pepper.
Pelargonium Flower Break Carmovirus
and Pelargonium Line Pattern
Carmovirus Pepper Vein Banding Mosaic
Viruses are usually symptomless on Pelargonium Probably caused by Potato Y Potyvirus, a new
or caused by flower streaking, line pattern or disease in Florida. Plants are stunted with up to
chlorotic spotting. They are transmitted by 50 % loss of marketable fruit. Vein clearing and
grafting and by contact between plants. banding on leaves, fruit roughened with chlorotic
spots or stripes. Transmission is by green peach
and melon aphids. Eradicate deadly nightshade as
Peony Leaf Curl a weed host for 150 feet from peppers, or use
sunflower as a barrier.
Plants half normal height, with crooked flower
stalks, curled leaves. Transmission is by grafting
but not contact; no insect vector is known. Pepper Mottle Potyvirus
On pepper.
Peony Ring Spot ¼ Tobacco Rattle
Tobravirus
Phlox Streak
Marked yellow mosaic, irregular or in rings,
sometimes small necrotic spots. Streaks evident in leaves and stems. Clearing of
veins is followed by necrosis in leaf veins and
petioles. Graft-transmissible.
Peperomia Ring Spot
Concentric brown, necrotic rings on leaves,

which may be cupped, curled, or twisted and Physalis Mosaic Tymovirus
may fall. Severely affected plants are stunted.
Grower losses in Florida may be 25 %. Take Known as Belladonna Mottle Virus caused by
cuttings from healthy, vigorous plants. systemic mosaic or mottle.
Potato Crinkle 417
Pigeon Pea Golden Mosaic Poplar Decline Potyvirus

Begomovirus
Pinwheel structures are induced in infected cells.
On pigeon pea. Main disease symptoms are chlorotic and
necrotic leafspots, necrosis of leaves and death
of branches and even whole trees.
Pineapple Wilt – Associated
Closterovirus
Poplar Mosaic Carlavirus
Occurs in the Hawaiian pineapples causing
yellowing and flecks on leaves, leaf tip necrosis Many cultivars are symptomless or they develop
and plant wilt. mosaics or necrosis. Virus usually occurs alone in
infected poplar trees.
Plantago Mottle Tymovirus

Potato A Potyvirus
Related to Andean Potato Latent, Dulcamara
Mottle, Belladonna Mottle, Onion Yellow Known as Potato Mild Mosaic, Potato Virus P and
Mosaic and Turnip Yellow Mosaic Viruses. Solanum Virus 3. Transmitted by aphids in non-
persistent manner. Virus caused no symptoms.
Plum Line Pattern ¼ Plum American

Line Pattern Ilarvirus Potato Acropetal Necrosis
On plum, oriental cherry, widespread. Some Caused by potato viruses Y and X.

plum varieties have yellow vein banding, brilliant
green and yellow patterns of the oakleaf type,
formed by single or multiple irregular lines or Potato Aucuba Mosaic Potexvirus
bands; in early summer the yellow fades to
creamy white. In other varieties patterns are Bright yellow mottle in most varieties, some-
faint or absent. On flowering cherries discolored times necrosis of tubers.
areas are bounded by a chlorotic band. Transmis-
sion is by budding or grafting.
Potato Bouquet Disease
Caused by Tobacco Ring Spot Nepovirus.

Plum White Spot
Small pale yellow to white spots, mostly aggre- Potato Calico

gated near leaf tips on Santa Rosa plum.
Caused by strain of Alfalfa/Mosaic Alfamovirus.
Potato Crinkle
Poinsettia Mosaic Tymovirus
Mild Mosaic. Due to Potato Virus X plus A. Leaf
Caused systemic leaf mosaic and malformation mottling and crinkling are often inconspicuous,
and discoloration of bracts. but plants die prematurely. Plant healthy tubers;
isolate seed plots. Varieties Katahdin, Chippewa,

Houma and Sebago are resistant. Potato S Carlavirus
Generally symptomless in most potato cultivars.

Potato Green Dwarf
Caused by a strain of Beet Curly Top Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid

Hybrigeminivirus. Terminal growth is dwarfed
and deformed; leaflets cupped upward. General on all tested varieties of potatoes. Plants
are more erect than normal but spindly, lacking
vigor. Stems are stiff, leaves small, dark green;
Potato Leaf Roll Luteovirus tubers are elongated, pointed at the end, the eyes
“staring”. Symptoms are accentuated by high soil
Important wherever potatoes are grown. Symp- moistures. Transmission is by contaminated
toms show about a month after plants appear knives in cutting, by contact between freshly cut
above ground. Leaves are thick, leathery, rolled, seed pieces. Control by using certified seed.
with excessive starch; sometimes with a reddish
or purple discoloration on the underside. Plants
are dwarfed; tubers are few, crisp, with net Potato Vein Banding ¼ Potato
necrosis – brown strands of dead tissue – in Y Potyvirus
some varieties; sprouts are spindling; yield may
be reduced one-half. Transmission is by peach On potato and many other hosts, transmitted
and other aphids. mechanically and by many aphids. On some vari-
Use certified seed potatoes. These come from eties there is leaf drop and necrotic streak or chlo-
a foundation stock obtained by indexing. rotic mottling; on others there is no sign of disease.
Seedpieces or tubers are planted consecutively
in a row, and if any show virus symptoms, the
whole unit is destroyed. Potato Virus A
Present in nearly symptomless form in some vari-

Potato Leaf Rolling Mosaic ¼ Potato eties, causing crinkle with virus X.
M Carlavirus
Leaves are mottled, flaccid, with some upward Potato X Potexvirus

rolling but without distinct rolling, rigidity of leaf
roll. Transmission by peach, potato and geranium Almost universally present in commercial potato
aphids. stocks. Cause of latent mosaic.
Potato Mottle
Potato Witches’ Broom
Caused by potato X potexvirus.
Apical leaves are slightly rolled, upright, light
Potato Rugose Mosaic green with reddish or yellowing margins.
There is proliferation of axial buds with tendency
Caused by potato Y potyvirus, often with PVX. to bloom and set fruit; there are aerial tubers
Leaves are crinkled, mottled; lower leaves with and numerous small subterranean tubers. Such
black veins; plants are stunted, die prematurely. tubers put out spindle shoots without a rest
Control by careful roguing. period and produce dwarfed, very bushy plants
Raspberry Alpha Leaf Curl Luteovirus 419
with small, round, or heart-shaped leaves. Use

certified seed potatoes. Prune Dwarf Ilarvirus
On prune, plum, cherry and peach. Leaves are

Potato Yellow Dwarf small, narrow, rugose, distorted, glazed. Inter-
Nucleorhabdovirus nodes are short, but some branches escape and
appear normal. Blossoms are numerous, but
Formerly causing heavy losses in Northeast but mature fruits few; pistils are aborted, petals
now mostly controlled by seed certification. narrowed. Most injurious to Italian prune, symp-
Potato leaves are rolled and yellowed; the plant tomless in Bradshaw and damson plums. Trans-
is dwarfed with split stems showing rusty flecks. mission by grafting and budding.
Transmission is by clover leafhoppers;
overwintering hosts are ground cherry, oxeye
daisy, vinca and other plants. Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Ilarvirus
Potato Yellow Spot Very common in sweet cherry and plum

orchards, worldwide. Its natural hosts are species
Reported from Maine, mostly on Katahdin vari- from Prunus, Rosa, Humulus and Cucumis. Ear-
ety. Spots are small, circular, bright yellow, lier virus was described as Plum Line Pattern,
chiefly on lower leaves. Peach Ringspot, Prunus Ringspot, Red Currant
Necrotic Ringspot, Rose Chlorotic Mottle, Rose
Primrose Mosaic Line Pattern, Rose Vein Banding and Sour
Cherry Necrotic Ringspot. Virus is transmitted
Plants are chlorotic, stunted, rugose, with by grafting, by seeds and by pollen to seeds and
upward, sometimes downward, cupping of to the pollinated plants.
leaves. Petioles and peduncles are shortened;
flowers are white-streaked; leaves are coarsely
mottled yellow-green, with green islands; tips of Quail Pea Mosaic Comovirus
leaves are narrowed. No insect vector is known.
Caused mosaics on Streptostyles helvola as well
Privet Ring Spot as on soybean and common bean plants.
Reported on privet in Texas. Leaves are smaller, Radish Mosaic Comovirus

lighter green, drop early.
Chlorotic spotting and mottling of foliage; plants
Prune (Standard) Constricting Mosaic not stunted.
Spots are concentrated in a band across tip of the Ranunculus Mottle Potyvirus
leaf; this area is killed, and all tissue except the
midvein drops out. Caused foliar mottling and distortion on Ranun-
culus asiaticus plants.
Prune Diamond Canker

Raspberry Alpha Leaf Curl Luteovirus
Symptoms expressed only on French
prune –diamond or oval excrescences on second- Common on red raspberry. Veins are retarded in
ary branches, often excess sprouts from body growth, causing downward curling and crinkling
of tree. of leaves. Foliage is dark green, but bronzed in
late summer with glistening surface. Berries are dark green, often twisted upside down. New
small, poor; diseased canes are readily winter- canes have bluish dots or streaks near the base
killed. Transmission is by small raspberry aphid and sometimes on branches of fruiting spurs.
(Aphis rubiphila). Cuthbert variety is most sus- Fruit is small, poor; plants are short-lived. Symp-
ceptible. Rogue diseased plants. toms are less severe in the mild streak strain.
Roguing aids in control.
Raspberry Beta Leaf Curl Luteovirus

Raspberry Yellow Mosaic ¼ Rubus
Infecting blackcaps, especially Cumberland, but Yellow Net Bednavirus
also causing severe curling on Cuthbert and
hybrid purple Columbian. Black raspberries are severely dwarfed; fruiting
laterals are more upright than normal; foliage is
yellow; leaflets are long and narrow. Symptoms
Raspberry Decline show at high temperatures, while those of red
raspberry mosaic are masked. Plants are weak-
On red raspberry. ened, die in 2 or 3 years. Transmitted by the
raspberry aphid.
Raspberry (Red) Mosaic

Red Clover Vein Mosaic Carlavirus
Green Mottle; Mild Mosaic; Yellows. Wide-
spread on red and black raspberries, dewberry Caused vein yellowing and mosaic on infected
and blackberry. Symptoms vary greatly, but usu- red clover plants.
ally mottled areas are darker green than rest of
leaf tissue; there may be blistering and curling
downward. On blackcaps, tips are stunted, Rhododendron Necrotic Ringspot
fruiting laterals shortened, fruit seedy or with Potexvirus
poor flavor. Foliation of diseased plants is
delayed. Transmission by aphids. Transmitted by grafting; infected Rhododendron
spp. showed necrotic rings on leaves.
Raspberry (Black) Necrosis
On red and black raspberries and perhaps related Rhubarb Chlorotic Ring Spot
to red raspberry mosaic. Leaves are curled down,
have necrotic spots. Chlorotic spots and rings, necrotic stippling and
rings on leaves of rhubarb, reported from Oregon.
Raspberry Ringspot Nepovirus
Virus known also as Red Currant Ringspot is Rhubarb Ring Spot

transmitted by nematode, Longidorus spp. Rasp-
berry cultivars differ in susceptibility. Caused by Turnip Mosaic Potyvirus.
Raspberry Streak
Rhynchosia Golden Mosaic
Eastern Blue Streak, Rosette. On black raspberry. Begomovirus
Plants are stunted, smaller in successive seasons,
leaves usually curled, close together on canes, Reported on soybean in Mexico.
Sorghum Chlorotic Spot Furovirus 421
Ribgrass Mosaic Tobamovirus Rose Yellow Mosaic
It is ribgrass strain of Tobacco Mosaic Chlorotic areas are brighter and lighter yellow
Tobamovirus. than in typical rose mosaic; there is less pucker-
ing of leaves.
Robinia Brooming
Saguaro Cactus Carmovirus
▶Locust Witches’ Broom.
Symptomless on Saguaro cactus plants. Virus
was found in Arizona but there is no evidence
Rose Mosaic of spread.
Infectious Chlorosis. Common on garden roses

on the Pacific Coast, sometimes on greenhouse Schefflera Ringspot Badnavirus
roses in the East and on garden roses originating
in the West. Chlorotic areas feather away from Bacciliform particles were found in Brassica
midribs of leaflets, often with local distortion, actinophylla.
sometimes with ring, oakleaf and watermark pat-
terns. Plants are dwarfed, with buds often bleached,
imperfect, on short stems. The virus is carried in Shamrock Chlorotic Ringspot
understock and infects tops after budding or Potyvirus
grafting; no insect vector is known. More than
one virus is probably involved. Much rose mosaic Caused chlorotic Ringspot on leaves and decline
seems to be due to the Prunus Necrotic Ring Spot of Oxalis regnellii plants.
and Apple Mosaic Ilarviruses. Rootstocks can be
heat-treated to provide a virus-free source.
Smithiana Potex Virus
Rose Rosette Infected plants are usually symptomless.
On species roses, Wyoming, California. Leaflets

and flower parts are misshapen, stems dwarfed, Solanum Yellows Luteovirus
with precocious growth of lateral buds, indefinite
chlorotic pattern in leaves, increase in thorniness Occurs on potato plants.
of stems. The general effect resembles 2, 4-D
injury. Graft and mite transmissible, but the dis-
ease develops slowly. Sonchus Yellow Net
Nucleorhabdovirus
Rose Streak On lettuce.
On rose in eastern United States. Leaves have

brownish or reddish ring and vein-banding pat- Sorghum Chlorotic Spot Furovirus
terns; stems have ring patterns and sometimes
necrotic areas near inserted buds, causing girdling, Found only in Kansas; caused chlorotic spot on
wilting of foliage. Transmission is by grafting. infected plants.
Soybean bud blight, due to Tobacco Ring Spot

Sorghum Mosaic Potyvirus Virus, is serious in the Midwest, causing losses
up to 100 %. Tip buds turn brown, dry brittle;
Virus is one of the potyvirus complex infecting plant is dwarfed, produces no seed.
tropical grasses.
Sparaxis Mosaic
Sorghum Stunt Mosaic
Nucleorhabdovirus Strong leaf mottling and crinkling.
Transmitted by leafhopper, Graminella sonora,

only in temperatures below 38 C. Spinach Blight
Caused by Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus.

Sowbane Mosaic Sobemovirus
Occurred in Europe, South and Central American Spinach Latent Ilarvirus

region; found also in USA.
Transmitted by means not involving a vector.
Symptoms disappeared soon after infection.
Sowthistle Yellow Vein
Nucleorhabdovirus
Spinach Yellow Dwarf
Susceptible hosts are Sonchus oleraceus and
Lactuca sativa. In California, confined to spinach, with vein
clearing, curvature of midrib; young leaves with
Soybean Dwarf Luteovirus mottling, puckering, curling, blisters; old leaves
with yellow blotches becoming necrotic. All vari-
There are two different strains of this virus; eties are equally susceptible. Mechanical trans-
dwarfing strain and leaf yellowing strain. Virions mission and by aphids.
occurred in cytoplasm and cell vacuoles of
phloem. Virus transmitted only by aphid vectors
in persistent manner. Spring Beauty Latent Bromovirus
Soybean Mosaic Potyvirus Symptomless; best serological test for identifica-

tion is double diffusion test.
Widespread on soybean. Leaves are distorted,
narrow, with margins turning down, some with Squash Leaf Curl Bigeminivirus
ruffling along main veins; plants are often
stunted, pods misshapen with fewer seeds. Trans- It is probably the same as Muskmelon Necrotic
mission by peach, pea and other aphids and in Mosaic Virus causing severe stunting and leaf
seed. Control by roguing. curl on plants from family Cucurbitaceae.
Soybean Yellow Mosaic Squash Mosaic Comovirus
Soybean Yellow Mosaic is caused by the Bean On squash and muskmelon, mostly in California.
Yellow Mosaic Virus. Younger leaves show Foliage is severely mottled and malformed with
chlorotic mottling, followed by necrotic spots. dark green blisters. Transmission by banded,
Strawberry Pallidosis 423
western striped and 12-spotted cucumber beetles,

but not by pollen. Strawberry Mild Crinkle
Caused by Strawberry Vein Chlorosis Virus with

Squash (Southern) Mosaic or without Strawberry Mottle Virus.
On squash in Florida, infecting also cucumber

and watermelon. Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge Chlorosis
Potexvirus
Stock Mosaic Slight chlorosis of leaf margin.
On stock, reported from California. Definite mot-

tling with dark green islands conspicuous against Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge
light green areas. Plants are stunted; seed pods Luteovirus
small; flowers broken with petals undersized.
Cut-flower fields are often a total loss, but there Transmitted by aphids in persistent manner.
are resistant varieties. The relation to Soybean Dwarf Luteovirus
is so close that they are probably the same
species.
Strawberry Crinkle Cytorhabdovirus
Chlorotic and necrotic spotting with crinkled Strawberry Mottle

leaves and vein clearing. Transmission by straw-
berry aphid. Chlorotic spotting, leaf distortion.
Strawberry Latent Ringspot Nepovirus Strawberry Multiplier Disease
Infects strawberry and rose; latent and seedborne Resembling witches’ broom and stunt; transmit-
in parsley. ted by leaf grafting.
Strawberry Latent Virus Rhabdovirus

Strawberry Necrotic Shock ¼ Tobacco
Causing no distinct symptoms but intensifying Streak Ilarvirus
those caused by other viruses.
Blackish spots on leaves and petioles; whole
crown may be killed, but plants recover, and
Strawberry Leaf Curl virus becomes latent.
Caused by Strawberry Veinbanding Caulimovirus

plus Strawberry Latent Rhabdovirus.
Strawberry Pallidosis ¼ Cucurbit
Strawberry Leaf Roll Yellows Crinovirus and Beet
Pseudo-Yellows Closterovirus
Leaflets are rolled down, pale green, small, on
spindly petioles. On strawberry.
spindly and unfruitful. Transmission by the

Strawberry Pallidosis Virus strawberry aphid.
Caused no disease symptoms and is transmitted

only by grafting; dsRNA was found in infected Strawberry Yellow Edge
cells.
Central leaves dwarfed, with yellow edges.
Strawberry Phyllody Strawb PhF

Phytoplasma Strawberry Yellows
On strawberry. A complex caused by mild yellow edge, crinkle,

and mottle viruses. June yellows is a genetic leaf
variegation, not due to a virus.
Strawberry Pseudo Mild Yellow Edge For control of strawberry viruses buy certified
Carlavirus plants. Nurseries on the Maryland eastern shore
provide 37 varieties virus-free from a foundation
Symptomless on infected plants; transmitted by stock of indexed plants.
aphids in semi-persistent manner. Virus related to
Carnation Latent Carlavirus.
Streptanthera Mosaic
Strawberry Severe Crinkle Mottled foliage. Caused by Bean Yellow Mosaic

Virus.
Due to Strawberry Mottle Virus plus Strawberry
Crinkle Cytorhabdovirus.
Subterranean Clover Red Leaf
Strawberry Stunt Luteovirus
In the Pacific Northwest. Plants are erect but Caused mild yellowing, stunting and
short; leaves at first folded, later open, dull with reddening of many plants from Leguminosae
a papery rattle; leaflets cupped or with margins family.
turned down; midveins tortuous; petioles short;
fruits small, hard, seedy. Transmission by the
strawberry aphid.
Sugarcane Bacilliform Badnavirus
Strawberry Veinbanding Caulimovirus
Occurs in Florida and Hawaii; serologically
Diffuse banding along veins; leaflets with virus is related only to Banana Streak
epinasty, mild crinkling, wavy margins. Trans- Badnavirus.
mission by several aphids, grafting, dodder.
Strawberry Witches’ Broom Sunflower Mosaic Potyvirus
Leaves are numerous, light in color with spindly Known also as Helianthus Mosaic Virus; caused
petioles; margins of leaflets are bent down; run- mild systemic mosaic and mottling, sometimes
ners are shortened, plants dwarfed; flower stalks necrosis on leaves and stems.
Tobacco Etch Potyvirus 425
digging at 85 F with 90 % humidity; then store

Sweet Clover Sweet Latent at 55 F, except seed stocks, which should be kept
Nucleorhabdovirus at 70 F so that lots with internal cork can be
selected and discarded.
Virus often together with Bean Common Mosaic
Potyvirus caused leaf chlorosis.
Sweet Potato Mosaic
Sweet Potato Caulimovirus Transmitted by fleshy-core and sprout grafts and

by sweet potato whitefly.
There are no conspicuous symptoms on Ipomoea
batata. There is no evidence of it spreading in the
United States. Sweet Potato Russet Crack – Strain of
Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle
Potyvirus
Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle
Potyvirus Dark lesions and fine cracks in skin of fleshy
roots.
First symptom is a yellowing along veins or small
diffuse yellow spots. Some leaves are abnormally
dark green with feathery yellow areas along Teasel Mosaic Potyvirus
veins. Leaves may be slightly rugose and
dwarfed. Transmitted by aphids, whiteflies, and On Fuller’s teasel and scabiosa, with vein-clear-
sprouts. Caused feathering, clearing and chlorotic ing, asymmetry, strong mosaic pattern, malfor-
spots on Ipomoea batata but symptoms usually mation, death of plant. Transmission by peach
disappeared soon after infection. and rose aphids.
Sweet Potato Internal Cork ¼ Sweet Tigridia Mosaic

Potato Feathery Mottle Potyvirus
Pale to yellow-green irregular streaks and
First recognized in South Carolina in 1944, now blotches in leaves and flower bracts, occasionally
in most sweet potato areas, most prevalent in dark streaks in flowers. Transmission by lily and
Georgia and the Carolinas. Dark brown to black- melon aphids.
ish corky spots in flesh of roots, which appear
normal outside. Some are present when sweet
potatoes are dug, but cork spots increase in num- Tobacco Broad Ring Spot
ber and size during storage, especially at temper-
atures higher than the recommended 55 to 60 F. In tobacco, Wisconsin, experimentally to other
Foliage symptoms are vein feathering and mot- plants. Chlorotic or necrotic rings, sometimes
tling followed by reddish to purple blotching concentric; young leaves puckered at first.
sometimes in ring form. Quality of Porto Rico
variety is severely affected, but not yield. Trans-
mission is by peach and potato aphids and by Tobacco Etch Potyvirus
grafting, with morning-glories used as index
plants. Control insects to reduce disease; there is Mild and severe strains widespread on tobacco,
little spread to new plantings 100 yards or more tomato, pepper, petunia, potato and other plants.
from diseased fields. Cure immediately after Symptoms are vein clearing with fine necrotic
etching, usually toward base of leaves. Plants are after handling virus-infected plants and remain
stunted with smaller, mottled leaves. Transmis- a source of infection.
sion is by peach, lily, bean and other aphids. There are many strains of the virus, causing
cowpea mosaic, tomato aucuba mosaic,
tomato enation mosaic, tomato streak, orchid
Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic aucuba, etc.
Tobamovirus Control Remove and burn any suspicious plants
in the seedbed along with neighboring plants.
Transmitted on the surface of the affected seeds. Destroy weeds, especially ground cherry and
Infectious virus particles were found in water other solanaceous species. Never smoke while
used for irrigation in greenhouses. working with plants, and always wash hands
thoroughly with soap after handling tobacco in
any form or touching diseased plants, before han-
Tobacco Mosaic Tobamovirus dling young seedlings or healthy plants.
Tomato Mosaic; Pepper Mosaic. General in gar-

dens, fields, greenhouses on tobacco, tomato, Tobacco Necrosis Necrovirus
pepper, eggplant, petunia, Moraine ash,
Achimenes, Aeschynanthus, Chirita, On tobacco, tomato, aster, geranium and bean,
Codononthe, Episcia, gloxiana, Kohleria, confined to roots, or systemic without symptoms,
Nematanthus, Streptocarpus, Smithantha, or systemic with symptoms. In Holland, the virus
Rhoeo, and nearly all solanaceous plants. Tomato causes a severe crippling of tulips called Augusta
foliage has a light and dark green mottling, disease, often preventing flowering, resulting in
accompanied by some curling and malformation death.
of leaflets, often with a fernleaf effect. A yellow
strain of the virus causes striking yellow mottling
of leaves, sometimes stems and fruits. Yield is Tobacco Rattle Tobravirus
greatly reduced. In pepper, yellowish chlorotic
lesions are followed by systemic chlorosis. On Romaine lettuce and transmitted by
Spinach has some mottling, stunting, necrosis. Paratrichodorus christiei.
Eggplant is often killed.
Transmission is by mechanical means –by
handling, on tools, through soil, by grafting, pos- Tobacco Ring Spot Nepovirus
sibly but not probably by seed. The virus can be
transmitted by feeding of grasshoppers, but General on tobacco, petunia, potato, cucumber,
apparently there is little spread by the usual celery, Moraine ash and geranium, causing pim-
aphid vectors. This is the most resistant and ple disease of watermelon, bud blight of soy bean,
highly infectious of all viruses. It withstands in gladiolus, iris, Astilbe, and Easter lily without
heat, even alcohol and various germicides, and symptoms. Causing large chlorotic areas on spin-
retains infectivity in a dried state for many years. ach leaves; faint zigzag lines on beet; pin-point
The most common source of inoculum is necrotic spots with yellow haloes on cucurbits
smoking tobacco. Gardeners contaminate their and fruits first pitted, then with elevated pimples;
hands by smoking and then infect plants as they eggplant yellows, “bouquet disease” of potatoes,
transplant, tie, prune, etc., the virus entering with stems curved, shortened, sometimes with
through scratches or broken hairs. The first symp- black lesions on underside of veins. Petunia seed-
toms appear in 8 to 10 days. In greenhouses, even lings are stunted, first leaves are mottled, and
doorknobs, faucets, and flats can be contaminated seed pods have few seeds. Mint is stunted.
Tomato Fernleaf 427
Transmission is through seed of petunia (but

not of tobacco), by nematodes and in some crops Tomato Big Bud
by grasshoppers.
Leaves curl and hang down; stems are shortened
and calyxes greatly enlarged.
Tobacco Streak Ilarvirus
On tobacco, soybean, sweet clover, tomato, com- Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
mon yellow mustard, wild radish, milk thistle,
and experimentally a wide range of hosts. Irreg- Transmitted by nematodes, seeds and pollen.
ular spots, lines, and rings. Distributed world- Virus caused necrotic ringspots, systemic chlo-
wide. Virus is known as Asparagus Stunt Virus, rotic ringspots, mottling, stunting and leaf mal-
Datura Quercina Virus and Strawberry Necrotic formation of the following plant genera: Allium,
Shock Virus. It is transmitted by thrips, by sap Apium, Beta, Fraxinus, Lactuca, Lycopersicon,
and by seeds. Virus is also transmitted by pollen Narcissus, Phaseolus, Robinia, Rubus, Solanum,
to the pollinated plants. Tulipa and Vitis.
Tobacco Vein Mottling Potyvirus Tomato Bushy Stunt Tombusvirus
Transmitted by aphids in non-persistent manner. Strains of this virus are known as Carnation
Its natural host plants are Rumex sp., Nicotiana Italian Ringspot Tombusvirus, Pelargonium
tabacum and Solanum carolinense. Virus caused Leaf Curl Tombusvirus and Petunia Asteroid
chlorotic vein banding symptoms on infected Mosaic Tombusvirus. Virus transmitted by
plants. means not involving vectors. Virions were
found in all parts of the host plant: in cytoplasm,
in nuclei, in nucleoli, in mitochondria and
Tobacco Yellow Net Luteovirus in cell vacuoles. It forms crystals in the
cytoplasm.
Spreads by aphids – Myzus persicae in California.
Virus differs in host range from Beet Yellow Net
Luteovirus. Tomato Chino La Paz Begomovirus
Found on tomato in Baja California, Mexico.

Tomato Aspermy Cucumovirus
Chrysanthemum Aspermy. On tomato the grow- Tomato Enation Mosaic

ing point of the main stem is inhibited, axillary
shoots giving the plants a bushy appearance; fruit Caused by a strain of Tobacco Mosaic
production is curtailed; there may be failure to set Tobamovirus.
seed. The disease was introduced into North
America on European and Asiatic varieties of
chrysanthemums, which have mottled leaves. Tomato Fernleaf
Transmission is by foxglove, green peach, and
green and black chrysanthemum aphids. Peren- Shoestring. Caused by Cucumber Mosaic
nial chrysanthemums near tomato fields are Cucumovirus sometimes with Tobacco Mosaic
a source of infection. tobamovirus.
pea, pepper, celery and other vegetables. Orna-

Tomato Infectious Chlorosis mentals include amaryllis, aster, begonia,
Closterovirus blackberry-lily, calendula, calla, chrysanthe-
mum, dahlia, delphinium, fuchsia, gaillardia,
Transmitted by white fly – Trialeurodes gloxinia, nasturtium, geranium, primrose, petu-
vaporariorum; caused interveinal yellowing and nia, Rieger begonia, hydrangea, stephanotis,
necrosis in infected tomato plants. salvia, stock, verbena and zinnia.
In tomato there are bronze, ringlike secondary
lesions; plants are stunted with some necrosis;
Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus there may be a yellowish mosaic with leaf distor-
tion. Fruits are often marked with concentric
Circular, water-soaked necrotic spots on leaves; rings of pale red, yellow, or white. Potatoes
black streaks on veins; concentric sunken rings have zonate necrotic spots on upper leaves,
on fruit. streaks on stems, which collapse at the top; plants
are stunted, with small yield. Lettuce is yellowed,
with retarded growth, brown blemishes on central
Tomato Pseudo Curly Top leaves; affected spots are like parchment but with
Hybrigeminivirus brown margins. Peas have purplish necrotic spots
on stems and leaves following mottling, and cir-
Spreads among tomato plants in Florida. Virus is cular spots and wavy lines on pods. Spots on
transmitted by treehopper Micrutalis malleifer. outer stalks of celery are first yellow, then
Virion genome consists of circular ssDNA. necrotic with pockets of dead tissue inside peti-
oles; plants are stunted and worthless.
China asters have dead tan areas in leaves,
Tomato Ring Spot Nepovirus brown surface blotches on stems. Calla lillies
have whitish, then brown spots and streaks. On
Curling and extensive necrosis of shoot termi- sweet pea, reddish brown to purple streaks may
nals; brown rings and streaks on leaflets, stems, run full length of the stem. Circular to oval leaf
fruits, more pronounced at high temperature. spots with diffuse margins are followed by
Causes leaf streaks in iris, crumbly fruit of red yellowing and death of leaves and stems. Blos-
raspberry and chlorotic spot of geranium. May soms sometimes develop a circular pattern in the
infect chicory, healall, black medic, moth mul- pigment. Delphiniums may have numerous dis-
lein, impatiens, apple, common cinquefoil and tinct double rings. The viruses causing oak leaf
dandelion. Transmission is by dagger nematodes. and ring spot in dahlia are probably strains of the
Plants that may serve as reservoir plants for spotted wilt virus.
Tomato Ringspot Virus are: chickweed, henbit, Transmission is by onion and flower thrips.
dandelion, woodsorrel, plantain, strawberry, Only the larvae can become viruliferous by feed-
sorrel and red clover. ing on infected plants, but then there is an incu-
bation period of 5 to 9 days, during which the
insect becomes adult, before the virus can be
Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus transmitted to healthy plants.
More serious on the Pacific Coast, but also occur-

ring in Florida, Texas and some central and east- Tomato Streak; Double Streak
ern states in greenhouses and sometimes outdoors
on plants such as ragwort, purslane, nightshade, Caused by Tobacco Mosaic Tobamovirus plus
desert-rose, and puncture vine. Spotted wilt is Potato X Potexvirus. Leaves are mottled green
common on tomato, potato, tobacco, lettuce, with numerous small, grayish brown papery
Turnip Mosaic Potyvirus 429
spots, may wither and dry. Later growth is mot-

tled green and yellow with small chocolate brown Tritonia Mosaic
spots and dark brown streaks on stems; fruit has
brown greasy spots. The disease is more impor- Mottling at base of young leaves.
tant in greenhouses; workers should refrain from
handling tobacco or potatoes while working with
tomatoes. Tulare Apple Mosaic Ilarvirus
Caused leaf chlorosis on Corylus and Malus sp., it

Tomato Top Necrosis Neopvirus is transmitted only by mechanical inoculation.
Virus is related to Citrus Leaf Rugose Ilarvirus.
Occurs in Indiana, Missouri and Illinois. Virus is
very rare on tomato plantations. It is serologically
related to many nepoviruses. Tulip Breaking Potyvirus
Due to Lily Latent Mosaic virus often present

Tomato Western Yellow Blight with Tulip Color-adding virus. Broken tulips
appear wherever hybrids are grown. There is little
▶Beet Curly Top Hybrigeminivirus. or no obvious effect on foliage and little interfer-
ence with growth, but there are marked color
patterns on the flowers; differences in named
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Begomovirus broken varieties possibly due to the proportion
of color-breaking and color-adding viruses pre-
On tomato. sent. Most pure white flowers do not change;
some turn pink or red. Pink and bright red flowers
have strong color changes; very dark tulips turn
Tomato Yellow Net ¼ Tobacco Yellow even darker. There may be dark stripes due to
Net Luteovirus pigment intensification. Transmission is by
aphids, and roguing should take place early,
Pronounced yellow necrosis of veins and vein- before insects are active. Broken varieties should
lets. Transmission by the peach aphid. not be grown near those with solid colors.
Turnip Mosaic Potyvirus

Tomato Yellow Top ¼ Strain of Potato
Leafroll Luteovirus Cabbage Black Ring Spot; Watercress Mottle;
Nasturtium Mosaic. On turnip, rutabaga, rape,
Leaflets small, curled, yellow; or purplish in cool mustard, cabbage, collard, horse-radish, water-
weather. cress, garden balsam, nasturtium, stock, lady’s
slipper, impatien, safflower and sweet rocket.
Turnip shows a systemic chlorotic mottling with
crinkling, leaf distortion, stunting of plants. Cab-
Tradescantia – Zebrina Potyvirus bage has numerous small, black necrotic rings or
spots; cauliflower and broccoli have a diffuse
Transmitted by aphids to Tradescantia, Zebrina, systematic mottling. Horse-radish has blotchy
Commelina and Rhoeo sp. plants on which it mottling, necrotic rings, flecks, and streaks on
caused mosaics, stuntings and malformation of petioles and leaf veins. Variegated flowers appear
leaves. on nasturtium stock, wallflower and sweet rocket;
the last may be severely crippled or killed. Trans-

mission is by peach and cabbage aphids. Protect White Line Mosaic
seedlings by spraying or screening seedbeds.
A mosaic disease of sweet and dent corn with
short chlorotic lines along leaf veinal tissue.
Walnut Brooming Disease
Bunch Disease. Presumably virus. Wild Cucumber Mosaic Tymovirus
Occurs in California and Oregon. Virus caused

Watermelon Curly Mottle mild leaf chlorosis on natural hosts: Marah sp.
Bigeminivirus and Echinocistis sp.
Occurs in Arizona. Infected Citrullus lanatus and

Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis plants showed Wineberry Latent Virus
leaf necrosis, vein banding, curling and stunting
symptoms. Known as Loganberry Calico Virus induced cal-
ico disease-like symptoms on blackberry. Virus
is transmitted by mechanical inoculation and
Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus by grafting but on many Rubus sp. remains
symptomless.
In Florida and probably other states. Symptoms
include mild interveinal chlorosis, stunt, distor-
tion, mottle, consisting of green bands along veins Wisteria Mosaic
or raised green blisters. Leaf apices often form
long narrow, sometimes twisted projections, Diffuse yellowish blotches with scattered green
“shoestrings.”A yellow strain of the virus causes islands; mature leaflets twisted.
more yellow spotting with less shoestring effect.
Wisteria Vein Mosaic Potyvirus

Watermelon Silver Mottle Tospovirus
On wisteria.
On watermelon.
Yellow Mottle Begomovirus
Wheat Streak Mosaic Rymovirus On okra.
On wild rice (Zizania); foliar streak symptoms Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus
with chlorotic areas becoming necrotic with
eventual leaf death. On cucurbits, melon, squash, pumpkin and
watermelon.
White Clover Mosaic Potexvirus Zygocactus Montana X Potexvirus
Known also as Clover Mosaic Virus and Pea Wilt Serologically related to many potexviruses,
Virus, caused systemic mosaics and chlorotic caused reddening of pads of infected Zygocactus
mottlings on clover plants. Virus is transmitted truncatus plants. It was found in the USA but
by contact between plants and by seeds. there is not evidence of spread.
White Rusts
White rusts are all members of a single genus, Blisters appear on any part of the plant except
Albugo, in the Oomycetes and are apparently root. They vary in size and shape and are often
obligate parasites like the true rusts. They form confluent in extended patches. There seem to be
a white blister just underneath the epidermis. two types of infection: general or systemic,
resulting in stunting of entire plant and formation
of pustules on all parts; or local, with direct
Albugo (Cystopus) invasion of single leaves, stems, or flowers.
Upper surface of leaves often has yellow areas
Oomycetes, Peronosporales with white pustules on the underside. The latter
are powdery when mature, and the epidermis
Sporangia are borne in chains at apex of a short, is ruptured to free chains of sporangia that are
clavate, usually unbranched sporangiophore, carried by wind to moist surfaces. They germi-
forming a limited sorus beneath the host epider- nate by 6 to 18 zoospores, swarmspores, which
mis and exposed by its rupture. The mycelium is settle down, produce germ tubes, and enter plants
intercellular except for small, knoblike haustoria. through stomata.
The sporangia dry to a white powder and Stems have localized or extended swellings,
are disseminated by wind, germinating by sometimes sharp bends, proliferation from lateral
swarmspores. Fertilization of a globose buds giving a bushy growth. Various flower parts
oogonium and a clavate antheridium produces a are deformed with pronounced distortion of
single oospore, also germinating by swarmspores. flower pedicels. When these thickened parts die,
Albugo bliti White Rust or White Blister on oospores are formed to survive the winter in
beet, amaranth, globe amaranth, seabeach ama- crop refuse. The disease flourishes in cool, wet
ranth, and smooth pigweed. Blisterlike white pus- weather; the spores germinate better when
tules formed in leaves change to reddish brown slightly chilled.
when mature. Flowers and stems are dwarfed, Control Remove infected parts of ornamentals
distorted. The fungus winters in seed coats. as noticed. Clean up all vegetable refuse at end of
Destroy infected plants and debris at end of season and all cruciferous weeds nearby.
season. Change location of plantings. Spraying is impractical.
Albugo candida White Rust of crucifers on Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae White Rust,
arugula, cabbage, chinese cabbage, radish, horse- general on sweet potato, also on morning-glory,
radish, turnip, watercress, garden cress, pepper- moonflower, Jacquemontia and quamoclit. The
grass, salsify, mustard, arabis, sweet alyssum, disease is usually late on sweet potato, after vines
boerhavia, draba, hesperis, candytuft, stock, wall- have made their growth, but it is very conspicuous
flower and western wallflower. with irregular yellow areas on upper surfaces and

432 White Rusts
white cheesy pustules on lower surface. Oospores Albugo platensis White Rust, on trailing four
wintering in host tissue are liberated by decay in o’clock, common four o’clock, and boerhavia.
spring. There are no control measures. Albugo portulacae White Rust of portulaca.
Albugo occidentalis White Rust of spinach. Swollen and deformed branches bear white pus-
After a report from Virginia in 1910, the disease tules. Shoots tend to become more erect and
went unrecorded until 1937, when it appeared in spindling.
epidemic form in Texas; it has since been serious Albugo tragopogonis White Rust of salsify,
in Oklahoma and Arkansas and has attacked all also on African daisy, antennaria, artemisia, cen-
commercial varieties tested at the University of taurea, feverfew, matricaria, senecio and sun-
Wisconsin. The white blisters are small, usually flower. Light yellow areas appear on leaves. The
on underside of leaves, sometimes on upper. epidermis, forced into domelike swellings, bursts
Infected leaves become chlorotic, then brown; to show chalky sori of spores. Foliage may die;
the entire crop may be lost. plants are dwarfed. There is no control.
Wilt Diseases
To wilt means to lose freshness or to become central Tennessee. Spread is rapid and death
flaccid. Wilting in plants may be temporary, due quick. First notice of the disease was in Tennes-
to too rapid transpiration; or it may be perma- see in 1933. By 1938 only 5 % of the persimmons
nent, due to continued loss of water beyond the in the infected stand were alive. Topmost
recovery point. Disease organisms, by reducing branches wilt suddenly, then the rest of the tree,
or inhibiting water conduction, may cause per- with defoliation and death. The fungus fruits in
manent wilting. Because wilt diseases are sys- salmon-colored spore masses in cracks in dead
temic, and tied up with the entire vascular bark of dying trees or under bark of dead rings.
system of a plant, they are usually more impor- Fine, blackish streaks are present in five or six
tant, and harder to control, than localized spots outer rings of trunk, branches, and roots.
or cankers. In many cases the fungus enters the No control is known.
plant from the soil through wounds or root Cephalosporium diospyri (see ▶Acremonium
hairs and cannot be controlled by protective diospyri). Persimmon Wilt, a lethal disease of
spraying. Often, although the fungus is present common persimmon.
only near the base of a plant, the first symptom is Cephalosporium sp Sunflower wilt.
a flagging or wilting or yellowing of a branch
near the top. Many species of Fusarium are
responsible for important wilts and “yellows.” Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis)
Verticillium is a common cause of wilt in
maples, other trees, and shrubs, but most impor- Ascomycetes, Ophiostomatales
tant among the wilt pathogens are two species of
Ceratocystis, one causing oak wilt, the other Perithecia enlarged at base, with thin walls, and
Dutch elm disease. long slender neck, ascus wall evanescent, asco-
spores hyaline. Conidial stage may be Chalara
with endogeneous spores or Graphium with
Acremonium (Cephalosporium) external conidia or conidiophores united into
a dark stalk (synnema).
▶ Leaf Spots. Ceratocystis fagacearum (Chalara quercina,
Acremonium diospyri (formerly Endoconidiophora fagacearum). Oak Wilt, our
Cephalosporium diospyri). Persimmon Wilt, most serious disease of oaks, now known in
a lethal disease of common persimmon. Wilt 20 states from Texas and Oklahoma east to Penn-
appears in scattered localities from North Caro- sylvania and South Carolina. It has also been
lina to Florida and west to Oklahoma and Texas, reported in Florida. Although apparently present
but most infection is in north central Florida and in the Upper Mississippi Valley for many years,

434 Wilt Diseases
the disease did not cause concern, and the fungus are left standing, but a deep girdle into the heart-
was not described until 1943, since when it has wood dries out the tree so that mycelial mats and
become a major threat to our forest economy and spores do not form.
to trees in residential areas. All native oak species Ceratocystis (Ceratostomella) ulmi (Graphium
are susceptible, also chinquapin, chestnut, ulmi) (see ▶Ophiostoma ulmi and ▶O. novo-
lithocarpus (and apples in experimental inocula- ulmi). Dutch Elm Disease, on American,
tion); but red oaks succumb most rapidly. Scout- Sibirian, Slippery and European elms in 31 states,
ing for the disease has been done largely by Maine to North Carolina and west to Oklahoma,
airplane, the discolored foliage being visible up and on cedar.
to a half mile. Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi (formerly
First symptoms are a slight crinkling and pal- Ceratocystis (Ceratostomella) ulmi (Graphium
ing of leaves, followed by progressive wilting, ulmi)). Dutch Elm Disease, on American,
bronzing, and browning of leaf blades from mar- Sibirian, Slippery and European elms in 31 states,
gins toward midribs and defoliation progres- Maine to North Carolina and west to Oklahoma,
sively downward and inward throughout the and on cedar. This fatal disease is not really of
tree. Red oaks almost never recover and may be Dutch origin but is so named because it was first
killed within 4 to 8 weeks after symptoms appear. investigated in Holland. It was noticed in Europe
White and burr oaks may persist for some years, about 1918, first in France, then in Belgium and
with affected branches dying in a staghead effect. Holland. It spread throughout central and south-
The first internal symptoms are the formation ern Europe, then into England and Wales. In
of gums and tyloses in the xylem. After wilting, many places it virtually exterminated the elms,
mycelial mats are formed between the bark and including those on the famous avenues at Ver-
wood, and the bark cracks from the pressure sailles. It is suspected that the fungus came to
exerted. Perithecia are formed in these mats, Europe from Asia during World War I.
which have a sour odor and attract insects. Nitulid Dutch elm disease was discovered in Ohio in
beetles, fruit flies, brentids, springtails, bark bee- 1930 and in New Jersey in 1933. It has spread
tles, and possibly other insects get conidia and north through New England and has become very
ascospores on or in their bodies as they feed, and serious in the Midwest. In 1948, the disease was
can inoculate other trees through wounds. We found in Denver, Colorado, and in 1976 in Cali-
know that ascospores remain viable several fornia. It is now fairly widespread in reports of its
months on insects and can be distributed through occurrence in the United States. The spread of the
fecal pellets, but we do not yet know how great fungus is linked with the presence of the large and
a role they play in the spread of oak wilt. Birds small European bark beetles, Scolytus scolytus
have been suspected as carriers but are not yet and S. multistriatus. Only the latter is established
indicted. Local spread is largely by root grafts, in this country, having arrived in Boston about
one tree infecting others within 50 feet and with 1919. Patient detective work established the fact
grafts possible between red and white oaks, not that the fungus came here in elm burl logs
limited to the same species. imported for furniture veneer. After one such
Control In residential areas infected trees should infected elm burl was found in Baltimore in
be removed. In forests, felling may wound other 1934, months of scouting went on in the vicinity
trees and spread the disease more than letting the of ports of entry, railroad distributing yards, and
dead tree remain but treated so that it is not veneer plants. Such backtracking showed the
infective. Different states handle the problem in infected material had come in at four ports of
different ways. In Pennsylvania, each infected entry and had been carried by 16 railroads over
tree is cut, with all other oaks within 50 feet, 13,000 miles in 21 states. From this source the
and ammate crystals are placed on each stump. disease got its start in at least 13 areas in 7 states.
In North Carolina stumps and felled trees are Elm nursery stock is, of course, quarantined,
thoroughly sprayed. In West Virginia the trees and elm burls are embargoed; but who would
Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) 435
Fig. 1 Dutch elm disease. (a) branch cut to show discoloration of wood; (b) wound in twig crotch due to beetle feeding;
(c) bark-beetle carrier of the fungus; (d) egg and larval galleries of the beetle engraved on sapwood
have believed that dishes could have anything to water-conducting tubes show dark brown or
do with killing our elms? Dishes have to be black, being clogged with bladderlike tyloses
crated, however, and several times since 1933 and brown gummy substances (see Fig. 1). The
English dishes crated with elm wood carrying production of these substances is thought to be
bark beetles and Ceratocystis have been stimulated by a toxin secreted by the fungus and
intercepted. All American and European elms carried in the sapstream. Symptoms are not
are susceptible. Asiatic elms, Ulmus parvifolia dependent on the physical presence of fungal
and U. pumila, are resistant. A seedling elm, hyphae in all parts of the tree. The fungus lives
named Christine Buisman for its Netherlands’ in the sapwood, fruiting in cracks between wood
discoverer, is highly resistant, though not and loosened bark and in bark beetle galleries
immune, and is now available. Other promising under the bark. This fruiting is of the anamorph
seedlings have been tested by the U.S. Depart- state, spores being produced in structures called
ment of Agriculture. coremia. These are black stalks about 1 mm high
Symptoms are apparent from the latter part of with enlarged heads bearing vast numbers of
May until late fall. The acute form of the disease minute, pear-shaped spores embedded in
is characterized by sudden and severe wilting. a translucent drop of sticky liquid. Spores in the
First the young leaves, then all leaves wilt and vessels increase in a yeastlike manner. The peri-
wither, sometimes so rapidly that they dry, curl, thecial stage, not found in nature, has been pro-
and fall while still green, before they can turn the duced in culture by crossing plus and minus
usual brown of dead leaves. Sometimes terminal strains of the fungus.
twigs are curled into a shepherd’s crook. Chronic Although the smaller European elm bark bee-
disease symptoms are gradual, often taking all tle is chiefly responsible for spread of the patho-
summer for complete defoliation. In many cases gen, at times the native elm bark beetle,
individual branches or “flags” appear, the Hylurgopinus rufipes, is the agent. When the
yellowed leaves conspicuous against the rest of adult beetles emerge from under the bark of
the tree; but sometimes all leaves gradually turn dead or dying trees, they bring along sticky
yellow. In another type of chronic disease, trees spores on their bodies and deposit them as they
leaf out late in spring, with sparse chlorotic feed in the crotches of young twigs or leaf axils of
foliage and a staghead appearance. When nearby healthy trees. Although the beetles feed
an affected twig is cut across, the vessels or on healthy wood, usually within 200 feet of their
436 Wilt Diseases
Fig. 2 Verticillium wilt on

tomato
original tree, they breed only on weakened The Midwestern Chapter of the National
or dying wood and may fly some distance for it. Shade Tree Conference, in its Guide for Commu-
The European female tunnels out a brood gal- nity-Wide Control of Dutch Elm Disease,
lery 1 or 2 inches long in the wood, and when suggests:
the larvae hatch, they tunnel at right angles 1. Survey of the total elm tree population to be
across the wood (Fig. 2). There is a second protected.
brood in August and September, but the 2. Symptom scouting for detection of diseased
overwintering one, emerging in May, is most to trees and sanitation scouting for badly weak-
be feared. Because the disease often follows traf- ened elms and wood piles containing elm
fic routes, automobiles probably account for wood.
a good deal of long-distance spread. So far as 3. Destruction of known sources of elm wood
we know, the only other natural means of infec- actually or potentially hazardous for spread
tion is by root grafts, made when trees are planted of disease. Elm wood piles should be
so close together that their roots touch. This is destroyed completely, or each log stripped of
another argument for diversified planting, bark and the bark destroyed. Diseased trees
rather than streets closely lined with but one should be burned, on site if possible, or thor-
type of tree. oughly sprayed. Wood chips from diseased
Control In the first few frantic years an enor- elms may still carry the fungus; material
mous amount of money (more than $26 million) should be burned, not used for mulches.
was spent on trying to eradicate the disease by 4. Spraying of healthy trees to prevent infection.
removing and burning diseased trees; and while 5. Maintenance of elms in healthy condition to
this was undoubtedly helpful, it did not stop the prevent invasions of bark beetles. This
spread of wilt. The Federal government has now includes proper watering and fertilizing,
left the control of Dutch elm disease up to the spraying to control summer foliage pests if
communities and is restricting its efforts to necessary.
research. Many towns have taken a laissez-faire A single annual DORMANT SPRAY is now
attitude, thinking that our elms are doomed any- considered sufficient to protect healthy elms from
way, so why waste money? Other, more enlight- bark beetles if enough material is used and com-
ened communities have proved that a sustained plete coverage is obtained. This spray was origi-
control program keeps the disease down to nally a very heavy dosage of DDT, which caused
a negligible 1 or 2 %, or less, and that the cost is some bird mortality and other environmental prob-
far, far less than that of continuous removal of lems. Some communities, of which Greenwich,
dead trees. Connecticut is a good example, figure that they
Fusarium 437
cannot afford not to spray, for it costs less to spray soil. The inclusion of a fungicide in sprays for
for control than to remove a dead tree. Where elm-leaf beetles or cankerworms might be
dormant spraying and sanitation have been com- helpful.
bined consistently, the annual loss from Dutch elm
disease has been kept to 1 % or less.
Chemotherapy, injection of chemicals that Fusarium
will inactivate the fungus, has been a promising
line of research for many years. A parasitic ▶ Rots.
European wasp is now being bred at several lab- Fusarium annuum (F. solani). Fusarium Wilt
oratories for release against the bark beetles. To of chili pepper. Underground stems are dry,
have elms in our future we must keep on planting brown, but the roots soft and water-soaked; plants
them. Some forms, such as the Christine Buisman wilt and die rapidly. Spores are spread in irriga-
and Groeneveld elms, are quite resistant although tion water and with wind-blown particles of soil.
not immune. Chinese and Siberian elms are Avoid heavy, poorly drained soils.
resistant. Fusarium foetens Wilt on begonia.
Fusarium oxysporum Wilt on pyracantha and
basil. Blight and Wilt on purple coneflower
Dothiorella (Echinacea).
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii Celery Wilt,
▶ Cankers and Diebacks. Yellows, general in northern celery districts.
Dothiorella ulmi Dothiorella or There are three strains of the fungus, all causing
Cephalosporium Wilt of elms. Dieback, rather stunting, vascular discoloration, crown and root
common on American elms, occasional on slip- rot, but one form causes the entire plant to turn
pery and Siberian elms in central and eastern yellow at high temperatures, producing brittle
states. The names are confusing. In culture the stalks with a bitter taste. Another strain causes
fungus develops spores as in Cephalosporium, downward curling of young heart leaves, and the
but in nature Dothiorelia-type pycnidia are devel- third produces no above-ground symptoms
oped on bark of killed twigs. The fungus has also except stunting. The fungus persists indefinitely
been classified as Deuterophoma. Spores are in soil. Golden, self-blanching varieties are more
extruded in a sticky mass and are disseminated susceptible. Grow green petiole celery or some-
by wind, rain, possibly insects. Infection is what resistant Michigan Golden, Cornell 19, Tall
through insect or other wounds on foliage. The Golden Plume, Golden Pascal or Emerson Pascal.
mycelium proceeds from leaf petioles into wood, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi Fusarium
where it is confined to the vessels. The foliage Wilt of asparagus, a major factor in asparagus
wilts and yellows; there are gradual dying back of decline in California, found in most plantings.
the crown and a brownish discoloration in outer The fungus lives in soil and may be distributed
rings of the wood. Without laboratory diagnosis on seed.
the disease cannot be positively separated from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. barbati Fusarium
Dutch elm disease, but the elliptical cankers on Wilt of sweet william. New growth is yellowed;
the stems, with small black specks of pycnidia, plants are stunted; leaves point downward and are
provide one diagnostic symptom. Older trees die tinged with tan as they die. Roots and lower stem
3 to several years after first symptoms; nursery are discolored brown. Plant in new or sterilized
trees, in 1 or 2 years. Some trees recover, and soil.
some remain infected for many years without Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas ▶ Rots.
showing much effect. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. betae Fusarium
Control Prune out infected branches a foot or Yellows on sugar beet.
more below the lowest point of discoloration. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi Aster
Promote vigor by feeding, watering, aerating Wilt, one of the most serious diseases of China
438 Wilt Diseases
aster, unless resistant seed is used. Plants wilt, are of little help against a fungus that can survive
wither, and die at any age from seedlings to full so long without a susceptible host.
bloom. Older plants are often stunted, with a one- Control Once soil is infested resistant varieties
sided development and a brown discoloration of offer the only hope. Many have been developed,
the vascular system. Sometimes all lower leaves including Jersey Queen, Marion Market, Wiscon-
are wilted, with blackening at base of stem, often sin Golden Acre, Resistant Detroit, resistant
with a pink spore mass at ground level. Plants in strains of Early Jersey Wakefield, Charleston
full bloom may suddenly droop their heads. Such Wakefield, Globe, Wisconsin All Season and
symptoms are in contrast to the mycoplasmalike Wisconsin Hollander.
disease, aster yellows, where the plant remains Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum -
upright, although stunted and yellow. The fungus Cucumber Wilt. A newly recognized form of
is seed-borne and persists in the soil many years. Fusarium highly pathogenic to cucumber and
Control Sterilize soil for seedbeds. Some seeds- muskmelon in Florida, only slightly pathogenic
men provide seed of wilt-resistant varieties, but to watermelon.
maintaining resistance means continuous selec- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis -
tion from asters grown on heavily infested soil Fusarium Wilt on cyclamen.
under conditions highly favorable for infection, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Wilt of
and this is an expensive process. banana.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae Wilt of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi Carnation
cattleya orchids. The fungus was isolated from Fusarium Wilt, Yellows, Branch Rot, general.
a private collection in Ohio. Leaves wilted, roots The first symptom is a slow withering of shoots,
abscised and decayed; flowers fewer, smaller, often accompanied by change of color from nor-
short-lived. mal deep green to lighter green to pale straw
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi - yellow. Plants appear wilted, especially during
Fusarium Wilt on chrysanthemums. the warmer part of the day. Only one side of the
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinan- plant may be affected, resulting in distortion and
s Cabbage Yellows, Fusarium Wilt, general on tendency to curl. If the stem is split, a brownish
cabbage and other crucifiers, probably the most streak is seen in the vascular system. There may
destructive disease of such hosts in the Midwest, be a dry, shreddy rot of affected wood and cortex.
perhaps other sections. It is serious on cabbage, Plants may be infected at any age, but succumb
kohlrabi, and collards. Brussels sprouts, cauli- faster if attacked when young. This species of
flower and broccoli are moderately susceptible Fusarium does not rot roots; see ▶F. roseum
in hot dry seasons. The fungus, which can live under Rots for the form causing stem and root
many years in the soil, enters through the roots, rot on carnation.
usually right after transplanting or at the first hot Control Sterilize greenhouse soil and benches;
weather, with potassium deficiency as well as take cuttings from healthy mother block; avoid
heat thought to favor infection. The fungus pro- overwatering. Drenching newly flatted or
gresses upward in the xylem, not invading other benched plants has reduced the number of wilted
elements until the plant dies. plants but does not replace steaming or otherwise
The most striking symptom is the dull yellow sterilizing soil.
to greenish color of the foliage, together with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli Wilt of
a warping or curling of basal leaves. Leaves are Erythroxylum.
killed and shed from the base up; the woody Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli ▶ Rots.
tissue in the stem is brown, with a water-soaked Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. hebae Fusarium
appearance. The fungus is spread by soil clinging Wilt of Hebe buxifolia, and veronica. Reported
to farm implements, drainage, water, wind, ani- as killing nursery plants in California.
mals and infected seedlings. Once the disease is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucum Wilt of
established, general sanitation and crop rotation lettuce.
Fusarium 439
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici - citron. The fungus is transported in and on seed
Fusarium Wilt of tomato, general, in many sec- and persists in soil 15 to 18 years. It rots seeds or
tions the most damaging tomato disease in field seedlings, causes wilting of plant, sometimes
and greenhouse. Chief losses are in states where with cottony mycelium on surface of dying
air temperatures are rather high during most of vines. Resistant varieties include Improved
the season, susceptible varieties dying or produc- Kleckley Sweet and Klondike.
ing little fruit. Losses go up to 30,000 t of canning Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pernicio-
tomatoes, or 10 to 35 % of the crop in many sum Mimosa Wilt on mimosa from New Jersey
states. and Maryland to Florida. This extremely perni-
In seedlings there is downward curvature of cious wilt started about 1930 at Tryon, North
the oldest leaves followed by wilting and death. Carolina, and mimosas have wilted and died at
In older plants the disease is most evident as fruit a rapid rate ever since. The wilt appeared in one
begins to mature, lower leaves turning yellow, city block at Morgantown, North Carolina in
first on one side of the stem or leaflets on one 1943, and by 1947 trees were dead and dying on
side of the petiole. One shoot may be killed 232 blocks.
before the rest of the plant shows symptoms. The first external symptom is a wilting and
The fungus enters through roots and grows yellowing of leaves on some of the branches,
into the stem, where it produces the toxic sub- causing foliage to hang down, then die and
stances causing wilting and eventual death. The drop. Death of the tree follows from a month to
vascular system in the stem shows a dark brown a year after first infection. The trunk has a brown
discoloration. In severe infections the fungus ring of discolored sapwood, usually in the current
grows into fruit and seeds, but such fruits usually annual ring, and the color may extend out into the
drop, and seed is not used. Almost all original branches. The xylem is plugged with brown
infection comes from the soil, the Fusarium gummy substances. Small branches may have
operating best in light sandy soils and at a one-sided wilting with the bark flattened over
temperatures between 80 and 90 F, but the collapsing tissue. The disease has been spreading
disease is spread widely in transplants. It is in Maryland since 1947, in Florida since 1952.
encouraged by low potassium and high nitrogen As with other Fusaria, this is a soil fungus
nutrients. entering through the roots, and eradication of
Control Start seedlings in clean soil; do not grow diseased trees has no effect on spread of the
in the same land more than once in 4 years. The wilt. Nematodes, by their wounds, may increase
use of resistant varieties is the chief means of the incidence of wilt. Out of a great many seed-
control. Marglobe, Pritchard and Rutgers are lings grown from seed collected from Maryland
moderately resistant, but infestation by nema- to Louisiana, inoculated several times with the
todes may predispose even these to wilt. Pan fungus and planted in infested soil, some have
America, Southland, Homestead and Jefferson remained mostly disease-free. These have been
are more highly resistant. Treating soil with nem- propagated by the U.S. Department of Agricul-
aticides may reduce incidence of wilt even ture. Released for commercial sale are Charlotte
though the wilt pathogen is not killed. and Tryon.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Muskmelon Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi Pea Wilt,
Fusarium Wilt, similar to that of watermelon, caused by race 1 of this pathogen and Near Wilt,
important in Minnesota, New York, New Jersey caused by race 2. Race 1, confined to pea, pro-
and Maryland. Seeds rot in soil; seedlings damp- duces stunted plants, pale yellow green, with
off; vines wilt. Fungus persists in soil and is leaves curled downward, stem thickened and brit-
carried internally in seed. Varieties Golden tle near the ground. Plants wilt and die prema-
Gopher and Iroquois are quite resistant. turely. The disease may cause more or less
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Wa- circular bare spots in the field, enlarging each
termelon Wilt, general on watermelon, also on year if peas are planted continuously, encouraged
440 Wilt Diseases
by high soil temperature. Some commercial pea 3 years old, seldom on older shrubs, most severe
varieties are resistant to race 1 but not to race 2. on Rhododendron ponticum. The foliage is first
Delwiche Commando was the first variety intro- dull yellow, then permanently wilted, roots are
duced resistant to both races. decayed; stems are brown at soil level and below.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani Radish Remove infected stock from frames immediately;
Wilt. Young plants turn yellow and die; others avoid excessive irrigation; keep soil acidity at pH
are stunted, with discoloration of roots. 4.0 to 4.5; provide shade and mulch for young
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae - plants. This pathogen also causes wilt of Japanese
Fusarium Wilt of spinach. Plants are pale; leaves umbrella tree.
roll inward, gradually die. The wilt is serious in See under ▶ Rots for this fungus at work on
Texas and Virginia. One form of the mosaic- many other plants.
resistant Savoy spinach is also resistant to wilt.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum Wilt
of cowpea. Pythium
Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi Wilt of chick-pea.
▶ Rots.
Pythium myriotylum Wilt on peanut.
Hendersonula Pythium tracheiphilum Wilt on lettuce and
also leaf blight.
Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes Pythium aphanidermatum Wilt of Nicotiana.
Pycnidia dark, separate; spores dark with several

cells. Rhizoctonia
Hendersonula toruloidea Branch Wilt of wal-
nut. Canker, destructive to Persian walnuts but ▶ Blights.
associated with sunburn of affected branches. Rhizoctonia solani Wilt of watermelon.
The fungus is a wound parasite.
Sclerotinia
Phialophora
▶ Blights.
▶ Rots. Sclerotinia minor Wilt of lupine and wild
Phialophora gregata Wilt of chick-pea. garlic.
Phomopsis Verticillium
▶ Blights. Deuteromycetes, Coelomycetes

Phomopsis sp Wilt on ice plant.
Conidia one-celled, hyaline, globose to ellipsoid,
formed at tips of whorled branches and separating
Phytophthora readily from tips.
Verticillium albo-atrum Verticillium Wilt,
▶ Blights. Maple Wilt of many ornamental trees, shrubs,
Phytophthora cactorum Wilt of blue fruits, flowers and vegetables. The fungus was
laceflower and baby’s breath. first isolated from potatoes in Germany in 1870
Phytophthora cinnamomi Rhododendron but apparently was present in California as early
Wilt. A wilt of young stock, grafted plants 2 to as 1850. It attacks nearly 300 cultivated plants of
Verticillium 441
widely diverse types and may persist as known as blue stem. The symptoms appear late in
a saprophyte in the soil 15 years or more. the season, leaves turning pale, cane tips bending
Of the ornamental tree hosts silver maples are downward, canes taking on a bluish color, lower
most susceptible, then sugar and red maples, leaves wilting and drying. Death is often delayed
elms, with occasional reports on ailanthus, until the season after first infection. Black rasp-
alfalfa, aspen, ash, boxelder, beech, black locust, berries are more susceptible than red. The disease
camphor-tree, carob, catalpa, Chinaberry, is sometime serious on strawberries, especially in
cucumber, deerbrush, dogwood, goldenrain, California, but cannot always be separated from
horse-chestnut, India hawthorn, redbud, linden, root rots. Plants may collapse in large areas at the
magnolia, oak, osage-orange, olive, pistachio, beginning of hot weather.
persimmon, periwinkle, Russian olive, sassafras, Verticillium wilt is very destructive to mint in
strawberry, smoke-tree, tulip-tree, walnut, Michigan and Indiana, also reported, though not so
mango, sunflower and hickory. Maples may wilt serious in Oregon and Washington. Infected plants
suddenly in midsummer, often a large branch or are stunted, defoliated, and killed; yield of oil is
one side of the tree drying and dying while the greatly reduced. The fungus attacks all species of
other side stays fresh. The sapwood of the mint, but peppermint is most susceptible. There
infected side has greenish streaks, and sometimes are some resistant hybrids. Deep plowing,
slime flux develops on the bark. The disease can inverting the soil, has reduced the amount of wilt.
be chronic, progressing slowly for several sea- Verticillium is especially damaging to toma-
sons, or acute, affecting the entire tree in a few toes in Utah and California. First symptoms are
weeks. In elms the leaves may be smaller than yellowing of older leaves and wilting of tips
normal, with a drooping flaccidity in hot hours of during the day; later, margins of all leaves curl
the day. Later there is a slight yellowing, deep- upward, then leaves drop (see Fig. 3). Plants are
ening until the foliage is a striking lemon yellow. stunted; fruit is small. Moderately resistant vari-
Defoliation starts at time of first yellowing, and eties Riverside and Essar have been developed
quite often branchlets drop as well as leaves. for California. Symptoms on potatoes are rather
Sapwood discoloration is brown, and the disease indefinite, but often there is yellowing of lower
cannot be told positively from Dutch elm disease leaves, shortening of internodes, and rosetting of
without laboratory cultures. Tyloses and gums the top (see Fig. 3). Resistant varieties may be
are formed in the wood as with other toxin- symptomless hosts. Verticillium wilt is common
producing fungi. The fungus always progresses on eggplant and okra, rather rare on pepper. It
upward through the xylem vessels so there is little occurs on Chinese yard-long bean, rhubarb and
danger of downward infection of the main trunk New Zealand spinach.
from pruning operations. Progress is slowed by On herbaceous perennials in eastern gardens
adequate moisture and by high nitrogen fertil- I find Verticillium wilt common on aconite and
izers, ammonium sulfate being particularly chrysanthemum, with leaves turning dark brown
helpful. and hanging down along the stem. When the stem
Verticillium wilt is also a problem on rose is cut across near the base, a circle of black dots
understock. Ragged Robin, Odorata, and indicates the fungus in the vessels. Such plants
Multiflora are very susceptible, Dr. Huey less seldom die immediately but flower poorly and
susceptible, and Manetti resistant. gradually peter out. Wilt was serious on green-
In fruit trees the wilt is often known as black house chrysanthemums until a wholesale com-
heart or verticillosis. It is common in apricots, mercial concern started to provide healthy
less so in almonds and peaches; branches may propagating stock from cultured cuttings. Other
drop their leaves and die. Also susceptible are ornamental hosts include abutilon, aralia, bar-
sweet and sour cherry, avocado, plum and prune. berry, begonia, China aster, carnation, dahlia,
On bush fruits – raspberry, blackberry, dew- fremontia, geranium, marguerite, peony, poppy,
berry and youngberry – the disease is commonly snapdragon (see Fig. 4), stock and viburnum.
442 Wilt Diseases
Fig. 3 Verticillium wilt on potato
Control Sometimes it is possible to prune out an

infected maple and still save the tree, but often Fig. 4 Verticillium wilt on snapdragon
the dying tree must be taken out. Neither maple
nor elm should be replanted in the same spot. Do oat, potato, Leucospermum, impatiens, giant hys-
not transfer plants from areas where wilt has sop, globe artichoke, ash, cabbage, Cineraria and
appeared. Do not set raspberries following pota- Echinacea, and other plants. This form has
toes or tomatoes; do not use tomatoes after egg- microsclerotia and grows on agar at slightly
plant or potatoes without a long rotation. Proper higher temperatures.
fertilization and adequate watering may help Verticillium fungicola Dry Bubble of oyster
trees to recover from wilt. mushroom. Infection of sporophores at pin or
Verticillum dahliae is considered by some button stage cause development of typical dry
a synonym of V. albo-atrum and by others as bubbles; mature sporophores show cracking and
a distinct species; reported as causing wilt of curling of tissues, and depressed, brown, necrotic
dahlias, mint, marigold, ice plant, barley, wheat, areas.
Witchweed
A parasitic weed, Striga asiatica, new to the yellow eye, straw yellow on the lower surface.
western hemisphere, was reported from North The numerous brown seeds are very minute.
Carolina in 1956 and later from South Carolina, Witchweed is reported from other countries
although apparently it was first seen in the latter on 63 plant species, 56 of them members of
state in 1951 following construction of a power the Gramineae (grains and grasses). Tests in the
line across a farm. The plant is an obligate root United States with 77 non-gramineous hosts
parasite of corn and crabgrass, perhaps other found none parasitized by witchweed, but 45
plants. It is 2 to 15 inches high, foliage varying species of our grasses and grains are susceptible
from dark to light green, with linear leaves curv- to this new pest. To help in eradication, report
ing downward, tubular flowers with two-lipped suspicious weeds immediately to your county
corolla, cardinal red on the upper surface with a agent or extension pathologist.

Part IV
Host Plants and Their Diseases
The information telescoped into this section is taken in large part from the
records of the Plant Disease Survey as given in the Plant Disease Reporter,
Plant Diseases and from the Index of Plant Diseases in the United States,
Agriculture Handbook 165, U.S. Department of Agriculture. I have added to
these recent records as I have run across them in the literature and a few
personal observations. Inevitably I have missed some, and there will be many
more appearing while this text is in press; so the lists cannot be regarded as
complete. There are a great many more records than in the previous editions,
but with surveys bringing new reports every day, any such list is out of date by
the time it is typed; and by the time it is printed and available, many months
later, it is sure to be far from complete. This check list is offered as a helpful
guide, a foundation on which to build. It is by no means the last word.
The hosts selected for inclusion in the Handbook are those trees, shrubs,
vines, flowers, and vegetables likely to be grown in home gardens. Native
plants sometimes grown in wild gardens are here, and some forest trees if they
are sometimes used as ornamentals. Some plants more often grown for profit
are included if they have anyplace around the home. Hosts are listed alpha-
betically by common names except where the scientific names mean less
confusion. Often there are several common names, and the Latin name is
more likely to be generally recognized.
The geographical distribution of diseases can be taken only as a general
guide. It is likely that a disease present in New York is also present in
neighboring states but has not been officially reported, or that I have missed
seeing the report, or that a long list of states would take too much
room. Diseases listed as “general” are prevalent throughout the host range;
“widespread” means found over a wide area but not prevalent; “occasional”
means of infrequent occurrence.
Fungi possibly parasitic that have been recorded as present on leaves or
woody plant parts but not as causing a specific disease have been omitted. Brief
comments, following some of the listings, sort out a few of the more important
problems, but specific descriptions and control measures are to be found in
▶ Part III. In that chapter the diseases are grouped according to the names by
which they are commonly known, as Rot, Wilt, Blight, Blackspot, and so on,
and then by the name of the pathogen, the agent causing the disease. In this Host
446 IV Host Plants and Their Diseases
section, ▶ Part IV, the key word, for example rot or blight, is given in “cap and
small caps” (an initial capital followed by small capitals), followed by the name
of the pathogen in boldface. In the disease section (▶ Part III) the pathogens
are likewise listed in boldface, but in alphabetical order under each heading such
as rot or blight, and then the common name of the disease is given in cap and
small caps.
For instance, your acacia seems to be dying, and you think it may have
a root rot; perhaps you can see objects like toadstools at the base. You look up
ACACIA and check the possibilities until you come to the line: ROT,
Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, occasional; Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
“Occasional” means that this rot might be found wherever acacias grow.
You live in California so you turn to the section head ▶ ROTS in ▶ Part III
and thumb down through the A’s until you come to ARMILLARIA. Under
the name is the classification of the genus, but you can leave that to the
pathologist and go to: “Armillaria mellea; MUSHROOM ROOT ROT of
trees and shrubs, also known as Armillaria root rot or toadstool disease.” You
learn that this disease is especially common in California, and that the honey-
colored mushrooms or toadstools are not always present for diagnosis but that
black shoestrings are also telltale characters. You conclude that this is your
fungus, and you read on to see what can be done to the soil to prevent
a recurrence of the problem. But before you do anything too drastic, you should
discuss the whole situation with someone at the University of California, for
you could be mistaken.
It cannot be expected that a gardener can make accurate diagnosis of
disease from reading this Handbook any more than reading a medical book
can turn a layperson into a doctor. It takes years of experience to recognize
diseases on sight, from macroscopic symptoms, and it takes some technical
training to recognize diseases by studying the fungus under the microscope
and perhaps growing it in culture. For airtight identification of a bacterium or
fungus with a new disease the organism must be repeatedly isolated in
culture; the disease must be produced in healthy plants by inoculating them
with a pure culture of the organism; and then the fungus, or bacterium, must
be reisolated from the artificially infected plant.
In some cases the small number of known diseases for a plant together with
their distinctive type and geographical distribution makes layperson identifica-
tion relatively reliable. In other cases, specific identification, other than to know
that it is a leaf spot, is unnecessary. And in still other cases, specimens should be
sent to your state experiment station for diagnosis. It is my hope that the
overburdened extension pathologist, receiving some unusual specimen, will
find this list of host plants and their diseases of value in speeding up
identifications.
Host Plants
Headings Under Which Diseases Are LEAF BLISTER, LEAF CURL DISEASES – leaf
Described deformities.
LEAF SCORCH – discoloration as if by intense heat.
ANTHRACNOSE – dead spots with definite margins, LEAF SPOTS – delimited dead areas in leaves.
often with pinkish slimy spore masses, on LICHENS – occasional on trees, or shrubs.
leaves, stems, or fruit. MISTLETOE – semiparasitic seed plant, forming
BACTERIAL DISEASES – all types of diseases, galls, leafy tufts in trees.
blights, rots, leaf spots, caused by bacteria. MOLDS – conspicuous fungus growth on leaves,
BLACK KNOT – black, knotty enlargement of seeds, or grafts.
woody tissue. NEEDLE CASTS – conspicuous shedding of ever-
BLACKLEG – darkening at the base of a plant. green foliage.
BLACK MILDEW – superficial dark growth caused NEMATODES – causing decline diseases and
by parasitic fungi. flowers.
BLACKSPOT – a dark leaf spot on rose. NONPARASITIC DISEASES – due to environmental
BLIGHTS – general killing of leaves, flowers, stems. conditions rather than specific organisms.
BLOTCH DISEASES – irregular necrotic areas on POWDERY MILDEWS – superficial white felty or
leaves or fruit. powdery growth on leaves and flowers.
BROOMRAPES – leafless herbs parasitic on roots. ROTS – soft or hard decay or disintegration of
CANKERS AND DIEBACK – localized lesions on plant tissues.
stems or trunks, sometimes accompanied by RUSTS – with reddish or rust-colored spore
dying back from the top. masses.
CLUB ROOT – distorted swollen roots. SCAB – raised or crustlike lesions on leaves or
DAMPING-OFF – sudden wilting of seedlings or fruit.
rotting of seeds in soil. SCURF – flaky or scaly lesions.
DODDER – parasitic seed plant with orange SLIME MOLDS – found in lawns.
tendrils. SMUTS – with sooty black spore masses.
DOWNY MILDEWS – with internal mycelium but SNOW MOLD – light patches in turf, especially
fruiting structures protruding to form white, early spring.
gray, or violet patches. SOOTY MOLD – superficial black mycelium grow-
FAIRY RINGS – mushrooms growing in circles. ing in insect exudate.
FRUIT SPOTS – blemishes on fruit. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE – light spots with raised
GALLS – noticeable enlargements of leaves, darker borders or scabby lesion caused by
stems, or roots. Elsinoë species.

448 Host Plants
VIRUS DISEASES – mosaics, ring spots, yellows, a true mosaic disease, although fostered as
wilt caused by viruses. a desirable ornamental quality.
WHITE RUSTS – white blisters in leaves.
WILTS – systemic diseases, with wilting, death of
leaves, and branches. Acacia
WITCHWEED – weed parasitic on roots.
The numbers given with the rusts refer to CANKER, Twig and Branch. Nectria ditissima,
spore stages. See under ▶RUSTS. CA, SC.
LEAF SPOT. Physalospora fusca, FL; Cercospora
sp., GA; Phyllachora texana, TX.
Abelia LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron californicum, CA,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora abeliae, IL. TX; P. serotinum (flavescens), TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
M. hapla; M. incognita. NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis, due to excess lime, CA.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis, due to soil alkalinity, Gummosis, due to deficient or irregular mois-
TX. ture, CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; ROT, Heartwood. Ganoderma applanatum, CA.
Rhizoctonia solani, TX; Pythium sp. ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, occa-
VIRUS. Abelia Latent, MD. sional; Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Sapwood. Schizophyllum commune, CA.
Abutilon (Flowering Maple, Indian RUST. Ravenelia australis, TX; R. gooddingii, AZ;
Mallow, Velvet Leaf) R. hieronymi, witches’ broom, TX; R. igualica,
TX; R. roemerianae, TX; R. siliquae, NM,
BLIGHT, Foliage. Colletotrichum coccodes, VT. TX; R. subtortuosae, witches’ broom, TX;
BLIGHT, Phytophthora. Phytophthora R. thornberiana, witches’ broom, AZ, TX;
capsici, IL. R. versatilis, AZ, CA, NM, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., IL, IN, NJ, NY, TX;
Cercospora avicennae, MO, VA;
Cladosporium herbarum, KS, NY; Acacia (Koa Tree)
Colletotrichum malvarum, IA; Phyllosticta
althaeina, TX. LEAF SPOT, Brown; Dark Blight. Calonectria
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, FL; colhounii, HI.
M. incognita, IN; M. hapla.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Armillaria mellea, CA. Acalypha (Copper-Leaf)
ROT, Stem. Macrophomina phaseoli, IL.
RUST. Puccinia heterospora (III), FL to AZ. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara acalyphae, WI.
VIRUS. Abutilon Infectious Variegation; Abuti- GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI.
lon Yellows, CA; Bean Mosaic, HI; Mosaic, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora acalyphae, NY to AL,
universal. OK, TX, WI; Phyllosticta sp., NJ; Ramularia
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NJ; V. dahliae, acalyphae, TX.
WI. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp., FL.
The leaf spots and rot occur on Indian mallow NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., GA,
and velvet leaf. Variegation in flowering maple is MD; M. incognita, IN.
African Violet (Saintpaulia) 449
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces RUST. Puccinia adoxae (III), CO, UT, WY;
cichoracearum, WI. P. argentata (0, I), IA, MN, WI. II, III on
ROT, Mushroom Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL. impatiens.
Rhizoctonia solani, IL.
Aegopodium (Bishop’s Weed)
Acanthus VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
BACTERIAL, Proliferation. Rhodococcus

fascians, OR. Aeschynomene (Northern Joint-Vetch)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora beticola, CA.
CANKER, Stem. Diaporthe phaseolorum var.
caulivora, LA.
Acanthopanax (Five-Leaf Aralia)
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., MO. Aeschynanthus

VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL,
OH, WA.
Achimenes
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL, OH, WA.

African Daisy (Arctotis) (Gerbera
jamesonii)
Acroptilon Repens (Knapweed,
Russian) LEAF SPOT, Blotch. Cercospora sp., FL.
NECROSIS, Leaf, Crown. Sclerotinia
LEAF SPOT. Cercosporella acroptili, MT. sclerotiorum, AZ.
RUST. Puccinia acroptili, CO, MT, WY. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
ROT, Crown and Stem. Whetzelinia
sclerotiorum, CA; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,
Actinomeris (Yellow Ironweed) LA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora anomala, IA; ROT, Root, Crown, and Stem. Phytophthora
Gloeosporium sp., WV. cryptogea, CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt. Impatiens Sero-
cichoracearum, PA to VA, KS. type, GA.
RUST. Puccinia verbesinae (0, I, II, III), ME, WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, NC.
MD, TN.
VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot, VA.
African Violet (Saintpaulia)

Adoxa (Musk-Root)
BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Pseudomonas sp., OR.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium anomalum, IA. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea,
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta adoxae, CO. cosmopolitan.
450 Host Plants
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi;

Lesion, Pratylenchus sp., MD, NJ, OH. Ageratum
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria,
general. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, NJ, NC,
NEMATODE, Spiral. Scutellonema brachyurus, probably widespread.
MD. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
NONPARASITIC. Ring Spot, due to wetting foliage cichoracearum, MD.
with cold water, general. ROT, Root. Pythium mamillatum, CA.
Petiole Rot, from touching rim of salt-encrusted ROT, Root and Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, IL, NJ,
pot. NM.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., occasional in ROT, Stem. Alternaria zinniae, IL.
greenhouses. RUST. Puccinia conoclinii (II, III), GA, MS, NC;
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani; Fusarium 0, I unknown.
solani, MD, NY; Cylindrocarpon radicicola, VIRUS. Bidens Mottle, FL; Tomato Spotted
MD, NY. Wilt-lettuce serotype, GA.
ROT, Root and Crown. Pythium ultimum, CA,
probably general; Phytophthora sp.,
MD, NC. Agrimony (Agrimonia)
Bright yellow ring patterns appear if there is
too steep a temperature gradient between leaf and BLIGHT, Stem. Phoma herbarum, TX.
water. Yellowing may be due to excessive bright DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora potentillae, IA,
sunlight. Non-flowering may be due to improper NY, WI.
light. Root-knot nematodes as well as mites LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., IL; Phyllosticta
causes thickened, blistered leaves. decidua, NC, WI; Septoria agrimoniae, IL,
IN, IA, MO, NY, NC, TX, WI; S. agrimoniae-
eupatoriae, IA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis,
Agapanthus (African-Lily) MA, NE, NC, WI.
BACTERIAL Leaf Streak (water-soaked). RUST. Puccinia agrimoniae (II, III), MO;
Xanthomonas axonopodis, FL. 0, I unknown; Pucciniastrum agrimoniae
VIRUS. Ornithogalum Mosaic. (II, III), general ME to FL, NM, ND;
0, I unknown.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, NY.
Agastache (Giant-Hyssop)
Ailanthus (Tree-of-Heaven)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora lophanthi, IL, IA,
WI. BLACK MILDEW. Dimerosporium robiniae, DC.
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia lophanthi, CA, MT; BLIGHT, Twig. Gibberella baccata
Septoria lophanthi, IL, MO, OH, WI. (Fusarium lateritium), VA; Diplodia
LEAF SPOT; Stem Spot. Ascochyta lophanthi, IL, ailanthi, TX; D. natalensis, TX; Phoma
IA, WI. ailanthi, TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis (S. CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina, KS, NJ,
humuli), MO, UT, WA, WI. SC; N. coccinea, occasional; Physalospora
RUST. Puccinia hyssopi (III), NY to IA, MO, WI. obtusa, KS, MI, NY.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, IN. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora glandulosa, widespread;
WILT. Verticillium dahliae, IA. Gloeosporium ailanthi, LA, TX, WV;
Allamanda 451
Phyllosticta ailanthi, VA; Cristulariella Ophiodothis alnea, tar spot, NH,

pyramidalis, FL. PA; Phyllosticta alnea, AK;
ROT, Butt. Daedalea unicolor, occasional. Septogloeum variegatum, CA; Septoria
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, Northeast; alni, AK, CA, NY, WA, WI, OR; Hypospila
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. californica, CA.
ROT, Wound. Polyporus lacteus; P. versicolor, MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
occasional in living trees; Schizophyllum (flavescens), AZ, NM; P. villosum, CA;
commune. Viscum album, CA; on Alnus rubra (Red
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY, PA, VA. Alder).
Ailanthus is well adapted to city smoke and MISTLETOE, European. Viscum album, CA.
not often troubled by disease except for wilt, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
which can be serious and has killed many trees POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe aggregata, ME to
in the Philadelphia area. NJ, CA, MN, WA; Phyllactinia corylea, ME
to WI, AL, SC; Microsphaera alni,
widespread.
ROT, Heart. Daedalea unicolor; Fomes
Akee Tree (Blighia sapida) igniarius; F. pinicola; Ganoderma
applanatum; Polyporus sulphureus.
WILT; DIEBACK. Verticillium dahliae, FL. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA;
A. nabsnona, HI; Phymatotrichum
omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa; Daldinia
Alder (Alnus) occidentalis; Fomes scutellatus; Lenzites
saepiaria; L. trabea; Pholiota adiposa;
BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Xanthomonas Pleurotus serotinus; Polyporus adustus;
campestris, CA. P. hirsutus; P. versicolor; Schizophyllum
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, WA. commune; Steccherinum ochraceum;
CANKER, Brown Felt. Septobasidium filiforme, Stereum spp., mostly on dead wood.
NC; S. peckii, NY. RUST. Melamsoridium alni (II, III), CA, TX.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria coccinea, NY, PA; N. SOOTY MOLD. Scorias spongiosa, NY to
galligena, NH; Hymenochaete agglutinans, NC, WV.
MI, NY, PA; Melanconis alni, ME to NJ, WI;
Phomopsis alnea, KY; Physalospora obtusa,
SC, VA; Solenia ochracea, widespread on Alfalfa (Medicago)
bark; Didymosphaeria oregonensis, ID, OR,
WA; Valsa melanodiscus, western North ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum trifolli, OH.
America. LEAF SPOT. Phoma medicaginis, WA.
CANKER, Stem. Cytospora sp., OR. ROT, Brown Root. Phoma sclerotioides, CO,
DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, MD, VA. ME, NM, PA, Ontario, Canada.
GALL, Root. Cause unknown. VIRUS. Rhabdovirus, Argentina; Cucurbit Yel-
LEAF BLISTER, Catkin Hypertrophy. Taphrina low Stunting Disorder, CA.
robinsoniana, widespread; T. japonica,
AK, CA, OR; T. occidentalis, CA, ID, MT,
OR, WA. Allamanda
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora alni, WI; Cercosporella
alni, AK, OR, WA; Dothidella alni, black NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
spot; Gloeosporium tubiformis; NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis, magnesium deficiency
Cylindrosporium vermiforme, WI; in overlimed or acid soil, FL.
452 Host Plants
alternata, CA; A. arborescens, CA;

Alliaria (Garlic Mustard) A. tenuissima, CA.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus vulnus, CA.
ROT, Root. Fusarium solani, IL. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AZ.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, OH. NONPARASITIC. Bud Failure. Seed transmitted,
increased by pruning.
Chlorosis. Iron deficiency.
Allionia (Trailing Four-O’Clock) Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency.
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera tridactyla, CA;
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora oxybaphi, Sphaerotheca pannosa, CA.
KS, SD. ROT, Fruit. Phomopsis amygdali, CA, and asso-
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta oxybaphi, IA, WI; ciated branch dieback.
Cercospora oxybaphi, IA, KS, WI. ROT, Green Fruit. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. CA.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae, AZ, NM, TX. ROT, Heart. Polyporus versicolor, OR.
WHITE RUST. Albugo platensis, AZ, NM, ROT, Hull. Rhizopus spp.
TN, TX. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, NC;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Wound. Schizophyllum commune, CA.
Allspice (Pimenta) RUST. Tranzschelia discolor (II, III); 0, I on
anemone, CA.
RUST. Puccinia psidii, FL. SCAB. Cladosporium carpophilum, CA, CT, OR.
VIRUS. Almond Bud Failure; Almond Calico,
CA; Peach Mosaic; Peach Ring Spot; Peach
Almond (Prunus amygdalus) Rosette; Peach Yellow Bud Mosaic; Peach
Yellows.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum acutatum, CA. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, IL.
ANTHRACNOSE; Kernel Rot. Gloeosporium Crown rot and Armillaria rot are often
amygdalinum, CA. limiting factors in almond production. At
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium least five sprays are necessary to control
tumefaciens, AL, AZ, CA, NC. brown rot, leaf blights, and scab, and
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas pruni, NE. often a zinc sulfate spray for little leaf. The
BACTERIAL Shoot Blight; Blast. Pseudomonas California Agricultural Experiment Station
syringae, CA. Extension Service provides, each year, a revised
BLIGHT, Blossom; Brown Rot. Monilinia laxa, “Spray, Dust and Fumigation Program for
CA, OR; Botrytis cinerea. Almonds”.
BLIGHT, Leaf; Shot-Hole Disease. Coryneum
carpophilum, CA, ID, OR.
CANKER; DIEBACK; Crown Rot. Phytophthora Almond, Flowering (Prunus triloba)
cactorum, CA, P. citrophthora, CA;
Botryosphaeria dothidea (Dothiorella can- BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, IN.
ker) CA; Ceratocystis fimbriata, CA. BACTERIAL Spot. Xanthomonas pruni, NJ.
CANKER, Pruning Wound. Phytophthora BLIGHT, Blossom and Twig. Botrytis cinerea,
syringae, CA. NY; Monilinia fructicola, CT, KS.
DECLINE, Almond. Unknown etiology, CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae,
“Golden Death”. IA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora circumscissa, CA, OR; ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, MS;
Hendersonia rubi, CA; Alternaria White Root, Corticium galactinum, MD.
Amelanchier (Serviceberry, Juneberry) 453
Aloe Amaryllis (includes Hippeastrum)
ROT, Root. Pythium ultimum, CA. BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Bulb Rot. Botrytis cinerea,
Immerse nursery plants of Aloe variegata in occasional, chiefly in outdoor plantings after
hot water at 115 F for 30 min; place in cold chilling.
water; dry; replant. BLIGHT, Southern; Bulb Rot. Sclerotium rolfsii,
FL, TX.
LEAF SCORCH; Red Blotch. Stagonospora
Alstroemeria curtisii, general.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora amaryllidis, AL, LA;
VIRUS. Alstroemeria Mosaic; Alstroemeria, Colletotrichum crassipes; Fusarium
NY. bulbigenum; Melanospora fallax;
Epicoccum purpurascens, secondary.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus scribneri, FL.
Alternanthera Scutellonema brachyurus, FL.
ROT, Bulb. Rhizopus stolonifer.
LEAF SPOT, Phyllosticta amaranthi, NJ. ROT, Seedling Root. Pythium debaryanum, FL,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. TX; Root, Armillaria mellea, CA.
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, FL; unidentified
ROT, Root; Wilt. Fusarium oxysporum, NJ. Mosaic, CA, FL, OK, WI; Tomato
VIRUS. Alternanthera Mosaic, FL. Spotted Wilt, CA, TX; Hippeastrum
Mosaic.
Although amaryllis is subject to red spotting
Alyssum (Goldentuft, Yellowtuft) from various physiological causes, mite,
and insect injuries, the fungus leaf scorch or red
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, NJ. blotch is fairly common, with red spots on leaves,
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ. flower stalks, and bulb scales.
Amaranthus (Love-Lies-Bleeding, Amaryllis, Wild (Nothoscordum

Princes-Feather, Joseph-Coat, Spiny bivalve; N. inodorum)
Amaranth)
VIRUS. Nothoscordum Mosaic, LA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, MD, NY.
caulivora, LA. Amelanchier (Serviceberry, Juneberry)
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, CT.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora canescens, MD. BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., widespread.
FL, MD. BLACK MILDEW; Witches Broom. Apiosporina
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, collinsii, widespread.
TX. BLIGHT, Leaf. Fabraea maculata, widespread.
ROT, Stem. Macrophomina phaseolina, AZ. BLIGHT, Fruit and Leaf. Monilinia gregaria, CO,
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA, TX; Alfalfa IA, WA.
Mosaic, WA. CANKER. Nectria cinnabarina, occasional;
WHITE RUST. Albugo bliti, MA to FL, NE, Pezicula pruinosa, wide-spread;
SC, TX. Gloeosporium perennans, OR.
454 Host Plants
CANKER, Blister. Nummularia discreta, IA, KS,

MA, OH. Ampelopsis (A. cordata and other
LEAF BLISTER; Witches’ Broom. Taphrina species)
amelanchieri, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Coccomyces tumidus, MO, MT; CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina,
Cristulariella pyramidalis, NC; Phyllosticta occasional.
innumerabilis, IA, MN, NE, ND; DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara viticola, NY, WI.
P. paupercula, KS, MT; P. virginiana, NY, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora truncata, LA; C. vitis,
PA, WI. AL, LA; Guignardia bidwellii, widespread;
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, ID, MT; Linospora psederae, WV; Phloeospora
Phyllactinia corylea, OR, WA; Podosphaera ampelopsidis, WI.
oxyacanthae, occasional. NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema index.
ROT, Brown; Fruit. Monilinia amelanchieris, POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinula necator, widespread.
NY; M. fructicola, MI, OH. ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX.
ROT, Wood Butt. Daedalea unicolor,
cosmopolitan. Amsonia
RUST. Gymnosporangium biseptatum (I); III on
Chamaecyparis, northeastern and Middle LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella sp., GA.
Atlantic States. Horned galls, underside RUST. Coleosporium apocyanaceum (II, III) on
leaves. G. clavariiforme (I) on leaves, fruits, leaves, FL, GA, SC; 0, I on pine. Puccinia
stems; III on juniper. G. clavipes (I) on fruits, seymouriana (0, I), MO; II, III on marsh grass.
stems; III on juniper. G. corniculans (I); III on
juniper. G. cupressi (0, I); III on cypress.
G. gracile (0, I); III on juniper. Anaphalis (Pearl Everlasting)
G. harknessianum (I) on fruits, CA, OR; III
on juniper. G. inconspicuum (I) on fruits; III LEAF SPOT. Septoria margaritaceae, NY, OR, WI.
on juniper. G. juvenescens (I); III on juniper, RUST. Uromyces amoenus (III), CA, ID, MI,
in West (may be G. nidusavis). G. MT, OR, WA, WY.
kernianum (I) on leaves, AZ, CO, OR; III
on juniper. G. libocedri (I) on leaves, CA,
OR; III on juniper. G. nelsonii (I) on leaves, Anchusa (Buglos, Alkanet)
fruits; III on juniper, MI. G. nidusavis (I) on
leaves, fruits, stems; III on juniper, central and DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, CT.
eastern states. LEAF SPOT. Stemphylium sp., NY.
RUST. Puccinia recondita var. secalis (0, I), IN,
MI: II, III on rye.
VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, IN.
Amorpha (Leadplant, Indigobush)
CANKER, Twig. Cytospora amorphae. Andromeda (Bog-Rosemary)

LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium passaloroides,
widespread; Diplodia amorphae, TX. (▶Lyonia and ▶Pieris for shrubs commonly
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, IA, MN, called Andromeda)
WY. BLACK MILDEW. Asterina clavuligera, GA, NJ.
RUST. Uropyxis amorphae, general. BLIGHT, Ramorum. Phytophthora ramorum, PA.
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) 455
GALL; Red Leaf Spot. Exobasidium vaccinii, RUST. Puccinia anemones-virginianae (III), ME
AK, ME, NY, WI. to MS to NE, ND; P. gigantispora (0, I, III),
LEAF SPOT. Venturia arctostaphyli, NY. CO, IL, ID, MT, ND, WI, WY;
LEAF SPOT. Tar. Rhytisma andromedae, ME to P. magnusiana (0, I), NY to KS, ND; II, III
NC, AK, MI, MN. on reed grasses; P. pulsatillae (III), CO, IA,
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var. ND, SD; P. recondita (0, I), NY to TX; II, III
vaccinii, MA, NJ. on grasses; P. retecta, AK, CO; P. vesiculosa,
RUST. Chrysomyxa cassandrae (II, III); 0, I on AK; Tranzschelia cohaesa (0, I, II, III), TX;
pine. T. pruni-spinosae (0, I), IA, KS, NE to TX,
AL; II, III on Prunus spp.; T. fusca (0, III),
MA to VA, CA, and Northwest; T. suffusca
Anemone (Cultivated forms, (0, III), CO, IA, MT, ND, SD; T. tucsonensis
Japanese) (0, I, II, III), AZ.
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis anemones, ME
BACTERIA, MLO. Aster Yellows, CA. to AK, DE, CO, KS, IA, MN, ND, WI;
BLIGHT, Collar Rot. Botrytis cinerea, NJ, PA. U. sorosporioides, AK.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA, MD, SMUT, White. Entyloma ranunculi, WI.
MA. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, AR.
LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium sp., NY; Phyllosticta
anemones, MD.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae; A. Angelica
ritzemabosi, CA.
NEMATODE, Root. Aphelenchus agricola, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora apii var. angelicae, AK;
RUST. Tranzschelia cohaesa (0, I, II, III), TX; C. thaspii, AL, TX; Fusicladium angelicae,
T. discolor (0, I), CA, OR; II, III on Prunus general; Gloeosporium angelicae, SC;
spp. Phyllosticta angelicae, CA, WY; Piggotia
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, CA; Tobacco Rat- depressa, MT; Ramularia angelicae, CO;
tle, MN. Septoria dearnessii, NC, WI.
RUST. Puccinia angelicae (0, I, II, III), NY, OR,
Anemone (Native Species) PA, WA; P. bistortae, AK; P. coelopleuri
(0, I, II, III), AK; P. ellisii, CA, ID, NV, OR,
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara pygmaea, WA; P. ligustici, CO, WA; P. poromera, UT.
widespread.
GALL. Synchytrium anemones, IA MA, MI,
MN, VT, WI. Angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora pulsatillae, CO;
Cercosporella filiformis, WI; Didymaria NEMATODE, Root Gall, Meloidogyne
didyma IA MI WI; Phloeospora anemones mayaguensis, FL.
IA; Phyllosticta anemonicola, IL, MI, ME, VIRUS, Alternanthera Mosaic, NY.
NE, VA, WI; Ramularia ranunculi, NY, WI;
Septoria anemones, IL, IA, MS, MO, TX,
VT, WI; S. cylindrica, MT, VA; S. punicea, Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
KS, MA, MI, MS, NE.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, IL, IA, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora malkoffi, VA.
IN, MI, MN, NJ, ND, WI. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
456 Host Plants
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA, TX. BACTERIAL Blast, of flowers, shoots. Pseudomo-
RUST. Puccinia pimpinellae (0, I, II, III), CA. nas syringae, AR, CA; Blister Spot of bark
and fruit. P. syringae pv. papulans; Rot,
P. melophthora.
Anise-Tree (Illicium floridanum) BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, general; Hairy Root,
BLACK MILDEW. Lembosia illiciicola, AL, MS. A. rhizogenes, Central States, ID, NY.
LEAF SPOT, Algal; Green Scurf. Cephaleuros BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora,
virescens, LA, SC. general.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium footii, MS. BLIGHT, Limb. Corticium laetum, LA, NC;
C. salmonicolor, FL, LA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, on
Anoda seedlings.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, WV and
NECROSIS, Vascular. Verticillium dahliae, NM. IN to Gulf states.
NEMATODE, Cyst. Meloidogyne hapla. BLOTCH, Fruit; LEAF SPOT; Twig Canker.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium erysipheoides, NM. Phyllosticta solitaria, general except New
RUST. Puccinia sp., TX. England and the far South.
BLOTCH, Sooty, of fruit. Gloeodes pomigena,
eastern and central states; Geastrumia
Anthriscus (Chervil) polystigmatis, NC.
CANKER, Bark; Fruit Rot. Myxosporium
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe heraclei, CA. corticola, New England to MD, IL, MI, OK,
ROT, Stem and Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, OR, SD.
CA. CANKER, Blister. Nummularia discreta, east of
the Rocky Mts.
CANKER, Bole. Cylindrocarpon didymium,
Anthurium WA; Leucostoma cincta. WI.
CANKER, Crater. Cause unknown, sunken bark,
BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas campestris pv. crown rot, decline. WA.
dieffenbachiae, CA, HI; Ralstonia (Pseudo- CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis (syn. B.
monas) solanacearum, FL. dothidea), East and South; Cytospora spp.,
BLACK NOSE (on flower spadix). Colletotrichum widespread; Fusarium spp., also Fruit Rot,
gloeosporioides. Pacific Northwest, Secondary to drought, win-
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, LA. ter injury, insect punctures; Coryneum
foliicola, widespread; Glutinium
macrosporium, OR; Leptosphaeria
Antidesma (Chinese-Laurel) coniothyrium, East, central states, WI;
Plenodomus fuscomaculans, CA, MI;
LEAF SPOT, Algal; Green Scurf. Cephaleuros Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens, WA.
virescens, FL. CANKER, European. Nectria galligena, East and
central states to NC and MS; Pacific Coast.
CANKER; Leaf Spot. Monochaetia mali, IL, NJ to
Apple (Malus sylvestris) SC, MO, WV; Leucostoma cincta, MI.
CANKER, Perennial; Bull’s-Eye Fruit Rot.
ANTHRACNOSE, Northwestern; canker; Fruit Rot. Neofabraea perennans, ID, MT, OR, WA.
Neofabraea malicorticis, prevalent OR, WA, CANKER; Sapwood Rot. Hymenochaete
occasional CA, IL, MA, ME, MI, NE, OK. agglutinans, CT; Hypoxylon spp.
Apple (Malus sylvestris) 457
CANKER, Scurf Bark. Clasterosporium sp. Leaf Scorch. Magnesium deficiency.

CANKER, Twig. Coryneum foliicola, widespread; Measles, reddish pimples in bark. Widespread;
Gibberella baccata; Nectria cinnabarina, cause unknown, possibly boron deficiency in
northern U.S. part. False measles due to manganese toxicity.
DECLINE. Irpex tulipiferae, MN; Coriolus Ozone Injury. Pitted area in flesh.
versicolor, also dieback, MN, WA; Rosette; Little Leaf. Usually zinc deficiency.
Schizophyllum commune, MN. Scald. Discoloration of fruit skin by volatile
FRUIT SPOT, Black Pox; Canker; Leaf Spot. respiratory products, general in storage. Con-
Helminthosporium papulosum, GA, IN, trolled by oiled paper wraps.
MA, MS, NJ, OH, PA, WV; Phacidiopycnis Soft Scald and Soggy Breakdown. Associated
washingtonensis (also Fruit Rot), WA. with delayed storage and low temperature.
FRUIT SPOT, Brooks. Mycosphaerella pomi, New Stigmonose. Fruit dimpling, distortion from
England to NC, AR, IA, MO. insect punctures; widespread.
FRUIT SPOT, Flyspeck. Microthyriella rubi, Sunburn, of fruit. Heat or light injury.
general. Sunscald, of bark. Freezing injury of trunk and
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora mali, Gulf states, VT; larger branches on side exposed to sun.
Coniothyrium pyrinum; Diaporthe Water-Core. Deficient or irregular water supply.
pernisiosa, AR; Fabraea maculata, IA; POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera leucotricha and
Illosporium malifoliorum, PA to NC, IN; P. oxyacanthae, general.
Mycosphaerella sentina, IL, NJ, PA; ROT, Bitter, of Fruit; Canker. Glomerella
Pestalotia spp., MD to NC, ID, IN; Ghost cingulata, general, especially in South, rare
Spot, Alternaria tenuis, GA; Cristulariella in West; G. rubicola, IL; Colletotrichum
pyramidalis, FL, on Malus pumila, acutatum, AR, MI.
Glomerella cingulata, TN. ROT, Black; Frog-Eye Leaf Spot; Canker.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum Physalospora obtusa, general to the Great
(flavescens), NC, TX; Viscumalbum, CA. Plains; P. mutila, CA, MT, OR, WA;
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans; P. rhodina, KY.
P. pratensis. ROT, Black Root. Botryosphaeria obtusa, PA;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., MS, Xylaria mali, eastern and central states.
TX, UT. ROT, Brown. Monilinia fructicola, general
NONPARASITIC. Bitter Pit, Stippen, Baldwin except for far South; M. laxa, OR, WA.
Spot, general in storage. ROT, Calyx-end. Alternaria sp., Sclerotinia
Black End. Probably drought injury, AL, OR, WA. sclerotiorum, NH, WA.
Black Heart, of wood. Perhaps freezing injury; ROT, Crown. Phytophthora cactorum, MA.
widespread. ROT, Fruit. Alternaria mali; Aspergillus niger;
Brown Core, in MacIntosh variety. Excessive Cephalosporium carpogenum; Corticium
nitrogen, low storage temperature. centrifugum, Pacific Northwest, occasional
Callus Knot. Wound overgrowth from defective in East; Chaetomella sp., WA;
union of stock and scion. Cladosporium spp.; Endomyces mali;
Chlorosis. Usually iron deficiency in alkaline Epicoccum granulatum, WA;
western soils. Gloeosporium spp.; Gliocladium viride, IL;
Collar Rot. Winter injury. Hormodendron cladosporiodes, WA;
Cork; Rosette. Boron deficiency, northeastern Mucor piriformis, CA, WA; Oospora sp.;
states to IN, KY, Pacific Coast. Phialophora malorum, IN, VA, WA;
Internal Bark Necrosis. Cause unknown, possi- Pleospora fructicola, WA; P. herbarum,
bly same as measles; general. Pacific states; Penicillium spp., cosmopolitan;
Jonathan Spot. Associated with dry weather, Phoma spp.; Stemphylium congestum, WA;
delayed storage. Tricothecium roseum, general; Botrytis
458 Host Plants
spp.; Colletotrichum fructus; Rhizopus SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë piri, OR, WA.
nigricans, cosmopolitan; Phytophthora VIRUS. Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot; Apple Stem
syringae, OR. Growing; Apple Mosaic; Tulare Apple
ROT, Fruit (Postharvest). Botrytis cinerea, Mosaic, CA; Tobacco Mosaic; Dapple
Phomopsis mali, core rot, CA, NY; Apple, NH; Green Mottle, NY; Stem-
Trichoderma harzianum, MD; Sphaeropsis pitting; Tomato Ringspot, NY; Decline and
pyriputrescens, WA; Phacidiopycnis Graft Union Necrosis, WA.
washingtonensis; Potebniamyces pyri, WA. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum.
ROT, Heartwood. Fomes fomentarius; If this appalling list of diseases should make
F. igniarius; F. pinicola; Ganoderma you think twice before planting apples in the
applanatum. backyard with the expectation of getting cheap
ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, prev- and abundant fruit, that is all to the good.
alent on Pacific Coast; Clitocybe tabescens, There is no easy, or cheap, road to perfect
AR, FL, TX, VA. fruit. The commercial grower may, in a wet
ROT, Postharvest Speck. Phacidiopycnis season, apply nearly 20 sprays to keep scab
washingtonensis, WA. under control. The homeowner thinks one or
ROT, Root. Botryodiplodia theobromae, two are enough. State experiment stations offer
AL; Hymatotrichum omnivorum, AK, AZ, abbreviated schedules for home gardeners, tai-
NM, TX; Fusarium oxysporum, ID; lored for the area, and if these are followed
F. solani, ID. carefully, a fairly good crop can be expected.
ROT, Silverleaf. Stereum purpureum, KS, ME, There are also all-purpose mixtures available
MN, NY, Pacific Northwest. for fruit trees, which may work reasonably
ROT, White Root. Corticium galactinum, DE to well. Scab is the most important apple disease,
VA; AR, IL; Rosellinia necatrix, CA. and proper timing of early season sprays is
ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa; Poria spp.; most essential. Bitter rot, black rot, sometimes
Pleurotus ulmarius; Pholiota adiposa; rust need attention. Fire blight control is pri-
Polyporus spp.; Stereum sp.; Schizophyllum marily a question of proper pruning to remove
commune; Trametes spp. infected wood, with an antibiotic spray during
RUSSET, Fruit. Aureobasidium pullulans and bloom.
Rhodotorula glutinis, NY.
RUST. Gymnosporangium libocedri. (0, I), on
leaves, fruit; III on incense cedar, CA, OR;
Gymnosporangium nidus-avis (0, I), on Apple-of-Peru (Nicandra)
leaves, fruit, stems, IN, MD, MS, NJ; III on
red-cedar. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora physaloides, IN.
RUST, Cedar-Apple. Gymnosporangium ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
juniperivirginianae (0, I) on leaves, fruit; VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, ID, IA, KY,
general east of Great Plains; III on red-cedar WA, WI. Experimentally infected with
and Rocky Mountain juniper. several viruses; Tomato Leaf Curl, CA,
RUST, Hawthorn. Gymnosporangium globosum Mexico.
(0, I) on leaves; III on red-cedar, ME to AK,
KS, NE.
RUST, Quince. Gymnosporangium clavipes
(0, I), on fruit; III on common juniper and Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
red-cedar.
SCAB. Venturia inaequalis, general. BACTERIAL canker; Gummosis. Pseudomonas
SOOTY MOLD. Fumago vagans, occasional. syringae, CA, OR; Criconema mutabile, CA.
Aquatic Plants (Caboriaba sp., Limnophila sp., Replis diandra, and Potamogeton sp.) 459
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, CA, OR, WA.
tumefaciens, widespread. Japanese apricot Mottle Leaf. Manganese deficiency, CA.
(Prunus mume) is resistant. POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae,
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, CO, CA, IA; Sphaerotheca pannosa, CA, NY.
FL, NE, PA, TX. ROT, Blossom End; Fruit Spot. Alternaria sp.,
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas pruni, IL to and A. citri CA.
TX, NE. ROT, Brown; Blossom Blight. Monilinia
BLACK KNOT. Dibotryon morbosum, CO, IA, fructicola, widespread on ripe fruit.
NY. ROT, Green Fruit; Gummosis. Botrytis cinerea,
BLIGHT, Blossom, Twig; Brown Rot. Monilinia CA.
laxa, Pacific Coast states. ROT, Green Fruit; Twig Blight. Sclerotinia
BLIGHT, Shoot; Shot Hole; Fruit Spot. Coryneum sclerotiorum, CA; Lambertella pruni, CA.
carpophilum, wide-spread; Monilinia laxa, ROT, Heart. Schizophyllum commune, after
MA, NY, RI. freezing, TX, WA; Trametes hispida, CO.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium pseudope- ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, CA,
dicellatum, MS. TX; Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
CANKER, Trunk. Phytophthora cactorum, CA; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ,
P. citrophthora, CA. OK, TX.
CANKER, Trunk and Limb Gall. Monochaetia ROT, Silver Leaf. Stereum purpureum, CA.
rosenwaldia, CA. RUST. Tranzschelia discolor and T. pruni
CANKER, Twig; DIEBACK. Cytospora spp., AZ, (II, III), CA, MS, NM, TX.
NY; Valsa leucostoma, MO, TX; SCAB; Freckle; Twig Canker. Cladosporium
Cytosporina Dieback, Eutypa armeniaceae carpophilum, wide spread.
(syn. E. lata), CA; Ceratocystis fimbriata, VIRUS. Apricot Gummosis, WA; Apricot
CA. Pucker Leaf, UT; Apricot Ring Pox, CA,
CANKER; DIEBACK; Coral Spot. Nectria CO, WA; Peach Mosaic, Southwest; Peach
cinnabarina, IN, WA. Phony, GA; Peach Ring Spot, western U.S.;
FRUIT SPOT. Venturia cerasi (See under Peach Rosette; Peach Yellow Bud Mosaic,
▶ SCAB). CA; Peach Yellows, occasional in East; Stem
LEAF CURL. Taphrina deformans, SC. Pitting.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora circumscissa, TX; WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, UT, WA.
Coccomyces sp., CA, MA, TX, VT; Apricots are very susceptible to Armillaria
Phyllosticta circumscissa, CA. root rot and should be on resistant Myrobalan
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema sp., WV, NY. rootstock. Bacterial canker is an epidemic dis-
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus vulnus, CA; ease in many seasons, with activity starting in
P. penetrans, NY. late autumn, ceasing in early summer. Sprays
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AZ, are usually needed in California for zinc defi-
TX. ciency, brown rot, green or jacket rot, and shot
NONPARASITIC. Arsenical Injury, from accumula- hole.
tion in soil, CA.
Chlorosis, alkali injury. Mineral deficiency, AZ,
CA. Aquatic Plants (Caboriaba sp.,
Exanthema. Copper deficiency, CA. Limnophila sp., Replis diandra, and
Gummosis, Sour Sap. Adverse soil and moisture Potamogeton sp.)
conditions, AZ, CA, NJ, WA.
Internal Browning, Fruit Cracking. Boron defi- NEMATODE, Foliar. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
ciency, WA. FL.
460 Host Plants
Arabidopsis Aralia, Sarsaparilla, American

Spikenard (Aralia hispida, A.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas campestris nudicaulis, A. racemosa)
pv. campestris, MI.
ROT, Root. Sclerotinia minor, NC. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., NY; Ascochyta
marginata, WI; Cercospora leptosperma,
IA, MI, NY, WI; Phyllosticta decidua, WI;
Arabis (Rock-Cress) Ramularia repens, WI; Sclerotium
deciduum, WI.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, WA. POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea,
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae. MI, NE.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ. RUST. Nyssopsora clavellosa (III), CA, MN, OR,
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, AL, TX, ME to PA.
AK, CO, IN, MI, TX, WI. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria arabidis, CO, TX.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
TX. Aralia, Udo (Aralia cordata)
RUST. Puccinia thlaspeos (P. holboelli) (0, III),
on numerous native but not cultivated species BLIGHT. Alternaria sp., DE, NJ.
in Rocky Mountains and Pacific states; ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MD.
P. monoica (0, I) on native species, WI to WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, MD, PA.
CO, CA, NM, WA; II, III on Koehleria and
Trisetum.
VIRUS. Arabis Mosaic. Araucaria (Monkey-Puzzle, Norfolk-
WHITE RUST; White Blister. Albugo candida, NY Island-Pine)
to VA, CO, TX, WA.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, CA.
Aralia, Hercules Club (Aralia spinosa) BLIGHT. Cryptospora longispora.
LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia funerea, CA, and
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, P. micheneri, PA, probably secondary; Stictis
GA, VA, WV; Nectria cinnabarina, VA, araucariae, CA.
WV. ROOT DISEASE. Armillaria tabescens, Mexico.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora atromaculans, LA, TX; ROT, Root. Cylindrocladium clavatum, FL.
Phyllosticta araliae, TX; P. everhartii, TX,
WV; Stagonospora sp., WV.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Arborvitae (Thuja)
Rhizoctonia solani, TX.
ROT, Sapwood. Polyporus tulipiferae, MD. BLIGHT, Fire. Cercospora thujina, on oriental
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Scab. Sphaceloma araliae, arborvitae, AR, GA, LA, MS, TX.
MD, MO. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, NJ.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Didymascella thujina, TX, VT to
WI.
Aralia, Ming (Polyscias) BLIGHT, Nursery. Phomopsis juniperovora, IN,
KY, OH, PA, VA; P. occulta, secondary.
BLIGHT. Alternaria panax, FL. BLIGHT, Snow. Phacidium infestans, Northeast.
Arrowhead (Sagittaria) 461
BLIGHT, Twig. Alternaria sp.; Mycosphaerella

sp; Pestalotia funerea; Phytophthora sp.; Argyreia
Heterosporium sp., OR.
BLIGHT, Twig. Coryneum berckmansii on orien- NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., SC.
tal arborvitae, OR, WA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus amorphus;
A. nivosus, other species.
CANKER, Cypress. Coryneum cardinale, CA. Armeria (Sea-Pink, Thrift)
CANKER; DIEBACK. Diplodia sp., AL, FL.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, NM, NY, TX, RUST. Uromyces armeriae (0, I, II, III),
VA. CA, OR.
NEEDLE CAST. Lophodermium thujae, ME, NH,
NY, WI.
ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, Arnica
MI, MS, NY, TX; Clitocybe tabescens,
FL, LA. LEAF SPOT. Ovularia hughesiana, MT;
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Phyllosticta arnicae, CO, MT, UT, WY.
Fusarium solani, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
ROT, Wood. Fomes annosus, MI; F. roseus, ME; cichoracearum, CO; Sphaerotheca macularis
Poria vaporaria, P. weirii, Great Lakes (S. humuli var. fuliginea), AK, CA, WA, WY.
states; Lenzites saepiaria, MN; Polyporus RUST. Puccinia arnicalis (II III) AK, to MT,
spp.; Schizophyllum commune, ME; CA, CO; 0, I unknown; Uromyces junci
Trametes spp. (0, I), CA, CO, MT, OR, SD, WY; II, III on
Giant arborvitae used for timber has Juncus spp.
many more wood rots than those listed. SMUT, White. Entyloma arnicale, AK, CO, ID,
Oriental arborvitae in the South often looks MT, UT, WA, WY.
as if blighted by fire, with nursery losses
higher than in gardens. A copper spray,
monthly from June to September, controls this Arrow-Arum (Peltandra)
blight. In the Northwest Coryneum berckmansii
causes discoloration and shedding of LEAF SPOT. Cercospora callae, AL, DE, FL, NY;
branches, while C. cardinale is sporadically Colletotrichum sp., AL; Gloeosporium
injurious. paludosum, DE, IN, MA, NY; Pestalotia
aquatica, secondary; Ramularia sp., MI.
RUST. Uromyces ari-triphylli (U. caladii) (0, I,
Arctotis II, III), MA to FL, IL, IN, IA.
LEAF BLOTCH. Cercospora sp., FL.

NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. Arrowhead (Sagittaria)
TX. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora alismatis VT to AL, TX,
WI; Didymaria alismatis, Gloeosporium
confiuens, IA, MA, TX, WI; Marssonina
Ardisia sp., LA.
SMUT, Leaf. Burrillia pustulata, IL, NE, WI;
Leaf Spot, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, Doassansia deformans, MA to NJ, FL, MO,
FL. SD, TX; D. furva, WI; D. intermedia, IA,
462 Host Plants
MN, NH, ND, WI; D. obscura, CT, MA; ROT, Root and Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, MS,
D. opaca, MA to DE, IL, WI; D. sagittariae, TX; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, OR.
CT to KS, AR, MT, TX, WY. VIRUS. Artichoke Curly Dwarf; Artichoke
Latent, CA.
WILT. Verticillium dahliae, CA.
Arrowroot (Maranta)
LEAF SPOT. Glomerella cingulata, MD, NJ. Artichoke, Jerusalem (Helianthus

RUST. Puccinia thaliae (P. cannae) (II, III), FL. tuberosus)
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae

Artemisia (Wormwood) pv. tagetis, MN.
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas helianthi, IL.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Cercospora olivacea, NJ, NY, ND; BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA, FL,
Systremma artemisiae, black pustule, PA. LA, MS, SC, TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora leptosperma, IA, DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, VT and
MN, ND, SD, WI. NJ to KS, SD.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora helianthi, KS; Septoria
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ferruginae, NY, WI; helianthi, IL, IA, WI.
Gloeosporium heterophyllum, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CA,
LEAF-HAIRS, DISCOLORATION. Nematostoma FL, MD, NY, SC, TN.
artemisiae, MO. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. cichoracearum, general.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ,
cichoracearum, CA, IA, SD, TX. TX; Rhizopus stolonifer, MS.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MA,
ROT, Root and Crown. Fusarium solani, CA. MN, WA.
RUST. Puccinia tanaceti (P. absinthii) (0, I, II, III), RUST. Coleosporium helianthi (II, III), AL, IL,
CA; P. atrofusca (0, I) ND; II, III on Carex NY, NC, OK, PA, SC, TN, VA; Puccinia
spp.; P. millefolii (III), CA; P. similis, ID, OR. helianthi (0, I, II, III), general; Uromyces
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. junci, (0, I), NE, ND.
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, IA, MT, ND,
SD, TX, WI.
Artillery Plant, Aluminum Plant (Pilea)
Artichoke, Globe (Cynara scolymus) BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas campestris,

FL.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, CA, NY. BLIGHT, Leaf, Stem, and Bud. Phytophthora
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, GA. parasitica, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora obscura, CA, TX; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
Cladosporium sp., CA, SC; Ramularia LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL;
cynarae, CA, prevalent. Septoria pileae, IL, IN, IA, MI, MO, NY, WI.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA. ROT. Rhizoctonia sp., FL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, CA, NJ.
ROT, Root. Phytophthora megasperma, CA; Artocarpus (Breadfruit)
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.;
Pythium aphanidermatum, CA. RUST. Uredo artocarpi (11), HI.
Ash (Fraxinus) 463
CANKER; DIEBACK. Cytospora annularis, north

Arugula (Eruca sativa) central states; Diplodia infuscans, Northeast;
Cytophoma pruinosa and Fusicoccum sp.,
BACTERIAL Blight. P seudomonas syringae pv. may be secondary, Northeast.
alisalensis, CA, NV. DECLINE. Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica,
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae, Anamorph, Phaeoacremonium mortoniae,
CA. CA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, CA. DODDER. Cuscuta sp.
WHITE RUST. Albugo candida, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora fraxinites, AL, FL, LA,
TX; Cylindrosporium fraxini (including
reports of Marssonina fraxini, Piggotia
Arundo (Giant Reed) fraxini), widespread; Mycosphaerella
effigurata, widespread; M. fraxinicola;
LEAF SPOT; Stem Speckle. Selenophoma Actinopelte dryina; Cytospora sp., VA.
donacis, CA. MEASLES. Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica
LEAF SPOT; Cane “Anthracnose”; Dieback. Anamorph, Phaeoacremonium mortoniae,
Papularia sphaerosperma, general. CA.
P. odorae, KS; Phyllosticta tuberosa, OK. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellae, MD. (flavescens), south central to Pacific states;
RUST. Puccinia chloridis (P. bartholomaei) Viscum album, CA, on Fraxinus velutina
(0, I), KS, OK, TX; II, III on Bouteloua (Arizona Ash).
spp.; Uromyces asclepiadis (II, III), KS, MISTLETOE, European. Viscum album on Arizona
NM, TX. ash, CA.
RUST, Crown. Puccinia coronata, CA. NEMATODE. Meloidogyne spp., AZ, MD, OK.
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum,
SD on Green Ash.
Ash (Fraxinus) POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, north-
eastern, central, Pacific Coast states. Uncinula
ANTHRACNOSE, Leaf Scorch. Discula fraxinea, circinata, IA; Microsphaera alni, IL.
DE, LA, OR; Gloeosporium aridum, eastern ROT, Collar. Helicobasidium purpureum,
and central states. TX.
BACTERIAL Decline. MLO, IL, IN, IA, NY. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ,
BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium TX.
rhizogenes, IA, NE to OK. ROT, Sapwood. Lentinus tigrinus, MS.
BACTERIAL Phytoplasma. Ash Yellows, Witches’ ROT, White Mottled Heart, Stem. Fomes
Broom, MI, MT, NE, NC, SD. fraxinophilus, eastern and central states to
BLACK MILDEW. Dimerosporium pulchrum Great Plains; many other species of Fomes.
(Sarcinella heterospora). ROT, Wood. Daldinia concentrica, cosmopoli-
BLIGHT, Seedling. Rhizoctonia solani, OK. tan; Daedalea spp.; Ganoderma lucidum,
CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus spp., eastern LA, MS; Polyporus spp.; Poria spp.;
states; Felt Fungus, Septobasidium spp., NC Schizophyllum commune, cosmopolitan;
to FL. Trametes spp.
CANKER, Branch, Trunk. Dothiorella RUST. Puccinia sparganioides (0, I), general east
fraxinicola, IA, KS, NE; Sphaeropsis sp., of Great Plains; II, III on marsh grass
widespread; Nectria cinnabarina; N. (Spartina spp.).
coccinea, Northeast. VIRUS. Ash Ring Spot, NY; Tobacco Mosaic
CANKER, Coin. Phyctema vagabunda, MT, Virus, MA, NY; Tobacco Ring Spot Virus,
Ontario, Canada. NY.
464 Host Plants
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CO; V. dahliae, RUST. Puccinia asparagi (0, I, II, III), general on
OR. susceptible varieties. Rust is the most impor-
Ash rust is epidemic in New England in many tant asparagus disease, and resistant varieties
seasons, causing defoliation and sometimes death are sometimes disappointing.
of trees. Anthracnose and leaf spots may be VIRUS. Asparagus I, DE, MI, NJ; Asparagus II,
important in a wet season. DE; Tobacco Streak.
Ash, Moraine (Fraxinus holotriocha) Asparagus Fern (Asparagus plumosus)
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, NY; Tobacco CANKER, Stem; Blight. Ascochyta asparagina,
Ringspot, NY. FL, TX; Phoma sp., FL.
LEAF MOLD. Cladosporium sp., FL, MS, TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL.
NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus.
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) NONPARASITIC “Rust”. Cause undetermined, FL.
ROT, Root; Wilt. Fusarium sp., FL, WA.
ANTHRACNOSE; Canker. Colletotrichum sp., AL,
CT, IL.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora,
general. Asparagus, Florists’ Smilax (Asparagus
BLIGHT, Ashy Stem. Macrophomina phaseoli, TX. asparagoides)
BLIGHT, Branchlet; DIEBACK. Alternaria sp., IL,
MA, NY, OK, SC; Stemphylium botryosum, BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
secondary; Ascochyta sp., DE, TX. LEAF SPOT. Stagonospora smilacis, WI.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold, Shoot. Botrytis cinerea, CA, ROT, Root; Wilt. Fusarium sp., NJ.
IL, MA, NY, WV.
CANKER; Stem Spot. Phoma asparagi.
DAMPING-OFF; Stem Canker. Rhizoctonia solani,
occasional. Asparagus, Sprenger (Asparagus
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora asparagi, general; sprengeri)
Pleospora herbarum; P. allii Anamorph,
Stemphylium vesicarium, MI, OK, WA. BACTERIAL Crown Gall; Fasciation.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., SC. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (possibly con-
Usually resistant. fused with Clavibacter fascians).
ROT, Crown. Penicillium martensii, WA; Peni- NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CA.
cillium sp., blue mold rot. ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, NY.
ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, OR.
ROT, Root; Stem Wilt; Decline. Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. asparagi, CA, SC, WA;
Fusarium proliferatum, CT; Fusarium sp.; Asparagus Tree Fern (Asparagus
Phytophthora sp., MI; P. megasperma, virgatus)
Montreal, Canada; P. asparagi, MI.
ROT, Stem. Diplodia asparagi; Phytophthora BACTERIAL, Water Soaked Lesions.
sp., CA. Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, MI.
ROT, Watery Soft. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, BACTERIAL Lesion. Xanthomonas campestris,
occasional in South. FL.
Aster, Perennial (Aster spp.) 465
or plant in a new location. Rogue plants with

Aspidistra yellows immediately; use systemic insecticides
to control insect vectors.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Labrella aspidistrae, IL, LA.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta aspidistrae, MN, NJ;
Colletotrichum omnivorum, CA, MO, NJ, Aster, Perennial (Aster spp.)
PA, WV.
tumefaciens, CT.
Aster, China (Callistephus) BLACK KNOT. Gibberidea heliopsidis, NE, NY,
ND, WI.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sp., FL. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, CT, NJ.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, general. DODDER. Cuscuta spp., eastern and central states.
BLIGHT, Bud, Stem; Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, DOWNY MILDEW. Basidiophora entospora, IL,
AK, CA, CT, IL, NJ, NY, PA, WI. IN, MD, MO, NE, WI.
BLIGHT, Petal. Itersonilia perplexans, FL. GALL, LEAF. Synchytrium nigrescens, WI.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, MS, NC. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., MI, TX, VT; Ascochyta
CANKER, Stem. Phomopsis callistephi, IL, WI. compositarum, WI; Cercospora asterata, AL,
DODDER, Cuscuta spp., widespread. TX; Cercosporella cana, OR, WI;
DOWNY MILDEW. Basidiophora entospora, FL, Leptothyrium doelligeriae, NY; Ovularia
TX. asteris, WY; O. virgaureae, CO, MS, WI;
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta asteris, CA, NY, ND, OH; Phyllachora sterigena, KS, NE; Ramularia
Septoria callistephi, AL, DE, MI, MO, NJ, asteris, IA, MI, NE, TX, WI, WY; Septoria
NY, OH, PA. angularis and other species; Phyllosticta
MOLD, Seed. Pleospora herbarum, cosmopoli- astericola, TX.
tan; Alternaria sp. LEAF SPOT, Black, Tar. Placosphaeria haydeni
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CT, FL, (Discosphaerina pseudi mantia), IA, NJ, NY,
TX, WA. ND.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi,
cichoracearum, DE, MN, NE, NC, TN, VT, CT.
WA; Erysiphe polygoni, NJ. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
ROT, Foot. Phytophthora cryptogea; Pythium PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans,
ultimum. S. complanata, LA, Southern U.S.
ROT, Root and Stem; Leaf Blight. Rhizoctonia POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
solani, widespread, chiefly in northeastern and cichoracearum, general.
central states; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
TX. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CT.
RUST. Coleosporium asterum (C. solidaginis) RUST. Coleosporium asterum (II, III); Puccinia
(II, III), general except far South; II, III on asteris (III), general; P. dioicae var. asteris
two- and three-needle pines. (0, I); II, III on sedge; P. grindeliae (III), CO,
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, OR; Tobacco Rattle KS, NV, WY; P. stipae (0, I), CO, IA, KS, NE,
(aster strain of); Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA; ND, SD; Uromyces compactus, AZ, NM,
Bidens Mottle, FL. TX; U. junci (0, I), NH.
WILT. Verticillium sp., CA, CT, IL, MA, NY. SMUT, White. Entyloma aster-seriaceanum,
WILT, Stem Rot. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. WI; E. compositarum, ME, MA, SD, WI.
callistephi, general. VIRUS. Aster Chlorotic Stunt; Mosaic.
Fusarium wilt and aster yellows are the two Unidentified, CA; Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA.
principal diseases. Choose wilt-resistant varieties WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CT.
466 Host Plants
BACTERIAL CANKER. Xanthomonas campestris,

Astilbe CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, MA. tumefaciens, CA.
ROT, Petiole. Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii, BACTERIAL Fruit Blast. Pseudomonas syringae,
IA. CA.
VIRUS. Tobacco Ringspot, MN. BLACK MILDEW. Irene perseae, FL.
WILT. Fusarium sp., WA. BLACK STREAK. No causal agent has been identi-
fied, FL.
BLIGHT, Seedling. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL;
Astragalus Phytophthora palmivora, FL.
BLOTCH, Fruit Spot. Cercospora perseae, FL; C.
RUST. Uromyces punctatus, ID, OR. purpurea.
CANKER, Branch; Dothiorella Fruit Rot.
Botryosphaeria ribis var. chromogena, CA;
Aubrietta Neofusicoccum austral, N. luteum, and
N. parvum, CA.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta micropuncta, AL, FL.
LEAF SPOT; Algal; Green Scurf. Cephaleuros
virescens, FL.
Aucuba (Gold-Dust Tree) LEAF SPOT; Fruit Spot; Seedling Blight.
Pestalotia spp., general.
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf Spot. Gloeosporium sp. LEAF SPOT; Smudgy Spot on Twigs.
(Glomerella cingulata), NJ, PA, SC, WA. Prob- Helminthosporium sp., CA.
ably includes reports of Colletotrichum pollaci, NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
MS, NJ. NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum.
LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia aucubae, secondary; NEMATODE, Meadow. Pratylenchus brachyurus;
Phyllosticta aucubae, CA, MS, SC. P. vulnus.
ROT, Root. Phytophthora cinnamomi, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., resis-
P. citricola, NC. tant to.
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, Aucuba strain. NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Trichodorus christiei.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NJ. NONPARASITIC. Carapace Spot. Abrasion of
young fruits.
Dieback. Copper deficiency.
Autumn Crocus (Colchicum) End Spot. Dessication of young fruits;
overmaturity.
BLIGHT; Leaf Spot. Botrytis elliptica, WA. Little Leaf; Rosette. Zinc deficiency.
SMUT, Leaf. Urocystis colchici, DE, NY, OH, Melanorhiza. Defective drainage and aeration.
PA, WA. Mottle Leaf. Nutritional deficiency.
VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot Virus, MD. Tipburn. Sometimes salt accumulation in poorly
drained soil.
ROT, Blue Mold. Penicillium expansum, CA.
Avocado (Persea americana) ROT, Collar; Trunk Canker. Phytophthora
cactorum CA; P. parasitica FL; Sclerotinia
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf and Fruit Spot; Black Rot. sclerotiorum, CA.
Glomerella cingulata, Mexico, general; ROT, Fruit. Diplodia theobromae, FL;
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Mexico. Phomopsis sp., FL, TX; Phytophthora
Azalea (Rhododendron) 467
citrophthora, CA; P. citricola, CA; Rhizo- BLIGHT, Shoot and Stem. Phytophthora
pus nigricans; Alternaria sp.; Fusarium sp. citrophthora, P. citricola, P. nicotianae var.
ROT, Postharvest Stem. Pestalotiopsis parasitica, FL, OH.
clavispora, Chile. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe CANKER, Stem. Gloeosporium sp., OR.
tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum Phomopsis sp., SC.
omnivorum, TX; Dematophora Rot, DAMPING-OFF, Leaf Blight. Rhizoctonia solani,
Rosellinia necatrix. cosmopolitan.
ROT, Root; Decline. Phytophthora cinnamomi, DODDER. Cuscuta sp., FL, SC.
CA; Pythium spp., CA. GALL, Leaf; Shoot Hypertrophy. Exobasidium
ROT, Seed and Root. Rhizoctonia solani, CA. vaccinii, general; E. burtii, Yellow Leaf
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Scab. Sphaceloma perseae, Spot, ID, NJ, OR, WA; Synchytrium
FL, TX. vaccinii, NJ.
VIROID. Avocado Sunblotch, Michoacan, LEAF SCORCH; Angular Leaf Spot. Septoria
Mexico. azaleae, widespread; severe in CA.
VIRUS. Avocado Sun Blotch, CA; Avocado 3 LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rhododendri, MD;
Alphacryptovirus., CA, black streak. Pestalotia spp., general but secondary;
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, FL; Phyllosticta sp.; Ramularia angustata, MS,
Raffaelea lauricola, FL. NY; Colletotrichum azaleae, FL; Septoria
WILT, Laurel. Raffaelea lauricola; solitaria, CA, OR, TX; Tar Spot, Melasmia
R. canadensis, CA, FL. menziesii, WA; Corynespora cassiicola,
WILT, Root. Neonectria radicicola, CA. GA, FL.
Avocado scab may cause heavy damage in NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae, FL.
susceptible varieties of West Indian stock. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita.
Cercospora blotch attacks both leaves and NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus;
fruit. Decline, root rot, is most serious in wet Rotylenchus robustus.
soils, killing trees if they are waterlogged 6 to NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Paratrichodorus
8 days. christiei; Trichodorus primitivus.
NEMATODE, Stunt. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Usually iron defi-
ciency, general in alkaline soils, sometimes
Azalea (Rhododendron) defective drainage.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe azaleae, LA;
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sp., LA. Erysiphe polygoni, CA, NJ; Microsphaera
BLIGHT, Bud and Twig. Briosia azaleae alni, GA, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VA.
(Pycnostysanus), MA, NH, NJ, NC. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, NJ, WA;
BLIGHT, Cutting. Cylindrocladium scoparium, Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum
AL, FL, NY, OH; C. floridanum. omnivorum, TX; Pythium spp.;
BLIGHT, Flower; Seedling. Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora lateralis, NC.
often after frost, cosmopolitan; Alternaria ROT, Root and Stem; Wilt. Phytophthora
tenuis; Cladosporium herbarum; cinnamomi, AL, MD, MO.
Epicoccum purpurascens. RUST. Pucciniastrum myrtilli (II, III), ME to FL,
BLIGHT, Foliar. Phytophthora foliarum, TN. TX; 0, I on hemlock.
BLIGHT, Petal; Flower Spot. Ovulinia azaleae, VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
AL, CA, FL, GA, LA, MD, MS, NC, PA, WILT. Cylindrocarpon radicicola, MA.
SC, TX, VA; also NY, NJ in greenhouses. Azalea flower spot or petal blight
BLIGHT, Shoot. Monilinia azaleae, GA, MA, NY. devastates azalea blooms in the South in rainy
468 Host Plants
or foggy weather starting when buds show

color. Bud and twig blight has killed some Balsam-Root (Balsamorhiza)
shrubs in Massachusetts. Leaf galls are
unsightly but not too serious. Leaf scorch LEAF SPOT. Septoria sp., WA.
may be prevalent in a rainy season. Powdery NEMATODE, Leaf Gall. Anguina balsamophila,
mildew is common on deciduous azaleas in late UT.
summer. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, WY.
RUST. Puccinia balsamorhizae (0, I, II, III),
Azara general.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA.

Bamboo (Bambusa, Phyllostachys)
Babiana BLACK MILDEW. Meliola tenuis.

BLIGHT, Tip. Diplodia bambusae, LA, TX.
VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, CA. LEAF MOLD. Cladosporium gramineum, OR,
SC.
LEAF SPOT. Helminthosporium sp., FL;
Bald Cypress (Taxodium) Mycosphaerella sp., CA; Culm Spot,
Selenophoma donacis, CA.
BLIGHT, Twig. Pestalotia funerea, TX. NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., LA. RUST. Kweilingia divina, CA, HI, Brazil, Colom-
ROT, Brown Pocket Heart. Fomes geotropus, bia; Puccinia melanocephala (II, III), FL,
cause of “pecky cypress,” FL to LA; GA, MS, TX; Uredo ignava (II), FL, GA;
F. extensus; Ganoderma applanatum. Uromyces costaricensis, FL on Wild Bam-
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. boo (Lasiacis divaricata).
ROT, Wood. Lenzites spp., Polyporus spp., SMUT. Ustilago shiraiana, CA, FL, LA, TX.
Poria spp. VIRUS. Bamboo Mosaic, CA; Sugarcane Mosaic
Virus, LA, on Arundinaria gigantea.
Balm (Melissa)
Banana (Musa)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta decidua, NY. ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit Rot. Gloeosporium
musarum, FL, TX.
BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Pseudomonas
Balsam-Apple, Balsam-Pear solanacearum, FL.
(Momordica) BLACK SIGATOKA. Mycosphaerella fijiensis, FL;
Grand Bahama Island, Puerto Rico.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, IN. FUZZY PEDICEL. Sporothrix spp., Fusarium
DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis, pseudocircinatum, FL.
IA. LEAF SPot, Black. Deightoniella, GA.
LEAF SPOT; Blight. Ramularia momordicae, TX. NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL,
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL. LA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus musicola, FL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.,
cichoracearum, WI. FL, TX.
Basil (Ocimum) 469
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; ROT, Heart. Poria punctata, MD.
Ceratobasidium, GA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, FL. RUST. Cumminsiella sanguinea (0, I, II, III), OR;
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, FL. Puccinia koeleriae (0, I); II, III on Koehleria;
P. montanensis (0, I); II, III on grasses.
RUST, Stripe. Puccinia striiformis, MN.
Banana Shrub (Michelia figo) RUST, Wheat, Puccinia graminis (0, I), general;
II, III on cereals and grasses.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., LA. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CT to VA, IL,
MI.
Baneberry, Cohosh (Actaea) All interstate movement of barberry is under
quarantine because of the wheat rust, but resistant
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta actaeae, WI; Ramularia cultivars may be shipped under permit. Common
actaeae, CO, IA, NM, VT, WI. barberry is eradicated near wheat fields; Japanese
RUST. Puccinia recondita (0, I), NY to VA, IL, barberry is resistant to rust.
WA; II, III on grasses.
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis carcinodes, ID,
PA, UT, WV. Barley
BLOTCH, Net. Pyrenophora teres, ND.

Baptisia (False Indigo) ERGOT. Claviceps purpurea, ND.
NEMATODE, Cereal Cyst. Heterodera filipjevi,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora velutina, IL, KS, WI; OR, Pacific Northwest.
Marssonina baptisiae, IA; Septoria baptisiae, VIRUS. Oat Blue Dwarf, upper Midwest, United
SC, TX; Stagonospora baptisiae, SC. States.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, prevalent;
Microsphaera alni, WI.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Barren-Strawberry (Waldsteinia)
RUST. Puccinia andropogonis, KS, NE, NC, OK. LEAF SPOT. Ramularia waldsteiniae, WI;
RUST, Soybean. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, south- Septoria waldsteiniae, MI, NY, VT.
ern U.S. RUST. Puccinia waldsteiniae, ID, MI, NY, VT,
WI.
SMUT. Urocystis (Whetzella) waldsteiniae, NY,
Barberry (Berberis) WI.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas berberidis,

general. Barrenwort (Epimedium)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, CA, MO.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, FL. VIRUS. Tobacco Rattle, MA, MI, MN.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium berberidis, CT, MA,
MN, OH, WI; Phyllosticta berberidis, KY. Basil (Ocimum)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla.
NEMATODE, Spiral. Rotylenchus buxophilus. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas cichorii,
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni; LA; P. viridiflava, CA.
Phyllactinia corylea, MA, VT. BLACK Leg. Pleotosporium tabacinum, IN.
470 Host Plants
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora sp., CA, FL, MA. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL; M. VIRUS. Potato Virus X, work at the University of
incognita acrita, CA. Wisconsin on V. unguiculata spp. cylindrica
NONPATHOGENIC. Hydroponically grown chlorosis “Catjang,” V. unguiculata spp. sesquipedalis,
(interveinal), CO2 enrichment, IL. V. unguiculata spp. unguiculata.
ROT, Basal. Rhizoctonia solani, HI.
ROT, Root. Phytophthora dreschleri, NC;
Pythium irregulare, FL. Bean, Faba (Vicia)
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, LA, also
dieback, CA; S. minor, CA, also crown. VIRUS. Bidens Mottle, FL.
SPOT, Black. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,
FL.
VIRUS. Bromegrass Mosaic Virus, general, IA, Bean, Kidney, Lima (Phaseolus
SD; Tomato Spotted Wilt, LA, PA. vulgaris, P. limensis)
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilicum,
CA, FL, HI, LA, MD, MA, SC; Sclerotinia ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum
sclerotiorum. lindemuthianum, general in East, race 73,
race 1153, ND; C. truncatum, PA to AL,
IA, TX.
Bauhinia (Orchid-Tree, Mountain BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas phaseoli, gen-
Ebony) eral in East, rare Pacific Coast.
BACTERIAL Halo Blight; Grease Spot. Pseudomo-
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum sp., TX; Phyllosticta nas syringae pv. phaseolicola, general in
sp., FL. East, rare on Pacific Coast.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera diffusa, MD. BACTERIAL Northern Wilt. Clavibacter
flaccumfaciens, Northeast.
BACTERIAL Pink Seed. Erwinia rhapontici,
Bayberry (Myrica carolinensis) Alberta, Canada.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, cos-
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella myricae, GA, MS; mopolitan in market.
Phyllosticta myricae, NY. BACTERIAL Southern Wilt; Brown Rot.
RUST. Gymnosporangium ellisii (0, I), MA to Peudomonas solanacearum, AL, FL, GA, OK.
NY, VA; III on Chamaecyparis. BACTERIAL Spot, Leaf and Pod. Pseudomonas
VIRUS. Bayberry Yellows, NJ. syringae, widespread.
BACTERIAL Stem Rot. Pseudomonas adzukicola,
MN.
Bean, Adzuki (Phaseolus angularis) BACTERIAL “Stickiness”. Pseudomonas
coadunata, CA; P. ovata, VA.
BACTERIAL Stem Rot. Pseudomonas adzukicola, BACTERIAL “Wildfire”. Pseudomonas syringae
MN. pv. tabaci, MA, NC.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Curtobacterium
flaccumfaciens subsp. flaccumfaciens, ND;
Bean, Asparagus, Yardlong (Vigna Alberta, Canada, NE.
sesquipedalis) BLIGHT, Ashy Stem; Charcoal Rot.
Macrophomina phaseoli, MD to GA, CA,
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas syringae, IN, NY. CO.
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella cruenta, VA. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea,
LEAF SPOT; Pod Spot. Cladosporium vignae, IN. occasional.
Bean, Kidney, Lima (Phaseolus vulgaris, P. limensis) 471
BLIGHT, Phytophthora. Phytophthora capsici. CT, Variegation. Genetic leaf abnormality.

IL, NY; Choanephora cucurbitarum, FL. Wind Whip.
BLIGHT, Pod. Diaporthe phaseolorum, CT to FL, POD SPOT, Seed Mold. Cladosporium
LA, OH, OK, on limabean. herbarum, on lima bean, CA, FL.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, VA to FL, POD SPOT, Yeast Spot. Nematospora phaseoli, on
AR, CA, TX. lima bean; Pullularia pullulans, NY.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium ultimum; POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, East,
P. debaryanum; Rhizoctonia solani. South, CA: Microsphaera diffusa, GA, IL,
DOWNY MILDEW. Phytophthora phaseoli, on MD; M. euphorbiae, IL.
lima bean, East, central states; P. capsici, ROT, Black Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, AL,
DE, MD, NJ, VA. CA, NH, NJ, NY.
LEAF AND POD SPOT. Ascochyta boltshauseri, ROT, Brown Stem. Cephalosporium gregatum,
NC, OR, PA; A. phaseolorum, WA; IL.
Bipolaris sorokinearia, WI. ROT, Root. Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, gen-
LEAF AND STEM DISEASE. Cercospora zebrina eral; F. acuminatum, F. reddens, MN, ND;
(clover isolate), NC. Phoma terrestris, secondary, CA;
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria spp.; Aristastoma Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, OK;
oeconomicum, GA, VA; Cercospora Pythium aristorum, WI; P. catenulatum,
canescens, southeastern states to NY; WI; P. dissotocum, WI; Pythium spp., wide-
Epicoccum sp., secondary on lima bean; spread; Aphanomyces eutiches, NY.
Isariopsis griseola, Angular Leaf Spot, ME ROT, Root and Stem; Web Blight. Pellicularia
to FL, OK, TX; I. laxa, IN, NJ; filamentosa, general.
Mycosphaerella cruenta, NJ to FL, AR, ROT, Soft. Rhizopus stolonifer and Pythium
TX, WI; Phyllosticta phaseolina, NY to FL, aphanidermatum, leak, of market beans.
IN, TX; Stemphylium botryosum; ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, gen-
Stagonospora phaseoli, TN. eral, especially in South and West; S. minor;
LEAF SPOT, White. Pseudocercosporella albida, S. ricini; S. intermedia, in market beans.
MN. Pythium myriotylum, FL, GA, SC;
LEAF SPOT, Zonate. Cristulariella pyramidalis, Marasmius spp., NE.
WV. RUSSET. Plectosporium tabacinum, MD, NY.
NEMATODE, Awl. Dolichodorus heterocephalus. RUST. Uromyces phaseoli var. typica, II, III,
NEMATODE, Hop Cyst. Heterodera humuli, OR; general; 0, I, rare; U. appendiculatus var.
H. glycines, soybean cyst, IL. appendiculatus (¼ U. phaseoli), CO, NE;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria; Phakopsora pachyrhizi, FL.
M. hapla; M. incognita; M. javanica; Root STEM NECROSIS, Decline. Phytophthora capsici,
Lesion, Pratylenchus pratensis. MI.
NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Trichodorus christiei. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Lima Bean Scab.
NEMATODE, Stunt. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni. Sphaceloma phaseoli, NC.
NONPARASITIC. Baldhead. Mechanical injury to VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, WA; Bean Common
seed growing point. Mosaic, ID, NY, WA; Bean Common
Blossom Drop. High temperature, low humidity. Mosaic Necrosis, CA; Bean Mosaic, general;
Bronze Leaf. Excessive salt concentration, CO, Southern Bean Mosaic, CA, CO, LA, MD,
MT, WY. MI; Bean Pod Mottle; Bean Phyllody; Bean
Chlorosis. Deficiency of: Copper, FL; Magne- Red Node; CO, ID, MS, WY; Bean Yellow
sium, FL, MA, SC, VA; Manganese, FL; Mosaic, ND; Bean Yellow Stipple, IL; Bean
Zinc, CA, FL. Soil alkalinity, West. Yellow Dot ¼ Alfalfa Mosaic, WA; Beet
Ozone Injury. Air pollution. Curly Top, West; Cucumber Mosaic;
Seed Pitting. Plant bug injury. Tobacco Necrosis; Tobacco Ring Spot;
472 Host Plants
Bean Golden Mosaic, FL; Cowpea Chlo- BACTERIAL Halo Spot. Pseudomonas
rotic Mottle, IL; Clover Proliferation Sub- phaseolicola, NY.
group A Phytoplasma, WA; Bromegrass LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta boltshauseri, OR;
Mosaic, general, IA, SD, on Broad Bean Cercospora cruenta, AL.
(Vicia fava var. minor); Clover Yellow Vein, POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA.
CA; Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder, ROT, Root. Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, NY.
CA; Lettuce Mosaic, NY; Lima Bean Mild RUST. Uromyces phaseoli (II, III), AL, MA, NH;
Mottle, GA; Potato Virus X, work at the Phakopsora pachyrhizi, FL.
University of Wisconsin on P. lathyroides,
P. lunatus, P. aboriginens, P. vulgaris
“Pinto”; Peanut Stunt, AR; Peanut Mottle, Bean, Tepary (Phaseolas acutifolius)
WA; Cucurbit Leaf Crumple, FL; Sida
Golden Mosaic, FL; Sida Micrantha BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, AL.
Mosaic, Brazil. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA.
WILT; Yellows. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ROT, Root. Fusarium solani, CA;
phaseoli, CA, CO, ID, MT; F. oxysporum f. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
sp. vasinfectum, AL, FL. RUST. Uromyces phaseoli (II, III), CA, TX.
Anthracnose and bacterial blight, often VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA.
erroneously called “rust,” are common and
destructive bean diseases best avoided by pur-
chasing healthy seed grown in disease-free arid Bean, Urd (Vigna)
sections of California and the Northwest. True
rust is prevalent in the Southwest BACTERIAL Leaf Spot; Stem Collapse. Pseudomo-
and sometimes in the East on susceptible nas syringae pv. syringae, ID.
Kentucky Wonder pole beans. Use resistant VIRUS. Cowpea Mosaic, NY.
varieties; clean and disinfest poles each
season.
Downy mildew is common on lima beans in Bean, Winged (Psophocarpus
moist summers. Resistant varieties are the best tetragonolobus)
solution to virus problems. Avoid picking or cul-
tivating beans when foliage is wet. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, FL; Clover Yellow
Vein, MD.
Bean, Mung (Vigna radiata) Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, CA. BLACK MILDEW. Asterina gaultheriae, WI;

ROT, Sprout. Cylindrocephalum sp., WA. A. conglobata, ME.
GALL, Leaf; Red Leaf Spot. Exobasidium
vaccinii, CO, ID, MA, MT, NJ, NY, VT, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gaultheriae, WI.
Bean, Scarlet Runner (Phaseolus RUST. Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli (III), AK, CO,
coccineus) MT, UT, WI; Puccinia sparsum (II, III), WI.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum, NY. Beauty-Bush (Kolkwitzia)
BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas phaseoli, IN,
NJ, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora kolkwitziae, AL, OK.
Beet (Beta vulgaris) 473
BACTERIAL Black Streak. Pseudomonas syringae

Beech (Fagus) pv. aptata, CA, OR, UT, WA.
BROOMRAPE. Conophilis americana; Epifagus tumefaciens, occasional.
virginiana, beechdrops. BLIGHT, Foliage. Thanatephorus cucumeris,
CANKER, Beech Bark Disease. Nectria coccinea var. MN.
faginata, associated with woolly beech scale, BLIGHT, Phytophthora. Phytophthora, IL.
destructive northern New England and NY, BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, NC to FL,
OH; N. galligena, New England, MI, NY, NC, AZ, CA, TX.
PA, WV; Cryptococcus fagesuiga, OH, VA. DAMPING-OFF. Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia
CANKER, Bleeding. Phytophthora cactorum. solani, general.
MA, NY, RI. DODDER. Cuscuta spp., occasional when beets
CANKER; DIEBACK. Cytospora spp.; Strumella follow legumes.
coryneoides, New England; Phomopsis sp., DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora schachtii, CA,
MI, NY, PA. MN, NJ, NY, OR, WA.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp.; LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., general, secondary;
S. cokeri, S. curtisii, FL, NC. Gloeosporium betae, MS, MT; Ramularia
CANKER, Perennial. Endothia gyrosa, NY. beticola, CA, OR, WA; Septoria betae, DE,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., NY; Gloeosporium IN, MA, OH.
fagi, CT to WI; Microstroma sp., IL, NJ; LEAF SPOT; Blight. Cercospora beticola, general.
Phyllosticta faginea, MA to WV. NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum KS.
(flavescens), occasional VT to IN and NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria;
southward. M. javanica; M. chitwoodi, Pacific NW; M.
NONPARASITIC. Leaf Scorch, common in North- hapla, Pacific NW; Sugar-beet, Heterodera
east but cause unknown, associated with high schachtii; Clover Cyst, H. trifolii; Gall,
temperature and water deficiency. Nacobbis Batatiformis.
Leaf Mottle, cause unknown, virus suspected, NEMATODE, Sheath. Hemicycliophora obtusa.
CT, NJ, NY, PA. Sting, Belonolaimus gracilis; Stubby Root,
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MA to Trichodorus christiei; Lesion, Pratylenchus
AL, WI; Phyllactinia corylea, New England penetrans.
to AL, IL, WI. NONPARASITIC. Black Heart. Boron deficiency,
ROT, Heart, Butt, Wound. Fomes spp.; general; phosphorus deficiency, occasional.
Ganoderma applanatum; Poly-porus spp.; Bronzing. Potassium deficiency occasional.
Schizophyllum commune; Stereum spp. Chlorosis. Alkalinity, iron, manganese
ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, CT, deficiency.
NJ, NY, OH. Girdle. Strangling constriction of tap root.
ROT, Sapwood. Hericium spp.; Ustulina deusta. Tipburn. Black tips, from high nitrogen with low
ROT, Wood. Daedalea spp.; Daldinia spp.; light intensity.
Lenzites betulina, widespread. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA, MI.
SOOTY MOLD. Scorias spongospora, MA to AL, ROT, Black Heart. Phoma betae, general, occa-
MO. sional as leaf spot.
ROT, Black Root. Aphanomyces cochlioides,
general.
Beet (Beta vulgaris) ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA.
ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CT, IL.
BACTERIAL, symtomless. Clavibacter ROT, Root. Phytophthora drechsleri, CA, CO,
sepedonicum, ND. ID; P. cryptogea, WY; Physalospora
474 Host Plants
rhodina, AL; Phymatotrichum omnivorum,

TX; Pythium deliense, AZ, TX; Rhizopus Begonia
arrhizus, WY; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
betae, CO, MT. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
ROT, Violet Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, tumefaciens, CT, MS, TX.
occasional. BACTERIAL Spot. Xanthomonas begoniae,
ROT, Wound, Storage. Aspergillus fumigatus, general.
MI; Rhizopus spp., cosmopolitan; BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea,
Cylindrocarpon radicicola, NY; Penicil- cosmopolitan.
lium spp.; Fusarium spp. LEAF SPOT, Anthracnose. Gloeosporium sp., FL,
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), CO, KS, NM, LA, MA, MS, NJ, TX; Cercospora sp., FL,
UT; II, III on grasses; P. subnitens, NE; GA, MS, NJ, TX; Penicillium bacillosporium,
Uromyces betae (II, III), AZ, CA, NM, OR. secondary; Phyllosticta sp., NJ, PA.
SCAB. Streptomyces scabies, widespread. NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
SCAB, Acid. Streptomyces acidiscabies, ME. cosmopolitan in greenhouses; Lesion,
VIRUS. Beet Black Scorch, CO; Beet Curly Top; Pratylenchus sp.
Beet Latent; Beet Mosaic; Beet Pseudo-Yel- NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., cos-
lows; Beet Ring Mottle; Beet Savoy; Beet mopolitan in gardens in the South, green-
Yellow Net; Beet Yellows; Beet Yellow houses in the North.
Vein; Cucumber Mosaic; Beet Necrotic Yel- NONPARASITIC. Oedema. A water-soaked spot-
low Vein, CA, NE, TX, WA; Beet Necrotic ting, frequent in house plants.
Yellow Vein (Vector, Polymyxa beta, POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Rhizomania disease), CA, MN, TX, WA; cichoracearum, CA; Oidium sp., CA, FL,
Beet Western Yellows, CA; Lettuce chloro- NC; Oidium begoniae, OH.
sis, CA; Lettuce Infectious Yellows, AZ, CA; ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA;
Beet Distortion Mosaic, CA; Beet 2 Thielaviopsis basicola, MA, OH.
Alphacryptovirus; Lettuce Speckles Mottle, ROT, Root and Stem. Pythium spp., CA, MO;
CA; Beet Soilborne; Beet Soilborne Mosaic, Rhizoctonia solani, cosmopolitan;
MN; Curtoviruses, AZ. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA: Sclerotium
WHITE RUST. Albugo bliti, IA, OH. rolfsii, IL.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CO. VIRUS. Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NC; Tomato
WILT; Yellows. Fusarium sp., MN; Fusarium Spotted Wilt, CA, MO, OK, TX; Broad Bean
conglutinans (F. orthoceras) var. betae; F. Wilt, MN.
graminearum (sugar beets) MN, WY. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CT, NY; Fusar-
Most of the troubles are more important for ium foetens, CT, Ontario Canada.
commercially grown sugar beets. Cercospora leaf The dry air of the average living room keeps leaf
spot or blight is common on garden beets diseases at a minimum. Overwatering may foster
although spraying is not often practical. Boron root rots and physiological oedema. In greenhouses
deficiency can be prevented by treating soil with Botrytis blight, bacterial spot, leaf nematode,
borax. and Pythium rots may become problems. Powdery
mildew is serious on tuberous begonias.
Beggarweed, Florida (Desmodium Bells-of-Ireland (Molucella)

tortuosum)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora apii, CA, Texcoco,
RUST. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, GA. Mexico.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA. ROT, Crown. Myrothecium sp., TX.
Bishops-Cap (Mitella) 475
betulae DE, NY, WI; Phyllosticta

Bidens (Bur-Marigold) betulinum; Septoria betulicola; S. betulae.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, CA. (flavescens), FL, IN, TX; Viscum album,
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, CA, on Betula verrucosa (Weeping White
general. Birch).
RUST. Uromyces bidenticola (0, I, II, III), CA, POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MA, NH,
FL, NM. PA; Phyllactinia corylea, widespread.
VIRUS. Bidens Mottle, FL. ROT, Heart. Fomes spp.; Stereum purpureum;
Polyporus hispidus.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea; Phytophthora
Bignonia (Crossvine) cinnamomi, of seedlings; Phymatotrichum
omnivorum, TX.
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina bignoniae, LA; Meliola ROT, Sapwood. Polyporus betulinus, general on
bidentata, Gulf states; M. furcata, FL. gray and paper birches; P. gilvus;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora capreolata, AL, MS; Steccherinum spp.
Leptostromella bignoniae, TN. ROT, Wood. Polyporus spp., Stereum spp.;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. Daedalea unicolor and other spp.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium elongatum, ROT, Wound. Schizophyllum commune;
AL, MS. Pleurotus serotinus.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma sp., LA. RUST. Melampsoridium betulinum (II, III); 0,
I on larch.
VIRUS. Dieback, vein clearing, New England.
Bindweed, Field (Convolvulus)
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe convolvuli var. con- Bird-of-Paradise (Strelitzia)

volvuli, General, N. America.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot; Blight. Xanthomonas
campestris, FL.
BACTERIAL Leaf Stripe. Acidovorax avenae
Birch (Betula) subsp. avenae, FL.
BLIGHT. Cylindrocladium clavatum, FL.
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp.; Glomerella
cingulata, VA, on Eur. White Birch.
CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus oakesii, VT; Bischofia
Solenia ochracea, cosmopolitan.
CANKER, Bleeding, Phytophthora cactorum, NJ. LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL.
CANKER, Trunk. Hymenochaete agglutinans,
MI, PA; Nectria coccinea; N. galligena;
Twig Canker, N. cinnabarina. Bishops-Cap (Mitella)
DIEBACK. Melanconis stilbostoma, MA to IN on
white birch; other species; Cylindrosporium LEAF SPOT. Cercospora mitellae, MI;
orthosporum. Phyllosticta mitellae, NY, WI; Ramularia
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina americana, Witches’ mitellae, IL, IN, MI, NY: Septoria mitellae,
Broom, NH, VT, WI; T. carnea, ME, NH; MI, WI.
T. flava, ME, MA, NH, WI. POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Gloesporium betularum; ROT, Leaf. Sclerotium deciduum, WI.
G. betulaeluteae, NY, PA; Cylindrosporium RUST. Puccinia heucherae (III), widespread.
476 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA.

Bittercress (Cardamine) BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena, MD to NC,
IN, TX; Geastrumia polystigmatis, NC.
ROT. Sclerotinia minor, NC. CANKER. Glomerella cingulata, MD, VA;
Phomopsis sp., WA; Botryosphaeria obtusa,
OH; B. dothidea, MD; Leptosphaeria
Bittersweet (Celastrus) coniothyrium, OH; Gnomonia rubi, OH.
CANKER, Cane Spot. Ascospora ruborum, WA.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora rubi, MD, WI; P.
tumefaciens, CT. sparsa, Mexico.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Glomerella cingulata, FRUIT SPOT; Flyspeck. Leptothyrium pomi, PA
NH, NC. to NC, IL.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta sp., CT; Asteria celastri, LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella confusa, VA to FL,
KS, ME, MI; Cercospora melanochaeta, IL, IN, TX; M. rubi, NC, WI; Pezizella
IA, KS, NE, ND; Marssonina sp., NY; oenotherae, also fruit rot, MD, OH, VA;
Phyllosticta celastri, IL, KS, MA, NY, WV; Cylindrosporium rubi, NC, TX;
Ramularia celastri, VT to MS, ND, TX. Phyllosticta spp., FL, IL, NH; Septoria
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, WI; darrowi; S. rubi, general.
Phyllactinia corylea, ME to VA, SD, TX. LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, AR,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. FL, LA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, CT
to MD, IL, MN, Pacific Northwest;
Bixa (Annato-Tree) Phyllactinia corylea, MI.
ROSETTE, Double Blossom. Cercosporella rubi,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora bixae; Phyllosticta NY to FL, CA, TX.
bixae. ROT. Botrytis spp., SC.
LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL. ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, general on
fruit, bud, shoot.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, TX, WA;
Black Bearberry (Arctous) Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Phytophthora dreschleri, NC; Rhizoctonia
RUST. Pucciniastrum sparsum (II, III), AK. solani.
ROT, White Root. Corticium galactinum, near
apple trees, AR, MD, VA.
Blackberry (Rubus) RUST. Phragmidium violaceum, CA.
RUST, Orange. Gymnoconia peckiana (0, I, III),
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, Mexico. ME to GA and west to Pacific; Kunkelia
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium nitens (I), general, more common in South;
tumefaciens, general; Cane Gall, A. rubi, Phragmidium violaceum.
NY, OR, PA, WA, WI; Hairy Root, A. RUST, Yellow Cane. Kuehneola uredinis (0, I, II,
rhizogenes, OR. III), ME to FL, LA, WI.
BLIGHT, Cane. Gnomonia rubi, ME, MD, NY, SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë veneta, general.
PA, VT; Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, NY VIRUS. Blackberry Dwarfing; Blackberry
to NC, TX, WI, Pacific Northwest. Mosaic; Blackberry Variegation; Logan-
BLIGHT, Leaf. Colletotrichum acutatum, Brazil. berry Dwarf, OR; Raspberry Beta-Leaf
BLIGHT, Spur. Didymella applanata, VA, WI. Curl; Red Raspberry Mosaic, MA to VA,
BLIGHT, Stamen; Dry Berry. Hapalosphaeria IA, WI, Pacific Northwest; Raspberry
deformans, OR, WA. Ringspot; Raspberry Streak, OH, PA, WA;
Blueberry (Vaccinium) 477
Tobacco Streak, OR, WA; Wineberry

Latent; Beet Pseudo-Yellows, AR, NC, SC; Blephilia (Wood Mint, Downy Pagoda
Marafivirus, MS; Impatiens Necrotic Spot, Plant)
Southern U.S, AL; Tobacco Ringspot,
Tomato Ringspot, Raspberry Bushy LEAF SPOT. Cercoseptoria blephiliae, WI;
Dwarf, AL; Black Raspberry Necrosis, TN; Septoria menthicola, WI.
Blackberry Chlorotic Ringspot, OR, WA. RUST. Puccinia menthae (0, I, II, III), IL, IN, IA,
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, MN, NY, MD, MI, MO, TN, WI.
WA. VIRUS, Mottling. Cucumber Mosaic, AR.
Sanitation is the best approach to home garden
blackberry diseases. Plants with crown gall, orange
rust, or virus diseases should be removed and Bloodroot (Sanguinaria)
burned, replanting with clean stock.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, NY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sanguinariae, MD, MO,
Blackberry-Lily (Belamcanda) NY, PA, TX, WI; Cylindrosporium
circinans, MD, MO, WI; Gloeosporium
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., KS, VA; Didymellina sanguinariae, OH, TX; Phyllosticta
macrospora, CA, IA, KS, NY OK, VT, VA. sanguinariae, MO, TX, WV.
RUST. Puccinia iridis, FL.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, FL.
Blueberry (Vaccinium)
Bladder-Senna (Colutea) ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., FL, NJ.

BACTERIAL Canker. Pseudomonas sp., OR;
BLIGHT, Twig. Diplodia coluteae, PA. Xanthomonas campestris pv. maniotis
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni. (also leaf spot), FL; X. campestris pv. fici
ROT, Root. Ganoderma sp., OK; Phytophthora (also leaf spot), FL.
cactorum, MO. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
RUST. Uromyces colutea (II, III), KS. tumefaciens, MA, MI, WA.
BACTERIAL Leaf Scorch, Xylella fastidiosa, FL.
BLACK MILDEW, Meliola nidulans, AL, GA.
Blanket Flower (Gaillardia grandiflora) BLIGHT, Blossom, Fruit, Twig. Botrytis cinerea,
CA, ME, MA, NJ, OR, WA; Diaporthe
POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica, WA. vaccinii, ME, MA, NJ.
BLIGHT, Stem. Botryosphaeria dothidea
(B. ribis), NC; Phomopsis vaccinii, NC;
Bleeding-Heart (Dicentra spectabilis) Lasiodiplodia theobromae, FL; Fusarium
sp., Argentina; Calonectria colhounii, MI.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, NY; Sclerotinia BLIGHT, Twig. Nigrospora sphaerica, Argentina.
sclerotiorum, MN. CANKER, Blight of Stem, MI. Glomerella cingulata,
VIRUS. Tobacco Rattle, MA, MI, MN. Alternaria sp., Sordaria sp., Epicoccum sp.,
WILT. Fusarium sp., NJ. Tympanis sp., Papulospora sp., Nectria
cinnabarina, Coniothyrium sp., Pestalotia sp.,
Verticillium sp., Godronia cassandrae f. sp.
Bleeding-Heart Vine (Clerodendrin) vaccinii, Phoma sp., Dendrophoma sp.,
Diaporthe (Phomopsis) vaccinii,
VIRUS. Zonate Ring Spot, FL. Melanospora sp., Pullularia spp., Coryneum
478 Host Plants
microstictum, Sphaeronema sp., Fusarium RUST, Witches’ Broom. Pucciniastrum

spp., Bispora sp., Botrytis cinerea, goeppertianum (III) ME to MN; 0, I on fir;
Cephalosporium sp., Cylindrocarpon sp., Leaf, P. myrtilli (II, III) ME to PA, WI; 0, I,
Pyrenochaeta sp. spruce.
CANKER, Cane. Physalospora corticis, AL, VIRUS. Blueberry Necrotic Ring Spot; Blue-
FL, MS, NC; Godronia cassandrae, ME, berry Red Ring Spot; Blueberry Stunt, MA,
MI; Botryosphaeria corticis, AL, FL, MI, NJ, NY, NC; Blueberry Shoestring, MI,
GA, MS, NC; Coryneum microstictum, NJ, WA; Blueberry Leaf Mottle, MI; Blue-
MA, MI. berry Necrotic Shock, OR, WA; Blueberry
CANKER, Twig. Dothidella vacciniicola, NC; Scorch, CT, MA, OR, WA, British Columbia,
Fusicoccum putrefaciens, ME, MA, MI, Canada; Tobacco Ring Spot, IL; Peach
Phomopsis vaccinii, MI; Sporocadus Rosette Mosaic, MI.
lichenicola, OR.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., FL.
GALL, Crown and Root. Agrobacterium rubi
and A. rhizogenes, Argentina. Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum)
GALL, Red Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, also
fruit green spot, general; Synchytrium BLIGHT, Leaf. Botrytis streptothrix, NJ, NY.
vaccinii, ME, MS. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora caulophylli, VT to VA,
LEAF RUST. Thekopsora minima, MI, Mexico; MO, WI.
Pucciniastrum corymbosum, HI.
LEAF SPOT. Gloeocereocospora inconspicua,
GA, MD, NC; Phyllosticta sp., AL, GA;
Phyllostictina vaccinii, GA, MD, MI, NC; Blue Curls (Trichostema)
Piggotia vaccinii, WI; Discohainesia
oenotherae, NJ, NC; Ramularia vaccinii, LEAF SPOT. Septoria trichostematis, NY.
FL, MD, MI, NJ, NY; Septoria albopunctata;
Alternaria tenuissima, NC; Cristulariella
pyramudates, MD; Nigrospora sphaerica,
Argentina. Blue-Eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium)
LEAF SPOT, Double Spot. Dothichiza
caroliniana, GA, NC. BLIGHT, Leaf. Kellermania sisyrinchii, CA,
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Thytisma vaccinii, widespread. NM, ND.
NEMATODE. Helicotylenchus sp.; NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis.
Hemicycliophora similis; Merlinius joctus; RUST. Uromyces houstoniatus (II, III), ME, WV;
Xiphinema Americanum; Paratrichodorus 0, I on Houstonia spp.; U. Probus (I, II, III),
renifer, WA, British Columbia, Canada. ID, OR, TX, UT, WA; Aecidium residuum
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var. (0, I), OK, TX.
vaccinii, widespread.
ROT, Berry; Dieback. Alternaria sp., MA, NJ,
NC; Glomerella cingulata, NJ, NY;
Phomopsis vaccinii, NC. Blue Lace-Flower (Trachymene)
ROT, Brown; Mummy Berry. Monilinia vaccinii-
corymbosi, IN, ME, MA, MI, NJ, NY, NC, BACTERIAL, MLO. Western Aster Yellows, CA.
PA; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Argentina. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
ROT, Root. Phytophthora cinnamomi, AR, NJ, ROT, Root and Stem. Fusarium sp., CT, NJ;
VA; P. nicotainae, VA; P. palmivora, VA; Rhizoctonia solani, NJ.
Fusarium proliferatum, Argentinia. WILT. Phytophthora cactorum, MA.
Boxelder (Acer negundo) 479
Bluestem, Big (Andropogon) Bottle-Brush (Callistemon)
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta brachypodii, NY, PA; LEAF SPOT. Cylindrocladium colhounii, FL, HI,
Phyllosticta andropogonivora, MN, ND, SD. LA, NC, OR, SC; C. clavatum, FL.
VIRUS. Barley Yellow Dwarf. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA.
Bluestem, Little (Schizachyrium) Bougainvillea (Buginvillaea)
VIRUS. Barley Yellow Dwarf. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas

andropogonis, FL; Burkholderia
andropogonis, Canada.
BLIGHT, Foliage. Phytophthora parasitica, FL.
Boehmeria LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium arthrinioides, TX;
Cercospora bougainvilleae, FL; Passalora
NEMATODE. Paratylenchus elachistus, FL. bougainvilleae, Mexico.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Undetermined, FL.
Boisduvalia
Bouvardia
RUST. Puccinia glabella (II, III), NV, OR, UT;
0, I unknown; P. oenotherae (0, I, II, III), CA, NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae.
ID, NV, OR, WA; P. vagansvar. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NY.
epilobi-tetragoni (0, I, II, III), CA, ID, NV, RUST. Puccinia bouvardiae (0, I, III), AZ.
OR, UT.
Boysenberry
Boltonia
Subject to most blackberry diseases: anthrac-
LEAF SPOT. Septoria erigerontis var. boltoniae, nose, crown gall, cane gall, cane canker, dieback,
IA, WI. leaf spots, mosaic.
cichoracearum, SD.
RUST. Puccinia dioicae var. asteris (II, III), IA,
NE, ND, SD; 0, I on sedge; Uromyces Boxelder (Acer negundo)
compactus (0, I, II, III), TX.
SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, WI. ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium apocryptum,
widespread.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas aceris, CA.
BLIGHT Leaf. Coryneum negundinis, MO; on
Borage (Borago) twigs, ME.
BLIGHT, Twig. Coniothyrium negundinis, IL,
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia sp., CA; Stemphylium sp. OK; Coryneum negundinis, ME. Nectria
ROT, SOFT. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ND. cinnabarina.
480 Host Plants
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., NC. NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Trichodorus sp.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp.; Ascochyta NONPARASITIC. Freezing. Ice standing on stems
negundinis, IL, NC: Cercosporanegundinis, causes bark to slough off and branches die
KS, NE, WI; Piggotia negundinis, WI; back for months thereafter.
Phyllosticta minima, general; P. negundinis, Sunscald. Injury in late winter or early spring
ME to AL, TX, WI; Septoria aceris, general; when covering is removed in bright sun or
S. negundinis; Cylindrosporium high wind.
negundinis; Cristulariella pyramidalis. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, NJ; Fusarium
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma punctatum, CA, NY; oxysporum and F. solani, MD, perhaps sec-
R. acerinum, OR, WA. ondary; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, SD; Phytophthora parasitica, MD, NC;
Microsphaera alni, Uncinula circinata; P. cactorum, NC; P. citrophthora, NC;
Sawadaea bicornis, WI. Pythium sp., MA; Rhizoctonia solani, cos-
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, CA, mopolitan after nematode injury.
TX; Helicobasidium purpureum, TX. ROT, Heart; Trunk. Ganoderma lucidum,
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, occasional. VA; Fomes igniarius, VA; Poria punctata,
VA.
ROT, Root; Decline. Paecilomyces buxi and
some Fusaria, VA.
Boxwood (Buxus) VIRUS. Variegation, cause unknown, MD, NY,
VA.
BLIGHT, Box. Cylindrocladium pseudona- Salmon-pink pustules appearing on backs
viculatum, NC. of leaves, along twigs, and on main stems are
BLIGHT, Leaf Cast. Hyponectria buxi, general; indications of Volutella buxi, controlled by thor-
Verticillium buxi, cosmopolitan on dead ough cleaning, then spraying. Much of the die-
leaves, often associated with Hyponectria. back, bronzing, general unhealth of boxwood is
BLIGHT, Leaf Tip. Phoma conidiogena, MD, NJ, due to nematodes, especially spiral and root
NY, OK. lesion or meadow.
CANKER, “Nectria”; Leaf Blight. Volutella buxi,
general; considered imperfect stage of
Pseudonectria rouselliana but unconfirmed
connection. Brachiaria (Broadleaf signalgrass)
CANKER; DIEBACK. Fusarium buxicola (Nectria
desmazierii), AL, MD, PA; F. lateritium (see ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomanes, LA.
▶Gibberella baccata), secondary, MD, SC,
VA.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta auerswaldii, MD, MA,
NJ, NY, VA, WA; Macrophoma candollei, Brachycome (Swan River Daisy)
prominent, general on dead leaves following
winter injury or disease. BACTERIAL, MLO. Western Aster Yellows, CA.
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis; P.
vulnus, NC.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla; M.
incognita; M. incognita acrita; M. javanica; Brachypodium (Slender False-Brome)
M. arenaria, NC.
NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus; ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum graminicola,
Rotylenchus buxophilus. MD.
Browallia (Streptosolen jamesonii) 481
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas coronafaciens POWDERY MILDEW. Blumeria graminis,

var. atropurpurea, ND. Erysiphe graminis, PA.
ROT, Root. Curvularia geniculata and Fusar- RUST. Puccinia recondita, PA.
ium scirpi, secondary, ND.
Bromelia
Brickellia (Brickle-Bush)
LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium sp., FL, MD;
DODDER, Cuscuta exaltata, TX. Helminthosporium rostratum, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora coleosanthi, CA, CO.
RUST. Aecidium arcularium (0, I), AZ, CO, NM; Broom (Cytisus)
Coleosporium aridum (II), CA; Puccinia
kuhniae, AZ, FL; P. subdecora (0, I, II, III), CANKER. Diaporthe spp., NJ, NY; Dothidea
AZ, CO, NM, UT; Uredo arida (II), CA. tetraspora, CA; Gloeosporium sp., NJ;
Nectria coccinea, OR; Pestalotia
polychaeta, CA; Phomopsis sp., MA, NJ;
Bristlegrass (Setaria) Physalospora obtusa, AL. Many are
secondary.
BLIGHT. Beniowskia sphaeroidea, GA, TX. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis.
VIRUS. Foxtail Mosaic. ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, WI.
Broccoli Broom, Spanish (Spartium)
▶Cabbage. CANKER. Diplodia sarothamni, CA; Pestalotia

polychaeta, CA; Phomopsis sarothamni,
CA. All possibly secondary infections.
Brodiaea
RUST. Puccinia carnegiana (0, I, III), AZ; Broussonetia (Paper-Mulberry)

P. dichelostemmae (0, I, III), CA, OR, WA;
P. moreniana (III), CA; P. nodosa (0, I, II, CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina, AL,
III), CA; P. pattersoniana, ID, UT, WA; II, NY; Fusarium solani, OH.
III on grasses; P. subangulata (0, I, III), WA; MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
Uromyces brodiaeae (0, I, III), CA, OR, WA. (flavescens), TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD.
Bromegrass, False (Brachypodium) Armillaria mellea, CA.
RUST. Puccinia brachypodii and P. striiformis,

Italy, Netherlands. Browallia (Streptosolen jamesonii)
BACTERIAL Canker; Vascular. Clavibacter

Bromegrass, Smooth (Bromus) michiganense, WY.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
BACTERIAL, Halo Blight. Pseudomonas syringae VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA, OK.
pv. coronafaciens, AK. WILT. Fusarium sp., DE.
482 Host Plants
Brunfelsia Buckwheat-Tree (Cliftonia)
BACTERIAL Canker; Vascular. Clavibacter BLACK MILDEW. Morenoella cliftoniae, MS.

michiganense, WY. LEAF SPOT. Coccomyces sp.; Pestalotia
cliftoniae, MS.
Brussel Sprouts
Buddleia (Butterfly-Bush)
▶Cabbage.
CANKER, Stem. Phomopsis buddleiae, AZ.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AL,
Bryonopsis MS, TX.
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas lachrymans, WI. SCAB. Cladosporium heugelinianum, DE, VA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis, VIRUS, Line Spot. Tomato Ringspot, SC.
MA, OH.
Buffaloberry (Shepherdia)
Buckeye
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium ultimum, NE; Rhizoc-
▶Horse-Chestnut tonia solani, NE.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria shepherdiae, AK, ID, MT,
UT, WI; Cylindrosporium sp., Great Plains.
Buckleya POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, UT;
Sphaerotheca macularis (S. humilis); AK,
RUST. Cronartium comandrae (II, III), TN; 0, CO, MT, TX, WY.
I on pine. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, White Heart. Fomes fraxinophilus, CO,
MT, NM, SD, WY.
Buckthorn (Rhamnus) RUST. Puccinia caricis-shepherdiae (0, I), Rocky
Mts., AK, MI, NY, OR, WA; II, III on Carex;
LEAF, Black. Phytophthora ramorum, CA. P. coronata (0, I), SD to NM, AK, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora aeruginosa, MO,
NE, SC; C. Bacilligera; C. rhamni,
LA, NE, NJ, TX, WI; Cylindrosporium Buffalograss (Buchloe)
rhamni, ID; Marssonina rhamni, WA;
Phaeosphaerella rhamni, CA; Phyllosticta DOLLAR SPOT. Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, OK.
rhamnigena; Septoria blasdalei, CA, ID, SMUT. Tilletia buchloëana, KS, NE, OK, TX.
OR, TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, WI.
ROT, Heart. Daedalea unicolor, WA; Fomes Bugleweed (Ajuga)
igniarius, ID.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. BLIGHT, Southern; Crown Rot. Sclerotium
RUST. Puccinia coronata (0, I), widespread; II, rolfsii, CA, CT, KS, NJ, NY.
III on grasses, cereals, widespread; Serious in warm, muggy weather.
P. mesneriana (III), CA. NEMATODE, Southern Root Knot. Meloidogyne
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium sp., CA. incognita, GA.
Buttonbush (Cephalanthus) 483
ROT, Crown and Root. Phoma sp. GA. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MS,
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, OH; Tobacco MO.
Streak, OH. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, TX.
Bumelia Butterfly Pea (Centrosema)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lanuginosa, TX; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora clitoriae, AL;
Phyllosticta bumeliifolia, AL, TX; Colletotrichum sp., on pods.
P. curtisii, FL, MO; Septoria bumeliae, MS.
ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Butterfly Pea (Clitoria)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora clitoriae, AL, FL;

Bunchflower (Melanthium) C. cruenta, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria allardii, VA.
RUST. Puccinia atropuncta (II, III), NC,
TN, VA. Butterfly Weed; Milkweed (Asclepias)
BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas campestris pv.

Bundleflower (Desmanthus) asclepiadis, NE.
BLIGHT, Stem. Phoma asclepiadea, UT.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora desmanthi, KS, LA, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora asclepiadorae, AL, TX;
MO, NM, SD, TN. C. clavata, general; C. venturioides, WA;
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, IL, MS. Phyllosticta tuberosa, IL, NJ.
RUST. Ravenelia texensis (II, III), TX. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Puccinia bartholomaei (0, I), ND, SD; II,
III on Spartina; Uromyces asclepiadis (II III),
Burnet (Sanguisorba) widespread.
LEAF SPOT. Graphium sessile, NY; Ovularia

bulbigera, AK, IL. Buttonbush (Cephalanthus)
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae, IA;
Sphaerotheca macularis, AK, MA, NY, PA. BLIGHT, Leaf. Cercospora perniciosa, TX.
RUST. Xenodochus carbonarius (I, III), AK; BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL.
X. minor, AK. DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL;
C. gronovii, NY.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta cephalanthi, LA:
Butterfly Flower (Schizanthus) Coniothyrium cephalanthi, LA;
Phyllosticta cephalanthi, TX; Ramularia
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum schizanthi, NY. cephalanthi, AL, KS, LA, NY, WI; Septoria
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ. cephalanthi, KS, WI.
BACTERIAL Canker; Vascular. Clavibacter POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, wide-
michiganense, WY. spread. Phyllactinia corylea, IN.
DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Pythium ultimum, MO; RUST. Puccinia seymouriana (0, I), New
Rhizoctonia solani, NY. England to FL and central states; II, III on
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. Spartina, Uredo cephalanthi (II), FL.
484 Host Plants
NEMATODE. Nacobbis batatiformis.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) (Including NEMATODE, Cabbage Cyst. Heterodera
Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, cruciferae. Sugar-Beet, H. schachtii.
Cauliflower, Kale, Kohl-rabi) NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis.
Sting, Belonolaimus gracilis; B.
BACTERIAL Black Rot. Xanthomonas longicaudatus; Stubby Root, Trichodorus
campestris, general. christiei.
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae, CA; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria;
P. syringae pv. alisalensis, CA, SC; M. javanica.
P. cannabina pv. alisalensis, CA. NONPARASITIC. Brown Heart. Probably boron
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas maculicola, deficiency.
widespread; P. cichorii, FL and inmarket; Chlorosis. Magnesium or manganese deficiency.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae, Oedema. Excessive water tension, or copper
FL, OH; X. campestris pv. campestris, SC; sprays.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, CA, Pink Head. Probably genetic.
OH, SC. Tipburn. Potassium deficiency.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Western Aster Yellows Phy- Whip-tail. Spindly growth, failure to head, due
toplasma, CA, TX. to acid soil, mineral deficiencies.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot; Stump Rot; Erwinia POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, AZ, CA,
carotovora, cosmopolitan. CT, FL, MD, MA, OR; E. cruciferarum, CA.
BLACKLEG. Leptosphaeria biglobosa, Central ROT, Cottony; Drop. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,
States, Mexico. AZ, MA, NY, TX.
BLACKLEG; Leaf Spot. Phoma lingam, general ROT, Firm Head. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA,
east of Rocky Mts., also OR, WA. NY; Phytophthora porri, WI.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, FL; Pacific ROT, Head. Fusarium avenaceum, NY.
states, frequent. ROT, Root. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA. on
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, NC to FL, Brassica campestris; Phymatotrichum, TX;
TX, occasional. Phytophthora megasperma, CA, OR;
CANKER, Stem. Botrytis cinerea, WA. P. drechsleri, KY.
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, general. ROT, Root and Crown. Sclerotinia minor, CA.
DAMPING-OFF; Bottom Rot. Pythium spp.; ROT, Root; Damping-off. Aphanomyces
P. polymastum, CA; Rhizoctonia solani, raphani, WI. Also: Brassica alboglab-
general. ra–Chinese Kale; B. carinata–Abyssinian
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, general. Mustard; B. napus–; Rape;
LEAF SPOT, Gray. Alternaria brassicae, general; B. perviridis–Spanish Mustard; B.
Black Spot, Head Browning, A. brassicicola, robertiana; Eruca sativa–Racuet Salad;
general; A. oleraceae, occasional; Raphanus raphanistruno–Wild Radish.
Cercospora brassicola, CA, DE, FL, IL, ROT, Soft; Black Mold. Rhizopus stolonifer,
MS, NC, OK; Phyllosticta brassicicola, CA; occasional.
Leptosphaeria maculans, WI. ROT, Sprout. Alternaria tenuis, Rhizoctonia
LEAF SPOT; White Spot. Cercosporella solani, and Fusarium sp. on brussels sprouts.
brassicae, IN, OR, PA; Ring Spot, VIRUS. Cabbage Ring Necrosis; Cauliflower
Mycosphaerella brassicicola, AL, CA, IL, Mosaic, GA; TurnipMosaic, GA; Beet
NY, OR, TX, WA; Pseudocercosporella Curly Top; Tomato Spotted Wilt; Cabbage
capsellae, CA. Leaf Curl, GA.
MOLD, Leaf. Heterosporium variabile, MT, NY; WHITE RUST; Blister. Albugo candida, CA, ID,
Seed, Curvularia geniculata; Stemphylium KY, NE, NC, OH, TX.
botryosum. WILT, Vascular. Verticillium dahliae, CA.
Cactus, Star, Sea-Urchin, Barrel (Echinocactus) 485
WILT, Yellows. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

conglutinans, general. Cactus, Giant, Saguaro (Carnegiea)
A general control program starts with
choosing varieties resistant to Fusarium yellows, BACTERIAL Blight. Erwinia carnegieana, AZ.
purchasing disease-free seed or having it hot- BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
water treated against blackleg and black rot, tumefaciens, AZ.
growing in soil free from club root and careful ROT, Dry. Poria carnegieae; Heart, Fomes
cleaning up of all vegetable refuse at the end of robustus.
the season. ROT, Seedling. Fusarium solani; F. oxysporum.
VIRUS. Saguaro Cactus, AZ.
The bacterial blight is spread over the whole
Cactus (Cereus) giant cactus area in Arizona, with mortality heavi-
est in magnificent specimens 150 to 200 years old.
ANTHRACNOSE. Mycosphaerella opuntiae, TX.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, TX.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Rot. Botrytis cinerea, occa- Cactus, Prickly Pear (Opuntia)
sional when too damp, indoors.
LEAF SCORCH. Hendersonia opuntiae, TX. ANTHRACNOSE; Zonate Spot. Gloesporium
LEAF SPOT, Black. Diplotheca (Stevensea) cactorum, FL, MS; Black Rot, Mycosphaerella
wrightii, TX; Stem, Septoria cacticola, TX. opuntiae, AL, FL, LA, NY, SC, TX.
NEMATODE, Cyst. Heterodera cacti; Nacobbis BACTERIAL Rot. Erwinia aroideae, FL, MS, OK,
batatiformis. TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. BLACK MILDEW. Lembosia cactorum, FL.
ROT, Dry. Poria sp., CA. LEAF SCORCH. Hendersonia opuntiae, AL, KS,
ROT, Stem and Branch. Aspergillus MT, NJ, TX.
alliaceus, TX. LEAF SPOT, Black. Diplotheca wrightii, FL, TX.
ROT, Root and Stem. Fusarium oxysporum, AZ, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
CA; Helminthosporium cactivorum, CA, NONPARASITIC. Oedema, causing glassiness or
TX; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. scab, from overwatering.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, TX.
ROT, Cladode. Aspergillus alliaceus, TX;
Cactus (Leuchtenbergia principis and Diplodia opuntiae, MD, KS, PA;
Schlumbergera gaertneri “Makoyana”) Physalospora obtusa, NY; P. rhodina, FL;
Phyllosticta cacti, NM; P. concava, MO, NJ,
NEMATODE, Cyst. Heterodera cacti. OK, TX; Septoria fici-indicae, TX.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA.
ROT, Stem. Phytophthora parasitica, NY;
Pythium debaryanum, CA.
Cactus, Fishhook, Pincushion VIRUS. Mosaic, MD; Chlorotic Ring Spot, AZ,
(Mammillaria) CA, ID, MT, NM, UT, WA, WY; Opuntia
Sammons, AZ; Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
ANTHRACNOSE; Zonate Spot. Gloeosporium
cactorum; Mycosphaerella opuntiae; Spine
Spot, Phoma mammillariae, MT. Cactus, Star, Sea-Urchin, Barrel
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita, (Echinocactus)
Bermuda Bot. Gard; Meloidogyne sp., TX;
Cyst, Heterodera cacti. ANTHRACNOSE. Mycosphaerella opuntiae, TX.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SCORCH; Scald. Hendersonia opuntiae, TX.
486 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT, Black. Diplotheca sp., TX. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NY, WA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA.
Stem, Aspergillus alliaceus, TX. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY, WA.
Caesalpinia Calendula (Pot Marigold)
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., FL. BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, CT, DE,
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium ME, NJ, PA, VA; California Aster
tumefaciens, FL. Yellows, CA.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis var. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, MO,
chromogena, FL, TX. NJ, NY.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., NY; Cercospora
RUST. Ravenelia humphreyana (II, III), FL. calendulae, PA, TX, VA; Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides, VA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., TN,
Caladium TX, WV; M. javanica.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, FL. cichoracearum, CA, NY; Erysiphe polygoni,
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. PA.
BLIGHT; Tuber Rot. Botrytis ricini, FL. ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, IN, NJ, NC, TX;
LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium thuemenii, FL. Pythium ultimum, CA; Phymatotrichum
NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans, omnivorum, TX.
FL. ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA,
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp., FL. FL, LA, MO, OH, TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL, RUST. Puccinia flaveriae (III), IL, IN, IA, KS,
MS; M. javanica. MO, NE, TX.
ROT, Tuber. Fusarium solani, FL. SMUT, White. Entyloma calendulae, CA, NH,
OR; E. compositarum, WA.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, Tomato Spotted
Calathea Wilt, CA, MI, TX; Bidens Mottle, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Glomerella cincta, NJ; Phyllosticta

sp.; Alternaria alternata, FL; Drechslera Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa sp.)
setariae, FL.
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL. VIRUS. Calibrachoa Mottle, CA; Tobacco Mild
Spiral, Helicotylenchus nannus. Green Mosaic, MS.
Calceolaria (Slipperwort) California-Bluebell (Phacelia)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium phaceliae,
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae. MT, TX.
NONPARASITIC. Boron Deficiency, leaf necrosis, POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
CA. cichoracearum, CA, MT, NM, TX.
ROT, Root. Pythium mastophorum and RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I); II, III on wild
P. ultimum, CA. grasses; P. phaceliae (III); P. recondita (0, I),
Calla, Common, Golden, Pink (Zantedeschia) 487
MT to CO, CA, NM, OR; II, III on brome-

grass; Uredo contraria (II), CA. California Poppy (Eschscholtzia)
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA.
BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas papavericola,
TX.
California-Laurel (Umbellularia) BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ, NY; and
California Aster Yellows, CA.
ANTHRACNOSE. Kabatiella phorodendri f. sp. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
umbellulariae, CA. LEAF SPOT, Mold. Heterosporium
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas lauraceum, eschscholtziae, CA.
CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL, TX.
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina anomala, CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. ROT, Collar. Alternaria sp., TX.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina; SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma eschscholtziae, CA.
N. coccinea, CA. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
LEAF SPOT, Sudden Oak Death. Phytophthora
ramorum, CA.
NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus (Gracilacus) California-Rose (Convolvulus
anceps. Ring, Criconemoides xenoplax, japonicus)
CA; Sheath Hemicycliophora brevis, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla, CA. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta batatas, SC;
ROT, Wood. Fomes spp., Lenzites betulina; Septogloeum convolvuli, CA, WI; Septoria
Polyporus versicolor; Porioambigua; calystegiae, CA; S. convolvuli, WI;
P. ferruginosa; Stereum albobadium; S. flagellaris, NY.
Schizophyllum commune. RUST. Coleosporium ipomoeae (II, III), LA,
MA, 0, I on pine; Puccinia convolvuli (0, I,
II, I, II), CA, OR.
California Pepper-Tree (Schinus)
DODDER. Cuscuta subinclusa, CA. Calla, Common, Golden, Pink

LEAF SPOT. Rhizoctonia solani, FL. (Zantedeschia)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX.
ROT, Heart. Fomes applanatus, CA; Polyporus BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae, general;
dryophilus, CA; P. farlowii, AZ, CA; P. E. carotovora.
sulphureus; P. versicolor, CA. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, NJ.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA, FL, OR.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., secondary;
ROT, Wood. Ganoderma polychromum, CA; Cercospora richardiaecola, AL, MS;
Stereum hirsutum; Trametes hispida, CA; Coniothecium richardiae, CA, FL, MA, NJ,
Schizophyllum commune. NY, OR; Gloeosporium callae, WA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA; Raffaelea NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA, FL.
lauricola, CA. NONPARASITIC. Chalk rot. Immaturity of rhi-
zomes, CA, OR.
POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica, CA.
California Pitcher-Plant (Darlingtonia) ROT, Rhizome. Phytophthora cryptogea var.
richardiae, CA, FL, IL, MA, NJ, NY, OH,
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella sarraceniae, CA; OR, PA, WA; P. erythroseptica, CA; Phoma
Septoria darlingtoniae, OR. sp., CA, OR.
488 Host Plants
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Rhizoctonia

solani, CA. Camellia
VIRUS. Dasheen Mosaic; Tomato Spotted Wilt,
CA, IL, IN, MD, NY, OR, TX, WA; Calla BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Chlorotic Spot, U.S. tumefaciens, WA.
Root and rhizome rots are controlled by BLACK MILDEW. Meliola camelliae.
treating rhizomes before planting and growing BLIGHT. Phytophthora ramorum, CA, OR, WA.
in pots rather than benches. Specimens showing BLIGHT, Flower. Sclerotinia camelliae,
spotted wilt must be destroyed before thrips CA, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX, VA;
spread the virus. S. sclerotiorum, NC; Pestalotia sp.,
Penicillium sp., AL.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Bud and Flower. Botrytis
Calla, Wild (Calla palustris) cinerea, general after frost.
BLIGHT, Petal. Pestalotia sp., AL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora callae, MA, NY, WI; CANKER; DIEBACK. Glomerella cingulata, wide-
Marssonina callae, NY. spread; Botryosphaeria ribis, MS;
Phomopsis sp., FL.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium
Calliandra (False-Mesquite) castaneum; S. conidiophorum; S. pseudope-
dicellatum, SC.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL. DODDER. Cuscuta sp.
RUST. Ravenelia reticulatae (II, III), AZ. GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium camelliae, and var.
gracilis on Camellia sasanqua, FL, LA, MS,
TX; E. monosporum, AL.
Callicarpa (Beauty-Berry; French- LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., GA; C. theae, LA;
Mulberry) Hendersonia subalbicans, GA; Pestalotia
quepini, also twig blight, widespread;
BLACK MILDEW. Meliola cookeana, FL, LA. Phyllosticta camelliae and P. camelliaecola,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora callicarpae, SC to TX. Southeast; Sporonema camelliae.
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, Gulf
FL. states.
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus coffeae.
Calycanthus (Sweetshrub, Carolina NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides komabaensis,
Allspice) FL; Hemicriconemoides gaddi, GA, LA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus.
tumefaciens, MS, NY. NONPARASITIC. Bud Drop, Dieback. Malnutri-
CANKER. Botryosphaeria calycanthi, NC, VA. tion, freezing, desiccation, widespread.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, CA. Oedema. Corky excrescences, from disturbed
water relations.
Sunscald. Light circular spots, often with sec-
Camass (Camassia) ondary fungi.
ROT, Root. Phytophthora cinnamomi,
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, OR. major problem, AL, CA; Clitocybe
LEAF SPOT. Septoria chlorogali, OR. tabescens, FL, LA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE, Scab. Elsinoë leucospila,
SMUT, Leaf. Urocystis colchici, IN, OR. FL, GA, LA.
Canna 489
VIRUS. Camellia Yellow Mottle Leaf (color-

breaking strains). Camphor-Tree (Cinnamomum)
Flower blight is a devastating disease that has
spread with plants in cans or pots. Order camel- ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, Gulf states.
lias bare-rooted, with all flower buds showing BLACK MILDEW. Lembosia camphorae, FL.
color picked off. Dieback is the subject of much CANKER; DIEBACK. Diplodia camphorae,
controversy among camellia fans. Drastic surgery D. natalensis, D. tubericola, widespread;
and a copper spray early in the season to prevent Gloeosporium camphorae and G.
infection through bud scars seems to be helpful. ochraceum, also leaf spot, Gulf states.
Chelated iron may mask color-breaking virus LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL to
symptoms. LA.
(flavescens), FL.
Camomile (Anthemis) NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, FL.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Manganese deficiency,
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, FL.
CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, WA. cinnamomi, LA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, FL;
FL, MD. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë cinnamomi, MS, SC.
WILT, Laurel. Raffaelea lauricola, GA, FL.
Campanula (Bellflower, Canterbury)
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, PA. Candlestick Shrub (Cassia)

BACTERIAL, Proliferation. Rhodococcus fascians,
OR. LEAF SPOT. Tubakia dryina, LA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, IL, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta bohemica, WI; Candytuft (Iberis)
Cercoseptoria minuta, WI; Phyllosticta
alliariifoliae, NJ, NY; Ramularia BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
macrospora, AK; Septoria campanulae, IL, CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, MS, NJ.
IA, KS, MO, WI. DODDER. Cuscuta indecora, TX.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides sp. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA.
cichoracearum, PA. ROT, Root. Phoma lingam, CA; Pythium
ROT, Root. Fusarium sp., NY, NJ; Rhizoctonia oligandrum, ME.
solani, CT, IL, TX. VIRUS. Lettuce Mosaic, NY.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MD, WA. WHITE RUST. Albugo candida, CA.
RUST. Coleosporium campanulae (II, III), wide-
spread; 0, I on pine; Aecidium campanulastri
(0, I), IA, MN; Puccinia campanulae (III), Canna
CA, MT, NY, OR, WA.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., MI, SC, TX.
490 Host Plants
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, CT.
ROT, Rhizome. Fusarium sp., MN, MO, PA. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, IA, ND.
RUST. Puccinia cannae (II, III), FL, OH, TX; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
P. thaliae, LA. ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, OH, RI; Mosaic; ROT, Root. Pythium ultimum, CA; Rhizoctonia
unidentified, DE, MD, MI, NY; Canna Yel- solani, IL.
low Mottle, WA, Pacific Northwest; Hosta RUST. Puccinia flaveriae (III), IL, IN, NE, NJ.
Virus X, Tobacco Rattle Virus; Helleborus VIRUS. Curly Top Virus (Beet) on
Net Necrosis; Nemesia Ring Necrosis, Dimorphotheca pluvialis var. fingens and
Diascia Yellow Mottle, Pacific Northwest. D. sinuata.
WILT. Fusarium sp., FL.
Canola (Brassica napus)

Capeweed, Cape Dandelion
BLACK LEG. Septosphaeria maculans, KY; (Arctotheca calendula)
Leptosphaeria maculans, Canada, ND,
(Winter Canola) OK. BLIGHT; ROT, Root, Crown and Stolon. Sclero-
DECLINE SYNDROME. Causal agent unknown, GA, tium rolfsii, CA.
KY, TN.
PHYTOPLASMA. Candidatus asteris (also on Bras-
sica rapa), Saskatchewan, Canada. Caper (Capparis)
ROT, Damping-off. Rhizoctonia solani, WA.
ROT, Root. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, GA, TX. BLACK MILDEW. Asterina lepidigenoides, FL;
STUNTING, Clubroot. Plasmodiophora brassicae, A. radians, FL.
ME.
Caraway (Carum)
Cantaloupe
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, WA.
▶Melon. DODDER. Cuscuta sp., WA.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, WA.
Cape-Cowslip (Lachenalia)
VIRUS. Ornithogalum Mosaic, AL. Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora obscura, CA, TX;

Cape-Honeysuckle (Tecomaria) Ramularia cynarae, CA.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, cichoracearum, CA.
TX.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe
tabescens, FL. Carissa
CANKER; DIEBACK. Physalospora obtusa and

Cape-Marigold (Dimorphotheca) P. rhodina, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, FL;
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ, NY. Macrophoma sp., CA; Septoria sp., CA.
Carolina Geranium (Geranium carolinianum) 491
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., PETAL SPOT. Bipolaris (Helminthosporium)

CA, FL. setariae, FL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., FL, NC;
O. dianthi, CA.
ROT, Bud. Fusarium tricinctum f. sp. poae, MA
Carissa (Natal-Plum) to VA, KS, NE, WA.
CANKERS; GALL. Sphaeropsis tumefaciens, FL. Pythium sp., IL; Rhizoctonia solani, general;
Armillaria mellea, CA.
ROT, Stem. Armillaria mellea, CA; Fusarium
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) cerealis, general.
RUST. Uromyces dianthi (II, III), general.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sp., NJ, NY, TX. SMUT. Anther. Ustilago violaceae, MA.
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas woodsii, HI. VIRUS. Carnation Latent; Carnation Mosaic;
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium Carnation Mottle; Carnation Ring Spot;
tumefaciens, MD. Carnation Streak; Carnation Yellows; Car-
BACTERIAL Fasciation; Witches’ Broom. nation Etch-Ring; Beet Curly Top, CA, TX;
Clavibacter fascians, CA, OH. Carnation Necrotic Fleck, CA; Carnation
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows. Italian Ring Spot; Carnation Vein Mottle;
BACTERIAL Pimple. Xanthomonas oryzae. Carnation Yellow Fleck and Necrotic
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas woodsii, MS to Fleck, OR.
GA, IN, MI, ND, OK, OR, WA. WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi;
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas caryophylli, IL, Verticillium albo-atrum (dahliae), NJ;
IN, IA, MA, MO, WA. Phialophora (Verticillium) cinerescens, NY.
BLIGHT, Branch and Collar Rot. Alternaria A rigid sanitation program is necessary
dianthi, general. for healthy carnations, taking cuttings high
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, cosmopol- on the plant, breaking instead of cutting,
itan in high humidity. planting in sterile medium, controlling
BLIGHT, Petal. Stemphylium floridanum, FL. aphids and other insect vectors of virus diseases
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, and controlling mites that spread bud rot. The
MS, TX. mother block system controls wilts; heat cures
BLIGHT, Web. Pellicularia koleroga, NC. viruses.
BLOTCH, Greasy. Zygophiala jamaicensis, CA, PA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora dianthicola, CA.
LEAF SPOT, Mold; Fairy Ring. Heterosporium Carob, St. Johns Bread (Ceratonia)
echinulatum occasional in greenhouses, CA,
TX; Cladosporium herbarum, secondary, CANKER. Botryosphaeria ribis, CA.
general. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium echinulatum, HI; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Septoria dianthae, VT to SC, CA, MI, TX. Phytophthora cactorum, CA.
NEMATODE, Cyst. Heterodera trifolii. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus coronatus.
NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus dianthus.
NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides curvatum. Carolina Geranium (Geranium
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria; carolinianum)
M. hapla; M. incognita acrita; M. javanica.
NONPARASITIC. Yellow Spotting. Potassium defi- BLIGHT, Stem and Leaf. Sclerotinia minor, NC.
ciency, NJ, NY. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA.
492 Host Plants
NEMATODE, Cyst. Heterodera carotae.

Carolina Jessamine (Gelsemium) NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria;
M. incognita; M. javanica.
BLACK MILDEW; Black Spot. Asterina NONPARASITIC. Black Heart. Cause unknown,
somatophora, FL. WI.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta gelsemii, NJ. Chlorosis. Magnesium deficiency in acid soil.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Root Girdle. Cause unknown.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium grandisporum, MS, POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA;
TX. E. heraclei, NY, NC, WA, Michoacan,
Mexico.
ROT, Black. Alternaria radicina, ID, MA, MI,
Carolina Moonseed (Cocculus) NY, PA, WA.
ROT, Black Mold. Rhizopus spp.; Blue Mold,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cocculicola, OK; Penicillium sp.; Gray Mold, Botrytis
C. menispermi, MS, TX. cinerea; Pink Mold, Trichothecium roseum,
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL. IN.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT, Crown. Rhizoctonia solani, GA.
ROT, Dry. Fusarium spp., ID, NY, associated
with scab; Mycocentrospora acerina, WA.
Carpetweed (Mollugo) R, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, OR, WA;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, LA, TX;
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA. Phytophthora megasperma, CA;
P. cactorum, MI; Sclerotinia minor,
S. sclerotiorum, Ontario, Canada.
Carrot (Daucus carota var. sativa) ROT, Storage. Centrospora acerina, NY; Asper-
gillus niger; Pellicularia filamentosa;
BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas carotae, CA, Typhula sp.
ID, IA, WI. ROT, Watery Soft. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,
BACTERIAL Core-Rot. Erwinia chrysanthemi general; S. intermedia, S. minor.
and/or E. carotovora var. carotovora, IL. RUST. Uromyces scirpi (0, I), OR; II, III on
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, widespread Scirpus.
and California strain, CA, ID, OR, WA. SCAB. Streptomyces scabies, CA, MI, PA, WA.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, SCAB, Acid. Streptomyces acidiscabies, ME.
general. SPIROPLASMA. Carrot Purple Leaf, WA.
BLIGHT, Early; Leaf Spot. Cercospora carotae, VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, CA, WA; Clover Yellow
general. Vein, WA; Beet Curly Top, OR, UT; Carrot
BLIGHT, Late. Alternaria dauci, general. Motley Dwarf; Celery Mosaic; Carrot Red
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, GA to FL, Leaf; Carrot Thin Leaf, CA; Lettuce Infec-
CA, TX. tious Yellows, AZ, CA.
CANKER, Root; Storage Rot. Rhizoctonia spp., Carrots in home gardens require a deeply dug
MI, NY, OR, WA. friable soil even more than treatment for diseases.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium sp., ID; Rhizoctonia Root-knot nematodes are rather common.
solani, general.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., ID, MS, NM, NY, TX, WV.
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia sp., KS; Alternaria ten- Carrot, Wild (Daucus carota)
uis, secondary, also seed mold; Cercospora
carotae, WA. VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, WA; Clover Yellow
NEMATODE. Nacobbis batatiformis. Vein, WA.
Catalpa 493
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum,

Cascara (Ramnus ramorum) AL, FL, GA, MI.
BLIGHT, Influorescence; Gray Mold. Botryotinia
LEAF SPOT, Black. Phytophthora ramorum, ricini, GA to FL, TX.
CA. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, FL, KS.
GALL. Synchytrium sp., TX.
Cashew (Anacardium) LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., FL, LA, TX;
Cercospora canescens, AL, KS, MT; White
BLIGHT, Seedling. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. Spot, C. ricinella; C. coffeicola, Brazil;
Corynespora cassiicola.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., OK.
Cassabana, Curuba (Sicana) NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis,
FL.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, FL. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, FL;
Cassia (Senna, Sicklepod, Phytophthora parasitica, FL.
Partridgepea)
BLIGHT, Seedling. Alternaria cassiae, MS. Casuarina (Australian-Pine)

caulivora, LA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
DIEBACK. Diplodia natalensis, TX. ROT. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora nigricans, MS; Septoria tabescens, FL.
cassiicola; Tubakia dryina, LA. Casuarina is particularly susceptible to
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., Clitocybe root rot but C. cunninghamiana is
CA, TX. more resistant than other species.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MD;
Erysiphe polygoni.
ROT, Black. Cylindrocladium parasiticum, GA. Catalina Cherry (Prunus lyonii)
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT; Shot Hole. Coryneum beierincki.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cassiae, FL,
GA, NC, SC.
Catalpa
Cassiope ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium catalpae, MD,

MA, NJ, NY, PA.
LEAF GALL. Exobasidium vaccinii, WA. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, on
seedlings.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, NE; Pythium
Castor-Bean (Ricinus communis) ultimum (somewhat resistant).
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria catalpae, widespread;
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium Cercospora catalpae, MA to FL, TX and
tumefaciens. IA; Phyllosticta catalpae, general.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas ricinicola, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., south-
MD, OK, TX. ern states to OH.
494 Host Plants
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Soil alkalinity. Leaf MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium spp., general.
Scorch. Heat, drought. ROT, Culm. Ophiobolus sp., AR.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var. ROT, Leaf. Phythiogeton autossytum, OH;
vaccinii, MA to AL, IL, NE, TX; Phyllactinia Pythium helicoides, OH.
corylea, IL, IN, KY, MA, OH, SC, VA.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, WA;
Helicobasidium purpureum, OH;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Cats-Claw (Doxantha)
Thielaviopsis basicola, of seedlings.
ROT, Wood. Collybia velutipes, IN; Polyporus ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
spp.; Schizophyllum commune; Stereum
spp.; Trametes sepium.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium axiliatum, LA, SC.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma sp. Ceanothus
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, IL, IN, KS, MA,
NJ, NY, OH, VA. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Leaf spots may cause some defoliation in tumefaciens, WA.
a wet season, but many years the expense of LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ceanothi, KS, WI;
spraying may be unjustified on a limited budget. Septoria ceanothi, ID; Cylindrosporium
Verticillium wilt kills street trees. ceanothi, Pacific Coast; Phyllosticta
ceanothi, MS.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni,
Catha (Arabian-Tea) widespread.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA.
BLIGHT, Leaf Tip, Colletotrichum ROT, Sapwood. Schizophyllum commune, CA.
gloeosporioides, FL. RUST. Puccinia tripsaci (0, I), KS, NE, WI; II, III
on grasses.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
Catnip (Nepeta)
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas tabaci, WI;

Xanthomonas campestris, CA. Cedar (Cedrus spp.) (Atlas Cedar,
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. Deodar, Cedar of Lebanon)
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta nepetae, WI; Cercospora CANKER; DIEBACK. Diplodia pinea, AL;
nepetae, IL, TX; Phyllosticta decidua, IL, NY, Sirococcus conigenus, OR.
OH, WI; Septoria alabamensis, AL; S. ROT, Heart. Fomes pini, occasional.
nepetae, WI. ROT, Root, Armillaria mellea, MS;
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, TX. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, IN, IA, KS, MI, WI. omnivorum TX; Phytophthora cinnamomi,
WILT. Fusarium sp., GA. CA.
Cat-Tail (Typha)
Celandine (Chelidonium)
LEAF SPOT. Stagonospora typhoidearum, TX,
WI; Phyllosticta typhina, NE, NY, OR, TX, LEAF SPOT. Septoria chelidonii, TX.
WI; Scolecotrichum typhae, CO. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Centaurea (Bachelors-Button, Basketflower, Cornflower, Dusty-miller, Yellow Starthistle) 495
ROT, Storage. Centrospora acerina, NY;

Celery, Celeriac (Apium graveolens) Typhula variabilis, NY; Tricothecium
roseum, pink mold, NY.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas jaggeri pv. SLIME MOLD. Physarum spp., CA.
apii, CT, DE, FL, IN, MI, MN, ND, NY, OH; VIRUS. Celery Calico, CA, FL, NY, OH; Celery
Leaf Blight, P. cichorii, FL; Pseudomonas Mosaic, AL, CA, FL,WA; Cucumber
syringae pv. apii, CA. Mosaic; Beet Curly Top, OR; Celery Yellow
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, Spot, CA; Tomato Spotted Wilt; Lettuce
CA, ID, UT, WA. Mosaic, NY; Broad Bean Wilt, NY; Apium
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, Virus Y, CA, WA; Potyvirus, CA.
cosmopolitan. WILT, Yellows. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii,
BLIGHT, Early. Cercospora apii, general. CA, MI, NY, TX, general.
BLIGHT, Late. Septoria apiicola (includes S. apii WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
large leaf spot, and S. apii-graveolentis), In many areas soil treatment for nematodes
general. increases yield. Yellows-resistant varieties are
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium mastophorum, CA; on the market. Seed should be treated for leaf
Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia solani; blights unless more than 2 years old. In Florida,
Aphanomyces euteiches, cosmopolitan. development of apothecia of Sclerotinia is
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta apii, DE, NJ; inhibited by flooding fields. Western growers
Stemphylium sp. and Alternaria sp., fight mosaic by celery-free periods and by con-
secondary. trolling insect vectors.
NEMATODE, Awl. Dolichodorus heterocephalus,
red root, FL.
NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus hamatus, New Celtuce (Lactuca serriota var. sativa)
England, CA; P. projectus, NJ.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita. DOWNY MILDEW. Bremia lactucae, ND, PA, WA.
NEMATODE, Sheath. Hemicycliophora parvana, LEAF SPOT. Septoria lactucae.
FL. ROT, Watery Soft; Drop. Sclerotinia
NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, CA. sclerotiorum, MA.
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis, FL; Celtuce is a kind of lettuce and subject to some
B. longicaudatus. of the same diseases.
NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Paratrichodorus
christiei.
NONPARASITIC. Black Heart. Wide fluctuations of Cenchrus (Buffelgrass)
soil moisture, general.
Brown Stem. Over-age plants. BLIGHT. Pyricularia grisea, TX.
Cracked Stem. Boron deficiency.
Hollow Stem. Pithiness. Sometimes chilling;
sometimes genetic. Centaurea (Bachelors-Button,
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe heraclei, CA. Basketflower, Cornflower,
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, cosmopolitan. Dusty-miller, Yellow Starthistle)
ROT, Petiole and Crown. Sclerotinia minor, CA.
ROT, Pink; Watery Soft. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, widespread;
general; S. intermedia; S. minor. California Aster Yellows, CA.
ROT, Root; Scab on celeriac. Phoma apiicola, BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CT, MD,
CA, MI, NY, OH, WI. NJ, TX.
ROT, Stem; Brown Spot. Cephalosporium apii, CROWN GALL. Agrobacterum rhizogenes, OR.
CA. DIEBACK, Stem. Pseudomonas syringae, MT.
496 Host Plants
DODDER. Cuscuta sp.

DOWNY MILDEW. Bremia lactucae, CA; Cephalotaxus (Japanese Plum-Yew)
Plasmopara halstedii, IA, TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA, BLIGHT, Nursery. Phomopsis juniperovora, NY.
FL, OH.
cichoracearum, CA, CT. Cestrum
Pythium sp.; Rhizoctonia solani, IL, IN, NJ, BACTERIAL Canker, Vascular. Clavibacter
NY, TX. michiganense, WY.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA,
IN, MS, MO, TX; Phytophthora cactorum,
NY. Chaerophyllum
RUST. Puccinia cyani (0, I, III), MA to NC, CA,
IN, OR, WA; P. irrequiseta (II, III), TX; 0,1, BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX.
unknown; P. jaceae var. diffusa; P. acroptili,
NM; P. jaceae var. solstitiales, CA.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. Chamaecyparis (Atlantic White-Cedar,
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, TX. Port Orford White-Cedar, Alaska
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY. Yellow-Cedar, Hinoki Cypress, Sawara
WILT, Stem Rot. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cypress-Retinospora)
callistephi, MI.
tumefaciens, CA.
Centipede Grass (Eremochloa) BLIGHT, Nursery. Phomopsis juniperovora,
widespread.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum graminicola, FL; BLIGHT, Tip. Pestalotia funerea, MI, NJ, TX;
C. sublineola, MS. Didymascella chamaecy-parissi, NY.
LEAF MOLD. Curvularia sp., LA; Stachybotrys CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus nivosus, NJ.
sp., MD. NEMATODE. Sphaeronema sp., AK; Crossonema
ROT, ROOT. Gaeumannomyces graminis, GA. sp., AK.
NONPARASITIC. Scorch. Sun, freezing, drought,
mites.
Century Plant (Agave) ROT, Collar and Root. Phytophthora lateralis,
CA, OR, WA, serious; P. cinnamomi.
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata ROT, Heart. Fomes pini, occasional; F. pinicola,
(Colletotrichum agaves) occasional. AK; F. subroseus, NJ, NC.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, after ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, VA; Clitocybe
chilling. tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum
LEAF SCORCH; Blight. Stagonospora gigantea, omnivorum, TX; Pythium ultimum, CA;
NM, TX. Phytophthora lateralis, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Coniothyrium concentricum, ROT, Wood. Lenzites saepiaria, VA; Poria spp.;
C. agaves, common. Polyporus spp.; Steccherinum balloui, NJ;
LEAF SPOT, Black Patch. Dothidella parryi, CA. Trametes isabellina, CA; Fomes annosus.
LEAF SPOT, Black Rot. Thielaviopsis paradoxa, RUST, Gall. Gymnosporangium biseptatum
Mexico. (III), ME, NH to NJ, AL; 0, I on service-
LEAF SPOT, Red Leaf Ring, Pantoea ananatis, berry; G. nootkatense (III), AK, OR, WA;
Mexico. 0, I on crabapple, pear, mountain-ash;
Cherry (Prunus spp.) 497
G. fraternum (III), ME, MA, NJ; 0, I on

chokeberry. Cherimoya, Custard-Apple (Annona)
RUST, Witches’ Broom. Gymnosporangium
ellisii (III), ME to FL and AL; 0, I on sweet ANTHRACNOSE, Fruit Rot. Glomerella cingulata,
fern, bayberry, wax-myrtle. FL.
BLIGHT, Stem. Diplodia natalensis, TX.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe
Chamaedaphne (Cassandra, tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum
Leatherleaf) omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Phakopsora cherimoliae (II, III), FL, TX.
GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, widespread;
Synchytrium vaccinii, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta cassandrae, NY to WI;
Venturia arctostaphyli, NH, NY. Cherry (Prunus spp.)
RUST. Chrysomyxa ledi var. cassandrae (II, III),
ME to PA and MN; AK; 0, I on pine. BACTERIAL Black Spot; Canker; Gummosis.
Xanthomonas pruni, NY to MI, GA and TX.
BACTERIAL Canker. Pseudomonas syringae, MA
Chayote (Sechium) to MI; Pacific states and P. morsprunorum.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, FL, tumefaciens, CA, TX, WA.
TX. BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, OR,
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. WA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sechii, FL, TX. BACTERIAL, MLO. Peach X-Disease; Peach Yel-
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.; low Leaf Roll (Peach Western X-Disease),
M. incognita. Northwest.
NEMATODE, Stubby Root, Trichodorus sp. BLACK KNOT. Dibotryon morbosum, eastern
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera xanthii, LA. states.
ROT, Fruit. Glomerella cingulata, LA. BLIGHT, Blossom, Brown Rot. Monilinia laxa,
general, Pacific states, MI, NY, WI;
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, OR.
Checker Mallow (Sidalcea) BLIGHT, Seedling, Twig. Monilinia
rhododendri, VT to GA, AR, IA; M.
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia sidalceae, CA, CO, WY. fructicola, shoot and leaf, GA.
RUST. Endophyllum tuberculatum (III), BLIGHT, Shoot; Shot Hole. Coryneum
CO, WY; Puccinia interveniens (0, I), carpophilum (C. beijerinckii), CA,ID, OR,
CA, CO, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY; II, III on WA; Monilinia laxa; MA, NY, RI.
Stipa; P. schedonnardi (0, I), CO; CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium retiforme,
P. sherardiana (0, III), AZ, CA, CO, NV, GA.
OR, WA. CANKER, Trunk and Collar. Phytophthora
cactorum, P. citrophthora, CA.
CANKER, Twig. Phomopsis padina; Cytospora
Chenopodium leucostoma, NY, PA; Valsa leucostoma,
widespread; Nectria sp., NY; Eutypa lata
DAMPING-OFF. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA. (syn. E. armeniacae), CA.
NEMATODE, Cyst. Cactodera milleri, WI. DIEBACK, Branch. Calosphaeria pulchella, CA.
VIRUS. Sowbane Mosaic, CA. Commonly used as LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina farlowii, VT to FL, TX;
test plant (bioassay) for viruses. Taphrina cerasi, ME to NJ, MN.
498 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora circumscissa Cherry Mottle Leaf; Cherry Necrotic

(Mycosphaerella cerasella), NJ, PA, VA to Rusty Mottle; Cherry Pink Fruit; Cherry
FL, TX; Alternaria citri var. cerasi, CA; Pinto Leaf; Cherry Rasp Leaf; Cherry Ring
Phyllosticta pruni-avium, OR; Cercospora Spot; Cherry Rugose Mosaic; Cherry Rusty
graphioides and Phyllosticta serotina on Mottle; Cherry Twisted Leaf; Cherry Vein
wild black cherry only; Coccomyces Clearing; Cherry Yellows; Prune Dwarf;
lutescens, VA. Tomato Ring Spot; Stem Pitting; Prunus
LEAF SPOT; Blight; Shot hole. Coccomyces Necrotic Ring Spot, CA, WA; Plum Pox,
hiemalis, general. WA.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum VIRUS, Leafroll and Yellow Leaves. Nepovirus,
(flavescens). WA.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp.; P. vulnus,
CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp; Cherry, Flowering, Oriental (Prunus
M. incognita; M. javanica. serrulata)
NONPARASITIC. Brown Bark Spot. Arsenical poi-
soning of soil, ID, MT, WA. Chlorosis. Alkali BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, GA,
injury, CA, TX. Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, OH.
CA, OR, WA. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas pruni, NJ.
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae, CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, GA.
general. DECLINE. Cause, unknown; complex of insect,
ROT, Brown. Monilinia fructicola, general; poor soil, viral infection and air pollutants
M. laxa, MA, NY, RI, Argentina. suspected, VA.
ROT, Fruit. Alternaria sp.; Botrytis cinerea; LEAF BLISTER; Witches’ Broom. Taphrina
Cladosporium herbarum, CA to WA and cerasi, MD, NJ.
ID; Lambertella sp., OR; Microstroma LEAF SPOT. Coccomyces hiemalis, MA, NJ.
tonellianum, MA; Penicillium expansum; SCAB. Cladosporium carpophilum, MS.
Rhizopus stolonifer, occasional in market; VIRUS. Cherry Vein Clearing; Cherry
Pullularia sp., Northwest; Mucor piriformis. (Flowering) Rough Bark; Cherry Little
ROT, Green Fruit. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, OR. Cherry.
ROT, Heart; Wood. Fomes fomentarius, North-
east; Polyporus spp.; Poria ambigua, CA.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, NM, OK, OR; Cherry, Japanese Flowering (Prunus
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Xylaria subhirtella)
spp., VA; Poria ambigua, CA.
ROT, Silver Leaf. Stereum purpureum, NY, LEAF SPOT. Cristulariella pyramidalis, FL.
MT.
RUST. Tranzschelia discolor (II, III), GA, MA,
NE, NY, NC, OK, TX; 0, I on anemone. Cherry-Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)
SCAB. Fusicladium cerasi, NY to IA and WI.
VIRUS. Cherry Rough Fruit, UT on sweet cherry BACTERIAL Spot. Xanthomonas pruni, GA, MS,
(Prunus avium); Cherry Albino; Cherry NJ, SC.
Bark-Splitting; Cherry Black Canker; BLIGHT, Blossom; Brown Rot. Monilinia
Cherry Buckskin; Cherry Bud Abortion; fructicola, CA; M. laxa, CA; Alternaria sp.,
Cherry Chlorosis; Cherry Freckle Fruit TX.
Disease; Cherry Green Ring Mottle; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora circumscissa, CA;
Cherry Gummosis; Cherry Little Cherry; C. cladosporioides, LA, TX; Coccomyces
Cherry Midleaf Necrosis; Cherry Mora; lutescens, MS; Phyllachora beaumontii,
Chinaberry (Melia) 499
AL; Phyllosticta laurocerasi, CA, FL, NJ; BACTERIAL, Pink Seed. Erwinia rhapontici, Sas-
Septoria ravenelii, SC. katchewan, Canada.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum BLIGHT. Ascochyta radiei, ID, NE, WA.
(flavescens), FL. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe POWDERY MILDEW. Leveilula taurica, WA.
tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum ROT, Root. Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi;
omnivorum, TX. Thielaviopsis basicola, ID, WA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA. ROT, Root; Damping-Off. Pythium ultimum,
CA; Rhizoctonia solani, CA.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ND, WA;
Chestnut (Castanea) S. minor, AR.
RUST. Uromyces ciceris-arietini, CA, GA.
BLIGHT, Canker. Endothia parasitica, general, VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, CA; Chickpea fili-
with American chestnut practically extermi- form, WA; Lettuce Mosaic, CA; Red Clover
nated by it. Vein Mosaic, WA; Pea Enation Mosaic,
BLIGHT, Twig. Cytospora sp.; Phomopsis sp.; ID, WA; Bean leaf Roll, ID, WA; Pea Streak,
Diplodia longispora. ID, WA.
CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus aceris. WILT. Fusarium lateritium f. sp. cicerii;
CANKER; DIEBACK. Cryptodiaporthe castanea; Vascular Disease; Phialophora gregata;
Strumella coryneoidea. Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, CA. Verticillium
LEAF SPOT. Actinopelte dryina; albo-atrum.
Cylindrosporium castaneae; Marssonina
ochroleuca, general; Monochaetia
desmazierii; M. kansensis; Phyllosticta Chickweed (Stellaria and Cerastium)
castanea; Exosporium fawcettii;
Scolecosporium fagi. ROT. Sclerotinia minor, NC; Sclerotium rolfsii
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron villosum, CA. (stem), NC.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni; RUST, Broom. Melampsorella caryophyl-
Phyllactinia corylea. lacearum, NY.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea; Phytophthora VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, PA; Tomato Spotted
cinnamomi; Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Wilt, GA.
ROT, Wood. Fomes spp.; Polyporus spp.; Poria
spp.; Stereum spp.
Japanese and Chinese chestnuts are resistant Chinaberry (Melia)
to chestnut blight. Plant breeders are trying to
develop hybrids between Asiatic and native spe- BLACK MILDEW. Meliola sp.
cies that will be resistant to Endothia. BLACKLEG. Phoma lingam, WA.
BLIGHT, Limb; Twig. Pellicularia koleroga, FL;
Eutypella stellulata, OK, TX; Fusarium
Chickory lateritium, TX.
CANKER. Nectria coccinea, MS, SC.
▶Endive. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica,
general.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora leucosticta, Gulf states;
Chick-Pea, Garbanzo (Cicer) C. meliae; C. subsessilis; Phyllosticta
azedarachis, AL; P. meliae, LA, TX.
BACTERIAL, Blight. Pseudomonas andropogonis, MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
ME. (flavescens), TX.
500 Host Plants
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. GLEBAL MASSES. Sphaerobolus stellatus

PHYTOPLASMA; Witches’ Broom and Decline, Bra- (Gasteromycetous fungus), FL, TX.
zil, Rio Grande do Sul. LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL;
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MS. Burkholderia gladioli, Argentina.
ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX; NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus coffeae, FL.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne javanica.
ROT, Wood. Fomes meliae, AL; Polyporus ROT, Collar; Foliar Blight. Fusarium
versicolor, GA. subglutinans, HI.
ROT, Root; Leaf. Pythium splendens, FL.
The root rot is serious, with all roots
rotted, plants stunted, dying. Destroy
Chinese Cabbage (Brassica pekinensis, infected plants. Take tip cuttings well above
B. chinensis) ground.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum higginsianum, FL.

BACTERIAL Black Rot. Xanthomonas Chinese Lantern (Physalis alkekengi)
campestris, IN, MD, TX.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas maculicola, LEAF SPOT. Alternaria solani; Phyllosticta sp.,
VA. OK; P. physaleos, CT.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows. SMUT, White. Entyloma australe, CT, NY.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic; Tobacco Mosaic;
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, CT, Potato Mottle.
MA, NJ, OH, PA. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY.
LEAF SPOT, Black. Alternaria oleracea, CA, CT,
FL, MA, NH, TX; Gray, A. brassicae, CA,
CT, FL, IN, MD; Cercospora brassicola, FL, Chinese Tallowtree (Sapium)
GA, NH, NJ; Cercosporella brassicae, white
spot, widespread. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora stillingiae, LA;
LEAF SPOT; White Spot. Pseudocercosporella Phyllosticta stillingiae, LA.
capsellae, CA. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meliodogyne sp. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, AZ, MA;
Peronospora parasitica.
ROT, Root; Damping-off. Aphanomyces Chinese Waxgourd (Benincasa)
raphani, WI.
ROT, Watery Soft. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, AZ, ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, IN.
MA, NY, TX. DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis,
VIRUS. Turnip Mosaic; Cauliflower Mosaic. MA, OH.
WHITE RUST. Albugo candida, AL. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
Chinquapin (Castanopsis)
Chinese Evergreen (Aglaonema)
BLIGHT, Chestnut; Canker. Endothia parasitica,
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sp., general.
Gloeosporium sp., WA. CANKER, Brown Felt. Septobasidium
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Erwinia aroideae; pseudopedicellatum.
Xanthomonas dieffenbachiae, FL. LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina castanopsidis, CA.
Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) 501
LEAF SPOT. Dothidella castanopsidis, CA, OR; Mycosphaerella arbutifolia, NY;

Mycosphaerella sp., CA, OR. Phyllosticta arbutifolia, NJ.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, NC. ROT, Brown. Monilinia fructicola, WI.
ROT, Heart; Sapwood; Wood. Fomes igniarius, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
OR; Ganoderma oregonenses; Peniophora RUST. Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (0, I),
sanguinea; Polyporus hirsutus; P. versicolor. MA; III on juniper; G. clavipes (0, I), CT, ME,
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, OR. MA, TX; G. davisii (0, I), ME, MI, NH, WI;
WILT, Oak. Ceratocystis fagacearum. G. fraternum (0, I), DE, MA, ME, NJ, PA; III
on chamaecyparis.
Chiogenes (Creeping Snowberry)
RUST. Chrysomyxa chiogenis (II, III), MI, NH, Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)
NY, WI; 0, I unknown.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas pruni, IL,
MT, NY, WY.
Chionodoxa (Glory-of-the-Snow) BACTERIAL, MLO. Peach X-Disease, NH to VA,
IL, WI.
NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci. BLACK KNOT. Dibotryon morbosum, general.
BLIGHT, Fruit and Shoot. Monilinia demissa, ID,
WA; M. padi (Sclerotinia angustior), VT to
Chirita KS, ND.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Cytospora chrysosperma, MT.
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL, OH, CANKER, TWIG. Eutypa lata (syn. E.
WA. armeniacae), CA.
LEAF BLISTER; Fruit, Shoot Hypertrophy.
Taphrina confusa, widespread.
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium nuttallii, OR;
Gloeosporium prunicola, NY;
BLIGHT, Leaf. Botrytis byssoidea, CA. Lophodermina prunicola, tar spot, CO;
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora destructor, CA. Mycosphaerella cerasella, KS; Phyllosticta
RUST. Puccinia porri (II, III), CT, NY, WA. circumscissa; P. virginiana, leaf blotch, NY
SMUT. Urocystis cepulae, MA. to KS and MT; Septoria pruni, MI.
LEAF SPOT; Shot Hole. Cercospora
circumscissa, New England, IA, WI; ND
Chlorogalum (Soap-Plant) to KS, and MT; Cercospora lutescens,
general.
LEAF SPOT. Heterosporium gracile, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
RUST. Uromyces aureus (0, I, III), CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae,
widespread; Phyllactinia corylea, WA.
ROT, Brown Heart. Fomes fulvus, ND, SD.
Chokeberry (Aronia) RUST. Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (II, III), CT
to IL, WI.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, MI, VIRUS. Western X-Disease, ID, OR, UT, WA;
TX, WV. Tatter Leaf (Peach Ring Spot).
DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL. Chokecherries should be eliminated
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta pirina, WI; Cercospora near peach orchards to control the peach
mali, AL, TX; C. piri, MI, NH, WI; X-disease.
502 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, VA.

Christmas Berry (Heteromeles DODDER. Cuscuta sp., MI, NJ, NY, WA, WV;
arbutifolia) C. arvensis and C. indecora, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., OK, TX;
BLIGHT, Sudden Oak Death. Phytophthora Cercospora chrysanthemi, AL, LA, MD,
ramorum, CA. PA, TX; Cylindrosporium chrysanthemi,
RUST. Gymnosporium exiguum, CA. MA to AL and KS; Phyllosticta
chrysanthemi, FL, MA, MS, VA; Septoria
chrysanthemella (S. chrysanthemi) and
Christmas Cactus (Zygocactus S. obesa, general.
truncatus) NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi,
widespread.
ROT, Basal Stem. Fusarium oxysporum, MA. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, NJ,
ROT, Root. Phytophthora parasitica, FL. TX.
VIRUS. Zygocactus Montana X, MT. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
NONPARASITIC. Crackneck. In greenhouses, prob-
ably overwatering and insufficient ventilation.
Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger) Air Pollution Injury.
Yellow Strapleaf. Amino acid imbalance.
BLIGHT, Flower Spot. Botrytis cinerea, NJ; PETAL SPOT. Bipolaris (Helminthosporium)
Gloeosporium sp., NJ. setariae, FL.
LEAF SPOT, Black. Coniothyrium hellebori, MD, POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
NY, OR. cichoracearum, general.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotium delphinii (S. rolfsii), NY. ROT, Charcoal Stem. Macrophomina phaseoli,
OK.
ROT, Flower. Fusarium tricinctum f. sp. poae,
Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema LA, NJ.
grandiflora) ROT, Root. Fusarium sp.; Rhizoctonia solani,
general; Pythium sp.; Phymatotrichum
BACTERIAL, MLO. Phloem Necrosis. MLO, wide- omnivorum, AZ, TX.
spread; Aster Yellows. ROT, Stem. Fusarium solani.
BACTERIAL Blight; Wilt. Erwinia chrysanthemi, ROT, Stem; Drop. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, AZ,
serious in greenhouses; E. carotovora, OK; LA, MI, VA.
Pseudomonas cichorii, FL. RUST. Puccinia taneceti (II), general.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium VIROID. Chrysanthemum Stunt, serious; Chry-
tumefaciens, CT, FL, NJ, TX. santhemum Chlororic Mottle, FL, NY,
BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, MI, widespread.
NJ, NY, OH. VIRUS. Chrysanthemum Flower Distortion;
BLIGHT, Blossom. Phytophthora nicotianae, AL. Chrysanthemum Mosaic; Chrysanthemum
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, Ring Spot; Chrysanthemum Rosette; Impa-
cosmopolitan. tiens Necrotic Spot, GA, NC; Tomato
BLIGHT, Leaf; Blotch. Septoria leucanthemi, Aspermy; Tomato Spotted Wilt.
widespread. WHITE RUST. Puccinia horiana (III, IV), CA, FL,
BLIGHT, Petal. Itersonilia perplexans, FL, MN. NJ, OR, PA.
BLIGHT, Ray. Ascochyta chrysanthemi WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi;
(Mycosphaerella ligulicola), MD to FL, CA, F. oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum, SC;
MS, OH; Ray Speck, Stemphylium F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi, FL, SC,
floridanum, FL; Alternaria spp. widespread; Verticillium albo-atrum.
Citrus Fruits (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange) 503
When garden chrysanthemums have foliage RUST. Puccinia lagenophorae, NY.

browning and dying progressively up the stem, VIRUS. Cineraria Mosaic, WA; Tomato Spotted
the cause can be leaf nematodes, Septoria leaf Wilt; Chrysanthemum Stunt (viroid); Impa-
spots, or Verticillium wilt. To reduce spread of tiens Necrotic Spot, NC.
nematodes home gardeners should take tip cut- WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NJ, NY, WA;
tings rather than crown divisions. Commercial V. dahliae, CA.
growers should procure stock free from stunt
and other virus diseases.
Cinnamon-Tree (Cinnamomum
zeylandicum)
Chrysopsis (Golden Aster)
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora macroguttata, AL, MS; LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL.
Ramularia chrysopsidis, NY.
cichoracearum, MT, WY. Cirsium (Plumed Thistle)
RUST. Coleosporium asterum (II, III), CO, FL,
NE; 0, I on pine; Puccinia grindeliae (III), LEAF SPOT. Alternaria chrysanthemi, MT;
CA, CO, OK, UT, WY; P. stipae (0, I), AZ, Cercospora spp.; Phyllosticta cirsii;
CO, FL, MT, NE, WY; II, III on grasses. Septoria cirsii, WI.
cichoracearum, general; Sphaero theca
Cimicifuga (Bugbane, Black Cohosh) macularis.
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, IL;
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta actaeae, CT, NY; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Ectostroma afflatum, VA. RUST. Puccinia cirsii (0, I, II, III), PA to NC, CA,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., NJ. TX, OR; Uromyces junci (0, I), MT, NE, ND.
SMUT, Inflorescence. CO, UT.
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, NY to IA,
Cinchona TX, WY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cinchonae, LA.

NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. Cissus
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora viticola, LA;

Cineraria (Senecio) C. arboreae, TX; Phyllosticta cissicola, TX.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NY. RUST. Aecidium mexicanum (0, I), OK.
BLIGHT. Botrytis cinerea, AK, IN, MO, NJ, PA. SMUT. Mycosyrinx cissi, FL.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, IL, NY.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, NY.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. Citrus Fruits (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces Orange)
cichoracearum, MA.
ROT, Root. Pythium sp., MD; P. ultimum; ANTHRACNOSE; Withertip, Fruit Spot. Glomerella
Thielaviopsis basicola, MA. cingulata, general.
ROT, Stem. Fusarium sp., PA; Phytophthora ANTHRACNOSE, Lime; Withertip. Gloeosporium
sp., NJ; Sclerotinia sclero tiorum, WA. limetticolum, on lime only, CA.
504 Host Plants
ANTHRACNOSE, Scab. Elsinoë australis, FL. LEAF SPOT, Algal; Red Rust. Cephaleuros
BACTERIAL Blast; Blight; Black Pit. Pseudomo- virescens, Gulf states.
nas syringae, CA; after cold rains. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron sp., Gulf states.
BACTERIAL Brown Leaf Spot. Burkholderia NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
andropogonis, FL. NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchus semipenetrans,
BACTERIAL Canker. Xanthomonas campestris CA, FL.
pv. citri, FL. NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus coronatus.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus brachyurus;
tumefaciens, AZ, CA. P. vulnus.
BACTERIAL Greening. Candidatus Liberibacter NEMATODE, Ring. Criconema civellae;
asiaticus, Central America, Puerto Rico. Criconemoides citri, FL.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Citrus Stubborn Disease. NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Paratrichodorus
BLIGHT, Brown Spot; Fruit and Young Shoots. christiei.
Alternaria citri, FL. NONPARASITIC. Blight. Boron deficiency, CA, FL.
BLIGHT, Leaf and Stem. Phytophthora syringae, Bronzing. Magnesium deficiency, FL.
CA. Cancroid Spot. Genetic abnormality.
BLIGHT, Seedling; Fruit Rot. Sclerotium rolfsii. Chlorosis. Iron deficiency, AZ, CA, FL; manga-
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, Gulf nese deficiency, FL.
states. Exanthema. Copper deficiency, augmented by
BLIGHT, Twig. Gibberella baccata (Fusarium excessive nitrogen fertilization and bad drain-
lateritium), CA; Tryblidiella rufula, TX. age, CA, FL.
BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena, Gulf states. Greasy Spot. Black Melanose, Cause unknown,
CANKER, Branch. Eutypella spp., CA; CA, TX; chiefly grapefruit.
Spencermartinsia viticola, Neofusicoccum Gummosis. Gum Spot; Gummosis. Environmen-
austral, and N. parvum, CA. tal injuries in part.
CANKER, Branch Knot. Sphaeropsis Leprosis. Florida Scaly Bark; Nailhead Rust.
tumefaciens, FL. Cause unknown, FL.
CANKER, Branch Wilt. Exosporina fawcettii, Mottle Leaf. Zinc deficiency, AZ, CA, FL.
CA. Oleocellosis. Rind-oil Spot. Chemical injury
CANKER; DIEBACK. Aspergillus foetidus, CA. from release of oil in rind.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., Gulf Rumple. Rind network on lemon; cause
states. unknown.
CANKER, Trunk. Botryodiplodia theobromea, Silver Scurf. Thrips injury on fruit, widespread;
TX. Silvering. Rust mite injury; Stigmonose.
CANKER, Wound. Hendersonula toruloidea, CA. Insect punctures.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia Wilt; Blight; Leaf Curl. Irregular water supply,
solani, cosmopolitan. FL.
DODDER. Cuscuta americana, CA, FL; Cassytha PHYTOPLASMA, Citrus Huanglongbing.
filiformis, a dodderlike plant, FL. Candidatus L. asiaticus, FL.
GREENING DISEASE. Huanglongbing, FL. POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., CA, FL;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora aurantia, FL, TX; O. tingitaninum.
Greasy Spot, C. citri-grisea, FL; Tar Spot, ROT. Diplodia; Collar; Twig Blight. Diplodia
C. gigantea, FL; Cladosporium oxysporum, natalensis, general.
FL; Mycosphaerella lageniformis, CA; ROT, Black, of Fruit. Alternaria citri,
M. citri, FL; Pleospora sp., CA; Alternaria widespread.
citri, on Rangpur lime; Fruit Spot, Septoria ROT, Brown; Gummosis. Phytophthora
citri, CA, TX; S. limonium, CA; citrophthora, AZ, CA, FL; P. parasitica,
Xanthomonas fuscans, Brazil. “mal di gomma,” CA, FL.
Claytonia (Spring Beauty) 505
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, AZ, flowering for melanose. Citrus trees in the
CA. burrowing nematode area are being pulled and
ROT, Cottony Fruit; Twig Blight. Sclerotinia the soil treated. Consult the California and
sclerotiorum, CA, FL, TX. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations for
ROT, Dothiorella; Bark Canker. Botryosphaeria the latest information on specific Citrus
ribis, widespread. problems.
ROT, Fruit. Aspergillus spp.; Fusarium spp.;
Mucor spp.; Oospora citri aurantii, sour
rot, Nematospora coryli, dry rot; Candida Clarkia
krusei; Gloeosporium foliicolum
(Glomerella cingulata), FL; Penicillium ANTHRACNOSE, Colletotrichum sp., PA.
italicum, Mexico. BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NY, and Cali-
ROT, Gray Mold; Twig Blight. Botrytis cinerea, fornia Aster Yellows, CA.
CA. BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Canker. Botrytis cinerea,
ROT, Green Mold. Penicillium digitatum; Blue CA, NY.
Mold, CA; P. italicum; Pink Mold, DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, CA; Rhi-
P. roseum, cosmopolitan; Black Mold, zoctonia solani, CT.
Rhizopus stolonifer; Trichothecium viride, DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora arthuri, CA.
occasional. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium fulgens, CA.
ROT. Melanose; Phomopsis; Decorticosis; Shell LEAF SPOT. Alternaria tenuis, secondary.
Bark. Diaporthe citri, general. ROT, Stem. Fusarium sp., CA; Phytophthora
ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; cactorum, NY.
Clitocybe tabescens, FL. RUST. Puccinia oenotherae (0, I, II, III), CA, ID,
ROT, Root. Fusarium solani; Phymatotrichum NV, OR, WA; Puccini astrum pustulatum
omnivorum, TX; Poria vaporaria, CA; (II, III), AK, NY.
Thielaviopsis basicola. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
ROT, Sour. Geotrichum citri-aurantii, Mexico.
ROT, Wood. Daldinia concentrica, occasional;
Ganoderma lucidum, FL; Polyporus spp.; Clausena (Wampi)
Schizophyllum commune; Trametes
hydnoides; T. hispida. LEAF SPOT. Glomerella cingulata, MD.
SOOTY MOLD, Capnodium citri; C. citricola. NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans,
Gulf states. FL.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Citrus Scab. Elsinoë SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Citrus Scab. Elsinoë
fawcettii, AL, CA, FL, LA, MS. fawcettii, FL.
VIRUS. Algerian Navel Orange, FL;
Citrus Ringspot, CA, FL; Citrus Exocortis
(viroid); Citrus Psorosis, Scaly Bark; Citrus Claytonia (Spring Beauty)
Tatter Leaf; Citrus Tristeza, Quick Decline;
Citrus Vein Enation; Citrus Xyloporosis, DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora claytoniae, CA,
Cachexia; Citrus Yellow Vein; Citrus Leaf IA, MD, TX, WA.
Rugose, CA; Citrus Tristeza, LA; Citrus GALL, Leaf. Physoderma claytoniana; MI, WI.
Variegation; Citrus Leprosis; Citrus Ena- LEAF SPOT. Ramularia claytoniae, CA.
tion-Woody Gall, CA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
In the home garden oil sprays for scale help RUST. Puccinia marie-wilsoniae (0, I, III), NH to
to get rid of sooty mold. A neutral copper spray VA, CO, MO, UT, WA, WI; P. agnita (0, III);
just before growth starts is recommended in Uromyces claytoniae (0, I, III), NY.
Florida for citrus scab and one just after VIRUS. Spring Beauty Latent, AR.
506 Host Plants
Clematis (including Virgins-Bower) Clethra (Sweet Pepperbush,

White-Alder)
tumefaciens, MN, TX. GALL, Red Leaf. Synchytrium vaccinii, NJ.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Phloeospora adusta, TX. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta clethricola, MD, NJ,
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta clematidina, widespread; TX.
Cercospora rubigo, CA, WA; C. squalidula, ROT, Root. Corticium galactinum.
widespread; Cylindrosporium clematidis,
East and South; Glomerella cingulata, FL;
Phyllosticta clematidis, MT, VA; Clinopodium (Basil-Weed)
Ramularia clematidis, MT; Septoria
clematidis, WA, WI; Sphaerella applanata, LEAF SPOT. Phyllostidcta deciduas, NY.
MT, TX. RUST. Puccinia menthae (0, I, II, III), MA to VA,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla, CO, WI.
ND.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni,
widespread. Clintonia
RUST. Puccinia recondita (0, I), Rocky Mts. and
Pacific Coast; II, III on grasses; P. pulsatillae GALL, Leaf; False Rust. Synchytrium aureum,
(III), CA; P. stromatica (III), AL; WI.
Tranzschelia viornae (II, III), TX. ROT, Leaf. Ceratobasidium anceps, ME,
SMUT. Urocystis carcinodes, UT. NY, WI.
RUST. Puccinia mesomajalis (III), CA,
ID, MI, MN, MT, NH, NY, OR, TN, VA,
WA, WI.
Cleome (Spider-Flower)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, LA. Clivia

LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cleomis, MI, NJ;
C. conspicua; Heterosporium hybridum, NEMATODE, Spiral. Rotylenchus brachyurus.
IA, MT.
POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica, North Clover (Trifolium incarnatum,
America. T. pratense, T. repens, T. stoloniferum,
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, CO, IN, MT, T. subterraneum, T. vesiculosum)
NE, NM; II, III on grasses.
BLACK SPOT, Pseudomonas andropogonis, NC.
BLIGHT, Root; Crown Rot. Pythium ultimum;
P. irregulare; Fusarium proliferatum;
Clerodendrum (Glorybower) Rhizoctonia solani, GA, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora zebrina, TX.
CANKER, Stem. Kutilakesa pironii, FL. NEMATODE, Root-Knot. Meloidogyne
LEAF SPOT. Septoria phylctaenioides, SC; graminicola, MS.
Cercospora apii f. sp. clerodendri, FL. VIRUS. Clover Yellow Mosaic; Crimson Clover
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD. Latent; Cucumber Mosaic; Peanut Stunt,
VIRUS. Zonate Ring Spot, FL. MO; Red Clover Vein Mosaic; Suberranean
Collards 507
Clover Red Leaf, CA; White Clover

Mosaic; Alfalfa Mosaic, WI; Bean Yellow Cocoyam (Xanthosoma)
Mosaic, AK.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas campestris
pv. dieffenbachiae, FL.
Coccoloba (Sea-Grape, Dove-Plum)
BLACK MILDEW. Lembosia coccolobae; Codonanthe

L. philodendri; L. portoricense; L. tenella,
FL. VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL,
LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia coccolobae, FL. OH, WA.
RUST. Puccinia canaliculata, GA; Uredo
coccolobae; U. uviferae (II), FL.
Coffee-Berry (Rhamnus californicus)
Cocklebur (Xanthium) BLIGHT, Sudden Oak Death. Phytophthora

ramorum, CA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, ND. LEAF SPOT. Phaeosphaerella rhamni, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla. RUST. Puccinia mesneriana (III), CA.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia trifoliorum, MD; SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium sp., CA.
S. sclerotiorum, MD; S. minor, MD.
RUST. Puccinia canaliculata, KS;
P. xanthii, KS. Coleus
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, NY.

Cockscomb (Celosia argentia) DAMPING-OFF; Cutting Rot. Pythium
spp., CA, MD; Rhizoctonia solani, FL, IL,
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, CT. NY, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora celosiae, AL, OK; DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora lamii, LA, NY.
Phyllosticta sp., NJ; Alternaria sp., NJ. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., NJ; Phyllosticta sp.,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., KS, NJ.
OH, TX. NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae, NJ.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AL,
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA, TX; Cucumber CA, CT, MD, MO, NJ, NY, OK.
Mosaic, NY. NONPARASITIC. Crinkle. Genetic leaf deformity.
ROT, Gray Mold; Leaf Blight. Botrytis cinerea,
AK, MO.
Cocoa (Theobroma cacas) SLIME MOLD. Badhamia panicea, KS.
VIRUS. Coleus Mosaic; Coleus Vein Necrosis,
GALL. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, FL. Tobacco Etch Virus, MN, MO.
ROT, Pod. Phytophthora palmivora, Puerto Rico. WILT. Verticullium sp., CT.
Cocoa-Plum (Chrysobalanus) Collards
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora chrysobalani, FL. ▶Cabbage.

LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL. Subject to downy mildew and Sclerotinia rot.
508 Host Plants

Collinsia (Blue-Lips, Blue-Eyed Mary) Pythium mamillatum, CA; Phytophthora
dreschleri, NC.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria collinsiae, IL. ROT, Stem. Phoma sp., PA; Sclerotinia
ROT, Root. Pythium mamillatum, CA. sclerotiorum, DE, OH, PA, TX; Phyllosticta
RUST. Aecidium insulum (0, I), UT; aquilegicola, WA.
Puccinia collinsiae (0, I, II, III), CA, OR, RUST. Puccinia recondita (0, I), CA, CO, ID,
UT, WA. NM, OR, WA; II, III on grasses.
SMUT, White. Entyloma collinsiae, CA, OR. SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis sorosporioides,
UT.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, OH; Mosaic,
Collinsonia (Horse-Balm) unidentified, IA, KS.
BLACK SPOT, on stem. Phyllachora sp., PA.

Columbo (Frasera)
Collomia LEAF SPOT. Asteroma fraserae, black mildew,

CO, ID; Cercospora fraserae, CO, UT;
NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci, Pacific Marssonina fraserae, ID, WA; Phyllosticta
Northwest. fraserae, CO.
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, RUST. Uromyces speciosus (II, III), CO, NM; 0, I,
CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, WA, WY. unknown.
RUST. Puccinia giliae (II, III), CA, WA; 0,
I unknown; P. plumbaria (0, I, III), NV;
Uromyces acuminatus var. polemonii (0, I), Columnea
CO, NE, ND; II, III on marsh grass.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
Coltsfoot (Tussilago)
Commelina (C. diffusa)
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella tussilaginis, NY;
Septoria farfaricola, TN. VIRUS. Aneilema Mosaic, FL; Commelina
Mosaic, FL; Cucumber Mosaic, FL; Trad-
escantia/Zebrinia Mosaic, FL.
Columbine (Aquilegia)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea; Confederate-Jasmine

B. streptothrix. (Trachelospermum)
DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Rhizoctonia solani, IL.
LEAF SPOT, Ascochyta aquilegiae, CT, IL, BLACK MILDEW; Sooty Mold. Dimerosporium
IA, NJ, NY, PA, TX, WI; Cercospora pulchrum, LA.
aquilegiae, KS, OR; Septoria aquilegiae, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora repens, LA.
CT, IN, MI, NY, OH, VT, VA, WI; ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
Haplobasidium pavoninum, AK.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, Coral-Bells
AK, IL, IN, IA, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TX, UT,
WI, WY. ▶Heuchera.
Corn, Sweet (Zea mays var. saccharata) 509
SCAB. Cladosporium coreopsidis.

Coralberry (Symphoricarpos VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Lettuce
orbiculatus) Mosaic, WA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY.
CANKER; Stem Gall. Phomopsis sp., MD.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora symphoricarpi, KS, NE,
TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera diffusa, Coriander (Coriandrum)
general.
ROT, Berry. Alternaria sp., CT. ANTHRACNOSE. Gloesporium sp., MD.
ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX; BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae,
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. CA, FL; Xanthomonas campestris pv.
RUST. Puccinia crandallii (0, I), KS, MO, OK. carotae, OR.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma symporicarpii. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
VIRUS. Coriander Feathery Red Vein, CA.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii,
Cordia CA.

cichoracearum, TX.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Corn, Sweet (Zea mays var. saccharata)
BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Acidovorax avenae syn.
Pseudomonas avenae, IL.
Coreopsis (Tickseed) BACTERIAL Leaf Stripe. Pseudomonas
andropogonis, FL.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ, NY, and BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas syringae, MA.
California Aster Yellows, CA. BACTERIAL Stalk Rot. Erwinia dissolvens,
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. FL, WV.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, TX. BACTERIAL Wilt. Erwinia stewartii, general;
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.
CANKER, Basal. Fusarium oxysporum, CT, NY. nebraskensis, IN, MN, TX.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., NJ. BLIGHT, Leaf. Helminthosporium turcicum syn.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora coreopsidis, OK; Exserohilum turcicum), HI, IL, TX; middle
Phyllosticta coreopsidis, WI; Septoria Atlantic and southern states, occasional in
coreopsidis, IA, WI, TX. central states; H. maydis (Cochliobolus
NECROSIS, Foliar. Fusarium oxysporum, heterostrophus), southern leaf blight;
CT, NY. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. nebraskensis, IN; Pantoea agglomerans,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces Mexico.
cichoracearum, MD, MN, NY, WI. BLIGHT, Seedling; Stalk Rot; Ear Rot. Penicil-
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, MN, NY, TX; lium oxalicum.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Fusar- DOWNY MILDEW. Peronosclerospora sorghi, IL.
ium oxysporum, CT, NY. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora zeae-maydis, VA,
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, OH, WA. Ontario, Canada; Phaeosphaeria maydis,
RUST. Coleosporium inconspicuum (II, III), FL; Physoderma maydis, brown spot, in
GA, MD, NC, OH, SC, TN, VA, WV; 0, I on South; Eyespot, Kabatiella zeae; Pantoea
pine. ananatis, Argentina.
510 Host Plants
LEAF STRIPE. Burkholderia gladioli, Mexico.

LESIONS, Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, MS. Corncockle (Agrostemma)
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Heterodera zeae, VA; LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium sp., IN; Marssonina
Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Pacific NW; delastrei, IL, IN, MI, MS, MO; Septoria
M. hapla, Pacific NW. lychnidis var. pusilla, ND.
ROOT DISEASE. Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
F. acuminatum, F. proliferatum, MN. ROT, Stem. Fusarium sp., IN.
ROT, Black Bundle Disease. Cephalosporium
acremonium, MT.
ROT, Dry Ear. Nigrospora sorghi, IA. Corn-Marigold (Chrysanthemum
ROT, Ear, Root and Stalk; Seedling Blight. segetum)
Diplodia zeae, ME to VA, SD, TX; Fusarium
spp.; F. moniliforme, cosmopolitan; BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, CA.
Burkholderia gladioli, MS. LEAF SPOT. Septoria chrysanthemi, NY.
ROT, Root. Gibberella zeae, chiefly east of Mis-
sissippi River; Phoma terrestris, DE, MD;
Pythium spp., IL, IA, OH, TX; Corydalis
Helminthosporium pedicellatrum, CA;
Exserohilum pedicellatum, TX; Phomus DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora corydalis, IN,
terrestris, NC. MD, MA, OK, TX.
ROT, Stem. Burkholderia gladioli, Mexico. LEAF SPOT. Septoria corydalis, TX, WI.
RUST. Puccinia sorghi (II, III), general; 0, I on NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
oxalis; P. polysora, GA, Southern U.S. RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), CO, KS,
SMUT. Ustilago maydis, general, FL, IL, MI, MN, NE; II, III on grasses; P. brandegei (III)
NY, TX,WI; Sphacelotheca reiliana, Head CO, WA.
Smut.
SMUT, False. Ustilaginoidea virens, MS.
VIRUS. Barley Yellow Dwarf, IL; Corn Leaf Cosmos
Fleck; Corn Mosaic, Corn Stunt, AL, AZ,
CA, GA, IN, KY, MO, SC; Wheat Streak BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, DE, NJ, NY,
Mosaic, CO, ID, IN, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, and California Aster Yellows, CA.
UT; Cucumber Mosaic, celery strain; Maize BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum,
Chlorotic Mottle, HI, KS, NE; Maize Dwarf NC.
Mosaic, AL, AZ, AR, CA, GA, ID, IA, MO, BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, MS.
NJ, NM, NY, OH, PA, WA; Maize Rayado CANKER, Stem Blight. Diaporthe stewartii, CT
Fino; Maize Stripe, FL; Sorghum Stunt to NJ, CA, KS, SD, TX.
Mosaic, CA; Oat Blue Dwarf. Marafivirus, DODDER. Cuscuta sp., NY.
North America, Great Plains. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., TX; Septoria sp.,
WILT, STUNT. Phytophthora sansomeana, OH. CT.
WILT, Vascular. Pantoea agglomerans, MOLD, Gray. Botrytis cinerea, Brazil.
Mexico. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
WITCHWEED. Striga asiatica, on roots, NC. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Smut is the most conspicuous corn disease in cichoracearum, CA, MD, NE, NC, TX.
home gardens. Bacterial wilt is dependent on ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
survival of insect vectors and may be serious AZ, TX; Macrophomina phaseoli, TX;
after a warm winter unless resistant hybrids are Pythium sp., MD; Rhizoctonia solani, CT,
used. MD, TX.
Crabapple, Flowering (Malus) 511
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top; Mosaic, unidentified, POD SPOT, Black; Seed. Phomopsis longicolla,
FL, TX; Tomato Spotted Wilt, TX. MS.
WILT. Fusarium sp., NJ; Verticillium dahlia, CA. ROT, Root. Phytophthora megasperma, NC.
VIRUS. Brome Mosaic, CA; Cowpea Aphid-
Borne Mosaic, AR; Cowpea Severe Mosaic,
Cotoneaster AR, IN, LA.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, tracheiphilum, CA.
widespread. Cowpeas are of most interest to gardeners as
BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium a green manure crop, and there is little need of
rhizogenes, central states. repeating here the long list of possible dis-
CANKER, Twig Blight. Physalospora obtusa, NY eases, most of which are given under Bean.
to OH, TX; Diplodia sp., TX; Gibberella Ashy stem blight, charcoal rot, is fairly serious.
baccata, CA. The root-knot nematode is general, but varie-
LEAF SPOT. Fabraea maculata, CA, IA; ties Iron and Bragham are almost immune.
Phyllosticta cotoneastri, MD; P. cydoniae, Fusarium wilt, general in the South, is largely
MS. controlled by using resistant varieties. Leaf
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera sp., CA. spots are numerous, and some may cause defo-
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe liation. Rust is widespread on Blackeye and
tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum related varieties, but many varieties are
omnivorum, AZ, TX; Phytophthora sp. resistant.
SCAB. Venturia sp., WA.
Crabapple, Flowering (Malus)

Cotton (Gossypium)
ANTHRACNOSE. Northwestern. Neofabraea
CANKER, Stem. Phoma exigua, NC, VA. malicorticis, OR.
NEMATODE. Rotylenchus reniformis, VA. BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora,
ROT, Lint. Nigrospora oryzae, AL. widespread.
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, MS. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ND. BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena, IN.
CANKER, Blister. Nummularia discreta, WV.
CANKER, Coral Spot; Twig Blight. Nectria
Coursetia cinnabarina, AK.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Valsa leucostoma, WV;
RUST. Phragmopyxis acuminata (0, III), Physalospora obtusa, MI; Sphaeropsis
AZ, CA. pyriputrescens, WA; Phacidiopycnis
washingtonensis (also Fruit Rot), WA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercosporella pirina, IL, WI;
Cowania Coniothyrium pirinum, WI; Fabraea
maculata, AK, MD; Illosporium
RUST. Phragmidium andersonii (I, II, III), ID. malifoliorum, WV; Marssonina coronaria,
IN, IA, MO, WI; Phyllosticta sp., IA;
P. solitaria, IN, IA, KS, OH, TX, WV;
Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) P. zonata, IA; Septoria pyri.
MISTLETOE, European. Viscum album, CA.
LEAF AND STEM DISEASE. Cercospora cebrina POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium pyrinum, WI;
(clover isolate), NC. Phyllactinia corylea, WA; Podosphaera
512 Host Plants
leucotricha, IL, IA; P. oxyacanthae, WA, Sphaeronema pomorum, NJ; Sporonema

WI. oxycocci, AK, ME, MA, NJ, OR, WA, WI.
ROT, Black, Fruit, Leaf Spot. Physalospora ROT, Berry Speckle. Several fungi associated.
obtusa, eastern and central states. ROT, Bitter; Leaf Spot. Glomerella cingulata
ROT, Heart. Ganoderma applanatum. var. vaccinii, general; Phyllosticta vaccinii,
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, WA; WI.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT, Early; Scald, Blast. Guignardia vaccinii,
RUST. Gymnosporangium clavipes, CT, NJ; G. general; Phyllosticta vaccinii, WI.
globosum, AL, IN, KS, NJ, SC, VA; ROT, End. Godronia cassandrae, general.
G. juniperi-virginianae, cedar-apple rust, ROT, Fairy Ring; Root. Psilocybe agrariella var.
general; G. libocedri, AK, OR; G. nelsonii, vaccinii, MA, NJ.
AK, WA; G. nootkatense, AK; G. yamadae, ROT, Fruit. Acanthorhyncus vaccinii and
DE, PA. A. alba, North America; Gliocepha-
SCAB. Venturia inaequalis, general. lotrichum bulbilium, MA, NJ.
SCAB, Twig Infections. Venturia inaequalis, ROT, Hard; Twig Blight. Monilinia oxycocci,
MA, OH, PA, RI. MA, ME, OR, WA, WI.
Cedar-apple rusts are common and injurious ROT, Root; DIEBACK. Phytophthora cinnamomi,
on most native crabapples; asiatic varieties are MA.
usually resistant. Remove red-cedars in the ROT, Storage. Penicillium spp., cosmopolitan;
vicinity. Diaporthe vaccinii, general; Botrytis
cinerea, gray mold, also blossom blight;
Alternaria sp.; Dematium spp.;
Cranberry (Vaccinium, subgenus Melanospora destruens, in market;
Oxycoccus) Gloeosporium minus, MD, NJ; Pestalotia
vaccinii; Stemphylium ilicis.
DIEBACK. Diaporthe vaccinii, WI. ROT, Witches’ Broom. Naevia oxycocci, ME,
GALL, Red Leaf. Synchytrium vaccinii, NJ. MI, NH, NY.
GALL; Shoot Hypertrophy; Rose-bloom. RUST. Pucciniastrum vaccinii (II, III), OR, UT,
Exobasidium vaccinii, general; E. oxycocci, WA; 0, I on hemlock.
MA. VIRUS. Cranberry False-Blossom, ME to NJ,
LEAF SPOT. Discohainesia oenotherae, also stor- OR, WA, WI; Cranberry Ring Spot, WI.
age rot, MA, NJ, OR, WA, WV;
Mycosphaerella nigromaculans, black spot,
OR, WA; Phyllosticta putrefaciens, also Crape-Myrtle (Lagerstroemia)
berry rot, MA, NJ; Ramularia multiplex,
MI, NY, WI; Venturia compacta, leaf BLIGHT, Thread. Rhizoctonia ramicola, FL.
smudge, general; Cladosporium oxycocci, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lythracearum, TX;
leaf mold, NJ, WA. Cercospora sp., blotch, FL, TX; Phyllosticta
NEMATODE. Atylenchus decalineatus. lagerstroemiae, tip blight, LA, TX.
NEMATODE, Sheath. Hemicycliophora similis. NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Manganese deficiency.
NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Paratrichodorus POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinuliella australiana,
christiei. general; Phyllactinia corylea, AL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
vaccinii, AL, NJ, OH. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Berry; Blotch. Acanthorhynchus vaccinii, SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium spp., in aphid
ME to NC, WI, OR, WA; Ceuthospora honeydew.
lunata, black rot, MA, NJ, OR, WA, WI; Mildew is serious on crape-myrtle, calling for
Curvularia inaequalis, IL, NJ, WI; sprays as the buds break.
Cryptantha 513
This species is sometimes grown as an orna-

Crassula mental. Crotalaria as a cover crop has more
diseases, but C. spectabilis is immune to root-
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., NJ. knot nematode and so particularly useful between
LEAF SPOT. Phomopsis sp., CT. susceptible crops.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides sp.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Pythium sp.,
NJ, NY. Croton (Codiaeum)
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium spp., FL, NJ.

Creeping Zinnia (Sanvitalia ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
procumbens) This is the croton of florists.
VIRUS. Sunflower Mosaic, TX.

Croton (Croton)
Creosote Bush (Larrea) DODDER. Cuscuta indecora, TX.

GALL, Leaf. Kutilakesa pironii, FL.
BLIGHT. Omphalia sp. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora capitati, TX;
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron californicum, TX to C. crotonicola, SC, TX; C. crotonis, AL,
CA. FL, SC; C. crotonophila, WI; C. maritima,
MS; C. crotonifolia, SC.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp., FL.
Crinum ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Bubakia crotonis (II, III), KY to AL, AZ,
LEAF SCORCH; Red Blotch. Stagonospora CA, FL, NE, TX.
curtisii, CA, NY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora pancratii, AL, FL, MS.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified. Crowberry (Empetrum)
RUST. Chrysomyxa empetri (II, III), ME,

Crocus NH, NY.
BACTERIAL Scab. Pseudomonas marginata,

occasional on imported stocks. Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia)
ROT. Corm. Fusarium oxysporum, NY, PA;
Stromatinia gladioli, dry rot, widespread; NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., VA.
Penicillium sp., blue mold. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia trifoliorum; Fusarium
VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, CA, MD. roseum.
Crotalaria (C. retusa) Cryptantha
BLIGHT, Seedling. Alternaria cassiae, MS. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium myosotidis, AZ, CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium erysiphoides var. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
crotalariae, LA, MS. cichoracearum, CA, NV.
VIRUS. Potato Virus X, on C. juncea. RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I); II, III on native
WILT; Root Rot. Fusarium sp., GA, TX. grasses; P. cryptanthes, CA, WA.
514 Host Plants
MOLD. Seed. Alternaria tenuis, cosmopolitan;

Cryptanthus Curvularia trifolii, NJ.
NEMATODE, Hop Cyst. Heterodera humuli, OR.
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., WA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita;
M. javanica.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Nitrogen, manganese,
or potassium deficiency.
Cryptomeria POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, general; Sphaerotheca
BLIGHT, Leaf and Twig. Diaporthe eres; fuliginea, CA, NC; Leveillula taurica, ID.
Phyllosticta cryptomeriae, VA and general ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, IL.
U.S. ROT, Fruit. Fusarium spp., TX; Rhizopus
LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia cryptomeriae, SC; stolonifer, occasional. Diplodia natalensis;
P. funerea, NJ. Botrytis cinerea.
ROT, Root. Fusarium solani f. sp. radicicola,
CT, OR, WA; Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
TX.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) ROT, Stem; Fruit. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,
occasional.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichem lagenarium, SCAB. Cladosporium cucumerinum, general.
general. VIRUS. Bromegrass Mosaic Virus, general;
BACTERIAL Angular Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas Cucumber Mosaic, general; Beet Curly
syringae pv. lachrymans, general. Top, CA, ID, OR, TX, UT, WA; Tobacco
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae; Ring Spot, MD, PA, VA; Zucchini Yellow
E. carotovorus. Mosaic, CA, FL, NY; Cucurbit Leaf Curl,
BACTERIAL Spot. Xanthomonas cucurbitae, MA, AZ, NM, TX.
MI. WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Erwinia tracheiphila, general. cucumerinum, FL; F. oxysporum f. sp.
BLIGHT, Blossom; Fruit Rot. Choanephora cucurbitae; Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
cucurbitarum, FL, GA, NJ, OK, RI, TX. WILT, Basal Stem Lesions. Phytophthora
BLIGHT, Gummy Stem; Black Fruit Rot. capsici, Mexico.
Mycosphaerella citrullina, widespread; Starting cucumbers under Hotkaps and then
M. melonis, AZ. treating to control insect vectors helps to reduce
BLIGHT, Leaf. Alternaria cucumerina, general. bacterial wilt and virus diseases. Choose varieties
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, VA to FL, resistant to mosaic and scab.
TX.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, also stem rot;
Pythium spp. Culvers-Root (Veronicastrum)
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii, NY.
DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora leptandrae, WI;
general; U.S., Beirut, Lebanon. Phyllosticta decidua, TX, WI; Ramularia
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cucurbitae AL, DE, IA, veronicae, TX; Septoria veronicae, WI.
NJ, TX, WI; Ascochyta sp., OR; Gloeosporium POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
sp. IL; Phyllosticta cucurbitacearum, DE, OH, cichoracearum, IL; Sphaerotheca
TX; Septoria cucurbitacearum, DE, MA, NH, macularis, CT, IL, IA, MD, MI, MO, WI.
PA; Stemphylium cucurbitacearum, OH; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Alternaria consortiale, WA; Ulocladium Rhizoctonia solani, TX.
cucurbitae, CA, NY. RUST. Puccinia veronicarum (III), IA, TX, WI.
Cycad, Sago-Palm (Cycas) 515
ROT, Collar. Fomes ribis, NY to IN, MN, UT.

Cunninghamia ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, OR,
WA; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
LEAF SPOT. Necrotic. Phomopsis sp., OR. Hypholoma perplexum, NY.
RUST, White Pine Blister. Cronartium ribicola
(II, III), ME to VA, IL, MN, OR, SD, WA.
Puccinia caricis (0, I), CT, IN, MD, NY, II, III
Cuphea on Carex.
VIRUS. Currant Mosaic, MD, NY.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, occasional WILT. Verticillum sp., NY.
in greenhouses. Black currant is the most important host of
LEAF SPOT. Septoria maculifera, NY, PA, VA, white pine blister rust and should not be grown;
WV. red currants should be kept at least 300 feet from
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD. pines. Cut out canes with cane blight.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, MD, VA.
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, IL.
WILT, Root Rot. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MN, Currant, Flowering (Ribes)
ND.
ANTHRACNOSE. Pseudopeziza ribis, IL, IA,
MN, MT.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas ribicola.
Currant (Ribes spp.) BLIGHT; DIEBACK. Botrytis cinerea, AK, IN.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, KS;
ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit Spot. Pseudopeziza ribis, Phragmodothella ribesia, NY;
general. Thyronectria berolinensis, KS; Nectria
BLIGHT, Cane. Bostryosphaeria ribis var. cinnabarina, AK, KS.
chromogena, general. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora angulata, MN;
BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Fruit Spot. Botrytis cinerea, C. ribicola, OR, WA; Marssonina ribicola,
Northeast, OR, WA. CO; Mycosphaerella aurea, NY to KS, SD,
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL. WA; M. ribis, NY to KS, MN, UT;
CANKER, Cane Knot. Thyronectria berolinensis, Phyllosticta grossulariae, IN; Septoria san-
CT to IN, KS, UT. guinea, WA.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina, ME RUST. Coleosporium jonesii, MN; Cronartium
to CO, WA; N. ditissima, MN, NY; Black occidentale, MT to NM, CA, WA;
Pustule, Phragmodothella ribesia, North- C. ribicola, ME to MD, CO, MN, NV, Pacific
east, Pacific Northwest. states; Melampsora ribesii-purpureae; II, III
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara viticola, WI. on willow; Puccinia caricina, NY to IA, AK,
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., MI; CA, OR; P. micrantha; P. parkerae.
Cylindrosporium ribis, WI; VIRUS. Viruslike vein-banding, CA, CT, MN, NJ,
Mycosphaerella ribis, ME to MD, AR, OR, NY, OR, RI, WA.
WA.
LEAF SPOT, Angular. Cercospora angulata, NY
to VA, KS, MN; C. ribis, AL, IN, IA. Cycad, Sago-Palm (Cycas)
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera grossulariae,
MT, NE, NH; Sphaerotheca mors-uvae, AK, CORALLOID ROOTS. Anabaena cycadearum and
CA, CT, MT, NE, OR, WA; Phyllactinia Nostoc commune, algae, and bacterium Azo-
corylea, MI. tobacter are associated with roots but are
ROT, Berry. Glomerella cingulata, CT, PA. mostly innocuous.
516 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta cycadina, MO, TX; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cynoglossi, IN;
Pestalotia cycadis (sec ondary), CT, FL. Phyllosticta decidua, WI; Ramularia
VIRUS. Tobacco Ringspot, FL. lappulae, WI, TX.
A destructive blight of unknown cause (but with NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
Gloeosporium and Phoma bresadolae often asso- POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
ciated with it) causes pale green areas on pinnae of cichoracearum, UT, VA, WY.
young leaves, which are curled out of the flat plane ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
and dieback. The disease is apparently systemic ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, WA, Brit-
and increases annually until death. Eradication of ish Columbia, Canada.
blighted plants is the only control suggested.
Cyclamen Cypress (Cupressus)
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum fragariae, NC. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium

BACTERIAL Tuber Rot. Erwinia carotovora, NJ, tumefaciens, AZ, CA, FL.
NY, OH. BLIGHT, Nursery. Phomopsis juniperovora, MD,
BLIGHT; Bud and Leaf Rot; Petal Spot. Botrytis NC, VA.
cinerea, cosmopolitan. BLIGHT, Seedling. Fusarium solani, TX.
BLIGHT, Leaf and Bud. Glomerella cingulata, BLIGHT, Twig. Coryneum asperulum, AL;
IN, MA, MO, NJ, OH, PA, TX, VA. C. berckmansii, OR; Cercospora thujina,
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta cyclaminicola, IL, OH, AL, GA, LA; Pestalotia funerea, CA,
TX; P. cyclaminis, VA; Systoria cyclaminis, TX; Botryosphaeria sp., GA, on Arizona
CA; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, FL; C. cypress.
fragariae, FL; also lesions on flowers and stems. CANKER. Seiridium cardinale, CA, Chile.
LEAF SPOT; Stunt; White Mold. Ramularia CANKER, Bark. Seiridium unicorne, CA.
cyclaminicola (Cladosporium cyclaminis), CANKER; DIEBACK. Coryneum cardinale, on
CA, IL, MN, NJ, NY, OH, PA. Monterey, sometimes Italian cypress;
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae. Cytospora cenisia, CA, on Italian cypress;
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, VA. Macrophoma cupressi, AL, CA, FL, TX;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., Monochaetia unicornis, GA, SC.
cosmopolitan. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron sp., AZ, CA, OR.
ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, CT. NEEDLE CAST. Lophodermium sp., NJ.
VIRUS. Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NC. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus thornei.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, ROT, Heart. Fomes pini, CA.
CA, NJ; Fusarium sp., NJ. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
Discard plants with stunt; sterilize soil Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
and pots, and benches where diseased plants Phytophthora cinnamomi, LA.
have grown. Avoid splashing to reduce Botrytis ROT, Wood. Stereum taxodii, cause of “pecky”
blight and leaf nematodes. Spray for blight and cypress; Coniophora puteana, CA; Lenzites
leaf spots with zineb or ferbam. saepiaria, cosmopolitan; Polyporus spp.;
Poria subacida; Steccherinum ochraceum.
RUST. Gymnosporangium cupressi (III), on Ari-
Cynoglossum (Hounds-Tongue) zona cypress.
Coryneum canker has killed thousands of
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. Monterey cypress trees in California, and
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora cynoglossi, IL, Cytospora canker has been fatal in a narrow belt
MD, TX. along the coast.
Dandelion (Taraxacum) 517
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, OK,

Cypress-Vine (Quamoclit) SC.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL. Phymatotrichum omnivorum; TX.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA, ME,
TX. NY.
RUST. Coleosporium ipomoeae (II, III), IL, ROT, Stem, Root, Cutting. Pythium spp.; Rhizoc-
SC, TN. tonia solani; Fusarium roseum.
WHITE RUST. Albugo ipomeae-panduratae, SCAB. Streptomyces scabies, NC.
MS, NM. SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma dahliae, CA, NJ, OR.
VIRUS. Dahlia Mosaic, general; Tomato Spotted
Wilt, CA, MI, NJ, NY, NC, OK, TX, WI;
Cyrilla (Leatherwood) Cucumber Mosaic; Tobacco Ring Spot.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum; Verticillium albo-
CANKER, Brown Felt. Septobasidium sinuosum, atrum (V. dahliae) IL, MI, MO, NJ, OH, TX.
FL. Leafhopper injury, hopperburn, looks
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta cyrillae, FL. like a true disease. Margins of leaves turn brown,
RUST. Aecidium cyrillae, FL, LA, MS. and there may be general stunting and yellowing.
The spotted wilt virus causes yellow ring spots in
dahlia foliage. Heavy, wet soil contributes to bac-
Dahlia terial and fungus rots and wilts. Mildew is often
prevalent in late summer.
tumefaciens, CT, IL.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, MD. Daisy, Oxeye (Leucanthemum vulgare)
BACTERIAL Rot. Erwinia carotovora, MS, WA;
E. cytolitica, NY. BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, KS, NJ, NY.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
DE, MI, MS, NJ, NC, OK, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium chrysanthemi,
BLIGHT, Blossom. Choanephora americana, FL; OK; Septoria chrysanthemella;
Stemphylium floridanum. S. leucanthemi, blotch, CT, NY.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, cosmopol- NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
itan on flower buds. NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, NY.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, KS, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
MS, NJ, NC, TX. ROT, Stem. Fusarium roseum and F. solani, TX;
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., VA to AL, MO, MI, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, TX.
secondary; Cercospora sp., FL, MS. VIRUS. Potato Yellow Dwarf, NY.
NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus destructor, OR.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi,
CA. Dalibarda (Dewdrop)
NEMATODE, Root. Paratrichodorus
pachydermus, MI. LEAF SPOT. Septoria dalibardae, ME, MI, NH,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NC to NY, VT.
AL, AZ, CA, MO, TX.
cichoracearum, general; Ersiphe polygoni, Dandelion (Taraxacum)
CA, DE, GA, IA, MO, NJ, PA, VA; Uncinula
sp., NC. VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, PA.
518 Host Plants
Daphne Delphinium (Larkspur)
BLIGHT, Twig. Botrytis sp., Northeast, BACTERIAL Black Spot, Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas
Northwest. syringae pv. delphinii, ME to VA, MN, TX,
DIEBACK; Wilt. Fusarium sp., NJ. rare in Pacific Coast states.
LEAF SPOT; Leaf Drop. Gloeosporium mezerei, BACTERIAL Collar Rot. Erwinia carotovora, CA,
WA; Marssonina daphnes. NY.
ROT, Collar, Stem. Phytophthora cactorum, BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
CA, NY; Rhizoctonia solani, NY. tumefaciens, WA.
ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. BACTERIAL Foot Rot; Blackleg. Erwinia
carotovora pv. atroseptica, general.
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows
Datura Stunt, “Greens”, Pacific Coast and Rocky Mts.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold, Bud Rot. Botrytis cinerea,
BACTERIAL Canker, Vascular. Clavibacter CT, MA, MN, MS, NY, WV, WI.
michiganense, WY. On Datura sp., D. BLIGHT, Southern; Crown Rot. Sclerotium rolfsii
innoxia, D. metal, D. meteloides, D. mollis, (S. delphinii), general.
D. stramonium. CANKER, Stem. Diaporthe arctii, MD, NY, NC,
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. OH, PA; Fusarium spp., widespread;
LEAF SPOT; Pod Blight. Alternaria crassa, F. oxysporum f. sp. delphinii, wilt, NY;
FL, WI. Volutella sp., MD; Phoma sp., CT, NJ, NY.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla. DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Pythium spp. and
ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, WI. Rhizoctonia solani, cosmopolitan.
VIRUS. Bromegrass Mosaic, general; Tomato DOWNEY MILDEW. Peronospora ficariae, CA.
Spotted Wilt, CA, TX; Potato Leafroll, GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, IA.
Pacific NW. LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta aquilegiae, CT;
Cercospora delphinii, CO, MD; Ovularia
delphinii, WY; Phyllosticta sp., NY;
Daylily (Hemerocallis) P. delphinii, CO; Ramularia delphinii, CA,
CO, UT; Septoria delphinella, IL, KS, WI.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis sp., MD. NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
BLIGHT, Leaf. Kabatiella sp., secondary, MD. OR, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora hemerocallis, IL; NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis.
Heterosporium gracilis, NJ, NY, TX; Leaf NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AZ,
Streak, Gloecephalus hemerocalli, MS, and NJ, NY, VA, WA.
Collecephalus hemerocalli, LA, MS, PA. NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Low temperature and
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita. wet soil.
ROT, Root. Sclerotium sp., IN; Variegation. Noninfectious, seed transmitted
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; leaf-color anomalies.
Armillaria gallsia, SC. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
RUST. Puccinia hemerocallidis, FL, GA, HI, cichoracearum, MA, MN, NY, WA;
Costa Rica. Erysiphe polygoni, general but some varie-
ties resistant; Sphaerotheca macularis, CA.
ROT, Collar; Leaf Spot. Diplodina delphinii, CA,
Decumaria NY.
ROT, Crown. Sclerotium delphinii. See ▶Blight,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora decumariae, MS. Southern.
Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus) 519

Pythium aphanidermatum; P. ultimum; Desert-Plume (Stanleya)
P. vexans.
ROT, Stem. Phytophthora sp., MN; Sclerotinia LEAF SPOT. Cercospora nasturtii, KS.
sclerotiorum, widespread. RUST. Puccinia aristidae, CO, NV.
RUST. Puccinia delphinii (III), CA; P. recondita
(0, I), NE to NM, CA.
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis sorosporioides, Desert-Rose (Adenium obesum)
CA, KY, VA.
SMUT, White. Entyloma winteri, CA; LEAF SPOT. Aristastoma sp., FL.
E. wyomingense, WY. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, FL; Cucumber
VIRUS. Delphinium Ring Spot, CA; Celery Cal- Mosaic, FL.
ico, CA, ID, WA; Beet Curly Top, CA;
Cucumber Mosaic; Tomato Spotted Wilt,
CA; Delphinium Vein-Clearing, AK. Desert-Willow (Chilopsis)
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY, WA.
One of the chief delphinium problems is DAMPING-OFF. Pythium ultimum, NE; Rhizoc-
a condition known as “blacks”, which looks like tonia solani, NE, TX.
a disease and is often confused with bacterial black LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta erysiphoides.
spot but is caused by cyclamen mites. Plants are ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
stunted and deformed; buds turn black. The bacterial TX.
disease causes black tar spots on leaves but no defor-
mity, no stunting of the whole plant. Crown rot or
southern blight is often fatal to delphiniums. When Desmodium (Arrowleaf)
yellowing and wilting appear, check the soil around
the crown for reddish sclerotia and white mycelium VIRUS. Peanut Mottle, GA.
and take immediate sanitary measures. Many foot,
collar, and root rots and stem cankers afflict delphin-
ium. Because of these, many gardeners grow hybrid Deutzia
delphinium as biennials, rotating locations, choos-
ing well-drained sites. Virus diseases are more LEAF SPOT. Cercospora deutziae, DE, IA, TX;
important along the Pacific Coast. Use virus-free Phyllosticta deutziae, AL, IA, NJ, TX.
planting stock and rogue out infected individuals. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA.
Demorphotheca
Devils-Club (Oplopanax)
VIRUS. Bidens Mottle, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora daemonicola, OR.
Desert Bird of Paradise (Caesalpinia)
POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica, AZ. Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus)
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina asterophora, FL,

Desert-Candle (Eremurus) GA; A. discoidea; A. purpurea, FL;
Lembosia oleae, MS; Meliola amphitricha,
LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, OH. FL to MS.
520 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta oleae, FL, NC. RUST. Gymnoconia peckiana, orange (0, I, III),
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum ME to VA, CA, MN, MO; Kuehneola
(flavescens), FL. uredinis, yellow (0, I, II, III), ME to FL, CA,
KS, TX, WA; Kunkelia nitens, orange (I),
CA, OR, CT to FL, IA, TX; Mainsia rubi
(II, III), TX.
Dewberry (Rubus) SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë veneta, general.
VIRUS. Raspberry Beta Leaf Curl, MI, OH, TX;
BACTERIAL Cane Gall. Agrobacterium rubi, Raspberry Mosaic, CT, MI, NJ, NY, Pacific
NY, OR. Coast; Loganberry Dwarf, especially on
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium loganberry, CA, OR, WA.
tumefaciens, general. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, OR, WA.
BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium Use virus-free, bacterial-free, planting stock;
rhizogenes, OR. spray for anthracnose.
BLACK MILDEW. Irenina sanguinea, AL, LA.
BLIGHT, Cane; DIEBACK. Leptosphaeria
coniothyrium, general; L. thomasiana,
OR, WA. Dianthus (Garden Pinks)
BLIGHT, Spur. Didymella applanata, OR, WA.
BLIGHT, Stamen; Dry Berry. Hapalosphaeria BLIGHT; Stem Rot. Alternaria dianthi,
deformans, OR, WA. widespread.
BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena, NC, PA. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
CANKER; Cane Spot. Ascospora ruborum, AL, BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, IL, TX.
CA. LEAF, Blight. Rhizoctonia solani, LA.
CANKER; Fruit Rot. Glomerella cingulata, GA, LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta dianthi, NY, MS;
IL, MD, MS. Heterosporium echinulatum, CA, NY,
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora rubi, FL, MD, OR; Septoria dianthi, AL, MI, MS, NJ, NY,
WI, WA; P. potentillae, CT, IL, LA. NC.
FRUIT SPOT; Flyspeck. Leptothyrium pomi, NC. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL,
GALL, Yellow Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI. MS, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella confusa, NJ to FL, ROT, Bud. Fusarium poae, NY.
IL, TX; Pezizella oenotherae, MD to NC; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Phyllosticta ruborum, NY; P. dispergens, Pythium ultimum, CA.
IL; Septoria rubi (Mycosphaerella rubi), ROT, Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, widespread.
general; S. darrowi, NY. RUST. Puccinia arenariae, NY; Uromyces
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, IL, dianthi (II, III), MS, NE, NY.
IN, MN, OH, PA, Pacific Northwest. VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Carnation latent,
ROSETTE; Double Blossom. Cercosporella rubi, NY.
NC to AL, LA, MS, TX, IL.
ROT, Collar. Rhizoctonia solani, TX, WA.
ROT, Fruit. Botrytis cinerea; Phyllosticta
carpogena, MD, NJ, NY, NC. Dichondra (Lawn-Leaf) Grass
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, OR; Collybia Substitute or Weed
dryophila, NC; Corticium galactinum,
MD, VA, TX; Helicobasidium purpureum, BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA.
NC, TX; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium edgertonii, LA.
Dogbane (Apocynum) 521
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA. LEAF SPOT; Stem Spot. Cercospora anethi, ND,
RUST. Puccinia dichondrae (II, III), LA, MS, OR, TX; Phoma anethi, CT, IN, IA.
NC, TX. ROT, Root; Wilt. Fusarium sp., OH;
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, CA. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, TX.
Dieffenbachia
Diodia
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cincta, NJ;
Gloeosporium sp., WA; Colletotrichum VIRUS. Diodia Vein Chlorosis, AR.
sp., WA.
BACTERIAL Stem and Leaf Rot. Erwinia
dieffenbachiae, FL. Dittany, Stonemint (Cunila)
LEAF SPOT. Cephalosporium dieffenbachiae,
FL, NY; Leptosphaeria sp., FL; LEAF SPOT. Septoria cunilae, IL.
Myrothecium roridum, FL. RUST. Puccinia menthae (0, I, II, III), NY to VA,
ROT, Root. Pythium splendens, FL; Rhizoctonia AR, IL.
sp., FL.
ROT, Stem. Phytophthora palmivora, CA, FL.
ROT, Stem, Leaf, Cutting. Fusarium solani, FL. Dizygotheca
Propagate from disease-free canes.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria panax, CA.
Diervilla (Bush Honeysuckle)

Dodder (Cuscuta)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora weigeliae (C. diervillae)
ME, TX; Phyllosticta diervillae, WI; PHYTOPLASMA. Citrus Greening, FL.
Ramularia diervillae, ME, NH, NY, WI; VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, PA.
Septoria diervillae, IA, MA, MN, WI.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, NJ, WA. Dodecatheon (Shooting-Star)
VIRUS. Tobacco Ringspot, MD. LEAF SPOT. Heterosporium sp., AK; Phyllosticta
dodecathei, TX, WI.
RUST. Puccinia melanconioides (0, I, III), CA,
Digitaria (Large Crabgrass) OR; P. ortonii (0, I, II, III), AK, CA, OR, SD,
UT, WA; P. solheimi (III) WY; Uromyces
ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomanes, LA. acuminatus var. steironematis (0, I), NE,
ND; II, III on marsh grasses.
Dill (Anethum)
Dogbane (Apocynum)
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NY, TX.
BLIGHT. Itersonilia perplexans, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora apocyni, north central
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, GA. states, TX, VA; Phyllosticta apocyni, IA,
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., GA. MS, NJ, NY, OR, PA, WI; Septoria littorea,
522 Host Plants
KS, MI, NE, ND, OH; Stagonospora DAMPING-OFF. Colletotrichum acutatum and
apocyni, IL, IN, IA, NY, WI, VA. Fusarium oxysporum, GA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cristulariella pyramidalis, FL;
RUST. Puccinia seymouriana (0, I), IL, IN, KS, Phyllosticta cornicola, PA to VA, KS, TN;
NE, NJ, NY, OK, SD; P. smilacis (0, I), IL, Ascochyta cornicola, NC, PA; Cercospora
KS. cornicola, NC to FL; Septoria cornicola, NY
to GA, IA; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,
NY.
Dogwood, Dwarf, Bunchberry (Cornus MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
canadensis) (flavescens), FL.
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum.
LEAF SPOT. Ceratobasidium anceps, rot, NH; NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus uniformis, RI.
Discohainesia oenotherae, also stem spot, NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus longicaudatus,
ME, NH; Phyllosticta sp., NY; Ramularia FL.
sp., NY; Septoria canadensis, AK, ME, NONPARASITIC. Scorch. Water deficiency, fre-
WA; Glomerularia corni, ME to WI, OR. quent in Southeast.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, WA. POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MA to
RUST. Puccinia porphyrogenita (III), ME to AK, NC, IL, WI; M. pulchra, CT, SC;
WA. Phyllactinia corylea, general.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, NY; Clitocybe
tabescens, FL, GA; Phymatotrichum
Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida) omnivorum, TX; Corticium galactinum,
VA; Pythium sp.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa, MD, NC, PA,
TX; Discula sp., ID, OR, Pacific NW, MD; TN, VA, WV; Daldinia vernicosa, MD;
D. destructive, CT, GA, NC, TN. Lenzites betulina, NC; Polyporus spp.;
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium Poria spp., MD, PA.
tumefaciens, MO. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë corni, DE, FL, GA,
BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Pseudomonas syringae, LA, MD, NC, SC, VA.
TN. VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot, MD. Witches’
BLACK MILDEW. Dimerosporium pulchrum and Broom Disease, NJ; Dogwood Mosaic, SC.
Meliola nidulans, Southeast. WILT. Verticillium sp., MA.
BLIGHT, Flower and Leaf. Botrytis cinerea, MD, The most serious dogwood disease in the East
MA, NJ, NY, probably general in wet springs. is crown or bleeding canker, which attacks trees
BLIGHT, Foliar. Phytophthora parasitica, FL; after transplanting or injury. In a wet season spot
P. sp., TN. anthracnose badly disfigures leaves, twigs,
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA. berries. In wet weather Botrytis blight is conspic-
BLIGHT, Twig, Fruit Spot. Colletotrichum uous as flowers fade and petals rot onto leaves.
acutatum, CT, FL.
CANKER, Crown; Bleeding; Collar Rot.
Phytophthora cactorum, MD, MA, NJ, Dogwood, Pacific (Cornus nuttalli)
NY, WA.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, PA; CANKER, Bleeding; Collar Rot. Phytophthora
Cytospora sp., NJ; Cryptostictis, NY; cactorum, WA.
Sphaeropsis sp. CANKER, Trunk. Nectria galligena, OR, WA.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., VA to POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, general.
FL, LA; Cryptodiaporthe corni Anamorph, ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, WA; Heart,
Myxosporium nitidum, ND. Fomes igniarius, OR.
Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga) 523
BLIGHT, Seedling. Rhizina undulata,

Dogwood, Pagoda, Gray, Red Osier, Pacific Northwest; Fusarium oxysporum, OR.
Western Osier (Cornus spp.) BLIGHT, Seedling Smother. Thelephora
terrestris, Pacific Northwest.
Most of the diseases listed for flowering dog- BLIGHT, Snow. Phacidium infestans, ID.
wood occur on these shrub dogwoods. CANKER, Bark. Brunchorstia (Cryptosporium)
boycei, WA; Chondropodium
pseudotsugae, OR; Aleurodiscus spp.,
weakly parasitic.
Dolichos (Twinflower, Hyacinth Bean) CANKER, Branch. Dermea pseudotsugae, CA.
CANKER, Branch, Trunk. Dasyscyphus
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. pseudotsugae; D. ellisiana, twig, MA, NC,
truncata, GA. RI; Phomopsis lokoyae, Pacific Coast;
BLACK MILDEW. Parodiella perisporioides, NC. Cytospora sp., twig, CO, NJ, OR;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora canescens, FL. Phaciopycnis (Phomopsis) pseudotsugae;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., Phomopsis lokoyae, CA.
FL, SC. CANKER; DIEBACK. Collar Rot; Seedling Blight.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera euphorbiae, Diplodia pinea, CA, KS, NJ, NY.
IN. DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. cosmopolitan.
VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, MI; Potato Virus MISTLETOE; Witches Broom. Arceuthobium
X, Work at Wisconsin on Dolichos biflorus, D. douglasii, MT to CO, OR, WA.
lablab. Phoradendron serotinum (flavescens), TX.
NEEDLE CAST. Adelopus gaeumannii, Pacific
states, Northeast; Rhabdocline
pseudotsugae, general; R. pseudotsugae
Doronicum (Leopards-bane) subsp. pseudotsugae, PA; R. weirii, PA;
Rhabdogloeum hydrophyllum, AZ, NM.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides sp. NEEDLE CAST, Swiss. Phaeocryptopus
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA, gaeumannii, general, MN (also Lake states).
MD. NEEDLE, Flyspeck. Leptothyrium pseudotsugae,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces CO.
cichoracearum, CA. NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides crotaloides;
Meloidodera sp., OR.
ROT, Heart, Wood. Poria weirii, destructive, OR,
WA; Echinodontium tinctorium; Fomes
Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga) spp.; Polyporus spp.; Lenzites saepiaria,
wide-spread; Stereum spp.; Trametes spp.
BACTERIAL Gall. Agrobacterium pseudotsugae, ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, cosmospolitan;
CA. Sparassis radicata, Pacific Northwest;
BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia nigra, Rocky Phytophthora cinnamomi, OR, WA, South-
Mts. and Pacific Northwest. east; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Snow Mold. Botrytis Verticicladiella wagenerii, CA, MT.
cinerea, cosmopolitan. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, PA; Fusarium
BLIGHT, Needle. Rosellinia herpotrichioides, solani, PA; F. oxysporum, PA;
CA. F. avenaceum, PA.
BLIGHT. Phoma eupyrena, CA; Phytophthora ROT, Stem, Seedling. Fusarium avenaceum,
ramorum (also small branch canker), CA. OR; sambucinum, OR.
524 Host Plants
ROT, White Pocket. Ganoderma oregonensis,

MT, OR, WA; Hydnum coralloides, Pacific Duranta
Northwest.
RUST. Melampsora albertensis (0, I), MT to CO, BLIGHT, Seedling. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
UT, WA; II, III on poplar. LEAF SPOT, Black. Phyllachora fusicarpa, FL.
RUST, Leaf. Melampsora medusae f. sp.
deltoidae (O, I), WA; II, III on poplar.
Dutchmans-Breeches, Squirrel-Corn
(Dicentra)
Draba (Whitlow-Grass)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronspora dicentrae, IN, MD,
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, CO, MI, MO, NY, VA, WI.
IL, IA, KS, NE, SD, TX, WI. RUST. Cerotelium dicentrae (0, I), NY to MD,
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ; P. drabae KS, SD; II, III on wood-nettle.
(III), AK, UT, WY; P. holboellii (0, III), CA,
CO, UT; P. monoica (0, I), CA, NM.
WHITE RUST. Albugo candida, KS, WY. Dutchmans-Pipe (Aristolochia)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, CT, MD.

Dracaena LEAF SPOT. Cercospora guttulata, IL, WV;
Gloeosporium sp., MA; Ovularia
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sp., aristolochiae, WV; Phyllosticta
Gloeosporium sp., WA. aristolochiae, NJ.
BACTERIAL, Leaf Spot. Erwinia herbicola, FL; ROT, Root. Diplodia radicicola, VA.
E. carotovora pv. carotovora, FL.
BLIGHT, Tip. Physalospora dracaenae, WV;
P. rhodina, MD. Dyschoriste
LEAF SPOT; Tip Blight. Glomerella cincta
(Colletotrichum dracaenae), general; RUST. Aecidium tracyanum (0, I), FL.
Phyllosticta dracaenae, FL, NJ; P. draconis;
P. maculicola; Gloeosporium
polymorphum and G. thuemenii, wide- Easter Cactus (Rhipsalidopsis)
spread; Lophodermium dracaenae, black
spot, CA. ROT, Stem. Drechslera cactivora
NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus bradys, FL. (Helminthosporium cactivorum), FL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
NEMATODE, Sheath. Hemicycliophora parvana.
ROT, Stem. Aspergillus niger var. floridanus, Echeveria
FL.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. LEAF SPOT. Stemphylium bolickii, FL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
RUST. Puccinia echeveriae (III), CA.
Dragonhead (Dracocephalum)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora sp., WI, WY. Echinacea (Purple Coneflower)

BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, IL, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta dracocephali, TX; BACTERIAL, phytoplasma. Aster Yellows, WI.
Septoria dracocephali, TX, WI. BLIGHT, Wilt. Fusarium oxysporum, SD.
Elaeagnus (Russian-Olive, Silverberry) 525
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rudbeckii, IA; Septoria LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta lycopersici, DE, IL, IN,
lepachydis, WI. NY; Cercospora melongenae, CA;
PHYLLODY, Phytoplasma, MD. Phyllosticta solani, LA; P. hortorum, LA,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces NJ; Septoria lycopersici, IN, MD, NC, VA;
cichoracearum, Canada. Stemphylium solani, FL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, NEMATODE, Golden. Globodera rostochiensis
TX. (formerly, Heterodera rostochiensis).
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, TX.
VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, NY. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla; M.
WILT. Verticillium dahliae, OR. incognita; M. javanica.
NEMATODE, Tobacco Cyst. Heterodera tabacum,
VA.
Echinochloa (Barnyardgrass) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, NJ, VA.
ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomans, LA. ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, NJ.
ROT, Collar. Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii, CA.
ROT, Cottony Leak. Pythium aphanidermatum,
Eclipta CA, FL, TN.
ROT, Fruit. Colletotrichum truncatum, MS;
BLIGHT. Sclerotinia minor, OK. Phytophthora parasitica, FL, IN; Rhizopus
stolonifer, CA, IN, TX.
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, CA, CT, MA,
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) NJ, VA, WA.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum spp.; RUST. Puccinia substriata (I), AL, FL, GA, IA, TX.
Gloeosporium melongenae, NJ to FL, IA, VIRUS. Eggplant Mosaic; Cucumber Mosaic;
TX; Glomerella cingulata, IA. Beet Curly Top, OR, TX, WA, Tomato Spot-
BACTERIAL Canker. Clavibacter michiganense, ted Wilt.
WY. WILT. Fusarium sp.; Verticillium albo-atrum,
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, NJ. general.
BACTERIAL Wildfire. Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phomopsis blight and Verticillium wilt are the
tabaci. two most important eggplant diseases. Choose
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, varieties resistant to blight and for wilt plant
general. a long rotation, which does not include tomatoes,
BLIGHT, Early. Alternaria solani, occasional, NY potatoes, or raspberries.
to FL, LA, WI.
BLIGHT, Late. Phytophthora infestans, FL, NY.
BLIGHT, Phomopsis; Fruit Rot. Phomopsis Elaeagnus (Russian-Olive, Silverberry)
vexans, general.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, VA to FL, BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
LA, WI. tumefaciens, GA; Hairy Root, A. rhizogenes,
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, CT, LA, IA.
NY; Rhizoctonia solani, also stem and fruit BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
rot, general. BLIGHT, Stem and Branch, Bark and Cambium
DODDER. Cuscuta spp., KS, NJ, PA, VA. Necrosis. Botryodiplodia theobromae, ND,
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora tabacina, SC. SD, Southern Plains, NE, Great Plain states.
FRUIT SPOT. Diplodia natalensis, FL; BLIGHT, Thread. Rhizoctonia ramicola, FL.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae, GA. BLIGHT, Tip. Gloeosporium fructigenum.
526 Host Plants
CANKER. Nectria cinnabarina, CA; Fusarium ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
sp., WY; Phytophthora cactorum, AZ, IL; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Xylaria
Fusicoccum elaeagni, IL; Tubercularia multiplex, TX.
ulmea, ND, SD. RUST. Puccinia bolleyana (0, I), ME to FL, MN,
CANKER, Phomopsis. Phomopsis elaeagni, TX; II, III on Carex.
(Fusicoccum elaeagni) DE, OH; P. arnoldia SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma sp., LA.
(syn. P. elaeagni), MI, ND, SD. VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora carii, TX; C. elaeagni, WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, MD.
FL, MS, OK, TX; Phyllosticta argyrea, MD,
NC; Septoria argyrea, IA, NE, ND, WI;
S. elaeagni, KS. Elderberry
(flavescens), FL. VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, OR;
P. elaeagni, WY.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL. Elephants-Ear (Colocasia)
RUST. Puccinia caricis-shepherdiae (0, I),
Northern Plains; II, III on Carex; P. coronata BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, FL;
(0, I), MT, ND; II, III on Calamagrostis. E. aroideae, FL, TX.
WILT. Verticillium sp., WA. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, NY.
LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium colocasiae, LA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL,
Elder (Sambucus) TX.
ROT, Black, of tuber. Diplodia sp., FL, SC, TX;
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA; Gray, Fusarium solani, FL, TX.
Web, P. filamentosa, FL. ROT, Root. Pythium debaryanum, CA.
CANKER, Branch. Cytospora sambucicola, IL; C. VIRUS. Dasheen Mosaic, HI.
chrysosperma.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, FL,
GA; Diplodia spp.; Nectria cinnabarina, Eleusine (Goosegrass)
widespread; N. coccinea, MD, MI, WA;
Sphaeropsis sambucina. ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomanes, LA.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium sambuci, LA.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta sambucina, AK;
A. wisconsina, NY, WI; Cercospora Elm (Ulmus)
catenospora, AL, KS, MS; C. depazeoides,
general; Cercosporella prolificans, CA, NM, BACTERIAL, Leaf Scorch. Xylella fastidiosa,
OR; Gloeosporium tineum, MS, TX; OK.
Phyllosticta sambuci, MO, NY, WI; BACTERIAL, Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae,
Ramularia sambucina, MO, NY, WI, WA; PA.
Mycosphaerella sp., NM; Septoria BACTERIAL, MLO. Phloem Necrosis, AL, AR,
sambucina, VT to FL, CA, OR, TX, WA. GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MS, MO, NE, NJ,
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni and NY, OH, OK, PA, TN, WV.
M. grossulariae, general; Phyllactinia BACTERIAL Wetwood. Erwinia
corylea, MI; Sphaerotheca macularis, MA. nimipressuralis, VA, on Siberian elm
ROT, Heart, Wood. Fomes igniarius, ID; (Ulmus pumila).
Hymenochaete agglutinans, WY; Polyporus BACTERIAL Wetwood; Slime Flux. Erwinia
spp. nimipressuralis.
Endive, Escarole, Witloof Chicory (Cichorium) 527
BLIGHT, Twig. Septogloeum parasiticum, MI; ROT, Heart. Collybia velutipes, widespread;
Phomopsis oblonga, MA; Fusarium spp. Daedalea confragosa, wide-spread; Fomes
BLIGHT, Twig. Phomopsis oblonga, VA, on spp.; Ganoderma curtisii, NY.
Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia). ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
CANKER, Bleeding. Phytophthora cactorum, RI; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Xylaria
Pit, P. inflata, CT, MA, NY, PA. spp.; Armillaria mellea, MO; Clitocybe
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium pseudope- tabescens, FL.
dicellatum, NC. ROT, Wood. Daldinia concentrica, widespread;
CANKER, Stem. Botryosphaeria ribis. Lenzites betulinum, IN, MA, MD; Pleurotus
CANKER, Twig. Sphaeropsis ulmicola, VA, on ostreatus, widespread; Polyporus spp.;
Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia). Schizophyllum commune, cosmopolitan;
CANKER, Twig Dieback. Apioporthe apiospora, Ustulina vulgaris, MD.
IA; Coniothyrium spp., IL, MA, MI; WILT. Dothiorella (Cephalosporium) ulmi, gen-
Cytospora ludibunda, CT, PA; Nectria eral; Verticillium alboatrum, ME to VA,
coccinea, NJ, NY; N. cinnabarina, coral MS, OR, WI.
spot, widespread; Phoma sp., Phomopsis sp., WILT; Dutch Elm Disease. Ceratocystis ulmi,
Northeast to IL, MN, SC; Sphaeropsis sp., CT general.
to MS; Cytosporina ludibunda, IL, KS. The Dutch elm disease and phloem necrosis
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, cosmopoli- have taken a heavy toll of elms in many states.
tan; Pythium sp. A dormant spray for the bark beetles that spread
DIEBACK. Cephalosporium sp., VA, on English Dutch elmdisease is the present recommendation,
Elm (Ulmus procera). combined with general sanitation. Chemotherapy
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina ulmi, CT to MS, is still promising but not yet practical. Some
MO, WI. seedling elms are highly resistant but not
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sphaeriaeformis, LA, TX; immune.
Cylindrosporium tenuisporium, TX;
Coryneum tumoricola, NY; Gloeosporium
ulmicola; Monochaetia desmazierii, GA; Emilia (Tasselflower, Floras-
Phyllosticta confertissima, PA; Paintbrush)
Mycosphaerella ulmi, MA to AL;
Septogloeum profusum, AL; Coniothyrium RUST. Puccinia emiliae, FL.
ulmea, WV; Ceratophorum ulmicola, KS, NE. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, in part, FL; Tomato
LEAF SPOT; Anthracnose. Gloeosporium Spotted Wilt, CA; Impations Necrotic Spot,
inconspicuum, MA to VA; MN, OK. GA.
LEAF SPOT; Black Spot. Gnomonia ulmea,
general.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum Encelia
(flavescens), IN, TX; P. tomento-sum, TX.
MISTLETOE, European. Viscum album, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum. RUST. Puccinia enceliae (0, I, III), CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus gallicus; Leaf,
Aphelenchoides fragariae. Endive, Escarole, Witloof Chicory
PHYTOPLASMA. Elm Yellows, NY. (Cichorium)
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, IL, IA,
MS, OH; Phyllactinia corylea, NC to TX, BACTERIAL, Apical Rot. Pseudomonas cichorii, CA.
IA; P. ungulata, GA; Uncinula macrospora, BACTERIAL Center Rot. Pseudomonas cichorii
general. and P. intybus, AZ, CA, FL, MT, TX, WA.
528 Host Plants
BACTERIAL, Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas cichorii, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
FL; P. syringae, CA. ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NJ.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows and California ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Aster Yellows. Pythium mastophorum, MD.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, MA, RUST. Puccinia lagenophorae, CA.
NY. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, TX.
DAMPING-OFF; Bottom Rot, Leaf Blight. Rhizoc-
tonia solani, CA, CT, FL, NY, TX. Epigaea (Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus)
DOWNY MILDEW. Bremia lactucae, FL, PA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., CA, CT, FL, NY; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora epigaeae, NY, NC, WI;
Cercospora cichorii, TX; Marssonina Phyllosticta epigaeae, MA, NY.
panattoniana, TX; Ramularia cichorii, NY. POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MA, vaccinii, CT to VA, WI.
NJ, TN.
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis.
NONPARASITIC. Brown Heart. Boron deficiency, Epilobium (Willow-Herb, Fireweed)
in part, NJ, NY.
Tipburn. High temperature and excessive BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, CA.
transpiration. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
cichoracearum, ID, NJ, CA. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara epilobii, AK, IL, NY.
ROT, Crown Wilt. Sclerotinia minor, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora montana, widespread;
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, CA, FL, NY, Discosia bubaki, NY, WI; Phyllosticta
PA. chamaeneri, OR; P. wyomingensis, WY;
ROT, Root. Pythium debaryanum, CT, FL, NY, Ramularia cercosporoides, AK, MT, TX,
PA; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ. WA, WY; Septoria epilobii, CA, DE, IL,
ROT, Watery Soft. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, AZ, VT, WI.
AR, CA, FL, LA, MT, PA, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
RUST. Puccinia hieracii (0, I, II, III), CA, CT, POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis,
MA, NY. widespread; Erysiphe polygoni, WA;
SLIME MOLD. Fuligo septica, NJ. Microsphaera sp., IL.
VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, FL; Tomato Spot- ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ted Wilt; Tomato Ringspot, VT; Tobacco RUST. Puccinia epilobii (III), MI, WY; P. dioicae
Streak, FL. (0, I), CO; P. gigantea (III), ID, MT, TX, WA,
WY; P. scandica (III), UT, WA, WY; P.
oenotherae (0, I, II, III), CA; P. pulverulenta
Engelmannia (Engelmann Daisy) (0, I, II, III), ND to NM, CA; P. veratri (0, I),
NH, MT to WA; Pucciniastrum pustulatum
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX. (II, III) widespread; 0, I on fir.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium taraxaci, TX. SMUT, Leaf. Doassansia epilobii, CO, NH.
English Daisy (Bellis perennis) Episcia
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ, NY. LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., MN. OH, WA.
Eucalyptus (Gum-Tree) 529
ROT, Stem. Macrophomina phaseoli, OK.

Eranthemum SMUT, White. Entyloma eryngii, IA.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, OH.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sp., NJ.
Erythrina
Erigeron (Fleabane)
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL;
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, KS, MD, MS, Rhizoctonia ramicola, FL.
NJ, NY, OK. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Basidiophora entospora, AL, RUST, Soybean. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, FL.
IL; Plasmopara halstedii, IA, MD. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium erigerontis, LA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cana, LA;
Cercosporella colubrina, WA; Septoria Erythronium (Dogs-Tooth Violet,
erigerontis, ME to MD, MI, NE. Adders-Tongue, Trout-Lily)
cichoracearum, CO, MI, MT, NM, PA, SD, BLIGHT. Botrytis sp., IL, NY, VT, WA;
WY; Phyllactinia corylea, WA; B. elliptica, WA; Ciborinia gracilis, IL, NE;
Sphaerotheca macularis, IN, KY. C. erythronii, NY.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, IL. LEAF SPOT; Black Spot. Asteroma tenerrimum
RUST. Puccinia cyperi (0, I), MO; II, III on sedge; var. erythronii, ID, MT, WA.
P. dioicae (0, I), East, South; P. grindeliae RUST. Uromyces heterodermus (0, III), CA, CO,
(III), CO, NV, UT, WY; P. stipae (0, I), CO, ID, MT, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.
WY; Coleosporium asterum (II, III), CA, SMUT. Ustilago heufleri, DE, MD, MI, MO, NJ,
AK; 0, I on pine. NY, PA; Urocystis erythronii, CT, NY.
SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, MI,
ND, UT, WA, WI, WY.
VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, IN. Erythroxylum
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, MA.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli,
HI.
Eriophyllum
NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., CA. Eucalyptus (Gum-Tree)

RUST. Puccinia eriophylii (II, III), WY, OR
to CA; Uromyces junci (0, I), CA; II, III on BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Juncus. tumefaciens, CA.
BLIGHT, Seedling. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
aurantiacum, CA.
Eryngium (Rattlesnake Master) CANKER. Diaporthe cubensis, FL, HI, PR;
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae,
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium eryngii, IA, KS, Neofusicoccum eucalyptorum, N. parvum,
TX, WI; Septoria eryngicola, WI. N. ribis, Uruguay.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, CANKER; DIEBACK, Seed Capsule Abortion.
TX. Botryosphaeria ribis, FL.
530 Host Plants
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium curtisii, concentricum, AL, MS, SC, TX, VA;
NC. Phyllosticta euonymi, NY to MS and TX;
LEAF SPOT. Actinopelte dryina, LA; P. pallens, AL; Septoria euonymi, MS, VA;
Mycosphaerella molleriana, CA; S. atropurpurea, IL; Ramularia euonymi,
Phyllosticta extensa, CA. CA, IA, KS, MO; Marssonina thomasiana,
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Iron deficiency, CA. OH to WI, MO; Myocentrospora sp., OH.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.,
cichoracearum, AZ. MD, TX.
ROT, Heart; Wood. Ganoderma applanatum; POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, NJ to SD
Polyporus spp.; Stereum hirsutum. and southward; Oidium euonymi-japonici,
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Armillaria AL, CA, IA, LA, MS, NJ, SC, TX, WA.
mellea, CA; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, ROT, Crown. Phytophthora cactorum.
TX. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Many other fungi may be found on leaves, Fusarium scirpi, NJ.
twigs, and branches but are not reported as caus- VIRUS. Euonymus Mosaic; Infectious Variega-
ing specific diseases. tion, MA.
The Oidium mildew is prevalent throughout
the South and in California. Crown gall is com-
Eucharis (Amazon-Lily) mon, with conspicuous knobs along the vines, but
seldom fatal.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, FL.
LEAF SCORCH; Red Blotch. Stagonospora
curtisii, CA. Eupatorium (Boneset, Blue Mist-
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. flower, Dogfennel, White Snakeroot,
Joe-Pye Weed)
Eugenia BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Canker. Botrytis cinerea, NJ.

DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, NY to
BLACK MILDEW. Asterinella puiggarii, FL. MD, KS, MO, TX, WV, WI.
DIEBACK. Fusicoccum, Neoscytalidium and LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta compositarum, WV, WI;
Botryosphaeria, FL. Cercospora ageratoides, AL, MS, NJ, TX,
LEAF SPOT. Pezizella oenotherae, NY. WV; Phyllosticta decidua; P. eupatorina,
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL. IL, NJ; Septoria eupatorii, IL, MD, MS, NJ,
TX; S. eupatoriicola, IL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, FL;
Euonymus (Burning-Bush, Spindle- M. hapla.
Tree) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, general in East to TX, MN.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum griseum, AL, NJ, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
NY, GA to TX, AR; Gloeosporium frigidum, ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, CT, IL, MD, NJ,
AR, MS. TX; Rhizoctonia solani, NJ.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium RUST. Puccinia conoclinii (II, III) MD to AL, IL,
tumefaciens, CT, MI, MS, NJ, SC, TX. TX; P. eleocharidis (0, I), widespread in east-
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA. ern and central states; II, III on Eleocharis;
DIEBACK, CANKER, Basal. Whetzelinia P. tenuis (0, I, III), MA to NC, MN, NE;
sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia), RI. P. tolimensis (III), NY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora destructiva, VA to TX; SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, IL, IA,
C. euonymi, PA to WI; Exosporium MS, WV, WI.
Fennel (Foeniculum) 531
VIRUS. Tobacco Ringspot, MS; Yellows.

Apparently distinct from Aster Yellows, central Exacum
states; Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA.
WILT. Fusarium sp., NJ. BLIGHT, Stem Canker. Botrytis cinerea, KS.
VIRUS. Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NC.
W ILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. exaii,
Euphorbia Trigona CT.
ROT, Soft. Rhizopus stolonifer, CA.

Farkleberry, Tree-Huckleberry
(Vaccinium)
Euryops
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium sinuosum,
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera (Shaerotheca) FL.
jusca, CA. GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, AL, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium sp., TX;
Ophiodothella vaccinii, MD to GA, TX;
Eustoma (Prairie Gentian, Texas Pestalotia vaccinicola, secondary, FL;
Bluebell) Phyllosticta vaccinii, AL, FL, MS, TX;
Septoria albopunctata, FL, SC, TX; Tar
BLIGHT, Stem. Alternaria sp., TX; Sclerophoma Spot, Rhytisma vaccinii, FL, OK, TX.
eustomonis, TX; Phomopsis sp., FL. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora eustomae, CO, NE, TX; VIRUS. Blueberry Scorch, British Columbia,
C. nepheloides, CA, TX; Phyllosticta sp., TX. Canada.
ROT, Crown. Fusarium avenaceum, CA;
Sclerotinia rolfsii, FL.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, NY; Impatiens Feijoa (Pineapple Guava)
Necrotic Spot, FL; Tomato Spotted Wilt,
PA; Tomato Spotted Wilt – Impatiens Sero- BLIGHT, Thread. Rhizoctonia ramicola, FL.
type, FL, GA. ROT, Fruit. Botrytis cinerea, CA;
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, CA;
Penicillium expansum, CA.
Everlasting (Antennaria) ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
TX.
LEAF SPOT. Phoma antennariae, CO; SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma psidii, FL.
Phyllosticta antennariae, DE, WI; Septoria
lanaria, NY.
ROT, Stem. Nectria haematococca, CA. Fendlera
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, IL, NE.
WILT. Nectria haematococca, CA. RUST. Gymnosporangium speciosum (0, I), CO
and UT to NM, AZ; II, III on juniper.
Evolvulus
Fennel (Foeniculum)
RUST. Puccinia lithospermi (0, I, II, III), CO, KS, BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae,
NE, TX. CA.
VIRUS. Tobacco Streak, WI. BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, IL.
532 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Stem, Foliage. Cercosporidium

punctum, CA. Fern, Boston (Nephrolepis)
DAMPING-OFF; Stem Pitting. Rhizoctonia solani,
GA, NJ. ANTHRACNOSE; Tip Blight. Glomerella
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. nephrolepidis, NY, OH.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, IL, NJ, BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
TX; Sclerotinia minor, CA. DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., IN;
Cylindrocladium pteridis, FL; Phyllosticta
Fenugreek (Trigonella) sp., NY.
RUST. Desmella superficialis, FL.
BACTERIAL, Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae
pv. syringae, NJ.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora trigonellae, CA. Fern, Bracken (Pteridium)
LEAF SPOT; Tar Spot; Black Mildew. Phyllachora

Fern, Adders-Tongue (Ophioglossum) (Catacauma) flabellum, GA, MD, NJ, PA, SC,
TN, WV, WI; Cryptomycina pteridis, also
BLIGHT, Leaf. Curvularia crepini, OH. leaf roll, widespread, reported under various
conidial names; Phyllosticta pteridis, ME, NJ.
ROT, Canker. Rhizoctonia sp., including Sclero-
Fern, Aquatic (Salvinia spp.) tium deciduum, OR, WI.
RUST. Uredinopsis aspera (II, III), CA; U.
LEAF SPOT, Water-Soaked Lesions. Rhizoctonia macrosperma (II, III), AL, CA, FL, GA, ID,
solani, FL. MS, MT, NM, OR, WA, WI; U. virginiana
(II, III), NY to NC and TN, GA to TX.
Fern, Birds-Nest (Asplenium)

Fern, Brake (Pteris)
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas asplenii,
CA. BLIGHT, Tip. Phyllosticta pteridis, MS, NJ.
BACTERIAL, Leaf Spot, Blights. Pseudomonas DAMPING-OFF. Completoria complens, NY;
gladioli, FL. Pythiumintermedium, NY; Trichothecium
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., CA. roseum, IN.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae, NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
CT, FL, NJ, NY, PA. CT, NJ, NY.
Fern, Christmas (Polystichum)

Fern, Bladder (Cystopteris)
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina faulliana, OR;
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina cystopteridis, IN, KS, T. polystichi, ME to NC, TN.
WI. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrocladium pteridis, FL; Tar
RUST. Hyalopsora polypodii (II, III), Spot, Trabutiella filicina, AK.
general in North and West; Uredinopsis NEMATODE, Leaf. Ditylenchus dipsaci, OR;
ceratophora (II, III), IN, NY, WI; U. glabra Aphelenchoides fragariae, OR, SC; Lesion,
(II, III), NM. Pratylenchus penetrans, FL.
Fern, Rock-Brake (Cryptogramma) 533
ROT, Root. Phytophthora cinnamomi, CA.

RUST. Milesia polystichi (II, III), ID, MT, OR, Fern, Maidenhair (Adiantum)
WA; M. vogesiaca (II, III), OR.
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella sp., FL;
Phytophthora ramorum, CA.
Fern, Cliff-Brake (Pellaea) ROT. Sclerotium deciduum (Rhizoctonia sp.),
WI.
RUST. Hyalopsora cheilanthis (II, III), VIRUS. Cucumovirus, OH.
CA, TX.
Fern, Osmunda (Osmunda; Cinnamon,

Fern, Holly (Cyrtomium) Interrupted, and Royal Ferns)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. LEAF BLISTER. Taphrinia higginsii, GA.
DAMPING-OFF. Completoria complens NY. LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium osmundae, MI.
VIRUS. Yellows, Mosaic, Necrosis Ringspots, NEMATODE, Foliar. Aphelenchoides fragariae, SC.
Holly Fern Mottle Virus, LA, MS. RUST. Uredinopsis osmundae (II, III), northeast-
ern and Great Lakes states, and to FL, and AL;
0, I on balsam fir.
Fern, Japanese Climbing (Lygodium SMUT, Inflorescence. Mycosyrinx osmundae,
japonicum) Also – Old World Climbing MI, NY, WI.
(Lygodium microphyllum)
BLIGHT. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, FL. Fern, Ostrich (Pteretis)

LEAF SPOT. Biopolairs sacchari, FL.
RUST. Puccinia lygodii (on Old World Climbing LEAF BLISTER. Taphrinia hiratsukae, WI.
Fern), FL. ROT, Stem Necrosis. Ceratobasidium anceps
(Rhizoctonia), WI.
RUST. Uredinopsis struthiopteridis (II, III), NY,
Fern, Lady, Silvery Spleenwort VT, WI; 0, I on balsam fir.
(Athyrium)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. Fern, Polypody (Polypodium)

LEAF SPOT. Septoria asplenii, MI.
RUST. Uredinopsis copelandii (II, III), CA; LEAF SPOT. Alternaria polypodii, secondary,
U. longimucronata (II, III), ME to PA, WI; NY; Cercospora phyllitidis, FL; Phyllosticta
0, I on balsam fir; U. longimucronata f. sp. sp., VA.
cyclosora, AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA; 0, I on NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae.
alpine fir; U. longimucronata f. sp. RUST. Milesia laeviuscula (II, III), CA, and M.
acrostichoides (II, III), NH, NY, WI. glycyrrhiza, AK, OR, WA; M. polypodophila
(II, III), CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, PA, TN, VT.
Fern, Leatherleaf (Rumohra)

Fern, Rock-Brake (Cryptogramma)
ROT, Postharvest. Rhizoctonia sp., FL;
Cylindrocladium pteridis, FL; RUST. Hyalopsora cheilanthis (II, III), IA, MI,
C. heptaseptatum, FL. MT, WI; Milesia darkeri (II, III), CA, OR.
534 Host Plants
Fern, Sensitive (Onoclea) Fern, Woodwardia, Chain

(Woodwardia)
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii, NY.
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrinia filicina, NY; RUST. Uredinopsis arthurii (II, III), VT to AL,
T. hiratsukae, NY, PA. IN, MI, and var. maculata, ME to AL;
RUST. Uredinopsis mirabilis (II, III), ME to VA, 0, I unknown.
NE, MN; 0, I on balsam fir.
Feverfew (Chrysanthemum
Fern, Tree (Cibotium) parthenium)
LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia cibotii, NJ. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces

cichoracearum, NY.
ROT, Root and Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, WA.
Fern, Walking (Camptosorus)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora camptosori, WI. Fig (Ficus carica)
ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit Rot. Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides (Glomerella cingulata), NC
Fern, Wood, Shield (Dryopteris) to TX.
LEAF BLISTER, Gall. Taphrina californica, tumefaciens, CA, FL, TX.
CA, OR; T. filicina, NY, PA; T. fusca, NJ, BLIGHT, Limb. Corticium salmonicolor, Gulf
VT, WV; T. gracilis, NY; T. lutescens, ME, states.
MN, NY, WI. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrocladium pteridis, FL; Tar BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, LA,
Spot, Cryptomycina pteridis, FL; MS; Web, P. microsclerotia, FL to LA, TX.
Herpobasidium filicinum, white mold. BLIGHT, Twig. Gibberella baccata, CA.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae. BLOTCH, Leaf. Cercospora fici, NC to FL, TX.
RUST. Hyalopsora aspidiotus (II, III), ME to NC, CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis;
WA, WI; 0, I on balsam fir; Milesia dilatata Diplodia sycina, NC, OR; Macrophoma
(II, III), OR; M. fructuosa (II, III), ME, MA, fici, also fruit dry rot, LA, NC, TX; Nectria
NH, NY, VT; M. marginalis (II, III), MA, cinnabarina, TX; Megalonectria
NH, VT; Uredinopsis atkinsonii (II, III), pseudotrichia, LA, TX; Physalospora
ME to MS, NE, ND; U. phegopteridis (II, rhodina, AL, FL, TX; Sclerotinia
III), ME, NH, WI; 0, I on balsam fir. sclerotiorum, CA, TX.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., MS.
CANKER, Phomopsis. Phomopsis cinerescens,
CA.
Fern, Rock (Woodsia) LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum elastica, FL;
Corynespora cassiicola, FL; Ascochyta
RUST. Hyalopsora polypodii (II, III), ID, MI; caricae, CA; Alternaria sp., SC;
0, I unknown. Cephalosporium acremonium, LA; Eutypa
Fir (Abies) 535
sp., TX; Mycosphaerella bolleana, NC to

TX; Ormathodium fici, LA. Figwort (Scrophularia)
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema index, CA.
NEMATODE, Fig Cyst. Heterodera fici, CA. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora sordida, CA, IL,
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus vulnus, NY, VA to KS.
P. musicola and P. pratensis, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium scrophulariae, IL,
NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus hamatus, CA. OK, PA; Mycosphaerella sp., KS; Septoria
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., south- scrophulariae, CA, CO, OR, WA, NY to MS.
ern states to CA. VIRUS. Figwort Mosaic.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Manganese deficiency,
FL.
Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, CA. Filaree, Red-Stem (Erodium
Sunburn. Low temperature injury to trunk and cicutarium)
branches, CA.
ROT, Fruit. Alternaria tenuis, in market; Asper- NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus minyus, CA.
gillus niger, black mold; Botrytis cinerea; VIRUS. Filaree Red Leaf, CA.
Choanephora cucurbitarum, TX;
Cladosporium herbarum, market; Diplodia
natalensis, TX; Fusarium moniliforme, CA; Filbert
Oospora sp., sour rot, TX; Rhizopus
nigricans, CA, Gulf states; Trichothecium ▶Hazelnut.
roseum, Gulf states.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA;
Dematophora necatrix, NC; Fir (Abies)
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Rhizoc-
tonia sp., TX. BLACK MILDEW. Dimerosporium abietis, ID,
RUST. Cerotelium (Physopella) fici (II, III), NC OR, WA; Adelopus nudus, ME, NY, NC, WI.
to FL, AR, TX. BLIGHT. Phoma eupyrena, CA.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium sp., TX; Fumago BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia nigra, on high
vagans, Gulf states. western firs.
VIRUS. Fig Mosaic, AZ, CA, GA, TX, VA. BLIGHT, Needle. Acanthostigma parasiticum;
WILT, Branch. Hendersonula toruloides, CA. Rehmiellopsis balsameae, Northeast;
Cenangium ferruginosum, MI, PA;
Rhabdogloeum abietinum, NC;
Macrophoma parca, CO, ID, MT, OR, WA;
Fig, Florida Strangler (Ficus aurea) Phoma eupyrena, CA; Furcaspora pinicola,
CA; Phyllosticta multicorniculata, NH.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, BLIGHT, Needle and Branch. Phytophthora
FL. capsici, MI.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium BLIGHT, Seedling Smother. Thelephora terrestris.
tumefaciens, FL. BLIGHT, Snow. Phacidium infestans, Northeast;
LEAF SPOT. Ophiodothella fici, FL; Phlyctema P. balsameae; P. abietinellum.
ficuum, FL; Phyllosticta physopellae; BLIGHT, Tip. Delphinella balsameae, VT.
P. roberti, FL. CANKER. Aleurodiscus amorphus, general;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp. Cytospora pinastri, ME, WI C. cylindroides
ROT, Fruit. Fusarium moniliforme, CA. and C. abietis, OR, WA; Cephalosporium
RUST. Cerotelium fici (II, III), FL. sp., MN, WI; Cryptosporium
536 Host Plants
macrospermum, New England; RUST, Fir-Fern. Milesia fructuosa (0, I) on new

Dasyscyphus resinaria, MN; Nectria needles, ME, NH, NY; II, III on Dryopteris;
fuckeliana, CA, OR; N. balsameae, NC, M. marginalis, MA, NH, NY;
PA; Phomopsis boycei, ID, MT; P. fokoyae, M. polypodophila (0, I), ME, NH, NY, on
CA.; P. montanensis; Ophionectria old needles; II, III on Polypodium,
scolecospora, widespread; Scleroderris Hyalopsora aspidiotus (0, I), on 2-year
abieticola, OR; Sphaeropsis abietis, MI; needles; II, III on Dryopteris; Uredinopsis
Valsa (Cytospora) kunzei; Thyronectria mirabilis (0, I), general; II, III on sensitive
balsamea, CO. fern; U. osmundae (0, I), widespread; II, III
CANKER, Pitch. Fusarium circinatum, CA. on Osmunda; U. struthiopteridis, ID, MI,
DIEBACK, Twig. Sydowia polyspora, CA. OR, WA; II, III on ostrich-fern;
MISTLETOE. Arceuthobium americanum, U. phegopteridis (0, I); II, III on Dryopteris.
WA; A. campylopodium, widespread in RUST, Fir-Fireweed. Pucciniastrum
West; A. douglasii, NM, OR, WA; pustulatum, widespread; II, III on Epilobium.
A. laricis, WA; Phoradendron pauciflorum, RUST, Fir-Huckleberry. Pucciniastrum
AZ, CA. goeppertianum, widespread on western firs,
NEEDLE CAST; Blight. Bifusella abietis, ID, MT, and ME, PA, WI; II, III on Vaccinium.
WA; B. faullii, ME, MI, NH; Hypoderma RUST, Fir-Willow. Melampsora abieti-
robustum, CA, ID, OR, WA; Hypodermella capraearum, widespread; II, III on willow.
abietis-concoloris, widespread on western RUST, Needle. Caeoma faulliana, OR;
firs; H. mirabilis, MI; H. nervata, ME, NH, Peridermium ornamentale, ID, MT, OR,
VT; H. punctata, ID, OR; Lophodermium WA; P. rugosum, CA, OR, WA.
piceae, tar spot, widespread, weakly parasitic; RUST, Witches’ Broom. Melampsorella cerastii,
L. autumnale, CA, ID, MI, OR, UT, WY; general; II, III on chickweed.
L. consciatum; L. decorum; L. uncinatum; WILT, Dieback. Phytophthora ramorum, CA.
L. lacerum, NH, NY, PA, VT. Despite this long list of possibilities the
NEEDLE CAST; Blight. Tirula nervisequa con- gardener should not have much trouble with
spicuous, CA. ornamental firs. Rehmiellopsis tip blight yellows
NEMATODE. Nacobbodera chitwoodi, OR. needles of new growth and causes twig dieback of
ROT, Heart. Stereum sanguinolentum, wide- native balsam firs in the Northeast but can be
spread; Polyporus sulphureus, general. controlled with copper sprays, which will also
ROT, Crown. Phytophthora cactorum, VA. aid in preventing needle-cast diseases. Avoid
ROT, Hypocotyl. Fusarium oxysporum, CA. bark and branch injuries that induce cankers.
ROT, Root. Armillariamellea, New England, Rust is taken care of, if necessary, by eliminating
NY; Fusarium solani, PA; F. oxysporum, the proper alternate host, but only a specialist can
PA; F. avenaceum, PA; Phytophthora identify the many different rust species.
cinnamomi, NC; P. capsici, MI; P. citricola,
NC; P. drechsleri, NC; P. ramorum, CA;
Verticicladiella wagenerii, Pacific Coast; Firecracker Plant (Crossandra
Poria weirii, OR. infundibuliformis)
ROT, Wood. Coniophora puteana, New England,
NY; C. corrugis, AZ, CO, WY; Fomes VIRUS. Alternanthera Mosaic, FL, MD, PA.
annosus, CO; Echinodontium tinctorium;
Hydnumabietis; H. balsameum; Polyporus
spp.; Poria spp. Firethorn
RUST, Fir-Broom. Melampsorella caryophyl-
lacearum, NY. ▶Pyracantha.
Four-O’Clock (Mirabilis) 537
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces cynoglossi

Fittonia (Erysiphe cynoglossi), WA.
ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, IL, WA.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Rhizoctonia sp., OH. RUST. Puccinia eatoniae var. myosotidis (0, I),
LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL. IL, IN, MS, MO, NC, WI; II, III on
Sphenopholis; P. mertensiae (III), CO.
VIRUS. Chlorosis, GA. Perhaps eastern strain of
Flax, Flowering (Linum) Aster Yellows.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, IL.

ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA. Forsythia (Goldenbells)
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., OK.

Florida Pusley (Richardia scaba) BACTERIAL Grown Gall. Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, MS, NJ, TX.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA. BLIGHT, Cane. Botryosphaeria ribis.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, GA.
BLIGHT, Twig. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NC;
Foam-Flower (Tiarella) Phytophthora nicotianae, VA.
CANKER, Stem Gall. Phomopsis sp., KY.
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., IA; Phyllosticta
AK. discincola, MD.
RUST. Puccinia heucherae (III), CT to NC, AK, NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus vulnus.
CA, CO, ID, MI, MT, OR, TN, WA, WI. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX;
M. hapla; M. incognitaacrita.
Forestiera (Swamp-Privet) VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot, MD.

(flavescens), TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, IL, TX. Fouquieria (Ocotillo, Candlewood)
RUST. Coleosporium minutum (II, III), FL, TX; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
0, I on pine; Puccinia peridermiospora (0, I), RUST. Aecidium cannonii (0, I), AZ.
FL, TX; II, III on marsh grass.
Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis) Four-O’Clock (Mirabilis)
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, BACTERIAL, Blight. Xanthomonas campestris

CA. pv. campestris, CA.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora mirabilis, TX.
cosmopolitan. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora myosotidis, IL, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
MI, MS, WI. RUST. Aecidium mirabilis (0, I), AZ, NM;
LEAF SPOT. Stemphylium sp., NY. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ.
538 Host Plants
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Mirabilis Mosaic,

IL. Freeway Daisy (Osteospermum)
WHITE RUST. Albugo platensis, TX.
VIRUS. Lettuce Mosaic, CA.
Foxglove (Digitalis) Fremontia (Flannel Bush)
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum fuscum, CT, LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta fremontiae, CA.

MA, OR, PA, WI. ROT; Stem Girdle. Phytophthora cactorum,
BLIGHT, Leaf; Inflorescence. Alternaria sp., MD. CA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora digitalidis, CA. ROT, Crown, Root. Phytophthora nicotianae
LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium sp., NJ; Phyllosticta var. nicotianae, CA.
digitalis, AK, NY, TX; Ramularia WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
variabilis, OR.
NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
CT. Fringe-Tree (Chionanthus)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CA,
MD. ANTHRACNOSE. Discola fraxinea, DE.
ROT, Root and Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora chionanthi, NJ to NC,
Fusarium sp., CA, NH. WV; Phyllosticta chionanthi, NJ, WV;
ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NY; Septoria chionanthi and S. eleospora, SC,
Sclerotium rolfsii, IN, NJ, TX. TX.
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, WI; Tomato Spotted POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MD.
Wilt, PA; Tomato Spotted Wilt-Impatiens ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Serotype, FL, GA. ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa, MD.
WILT. Fusarium sp., CA, NH; Verticillium
albo-atrum, NY.
Fritillaria
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta fritillariae, CA.

Freesia RUST. Uromyces miurae (III), AK, WA.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Undetermined, NY.
BACTERIAL Scab. Pseudomonas marginata,
occasional in imported stock.
LEAF SPOT. Heterosporium iridis, CT. Froelichia
ROT, Corm Wilt. Fusarium spp., including LEAF SPOT. Cercospora crassoides, OK,
F. oxysporum; F. solani, CA, FL, TX. TX, WI.
ROT, Dry. Stromatinia gladioli, NJ, NY. ROT. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
Blue Mold. Penicillium gladioli. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
RUST. Cause unknown, not true rust. TX.
VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, CA; Bean Yellow Mosaic; WHITE RUST. Albugo froelichiae, NE, TX.
Freesia Sneak, VA.
Fusarium corm rot causes wilting and death.
Corms should be inspected before planting, and Frostwort (Crocanthemum)
all those showing pinkish lesions should be
discarded. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium eminens, WI.
Gardenia (Cape-Jasmine) 539
Fuchsia Galium (Bedstraw)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, WV. DODDER. Cuscuta cuspidata, TX.
DIEBACK. Phomopsis sp., VA. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora calotheca, IA,
LEAF SPOT. Septoria sp., OK. ND, WI.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora galii, AL, AK, IA, NH,
ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, CA. NY, OR; Pseudopeziza repanda, CA, CT,
ROT, Root. Pythium rostratum; P. ultimum, GA, IL, IA, NY, ND, OR, WI; Melasmia
CA; Phytophthora parasitica, OR; galii, IA; Septoria cruciatae, IN, MI, NJ,
Thielaviopsis sp., OR. NY, WV, WI.
RUST. Pucciniastrum epilobii, NC, OR; Uredo POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
fuchsiae (II), OH. cichoracearum, CA, MT, OR, PA, WA;
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA; Cucumber Erysiphe polygoni, KS.
Mosaic, MN. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA. RUST. Puccinia difformis (0, I, III), OH to KS,
Verticillium wilt is common in garden plantings MT, Pacific Coast; P. punctata (0, I, II, III);
of fuchsia in California. CT, MS, NC, ND to CA, WA; P. punctata
var. troglodytes (0, I), CT to MO, SD, WA;
P. rubefaciens (III), AK, IA, WI to CA,
Gaillardia (Blanket Flower) WA; Pucciniastrum galii, NY, PA to CA,
CO, and OR; Uromyces galii-californici
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ, NY, PA, (II, III), CA.
and California Aster Yellows, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria gaillardiae, IA, OK, TX.
NEMATODE. Naccobus batatiformis, NE. Galtonia (Summer-Hyacinth)
cichoracearum, MT, OK, TX; Sphaerotheca VIRUS. Ornithogalum Mosaic, OR.
macularis, MT, WA, WY; Leveillula
taurica, WA.
ROT, Crown and Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Gardenia (Cape-Jasmine)
CA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas
Pythium ultimum, CA. maculifolium-gardeniae, CA.
RUST. Coleosporium asterum (II, III), CA; 0, BLIGHT, Bud Rot. Botrytis cinerea, in green-
I on pine; Puccinia gaillardiae (0, I), CA, II, houses; outdoors in CA.
III unknown. CANKER, Stem Gall. Phomopsis (Diaporthe)
SMUT, White. Entyloma polysporum, KS, MN, gardeniae, CA, widespread in greenhouses,
NE, VA. outdoors in CA, FL.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA; Bidens LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, PA;
Mottle, FL. Pestalotia langloisii, AL, FL; Phyllosticta
sp., MS, NJ, TX; Rhizoctonia sp., NJ;
Mycosphaerella gardeniae, GA.
Galax LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, Gulf
states.
LEAF SPOT. Clypeolella leemingii, black spot, NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
MD to GA, MS; Discohainesia oenotherae, NEMATODE, Reniform. Rotylenchulus
NC; Phyllosticta galactis, NC, VA, WV. reniformis.
540 Host Plants
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla; M. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,

incognita; M. javanica; general; M. arenaria, TX.
NC. SOOTY MOLD. Lembosia lucens, CA.
NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus.
NONPARASITIC. Bud Drop. Excessive soil mois-
ture; temperature fluctuation.
Chlorosis. Soil too alkaline or soil temperature Gaultheria (Checkerberry, Teaberry)
too low. (Source of Oil of Wintergreen)
Dieback. Yellow veinbanding, defoliation from
root smothering by overwatering. BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena, WI.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, TX. FRUIT SPOT; Black Speck. Leptothyrella pomi,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX WI; Schizothyrium gaultheriae, ME to VA,
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium spp., Gulf states. WI.
In the deep South gardenia foliage is disfigured LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gaultheriae, NJ, WI;
with sooty mold growing in whitefly honeydew. Discohainesia oenotherae, VA;
Gardenias are difficult house plants, dropping Mycosphaerella gaultheriae (Phyllosticta
buds with uneven humidity and temperature. To gaultheriae), general; Venturia
control Phomopsis canker take cuttings near top of arctostaphyli, MD, MA, NJ, NY, VA.
plants. Substitute the more resistant Veitchii vari- POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MD.
ety for susceptible Belmont and Hadley. Avoid
syringing, which spreads bacterial leaf spot.
Gaura
Garlic (Allium sativum) BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows,

CA.
▶Onion. BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX.
ROT, White. Sclerotium cepivorum, ME. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora arthuri,
RUST. Puccinia allii, OR; on wild garlic, CA. KS, NE.
VIRUS. Onion Yellow Dwarf, Leak Yellow GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium fulgens, TX.
Stripe, Garlic Common Latent, OR, WA, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gaurae, NY,
Argentina; Leaf Yellow Strip, Mosaic, Dwarf- OK, TX; Septoria gaurina, IL, KS, NE, ND,
ism, Guanajuato, Mexico; Leaf Yellow Strip OK, TX.
Virus, Iris Yellow Spot and Irish Yellow Spot POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CO, TX.
Virus, OR, WA; Japanese Garlic Virus (Virus ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
B and D), Pacific Northwest; Shallot Latent, RUST. Puccinia extensicola var. oenotherae
Brazil. (0, I), CO, NE, TX; II, III on Carex spp.;
Subject to diseases of onion. White rot is seri- Uromyces plumbarius (0, I, II, III), NY to
ous in Louisiana; pink root is a common problem. VA, TX, WI, ND and MT to MS, NM.
Clove rot is caused by Penicillium digitatum.
Gazania
Garrya (Tassel-Tree, Silk-Tassel Bush)
ROT, Crown. Rhizoctonia solani, CA;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora garryae, CA, TX; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, LA.
Phyllosticta garryae, CA, TX; Dothichiza VIRUS. Lettuce Mosaic, CA; Tomato Spotted
garryae, CA. Wilt-Lettuce Serotype, GA.
Geranium (Pelargonium) 541
BLIGHT, Blossom; Gray Mold; Cutting Rot.

Gazania (Treasure Flower) Botrytis cinerea, cosmopolitan.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., secondary; Ascochyta
ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, LA. sp., CT, NJ; Cercospora brunkii, FL, MD,
OH, NH, TX; Pleosphaerulina sp., PA.
MOLD, Leaf. Botryosporium pulchrum, occa-
sional in greenhouses.
Genista (Wood-waxen) NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides sp., NY.
DIEBACK. Diplodia sp., CA, NJ. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CT,
LEAF SPOT. Pleiochaeta setosa, OR. FL, NJ, OH, OR.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, MO. NONPARASITIC. Oedema, Dropsy. Intumescence
RUST. Uromyces genistae-tinctoriae from excessive soil moisture and retarded
(II, III), CA. transpiration.
RUST, Soybean. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, South- Crook-Neck. Chimeral mutation.
ern U.S. PETAL AND LEAF SPOT. Bipolaris
(Helminthosporium) setariae, FL.
ROT, Blackleg, Stem and Cutting Rot. Pythium
debaryanum, P. mamillatum, P. splendens,
Gentian (Gentiana) P. ultimum, P. vexans, cosmopolitan; Rhi-
zoctonia solani, cosmopolitan; Aspergillus
BLIGHT, Stem Canker. Botrytis cinerea, NY. fischeri, CA; Fusarium sp., IN, NY, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Asteromella andrewsii ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, CT;
(Mycosphaerella andrewsii), DE, IL, IA, Armillaria mellea, CA; Pythium
NE, NJ, D, PA, WV, WI; Cercospora aphanidermatum, PA; P. dissotocum, PA:
gentianae, NY, ND, VT; C. gentianicola, P. ultimum, PA; P. heterothallicum, PA;
DE, WI. P. irregulare, PA; P. myriotylum, PA.
ROT, Root. Fusarium solani, MD. RUST, Pelargonium. Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis
RUST. Puccinia gentianae (0, I, II, III), NY to IN, (II), CA, FL, NY, PA.
NE, MN; western states to AK, CA, WA; VIRUS. Pelargonium Leaf Curl (Geranium Crin-
P. haleniae, WY; Uromyces gentianae (II, kle), general; Geranium Mosaic; Cucumber
III), CO, IA, NV, NM, NC, VT, WA, WY; Mosaic; Beet Curly Top; Tomato Spotted
Pucciniastrum alaskanum, AK. Wilt, CA, OK, TX; Tomato Ring Spot;
Tobacco Ring Spot; Pelargonium Flower
Break; Pelargonium Line Pattern.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, NY, OR.
Geranium (Pelargonium) The dry air of the average home makes
foliage diseases due to pathogenic organisms
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium unlikely but sometimes a water-logged soil and
tumefaciens, MD, MA, OH. cloudy weather, with less evaporation, leads to
BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, IN, oedema, small swellings in leaves, corky ridges
MA, OH, OR. on petioles. Botrytis blight and bacterial leaf
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas pelargonii, spots may be expected in greenhouses unless
MA to VA, CA, MS, OH, WA; Pseudomonas plants are spaced widely, have proper air circu-
cichorii, FL. lation, little overhead watering, and all infected
BACTERIAL Wilt, Southern. Pseudomonas plants or parts speedily removed. Start with
solanacearum, NC; Ralstonia clean cuttings from a culture-indexed mother
solanacearum, Race 3, Biovar 2, CT, DE, PA. block.
542 Host Plants
VIRUS. Tobacco Rattle, FL; Tomato Spotted

Geranium (Cranesbill, Herb-Robert) Wilt-Impatiens Serotype, FL.
WILT, Fusarium. Fusarium chrysanthemi,
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas erodii, FL, F. oxysporum f. sp. trachapheilum, FL.
IL, IN, OR, TX; Xanthomonas geranii, NY.
BLIGHT, Leaf Spot; Stem Rot. Botrytis cinerea,
KS, MO.
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX. Germander (Teucrium)
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara geranii, NJ to FL,
KS, TX, MA to IA, MT, UT, WI. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora sp., OK.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium geranii, LA, OK, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora teucrii, NY to MS, TX,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora geranii, CO, IA, KS, WI; Phyllosticta decid-ua, TX, WI.
MO, MT, NY, TX, UT, WI; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla.
Cylindrosporium geranii, LA; POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Dilophospora geranii, WI; Pestalozziella cichoracearum, IL, PA, WI.
subsessilis, MS, MO, NJ, WI; Phyllosticta RUST. Puccinia menthae (0, I, II, III), PA.
geranii, LA, TX; Ramularia geranii, CA,
LA, WA, WY; Septoria expansa, KS, TX;
Stigmatea geranii, black leaf speck, MD;
Venturia circinans, mold, AK. Geum (Avens)
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CO, IL,
IN, OH, PA, WV, WI, WY; Sphaerotheca BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows,
macularis, CA, ID, MN, MT, NE, PA, WA, CA.
WI, WY. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora potentillae, CA,
ROT, Rhizome. Seaverinia geranii, NY, OH, WI. IL, IN, IA, KS, NE, WI.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI.
RUST. Puccinia leveillei (III), CO, MT, UT, WA, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gei, WI;
WY; P. polygoni-amphibii (0, I), CT to WI, Cylindrosporium gei, NH, WI; Marssonina
KS, MN, MO, MT, TX; II, III on Polygonum; adunca, MT, WA; Phyllosticta sp., WV, WI;
Uromyces geranii (0, I, II, III), AK, ME, WY. Ramularia gei, MO, WI; Septoria gei, AK,
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, FL. DE, IL, MI, NE, NY, OH.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, AK;
Sphaerotheca macularis, IN, MD, NE, NY,
Gerbera (Transvaal Daisy) ND, OH, PA, WA, WI.
BLIGHT, Flower; Ray Speck. Alternaria dauci f. RUST. Puccinia sieversii, CO.
sp. solani, FL. SMUT, Leaf. Urocystis (Whetzelia) waldsteiniae,
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, FL, NY. MT, WA.
LEAF SPOT; Stem Rot. Gloeosporium sp., NY.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL,
CA, MD, NY, NC.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces Gilia (Skyrocket)
cichoracearum, CA, OK.
ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MD, NY. LEAF SPOT. Ramularia giliae, OR.
ROT, Root and Stem. Phytophthora cryptogea NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis,
and P. drechsleri, CA, NJ, NY; Pythium TX.
irregulare, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
Gladiolus 543
NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci.

POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, Ginseng (Panax)
CA, TX, WA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. BLIGHT. Alternaria panax, general; Botrytis
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, CO; P. giliae cinerea, NY to NC, MI, WA.
(II, III), AZ, CA, CO, NE, OR, WA; 0, I, DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, NY; Rhi-
unknown; P. plumbaria (0, I, III), CA, zoctonia solani, AR, IN, MI, NJ, NY, WA;
CO, NE, UT, WY; P. yosemitana (0, III), Phytophthora citricola, MI.
CA, CO; Gymnosporangium exterum LEAF SPOT. Septoria sp.; S. araliae, WI;
(0, I), IN, KY, MO, NC, TN, VA, III on Colletotrichum dematium, secondary, NY
red-cedar. to NC, MN, MO.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CT, MI,
NY, OH, PA, WI.
Gillenia (American Ipecac, Indian NONPARASITIC. Papery Leaf. Moisture deficiency,
Physic) sunscald, MI, MO, NJ, NY, PA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe panax.
RUST. Gymnosporangium exterum (0, I), IN, ROT, Rhizome. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, white
KY, MO, NC, TN, VA, III on red-cedar. rot, MI, NY, OH, PA, WA, WI; S. smilacina,
black rot, MI, MN, NY, WI.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, WA; Fusarium
Ginger, Edible (Zingiber) scirpi, NY to AL, MO, WA, WI;
Phytophthora colocasiae, NC; Thielaviopsis
BACTERIAL, Rhizome Rot. Enterobacter cloacae, basicola, black root, IL, MI, NJ, NY, OH;
HI. Ramularia spp., MI, NY, OR, WA, WI.
ROT, Stem, Root; Downy Mildew. Phytophthora
cactorum, CT to NC, IA, MI, WA.
Ginger, Wild (Asarum) RUST. Puccinia araliae (III), MA, PA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, IN, KY, MI, NJ,
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium asari, CA, MN, WI. NY, OH, PA, TN, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta versicolor, ID;
Plagiostoma (Laestadia) asarifolia, SC.
ROT, Rhizome. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NY.
RUST. Puccinia asarina, CA, ID, OR, WA. Gladiolus
BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Xanthomonas

Ginkgo (Maidenhair-Tree) gummisudans, NY to MO, ND, WA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, MD.
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, MD, TX. BACTERIAL Scab; Neck Rot; Leaf Spot. Pseudo-
BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT, Canker Stem. Pseudomo- monas marginata, general.
nas syringae pv. syringae, CA. BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, MI.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta ginkgo, PA; Epicoccum BLIGHT, Brown Spot of leaves, flowers.
purpurascens, IL. Curvularia lunata (Cochliobolus lunata),
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MS. FL, MD, MI, NY, NC, VA, WI.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. BLIGHT, Leaf; Flower Spot; Corm Rot. Botrytis
ROT, Sapwood. Polyporus hirsutus; P. lacteus; gladiolorum, AK, CA, FL, MA, MD, NJ, NY,
P. tulipiferae; P. versicolor; Fomes OR, WA, WI.
connatus, MD. BLIGHT, Seedling. Botrytis elliptica, WA.
ROT, Seed. Xylaria longeana, PA. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
544 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria spp., cosmopolitan;

Cladosporium herbarum, cosmopolitan but Globe-Amaranth (Gomphrena)
secondary; Heterosporium sp., MD;
Stemphylium sp., leaf and stem spot, FL, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gomphrenae, GA,
MI, NJ, NY. OK, TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., NC to NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
FL, TX; M. hapla. VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, TX; Tomato Spotted
NEMATODE, Sheath. Hemicycliophora oracilis, Wilt-Impatiens Serotype, FL, GA.
OR. WHITE RUST. Albugo bliti, NM.
NONPARARASITIC Leaf Scorch. Atmospheric fluo-
rides, WA.
Brown Tip. From waterlogged soil. Globe-Mallow (Sphaeralcea)
Ink Spot. On husks and corms. Cause unknown.
“Rust.” Spot necrosis on leaves, from sun on POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, ID.
water drops. RUST. Puccinia interveniens, ID, WA;
Topple. Partially controlled by spraying flowers P. schedonnardi, AZ, NM; P. sherardiana,
with calcium nitrate. AZ, CA, CO, ID, NE, NM, TX, UT, WY;
ROT, Corm, Basal; Yellows; Wilt. Fusarium P. sphaeralceae (I, III), CA.
oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, general.
ROT, Dry, of corms; Leaf and Stalk Rot.
Stromatinia gladioli, general. Globe-Thistle (Echinops)
ROT, Hard; Leaf Spot. Septoria gladioli, general.
ROT, Root, Collar, Leaf Base. Rhizoctonia ROT, Crown. Sclerotium rolfsii, CT.
solani, NJ, ND, TX. ROT, Root. Phytophthora cryptogea, NC.
ROT, Storage. Penicillium gladioli, general in the
North, occasional in the South;
P. funiculosum, core rot; Rhizopus arrhizus, Glory-Bush (Tibouchina)
soft, occasional.
RUST, Uromyces transversalis, Mexico ROT, Mushroom Root. Clitocybe tabescens,
(Michoacan), CA, FL. FL.
SMUT. Urocystis gladiolicola, CA.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic; Yellow Bean Mosaic
(mild mosaic); White Break, NY to IL, CA, Gloxinia (Sinningia)
WA; Tomato Ring Spot.
The backyard gardener with a few rows of glad- BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Pseudomonas sp., OR.
iolus probably sprays for thrips and forgets about BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas alcaligenes,
diseases, but the serious grower has much to com- FL.
bat. Control starts with choosing varieties resistant BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, CA.
to Fusarium yellows, treating corms after digging BLIGHT, Bud Rot. Botrytis cinerea, CA, MO.
and before planting to control rots and scab, with NONPARASITIC. Dieback Wilt; Boron deficiency,
removal of husks usually giving a healthier crop, CA.
and field spraying for Botrytis, Curvularia, and ROT, Crown; Flower, Leaf Blight. Sclerotinia
Stemphylium flower blights and leaf spots. Mild sclerotiorum, CA.
mosaic is spread from beans to gladiolus by aphids; ROT, Leaf. Cladosporium herbarum, NJ.
so they should be kept widely separated. Rogue ROT, Root and Crown. Phytophthora cryptogea,
plants with white-break mosaic. An aluminum CA; P. tropicalis, NC; Pythium ultimum,
mulch repels aphid vectors of virus diseases. CA; Myrothecium roridum, FL.
Golden-Glow (Rudbeckia lacinata) 545
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA, MO, NC, TX;

Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL, OH, WA; Golden-Chain (Laburnum)
Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NC.
BLIGHT, Twig. Gibberella baccata, NJ; Fusar-
ium sp., MD, OH.
Gnaphalium (Cudweed) CANKER, Stem. Diplodia mutila, OH.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora laburni, OK.
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows;
CANKER, Stem. Phoma erysiphoides, TX, WI.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, Golden-Club (Orontium)
AL, MS.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gnaphaliacea, KS, MS; BLIGHT, Leaf. Botrytis streptothrix, NJ.
Cylindrosporium gnaphalicola, AL, TX; LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella sp., NJ; Phyllosticta
Septoria cercosperma, TX. orontii, NJ, TX; Ramularia orontii, NJ;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. Volutella diaphana, NJ.
RUST. Puccinia gnaphaliicola (II, III), AL, LA,
NC, SC; 0, I unknown; P. investita (0, I, III), Golden-Eye (Viguiera)
AZ, CA, CT, MA, NY, OH, PA, TN, VT, WV,
WI. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, cichoracearum, UT.
AL, MD. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Tomato Spotted Helicobasidium purpureum, TX.
Wilt, GA. RUST. Puccinia abrupta (II, III) AZ, TX;
P. tumidipes (II, III), AZ, CA.
SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, UT.
Goats-Beard (Aruncus)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., OR; Ramularia Golden-Glow (Rudbeckia lacinata)

ulmariae, AK.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows; California
Aster Yellows.
Godetia BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, IA, NE,
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, NC, ND, WI.
CA. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, IL, WI.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rudbeckiae, NY;
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, IL. Phyllosticta rudbeckiae, IA, NY, WI;
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora arthuri, CA. Ramularia rudbeckiae, VT to MS, CO and
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. ID; Septoria rudbeckiae, KS, NE, WI.
ROT, Root. Pythium ultimum, MO; POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Phytophthora cryptogea. cichoracearum, general.
RUST. Puccinia oenotherae (0, I, II, III); ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CT.
P. pulverulenta (0, I, II, III), CA; RUST. Puccinia dioicae (0, I), MO, SD;
Pucciniastrum epilobii (II, III), AK; 0, I on Uromyces perigynius (0, I), MD to MO,
fir. MT; II, III on Carex; U. rudbeckiae (III),
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA. MD to MS, NM, MT.
546 Host Plants
SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, IA, general; 0, I on 2-and 3-needle pines; Puccinia
MO, OH, WI. dioicae (0, I), general; II, III on Carex; Puccinia
VIRUS. Potato Yellow Dwarf; Mosaic, virgae-aureae (III), IL, NH, MA, MI, NY;
unidentified. Powdery mildew is commonly P. grindeliae (III), IL, WI to CA, WA; P. stipae
present. (0, I), CO, MT, NE, NM, ND; II, III on Stipa;
Uromyces perigynius (0, I), ME; II, III on
Carex; U. solidaginis (III), CO, ID.
Golden-Larch (Pseudolarix) SMUT, Inflorescence. Thecaphora cuneata, KS.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë solidaginis, FL, GA,
CANKER. Dasyscyphus willkommii, MA. SC.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, NY; Tomato Spot-
ted Wilt, PA.
Goldenrain-Tree (Koelreuteria)
CANKER. Nectria cinnabarina, CA, CT. Goldenseal (Hydrastis)

LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., FL.
ROT, ROOT. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. BLIGHT, Leaf. Alternaria sp., MI, NY, OH;
WILT. Verticillium sp., NJ. Botrytis sp., CT to NC, IN, WA, WI.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., OH,
MI, WA.
Goldenrod (Solidago) ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Rhizoctonia solani, NC.
BLACK KNOT. Gibberidea heliopsidis, CT, MO, ROT, Stem. Phytophthora cactorum, NC.
NY, ND. VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, CT.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA. WILT. Fusarium sp., IL, NY, OH, WA.
CANKER, Stem. Botryosphaeria ribis, IA.
DODDER. Cuscuta spp., occasional.
DOWNY MILDEW. Basidiophora entospora, IL, Goldentop (Lamarckia)
WI; Plasmopara halstedii, IL, WI.
GALL, Leaf. Rhodochytrium spilanthidis, LA. RUST. Puccinia coronata (II, III), CA;
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta compositarum, WI; P. graminis, CA.
Asteroma solidaginis, black scurf; VIRUS. Mosaic, IA.
Cercospora parvimaculans, WI;
Colletotrichum solitarium, KS, NE, WI;
Macrophoma sphaeropsispora; Goldthread (Coptis)
Phyllosticta solidagni-cola, IL, WI;
Placosphaeria haydeni, black spot; LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella coptis, ME, NY,
Ramularia serotina, CO, IL, TX, WI, WY; VT; Septoria coptidis, ID, MI, NY, VT, WI,
Septoria spp. WA; Phyllosticta helleboricola var. coptidis,
MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium astericola, WI. AK; Vermicularia coptina, NY.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, FL.
cichoracearum, general; Phyllactinia Gopher Plant or Caper Spurge
corylea, WA; Sphaerotheca macularis, IN; (Euphorbia)
Uncinula sp., NY.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT, Root. Macrophomina phaseolina, AZ;
RUST. Coleosporium delicatulum (II, III), ME to Pythium aphanidermatum, AZ; Rhizocto-
VA, KS; 0, I on pine; C. asterum (II, III), nia solani, AZ.
Grape (Vitis) 547
Gooseberry (Ribes) Gordonia (Franklinia and

Loblolly-Bay)
ANTHRACNOSE. Pseudopeziza ribis, general.
BLIGHT, Cane. Botryosphaeria ribis, NJ, VA; BLACK MILDEW, Meliola cryptocarpa, FL, LA.
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, IN, MO. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta gordoniae, FL.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina, coral
spot; Botrytis cinerea, CT, OR, WA;
Phragmodothella ribesia, twig knot; Gouania
Physalospora obtusa, NY to VA, KS.
DODDER, Cuscuta sp., MN, NY. RUST. Puccinia invaginata (II, III), FL.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara ribicola, MT, OR,
WV, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Marssonina grossulariae, OH, WI; Gourd (Lagenaria, Luffa,
Cercospora angulata, NY to MI, MO; Trichosanthes)
Mycosphaerella ribis, MA to VA, AL, KS,
MN, OR; Phyllosticta grossulariae, CT, NJ, ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, CT,
WA, WI; Ramularia sp., MI. IL, IN, IA, MD, MN, NE, PA.
NEMATODE, Leaf, Bud. Aphelenchoides BACTERIAL, Angular Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas
ritzemabosi, CA. lachrymans, WI.
NONPARASITIC. Leaf Blotch. Magnesium defi- BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, SC.
ciency, OR. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL.
Leaf Scorch. Potassium deficiency. DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis,
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, CT, FL, MA, NC, OH.
MN; S. mors-uvae, general; Micro- FRUIT SPOT. Macrophoma trichosanthis, AL;
sphaera grossulariae, CA; Phyllactinia Phoma subvelata, TX; Stemphylium sp.,
corylea, NY. NY.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, OR, WA; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cucurbitae, AL, IN.
Dematophora sp.; Xylaria hypoxylon, OR; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, FL,
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. OH.
RUST. Puccinia caricina var. grossulariata (0, I) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
leaves, fruit, ME to MD, AK, ID, KS, MS, II, cichoracearum, CT, WI.
III on Carex; P. caricina var. uniporula, IA, ROT, Fruit. Mycosphaerella citrullina
MD, NY, WI; Coleosporium jonesii (II, III), (Laestadia cucurbitacearum), PA.
CO, MO, MN, NM, WI, WY; Cronartium ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
occidentale, AZ, CO, UT; C. ribicola, white VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, IN, NY; Tobacco
pine blister rust (II, III) – European varieties Ring Spot, TX, on Luffa acutangula; Zuc-
are resistant. chini Yellow Mosaic, Papaya Ringspot -
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE, Scab. Sphaceloma Type W, Brazil.
ribis, WA.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, IL, NY.
Powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca Grape (Vitis)
mors-uvae is probably the most important
gooseberry disease but is readily controlled by ANTRACNOSE. Elsinoë ampelina, MI.
a lime-sulfur spray immediately after bloom, BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
followed by bordeaux mixture spray for leaf tumefaciens, widespread.
spots. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas sp., NY.
548 Host Plants
BACTERIAL, Melting, Decay. Bacillus subtilis, NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, CA;
CA; Cryptococcus laurentii, CA. P. minyus, CA; P. coffeae, CA; P. vulnus, CA.
BACTERIAL, Xylem-limited. Pierce’s Disease, NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus hamatus.
NC. NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides xenoplax, CA.
BLACK FOOT. Cylindrocarpon liriodendra, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
BLACK GOO. Phaeoacremonium NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus
chlamydosporum, CA. pseudorobustus, CA.
BLACK LEG. Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum, NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Paratrichodorus
CA. christiei.
BLIGHT, Shoot. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA. NONPARASITIC. Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, CA.
BLOTCH, Leaf. Briosia amphelophaga, TX. Shot Berry. Defective pollination.
CANKER. Lasiodiplodia crassispora, CA; Skin Blanching. Sulfur dioxide injury.
Diplodia corticola, CA. PHYTOPLASMA, Aster Yellows. Candidatus
CANKER, Bot. Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phytoplasma asteris, British Columbia,
Diplodia seriata, CA, Mexico. Ontario, Quebec, Canada.
CANKER; Deadarm; Branch Necrosis. PHYTOPLASMA, Bois Noir. British Columbia,
Cryptosporella (Phomopsis) viticola, wide- Canada.
spread; Aspergillus niger, CA. PIERCE’S DISEASE. Xyella fastidiosa, OK.
CANKER; Dieback. Botryosphaeria rhodina and POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinula necator, general,
B. obtusa, Baja, Mexico. MA.
CANKER, Wedge-shaped. Botryosphaeria ROT, Bitter. Greeneria uvicola, MS;
sp., CA. Melanconium fuligineum, wide-spread,
DECLINE. Phaeoacremonium aleophilum; P. often secondary after black rot.
chlamydosporum, NY, PA; P. inflatipes, ROT, Black. Guignardia bidwellii, general.
CA; Botryosphaeria liberica, B. viticola, ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, TX.
CA. ROT, Fruit. Alternaria sp., CA; Aspergillus
DIEBACK. Eutypa armeniacae, CA, NY; E. lata, niger, black mold, CA, OR; Botrytis cinerea,
CA, MI; Eutypella vitis, MI. gray mold, CA; Cladosporium sp., green
DIPLODIA CANE DIEBACK. Lasiodiplodia mold; Penicillium spp., blue mold, cosmopol-
theobromae, Bolivia. itan; Glomerella cingulata; Colletotrichum
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara viticola, general, acutatum; C. gloeosporioides, ripe rot;
serious in East. Pestalotia sp., Phoma spp.; Botryosphaeria
FRUIT SPOT; Flyspeck. Leptothyrium pomi, PA, dothidea, Macrophoma rot, MS; Monilinia
WV. fructicola, brown rot, British Colombia,
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella personata Canada.
(Isariopsis clavispora) wide-spread ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, AR, CA, MO,
Phomopsis viticola, NY; Septoria ampelina, TX, WA; Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
NY, TX, VA; Septosporium heterosporum, TX; Clitocybe tabescens, SC to TX, OK;
CA. Roesleria hypogaea, NY to VA, IA, MO;
LEAF SPOT, Zonate. Cristulariella pyramidalis, R. subterranean, MI, Midwest U.S.;
WV; C. moricola, GA. Rosellinia necatrix, AL, IN, MI, NY, OH.
MEASLES. Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica ROT, Sour. Hanseniaspora uvarum, Ontario
Anamorph, Phaeoacremonium viticola, CA. Canada; Gluconobacter cerinus, Ontario,
NEMATODE. Meloidoderita sp., NY. Canada; Aspergillus carbonarius, CA.
NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans, ROT, Summer Bunch. Diplodia viticola
CA. (D. natalensis).
NEMATODE, Cyst. Heterodera punctata, MI. ROT, White; Dieback. Coniothyrium
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema index. diplodiella, MA to FL, TX.
Grasses, Lawn, Turf 549
ROT, Wood. Schizophyllum commune, VA; Poa compressa, P. pratensis, P. annua, and
Stereum spp.; Poria spp.; Polyporus spp.; P. trivialis. Canada, Kentucky, annual bluegrasses
Pleurotus ostreatus, CA. and Roughstalk; Stenotaphrum, St. Augustine
RUST. Physopella ampelopsidis (P. vitis) (II), grass; Dactylis glomerata, orchardgrass; Lolium
FL, SC. multiflorum, Italian ryegrass; L. perenne, Peren-
SCORCH, Leaf. Pseudopezicula tetraspora, NY, nial ryegrass; Ammophila breviligulata, American
PA. beachgrass; Imperata cylindrica, Cogangrass;
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Bird’s Eye Rot. Elsinoë Miscanthus sinensis, Perennial grass; Spartinia
ampelina, widespread. alterniflora, smooth cordgrass.
TRUNK DISEASE. Neofusicoccum parvum, ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum graminicolum,
Cryptovalsa ampelina and Eutypella general.
leprosa, Chile. BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae pv.
VASCULAR; FOLIAR DISEASE. Phaeoacremonium, coronafaciens, AK; P. syringae pv.
CA. alisalensis On brome, oat, and common timo-
VIRUS. Alfalfa Dwarf; Grape Fanleaf, WA, thy grasses, CA; Xanthomonas translucens
Pacific Northwest; Grape Leafroll (White pv. poae, MT; X. translucens pv. cerealis,
Emper or Disease), CA, ID, WA, Chile; Grape ID.
Yellow Mosaic; Virus Complex (Kober Stem BACTERIAL Gummosis. Rathayibacter rathayi,
Grooving), CA; Tobacco Ring Spot, MI, NY; MD, OR, Northeast and Mid-Atlantic U.S.
Tomato Ring Spot, NY; Grapevine Fleck, BACTERIAL Stunting. Clavibacter xyli subsp.
WA; Grapevine Stem Pitting Associated, cynodontis, FL.
CA; Peach Rosette Mosaic; Tomato Spotted BACTERIAL Wilt, Decline, and Necrosis.
Wilt; Grapevine Rupestris Vein Feathering, Acidovorax spp., NC.
CA; Grapevine Syrah, CA, WA, Chile. BACTERIAL, Xylem-limited. Rickettsialike
Black rot is the most destructive grape disease organism, MI.
in most sections of the country, often causing total BLACK SPOTS, FOLIAR. Exserohilum
loss of fruit in home gardens. Pierce’s disease has longirostratum, MS, TX.
destroyed many vineyards in California, the path- BLIGHT. Fusarium roseum f. sp. cerealis, MD,
ogen is transmitted by grafting and by leafhoppers. NJ, NY, OH, PA; F. tricinctum f. sp. poae;
Leptosphaeria korrae, CA, MD, NJ, NY, and
Phialophora graminicola, CA, NJ, NY.
Grapefruit (New identification for Fusarium Blight);
Limonomyces roseipellis, NC;
▶Citrus Diseases. Labyrinthula sp., AZ.
BLIGHT, Cottony. Pythium aphanidermatum,
general.
Grape-Hyacinth (Muscari) BLIGHT, Dieback (on Johnsongrass, Sorghum
halepense); Yellow Foxtail, Setaria glauca;
ROT, Dry. Sclerotium sp., MO, WA. Broadleaf Signalgrass, Brachiaria
SMUT, Flower. Ustilago vaillantii, MA, WA. platyphylla. Bipolaris cyanodontis, South-
east U.S.; Curvularia lunata, Southeast U.
S.; C. geniculata, Southeast U.S.;
Grasses, Lawn, Turf Exserohilum rostratum, Southeast U.S.
BLIGHT, Foliar. Pythium sylvaticum, IL;
Includes Agropyron repens, quackgrass; Colletotrichum cereale, AL, MS.
Agrostis alba, redtop; A. canina, A. palustris, A. BLIGHT, Leaf. Pyricularia grisea, on bent and St.
stolonifera, A. tenuis, bentgrasses; Cynodon Augustine; Pellicularia filamentosa f. sp.
dactylon, Bermuda grass; Festuca spp., fescues; sasakii; Drechslera catenaria, OH;
550 Host Plants
Rhizoctonia solani, FL; Penicillium LEAF SPOT, Black, Tar. Phyllachora graminis,
oxalicum, NC; Pithomyces chartarum, KY. widespread; P. sylvatica, Northwest.
BLIGHT, Melting Out. Curvularia geniculata; C. LEAF SPOT, Brown Stripe. Scolecotrichum
inaequalis; C. lunata; Sclerotinia graminis, widespread, except on ryegrass.
homoeocarpa, MS. LEAF SPOT, Copper. Ramulispora
BLIGHT, Rapid. Labyrinthula terrestris, CO. (Gloeocercospora) sorghi, CA, LA, PA, RI,
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, IL, NJ. on bentgrass.
BLIGHT (Zonate Leaf Spot). Drechslera gigantea LEAF SPOT, Frog-eye. Selenophoma donacis,
(Helminthosporium gigantea), RI; Bipolaris northern states; S. everhartii; S. obtusa.
sorokiniana, Southeast, U.S. LEAF SPOT, Gray. Pyricularia grisea, blast dis-
BLOTCH, Purple leaf. Septoria macropoda; ease, CA, CT, IL, IN, ME, MA, NH, PA, RI;
S. agropyrina, brown; S. elymi, northern U.S. P. Perenne (on ryegrass), NV.
CHOKE. Epichloe typhina, OR. LEAF SPOT, Gray Leaf Speckle. Septoria triseti,
DAMPING-OFF. Cladochytrium graminis, on OR, WA on redtop, bent; S. calamagrostidis,
bentgrass. AK, OR, WY; S. loligena, CA; S. nodorum;
DEAD SPOT. Ophiosphaerella agrostis, MD, S. oudemansii, northern U.S.; S. secalis,
Ontario, Canada; (Spring Dead Spot) white leaf spot; S. tenella, northern plains;
O. herpotricha, MS. S. tritici var. lolicola.
DIEBACK, Wetland. Fusarium aestuarinus, CT. LEAF SPOT, Melting-out. Helminthosporium
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., MO. vagans, on bluegrass; H. sativum;
DOLLAR SPOT. Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, IL, H. giganteum, Zonate eye-spot, general;
NY, PA, WA. H. dictyoides, fescue netblotch; H. siccans,
DOWNY MILDEW. Sclerophthora macrospora, brown blight; H. stenacrum, leaf mold;
IL, LA, MS, TX, on St. Augustine grass and H. triseptatum, gray leaf mold; H. cynodontis,
Kentucky bluegrass; Sclerospora farlowii, Bermuda grass leaf blotch; H. erythrospilum;
OK, on Bermuda grass. H. rostratum; H. stenophilum.
ERGOT. Claviceps purpurea, NY to KY, MT, LEAF SPOT, Red Eye-Spot. Mastigosporium
ND, TX, OK, OR, WI; C. microcephala, rubricosum, ME, OR, WA, WY.
MD, MI, OH; C. cynodontis, OK. LEAF SPOT, Yellow Ring. Trechispora alnicola,
FAIRY RING. Marasmius oreades; Psalliota IL.
campestris; Lepiota morgani; Cyathus MOLD. Cladosporium herbarum; Fusarium
stercoreus (birds nest fungus), MN. heterosporum.
HONEYDEW. Claviceps purpurea, OK. NEMATODE. Longidorus breviannulatus, Que-
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta agropyrina, Northwest; bec, Canada; L. elongates, Canada.
A. desmazieri; CA, OR, WA; A. elymi; NEMATODE, Barley Root Knot, Meloidogyne
A. graminae on Bermuda grass; A. hordei; naasi, Quebec, Canada.
A. sorghi; A. graminicola; A. utahensis; NEMATODE, Cyst. Punctodera punctata, NJ;
Cercospora seminalis, TX; Heterodera iri, CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI.
C. fuscomaculans; C. poagena; NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum.
Cylindrosporium glyceriae, NY; NEMATODE, Gall. Anguina agrostis.
Leptosphaeria korrae, ringspot, MD, PA, NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus coronatus.
WI; Macrophoma sp., OR; Ovularia NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus brachyurus;
pulchella, OR, UT; Phaeoseptoria sp., OR; P. pratensis; P. subpenetrans; P. thornei;
Placosphaeria graminis; Septogloeum P. fallax.
oxysporum, char spot, widespread; NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus projectus.
Stagonospora intermixta; Pithomyces NEMATODE, Pseudo Root Knot. Hypsoperine
chartarum, NE; Bipolaris hawaiiensis, MS. graminis, AL, MD, TN.
Grasses, Lawn, Turf 551
NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides lobatum; TX; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.

C. rusticum, C. xenoplax, C. ornatum, graminis, MS.
C. parvum, C. curvatum, OH; Criconemella RUST. Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola,
xenoplax, SC. OR; Puccinia pygmaea, NY; Uromyces
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.; M. mysticus (II, III), OR; U. dactylidis, IN, MI,
incognita; M. spartinae, CT, MA; Subanguina SD, VI.
radicicola, New Brunswick, Canada. RUST, Bluegrass. Puccinia poae-nemoralis,
NEMATODE, Seed Gall. Anguina agrostis, widespread; P. recondita on brome grass,
MN, VA. PA; P. striiformis, stripe rust, OR;
NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus; P. cynodontis, on Bermuda grass;
H. dihystera; Rotylenchus cristiei, FL. P. stenotaphri, on St. Augustine grass;
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis; P. piperi; P. brachypodii and P. striiformis
B. longicaudatus, CA. on false brome grass, Italy, Netherlands.
NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Paratrichodorus RUST, Crown. Puccinia coronata (II, III), cosmo-
christiei; P. obtusa. politan, N. America; P. glumarum.
NEMATODE, Stylet. Tylenchorhynchus brevidus; RUST, Stem; Wheat. Puccinia graminis,
T. claytoni; T. dubius. cosmopolitan.
NONPARASITIC. Burn. Mowing too close in hot SCAB. Fusarium heterosporum, MO.
weather. Spring Dead Spot. Too much thatch. SLIME MOLD. Mucilago spongiosa; Physarum
PATCH, SUMMER. Magnaporthe poae, OH. cinereum; Fuligo septic; Labyrinthula
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe graminis, general. terrestris, CO.
RING PATCH, Brown. Waitea circinata var. SMUT, Bluegrass Blister. Entyloma irregulare
circinata, CA, MN, NJ, PA, VA, WV, WI; and other spp.
Waitea circinata, AZ, FL, British Columbia, SMUT, Flag. Urocystis agropyri, OH, WI.
Canada. SMUT, Head; Bunt. Tilletia pallida, NJ, OH,
ROT, Basal Stem. Pythium sylvaticum, IL. OR; T. fusca; T. buchloëana, KS, NE,
ROT, Blind Seed. Gloeotinia temulenta, OR. OK, TX.
ROT, Crown. Drechslera catenaria, OH. SMUT, Inflorescence. Sorosporium syntherisme,
ROT, Culm. Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella CA.
zeae. SMUT, Stripe. Ustilago striiformis, widespread;
ROT; Dollar Spot; Small Brown Patch. U. cynodontis on Bermuda grass in South;
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, general. U. Buchloes, TX.
ROT, Foot. Ophiobolus graminis, NY, WA. SNOWMOLD, Blight. Fusarium nivale, AK, MI,
ROT; Large Brown Patch. Pellicularia MN, OR, WA; Calonectria graminicola;
filamentosa (Rhizoctonia solani); wide- Sclerotinia borealis, AK; Sclerotium
spread, more important on bentgrass than on rhizodes, white tip, CT, MA, NJ, PA, WI;
bluegrass; Magnaporthe poae, FL, NC; Typhula itoana, MA, MN, NJ, NY, PA;
Ophiosphaerella agrostis, FL, MD, MA, T. idahoensis, ID.
MS, MO, NC, OH, TX, VA (eastern SPRING DEAD SPOT. Gaeumannomyces graminis
seaboard). var. graminis, AL, FL, NC, TX;
ROT; Pink Patch; Red Thread. Corticium Ophiosphaerella herpotricha, MS;
fuciforme, general. O. korrae; O. narmari, KS, OK.
ROT, Root. Pythium debaryanum; STEM EYESPOT. Phloeospora idahoensis, OH.
P. arrhenomanes, LA; P. volutum, NC; SUMMER PATCH. Magnaporthe spp., CA, CO, KS,
P. ultimum; Fusarium spp.; Olpidium NE, WA.
brassicae; Pyrenochaeta terrestris, IL; SYMBIOTIC ENDOPHYTE. Acremonium typhinum,
crown and root, Ophiosphaerella agrostis, NJ.
552 Host Plants
VIRUS. Bromegrass Mosaic. General, IA, IL; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Clover Yellow Vein, GA; Maize Dwarf RUST. Coleosporium asterum (II, III), CA, CO,
Mosaic; Peanut Mottle, GA; St. Augustine WA, WI; 0, I on pine; Puccinia dioicae (0, I),
Decline Virus (Panicum Mosaic), AR, LA, KS, NE, TX; II, III on Carex; P. grindeliae
TX; Sugarcane Mosaic, FL, IL; Barley Yel- (III), NE to TX, CA, MT; P. stipae (0, I), CO,
low Dwarf, IN, MO; Cocksfoot Streak; KS, NE, ND, SD; II, III on Stipa and other
Agropyron Mosaic; Grapvine Fanleaf, CA; grasses; Uromyces junci (0, I); II, III on
Lolium Latent, MD. Juncus.
WILT, Necrosis. Acidovorax spp., NC. SMUT, Inflorescence. Thecaphora californica,
The possibility of any large proportion of CA, UT; T. Cuneata, CO, KS, NE, NM.
these diseases appearing in the average suburban
lawn is remote. Snowmold occurs occasionally
after a winter when the snow cover has been
rather continuous, but the light tan areas disap- Ground-Cherry, Husk-Tomato
pear by late spring. Large brown patch is fairly (Physalis)
general in humid summer weather along with
dollar spot, and Helminthosporium leaf spots or BACTERIAL Angular Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas
melting-out. Merion bluegrass is resistant to the angulata, KY.
latter but not to bluegrass rust. Acremonium sp. BACTERIAL Canker. Vascular. Clavibacter
first Clavicipitaceous endophyte of perennial rye- michiganense, WY. Also Pseudomonas
grass (Lolium perenne) caused a hyperthermia longifolia.
syndrome of cattle, TX, WA. BACTERIAL, Wildfire. Pseudomonas syringae pv.
tabaci, PA.
BLIGHT, Seedling. Gloeosporium fructigenum,
Grass-Of-Parnassus (Parnassia) NY.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, NY. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria solani; Cercospora
RUST. Puccinia parnassiae (III), UT; P. caricina diffusa, IL, KS, WI; C. physalicola, CT to
var. uliginosa, (I), AK; II, III on Carex. GA, TX; Leptosphaeria physalidis, KY;
Phyllosticta sp., OK; Septoria sp., NE;
Stemphylium solani, FL.
Grevillea (Silk-Oak) NECROSIS, Vascular. Verticillium dahliae, NM.
DIEBACK; Gum Disease. Diplodia sp. CA.
(Physalospora rhodina), FL. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AL,
LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL. FL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca fusca, CA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Aecidium physalidis, WI to TX, CO, NM;
Puccinia physalidis, CO, IA, MN, NE, WI.
Grindelia (Gumweed) SMUT, White. Entyloma australe, MA to MS,
NM, ND.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora grindeliae, CA, TX, VIRUS. Beet Curly Top; Mosaic (part cucumber,
WI; Septoria grindeliae, CO, KS, TX; part tobacco mosaic); Ring Spot (Tobacco);
S. grindeliicola, WI. Physalis Mosaic, IL; Potato Leafroll, Pacific
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces Northwest; Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA;
cichoracearum, MN to NM, CA, MT. Yellowing Stunting Disorder, CA.
Hackberry, Sugarberry (Celtis) 553

Ground-Cherry, Purple-Flowered ROT, Fruit. Alternaria citri, CA; Rhizopus
(Quincula) stolonifer, HI.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora physalidis, KS. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), CO. ROT, Wound. Polyporus versicolor, FL.
SCAB. Pestalotiopsis spp., HI.
Ground-Ivy (Gleoma)
Guayule (Parthenium)
RUST. Puccinia glechomatis, IN, NY.
ROT, Root. Pythium aphanidermatum, AZ.
Groundnut (Apios)
Gypsophila (Baby’s-Breath)
LEAF AND STEM DISEASE. Cercospora zebrina
(clover isolate), NC. BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, OH.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, LA; Desmodium BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NY, and Cali-
Yellow Mottle, LA. fornia Aster Yellows, CA.
BACTERIAL Root and Stem Gall. Erwinia
herbicola (Agrobacterium gypsophilae), NJ.
Ground-Smoke (Gayophytum) BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, NJ.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, CT;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gayophyti, CA. Rhizoctonia solani, CT.
RUST. Puccinia vagans (0, I, II, III), ND to NM, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
CA, WA. ROOT ROT. Phytophthora dreschleri, NC.
SMUT, Seed. Ustilago gayophyti, CA, NV, OR, WILT. Phytophthora cactorum, MA.
UT.
Hackberry, Sugarberry (Celtis)

Guar (Cyamopsis)
BLIGHT, Leaf. Cylindrosporium defoliatum, TX.
BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas campestris pv. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL.
cyamopsidis, AZ. CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium burtii,
POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica, AZ. TX; S. sydowii, TX.
VIRUS. Guar Symptomless. DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora celtidis,
GA, MD.
LEAF SPOT. Cercosporella celtidis, AL, TX, cen-
Guava (Psidium) tral states; Cylindrosporium celtidis,
AL; Phloeospora celtidis, MA to TX;
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf and Fruit Spot; Ripe Rot. Phyllosticta celtidis, general; Septogloeum
Glomerella cingulata, FL. celtidis, NY.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron tomentosum and
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora psidii, FL. P. serotinum (flavescens), southeastern and
LEAF SPOT, Algal; Green Scurf. Cephaleuros Gulf states.
virescens, FL. POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL. phytoptophila, associated with gall mites
554 Host Plants
causing witches’ broom, widespread, espe-

cially in central states; Uncinula Hardy Orange (Poncirus)
macrospora, FL, GA; U. parvula, wide-
spread; U. polychaeta, in South. ANTHRACNOSE; DIEBACK. Glomerella cingulata,
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, occasional; Gulf states.
Helicobasidium purpureum, seedling blight, CANKER; DIEBACK. Diaporthe citri, melanose,
TX; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Gulf states; Diplodianatalensis, gummosis,
Poria ambigua, TX. general.
ROT, Wood. Daedalea spp.; Fomes spp.; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Ganoderma lucidum; Polyporus spp.; Xylaria polymorpha, LA.
Stereum bicolor, cosmopolitan. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Citrus Scab. Elsinoë
VIRUS. Island Chlorosis, IL; Hackberry Leaf fawcettii, MS.
Mosaic; Angular Yellow Leaf Spot, MN.
Hackberry witches’ broom, so prominent in
a winter landscape, are caused by gall mites in Hares-Tail (Lagurus)
association with powdery mildew. There is no
real control, except to cut off unsightly branches. RUST. Puccinia coronata (II, III), crown;
Chinese hackberry and southern hackberry are P. graminis, stem, WA.
less susceptible.
Hawkbit, Fall Dandelion (Leontodon)
Halesia (Silver-Bell, Snowdrop-Tree) BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, ME, NY.

RUST, Puccinia hieracii (0, I, II, III), ME, NH.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora halesiae, TN;
Cristulariella moricola, Zonate Leaf Spot, LA.
ROT, Wood. Polyporus halesiae, GA. Hawksbeard (Crepis)
Other fungi are reported on twigs and
branches but not as causing specific diseases. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora stromatis, CO;
Phyllosticta eximia, CO; Ramularia
crepidis, NM.
Hamelia (Scarlet-Bush) cichoracearum, NE, PA; Sphaerotheca
macularis, WY.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL. RUST. Puccinia crepidis-montanae (0, I,
RUST. Uredo hameliae, FL. II, III), CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA,
WY; P. hieracii, ND to CO, WA; II, III on
Carex.
Harbinger-Of-Spring (Erigenia)
Hawkweed (Hieracium)
RUST. Puccinia erigeniae (0, I, III), OH.
BLIGHT, Stem. Phoma hieracii, TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Bremia lactucae, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora hieracii, AL,
Hardenbergia NC; Phyllosticta decidua, WI;
Septoria cercosperma, TX; S. hieracicola,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. NY.
Hazelnut, Filbert (Corylus) 555
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces G. clavipes, quince rust (0, I), on leaves,

cichoracearum, PA, TX; Sphaerotheca fruits, general, east of Rocky Mts.;
macularis, IL. G. exiguum, on leaves, fruits, TX; II, III on
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. juniper; G. floriforme, on leaves, SC to FL,
RUST. Puccinia dioicae (0, I), PA to IL, CA, MT, OK, TX; III on red-cedar; G. globosum, haw-
OR, WI; II, III on Carex; P. fraseri (III), MT, thorn rust (0, I) on leaves, ME to ND, FL, TX;
NE, NY, NH, PA, TN, VA, WV; P. hieracii II, III on juniper; G. hyalinum (0, I), leaves,
(0, I, II, III), ME to VA, CA, CO FL, IL, TX, Atlantic Coast, NC to FL; III unknown;
WA; P. columbiensis, OR, TX, WA; G. libocedri (0, I), leaves and fruit, Pacific
Aecidium columbiense (0, I), CA, ID, OR, Coast; III on Libocedrus; G. nelsonii (0, I),
WA. on leaves, fruits, WY; III on juniper;
G. trachysorum (0, I), on leaves, Atlantic
and Gulf coasts; III on red-cedar;
Hawthorn (Crataegus) G. tubulatum (0, I), on leaves, Rocky Mts.
to OR and WA.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, SCAB. Venturia inaequalis, widespread;
widespread, especially on English hawthorn. V. crataegi, FL.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Fabraea thuemenii (F. maculata, Rusts are common on hawthorn and particu-
Entomosporium thuemenii), East and central larly so in the central states, where junipers
states, southward. should be kept at a distance. Leaf blight, begin-
BLIGHT, Leaf; Fruit Spot. Monilinia johnsonii, ning in a moist spring, causes spotting and defo-
NY to MN. liation in August. When branches die back from
BLIGHT, Seedling. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. fire blight, cut them off several inches below the
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., visible blighted portion.
Southeast and Gulf states.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora apiifoliae, TX;
Cercosporella mirabilis, CO, NY, WI; Hazelnut, Filbert (Corylus)
Coniothyrium pyrinum, IL;
Cylindrosporium brevispina, CA to MT, BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas corylina, OR,
WA; C. crataegi, WA; Gloeosporium WA; Pseudomonas syringae pv. coryli.
crataegi, WA; Hendersonia crataegicola, BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
AL, TX; Monochaetia crataegi, FL; tumefaciens, WA.
Phyllosticta spp., widespread; Septoria BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas colurnae, IL.
crataegi, MI to ND; Mycosphaerella sp., GA. BLIGHT, Eastern Filbert. Anisogramma
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum anomala, NJ, NY, OR, WA.
(flavescens), TX; Viscum album, CA. CANKER; Twig Blight. Apioporthe anomala,
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae, eastern and central states; Hymenochaete
East and central states; Phyllactinia corylea, agglutinans, ME; Gleosporium sp.
general. FILBERT STUNT. Undetermined causal agent, OR.
ROT, Gray Mold, on fruit. Botrytis cinerea, AK. KERNEL SPOT; Yeast Spot. Nematospora coryli,
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, OK; OR.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Xylaria LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina coryli, CT, MA, WI.
digitata; X. hypoxylon, IN, OH. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora corylina, OK;
ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa, cosmopoli- Cylindrosporium vermiforme, WI;
tan; Polyporus versicolor, cosmopolitan; Gloeosporium coryli, ME to NJ, OR, PA,
Fomes spp. WA; Phyllosticta coryli, widespread;
RUST. Gymnosporangium bethelii (0, I), on Septogloeum profusum, IN, MA, MS;
fruits; ND to WA, CO, NM; III on juniper; Septoria corylina, MA to NJ, OR, WA, WI;
556 Host Plants
Sphaerognomonia carpinea, GA;

Gnomoniella coryli, general; Alternaria Hedge Parsley (Torilis)
arborescens, A. alternata, A. tenuissima
(leaf spot and brown/gray apical necrosis), GALL, Leaf. Protomyces macrosporus, AR.
AZ.
NONPARASITIC. Bitter Pit and Brown Stain
of nuts. Cause unknown, OR, WA.
Shrivel, “Blanks.” Defective pollination, Helenium (Sneezeweed)
OR, WA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, north- BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NY, and Cali-
eastern and north central states, OR, WA; fornia Aster Yellows, CA.
Microsphaera alni, northeastern and north LEAF SPOT. Cercospora helenii, AL, TX;
central states; P. gutata, WA. Septoria helenii, IA, PA, TX.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, OR, WA; POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. cichoracearum, CO, OR, TX, UT, WA,
ROT, Wood. Poria ferrea, CA. WI, WY.
VIRUS. Apple Mosaic, OR; Clover Yellow Edge ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Phytoplasma, OR. RUST. Puccinia conspicua (0, I), AZ, CO, NM; II,
Bacterial blight often kills young trees in III on Koeleria, P. dioicae (0, I), CO, NE, TX;
Washington and Oregon. Powdery mildew is II, III on Carex.
important in the Northwest. SMUT. Entyloma compositarum, TX, WI;
E. polysporum, MT.
VIRUS. Helenium S. Carlavirus.
Heath (Erica)
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA.

ROT, Collar. Phytophthora cinnamomi, Helichrysum
CA, NY.
ROT, Root and Crown. Cylindrocladium ▶Strawflower.
pauciramosum, CA.
ROT, Stem. Ascochyta sp., NJ.
RUST. Pucciniastrum ericae (II), CA.
Heliopsis
Heather (Calluna) BACTERIAL, Proliferation. Rhodococcus fascians,

OR.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Iron deficiency, BLACK KNOT. Gibberidea heliopsidis.
corrected by spraying with ferrous sulfate. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta pitcheriana, NY;
ROT, Root, Collar. Phytophthora cinnamomi, Septoria helianthi, IN; S. heliopsidis, WI.
CA, OR. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, IA, MN, NE, NM, ND, WI;
Leveillula taurica, IA.
Hebe ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Coleosporium helianthi (II, III), NC; 0,
BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, CA. I on pine; Puccinia batesiana (0, I, III), DE,
LEAF SPOT. Septoria exotica, CA. IA, KS, MD, MN, NE, PA, WI; P. helianthi
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA. (0, I, II, III), IN, MN, NC, PA, VA.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. hebae, CA. VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, IA.
Hepatica 557
(0, I), New England to PA; II, III on poplar;

Heliotrope (Heliotropium) M. farlowii (III), New England to NC, WI;
Pucciniastrum hydrangeae (0, I), IN, MD,
BLIGHT, Shoot; Leaf Spot. Botrytis cinerea, cos- PA, TN; II, III on hydrangea; P. myrtilli (0, I),
mopolitan; Stemphylium sp., NY. ME to AL, IN, WI; II, III on Ericaceae;
LEAF SPOT Cercospora heliotropii, NM, OR. Uraecium holwayi (0, I), AK, MT, OR, WA;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., Thekopsora minima.
MA, WA.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, CA, NV,
NM, TX, UT; II, III on grasses. Hemp (Cannabis)
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, MD.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, OR, VA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, SC, TX.
Hemlock (Tsuga) BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, CA, IL, KY, WI.
CANKER, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Canada.
BLIGHT, Needle. Didymascella tsugae, MA, NH, CANKER; Stem Rot. Gibberella quinqueseptata;
WI; Rosellinia herpotrichioides, NC. G. saubinetti, IN, VA.
BLIGHT, Shoot Tip. Sirococcus tsugae, GA. CANKER; Stem Wilt. Botryosphaeria marconii,
BLIGHT, Snow. Herpotrichia nigra, MT to OR, MD, VA.
AK. LEAF CURL, Wilt. Cercospora cannabina, MS.
BLIGHT, Twig. Botrytis cinerea, ID. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium spp., MD;
CANKER, Bleeding. Phacidiopycnis Septoria cannabis, MD to KY, FL, IA, MN,
pseudotsugae (Phacidiella coniferarum) on TX; Cercospora cannabis, MS.
eastern hemlock. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TN.
CANKER, Branch. Discocainia treleasi on western POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
hemlock, AK, WA. cichoracearum, FL.
CANKER, Stem Girdle, of saplings. ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, IL.
Hymenochaete agglutinans, PA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
CANKER, Twig. Cytospora sp., MD, VA; Hypomyces cancri, MD.
Dermatea balsamea, GA, NY, TN, VA. ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MT.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, cosmopolitan.
MISTLETOE, Dwarf. Arceuthobium
campylopodium, AK, ID; A. cyanocarpum, Hempsesbania (Sesbania)
OR; A. tsugense, AK; A. laricis, WA; A.
abietinum, OR. CANKER, STEM. Diaporthe phaseolorum var.
NONPARASITIC. Canker; Bark Split. Heavy soil caulivora, LA.
and poor drainage.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, MA to PA, MI,
OR, WA; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, Henbit (Laminum)
TX; Fusarium solani, PA; F. oxysporum,
PA; F. avenaceum, PA; Phytophthora ROT. Sclerotinia minor, NC.
citricola, NC. VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, PA.
ROT, Seedling Root. Cylindrocladium
scoparium, NY; Rhizina undulata, NY.
ROT, Wood. Fomes spp.; Ganoderma lucidum, Hepatica
Northeast; Polyporus spp., general.
RUST, Needle, Cone. Caeoma dubium (0, I), ID, DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara pygmaea, IA, IL,
MT, OR, WA; Melampsora abietis-canadensis NY, PA, WI.
558 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Discosia artocreas, secondary, IA; GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium papillatum, AZ, CA,
Septoria hepaticae, MI, NC. OR, TX.
RUST. Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (0, I), MA to ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, TX.
MD, TN, MN; II, III on wild plum. VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Filaree Red Leaf,
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis anemones, NY CA.
to IN, MO, MN, WI.
Hesperis (Dames-Rocket)
Heracleum (Cow-Parsnip)
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium heraclei, CA, CO, DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, NY,
ID, MT, ND, TX, UT, WA, WY; Fusicladium PA.
angelicae, WI; Phyllosticta heraclei, AK, VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, OR.
OR, TX; Ramularia heraclei, general. WHITE RUST; White Blister. Albugo candida, NY.
Heuchera (Alum-Root, Coral-Bells)

Hercules-Club (Aralia spinosa)
LEAF NEMATODE. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, GA, CA.
VA, WV; Nectria cinnabarina, VA, WV. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora heucherae, IL, IN, IA,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora atromaculans, LA, TX; OH, PA, VA, WV, WI; Phyllosticta
Phyllosticta araliae, TX; P. everhartii, TX, excavata, AK, ID; Ramularia mitellae var.
WV; Stagonospora sp., WV. heucherae, WA; Septoria heucherae, IN.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Rhizoctonia solani, TX. cichoracearum, CA; Sphaerotheca
ROT, Sapwood. Polyporus tulipiferae, MD. macularis, MT, NM; Phyllactinia corylea,
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma araliae, MD, MT.
MO. ROT, Root. Phytophthora cinnamomi, NC;
Pythium hypogynum and P. ultimum.
RUST. Puccinia heucherae (III), PA to NC, AK,
Hercules-Club (Zanthoxylum clava- SD, western states.
herculis) SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis lithophragmae,
UT.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora xanthoxyli, FL, GA, TX; VIRUS. Tobacco Rattle, MA, MI, MN.
Septoria pachyspora, TX.
(flavescens), TX. Hibbertia (Guinea-Gold-Vine)
RUST. Puccinia andropogonis var. xanthoxyli
(0, I) FL, TX: II, III on Andropogon. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, CA, SC.
Heronsbill (Erodium) Hibiscus (Arborescent Forms)

(Rose-of-Sharon, Confederate-Rose,
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows. Chinese Hibiscus, Kenaf)
DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora erodii, BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
MT, TX. tumefaciens, MS.
Hickory (Carya) 559
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae, CANKER; DECLINE, Bitternut. Fusarium solani
CA, FL; P. syringae pv. hibisci, FL; and Ceratocystis smalleyi, IA, MN, WI.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum, CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus candidus,
FL. MO, OH, PA; Solenia ochracea, MA.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Xanthomonas solanacearum, FL. CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp.,
BLIGHT, Blossom. Choanephora Southeast.
infundibulifera, FL. CANKER, Heart Rot. Poria spiculosa, destructive
BLIGHT, Leaf Stem. Phytophthora palmivora, to pignut, shagbark, PA, and South.
LA; P. parasitica, FL. CANKER, Twig. Rosellinia caryae, MI;
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL; web, Botryosphaeria berengeriana.
P. filamentosa, FL. GALL, Trunk, Branch. Phomopsis sp., eastern
CANKER; DIEBACK. Colletotrichum hibisci, FL, TX. states.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria tenuis, IN, NJ, PA; LEAF SPOT. Fusarium carpineum, WI;
Cercospora hibisci, FL, OK, TX; Hendersonia davisii, WI; Marssonina
C. amalayensis, GA; Phyllosticta hibiscina, juglandis (Gnomonia leptostyla), NJ, NC to
LA; Cristulariella pyramidalis, FL, GA, IA; Microstroma juglandis, Witches’
MD, MS; C. moricola, LA. Broom; Monochaetia desmazierii, MD to
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae, FL. NC, TN; Mycosphaerella carigena, WI;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., MS, Pestalotia sphaerelloides, LA; Phyllosticta
TX. caryae, widespread; Septoria caryae, DE,
NONPARASITIC. Strapleaf. Molybdenum defi- MI; S. hicoriae, TX; Cercospora fusca.
ciency, FL. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica, TX. (flavescens), IN, TX; Viscumalbum, CA.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. NONPARASITIC. Rosette. Zinc deficiency, southern
ROT, Stem. Fusarium sp., FL; Phytophthora states.
parasitica, TX; P. cactorum, LA; POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MI, WI;
P. palmivora, LA; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Microsphaera alni, cosmopolitan.
NY. ROT, Heart. Favolus alveolaris, NY, VT, VA;
RUST. Kuehneola malvicola (II, III), Gulf states. Fomes spp., cosmopolitan.
STUNTING. Hoplolaimus magnistylus, MS. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, cosmopolitan;
VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, FL; Hibiscus Chlo- Clitocybe parasitica, OK; Phymatotrichum
rotic Ringspot; Tomato Spotted Wilt, TX; omnivorum AZ, TX; Helicobasidium
Potato Leaf Roll, Pacific Northwest; Hibis- purpureum.
cus Latent Fort Pierce, NM. ROT, Wood. Daedalea spp.; Ganoderma
curtisii; Polyporus spp.; Steccherinum
septentrionale; Schizophyllum commune;
Hickory (Carya) Stereum hirsutum; Trametes rigida.
SCAB; Leaf Spot. Cladosporium effusum,
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf Spot. Gnomonia caryae, general.
general (see under ▶ Leaf Spots). SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë randii.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium WILT. Verticillium sp., VA.
tumefaciens, KS, MD, TX. Of the various leaf spots on hickory,
BLOTCH, Leaf. Mycosphaerella dendroides, anthracnose caused by Gnomonia caryae is
widespread East and South. the most destructive. There are no
CANKER. Nectria galligena and Ceratocystis recommended control measures for witches’
smalleyi, eastern U.S.; Strumella broom appearing on shagbark hickory except
coryneoidea, MD, PA. cutting them out.
560 Host Plants
Macrophoma phacediella, NJ;

Hippeastrum Microthyriella cuticulosa, black spot;
Phyllosticta concomitans, LA; P. terminalis,
▶Amaryllis. MS; Septoria ilicifolia, NJ; Cuticularia
ilicis, OR; Sclerophoma sp., OR.
LEAF SPOT. Sclerophoma sp., Kentucky on
Hoarhound (Marrubium) English Holly (Ilex aquifolium).
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Phacidium curtisii, MA to FL,
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium marrubii, TX. TX; Rhytisma ilicinicolum, VA to GA, TN;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora marrubii, OK, TX. R. velatum, GA, MS, SC.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL. LEAF SPOT; Twig Dieback. Cylindrocladium
avesiculatum, GA.
NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus uniformis, RI.
Hoary-Tick Clover (Desmodium) NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita;
M. incognita; M. arenaria, NC; M. hapla;
ROT, BLACK. Cylindrocladium parasiticum, FL. M. javanica.
VIRUS. Cowpea Mosaic, IL; Desmodium NONPARASITIC. Leaf Blotch. Purplish blotches
Mosaic, FL; Desmodium Yellow Mottle, associated with soil deficiencies and drought
AR. or winter injury.
Chlorosis. Mineral deficiency from excess of
lime.
Holly (Ilex) (Ilex opaca, American; I. Spine Injury; Copper Spray Injury; Boron
equifolium, English; I. cornuta, Deficiency.
Chinese; I. crenata, Japanese) POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, AL, FL,
IL, NC; Phyllactinia corylea, TN.
BACTERIAL Blight. Clavibacter ilicis, MA. ROT, Leaf. Rhizoctonia solani, of cuttings.
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina (Englerulaster) ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
orbicularis, DE to FL, TX; A. ilicis; A. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
pelliculosa; Morenoella (Lembosia) ilicis, Corticium galactinum, white root, MD.
Gulf states. ROT, Wood. Daldinia vernicosa, MD; Daedalea
BLIGHT, Flower. Botrytis cinerea, NJ. confragosa, MD; Polyporus spp.; Stereum
BLIGHT, Leaf and Twig. Phytophthora ilicis, OR, spp., MD; Ustulina deusta, MD; Poria spp.;
WA. Pleurotus ostreatus, MD.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA; silky RUST. Chrysomyxa ilicina (II, III), NC, TN, WV,
thread, Rhizoctonia ramicola; web, 0, I unknown.
Cylindrocladium scoparium, AL. SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium elongatum, Gulf
CANKER; DIEBACK. Boydia insculpta, secondary, states; Fumago vagans, OR, WA.
OR, WA; Diaporthe eres, secondary; SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë ilicis, PA, on Chi-
Diplodia sp., MD; Nectria coccinea; nese holly.
Phomopsis sp.; Physalospora ilicis on None of these diseases is as important to the
twigs, also leaf spot, CA, NJ, NY, NC, SC, average gardener as the holly leaf miner.
TX, WA, WV; Gloeosporium sp., AL. Spraying is necessary for that insect but seldom
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., FL, obligatory for the various leaf spots. The most
LA, NC. common leaf discoloration is a purplish blotch
DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL; C. exaltata, due to environment rather than a fungus. Proper
TX. growing conditions and correct soil acidity are
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ilicis, NJ and Gulf states; important. Pick off occasional spotted leaves;
Gloeosporium aquifolli, NJ, TX, WA; prune out blighted branches.
Honey Locust (Gleditsia) 561

Hollyhock (Althaea) Rosellinia necatrix, CA.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium elongatum, TX;
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum malvarum, NY Fumago salicina, TX.
to MS, IA, TX. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, VA.
BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium
rhizogenes, WI.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, Holly, West Indian (Leea coccinea)
NY, WV.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, AR. LEAF SPOT, Blight, Defoliation. Phytophthora
BLIGHT, Web. Pellicularia filamentosa, TX. meadii, HI.
CANKER. Nectria cinnabarina, OK.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria spp., secondary;
Ascochyta althaeina, IN, MD, NJ, NY, PA, HOLODISCUS (Ocean Spray, Rock-Spirea)
WV; Cercospora althaeina, East and central
states to AL, SD, TX; C. kellermanii, IN, CANKER, Twig; Coral Spot. Nectria cinnabarina,
MD, MN, MO, NJ, OH; Myrothecium WA.
roridum, MD; Septoria malvicola, MI, MN, LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium ariaefolium, OR;
NY, OH, OK, VT, WI. Rhopalidium cercosporelloidis, ID,
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, TX. Septogloeum schizonoti, WA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL, POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae,
KS, MS, OK, TX. ID, Phyllactinia corylea, WA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces VIRUS. Holodiscus Witches’ Broom, OR, WA.
cichoracearum, CA, MS; Erysiphe
polygoni, IA.
ROT, Crown. Phytophthora megasperma, MD, Homalomena
VA; Sclerotinia sclerotioum, MT, NJ.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT. Glomerella cincta, NJ.
RUST. Puccinia malvacearum (III), general;
P. heterospora (III), CA, KS, MS, TX;
P. lobata, AZ, NM, TX; P. schedonnardi Honesty (Lunaria)
(0, I), KS, MS, NE, ND; P. sherardiana (0,III),
CA; Endophyllum tuberculatum (III), CO, CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, NJ.
KS, NE, OK. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria oleracea, black spot
VIRUS. Hollyhock Mosaic. of leaves, pods; Helminthosporium
Rust is by far the most destructive disease of lunariae, MA.
hollyhocks, disfiguring foliage in most seasons ROT, Root; Damping-off. Aphanomyces
and some years causing nearly all leaves to raphani, WI.
shrivel and die. Remove infected leaves and
stalks as noticed.
Honey Locust (Gleditsia)

Holly Osmanthus (Osmanthus rhizogenes, central states.
ilicifolius) CANKER. Dothiorella sp., MS; Cytospora
gleditschiae, IL; Physalospora obtusa.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta oleae, TX. CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium curtisii,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. AR, LA.
562 Host Plants
CANKER, Stem and Branch. Kaskaskia gleditsiae, Leptothyrium periclymeni, widespread;

IL; Tubercularia ulmea, ND; Nectria Marssonina lonicerae, CA; Mycosphaerella
cinnabarina, MN; Thyronectria austro- clymenia, VA; Septoria sambucina, MT,
americana, KS, NC. WI; S. xylostei, WI.
CANKER; Wilt. Thyronectria austro-americana, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
CA, MA; T. denigrata, MA to SC, CA, LA, POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, general;
NE. Erysiphe polygoni, CA, WY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora condensata, IL to KS, ROT, Collar, Wood. Fomes spp.
NE, WI. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, NJ;
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Linospora gleditsiae, SC, NC to Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
NE, TX. RUST. Puccinia festucae (I), IL, IA.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum VIRUS. Mosaic, MD; Tobacco Streak, MD.
(flavescens), IN, TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni,
widespread. Hop (Humulus)
ROT, Crown. Phytophthora citrophthora, CA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, OK, ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf Spot. Colletotrichum sp.;
TX; Xylaria mali, VA. Glomerella cingulata, IN, KS, MD, NY,
ROT, Wood. Fomes spp., widespread; Daedalea OR, WA, WI.
ambigua; D. elegans; Ganoderma curtisii BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
and G. lucidum; Polyporus spp.; tumefaciens, CA, OK, OR, WA.
Schizophyllum commune. BLIGHT, Cone Tip. Fusarium sambucinum,
RUST. Ravenelia opaca (III), IL. F. avenaceum, OR.
VIRUS. Robinia Brooming, KY, OH. DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora humuli,
CA, NY, OR, WA,WI, Argentina.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., NE;
Honey Plant, Bitterbush (Picramnia) Cylindrosporium humuli, NY to NC, IA, WI;
Phyllosticta decidua, IA, WI; P. humuli,
SPOT, Tar. Phyllachora domingensis, FL. IA, MA, MI; Mycosphaerella erysiphina,
CA; Septoria humuli, NH; S. lupulina, KS.
Honeysuckle (Lonicera) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum; Sphaerotheca macularis,
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium general.
tumefaciens, CT. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, OR.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, CT. RUST. Aecidium sp., WA.
BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium SOOTY MOLD. Fumago vagans, CA, OR, WA.
rhizogenes, central states. VIRUS. Hop Mosaic, NY, OR, WA; Hop Latent;
BLIGHT, Leaf. Herpobasidium deformans, CT, Hop American Latent, WA.
IA, NY, WI. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, ME, OH, OR, WI.
BLIGHT, Sudden Oak Death. Phytophthora
ramorum, CA.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA. Hop-Hornbeam, Ironwood (Ostrya)
BLIGHT, Twig. Phoma mariae, CT, MA, NY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora antipus, MI to MT, TX; CANKER. Nectria sp., NY; Strumella
C. varia, TX; Guignardia lonicerae, CA; coryneoidea, MD, PA, WV.
Kabatia lonicerae, CA; Lasiobotrys affinis, CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus spp.; Felt
CA; L. lonicerae, Black Spot, OR; Fungus, Septobasidium spp.
Horse-Chestnut, Buckeye (Aesculus) 563
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina virginica, NH to FL, POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MA, IN,
TX, WI. IA, MI, TX; Phyllactinia corylea, AL, IN,
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium dearnessi, VA; OH, TX, WI.
Gloeosporium robergei, PA, WI; Septoria ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, FL;
ostryae, IA, NY, WI. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, wide- ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa, NC;
spread; Phyllactinia corylea, NY to FL, TX, Polyporus spp., general; Poria spp., general;
WI; Uncinula macrospora, MI, WI. Steccherinum sp., CT; Stereum spp., gen-
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, cosmopolitan; eral; Daldinia concentrica, MD;
Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum Schizophyllum commune, cosmopolitan.
omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa, cosmopoli-
tan; Fomes spp.; Pleurotus similis, NY; Horse-Chestnut, Buckeye (Aesculus)
Poria spp.; Polyporus spp.; Stereum spp.;
Trametes mollis, NY, VT. ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf Blight. Glomerella
RUST. Melampsoridium carpini (II, III), NY; cingulata, CT, MD, MO, NJ, NY, TX.
0, I, unknown. BLIGHT, Twig. Botryosphaeria ribis var.
chromogena, MD, NY, GA.
BLOTCH, Leaf. Guignardia aesculi (Phyllosticta
paviae), general.
Hop-Tree (Ptelea) CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina, cosmo-
politan; Phytophthora cactorum, bleeding
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora affiata, IN, MO, TX; canker, RI; Gibberella acuminatum, CA.
C. pteleae, TX; Phloeospora pteleae, TX; LEAF BLISTER, Yellow. Taphrina aesculi, CA,
Phyllosticta pteleicola, IL; Septoria pteleae, TX.
WI. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora aesculina FL, VA;
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Macrosporium baccatum, KS;
RUST. Puccinia windsoriae (0, I), NY to AL, KS; Monochaetia desmazierii, NC;
II, III on grasses. Micosphaerella maculiformis var.
hippocastani, CA; Septoria glabra, IN;
S. hippocastani, PA, VT, (Sudden Oak
Death) Phytophthora ramorum, CA.
Hornbeam (Carpinus) MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
(flavescens), South, central states; P. villosum,
BLIGHT, Twig, Dieback. Gibberella baccata, CA, OR, TX; Viscum album, CA, on Aesculus
AL. california (California Buckeye).
CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus oakesii, NY. NONPARASITIC. Scorch; Leaf Scald. Response to
CANKER, Branch, Trunk. Nectria galligena, CT, drought and heat.
NY; Pezicula carpinea, MA to GA, OK. POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, CA,
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., VA to TX; Uncinula flexuosa, widespread.
FL, LA. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, cosmopolitan;
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina australis, AL, CT, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
KY. ROT, Wood. Collybia velutipes, RI; Ganoderma
LEAF SPOT. Clasterosporium cornigerum, MD, applanatum, cosmopoli tan; Polyporus spp.
NY, WI; Cylindrosporium dearnessi, MI; RUST. Aecidium aesculi, IN, KS, MO, NE.
Phyllosticta sp., OK; Sphaerognomonia WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, PA.
carpinea, GA, NY, PA, WV, WI;, In a wet season leaves are blotched, turn
Cercoseptoria caryigena, WI. brown, and drop from the Guignardia fungus; in
564 Host Plants
a dry season leaves look scorched or blotched, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
turn brown, and drop from drought and heat. The Thielaviopsis basicola, KS, NJ.
minute black fruiting bodies of the fungus distin- ROT, Root Complex. Fusarium acuminatum,
guish the parasitic form from the physiogenic Verticillium dahliae and Pseudomonas
disease. fluorescens, IL, WI.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA, IL, KS, OR, UT,
WA; Turnip Mosaic, widespread.
Horse-Gentian (Triosteum) WHITE RUST. Albugo candida, probably general.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, MI, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium triostei, IL, IA,
MO, NE, WV, WI; Cylindrosporium
triostei, IL, KS, OK, WI; Cercospora
triostei, WI. Horseweed (Conyza)
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MI.
RUST. Aecidium triostei (0, I), MO. ROT. Sclerotinia minor, NC.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA.
Horse Purslane (Trianthema)
LEAF SPOT. Gibbago trianthemae, AR. Hosta (Plantain-Lily)

Horse-Radish (Armoracia) OR.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., NY; Phyllosticta sp.,
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium NJ.
tumefaciens, NJ, NY. NEMATODE, LEAF LESION. Aphelenchoides
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas campestris fragariae, IL, NY, SC.
pv. armoraciae, CT, IL, IA, MD, MO, SD, ROT, Crown. Botrytis cinerea, AK, NJ; Sclero-
VA; X. phaseoli, IL. tium rolfsii (S. delphinii), CT, MD, MN, NJ,
BACTERIAL, MLO. ROOT, Brittle, disease, vires- NY.
cence. Spiroplasma citri, CA, IL, MD. ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ; Fusarium
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, in solani, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum
stored roots, CT, NY. (Root and Crown), SC.
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, IL. VIRUS. Hosta Virus X, IL, IN, IA, MN, HI,
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, AL, Pacific Northwest; Tobravirus, Leaf
IL, NJ, SD, WI. Necrosis, IL, MI, MN; Tomato Spotted
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria brassicae, CT to DE, IL, Wilt, FL; Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NY;
IA; A. oleracea, CT to DE, MO, NE, TX; Arabis Mosaic, MI, MN, NE; Tobacco Rat-
Cercospora armoraciae, general; tle, Canna Yellow Mottle, Helloborus Black
Phyllosticta decidua, TX, WA, WI; Death Disease, Nemerica Necrosis, Diascia
P. orbicula, NY; Ramularia armoraciae, Yellow Mottle, Pacific Northwest.
general.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., IL, MS,
OK.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA. Houstonia (Bluets)
ROT, Blue Mold. Penicillium hirsutum, IL, NJ.
ROT, Collar, Root. Pellicularia filamentosa, IL, DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora calotheca, IL;
MI, NJ, NY, TX, WA. P. seymourii, AL, AR, IL, IA, MS, TX.
Hydrangea 565
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora houstoniae, DE;

Septoria sp., TX. Hyacinth (Hyacinthus)
TX. BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora,
RUST. Puccinia lateritia, TX; Uromyces cosmopolitan.
houstoniatus (0, I), MA to MS, IL, MO, WI; BACTERIAL Yellows. Xanthomonas hyacinthi,
II, III on blue-eyed grass; U. peckianus (0, I), occasional in imported bulbs.
AL, MS, TX; II, III on grasses. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis hyacinthi, WA;
B. cinerea, NC, after frost.
NEMATODE, Bulb; Ring Disease. Ditylenchus
Hoya dipsaci, NJ, Pacific states.
NONPARASITIC. Loose Bud; Stem Break. Exces-
LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL. sive water intake during early shoot growth.
ROT, Black. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pacific
Northwest; S. bulborum, black slime.
Huckleberry (Gaylussacia) ROT, Bulb. Fusarium sp., CO, MO, NJ, RI, TX,
WA; Penicillium spp., blue mold, cosmopolitan.
BLACK MILDEW. Dimerosporium ellissi, MS, NJ. ROT, Root. Phytophthora sp., NJ.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., PA. VIRUS. Ornithogalum Mosaic, CA, MD, NY,
GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, ME to VA, OR, TX, WA; Hyacinth Mosaic, OR.
AL, FL, WI; Synchytrium vaccinii, red lead,
NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Ophiodothella vaccinii, TX;
Pestalotia vaccinii, WV; Phyllosticta sp., Hydrangea
NJ, PA; Ramularia effusa, WI; Rhytisma
vaccinii, tar spot, MA, OK, SC. BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT. Xanthomonas
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., OK. campestris, GA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var. BACTERIAL, MLO. Hydrangea virescence.
vaccinii, widespread. BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum,
RUST. Pucciniastrum myrtilli (II, III), ME to NY.
VA, WI; 0, I on hemlock. BLIGHT, Flower; Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea,
cosmopolitan, especially after frost.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
Huckleberry (Vaccinium) LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta hydrangeae, AK, NJ;
Cercospora arborescentis, IL, OK;
BLIGHT, Sudden Oak Death. Phytophthora C. hydrangeae, MD, VA to AL, FL, TX;
ramorum, CA. Colletotrichum sp., MD, NJ; Phyllosticta
VIRUS. Blueberry Scorch. British Columbia, hydrangeae, IN; Septoria hydrangeae, CT,
Canada. MS, OH; Corynespora cassiicola, FL, GA;
Phoma exigua; Myrothecium roridum, TN.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides sp.
Huisache, Sweet Acacia (Acacia NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, TX.
farnesiana) NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., MS,
OK, TX.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; NEMATODE, Stem, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Iron deficiency, excess
RUST. Ravenelia australis, TX; R. hieronymi, lime.
witches’ broom, TX; R. siliquae, NM, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, general.
566 Host Plants

Armillaria mellea, CA. Hyssop (Hyssopus)
ROT, Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, MD; wound,
Polyporus versicolor, CT, IA, MD. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MI.
RUST. Pucciniastrum hydrangeae (II, III), PA to
AR, IL; 0, I on hemlock.
VIRUS. Hydrangea Ring Spot; Tomato Spotted
Wilt; Hydrangea Latent; Chlorotic Mottle, Ice Plant (Carpobrotus)
MN, NY.
ROT, Root. Pythium aphanidermatum, CA;
Phytophthora cryptogea, CA.
Hydrilla (Aquatic) WILT. Verticillium dahliae, CA; Phomopsis sp.,
CA.
DYING SHOOTS. Plectosporium tabacinum, FL,
Bioassay indicated that Botrytis sp.,
Cephalosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusar-
ium culmorum, F. moniliforme, and Impatiens (Garden Balsam, Sultan)
Phytophthora sp. were pathogenic to hydrilla.
Notes: Hydrilla is a submerged aquatic weed. It BACTERIAL BLIGHT LEAF. Pseudomonas syringae,
is an exotic, invasive species that is a threat to CA.
fresh water sources in the USA. BACTERIAL FASCIATION. Clavibacter fascians, CA.
WI.
Hydrophyllum (Waterleaf) DAMPING-OFF. Pythium sp., WA; Rhizoctonia
solani, FL.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora hydrophylli, IL, DOWNY MILDEW. Bremiella sphaerosperma, IN,
IA, MD, NY, WA, WI. MN, MS, MT, WI, Manitoba, Quebec,
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta hydrophylli, WA; Canada; Plasmopara obducens, CA, IL,
Gloeosporium hydrophylli, NH; Ramularia MA, NY.
hydrophylli, WA; Septocylindrium GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium impatientis, LA.
hydrophylli, NY; Septoria hydrophylli, NY. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora fukushiana, FL, KS;
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces Septoria noli-tangeris, OH; Phyllosticta
cichoracearum, occasional; Erysiphe sp., NJ.
polygoni, ID, WA; Sphaerotheca macularis, NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans.
ND, OH, SD. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
ROT, Leaf and Stem. Ceratobasidium anceps, ROT, Crown. Pythium ultimum and Rhizocto-
NY, WI. nia solani.
RUST. Puccinia hydrophylli (III), CA, CO, NY to ROT, Mushroom Root. Armillaria mellea, CA.
NE, ND, UT; P. recondita (0, I), MT, wide- ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii; Myrothecium
spread; II, III on grasses. roridum.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, SC; Impatiens
Latent, MN; Impatiens Necrotic Spot,
Hymenopappus NC; Tomato Spotted Wilt, FL, GA, NC,
OK; Turnip Mosaic, NY; Tobacco Ringspot,
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, OK. IA, MN.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY;
RUST. Puccinia grindeliae (0, III), OK. Verticillium dahliae, OH.
Inula (Elecampane) 567
Incense-Cedar (Libocedrus Indigo (Indigofera)

[= Calocedrus decurrens])
CANKER, STEM. Diaporthe phaseolorum var.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium caulivora, LA.
tumefaciens, AZ, CA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia nigra, CA. RUST. Ravenelia laevis, TX; Uromyces
CANKER, Branch. Coryneum cardinale, CA. indigoferae (II, III), FL, TX.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron juniperinum, CA,
NV, OR.
NEEDLE CAST. Lophodermium juniperinum,
CA, OR. Indigo-Bush, Lead-Plant (Amorpha)
Armillaria mellea, OR. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium passaloroides,
ROT, Wood. Fomes pini and F. pinicola, CA, widespread; Diplodia amorphae, TX.
OR; Lenzites saepiaria, general; Polyporus POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, IA, MN,
spp.; Trametes isabellina, CA. WY.
RUST. Gymnosporangium libocedri, gall, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
witches’ broom (II, III), CA, NV, OR; 0, I on RUST. Uropyxis amorphae (0, I, II, III), general.
apple and other Malaceae.
Inkberry (Ilex glabra)

India-Hawthorn (Raphiolepis)
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina ilicis, NJ; Morenoella
BACTERIAL, Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, FL, ilicis, FL, GA, MS.
GA, LA. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., FL.
LEAF SPOT. Entomosporium maculatum DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL.
(Fabraea maculata), CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ilicis, AL, FL, MS, NJ;
Phacidium curtisii and P. sphaerodieum, tar
spot, MA to FL, and TX; Phytophthora
cinnamomi, (leaf spot, yellowing and
Indian Cucumber-Root (Medeola) wilting), VA.
ROT, Wood. Poria versipora, AR, LA.
GALL, Stem Hypertrophy. Medeolaria farlowii,
ME, MA, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta medeolae, NY.
Inula (Elecampane)
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia sp., MI.

Indian Grass (Sorghastrum) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, NJ, NY, WI, probably
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum caudatum, general.
NY. RUST. Puccinia hieracii, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta brachypodii, NY, PA. Inula is very susceptible to powdery mildew,
VIRUS. Barley Yellow Dwarf. which coats the foliage white in late summer.
568 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Southern; Crown Rot. Sclerotium rolfsii

Iresine (Blood-Leaf) (S. delphinii), general.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria iridicola, IL, MT, TX,
LEAF SPOT. Septoria iresines, OK. WA WI; Didymellina macrospora
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL, (Heterosporium iridis); Ascochyta iridis
MD. MD, NY; Cladosporium herbarum, second-
ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX; ary; Kabatiella microsticta, secondary;
Rhizoctonia solani, IL. Phyllosticta iridis, FL, MI, NY, OH, TX,
SMUT, Inflorescence. Thecaphora iresine, IN. WI; Stictopatella iridis, IL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita.
NONPARASITIC. Scorch. Cause unknown, some-
Iris (Bulbous) (English, Spanish, times associated with nematodes.
Dutch) ROT, Gray Mold; Crown. Botryotinia convoluta,
MN, NJ, NY, WI.
BLIGHT, Blossom. Botrytis cinerea; Glomerella ROT, Root; Damping-Off. Rhizoctonia solani,
cingulata, MD. occasional.
BLIGHT, Leaf; Ink Disease of Bulbs. RUST. Puccinia iridis (II, III), widespread on
Mystrosporium adustum, NC, OR, VA. native species; most garden varieties are resis-
BLIGHT, Southern; White Bulb Rot. Sclerotium tant. P. sessilis (0, I), ME to NE, MN; II, III on
rolfsii, CA, CT, FL, MD, NC, OR, SC, TX. Phalarus.
LEAF SPOT, Blight. Didymellina macrospora, VIRUS. Iris Severe Mosaic; Iris Fulva Mosaic,
CA, NC, TX, WA. MA.
NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci (D. iridis), The most common disease of bearded iris in
FL, NY, NC, OR, SC, VA, WA. home gardens is bacterial soft rot following
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NC. iris borer. Crown rot or southern blight gets
NEMATODE, Root Plate. Aphelenchoides started when iris is too crowded. Didymellina
parietinus, MI, NY, NC, TX, WA. leaf spot or blight may be conspicuous in a wet
NONPARASITIC. Blindness. Complex physiological summer. The physiological () disease, scorch,
causes. is causing concern, particularly in central
ROT, Basal. Fusarium oxysporum, AZ, CA, NY, states.
NC, OR, TX, VA, WA.
ROT, Black. Sclerotinia bulborum, bulb
rot, Northwest; Rhizoctonia tuliparum, Ironweed (Vernonia)
occasional; Blue Mold, Penicillium spp.,
general. BLACK MILDEW. Stigmella vernoniae, MO.
ROT, Root, Neck. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ, Pacific DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, KS, MO.
Northwest. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora noveboracensis, MO;
RUST. Puccinia iridis (II, III), CA, IN, LA, NC. Ascochyta treleasei, WI; Mycosphaerella
VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, general; Iris Severe Mosaic. sp.; Septoria sp., MO; C. oculata, WV to
AL, NE, TX, WI.
Iris (Rhizomatous) (German, Siberian, cichoracearum, general; Sphaerotheca
Native Species) macularis, MO.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, RUST. Coleosporium vernoniae (I, III), general;
general. 0, I on pine; Puccinia vernoniae (0, I, II, III),
BLIGHT, Blossom. Botrytis cinerea, MA. widespread.
Jacaranda 569
TX; Sphaeropsis hedericola, NY, WV;

Italian Dandelion (Cichorium intybus) Macrophoma sp., TX.
MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium brunneolum, CA.
BACTERIAL, Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae. NONPARASITIC. Winter Injury. Sunburn,
Freezing.
Itchgrass (Rottobellia) cichoracearum, OK; Oidium araliacearum,
CA.
BLIGHT. Curvularia cymbopogonis, LA. ROT, Root. Phytophthora palmivora, CA; Rhi-
ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomanes, LA. zoctonia solani, CT; Phymatotrichum
omnivorum, TX.
SOOTY MOLD. Common under trees, on insect
Ivesia exudate.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Ivy Scab. Sphaceloma
RUST. Phragmidium horkeliae (III), UT; hederae, CA, NC, VA.
P. ivesia, CA; P. jonesii, NV, OR, UT. Leaf spots are not often important in the
garden but browning of foliage from winter
injury is conspicuous in early spring. English
Ivy, Boston (Parthenocissus ivy used as a ground cover is often black, with
tricuspidata) sooty mold growing in honeydew dropped
from aphids in trees overhead. Dodder some-
CANKER; DIEBACK. Cladosporium herbarum, times gets a strangle hold and is difficult to
IN, NJ, OH, PA. eradicate.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara viticola, NJ, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora amelopsidis, MS;
C. pustulata, TX; Guignardia bidwellii
f. sp. parthenocissi widespread; Phloeospora Ixia
ampelopsidis, IA; Sphaeropsis hedericola,
NJ. ROT, Corm. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli;
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema index, CA. Sclerotium sp.
POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinula necator, TX. VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, OR, WA.
ROT, Stem. Pellicularia filamentosa, CT.
The Guignardia leaf spot is common and
disfiguring. Ixora

Ivy, English (Hedera helix) NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
ANTHRACNOSE. Amerosporium (Colletotrichum)
trichellum, MA to SC, OK, OR, TX, WA.
BACTERIAL SPOT. Xanthomonas hederae, GA,
IL, MD, NJ, NY, VA, WA. Jacaranda
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., AZ, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Glomerella cingulata, CT, MD, NY, ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe
TX; Phyllosticta concentrica, MA to AL, tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum
CA, NE, TX. WA; Ramularia hedericola, omnivorum, TX.
570 Host Plants
Jack-Bean, Sword Bean (Canavalia) Jacquinia
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ternateae, AL. BLACK SPOT. Asterella paupercula, FL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL.
Usually resistant.
POD SPOT. Vermicularia capsici, FL;
V. polytricha, AL. Jamesia (Cliffbrush)
VIRUS. Potato Virus X, WI.
BLIGHT. Ovbularia edwiniae, CO.
Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema)
Jasmine (Jasminum)
BLIGHT, Leaf and Stalk. Streptotinia arisaemae
(Botrytis streptothrix), IL, IA, MD, NY, PA, BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
WI. tumefaciens, MD.
LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium sp., mold, VA; BLIGHT, Blossom. Choanephora
Volutella sp., IN. infundibulifera, FL.
RUST. Uromyces ari-triphylli (0, I, II, III), NY to BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
FL and TX; Pacific Northwest. CANKER, Stem Gall. Phomopsis sp., FL; Phoma
sp., TX.
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,
FL, TX.
Jacobinia LEAF SPOT, Algal; Green Scurf. Cephaleuros
virescens, FL.
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL. N EMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.,
FL.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Corticium
galactinum, MD.
Jacquemontia (Small Flower Morning SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë jasminae, FL.
Glory) VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot, MD; Variegation;
Infectious Chlorosis.
CANKER, STEM. Diaporthe phaseolorum var.
caulivora, LA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora alabamensis, MS.
NEMATODE, Reniform. Rotylenchulus Jatropha
reniformis, GA, LA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL; BLACK MILDEW. Meliola jatrophae.
Meloidogyne incognita, LA. LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,
ROT, Root. Streptomyces ipomoea, LA; FL.
Ceratocystis fimbriata, LA; Fusarium NECROTIC SPOT, Brown. Cercospora jatrophae-
oxysporum f. sp. batatas, LA; Plenodomus curcas, Brazil.
destruens, LA; Monilochaetes infuscans, LA. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
RUST. Coleosporium ipomoeae (II, III), LA. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA, TX. RUST. Phakopsora jatrophicola (II, III), TX;
WHITE RUST. Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae, AL. P. arthuriana, Brazil.
Jujube (Zizyphus) 571
Jerusalem-Cherry (Solanum Jobs-Tears (Coix lachryma-jobi)

pseudocapsicum) (Also Solanum
capsicastrum, False Jerusalem-cherry; SMUT, Head. Ustilago coicis. Intercepted on
S. dulcamara, Bittersweet; imported seed.
S. integrifolium, Scarlet Eggplant; VIRUS. Chlorotic Streak.
S. nigrum, Black nightshade)
BACTERIAL Canker. Clavibacter michiganense,

WY. Also on S. dulcamara (Bittersweet). Johnsongrass (Sorgum)
tumefaciens, CT. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sublineolum,
BLIGHT, Late. Phytophthora infestans, MD, AR.
NY. BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Acidovorax avenae (syn.
CANKER, STEM. Diaporthe phaseolorum var. Pseudomonas avenae), IL.
caulivora, LA. BLIGHT, Leaf. Pantoea agglomerans, Mexico.
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii, NY. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronosclerospora sorghi, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria solani; Mycosphaerella ERGOT. Claviceps africana, TX; Sphacelia sp.,
solani, OH; Ascochyta lycopersici, NY, OH; MS.
Cercospora dulcamerae, MI, NY, WI; LEAF SPOT, Oval. Ramulispora sorghicola, TX.
Phyllosticta pseudocapsici, LA; ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomanes, LA;
Stemphylium solani, FL. P. ultimum, MS.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CA, VIRUS. Johnsongrass Mosaic; Sorghum Stunt
MD, OR. Mosaic, CA; Sorghum Chlorotic Spot, KS;
NEMATODE, Tobacco Cyst. Heterodera tabacum, Maize Dwarf Mosaic, IL.
VA. WILT, Vascular. Pantoea agglomerans,
PARASITIC Lichen. Strigula elegans and S. Mexico.
complanata, southern U.S., LA.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top on False Jerusalem-
cherry (S. capsicastrum); Tobacco Mosaic,
IA, VA; Tomato Spotted Wilt, tip blight, OR. Jointweed (Polygonello articulata)
RUST. Puccinia polygoni-amphibii (II, III), FL,
WI.
Jetbead (Rhodotypos)
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., IL. Jojoba (Simmondsia)

BLIGHT, Twig; Coral Spot. Nectria cinnabarina,
MA. BLIGHT, Leaf. Phytophthora parasitica, AZ.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta rhodotypi, IL.
Jujube (Zizyphus)
Jipijapa (Carludovia palmata)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora jujubae, FL.
PHYTOPLASMA. Leaf Yellows, southern Mexico. RUST. Phakopsora zizyphi-vulgaris, FL.
572 Host Plants
RUST. Gymnosporangium bermudianum (III),

Juniper, Red-Cedar (Juniperus) gall on stems, Gulf states; G. bethelii (III), on
stems, ND to OK, NM, WA; 0, I on hawthorn;
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium G. clavariiforme (III), gall on stems, ME to AL
tumefaciens, FL, MS. west to MT; 0, I on Amelanchier, chokeberry,
BLACK MILDEW. Apiosporium pinophilum, OR; quince, pear; G. clavipes (III), quince rust, on
Dimerium juniperi, CA; Asterina cupressina. stems, ME to IL, MT; 0, I on Amelanchier,
BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia nigra, north- hawthorn, quince, apple; G. corniculans (III),
ern Rockies to Pacific Northwest. gall on stems, ME, MI, NY, WI; 0, I on
BLIGHT, Leaf. Chloroscypha juniperina, IA; Amelanchier; G. cornutum (III), gall on stems,
Pestalotia funerea, secondary; Cercospora leaves, CO, ME, MI; 0, I on mountain-ash;
sequoiae var. juniperi, CT, IA, KY, MO, G. davisii (III), leaf gall, ME, WI; 0, I on choke-
NE, OK, WI; Exosporium glomerulosum, berry; G. effusum (III), gall on stems, NY to SC;
NC, SC; Stigmina juniperina. 0, I on chokeberry; G. exiguum (III), on leaves,
BLIGHT, Nursery, Phomopsis juniperovora, MA CA, OK, TX; 0, I on hawthorn; G. exterum (III),
to FL, KS, MN. gall on stems, KY; 0, I, Gillenia; G. floriforme
BLIGHT, Tip Dieback. Sclerophoma pythiophila, (III) gall, on leaves, stems, SC to FL, OK, TX; 0,
WI. I on hawthorn; G. globosum, hawthorn rust
BLIGHT, Twig. Phomopsis juniperovora, VA. (III); 0, I on hawthorn, apple, pear, mountain-
CANKER. Botryosphaeria stevensii, IA; Coryneum ash; G. harknessianum (III), on western juni-
cardinale, CA; Caliciopsis nigra, gall, NY. per; 0, I on Amelanchier; G. inconspicum (III),
CANKER, Bark Patch. Aleurodiscus nivosus, AL, CA, CO, UT; 0, I on Amelanchier; G. gracile,
OR, TX. Witches’ Broom (III), 0, I, on sand pear;
DIEBACK, BRANCH. Diplodia mutila, PA. G. clavipes, galls on stems, VA; G. globosum,
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron densum and gall on stems, VA; G. exterum, gall on stems,
P. juniperinum, widespread. VA; G. juvenescens (III), gall on stems,
NEEDLE CAST; Leaf Spot. Lophodermium Witches’ Broom, MN, NE, WI; 0, I on
juniperinum, widespread, secondary; Amelanchier; G. japonicum (III), CT, MA,
Cylindrocarpon sp., OR; Kriegeria sp., OR. NJ, WA; 0, I on Photinia; G. kernianum,
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus vulnus, NC. Witches’ Broom, ID, OR to AZ, NM; 0, I on
PARASITE, “False Foxglove”. Aureolaria grandi- Amelanchier, pear; G. multiporum (III), CO to
flora var. serrata, TX. CA, NM; 0, I unknown; G. nelsonii (III), gall on
PHYTOPLASMA, Witches’ Broom, OR. stems, MT, SD; 0, I on hawthorn, crabapple,
ROT, Heart. Fomes juniperinus, PA to KY, TN; mountain-ash, quince, Amelanchier;
F. earlei, Southwest; F. subroseus, general; G. nidusavis (III), gall on stems; Witches’
F. texanus, AZ, NM, TX. Broom, East and South; 0, I on Amelanchier,
ROT, Root. Armillariella mellea, CA. apple, hawthorn, mountain-ash, quince;
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; G. speciosum (III), on stems, AZ, CO, NV,
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, OK, TX; NM; 0, I on Fendlera, Philadelphus;
Phytophthora cactorum; P. citrophthora, G. trachysorum (III), on stems, FL, LA, MS,
CA; P. dreschleri, NC; P. lateralis, NC; SC; G. tremelloides (III) gall on stems, CO to
P. syringae, NC. Pacific Northwest; 0, I on mountain-ash;
ROT, Root. Fomes annosus, VA. G. tubulatum (III), gall on stems, SD to OR,
ROT, Root and Crown. Phytophthora WA; 0, I on hawthorn; G. vauqueliniae (III), on
cinnamomi, CA; P. cryptogea, CA. one-seed juniper; 0, I on Vauquelinia, causing
ROT, Wood. Lenzites saepiaria, occasional; Witches’ Broom.
Coniophora corrugis, Pacific Northwest; RUST, Cedar-Apple. Gymnosporangium
Daedalea juniperina, SC to AR. juniperi-virginianae (III), gall on leaves of
Kochia (Summer-Cypress) 573
red-cedar, prostrate and Rocky Mountain juni-

pers, general; 0, I on apple, crabapple. Kerria
Of this lengthy list of juniper rusts the three
common apple rusts are most important in the BLIGHT, Twig. Phomopsis japonica, NJ, OH,
garden, not so much for the damage to this host TX.
as for the harm to the deciduous fruit or ornamen- CANKER, Coral Spot. Nectria cinnabarina, NJ,
tal. These three are the cedar-apple rust caused by OR, WA.
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, the LEAF SPOT; Leaf and Twig Blight. Coccomyces
hawthorn rust by G. globosum, and the quince kerriae, widespread, eastern states to IA and
rust by G. clavipes. The latter is perennial in TX; Septoria sp., MD, NJ.
juniper and may produce spores each spring for ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
as long as 20 years. Varieties of Juniperus
chinensis and J. communis and some other
forms are resistant to cedar-apple and cedar- Kidney Vetch, Lady’s Fingers
hawthorn rusts. If you have only a few red-cedars, (Anthyllis)
it is quite feasible to cut out galls in late winter,
before spores are produced. BLIGHT, Leaf and Stem. Fusarium sp., NC.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sp., NC.
Kageneckia
Kiwi (Actinidia)
SCAB. Spilocaea botryae, CA.
BACTERIAL Canker. Pseudomonas syringae,
CA.
Kalanchoe NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita,
SC.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium ROT, Root and Wilt. Cylindrocladium
tumefaciens. crotalariae, SC; Pythium ultimum, AL.
BACTERIAL Wilt and Soft Rot. Erwinia WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, Chile.
carotovora pv. carotovora, FL.
BLIGHT, Flower. Stemphylium bolickii, FL;
S. floridanum f. sp. kalanchoe, also leaf Kniphofia (Tritoma, Torch-Lily,
spot, FL. Poker-Plant)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., MS.
ROT, Crown, Stem; Wilt. Phytophthora LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., AL.
cactorum, NJ, NY; Diplodia natalensis, AL. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
VIRUS. Mosaic, FL; Kalanchoe Latent; Kalan-
choe Top-Spotting.
Knotroot Bristlegrass (Setaria
geniculata)
Kentucky Coffee-Tree (Gymnocladus)
BLIGHT. Beniowskia sphaeroidea, GA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gymnocladi, North cen-
tral states; Marssonin sp., Northeast;
Phyllosticta gymnocladi, IL. Kochia (Summer-Cypress)
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, OK,
TX. DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Pythium debaryanum;
ROT, Wood. Polyporus pulchellus, IN, MI. SD; Rhizoctonia solani, TX.
574 Host Plants

RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), CO, NE, TX. Kumquat (Fortunella)
DODDER. Cuscuta campestris, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cephaleuros virescens, algal spot,
Kohleria Gulf states; Phyllosticta citricola, MS.
NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans,
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL, OH, FL.
WA. ROT, Black. Alternaria citri; stem-end,
Diaporthe citri, CA.
Krigia (Dwarf Dandelion)
DOWNY MILDEW. Bremia lactucae, MS, MO, Lamium (Perennial Groundcover)

OKWI.
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella krigiae, IL, WI; NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
Septoria krigiae, KY, NY, WI. CT.
RUST. Puccinia dioicae (0, I), IL, IA, WI; II, III
on Carex; P. hieracii (0, I, II, III), NC;
P. maculosa (III), IL, MI, MS, MO, PA, TN. Lantana
BLACK MILDEW. Meliola cookeana, FL.

Kudzu (Pueraria) LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., TX.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas phaseolicola, NJ.
CT to FL, LA, IN; P. syringae, NY. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.,
BLIGHT, Web. Pellicularia filamentosa, GA, MS. widespread.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., secondary; RUST. Puccinia lantanae (III), FL.
Mycosphaerella pueraricola, MS, AL, GA. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., WILT. Fusarium sp., NJ.
general.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, GA;
stem, Fusarium sp., LA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Lappula (Hackelia)
RUST. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, FL, IL, KY, NC,
TX. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora echinospermi,
VIRUS. Bean Common, Mottling and Ringspot, IA, TX; P. myosotidis, MT.
MS. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cynoglossi, WI;
Ovularia asperifolii var. lappulae, WI;
Phyllosticta decidua, WI, TX.
Kuhnia (False-Boneset) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, IA, MI, MN, MO, OH, TX,
LEAF SPOT. Pleospora compositarum, NM, TX. WI; Microsphaera sp., IL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Puccinia kuhniae (0, I, II, III), IN to AL, RUST. Puccinia mertensiae (III), TX, UT.
FL, MT, NE, ND, TX. SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma serotinum, UT.
Lavender (Lavandula) 575
Larch (Larix) Larkspur
BLIGHT, Needle. Hypodermella laricis, Great ▶Delphinium.

Lakes, Pacific Northwest. Meria laricis, ID. Crown Rot, Southern Blight, is prevalent on
BLIGHT, Seedling. Thelephora caryophyllea, ID, annual larkspur.
MT, girdle, smother; Rhizina undulata, ID;
Meria laricis, WA.
CANKER. Aleurodiscus amorphus, bark patch, Laurel
Northwest; A. spinulosus; A. werii;
Lachnellula willkommii, European larch ▶California-Laurel, ▶Cherry-Laurel,
canker, MA, eradicated, ME; Valsa kunzei ▶Mountain-Laurel.
var. kunzei.
CANKER. Phomopsis pseudotsugae (Phacidiella
coniferarum) on western larch, Northwest. Laurel, Sweet Bay (Laurus)
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, cosmopolitan.
MISTLETOE, Dwarf. Arceuthobium BLIGHT, Ramorum. Phytophthora ramorum,
campylopodum, MT to OR, WA; A. PA.
pusillum, Northeast, MN. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, SC.
NEEDLE CAST. Lophodermium sp., WA; L.
laricinum, MT to OR; L. laricis, ID;
Cladosporium sp., ME; Mycosphaerella Laurestinus (Viburnum tinus)
laricina, IA, VT, WI.
ROT, Heart. Echinodontium tinctorium, WA; DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara viburni, GA.
Fomes spp., widespread. LEAF SPOT. Hendersonia tini, LA;
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, cosmopolitan; Leptosphaeria tini, LA.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL,
ROT, Sapwood. Lenzites saepiaria. LA.
ROT, Seedling. Botrytis douglasii, gray mold, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
Northwest; Cylindrocladium scoparium, POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe viburni, CA.
NJ; Phytophthora cinnamomi, MD; VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, Chile.
Sparassis radicata, MT to OR, WA. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, OR.
ROT, Wood. Polyporus spp.; Poria spp.;
Stereum spp., widespread.
RUST. Melampsora paradoxa (0, I), northern U. Lavatera (Treemallow)
S. including AK; II, III on willow; M. larici-
populina (0, I), Quebec, Canada, WA; II, III ANTHRACNOSE, Leaf Spot. Colletotrichum
on poplar; M. medusae (0, I), New England to malvarum, CA, TX.
MI and IN; II, III on poplar; M. medusae f. sp. DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, IL.
deltoidea (0, I), WA; II, III on poplar; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Melampsoridium betulinum (0, I), CT, WI; RUST. Puccinia malvacearum (III), CA.
II, III on birch. VIRUS. Abutilon Infectious Variegation.
WOOD DECAY fungi associated with woodpecker
nest cavities: Coniophora puteana,
Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Oligoporus Lavender (Lavandula)
placentus, Stereum sanguinolentum,
Neolentinus lepideus, Phaelous BACTERIAL LEAF DISEASE. Xanthomonas
schweinitzii, Wolfiporia cocos, OR. campestris, CA.
576 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Septoria lavandulae, OH, OK. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë ledi, CA, ME, MI,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. MN, NY, OR, PA, WA, WI.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, TX.
Leek
Lawns
▶Shallot.
▶Grasses.
Lemon
Layia (Tidy-Tips)
▶Citrus Fruits.
cichoracearum, CA.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA. Lemon Grass, Citronella Grass
(Cymbopogon)
Leadtree (Leucaena) LEAF SPOT, Eye-spot. Helminthosporium

sacchari, FL.
ROT, Root. Ganoderma sulcatum, TX. RUST. Puccinia nakanishikii, CA.
RUST. Ravenelia leucaenae (II, III), TX. TANGLE-TOP. Myriogenospora paspali, FL.
Leatherwood (Dirca) Lentil (Lens)
RUST. Puccinia dioicae (I), ME to MN, MO, AL; ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum truncatum,
II, III on Carex. ND.
BACTERIAL, Pink Seed. Erwinia rhapontici, Sas-
katchewan, Canada.
Lebbek (Albizzia lebbek) NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus neglectus,
P. thornei, ID.
LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe trifolii, WA.
RUST. Sphaerophragmium acaciae, FL. ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, ID, WA;
Pythium irregulare, WA; Aphanomyces
euteiches, ID.
Ledum (Labrador-Tea) VIRUS. Red Clover Vein Mosaic, OR; Virus
epidemic, WA.
GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, AK,
OR, WA; Synchytrium vaccinii, red spot,
ME. Leptospermum
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta ledi, WI; Cryptostictis
arbuti, CA, OR; Rhytisma andromedae, tar ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA.
spot, ID.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, WA.
RUST. Chrysomyxa ledi (II, III), CA, CT, ID, MI, Lespedeza
MT, NV, NH, NY, WI, WY; C. ledicola (II,
III), AK, ME, NH, NY, WA, WI; 0, I on LEAF AND STEM DISEASE. Cercospora zebrina
spruce. (clover isolate), NC.
Leucospermum 577
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, chiefly in

Lettuce (Lactuca) greenhouses, sometimes outdoors.
ROT, Root. Fusarium sp., KY, OH;
ANTHRACNOSE. Marssonina panattoniana, NY to Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX;
FL, CA, MI, OR, TX, WA. Phytophthora cryptogea, CA; P. drechsleri,
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas campestris Mexico; Pythium myriotylum, VI.
pv. vitians, OH. ROT, Watery Soft; Drop. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,
BACTERIAL Marginal Leaf Blight. Pseudomonas widespread; S. minor, in transit and market.
fluorescens pv. marginalis, KS, MO, NJ, NY; RUST. Puccinia dioicae (0, I), IN, MN, ND, WI;
P. cichorii, NY. II, III on Carex; P. hieracii (II), CA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows (white heart, SLIME MOLD. Physarum cinereum, occasional
Rio Grande Disease) and California Aster under glass.
Yellows, widespread. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, NY; Sonchus Yellow
BACTERIAL Rot. Pseudomonas viridilivida, DE, Net, FL; Tobacco Rattle, CA; Lettuce Mosaic,
LA, MI, NH, NY, VA, WA. general; Radish Yellows; Lettuce Big Vein,
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, cos- associated with Olpidium brassicae in roots,
mopolitan in market. FL; Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA, HI, TX;
BACTERIAL Wilt. Xanthomonas vitians, NJ, NM, Tobacco Necrosis; Lettuce Infectious Yel-
NY, PA, SC, VA. lows, AZ, CA; Lettuce Speckles Mottle, CA;
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA, FL, Tomato Bushy Stunt, CA; Tobacco Streak,
NC, SC, TX, VA. FL; Potato Leafroll. Pacific Northwest, Cucur-
CORKY ROOT. Rhizomonas suberifaciens, FL. bit Yellow Stunting Disorder, CA; Impatiens
DAMPING-OFF; Stump Wilt; Stunt. Pythium spp., Necrotic Spot, CA.
cosmopolitan. WHITE RUST. Albugo sp., TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Bremia lactucae, general. WILT, Leaf Blight. Pythium tracheiphilum, WI;
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., secondary; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucum, AZ,
Cercospora longissima, FL, IL, IN, TX, CA.
VA, WI; Septoria lactucae, occasional in Nonparasitic tipburn is the most general of let-
East and central states, to CO, FL, MN. tuce diseases, prevalent at high temperatures when
LEAF YELLOWING; STUNT. Pythium uncinulatum, soil is deficient in moisture. Some hot weather
CA. varieties are rather resistant. Spacing plants well
NECROSIS OF ROOTS, SYSTEMIC. Plasmopara apart in a well-drained soil will reduce bottom rot
lactucaeradicis, hydroponically grown, VA. and drop. Eliminate wild weed hosts and spray for
MOLD, Leaf; Seed. Pleospora herbarum, FL, leafhopper vectors to reduce aster yellows.
KY, NY.
NEMATODE. Naccobus batatiformis.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp. Leucojum (Snowflake)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla.
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis. LEAF SCORCH, Red Blotch. Stagonospora
NONPARASITIC. Tipburn. High temperature and curtisii, CA.
excessive transpiration. NEMATODE, Meadow. Pratylenchus sp.
Brown Blight. Cause unknown, AZ, CA. ROT; Scale Speck, of Bulbs. Botrytis sp., CA.
cichoracearum, CA, MI.
ROT, Basal. Phoma exigua, CA. Leucospermum
ROT, Black Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, CA.
ROT, Bottom; Damping-off. Rhizoctonia solani, BLIGHT. Calonectria colhounii, HI.
general. WILT. Verticillium dahliae, CA.
578 Host Plants
Leucothoë Lilac (Syringa)
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina diplodioides, AL. ANTHRACNOSE, Shoot Blight. Gloeosporium

BLIGHT, Leaf Spot. Cylindrocladium syringae, CT, MA.
avesiculatum, GA; C. colhounii, NC. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
BLIGHT, Ramorum. Phytophthora ramorum, tumefaciens, CT.
PA. BACTERIAL Blight; Twig Canker. Pseudomonas
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium pseudope- syringae, northeastern states to AL, IL,
dicellatum, FL. Pacific Coast.
GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, MA, MS, NC. BLIGHT, Blossom, Shoot. Phytophthora
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora leucothoës, NJ, NY; cactorum, IA, MD, MA, MN, NJ; P. syringae,
Cryptostictis sp.; Guignardia leucothoës, MD, NY; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, WA.
MD, NC, RI, SC, TN, VA; Mycosphaerella BLIGHT, Cutting. Cylindrocladium scoparium
leucothoës, NJ; Phyllosticta terminalis, NY and C. floridanum, FL, OH.
to FL; Ramularia andromedae, NJ; BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea. Pacific
Rhytisma decolorans, tar spot, CT, FL, TN, Northwest, Northeast.
VA. Pestalotia leucothoës, NJ. BLIGHT, Ramorum. Phytophthora ramorum, PA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera penicillata, BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, MS,
GA. NC.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë ledi, FL. BACTERIAL, Witches Broom. MLO, IL.
BLOTCH, Leaf. Heterosporium syringae, NJ;
Cladosporium herbarum, secondary,
Lewisia (Bitterroot) cosmopolitan.
CANKER; Stem Girdle. Hymenochaete
RUST. Uromyces unitus (I, III), CA, MT, WA. agglutinans, CT.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Physalospora obtusa, MA to
VA, OH.
Liatris (Gayfeather) LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lilacis, widespread;
Macrophoma halstedii, CT, NJ, NY;
DODDER. Cuscuta glomerata, OK. Phyllosticta sp., MA; Pleospora herbarum,
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta liatridis, WI; Septoria secondary, MD.
liatridis, MN, ND, TX, WI. NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. NONPARASITIC. Blight. Graft incompatibility of
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces lilac scion on privet stock.
cichoracearum, OK. POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, general.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. PHYTOPLASMA. Witches’ Broom, IL; Ash Yel-
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NY. lows, MD, ND.
RUST. Coleosporium laciniariae (II, III), NJ to ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
FL, AR, TX; 0, I on pines; Puccinia liatridis Armillaria mellea, CA, MS; Thielaviopis
(0, I), IN, KS, MT, NE, ND, WI to CO; II, III basicola, CT.
on grasses. ROT, Wood. Polyporus gilvus, MD; Stereum
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NJ. purpureum, OK.
VIRUS. Lilac Mottle; Lilac Ring Spot, MI, MN;
Lilac Witches’ Broom, MD.
Ligustrum Powdery mildew is the most general and con-
spicuous disease of lilacs, but it comes too late in
▶Privet. the season to damage the bushes materially. It can
Linaria (Blue Toadflax; Butter and Eggs) 579
be controlled with repeated application of ROT, Root. Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia solani,
GreenCure, sulfur, or Karathane, where the time wide spread.
and expense are justified. In wet seasons bacterial ROT, Stem, Foot. Phytophthora cactorum, MD,
and Phytophthora blights may be important, but MN, NJ, NC, NY, OH, WA, WI; P.
dieback is more often due to borers than to diseases. parasitica, top rot, IN, MD, NJ, NY; Rhizoc-
tonia tuliparum, WA; Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, CT, FL, TX, WA.
RUST. Puccinia sporoboli (0, I), NE, ND; II, III on
Lily (Lilium) Sporobolus; Uromyces holwayi (0, I, II, III),
ME to NJ, CA, ID, MI, MN, NE, OR, WA.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, GA, VIRUS. Lily Fleck; Lily Latent Mosaic; Lily
MA, NJ, WV. Mottle; Lily X, CA; Lily Ring Spot; Lily
BLIGHT, Botrytis; Leaf Spot. Botrytis elliptica, Rosette; Lily Symptomless, MD, Argentina;
general; B. cinerea, general; B. liliorum, CA; Cucumber Mosaic; Tulip Breaking Mosaic;
Botryotinia sphaerosperma, CA. Streak, on Easter lily, virus from wild cucum-
BLIGHT, Bud. Sporotrichum sp., secondary, VA. ber; Curl-Stripe Disease, OR.
BLIGHT, Southern; Bulb Rot. Sclerotium rolfsii, Garden lilies are particularly subject to
cosmopolitan. Botrytis blight and mosaic. Madonna lilies are
CANKER, Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, CA. most susceptible, with leaves often completely
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum; Rhizocto- blackened in wet weather. Copper sprays are
nia solani, cosmopolitan. perhaps most effective. The only sure way to be
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., FL; Cercosporella free from mosaic and other virus diseases is to
lilii, CT, NY; Ramularia sp., WA; grow lilies from seed in an isolated portion of the
Heterosporium sp., MD. garden.
MOLD, Leaf and Bulb. Cladosporium sp.,
cosmopolitan.
NEMATODE, Leaf; Bunchy Top; Dieback. Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria)
Aphelenchoides fragariae, CA, OR, WA
and in greenhouses. BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Rhizome Rot. Botrytis
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, P. paeoniae, IL, ME, PA.
penetrans, Northwest; P. vulnus, OR. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, ME.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL. LEAF BLOTCH. Ascochyta majalis
NONPARASITIC, Scorch, of Easter lilies. Acid soil, (Mycosphaerella convallaris), PA.
low fertility, excessive phosphorus. LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium convallariae, NY;
Bud Blast. Insufficient light; also causes drop of Kabatiella microsticta, secondary, MD;
lower leaves. Chlorosis. Iron deficiency. Phyllosticta sp., NJ, NY; Phytophthora
Sometimes result of systemic insecticide. citricola (also foliar blight), CA.
Limber Neck. Physiological. NEMATODE, Meadow. Pratylenchus pratensis,
PHYTOPLASMA. Mexico. associated with forcing failures.
ROT, Basal. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.,
general. occasional.
ROT, Black Scale. Colletotrichum lilii, LA, MS;
Brown Scale, Colletotrichum sp., OR, WA;
Scale-tip, Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Linaria (Blue Toadflax; Butter and
secondary. Eggs)
ROT, Bulb. Penicillium spp., blue mold; Rhizo-
pus sp., soft rot, cosmopolitan. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum vermicularioides,
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA. MA, NJ, NY, TX, WI.
580 Host Plants
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, CA. ROT, Wood. Daldinia concentrica, MN, NY;
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. Lenzites betulina, NY, VT; Schizophyllum
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. commune, MN; Polyporus spp.; Stereum
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora linariae, FL, MA, spp.; Trametes mollis, VT.
OK, WI. SOOTY MOLD. Fumago vagans.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., MI; Septoria SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë tiliae, VA.
linariae, WI. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, IL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp. Anthracnose and Cercospora leaf blight are
NEMATODE, Stem and Leaf. Ditylenchus dipsaci, common diseases.
NY.
cichoracearum, CA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Linnaea (Twin-Flower)
Rhizoctonia solani, IL; Thielaviopsis
basicola, CT. BLACK MILDEW. Halbaniella linnaeae, NY.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, AZ. LEAF SPOT. Phyllachora wittrockii, tar spot, MI,
RUST. Puccinia antirrhini (II, III), CA; MT, NM, NY; Venturia dickei, ID, MI, MT,
Aecidium sp., WI. NM, NY, OR, WA, WI; Septoria
SMUT, White. Entyloma linariae, CT, NJ, PA. breviuscula, NY.
Linden, Basswood (Tilia) Lions-Ear (Leonotis)
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf Spot. Gnomonia tiliae LEAF SPOT. Cercospora leonotidis, LA; Septoria
(Gloeosporium tiliae), CT to VA, IA, MN. breviuscula, NY.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Cercospora microsora, general. RUST. Puccinia leonotidis (0, I, II, III), FL.
CANKER, Bark. Aleurodiscus acerinus;
A. griseo-canus, IA, MO, PA.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria sp., MD;
Nectria spp., NY, PA, VA; Strumella sp., NJ. Lippia (Fog-Fruit, Lemon-Verbena)
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium
fumigatum, FL. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
LEAF SPOT. Phlyctema tiliae, NY; Phyllosticta tumefaciens, AZ.
praetervisa, WI; Sphaeropsis sp., OK. BLACK MILDEW. Meliola lippiae, AZ, FL.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, AZ, CA.
(flavescens), South. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lippiae, widespread;
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MN; Cylindrosporium lippiae, TX.
Phyllactinia corylea, MN; Uncinula NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AZ.
clintonii, general. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma lippiae, IN, FL.
ROT, Heart. Daedalea confragosa, VT; Fomes
spp.; Steccherinum septentrionale, AL, MI;
Pholiota adiposa, MA, PA, TN.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Lipstick Vine (Aeschynanthus)
Ustulina vulgaris, NY; Phytophthora
dreschleri, NC. LEAF SPOT. Corynespora casiicola, FL;
ROT, Sapwood. Collybia velutipes, occasional; Myrothecium roridum, FL.
Pleurotus ostreatus, cosmopolitan. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
Locust (Robinia) 581
Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora) Lobelia (Cardinal-Flower, Blue

Lobelia)
ROT, Root. Pythium irregulare, CA.
VIRUS, Yellow and Necrotic Leaf Spots. Moroc- BACTERIAL BLIGHT. Pseudomonas cichorii, WA.
can Pepper Virus, Iran. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, MA, NY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lobeliae, AL, IL, IN, KS,
MD, TX; C. effusa, IA, TX; Phyllosticta
Lithocarpus (Tanbark Oak) bridgesii, IN; Septoria lobeliae, ME to VA,
TX, WI.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Pestalotia castagnei, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL,
BLIGHT, Sudden Oak Death. Phytophthora MD, NE, NY.
ramorum, CA. OR. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
CANKER. Phytophthora ramorum, P. nemorosa, Rhizoctonia solani, NY, OH.
P. gonapodyides, P. cambivora, ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, NJ.
P. siskiyouensis, P. taxon, OR. RUST. Puccinia lobeliae (III), AR, MI, WI, NY to
LEAF SPOT. Ceuthocarpum conflictum, CA. NC, TX, WA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe trina, CA. SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma lobeliae, ME to PA, MO,
ROT, Wood. Poria spp.; Stereum hirsutum. WI.
RUST. Cronartium quercuum (II, III), CA; 0, VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, TX; Tomato Spotted
I on pine. Wilt, TX.
WILT. Phytophthora ramorum, CA, OR.
Locust (Robinia)
Lithophragma (Woodland-Star) ANTHRACNOSE; BLACK LOCUST. Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides, GA, SC.
RUST. Puccinia heucherae (III), CA, UT, WA. BACTERIAL, MLO. Witches’ Broom, VA.
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis lithophragmae, BLIGHT, Seedling; Leaf. Alternaria sp., NC to
UT. AL, MO; Fusicladium robiniae, MD to AL,
MO, WI.
CANKER. Nectria cinnabarina, VA.
CANKER; Twig Blight. Aglaospora anomala, ME
Lithospermum (Gromwell, Puccoon) to GA; Fusarium sarcochroum, IA;
Diaporthe oncostoma, NY to GA, IL.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria lithospermi, WI. DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, ME to AL,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces NE, TX; Pythium spp., NE, TX.
cichoracearum, PA, TX. DODDER. Cuscuta sp.; C. arvensis, widespread.
RUST. Aecidium hesleri, TN; Puccinia LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium epiphyllum, TN, VA,
recondita (0, I), NE, ND, SD, TX. WV; Cylindrosporium solitarium, TX;
Gloeosporium revolutum, NJ; Phloeospora
robiniae, NY to OH; Phyllosticta robiniae,
LA.
Litsea (Pond-Spice) MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
(flavescens), AZ, NM, NC, TX; Viscum
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora olivacea, GA. album, CA.
WILT, Laurel. Raffaelea lauricola, FL. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp., OR.
582 Host Plants
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., OK, TX.

NONPARASITIC Chlorosis. Iron Deficiency, Loosestrife, Moneywort (Lysimachia)
NE, TX.
Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, CA. BLIGHT, Leaf and Stem Necrosis.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA; Ceratobasidium anceps, WI.
Microsphaera diffusa, IL, NC; Phyllactinia GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI.
corylea, NM. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lysimachiae, NJ;
ROT, Heart. Fomes spp., F. rimosus, VA; Cladosporium lysimachiae, MA;
Polyporus spp. Ramularia lysimachiae, WI; Septoria
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea; Phymato- conspicua, IA, NY, VT.
trichum omnivorum, NM, OK; Pythium NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX.
myriotylum, NC; Fusarium sp., AL, GA. NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci.
ROT, Seedling Stem. Phytophthora cinnamomi, ROT, Crown Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, KS;
MD; Rhizoctonia bataticola, AL, NC; Scle- Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
rotium bataticola, TX. RUST. Coleosporium campanulae (II, III), TN;
ROT, Wood. Daedalea unicolor, WI; Poria spp. 0, I on red pine; Puccinia limosae (0, I), MA
VIRUS. Locust Witches’ Broom, Robinia to NC, MI, NE, WI.
Brooming Disease, PA to GA, AR, OH.
WILT, Seedling. Phytophthora parasitica, AL,
NC, VA; Verticillium albo-atrum, IL. Loquat (Eriobotrya)
ANTHRACNOSE; Flower Blight; Withertip.

Loganberry Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, CA, FL, TX.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, Gulf
▶Blackberry. states, AZ, CA.
BLIGHT, Leaf; Blotch. Fabraea maculata, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta eriobotryae, FL;
Lomatium (Biscuit-Root) Pestalotia sp., secondary; Septoria
eriobotryae, FL.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara nivea, MT. LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllachora sp., WA. NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
RUST. Puccinia asperior (0, I, III), CA, OR, WA; ROT, Collar, Crown. Phytophthora cactorum,
P. jonesii (0, I, III), KS, NE, UT, WA; CA.
P. ligustici, ID, WA. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe
tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum
omnivorum, TX.
Loosestrife, Fringed (Steironema) SCAB. Fusicladium eriobotryae, on leaves,
stems, fruit, Gulf states; Spilocaea
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium steironematis, eriobotryae (Fusicladium photinicola).
NY; Mycosphaerella sp., NY; Phyllosticta
lysimachiae, NY; Ramularia lysimachiae,
NC, WI; Septoria conspicua, ME to MS, Lotus (Nelumbo)
CO, WI.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. BLIGHT. Dothiorella nelumbonis, on flower
RUST. Puccinia dayi, NY to WV, IL, MI, MT, parts, DE, MD.
WI; P. distichlidis (0, I), CO, ND; II, III on LEAF SPOT. Alternaria nelumbii, MD, NJ, NY,
marsh grass; Uromyces acuminatus (0, I), CT OK, PA, TX; Cercospora nelumbonis,
to CO, ND, SD. IN, TX.
Lychee 583
lupinicola, WA; Phoma lupini, also stem

Lucuma (Canistel, Egg-Fruit) spot, CO to NM, CA; Phyllosticta ferax, CA
to WA, WY, SD to CO; P. lupini, CA;
ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit Spot. Colletotrichum Ramularia lupini, TX; Septogloeum lupini,
gloeosporioides, FL. CA, MI; Septoria lupinicola, WI;
CANKER. Physalospora obtusa, SC. Stictochlorella lupini, CA, WA.
RUST. Achrotelium lucumae (II, III), FL. LESION, STEM. Phoma sp.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, CA.
Ludwigia (False Loosestrife) NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis, GA;
ring, Criconema sp., CA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ludwigiae, AL; POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera sp.; Erysiphe
Pezizella oenotherae, VA; Phyllosticta polygoni, widespread; Ovulariopsis sp.
ludwigiae, NY, WI; Septoria ludwigiae, (Bluebonnets), NM.
MD, MS, PA. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Fusarium
RUST. Puccinia jussiaeae (0, I, III), DE to FL, sp., NJ, VA; Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
CA, LA, MS, OH, TX, WI. TX; Pythium ultimum, CA; Thielaviopsis
basicola, IA, WI.
ROT, Root, Crown, Stem. Pythium
paroecandrum, NM.
Lupine (Lupinus) ROT, Stem. Macrophomina phaseoli, charcoal
rot; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, LA, NY, TX;
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum trifolii, NC; C. Pythium debaryanum, TX, CA; Rhizocto-
fragariae, NC. nia solani, Alberta, Canada.
BACTERIAL Drippy Pod. Brenneria quercina pv. RUST. Puccinia andropogonis var. onobrychidis
lupinicola, WA, Pacific northwest. (0, I), MI, MN, NY, WI; II, III on Andropogon;
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, MA, MT, Uromyces lupini (0, I, II, III), CA, MT, NE,
NY. OR, WA; U. occidentalis (II, III), on native
BLIGHT, Leaf. Hadrotrichum globiferum, CA, lupine, MT to NM, CA, WA.
CO, OR, WA, WY. SMUT. Thecaphora deformans, on seed,
BLIGHT, Seedling. Pleiochaeta setosa, CO, WY.
Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergil- VIRUS. Bean Yellow Mosaic, FL, WA; Bidens
lus niger, Curvularia sp., Rhizopus Mottle, FL; Ring Spot. Unidentified; Tomato
stolonifer. Spotted Wilt, TX; Peanut Mottle, GA;
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, probably (Stunt/Vein Clearing) Tombusvirus, AK.
general. WILT. Sclerotinia minor, TX.
BLIGHT, Stem Necrosis. Ascochyta sp., CT, WI; These diseases are of lupines grown as orna-
Alternaria alternata (Bluebonnet), TX. mentals. Lupines as ground covers and soil pre-
BROWN SPOT. Pleiochaeta setosa, Nova Scotia, servers have their own troubles. In gardens
Canada. powdery mildew is prevalent, and leaf spots are
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, CT, TX. not often important.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora trifoliorum, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., MA; Cercospora
longispora, FL, MO, NY, WI; C. lupini, FL, Lychee
OR, SC; C. lupinicola, TX; Corynespora
cassiicola, TX; Cylindrosporium lupini, ROT, Mushroom Rot. Clitocybe tabescens,
CA; Mycosphaerella pinodes, WI; Ovularia sometimes fatal in FL.
584 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Leaf. Ramularia cylindriopsis, ME.

Lychnis (Campion) DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL.
GALL, Leaf; Shoot Hypertrophy. Exobasidium
BLIGHT, Shoot and Flower. Botrytis cinerea, AK. vaccinii, MA to FL, AL.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. LEAF SPOT. Ceuthocarpon ferrugineum, FL;
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria dianthi, AK; Pestalotia vaccinii, secondary; Septoria
Leptothyrium lychnidis, AL; Phyllosticta pulchella, GA.
lychnidis, IA, TX; Septoria lychnidis, MA. LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma andromedae, wide-
MOLD, Leaf. Heterosporium sp., AK. spread; R. decolorans, MS.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var.
Rhizoctonia solani, IL; Corticium vaccinii, AL.
galactinum, MD. ROT, Wood. Poria versipora, ME.
ROT, Stem. Phytophthora cactorum, IN. RUST. Pucciniastrum myrtilli (II, III), DE to AL,
RUST. Puccinia arenariae (III), PA; Uromyces AR; 0, I on hemlock.
suksdorfii (I, II, III), UT; U. verruculosus,
IN, MI, NY, TX.
SMUT, Anther. Ustilago violacea, MN, WI, WY. Lysiloma
ROT, White Pocket Heart. Fomes extensus, FL.

Lycium (Desert-Thorn, RUST. Ravenelia annulata (II, III), FL;
Christmasberry) R. lysilomae, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lycii, OK.

POWDERY MILDEW. Arthrocladiella mongeotii, Lythrum (Winged, Purple Loosestrife)
WA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium lythrii, LA.
RUST. Aecidium lycii (0, I), AZ; Puccinia LEAF SPOT. Cercospora lythri, WI;
globosipes (II, III), UT to NM, CA; 0, C. lythracearum, MS; Pezizella oenotherae,
I unknown; P. tumidipes (II, III), TX to AZ, MI, NY; Septoria lythrina, KS, NY, WI.
UT. ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, IL.
Lycoris Maackia
LEAF SCORCH; Red Spot. Stagonospora curtisii, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
CA.
NEMATODE, Bulb Scale Rot. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
NC, VA; Aphelenchoides fragariae, FL, GA, Macadamia
ND, SD.
NEMATODE, Root. Hoplolaimus sp., NC. CANKER. Phytophthora cinnamomi, CA.
DECLINE, Quick. Phytophthora tropicalis, HI.
Lyonia (Maleberry, Fetterbush,

Staggerbush)
Madrone (Arbutus menziesii)
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina lepidigena, FL;
Lembosia andromedae, AL; Morenoella BLIGHT (Sudden Oak Death). Phytophthora
dothideoides, FL. ramorum, CA.
Mahonia (Oregon-Grape) 585
CANKER. Hendersonula toruloidea, WA; magnoliae, VA; Heterosporium magnoliae,

Fusicoccum sp., western North America. FL, NC, TX; Micropeltis alabamensis, AL;
CANKER, Trunk. Phytophthora cactorum, CA, cookei, NY to Gulf states, CA; P. magnoliae,
WA. large leaf spot, NY to Gulf states, CA;
GALL, Leaf; Red Leaf Spot. Exobasidium Septoria magnoliae, SC to FL, TX.
vaccinii, CA, OR, TX, WA. LEAF SPOT; Algal; Green Scurf; “Red Rust”.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta hanseni, CA; Cephaleuros virescens, general.
Cryptostictis arbuti, CA, OR; NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL.
Didymosporium arbuticola, OR; NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans,
Mycosphaerella arbuticola, CA, OR, WA; FL.
Phyllosticta fimbriata, OR. NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus uniformis, RI.
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma arbuti, CO, OR, TX, NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis.
WA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
ROT, Heart. Fomes subroseus, OR. NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus longicaudatus,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. FL.
ROT, Wood. Lenzites saepiaria, OR, TX; PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and
Polyporus spp., OR, TX; Trametes sepium, S. complanata, Southern U.S., LA.
CA. ROT, Flower. Ciborinia (Sclerotinia) gracilipes,
RUST. Puccinastrum sparsum (II, III), CA, OR, MD.
WA. ROT, Heart. Fomes fasciatus; F. geotropus.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë mattirolianum, CA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Clitocybe tabescens, GA.
ROT, Wood. Daldinia concentrica, cosmopoli-
tan; Polyporus spp.; Poria spp., Stereum spp.
Magnolia SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë magnoliae, FL, GA,
LA, MS.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae, WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, IN.
IL; P. cichorii, AL. The many leaf spots need not be alarming;
BLACK MILDEW. Dimerosporium magnoliae, they seldom cause premature defoliation. In the
TX; Irene araliae, MS; Meliola Gulf states lichens appear as small round gray
amphitricha, Gulf states; M. magnoliae; spots on leaves, and the parasitic alga
Trichodothis comata, South. Cephaleuros often forms a velvety coating with
BLIGHT, Seedling. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ. hairlike outgrowths.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia solani, NJ.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium langoisii,
S. tenui, S. leprieurii, Gulf states. Mahogany (Swietenia)
CANKER; Twig Blight. Nectria sp., WV;
N. magnoliae, NJ, TN, WV; Tubercularia BLIGHT, Twig, Stem. Phomopsis sp., OR.
sp., MI. LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia swieteniae, FL;
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria tenuis, TX; Phyllachora swieteniae, FL.
Cladosporium fasciculatum, GA to TX;
Cercospora magnoliae (Mycosphaerella
milleri), FL, NJ, NC, SC, WV; Cristulariella Mahonia (Oregon-Grape)
pyramidalis; Colletotrichum sp., FL, GA,
SC; Coniothyrium sp., TX; C. olivaceum, CANKER; Leaf Blotch. Leptosphaeria
TX; Epicoccum nigrum, TX; Exophoma berberidis, ID, MD.
magnoliae, FL, TX; Glomerella cingulata, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., LA; Gloeosporium
AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, SC, TX; Hendersonia berberidis, WA; Phomopsis sp., secondary;
586 Host Plants
Phyllosticta spp., AL, CT, WA;

Cylindrocladium sp., FL, GA. Mallotus
NONPARASITIC. Scald. In eastern states winter LEAF SPOT. Cercospora malloti, MS.
injury to foliage is severe.
PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and
S. complanata, Southern U.S., LA. Mallow, Garden (Malva)
RUST. Cumminsiella mirabilissima (0, I, II, III), BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows,
common Western Great Plains to CA; Beet Curly Top, CA.
Pacific Coast; C. texana, TX; C. wootoniana LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp.
(II, III), AZ, NM; Puccinia graminis (0, I), ROT, Root. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA on
CA, MI, ND; II, III on cereals and grasses; Malva parviflora; Phymatotrichum
P. koeleriae (0, I), CO, ID, MT, OR; II, III omnivorum, TX.
on Koeleria; P. oxalidis (0, I), NM; II, III on RUST. Puccinia heterospora (III), KS, TX;
Oxalis. P. malvacearum, CA, CO, OR, WV.
Rust due to Cumminsiella is usually incon- VIRUS. Malva Vein Clearing, CA.
spicuous, but in a wet season there is a general
blighted effect. Mahonia, like barberry, is under
wheat-rust quarantine. Mahonia repens is Malvastrum (False-Mallow, Bush-
immune. Mallow)

RUST. Puccinia interveniens (0, I), CA; III on
Maianthemum Stipa; P. malvacearum; P. schedonnardi
(0, I), MT, ND to NM; II, III on wild grasses;
BLIGHT. Botrytis sp., NY. P. sherardiana (0, III), MT, ND to TX, NM;
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia rubicunda, MI, NY, OH, P. heterospora (III), TX.
PA, WI, CA to AK; Sphaeropsis cruenta, VIRUS. Begomoviruses (especially in
AK, WA. Malvaceous weed species), Yucatan
RUST. Puccinia sessilis (0, I), MA, MI, MN, NY, Peninsula.
PA, WI; II, III on Phalaris; Uromyces
acuminatus var. magnatus (0, I), MI, NY,
WI; II, III on marsh grass. Malvaviscus
BLIGHT, Twig. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, TX.

LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta malvavisci, TX.
Malachra ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora malachrae, TX. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Kuehneola malvicola (II, III), TX;
Puccinia heterospora (III), TX.
Malacothrix
Mandevilla (Mandevilla splendens)
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium innominatum, CA.
RUST. Puccinia harknessii (III), CA; P. hieracii BACTERIAL Wilt. Ralstonia solanacerum, IN, MI,
(0, I, II, III), CA. MN, OH.
Maple (Acer) 587

Manfreda (Spice-Lily, Wild Tuberose) Rhizoctonia solani, FL.
VIRUS. Cassava Common Mosaic, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora amaryllidis, TX;
Phyllosticta hymenocallidis, TX.
RUST. Aecidium modestum, TX. Manzanita (Arctostaphylos)
BLACK MILDEW. Meliola sp., CA.

Mango (Mangifera) BLIGHT (Sudden Oak Death). Phytophthora
ramorum, CA.
ANTHRACNOSE; Flower and Twig Blight; Fruit GALL, Red Leaf Spot. Exobasidium vaccinii,
Rot. Glomerella cingulata, cosmopolitan. widespread; shoot gall, E. vaccinii-uliginosi,
BLIGHT, Twig. Phomopsis sp., FL; Physalospora CA, OR.
(Diplodia) spp. LEAF SPOT. Cryptostictis arbuti, OR;
CANKER, Brown Felt. Septobasidium pilosum Phyllosticta amicta, CA, OR.
and S. pseudopedicellatum, FL. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron villosum, CA, OR.
DIEBACK. Neofusicoccum parvum, Peru. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
GALL, ON TREE. Fusarium decemcellulare, FL. ROT, Root and Crown. Phytophthora
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta mortoni, FL, TX; cinnamomi, CA.
Septoria sp., FL. ROT, Wood. Fomes annosus, CA;
LEAF SPOT, Algal, Green Scurf. Cephaleuros F. arctostaphyli, and F. igniarius, general;
virescens, general. Poria ferruginosa.
NONPARASITIC. Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, FL. RUST. Pucciniastrum sparsum (II, III), CA, OR.
Soft Nose. On Indian varieties.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium mangiferae, CA, FL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Maple (Acer)
ROT, Root and Crown. Phytophthora
palmivora, AZ. ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf Blight. Discula campestris,
ROT, Stem-end Fruit. Diplodia sp. WI; Gloeosporium apocryptum, large
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium spp., general. blotches, general; G. acerinum, small spots;
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Mango Scab. Elsinoë G. saccharinum; G. aceris.
mangiferae, FL. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, FL. tumefaciens, MI, OK, TX, VA.
BACTERIAL Leaf Scorch. Xylella fastidiosa, KY.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas aceris, on
Mangrove (Rhizophora) Japanese maple, CA; P. acernea.
BLIGHT, Inflorescence. Ciborinia acerina, MA,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rhizophorae, FL. NY.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Didymosporina aceris, CT, PA.
BLIGHT, Seedling; Smother. Thelephora albido-
Manihot (Cassava, Manioc) brunnea, NC, VA.
ANTHRACNOSE; Withertip. Gloeosporium ramorum, CA.
manihotis, FL, LA, TX. BLIGHT, Twig. Macrophoma sp., AR, NY.
DIEBACK. Physalospora abdita and P. rhodina, CANKER, Bark. Aleurodiscus acerinus, MA, VT;
FL. Hymenochaete agglutinans, CT, MI, MT.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora henningsii, FL, TX. CANKER, Basal, Crown. Phytophthora
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, FL. cinnamomi, NJ; P. cambivora, NJ.
588 Host Plants
CANKER, Bleeding. Phytophthora cactorum, MISTLETOE. Viscum album on Big Leaf Maple
CT, MA, NJ, NV, NY, RI, VA; P. citricola, (Acer macrophyllum) and Silver Maple
NV. (A. saccharinum), CA.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Colletotrichum acutatum, on NEMATODE. Criconemoides sp.;
Japanese maple, CT; Coniothyrium Hemicycliophora sp.; Pratylenchus sp.
negundinis, IL, OK; Cytospora spp., MI; thornei; Tylenchorhynchus sp.; Xiphinema
Eutypella parasitica, MI, MN, NH, NY, sp.
VT, WI; Hypoxylon morsei, MI, MN; Fusar- NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., OR;
ium spp.; Nectria cinnabarina, cosmopoli- M. ovalis, WI.
tan, often secondary; N. coccinea; N. NONPARASITIC. Leaf Scorch. Common on street
galligena, widespread trunk canker; and lawn trees, associated often with high
Phomopsis sp., OH; P. acerina, NY; temperature after a moist spring.
Physalospora spp., secondary; Sphaeropsis Decline. Frequently roadside salt injury.
albescens, IL, IA, KS, NY, ND, SD, WI; Frost Crack. Gas Injury.
Strumella coryneoidea, MI, PA; PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and
Schizoxylon microsporum, Lake states; S. camplanata, Southern U.S., LA.
Stegonsporium acerinum, NJ. POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, CA, IA,
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., AL, NC, OR, SD, VT; Uncinula circinata, ME to
FL, KY, LA, NC, SC, TN, VA. AL, MI, MO, TX; Microsphaera alni;
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, Sawadaea bicornis, ID, WA; S. tulasnei,
cosmopolitan. NY, WI, Montreal, Canada.
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii, on seedlings, NY. ROT, Heart, Sapwood, Wound. Collybia
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina carveri, AL, KY, MI, velutipes, CT, MA; Daedalea spp., northeast-
MO; T. bartholomaei, UT; T. darkeri, OR; ern and north central states, southward;
T. dearnessii, black, GA, MI, MN, NC, NY, Daldinia concentrica, cosmopolitan; Fomes
OK, PA, VA; T. sacchari, on sugar maple, applanatus; F. connatus; F. igniarius;
AR, GA, IN, KS, ME, MI, MO, NH, NY, Ganoderma lucidum, fatal to some
OH, PA, TN, WV, WI. street trees, NJ, NY; Hericium erinaceous,
LEAF SPOT. Actinopelte dryina, IL; Alternaria VT to MD, MI, MN; Lenzites spp.;
sp., secondary; Cercospora negundinis, KS, Pholiota adiposa; Pleurotus spp.; Polyporus
NE, WI; C. saccharini, MA; Cercosporella spp.; Poria spp.; Steccherinum
aceris, WA; Cristulariella depraedens, CT, septentrionale, general; Stereum spp.;
NY; C. pyramidalis, FL; Monochaetia Schizophyllum commune, cosmopolitan;
desmazierii, GA, NC, OK, TN; Illosporium Ustulina vulgaris, northeastern and north
maculicola, WA; Laestadia brunnea, NC, central states; Valsa leucosomoides, on
SC; Leptothyrella acerinum, OK; tapped sugar maples.
Marssonina truncatula, OR; Pezizella ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, general;
oenotherae, NY, NC, VA; Phyllosticta min- Clitocybe tabescens, GA, MO;
ima, eyespot, general; P. negundinis, ME to Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
AL, TX, WI; Piggotia negundinis, leaf Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
blotch, WI, WY; Stilbella acerina, PA; ROT, Sapstreak. Endoconidiophora virescens;
Septoria aceris, general; Venturia acerina, Ceratocystis coerulescens.
NY, PA, VA, WV, WI. ROT, Seedling, Charcoal. Macrophomina
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma acerinum, general; phaseoli, IL.
R. punctatum, speckled, general. VIRUS. Peach Rosette; Tobacco Necrotic Ring
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum Spot.
(flavescens), common from NJ to FL, MO, WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, widespread in
TX. cultivated trees, especially Norway maple.
Marsh-Marigold (Caltha) 589
Verticillium wilt is the most destructive maple BLIGHT, Head. Botrytis cinerea, AK, CT, NJ, PA;
disease and is particularly prevalent in street Helminthosporium sp., TX.
trees. The wilting may be confined to a single BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, NJ,
branch, which can be cut out, or may kill the VA.
whole tree. In removing dead trees, get all of the LEAF SPOT. Alternaria tagetica, SC, NJ;
root system and replace with a different kind of Cercospora sp., CT, C. tageticola, FL;
tree. Leaf scorch is common on sugar maple in Septoria tageticola, FL.
hot, windy weather; anthracnose may be conspic- NEMATODE. Aphelenchoides tagetae, MD;
uous in wet weather. Paratylenchus micoletzkyi, MD.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla, VA.
NONPARASITIC Air Pollution. NO2, SO3, O3, NC.
Marah ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, OK.
ROT, Root. Pythium ultimum, CA; Rhizoctonia
VIRUS. Wild Cucumber Mosaic, CA, OR. solani, TX.
ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NY;
Phytophthora cryptogea, NY; Fusarium
Maranta (Calathea) sp., CA, NJ, NY.
RUST. Coleosporium madiae (II, III), CA; 0, I on
LEAF SPOT. Glomerella cincta, NJ; Phyllosticta pine; Puccinia tageticola (II, III), TX.
sp., NJ; Drechslera setariae, FL. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, FL.
RUST. Puccinia cannae (II, III), FL. WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi,
VIRUS, Mosaic. Sugarcane Mosaic, FL. CA; Verticillium alboatrum, NY;
V. dahliae, AZ.
Marigolds are easy to grow without paying too
Marguerite (Argyranthemum much attention to disease. Cut fading flower
frutescens) heads off into a paper bag before the gray mold
of Botrytis blight gets started.
tumefaciens, IA, MD, NJ, NY, VA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, KS, NJ, NY, Mariposa-Lily, Globe-Tulip
and California Aster Yellows, CA. (Calochortus)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora radii, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. RUST. Puccinia calochorti (0, I, III), CA, OR,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces WA to NE, NM.
cichoracearum, NJ.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NJ. Marshelder (Iva xanthifolia)
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, ND.

Marigold (Tagetes)
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae Marsh-Marigold (Caltha)

pv. tagetis, NC.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, CT, NJ, NY, GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI.
PA, WI; California Aster Yellows, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora calthae, WI;
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, Cylindrosporium sp., NY; Fabraea
FL. rousseauana, CA, WI; Ramularia calthae,
BLIGHT. Alternaria tagetica, SC. NY, WI.
590 Host Plants
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, MI, OH,

WI. May-Apple (Podophyllum)
RUST. Puccinia areolata (0, I, II, III), AK,
CA, CO, WA; P. calthae (0, I, II, III), NY, BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, NJ.
NJ to IA, ND; P. calthicola (0, I, II, III), NY BLIGHT, Leaf. Septotinia podophyllina, DE,
to IA, MN; P. gemella (III), AK, CA, ID, MT, MD, MO, NJ, NY, VA, WV.
OR, WA; P. treleasiana (III), CO, NV, UT, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora podophylli, IL;
WA, WY. Glomerella cingulata, DE; Pezizella
oenotherae, VA; Phyllosticta podophylli,
NY to AL, AR, WI; Vermicularia podophylli,
Matelea TX, VA.
ROT, Stem. Rhizoctonia sp., MO.
PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans; S. RUST. Puccinia podophylli, general.
complanata, Southern U.S., LA.
Meadow-Beauty (Rhexia)
Matricaria (False Chamomile)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora erythrogena, AL, DE,
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, MS, TN; Colletotrichum rhexiae, DE;
CA. Phyllosticta rhexiae, FL.
cichoracearum, WA; Sphaerotheca Meadow-Rue (Thalictrum)
macularis, WA.
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, CA, DOWNY MILDEW. Phytophthora thalictri, CT,
ND, OR. NY, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta clematidina f. sp.
thalictri, WI; Cercospora fingens, IL, WI;
Matrimony-Vine (Lycium halimifolium) Cercosporella filiformis, WI;
Cylindrosporium thalictri, IN, KS,
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., IA; Cercospora lycii, WI; Gloeosporium thalictri, WI;
IA; Phyllosticta lycii, NY, OH. Mycosphaerella thalictri, NJ, NY, VT, WI;
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CT, DE, Septoria thalictri, KS.
MD, NJ, PA; Microsphaera diffusa, OH, PA, POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, MA to
UT; Sphaerotheca pannosa, ID, WA. PA, IL, ND.
RUST. Puccinia tumidipes (II, III), NY to AL, RUST. Puccinia recondita (0, I), CO, MI, north-
SD, TX; P. globosipes (II, III), PA. eastern and North central states; II, III on
grasses; P. septentrionalis (0, I), CA, CO,
IN, IA; II, III on Polygonum, Tranzschelia
Maurandya pruni-spinosae (0, I), CO, IN, IA, KS, NE,
ND, OH, PA, SD; II, III on Prunus,
LEAF SPOT. Septoria antirrhinorum, TX. T. thalictri (0, III), eastern and central states
to CA, ID, MS, NM.
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis sorosporioides,
Mauritius-Hemp (Furcraea) AZ, MA, NY, UT.
SMUT, White. Entyloma thalictri, CT, IL, IN,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD. NY, WI.
Melon, Muskmelon, Cantaloupe, Cassabra (Cucumis melo) 591
Meadowsweet (Filipendula) Melon, Muskmelon, Cantaloupe,

Cassabra (Cucumis melo)
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium sp.; Septoria
ulmariae, CT. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium,
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, IN, general in East and South to AZ, CO, ND;
NY, VT. Marssonina melonis, NY.
RUST. Triphragmium ulmariae (0, I, II, III), IN. BACTERIAL Angular Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas
lachrymans, CA, DE, IA, MD, MI, NJ, PA;
P. pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli, GA.
Medicago (Black Medic) BACTERIAL Fruit Blotch. Acidovorax avenae
(syn. Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., CA; Erysiphe subsp. citrulli), TX.
pisi (on alfalfa), ID, OR. BACTERIAL Rind Necrosis. Erwinia sp., GA, TX.
ROT, Root. Aphanomyces eutiches, Race 2 (on BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae and
alfalfa), IL; Phoma sclerotioides, WI. E. carotovora.
RUST, Chickpea. Uromyces ciceris-arietini, BACTERIAL Wilt. Erwinia tracheiphila, general
CA. east of Rocky Mts.; AZ to ID, WA.
VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, VT. BLIGHT, Gummy Stem; Black Rot.
Mycosphaerella citrullina (M. melonis),
DE, FL, MA, NJ, NY, TX.
Medlar (Mespilus) BLIGHT, Leaf; Black Mold. Alternaria
cucumerina, general.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, VA and
NY. OH to FL, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Fabraea maculata, CA. BLIGHT, Stem Gumming and Stem-End Rot.
RUST. Gymnosporangium clavipes, NY. Diplodia natalensis, TX.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, CA,
GA, NJ; fruit rot, FL, TX; Pythium
Melampodium (Melampodium debaryanum, CA, CT, IA, NJ, NY;
divaricatum) Fusarium equiseti, CA.
DECAY, Postharvest. Epicoccum nigrum, OK.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., LA. DODDER. Cuscuta arvensis, MD.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, LA. DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis,
general.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., CO, GA, TX;
Melaleuca Phyllosticta sp., GA, OH, TX; Septoria
cucurbitacearum, DE, MA, MI, NH, NY,
RUST. Puccinia psidii, CA, FL; Uromyces PA, VT, WI; Alternaria alternate f. sp.
striatus (on sweetclover), KS. cucurbitae, MD, Mid-Atlantic, U.S.
LEAF SPOT, STEM NECROSIS, MELON NECROTIC SPOT
VIRUS, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Melilotus Panama, and Uraguay.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria,
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX. M. hapla, NJ to FL, CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., KS. NONPARASITIC. Leaf Spot. Magnesium deficiency,
VIRUS. Sweet Clover Latent, IL. NY.
592 Host Plants

cichoracearum, general. Melothria
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA,
OR, TX. DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis,
ROT, Corky Dry. Fusarium semitectum, FL. GA, OH, TX.
ROT, Fruit. Fusarium spp., general in market, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
also Alternaria spp.; Monilia sitophila, IN, POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
NY; Mucor sp., NY; Penicillium spp., blue cichoracearum, WI.
mold; Phytophthora spp.; Rhizopus
stolonifer, cosmopolitan; Trichoderma
viride, green mold; Trichothecium roseum, Mentzelia (Blazing Star)
pink mold, occasional in market.
ROT, Root. Monosporascus cannonballus and LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta mentzeliae, KS, TX;
Acremonium sp., CA; Phymatotrichum Septoria mentzeliae, KS, TX, WA.
omnivorum, TX; Pythium periplocum, CA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
ROT, Root; Cottony Leak. Pythium Rhizoctonia solani, NJ.
aphanidermatum, AZ, CA, TX. RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, CO; II, III on
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, AR, MA, grasses; Uredo floridana, FL.
TX; Cephalosporium sp.
SCAB. Cladosporium cucumerinum, occasional,
East and central states.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, AZ, CA, ID, OR, TX, Menziesia
WA; Cucumber Mosaic, general; Musk-
melon Mosaic, general; Tobacco Ring Spot, GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, Pacific
KS, MD, NC, PA, WI; Squash Mosaic; Northwest, AL, NC, VA, WV.
Watermelon Mosaic; Zucchini Yellow LEAF SPOT, Tar. Melasmia menziesii, MT, and
Mosaic, CA, FL, NY; Lettuce Infectious Yel- WY to AK, OR; Rhytisma sp.
lows, AZ, CA, TX; Muskmelon Vein Necro- POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var.
sis, CA; Melon Necrotic Spot; Melon Leaf vaccinii, AK, VA.
Curl, CA; Papaya Ring Spot, LA; Water- RUST. Pucciniastrum myrtilli (II, III), WV;
melon Mosaic, LA; Cucurbit Leaf Curl, AZ, 0, I on hemlock.
TX; Cucurbit Yellow Stunting, AZ,TX,
Mexico; Melon Severe Mosaic, Mexico,
State of Guerrero; Potyvirus, CA.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, gen- Mertensia (Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip)
eral Race 1 Colima, Mexico; Verticillium
alboatrum, CA, OR. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora sp., MT.
Melons belong to the cucurbit family and in LEAF SPOT. Septoria poseyi, OR.
general have the same diseases as cucumbers. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Downy mildew is a problem on the moist East cichoracearum, AL, CO, MT, PA, NV, NM,
Coast, and powdery mildew may be a limiting UT, WY.
factor in the arid Southwest. Although there are ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CO.
varieties resistant to powdery mildew, different RUST. Puccinia mertensiae (III), CO, NV, UT,
physiological races of the fungus keep things com- WY; P. recondita (0, I), ID, MT, OR; II, III on
plicated. Sulfur dust should not be used except on grasses.
sulfur-resistant melon varieties. Mosaic is trans- SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma serotinum, IN, IA, MD,
mitted both by seed and aphids; purchase virus- VA, WY.
free seed, eliminate weeds, and keep down insects. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, IL, NJ.
Mimulus (Monkey-Flower) 593
Mesembryanthemum (Fig-Marigold) Milkwort (Polygala)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, TX. ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium ramosum, IN, NJ,
SOOTY MOLD. Torula herbarum, CA. WI.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora grisea, MS, NJ, VA;
Septoria consocia, IN, MI; S. polygalae, NY.
Mesquite (Prosopis) RUST. Aecidium renatum, NM; Puccinia
andropogonis var. polygalina (0, I), IA, MI,
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium WI; II, III on Andropogon; P. pyrolae (III),
tumefaciens, TX. CT, ME, MI, NH, NY, WI.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Cercospora prosopidis;
Scleropycnium aureum, AZ, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Napicladium prosopodium, TX;
Phyllosticta juliflora, also pod spot, OK, TX; Mimosa, Silk-Tree (Albizzia julibrissin)
Gloeosporium leguminum, pod spot, TX.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron californicum; CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina, DC,
P. serotinum (flavescens), TX to CA, and NC, VA.
P. tomentosum, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria
POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica; Oidiopsis var. thamesii; M. incognita; M. javanica;
taurica; Uncinula prosopodis, TX. M. hapla.
ROT, Heart. Polyporus texanus, CA, TX; Fomes NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Trichodorus
everhartii, AZ, TX; Schizophyllum com- primitivus.
mune, TX; Hypoxylon diatrypeoides (die- ROT, Heart. Ganoderma lucidum; Root,
back, trunk rot), Mexico. Armillaria mellea.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. VIRUS. Mimosa Striped Chlorosis, AR.
RUST. Ravenelia arizonica (II, III), TX to CA; WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. perniciosum,
R. holwayi (0, I, II, III), TX to CA. AL, AR, CA, GA, FL, MS, NJ, NC, SC, VA.
The mimosa wilt is one of the most devastat-
ing tree disease on record. The fungus is in the
Mignonette (Reseda) soil with no possibility of control by aerial
spraying. The incidence of wilting is probably
DAMPING-OFF, Root Rot. Rhizoctonia solani, CT. increased by nematodes. Resistant varieties
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora resedae, MA to MS, IA, Tryon and Charlotte have been released, but
MO. occasional specimens succumb to wilt. The fun-
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. gus may also be seed-transmitted.
Milk Thistle (Silybum)

Mimulus (Monkey-Flower)
VIRUS. Tobacco Streak, CA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows,
CA.
Mikania (Climbing Hempweed) BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora mimuli, MO;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora mikaniae, MS; Septoria Ramularia mimuli, CA, NY, OH, WY;
mikanii, CT, TX. Septoria mimuli, PA to MS, MO, NE.
RUST. Puccinia spegazzinii, AL, FL, MS, NC. NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi.
594 Host Plants

cichoracearum, CA, PA, UT. Mistletoe (Phoradendron)
RUST. Puccinia andropogonis (0, I), MO, WI; II,
III on Andropogon; Uredo sp. (II), WI. BLACK MILDEW. Asterina phoradendricola, FL.
BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia juniperi, CA.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Sphaeropsis visci, SC, TX;
Mint (Mentha) Phyllosticta phorodendri, CA.
BLIGHT, Twig. Nectria cinnabarina, TX.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum coccodes, WA, WI. CANKER. Cystospora pinicola, OR, WA;
CANKER, Stem. Fusarium sp., MI, WA; Hymenochaete agglutinans, AL.
Alternaria sp., MI; Phoma menthae, OR. CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium pseudope-
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora menthicola, IL, TX; dicellatum, FL.
Phyllosticta decidua, occasional, ME to OH, DODDER. Cuscuta exaltata, TX.
IA, WI; Ramularia menthicola, CA, ME, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora struthanthi, FL;
MT, OR; Septoria menthae (S. menthicola), Exosporium phoradendri, TX;
IN, WI. Phytophthora ramorum, CA.
NEMATODE. Aphelenchoides parietinus; RUST. Peridermium bethelii, CO; Uredo
Paralongidorus sylphus, OR; Paratylenchus phoradendri, CA, OR.
macrophallus, OR. If you treasure mistletoe for Christmas greens,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla, OR. you will be sorry it has diseases; but if you con-
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces sider mistletoe a pest, you’ll wish the above list
cichoracearum, CO, IA, UT, WA; Erysphie were longer.
galeopsidis, IA; Erysphie orontii, CA;
Erysiphe polygoni, TX; Sphaerotheca
macularis, WA.
RUST. Puccinia menthae (0, I, II, III), East and Mistletoe, Dwarf (Arceuthobium spp.)
central states to TX and Pacific Coast, FL;
P. angustata (0, I), CA, SD, WI; II, III on grasses. BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia juniperi, CA.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma menthae, IN, RUST. Peridermium bethelii, CO.
MD, MI. SPOT, SHOOT, LESION. Colletotrichum
VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot, IN, OR; Tomato gloeosporioides.
Spotted Wilt, OR; Strawberry Latent
Ringspot, OR; Mint Crinkle; Alfalfa
Mosaic; Mint Vein Bending, Arabis
Mosaic, Mint Virus (1), (2), and (X), Cherry Mock-Cucumber (Echinocystis)
Raspberry Leaf, Peppermint Latent,
Cucumber Mosaic, Peppermint Stunt, ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, FL.
Impatiens Necrotic Spot, Lychnis Ringspot, DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara australis, IA, KS,
Tomato Aspermy, OR. MN, OH, WI; Pseudoperonospora cubensis,
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum f. sp. menthae OH.
(V. dahliae), IN, MI, OR. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora echinocystis, NY to FL,
Rust is serious in mints grown commercially, NE, WI; also fruit spot; Septoria spp., wide-
in greenhouses or in the field. Overwintering spread; Alternaria sp., FL.
spores can be killed by treating rhizomes with POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
hot water. Spot anthracnose is largely controlled cichoracearum, WI.
by thorough coverage when mint is plowed under VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Cucumber Mosaic,
in the fall. Mint in the backyard is too prolific for CA, CO, IL, IN, MI, NY, WI.
worry about disease. WILT. Fusarium sp., FL.
Monkshood Vine (Ampelopsis aconitifolia) 595
Mock-Orange (Philadelphus) Monardella
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae, LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta monardellae, CA.

MN. RUST. Puccinia menthae (0, I, II, III), CA, NV,
BLIGHT, Flower and Shoot. Botrytis cinerea, NM, OR, UT.
cosmopolitan.
BLOTCH, Sooty, Sarcinella heterospora, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta philadelphi, NY; Moneses (Wood-Nymph)
Cercospora angulata, MO, TX; Ramularia
philadelphi, TX, WA; Septoria philadelphi, RUST. Chrysomyxa pirolata (II, III). AK, CO,
ID, IA, MT. ME, MI, MT, NM, WA, WY; 0, I on spruce.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, GA,
MT, WA. Monkshood, Aconite (Aconitum)
TX. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas delphinii,
RUST. Gymnosporangium speciosum (0, I), CO, ME, NJ.
NM, UT; III on juniper. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopora pygmaea, AK.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.,
NY, VT.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, NY, TX,
Mock-Strawberry (Duchesnea) WV.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora potentillae, NC. Rhizoctonia solani, CT, NJ.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium globosum, SC. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CO; Scle-
LEAF SPOT. Pezizella oenotherae, VA. rotium rolfsii, CT, DE, MN, NJ, NY.
RUST. Frommeella duchesneae (0, I, II, III), RUST. Puccinia recondita (0, I), CO, AK; II, III
NH to FL, KY; Frommeella duchesneae, on grasses; Uromyces lycoctoni (0, I, II, III),
IN. CA, CO, TX, UT, WY.
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis carcinodes, UT;
U. sorosporioides, UT.
VIRUS. Mosaic, Unidentified, NY.
Monarda (Horse-Mint, Bee-Balm) WILT, Verticillium albo-atrum, MA, NJ,
NY, OH.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. Verticillium wilt is doubtless more widespread
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium holwayi, IA, WI. in monkshood than the official reports indicate.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., OK; Phyllosticta The leaves dry along the stem, flowers are poor,
decidua, KS, NE, OK, TX, WI; and when the stem is cut across, blackened bundles
P. monardae, KS; Ramularia brevipes, are readily seen. The clumps do not die immedi-
AL, TX. ately but decline over a period of years.
cichoracearum, general.
RUST. Puccinia angustata (0, I), NE, WI; Monkshood Vine (Ampelopsis
P. menthae (0, I, II, III), general from ME to aconitifolia)
MS. ID, TX, P. monardae.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, IN; Tomato Spot- DIEBACK. Tubercularia nigricans, NH, TX.
ted Wilt, PA. NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema index.
596 Host Plants
Monstera Morning-Glory (Ipomoea)
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., WA; BLIGHT. Phytophthora ipomoeae, Mexico

Colletotrichum sp. (Metepec).
LEAF SPOT. Macrophoma philodendri, FL, MI. BLIGHT, Blossom, Blight. Choanephora
compacta, GA.
Montia (Indian Lettuce) BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL.
CANKER, Stem. Vermicularia ipomoearum, NY,
SMUT, Seed. Ustilago claytoniae, WA. PA; Diaporthe phaseolorum var. cauliflora,
LA.
CHLOROTIC LEAF DISTORTION. Fusarium
Moonflower (Calonyction) lateritium, NC.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., VA; Cercospora
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sp., NJ. alabamensis, AL, FL, NJ; Phyllosticta
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae, NJ. ipomoeae, FL, KS, MS; Septoria convolvuli,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NJ, SC. FL, KS, PA, TX, WI.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.;
RUST. Coleosporium ipomoeae (II, III), AL, NC, M. hapla, AL, OK; M. incognita, LA.
SC, TX; 0, I on pine. NEMATODE. Rotylenchulus reniformis, LA.
WHITE RUST. Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae, ROT, Root. Erwinia carotovora subsp.
FL. carotovora, LA; Phymatotrichum
omnivorum, TX; Macrophomina
phaseolina, AZ; Streptomyces ipomoea,
Moonseed (Menispermum) LA; Ceratocystis fimbriata, LA; Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. batatas, LA; Plenodomus
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora menispermi, NY to VA, destruens, LA; Monilochaetes infuscans,
KS, WI; Colletotrichum sordidum, WI; LA.
Phyllosticta menispermicola, IL; Septoria RUST. Puccinia crassipes (I, III), FL, GA,
abortiva, IL, KS. LA, SC; Coleosporium ipomoeae (II, III),
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, NJ to FL, KS, TX; 0, I on pine; Uredo
widespread. laeticolor (II), FL.
SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma menispermi, PA to VA, VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, FL; Sweet Potato;
KS, ND. Tomato Spotted Wilt – Impatiens Serotype
and Lettuce Serotype, FL; Sweetpotato
Feathery Mottle.
Morea WHITE RUST. Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae, NJ
to AZ, NE.
RUST. Puccinia iridis, FL. WILT. Fusarium sp., TX.
Morinda (Royoc, Indian-Mulberry)

Moss Rose (Portulaca grandiflora)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora morindicola, FL.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma morindae. VIRUS. Alternanthera Mosaic, FL, MD, PA.
Mountain-Laurel (Kalmia) 597
G. nelsonii (0, I), MT, WA, WY; III on juni-

Motherwort (Leonurus) per; G. nootkatense (0, I), AK, OR, WA; III
on Chamaecyparis; G. tremelloides (0, I),
BLACK MILDEW. Dimerosporium hispidulum, MT to CO, AK, WA.
TX. SCAB. Venturia inaequalis, IL, MN, NY, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta leonuri, LA; Phyllosticta Mountain-ash is quite susceptible to fire
decidua, OH, TX, WI; Septoria lamii, PA. blight, but affected branches can usually be
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, IN. pruned out. Rust may appear on foliage in mid-
summer. If the mountain-ash is more desirable
than the junipers nearby, the latter can be eradi-
Mountain-Ash (Sorbus) cated. Fertilizing will help the tree recover from
a bout with Cytospora canker but may increase
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium susceptibility to fire blight.
tumefaciens, CT, NJ.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora,
widespread, VA. Mountain-Heather (Phyllodoce)
BLIGHT, Leaf. Fabraea maculata, AK, MN, WV,
WI. BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia nigra, ID.
BLIGHT, Twig. Nectria cinnabarina, corla spot, GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii-uliginosi, OR.
AK, NC; Phomopsis sp., MA; Valsa
leucostoma, OH, WV.
CANKER. Cytospora sp., VA. Mountain-Holly (Nemopanthus)
CANKER, Blister. Nummularia discreta, IA, MA.
CANKER, Branch; Fruit Rot. Glomerella LEAF SPOT. Ramularia nemopanthus, NY.
cingulata, IN. LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma ilicis-canadensis, ME
CANKER; DIEBACK. Cytospora chrysosperma, to WV, MI.
MN, MT, NE, NJ, WA C. leucostoma, MT; POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, NY, WI.
C. massariana, ID; C. microspora, MT; ROT, Wood. Poria inermis, PA.
Fusicoccum sp., IL.
CANKER, Trunk; Black Rot. Cytospora
rubescens, IA; Physalospora obtusa, IN, Mountain-Laurel (Kalmia)
MI, OH, CT to VA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., IA; Graphium sorbi, BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT. Pseudomonas syringae,
NY, WI; Phyllosticta globigera, ID, WA; OR.
P. sorbi, IL, IA, ME, MO, OK, TX; Septoria BLIGHT, Flower. Ovulinia azaleae, AL, SC, AL.
sorbi, IA; S. sitchensis, ID. BLIGHT, Leaf. Phomopsis kalmiae, NY to NC.
MISTLETOE, European. Viscum album, CA. BLIGHT, Necrotic Shoots and Leaves.
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae Phytophthora irrigate and P. hydropathica,
var. tridactyla, WA. MD, PA, VA, WV.
ROT, Heart. Polyporus hirsutus, MI, WA; CANKER; Felt Fungus. Septobasidium sp.,
P. versicolor, WI. AL, TX.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, NJ; GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, AK;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Synchytrium vaccinii, red spot, NJ.
RUST. Gymnosporangium cornutum (0, I), ME HEART, Rot, Wood Rot. Fomes annosus, NC.
to NJ, WI, MT to CO, AK, WA; III on juniper; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora kalmiae, CT to AL, TN;
G. globosum (0, I), OR; III on Libocedrus; Mycosphaerella colorata (Phyllosticta
598 Host Plants
kalmicola), CT to AL, IN, MI, TX; Pestalotia

kalmicola, secondary, DE, NJ, PA, TX, WA; Mulberry (Morus)
Septoria angustifolia, MA to AL, OH;
Rhytisma andromedae, tar spot, VT. BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Usually iron rhizogenes, NE.
deficiency. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var. pv. mori, general.
vaccinii, WI. BACTERIAL Scorch. Xylem limiting bacteria,
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, MD; Corticium Mid-Atlantic and Southern U.S; Xylella
galactinum, MD; Phymatotrichum fastidiosa, CA.
omnivorum, TX; Phytophthora lateralis, BLIGHT, Berry; Popcorn Disease. Ciboria
NC; P. cinnamomi, VA; P. palmivora, VA. carunculoides, NC to FL, TX, VA.
ROT, Wood. Polyporus versicolor, VA; BLIGHT, Twig. Myxosporium diedickei,
Stereum rameale, VA. TX, WA.
VIRUS. Rhododendron Necrotic Ringspot, OR. CANKER; Twig Blight. Cytospora sp., NJ, TX;
Phomopsis leaf blight or blotch and Dothiorella sp.; D. mori, NJ, TX; Gibberella
Mycosphaerella (Phyllosticta) leaf spot are com- baccata var. mori, widespread; Nectria sp.,
mon and rather disfiguring on bushes in shade or widespread; N. cinnabarina, wide spread;
under tree drip. In light cases, removal of spotted Sclerotinia sp., TX.
leaves is sufficient. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora moricola, PA to FL, NE,
TX; Cercosporella mori, NE, OK, TX;
Exosporium sp., FL; Mycosphaerella
arachnoidea, false mildew, GA, NC;
Mountain-Mahogany (Cercocarpus) M. mori, widespread; Phyllosticta moricola,
KS; Cytospora sp., VA.
LEAF SPOT. Septogloeum cercocarpi, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., NJ,
ROT, Wood. Stereum hirsutum, OR. NC, OK.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma cercocarpi, POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, OH;
CA. Uncinula geniculata, NY to KS, AL.
ROT, Heart. Polyporus farlowii, AZ, NM;
P. hispidus, CT; Ganoderma applanatum;
Hymenochaete agglutinans, MD.
Mountain-Mint (Pycnanthemum) ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, DE, NC, OK;
Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium cellulare, WI. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercoseptoria blephiliae, WI; ROT, Wood. Schizophyllum commune, CA;
Cercosporella pycnanthemi, AL. Stereum cinerescens, MA.
RUST. Puccinia angustata (0, I), IN; P. menthae RUST. Cerotelium fici (II), LA.
(0, I, II, III), MA to VA, AL, CA, IA, OK, TX. Bacterial leaf spot damages nursery trees hav-
ing overhead irrigation; Mycosphaerella leaf spot
sometimes defoliates older trees.
Mountain-Sorrel (Oxyria)
Mullein (Verbascum)
RUST. Puccinia oxyriae (II, III), AK, CA, CO,
ID, OR, UT; O, I unknown. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora sordida, NJ.
SMUT, Floral. Ustilago vinosa, AK, CA, CO, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora verbasicola, TX;
WA, WY. Phyllosticta verbasicola, IN, KS, TX;
Narcissus (Daffodil, Jonquil) 599
Ramularia variabilis, NY to MS, TX, WA; ROT, Root; Damping-off. Aphanomyces

Septoria verbasicola, TX, NY to AL, MO, raphani, WI.
TX. RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), CO; II, III on
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. grasses.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces VIRUS. Cauliflower Mosaic; Turnip Mosaic;
cichoracearum, PA; Oidium sp., NJ. Tobacco Stread, CA.
ROT, Root, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. WILT. Fusarium sp.
VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, VT.
Myrtle (Myrtus)
Mushroom, Oyster (Pleurotus
ostreatus) LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia decolorata, LA.
ROT, Root. Cylindrocladium pauciramosum, CA.
DRY BUBBLE. Verticillium fungicola, PA. ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
RUST, Puccinia vincae, CA.
Musk-Root (Adoxa)
Nandina
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium anomalum, IA.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta adoxae, CO. ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, TX.
RUST. Puccinia adoxae (III), CO, UT, WY; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora nandinae, AL, SC.
P. argentata (0, I), IA, MN, WI; II, III on NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.,
Impatiens. NC, TX.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Alkaline soil, TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera berberidis
Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea) (Erysiphe berberidis), CA, Pacific
Northwest.
BACTERIAL Black Rot. Xanthomonas ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
compestris, FL, OH. VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, MD, GA; Nandina
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows. Mosaic, CA; Nandina Stem Pitting, FL.
BACTERIAL, Yellows. Spiroplasma citri, IL.
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, CA,
CT, OH, TX, WA. Narcissus (Daffodil, Jonquil)
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani,
cosmopolitan. BACTERIAL Streak; Stem rot. Unidentified, WA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, CT, BLIGHT, Leaf; Fire. Sclerotinia (Botrytis)
FL, IA, TX. polyblastis, OR, WA; Botrytis cinerea;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora brassicicola, IN, LA, Botryotinia polyblastis, WA.
NJ; Cercosporella brassicae, CA, VA; LEAF SCORCH. Stagonospora curtisii, general,
Alternaria brassicae, CA, black spot; especially in East and South.
Pseudocercosporella capsellae, CA, white LEAF SPOT, Blight; White Mold. Ramularia
spot. vallisumbrosae, OR, WA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL, NEMATODE, Bulb. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
MO, TX; Heterodera schachtii, UT. FL, GA, NC, SC; A. subtenuis, Pacific
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, AZ, CA, Coast; Aphelenchus avenae, secondary.
FL, TX. NEMATODE, Bulb; Brown-ring Disease; Leaf
ROT, Crown; Drop. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, “Spikkel”. Ditylenchus dipsaci, in all com-
TX. mercial narcissus areas.
600 Host Plants
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, OH, BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
WA. DODDER. Cuscuta sp., MO, NH.
ROT, Basal. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora tropaeoli, AL;
general on hardy varieties. Heterosporium tropaeoli, CA, NY;
ROT, Black Bulb. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Pleospora sp., MS, NJ, OH.
crown; wet scale, Sclerotium rolfsii, CA, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., NJ,
FL, NY, VA. TX; Heterodera schachtii, root gall.
ROT, Large Scale Speck. Stromatinia narcissi, RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), UT; II, III on
general in northern bulb areas. grasses.
ROT, Leaf and Stem. Gloeosporium sp., LA, NC. VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA, TX; Tomato Spot-
ROT, Neck; Smoulder. Sclerotinia narcissicola, ted Wilt, CA, MD, TX.
NJ, NY, OR, VA, WA; probably general Compared with the almost inevitable affliction
except on polyanthus varieties. of black aphids, nasturtium diseases are
ROT, Root and Bulb. Armillaria mellea, CA, OR, insignificant.
WA; Aspergillus spp., black mold; Penicil-
lium spp., blue mold, in wounds;
Trichoderma viride, green mold in scales, Nectarine (Prunus persica var.
cosmopolitan after sunscald; Rhizopus nectarina)
stolonifer, soft rot, cosmopolitan after sun-
scald; Cylindrocarpon radicicola, secondary BACTERIAL Canker. Pseudomonas syringae, CA.
root rot. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
ROT, Small Scale Speck; Neck Rot. Sclerotium tumefaciens, MO.
sp., general, especially in southern bulb BACTERIAL Leaf Spot; Canker. Xanthomonas
districts. pruni, OK.
VIRUS. Narcissus Mosaic, mild; Narcissus BACTERIAL, MLO. Peach X-Disease.
Flower Streak; Narcissus Chocolate Spot; CANKER. Valsa leucostoma, DC.
Narcissus Yellow Stripe, Gray Disease, LEAF CURL. Taphrina deformans, CA, OR, TX,
often called Mosaic, general; White Streak, WA.
general. LEAF SPOT. Cristulariella pyramidalis, FL.
Control of narcissus diseases rests with the LEAF SPOT; Shot Hole. Coryneum carpophilum,
grower, who should, and usually does, supply CA, OR, WA.
the gardener with sound, healthy bulbs. Inspect NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus thornei, CA.
all bulbs carefully before planting, making sure NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA;
there are no dark sclerotia on the scales or the usually resistant.
chocolate brown of Fusarium rot at the base. The POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae,
bulb and stem nematode is controlled by treating ID, WA; Sphaerotheca pannosa, ID, NY,
in hot water. WA.
ROT, Brown; Twig Blight. Monilinia laxa, CA,
WA; M. fructicola, CT, NY, TX.
Nasturtium (Tropaeolum) ROT, Pink Mold. Trichothecium roseum, CA.
ROT, Sour. Geotrichum candidum, CA;
BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, CA. Issatchenkia scutulata, CA; Kloeckera
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae apiculata, CA.
pv. aptata, ME, MN, MS, NJ, PA, VA. SCAB. Cladosporium carpophilum, CT, DE, IL,
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, NY, PA, TX.
CA. VIRUS. Peach Mosaic; Peach Yellows; Peach
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, Latent Mosaic Viroid, WA; Hop Stunt
FL, MD, NJ, NC, VA. Viroid, Ontario, Canada.
Nicotiana (Flowering Tobacco) 601
Nematanthus New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax)
LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA.
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL, OH,
WA.
New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia)
Nemesia BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ, NY.

LEAF SPOT. Cercospora tetragoniae, IN, MA;
BACTERIAL, Proliferation. Rhodococcus fascians, Helminthosporium sp., TX.
OR. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX.
VIRUS. Flower Break. Angelonia angustifolia, VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Mosaic, DE, and
CA; Hosta Virus X, Tobacco Rattle Virus; Rosette, IN, unidentified.
Helleborus Net Necrosis; Nemesia Ring
Necrosis, Diascia Yellow Mottle, Pacific
Northwest. Nicotiana (Flowering Tobacco)
BACTERIAL Blackfire. Pseudomonas tabaci, WI;

Nemophila (Baby Blue-Eyes) P. angulata, WI.
BLACK SHANK. Phytophthora parasitica var.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces nicotianae, CT.
cichoracearum, CA, NV, TX, WA. BLIGHT. Phytophthora infestans, NY.
DAMPING-OFF, STEM LESIONS. Rhizoctonia solani,
GA.
Nephthytis DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora tabacina,
CA, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cephalosporium cinnamomeum, LEAF SPOT. Alternaria longipes, TX; Rhizocto-
FL, MD. nia solani, NC, New England; Alternaria
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne alternata, CT, MA; Thanatephorus
incognita. cucumeris, New England.
ROT, Root. Pythium splendens, FL. MOLD, Blue. Peronospora tabacina, GA.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
Spraying with maneb should control the leaf NEMATODE STUNT. Globodera tabacum
spot. solanacearum, VA, (also CT and Quebec,
Canada on Nicotiana tobacum).
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., KY.
Nerine (Guernsey-Lily) ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Pythium myriotylum, SC; in hydroponic;
LEAF SCORCH; Red Blotch. Stagonospora Phytophthora nicotianae, NC.
curtisii, CA. STEM NECROSIS. Phytophthora nicotianae, NC.
NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus coronatus, STUNT. Glomus macrocarpum, KY.
NC. STUNT, Wilt. Pythium dissotocum, Brazil.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, TX; Tomato Spotted
Wilt, CA, TN, TX, Mexico, Impatiens and
Nettle (Urtica, Urera) Lettuce serotypes, GA; Tobacco Mosaic,
GA; Tobacco Ring Spot; Tobacco Vein-
NEMATODE, Soybean Cyst. Mottling, NC; Cucumber Mosaic, FL;
602 Host Plants
Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic, Tobacco RUST. Uromyces hordeinus (0, I), KS, OK, TX;
Vein-Banding Mosaic, TN; Tobacco Yellow II, III on grasses; U. primaverilis (0, I, III), IL,
Net, CA; Potato Leafroll, Pacific Northwest, MO, TX.
Potato Virus A, WA; Blueberry Scorch, VIRUS. Nothoscordum Mosaic, LA.
British Colombia; Rhynchosia Golden
Mosaic, Mexico; Potato Virus Y, GA; South-
ern Ontario, Canada. Nutsedge (Cyperus rotunders) Grass-
WILT. Pythium aphanidermatum, NC. like
BLIGHT, Flower. Balansia cyperi, LA.

Night-Blooming Cereus (Hylocereus) LEAF SPOT. Dactylaria higginsii, FL; Sclerotinia
minor, NC.
VIRUS. Cactus Virus X, CA. NEMATODE, Cyst. Heterodera mothi, GA.
NEMATODE, Root-knot. Meloidogyne
graminicola, GA.
Nightshade, Silverleaf (Solanum ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomanes, LA.
elaeagnifolium) RUST. Puccinia canaliculata, GA.
VIRUS. Impatiens Necrotic Spot Phytoplasma,
Weed found in dry, open woods, prairie, waste GA.
places, and disturbed soil in Southwest, U.S.
BLIGHT, Late. Phytophthora infestans, NY.
NEMATODE, Foliar. Nothanguina phyllobia, TX. Nymphoides (Floating-Heart) Water
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA. Plants
RUST. Puccinia scirpi (0, I); II, III on Scirpus, FL.

Nightshade, Hairy and Climbing SMUT, Leaf. Burrillia decipiens, NJ.
(Solanum sarrachoides, S. dulcamara)
BLIGHT. Phytophthora infestans, ME, NY. Oak (Quercus)

VIRUS. Potato Leafroll, Pacific Northwest.
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf and Twig Blight. Gnomonia
quercina (Gloeosporium quercinum), general.
Ninebark (Physocarpus) BACTERIAL Canker. Unidentified, IL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora spiraea, IN; tumefaciens, MD, MI.
Marssonina neilliae, CA, TX, WI; BACTERIAL Drippy Nut. Erwinia quercina, CA,
M. lonicerae, OR; Phyllosticta opulasteris, on live oak.
ID; Ramularia spiraeae, MI, NY, WI. BACTERIAL Leaf Scorch. Xylella fastidiosa, DC,
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, FL, GA, KY.
MA to WI. BACTERIAL Wetwood. Erwinia nimipressuralis,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. VA.
ROT, Wood. Fomes conchatus, NY. BLACK MILDEW. Morenoella quercina, SC to FL,
GA, TX; Irenina manca, MS.
Nothoscordum (False Garlic) ramorum, (also branch canker) CA, OK.
BLIGHT, Twig. Cryptocline cinerescens, CA;
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum circinans, Diplodia longispora, NY to NC, IL, WI;
OK. D. quercina, CA; Discula quercina, CA.
Oak (Quercus) 603
CANKER, Bark. Aleurodiscus oakesii, NY to IL, CA.; P. tomentosum, TX; Psittacanthus

CA, IA; A. candidus; A. acerinus; A. griseo- macrantherus, Sinaloa, Mexico.
canus; Dichaena quercina, NJ. MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium brevipes;
CANKER, Basal. Cryphonectria parasitica, PA. C. herbarum.
CANKER, Bleeding. Phytophthora cactorum, FL, NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum,
MA, NY; P. cinnamomi, FL. Southeast.
CANKER, Branch. Endothia gyrosa, VA. NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides annulatum;
CANKER, Branch; Decline; Dieback. C. teres; Hemicriconemoides biformis.
Botryodiplodia gallae, MI; Cephalosporium NEMATODE, Root. Hoplolaimus coronatus;
sp.; Hyalodendron sp. Pratylenchus sp.; Meloidogyne sp.
CANKER, Bot. Diplodia corticola, CA. NONPARASITIC Chlorosis. Iron deficiency, espe-
CANKER, Chestnut. Endothia parasitica, MS, cially in pin oaks.
SC, VA. PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., NC to S. complanata, Southern U.S., LA.
FL, LA. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe trina, witches’
CANKER, Trunk. Nectria galligena; Strumella broom, on live oak, CA; Microsphaera alni,
coryneoides (Urnula craterium); Diplodia widespread; Phyllactinia corylea, wide-
corticola, CA. spread; Sphaerotheca lanestris, “brown mil-
CANKER, Twig. Cytospora chrysosperma, NJ, dew,” serious on coast live oak, AL, CA, MS,
RI; Endothia parasitica, occasional; NC; Saccardia quercina, AZ, GA.
Dothiorella quercina, MD, VA; Fusarium ROT, Heart. Daedalea quercina, widespread,
solani; Physalospora glandicola, MD; other species; Fistulina hepatica; Fomes
P. obtusa, MN, VA; P. rhodina, VA; spp.; Hericium erinaceous; Polyporus spp.;
Pseudovalsa longipes; Pyrenochaete Stereum spp.
venuta; Coryneum japonicum, FL. ROT, Heart. Phlebia chrysocrea, eastern U.S.
DECLINE. Hypoxylon atropunctatum, (PA to FL) and WI to MS.
H. punctulatum, H. mediterraneum, VA; ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, widespread;
Phytophthora quercina, P. cambivora, MO. Clitocybe tabescens, FL, MO, OK; C.
DODDER. Cuscuta spp., occasional in forest olearia, CA; Corticium galactinum and
nurseries. other spp.; Phytophthora cinnamomi, of
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina caerulescens, Northeast seedlings.
to North central and Gulf states; also CA, CO, ROT, Root and Collar. Phytophthora
GA, UT, WY. cinnamomi, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Actinopelte dryina, occasional; ROT, Wood. Daldinia concentrica;
Acantharia echinata, black, on live D. vernicosa; Hypoxylon atropunctatum;
oak; Cercospora macrochaeta, CA; Lentinus tigrinus; Linzites betulina and
Cylindrosporium microspilum, C. kelloggii, other species; Schizophyllum commune;
CA; Ciborinia (Sclerotinia) candolleana; Steccherinum ochraceum.
C. hirtella; Dothiorella phomiformis, wide- RUST. Cronartium quercuum (C. cerebrum) II,
spread; Gloeosporium septorioides; III, widespread; 0, I on pines; C. fusiforme
Marssonina martini, general; Leptothyrella (II, III), southern states; C. strobilinum (II),
californicum, on live oak, CA; Monochaetia AR, FL, IL, IA, KS, MS, MO; 0, I on long-leaf
desmazierii, widespread; Mycosphaerella sp; pines; C. conigenum (II, III), AZ; 0, I on pine
Phyllosticta spp.; Septogloeum defolians, cones.
CA; S. querceum, WI; Septoria spp.; RUST, Fusiform. Cronartium fusiforme, GA.
Venturia orbicula, NY to VA, OH. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë quercus-falcatae,
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum on southern red oak, GA, NC; E. quercicola,
(flavescens), NC to FL, TX; P. villosum, FL.
604 Host Plants
VIRUS. Oak Ringspot, AR. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria tenuis, secondary, NJ;
WILT, Dieback. Fusarium oxysporum or Cercospora oenotherae, AL, KS, TX, WV;
F. solani, VA; also canker; Phytophthora C. oenotherae-sinutae, AL, NC; Pezizella
europa (also yellowing and dieback), North oenotherae, GA, MD, NC, SD, VA;
Central U.S., MN, OH, PA, WV, WI. Pestalotia oenotherae, OH, OK; Septoria
WILT, Oak. Ceratocystis fagacearum (Chalara oenotherae, ME to FL, CA, NM, OK, SD, UT.
quercina), AR, FL, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, general.
MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
TN, VA, WV, WI. Rhizoctonia solani, TX; Sclerotinia minor,
WITCHES’ BROOM. Articularia quercina var. NC.
minor. AZ, NM, UT. RUST. Aecidium anograe (0, I), NE; Puccinia
Oak wilt is our most serious disease with red aristidae (0, I), AZ, NV; II, III on grasses;
and black oaks often dying the first season symp- P. dioicae (0, I), ME to AL, CA, CO, ND,
toms appear. Anthracnose is general, most TX; II, III on Carex; P. oenotherae (0, I, II,
severe on white oak, defoliating in wet seasons. III), CO, CA to MT, WA; Uromyces
Leaf blister, important in the South, can be plumbarius (0, I, II, III), general.
prevented by a single dormant spray. Powdery VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, PA.
mildew, due to Sphaerotheca lanestris, is impor-
tant in California, where it produces witches’
brooms on live oaks. The honey mushroom, Ohia (Metrosideros spp.); also Eugenia,
Armillaria mellea, sometimes called the oak Syzgium and Psidium spp. in
fungus, causes “shoestring” root rot. Strumella Myrtaceae Family
canker is frequent in forest trees, sometimes
found in ornamentals. RUST. Puccinia psidii, HI.
Oat Okra (Hibiscus esculentus)
VIRUS. Oat Blue Dwarf, upper Midwest, United ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,
States. pod spot, FL, PA; C. hibisci, dieback, TX.
BLIGHT, Blossoms. Choanephora
cucurbitarum, FL, GA, TX.
Ocotillo, Coach-Whip, Candlewood LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta abelmoschi, GA, MD, NJ,
(Fouquieria) NY, pod spot; Alternaria sp., secondary, FL,
OH, PA, SC, UT; Cercospora abelmoschi
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. (C. hibisci), NC to FL, TX; C. malayensis,
RUST. Aecidium cannonii (0, I), AZ. VA to FL, OK, TX; Corynespora cassiicola;
Phyllosticta hibiscina, AL, IL, NJ, NC, OK.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita,
Oenothera (Evening-Primrose) general.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. cichoracearum, CT, NJ, NC, PA.
DODDER. Cuscuta arvensis, OK. ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora arthuri, MA to ROT, Pod. Botrytis sp., NY.
MS, KS, MT, NE, OK, SD. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium fulgens, AL, KS, LA, Rhizoctonia solani, damping-off, AL, FL;
MS, NC, OK, TX to CA. Thielaviopsis basicola, NJ.
Onion (Allium cepa) 605
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MA. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus musicola

VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot, GA, VA; (P. coffeae), CA.
Yellow Mottle, Mexico; Yellow Mosaic NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
Virus, TX. NONPARISITIC. Bitter Pit and Dry Rot of fruit.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Overnutrition
CT to FL, AZ, TX; Verticillium albo-atrum, Exanthema. Dieback. Deficiency of organic
widespread. matter.
Fruit Pit. Boron deficiency.
Soft Nose. Blue Nose. Moisture supply. On vari-
Oleander (Nerium) ety Sevillano only.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, TX;
ANTHRACNOSE, Leaf Spot. Gloeosporium sp., Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
MA, MS, NJ, TX. Polyporus olaea, CA; Fusarium solani,
BACTERIAL Knot. Pseudomonas syringae pv. Argentina.
tonelliana, AZ, CA, CT. ROT, Root, Twig Wilt. Phytophthora
BACTERIAL, Leaf Scorch. Xylella fastidiosa, FL, nicotianae, Argentina.
Costa Rica. VIRUS. Sickle Leaf.
BLIGHT, Stem and Leaf. Pseudomonas syringae, WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA.
CA.
CANKER; Witches’ Broom. Sphaeropsis sp., FL.
DODDER. Cuscuta indecora, FL. Oncoba
LEAF SCORCH. Xylella fastidiosa, LA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp. (Macrosporium nerii), ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
AL, CA, FL, GA, MS; Cercospora neriella,
also pod spot, AL, FL, LA, TX; Phyllosticta
nerii, FL, LA, MI, TX; Septoria oleandrina, Onion (Allium cepa)
CA, FL, LA.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows and California
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Aster Yellows, widespread.
ROT, Stem. Calonectria crotalariae, CA. BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Xanthomonas
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium elongatum, AL, FL. campestris, CA, FL, HI, TX; X. axonopodis,
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE, Scab. Sphaceloma oleandri, GA; Pantoea ananatis. CO.
LA. BACTERIAL Rot; Slippery Skin. Pseudomonas
alliicola, MA, NY, WA; P. cepacia, sour
skin, scale rot, NY; Enterobacter cloacae,
Olive (Olea) bulb decay, CO.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, wide-
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium olivarum, CA. spread in field, transit, storage.
BACTERIAL Knot. Pseudomonas syringae pv. BACTERIAL, Yellows. Spiroplasma citri, CA.
savastanoi, CA. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, AL, CA,
BLACK MILDEW; Leaf Spot. Asternia oleina, FL, GA, OK, TX.
GA. BLOTCH, Purple, Brown. Alternaria porri, ME to
DODDER. Cuscuta indecora, CA. MS, CO, TX, UT; A. tennis, CO;
LEAF SPOT. Cycloclonium oleaginum, peacock A. tenuissima, CO.
spot, CA; Cercospora caldosporioides, also BULB DISEASE. Panatoea ananatis, NY.
fruit spot, CA. DAMPING-OFF. Pythium spp., ID, MA, NY;
NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Rhizoctonia solani, occasional.
606 Host Plants
DECAY, Bulb; internal. Enterobacter cloacae, ROT, Smudge. Colletotrichum circinans, general.
CA. ROT, Soft. Kluyveromyces marxianus var.
DODDER. Cuscuta spp., widespread. marxianus, OR, WA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora destructor, ROT, Various, of bulbs. Aspergillus niger, black
general. mold, general in market; Penicillium spp., blue
LEAF BLIGHT; Bulb Rot. Pantoea agglomerans, mold; Rhizopus stolonifer, soft, after sunscald
GA. or freezing; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, watery
LEAF NECROSIS; Seedling Death. Phytophthora soft; Fusarium proliferatum, bulb rot, WA.
nicotianae, NM. ROT, White. Sclerotium cepivorum, CA, KY,
LEAF SPOT. Heterosporium allii, CA, CO, WA; LA, ME, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, TX, VA.
Phyllosticta allii, IL, NM; Stemphylium RUST. Puccinia asparagi (0, I, II, III), CA,
vesicarium, TX. CT, IA, KS, MN; P. allii (P. porri) (II, III),
NEMATODE, Bulb. Onion Bloat. Ditylenchus CA, CT, NE.
dipsaci, NY, TX. SMUT. Urocystis cepulae, general; U. colchici.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita. TWISTER DISEASE. Colletotrichum
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis. gloeosporium, GA.
NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Paratrichodorus VIRUS. Onion Yellow Dwarf; Scape Blight
christiei. caused by Impatiens Necrotic Spot and
NONPARASITIC. Blast, of inflorescence. Appears in other Tospovirus isolate/strain, ID, including
Connecticut Valley when bright sun follows Iris Yellow Spot, CO, GA, ID, NM, OR, TX,
cloudy weather. Air pollution in NJ. WA (also on wild onions, Allium pskemense,
Chlorosis. Copper deficiency, FL, NY; Manga- A. vavilovii, and A. altaicum); Iris Yellow
nese deficiency, NY, RI. Spot, CA, CO, HI, GA, NY, NV, NM, OR,
Scald. High temperature, general in summer. TX, WA, Ontario, Canada, Uruguay.
Stain, alkali spot. Contact with alkaline materials Smut is the most general onion disease, but it
or ammonia fumes in transit. seldom afflicts onions grown from sets, the usual
PHYTOPLASMA. Aster Yellows, Clover Prolifera- method for a small garden. Growing colored
tion, TX. instead of white onions avoids smudge and neck
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidiopsis taurica, CA; rots to some extent. Sweet Spanish onions are
Leveillula taurica, ID, Pacific Northwest. resistant to pink root and yellow dwarf.
ROT, Basal. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae,
other species, widespread.
ROT, Black Stalk, Tip Blight, Seed Mold. Onosmodium (Marbleseed)
Stemphylium botryosum, AR, CA, LA,
NH, TX, WA. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Bulb. Enterobacter cloacae, WA. RUST. Puccinia recondita (0, I), CO, KS,
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA, NE, ND.
OK, TX.
ROT, Dry. Diplodia natalensis, TX;
Helminthosporium allii, also canker. Oplismenus (Basket-grass)
ROT, Neck; Gray Mold. Botrytis allii, CA, LA,
NJ, TX; B. cinerea; Small Sclerotial; Leaf LEAF SPOT, Tar. Phyllachora punctum, FL, LA.
Blight, B. (Botryotinia, Sclerotinia)
squamosa, occasional; B. porri, WA.
ROT, Pink Root. Pyrenochaeta terrestris, Orange
widespread.
ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, TX. ▶Citrus Fruits.
Orchids (Native Species) 607
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis;

Orchids (Dendrobium) P. scribneri.
NONPARASITIC. Cattleya Dry Sepal. Industrial
BLIGHT, Flower and Leaf; Rot, Root. Fusarium fumes.
proliferatum, F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. ROT, Black; Leaf and Heart. Phytophthora
subglutinans, HI. cactorum, P. phaseoli, FL; Pythium
ultimum, serious on Cattleyas; P. splendens.
ROT, Dry. Nectria bulbicola, secondary.
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani; Soft, Fusarium
Orchids (Imported Species) moniliforme, CA.
ROT, Stem; Southern Blight. Sclerotium rolfsii.
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf and Stem Spot. RUST. Uredo behnickiana (II), FL, NJ, NY;
Colletotrichum cinctum and U. epidendri (II) FL; U. guacae (II), FL;
C. gloeosporioides (Glomerella cincta and U. nigropuncta (II), FL; Sphenospora
G. cingulata), general; Gloeosporium affine, kevorkianii, FL; S. mera, FL; S. saphena, FL.
FL; G. cattleyae, VA. SNOW MOLD. Ptychogaster sp. Potting fiber
BACTERIAL Brown Rot. Erwinia cypripedii; mold.
Burkholderia gladioli. SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium citri.
BACTERIAL Brown Spot. Pseudomonas cattleyae, VIRUS. Cymbidium Mosaic, CA, HI; Orchid
common on Cattleya, severe on Phalaenopsis. Fleck; Mild Cattleya Color-Break; Severe
BACTERIAL Leaf Scorch and Pseudobulb Rot. Cattleya Color-Break; Cattleya Blossom
Unidentified. Brown Necrotic Streak; Odontoglossum
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, seri- Ring Spot, HI; Oncidium Ring Spot;
ous on Cattleya and other general, Tomato Spotted Wilt, HI; Vanda Ring
E. chrysanthemi, FL; Burkholderia gladioli Spot; Spiranthes Mosaic, MD; Odontoglos-
(also leaf spot), HI; Dickeya chrysanthemi, sum Ringspot, China, Japan, Taiwan; Impa-
FL. tiens Necrotic Spot Virus, FL.
BACTERIAL Water Soaked Leaves. Dickey WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae,
chrysanthemi, Erwinia chrysanthemi, FL. CA, FL, OH; F. moniliforme.
BLIGHT, Petal. Botrytis cinerea (Sclerotinia When dividing plants use a “hot knife” or
fuckeliana), spotting common on older disinfest between cuts; keep new orchids iso-
flowers; Glomerella sp., black spot of Vanda lated; sterilize or fumigate the potting medium
orchids. and disinfest the bench. Destroy plants seriously
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii. FL. affected by rusts.
BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena.
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii; Laurel-Dodder.
Cassytha filiformis. Orchids (Native Species)
FLYSPECK. Microthyriella rubi.
LEAF ROT. Sclerotinia rolfsii, FL. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cypripedii, NY, WI;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora epipactidis; Fusicladium aplectri, DE; Mycosphaerella
C. cypripedii; C. peristeriae; C. dendrobii; cypripedii, NY; Phyllosticta aplectri, DE;
C. odontoglossi; Chaetodiplodia sp.; Septoria calypsonis, MI.
Phyllostictina pyriformis; Physalospora RUST. Puccinia praegracilis (Aecidium
spp., also stem decay; Diplodia graebnerianum) (I), AK, CA, MT, OR, WA;
laeliocattleyae; Phyllosticta spp.; P. cypripedii (II, III), IN, IA, MI, NJ, VA, WI;
Selenophoma spp.; Septoria Uredo goodyerae (II, III), CA, CO, NM,
selenophomoides; Volutella albido-pila. OR, WA.
608 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora oxalidiphila, WI;

Oregano, Sweet Marjoram (Origanum) Phyllosticta guttulatae, VT to NJ, IN, WI,
Ramularia oxalidis, NE, NH, NM, OR, PA,
RUST. Puccinia menthae, CA, FL. TN, VT; Septoria acetosella, NY; tar spot,
Phyllachora oxalina, DE, ME, VT.
Osage-Orange (Maclura) NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, NY.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera russellii, ME
BLIGHT, Leaf. Sporodesmium maclurae, MO, to WV, KS, MN, WA.
SC, TX; Botrytis cinerea, OR, gray mold on ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, CT.
stems. RUST. Puccinia andropogonis (0, I), OK, TX, II,
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium ultimum, NE; Rhizoc- III on Andropogon; P. oxalidis (II, III), FL,
tonia solani, NE. GA, LA, MS, NM, SC, TN, TX, WI;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora maclurae, AL; 0, I on mahonia; P. sorghi (0, I), IN, IA, KS,
Ovularia maclurae, AL, LA, TX; MI, MS, ND, OK, SD, TX; II, III on corn and
Phyllosticta maclurae, MO, NJ. Euchlaena.
MISTLETOE. Phorodendron tomentosum, TX; SMUT, Seed. Ustilago oxalidis, CT to MS, OH,
P. serotinum (flavescens), TX. TX, WI.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, TX; Tomato Ringspot,
RUST. Cerotelium fici (II), SC to FL and TX. PA; Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA; Shamrock
WILT. Verticillium sp., CT. Chlorotic Ringspot.
Osier, Basket-Willow (Salix) Oxydendron (Sourwood, Sorrel-Tree)
CANKER. Cryptomyces maximus, Blister; Valsa BLIGHT, Twig. Sphaerulina polyspora, NC.
salicina, Twig, Branch, CA, IA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora oxydendri, AL, MS, TX,
RUST, Leaf. Melampsora abieti-capraearum, WV; Mycosphaerella caroliniana, GA, NC,
NY, PA. TX, WV.
ROT, Wood. Poria punctata, WV.
Osoberry (Osmaronia)
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium nuttallii, CA to Pachistima

OR, WA; Gloeosporium osmaroniae, WA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, OR. LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella pachystimae, ID.
Owls Clover (Orthocarpus) Pachysandra (Japanese-Spurge)

Ground Cover
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta garrettiana, OR, UT.
RUST. Cronartium coleosporioides (II, III), CO, BLIGHT, Leaf; Stem Canker. Volutella
ID, UT; 0, I on pine. pachysandrae (Pseudonectria
pachysandricola), CT, DE, NJ, NY, PA, VA;
Sphaeropsis sp., tip blight, secondary.
Oxalis (Wood-Sorrel) LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium sp., VA; Phyllosticta
pachysandrae, NY, NC, PA, VA; Septoria
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. pachysandrae, FL, TN.
Palm, Date (Phoenix) 609
NEMATODE, Root-Knot Meloidogyne sp. LEAF SCORCH; Leaf-Bitten Disease; Stem Bleed-
VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, NJ. ing. Ceratocystis (Endoconidiophora,
Volutella leaf blight is fairly common after Thielaviopsis) paradoxa, FL.
injury or when plants are too crowded; pinkish LEAF SPOT, Gray; Leaf Break. Pestalotia
spore pustules appear on stems, large brown areas palmarum, secondary, FL.
on leaves. ROT, Bud; Leaf Drop; Wilt. Phytophthora
palmivora, FL; Pythium sp., wilt, FL.
Pacific Wax Myrtle (Myrica californica)

Palm, Date (Phoenix)
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta myricae, CA.
RUST. Cronartium comptoniae (II, III), OR. BLIGHT, Inflorescence; Fruit Rot. Fusarium
spp., AZ.
CANKER. Penicillium vermoeseni, CA.
Painted Cup, Indian Paintbrush FRUIT SPOT, Brown. Helminthosporium molle,
(Castilleja) AZ; Alternaria citri, AZ, CA, TX.
LEAF SCORCH; Black Heart; Bud Rot.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., AK. Ceratocystis paradoxa, AZ, CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, LEAF SPOT. Exosporium palmivorum, Gulf
CO, WA; Sphaerotheca macularis, CO, states; Pestalotia sp., CA, FL; P. palmarum,
WA, WI. FL; Alternaria sp., AZ, CA, FL, TX;
RUST. Cronartium coleosporioides (II, III), CA, Annellophora phoenicis, TX.
CO, SD to NM, UT, WA, WY; 0, I on pine; LEAF SPOT; STEM LESIONS. Colletotrichum
Puccinia andropogonis (0, I), CA, IA MT, fragariae, FL.
NM, WI; II, III on Andropogon; P. castillejae NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AZ,
(II, III), CA, UT. CA.
NONPARASITIC. Black Nose. Fruit checking from
rain and high humidity.
Palm (Chamaedorea) Chlorosis. Manganese deficiency, FL.
PHYTOPLASMA.Witches’ Broom, GA, IL, IN, IA,
LEAF SPOT. Bipolaris setariae, FL; Exserohilum OH.
(Helminthosporium) rostratum, FL; ROT; Decline Disease. Omphalia pigmentata
Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae, FL. and O. tralucida, CA.
ROT, Stem. Gliocladium vermoeseni, FL. ROT, Fruit. Aspergillus niger, Calyx-end, CA,
WA; Catenularia fuliginea, AZ, CA; Peni-
cillium roseum, AZ, CA; Pleospora
Palm Areca (Chrysalidocarpus) herbarum, CA; Phomopsis phoenicola,
CA; Alternaria stemphylioides, CA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA. ROT, Leaf-stalk; Shoot Blight; Fruit Rot.
LEAF SPOT. Bipolaris setariae, FL; Exserohilum Diplodia phoenicum, AZ, CA.
(Helminthosporium) rostratum, FL; ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA;
Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae, FL. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Ceratostomella
radiciola, CA.
ROT, Wood. Poria spp., AZ, CA.
Palm, Coconut (Cocos) SMUT, False. Graphiola phoenicis, widespread.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. canariensis,
BACTERIAL, MLO. Lethal Yellowing, FL. LA, SC, TX; F. oxysporum f. sp. palmarum,
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL. FL.
610 Host Plants
Palm, Fishtail (Caryota) Palm, Royal (Roystonea)
BLIGHT, Leaf and Stem. Glomerella cingulata. ANTHRACNOSE; Petiole Spot. Colletotrichum
LEAF SPOT. Bipolaris setariae, FL; Exserohilum gloeosporioides, FL, TX.
(Helminthosporium) rostratum, FL; LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., FL; Diplodia sp., FL;
Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae, FL. Epicoccum neglectum, FL;
PHYTOPLASMA. Lethal Yellowing, Puerto Rico. Helminthosporium sp., leaf stripe, FL.
LITTLE LEAF. Cause unknown, FL.
Palm, Forster Sentry (Sentry Palm) NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus.
Kentia (Howeia) PHYTOPLASMA. Lethal Yellowing, Puerto Rico.
SMUT, False. Graphiola phoenicis, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Calonectria colhounii; WILT. Phytophthora palmivora, FL.
C. crotalariae; C. theae, HI.
Palm, Pindo (Butia) Palm, Sugar (Arenga)
ROT, Root. Armillaria tabescens, SC. SMUT, False. Graphiola phoenicis, occasional.
Palm, Queen, Plumy Coconut

(Arecastrum) Palm, Washington (Washingtonia)
CANKER; Gummosis. Dothiorella gregaria, CA; BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas

Penicillium vermoeseni, CA. washingtoniae, AZ.
LEAF SPOT. Bipolaris setariae, FL; Exserohilum LEAF SPOT. Auerswaldia sp., CA; Cercospora
(Helminthosporium) rostratum, FL; sp., FL; Colletotrichum sp., FL;
Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae, FL. Cylindrocladium macrosporium, FL;
LEAF SPOT. Exosporium palmivorum, FL; Pestalotia palmarum, FL; Phoma
Glomerella cincta, NJ; Septoria cocoina, MO. palmicola, secondary, TX.
LETHAL DECLINE, NECROSIS. Fusarium LETHAL DECLINE; NECROSIS. Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. palmarum, FL. oxysporum f. sp. palmarum, FL.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Manganese deficiency, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AZ,
FL. FL.
ROT, Bud; Wilt. Phytophthora palmivora, FL; ROT, Bud. Penicillium vermoeseni, CA;
Pythium sp., wilt. Phytophthora palmivora, AZ, FL.
ROT, Butt. Ganoderma sulcatum, FL. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
SMUT, False. Graphiola phoenicis, FL. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, FL.
ROT, Trunk. Phytophthora sp., CA.
SMUT, False. Graphiola phoenicis, FL, TX.
Palm, Rhapis (Rhapis) VIRUS. Palm Mosaic, CA.
WILT. Pythium sp., FL.
LEAF SPOT. Bipolaris setariae, FL; Exserohilum The Penicillium bud rot causes serious losses
(Helminthosporium) rostratum, FL; to Washingtonia filifera in California; W. robusta
Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae, FL. is resistant.
Papaya (Carica) 611
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, LA,

Palmetto, Cabbage Palm (Sabal) NJ, probably general.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, VA.
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina sabalicola, FL, GA; DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Pythium spp., CA, CT,
Meliola spp., Gulf states. MO, NJ; Rhizoctonia solani, DE, IL, MN,
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium sabalis, NY.
LA; S. sabal-minor, FL. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora violae, AL, IL,
FRUIT DROP (Premature). Colletotrichum MS, NE.
pleosporioides, FL. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria violae, NJ, NY, PA;
LEAF SPOT. Helminthosporium apiculiferum, Cercospora violae, CT, IN, MI, NY, TX,
LA, MS; Mycosphaerella serrulata, FL, WI; Phyllosticta rafinesquii, AL, IL;
SC; Phyllachora (Catacauma) sabal, Black Ramularia agrestis, OR; R. lactea, WA.
Spot, FL, GA, TX; Phyllosticta palmetto, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NY, TX.
LA, MS; Myrianginella sabaleos, Black POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, IA,
Speck, FL, GA. KS, WA.
SMUT, False. Graphiola congesta, AL, FL, SC; ROT; Crown. Myrothecium roridum, AL.
G. phoenicis, FL, MS; G. thaxteri, FL. ROT; Leaf Spot. Centrospora acerina, CA, GA.
ROT, Root; Wilt. Aphanomyces cladogamus,
MD; Fusarium oxysporum, CT, MI, NE,
Paloverde (Cercidium) NJ, NY, OH, TX; Thielaviopsis basicola
(Chalara elegans), CT.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron californicum, TX to RUST. Puccinia ellisiana (0, I), KS, NE; II, III on
CA. Andropogon; P. violae (0, I, II, III), CT, FL,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. KS, NJ, ND, SC; Uromyces andropogonis
(0, I), CT; II, III on Andropogon.
SMUT, Seed. Urocystis kmetiana, AR, MO, TN.
Pampas Grass (Cordaderia) SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Pansy Scab. Sphaceloma
violae, KY, MD, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Helminthosporium sp., GA; VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA, OR, TX; Mosaic,
Hendersonia culmiseda, leaf mold; unidentified, MD; Western Cucumber
Phyllosticta sp., KY. Mosaic and Cherry Calico cause flower
break and leaf mottle in CA; Tomato Spotted
Wilt – Lettuce Serotype, GA.
Pandanus (Screw Pine)
LEAF SPOT. Heterosporium iridis, IA; Papaya (Carica)

Macrophoma pandani, CA, FL;
Melanconium pandani, FL, MD; Phomopsis ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum capsici, FL.
sp., NJ; Pestalotia palmarum, secondary, FL; ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit, Stem, and Leaf Spot.
Volutella mellea, NY. Glomerella cingulata, general.
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL. BLACK MILDEW. Asterina caricarum, FL.
BLIGHT, Flower; Leaf Spot. Choanephora amer-
icana, FL.
Pansy (Viola tricolor) BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium aphanidermatum, CA,
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum violae-tricoloris, FL; P. debaryanum, TX; Colletotrichum
ME to FL, IN, MI, PA, WA. gloeosporioides, HI; also seedling blight.
612 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Asperisporium caricae, FL; NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci, CA.
Mycosphaerella caricae, target spot, FL; NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus projectus, MD.
Phyllosticta caricae-papayae, target spot, FL. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces GA, KS, TX, VA.
cichoracearum, CA; Oidium caricae, FL, POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe heraclei, CA, FL,
TX. WA.
NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., FL, TX. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
ROT, Crown, Collar. Calonectria sp. Phytophthora cryptogea, CA.
(Cylindrocladium), HI. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CT, GA,
ROT, Fruit. Diplodia sp., TX; Colletotrichum LA, NY, PA, TX, VA.
magna, Brazil. VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, CA; Strawberry Latent
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Ringspot, CA; Beet Curly Top, CA; Apium
ROT, Stem. Fusarium sp., CA, TX. Virus Y, Potyvirus, CA.
VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot; Papaya Mosaic;
Papaya Ringspot.
Parsnip (Pastinaca)
Parkinsonia BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium

tumefaciens, VA.
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium parkinsoniae, TX; BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, IL, ME, NY,
Phyllosticta parkinsoniae, TX. PA, SD, TX, WI, and California Aster Yel-
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron californicum, CA, lows, CA, WA.
TX. BACTERIAL Rot. Pseudomonas pastinacae, NY;
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Erwinia carotovora, occasional in storage.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX BLIGHT, Leaf; Canker. Itersonilia perplexans,
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium sp., TX. GA, MA, NY.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara nivea.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., NJ; Cercospora
Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum) pastinacae, MD, NE, NY, TX, WV; C.
pastinacina, CA, IN, MI, NY;
ROT, Root and Stem. Pythium carolinianum, Cylindrosporium pastinacae, UT, WI;
CA. Ramularia pastinacae, IN, MA, NY, ND,
OH; Septoria pastinacae, TX; Cercosporella
pastinacae, MA; Phomopsis dichenii.
Parsley (Petroselinum) NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., NJ to
KS and southward.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, CO, NY; NONPARASITIC. Heart Rot. Boron deficiency, NY.
California Aster Yellows, CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe unbelliferarum.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae, CA; E. ROT, Black, Crown. Centrospora acerina.
carotovora, FL. ROT, Black Mold. Rhizopus spp., occasional in
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. storage.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Alternaria dauci, CT; Septoria ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytris cinerea, occasional.
petroselini, CA, CT, NJ, NY. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ,
DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Pythium sp., NJ; Rhi- TX; Rhizoctonia solani, black scurf, NC, TX;
zoctonia solani, NJ, NY. Phytophthora parasitica, dry rot, PA;
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., TX. Phoma sp.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora petroselini, NJ; ROT, Watery Soft. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA,
Stemphylium sp., NJ. IN, LA, MA.
Pea (Pisum) 613
SCAB. Streptomyces scabies, WA.

SCAB, Acid. Streptomyces acidiscabies, ME. Pawpaw (Asimina)
VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified, OR, UT.
BLOTCH, Leaf. Phloeospora asiminae, IL, KS,
MO, OH, WV.
Partridge-Berry (Mitchella) BLOTCH, SOOTY; FLYSPECK. Colletogloeum sp.,
Dissoconium aciculare, Pelaster sp. P21,
BLACK MILDEW. Meliola mitchellae, AL, FL, P. fructicola, Stomiopeltis sp. RS1,
MS, PA. S. versicola, and Dothiodeomycete sp. CS2, IA.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, MD. CANKER; DIEBACK. Nectria cinnabarina;
Polyporus amplectrens, FL, GA;
Sphaeropsis asiminae, MD, WV; Valsa
Passion Flower (Passiflora) ambiens, VA, WV.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora asiminae, widespread;
ANTHRACNOSE, Postharvest. Colletotrichum Phyllosticta asiminae, widespread;
boninense, C. capsici and Glomerella sp., Mycosphaerella sp., IN, OH, WV; Septoria
FL. asiminae, TX.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and S.
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, FL, complanata, Southern U.S., LA.
also stem spot; Cercospora biformis, AR, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
NC; C. fuscovirens, ME to MO, TX; C. ROT, Sapwood. Poria isabellina, VA, WV.
regalis, TX; C. truncatella, SC, TX;
Gloeosporium fructigenum, LA;
Phyllosticta sp., NJ; Alternaria passiflorae, Pea (Pisum)
FL, brown spot.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. ANTHRACNOSE, Leaf and Pod Spot. Colletotrichum
PHYTOPLASMA. Costa Rica. pisi, CT, GA, IA, ME, MS, TX.
ROT, Collar. Sclerotinia sp., CA. BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae pv.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. pisi, general, especially East and South.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, CA; Passiflora BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae,
Latent, FL. ID.
VIRUS, Chlorosis. Bean Common Mosaic, FL. BACTERIAL Pink Seed. Erwinia rhapontici, MT,
WILT, Fusarium. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Alberta, Canada.
passiflora, CA. BLIGHT. Ascochyta pisi, SD.
BLIGHT, Ashy Stem, Charcoal Rot.
Macrophomina phaseoli, TX.
Paulownia (Princess-Tree) BLIGHT, Foot Rot. Mycosphaerella pinodes,
widespread, usually with Ascochyta
GALLS, Root. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incog- pinodella.
nita, M. javanica, M. mayaguensis, FL. BLIGHT, Leaf and Stem. Choanephora
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta paulowniae, MD; conjuncta, GA.
Phyllosticta paulowniae, AL, MD, NY, OK. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea; DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot, Pod Rot. Pythium
Uncinula clintonii. spp. and Rhizoctonia solani, general.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; DODDER. Cuscuta sp., MO.
Armillaria mellea. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora viciae (P. pisi),
ROT, Wood. Polyporus spraguei, AL; general, especially north central and Pacific
P. versicolor, MD; P. robiniophilus. Coast states.
614 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., seedling blight, DE, VIRUS. Seed-borne; Pea Stunt, WI, Turnip
NH; A. alternata, blight, WI; Ascochyta pisi, Mosaic Virus, MN.
general but rare in Northwest; Cercospora WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, NH to
pisa-sativae, GA; Fusicladium pisicola, SC, CA, CO, ID, IL, MN, NE, MT, OR, WA;
black leaf, ID, UT; Pleospora hyalospora, and race 2, Near Wilt; Fusarium oxysporum
MS; Septoria flagellifera, MN, ND, SD, f. sp. medicaginis, MS.
WI; S. pisi, widespread; Stemphylium Resistant varieties are the answer to Fusarium
polymorphum, ME. wilt and some virus diseases. Using clean seed,
NEMATODE, Hop Cyst. Heterodera humuli, OR. preferably grown in the West, is the best way to
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus neglectus, avoid bacterial blight. A well-drained, fertile soil,
P. thornei, ID. 3- to 5-year rotation, cleaning up or plowing
NEMATODE, Oat Cyst. Heterodera avenae, WA. under pea refuse immediately after harvest, all
NEMATODE, Pea Cyst. Heterodera gottingiana, help to produce healthy peas. Some organic soil
WA. amendments reduce pea wilt.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AZ,
CA, FL, NC, SC, TX, UT, WI.
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis. Peach (Prunus persica)
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Manganese or zinc
deficiency, FL, TX, WA. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum acutatum, SC.
Intumescence. Pod swellings, CA, NJ, WA. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Seed Spotting. Cause unknown. tumefaciens, general.
PINK SEED. Erwinia rhapontici, ND. BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, general; rhizogenes, general.
E. pisi, E. trifolii, E. baeumleri, WA. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas pruni, east-
ROT, Black Mold. Rhizopus stolonifer, cosmo- ern, central, southern states.
politan; gray mold, Botrytis cinerea, BACTERIAL, MLO. Peach X-Disease, CT, MA,
occasional. MI, NY, OH, PA.
ROT, Foot. Aphanomyces euteiches, general BACTERIAL Shoot Blight; Canker; Gummosis.
except in far North. Pseudomonas syringae, CA, OR.
ROT, Root. Aphanomyces euteiches, ID, MN; BLIGHT, Blossom; Green Fruit Rot. Sclerotinia
Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, widespread; sclerotiorum, CA.
Pellicularia filamentosa, stem canker, gen- BLIGHT, Leaf. Fabraea maculata, CA, NJ.
eral; Phoma sp., NJ, WI; Pyrenochaeta BLIGHT; Shot-Hole Disease; Pustular Spot.
terrestris, IA; Phymatotrichum Coryneum carpophilum, general.
omnivorum, TX; Phytophthora sp., CA, BLIGHT, Twig. Coniothyrium sp., TX; Cyphella
CT; Thielaviopsis basicola, AR, CA; Rhizoc- marginata, OR; Nectria cinnabarina, AL.
tonia oryzae, WA. CANKER, Crown. Phytophthora citrophthora,
ROT, Stem and Root. Rhizoctonia solani, ND. CA; P. cactorum, stem, AR, CA; P. syringae,
ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA, OR.
DE, FL, ID, MT, NJ, PA, TX, VA, WA. CANKER; DIEBACK; Gummosis. Botryosphaeria
RUST. Uromyces fabae (0, I, II, III), CA, ID, ME, ribis var. chromogena, FL, GA; B. dothidea,
MA, MN, NE, ND, WA, WY. AL, FL, GA, LA, TN, TX; Valsa (Cytospora)
SCAB; Black Spot; Leaf Mold. Cladosporium cincta and V. leucostoma, widespread East
pisicola, CA, ME, OR, TX, UT, WA. and central states; Coniothrium fuckelii,
VIRUS. Pea Enation Mosaic; Pea Mosaic; Pea WV; Ceratocystis fimbriata, CA.
Mottle; Pea Streak; Wisconsin Pea Streak; CANKER; Peach; Constriction Disease.
Pea Wilt; Clover (red) Vein Mosaic; Tomato Fusicoccum amygdali, East and South.
Spotted Wilt; Bean Leaf Roll, CA. Sometimes reported as Phoma persicae.
Peach (Prunus persica) 615
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, AR, CT. Diplodia natalensis, gumming disease;

DIEBACK. Phomopsis sp., AL. D. persicae, GA; Fusarium spp., CA, IL,
LEAF CURL. Taphrina deformans, general. NY, TX; Gibberella persicaria, CA;
LEAF SCORCH, Stunting, Branch Dieback. Xylella Gilbertella persicaria, SC; Glomerella
fastidiosa, NM. cingulata, occasional, AL, GA; Rhizopus
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta circumscissa, wide- nigricans, cosmopolitan; Phomopsis sp., NJ.
spread; P. persicae, MD, NE, OH; ROT, Pink Mold. Trichothecium roseum, CA.
Mycosphaerella persicae, frosty mildew, ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, cosmopolitan;
widespread. Clitocybe monadelpha, AR, FL, MO, OK;
LEAF SPOT; Shot-Hole. Cercospora C. parasitica, OK; C. tabescens, FL, GA;
circumscissa, general; C. consobrina, IL, Ganoderma curtisii, NC, VA;
LA. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX;
NEMATODE. Tylenchusus palustris, AL, AR, GA, Cylindrocladium floridanum, GA.
VA. ROT, Root and Crown. Phytophthora
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum; megasperma, NY, OH; P. cryptogea, NY,
X. pacificum, GA. OH; P. cactorum, NY, OH.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans; ROT, Seedling Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, South;
P. vulnus. wilt, Cylindrocladiu floridanum; Penicil-
NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides similis, lium sp.
C. xenoplax, NJ. ROT, Silver Leaf. Stereum purpureum,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita; occasional.
M. javanica, on “nematode-resistant” varie- ROT, Sour. Geotrichum candidum, CA, SC;
ties; M. arenaria. Issatchenkia scutulata, CA; Kloeckera
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis. apiculata, CA.
NONPARASITIC. Catface. Insect blemish on fruit, ROT, Wood. Fomes spp.; Lenzites saepiaria;
often from plant bugs. Polyporus hirsutus, P. lacteus and
Chlorosis. Iron and magnesium deficiency in P. versicolor, cosmopolitan; Stereum
alkaline soils, Southwest. hirsutum; Shizophyllum commune, wound
Gummosis. Winter injury, bad drainage. rot.
Internal Bark Necrosis. Manganese toxicity, IL. RUST. Tranzschelia discolor (II, III), general; 0,
Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, CA. I on anemone, hepatica.
Stem Pitting. Cause unknown, WV. SCAB. Cladosporium carpophilum, general.
Suture Spot. Cause unknown. Decline, PA. SOOTY MOLD; Fruit Stain. Fumago vagans,
PHYTOPLASMA. Peach Rosette. Ontario Canada. cosmopolitan.
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae, VIRUS. Peach Asteroid Spot, OK and TX to
general; Sphaerotheca pannosa var. southern CA, OR, UT, WA; Peach Calico,
persicae, general. ID, WA; Peach Dwarf; Peach Golden Net,
ROT, Brown. Monilinia fructicola, general, SC. CO; Peach Little Peach, eastern U. S., CT to
ROT, Brown; Blossom and Twig Blight. NC to MI, MO; Peach Mosaic, OK, TX to
Monilinia laxa, Pacific states. CA, CO, UT; Peach Mottle, ID; Peach
ROT, Bud and Twig Blight. Fusarium Necrotic Leaf Spot, MI, Puebla, Mexico;
lateritium, other spp., CA, GA, KS. Peach Phony Disease, Southeast to MO,
ROT, Fruit. Botryosphaeria obtusa, AL, GA; TX; Peach Red Suture, IN, MD, MI; Peach
B. dothidea, AL, GA, SC; Aspergillus Ring Spot, CA, WA, Peach Rosette, SC to
niger, black mold, cosmopolitan; Botrytis FL, MS, TN, MI to AR, OK; Peach Rosette
cinerea, gray mold, cosmopolitan; Mosaic, MI, NY; Peach Stubby Twig; Peach
Cephalothecium roseum, pink mold, wide- Wart, AZ, CA, ID, OR, WA; Peach Yellow
spread; Choanephora persicaria, in market; Bud Mosaic, CA, Peach Yellow Leaf Roll
616 Host Plants
(Western X-Disease, Cherry Buckskin), CA, LEAF SPOT, Brown, Halo. Mycosphaerella
CO, ID, OR, UT, WA; Peach Yellows; arachidicola, general; M. berkeleyi
Mule’s Ear Disease (Drake Almond Bud (Cercospora personata), general.
Failure); Prunus Ring Spot; Cherry Yel- LEAF and STEM DISEASE. Cercospora zebrina
lows; Green Ring Mottle; Prunus Necrotic (clover isolate), NC.
Ring Spot, CA; Tomato Ring Spot, CA; NEMATODE. Panagrolaimus subelongatus, asso-
Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid, WA; Hop ciated with shoot elongation.
Stunt Viroid, Ontario, Canada; Plum Pox, NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides sp.
PA; Stem Pitting; Fravirus carolinianan, NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus brachyurus,
Baccharis halimifolia, VA. AL, FL, GA, SC, VA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, occasional. NEMATODE, Reniform. Rotylenchus reniformis.
Brown rot is the No. 1 peach enemy, and spray NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides cylindricum.
schedules are built around it, although they start NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria;
with a dormant spray for leaf curl. Get the latest M. hapla; M. javanica, GA.
advice and spray schedule from your county agri- NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus.
cultural agent. Peach foliage is sensitive to arsen- NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis;
icals; do not allow a spray prepared for shade B. longicaudatus.
trees to touch peaches. The commercial propaga- NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Trichodorus christiei.
tor must take many precautions to provide stock NEMATODE, Stunt. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni.
free from the numerous viruses. NONPARASITIC. Blue Stain. Seedcoat
discoloration.
Chlorosis. Excess lime; magnesium, manganese
Peanut (Arachis) or iron deficiency.
Necrotic Spot. Nutrient deficiency.
BACTERIAL Phytoplasma. Aster Yellows, OK. Pops. Empty pods. Nutritional deficiency.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, Pouts. Stunting and chlorotic spotting from
AL, FL, NC, VA. thrips.
BLIGHT. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, TX. ROT, Black Mold, of Pods. Cladosporium
BLIGHT, Seedling. Rhizoctonia spp., NC to FL, herbarum, cosmopolitan.
CA, OK, TX. ROT, Blue Mold, of Pods and Nuts. Penicillium
BLIGHT, Southern; Stem and Nut Rot. Sclerotium sp., cosmopolitan.
rolfsii, general. ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CO,
BLIGHT, Stem. Diaporthe sojae, VA, WV; NC, OK, SC, TX.
Sclerotinia minor, VA; S. sclerotiorum, ROT, Collar. Diplodia gossypina; Lasiodiplodia
GA; Botrytis cinerea, GA; Phomopsis theobromae, NC, VA.
longicolla, NM. ROT, Crown. Aspergillus niger, GA, NM, TX.
BLOTCH, Web. Phoma arachidicola, VA. ROT, Cylindrocladium Black Rot.
CANKER, STEM. Fusarium oxysporum, AL. Cylindrocladium crotalariae, NC, VA;
DAMPING-OFF. Synergistic interaction of Pythium C. parasiticum.
myriotylum, Fusarium solani, Meloidogyne ROT, Gray Mold, Leaf. Botrytis cinerea, CT,
arenaria, FL. MD, MS, TN, VA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., FL, MO, NJ, NM, SC; ROT, Peg, Pod, Root. Calonectria
Ascochyta sp., AR; Cercosporidium (Cylindrocladium) crotalariae, GA.
personatum, VA; Phoma sp., MO, VA; ROT, Root. Curvularia inaequalis, SC;
Phyllosticta sp., AL, AR, MS; Pleospora Helminthosporium sp., OK;
sp., AR, OK; Stemphylium sp., ND; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX;
Leptosphaerulin arachidicola, GA, TX; Pythium sp., CA, GA, NC; Thielaviopsis
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, FL. basicola, NC.
Pear (Pyrus) 617
ROT, Root and Pod. Sclerotinia minor, N. galligena, trunk canker; Nummularia
S. sclerotiorum, NC, VA; Sclerotium rolfsii, discreta, DE, IA.
FL; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, GA. CANKER, Bark. Glutinium microsporum, OR;
ROT, Seed. Rhizopus spp.; Trichoderma viride, Helminthosporium papulosum, blister can-
SC. ker, black pox; Myxosporium corticola, NY
ROT, Stem, Pod. Fusarium spp., also root rot, to MI, MS, OR.
wilt; Physalospora rhodina, FL, GA; Rhi- CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., NC to
zoctonia solani; Sclerotium rolfsii, FL; FL, TX.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, GA, NM; CANKER, Perennial. Neofabraea perennans, OR,
S. minor, TX. WA.
RUST. Puccinia arachidis (II), occasional, FL, DECLINE, Pear. Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri,
GA, NC, TX, VA. Ontario, Canada.
VIRUS. Peanut Stunt, AL, FL, GA, NC, VA; FRUIT SPOT; Flyspeck. Leptothyrium pomi, east-
Peanut Mottle, GA, OK; Cowpea Chlorotic ern states.
Mottle, SD; Peanut Stripe, GA; Zuccinia LEAF SPOT. Cercospora minima, FL to TX;
Yellow Mosaic, GA; Impatiens Necrotic C. pyri, MI; Coniothyrium pyrinum, MA
Spot, GA, TX; Peanut Top Paralysis, OK; to AL, IA, TX; Coryneum foliicola, IN;
Tomato Spotted Wilt, AL, GA, VA, TX; Hendersonia cydoniae, NY; Phyllosticta
Peanut Chlorotic Ringspot, GA. pyrorum, IL, MS, SC; Mycosphaerella
WILT. Pythium myriotylum, VA; Verticillium sentina, ashy leaf spot, fruit spot, widespread,
sp., NM. especially in East.
(flavescens), AZ, TX.
Pear (Pyrus) NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus minyus;
P. pratensis, CA.
ANTHRACNOSE, Northwestern. Neofabraea NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
malicorticis, OR, WA. NONPARASITIC. Bitter Pit. Moisture irregularity,
BACTERIAL Blossom, Twig Blight; Canker. Pseu- Pacific Coast, NY.
domonas syringae, AR, CA, CT. Black End; Hard End. Oriental pear rootstocks
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium on shallow, poor soil.
tumefaciens, general. Black Leaf; Brown Bark Spot; Brown Blotch,
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, of Kieffer fruit. Undetermined.
general. Chlorosis. Mineral deficiency, soil alkalinity,
BACTERIAL Fruit Rot. Erwinia carotovora, MA. Pacific Coast.
BLIGHT, Leaf; Black Fruit Spot. Fabraea Cork; Drought Spot; Fruit Pitting. Boron defi-
maculata, general. ciency, Pacific Coast, TX.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, NC to Exanthema. Copper deficiency, CA, FL.
FL, TX, WV. Little Leaf; Rosette. Zinc deficiency, sometimes
BLIGHT, Twig. Corticium salmonicolor, FL, LA; boron, CA.
Fusarium spp., occasional; Phomopsis Marginal Leaf Blight; Scorch. Potassium or cal-
ambigua, widespread; Valsa leucostoma, cium deficiency, ID, WA.
WA. Red Leaf. In Oriental pear, undetermined cause.
BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena, eastern Scald. Immaturity; deficient ventilation.
states to OK, TX. Stigmonose. Insect punctures during growth,
CANKER. Botryosphaeria dothidea, AL; widespread.
Cytospora spp., OR, VA, WA; Nectria Target Canker, Measles. Undetermined, CA,
cinnabarina, coral spot; dieback; GA, NY, VA, WA.
618 Host Plants
POSTHARVEST DISEASE. Sphaeropsis on fruit; G. fuseum, CA; G. globosum (0, I),

pyriputrescens, MI. on leaves and fruit, eastern states to IA, MN;
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera leucotricha, G. hyalinum (0, I), FL; G. kernianum (0, I),
CO, MD, OR, WA; P. oxyacanthae, NJ. on leaves and fruit, AZ, CO; G. nootkatense
ROT, Bitter; Twig, Branch Canker. Glomerella (0, I), on Asiatic pear, AK; G. sabinae, MI.
cingulata, widespread but not destructive. SCAB. Venturia pyrina, general.
ROT, Black; Canker; Leaf Spot. Physalospora SPOT ANTHRACNOSE, Scab. Elsinoë pini, OR, WA.
obtusa, widespread. VIROID. Pear Blister. Argentina.
ROT, Brown. Monilinia fructicola, eastern states, VIRUS. Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot, Spy Epi-
TX, WA. nasty Decline, Virginia Crab Stem Pitting
ROT, Brown; Blossom Blight. Monilinia laxa. and Brownline, Apple Mosaic, Flat Limb,
Pacific states. Pear Vein Yellows/Red Mottle, Pear Ring-
ROT; Blossom and Twig Blight. Botrytis Pattern Mosaic, Pear Latent on Bradford
cinerea, widespread. Pear (Pyrus calleryana), MD; Pear Stony
ROT, Collar, Root. Phytophthora cactorum, Pit, Pacific Coast states, NY; Pear Decline,
widespread; P. citrophthora, CA. CA, OR, WA; Pear Leaf Curl, CA; Pear
ROT, Fruit. Alternaria sp., black mold; Aspergil- Bark Measles, CO; Apple Stem Pitting,
lus sp., cosmopolitan; Botryosphaeria ribis, Argentina.
black rot, VA; Cephalosporium carpogenum, Fire blight is the limiting factor in pear produc-
storage; Trichothecium roseum, occasional tion, many orchards having been abandoned
pink mold; Cladosporium sp., occasional; because of this devastating bacterial disease.
Coprinus urticicola, OR; Gloeosporium sp., Kieffer pears and some Asiatic varieties are resis-
widespread Neurospora sitophila, ripe rot, tant and are being used in breeding; some resistant
NC; Penicillium spp., blue mold, widespread; forms are now available. Sprays during
Phialophora malorum, storage; Phoma blossoming, usually an antibiotic, sometimes com-
exigua; P. mali; Rhizopus nigricans, black bined with weak copper, are used in conjunction
mold, cosmopolitan; Pleospora fructicola; with sanitary measures for fire-blight control. Pear
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA, WA; decline, a virus disease transmitted by the pear
Sporotrichum malorum, storage rot, OR, psylla, is serious on the Pacific Coast.
WA; Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis (also
Canker and Blight), WA; Sphaeropsis
pyriputrescens, WA; Potebniamyces pyri,
WA. Pea-Tree (Caragana)
ROT, Heart. Fomes igniarius; F. pinicola;
Polyporus spp. BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, widespread; rhizogenes, KY to NE, OK.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, OK, BLIGHT, Leaf. Ascochyta sp., OH; Septoria sp.,
TX; Xylaria sp., ID, IN; Xylaria mali, VA; MN.
Phytophthora cinnamomi. BLIGHT, Pod. Botrytis cinerea, MA.
ROT, Silver Leaf. Stereum purpureum, NY, OR; DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, ND.
S. hirsutum, trunk rot. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta gallarum, AK, WI.
ROT, Stem, Calyx. Phacidiopycnis piri (also can- POWDERY MILDEW. Microspora (Erysiphe)
ker and postharvst fruit rot), OR. palczewskii, AK, ID, MN, ND, WA;
ROT, Trunk. Schizophyllum commune, Erysiphe arborescens, WI, Quebec, Canada.
cosmopolitan. ROT, Root. Pellicularia filamentosa, ND;
RUST. Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (0, I), Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
leaves and fruit, SC: G. clavipes (0, I), chiefly Phytophthora cactorum, wilt, of seedlings.
Pennisetum 619
Sand Burn of Seedlings. High temperature.

Pecan (Carya illinoensis) POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni,
occasional.
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, GA. ROT, Heart. Schizophyllum commune, after
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium drought injury, OK.
tumefaciens, widespread. ROT, Kernel and Shuck. Phytophthora
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, NC. cactorum, GA.
BLOTCH, Leaf. Mycosphaerella dendroides, ROT, on nuts. Aspergillus chevalieri, storage
South. mold; Trichothecium roseum, pink mold.
CANKER. Cytospora sp., AZ. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA;
CANKER; Black Bark Spot. Myriangium Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
tuberculans, GA, MS. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria Pestalotia uvicola, FL, TX; Clitocybe
berengeriana, AZ, SC, to FL. tabescens, GA.
CANKER, Stem. Microcera (Fusarium) SCAB. Cladosporium effusum, general.
coccophila, LA, TX. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Nursery Blight. Elsinoë
LEAF SCORCH, FUNGAL. Xylella fastidiosa, randii, southeastern and Gulf states.
Pestalotia, Epicoccum, Curvularia, Fusar- VIRUS. Bunch Disease. Undetermined.
ium, LA. Pecan scab is the limiting factor in nut pro-
LEAF SPOT. Microstroma juglandis, GA to duction in southeastern states, with strains of
TX; Phyllosticta convexula, OK; the fungus sometimes attacking varieties long
Septoria caryae, TX; Pestalotia uvicola, considered immune; four or five sprays are
FL, TX. required for control. In Arizona severe infection
LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL. from Phymatotrichum root rot has come where
LEAF SPOT, Brown. Cercospora fusca, prevalent trees are intercropped with lucerne, which pro-
through pecan belt. vides a rapid transit medium for the fungus.
LEAF SPOT; Downy Spot. Mycosphaerella Getting rid of the lucerne and treating with
caryigena, GA and FL to TX. ammonium sulfate saves some trees. Zinc sul-
LEAF SPOT; Liver Spot. Gnomonia caryae var. fate, added to the soil or to foliar sprays, con-
pecanae, AL, AR, GA, LA, MS, TX. trols rosette.
LEAF SPOT; Vein Spot. Gnomonia nerviseda,
AR, IL, LA, MS, TX.
LEAF SPOT; Zonate. Cristulariella pyramidalis,
AL. Pennisetum
(flavescens), widespread Gulf states. BACTERIAL STRIPE. Acidovorax avenae subsp.
NEMATODE. Paratylenchus sp.; Trichodorus sp. avenae, GA.
NEMATODE, Awl. Dolichodorus obtusus. BLACK CHOKE DISEASE. Ephelis sp., MD.
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum, BLIGHT, Basal Leaf. Waitea circinata var.
Southeast. prodigus, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.; LEAF SPOT. Helminthosporium giganteum, MD;
M. incognita; M. partityla, FL, GA. Phyllosticta penicillariae, GA; also stunt and
NONPARASITIC. Black Pit; Kernel Spot. Feeding chlorosis; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.
punctures of plant bugs. graminis (also yellowing), CA.
Leaf Scorch. Low fertility and soil moisture LEAF SPOT, Gray. Pyricularia grisea, CA.
capacity. SMUT, Seed. Ustilago penniseti, VA.
Rosette. Zinc deficiency. VIRUS. Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus, OH.
620 Host Plants
CANKER, Stem Wilt. Coniothyrium sp., CA on

Penstemon (Beard-Tongue) tree peonies.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., occasional in north-
BLACK MILDEW. Dimerium alpinum, CA. eastern and central states; Cercospora
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora penstemonis, AL, IN, paeoniae, IL; Pezizella oenotherae, MD,
KS, MT, NE, ND, OK, SD, TX, WI; PA; Phyllosticta sp., NJ, PA, VA, Septoria
Cercosporella nivosa, CO, ID, OH, WA; paeoniae, also stem canker, ME, MI, MN, NJ,
Phyllosticta antirrhini, IL; Ramularia NY, OR, RI, WA, WI; Cryptostictis
penstemonis, CA; Septoria penstemonis, paeoniae, IL.
CA, IL, ME, MI, MS, MO, NY, OK, TX, NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
WA, WI. NJ, WA.
LEAF SPOT; Stem Spot. Ascochyta penstemonis, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., wide-
CA. spread; M. hapla; M. incognita.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. NEMATODE, Spiral. Rotylenchus buxophilus.
NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, VA. NONPARASITIC. Bud Blast. Various causes, some-
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces times potassium deficiency.
cichoracearum, WA. Le Moine Disease; Club Root. Cause unknown,
ROT, Crown, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, CT, IL, possibly virus.
MA, NJ, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, TX.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, IA, MI, OR;
ROT, Root, Crown. Phytophthora citrophthora, Fusarium sp., CO, IN, MO, NE, NJ, OK;
CA. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX; Rhi-
RUST. Puccinia andropogonis (0, I), widespread; zoctonia solani, CT, IL, MN, NY, PA, VA;
II, III on Andropogon; P. confraga (III), Thielaviopsis basicola, CT.
AZ; P. palmeri (0, I, III), AZ, CA, ID, WA, ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, IL,
MT, to NM; P. penstemonis (III), AZ, CA, MD, MN, NJ, NY, OH, OK.
OR, UT. VIRUS. Peony Ring Spot, MA to VA, CA, KS,
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, OR; Turnip Vein- MI, WA; Tobacco Rattle, AK; Witches’
Clearing, MN. Broom, Crown Elongation. Cause unknown,
MD, NY, VA; Hosta Virus X, Tobacco Rat-
tle Virus; Helleborus Net Necrosis;
Nemesia Ring Necrosis, Diascia Yellow
Peony (Paeonia) Mottle, Pacific Northwest.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, IL, KS, MD,
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., IL, KS, MD, NY, OH.
MA, NJ, NC, PA, VA. Botrytis blight is doubtless the best-known
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium peony disease. Young shoots are rotted at base;
tumefaciens, MD, MI. buds turn black, flowers are blasted. Cutting
BLIGHT, Early Bud Rot. Botrytis paeoniae, down all tops at ground level in fall and spraying
general. in spring when reddish shoots first show will
BLIGHT, Late; Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, also reduce blight. Anthracnose, blotch, sometimes
leaf rot, general. leaf spot, may be serious occasionally. In humid
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, MS, TX. summers Sclerotinia sclerotiorum frequently
BLIGHT, Tip; Crown Rot. Phytophthora kills stalks, filling the pith with very large
cactorum, CT, IL, IN, KS, NJ, NY, OH. sclerotia. Sickly plants may have root-knot
BLIGHT, Twig. Pestalotiopsis paeoniicola, CT. nematodes. Lack of bloom may be due to too-
BLOTCH, Leaf, Stem; Measles. Cladosporium deep planting, growing in shade, Botrytis blight,
paeoniae, general. or nematodes.
Pepper (Capsicum) 621
DAMPING-OFF; Stem and Root Rot. Pythium spp.,

Peperomia cosmopolitan; Rhizoctonia solani,
cosmopolitan.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sp., WA; DODDER. Cuscuta sp., GA, NJ, VA.
Gloeosporium sp., WA. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora tabacina, GA,
LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL. NC, SC, TX.
NEMATODE. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi; FRUIT SPOT, Black. Nonparasitic, TX.
Pratylenchus sp.; Radopholus similis, FL. GIRDLING, Stem. Nectria haematococca, FL.
ROT, Cutting; Root. Rhizoctonia sp.; Pythium LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta capsici, WA, NY to FL;
splendens, CA; Phytophthora palmivora, Cercospora capsici, frogeye; stem-end rot;
CA; P. nicotianae var. parasitica, OH. C. unamunoi, CA and Gulf states; C. apii,
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, SC; Ring Spot; Brazil; Stemphylium solani, FL;
Oedema, pimples in leaves, graft-transmissi- S. botryosum f. sp. capsicum, NY.
ble, probably due to a virus; Tobravirus, IL, MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium herbarum, CA, GA,
MI, MN. TX; Seed Mold, Stemphylium botryosum,
The virus ring spot distorts leaves, which have CT, FL.
chlorotic or brown necrotic rings; plants are stunted. NECROSIS, Vascular. Verticillium dahliae, NM.
NEMATODE, Awl. Dolichodorus heterocephalus.
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis.
Pepper (Capsicum) NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria;
ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit, Leaf and Stem Spot. M. incognita; M. hapla.
Gloeosporium piperatum, MA to FL, IL, NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus erythrinae.
TX; Glomerella cingulata, fruit rot, CT to NEMATODE, Stylet. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni;
FL, KS, OH, TX; Colletotrichum capsici, T. capitatus.
ripe rot, MS; C. boninense, Brazil. NEMATODE, Tobacco Cyst. Heterodera tabacum,
BACTERIAL Canker, Vascular. Clavibacter VA.
michiganense, IN, OH, WY, on C. annuum NONPARASITIC. Blossom-End Rot. Deficient
var. cerasiforme, and on C. frutescens (Bell water supply, also lack of calcium.
Pepper), CA. Sunscald. High temperature, often after
BACTERIAL Fruit and Stem Spot; Seedling Blight. defoliation.
Xanthomonas vesicatoria, general in South PHYTOPLASMA. Brote Grande, Phyllody. NM,
and East. U.S. Desert Southwest.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas vesicatoria, PHYTOPLASMA, Chlorosis, Pale Green.
NC, OH; X. vitians, OH; Pseudomonas Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,
syringae; P. viridiflava, FL. Mexico.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae, and PHYTOPLASMA, Leaf Cup Stunt. Candidatus
E. carotovora pv. carotovora, CA, FL, NJ; Liberibacter solanacearum, New Zealand.
Pseudomonas marginalis, CA, FL, NJ, occa- PHYTOPLASMA, Little Leaf. Phytoplasma asteris,
sional in market. Mexico.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, PHYTOPLASMA, Stunting, Small Leaves, Aborted
PA to FL. Seed Pods, Costa Rica.
BLIGHT; Blossom Rot. Choanephora POWDERY MILDEW. Leveillula taurica, AZ, CA,
cucurbitarum, FL, NC. FL, HI, MD, NV, NY, OK, UT, Pacific North-
BLIGHT; Fruit Rot. Phytophthora capsici, CA, west, British Columbia, Canada.
CO, FL, LA, MO, NM, NY, OH, TX, VA; ROT, Black; Internal Mold, Early Blight.
P. parasitica, IL, IN. Alternaria spp., general after sunscald and
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, NC to FL. blossom-end rot.
622 Host Plants
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA, To control bacterial spot and anthracnose
GA, KS, NJ, TX. rotate crops, avoiding land growing potatoes,
ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia minor, CA. tomatoes, or eggplant the previous year, and do
ROT, Collar. Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii, not grow next to other solanaceous crops. To
CA. avoid sunscald, keep fruits shaded; spray to con-
ROT, Fruit. Colletotrichum capsici and trol leaf spots to prevent defoliation. For virus
C. nigrum, general; Colletotrichum diseases, obtain healthy seed or use resistant vari-
gloeosporioides and C. coccodes, FL; eties. Do not start plants in greenhouses with
Diaporthe phaseolorum, MS, MO; Phoma petunias or Jerusalem cherries; do not smoke or
destructiva, AL, DE, FL, GA, MS, NY; Pen- handle tobacco near plants; control aphid vectors;
icillium sp., GA; Rhizopus stolonifer, FL, control weed hosts before the crop is planted.
TX, WA; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, also
stem rot, CA, CT, FL, MA, OH; Fusarium
spp.; F. solani, Nectria haematococca, also Pepper-Grass, Garden Cress
stem canker; F. subglutinans, British Colum- (Lepidium)
bia, Canada.
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, occasional in DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, TX;
market or field. Rhizoctonia solani, TX.
ROT, Pod. Curvularia lunata, FL; Nematospora DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora lepidii, IA,
coryli, yeast spot after plant bug injury. SD, TX.
ROT, Root. Aphanomyces sp., NJ, of seedlings; ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MA.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, ROT, Root. Pyrenochaeta terrestris, pink root,
AZ, TX; Pythium aphanidermatum, FL; ND, SD; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
P. myriotylum, FL; P. helicoides, FL; RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), TX; II, III on
P. splendens, FL; P. arrhenomanes, grasses.
FL; P. catenulatum, FL; P. irregulare, FL; VIRUS. Bidens Mottle, FL.
P. graminicola, FL; Fusarium solani f. sp. WHITE RUST; White Blister. Albugo candida,
eumartii, CA. general; CA.
VIRUS. Pepper Mottle, CA; Pepper Strain of
Alfalfa Mosaic; Pepper Vein-Banding
Mosaic (Potato Y virus); Potato Virus X; Pepper Vine, Cissus (Ampelopsis
Cucumber Mosaic, FL; Tobacco Mosaic; arborea)
Tobacco Mosaic (Jalapeno Pepper), NY;
Tobacco Etch; Aster Ring Spot; Beet BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA.
Curly Top, Mexico; Tomato Spotted DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL.
Wilt, FL, IN, LA, OH, OR, TN; Pepper LEAF SPOT. Cercospora arboreae, TX; C. vitis,
Mild Mottle, FL, OR, SC; Pepper Mild LA; Guignardia bidwellii f. sp.
Tigre, TX; Pepper Texas, TX; Serrano parthenocissi, MS, NJ.
Golden Mosaic, AZ; Tomato Leaf Curl,
CA, Mexico; Potato Virus Y and Tobacco
Ring Spot, TX; Impatiens Necrotic Spot, Periwinkle, Madagascar
WA; Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl, Baja, CA, (Catharanthus)
Guatemala, Sur, Mexico; Tomato Chlorosis,
Brazil; Costa Rica. BLIGHT, Foliar. Phytophthora tropicalis, VA.
WILT. Fusarium annuum, AZ, CO, LA, ME, BLIGHT, Web. Rhizoctonia solani, LA; Sclero-
MS, NJ, NM, OK, TX; Verticillium albo- tium rolfsii, LA.
atrum, CA, CO, CT, LA, NY, TX; V. dahliae, PHYTOPLASMA, Yellowing and Witches’ Broom.
NM. Candidatus brasiliense, Brazil.
Petunia 623
Polyporus spp.; Schizophyllum commune,

Persimmon (Diospyros) KY, TN.
WILT. Cephalosporium diospyri, AL, AR, FL,
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum acutatum, NC. GA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX; Verticillium
ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit, Twig, Blight. albo-atrum, TX.
Gloeosporium diospyri, East and South to Persimmon wilt started in Tennessee in 1933,
KS. and at the end of 5 years only 5 % of the persim-
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium mons in that native stand were alive. Oriental
tumefaciens, CA. persimmons are resistant.
BACTERIAL, Witches’ Broom. MLO, TX.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, on
Japanese persimmon. Petalostemon (Prairie-Clover)
BLIGHT, Twig. Phoma diospyri, FL, SC;
Physalospora obtusa, Gulf states. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
BLOTCH, Leaf. Mycosphaerella diospyri, Gulf RUST. Puccinia andropogonis (0, I), ND to KS,
states. CO. TX, WY; Uropyxis petalostemonis (0, I,
CANKER; DIEBACK. Diplodia natalensis, AL, TX; II, III), WI to ND, CO, NM.
Botryosphaeria ribis, AL, LA, MD.
FRUIT SPOT; Flyspeck. Leptothyrium pomi, FL;
Macrophoma diospyri, AL, NJ, TX; Petasites (Butter-Bur)
Dissoconium mali, IA, China.
LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, FL. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI.
LEAF SPOT, Brown. Cercospora diospyri, IL, LEAF SPOT. Ramularia variegata, WI;
ME, MS, SC, TX, VA; Black, C. fuliginosa, Stagonospora petasitidis, WI.
AL, FL, GA, IL, MS, TX; Pestalotia sp., RUST. Puccinia conglomerata, MI, MN, NY,
secondary; Phyllosticta sp., FL, IN; WI; P. poarum, AK.
Ramularia sp., FL; Fusicladium levieri,
CT, FL, MS.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum Petunia
(flavescens), FL, TX; Viscum album, CA,
on Diospyros kakai (Japanese Persimmon). BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, CA,
NEMATODE, Citrus. Tylenchulus semipenetrans, OH, PA.
CA. BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL, SC, BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum,
TX. FL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae, BLIGHT, of old flowers. Choanephora conjuncta,
TX. GA; C. cucurbitarum (whole plant), LA;
ROT, Fruit. Alternaria sp., occasional on Japa- Phytophthora infestans, CA, MD, NY;
nese persimmon; Botrytis cinerea, gray Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, LA.
mold; Penicillium expansum, blue mold, cos- BLOTCH, Leaf. Cercospora petuniae, FL, OK.
mopolitan; Physalospora spp., AL, AZ, GA, DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, FL, NJ, NY,
NY, TX; Rhizopus stolonifer, TX. NC, OK, PA, TX.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; DODDER. Cuscuta spp., MD, NJ, NY, OK, TX,
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. WV.
ROT, Wood. Daedalea ambigua, LA, MS; LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta petuniae, TX.
Daldinia concentrica, LA, VA; Fomes spp.; NONPARASITIC. Air Pollution Injury.
Hericium erinaceus, LA; Lentinus tigrinus, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., gen-
LA, MS; Pleurotus ostreatus, LA, MS; eral in South, occasional in greenhouses.
624 Host Plants
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., MN, NJ,NY, VA, ROT, Stem. Phytophthora spp., FL.
Austria, Hungary. SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium sp.
ROT, Black Stem. Stemphylium botryosum, sec-
ondary, TX.
ROT, Crown. Phytophthora nicotianae var. Phlox
parasitica, FL; Phytophthora parasitica,
CO. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ. tumefaciens, NJ.
VIROID. Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf, USA. BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, CA.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA, OR; Tobacco Etch; BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ, NY, PA,
Tobacco Mosaic; Cucumber Mosaic, gen- and California Aster Yellows, CA.
eral; Tobacco Ring Spot; Tomato Spotted BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK.
Wilt, CA; Impatiens Serotype, GA, FL; BLIGHT, Southern; Crown Rot. Sclerotium
Petunia Vein-Clearing, MN; Potato rolfsii, CT, FL, IL, MD, NJ, NY, OH, TX, VA.
Rugose Mosaic; Bidens Mottle, FL; Brome- BLIGHT, Stem. Pyrenochaeta phlogis, NY.
grass Mosaic, General; Calibrachoa Mottle, CANKER, Stem. Colletotrichum sp., FL.
CA, FL. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora phlogina, IA, WI.
WILT. Fusarium sp., WA; Sclerotinia LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta phlogis var. phlogina, MA,
sclerotiorum, WA; Verticillium albo- NY, TX; Cercospora omphakodes, NY to IA,
atrum, CA. WI; Macrophoma cylindrospora, CA;
Dodder is common on petunias, reported Phyllosticta sp., WA; Septoria spp.; Volutella
in window boxes as well as in garden beds. phlogina, LA; Ramularia sp., WA;
Plants started in greenhouses may get Stemphylium botryosum (Pleospora
infected with tobacco mosaic. Smoking around herbarum), NJ.
petunias, or a tobacco-stem mulch, may also fos- NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
ter mosaic. MD
CA, CT, MD, NJ, NY, OH, TX, WA. NEMA-
Philibertia TODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., KS,
MD, MA, NJ, OH, TX, WA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, FL. NONPARASITIC. Leaf Drop; “Rust,” Blight. Cause
RUST. Puccinia bartholomaei (0, I), AZ; uncertain but includes inability of old stems of
P. obliqua (III), AZ, CA, FL, NM, TX. some varieties to take up enough water.
cichoracearum, general; Sphaero theca
Philodendron macularis, KS, NH, NY, OH, WA.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, IL.
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., WA; ROT, Root. Thielaviopsis basicola;
Colletotrichum sp., WA. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
BACTERIAL Leaf Rot. Erwinia chrysanthemi, FL. RUST. Puccinia douglasii (0, I, III), CO, MT, NE,
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA. NJ, NM, OR, PA, UT, WA, WY;
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum philodendri, NJ. P. plumbaria (0, I, III), IL, IA, MO, TX,
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL; WY to NM, CA, WA; Uromyces acuminatus
Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. var. polemonii (0, I), IL, IA, MN, MS, SD,
NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus: WI.
Lesion Pratylenchus sp., FL. VIRUS. Angelonia Flower; Mosaic, MD, NY,
NONPARASITIC. Exudation of sugars, CA. NC; Tomato Spotted Wilt-Impatiens Sero-
ROT, Root. Pythium splendens, FL. type, GA, FL; Tobravirus, IL, MI, MN.
Pine (Pinus) 625
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, MN, NY. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara cephalophora,

When gardeners talk about “rust” on phlox, they WI.
usually mean the physiological blight, for true rusts LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella physostegiae, GA,
are uncommon on perennial summer phlox. Pow- VA; Septoria physostegiae, IL, WI.
dery mildew is general and especially disfiguring ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ME.
when plants are shaded or crowded with little air RUST. Puccinia physostegiae (III), IN, MT, NH,
circulation. Sulfur dust is still good. NY.
Phoenix-Tree (Firmiana simplex)

Pick-a-Back (Tolmiea)
BLIGHT, Web. Rhizoctonia microsclerotia, FL.
CANKER; Coral Spot. Nectria cinnabarina, OK. POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca sp., OR.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
Pieris (Mountain, Japanese

Photinia (Christmasberry, Toyon and Andromeda)
Oriental Species)
BLIGHT, Phytophthora ramorum, OR;
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., MS. P. tropicalis, VA.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, CA, BLIGHT, Twig. Cytospora sp., OR.
NJ. DIEBACK. Phytophthora sp., PA; Phytophthora
BLIGHT, Leaf. Fabraea maculata, CA, LA. cambivora, NC.
DIEBACK. Cytospora sp. LEAF SPOT. Pestalotia sp., CT, NJ; Phyllosticta
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., GA; C. heteromeles, andromedae, NJ; P. maxima, CT, NJ;
CA, TX; C. photiniae-serrulata; C. Alternaria tenuis, RI.
eriobotryae; Lophodermium heteromeles, LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma andromedae, FL, GA.
CA; Phyllosticta heteromeles, CA, TX; ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, NJ.
Pestalotia sp., NJ; Septoria photiniae, CA, PA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera leucotricha,
CA; Sphaerotheca pannosa, OR. Pigeon Pea (Cajanus)
ROT, Crown. Phytophthora cactorum, CA.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; PHYTOPLASMA, Witches’ Broom. FL.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; VIRUS. Pigeon Pea Golden Mosaic.
Phytophthora lateralis, NC; P. syringae,
NC.
RUST. Gymnosporangium japonicum (0, I), III Pine (Pinus)
on juniper; G. clavipes, MA.
SCAB. Photinia photinicola (Spilocaea BLACK MILDEW. Lembosia acicola, CA.
eriobotryae), on leaves, berries, CA. BLIGHT, Diplodia. Diplodia pinea, AL, LA, MS.
BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia nigra, North-
west, on snow-buried foliage at high altitudes;
Neopeckia coulteri, CA, MT.
Physostegia (False Dragonhead) BLIGHT, Brown Spot Needle. Systremma
(Scirrhia) acicola, on hard pines in South, on
BLIGHT; Southern Crown Rot. Sclerotium rolfsii, Red pine, WI.
VA to OK, CT, KS, NJ, NY, WI. BLIGHT, Foliage. Rhizoctonia solani, VA.
626 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Needle. Cytospora pinastri, ME, DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium
NJ, PA; Hendersonula pinicola, NC, TN, spp., cosmopolitan; Fusarium moniliforme
WY; Pullularia pullulans, after insect var. intermedium, GA.
injury; Dothistroma pini, IL, IA, NE, DECLINE. Helicotylenchus multicinctus, GA.
OH, OK, MD; Septoria spadicea, MN, DIEBACK, Branch. Diplodia pinea, WI.
NH, NY, VT, VA; Lecanosticta sp.; DIEBACK, Tip. Sirococcus strobilinus, CA, MI,
Dothistroma pini, MN, MT, PA; MN, WI.
D. septospora, PA, VT; Lophodermella MISTLETOE. Psittacanthus macrantherus. Sina-
cerina, AL, FL, LA, MS. loa, Mexico; Arceuthobium blumeri and
BLIGHT, Seedling. Botrytis cinerea, cosmopoli- A. globosum subsp. globosum, Mexico.
tan; Cylindrocladium scoparium, NJ; MISTLETOE, Dwarf. Arceuthobium
Fusarium subglutinans, AL, NC, seedling americanum, Rocky Mt. states; Pacific
mortality; Rhizina undulata, CA, ME, MN, Northwest; A. campylopodum, western
northern Rocky Mts.; Thelephora terrestris, dwarf, Rocky Mt. states to Pacific Coast, TX;
KS, ME, NJ, OH, PA, northern Rocky Mts.; A. vaginatum, southern Rocky Mt. states,
Scleroderris lagerbergii, MI, NY, WI, also Mexico; A. vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum,
canker. CO; A. cyanocarpum, CA, CO, OR, WY;
BLIGHT, Shoot. Fusarium moniliforme var. A. occidentale, CA; A. gilli, AR;
subglutinans, FL, GA; Diplodia gossypina, A. vaginatum subsp. vaginatum, AR;
GA; Gremmeniella abietina, NH, NY; A. hondurense, Mexico; Dwarf Mistletoe,
Sphaeropsis sapinea, NE; Diplodia pinea, A. aureum subsp. aureum, Mexico;
TX, WI. Cladocolea cupulata on P. duglasiana and
BLIGHT, Snow. Phacidium infestans, occasional, P. herrarie, Mexico (Durango and Sinaloa).
New England; P. convexum, NC. NEEDLE CAST. Bifusella linearis, tar spot, wide-
BLIGHT, Tip; Twig; Collar Rot. Diplodia pinea spread; B. striiformis, CA; Elytroderma
(Sphaeropsis ellisii and S. Sapinea), New deformans, also Witches’ Broom, SD to AZ,
England to CA, IA, KS, ND, SD, VA, WI. CA, GA, WA; Hypoderma desmazierii; ME
Cenangium ferruginosum (C. abietis), to NC, GA, WI; H. hedgecockii, Southeast;
“pruning twig blight,” widespread, sometimes H. lethale, gray blight, on hard pines, New
secondary; Monochaetia pinicola. England to FL, LA; H. pedatum, CA;
CANKER. Atropellis pinicola, Northwest; H. pini, CA, NV; H. saccatum, tar spot, CO,
A. piniphila, Northwest, AL, NM, TN; NM; Hypodermella arcuata, CA, OR;
A. tingens, GA, MA, NH, NC, PA, VA; H. ampla, tar spot, Great Lakes states;
A. arizonica, AZ; Caliciopsis pinea, New H. cerina, CA; H. concolor, CO to ID, MT,
England to SC, TN; Dasyscyphus ellisiana, OR; H. lacrimformis, CA, OR; H. limitata,
on introduced pines in eastern states; D. pini, CA; H. medusa, CA, CO; H. montana, CA to
on five-needle pines, Pacific Northwest, MI; ID, OR; H. montivaga, CA to MT, OR;
Nectria spp., New England to NC, IA; Lophodermium nitens, New England to GA
Rhabdospora mirabilissima, of seedlings, and MI and Pacific Northwest, on five-needle
NY; Tympanis confusa, VA. pines; L. pinastri, widespread; L. ponderosae,
CANKER. Scleroderris lagerbergii on red pine CA; Canavirgella banfieldii, MI.
MI, MN, NY, VT, WI. NEEDLE CAST. Bifusella saccata, CA, CO;
CANKER, Bark. Aleurodiscus amorphus, wide- Hypodermella sp., CA, OR; Lophodermium
spread; Felt, Septobasidium spp. durilabrum, OR; L. seditiosum, MI.
CANKER, Bleeding. Sphaeropsis ellisii, PA. NEEDLE DROOP. Abiotic inability of poor roots to
CANKER, Pitch. Fusarium lateritium f. sp. pini, acquire sufficient water, MI, MN, WI.
FL, VA; F. moniliforme var. subglutinans, NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum.
FL, NC; F. circinatum, AL, CA. NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus coronatus.
Pine (Pinus) 627
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae, FL. RUST. Coleosporium crowellii, CA, NV, UT,
NEMATODE, Pinewood. Bursaphelenchus NV; Melampsora laricipopulina (0, I), WA;
xylophilus, vectored by pine sawyer beetle, II, III, on poplar; M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae
IL, MO; also B. lignicolus, MO. (0, I), WA; II, III, on poplar.
NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides lobatum; FL; RUST, Blister. Cronartium ribicola, AZ.
C. similis, FL, NC. RUST, Comandra Blister. Cronartium
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NM; comandrae (0, I), swellings in twigs, trunks
Meloidodera javanica, FL; M. floridensis, of hard pines; II, III on bastard toadflax, ND.
on slash pine, FL. RUST, Cone. Cronartium conigenum, hypertro-
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis. phy of cones, especially in South; II, III on
NONPARASITIC. Ozone Injury; Sulfur Dioxide oak; C. strobilinum; II, III on evergreen oaks.
Injury; IN, NJ, WI; Needle Curl. High tem- RUST, Eastern Gall. Cronartium quercuum,
perature; Chlorotic Dwarf. galls on trunk, branches, witches’ brooms on
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli. two- and three-needle pines East to Rocky
ROT, Heart; Wood. Fomes spp., general; Fomes Mts. especially Southeast; II, III on oak, rarely
annosus; Lentinus lepideus, widespread; chestnut.
Polyporus spp., widespread; Poria spp., RUST, Fusiform. Cronartium fusiforme, swell-
Lenzites saepiaria; Stereum spp.; Trametes ings in trunk, branches, in South; II, III on
spp., widespread. evergreen oaks; Cronartium quercuum f.
ROT, Hypocotyl. Fusarium oxysporum, CA; sp. fusiforme, NC.
F. oxysporum var. redolens, MN, root RUST, Lodgepole Pine Blister; Western Fusiform.
lesions; Longidorus sp. (root damage and Cronartium coleosporioides (Peridermium
seedling stunting), GA. harknessi) (0, I), swellings on twigs, branches;
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, widespread; trunk cankers; widespread in West; II, III on
A. gallica, HI; Ceratocystis wageneri, painted-cup, birdbeak, owl-clover, wood-
OR, Pacific Northwest; Clitocybe tabescens, betony; C. stalactiforme (0, I); II, III on
FL; Cylindrocladium scoparium, Indian paintbrush.
seedling blight, NJ, PA, WA; C. clavatum, RUST, Needle. Coleosporium apocyanaceum
FL; Fusarium solani, PA; F. oxysporum, (0, I), Southeast; II, III on Amsonia;
PA; F. avenaceum, PA; Phytophthora C. asterum (C solidaginis) (0, I), on all two-
cactorum, seedling blight, Northeast; and three-needle pines in eastern U.S., western
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Sparassis form CO to MT, WA; II, III on aster, golden-
radicata, MT to OR, WA; Verticicladiella rod, and other composites; C. campanulae
wagenerii, CA, MT, western states; (0, I), Northeast to IN, NC; (I, III on bellflower,
V. procera, FL, MN; V. penicillata, ID; loosestrife, Venus-looking-glass; C. crowellii
V. abietina, ID. (III), on pinon and limber pines, AZ, CO, NM;
ROT, Root. Fomes annosus, VA, WI; Polyporus C. delicatulum (0, I), New England to FL and
schweinitzii, VA; Phytophthora parasitica west to Great Plains; II, III on goldenrod;
var. nicotianae, CA; P. citricola, CA; C. elephantopodis (0, I), NJ to FL, TX; II, III
P. dreschleri, NC; Iononutus circinatus, FL. on Elephantopus; C. helianthi (0, I), NY to
ROT, Root; Little Leaf. Phytophthora GA, OH; II, III on sunflower;
cinnamomi, NC, TN, VA, Dominican C. inconspicuum (0, I), MD to GA, OH, TN;
Republic. II, III on coreopsis; C. ipomoeae (0, I), NJ to
ROT, Root; blue-stain fungi associated with roots; FL, AZ, IL; II, III on morning-glory; C. jonesii
Leptographium terebrantis; L. procerum; (0, I), AZ, CO, NM; II, III on currant and
Ophiostoma sp., Graphium spp., AL, TX. gooseberry; C. laciniariae, NJ to FL; II, III
ROT, White. Amylostereum areolatum, NY, on Liatris; C. madiae (0, I), CA, OR; II, III
eastern Canada. on composites; C. minutum (0, I), on loblolly
628 Host Plants
and spruce pines, FL; II, III on Forestiera; common discoloration caused by the pine shoot
C. pinicola, DE to NC, TN; C. senecionis, moth.
CO, RI; II, III on Senecio; C. sonchiarvensis VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA (in P. elliottii,
(0, I), on Scotch pine, CT to NE; II, III P. taeda, P. palustris).
on sow-thistle; C. terebinthinaceae (0, I), WITCHES’ BROOM. Elytroderma deformans,
Southeast; II, III on Parthenium CA.
and Silphium; C. vernoniae (0, I), on two-and
three-needle pines East and South; II, III on
ironweed. Pineapple (Ananas)
RUST, Pine-Pine Gall. Endocronartium
harknessii, MN, MO, PA. BACTERIAL, Yeast Disease. Klebsiella sp.,
RUST, Piñon Blister. Cronartium occidentale. Candida sp., Brazil.
RUST, Stem. Cronartium appalachianum (0, I), NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus brachyurus.
NC, TN, VA; II, III on Buckleya; C. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
filamentosum; Peridermium weirii. NONPARASITIC. Spike, Long Leaf, FL.
RUST, Sweet-Fern Blister. Cronartium ROT, Leaf Base; White Leaf Spot. Ceratocystis
comptoniae, swellings on trunk and branches paradoxa, FL.
of two-and three-needle pines from northeast- VIRUS. Pineapple Wilt-Associated, HI.
ern to central and Great Lakes states; II, III on WILT. Toxic effect of mealybug feeding.
sweet-fern and sweet gale.
RUST, Western Gall. Endocronartium
harknessii, VA, also twig necrosis and
Witches’ Broom, MA, ND. Pipsissewa (Chimaphila)
RUST, White Pine Blister. Cronartium ribicola
(0, I), swellings on trunk and branches of east- LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella chimaphilina, NY,
ern white pine from New England to MN, NM, OR, PA, WA; Septoria chimaphilae, DE.
VA; on western white pine in Pacific North- RUST. Pucciniastrum pyrolae (II, III), NY to
west; on sugar pine, CA; on limber pine, ND, NC, CA, MT, OR, TN, WA, WI.
SD, WY; II, III on gooseberry, currant, CA; on
whitebark pine, CA, CO, NV; Mt. Rainier
National Park and Crater Lake National Park.
SOOTY MOLD. Fumago vagans; Capnodium Pistachio (Pistacia)
pini, widespread; Scorias spongiosa.
White pine blister rust is, of course, our fore- BLIGHT, ROT ROOT. Rhizoctonia solani, CA.
most disease of pines, and full details are given BLIGHT, Shoot. Botrytis cinerea, CA;
under Rusts. Black currants are banned entirely Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA;
in infected areas, red currants within 300 feet of Botryosphaeria rhodina, CA; Fusicoccum
pines. Of the other possible rusts on various (formerly Botryosphaeria).
pines, the only one seen in northern gardens is BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, TX.
the aster rust (Coleosporium asterum), which is LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta lentisci, TX; Septoria
slightly disfiguring to the needles but not very pistaciarum, AZ, NM, TX; Alternaria sp.,
damaging to general health. Fusiform rust is NM.
serious in the South. Brown needles may be LEAF SPOT, Brown. Microascus cirrhosis, Iran.
due to one of the needle blights or needle cast NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., CA; Xiphinema
fungi and also to winter drying. New shoots of index, CA.
Austrian pine turn brown from Diplodia tip ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ,
blight, which should not be confused with the CA, TX.
Plane-Tree, Sycamore 629
ROT, Sapwood. Pleurotus ostreatus, CA;

Schizophyllum commune, CA. Plane-Tree, Sycamore (Platanus)
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA. (American Sycamore, P. occidentalis;
California Sycamore, P. racemosa;
London Plane, P. acerifolia; and
Oriental Plane, P. orientalis)
Pitcher-Plant (Sarracenia)
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf and Twig Blight. Gnomonia
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. platani (G. veneta, Gloeosporium platani, G.
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, NJ, nervisequum), general.
TX; Helminthosporium sarracenia, second- BACTERIAL Scorch. Xylem limited Rickettsialike
ary, MN; Mycosphaerella sarraceniae, GA, bacteria, DC, LA, TX.
ME, MI, MN, MS, NY, PA, SC; Pestalotia BLIGHT, Leaf. Phloeospora multimaculans, IN,
aquatica, secondary, MD, MN. TX.
ROT, Root. Pythium graminicola, NC; Rhizoc- BLIGHT, Twig; Canker. Massaria platani, CA,
tonia solani, TX. GA, IN, IA, KS, NJ.
CANKER. Dothiorella sp., NY; Botryodiplodia
theobromae, MS; Hypoxylon tinctor, GA,
LA, NC.
Pithecellobium (Blackbead, Catsclaw) CANKER Stain; London Plane Blight. Ceratocystis
fimbriata f. sp. platani, DE, MD, MS, MO, NJ,
BLIGHT, Twig. Phomopsis sp., FL. NY, NC, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV.
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum erythrinae, TX; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora platanicola
Pestalotia funerea, TX; Phyllosticta (Mycosphaerella platanifolia) NC to GA, IA,
pithecolobii, TX. TX; spermatial stage is Phyllosticta platani;
NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp. Mycosphaerella stigmina-platani, NC;
RUST. Ravenelia gracilis (0, I, II, III), TX; R. Septoria platanifolia, GA, IA, MD, SC, TX,
pithecolobii (II, III); R. siderocarpi (II, III), WV; Stigmella platani-racemosae, CA;
TX. Cristutariella pyramidalis, FL; Tubakia
dryina, LA.
(flavescens), AZ, NM, OK, TN, TX.
Pittosporum NONPARASITIC. Rosy canker. Illuminating gas in
soil, MD, NJ, NY.
BLIGHT, Southern; Wilt. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, TX. Decline. Moisture deficiency, MS.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA; Rhi- POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, wide-
zoctonia ramicola, FL. spread; Oidium obductum, PA, VA, WV;
LEAF SPOT, Angular. Cercospora pittospori, FL, Phyllactinia corylea, IN.
LA, SC to TX; Phyllosticta sp., AL; ROT, Heart, Trunk. Fomes spp.; Steccherinum
Alternaria tenuissima, FL. (Hydnum) erinaceus, some-times on living
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. trees.
ROT, Foot. Diplodia sp., FL. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, MD, TX, WV;
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX;
VIRUS. Mosaic, undetermined, CA; Rough Bark, Phytophthora cinnamomi, MD; Clitocybe
undetermined, CA; Variegation. Variegated tabescens, CA; C. olearia.
forms may be due to a virus. ROT, Wood. Daedalea spp., widespread; Sterum
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA. spp.; Polyporus spp.
630 Host Plants
The canker stain of London plane and Amer- CANKER. Phytophthora cactorum, CA, IN;
ican sycamore flared up in epidemic form around Ceratocystis fimbriata, CA; Valsa
Philadelphia in 1935, killing thousands of street (Cytospora) leucostoma, dieback,
and ornamental trees from Newark to Baltimore widespread.
before it was learned the fungus was spread in LEAF CURL; Witches Broom. Taphrina spp.,
pruning and in tree paint as well as by certain occasional; T. communis, plum pockets;
beetles. Pruning is now restricted to winter T. pruni, pockets, bladder plums;
months, and a disinfectant is added to the T. insititiae.
wound dressing. Sycamore anthracnose is serious LEAF SCORCH. Xylella fastidiosa, Southern CA.
in wet seasons, particularly when the mean daily LEAF SPOT; Shot Hole. Cercospora
temperature for 2 weeks after bud-break is below circumscissa, CA, FL, MA, TX, WA;
55 F. Coccomyces prunophorae, widespread;
Coryneum carpophilum, CA to ID and
WA; Phyllosticta circumscissa, IA, WA;
Plantain, Common (Plantago) Septoria pruni, TX.
VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, PA; Plantago Mottle, (flavescens), TX; Viscum album, CA, on
NY; Ribgrass Mosaic, NY. Prunus salicina (“Santa Rosa” Plum).
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis;
P. vulnus.
Platycodon (Balloon-Flower) NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.,
FL, TX.
BLIGHT. Phytophthora cactorum, MN. NONPARASITIC. Brown Bark Spot. Arsenical poi-
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, CT, PA; soning, MT.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Chlorosis. Alkaline soil, mineral deficiency,
CA, FL.
Exanthema. Copper deficiency, CA, FL.
Plum (Garden), Prune (Prunus Gum Spot, Drought Spot. Irregular water supply,
domestica) NY, Pacific Northwest.
Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, CA, OR, WA.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium Marginal Scorch. Fluorine injury, WA.
tumefaciens, widespread. Myrobalan Asteroid Spot. Cause unknown,
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, occasional.
occasional, OR, WA. Myrobalan Mottle. Genetic abnormality, occa-
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot; Black Spot. Xanthomonas sional in seed stocks.
pruni, eastern and southern states to WI, TX. Wind Scab. Caused by developing fruit rubbing
BACTERIAL Shoot Blight; Gummosis. Pseudomo- against other fruit, leaves and shoots during
nas syringae, CA. strong wind, CA.
BLACK KNOT. Dibotryon morbosum, widespread POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae
except far West. var. tridactyla, occasional.
BLIGHT, Blossom, Twig. Monilinia laxa, CA, POX, Plum. NY, PA.
OR, WA; Botrytis cinerea. ROT, Brown; Blossom Blight. Monilinia
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA. fructicola, general; M. laxa, MA, NY, RI.
BLIGHT, Twig. Diplodia spp., secondary. ROT, Fruit. Alternaria sp., OR; Botrytis cinerea,
BLOTCH, Leaf. Phyllosticta congesta, GA, TX. CA, WA; Cladosporium sp., ID, OR;
BLOTCH, Sooty; Flyspeck. Zygophiala Lambertella pruni, CA.
cryptogama, Z. wisconsinensis, Pseudocer- ROT, Heart. Fomes applanatus, OR; F. fulvus,
cosporella sp., Stomiopeltis spp., IA. widespread; Lenzites saepiaria, Pacific
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) 631
Northwest; Polyporus hirsutus;

P. versicolor, wide-spread. Plumeria (Frangipani)
ROT, Pink Mold. Trichothecium roseum, CA.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, widespread; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora plumeriae, FL.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
ROT, Silver Leaf. Stereum purpureum, WA. (flavescens), FL.
RUST. Tranzschelia discolor (II, III), widespread, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
especially in South and Pacific Coast states; 0, RUST. Coleosporium domingense (II, III), FL;
I on anemone; T. pruni-spinosae (II, III); 0, I, C. plumeriae, HI, LA.
on anemone, hepatica, thalictrum, buttercup.
SCAB. Cladosporium carpophilum, widespread.
VIRUS. Plum Line Pattern; Plum White Spot; Podocarpus
Prune Diamond Canker; Prune
Constricting Mosaic; Prune Dwarf; Cherry NEMATODE, Burrowing. Rodopholus similis, FL.
Vein Clearing; Little Peach; Peach Mosaic; ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
Peach Rosette; Peach Yellows; Ring Spot;
Plum Rusty Blotch; Apricot Ring Pox; Stem
Pitting; Cherry Green Ring Mottle, North Poinciana (Caesalpinia)
America.
WILT; Seedling Black Heart. Verticillium albo- ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., FL.
atrum. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Plums are even more subject to brown rot than tumefaciens, FL.
peaches and take the same spray schedule. This ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
includes insect control to avoid infection through Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
feeding injuries. Black knot is sometimes con- RUST. Ravenelia humphreyana (II, III), FL.
spicuous on twigs, but diseased portions can be
pruned out and a dormant lime-sulfur spray
applied. Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
BACTERIAL Bract Spot. Clavibacter cassiicola, FL.

BACTERIAL Canker; Leaf Spot. Clavibacter
Plum, Wild (Prunus americana) poinsettiae, MD, NJ, NY, PA; Pseudomonas
viridiflava, CA, FL.
BLOTCH Sooty. Zygophiala jamaicensis, IA. BACTERIAL, Greasy Canker. Pseudomonas
FLYSPECK, Fruit. Pseudocercosporella spp. viridiflava, CA, FL.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas
poinsetriaecola, FL.
BACTERIAL Stem Rot. Erwinia carotovora pv.
Plumegrass (Erianthus) chrysanthemi, CT, MI, OH, PA, WV.
BLIGHT, Tip; Stem Canker. Botrytis cinerea,
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum falcatum, LA. MO, TX, WA.
ERGOT. Claviceps purpurea, AL, OK. CANKER, Stem. Fusarium solani, WI.
LEAF SPOT; Mold. Cladosporium erianthi, SC; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora pulcherrimae, TX;
Curvularia sp., FL; Helminthosporium sp., Corynespora cassiicola, LA.
FL; Phyllachora erianthi, tar spot, AL, FL, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NY;
GA, SC. M. incognita.
RUST. Puccinia virgata (II, III), GA; P. polysora NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Possibly due to cloudy
(II, III), 0, I unknown. weather.
632 Host Plants
Stunt. Waterlogged soil. POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllatinia gutata, WA, MI.

POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., CA. RUST. Pileolaria brevipes, AZ; Pileolaria
ROT, Crown and Stem. Phytophthora nicotianae effuca, AZ.
var. parasitica, FL. STEMS. Discosia rhoina, CO, IL, NJ; Discosia
ROT, Root. Chalaropsis thielaviopsis, IL; toxica, CO, IL, NJ; Botrydiplodia compressa
Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Phymatotrichum f. toxicodendrum, NY.
omnivorum, AZ, TX; Rhizoctonia solani, TRUNKS and WOOD. Bjerkandera adusa, MD, WV;
FL, IL, NJ, TX; Thielaviopsis basicola, seri- Daedaleopsis confragosa, NC; Dendrophora
ous, common; Pythium aphanidermatum, albobadia, GA; Perenniporia medulla-panis,
PA; P. irregulare, PA; P. ultimum, PA. MI; Phellinus gilvus, MD; Schizophyllum
ROT, Stem; Wilt. Fusarium sp., FL, NJ; Pythium commune, VA; Trameres hirsute, MD;
debaryanum, OK; P. perniciosum, root rot, Trameres versicolor, MD, ND; Dothidea
CA; P. ultimum; Phytophthora sp., NJ; puccinoides, GA; Diaporthe spiculosa, IL,
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, WA; MA, NJ, NY; Hainesia lythri, WI; Hypoxylon
Amphobotrys ricini, basal, LA. rubiginosum, GA; Rhytidhysteron rufulum,
RUST. Uromyces euphorbiae (0, I, II, III), OK, TX. GA.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Poinsettia Scab. Sphaceloma
poinsettiae, FL.
VIRUS. Poinsettia Mosaic, WI. Poison Oak (Toxicodendron
Keep soil acid, pH 4.8 to 5, to reduce trouble diversilobum, West Coast and
with Thielaviopsis. Rhizoctonia is prevalent at Toxicodendron pubescens, East Coast)
high temperatures, Pythium at low. Steaming
soil is safer than using chemicals. BLIGHT, Leaves. Cristulariella moricola, GA;
Colletogloenon rhois, NJ; Phyllosticta
toxica, IA, IL, MS, SC, WV.
Poison Hemlock (Conium) BLIGHT, Stems. Diaporthe peckii, NJ;
Botryodiplodia compressa f.
VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, WA; Clover Yellow toxicodendron, NY; Dothiorella radicans,
Vein, WA; Apium Virus Y, WA. CO, IL, NJ; Dothiorella rhoina, CO, IL, NJ;
Dothiorella toxica, CO, IL, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Stigmina pallid, CO, ID, TX;
Poison Ivy (Rhus Discosia artocreas, MS; Gloeosporium
radicans ¼ Toxicodendron radicans) toxicodendri, eastern states, KS, MS, MT,
OK; Phyllosticta rhoicola, MS, NY, TX,
BLIGHT, Twigs. Botryopheria obtusa. WA, WV; Phyllosticta toxicodendri, SC;
CANKER, Limbs and Trunk. Valsa ceratosperma, Septoria rhoina, ID, Tubakia dryina, IL.
GA. POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia guttata, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp. WV; Cercospora sp., ROT, Decline. Hypoxylon rubiginosum, GA;
FL; Stigmina pallida, CO, TX; Valsa ceratosperma, GA; Pileolaria effusa,
Colletotrichum sp., CA; Discosia artocress, AZ, CO; Stereum hirsutum, NC.
MS; Gleosporium toxicotrichum, eastern ROT, Limb. Diaporthe spiculosa, IL;
states, KS, MS, MT, OK; Phoma Sp., NC; Rhytidhysteron rufulum, GA.
Phyllosticta rhoicola, MS, NY, TX, WA, ROT, Root. Dasyscyphus corticalis, WA.
WV; Phyllosticta toxicodendri, SC; ROT, Trunk. Bjerkanderea adusta, MD, WV.
Phyllosticta sp., WI; Septoria rhoina, ID; ROT, Wood. Dendrophora albobadia, GA;
Tubakia dryina, IL. Perenniporia medulla commune, MI;
ON LEAVES. Cristulariella moricola, AL, GA; Schizophyllum commune, VA; Trametes
Collectogloem rhois, NJ. versicolor, MD, NC.
Poplar, Aspen, Cottonwood (Populus) 633
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL.

Poison Sumac (Rhus BLOTCH, Leaf; Fruit Spot. Mycosphaerella
radicans = Toxcodendron vernix) lythracearum, FL to MS, TX.
DECAY. Pilidiella granati, CA.
BLIGHT, Canker. Botryospheria obtuse, KS, NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
MI, SC. ROT, Fruit. Alternaria sp., CA;
BLIGHT, Canker and Dieback. Amphiporthe Aspergillus niger, AZ, CA, TX; Botrytis
aculens, eastern states, IA, GA. cinerea, gray mold, cosmopolitan;
BLIGHT, Stem. Diaporthe peckii, MI. Nematospora coryli, dry rot, CA; Penicil-
LEAF SPOT and DIEBACK. Discohainesia lium expansum, blue mold, cosmopolitan;
oenotherae, eastern states, WV; Cercospora Coniella granati, NC.
toxicodendri, DE; Pseudocercospora ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
rhoina, WI. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma punicae, FL,
eastern and central states. LA, TX.
ROT, Limbs. Dendrophora albobadia, GA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichopsis omnivore, TX.
ROT, Trunk. Bjerkandera adusta, Range of Pond-Spice (Litsea)
Host; Irpex lacteus, Range of Host;
Phellinus gilvus, MI; Schizophyllum com- LEAF SPOT. Cercospora olivacea, GA.
mune, Range of Host; Streccherinum
ochraceum, PA; Steccherinum ochraces-
flaveum, MD; Trametes hirsuta, Range of Poplar, Aspen, Cottonwood (Populus)
Host; Trametes versicolor, Range of Host;
Trichapnum biforme, Range of Host. BACTERIAL Limb Gall. Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, CT, IA, MN, NE, TX.
BACTERIAL Wetwood. Clavibacter humiferum.
Polemonium (Jacobs-Ladder, BLIGHT, LEAF. Linospora tetraspora, WA.
Greek-Valerian) BLIGHT, Shoot. Venturia populina
(Didymosphaeria populina), Northeast to
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora omphakodes, PA; WI; V. tremulae; Colletotrichum
Septoria polemonii, MO, WI; S. gloeosporioides, PA; Glomerella cingulata,
polemoniicola, CT, IN, MO. WA, and leaf.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces BRONZE LEAF DISEASE. Apioplagiostoma populi,
cichoracearum, UT; Sphaerotheca Alberta, Canada.
macularis, WA. CANKER, Branch and Trunk. Dothichiza populea,
RUST. Puccinia gulosa (III), CA; P. polemonii most serious on Italian varieties, widespread;
(III), CA, ID, IN; Uromyces acuminatus var. Hypoxylon pruinatum, Southwest, Northeast
polemonii (0, I), IL, IN, IA, WI. and Great Lakes states, AZ, CA; Nectria
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. cinnabarina; N. galligena; Dothiora
WILT. Fusarium sp., NJ; Verticillium albo- polyspora, CO, NM, UT.
atrum, NJ. CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis var.
chromogena, widespread, especially in the
South; Cytospora chrysosperma (Valsa
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) sordida); prevalent on ornamental poplars;
Valsa nivea; Ceratocystis tremullo-aurea,
ANTHRACNOSE; Fruit Spot. Colletotrichum Rocky Mts.; C. fimbriata, MN, PA; Fusar-
sp., FL. ium (Hypomyces) solani, IA; Phomopsis
634 Host Plants
macrospora, MS; Ceratocystis sp., Rocky ROT, Wound. Schizophyllum commune,

Mts., MN, PA on aspen; Septoria musiva, cosmopolitan.
Alberta and British Columbia, Canada on RUST, Leaf. Melampsora bietis-canadensis (II,
poplar. III), New England to Great Plains; 0, I on
CANKER, Sooty Bark. Cenangium singulare, hemlock; M. albertensis (II, III), CA, MT,
Rocky Mts. NM; 0, I on Douglas-fir; M. larici-populina
LEAF BLISTER, Yellow. Taphrina aurea, SC; (II, III), WA, Quebec, Canada, Eastern North
T. populina, MS, New England to Great America; M. medusae (II, III), through U.S.
Lakes states; T. johansonii, catkin deformity, except far South; 0, I on larch; M. populnea
widespread; T. populi-salicis, CA, OR. (III), CO, RI, Pacific Coast; M. occidentalis
LEAF BLOTCH. Septotinia populiperda, ME, MD, (II, III), MT to CA, IA, WA, WI; 0, I unknown.
MA, NY, VT. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma populi, OK.
LEAF BRONZE. Apioplagiostoma populi, Mani- VIRUS. Poplar Decline; Poplar Mosaic.
toba, Canada. Cytospora canker is rather common on poplars
LEAF SPOT. Marssonina spp., widespread; lacking in vigor, but the Rio Grande cottonwood
Mycosphaerella (Septoria) populicola; in the West is resistant. Avoid wounding, prune
M. populorum (Septoria musiva), also twig out twigs that have died back, and promote better
canker. Phyllosticta spp.; Cercospora growing conditions. Dothichiza canker may kill
populina, AL, LA, MO; C. populicola, TX; Lombardy poplars. Seriously diseased trees
Stigmina populi, DE; Marsonina brunnea, should be destroyed.
WA and central U.S; Septoria populicola, WA.
LEAF SPOT; Ink Spot. Ciborinia bifrons
(Sclerotinia whetzelii) in Northeast; Poppy (Papaver)
C. confundens (Sclerotinia bifrons), CO to
WY, OR, WA. ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp. (Glomerella
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum cingulata), NJ.
(flavescens), AZ, NM, TX, P. macrophyllum BLIGHT, Bacterial. Xanthomonas papavericola,
MISTLETOE, European. Viscum album, CA, on CT, ME, MO, NJ, NY, OH, OR, VA.
Populus Fremontii (Fremont Cottonwood) BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, MD, WI.
and P. tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) LEAF SPOT; Pod Spot. Cercospora papaveri, AL,
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum, FL, TX; Septoria sp., IA.
SD, on cottonwood. NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae, NJ.
NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides crotaloides. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Iron deficiency, WY. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, OR;
POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinula salicis, widespread; Leveillula taurica, CA.
Golovinomyces cichoracearum, UT. ROT, Root, Stem; Damping-Off. Rhizoctonia
ROT, Heart. Daedalea spp., sometimes on living solani, ID, IN, KS, ME, NJ, NY.
trees; Fomes igniarius, widespread; F. pini; SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma fuscum, IA, ME, TX.
Pholiota adiposa and P. destruens, New VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, TX; Tomato Spotted
England states. Wilt, CA.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, occasional; WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, OK, TX;
Cylindrocladium scoparium, of seedlings,
GA. Poppy-Mallow (Callirhoë)
ROT, Wood. Collybia velutipes, sometimes liv-
ing trees, Rocky Mt. states; Fomes spp.; BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX.
Polyporus spp.; Lenzites saepiaria, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora althaeina, IL, KS, NE,
widespread. WI; Vermicularia spar-sipila, TX.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 635
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, BLIGHT, Foliar. Phytophthora nicotianae, FL,

TX. MO, NE, TX.
RUST. Endophyllum tuberculatum (III), IN, KS, BLIGHT, Late. Phytophthora infestans, general,
NE, OK, TX; Puccinia interveniens (0 I), NE, common in Northeast, Middle Atlantic and
NY, TX; II, III on Stipa; P. schedonnardi, North central states, occasional elsewhere,
CO, KS, NE, OK, TX, UT. AK, FL.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, NC to FL,
AZ, OH.
BLOTCH, Leaf. Cercospora concors, GA, IN, MI,
Portulaca NY.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., DE, NE, NJ, WA.
BLIGHT, Stem. Dichotomophthora indica, VA. LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta lycopersici, OR.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, IL; NEMATODE, Golden. Heterodera rostochiensis
Helminthosporium (Bipolaris) portulacae, (Globodera rostochiensis), DE, NY, Quebec,
NC. Canada.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus brachyurus;
ROT, Black Stem. Dichotomophthora P. scribneri; P. negelectus; P. penetrans,
portulacae, CA, TX. NY; P. penetrans and Verticillium dahliae,
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA; Tomato Spotted interaction (stunting and rot), WA.
Wilt, NY. NEMATODE, Pale Cyst. Globodera pallida, ID.
WHITE RUST. Albugo portulacae, MT to NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides mutabile.
GA, MT, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., gen-
eral; M. arenaria; M. chitwoodi, CO, TX,
WA, Pacific Northwest; M. hapla, Pacific
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Northwest.
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis;
ANTHRACNOSE; Black Dot Disease. B. longicaudatus.
Colletotrichum atramentarium (C. NEMATODE, Stubby-root. WA.
coccodes), probably general after wilt; NEMATODE, Tuber. Ditylenchus destructor, ID.
Gloeosporium sp., IN, OH. NONPARASITIC. Black Heart. Oxygen deficiency.
BACTERIAL Blackleg. Erwinia carotovora pv. Blackening after Cooking. Drought, heat, defi-
atroseptica, general. cient light during tuber growth; potassium
BACTERIAL Canker. Vascular. Clavibacter deficiency, chilling.
michiganense, WY. Blackening before Cooking. Mechanical injury.
Also on Solanum ciliatum, S. gilo, S. guineense, Checking. Skin rough, scruf. Partly fertilizer
S. khasianum, S. nigrum, S. atropurpureum, injury, alkalinity.
S. avioculare, S. carolinense, S. indicum, Chlorosis; Tip blight, boron deficiency; Leaf
S. nodiflorum, S. quitoense. drop, magnesium deficiency.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, AR, Dimple. Depression at bud end and Dimple skin,
Purple-Top. pits. Cause unknown.
BACTERIAL Ring Rot. Clavibacter sepedonicum, Elephant Hide. Fertilizer burn, on Russet
general. Burbank.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora and E. Fasciation (tubers and aerial parts). Probably
aroideae, cosmopolitan in transit and market. genetic.
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, Giant Hill. Over-sized, late-maturing plants.
chiefly in the South; Ralstonia Genetic factors.
solanacearum, race 3, biovar 2, WI. Glassy End. Starch deficiency; high water
BLIGHT, Early. Alternaria solani, general. content.
636 Host Plants
Growth Cracks. Fluctuating moisture. ROT, Dry. Fusarium graminearum, ND;

Hollow Heart. Excessive soil moisture and F. torulosum, F. oxysporum and
fertility. F. sambucinum, MI.
Hopperburn. Marginal necrosis from leafhop- ROT, Gray Mold; Shoot Blight. Botrytis cinerea,
pers. General. AK, CT, ID, ME, OH.
Internal Brown Spot. Various physiological ROT, Pink, Watery. Phytophthora
factors. erythroseptica, DE, ID, LA, ME, MA, OK,
Knobbiness, “second growth”. Extreme fluctua- PA; P. parasitica, TX; P. cryptogea, TX.
tions of soil moisture. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, FL, MI, OR,
Lenticel Enlargement. Wet soil or oxygen WA, WI, WY; Phymatotrichum
deficiency. omnivorum, TX; Helicobasidium
Mahogany Browning. Low temperature, ME. purpureum, MA, MT, NE, NY, ND, OK,
Marginal Browning, bronzing. Potassium OR, TX, WA; Fusarium solani f. sp.
deficiency. eumartii, CA.
Ozone. Purple-black specks from air pollution. ROT, Silver Scurf. Spondylocladium atrovirens,
Pitting, Spot necrosis of tubers. Oxygen defi- general but less frequent in the South;
ciency in storage. Helminthosporium solani, NY.
Pointed Ends. Irregular growth conditions. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sp., FL, ME, SC;
Psyllid Yellows. Insect injury, western states. S. minor, CA; S. sclerotiorum, FL, MA,
Ring Spot. Zonate, depressed lesions. Cause MT, NY, OR, TX, WA, general.
unknown. ROT, Tuber. Aspergillus niger; Fusarium spp.;
Scald of tubers. Overheating, sunburn, frequent F. solani, jelly end-rot; Gliocladium sp., sec-
in South. ondary; Oospora pustulans, skin spot; Peni-
Spraying. Internal concentric necrosis. TRV or cillium spp., blue mold; Phoma tuberosa;
PMTV Virus. Phomopsis tuberivora; Phytophthora
Sprout Tubers; “Little Potato”. Overheating in drechsleri, P. nicotianae, FL, MO, NE, TX;
storage; planting in dry, cold soil. Rhizopus spp.; Trichothecium roseum, pink
Stem-End Browning. Vascular necrosis. Virus. mold; Xylaria apiculata.
Stem Necrosis; Defoliation. Manganese toxicity ROT, Tuber Sprout. Fusarium sambucinum, MI.
in acid soil. ROT, Watery Leak. Chiefly Pythium
Tipburn. Abrupt transition from cool, moist to debaryanum, common in West; Pythium
hot, dry weather, general. spp.
PHYTOPLASMA, Aster Yellows. Candidatus Phy- SCAB. Streptomyces scabies, general; Powdery
toplasma asteris, NE, TX. Scab, Spongospora subterranea, AK, ND;
PHYTOPLASMA. Potato Purple Top, MT, Canada, Russet Scab, Streptomyces sp.
Mexico, Russia, U.S. VIRUS. Apical Leaf Roll, unidentified; Potato
PHYTOPLASMA, Zebra Chip Disease. Candidatus Aucuba Mosaic, NY; Potato Calico strain
Liberibacter psyllaurous, CA, Honduras, of Alfalfa Mosaic; Potato Crinkle; Mild
Mexico; C. L. solanacearum, AZ, CA, CO, Mosaic (Virus X plus A); Green Dwarf;
KS, NE, NV, NM, TX. Central America, Gua- Beet Curly Top; Potato Leaf Roll, general;
temala, Mexico. Potato Leaf Rolling Mosaic; Mottle (Potato
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces Virus X); Potato Rugose Mosaic (Potato
cichoracearum, CA, KY, NJ; Oidium sp.; Virus Y), general; Potato Virus Y, Mexico;
MD, NJ, OH, PA, UT, western U.S; Potato Spindle Tuber (viroid), general;
Leveillula taurica, WA. Potato Vein Banding; Potato Witches’
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA, Broom; Potato Yellow Dwarf; Potato Yel-
GA, IL, OK, TX. low Spot; Tobacco Ring Spot; Potato Corky
ROT, Collar. Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii, CA. Ring Spot (Tobacco Rattle), MI, MN, ND,
Primrose (Primula) 637
WI; Potato Virus M; Potato Virus S, gen-

eral; Tobacco Veinnal Necrosis, Pacific Prenanthes (Rattlesnake-Root)
Northwest; Potato Virus A, WA; Tomato
Spotted Wilt, NC, TX; Potato Mop-Top, DOWNY MILDEW. Bremia lactucae, IA, MA, MN.
ME, ND, WA; Impatiens Necrotic Spot, GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI.
NY, WA; Potato Yellowing, Ecuador. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora brunnea, AR, NC, WI;
WART, Potato. Synchytrium endobioticum, C. prenanthis, AL, IN, KS; C. tabacina, WI;
MD, PA, VA; see under ▶ Galls; Prince Laestadia prenanthis, AL; Septoria nabali,
Edward Island, Canada. NY to IA, WI, ME to VA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, widespread. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
WILT; Stem-end Rot. Fusarium spp.; cichoracearum, IL, MD, NC, PA;
F. oxysporum, general but more frequent Sphaerotheca macularis, NY to AL, IL, MN,
East and South. OH, PA.
Potato growing is a highly specialized business RUST. Puccinia atropuncta (0, I), PA, VA; II, III
not well adapted to most small gardens. Use certi- on Amianthium; P. dioicae (0, I), IL, MN, NY,
fied seed, resistant varieties where possible. Con- VA, WI; II, III on Carex; P. insperata (I, II,
trol insects spreading virus diseases. III), OR; P. orbicula (0, I, II, III), ME to TN,
ND.
Potentilla (Cinquefoil)
Prickly-Ash (Xanthoxylum
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora potentillae, IA, americanum)
NJ, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Fabraea dehnii, IA, NY, VT; CANKER, Stem. Diplodia natalensis, TX.
Marssonina potentillae, CA, CO, MA, MI, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora xanthoxyli, IN, TX;
NM, NY, WI; Phyllosticta anserinae, IL; Septoria pachyspora, IA, NE.
Ramularia arvensis, WI. POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea,
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CO; widespread.
Sphaerotheca macularis, CO, WI. ROT, White Heart. Fomes igniarius.
RUST. Phragmidium andersonii (I, II, III), general. RUST. Puccinia andropogonis var. xanthoxyli
VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, NY. (0, I), IA, KS, MO, NE, TX, WI; II, III on
Andropogon.
Pothos (Epipremnum)
Prickly-Poppy (Argemone)
ROT, Petiole, Leaf, Crown. Phytophthora
capsici, MA. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora arborescens, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria lancipes, KS, TX;
Gloeosporium argemonis, KS, TX; Septoria
Pothos, Ivy-Arum (Scindapsus) argemones, NE, OK, TX.
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas cichorii, FL. RUST. Aecidium plenum (0, I), TX.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria Primrose (Primula)
thamesi; M. incognita.
ROT, Root. Pythium splendens, FL; Rhizoctonia BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas primulae, CA.
sp., foot rot, MO. BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows.
638 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, frequent in NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., south-
greenhouses, occasional in gardens. ern states.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta primulae, WI; Asteroma NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Manganese deficiency,
garretianum, black spot, CO, UT; FL.
Cercosporella primulae, WA; PARASITIC Lichen. Strigula elegans and
Colletotrichum primulae, FL; S. complanata, southern U.S., GA.
Mycosphaerella sp., AZ; Ramularia POWDERY MILDEW. Nicrosphaeria alni, IN, LA,
primulae, CA, CT, DE, NY. NJ, OH, on Ligustrum japonicum (Wax-leaf
NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ligustrum).
CA, MD, PA. ROT. Rosellinia necatrix, CA; Ganoderma
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., occa- applanatus, collar rot.
sional in greenhouses. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, AR, CA, MS, TX;
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Excessive soil acidity Clitocybe monadelpha, AR; C. tabescens,
or iron or magnesium deficiency. FL; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, OK,
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CT, NJ, TX.
VA. ROT, Wood. Stereum hirsutum, cosmopolitan;
ROT, Root. Pythium irregulare, CA; Rhizocto- Polyporus versicolor, cosmopolitan.
nia solani, FL, IL, TX; Phymatotrichum SOOTY MOLD. Common after whiteflies in the
omnivorum, TX. South.
ROT, Stem. Alternaria sp., CT; Sclerotinia VIRUS. Variegation. Graft transmitted. Chlorotic
sclerotiorum, MD. Spot, LA; Ligustrum Line Pattern, AR.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), ME; Uromyces
apiosporus, CA, NV.
VIRUS. Primrose Mosaic; Cucumber Mosaic; Prunella (Self-Heal, Heal-All)
Tobacco Necrosis; Tomato Spotted Wilt;
Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NC. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Gibberidea abundans, tar spot, ME,
WA; Linospora brunellae, AK, ID, WA;
Phyllosticta brunellae, TX; Ramularia
Privet (Ligustrum) brunellae, IL, IN, NY, OH, TX, VA, WI;
Septoria brunellae, general.
ANTHRACNOSE; Canker; Dieback. Glomerella POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cingulata, general, especially on common cichoracearum, PA; Sphaerotheca
privet. macularis, IL, IN, MD, MS, WA, WI.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium ROT, Root. Pythium palingenes; P. polytylum,
tumefaciens, occasional. VA.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Ramularia sp., NJ, WA. VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, VT.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., FL.
GALL. Phomopsis sp., MD, TX; P. ligustri- Pulmonaria
vulgaris, blight, PA; Phoma sp., TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora adusta, DE to AL, TX; ROT, Petiole. Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii,
C. ligustri, Gulf states; Exosporium IA.
concentricum, TX; Phyllosticta ovalifolii,
MD, MS, TX; Corynespora cassiicola, FL.
LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, Gulf Pumpkin
states.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae. ▶Squash
Quince (Cydonia) 639
WI; Phyllosticta pyrolae, DE, MT, WI;

Puncture Vine (Tribulus) Septoria pyrolae, MI.
RUST. Chrysomxya pirolata (II, III), general
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, General. from ME to MN and from MT to CA, AK;
0, I on spruce; Pucciniastrum pyrolae
(II, III), general in West.
Pyracantha (Firethorn)
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, Queen Anne’s Lace, False (Ammi
widespread. majus)
BLIGHT, Leaf. Fabraea maculata, LA.
BLIGHT, Silky Thread. Rhizoctonia ramicola, FL. VIRUS. Mosaic, Clover Yellow Vein Potyvirus,
BLIGHT, Twig. Diplodia crataegi, PA. FL.
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium cokeri and
S. mariani, on bark scales.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, LA. Quince (Cydonia)
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; ANTHRACNOSE, Northwestern. Neofabraea
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. malicorticis, OR, WA.
SCAB. Fusicladium pyracanthae, widespread on BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
leaves and fruit. tumefaciens, general.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum, FL. BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora,
Fire blight is the most common disease. It general.
infects all species, but some are relatively resistant. BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium
Scab, aften disfiguring on berries, can be prevented rhizogenes, ME to NC; Pacific Coast.
by spraying at bud-break and 10 and 20 days later. BLIGHT, Dothiorella Twig. Botryosphaeria ribis,
TX.
BLIGHT, Leaf; Black Spot. Fabraea maculata,
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum general.
cinerariifolium, C. coccineum) BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, NC, Gulf
states.
BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, CANKER, Perennial. Neofabraea perennans, OR.
CT, MD. CANKER, Trunk. Nectria galligena, OR; Twig,
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, KS, NJ, NY. Valsa leucostoma.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, PA. FRUIT SPOT. Leptothyrella pomi, MO;
DAMPING-OFF. Gloeosporium sp., PA; Pythium Mycosphaerella pomi, New England to OH.
sp., root rot, CO. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sp., DE.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, VA;
Rhizoctonia solani, NJ. Podosphaera leucotricha, CA, WA;
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, VA. P. oxyacanthae, NY, WV to IN.
ROT, Bitter; Canker. Glomerella cingulata, east-
ern and central states southward.
Pyrola (Shinleaf) ROT, Black; Canker; Leaf Spot. Physalospora
obtusa, eastern states to AL, TX.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, MD. ROT, Brown. Monilinia fructicola, eastern states,
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella chimaphilae, MI; MS, OR, TX; M. laxa, also blossom and twig
Ovularia pyrolae, WI; Ramularia pyrolae, blight, Pacific Coast.
640 Host Plants
ROT, Fruit. Alternaria mali, IN; Botrytis RUST, Quince. Gymnosporangium clavipes (0, I),
cinerea, occasional; Cephalothecium on stems; CT, NJ; III on juniper; G. libocedri
roseum, pink mold, occasional; Penicillium (0, I), on leaves; III on incense-cedar.
expansum, cosmopolitan; Phoma cydoniae,
pale rot, IL, MI; P. mali, IN.
RUST. Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (0, I), Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus)
leaves, fruit, stems, CT, ME, NH; III on
juniper; G. clavipes (0, I), orange rust, quince LEAF SPOT. Phloeospora bigeloviae, CA.
rust, on fruit, stems; III on juniper; G. gracile POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
(0, I); III on juniper; G. libocedri (0, I), fruit, cichoracearum, CA, MT, UT, WY; Erysiphe
stems, OR; III on incense-cedar; G. nelsonii polygoni var. sepulta, CO, MT, UT, WY.
(0, I), leaves, stems, AZ, CO; III on juniper; RUST. Puccinia dioicae (0, I), NM and CA;
G. nidus-avis (0, I), leaves, fruit, stems, CT, P. grindeliae (III), MT to NM, CA; P. stipae
NY; III on juniper. (0, I), MT to NM, CA; II, III on grasses.
SCAB. Venturia pirina, CT. SMUT, Inflorescence. Thecaphora pilulaeformis,
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë piri, WA. AZ.
Quinces are subject to fire blight; infected
branches should be cut out with the usual pre-
cautions. For leaf blight, spray when blossoms Radish (Raphanus)
show pink, again when last of the petals are
falling, and perhaps twice more at 2-week inter- BACTERIAL Black Rot. Xanthomonas
vals. Brown rot is not very important on quince. campestris, IN, IA, MI, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TX.
To prevent rust, remove nearby susceptible juni- BACTERIAL, Phytoplasma. California Aster Yel-
pers or spray them in spring as spore horns are lows, CA; Virescence, ID, WA.
developing on galls. See under ▶ RUSTS. BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora,
cosmopolitan.
BACTERIAL Spot. Xanthomonas vesicatoria pv.
raphani, IN; Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Quince, Flowering, Japanese, Chinese armoraciae, OH.
(Chaenomeles) BLOTCH; Black Pod. Alternaria raphani, CA,
MI, MN, NJ, OH, PA.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, occa-
tumefaciens, occasional. sional in North, MA to NJ, MN, WA.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, MA, MN,
occasional. NJ, WY; Rhizoctonia solani, cosmopolitan.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Fabraea macula, AL, CT, NJ, NY. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, north-
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium burtii, eastern and central states to MS, CA, TX.
MS; S. mariani, NC. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria brassicae, gray leaf spot,
CANKER, Twig Blight. Botryosphaeria ribis, AL, CA; A. oleracea, black leaf spot, CT, NJ;
TX; Phoma sp., MD, TX; Physalospora Cercospora cruciferarum, AL, IL, MO,
obtusa, TX, eastern states. TX; C. atrogrisea, NJ.
FRUIT SPOT. Mycosphaerella pomi, IL, MD, also NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
leaf blotch. NY.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cydoniae, AL, GA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. M. javanica, AL, MS, OR, PA, TX.
ROT, Brown. Monilinia fructicola, leaf NONPARASITIC. Air Pollution. NO2, O3, SO2, NC.
blight, MI; M. laxa, also blossom and twig POSTHARVEST, Black Patch. Alternaria raphani,
blight, CA. St. Catharines, Canada.
Ranunculus (Buttercup, Crowfoot) 641
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA, MO, ROT, Fruit. Gliocephabotrichum simplex, HI;
TX. G. bulbilium, HI; Lasmenia sp., HI, Puerto
ROT, Black Root. Aphanomyces raphani, ME to Rico; Pestalotiopsis virgatula, HI.
FL, CA, IA, OK, OR; Pythium
aphanidermatum, IN, KS, MA, MI, NY,
OH, OK, PA, SC, WI. Ranunculus (Buttercup, Crowfoot)
ROT, Crown, Watery Soft. Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, CA, IN, MN, NJ, TX. BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows.
ROT, Pod. Phoma lingam, CA, FL. BACTERIAL NECROTIC LESION, LEAF, STEM.
ROT, Root. Ascochyta sp.; Phymatotrichum Xanthomonas campestris, CA.
omnivorum, TX. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, CA, NY, WI.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, CO. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora ficariae, occa-
SCAB. Streptomyces scabies, IN, MI, NJ, OH, sional MA to MD, IA, MN; also CA.
TX, WI. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium anomalum,
SCAB, Acid. Streptomyces acidiscabies, ME. IA; S. aureum, CA. IL, WI; S. cinnamomeum,
VIRUS. Radish Mosaic; Beet Curly Top; WI.
Tobacco Streak, CA; Tomato Spotted Wilt LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta infuscans, WI;
(on wild radish), GA. Cercospora ranunculi, IA, WI;
WHITE RUST. Albugo candida, general. Cylindrosporium ficariae, WA; Didymaria
WILT; Yellows. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. didyma, IL, IN, IA, MA, MI, MS, NY, WI;
raphani; F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, Fabraea ranunculi, CA, NE, NY, WI;
CA. Ovularia decipiens; Ramularia aequivoca,
Radishes are so easily grown in home gardens IL, IA, OR, WI; R. didyma, CA;
that not many gardeners worry about disease con- Septocylindrium ranunculi, IL, NY, WA,
trol. Seed should, however, be treated for WI; Septoria sp.
damping-off and root rots. NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
OR.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, frequent
Ragweed (Ambrosia) in eastern and central states; Sphaerotheca
macularis, CO.
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae pv. ROT, Leaf. Ceratobasidium anceps, WI.
tagetis, WI. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, ND. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, AZ, CA;
GALLS, Stem. Protomyces gravidus, LA. Pythium sp., CA; Sclerotium rolfsii, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Phoma sp. RUST. Puccinia andina (III), IL, IN; P. eatoniae
ROT, ROOT. Rhizoctonia solani, TX. var. ranunculi (0, I), CT to SC, CA, CO, MS,
ND; II, III, on Sphenopholis; P. ranunculi
(III), AZ, CO, UT, WA, WY, P. recondita
Rain-Lily (Cooperia) (0, I), WI to TX, CA, WA; III on Hordeum;
Uromyces dactylidis (0, I), CO, MA, TX;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora amaryllidis, TX. U. jonesii (0, I, III), CA, CO, MT, WY.
RUST. Puccinia cooperiae (0, I, II, III), TX. SMUT, Leaf. Doassansia ranunculina, IN, WI;
Urocystis anemones, IL, UT, WY.
SMUT, White. Entyloma microsporum, IL, IN,
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) IA, KY, VA, WI; E. ranunculi.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top; Ranunculus Mottle;
CANKER, Stem. Dolabra nepheliae, HI, Puerto Ranunculus Mosaic; Impatiens Necrotic
Rico. Spot, NC; Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
642 Host Plants
ROT, Fruit. Botrytis cinerea, gray mold, cosmo-

Raspberry (Rubus) politan; Phyllostictina carpogena, MD;
Monilinia fructicola, brown rot, IL;
ANTHRACNOSE; DIEBACK; Gray Bark. Alternaria sp., MA; Rhizopus nigricans,
Gloeosporium allantosporum, OR, WA. black mold, cosmopolitan.
BACTERIAL Blossom Blight. Pseudomonas ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, OR, WA;
sp., OR. Rhizoctonia solani, CO, ID, WA; Xylaria
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium sp., WA; Phytophthora erythroseptica,
tumefaciens, general; A. rubi, cane gall, Pacific Northwest; P. rubi, WA;
NY, PA to IL, OR, WI. Pratylenchus penetrans, WA.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight; Flower and Twig Blight. RUST, Late. Pucciniastrum americanum
Erwinia amylovora, ME, NH, PA, WA, WI. (II, III), Northeast to ID, IL, NC, OH; 0, I on
BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium spruce.
rhizogenes, OR. RUST, Leaf. Phragmidium rubiidaei (0, I,
BACTERIAL, Witches’ Broom. MLO, OR. II, III), northeastern and central states to CO;
BLIGHT, Cane. Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Pacific Northwest.
general; Physalospora obtusa, IA, MD, MI, RUST, Orange. Gymnoconia peckiana (0, I, III),
MO, ND; Sclerotinia sp., NY. on black raspberry, Northeast to MN, Pacific
BLIGHT, Spur. Didymella applanata, general. Northwest; Kunkelia nitens (I), IL, IN, MI,
CANKER; Cane Spot. Ascospora ruborum, MA, OH.
OR, WI. RUST, Yellow. Kuehneola uredinis (0, I, II, III),
CANKER; DIEBACK. Glomerella cingulata, AR, IL, PA, DE to WI.
KY, MD, MI, MO, NJ, OH, RI, WV; SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë veneta, general but
G. rubicola, white bud, IL, NJ; Botryosphaeria less common on red than black raspberry.
ribis, FL; Macrophoma rubi, IL. VIRUS. Raspberry Leaf Curl; Red; Black Rasp-
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii, CT, IL, WI. berry Necrosis, TN; Raspberry Streak;
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora rubi, WA. Raspberry Yellow Mosaic, general; Tomato
FRUIT SPOT, Flyspeck. Leptothyrium pomi, IN, Ring Spot, cause of crumbly fruit, NY;
KY, MA. Tobacco Ring Spot, NC; Raspberry Bushy
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium rubi (Sphaerulina Dwarf, OH; Black Raspberry Witches’
rubi), also cane spot, common East of Rocky Broom Phytoplasma, OR; Crumbly Fruit
Mts.; Mycosphaerella confusa (Cercospora Disease, OR; Rubus Yellow Net, Alberta,
rubi), NJ to FL, IL, TX; M. rubi, general; Canada; Blackberry Chlorotic Ringspot,
Pezizella oenotherae, MD, MO, VA; OR, WA.
Septoria darrowi (perhaps same as WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, MA to NJ, OH,
Cylindrosporium rubi) Stigmatea rubicola, OR, WA.
black leaf and cane spot, MT, NM, NY, VT, Virus diseases are important on raspberries
WI. and cannot be controlled by spraying. Pur-
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus vulnus. chase healthy plants and set, if possible, 500
NEMATODE, Sheath. Hemicycliophora sp. feet away from old patches. Inspect at least
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Iron deficiency in three times the first year, roguing all diseased
West. plants, after first searing them with a blow
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MI; torch or flame thrower so aphids will not
Sphaerotheca macularis, Northeast, North- carry the virus to nearby healthy bushes.
west, CA, IL, MN. Plants seldom recover from Verticillium wilt
ROSETTE, Double Blossom. Cercosporella rubi, and never from orange rust, which is
IL, KY, MD, NY, PA. systemic. Crown gall is important on red
Rhododendron 643
raspberries; if infected plants are found, rasp-

berries should not be replanted in the same Red-Bay, Swamp-Bay (Persea
soil for several years. borbonia)
BLACK MILDEW. Asterina delitescens, VA to

Ratibida (Prairie Coneflower) FL, TX; Irenopsis martiniana, AL, MS,
TX; Lembosia rugispora, MS, NC; Meliola
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, IA. amphitricha, FL, MS; Englerula carnea, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ratibida, KS, WI; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora purpurea, GA to
Physalospora lepachydis, MT; Ramularia FL, MS; Phyllosticta micropuncta, MD to
rudbeckiae, ID; Septoria infuscata, MI, FL, TX; Pestalotia spp., general.
MO, WI. LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, Gulf
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces states.
cichoracearum, ND, TX. ROT, Wood. Polyporus hirsutus; P. mutabilis.
ROT, Violet Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, WILT, Laurel. Raffaelea albidum, MS;
TX; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. R. lauricola, MS.
RUST. Uromyces perigynius (0, I), ND, TX; II,
III on Carex.
SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, NE, MI Redweed (Melochia)
to IN, KS, MN.
caulivora, LA.
Rattan Vine (Berchemia)
RUST. Puccinia coronata (0, I), VA to LA; II, III Rhexia (Deergrass, Meadow-Beauty)
on oats and wild grasses.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora erythrogena, AL DE,
MS, TN; Colletotrichum rhexiae, DE;
Redbud, Judas-Tree (Cercis) Phyllosticta rhexiae, FL.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis var.

chromogena, DE, MD, NJ, NC, TX, VA. Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana)
DODDER. Cuscuta exaltata, TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara cercidis, TN. LEAF STRIPE, Culm Stripe. Helminthosporium
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora cercidis, OK; hawaiiense, FL.
Cercosporella chionea, IL, IN, KS, NC;
Mycosphaerella cercidicola, general;
Phyllosticta cercidicola, IN, WV; Pestalotia Rhododendron
guepini, IL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Polyporus lucidus, VA. tumefaciens, OH.
ROT, Wood. Polyporus adustus; P. versicolor; BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas
Ganoderma lucidum (Polyporus lucidus). cichorii, GA.
VIRUS. Yellow Ringspot, OR. BLIGHT. Phytophthora ramorum, CA, NC, OR,
WILT. Verticillium sp., OH; of seedlings; WA; P. tropicalis, VA.
V. albo-atrum, DC, VA; V. dahliae, DC; BLIGHT, Bud, Twig. Briosia azalea, GA, NJ, NY,
Cylindrocladium sp. NC, PA, TN, VA.
644 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Cutting. Cylindrocladium scoparium POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, MD, NJ,
and C. floridanum, FL, OH. NY; Erysiphe azalea and E. vaccinii, Pacific
BLIGHT, Flower Spot. Ovulinia azaleae, CA, SC. Northwest.
BLIGHT, Gray. Pestalotia macrotricha, general ROT, Heart; Wood Rot. Fomes annosus, NC.
after winter injury. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, NJ, NY;
BLIGHT, Necrotic Shoots and Leaves. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Phytophthora irrigate and P. hydropathica, RUST. Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri, CA,
MD, PA, VA, WV. WA; C. roahnensis (II, III), NC, TN; 0, I on
BLIGHT, Silky Thread. Rhizoctonia ramicola, spruce; C. piperiana (II, III), CA, OR, WA;
FL. Pucciniastrum vaccinii (II), CT, NJ, RI.
BLIGHT,Twig. Phomopsis sp., CT, NJ, NY, OR; SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma sp., WA.
Phytophthora hedraiandra, PA. VIRUS. Rhododendron Necrotic Ringspot, OR.
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis, MD, WILT. Phytophthora cambivora, NC;
MA, NJ, NY; Gloeosporium sp., MD, NY; P. cinnamomi, MD, NJ, NY, PA, OH, VA;
Phytophthora cactorum, MD, MA, NJ, NY, P. citricola, OH, VA; P. cactorum, VA;
OH, PA, RI; P. hedraiandra (also leaf P. citrophthora, VA; P. nicotianae, VA;
lesions), MN; Glomerella cingulata, MD; P. tropicalis, VA; P. hibernalis.
Phytophthora cambivora, NC. Most rhododendron leaf spots are not worth
DAMPING-OFF. Alternaria sp., CT; Rhizoctonia worrying about. Some come after winter injury;
solani, CT, NJ, NY. some are definitely parasitic but not serious. Win-
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii, NJ. ter and early spring sun will turn some of the
GALL. Exobasidium vaccinii, leaf and shot, foliage brown. Do not prune out supposedly
MA to FL, MS; E. burtii, yellow leaf spot, dead twigs and branches too soon; wait for new
NJ; E. vaccinii-uliginosae, Witches’ Broom, growth to start. An accumulation of matted wet
NJ. leaves around the trunk fosters root and collar rot.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora handelii, FL, NJ, NC, Be cautious in the use of aluminum sulfate to
VA; Coryneum rhododendri, NC, PA, TN, acidify soil; sulfur is somewhat safer.
VA; Cryptostictis mariae, KY, NY, TN, VA;
Discosia artocreas, secondary, MD, NY;
Guignardia rhodorae, CT, MD, MA, NJ, Rhoeo
NY, PA, VA; Gloeosporium ferrugineum,
NC; Hendersonia concentrica, NC, TX, VIRUS, Tobacco Mosaic, MD.
WV; Lophodermium schweinitzii, NY to
NC, TX; Pestalopezia rhododendri, TN,
WV; Mycosphaerella clintoniana, NJ, NY, Rhubarb (Rheum)
NC, OR, WA; Phyllosticta rhododendri, NJ;
Physalospora rhododendri, PA, TN, VA; ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sp., IL, MO, PA,
Phomopsis rhododendri, NJ; Septoria WV, WI.
rhododendri, ME, NC; S. solitaria, NJ; BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Venturia rhododendri, MD, VA; tumefaciens, IA, MA, NY.
Phytophthora inflata, OH; P. insolita, OH. BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, occa-
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Melasmia rhododendri, AK. sional in market; E. rhapontici, crown
NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Mineral deficiency, rot, OK.
usually iron, widespread. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, MS,
Sunscald; Windburn. Severe winter injury in TX, VA.
exposed locations. DAMPING-OFF; Crown Rot. Pythium spp.,
Walnut Toxicity. Poisoning by root emanation CA, MD.
from Juglans nigra. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora rumicis, CA.
Rose (Rosa) 645
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta rhei, eastern and central LEAF Streak, White. Mycovellosiella oryzae, TX.
states to MS, KS; Alternaria sp., CA, MN, SMUT, False. Ustilaginoidea virens, LA.
NE, NJ, PA; Cercospora sp., DE, MD, NE;
C. rhapontici, IL; Cladosporium sp., CA,
WA; Macrophoma straminella, general; Rice-Paper Plant (Tetrapanax)
Ramularia rhei, CA; Septoria rhapontici, IA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CA, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
MD, NY, OK.
NONPARASITIC. Crack Stem. Boron Deficiency, WA.
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, serious in Rock-Jasmine (Androsace)
greenhouses.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, TX; DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora candida, KS.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX; LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella primulae, NM.
Phytophthora cactorum, crown rot, CA, RUST. Puccinia volkartiana (III), AK.
MO, OK, PA; P. parasitica, IL, KS, LA,
MD, MO, NY, TX, VA; Rhizoctonia solani,
CA, CT, IL, MN, MO, NY, OK, TX, WA. Rock-Rose (Cistus)
RUST. Puccinia phragmitis (0, I), CA, MN, NE;
II, III on Phragmites. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea.
VIRUS. Rhubarb Chlorotic Ring; Turnip
Mosaic, AK; Beet Curly Top.
Macrophoma leaf spot is common but seldom Rohdea
calls for control measures beyond removal of old
stalks in late fall. Plants with crown rot should be VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA.
dug and burned.
Rollinia
Ribbon-Bush (Homalocladium)
DIEBACK, Fruit Rot. Glomerella cingulata, FL.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, NY, PA,
WI.
Romanzoffia
Ribbon-Grass (Phalaris) RUST. Puccinia romanzoffiae (III), OR.
ERGOT. Claviceps purpurea, NY.

LEAF BLOTCH (SPOT). Stagonospora foliicola, PA. Rose (Rosa)
LEAF SPOT. Helminthosporium catenarium, PA
on Reed Canary grass (P. arundinacea) BACTERIAL Blast. Pseudomonas syringae.
LEAF SPOT, Zonate Eye-Spot. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
Helminthosporium giganteum, MD. tumefaciens, general.
rhizogenes, MD, PA, TX, VA, New England.
Rice (Oryzae sativa) Cereal Grass BLACKSPOT. Diplocarpon rosae, general;
Marssonina rosae, MS.
BLIGHT, Panicle. Burkholderia glumae and BLIGHT, Blossom. Botrytis cinerea, cosmopoli-
B. gladioli, Southern U.S., Panama. tan; gray mold on canes in storage;
LEAF, Blast. Pyricularia grisea, AR. Dothiorella sp., LA, VA.
646 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Cane. Physalospora obtusa, CT, to AL, MOLD, Black, of Grafts. Chalaropsis
KS, TX; Gloeosporium spp., widespread. thielavioides, CA, IL, NY, PA on understock
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, from OR and WA.
KS, TX. MOLD, Leaf and Bud. Cladosporium sp. and
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, LA. C. fuscum, AK, CA, MD, MN, MS, OK, TX.
CANKER, Brand. Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae, NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema
MN, NY, PA (also reported from CO, IN, diversicaudatum, greenhouses in Northeast;
MS, TX, but probably mistaken for C. X. americanum; X. krugi.
fuckelii). NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides spp.; Lance,
CANKER, Brown. Cryptosporella umbrina, MA Hoplolaimus sp.
to FL, CA, ID, MI, NE, TX. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis;
CANKER, Common, Graft. Leptosphaeria P. scribneri; P. vulnus.
coniothyrium (Coniothyrium fuckelii), gen- NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemoides sp.; Pin,
eral; Graft, C. rosarum, CA, IA, MA, MN, Paratylenchus spp.
NJ, PA, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.;
CANKER, Crown. Cylindrocladium scoparium, M. hapla.
in greenhouses, MA to GA, IL, TX. NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus spp.; Sheath,
CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis var. Hemicycliophora spp.
chromogena, AL, MD, TX, VA; NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis; Stubby
Cryptosporium minimum, OR, PA; Root, Trichodorus spp.
Diplodia spp., probably secondary; NEMATODE, Stylet. Tylenchorhynchus spp.
Griphosphaeria corticola (Coryneum NONPARASITIC. Boron Deficiency. Leaves
microstictum), NH to AL, ND; Pacific North- distorted, greenhouse.
west; Nectria cinnabarina, coral spot, MA to Chlorosis. Iron deficiency, upper leaves yellow,
VA, AK, WA; Cytospora sp., KY, PA, VA, with green veins; nitrogen deficiency, lower
WA; Didymella sepincoliformis, MD; leaves pale; potassium deficiency, leaves
Glomerella cingulata, MD, NJ, VA; grayish, may drop, stems weak.
Macrophoma sp., TX, VA; Botryodiplodia Leaf Scorch. Marginal, potash deficiency. In
theobromae, MN; Trichothecium roseum, greenhouses scorch may be boron and calcium
MN. deficiency.
DODDER. Cuscuta indecora and C. paradoxa, Mercury Toxicity. In greenhouses when paint
FL, TX. containing mercury used on sash.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora sparsa, mostly Pedicel Necrosis. Collapse of flower stem, cause
under glass, ME to FL, CA, IA; reported out- unknown.
doors in DE. Weed-killer Injury. Leaves fernlike, twisted
FOLIAR LESIONS, Black. Xanthomonas when 2,4-D used in vicinity.
perforans, FL. PETAL SPOT. Bipolaris (Helminthosporium)
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., VA to AL, TX; setariae, FL.
A. brassicae var. microspora, TX; POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera pannosa,
Cercospora puderi, FL, GA; general; S. macularis, not readily distin-
Mycosphaerella rosicola (Cercospora guished from S. pannosa; Phyllactinia
rosicola), general; M. rosigena, doubtfully corylea, WA.
distinct from M. rosicola, reported from ROT, Dry. Fusarium oxysporum, Brazil.
South; Monochaetia compta, AK, IA, KS, ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, MS, OR, TX,
MD; Pezizella oenotherae, also cane spot, WA; Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Fusarium
NJ to FL, MI, TX; Phyllosticta rosae, NY to spp., occasional, especially in the South;
FL, IN; P. rosae-setigerae, IN; Septoria Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX;
rosae, MS, NJ, SC. Ramularia macrospora, MD.
Rose – Mallow (Hibiscus palustris) 647
RUST. Phragmidium americanum (0, I, II, III), excessive winter protection. Where temperatures
on leaves of cultivated and native roses, ME to permit, as in the Central Atlantic region, eliminate
NC, ND, TX; P. montivagum (0, I, II, III), on soil mounding and other special winter treatment.
native species, SD to NM, AZ, WA; Roses are sensitive to many chemicals; it is
P. mucronatum (P. disciflorum), the common important to distinguish spray injury from
rust of cultivated roses, possibly on native blackspot and not increase the dosage because
species (0, I), on leaves and stems; II, III on you think you are not getting control. Combination
leaves, eastern states to Rocky Mts.; Pacific sprays or dusts should take care of most diseases,
Coast; P. fusiforme (P. rosae-acicularis) (0, I, as well as insects, in one operation. The bacterial
II, III), on native species, MI to CO, CA, WY; crown gall is occasionally present on plants pur-
P. rosae-californicae (0, I, II, III), on natives, chased from a nursery. Ask for a replacement; do
AZ, CA, MT, OR; P. rosae-pimpinellifoliae not contaminate your soil by planting such a bush.
(P. subcorticium) (0, I), on stems; II, III on
leaves of brier and sweetbrier groups, northern
U.S.; P. rosicola (III), CO, MT, NE, on native Rose – Acacia (Robinia hispida)
spp.; P. speciosum (0, I), on leaves and stems,
III on stems of cultivated and native roses, LEAF SPOT. Alternaria fasciculata, ND.
general except far South. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë rosarum, ME to FL,
KS, MI, MO, TX; Pacific Coast.
UNKNOWN. Speckle. Chlorotic flecks in leaves, Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
not transmitted by grafting, MD, NJ, NY,
PA, TX, VA. ANTHRACNOSE, Pod Spot. Colletotrichum
VIRUS. Rose Mosaic (in part Prunus Necrotic gloeosporioides, FL.
Ring Spot and Apple Mosaic), Pacific Coast BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, MD.
and eastern states in greenhouses and in gar- BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
dens on plants shipped from the West Coast; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora hibisci, TX.
Rose Rosette (Witches’ Broom), CA, KS, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX.
MD, MO, OR; Rose Streak, MD, NJ, NY, POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera euphorbiae,
TX, VA; Rose Yellow Mosaic, CA, IL, MD, AL, FL.
NY, PA, VA; Crinkle. On Manetti ROT, Fruit, Stem. Fusarium sp., FL;
understock, sometimes garden roses, Pacific Phytophthora parasitica, TX.
Coast, MD, NY, PA, TX, VA; Rose Leaf ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Curl, CA; Rose Spring Dwarf, CA. Rhizoctonia solani, TX.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, AR, CA, IL, NJ, WILT. Fusarium oxysporum, FL.
NY; probably wide spread.
Blackspot, brown canker, powdery mildew, and
rust are the big four diseases of garden roses. Rose-Gentian (Sabatia)
Blackspot is almost inevitable except in some dry
western states, and shows up even there when over- ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., OK.
head watering is substituted for the usual irrigation. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sabbatiae, DE, MS, NC,
It can be controlled by regular weekly spraying or OK, TX.
dusting. Powdery mildew, a problem on the Pacific
Coast, is increasing in eastern gardens. Brown can-
ker and other cane diseases are best controlled at Rose – Mallow (Hibiscus palustris)
spring pruning, by cutting out infected canes and
cutting other canes just above a bud, not leaving BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
any stub to die back. Cankers are increased by tumefaciens, MS.
648 Host Plants
DIEBACK. Colletotrichum hibisci, NJ, NY, TX. roberti, Gulf states, MD, NY; Stemphylium
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta abelmoschi, NY; elasticae, secondary; Trabutia (Phyllachora)
Cercospora kellermanii, IN; Phyllosticta ficuum, black spot, FL.
hibiscina, CT, FL, LA, MD, NJ, NY; NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides besseyi, FL.
Septoria sp., NJ. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.;
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. M. incognita.
RUST. Puccinia schedonnardi (0, I), CT to AL, NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus.
NE, TX; II, III on grasses.
Rudbeckia (Golden-Glow, Coneflower,

Rosemary (Rosmarinus) Black-Eyed Susan)
BLIGHT, AERIAL, ROT ROOT. Rhizoctonia solani, BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NY, and Cali-
LA, OK. fornia Aster Yellows, CA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, NJ.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii IA, NE,
NY, NC, ND, VA, WI.
Rose-of-Sharon, Shrub-Althaea GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, IL, WI.
(Hibiscus syriacus) LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rudbeckiae, NY;
C. tabacina, IL, NY, WI; Phyllosticta
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora malayensis, GA; rudbeckiae, IA, NY, WI; Ramularia
Phyllosticta hibiscina, OK; P. syriaca, NY. rudbeckiae, VT to MS, CO, ID, MT, VA,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., VT, WV; Septoria rudbeckiae, DE, KS,
MS, TX. NE, WA, WI.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
RUST. Kuehneola malvicola (II, III), Gulf states. cichoracearum, general.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CT.
Rouge-Plant (Rivina) RUST. Aecidium batesii (0, I), NE; Puccinia
dioicae (0, I), MD, SD; P. rudbeckiae (III)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora flagellaris, FL, TX; TX; Uromyces perigynius (0, I), MD to MT;
Septoria rivinae, TX. II, III on Carex; U. rudbeckiae (III), MT, MD
ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX; to MS, NM, TX.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, IA,
RUST. Puccinia raunkaerii (0, I, II, III), FL, TX. MO, OH, WI.
VIRUS. Potato Yellow Dwarf, NY; Mosaic,
unidentified, IL, IN; Bidens Mottle, FL;
Rubber-Plant (Ficus elastica) Tomato Spotted Wilt, TX.
VIRUS, Phyllody. Flower Distortion, MN.
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, general; WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY.
Gloeosporium sp., WA.
tumefaciens, CA, TX. Rue Anemone (Anemonella)
CANKER; DIEBACK. Physalospora rhodina, GA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., IN, OH, TX; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora caulophylli, MO.
Leptostromella elastica, NY, Northeastern POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, IA.
states; Mycosphaerella bolleana, GA; RUST. Puccinia recondita (0, I), IN, IA, MO.
Phyllosticta sp., MD, NY; Phyllosticta SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis anemones, NY.
Sage (Salvia) (Includes Blue, Clary, Sauceleaf, Scarlet, Black Ornamental Forms) 649
BLIGHT. Botrytis cinerea; Rhizoctonia sp.,

Ruellia NM.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria spp., AZ, CA, IN, MT,
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, LA. NE, ND; Septoria carthami, IN, TX;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora consociata, AL, IL, IA, Stemphylium sp., FL; Cercospora beticola,
MS, MO. MT.; Ramularia carthami, Ramularia
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. cercosphaelloides, Sonora, Mexico.
RUST. Puccinia lateripes (0, I, II, III), MD to FL, POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
KS, MO, TX; Uromyces ruelliae (0, I, II, III), cichoracearum, CA.
TX. ROT, Root. Phytophthora drechsleri, CA.
ROT, Stem; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, IN,
ND, VA.
Rumex (Garden Sorrel) RUST. Puccinia carthami (II, III), CO, MA, MT,
NE, ND.
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, AZ, CA; Turnip
CA. Mosaic, CA.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium anomalum, IA. WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora acetosellae, LA, TX; Verticillium albo-atrum.
Phyllosticta sp., NY; Gloeosporium rumicis,
NY, TX; Septoria pleosporioides, TX.
NEMATODE, Ring. Criconemella xenoplax, SC.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. Sage (Salvia) (Includes Blue, Clary,
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, TX. Sauceleaf, Scarlet, Black Ornamental
RUST. Puccinia acetosae (II, III), ME to FL. Forms)
VIRUS. Tomato Ringspot, PA.
CA.
Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens) BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, IL.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, OH; Rhi-
LEAF SPOT. Cercosporella acroptili, MT. zoctonia solani, CT, IL, NJ, OH.
RUST. Puccinia acroptili, CO, MT, WY. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora lamii, IA, LA;
P. swinglei, KS.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora salviicola, OK, TX;
Russian-Olive, Silverberry (Elaeagnus) Ramularia salviicola, OK; Myrothecium
roridum, FL.
CANKER. Fusicoccum elaeagni, IL, MO. NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
DE, NJ.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AZ,
Rutabaga NJ; M. javanica.
▶Turnip. cichoracearum, CA.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, SC.
ROT, Root. Fusarium oxysporum, NC;
Safflower (Carthamus) Phytophthora dreschleri; P. parasitica,
NC; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
ANTHRACNOSE; Blight. Gloeosporium carthami, Stem, Sphaeropsis salviae, MS.
IN, TX, VA. ROT, Root and Crown. Phytophthora cryptogea,
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae, CA. CA.
650 Host Plants
RUST. Aecidium subsimulans, AZ; Puccinia

ballotaeflorae (II, III), TX; 0, I unknown; St. Andrews Cross, St. Peterswort
P. caulicola (0, I, II, III), IA to TX, NM; (Ascyrum)
P. farinacea (0, I, II, III), AL, AZ, KS, MS,
MO, NE, OK, TX; P. salviicola (0, I, II, III), LEAF SPOT. Cladosporium gloeosporioides, AL.
FL, TX; P. vertisepta (0, I, III), AZ, NM; P. RUST. Uromyces triquetrus (0, I, II, III), MS, NJ,
melliflora (I, III), CA. TX.
STEM SPOT, Lesion; Wilt. Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, ND.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt. St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum)
ROT, Root. Gaeumannomyces graminis var.

graminis, FL, TX.
Sage-Brush (Artemisia) VIRUS. Panicum Mosaic, AR.

BLIGHT, Stem. Sclerotium sp., OR. St. Johnswort (Hypericum)
CANKER, Stem Gall, Black Knot. Syncarpella
tumefaciens, CA, MT, NV. BLACK KNOT. Gibberidea heliopsidis, MD.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., TX. BLIGHT, Leaf. Rosellinia (Dematophora)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora leptosperma, necatrix; Diploceras hypericum (stem and
CA, IA, KS, ND, WI. leaf), OR.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ferruginea, WI; C. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, SC.
olivacea, NY; Cylindrosporium artemisiae, GALL, Stem. Sphaeropsis tumefaciens, FL.
WA, WI; Heterosporium sp., AK; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora hyperici, IL;
Phyllosticta raui, MT; Ramularia Cladosporium gloeosporioides, AL, NJ,
artemisiae, NY, WI; Septoria artemisiae, NY, WI.
WA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces cichoracearum.
cichoracearum, WI to NM, CA, WA. RUST. Melampsora hypericorum (II), MT;
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Uromyces triquetrus (0, I, II, III), ME to
RUST. Puccinia atrofusca, IA to TX, CA, OR; II, AL, and IA, TX, WI.
III on Carex; P. millefolii (III), ND to TX, AK,
CA, WA; P. tanaceti (0, I, II, III), WI to TX,
CA, WA; 0, I, II, III on Tanacetum and II on Salal (Gaultheria shallon)
chrysanthemum; Uromyces oblongisporus
(III), WY. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum acutatum,
British Columbia, Canada.
BLACK MILDEW. Meliola sp.
LEAF SPOT. Dasyscyphus gaultheriae, CA, OR,
Sainfoin (Onobrychis) WA; Mycosphaerella gaultheriae, Pacific
Coast, AK; Pestalopezia brunneo-pruinosa,
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, TX; Sclero- CA, OR, WA; Phyllosticta gaultheriae, general.
tium rolfsii, TX. LEAF, Stem Lesions. Phoma exigua, British
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla, WY. Columbia, Canada.
ROT, Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, TX; Sclerotium POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, OR.
rolfsii, TX. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë ledi, OR, WA.
Sandvine (Ampelanus) 651
Salpiglossis (Painted-Tongue) Salt Bush (Atriplex)
BACTERIAL Canker, Vascular. Clavibacter DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora farinosa, MT, TX.
michiganense, WY. GALL, Leaf, Stem. Urophlyctis pulposa,
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, ND, TX.
CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora dubia, widespread;
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, NY. Stagonospora atriplicis, KS, NE, NJ, NY, PA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NY. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA;
WILT. Fusarium sp., WA; Verticillium albo- root gall, Heterodera schachtii, UT.
atrum, NY. RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I); II, III on grasses;
Uromyces shearianus (0, I, III).
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top; Iris Yellow Spot, UT.
Salsify (Tragopogon)
Saltgrass (Distichlis)
CA; Aster Yellows, MD, NY, PA, WI. BROWN STRIPE. Bipolaris heveae, CO.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora,
CT, TX.
BLIGHT, Leaf. Sporodesmium scorzonerae, AL, Salvinia (Aquatic Fern)
MD, NY, PA, VA, WV.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. LEAF SPOT, Water-Soaked Lesions. Rhizoctonia
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora tragopogonis, MT, OK; solani, FL.
Stemphylium botryosum, NY; Alternaria
tenuis.
NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, Sanchezia
CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NY to ROT, Mushroom Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
AL, TX, WA.
cichoracearum, general. Sand-Myrtle (Leiophyllum)
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ,
TX; Rhizoctonia solani, TX, WA. GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, NJ, NC.
ROT, Stem, Crown. Sclerotinia intermedia, IL;
S. sclerotiorum, IL.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top; Lettuce Mosaic, NY. Sand-Verbena (Abronia)
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, CA.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NY. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora oxybaphi, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Heterosporium abroniae, CA, TX.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae, AZ, CA, CO, NM; II,
III on grasses.
Salsify, Black (Scorzonera)
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, Sandvine (Ampelanus)

CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. BLACK MILDEW. Meliola bidentata, NC.
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, CA. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara gonolobi, SC.
652 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gonolobi, OK; Septoria ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
sp., LA. RUST. Scopella (Uredo) sapotae (II), FL.
RUST. Puccinia obliqua (III), OK, TX. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë lepagei, FL.
Sandwort (Arenaria) Sassafras
LEAF SPOT. Hendersonia tenella, TX. CANKER, Branch, Trunk. Nectria sp., CT to WV,
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA. MS.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. CANKER; DIEBACK. Physalospora obtusa, NY to
RUST. Puccinia arenariae (III), CA, FL, MT, GA.
NY, TX, WI; P. tardissima, CO, NM, UT, LEAF SPOT. Septoria sp., NY; Actinothyrium
WY; Uromyces inaequialtus (0, I, II, III), gloeosporioides (Actinopella dryina);
CO, UT. Cristulariella pyramidalis; Phyllosticta
SMUT, Anther. Ustilago violacea, ME, NH, NY, illinoiensis, IL, MA; P. sassafras, NY to
VT. GA, TX, IL.
(flavescens), TX.
Sanguisorba (Burnet) POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MI.
ROT, Heart, Trunk. Daedalea confragosa, IN,
LEAF SPOT. Graphium sessile, NY; Ovularia NY; Fomes igniarius, OH, VA; F. ribis, MO.
bulbigera, AK, IL. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, PA;
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
IA; Sphaerotheca macularis, AK, KS, NY, ROT, Wood. Daldinia vernicosa;
PA. Hymenochaete agglutinans; Hypoxylon
RUST. Xenodochus carbonarius (I, III), AK; X. spp.; Polyporus spp., sometimes on living
minor, AK. trees; Poria ferruginosa; Schizophyllum
commune, NY; Trametes sepium, IN.
VIRUS. Mosaic, NY; Yellows, TX, unidentified.
Sansevieria (Bowstring-Hemp, Snake WILT, Laurel. Raffaelea lauricola, FL, MS, SC.
Plant) The undetermined yellows disease causes fas-
ciation of tops, leafroll, and dwarfing of leaves.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae and
E. carotovora, AZ, FL, MD, NJ.
LEAF SPOT. Fusarium moniliforme, FL, MO, Saururus (Swamp-Lily, Water Dragon)
WA; Gloeosporium sansevieriae, FL, WA.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus sp., CA. GALL, Leaf. Physoderma sp., VA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora saururi, AL, FL, IL, IN,
M. javanica. LA, NY, TX; Ramularia saururi, OK.
NONPARASITIC. Wilt. Overfertilization or toxic salts. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
ROT. Aspergillus niger; Fusarium sp.
Saxifrage (Saxifraga)
Sapodilla (Achras)
GALL, Limb. Pestalotia scirrofaciens, FL, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cercosporella saxifragae, WI;
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sp., FL; Septoria sp., Phyllosticta saxifragarum, WY; Septoria
FL. albicans, WI; Ramularia sp., AK.
Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum) 653
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis,

AK, CO, NY, PA, WY. Schrankia
RUST. Melampsora arctica (0, I), AK, CO; II, III
on willow; Puccinia heucherae (III), AK, MT RUST. Ravenelia morongiae, TX.
to NM, ID, WA, WY, NY to IL, MT; STEM SPOT. Cercospora morongiae, MS.
P. pazschkei (III), ID, MT, WA; and var.
tricuspidatae, CO, UT.
VIRUS. Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NC.
Scilla (Squill)
LEAF SPOT. Embellisia hyacinthi, CA.

Scabiosa NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci, VA.
ROT, Blue Mold. Penicillium gladioli, on
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, CT, NJ, imported bulbs.
NY, VA; and California Aster Yellows, CA. ROT, Bulb. Sclerotium rolfsii, WA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii. SMUT, Flower. Ustilago vaillantii, MA,
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni; WA.
E. knautiae, NY, WA. VIRUS. Ornithogalum Mosaic, NY.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NY.
Scindapsus
▶Pothos.
Scarborough-Lily (Vallota)
LEAF SCORCH; Red Spot. Stagonospora curtisii,

LA. Sea-Grape, Dove-Plum (Coccoloba)
SPOT, Tar. Phyllachora simplex, FL.
Schefflera (Brassaia
actinophylla = Scheffiera actinophylla)
Sea-Kale (Crambe)
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas cichorii, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria panax, CA, FL. LEAF SPOT, Black. Alternaria oleracea, VA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita. ROT, Root; Damping-off. Aphanomyces raphani,
ROT, Stem, Leaf, Cutting. Fusarium solani, FL. WI.
VIRUS. Ghost Ring; Scheffiera Ringspot. VIRUS. Beet Western Yellows Virus, CA.
WILT, Yellows. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
conglutinans, IN.
Schefflera, Dwarf (Scheffiera

arboricola)
Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum)
BACTERIAL Leaf Blight. Pseudomonas cichorii,
FL. BLIGHT, Basal Leaf. Waitea circinata var.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp. FL. prodigus, FL.
654 Host Plants
NEMATODE. Helicotylenchus sp., FL. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;

ROT, Root/Stolon. Gaeumannomyces graminis Rhizoctonia solani, IL, NJ.
var. graminis. FL. ROT, Stem. Phytophthora sp., NJ; Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, LA.
RUST. Coleosporium occidentale (II, III), CA,
Sedum (Stonecrop) CO, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY; 0, I unknown;
C. senecionis (II, III), CO, RI; Puccinia
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, KS, angustata var. eriophori (0, I), CT, IA, MN,
NJ, VA. NH, UT, VT; II, III on Eriophorum and
LEAF SPOT. Septoria sedi, IL, IA, ME, NY; Scirpus; P. expansa, CA, UT, WA, WY;
Pleospora sp., NY; Stemphylium bolickii, FL. P. lagenophorae, CA; P. recedens, CO, CT
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. to NC, IA, TN, ND to OR, WA, WY;
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe sedi, NY. P. dioicae (0, I), NE, NM, TX; II, III on
ROT, Stem. Colletotrichum sp. (Vermicularia Carex; P. stipae (0, I), CO, NE, WY; II, III
benficiens), NY, VA; Phytophthora sp., NY; on Stipa; P. subcircinata (0, I, III), ID, NE,
Rhizoctonia solani, IL, NJ. NV, NM, ND, UT, WA; Baeodromus
RUST. Puccinia rydbergii (III), UT; P. umbilici californicus (III), CA.
(III), CO, WY. SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum, KS,
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. MD, NE, PA, TX, WI.
VIRUS, Foliar Ringspot. Tobacco Rattle Virus, VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt.
MN. WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, CA, CO, IN,
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sedi, CA. MO, MT, NE, UT, WA.
WILT. Fusarium sp., NJ; Verticillium albo-
atrum, WA.
Sempervivum (Houseleek)
ROT, Leaf and Stem. Phytophthora parasitica, Sequoia (Redwood and Giant Sequoia)
NY.
ROT, Root. Pythium sp., IA. BLIGHT, Needle. Chloroscypha chloromela;
RUST. Endophyllum sempervivi (III), MA, NJ, Cercospora sequoiae, MD, PA;
NY. Mycosphaerella sequoiae; Pestalotia
funerea, TX; Phytophthora citrophthora,
also branch dieback, CA.
Senecio (Groundsel) BLIGHT, Seedling. Botrytis douglasii, CA, OH,
PA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows. BLIGHT, Twig. Phomopsis juniperovora; Botry-
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI. tis cinerea.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora senecionicola, WI; BURLS, Gall, on trunk. Cause unknown.
C. senecionis, TX; Gloeosporium CANKER. Botryosphaeria dothidea, VA. [Red-
senecionis, CA; Phyllosticta garrettii, OR, wood, Dawn] [U.S. Nat’l Arboretum, Wash-
UT, WY; Ramularia filaris, CO, MT; ington, DC]; B. dothidea (¼ B. ribis), CA;
R. pruinosa, CO, WY; R. senecionis, CA, Phytophthora ramorum (branch and leaf
CO; Septoria cacaliae, AL, IN, TX; discolor), CA.
S. senecionis, CA. CANKER, Bark. Dermatea livida.
NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi. NEMATODE. Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita,
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces M. javanica, Pratylenchus penetrans,
cichoracearum, ID, MN, NE, VA, WA; P. vulnus, Xiphinema bakeri, CA.
Sphaerotheca macularis, CO, MT, UT, WY. ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli.
Shortia (Oconee-bells) 655
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea; BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, LA.

Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. BLOTCH, Purple. Alternaria porri, CA, LA, TX.
ROT, Trunk; Heart. Fomes annosus; Ganoderma DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora destructor, LA.
sequoiae; Poria sequoiae; P. albipellucida. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX.
ROT, Wood. Hymenochaete tabacina; Lenzites ROT, Bulb and Basal. Fusarium culmorum, CA.
saepiaria; Merulius hexagonoides; ROT, Neck; Gray Mold, Botrytis allii, LA;
Polyporus spp.; Schizophyllum commune; Smudge, Colletotrichum circinans, IL, LA,
Stereum spp.; Trametes spp. WI.
ROT, Pink Root. Pyrenochaeta terrestris, CO,
LA, TX; Fusarium solani, TX.
Seriocarpus (White-Topped Aster) ROT, White. Sclerotium cepivorum, LA, VA.
SMUT. Urocystis cepulae, MA.
RUST. Coleosporium asterum (II, III), CT; VIRUS. Mosaic, unidentified; Tomato Spotted
Puccinia dioicae (0, I), IN, NC, TN. Wilt, GA; Irish Yellow Spot, CO, OR.
Pink root and white rot are prevalent in Louisi-
ana. Losses from white rot are heavy if plants are
Sesame (Sesamum) set late; September setting may give a good crop.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas sesami, KS,

TX. Shasta Daisy (Leucanthemum
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, x Superbum)
AZ.
BLIGHT. Corynespora cassiicola, MS, Southeast. BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sesami, Southeast; LEAF BLOTCH. Septoria leucanthemi, CA, OR.
A. tenuissima, TX; Cercospora sesami, FL, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora chrysanthemi, OK.
GA, SC; Cylindrocladium sesami, FL, SC; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AL,
Helminthosporium sesami, TX. FL, MS.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA, ROT, Root. Pythium sp., NJ.
TX. ROT, Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, MD; Sclerotinia
VIRUS. Cowpea Aphid-Borne Mosaic, Paraguay. sclerotiorum, MT, WA; Fusarium roseum
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, NM. and F. solani, TX.
Sesuvium Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, FL. BACTERIAL, Yellows. Spiroplasma citri, IL.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), TX; II, III on
grasses. Shining Willow (Salix lucida)
WHITE RUST. Albugo trianthemi, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria musiva, Quebec, Canada.
BACTERIAL, Yellows. Spiroplasma citri, IL.
Shallot (Allium ascalonicum;
A. porrum, Leek)
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae pv. Shortia (Oconee-bells)

porri, CA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, LA. LEAF SPOT. Pezizella oenotherae, NC, SC.
656 Host Plants
Sida Silphium (Compass Plant, Indian-Cup)
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae
CANKER, Stem. Diaporthe phaseolorum var. pv. tagetis, WI.
caulivora, LA. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, IL, IA,
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sidicola; WI to AR, KS, MN.
Colletotrichum malvarum, KS, TX, UT; LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta compositarum, WI;
Phyllosticta spinosa, KS, TX; Ramularia Cercospora silphii, AL, IL, KS, TX, WV,
sidarum, FL; Sclerotinia minor (bleached WI; Colletotrichum silphii, WI; Septoria
leaf and stem lesions), NC. alba, IL, KS.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AL, POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
FL, MS. cichoracearum, CT, MD.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
RUST. Puccinia heterospora, FL to TX, IN, MO; Rhizoctonia solani, ME.
P. lobata, AZ, CA, NM, TX, UT; RUST. Puccinia silphii (III), NC to AL, TX, ND;
P. schedonnardi, NM. Coleosporium terebinthinaceae (II, III), PA
VIRUS. Abutilon Mosaic, FL. to FL, TX, KS; 0, I on pines; Uromyces silphii
(0, I), OH to MO, KS and WI; II, III on Juncus.
SMUT, White. Entyloma compositarum,
TX, WI.
Silene (Catchfly, Cushion-Pink,
Campion)
Skimmia
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, IL. VIRUS. Tobacco Ring Spot, NY.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora silenes, IL, KS,
NE, TX, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta silenes, MT, OK, WI; Skullcap (Scutellaria)
Marssonina delastrei, WI; Phyllosticta
nebulosa, MT, NY, WI; Septoria dimera, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora scutellariae, IL, MS,
NE, WI; S. silenes. MO, TX; Phyllosticta decidua, TX, WI;
RUST. Uromyces silenes (0, I, II, III), CA, IA, KS, Septoria scutellariae, ME to IA, CA, CO,
MT, PA, WA; U. suksdorfii, CA, ID, NM, MS, OK.
UT, WA; Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe galeopsidis, IL, IN,
SMUT, Flower. Sorosporium saponariae, CO, IA, KS, MI, NY, OH, WI; Microsphaera sp.,
NV, UT; Ustilago violacea, anther smut, IL.
CA, MT, NH, TX, VA, WA, WY. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Rhizoctonia solani, TX.
ROT, Stem. Botrytis cinerea, WA.
Silk-Tassel Bush (Garrya) VIRUS. Alternanthera Mosaic, FL, MD, PA.
BLACK MILDEW. Lembosia lucens, CA.

LEAF SPOT. Cercospora garryae, CA, TX; Skunk-Cabbage (Symplocarpus)
Dothichiza garryae, CA; Phyllosticta
garryae, CA, TX. BLIGHT, Leaf. Botrytis streptothrix, CT, IL,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. NJ, NY.
Snakeweed (Polygonum) 657
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora symplocarpi, MA to POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MI.

VA, IN, WI; Septoria spiculosa, MD, NY, ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX.
PA, WI. RUST. Puccinia amphigena (0, I), KS, MI, NE,
ND; II, III on Calamovilfa; P. arundinariae
(0, I), NC, SC; P. macrospora (0, I), DE, NJ,
Skunk Vine (Paederia foetide) NY; II, III on Carex; P. smilacis (II, III), MA
to FL, TX, and NE; 0, I on Apocynum.
LEAF SPOT. Pseudocercospora paederiae, FL.
Smithantha
Slenderflower Thistle (Carduus)
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL, OH,
RUST. Puccinia carduorum, CA. WA.
Small Flower Galinsoga (Galinsoga Smithiana

parviflora)
VIRUS. Smithiana Potexvirus.
ROT, Stem. Whetzelinia sclerotiorum, MD.
Smoke-Tree (Cotinus)
Smelowskia
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rhoina, AL; Pezizella
RUST. Puccinia aberrans (0, III), CO, MT, NE, oenotherae, MD; Septoria rhoina, CT, MA,
UT, WA; P. holboellii, NV; P. monoica, CO, NY, VA; Gloeosporium sp., IL.
WY. Rot, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Pileolaria cotini-coggyriae, GA, RI.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CT, IL, NE, NJ,
Smilax (Greenbrier Cat-Brier) NY.
For Florists’ Smilax, ▶Asparagus.

CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium pseudope- Smoke-Tree (Dalea)
dicellatum, FL.
GALL. Synchytrium smilacis. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora daleae, KS.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta confusa, NY, WI; MISTLETOE. Phoradendron californicum, CA to
Cercospora smilacina, CT to FL, TX; TX.
C. smilacis, MA to FL, TX, and MN; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Colletotrichum smilacis, IL; RUST. Pileolaria cotini-coggyriae, AR; Puccinia
Cylindrosporium smilacis, AL; Dothiorella andropogonis (0, I), SD to KS; II, III on
smilacina, MA to LA, TX; Mycosphaerella Andropogon; P. paroselae (II, III), CA.
smilacicola, GA, SC; Pestalotia clavata, NY
to AL, LA; Phyllosticta subeffusa, IL, KS,
WV; Ramularia subrufa, IA, MS, NE, WI; Snakeweed (Polygonum)
Septogloeum subnudum, IL, WI; Septoria
smilacis, WV; Sphaeropsis cruenta, IA; NEMATODE, Foliar. Aphelenchoides fragariae,
Stagonospora smilacis, CT to MD, ND, TX. SC.
NEMATODE, Burrowing. Radopholus similis, FL. ROT, Root. Pythium helicoides, FL.
658 Host Plants
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, CT, ME,

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum) MA, MN, NY, NJ, PA.
Rust is the most generally important
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum antirrhini, general disease and can be prevented, to some extent,
in eastern and southern states to CO and TX. by purchasing rust-resistant seed, but not all
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium such seed is resistant to all strains of rust.
tumefaciens, NY.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, cosmopol-
itan in greenhouses.
BLIGHT, Southern; Stem Rot. Sclerotium rolfsii, Snowberry (Symphoricarpos)
CA, FL, MS, NJ, NY, TX.
CANKER, Stem and Crown. Myrothecium ANTHRACNOSE; Black Berry Rot; Twig Canker.
roridum, IL. Glomerella cingulata, widespread, MA to
DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Pythium spp., cosmo- VA, IL and WI.
politan; Rhizoctonia solani, also collar rot. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., WA. tumefaciens, MD.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora antirrhini, CA, BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium
NY, OK, OR, PA. rhizogenes, IA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora antirrhini, FL, IL. LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta symphoricarpophila,
LEAF SPOT; Stem Rot; Canker. Phyllosticta NY; Cercospora symphoricarpi, MT, SD;
antirrhini, general in eastern and North cen- Phyllosticta symphoricarpi, NM, NY, WA;
tral states also TX and WA. Lasiobotrys symphoricarpi, black spot, CO,
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis. UT, WY; Septoria oedospora, CO;
NEMATODE, Pin. Paratylenchus penetrans, CA. S. signalensis, WY; S. symphoricarpi, ND
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., gen- to CO, CA and WA.
eral in South and in northern greenhouses; M. POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera diffusa, gen-
javanica, MD. eral; Podosphaera oxya-canthae, WA.
NONPARASITIC. Fasciation. Probably genetic. ROT, Berry. Alternaria sp., CO, CT, MA, NY;
Tip Blight. Cause unknown CA, MD, OK, VA; Botrytis cinerea, CT, MA, NY.
injury from peach aphid. ROT, Collar. Fomes ribis, KS, MT.
PETAL SPOT. Bipolaris (Helminthosporium) ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX.
setariae, FL. RUST. Puccinia crandallii (0, I), CA, CO,
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., MA, NY, PA. ID, MT, ND, UT, WA, WY; II, III on
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, OK. grasses; P. symphoricarpi (III), MT to
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; CA, AK.
Thielaviopsis basicola, CT, NJ. SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Scab. Sphaceloma
ROT, Stem; Wilt. Fusarium sp., perhaps second- symphoricarpi, ME to VA, AR, CA, CO,
ary; CT, FL, GA, OK, TN, WA; OR, WA, WI.
Phytophthora cactorum, CA, IL, MN, NJ, Anthracnose and spot anthracnose, scab, com-
NY; P. cryptogea, CA, OK; P. parasitica, monly disfigure berries.
GA; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA, IN, MI,
PA, TX; S. minor, CT.
RUST. Puccinia antirrhini (II, III), general; 0,
I unknown. Snowdrop (Galanthus)
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, Mosaic, unidentified,
KS, NY, OH, PA; Ring Spot, unidentified, BLIGHT, Botrytis. Botrytis galanthina on
OK; Impatiens Necrotic Spot, NC. imported bulbs.
Sonchus 659
Snow-on-the-Mountain (Euphorbia Society Garlic (Tulbaghia)

marginata)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita,
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, NJ. FL.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., KS, TX; Cercospora
euphorbiicola, NE; C. pulcherrimae, OK;
Phyllosticta sp., NJ.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera euphorbiae, Solomons-Seal (Polygonatum)
IN, IA, KS, MO.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum liliacearum, second-
RUST. Puccinia panici (0, I), MS to TX, CO, SD; ary, cosmopolitan; Sphaeropsis cruenta, CT,
Uromyces euphorbiae, IA, SD to TX, CO. IN, IA, NY, OH, VA, WI.
ROT, Rhizome. Stromatinia smilacinae, NY.
RUST. Puccinia sessilis (0 I), AL, CT, ID, IA,
Soapberry, Southern (Sapindus MN, NY, OH, PA, WI, WY; II, III on
saponaria) Phalaris; Uromyces acuminatus var.
magnatus (0, I), IL, IA, MN, NE, ND, SD;
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL. II, III on Spartina.
LEAF SPOT; Dieback. Glomerella cingulata, FL; SMUT, Leaf. Urocystis colchici, IA.
Phyllosticta sapindii, FL. VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, ME.
Soapberry, Western (Sapindus

drummondii) Solomons Seal, False (Maianthemum
racemosum)
BLIGHT, Leaf. Cylindrosporium griseum,
OK, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cercosporella idahoensis, ID;
LEAF SPOT; Dieback. Glomerella cingulata, TX; Cylindrosporium smilacinae, CA, CO, OR,
Mycosphaerella sapindii, MO. UT; Heterosporium asperatum, WY;
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum Phloeospora vagnerae, MT; Ramularia
(flavescens), AZ, NM, TX. smilacinae, MT, WY, WA; Septoria
POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinula circinata, TX. smilacinae, general; Sphaeropsis cruenta,
ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX. CA, NM; Phytophthora ramorum, CA.
VIRUS. Mosaic, TX. ROT, Rhizome. Stromatinia smilacinae, NY.
This is one of the few plants reported resistant RUST. Puccinia sessilis, CA, ID, IA, KS, ND, SD,
to Texas root rot. MT, NE, NY, OK, PA, WA; Uromyces
acuminatus var. magnatus, CO, IL, MN,
MT, NE, ND, SD, WI; II, III on Spartina.
Soapwort (Saponaria) SMUT, Leaf. Urocystis colchici, MT.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria saponariae, also stem

spot, CT to MD, IN, MN; Cylindrosporium
officinale, IN; Phyllosticta tenerrima, NJ, Sonchus
TX; Septoria noctiflorae, IL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. ROT. Macrophomina phaseolina, AZ.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), CO. VIRUS. Sowthistle Yellow Vein.
660 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Leaf. Choanephora infundibulifera,

Sophora (Pagoda Tree, Silky Sophora, LA.
Mescalbean) BLIGHT, Pod and Stem. Diaporthe sojae, NY, MI,
to GA, KS, LA.
BLIGHT, Twig. Nectria cinnabarina, CT, NY. BLIGHT. Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum,
CANKER. Fusarium lateritium, NJ. VA.
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, CT. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, VA to FL,
DIEBACK. Diplodia sophorae, OH. IA, KS, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sophorae, OK, TX. CANKER, Stem. Diaporthe phaseolorum vars.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum batatatis, meridionalis, and caulivora, AR,
(flavescens), TX. FL, IL, IN, KY, LA, MD, OH, SC, TX, WI;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD. Phyllosticta sojicola, AR, MD, stem and pod
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, CT. canker.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. DAMPING-OFF. Fusarium solani, MN, ND.
RUST. Uromyces hyalinus (0, I, II, III), SD to TX, DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Pythium spp., IL, IA,
AZ, WY. MN, MO, NC, ND; P. aphanidermatum;
VIRUS. Brooming Disease. Unidentified. P. torulosum, IA; P. delawarii, OH;
Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea,
VA.
Sowthistle, Annual (Sonchos DECAY, Root, Stem. Mycoleptodiscus terrestris,
oleraceus) WI.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora manshurica, East
RUST. Miyagia pseudosphaeria, CA. and South to LA, IA.
VIRUS. Iris Yellow Spot, GA. LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., widespread, second-
ary; Cercospora canescens, also on pods,
stems, AL, IL, MD, MS, NC, TX, WV;
Soybean (Glycine max) C. kikuchii, also purple stain of seed, IN,
MD, NC, VA; C. sojina, frogeye leaf spot,
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella glycines, IA, MI, NC MI to FL, IA, NY, OK, VA, WI, Argentina;
to FL, NE, TX; Colletotrichum truncatum; Corynespora cassiicola (Helminthosporium
C. coccodes, IL. vignicola), target spot, AL, AR, FL, GA, LA,
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae pv. MN, MS, NC, SC; Helminthosporium
glycinea, East and South to MN, TX. vignae, zonate leaf spot, NC;
BACTERIAL, MLO. Bud Proliferation, LA. Mycosphaerella cruenta, GA, MS;
BACTERIAL Leaf Crinkle. Unidentified, Midwest. Myrothecium roridum, secondary, LA;
BACTERIAL Pustule; Pustular Spot. Xanthomonas Phyllosticta glycinea, IL, MD, MO, NC,
glycines (phaseoli var. sojense), general. VA; Pleosphaerulina sojicola, ME, NJ, NY,
BACTERIAL Tan Spot. Clavibacter WI.
flaccumfaciens, IA. LEAF SPOT, Brown Spot. Septoria glycines, AR,
BACTERIAL Wildfire. Pseudomonas tabaci, MD DE, IN, IA, MD, NC, WI.
to AL, LA, NE. LEAF and STEM DISEASE. Cercospora zebrina
BACTERIAL Wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, NC. (clover isolate), NC.
BLIGHT, Aerial. Rhizoctonia solani, LA. MOLD, White. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ME.
BLIGHT, Ashy Stem; Charcoal Rot. NEMATODE, Cyst. Heterodera glycines, soybean
Macrophomina phaseoli, NJ to SC, NE, cyst, AR, IA, KS, KY, LA, MI, MN, MO, NE,
OH, TX, WA, WI. NC, ND, OH, SD, TN, TX; H. gottingiana,
BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Leaf Spot. Botrytis cinerea, peacyst; H. trifolii, clover cyst; Cactodera
CT, OH. estonica, WI.
Sparaxis (Wandflower) 661
NEMATODE, Dagger. Longidorus sp. RUST. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, AL, AR, FL,
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus safaenis, GA. GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, MD, MS,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla; M. MO, NE, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA, Cuba,
javanica. Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico; P. packopsora,
NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus erythrinae; VA, Mexico.
H. nannus. SEED INFECTION. Phomopsis longicolla, IA.
NEMATODE, Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, NY. SUDDEN DEATH SYNDROME. Fusarium solani f. sp.
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis; B. glycines, AR, DE, IA, KY, MN, MO, NE, OH,
longicaudatus, DE. PA; F. tucumaniae, Argentina; F.
NONPARASITIC. Baldhead. Mechanical injury. virguliforme, MI, WI; Phoma sp.;
Chlorosis. Interveinal. Manganese deficiency, Epicoccum sp.; Alternaria sp.,
AL, NC, TN. Trichoderma sp., MO.
Yellowing. Potassium deficiency, iron VIRUS. Soybean Mosaic, ND; Tobacco Ring
deficiency. Spot, causing bud blight, midwestern U.S.;
PHYTOPLASMA, Stunting, Small Leaves, Aborted Beet Curly Top; Bean Pod Mottle, NE; Soy-
Seed Pods, Costa Rica. bean Yellow Mosaic, Midwest; Cowpea
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, DE, IA, Mosaic, IL; Tobacco Streak, OK; Soybean
NC, SC; Microsphaera diffusa, DE, MN, Dwarf, CA, IL, WI; Tobacco Mosaic; Pep-
NC. per Golden Mosaic, Mexico; Bean Pod Mot-
ROOT DEATH, Yellowing and Stunting. tle, AL, Ontario, Canada; Tomato Spotted
Phytophthora sansomeana, OR. Wilt, AL, GA; Rhynchosia Golden Mosaic,
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseolina, IA, Mexico; Iris Yellow, Bunyaviridae, FL, GA;
MN, ND. Soybean Yellow Mottle Mosaic, MS; Soy-
ROT, Red Crown. Cylindrocladium crotalariae, bean Vein Necrosis, TN; Alfalfa Mosaic,
Telemorph, Calonectria crotalariae, MS. Alfamovirus, TN.
ROT, Root. Corynespora cassiicola, WI; WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Pythium tracheiphilum, PA to FL, NE, TX; also CA.
aphanidermatum, AZ; P. dissotocum, AZ; Edible soybeans are well-suited to home
Stachybotrys chartarum, IL; Fusarium garden culture and usually produce a good
oxysporum, F. solani, F. acuminatum, crop without control measures beyond dusting
F. proliferatum, IA, MN; F. redolens, MN; seed with a protectant before planting. Com-
F. tricinctum, MN. mercial growers find a number of diseases of
ROT, Root Black. Thielaviopsis basicola, AR. economic importance; bacterial pustule, the
ROT, Root and Stem. Fusarium virguliforme, various blights, leaf spots, downy mildew,
MN; Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. wildfire, virus diseases. Some areas are now
glycinea, DE, Northeast, MN, SD; P. sojae, under quarantine for the soybean cyst
AR, IL, MN, ND. nematode.
ROT, Seed. Fusarium scirpi, NE;
F. graminearum, IL; Nematospora coryli,
NC, OK, SC, VA; Aspergillus spp; Spanish Moss (Tillandsia)
Phomopsis sojae, NY.
ROT, Stem. Cephalosporium gregatum, brown BLIGHT, Stem and Leaf. Fusarium solani. South-
stem, IL, IN, IA, KY, MN, MO, NC, OH, VA; east, U.S.
Pellicularia filamentosa, also root rot, can-
ker, general; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, AZ,
IA, MD, NY, VA; Phytophthora Sparaxis (Wandflower)
megasperma var. sojae; Neocosmospora
vasinfecta, AL. VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, CA, OR.
662 Host Plants
Spathiphyllum Spiderling, Wine-Flower (Boerhaavia)
LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas campestris,
NECROTIC LESIONS. Pectobacterium TX.
carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta boerhaaviae, TX;
Argentina. Cercospora boerhaaviae, TX.
Specularia (Venus Looking-Glass) WHITE RUST. Albugo platensis, AZ, FL, NM, TX.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., TX.

GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium sp., TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora speculariae, LA; Spinach (Spinacea)
Septoria speculariae, KS, PA to AL,
TX, WI. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum spinaciae, CT,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LA, MS, NJ, NY, TX, VA; C. spinacicola
RUST. Coleosporium campanulae (II, III), NC, (Gloeosporium spinaciae); C. dematium, CA.
PA. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syrinagae
SMUT, Seed. Ustilago speculariae, OK. pv. syringae, CA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, gen-
Sphacele (Pitcher-Sage) eral in transit, market.
BLIGHT, Phytophthora. Phytophthora capsici,
RUST. Uredo sphacelicola (II), CA. IL.
DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Rhizoctonia solani,
general; Pythium spp., preemergence seed
Spice-Bush (Lindera) decay.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora effusa, general;
CANKER. Botryosphaeria ribis var. P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, AZ, AR, CA, FL.
chromogena, MD. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora beticola, CA, GA,
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta linderae, DE, IN, WV; IL, IA, MA, NY, TX; Phyllosticta
P. lindericola, WV. chenopodii, DE, NJ, NY, VA; Stagonospora
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum spinaciae, SD; Alternaria spinaciae, MA;
(flavescens), eastern states. Stemphylium botryosum, AZ, CA, DE,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, MD; Cladosporium variabile, WA;
TX. Bipolaris sp., FL.
MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium macrocarpum, sec-
ondary, DE, OK, PA, TX; Heterosporium
Spider-Lily (Hymenocallis) variabile, pinhead “rust,” general.
MOLD, Seed. Pleospora herbarum (Stemphylium
LEAF BLOTCH; Red Spot. Stagonospora curtisii, botryosum); Alternaria sp., and secondary
CA, TX. leaf spot; Curvularia inaequalis.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora amaryllidis, TX; NECROTIC, Circular Tan Leaf. Stemphylium
C. pancratii, FL, LA, TX; Gloeosporium botryosum, TX.
hemerocallidis, TX. NEMATODE. Clover Cyst. Heterodera trifolii.
NEMATODE, Spiral. Rotylenchus blaberus. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, CA. NONPARASITIC. Yellows. Nutrient deficiency.
Spruce (Picea) 663
ROT, Root. Aphanomyces cladogamus, NJ, VA; BACTERIAL Hairy Root. Agrobacterium
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; rhizogenes, IA.
Pyrenochaeta terrestris, IA; Olpidium LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium filipendulae, IA,
brassicae. OR, WA, WI.
ROT, Root, Crown; Wilt. Fusarium solani; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL,
F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, general; MS; M. hapla.
Phytophthora sp., AZ, IN, NJ, NY; POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, CT;
P. cryptogea, CA; P. megasperma, CA, Podosphaera oxyacanthae, widespread;
NC; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, GA, NY. Sphaerotheca macularis, TX.
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, CA, CO, OR, ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ,
WA; II, III on grasses. TX.
SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma ellisii, NJ, WA.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic (Spinach Blight);
Spinach Yellow Dwarf; Beet Curly Top;
Beet Ring Mottle; Beet Pseudo Yellows; Spondias (Mombin)
Tomato Spotted Wilt; Lettuce Mosaic,
NY; Lettuce Speckles Mottle, CA; Spinach NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
Latent; Potato Leaf Roll, Pacific Northwest; SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Mombin Scab. Sphaceloma
Spinach Severe Curly Top, AZ; Impatiens spondiadis, FL.
Necrotic Spot, CA; Bean Yellow Vein, CA;
Curtoviruses, AZ; Tobacco Rattle, CA.
WHITE RUST. Albugo occidentalis, AR, OK, TX.
WILT. Verticillium sp., NY. Spruce (Picea)
Downy mildew is the outstanding spinach dis-
ease, with all varieties susceptible in some degree BLIGHT, Brown Felt. Herpotrichia nigra, MT,
because of physiologic races, although Dixie Mar- Northern Rocky Mts., Pacific Northwest;
ket, Savoy Supreme, and others are considered resis- Neopeckia coulteri.
tant. To reduce blight, use virus-tolerant varieties. BLIGHT, Needle. Sirula macrospora, ND;
Stigmina lautii, NC.
BLIGHT, Seedling Smother. Thelephora
Spiraea (Native Hardhack, terrestris, ID, MN, OH; seedling, Rosellinia
Meadowsweet) herpotrichioides, WA.
BLIGHT, Shoot. Sirococcus strobilinus, KS, NC,
BLIGHT, Seedling; Stem Girdle. Thelephora WI; Phomopsis occulta, WI.
terrestris, ID. BLIGHT, Snow. Phacidium infestans, New
CANKER. Cryptodiaporthe macounii, NY. England states; Botrytis cinerea, NJ;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rubigo, CA, KS, Lophophacidium hyperboreum, MN.
OR, WI; Cylindrosporium spp., ID, NY; BLIGHT, Twig. Ascochyta piniperda, ME, NC.
Phloeospora salicifoliae, NY to KS, TX, WA. BROOMING. Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, Central
POWDERY MILDEW. Podosphaera oxyacanthae, Rocky Mts.
widespread; Sphaerotheca macularis, CT, CANKER, Bark. Aleurodiscus amorphus,
MI, NY, PA. widespread.
CANKER; Twig Blight. Cytospora kunzei (Valsa
kunzei var. piceae), New England to NJ, IL,
Spirea, Oriental Flowering (Spiraea) MN.
DAMPING-OFF. Cylindrocladium scoparium, MI,
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, MD, NJ; Phytophthora cinnamomi, MD, NY, VA;
NJ, NC, VA. P. cactorum, NY, VA; Pythium ultimum,
664 Host Plants
widespread; Rhizoctonia solani, cosmopoli- New England to Great Lakes; II, III on
tan; Aphanomyces euteiches; Caloscypha Chamaedaphne; C. ledicola (0, I), northern
fulgens, OR, WA. U.S. from ME to WA, AK, CO; II, III on
DIEBACK, Branch. Phomopsis occulta, MI. Ledum; wild rosemary; C. piperiana (0, I),
MISTLETOE, White Fir Dwarf. Arceuthobium CA, OR; II, III on Rhododendron californicum,
abietinum f. sp. concoloris, MS. C. roanensis (0, I), NC, TN; II, III on Rhodo-
MISTLETOE; Witches’ Broom. Arceuthobium dendron catawbiense, C. weirii, TN, WV to
campylopodium, Rocky Mts., NM, TX; VT, WI, SD to WA, most Canadian Provinces;
A. pusillum, New England, especially ME, C. arctostaphyli (0, I); III on bearberry.
NH, to Great Lakes states, MN, WI; RUST; Witches’ Broom. Melampsorella cerastii,
A. vaginatum, CO. widespread.
NEEDLE CAST. Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, north- Cytospora canker frequently kills lower
eastern U.S., AZ, IN, MI, MN, PA, WI; branches of ornamental spruces. There is little
Stigmina lautii, ND. control except to remove affected portions.
NEEDLE CAST; Tar Spot. Lophodermium
filiforme, AK, CO, NY; L. piceae, New
England to Great Lakes states, Pacific North-
west; Lophodermina septata, OR; Spurge Caper (Euphorbia lathyris)
Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, CT, NY, VA;
Bifusella crepidiformis, MT; Cladosporium ROT, Root. Macrophomina phaseolina, AZ,
sp., ME. Rhizoctonia solani, AZ; Pythium
NEMATODE. Nacobbodera chitwoodi, OR; aphanidermatum, AZ.
Paratylenchus projectus; Pratylenchus
penetrans; Tylenchus marginatus.
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum,
WI. Spurge, Cypress (Euphorbia
ROT, Collar. Diplodia pinea, NJ, NY; cyparissias)
Sphaeropsis ellisii, NJ.
ROT, Heart. Fomes annosus, CA to WA; F. pini, ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma poinsettiae, FL.
widespread; F. pinicola, widespread; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora euphorbiae, TX.
F. roseus; F. subroseus, wide spread; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Polyporus spp. Rhizoctonia sp.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, AZ, CO, NM, OR, RUST. Melampsora euphorbiae (0, I, II, III), ME
PA, UT, WA; Inonotus tomentosus; to PA, IN, WI.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Sparassis
radicata, ID, MT, OR, WA; Phytophthora
cinnamomi, NC; P. dreschleri, NC;
P. cryptogea, NC; Fusarium solani, PA; Spurge, Flowering (Euphorbia
F. oxysporum, PA; F. avenaceum, PA; corollata)
Cylindrocladium canadense, Montreal,
Canada. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora euphorbiae, KS, TX; C.
ROT, Root, Butt. Hyphodontia aspera, NH. heterospora, WI; Phyllosticta sp.
RUST, Cone. Chrysomyxa pirolata (0, I), AK, MOLD, Leaf. Cercosporidium fasciculatum, IA.
CO, ME, MA, MI, MT, NH, NY, OR, PA, POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera euphorbiae,
VT; II, III on Moneses and Pyrola. MD to GA, IN, WI.
RUST, Needle. Chrysomyxa empetri (0, I), ME; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
C. ledi (0, I), New England to Great Lakes; II, RUST. Puccinia panici (0, I), OH to AL, MN, TX;
III on Ledum; C. ledi var. cassandrae (0, I), II, III on Panicum.
Squash and Pumpkin (Cucurbita) 665
BLIGHT, Leaf. Alternaria cucumerina, DE, MN,

Spurge Leafy (Euphorbia escula) NJ, NY, NC, UT; Phytophthora capsici, also
stem rot, fruit rot, AR, CA, IL, NM, NC, TX.
LEAF SPOT; Blight. Alternaria angustiovoidea. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, AL,
ROT, Crown and Root. Fusarium oxysporum; FL, GA.
F. solani; F. proliferatum, MT. BLIGHT, Stem. Fusarium tabacinum
(Plectosporium tabecinum), AL, IL, NY, TN.
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium debaryanum, CT, WI.
Spurge, Painted (Euphorbia DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis,
heterophylla) ME to AL, CA, IA, LA, TX.
LEAF NECROSIS AND TWIG CANKER. Pseudomonas
CANKER, Stem. Diaporthe phaseolarum syringae, Pseudomonas marginolis, Quebec,
var. caulivora, LA; pathogen of soybean Canada.
stem canker. LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta sp.; Cercospora
RUST. Uromyces euphorbiae (0, I, II, III), IN to cucurbitae, AL, DE, NJ, WI; C. citrullina,
FL, KS, TX. AL; Gloeosporium sp., IL; Phyllosticta
SMUT, Stem. Tilletia euphorbiae, LA. cucurbitarum, IN, NY; P. orbicularis, DE,
VIRUS. Euphorbia Mosaic, FL. PA, NY; Septoria cucurbitacearum, IL,
MA, NY, WI; Stemphylium
cucurbitacearum, IN, OH.
Spurge, Prostrate (Euphorbia supina) MOLD, Seed. Alternaria tenuis, cosmopolitan;
A. radicina, occasional; Curvularia trifolii,
CANKER, Girdling Stem; Gray Mold. Amphobotrys CT.
ricini, FL, LA, MD, MS, OK, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., MD to
FL, TX.
NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Trichodorus christiei.
Spurge, Spotted (Euphorbia maculata) NONPARASITIC. Blossom-End Rot. On summer
squash when hot, dry weather follows a cool,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla. rainy spell.
Chlorosis. Nutrient deficiency: manganese,
interveinal chlorosis, nitrogen, leaf yellowing
Squash and Pumpkin (Cucurbita) and chlorosis of bud end of fruit.
Bronzing. Marginal Necrosis; Fruit Deformity.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, CT Potassium deficiency.
to NJ, KS, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows. cichoracearum, general; Sphaerotheca
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora pv. fuliginea, CA, IN, MI, NY, NC.
carotovora, cosmopolitan; E. aroideae. ROT, Blossom-end; Root, Pythium
BACTERIAL Spot. Xanthomonas cucurbitae, CT, aphanidermatum, AZ, CA, MD.
GA, IL, IN, MD, MA, MI, WA, WI; Pseudo- ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseolina, OR,
monas syringae pv. lachrymans; P. syringae TX.
pv. syringae, GA. ROT, Fruit. Acidiovorax avenae (syn. Pseudo-
BACTERIAL Wilt. Erwinia tracheiphila, NM. monas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli),
BLIGHT, Blossom. Choanephora cucurbitarum, GA; Alternaria sp., MA, NH, NJ, NY, OR,
brown rot of fruit, ME to FL, MI, OK, TX. VT, WA; Diplodia natalensis, TX;
BLIGHT, Gummy Stem; Black Rot of Fruit. Coniosporium fairmani, black mold; Botry-
Mycosphaerella citrullina (M. melonis), tis cinerea, gray mold; Fusarium spp.;
CT, FL, GA, MA, MI, NJ, NY. F. solani, AR, F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae,
666 Host Plants
also root and stem rot, CA, CT, NY, OR, WA;
F. equiseti, AR, CT; F. acuminatum, CT; Stachys (Betony, Hedgenettle,
F. graminearum, CT; F. avenaceum, CT; Woundwort)
Phytophthora cactorum, AZ; P. nicotianae,
NC; Pythium ultimum, CA; Rhizopus GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium stachydis, LA.
stolonifer, general in storage after injury; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora stachydis, IA, ME;
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ID, MA, ME, NH, Cylindrosporium stachydis, IL; Ovularia
NY, WA; Trichothecium roseum, pink mold, bullata, CA; Phyllosticta decidua, MA, WI;
MA; Phoma subvelata, also leaf spot, stem P. palustris, IL, OH; Ramularia stachydis,
rot, TX. OR; Septoria stachydis, CA, IL, MS, NY, WI.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
Rhizoctonia solani, TX. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe galeopsidis
SCAB; Leaf Spot; Storage Rot. Cladosporium (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), OH to CO,
cucumerinum, CT, MD, MA, NJ, NY, OR, MT, NY to IN, WI; Sphaerotheca macularis,
WA. CA.
VIRUS. Bromegrass Mosaic. General, IA, SD on RUST. Puccinia pallidissima, TX.
squash (Cucurbita pepa); Lettuce VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA.
Mosaic, NY; Squash Mosaic, CA, SD;
Southern Squash Mosaic; Cucumber
Mosaic; Beet Curly Top; Tobacco Ring
Spot; Prunus Ring Spot; Watermelon Staphylea (Bladdernut)
Mosaic; Zucchini Yellow Mosaic, AR, CA,
CT, FL, LA, NJ, NY, OH, SC; Squash Leaf BLIGHT, Twig. Hypomyces ipomoeae, MA;
Curl, CA; Lettuce Infectious Yellows, AZ, Coryneum microstictum, MA.
CA, TX; Cucurbit Leaf Curl, AZ, FL, TX, LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella staphylina, GA,
Mexico; Beet Pseudo Yellows, CA; Potato KS. Ovularia isarioides, NY to MO, IA;
Leaf Roll, Pacific Northwest; Cucurbit Yel- Septoria cirrhosa, MO.
low Stunting, AZ, Mexico.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, CA,
IL, MI, WI; Verticillium albo-atrum, OR.
WILT, Anasa. Feeding injury from the squash bug. Starbur, Bristly (Acanthospermum)
In general, diseases and control measures are
the same as for cucumbers. Some squash varieties VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA.
are injured by sulfur dusts. Acorn and butternut
squashes are resistant to bacterial wilt.
Starflower (Trientalis)
Squash-Bush (Condalia)
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, PA.
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron californicum, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium magnusianum,
CA, MA, MI, NY, WI; Septoria increscens,
CA, ME, MI, NY, VT, WI; Phytophthora
Squaw-Apple (Peraphyllum) ramorum, CA.
ROT, Leaf. Ceratobasidium anceps, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria peraphylli, UT. RUST. Puccinia caricina var. limosae (0, I), AK,
RUST. Gymnosporangium inconspicuum (0, I), NY, WI; II, III on Carex.
CO; III on juniper; G. nelsonii (0, I), on SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Tuburcinia trientalis,
leaves, fruit; CO, UT. OR, WA.
Stevia (Piqueria) 667
Stargrass (Aletris) Stenanthium
LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium aletridis, MS. RUST. Puccinia atropuncta (II, III), GA;
RUST. Puccinia aletridis (II, III), DE, FL, IL, IN, P. grumosa, OR.
MA, MS, NJ, NC, RI, SC, TN, WI; 0, I
unknown.
Stenolobium (Florida Yellow-
Trumpet)
Stargrass, Golden (Hypoxis) Grass-like
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium guttatum, WI; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Septoria hypoxis, PA. RUST. Prospodium appendiculatum (0, I, II,
RUST. Uromyces affinis (I, III), CT, MS, MO; U. III), FL, TX.
necopinus, NY.
SMUT, Flower. Urocystis hypoxis, CT, MA.
Stephanomeria (Wire-Lettuce)
Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum) LEAF SPOT. Cercospora clavicarpa, CA.

RUST. Puccinia harknessii (0, I, III), MT to NM,
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA. CA, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Didymellina ornithogali, IL, PA,
WA; Septoria ornithogali, CT, MA.
VIRUS. Ornithogalum Mosaic, AL, OK, OR. Stephanotis (Woody Vine)
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., WA.

Statice, Sea-Lavender (Limonium) BLIGHT, Flower. Botrytis elliptica, CA.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, OR.
ANTHRACNOSE; Rot, Crown. Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides, FL.
BACTERIAL, Crown and Leaf Rot. Pseudomonas Sternbergia (Fall-Daffodil)
caryophylli, FL.
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, LEAF SCORCH; Red Spot. Stagonospora curtisii,
CA. CA.
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas andropogonis, KS.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Yellows and Phyllody, MI.
BLIGHT, Flower. Botrytis cinerea, FL. Stevia (Piqueria)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora statices, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., CT; Cercospora sp., BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians,
TX; C. insulana, FL; Ascochyta MI.
plumbaginicola, IA; Fusicladium staticis, BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, MI, NJ.
TX; Phyllosticta sp., CT; P. staticis, NY. DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, IL.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis,
ROT, Crown. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL; Rhizocto- NJ.
nia solani, FL. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
RUST. Uromyces limonii (0, I, II, III), ME to MS cichoracearum, IL.
CA, NM, TX. ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, NJ.
VIRUS. Turnip Mosaic, CA. WILT. Verticillium dahliae, CA.
668 Host Plants
Stillingia (Queens Delight) Stone Plant (Lithops)
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., OK. ROT. Fusarium oxysporum, ID.

LEAF SPOT. Cercospora stillingiae, TX.
RUST. Uromyces graminicola (0, I), OK; II, III Stranvaesia
on Panicum.
BACTERIAL Fire Blight. Erwinia amylovora, NJ.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL.
Stock (Matthiola)
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf and Stem Spot. Strawberry (Fragaria)

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, TX.
BACTERIAL Black Rot. Xanthomonas incanae, ANTHRACNOSE; Crown Rot. Colletotrichum
CA, TN. acutatum, CT; C. fragariae, FL, LA;
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, TX. Gloeosporium sp., MD.
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, NJ. ANTHRACNOSE, Fruit. Colletotrichum
DAMPING-OFF. Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia gloeosporioides, FL, OH; C. acutatum, NY.
solani, cosmopolitan. BACTERIAL Angular Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, CA, IL. fragariae, FL, KY, MN, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria raphani, CA; BACTERIAL Blossom Blight. Xanthomonas
Myrothecium roridum, TX. campestris var. fragariae, CA; Pseudomo-
NEMATODE. Naccobus batatiformis. nas marginalis, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., TX. BACTERIAL, Phytoplasma. Aster Yellows, straw-
ROT, Crown; Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, berry green petal; Lethal Disease Decline or
CA, MI, PA. Peach Western X Disease. WA, OR; Clover
ROT, Root. Fusarium avenaceum, DE, NJ; Proliferation, CA, FL, MD; Clover Yellow
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; Edge and STRAWB2, MD.
Phytophthora megasperma, CA; BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, MA.
P. cryptogea, stem rot, CA. BLIGHT, Blossom. Cladosporium
VIRUS. Turnip Mosaic; Cauliflower Mosaic; Beet cladosporioides, CA.
Curly Top, CA; Tomato Spotted Wilt, TX. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, general on
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. mathioli, AZ, fruit.
CA; Verticillium alboatrum, CA, NY. BLIGHT, Leaf. Dendrophoma obscurans, angular
Mosaic causes flower-breaking as well as mot- leaf spot, MA, to FL, MI, MN, NE, OR, TX;
tling of foliage. Verticillium wilt is prevalent in Phomopsis obscurans, CT.
cut-flower producing areas of California. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, AL, FL,
NC, TX.
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche sp., WA.
Stokesia (Stokes-Aster) DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora fragariae, IA.
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, on native
BLIGHT, Head. Botrytis cinerea, NY. spp., WI; S. fragariae, root gall, CA, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta sp., IA, PA. LEAF BLOTCH. Gnomonia fructicola, also fruit
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces rot; G. comari, CA.
cichoracearum, MD. LEAF SCORCH. Diplocarpon earliana, general.
VIRUS. Mosaic. Unidentified, IA; Bidens Mottle, LEAF SPOT. Cercospora fragariae, LA;
FL. C. vexans, CA, NY, WI; Gloeosporium sp.,
Strawberry (Fragaria) 669
IL, MA, MI, NC, PA, UT, associated with coniothyrium; Fusarium spp.; Olpidium
black root; Mycosphaerella fragariae, com- brassicae, WA; Pythium spp., widespread;
mon leaf spot, black-seed disease, general; Ramularia spp., ID, OR, WA; Idriella
M. louisianae, purple leaf spot, LA, MS, NC. lunata, CA, MD; Phomopsis obscurans,
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum; OH; Macrophomina phaseolina, FL,
X. diversicaudatum; X. chambersi. Argentina.
NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci, ROT, Root, Stolon and Petiole. Pestalotia
CA, ID, NC, OR, TX, WA. longisetula, IL, OR.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus penetrans; SLIME MOLD. Diachea leucopodia, CA, IL, KS,
P. coffeae; P. pratensis; P. scribneri. LA, MS, MO, TN, TX; Fuligo septica, IA,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne hapla. KS, MN, NE, NJ, TX, WA; Mucilago
NEMATODE, Spring Dwarf. Aphelenchoides spongiosa, KS, MN, MO, NE, OK;
fragariae, MA to FL, AR, CA, MI, TX, TN, Physarum cinereum, IL, NE, NJ.
WA; Summer Dwarf, Crimp. A. besseyi, SOOTY MOLD. Scoria spongiosa, ME.
southeastern and Gulf states, also AR, CA, VIRUS. Strawberry Crinkle, CA, ID, MN, NY,
DE, IL, TX. OR, WA; Strawberry Yellow Edge,
NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis. Xanthosis, CA, NC, OR, WA, and other
NEMATODE, Stubby Root. Trichodorus christiei. states introduced from West Coast; Straw-
NONPARASITIC. Black Root, Brown Root. Winter berry Leaf Roll, MD, NJ, NY, OR, VT;
injury, defective drainage, soil toxins, Strawberry Mottle; Strawberry Multiplier
widespread. Disease, WI; Strawberry Necrotic Shock,
Chlorosis. Iron deficiency. CA; Strawberry Pallidosis, CA, OR, Mid-
Variegation, June Yellows. Chlorophyll defi- Atlantic, British Columbia, Canada; Straw-
ciency, especially in Blake more, Progressive, berry Pseudo Mild Yellow Edge; Straw-
and related varieties, general. berry Mild Yellow Edge, CA; Strawberry
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, Vein Necrosis, MN; Strawberry Vein
general but rare in South, reported in FL, CA. Banding; Strawberry Witches’ Broom, ID,
ROT, Crown. Phytophthora cactorum, MN, MT, NY, OR, WA; Tomato Ringspot,
NY; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MD to FL, PA; Apple Mosaic, OR; Chlorotic Peacock
CA, IL, IA, MN, TX; Sclerotium rolfsii, Pattern, OR; Cucurbit Yellows, OR; Straw-
AL, FL, NC, TX; Macrophomina berry Phyllody, MD, WV; Tobacco Streak,
phaseolina, CA, FL, Argentina. MD.
ROT, Fruit. Penicillium spp., secondary; WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, FL, NY,
Pezizella lythri, also leaf spot, root rot, ME OR, WA; Colletotrichum acutatus, AR, CA,
to FL, AK, IL, IA, MI, OH, OK, OR, FL, MS, MO; Fusarium oxysporum, CA.
WI; Phytophthora cactorum, leather rot, Red Stele is, except in the deep South, of first
AL, AR, IL, KY, LA, MD, MI, MO, OH, importance on strawberries. The roots rot, and
TN, VA; Rhizopus nigricans, black rot, cos- above-ground parts are stunted and wilted.
mopolitan; Rhizoctonia solani, hard brown Choose resistant varieties, such as Stelemaster,
rot, widespread; Sphaeropsis sp., CA, CO, Sparkle, Surecrop, Midway, and Fairland. Pur-
IL, IA, MN. chase plants certified free from nematodes and
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, SC. virus diseases. Mulching helps to prevent fruit
ROT, Red Stele; Brown Core Root Rot. rots.
Phytophthora fragariae, ME to VA, IA, U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’
OK; also CO, MI, WI, Pacific states. Bulletin 1891 gives an excellent discussion of
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, OR, WA; “Diseases of Strawberries”. The American
Cylindrocladium scoparium, OR, TN; asso- Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN has
ciated with black root; Leptosphaeria published a Compendium of Strawberry Diseases.
670 Host Plants
Strawberry-Tree (Arbutus unedo) Styrax (Snowbell)
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella punctiformis, GA.

tumefaciens, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria unedonis, OR.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë mattirolianum, CA.
Stylosanthes
Strawflower (Helichrysum) LEAF SPOT, Canker. Colletotrichum dematium f.

sp. truncata, FL.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, eastern and
central states; California Aster Yellows, CA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, CA; Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Bremia lactucae, CA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polyoni, ND.
ROT, Stem. Fusarium sp., FL. ROT, Stalk and Blight. Fusarium solani, CA,
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, CA, OR, WA; Bidens Pacific Coast.
Mottle, FL; Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. YELLOWS. Fusarium Yellows; Fusarium
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA. oxysporum, MI; F. sulphureum, MN.
Streptanthera Sumac (Rhus)
VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, CA, OR. CANKER, Stem; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis,
“umbrella disease,” NY to GA, MN, NE;
Cryptodiaporthe aculeans, ME to AL, IA,
Streptocarpus OK; Nectria cinnabarina, NY, OK;
N. galligena, NY, PA, VA; Physalospora
VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, CA, CT, DC, FL, OH, obtusa, canker, inflorescence blight, NY to
WA; Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA. AL, KS, MI.
DODDER. Cuscuta exaltata, TX.
LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina purpurascens, MA to
Streptopus (Twisted-Stalk) GA, KS, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora rhoina, general;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora streptopi, WA; Septoria Pezizella oenotherae, NY to GA, WV;
streptopidis, MT. Coniothyrium rhois, TX; Harknessia
RUST. Puccinia sessilis (0, I), NY. rhoina, CA; Phyllosticta rhoiseda, CA;
SMUT, Leaf. Tuburcinia clintoniae, WI. Septoria rhoina, general; Cylindrosporium
VIRUS. Mosaic, AK. sp., CO, NE.
MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium aromaticum, IA,
NE, NY, WI, WV.
Strophostyles (Wild Bean) PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and
S. complanata, LA, Southern U.S.
VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, AR; Chlorotic POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis,
Mottle, AR; Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle, AR; widespread; Oidium sp., WI.
Quail Pea Mosaic, AR; Soybean Mosaic, ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe
AR. tabescens, FL; Corticium galactinum,
Swedish Ivy (Plectranthus australis) 671
white root, VA; Phymatotrichum POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces

omnivorum, TX. cichoracearum, general, CA.
ROT, Wood. Polyporus spp.; Poria punctata, ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseolina, CA,
MI; Schizophyllum commune, cosmopoli- IL, MD, MN, ND, SD.
tan; Steccherinum ochraceum, PA. ROT, Head. Rhizopus oryzae, CA, NM; Phoma
RUST. Pileolaria effusa (0, III), AZ; macdonaldii, premature ripening, ND.
P. patzcuarensis (0, I, II, III), CO, NM, OK. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, OR;
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. rhois, Helicobasidium purpureum, violet root,
CT, KS, VA; Verticillium alboatrum, IL, TX; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
IA, MA, MN. Pythium debaryanum; Rhizoctonia solani,
IL, MD, NE, NY, WI.
ROT, Stem. Phytophthora cryptogea, CA;
Sunflower (Helianthus) Septosphaeria lindquistii, black stem, MN,
ND; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, widespread.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum acutatum, CA. RUST. Puccinia helianthi, (0, I, II, III), general,
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae CA, IL, MN, NE, ND; P. massalis, NM, TX;
pv. helianthi; P. syringae pv. tagetis, WI. P. canaliculata, GA, KS; P. xanthii, ND;
BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, Coleosporium helianthi (II, III), NY to FL,
CA. LA and OK; II, III on pine; C. madiae, CA;
BACTERIAL Stem Rot. Erwinia carotovora, ND. Uromyces junci (0, I), CA, KS, NE, ND, OK,
BACTERIAL Wilt and Apical Chlorosis. Pseudo- SD, WY; U. silphii (0, I), IL, MO, NY, TN, WI.
monas solanacearum, FL; P. syringae pv. SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma polysporum CA, MT.
tagetis, KS, MN, ND, WI; Erwinia VIRUS. Bromegrass Mosaic General, IA, SD;
carotovora pv. carotovora, IN. Sunflower Mosaic, IN, TX; Cucumber
BLACK KNOT, Black Patch. Gibberidea Mosaic, FL, MD; Bidens Mottle, FL.
heliopsidis, GA, IL, MS, MO, NC, VA. WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, CO, IL, KS,
BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Bud Rot. Botrytis cinerea, MO, WI.
CA, OR. WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii, SC;
BLIGHT, Petal. Itersonilia perplexans, FL. F. sporotrichioides, MN; Verticillium albo-
BLIGHT, Seedling. Alternaria helianthi, MN; atrum; V. dahliae, CA; Sclerotinia
Diaporthe helianthi, TX. sclerotiorum ¼ Whetzelinia sclerotiorum,
BLIGHT, Southern, Sclerotium rolfsii, LA, TX. CA.
CANKER, Stem. Diaporthe helianthi, OH, TX;
Phomopsis helianthi, IL.
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., OK, TX, WA. Sunrose (Helianthemum)
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, NY to
MD, KS, MT, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium eminens, TX, WI;
GALL, Basal. Plasmopara halstedii, MN, ND. Septoria chamaecisti, WA.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta compositarum, WI; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Cercospora helianthi, IL, KS, MO, OH, TX,
WI; C. pachypus, AL, KS, OK, TX;
Colletotrichum helianthi, WI; Septoria Swedish Ivy (Plectranthus australis)
helianthi, general; Alternaria zinniae;
Alternaria helianthi, MN, OH. NONPARASITIC. Brown Leaf Spot. Boron
NEMATODE, Leaf Gall. Tylenchus deficiency.
balsamophilus, WA. VIRUS. Alfalfa Mosaic, NY; Tomato Spotted
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, FL, Wilt, PA; and TSW-Impatiens Serotype,
TX, WV. GA, FL.
672 Host Plants
BLIGHT; Leader Dieback. Cause unknown, killing

Sweet Alyssum (Lobularia) trees in AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MD, SC, TX.
BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NJ. CANKER; DIEBACK. Botryosphaeria ribis var.
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, NJ. chromogena, IL, NY, MD to FL, LA;
DAMPING-OFF, Root Rot. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ, B. dothidea, MS; Hymenochaete
NY, VA; Pythium ultimum, NJ. agglutinans, MD; Nectria sp.; Dothiorella
DODDER. Cuscuta sp., TX. berengeriana, bleeding necrosis, NJ, NY;
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, CA, Xylella fastidiosa, Southern CA.
NJ. CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium alni;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp. S. apiculatum, S. burtii, S. mariani, S.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA. pseudopedicellatum, and S. sinuosum,
ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, VA. southern states.
ROT, Root. Phoma lingam, CA. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora liquidambaris, MD to
FL, TX; C. tuberculans, FL, LA, MS, MO;
Discosia artocreas, OK; Exosporium
Sweet-Fern (Comptonia) liquidambaris, TX; Leptothyrella
liquidambaris, red leaf spot, IL, MD, NC;
RUST, Blister. Cronartium comptoniae (II, III), Septoria liquidambaris, MA to FL, TX;
ME to MN, NC, OH; 0, I on hard pine. Actinopelte dryina; Cladosporium sp., OR.
RUST, Leaf. Gymnosporangium ellisii (0, I), NJ; MISTELTOE. Phoradendron serotinum
II, III on Chamaecyparis. (flavescens), OH to NC, TX.
NONPARASITIC. Blight; Decline; Leader Dieback.
Sweet-Flag (Acorus) Killing trees in AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MD, SC,
TX. Partly moisture shortage.
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium acori, CT, KS; ROT, Heart. Polyporus adustus and P. gilvus,
Ramularia aromatica, CT to MD, IN, WI; widespread.
Septocylindrium sp., NY. ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL;
RUST. Uromyces sparganii (II, III), ME to VA, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
IL, MN, MS; 0, I unknown. Cylindrocladium scoparium, GA.
ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa,
cosmopolitan; Fomes spp., Ganoderma
Sweet Gale (Myrica gale) spp.; Hericium erinaceus; Steccherinum
ochraceum; S. pulcherrimum, Gulf states;
BLIGHT, Twig. Diplodia sp., NJ. Polyporus spp., Poria spp.; Pleurotus spp.;
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia monilioides, NY: Schizophyllum commune, cosmopolitan;
Septoria myricata, NY. Stereum spp.
RUST. Cronartium comptoniae, ME to NY,
WA; 0, I on pine; Gymnosporangium ellisii
(0, I), ME. Sweetleaf (Symplocos)
GALL, Bud. Exobasidium symploci, Gulf states

Sweet Gum (Liquidambar) to NC and IN.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria stigma, AL; S. symploci,
ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium nervisequum. FL, MS, NC, OK, TX.
BACTERIAL LEAF SCORCH. Xylella fastidiosa, KY. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) 673
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, general,

Sweet-Olive (Osmanthus fragrans) especially in greenhouses; Erysiphe
polygoni, widely reported, sometimes con-
BLACK MILDEW; Black Spot. Asterina sp., MS. fused with M. alni.
LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium oleae, MD. ROT, Root. Aphanomyces euteiches, IN, MI, WI;
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Clitocybe Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, occasional to
tabescens, LA. prevalent under glass and outdoors;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX,
Phytophthora cactorum, CT; Thielaviopsis
Sweet Pea and Perennial Pea basicola, black rot, CT to OH, CO, FL, IL,
(Lathyrus) MS; Pacific Coast.
ROT; Stem Wilt. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MD,
ANTHRACNOSE; Blossom and Shoot Blight. PA.
Glomerella cingulata, general except on VIRUS. Pea Mosaic; Tomato Spotted Wilt;
Pacific Coast. Sweet Pea Streak. A complex, components
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium not identified, perhaps in part bacterial.
tumefaciens, NJ, VA. WILT. Verticillium sp., NY, NJ; Fusarium
BACTERIAL Fasciation. Clavibacter fascians, oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, FL, NY.
widespread. Control aphids and thrips spreading mosaic
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas pisi, and spotted wilt.
IN, WI.
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, general.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, TX.
DAMPING-OFF; Root and Stem Rot. Pythium spp., Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)
CA, CT, MD, MA, NJ, NY, NC; Rhizoctonia
solani, general. BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora,
DODDER. Cuscuta indecora, TX. CT, SC.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora trifoliorum, FL. BLIGHT, Leaf. Phyllosticta batatas, occasional
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., secondary, MD, MA, NJ to FL, TX, KS, usually in the South;
NJ, NY, PA, TX; Colletotrichum pisi, AL, Choanephora cucurbitarum, FL, leaf mold.
FL, GA, SC; Ascochyta sp., also stem spot, BLIGHT, Southern; Cottony Rot. Sclerotium
CT, LA, MN, MO, WV, WI; A. lathyri, NJ; rolfsii, general in South.
Cercospora lathyrina, GA, OK; Isariopsis CANKER, Stem. Fusarium solani, NC. LEAF SPOT.
griseola, CT; Mycosphaerella pinodes, also Alternaria sp., secondary, occasional to gen-
stem spot, MN, WI; Ovularia sp., CA; eral; Cercospora sp., FL, OK; Septoria batat
Phyllosticta orobella, TX; Ramularia sp., icola, Occasional NJ to AL, IA, TX.
NY, MA, NJ, PA, TX, WA; R. deusta f. sp. LEAF SPOT, Blight. Acremonium
odorati, CA; Curvularia sp., CA. crotocinigenum (¼ Cephalosporium
MOLD, White. Erostrotheca multiformis cinnamomeum), CA, FL.
(Cladosporium album) CA, MA, NJ, NY, NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus coronatus;
PA, TX, WA, in greenhouses. Lesion, Pratylenchus sp.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, NJ, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne incognita
NY. and M. incognita-acrita.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL, NEMATODE, Stem, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
MA, NJ, NY, TX. causing brown ring, NJ.
NONPARASITIC. Bud Drop. Unbalanced nutrition, NEMATODE, Sting. Belonolaimus gracilis.
low light intensity in greenhouses. NEMATODE, Stunt. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni.
674 Host Plants
NONPARASITIC. Internal Breakdown. Perhaps WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas,

from chilling. stem rot, general; Verticillium alboatrum,
Internal Brown Spot. Boron deficiency. CA.
Intumescence. High water intake and retarded Select varieties resistant to Fusarium stem rot,
transpiration. in general the Spanish group. Heat treatment
ROT, Black. Ceratocystis fimbriata, general on eliminates some viruses. Hot water (10 min at
roots, stems; Diplodia theobromae 120 F) controls scurf. Variety Nemagold is resis-
(Physalospora rhodina), Java black rot, general tant to root-knot nematodes.
in South.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, NJ to
FL, TX, CA, KS. Sweet-Root (Osmorhiza)
ROT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, on sprouts,
cosmopolitan. LEAF GALL. Urophlyctis (Physoderma)
ROT, Root. Diaporthe batatis, dry rot, stem rot, pluriannulata, MT.
NJ to FL, MO, TX; Helicobasidium LEAF SPOT. Cercospora osmorhizae, IL, OH,
purpureum, KS, TX; Pyrenochaeta WI; Fusicladium angelicae, WA;
terrestris, pink root, CA; Phymatotrichum Phloeospora osmorhizae, IA, NY, WI;
omnivorum, AZ, NM, OK, TX; Ramularia reticulata, WI, VA; Septoria
Phytophthora sp., NJ, PA; Plenodomus aegopodii, NY, ND, OH, WI.
destruens, foot and storage rot, NJ to FL, RUST. Puccinia pimpinallae (0, I, II, III),
CA, IA, LA; Pythium spp., mottle necrosis, general.
leak, ring rot; Fusarium solani, NC;
Geotrichum candidum, LA, NC.
ROT, Soil; Pox. Streptomyces ipomoea, general, Sweet Vetch (Hedysarum)
NJ to FL, TX, AZ, CA, IA.
ROT, Sprout; Stem Canker. Rhizoctonia solani, BLACK MILDEW. Parodiella perisporioides, NY.
occasional, NJ to FL, AZ, CA, OH, TX, WA. LEAF SPOT. Septogloeum hedysari, WY.
ROT, Storage. Fusarium spp., general; Mucor NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
racemosus, occasional after chilling; Penicil- RUST. Uromyces hedysari-obscuri (0, I, II, III),
lium sp., blue mold, cosmopolitan; Rhizopus AK, CO, ID, MT, NM, SD, UT, WY.
spp., soft rot, general; Sclerotinia sp., NC;
Trichoderma spp., DE, NJ; Aspergillus
spp., secondary. Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus)
RUST. Coleosporium ipomoeae (II, III), AL, MS;
0, I on pine. ANTHRACNOSE. Volutella dianthi, DE, IN, NY.
SCURF. Monilochaetes infuscans, general. BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows,
SLIME MOLD. Fuligo violacea, AL, DE, NJ, TX; CA.
Physarum cinereum; P. plumbeum, AL, BLIGHT, Cutting. Cylindrocladium scoparium
AR, KY, MS, NC, VA. and C. floridanum, FL, OH.
VIRUS. Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle (Yellow BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CT, FL,
Dwarf); Sweet Potato Internal Cork, NC.
GA, LA, MD, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA; Sweet LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sp. (Ascochyta dianthi),
Potato Mosaic (Tobacco Mosaic); Tobacco WA; Septoria dianthi, AL, IA, MI, NY.
Ring Spot; Beet Curly Top; Sweet Potato NEMATODE, Leaf and Stem. Ditylenchus dipsaci,
Russet Crack; Sweet Potato Chlorotic OR.
Stunt, NC. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL, TX.
WHITE RUST. Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae, ROT, Root. Pythium ultimum, CA;
general. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Tabebuia (Trumpet-Tree) 675
ROT, Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, CT, IL, KS, MA, BLOTCH, Spot. Helminthosporium sativum
MS, NJ, NY, PA, TX. (Bipolaris sorokiniana), PA, TN.
RUST. Uromyces dianthi (II, III), IA, NE, TX; BUNT. Tilletia pulcherrima, TX.
Puccinia arenariae (III), AL, CT, MA, NY, DOLLAR SPOT. Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, TN.
PA. FOLIAR AND SEED INFECTION. Alternaria,
VIRUS. Carnation Mosaic; Beet Curly Top, CA, Bipolaris, Curvularia and Fusarium spp.,
TX. TN.
WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. barbati, CA, LEAF SPOT. Bipolaris sacchari, FL;
KS; Fusarium sp., MA, NJ, SC, VA. B. oryzae, MS, NY, ND; Rhizoctonia zeae
Fusarium wilt is one of the more serious dis- (also sheath spot), RI; Bipolaris spicifera,
eases with the new growth yellowing, the leaves TN.
pointing downward, and plants stunted. Place ROT, Root. Pythium arrhenomanes, LA;
new plants in a new location or sterilized soil. Bipolaris sorokiniana, TN.
RUST. Puccinia emaculata, AR, TN.
SMUT. Tilletia maclaganii, IA, NY, PA.
Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) VIRUS. Barley Yellow Dwarf.; Maize Rayado
Fino, IL.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae
pv. aptata, CA.
BLIGHT, Phytophthora. Phytophthora capsici, IL. Sycamore
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, LA, SC.
DAMPING-OFF, Root Rot. Rhizoctonia solani, ▶Plane Tree.
NY; Pythium aphanidermatum, CA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora schachtii, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora beticola, general; Syngonium
Ramularia beticola, WA.
MOLD, Seed. Alternaria tenuis, CA; ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium sp., WA;
Stemphylium botryosum, CA, WA. Colletotrichum sp., WA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., LA. BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas campestris,
NONPARASITIC. Heart Rot; Cracked Stem. Boron MD.
deficiency, NY, WA. BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Xanthomonas
ROT, Crown. Sclerotinia sp., MS. dieffenbachiae, FL; X. vitians, FL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT. Cephalosporium cinnamomeum,
RUST. Uromyces betae (II), CA, OR. NY.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, AZ, CA, OR; Beet ROT; Black Cane. Ceratocystis fimbriata, CA.
Mosaic, AZ, CA, WA; Yellow Net,
unidentified, CA.
Synthyris
Swine Cress (Coronopus) LEAF SPOT. Ramularia sp., OR.

RUST. Puccinia acrophila (III), MT to
ROT. Sclerotinia minor. NC. CO, UT; P. welfeniae (III), CA, ID, OR,
WA, WY.
Switchgrass (Panicum)
Tabebuia (Trumpet-Tree)
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum graminicola,
TN; C. navitas, NY. RUST. Prospodium plagiopus (II, III), FL.
676 Host Plants
RUST. Puccinia tanaceti (0, I, II, III),

Tabernaemontana (Crape-Jasmine) WY; 0, I, II, III on Artemisia; II on
chrysanthemum.
LEAF SPOT. Gloeosporium tabernaemontanae,
FL.
LEAF SPOT, Algal; Green Scurf. Cephaleuros Tea (Thea sinensis)
virescens, FL.
LEAF MOLD. Cladosporium sp., FL. BLIGHT, Twig. Pestalotia guepini, also leaf spot,
ROT, Mushroom Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL. SC.
RUST. Uredo manilensis, FL. LEAF SPOT, Algal; Green Scurf. Cephaleuros
virescens, FL, SC.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Scab. Sphaceloma sp., LA;
Taenidia Elsinoë leucospila, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Fusicladium angelicae, WI;

Septoria pimpinellae, MN. Teasel (Dipsacus)
RUST. Puccinia angelicae (0, I, II, III), IN, MI,
MO, NY, WI. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora dipsaci, MO.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora elongata, MD, NY to
Tahitian Bridal Veil (Gibasis) MO, WA.
VIRUS. Bean Yellow Mosaic, VA. CA, OR.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, WA;
Sphaerotheca dipsacearum, WA.
Tamarind (Tamarindus) ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
TX.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, TX.
VIRUS. Teasel Mosaic.
Tamarisk, Salt Cedar (Tamarix)

Tellima
BACTERIAL Blight. Fatal to some plants in AZ,
NM, TX, where the host has become POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis,
a noxious weed. AK.
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, IN. RUST. Puccinia heucherae (III), AK, CA,
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, OR, WA.
CA, TX.
ROT, Wood. Polyporus sulphureus, MD.
Ternstroemia
Tansy (Tanacetum) SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë leucospila, FL.
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia tanaceti, WI.

NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL. Texasweed (Caperonia)
cichoracearum, PA. CANKER, Stem. Amphobotrys ricini, TX.
Thunbergia (Clockvine) 677
Thalia Thistle, Creeping (“Canada”) (Cirsium

arvense)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora thaliae, LA.
RUST. Puccinia thaliae (II, III), FL. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, ID, OR.
Thermopsis (Bush-Pea, Golden-Pea)

Thistle, Ivory and Milk (Silybum)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora thermopsidis, CO, MT;
Phoma thermopsidicola, CA; Ramularia RUST. Puccinia punctiformis, MD.
sphaerpioides, WA; Stigmina thermopsidis, SMUT, Biological Control. Microbotryum
CA. silybum, MD.
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, Rocky
Mts., and Pacific Northwest.
VIRUS. Bean Yellow Mosaic in false lupine
(Thermopsis caroliniana), MN. Thistle Musk (Carduus thoermeri)
RUST. Puccinia carduorum, CA, MO, NV,

OK, VA.
Thistle (Cirsium)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora spp., WA, KS, TX;

Phyllosticta cirsii, NY, WA, WI; Thlaspi
Stagonospora cirsii, WI; Septoria cirsii, VT
to IN, TX, WI; Alternaria chrysanthemi, LEAF SPOT. Alternaria brassicicola, NY.
MT.
cichoracearum, general; Phyllactinia
corylea, WA; Sphaerotheca macularis, MD. Thoroughwax (Bupleurum)
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, IL;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA.
RUST. Puccinia cirsii (0, I, II, III), PA to NC, CA,
OR, TX; P. punctiformis (0, I, II, III), ME to NJ,
CA, OH, WA; Uromyces junci (0, I), MO, NE,
ND. Thujopsis (Hiba Arborvitae)
SMUT, Inflorescence. Thecaphora trailii,
CO, UT. BLIGHT, Twig. Phomopsis occulta, CA.
WHITE RUST. Albugo tragopogonis, NY to IA,
LA, TX, WY.
Thunbergia (Clockvine)
Thistle, Blessed (Cnicus) BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium

tumefaciens, CT, FL.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, GA. BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, NY.
678 Host Plants

VIRUS. Broad Bean Wilt, NY. Tomato (Lycopersicon)
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella phomoides

Thyme (Thymus) (Colletotrichum coccodes), chiefly ripe rot of
fruit, sometimes on leaves, general, especially
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. in Northeast; Colletotrichum dematium var.
LEAF SPOT. Corynespora cassiicola, FL. truncata, MS; C. graminicola, MS; C.
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, MA. trichellum, MS; C. glycines, MS; C. gossypii,
MS.
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas viridiflava, FL;
Ti (Cordyline terminalis) P. huttiensis, FL.
BACTERIAL Canker. Clavibacter michiganense,
LEAF SPOT. Phytophthora parasitica, HI. birds-eye spot, general, most frequent in
North and West, Baja, Mexico.
Tibouchina (Glory-Bush) tumefaciens; in experiments, A. rhizogenes,
hairy root.
ROT, Mushroom Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL. BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows; Tomato Big
Bud, NY.
BACTERIAL, Pith Rot. Erwinia chrysanthemi,
Tidestromia MA; Pseudomonas corrugata, CA, FL, LA,
MA; also Stem necrosis, FL, Mexico.
ROT. Macrophomina phaseolina, AZ. BACTERIAL, Seedling Blight. Bacillus polymyxa,
NY.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae and
Tigridia (Tiger-Flower) E. carotovora, cosmopolitan.
BACTERIAL Speck. Pseudomonas syringae pv.
BACTERIAL Scab. Pseudomonas marginata, MD. tomato, occasional East and central states,
NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci. also CA, OK, TX, VA; P. syringae pv.
ROT, Internal. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tomato race 1, CA.
gladioli; storage, Penicillium gladioli. BACTERIAL Spot. Xanthomonas vesicatoria, on
VIRUS. Tigridia Mosaic, OR, WA. fruit, leaves, sometimes stem cankers, north-
eastern, central, and southern states;
X. campestris pv. vitians, OH; X. gardneri,
Tithonia MI, OH, PA.
BACTERIAL Stem Rot. Erwinia chrysanthemi,
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt-Lettuce Serotype, FL.
GA. BACTERIAL Wildfire. Pseudomonas syringae pv.
tabaci, WI.
Tomatillo (Physalis) general, MA to IL and southward.
BLIGHT, Aerial. Pythium myriotylum, FL.
SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma austral. BLIGHT, Blossom. Sclerotinia sp., CA, FL, NY,
VIRUS. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl, Guatemala, OH.
Sinaloa, Mexico; Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA, BLIGHT, Early; Collar Rot; Fruit Rot. Alternaria
Mexico. solani, general.
Tomato (Lycopersicon) 679
BLIGHT, Foliar. Rhizoctonia solani, NC. M. incognita; M. javanica; M. chitwoodi,

BLIGHT, Gray Mold/Stem Canker. Botrytis Pacific Northwest; M. floridensis, FL.
cinerea, CA, Mexico. NEMATODE, Spiral. Helicotylenchus nannus.
BLIGHT, Late; Fruit Rot. Phytophthora infestans, NONPARASITIC. Blossom-End Rot. Unbalanced
general in humid regions and seasons, espe- moisture and calcium deficiency, general.
cially East and Southeast, AK. Blotchy Ripening. Malnutrition, potassium
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, VA to FL deficiency.
and TX, CA, occasional in North. Catface. Fruit abnormalities from growth
BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ludoviciana, WY; disturbances.
O. racemosa, CA, NJ, NY. Cloudy Spot. Feeding punctures of plant bugs.
CANKER, Stem. Helminthosporium sp., TX; Cuticle Crack. Of green fruit; high soil moisture
Myrothecium roridum, also fruit rot, OH, and air temperature.
TX, VA, WI. Fasciation. Genetic abnormality. Unbalanced
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, also collar rot, nutrition.
stem canker, cosmopolitan; Pythium spp., Leafroll. Excessive soil moisture with starch
cosmopolitan. congestion in leaves.
DODDER. Cuscuta spp., CA, ID, MD, NY, TX. Oedema. Leaf hypertrophy from excessive water
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora tabacina, GA, absorption and reduced transpiration.
NC, SC. Pockets; Puffing. Fruit defect from factors
FRUIT SPOT. Pullularia pullulans, WV. adversely affecting pollination and growth.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta lycopersici, DE, FL, NJ, Psyllid Yellows. Toxemia from psyllid feeding,
NC, OR, VA, WI; Septoria lycopersici, western states; Candidatus Liberibacter
general except Northwest; Phyllosticta psyllaurous, AZ, CO.
hortorum, NY; Cercospora spp.; Russeting. Mite injury.
Stemphylium solani, gray leaf spot, FL, GA, Sunscald. Fruit injury in heat on plants defoliated
IN, LA, NJ, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA; by disease.
S. floridanum; Cladosporium oxysporum, Walnut Wilt. Toxemia from root excretions of
NY; Cristulariella moricola, NY. walnut trees.
LEAF SPOT, Target, fruit necrotic pit, freckles. PHYTOPLASMA, Citrus Huanglongbing.
Corynespora cassiicola, FL. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, FL.
MOLD, Blue. Penicillium oxalicum, Mexico. PHYTOPLASMA, Leaf Cup Stunt. Candidatus
MOLD, Leaf. Botryosporium pulchrum, PA, Liberibacter solanacearum, New Zealand.
TX; Chaetomium bostrychodes, TX; PHYTOPLASMA, Little Leaf. Phytoplasma asteris,
Cladosporium fulvum, general under glass, Mexico.
occasional outdoors, IA. PHYTOPLASMA, Yellowing Disease. Candidatus
NEMATODE, Awl. Dolichodorus heterocephalus. Liberibacter solanacearum, TX, Central
NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum. America, Mexico, Baja, CA.
NEMATODE, Golden. Heterodera rostochiensis POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, on seed-
(Globodera rostochiensis); tobacco cyst, lings indoors, NC; Erysiphe sp., CT, FL, NJ,
H. tabacum; soybean cyst, H. glycines, IA, NY, Canada; Leveillula taurica, AZ, CA,
MN, OH. UT; Oidiopsis taurica, CA; Oidium sp.,
NEMATODE, Lance. Hoplolaimus coronatus. CA; O. neolycopersici, FL, MI, Mexico.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, ROT, Black Root. Thielaviopsis basicola, CA.
MD, NJ. ROT, Brown, Root. Pyrenochaeta lycopersici,
NEMATODE, Reniform. Rotylenchulus reniformis. MA.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria ROT, Buckeye; Stem Rot. Phytophthora
var. thamesi; M. hapla, Pacific Northwest; parasitica, MA to FL, AZ, CA, IL, TX;
680 Host Plants
P. cactorum, NY, PA, WI; P. capsici United VIROID. Mexican Papita. British Columbia,
States, Mexico; P. cryptogea; P. drechsleri; Canada; Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf, AZ,
P. nicotianae, NM. Mexico; Potato Spindle Tuber, CA, MD.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, CA, VIRUS. Tobacco Mosaic, general, strains causing
TX. fernleaf and internal browning of fruit;
ROT, Fruit. Alternaria sp., black mold; Asper- Cucumber Mosaic, also causing shoestring;
gillus spp., green and yellow mold; Beet Curly Top; Western Yellow Blight;
Alternaria alternata, NY; Brachysporium Tomato Aspermy, AZ; Tomato Ring
tomato, KS, TX; Cladosporium herbarum, Mosaic; Tomato Ring Spot, FL (South);
green mold; Diaporthe phaseolorum, MS, Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA, OK, TN, Mexico;
TX; Diplodia theobromae, AL; Glomerella Tomato Streak (Tobacco Mosaic plus Potato
cingulata, FL, LA, ME, MI, NJ, NY; Isaria Virus X); Tomato Yellow Net; Tomato Yel-
clonostachoides, VA; Mucor mucedo, MD; low Top; Witches’ Broom; Tobacco Etch,
Nematospora coryli, cloudy spot, CA, FL, may cause severe mosaic; Rugose Mosaic
GA; Nigrospora oryzae, CA; Oospora lactis, (due to Potato Mottle Virus and Potato Virus
sour rot, cosmopolitan; Phoma destructiva, Y); Pseudo Curly Top, FL; Tobacco Streak,
black spot, nearly general; Pleospora CA; Tomato Mosaic, CA; Tomato Mottle,
lycopersici, CA; Rhizopus stolonifer, cos- FL, SC, TN, VA; Tomato Infectious Chloro-
mopolitan in transit; Sclerotinia minor, TX; sis, CA, GA, Costa Rica; Tomato Bushy
Sporotrichum sp., IN, TX; Trichothecium Stunt, CA; Tomato Black Ring; Tomato
roseum, MD, NC, OH, Brazil; Gibberella Pseudo Curly Top, FL; Tomato Top Necro-
zeae; Phoma sp.; Myrothecium sp.; sis, IL, IN, MO; Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl
Eremothecium coryli, CA. CA, FL, GA, HI, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX,
ROT, Gray Mold; Ghost Spot. Botrytis cinerea, Guatemala, Sinaloa, Mexico; Serrano
occasional on foliage, fruit, stems. Golden Mosaic, AZ; Potato Leafroll, Pacific
ROT, Nailhead Spot. Alternaria tomato, on fruit, Northwest; Pepper Golden Mosaic, CA,
stems, CT to FL, ND, TX. Mexico; Pepino Mosaic, AZ, CO, TX,
ROT, Root. Aphanomyces cladogamus; Ontario Canada, Mexico; Tomato Chino La
Colletotrichum atramentarium, black dot; Paz, Baja CA, Mexico; Tomato Severe Leaf
Pyrenochaeta terrestris, secondary, IA, IL, Curl, Mexico; Chocolate Spot (Tomato
NJ; Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, OK, Torrado Virus), Guatemala, Panama; Necro-
TX; Plectospira myriandra, VA; sis Disease, CA; Candidatus Liberibacter
Thielaviopsis basicola, TX; Fusarium solanacearum, NM, Mexico; Pelargonium
oxysporum, FL, NE, NH, OH, (different Zonate Spot, CA; Tomato Golden Mottle,
from wilt); F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis, Mexico; Tomato Apex Necrosis, Mexico.
crown, FL, NH, OH, PA, TX. Also WART. Synchytrium endobioticum, PA (see
F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, TX; under ▶ Galls).
F. solani f. sp. eumartii, CA. WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici,
ROT, Root (and stunting of seedlings). Pythium general, Mexico, Race 3, FL, TN; Verticillium
myriotylum and P. arrhenomanes, FL. alboatrum, occasional in all regions.
ROT, Root and Wilt. Colletotrichum coccodes, Choose tomato varieties resistant to Fusarium
CA. wilt; purchase seed certified free from virus dis-
ROT, Stem, Fruit. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ease. In setting seedlings discard any showing galls
occasional in greenhouses and in South; of root-knot nematodes. Do not smoke while han-
Pythium myriotylum. dling, and do not use tobacco stems as a mulch,
SCAB, Powdery. Spongospora subterranea, although other mulches are helpful. Spray for late
PA. blight and other foliage diseases. State and federal
Tritonia (Montbretia) 681
agencies give warning when late blight is immi-

nent and it is time to start spraying. See ▶USDA Tree-Poppy (Dendromecon)
Agricultural Handbook 203 for an excellent dis-
cussion of tomato diseases with fine illustrations. SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma eschscholtziae, CA.
Torenia Tree-Tomato (Cyphomandra)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD. BACTERIAL Canker. Clavibacter michiganense,
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., LA. CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Oidium sp., MD.
Torreya
Trefoil, Birdsfoot (Lotus)
LEAF SPOT. Phomopsis sp; Diaporthe,
Lasiodiplodia, Hypoxylon, Fuarium spp. DECAY; Rot. Root, Stem. Mycoleptodiscus
Botryosphaeria obtuca, FL, GA. terrestris, DE, WI.
NEEDLE SPOT. Fusarium lateritium, FL. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora zebrina (clover isolate),
NEEDLE SPOT, CANKER STEM. Pestalotiopsis NC.
microspora, FL. RUST. Uromyces sp., PA, rust pustules were col-
onized by Sphaerellopsis filum.
Tradescantia (Wandering Jew,

Spiderwort) Trillium (Wake-Robin)
BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK. BLIGHT, Leaf. Ciborinia trillii.
LEAF SPOT. Cladochytrium replicatum, NY, BLIGHT, Tuber Storage Rot. Sclerotinia
secondary; Colletotrichum sp., NJ, TX; sclerotiorum, LA.
Cylindrosporium tradescantiae, IA; LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum peckii, NY to
Septoria tradescantiae, WI to TX, SD. NC, IL, MN; Gloeosporium trillii, CA,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., OR, WA; Heterosporium trillii, WA;
OR, TX. Phyllosticta trillii, NY, PA, WA, WI;
RUST. Uromyces commelinae (II, III), TX. Septoria trillii, New England to OK, SC, WI.
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, PA; Tradescantia ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, NH, PA.
zebrina, MN. RUST. Uromyces halstedii (0, I), IL, NY; II, III on
Spartina.
SMUT, Leaf. Urocystis trillii, ID, OR.
Trautvetteria (False Bugbane)
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora ficariae, TN. Tritonia (Montbretia)

LEAF SPOT. Septoria trautveteriae, WV.
RUST. Puccinia pulsatillae, ID, OR, WA. BLIGHT, Leaf. Alternaria sp., secondary, NH;
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis anemones, UT. Heterosporium sp., OR, WA.
682 Host Plants
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, CA. ROT, Root. Pythium debaryanum, TX; Rhizoc-
ROT, Corm. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, tonia solani, NC.
yellows; Stromatinia gladioli, in commercial
stocks.
VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, CA, OR.
Tulip (Tulipa)
Trollius (Globeflower) ANTHRACNOSE. Gloeosporium thuemenii f. sp.

tulipi, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta sp., NY; BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, WA.
Cylindrosporium montenegrinum, WY; BLIGHT, Botrytis; Tulip Fire. Botrytis tulipae,
Phyllosticta trollii, WY. general except for South and Southwest;
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis anemones, MD, B. cinerea, sometimes secondary.
NY. BLIGHT, Southern; Bulb and Stem Rot. Sclero-
tium rolfsii, CA, CT, NY, OR.
NEMATODE, Bulb. Ditylenchus dipsaci, NY.
Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) NONPARASITIC. Chalking, stone disease. Immatu-
rity of bulbs or injury at digging.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne arenaria, Topple, Sugarstem. Collapse of flower stem,
FL. often from calcium deficiency.
ROT, Basal. Fusarium sp., OK, WA.
ROT, Black. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, WA.
Trumpetvine, Trumpet-Creeper ROT, Bulb. Penicillium spp., blue mold; Asper-
(Campsis) gillus spp., black mold, cosmopolitan; Rhizo-
pus stolonifer, mushy rot, cosmopolitan;
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora duplicata, LA; Sclerotinia sp., ME, OH, WA; S. sativa,
Mycosphaerella tecomae (Cercospora MD, NY; Pythium ultimum, secondary.
sordida), general; Phyllosticta tecomae, ROT, Gray Bulb. Rhizoctonia tuliparum, North-
MS; Myrothecium roridum, TX; Septoria east, Pacific states.
tecomae, OK, TX, WV. ROT, Root, Stem, Bulb. Rhizoctonia solani, MA,
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum NY, WA.
(flavescens), TX. ROT, Stem; Flower Spot. Phytophthora
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces cactorum, CA, IA, NJ, PA, SC, WA.
cichoracearum, IL; Microsphaera alni, VIRUS. Tulip Breaking (Lily Latent Mosaic and
MD to AL, IN, TX. Tulip Color-adding), general; Tobacco
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. Necrosis, WI.
Botrytis blight is extensive with tulips. In
a wet spring, leaves are blasted, buds blighted,
Tuberose (Polianthes) and open flowers covered with spots, followed
by the familiar gray mold. Sanitary measures
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, NC. are all-important, for the sclerotia survive in
BLIGHT, Leaf and Flower Spot. Botrytis elliptica, the soil, ready to blight new, healthy bulbs.
CA. Cut off fading flowers into a paper bag. Gradual
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora sp., TX; running out of tulips may be due to virus dis-
Helminthosporium sp., also stem spot, TX. ease. Breaking of flowers, once considered
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA, a desirable ornamental character, is now recog-
FL, NC, TX, VA. nized as a disease that may be harmful in the
Tupelo, Sour Gum, Black Gum (Nyssa) 683
long run. Unless aphids are controlled, the virus sometimes turn yellow and drop prematurely.
will spread from variegated to solid-color Leaf spots are seldom serious enough for
plantings in the garden. treatment.
Tulip-Tree, Yellow Poplar Tung Tree (Aleurites)

(Liriodendron)
ANTHRACNOSE. Glomerella cingulata, FL.
BACTERIAL Root Lesion. Pseudomonas sp., OR. BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
BLIGHT, Seedling. Rhizoctonia solani, OH, VA. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, LA,
CANKER. Dothiorella sp., PA; Myxosporium MS, TX; Web, P. filamentosa, LA, MS.
spp., NY; Nectria sp., WV to NC, TN; Fusar- CANKER; DIEBACK; Nut Rot. Botryosphaeria
ium solani, SC. ribis, GA, LA; Physalospora rhodina, FL,
LEAF SPOT. Cylindrosporium cercosporioides, LA, MS, TX.
MD, WV; Gloeosporium liriodendri, CT to CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium pseudope-
NJ, TX; Mycosphaerella liriodendri, GA, dicellatum, LA.
MI; M. tulipiferae, Middle Atlantic and Gulf LEAF SPOT. Cercospora websteri, MS;
states; Phyllosticta lirodendrica (conidial Gloeosporium aleuriticum, MS;
stage of Mycosphaerella), widespread; Phyllosticta sp., FL, GA, Cristulariella
Ramularia liriodendri, AL, DE. pyramidalis, FL.
LEAF SPOT, Tar, Black. Ectostroma liriodendri, LEAF SPOT, Angular. Mycosphaerella
widespread; Rhytisma liriodendri, CA, TX, (Cercospora) aleuritidis, MS.
VA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL, FL,
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis, TX. MS.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, NY to NONPARASITIC. Chlorosis. Copper or potassium
AL, MO; Erysiphe polygoni, widespread. deficiency, FL.
ROT, Heart. Collybia velutipes, WV; Frenching. Manganese deficiency, FL.
Ganoderma applanatum, occasional. Bronzing. Zinc deficiency, FL.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, VA; Wetwood. Alcoholic slime flux. Perhaps bacte-
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; rial in part.
Cylindrocladium liriodendri, CA. White Seed. Genetic abnormality.
ROT, Sapwood; Wood. Daedalea extensa and D. ROT, Root, Collar. Clitocybe tabescens, serious
unicolor, sometimes on standing trees; throughout tung belt; Cephalosporium sp.,
Daldinia vernicosa, cosmopolitan; LA; secondary; Phytophthora cinnamomi,
Polyporus spp.; Schizophyllum commune, LA.
wound rot; also many stain and timber rots. ROT, Root; Collar Rot. Cylindrocladium
ROT, Seedling Collar. Cylindrocladium scoparium, C. crotalariae, C. floridanum,
scoparium, NJ, NC, TN. MS.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium elongatum, Spraying is usually necessary for thread blight
cosmopolitan. and nut rot.
VIRUS. Chlorotic Ringspot and Vein Banding,
NC, SC.
The most conspicuous fungus on ornamental Tupelo, Sour Gum, Black Gum (Nyssa)
tulip-trees is the black sooty mold growing
in copious honeydew secreted by tulip-tree ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum acutatum, GA.
aphids and scales. In hot, dry weather leaves BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, LA.
684 Host Plants
CANKER. Nectria galligena, CT; Strumella CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicicola, ME

coryneoidea, northern Appalachians; to NC, CA, CO, MN, TX, WA.
Botryosphaeria ribis, IL; Fusarium solani, DAMPING-OFF. Pythium ultimum, WI; Rhizocto-
LA. nia solani, also root, stem and storage rot,
CANKER, Felt Fungus. Septobasidium spp., NJ to general.
Gulf states. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, MA to
LEAF SPOT. Actinopelte dryina, AL, IL, OK; FL, IL, TX.
Cercospora nyssae, TX; Mycosphaerella LEAF SPOT. Alternaria brassicae, gray leaf spot,
nyssaecola, MA to GA, MI; Phyllosticta general; A. oleracea, black leaf spot, CT, FL,
nyssae, southeastern states to TX. MD, MA, NJ, NC, TX; Alternaria raphani,
MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum AZ; Cercospora brassicicola, AL, FL, GA,
(flavescens), FL, IN, MD, TX. MS; Mycosphaerella brassicicola, ring spot,
ROT, Heart. Ganoderma applanatum; Fomes OR; Phyllosticta sp., TX, WV; Ramularia
connatus, CT; Hericium erinaceus, NC. sp., AL, FL, WA; Septomyxa affine, AL.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. LEAF SPOT; White Spot. Cercosporella
ROT, Wood. Daedalea confragosa; D. unicolor, brassicae, MA to FL, IN, OR, TX;
occasional; Lentinus spp., cosmopolitan; Pseudocercosporella capsellae, CA.
Polyporus spp.; Stereum spp.; Trametes MOLD, Seed. Alternaria tenuis, cosmopolitan;
rigida, Gulf states. Stemphylium botryosum, occasional;
RUST. Aplopsora nyssae (II, III), MD to AL, TX. Curvularia inaequalis.
WILT, Seedling. Phytophthora cactorum, MO. NEMATODE, Root. Pratylenchus pratensis, MD.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., AL,
AZ, FL, OR, TX.
Tupidanthus NONPARASITIC. Brown Heart. Boron deficiency,
CA, MA, MN, VA, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria panax, CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, northeast-
ern states to CA, FL, TX, WA; Erysiphe
cruciferarum, WY.
Turnip (Brassica rapa) ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Pythium sp., NY.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum higginsianum, ROT, Watery Soft. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CT,
NY to FL, TX. MD, MS, TX, WA.
BACTERIAL Black Rot. Xanthomonas SCAB. Streptomyces scabies, CT, MI, NJ,
campestris, ME to FL, MN, TX. Canada.
BACTERIAL Blight. Pseudomonas syringae pv. SCAB, Acid. Streptomyces acidiscabies, ME.
alisalensis, CA. VIRUS. Turnip Mosaic, AL; Beet Curly Top,
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium CA; Radish Mosaic; Turnip Ringspot, OH.
tumefaciens, KS. WHITE RUST; White Blister. Albugo candida,
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae general.
pv. maculicola, OH; Xanthomonas WILT; Yellows. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
campestris pv. campestris, SC. conglutinans, IN, MS, TX.
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia carotovora, gen- The control of turnip diseases is about the
eral in field, transit, storage. same as for cabbage and other crucifers.
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas maculicola, CT,
GA, MA, TX; Xanthomonas vesicatoria pv.
raphani, IN. Turpentine Tree (Syncarpia)
BLACKLEG. Phoma lingam, CT, MA, WA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, TX. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
Valerianella (Corn-Salad or Lamb’s Lettuce) 685
NECROSIS, Vascular. Verticillium dahliae, NM.

Turtle-Head (Chelone) ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MA.
LEAF SPOT. Septoria mariae-wilsonii, ME to PA, VIRUS. Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus, NY. Also
OH, WI. susceptible to Cucumber Mosaic, Tobacco
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces Etch, Tobacco Mosaic, Tobacco Necrosis,
cichoracearum, and Erysiphe polygoni, Tobacco Ring Spot, Tomato Ring Spot,
widespread. Alfalfa Mosaic, Broad Bean Wilt, Lettuce
RUST. Puccinia andropogonis var. penstemonis Mosaic, Pea Seedborne Mosaic, Potato
(0, I), CT, MA, NJ, NY, PA, TN; II, III on Virus Y, Turnip Mosaic, Watermelon
Andropogon; P. chelonis (III), OR, WA. Mosaic.
Uvularia (Bellwort, Merry-Bells)

Udo (Aralia cordata)
LEAF SPOT. Sphaeropsis cruenta, CT, IL, IN, IA,
BLIGHT. Alternaria sp., DE, NJ. MO, NY, VA,WI.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, MD. RUST. Puccinia sessilis (0, I), DE, IA, MN, MO,
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, ME, PA. NY, ND, WI; Uromyces acuminatus var.
magnatus (0, I), MS, WI.
Umbrella-Pine (Sciadopitys)
Valerian, Garden Heliotrope
BLIGHT, Twig. Diplodia pinea, NJ. (Valeriana)
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta sp., RI; Cytospora sp.,
OR. LEAF SPOT. Ramularia centranthi, CA; Septoria
ROT, Root; Damping-off. Rhizoctonia solani, valerianae, WI.
CT. POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
ROT, Root; Wilt. Phytophthora cinnamomi, VA. cichoracearum, CO, UT.
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, NY.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia rolfsii, CT, NJ.
Umbrellawort (Oxybaphus) RUST. Puccinia commutata (0, I, III), NY, OR;
P. dioicae (0, I), CO, NM, UT; II, III on
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora oxybaphi, Carex; P. valerianae (II, III), AK.
KS, SD.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta oxybaphi, IA, WI;
Cercospora oxybaphi, IL, IA, KS, NE, OH, Valerian, Red, Jupiters-Beard
TX. (Centranthus)
WHITE RUST. Albugo platensis, AL. LEAF SPOT. Ramularia centranthi, CA.
Unicorn-Plant, Proboscis-Flower Valerianella (Corn-Salad or Lamb’s

(Proboscidea) Lettuce)
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora valerianellae,

LEAF SPOT. Cercospora beticola, IA, KS, OK, CA.
TX, WI. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, MS.
686 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Septoria valerianellae, MS, TX.

POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces orontii, Veratrum (False-Hellebore)
CA.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX; LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta veratrina, WA;
Thielaviopsis basicola, PA. Cylindrosporium veratrinum, CA, NY, UT,
ROT, Stem and Crown. Sclerotinia minor, CA. VA, WA; Cercosporella terminalis, NY;
Phyllosticta melanoplaca, CA, CT, ID, UT.
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Phyllachora melanoplaca, NY.
Vancouveria RUST. Puccinia atropuncta (II, III), MO, NC,
OK, TN, VA, WV; 0, I on composites;
LEAF SPOT. Phragmodothis berberidis, CA; P. veratri, widespread; 0, I on Epilobium.
Ramularia vancouveriae, CA, OR.
Verbascum
Vanilla
BLACK MILDEW. Lembosia rolfsii, FL. OR.
LEAF SPOT; Pod Spot. Botryosphaeria vanillae,
FL; Volutella vanillae, FL.
Verbena, Garden (Verbena hortensis)
Vanilla-Leaf (Achlys) BLIGHT, Flower. Botrytis cinerea, MA.

NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., MD.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta achlyicola, WA; POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
Stagonospora achlydis, OR. cichoracearum, general.
ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, OK.
Velvet Bean (Stizolobium) Rhizoctonia solani, NY; Thielaviopsis
basicola, PA.
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas syringae, IN; VIRUS. Broad Bean Wilt, FL; Nemesia Ring
P. stizolobii, NC. Necrosis Tymovirus, CA; Angelonia Flower
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, AL, Break Carmovirus; Verbena Virus Y,
FL, GA. Potatao Virus Y, Potyvirus, AR, OR.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora stizolobii, AL, FL, GA,
NC, SC; Mycosphaerella cruenta, GA;
Phyllosticta macunae, AL. Verbena (Native Species)
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CA,
TX. BLIGHT, Web. Rhizoctonia solani, LA.
ROT, Pod Spot. Fusarium sp., TX. BREAK CARMOVIRUS.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, BROOMRAPE. Orobanche ramosa, TX.
TX; Phytophthora parasitica, FL. DODDER. Cuscuta arvensis, OK.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, NM.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta verbenae, WI;
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) Cercospora verbenicola, AL, LA, TX;
Phyllosticta texensis, TX; Septoria
ROT, Root. Phytophthora cinnamomi, NC. verbenae, VT to MS, SD, TX.
Viburnum 687
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces LEAF SPOT. Cercospora tortipes, WI;

cichoracearum, general. Gloeosporium veronicae, NY; Ramularia
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. veronicae, OK, TX, WI; Septoria veronicae,
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ; II, III on CA, FL, IA, MI, OH, WI.
grasses; P. vilfae (0, I), IN to OK, SD; II, III NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL.
on Sporobolus. POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, CT,
VIRUS. Bean Yellow Mosaic, CA; Bidens Mot- IA, OR, WI.
tle, FL; Clover Yellow Mosaic, FL; Tomato ROT, Root and Stem. Fusarium sp., NJ;
Spotted Wilt, GA; Nemesia Ring Necrosis Rhizoctonia solani, IL, MD;
Tymovirus, CA; Angelonia Flower Break Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Carmovirus. ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, CT, NJ, OH.
RUST. Puccinia albulensis (III), CO, MT, OR,
UT, WA, WY; P. probabilis (II, III), NM;
Verbena (Nemisia diascia) P. rhaetica (III), WA; P. veronicarum (III),
IA, WI.
NEMESIA RING NECROSIS. Tymovirus, CA; SMUT, Leaf. Entyloma veronicae, CO, CT, IL,
Angelonia Flower Break Carmovirus. IA, KS, MS, MO, NY, TX, WI; Urocystis
kmetiana, GA.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, AR; Tomato Spotted
Verbesina (Crownbeard) Wilt, PA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara halstedii, NM,

TX. Vetch (Vicia)
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora fulvella, TX;
Colletotrichum sp., also stem spot; BLIGHT, LEAF. Ascochyta fabae f. sp. vicia, CT.
Phyllosticta verbesinae, TX. LEAF SPOT. Ramularia sphaeroidea (also stem),
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., AL. CA.
POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces LEAF SPOT, Chocolate. Botrytis fabae, CT.
cichoracearum, SC, TX, VA. NEMATODE, Ring. Mesocriconema (formerly
ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX; Criconemella), SC.
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. VIRUS. Broad Bean Severe Chlorosis, MI;
RUST. Coleosporium viguierae (II, III), AZ, FL, Broad Bean Wilt.
NC, TX; 0, I unknown; Puccinia abrupta
(II, III), CA, TX; P. cognata (0, I, II, III), AR,
LA, TN, TX; P. verbesinae (0, I, II, III), MD to Viburnum
AL, LA.
tumefaciens, PA, WA.
Veronica (Speedwell) BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas viburni, IL,
IA, NJ.
BACTERIAL, Proliferation. Rhodococcus fascians, BLIGHT. Phytophthora ramorum, OR, WA.
OR. BLIGHT, Gray Mold; Shoot. Botrytis cinerea,
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora grisea, CA, GA, MA, WA.
KS, IL, IN, MO, NY, TX, WI. BLIGHT, Sudden Oak Death. Phytophthora
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium globosum, LA; ramorum, CA.
Sorosphaera veronicae, CO, MS. BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL, NC.
688 Host Plants
CANKER, Stem Girdle. Hymenochaete BLIGHT, Foliar. Phytophthora tropicalis, VA.

agglutinans, PA. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, CT, WA.
DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL. BLIGHT, TWIG. Colletotrichum dematium, FL.
DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara viburni, general. CANKER; DIEBACK. Phomopsis lirella, CT, MD,
GALL, Stem; Dieback. Phomopsis sp., MD, NJ, NJ, OH, PA, VA; Phoma sp., OR.
NY. DODDER. Cuscuta indecora, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora opuli, IA, MS; C. tinea, FLOWER, Spot and Blight. Choanephora
LA; C. varia, general; Helminthosporium cucurbitarum, LA.
beaumontii, AL, TX; Hendersonia foliorum LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., PA, TX;
var. viburni, FL, TX; H. tini, LA; Colletotrichum sp., FL; Macrophoma
Leptosphaeria tini, LA; Monochaetia vincae, also dieback, IL, NY; Phyllosticta
desmazierii, WV; Phyllosticta lantanoides, sp., CT, GA, NJ; P. minor, MD, NJ, NY,
NY; P. punctata, FL, IA, WI; P. tinea, MD; VA; P. vincae-majoris, CA; Septoria vincae,
Ramularia viburni, TN, WI. NJ, NY; Volutella vincae, NY, PA.
LEAF SPOT. Cristulariella pyramidalis, MD. MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium herbarum, ME,
LEAF SPOT, Algal. Cephaleuros virescens, NY, PA.
FL, LA. NEMATODE, Dagger. Xiphinema americanum, WI.
MOLD, Leaf. Cladosporium herbarum, OH, PA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA,
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., CA, KS, OH.
MD, MS. ROT, Root. Phytophthora cactorum, NC;
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, general. P. lateralis, NC.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Corticium ROT, Root, Black. Thielaviopsis basicola, FL.
falactinum, MD; Phymatotrichum ROT, Root and Stem. Rhizoctonia solani, IL,
omnivorum, TX; Rosellinia necatrix, CA; MD, NJ, PA. Phytophthora parasitica, MD.
Phytophthora cinnamomi VA. RUST. Puccinia vincae (0, I, II, III), MA, MI, NY,
RUST. Aecidium rubromaculans (0, I), FL; WA.
Coleosporium viburni (II, III), IL, IA, MD, SPOT, Target. Corynespora cassiicola, FL.
MI, VA, WI; 0, I unknown; Puccinia linkii VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic, NJ; Potato Yellow
(III), AK, ID, MI, MT, NH, WA. Dwarf, CA; Tomato Spotted Wilt-
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Sphaceloma viburni, CA, Impatiens Serotype, FL, GA.
WA. WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, OR.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, IL, IN,
OR, WA.
Viburnum carlesii is extremely sensitive to sulfur Vincetoxicum (Milkvine)
and may be injured even by spray drift from
other plants. DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara gonolobi, MD to
FL, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora bellynckii, TX.
Vidalia Sweet Onion (Allium) ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
RUST. Puccinia obliqua (III), FL to KY, AZ, OK;
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora destructor, GA. Uromyces asclepiadis (II, III), IN, WV.
ROT, Bulb. Botrytis tulipae, GA.
Violet (Viola odorata and Native

Vinca (Periwinkle, Ground-Myrtle) Species)
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, KS, TX. ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum violae-tricoloris,

BACTERIAL Stunt. MLO, AR, OK. CT, MA, MS, NJ, NY, OH, PA.
Wallflower (Cheiranthus) 689
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, VA to FL,

CA, CT, NY, TX, VT. Vipers-Bugloss (Echium)
DOWNY MILDEW. Bremiella megasperma, FL,
IL, IA, MN, NJ. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora echii; Stemphylium sp.,
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, NY, WI. NY.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria violae, CT to GA, TX, ROT, Root. Rosellinia sp., CA.
WI; Ascochyta violicola, AK; A. violae, IN, ROT, Stem. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ND.
IA, PA, WI; Centrospora acerina, AK, CA;
Cercospora granuliformis, ME to AL, OK,
SD; C. violae, MA to FL, ND, TX; Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus
Cryptostictis violae, IL; Cylindrosporium quinquefolia)
violae, MT; Heterosporium sp., AK;
Marssonina violae, MA to SC, IA, MN; BLIGHT, Thread. Pellicularia koleroga, FL.
Phyllosticta violae, MA to FL, CA, KS, CANKER; DIEBACK. Coniothyrium fuckelii, WV;
MN; P. nigrescens, CA; Ramularia lactea, Cladosporium sp., NJ.
AK, CO, MS, MT; R. agrestis, NE, OR; DOWNY MILDEW. Plasmopara viticola, AL, IA,
Septoria violae, northeastern and North cen- ME, MN, NJ, NY, TX, WI.
tral states to AK, FL, KS, LA; Ciborinia LEAF SPOT. Cercospora ampelopsidis, wide-
violae. spread; C. psedericola, IL, VA; Guignardia
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis. bidwellii f. sp. parthenocissi, general;
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., FL to Phloeospora ampelopsidis, IL, IA, NE, WI.
CA, occasional in North. PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, S. complanata, LA, southern US.
CA, CO, ND, OR, WI, WY. POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinula necator, general;
ROT, Root. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. CAES.
aurantiacum, FL, MS, OH; Helicobasidium ROT, Root. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
purpureum, TX; Phymatotrichum Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
omnivorum, TX; Rhizoctonia solani, FL, SPOT ANTHRACNOSE. Elsinoë parthenocissi, FL,
IL, MN, MS, NY; Thielaviopsis basicola, MO, NH, PA.
CT to MS, KS, MA, OH. The Guignardia leaf spot is commonly
ROT, Wet; Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, disfiguring in a wet season.
MD, OH.
RUST. Puccinia violae (0, I, II, III), general;
P. effusa (III), CA; P. ellisiana (0, I), Vitex (Chaste-Tree)
northeastern and North central states to AL,
NM, WY; II, III on Andropogon; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora viticis, LA, TX.
P. fergussoni (III), AK, CO, MT, UT; ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
Uromyces andropogonis, (0, I), MS, NJ,
NC, PA, TN, WV; II, III on Andropogon.
SMUT, Leaf and Stem. Urocystis violae, AK, CA, Wahlenbergia (Southern Rockbell)
MN, TX, UT.
SOOTY MOLD. Scorias spongiosa, ME. VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Scab. Sphaceloma violae,
ME to FL, KS, LA, OH, WA.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top, TX. Wallflower (Cheiranthus)
Spot anthracnose is an important violet dis-
ease in many gardens with disfiguring scabby BACTERIAL, MLO. California Aster Yellows, CA.
lesions on stems and leaves. BLIGHT, Gray Mold. Botrytis cinerea, AK, WA.
690 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Heterosporium sp., OK. Nectria spp., widespread; N. galligena;

ROT, Crown. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ. Cytospora sp., AZ.
WHITE BLISTER. Albugo candida, MN. CANKER; Felt Fungus. Septobasidium curtisii,
NC.
CANKER, Stem. Fusarium solani, KS;
Wallflower, Western (Erysimum) Phytophthora citricola, NC.
CANKER DISEASE. Geosmithia, AZ, CA, CO, ID,
CLUB ROOT. Plasmodiophora brassicae, NJ. OR, UT, WA.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, CO, DIEBACK, Twig and Branch. Neofusicoccum
ID, IA. mediterraneum, CA.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora erysimi, WI. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora juglandis, KS, MA;
POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, CA. Phloeospora multimaculans, TX;
ROT, Root. Rhizoctonia solani, TX. Marssonina californica, CA; Ascochyta
RUST. Puccinia aristidae (0, I), AZ, CO, ND, NE, juglandis, ring spot; Grovesinia
UT; P. consimilis (I, III), MT; P. holboellii pyramidalis, IL, IA, MN, OH, WV;
(0, III), CO. Mycosphaerella juglandis, IL, IN, IA, NC;
VIRUS. Tomato Spotted Wilt, CA. Cristulariella pyramidalis, IL. Also on
WHITE RUST; White Blister. Albugo candida, ID, Bidens frondosa (beggar-ticks), Campsis
OR, TX. radicans (trumpet vine), Chenopodium
ambrosioides (Mexican tea), Commelina
diffusa (dayflower), Cuphea petiolota (blue
Walnut (Juglans) (Includes Butternut, waxweed), Desmodium canescens (tick clo-
Black, English, and Japanese Walnuts) ver), Eupatorium coelestinum (mist-flower),
E. rugosum (white snakeroot), Ipomoea
ANTHRACNOSE; Leaf Spot. Gnomonia leptostyla hederscea (morning-glory), I. lacunosa
(Marssonina juglandis), general. (morning-glory), Lobelia inflata (Indian
BACTERIAL Blight. Xanthomonas juglandis, NY tobacco), L. siphilitica (blue cardinal-flower),
to GA, TX, and Pacific Coast, especially on Perilla frutescens (beefsteak plant),
English (Persian) walnut. Phytolacca arnericana (poke), Platanus
BACTERIAL Canker. Erwinia nigrifluens, CA; occidentalis sycamore), Polygonum
E. rubrifaciens, phloem canker, CA; pennsylvanicum (smart weed), P. scandens
Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, (false buckwheat), Rumex crispus (yellow
NC. dock), Sida spinosa (prickly mallow), Soli-
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium dago canadensis (goldenrod), Vitis palmata
tumefaciens, occasional. (Catbird grape).
BLIGHT, Leaf. Cylindrosporium juglandis, AL LEAF SPOT; Downy Spot; White Mold.
and TN to TX, CA. Microstroma juglandis, wide-spread;
BLIGHT, Seedling. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX. M. brachysporum, general; Alternaria
CANKER. Sirococcus clavigignenti- arborescens, A. alternata, A. tenuissima
juglandacearum to Ophiognomonia (leaf spot and brown/gray apical necrosis), AZ.
clavigignenti-juglandacearum, Ontario, MISTLETOE. Phoradendron serotinum
Canada; Phomopsis oblonga, CT. (flavescens), IN southward, AZ, CA, NM.
CANKER; Branch Wilt. Hendersonula MOLD, Nut. Alternaria sp., CA.
toruloidea, connected with sunburn. NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus musicola, CA;
CANKER; DIEBACK. Diplodia juglandis, wide- P. vulnus.
spread; Dothiorella gregaria, CA; NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne spp., TX.
Exosporina fawcetti, wilt, CA; Melanconis NONPARASITIC. Black End, of Nuts. Probably
juglandis, widespread, especially in East; drought injury, CA, OR.
Water-Lily, Yellow Pond-Lily (Nuphar) 691
Black Line, Girdle. Graft incompatibility. VIRUS, Mosaic and Stunting. Turnip Virus, Brazil.
Dieback. Boron deficiency, OR. WHITE RUST; White Blister. Albugo candida, MN.
Erinose. Leaf galls from blister mites.
Leaf Scorch, Sunscald. NJ. OR, WA.
Little Leaf. Zinc deficiency, CA. Probably also Water-Elm (Planera)
causes Rosette.
Shrivel, Witches’ Broom, Yellows. Cause ROT, Wood. Daedalea ambigua, SC;
unknown. Ganoderma lucidum.
PHYTOPLASMA, Witches’ Broom, GA, IL, IN, IA,
OH.
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, IN, OH, Water-Horehound (Lycopus)
OR; Microsphaera alni, widespread;
Erysiphe polygoni, CA. GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium cellulare, WI.
ROT, Collar. Phytophthora cactorum, CA; LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta lophanthi, MA, WI;
P. cinnamomi, MD to AL, LA. Cercospora lycopi, LA; Phyllosticta
ROT, Heart. Fomes igniarius and F. everhartii, decidua, IA, OK, WI; Septoria lycopi, WI.
widespread; Polyporus sulphureus, RUST. Puccinia angustata (0, I), ME to MD, KS,
widespread. ND; II, III on grasses.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, cosmopolitan;
Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX;
Cylindrocladium sp., TN. Water-Hyacinths (Eichhornia)
ROT, Wood. Fomes conchatus; Polyporus spp.;
Poria spp.; Schizophyllum commune, cos- BLIGHT. Aquathanatephorus pendulus
mopolitan; Daedalea confragosa; D. (Rhizoctonia stage), LA.
quercina, widespread. LEAF SPOT. Cercospora piaropi, FL.
SCAB. Cladosporium sp., MD, MN. ROT, Root and Crown. Mycoleptodiscus
VIRUS. Brooming Disease, DC, GA, MD, NY. terrestris, FL.
Bacterial blight is the most serious disease of
walnuts on the Pacific Coast, requiring several
sprays. A toxin, juglone, has been considered Water-Lily (Nymphaea)
injurious to many shrubs growing in the vicinity
of black walnut roots; the toxin also causes vas- LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp., TX; Cercospora
cular wilt-like symptoms in eggplant and tomato exotica, IL; C. nymphaeacea, scattered ME
in home gardens. to TX, CA; Helicoceras nymphaerum, MD,
NJ, NY; Mycosphaerella pontederiae, MI,
VA; Ovularia nymphaearum, MD, NY,
Water-Cress (Nasturtium Officinale) WA; Phyllosticta fatiscens, VT;
Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaerum, MN;
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, TX. Sclerotium sp., MN.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora nasturtii, CA, CT, FL, ROT, Leaf and Stem. Pythium spp., MA, NY, WI.
IN, NH, TX, WI. SMUT, White. Entyloma nymphaeae, MA to VA,
ROT, Root. Pythium debaryanum, TX; OK, WI.
Sporgospora subterranea f. sp. nasturtii,
FL, PA; Phytophthora cryptogea, and stem,
FL. Water-Lily, Yellow Pond-Lily (Nuphar)
RUST. Puccinia aristidae, AZ, CO, TX.
VIRUS. Western Aster Yellows Phytoplasma, LEAF SPOT. Dichotomophthoropsis
HI. nymphaerum, MN.
692 Host Plants
LEAF SPOT. Mycosphaerella pontederiae, ME, POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces

MI, NY, VA, WI; Phyllosticta fatiscens, IA, cichoracearum, AZ, CA, FL, GA, NY, NC,
NJ, NY, WI. TX, VA. May make pimples in young fruit;
SMUT, White. Entyloma nymphaeae, CT, IL, Podosphera xanttii, FL.
MA, WI. ROT. Diplodia spp., stem-end, gray; MD to FL,
AZ, KS; Fusarium scirpi, occasional in mar-
ket; Helminthosporium sp., TX; Rhizopus
spp., mushy soft rot.
Watermelon (Citrullus) ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, TX.
ROT, Root. Acremonium sp., CA;
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum lagenarium, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, AZ, TX;
general, Pacific Coast; C. orbiculare, CA; Thielaviopsis basicola, OR, UT;
Marssonina melonis, NY. Monosporascus cannonballus, CA, Brazil.
BACTERIAL, Angular Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas ROT, Stem and Fruit. Phytophthora cactorum,
pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli, GA. AZ; P. capsici, CO; P. citrophthora, CA;
BACTERIAL Fruit Blotch. Acidovorax avenae Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, NJ, TX.
(syn. Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes) SCAB; Leaf Mold. Cladosporium cucumerinum,
subsp. citrulli, DE, IL, IN, OR, TX. MD, NE.
BACTERIAL Rind Necrosis. Erwinia sp., TX. VIRUS. Watermelon Mosaic, NY to FL, AZ, CA,
BACTERIAL Soft Rot. Erwinia aroideae, WV; IA, MI, TX, WA; Beet Curly Top; Tobacco
wilt, E. tracheiphila, rare. Ring Spot; Watermelon Stunt (strain of
BACTERIAL Spot. Pseudomonas lachrymans, MI. Squash Mosaic); Zucchini Yellow Mosaic,
BACTERIAL Wilt. Erwinia tracheiphila, NM. CA; Watermelon Curly Mottle, AZ; Papaya
BLIGHT, Gummy Stem; Fruit Spot. Didymella Ring Spot, LA; Squash Leaf Curl, TX; Let-
bryoniae, CA; Mycosphaerella citrullina, tuce Infectious Yellows, AZ, CA, TX;
also stem-end rot, leaf spot, MA to FL, AZ, Tomato Spotted Wilt, GA; Cucurbit Leaf
MO. Crumple, CA; Squash Vein Yellowing, IN;
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, also fruit Cucurbit Yellow Stunting, AZ, Mexico.
rot, NC to FL, TX. WILT. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, GA,
CANKER, Stem. Myrothecium roridum, GA. general and Race 2, DE, IN, MD; Race 3, MD;
DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, soil rot, leaf Verticillium albo-atrum, CA, NH, OR;
blight; Pythium spp., also blossom-end rot, V. dahlia, TX, Rhizoctonia solani AG-7, IN.
foot rot. Fusarium wilt is probably the major disease
DOWNY MILDEW. Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and resistant varieties are available. For anthrac-
occasional from MA to FL, TX, WI; also CA. nose and leaf spots treat seed before planting, and
FRUIT SPOT; Speck. Cribropeltis citrullina, IL. start spraying or dusting when vines start to run.
LEAF SPOT. Alternaria cucumerina, general
except Pacific Coast; A. alternate f. sp.
cucurbitae, MD. Cercospora citrullina, NJ
to FL, OH, TX; Corynespora cassiicola; Water-Primrose (Jussiaea)
Myrothecium roridum, GA.
NEMATODE, Root knot. Meloidogyne arenaria; LEAF SPOT. Alternaria sp. OK; Cercospora
M. incognita; M. javanica. jussiaeae, AL, OK, TX; Colletotrichum
NONPARASITIC. Blossom-End Rot. Hot dry jussiaeae AL, TX; Septoria jussiaeae AL,
weather after cool, moist days. FL, LA, TX.
Internal Browning. Drought and nutritional RUST. Aecidium betheli, CA; Puccinia jussiaeae
deficiencies. (0, I, III), MS; Uredo guaunabensis (II), FL.
Whortleberry, Bilberry (Vaccinium spp.) 693
Water Shield (Brasenia) Wheat (Triticum) Cereal
LEAF SPOT. Dichotomophthoropsis BLIGHT, Heat. Fusarium tricinctum,

nymphaearum, MN. Argentina.
BLIGHT, Seedling. Sclerotium rolfsii, OK.
LEAF SPOT, Tan. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis,
Watsonia KS, Pacific Northwest.
NEMATODE, Cereal Cyst. Heterodera filipjevi,
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA. OR, Pacific Northwest.
VIRUS. Iris Mosaic, CA. POWDERY MILDEW. Blumeria graminis f. sp.
tritici, NC, WI; Erysiphe graminis, Septoria
tritici, Stagonospora, WI.
Wax-Myrtle, Candleberry (Myrica ROT, Damping-Off, Stunting. Pythium
cerifera) abappressorium, WA; Arthrivium sacchari,
(Durum Wheat), Saskatchewan, Canada.
BLACK MILDEW. Irene calostroma, Gulf ROT, Root. Phoma sclerotioides, MN.
states; Irenina manca, MS; Meliola manca, RUST. Puccinia triticina, (Durum Wheat),
FL. Mexico.
BLIGHT, Seedling. Rhizoctonia solani, NJ. RUST, Stripe. Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,
DODDER. Cuscuta compacta, FL. FL.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora dispersa, NJ; RUST, Wheat Leaf. Puccinia triticina, (Red
Colletotrichum acutatum, FL; Phyllosticta Spring Wheat), MN, ND.
myricae, NJ to FL, TX; Septoria myricae, STUNT, Leaf Stripe. Cephalosporium
NJ. gramineum, VA.
NEMATODE, Ring. Hemicriconemoides wessoni, VIRUS. Triticum Mosaic, Southern Great Plains,
FL. KS, OK, TX; Soilborne Wheat Mosaic, OR.
PARASITIC LICHEN. Strigula elegans and
S. complanata, LA, Southern US.
ROT, Root. Clitocybe tabescens, FL; Whipplea
RUST. Gymnosporangium ellisii (0, I), MA to DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora whippleae, CA.
MD; III on Chamaecyparis.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium grandisporum, FL.
Whortleberry, Bilberry
(Vaccinium spp.)
Weigela
BLIGHT, Twig; Berry Rot. Monilinia ledi, NY.
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium GALL, Leaf. Exobasidium vaccinii, occasional;
tumefaciens, MD, MS. E. parvifolii, stem gall, OR, WA; E. vaccinii-
BLIGHT, Twig. Phoma weigelae, WA. uliginosi, shoot gall, rose-bloom, OR.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora weigelae, MD, MS, NJ; LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma vaccinii, AK.
Ramularia diervillae, TN. POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni var.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus pratensis. vaccinii, AK, OR, WA, WY; Podosphaera
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., CA, oxyacanthae, AK.
MD, MS, TX. ROOT, Rot. Phytophthora cinnamomi, VA;
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. P. nicotianae, VA; P. palmivora, VA.
694 Host Plants
RUST. Pucciniastrum sp. (II), OR, WA; CANKER, Black. Physalospora miyabeana, New
P. goeppertianum (III), Witches’ Broom, England, NY, WV.
general; 0, I on fir; P. vaccinii (II, III), general; CANKER, Twig and Branch. Botryosphaeria
0, I on hemlock. ribis, VA to GA, AR, CA; Cryptodiaporthe
salicina, ME to VA, AK, CA, KS, OK, SD,
WA; Cryptomyces maximus, bark blister;
Wild Garlic (Allium vineale); NM, UT; Discella carbonacea, twig blight,
Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) New England; Dothiora polyspora, CO;
Dothiorella sp., AR, ND; Macrophoma
WILT, Water-soaked foliage. Sclerotinia minor, spp., AR, KY, MS, NC, SC, TX; Phomopsis
NC. salicina, IA, MA, VA; Physalospora
gregaria, WV; Valsa spp., twig canker;
V. sordida (Cytospora chrysosperma), wide-
Wild Rice (Zizania) spread; V. salicina, widespread; V. nivea,
western states.
ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum sublineolum, DODDER. Cuscuta spp., IA, NY, WA.
MN. LEAF BLISTER. Taphrina populi-salicis, CA.
BACTERIAL Leaf Spot. Pseudomonas syringae LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta salicis, CA; Cercospora
pv. syringae, MN, Pacific Northwest; salicina, IL, LA, MD, TX; Ciborinia
P. syringae pv. zizaniae, Pacific Northwest. foliicola; C. wisconsinensis;
BLIGHT, HEAD. Fusarium graminearum, MN. Cylindrosporium salicinum, MA to CO,
LEAF SPOT, Stem Lesion. Bipolaris sorokiniana, MS, WI; Gloeosporium spp., also twig blight,
Pacific Northwest; Sclerotium oryzae, Pacific CT, DE, MA; G. salicis, VT to NJ, MS, OR,
Northwest; S. hydrophilum, Pacific Northwest. WI; Marssonina spp., widespread;
LEAF SPOT, Zonate. Drechslera gigantea, MN. M. kriegeriana, WI; M. apicalis, CA;
ROT, Crown, Root. Phytophthora Myrioconium comitatum, WI; Phyllosticta
erythroseptica, CA; Damping-off. Pythium apicalis, KS, WI; Ramularia rosea, CO, MT,
torulosum, CA. WI; Septogloeum salicinum, AK, NY, WI;
SMUT. Entyloma lineatum, Pacific Northwest; S. maculans, CA, MT; S. salicis-fendlerianae,
Ustilago esculenta, CA. ID; Septoria spp.; S. salicicola, AK, OR;
VIRUS. Wheat Streak Mosaic, MN. S. didyma, WI.
LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma salicinum, MI.
Wildrye (Elymus) (flavescens), AZ, CA, IN, NM, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Pyrenophora trichostoma, ND; NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus vulnus, CA.
Septorium spraguei, ND. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp.
POWDERY MILDEW. Uncinula salicis, general;
Phyllactinia corylea, WA.
Willow (Salix) (Includes Weeping ROT, Heart. Daedalea confragosa, widespread;
Willow, Pussy Willow) Fomes spp.; Polyporus farlowii, TX to CA;
Trametes suaveolens, New England to
BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium MT, AK.
tumefaciens, CT, NJ, TX, VA. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA, WA;
BACTERIAL Wetwood. Erwinia nimipressuralis. Helicobasidium purpureum, TX;
BLIGHT, Twig. Diplodia salicina. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
BLIGHT, Willow. Complex of scab and black ROT, Sapwood; Wood. Daedalea ambigua;
canker. Ganoderma lucidum; Pholiota spp.;
Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis) 695
Pleurotus spp.; Polyporus spp.; BLOTCH, Sooty. Gloeodes pomigena, WI.

Schizophyllum commune, cosmopolitan. FRUIT SPOT, Black Speck. Leptothyrium pomi,
RUST. Melampsora ableti-capraearum WI.
(M. epitea) (II, III), general except far North; LEAF SPOT. Cercospora gaultheriae, NY, WI;
0, I on fir; M. arctica (II, III), AK, CO, NH; Pezizella oenotherae, VA; Discosia
M. epitea, MN; M. paradoxa (M. bigelowii) maculicola, secondary; Mycosphaerella
(II, III), ME to NC, AK, IA, NM; 0, I on larch; gaultheriae, ME to MD, WV; Phyllosticta
M. ribesii-purpureae (II, III), MT to CO, gaultheriae, general; Schizothyrium
AK, CA; 0, I on Ribes. gaultheriae, ME to VA, WI; Venturia
SCAB, Gray; Blight. Fusicladium saliciperdum arctostaphyli, MD, MA, NJ, NY, VA.
(Venturia chlorospora), New England to NJ, POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, WI.
NC, PA.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium sp.
SPOT ANTHRACNOSE; Scab. Sphaceloma
murrayae, CA, OR, WA, WI. Wintergreen, Waxflower
Willow scab, followed by black canker, forms
a very destructive blight, killing many trees in ▶Pipsissewa.
New England.
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) Wisteria (Wistaria)
LEAF SPOT. Physalospora ilicis, NY. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium

LEAF SPOT, Tar. Rhytisma concavum, WI; tumefaciens, CT, MD, TX.
R. prini, ME to MS, IL, WI. CANKER, Stem. Nectria cinnabarina, CT.
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera alni, WI. LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta wistariae, MA, MO, NJ,
TX; Septoria wistariae, TX.
Winter Cress (Barbarea) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, TX.
BACTERIAL Black Rot. Xanthomonas barbareae, ROT, Heart. Pleurotus sp., WV.
NY. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
BACTERIAL, Yellows. Spiroplasma citri, IL. VIRUS. Wisteria Vein Mosaic, MS, NY, TX;
DODDER. Cuscuta gronovii, NY. Tobacco Mosaic, RI.
DOWNY MILDEW. Peronospora parasitica, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora barbarea, WI;
Ramularia barbareae, MA to NJ, OH, TX,
WI; Alternaria sp., PA. Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis)
ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, TX.
VIRUS. Beet Curly Top; Potato Yellow Dwarf. BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
WHITE RUST. Albugo candida, CA, TX. tumefaciens, MD.
LEAF SPOT. Discosia artocreas, OK;
Gonatobotryum maculicola, NH to WV,
Wintergreen, Checkerberry FL, WI; Graphium hamamelidis, NY to IN,
(Gaultheria procumbens) TN; Monochaetia desmazierii, VA to GA,
TN; Mycosphaerella sp., WV; Phyllosticta
ANTRACNOSE. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, hamamelidis, CT to MS, TN, WI; Ramularia
British Columbia, Canada. hamamelidis, NY to WV, OK, WI.
696 Host Plants
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, MI, WI;

Podosphaera biuncinata, New England to IL Wyethia
and southward.
ROT, Wood. Fomes scutellatus, widespread; LEAF SPOT. Didymaria conferta, OR, UT;
Polyporus spp. Marssonina wyethiae, CA, WA; Septoria
wyethiae, CA, UT.
NEMATODE, Leaf Gall. Tylenchus
Wolfberry (Symphoricarpos balsamophilus, UT.
occidentalis) RUST. Puccinia balsamorhizae (0, I, II, III), AZ,
CA, CO, UT.
BLACK KNOT. Dibotryon symphoricarpi, twig
canker, ND.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora symphoricarpi, MT, ND, Xanthosoma
WA; Septoria symphoricarpi, IA, MT, ND,
WA. ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, CA; Fusarium
POWDERY MILDEW. Microsphaera diffusa, solani, powdery gray rot, FL.
general.
ROT, Collar. Fomes ribis, KS, ND.
RUST. Puccinia crandallii (0, I), CO, MT, ND, Xerophyllum (Turkeybeard)
WY; II, III on grasses; P. symphoricarpi, MT.
RUST. Puccinia atropuncta (II, III), MS.
Wood-Betony, Lousewort (Pedicularis)

Yam, Cinnamon-Vine (Dioscorea)
GALL, Leaf. Synchytrium aureum, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Ramularia obducens, CA; Septoria LEAF SPOT. Cercospora dioscoreae, IL, IA, MD,
cylindrospora, WI. MI, PA, WI; Colletotrichum dioscoreae, IL;
POWDERY MILDEW. Sphaerotheca macularis, Phyllosticta dioscoreae, SC, VA, WV;
CA, CO, MD, MI, MN, WY, WI. Ramularia dioscoreae, WI.
RUST. Cronartium coleosporioides (II, III), CA, NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NC.
ID, MT, NM, WA; Puccinia clintonii (III), ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum,
CO, ID, ME, MI, NM, NY, OR, WA, WI, WY; TX.
P. rufescens (I, III), CA, CO, NV.
Yarrow (Achillea)
Wood Rose (Rosa gymnocarpa,
R. californica) BACTERIAL Crown Gall. Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, IN.
LEAF SPOT, Lesions. Phytophthora DODDER. Cuscuta sp., NH.
gymnocarpa, CA. NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., OR.
cichoracearum, AK, MO, MT, PA, SD, VT,
Woodrush (Luzula) WI.
RUST. Puccinia obscura (II, III), ME to KS, ID, Rhizoctonia solani, general.
OR, WA, WI. RUST. Puccinia millefolii (III), CA, CO, ID, MT,
SMUT. Inflorescence. Cintractia luzulae, IN. NM, OR, UT, WA, WY.
Zamia (Coontie) 697
BLIGHT, Twig. Phyllostictina hysterella

Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) (Physalospora gregaria); Pestuloria sp., PA;
P. funerea, MA; Sphaeropsis sp. NJ;
LEAF SPOT; Tar Spot. Rhytisma ilicincola, VA. Botryosphaeria ribis.
ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX. DAMPING-OFF. Rhizoctonia solani, CT.
SOOTY MOLD. Capnodium spp., Gulf states. ROT, Heart. Fomes hartigii OR; F. roseus, ID.
ROT, Root. Armillaria mellea, ID;
Phytophthora cinnamomi, OH; P. lateralis,
CA.
Yellow-Root (Xanthorhiza) ROT, Wood. Polyporus schweinitzii, ID.
LEAF SPOT. Phyllosticta xanthorhizae, NC, WV.
Yucca (Adams-Needle, Joshua-Tree,

Spanish Bayonet)
Yellowwood (Cladrastris)
BLIGHT, Flower. Cercospora floricola
POWDERY MILDEW. Phyllactinia corylea, OK. (C concentrica), TX.
ROT, Wood. Polyporus spraguei, MD. BLIGHT, Leaf. Kellermannia anomala, second-
VIRUS. Bean Yellow Mosaic, NY. ary, general.
WILT. Verticillium albo-atrum, IL. LEAF SPOT, Cercospora concentrica, CT, GA,
IA, NJ, OK, TX; Coniothyrium
concentricum, general; Cylindrosporium
Yerba Buena (Micromeria) angustifolium, KS, MS, OK, TX; Diplodia
circinans, TX; Epicoccum asterinum, TX;
RUST. Puccinia menthae (0, I, II, III), CA, ID, Gloeosporium yuccogenum, MO, TX;
OR, WA. Neottiospora yuccifolia, GA, WA;
Pestalozziella yuccae, secondary, TX;
Phyllosticta sp., TX; Stagonospora
Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon) gigantea, CA; Leptosphaeria obtusipora.
MOLD, Leaf. Torula maculans, AZ, CA, SC, TX;
BLOTCH, Sooty. Coniothecium eriodictyonis, CA. Alternaria tenuis, leaf rot.
NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., OR.
PHYTOPLASMA. Yucca Phyllody Bud Prolifera-
Yew (Taxus) tion; Aster Yellows, TX.
ROT, Stem. Sclerotium rolfsii, MD.
BLIGHT, Needle. Herpotrichia nigra, ID; RUST. Puccinia amphigena (0, I), NE.
Sphaerulina taxi, CA, ID, OR, WA; Many other fungi are found on dead leaves and
S. taxicola, also twig blight, NY, PA; stems.
Alternaria sp., CT, NY, RI; Phyllosticta
taxi, VA; Macrophoma taxi;
Mycosphaerella taxi; Neopeckia coulteri;
Cryptocline taxicola, eastern United States. Zamia (Coontie)
BLIGHT, Ramorum. Phytophthora ramorum,
PA. ALGAE. Anabaena cycadeae, in coralloid roots,
BLIGHT, Seedling. Phytophthora cinnamomi, FL.
IN, MD, VA, Pacific Northwest. NEMATODE. Meloidogyne sp., FL.
698 Host Plants

Zauschneria (Fire-Chalice, California FL.
Fuchsia) BLIGHT. Alternaria zinniae, CO, CT, NJ, NY,
PA, SC.
RUST. Puccinia oenotherae (0, I, II, III), BLIGHT, Flower. Alternaria alternata, TX.
CA, UT. BLIGHT, Head; Stem Canker. Botrytis cinerea,
CA, CT, NJ, OR, PA.
BLIGHT, Southern. Sclerotium rolfsii, FL, NJ.
DAMPING-OFF; Root Rot. Rhizoctonia solani,
Zebra Plant (Aphelandra) CA, NJ, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Cercospora zinniae, SC to FL, CO,
LEAF SPOT. Myrothecium roridum, FL. IN, PA, TX.
NONPARASTITIC. Physiological. Leaf Crinkle; LEAF SPOT, Bacterial. Xanthomonas
Shortened Internodes, Axillary Bud Prolifera- nigromaculans f. sp. zinniae, NC, OH.
tion, TX. NEMATODE, Leaf. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi,
ROT, STEM. Phytophthora parasitica, FL. DE, MA, NJ.
NEMATODE, Lesion. Pratylenchus nannus, MD;
P. penetrans, NJ.
NEMATODE, Root Knot. Meloidogyne sp., NJ, PA,
Zephyranthes (Atamasco-Lily, TX.
Zephyr-Lily) POWDERY MILDEW. Golovinomyces
cichoracearum, general.
LEAF SCORCH; Red Spot. Stagonospora curtisii, ROT, Blossom. Choanephora sp., FL.
CA. ROT, Charcoal. Macrophomina phaseoli, TX.
LEAF SPOT. Colletotrichum liliacearum, NC. ROT, Root. Phymatotrichum omnivorum, TX.
ROT, Dry; Scale Speck. Sclerotium sp., OR. ROT, Stem; Wilt. Fusarium sp., CO, IA, MO,
RUST. Puccinia cooperiae (0, I, II, III), AL, FL, NY; Phytophthora cryptogea, NJ;
NC, TX. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, CA, CO, MA,
MT, OR, PA, WA.
VIRUS. Cucumber Mosaic; Beet Curly Top;
Zigadenus Tobacco Etch, FL; Tomato Spotted Wilt;
Bidens Mottle, FL; Potato Leafroll, Pacific
RUST. Puccinia atropuncta (II, III), IA, MO, ND, Northwest; Sunflower Mosaic, TX.
TX, WI; 0, I on composites; P. grumosa (0, I, Powdery mildew in late summer is the most
II, III), CO, MT, WY; Uromyces zygadeni common zinnia disease.
(0, I, II, III), CA, CO IA, KS, MT, NV, TX,
UT, WA, WY.
SMUT, Leaf. Urocystis flowersii, UT.
Zizia (Meadow Parsnip)
GALL, Leaf. Urophlyctis (Physoderma)

Zinnia pluriannulata, IA, WI.
LEAF SPOT. Ascochyta thaspii, WI; Cercospora
BACTERIAL; Leaf Spot, Flower Spot. ziziae, PA, WI; Cylindrosporium ziziae, ND,
Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae, LA. WA, WI; Septoria ziziae, ND.
BACTERIAL, MLO. Aster Yellows, MI, PA, and POWDERY MILDEW. Erysiphe polygoni, PA, WV.
California Aster Yellows, CA. RUST. Puccinia ziziae (III), WA.
Zoysia (Japanese Lawn Grass) 699
NEMATODE, Pseudo Root Knot. Hypsoperine

Zoysia (Japanese Lawn Grass) graminis, MD.
ROT, Root and Crown. Rhizoctonia solani, MD;
BLIGHT, Foliar. Curvularia lunata, NC. Helminthosporium tetramera; Curvularia
DEAD SPOT, Spring. Ophiosphaerella korrae, spp.; Fusarium spp; Gaeumannomyces
NC. graminis var. graminis, TX.
LEAF YELLOWING, Root Mass Reduction. RUST. Puccinia zoysiae, AL, AR, FL, GA, LA,
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis. MD, MO, MS, TX.
Color Plates
Plate 1 (a) Lethal Yellowing on Coconut Palm caused by a Phytoplasma Pathogen. (b, c) Tulip Break on Tulip caused
by Lily Latent Mosaic Virus. (d, e) Ringspot on Vanda Orchid caused by Vanda Ringspot Virus
R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8, 701

702 Color Plates
Plate 2 (a, b) Rust on Rose caused by Phragmidium mucronatum. (c) Cedar-Apple Rust on Apple caused by
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
Color Plates 703
Plate 3 (a) Cedar-Apple Rust on Cedar caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi. (b) Stunt on Chrysanthemum caused
by Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid. Var. Dark Pink Orchid Queen
704 Color Plates
Plate 4 (a) Green Flowers on Chrysanthemum caused by Aster Yellows Phytoplasma. (b) Phyllody on Hydrangea
caused by a Phytoplasma Pathogen
Color Plates 705
Plate 5 (a, b) Mosaic on Rose caused by Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus. (c) Foliar Symptoms on Chrysanthemum
(Variety Bonnie Jean) caused by (clockwise from upper left) Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle Viroid, Healthy Leaf,
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid, Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid, and Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (Mild Strain)
706 Color Plates
Plate 6 (a) Bacterial Leaf Rot on Dieffenbachia caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi. (b) Bacterial Leaf Rot on
Philodendron caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi
Color Plates 707
Plate 7 (a) Common Leafspot on Boston Ivy caused by Guignardia bidwellii. (b) Crown Gall on Chrysanthemum
caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
708 Color Plates
Plate 8 (a) Ringspot on Tomato Fruit caused by Cucumber Mosaic Virus. (b, c) Powdery Mildew on Rose caused by
Podosphaera pannosa
Color Plates 709
Plate 9 (a) Late Blight on Potato caused by Phytophthora infestans. (b) Powdery Mildew on Begonia caused by
Erysiphe cichoracearum. (c) Mosaic on Squash caused by Cucumber Mosaic Virus
710 Color Plates
Plate 10 (a) Dollar Spot on Turf caused by Sclerotinia homeocarpa. (b) Copper Injury on Rose caused by sprays
containing Copper. (c) Blackspot on Rose caused by Diplocarpon rosae
Color Plates 711
Plate 11 Foliar Nematode on Chrysanthemum caused by Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi

712 Color Plates
Plate 12 (a) Foliar Nematode on Chrysanthemum caused by Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi. (b) Apple Scab on Apple
caused by Venturia inaequalis
Color Plates 713
Plate 13 (a, b, c, d) Rust on Jack-in-the-Pulpit caused by Uromyces caladii

714 Color Plates
Plate 14 (a, b) Leaf Spot on Dracaena caused by Physalospora dracaenae. (c) Yellow Leaf Blight on Corn caused by
Phyllosticta maydis. (d) Blossom Blight on Rose caused by Botrytis cinerea
Color Plates 715
Plate 15 (a) Flower and Leaf Blight on Geranium caused by Botrytis cinerea. (b) Scab on Citrus caused by Elsinoë
fawcettii. (c) Downy Mildew on Rose by Peronospora sparsa
716 Color Plates
Plate 16 (a) Brown Rot on Cherry caused by Monilinia fructicola. (b) Downy Mildew on Rose by Peronospora
sparsa
List of Land-Grant Institutions and
Agricultural Experiment Stations
in the United States
For help in diagnosing and controlling plant diseases contact your County Ag Comissioners (CA) or
county extension agent, your state Diagnostic Lab, your state Department of Agriculture or your
Cooperative Extension Specialist.
Alabama: Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849. Idaho: University of Idaho, Extension Service,
http://www.aces.edu/dept/plantdiagnosticlab/ Parma, ID 83660. http://www.uidaho.edu/ag/
Alabama Cooperative Extension Service http:// plantdisease/
www.aces.edu/plantlabbham/ llinois: University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802.
Alaska: University of Alaska and Alaska Depart- http://plantclinic.cropsci.uiuc.edu/
ment of Agriculture http://www.dnr.state.ak. Indiana: Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
us/ag/index.htm 47907. http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu
Arizona: University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Iowa: Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011.
85721. http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/plpext/ http://www.isuplantdiseaseclinic.org
Arkansas: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Kansas: Kansas State University, Manhattan,
AR 72701. http://www.aragriculture.org/ KS 66506. http://www.plantpath.k-state.edu/
pestmanagement/diseases/clinic/default.asp DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid¼49
California: Department of Food and Agriculture, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, Lexington,
Plant Pest Diagnostic Center. KY 40546. http://www.ca.uky.edu/agcollee/
(sgaimari@cdfa.ca.gov) plantpathology/extension/pdd_lab.html
Colorado: Colorado State University, Fort Louisiana: Louisiana State University, Baton
Collins, CO 80523. http://www.coopext. Rouge, LA 70803. http://www.lsuagcenter.
colostate.edu/jeffco/hort/clinic.htm com/en/our_offices/departments/PlantPatholo-
Connecticut: University of Connecticut, Storrs, gy_Crops_Physiology/Plant_Disease_Clinic/
CT 06269. (http://pronewengland.org) Maine: University of Maine, Orono, ME 04473.
Delaware: University of Delaware, Newark, http://pmo.umext.main.edu
DE 19716. http://ag.udel.edu/extension/pdc/ Maryland: University of Maryland, College Park,
index.htm MD 20742. http://www.plantclinic.umd.edu/
District of Columbia: See Rutgers. http://www. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts,
rcs.rutgers.eon/services/ Amherst, MA 01003. (umassextension.org)
Florida: University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Michigan: Michigan State University, East Lan-
32611. http://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/ sing, MI 48824. http://www.pestid.msu.edu/
Georgia: University of Georgia, Athens, GA Minnesota: University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
30602. http://www.plant.uga.edu/Extension/ MN 55108. http://www.extension.umn.edu/
Clinics/PDC.htm distribution/cropsystems/DC3170.html
Hawaii: University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Mississippi: Mississippi Cooperative Extension
96822. http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/adsc/ Service, Mississippi State University,

718 List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural Experiment Stations
MS 39762. http://www.extensionplantclinics. Puerto Rico: Department of Agriculture, San

msstate.edu/ Juan, PR. http://www.agricultura.gobierno.pr
Missouri: University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Rhode Island: University of Rhode Island, Kings-
65211. http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/ ton, RI 02881. http://www.uri.edu/ce/ceec/
Montana: Montana State University, Bozeman, MT plantclinic.html
59717. http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/ipm/ South Carolina: Clemson University, Clemson,
Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Lincoln, SC 29634. http://www.clemson.edu/agsrvlb
NE 68583. http://plantpath.unl.edu/ South Dakota: South Dakota State University,
ppathdiagnostic.htm Brookings, SD 57007. http://plantsci.sdstate.
Nevada: University of Nevada, or Nevada edu/planthealth/subpage.cfm?ID¼12
Department of Agriculture. http://www. Tennessee: University of Tennessee, Nashville,
nevada.gov/ TN 37211. http://soilplantandpest.utk.edu/
New Hampshire: University of New Hampshire, Texas: Texas A & M University, College Station,
Durham, NH 03824. http://ceinfo.unh.edu/ TX 77845. http://plantdiseaselab.tamu.edu/
Agric/AGPDTS/PlantH.htm Utah: Utah State University, Logan, UT
New Jersey: Rutgers, The State University, 84322. http://utahpests.usu.edu
Milltown, NJ 08850. http://www.rce.rutgers. Vermont: University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
edu.services/ 05405. http://pss.uvm.edu/pd/pdc/
New Mexico: New Mexico State University, Virgin Islands: Virgin Islands Extension Service,
Las Cruces, NM 88003. http://plantclinic. Kingshill, St. Croix, VI 00850. http://rps.uvi.
nmsu.edu edu/CES/index.html
New York: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg,
14853. http://plantclinic.cornell.edu VA 24061. http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~clinic/
North Carolina: North Carolina State University, Washington: WSU Research and Extension Cen-
Raleigh, NC 27695. http://www.ncsu.edu/pdic ter, Puyallup, WA 98371. http://www.puyal-
North Dakota: North Dakota State University, lup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/index.html
Fargo, ND 58105. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak. West Virginia: West Virginia University Exten-
edu/diaglab/ sion Service, Morgantown, WV 26506. http://
Ohio: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH www.mastergardener2008.com/
43210. http://ppdc.osu.edu Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, WI 53706. http://pddc.wisc.edu/, http://www.
OK 74078. http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/ entomology.wisc.edu/entodiag.html
Oregon: Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Wyoming: University of Wyoming Cooperative
97331. http://web.science.oregonstate.edu/ Extension Service, Laramie, WY 82071.
bpp/Plant_Clinic/index.htm http://ces.uwyo.edu/
Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State Univer- Ontario:Pest Diagnostic Clinic, University of
sity, University Park, PA 16802. http://www. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1H 8J7. http://
ppath.cas.psu.edu/extension.html www.labservices.uoguelph.ca/units/pdc/
Glossary
Acervulus, pl. Acervuli. A “little heap,” an Ascomycetes. One of the three main groups of the
erumpent, cushionlike mass of hyphae bearing fungi, bearing sexual spores in asci.
conidiophores and conidia, sometimes with Ascospore. Produced in ascus by free cell
setae; characteristic of the Melanconiales formation.
(Fig. 5, p. 43). Ascus, pl. Asci. Saclike, usually clavate cell
Acicular. Needlelike. containing ascospores, typically eight (Fig. 3,
Aeciospore. Rust spore formed in an aecium. p. 37).
Aecium, pl. Aecia. A cluster-cup, or cuplike Aseptate. Without cross-walls.
fruiting sorus in the rusts (Fig. 2, p. 349). Asexual. Vegetative, having no sex organs or sex
Aerobic. Living or active only in the presence of spores; the imperfect stage of a fungus.
oxygen. Autoecious. Completing life cycle on one host;
Amoeboid. Not having a cell wall and changing in term used in rusts.
form like an amoeba. Bacteria. Microscopic one-celled organisms
Allantoid. Sausage-shaped. increasing by fission.
Alternate Host. One or other of the two unlike Bactericide. Substance causing death of bacteria.
hosts of a heteroecious rust. Basidiomycetes. Class 3 in the Fungi, character-
Anamorph. State of life-cycle in which asexual ized by septate mycelium, sometimes with
spores, or none, are produced. clamp-connections, and sexual spores on
Annulus. A ring; ringlike partial veil around stipe basidia (Fig. 4, p. 41).
in the mushrooms. Basidiospore. Spore produced on a basidium.
Antheridium, pl. Antheridia. Male sex organ in Basidium, pl. Basidia. Club-shaped structure,
the fungi. which, after fusion of two nuclei, produces
Anthracnose. A disease with limited necrotic four basidiospores (Fig. 4, p. 41).
lesions, caused by a fungus producing Binucleate. Having two nuclei.
nonsexual spores in acervuli (Fig. 1, p. 60). Blight. A disease with sudden, severe leaf
Antibiotic. Damaging to life; especially a damage and often with general killing of
substance produced by one microorganism to flowers and stems.
destroy others. Blotch. A blot or spot, usually superficial.
Apothecium, pl. Apothecia. The cup-or saucer- Breaking, of a virus. Loss of flower color in
like ascus-bearing fruiting body; in the a variegated pattern, especially in tulips.
Discomycete section of the Ascomycetes Canker. A lesion on a stem; a plant disease with
(Fig. 3, p. 37; Fig. 9, p. 335). sharply limited necrosis of the cortical tissue
Appressorium. A swelling on a fungus germ tube (Fig. 2, p. 155; Fig. 3, p. 161; Fig. 4, p. 165).
for attachment to host in early stage of infection; Carrier. Infected plant showing no marked symp-
found especially in anthracnose fungi and rusts. toms but source of infection for other plants.
Ascocarp, or Ascoma. Any structure producing Catenulate. In chains, or in an end-to-end series.
asci, as an apothecium, perithecium. Cerebroid. With brainlike convolutions or folds.

720 Glossary
Chemotherapy. Treatment of internal disease by Decumbent. Resting on substratum with ends

chemical agents that have a toxic effect on the turned up.
microorganism without injuring the plant. Decurrent. Running down the stipe or stem.
Chlamydospore. Thick-walled, asexual resting Diagnosis. Identification of nature and cause of
spore formed by the rounding up of any myce- a disease.
lial cell (Fig. 2, p. 300); also used for smut Dieback. Progressive death of branches or shoots
spores. beginning at tips.
Chlorosis. Yellowing of normally green tissue Defoliate. To strip or become stripped of leaves.
due to partial failure of chlorophyll to Dichotomous. Branching, frequently successive,
develop; often due to unavailability of iron into two more or less equal arms.
(Fig. 4, p. 277). Dimidiate. Having one half smaller than the
Cilium, pl. Cilia. Hairlike swimming organ on other; of a perithecium, having outer wall
bacteria or zoospores. covering only top half.
Cirrhus, pl. Cirrhi. A tendril or horn of forced-out Discomycetes. The cup fungi, a subclass of
spores. Ascomycetes; with apothecia.
Clamp-connections. Outgrowths of hyphae Disease. A condition in which use or structure
which form bridges around septa, thus of any part of the living organism is not
connecting two cells; in Basidiomycetes normal.
(Fig. 4, p. 41). Disinfection. Freeing a diseased plant, organ, or
Clavate. Club-shaped. tissue from infection.
Cleistothecium, pl. Cleistothecia. A perithecium Disinfestation. Killing or inactivating disease
without a special opening; in powdery organisms before they can cause infection;
mildews (Fig. 2, p. 286). on surface of seed or plant part, or in soil.
Coalesce. Growing together into one body or Dissemination. Transport of inoculum from
spot. a diseased to a healthy plant.
Coenocytic. Multinucleate; mycelia having no Disjunctor. Cell or projection connecting spores
cell walls. of a chain.
Columella. Sterile central axis in a mature Duster. Apparatus for applying fungicides in dry
fruiting body (Fig. 2, p. 36). form.
Concentric. One circle within another with Echinulate. Having small, pointed spines; used of
a common center. spores.
Conidiophore. Simple or branched hyphae on Endoconidium, pl. Endoconidia. Conidium
which conidia are produced. formed within a hypha.
Conidium, pl. Conidia. Any asexual spore except Enphytotic. A plant disease causing constant
sporangiospore or chlamydospore. damage from year to year.
Conk. Term used in forestry for sporophores of Epiphytotic. Sudden and destructive develop-
Polyporaceae on trees. ment of a plant disease over an extensive
Control. Prevention of, or reduction of loss from, area, an epidemic.
plant disease. Eradicant Fungicide. One that destroys a fungus
Coremium, pl. Coremia. Synnema, a cluster of at its source.
erect hyphae bearing conidia (Fig. 5, p. 43). Eradication. Control of disease by eliminating
Coriaceous. Like leather in texture. the pathogen after it is already established.
Culturing. Artificial propagation of organisms on Erumpent. Breaking through surface of
nutrient media or living plants. substratum.
Cystidium, pl. Cystidia. Sterile, often swollen cell Excentric. Off center.
projecting from hymenium in Basidiomycetes. Exclusion. Control of disease by preventing its
Damping-off. Seed decay in soil, or seedling introduction into disease-free areas.
blight. Exudate. Liquid discharge from diseased tissues.
Glossary 721
Fasciation. Joining side by side; a plant disease Haustorium, pl. Haustoria. Special hyphal
with flattened and sometimes curved shoots. branch extended into living cell for purpose
Fascicle. A small bundle or cluster. of absorbing food (Fig. 1, p. 286).
Filiform. Threadlike. Heteroecious. Undergoing different parasitic
Fimbriate. Fringed, or toothed. stages on two unlike hosts, as in the rusts.
Flag. A branch with dead leaves on an otherwise Heterothallic. Of a fungus, sexes separate in dif-
green tree. ferent mycelia.
Flagellum, pl. Flagella. Whiplike organ on Holocarpic. Having all the thallus used for
a motile cell; cilium. a fruiting body.
Fruiting Body. Fungus structure containing or Homothallic. Both sexes present in same
bearing spores; mushroom, pycnidium, mycelium.
perithecium, apothecium, etc. Host. Any plant attacked by a parasite.
Fumigant. A volatile disinfectant, destroying Hyaline. Colorless, or nearly transparent.
organisms by vapor. Hymenium. Spore-bearing layer of a fungus
Fungicide. Chemical or physical agent that kills fruiting body.
or inhibits fungi. Hyperplastic. Term applied to a disease produc-
Fungi Imperfecti. Fungi that have not been ing an abnormally large number of cells.
connected with the perfect or sexual stage; Hypha, pl. Hyphae. Single thread of a fungus
most are imperfect states of Ascomycetes. mycelium.
Fungistatic. An agent preventing development of Hypoplastic. Term applied to a disease with
fungi without killing them. subnormal cell production.
Fungus, pl. Fungi. An organism with no chloro- Hyphopodium, pl. Hyphopodia. More or less
phyll, reproducing by sexual or asexual lobed appendage to a hypha.
spores, usually with mycelium with Hysterothecium. Oblong or linear perithecium,
well-marked nuclei. sometimes considered an apothecium, open-
Fusiform. Spindle-like, narrowing toward the ing by a cleft.
ends. Immune. Exempt from disease; having qualities
Fusoid. Somewhat fusiform. that do not permit infection.
Gall. Outgrowth or swelling, often more or less Immunization. Process of increasing the resis-
spherical, of unorganized plant cells as result tance of a living organism.
of attack by bacteria, fungi, or other organisms. Imperfect Fungus. One lacking any sexual repro-
Gametangium. Gamete mother cell. ductive state.
Gamete. A sex cell, especially one formed in Imperfect State. State of life-cycle in which asex-
a gametangium. ual spores, or none, are produced. See
Germ Tube. Hypha produced by a germinated Anamorph.
fungus spore. Incubation Period. Time between inoculation
Gill. Lamella or hymenium-covered plate on and development of symptoms that can be
underside of cap of a mushroom. seen.
Girdle. A canker that surrounds stem, completely Indehiscent. Of fruit bodies, not opening, or with
cutting off water supply and thus causing no special method.
death; girdling roots also cause death. Infection. Process of beginning or producing
Glabrous. Smooth. disease.
Gleba. Sporulating tissue in an angiocarpous fruit Infection Court. Place where an infection may
body. take place, as leaf, fruit, petal, etc.
Globose. Almost spherical. Injury. Result of transient operation of an adverse
Gram-negative, Gram-positive. Not being factor, as an insect bite, or action of
stained, and being stained, by the Gram stain a chemical.
used in classifying bacteria. Innate. Bedded in, immersed.
722 Glossary
Inoculation. Placing of inoculum in infection Necrotic. As an adjective, killing.

court. Nematicide. Chemical or physical agent killing
Inoculum. Pathogen or its part, as spores, frag- nematodes.
ments of mycelium, etc., that can infect plants. Nematodes. Nemas, roundworms, eelworms,
Inoperculate. Not opening by a lid. cause of some plant diseases.
Intercellular. Between cells. Obligate Parasite. A parasite that can develop
Intracellular. Within cells. only in living tissues, with no saprophytic
Intumescence. Knoblike or pustulelike outgrowth stage.
of elongated cells on leaves, stems, etc., Obovate. Inversely ovate, narrowest at base.
caused by environmental disturbances. Obtuse. Rounded or blunted, greater than a right
Lamella. Gill. angle.
Lesion. Localized spot of diseased tissue. Oogonium, pl. Oogonia. Female sex organ in the
Locule. A cavity, especially one in a stroma. Oomycetes (Fig. 1, p. 35).
Macroconidia. Large conidia. Oomycetes. Subclass of the Phycomycetes, gam-
Macroscopic. Large enough to be seen with the etangia of unequal size.
naked eye. Oospore. Resting spore formed in a fertilized
Medulla. Loose layer of hyphae inside a thallus; oogonium.
body of a sclerotium. Operculate. With a cover or lid, as in some asci.
Microconidia. Very small spores, now consid- Ostiole. Porelike mouth or openings in papilla or
ered spermatia of a fungus also having larger neck of a perithecium or pycnidium.
conidia. Papilla, pl. Papillae. Small, nipplelike
Micron. 1/1000 millimeter, unit used for measur- projection.
ing spores. Paraphysis, pl. Paraphyses. A sterile hyphal ele-
Microscopic. Too small to be seen except with ment in the hymenium, especially in the Asco-
the aid of a microscope; true of most of the mycetes, usually clavate or filiform.
fungus structures shown in line drawings in Paraphysoids. Threads of hyphal tissue between
this book. asci, like delicate paraphyses but without free
Mildew. Plant disease in which the pathogen is ends.
a growth on the surface. Parasite. An organism that lives on or in a second
Molds. Fungi with conspicuous mycelium or organism, usually causing disease in the latter.
spore masses, often saprophytes. Pathogen. Any organism or factor causing
Monoecious. Male and female reproductive disease.
organs in same individual; in rusts, all stages Pathogenic. Capable of causing disease.
of life cycle on single species of plant. Pedicel. Small stalk.
Multinucleate. Several nuclei in same cell. Perfect State. Stage of life-cycle in which spores
Mummy. Dried, shriveled fruit, result of disease. are formed after nuclear fission. See
Muriform. Having cross and longitudinal septa. Teleomorph.
Mushroom. An agaric fruit body (Fig. 4, p. 41). Peridium. Wall or limiting membrane of
Mycelium, pl. Mycelia. Mass of fungus hyphae. a sporangium or other fruit body, or of a rust
Mycelia Sterilia. Fungi Imperfecti where spores, sorus.
except for chlamydospores, are not present. Perithecium. Subglobose or flasklike ascocarp of
Mycoplasmalike Organism (MLO). A walless the Pyrenomycetes (Fig. 3, p. 37).
prokaryotic plant pathogen which has Phialide. A cell that develops one or more open
a single-unit membrane. See Phytoplasma. ends from which a basipetal succession of
Mycorrhiza, pl. Mycorrhizae. Symbiotic, non- conidia develops without an increase in length
pathogenic association of fungi and roots. of the phialide itself.
Necrosis. Death of plant cells, usually resulting in Physiogenic Disease. Caused by unfavorable
tissue turning dark. environmental factors.
Glossary 723
Physiologic Races. Pathogens of same variety Sclerotium, pl. Sclerotia. Resting mass of fungus
and species structurally the same but differing tissue, often more or less spherical, normally
in physiological behavior, especially in ability having no spores in or on it (Fig. 7, p. 332;
to parasitize a given host. Fig. 9, p. 335).
Phytopathology. Plant pathology, science of Scorch. Burning of tissue, from infection or
plant disease. weather conditions.
Phytoplasma. A MLO that is pathogenic to Scutellum. Plate or shieldlike cover, as in
plants. Microthyriales.
Pileus. Hymenium-supporting part of a fruit body Septate. Having cross-walls, septa.
of a higher fungus; the cap of a mushroom. Sessile. Having no stem.
Primary Infection. First infection by a pathogen Seta, pl. Setae. A stiff hair, or bristle, generally
after going through a resting or dormant dark-colored.
period. Shothole. A disease symptom in which small
Prokaryotic. Organisms which lack a true round fragments drop out of leaves, making
nucleus; includes bacteria and mycoplasmalike them look as if riddled by shot.
organisms. Sign. Any indication of disease other than
Promycelium. Basidium of rusts and smuts. reaction of the host plant – pores, mycelium,
Pulvinate. Cushionlike in form. exudate, or fruiting bodies of the pathogen.
Pycnidium, pl. Pycnidia. Flasklike fruiting body Slurry. Thick suspension of chemical; used for
containing conidia. seed treatment.
Pycnium. Spermagonium in the rusts, the 0 stage, Smut. A fungus of the Ustilaginales, characterized
resembling a pycnidium (Fig. 2, p. 349). by sooty spore masses; the name also used for
Resistance. Ability of a host plant to suppress or the disease caused by the smut.
retard activity of a pathogen. Sooty Mold. Dark fungus growing in insect
Resting Spore. A spore, often thick-walled, that honeydew.
can remain alive in a dormant condition for Sorus, pl. Sori. Fungus spore mass, especially of
some time, later germinating and capable of rusts and smuts; occasionally, a group of
initiating infection. fruiting bodies.
Resupinate. Flat on the substratum with hyme- Species. One sort of plant or animal; abbreviated
nium on outer side. as “sp.” singular, and “spp.” plural. A genus
Rhizoid. Rootlike structure (Fig. 2, p. 36). name followed by sp. means that the particular
Rhizomorph. A cordlike strand of fungus hyphae. species is undetermined. Spp. following
Ring Spot. Disease symptoms characterized by a genus name means that several species are
yellowish or necrotic rings with green tissue grouped together without being named
inside the ring, as in virus diseases. individually.
Roguing. Removal of undesired individual plants. Spermagonium. Walled structure in which
Rosette. Disease symptom with stems shortened spermatia are produced, a pycnium.
to produce a bunchy growth habit. Spermatium, pl. Spermatia, a sex cell (+ or ),
Russet. Brownish roughened areas on skins of a pycniospore.
fruit, from abnormal production of cork Sporangiole. Small sporangium without
caused by disease, insect, or spray injury. a columella and with a small number of
Rust. A fungus, one of the Uredinales, causing spores.
a disease also known as rust. Sporangiophore. Hypha bearing a sporangium.
Saprophyte. An organism that feeds on lifeless Sporangium. Organ producing nonsexual spores
organic matter. in a more or less spherical wall (Fig. 1, p. 35).
Scab. Crustlike disease lesion; or a disease Spore. A single-to many-celled reproductive
in which scabs are prominent symptoms body, in the fungi and lower plants, which
(Fig. 1, p. 366). can develop a new plant.
724 Glossary
Sporidium, pl. Sporidia. Basidiospore of rusts Thallus. Vegetative body of a thallophyte.

and smuts. Tolerant. Capable of sustaining disease without
Sporodochium, pl. Sporodochia. Cluster of serious injury or crop loss.
conidiophores interwoven on a stroma or Toxin. Poison formed by an organism.
mass of hyphae (Fig. 5, p. 43). Tylosi, pl. Tyloses. Cell outgrowth into cavity of
Sporophore. Spore-producing or supporting xylem vessel, plugging it.
structure – fruit body; used especially in the Urediospore. Summer spore of rusts; one-celled,
Basidiomycetes (Fig. 5, p. 318). verrucose (Fig. 1, p. 344).
Sporulate. To produce spores. Uredium. Sorus producing urediospores.
Sprayer. Apparatus for applying chemicals in Valsoid. Having groups of perithecia with beaks
liquid form. pointing inward, or even parallel with surface,
Sterigma, pl. Sterigmata. Projection for supporting as in valsa.
a spore. Vector. An agent, insect, man, etc., transmitting
Stipe. A stalk. Stipitate. Stalked. disease.
Strain. An organism or group of organisms Vein-banding. Symptom of virus disease in
differing in origin or minor aspects from which regions along veins are darker green
other organisms of same species or variety. than the tissue between veins.
Stroma, pl. Stromata. Mass of fungus hyphae Verrucose. With small rounded processes or
often including host tissue containing or bear- warts.
ing spores. Viroid. The smallest known viruslike infectious
Subiculum, Subicle. Netlike woolly or crustlike agent having no protein coat and only a small
growth of mycelium under fruit bodies. amount of nucleic acid.
Substrate. The substance or object on which Virulent. Highly pathogenic; with strong capacity
a saprophytic organism lives and from which for causing disease.
it gets nourishment. Viruliferous. Virus-carrying; term applied partic-
Suscept. A living organism attacked by, or sus- ularly to virus-laden insects.
ceptible to, a given disease or pathogen; in Virus. An obligate parasite capable of multiply-
many cases a more precise term than host but ing in certain hosts, ultramicroscopic,
less familiar. recognizable by the effects produced in
Susceptible. Unresistant, permitting the attack of infected hosts. Has nucleic acid with
a pathogen. protein coat.
Swarmspore. Zoospore. Wilt. Loss of freshness or drooping of plants due
Synnema, pl. Synnemata. Groups of hyphae to inadequate water supply or excessive tran-
sometimes joined together, generally upright spiration; a vascular disease interfering with
and producing spores; coremium. utilization of water.
Systemic. Term applied to disease in which single Witches’ Broom. Disease symptom with abnor-
infection leads to general spread of the patho- mal brushlike development of many weak
gen throughout the plant body; or to a chemical shoots.
that acts through the vascular system. Yellows. Term applied to disease in which
Teleomorph. State of life-cycle in which spores yellowing or chlorosis is a principal
are formed after nuclear fission. symptom.
Teliospore. Winter or resting form of rust spore, Zoospore. A swimming spore, swarmspore,
from which basidium is produced (Fig. 1, capable of independent movement (Fig. 1,
p. 344; Fig. 2, p. 349; Fig. 3, p. 353). p. 35).
Telium. Sorus producing teliospores. Zygomycetes. Subclass of the Phycomycetes,
Thallophyte. One of the simpler plants, belonging characterized by gametes of equal size.
to the algae, bacteria, fungi, slime molds, or Zygospore. Resting spore formed from the union
lichens. of similar gametes (Fig. 2, p. 36).
Selected Bibliography
In the preparation of Westcott’s Plant Disease Bacteria: Volume 1 (1984) and Volume
Handbook references have been reviewed that (1986) of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacte-
cover a century of scientific reporting. An attempt riology, published by Williams and Wilkins, and
has been made also to keep abreast of current Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant
literature. To cite all of the individual articles Pathogenic Bacteria (1980) by N. W. Schaad,
that have been helpful would fill another book. published by APS Press, The American Phyto-
The bibliography presented here is a selected pathological Society.
small sampling of the field surveyed, with Viruses: Classification and Nomenclature of
emphasis on sources consulted in making nomen- Viruses (1979) by R. E. F. Matthews, published
clatural decisions. by Academic Press, and Descriptions of Plant
Periodicals that are regularly reviewed include Viruses, published by the Commonwealth Myco-
Plant Disease, Phytopathology, Review of logical Institute and Association of Applied
Applied Mycology, Journal of Economic Ento- Biologists.
mology, A.I.B.S. Bulletin (Agricultural Institute Fungi: Plant Pathogenic Fungi (1987) by
of Biological Sciences), Biological Abstracts, J. A. von Arx, published by J. Cramer in Berlin,
Agricultural Chemicals, NAC News (National Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi
Agricultural Chemicals Association), Arborist’s (1983) by D.L. Hawksworth, B.C. Sutton
News, Proceedings of the National Shade Tree and G.C. Ainsworth, 7th Edition, published by
Conference, American Fruit Grower, American Commonwealth Mycological Institute, and
Vegetable Grower, Farm Journal, The Garden Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi (1972),
Journal (New York Botanical Garden), Plants by H.L. Barnett and H.B. Hunter, 3rd Edition,
and Gardens (Brooklyn Botanic Garden), The published by Burgess Publishing Company.
National Gardener (National Council of State Nematodes: Pictorial Key to Genera of Plant-
Garden Clubs), publications of many of the state Parasitic Nematodes (1975) by W.F. Mai and
garden clubs, most of the popular garden maga- H.H. Lyon, 4th Edition, published by Cornell
zines, yearbooks and magazines of several single University Press.
plant societies. In addition, there are numerous Finally, the APS Press, the publishing group of
bulletins, circulars, and spray schedules from the American Phytopathological Society, pro-
state experiment stations. duces a Compendium of Plant Disease series
The following references provide coverage in that provides information about causes, cycles,
depth of the current taxonomy of the major types and control of plant diseases. There are presently
of plant pathogens. more than 30 books in this series.

726 Selected Bibliography
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Publishing, 624 pp Boyce JS (1961) Forest Pathology, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill
Aldrich D (1954) American Society for Horticultural Book Company, Inc., New York
Science. The care and feeding of garden plants. Brandes GA, Tulio MC, Skiles RL (eds) (1959) Compen-
National Fertilizer Association, Washington DC dium of Plant Diseases. Rohm & Haas Company,
Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Philadelphia, PA
Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons, NY, Bray DF (1958) Gas Injury to Shade Trees. Sci Tree
pp 868 Topics 2(5):19–22. Bartlett Tree Research Laborato-
Allen MW (1952) Taxonomic status of the bud and leaf ries, Stamford, CT
nematodes related to Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Brierley P (1944) Viruses described primarily on orna-
Bos 1891). Proc Helm Soc Wash 19(2):108–120 mental or miscellaneous plants. Plant Disease Reporter
— (1955) A review of the genus Tylenchorhynchus. Univ Supplement 150:410–482
Calif Public Zoology 61(3):129–166 Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallvitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson
Allen MW, Jensen HJ (1951) Pratylenchus vulnus L (1996) Virus of Plants. Descriptions and List from
(Nematoda, Pratylenchinae) a parasite of trees and the VIDE Database. CAB International, University
vines in California. Helm Soc Sci J 18:47–50 Press, Cambridge, pp 1484
— (1957) A review of the nematode genus Trichodorus Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE (1974) Bergey’s Manual of
with descriptions of ten new species. Nematologica Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edn. The Williams
2(1):32–62 and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, MD
Anderson HW (1956) Disease of Fruit Crops, 1st edn. Buhrer EM (1954) Common names of some important
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, p 501 plant pathogenic nematodes. Plant Disease Reporter
Anonymous (1953) Distribution, symptoms and control of 38:535–541
some of the more important plant diseases. Plant Burkholder WH (1957) In Bergey’s Manual of Determi-
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caused by a nematode of the genus Trichodorus. Bulletin 595
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Index
A Adelopus
Abelia A. g€aumannii, 245
latent, 448 needle cast, 245
latent tymovirus, 389 nudus, 535
leaf spot, 205 Adoxa (musk-root), 449
Abutilon Aecidium sp., 342, 562, 564
flowering maple, Indian mallow, velvet leaf, 448 A. aesculi, 563
infectious variegation, 389, 448, 575 A. anograe, 604
mosaic, 656 A. avocense, 342
mosaic bigeminivirus, 389 A. batesii, 648
yellows, 448 A. betheli, 692
Acacia (koa tree), 448 A. campanulastri, 489
Acalypha A. cannonii, 537
(copper-leaf), 448 A. columbiense, 555
downy mildew, 184 A. conspersum, 342
Acantharia echinata, 603 A. hesleri, 581
Acanthopanax (five-leaf aralia), 449 A. lycii, 584
Acanthorhynchus vaccinii, 295, 512 A. mirabilis, 537
Acanthostigma parasiticum, 535 A. modestum, 587
Acanthus, 449 A. physalidis, 552
Achimenes sp., 449 A. plenum, 637
Achrotelium, 342 A. arcularium, 481
A. lucumae, 342, 583 A. renatum, 593
Acidity, excess, 269 A. residuum, 478
Acidovorax A. rubromaculans, 342, 688
A. avenae, 77, 509, 591, 665, 692 A. subsimulans, 650
A. avenae (Pseudomonas avenae), 571 A. tracyanum, 524
A. avenae ssp. avenae, 619 A. triostei, 564
A. avenae ssp. citrulli, 77 Aegopodium (bishop’s weed), 449
A. cattleyae, 77 Aeschynomene (northern joint-vetch), 449
Acid scab, 365 Aesehynanthus, 449
Acremonium sp., 295, 592, 692 African violet (Saintpaulia), 449
A. crotocinigenum, 673 Agapanthus (African-lily), 450
A. diospyri, 433 Agaricaceae, 42
A. typhinum, 551 Agastache (giant-hyssop), 450
(Cephalosporium), 433 Ageratum, 450
Acroconidiella escholtziae, 218 Aglaospora anomala, 581
Acroptilon repens (knapweed, Russian), 449 Agrimony (Agrimonia), 450
Acrospermaceae, 38 Agrobacterium
Actinomeris (yellow ironweed), 449 A. pseudotsugae, 523
Actinomycosis, 365 A. radiobacter, 13
Actinopelte dryina, 201, 463, 499, 530, 588, 603, A. rhizogenes, 69, 456, 463, 476, 511, 520, 525,
672, 684 561, 562, 598, 614, 618, 639, 642, 645, 658,
Actinothyrium, 201 663, 678
A. gloeosporioides, 201, 652 A. rubi, 69, 476, 520, 642

734 Index
Agrobacterium (cont.) Allium

A. tumefaciens, 69, 452, 456, 459, 460, 464–466, 473, A. altaicum, 606
474, 476, 477, 485, 486, 488, 491, 493, 494, A. pskemense, 606
496, 497, 502, 504, 506, 507, 516–518, 520, A. vavilovii, 606
522, 525, 529, 530, 534, 535, 537, 541, 547, Allspice (Pimenta), 452
555, 558, 559, 562, 564, 567, 570–573, 578, Almond
580, 587, 589, 593, 597, 600, 602, 612, 614, bud failure, 390, 452
617, 619, 620, 623, 624, 630, 631, 633, calico, 390, 452
638–640, 642–645, 647, 648, 658, 670, 673, flowering (Prunus triloba), 452
677, 678, 684, 687, 690, 693–696, color plate 7 (Prunus amygdalus), 452
Agropyron mosaic, 552 scab, 363
Ailanthus (tree-of-heaven), 450 Alpakesa yuccifolia, 225
Air pollution, 270, 640 Alphacryptovirus, 50
Air pollution injury, 502, 623 Alstroemeria, 453
Akee tree (Blighia sapida), 451 mosaic, 453
Albuginaceae, 35 mosaic potyvirus and Alstromeria streak potyvirus, 390
Albugo sp., 577 Alternanthera, 453
A. bliti, 431, 453, 474, 544 mosaic, 536, 596, 656
A. candida, 431, 460, 463, 484, 489, 500, 524, 558, mosaic potexvirus, 390
564, 622, 641, 684, 690, 691, 695 Alternaria sp., 103, 143, 201, 203, 295, 296, 448, 449, 457,
A. froelichiae, 538 459, 460, 464, 465, 467, 473, 477, 478, 480, 486,
A. ipomoeae-panduratae, 431, 570, 596, 674 487, 489, 493, 495, 498, 502, 507, 509, 512, 515,
A. occidentalis, 432, 663 517, 528, 531, 534, 537, 541, 546, 548, 564, 573,
A. platensis, 432, 452, 538, 662, 685 574, 577, 580, 581, 583, 586, 588, 590, 594, 596,
A. portulacae, 432, 635 597, 604, 609, 610, 612, 614, 616, 618, 620, 623,
A. tragopogonis, 432, 449, 462, 496, 503, 531, 590, 630, 633, 638, 642, 644–646, 648, 653, 658,
651, 654, 671, 677 660–662, 665, 667, 673, 680, 681, 685, 688,
A. trianthemi, 655 690–692, 695, 697
(Cystopus), 431 A. alternata, 103, 202, 295, 452, 486, 556, 583, 601,
Albutilon yellows closterovirus, 389 614, 680, 698
Alder A. angustiovoidea, 202, 665
(Alnus), 451 A. arborescens, 452, 556, 690
powdery mildew, 287 A. brassicae, 202, 484, 500, 564, 599, 640, 684
Aleurodiscus A. brassicae var. microspora, 646
A. acerina, 149 A. brassicicola, 202, 484, 677
A. acerinus, 580, 587, 603 A. cassiae, 104, 493, 513
A. aceris, 499 A. catalpae, 202, 493
A. amorphus, 149, 461, 535, 575, 626, 663 A. chrysanthemi, 202, 503, 677
A. candidus, 559, 603 A. citri, 202, 295, 459, 504, 553, 574, 609
A. griseo-canus, 580, 603 A. citri var. cerasi, 498
A. nivosus, 461, 496, 572 A. consortiale, 514
A. oakesii, 149, 475, 563, 603 A. crassa, 518
A. spinulosus, 575 A. cucumerina, 103, 514, 591, 665, 692
A. werii, 575 A. dauci, 103, 492, 612
Aleurodiscus spp., 463, 523, 562 A. dauci f. sp. solani, 542
Alfalfa A. dianthi, 491, 520, 584
dwarf, 549 A. dianthicola, 104
mosaic, 453, 471, 492, 507, 609, 612, 632, 636, 670, A. fasciculata, 202, 647
671, 685 A. helianthi, 104, 671
mosaic alfamovirus, 389 A. iridicola, 586
Alfamovirus, 50 A. lancipes, 637
Algal spot, 205 A. leucanthemi, 202
Algerian navel orange, 505 A. longipes, 202, 601
Alkali injury, 270 A. mali, 296, 457, 640
Alkalinity, 270 A. nelumbii, 582
Allamanda, 451 A. oleracea, 202, 500, 561, 564, 640, 653, 684
Alliaria (garlic mustard), 452 A. oleraceae, 484
Alligatorweed stunting closterovirus, 389 A. panax, 104, 202, 460, 521, 543, 653, 684
Allionia (trailing four-o’clock), 452 A. passiflorae, 202, 613
Index 735
A. polypodii, 202, 533 Angiospora, 342

A. porri, 143, 605, 655 Anguina, 253
A. radicina, 296, 492, 665 A. agrostis, 253, 550
A. raphani, 202, 640, 668, 684 A. balsamophila, 253, 468
A. saponariae, 659 A. graminis, 253
A. scorzonerae, 140 A. tritici, 253
A. sesami, 655 Angular leaf spot, 77, 79, 80, 85, 116, 130, 131,
A. solani, 104, 296, 500, 525, 552, 571, 635, 678 219, 222
A. sonchi, 202 Anise (Pimpinella anisum), 455
A. spinaciae, 662 Anise-tree (Illicium floridanum), 456
A. stemphylioides, 609 Anisogramma anomala, 149, 555
A. tagetica, 105, 202, 589 Annellophora, 203
A. tenuis, 202, 457, 467, 484, 492, 505, 514, 535, 559, A. phoenicis, 203, 609
585, 604, 625, 651, 665, 675, 684, 697 Anoda, 456
A. tenuissima, 105, 202, 452, 478, 556, 605, 629, 690 Anther smut, 379
A. violae, 611, 689 Anthracnose, 61–63, 66, 215
A. zinniae, 105, 296, 450, 671, 698 Anthriscus (Chervil), 456
blight, 103–105 Anthurium, 456
rot, 295 Antidesma (Chinese-laurel), 456
tennis, 605 Aphanomyces sp., 296, 622
tomato, 203, 680 A. cladogamus, 296, 611, 663, 680
Alternaria spp., 471, 502, 544, 561, 592, 621, 649 A. cochlioides, 296, 473
Alternariosis, 105 A. euteiches, 296, 495, 614, 664, 673
Aluminum toxicity, 270 A. eutiches, 471, 591
Alyssum (goldentuft, yellowtuft), 453 A. raphani, 296, 484, 500, 561, 599, 640, 653
Amaranthus (love-lies-bleeding, princes-feather, Joseph- Aphelandra (zebra plant), 698
coat, spiny amaranth), 453 Aphelenchoides sp., 253, 513, 523, 541, 562,
Amaryllis 565, 616
(includes Hippeastrum), 453 A. besseyi, 253, 648, 669
wild (Nothoscordum bivalve; N. inodorum), 453 A. fragariae, 253, 455, 459, 467, 474, 479, 486, 507,
Amelanchier (serviceberry, juneberry), 453 516, 527, 532–534, 558, 564, 574, 579, 584,
American dagger nematode, 268 596, 599, 624, 627, 634, 638, 649, 657, 669
American gooseberry mildew, 292 A. parietinus, 254, 568, 594
American hornbean leaf curl, 195 A. ritzemabosi, 12, 254, 255, 450, 455, 465, 502, 517,
Amerosporium, 203 547, 583, 593, 621, 654, 698, color plate 11
A. trichellum, 195, 569 A. subtenuis, 255, 599
Amorpha (leadplant, indigobush), 454 A. tagetae, 589
Ampelopsis (A. cordata and other species), 454 Aphelenchoides spp., 646
Amphiporthe Aphelenchus
A. aculeans, 154 A. agricola, 455
A. castanae, 154 A. avenae, 599
Amphisphaeriaceae, 39 Apiognomonia, 59
Amphobotrys, 149, 296 A. errabunda, 59
A. ricini, 149, 632, 665, 676 A. tiliae, 59
Amsonia, 454 A. veneta, 59
Anabaena Apioplagiostoma populi, 634
A. cycadeae, 697 Apioporthe, 149
A. cycadearum, 515 A. anomala, 149, 555
Anaphalis (pearl everlasting), 454 A. apiospora, 149, 527
Anchusa (buglos, alkanet), 454 Apiosporina, 91, 95
Andromeda (bog-rosemary), 454 A. collinsii, 95, 453
Aneilema mosaic, 508 A. morbosa, 91
Anemone Apiosporium pinophilum, 572
(cultivated forms, Japanese), 455 Aplopsora, 342
(native species), 455 A. nyssae, 342, 684
Angelica, 455 Aposphaeria fuscomaculans, 169
Angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia), 455 Apostrasseria
flower, 624 A. lunata, 301
flower break carmovirus, 686, 687 (Ceuthospora), 301
736 Index
Appendiculella A. pusillum, 241, 575, 664

A. araliae, 96 A. tsugense, 241, 557
A. calostroma, 96 A. vaginatum, 626, 664
A. perseae, 96 A. vaginatum ssp. cryptopodum, 241, 626
Apple A. vaginatum ssp. vaginatum, 626
blotch, 145 (dwarf mistletoe), 240
canker, 172 Arctotis, 461
chlorotic leaf spot, 458, 618 Ardisia, 461
dapple, 390 Argyreia, 461
green mottle, 390 Aristastoma, 203
(Malus sylvestris), 456 A. oeconomicum, 203, 471
mosaic, 458, 556, 618, 647, 669 Aristastoma sp., 203, 519
mosaic ilarvirus, 390 Arizona purple top wilt, 90
rot, 79 Armeria (sea-pink, thrift), 461
scab, 366 Armillaria, 297
stem grooving capillovirus, 390 A. gallsia, 518
stem growing, 458 A. mellae, 463
stem-pitting, 390 A. mellea, 58, 297, 446, 448, 451–453, 458, 459,
Apple-of-Peru (Nicandra), 458 461, 464, 467, 469, 473–475, 479–481, 485,
Apricot 487–491, 493, 494, 496–499, 501, 505,
gummosis, 390, 459 511–513, 515, 517, 522, 523, 527, 535, 536, 539,
(Prunus armeniaca), 458 541, 547, 554–557, 559, 562, 563, 566, 567, 569,
pucker leaf, 459 575, 576, 578, 582, 583, 588, 593, 597, 598, 600,
ring pox, 390, 459, 631 601, 603–605, 609, 613, 615, 618–620, 623,
Aquathanatephorus pendulus, 691 625, 627, 629, 631, 634, 636, 638, 639, 642, 644,
Aquatic plants (Caboriaba sp., Limnophila sp., Replis 645, 652, 655, 664, 669–671, 673, 683, 691, 693,
diandra, and Potamogeton sp.), 459 694, 696, 697, 746
Arabidopsis, 460 A. tabescens, 301, 610
Arabis (Clitocybe), 301
mosaic, 460, 564 Armillariella mellea, 572
mosaic nepovirus, 391 Arnica, 461
(rock-cress), 460 Arrow-arum (Peltandra), 461
Aralia Arrowhead (Sagittaria), 461
hercules club (Aralia spinosa), 460 Arrowroot (Maranta), 462
ming (Polyscias), 460 Arsenical injury, 271, 459
sarsaparilla, american spikenard (Aralia hispida, A. Artemisia, 676
nudicaulis, A. racemosa), 460 (wormwood), 462
scab, 387 Arthrocladiella mongeotii, 584
udo (Aralia cordata), 460 Arthuriomyces
Araucaria A. peckianus, 348
branch blight, 114, 139 (Gymnoconia), 348
(monkey-puzzle, norfolk-island-pine), 460 Artichoke
Arbor vitae curly dwarf, 462
blight, 112 (globe) curly dwarf potexvirus, 391
leaf blight, 117 globe (cynara scolymus), 462
(Thuja), 460 jerusalem (helianthus tuberosus), 462
Arceuthobium latent, 462
A. abietinum, 557 latent potyvirus, 391
A. americanum, 240, 594, 626 Articularia quercina var. minor, 604
A. campylopodium, 536, 557, 664 Artillery plant, aluminum plant (Pilea), 462
A. campylopodum, 241, 575, 626 Artocarpus (breadfruit), 462
A. cyanocarpum, 241, 557, 626 Arugula (Eruca sativa), 463
A. douglasii, 241, 523, 536 Arundo (giant reed), 463
A. duglasiana, 626 Aschochyta brachypodii, 203
A. gilli, 626 Ascocalyx abietina, 170
A. herrarie, 626 Ascochyta sp., 105, 203, 298, 464, 476, 514, 556, 583,
A. hondurense, 626 616, 618, 641, 665, 668, 673, 682
A. laricis, 241, 536, 557 A. abelmoschi, 203, 604, 648
A. occidentale, 241, 626 A. achlyicola, 686
Index 737
A. actaeae, 469, 503 A. pisi, 105, 204, 614

A. agropyrina, 550 A. plumbaginicola, 667
A. althaeina, 203, 561 A. primulae, 638
A. aquilegiae, 508, 518 A. radiei, 499
A. armoraciae, 205 A. rhei, 645
A. asparagina, 105, 464 A. rhodotypi, 571
A. aspidistrae, 203, 465 A. salicis, 694
A. asteris, 203, 465 A. sambucina, 526
A. boerhaaviae, 662 A. silenes, 656
A. bohemica, 489 A. sorghi, 550
A. boltshauseri, 203, 471, 472 A. symphoricarpophila, 658
A. brachypodii, 479, 567 A. thaspii, 698
A. capsici, 621 A. treleasei, 568
A. caricae, 535 A. utahensis, 550
A. cassandrae, 497 A. veratrina, 686
A. cephalanthi, 483 A. verbenae, 686
A. cheiranthi, 203 A. versicolor, 543
A. chrysanthemi, 105, 502 A. violae, 689
A. clematidina, 204, 506 A. violicola, 689
A. compositarum, 204, 530, 546, 656, 671 A. wisconsina, 526
A. confusa, 657 blight, 105, 204
A. cornicola, 204, 522 ray blight, 105, 106
A. cycadina, 516 Ascocorticiaceae, 39
A. cypripedii, 203 Ascomycota, 36
A. desmazieri, 550 Ascospora, 150
A. dianthi, 520 A. ruborum, 150, 476, 520, 642
A. elymi, 550 Ash
A. fabae f. sp. spiricia, 105 (fraxinus), 463
A. fabae f. sp. vicia, 687 canker, 158
A. fremontiae, 538 leaf spot, 221, 223
A. garrettiana, 608 moraine (Fraxinus holotriocha), 464
A. graminae, 550 ring spot, 487
A. graminicola, 550 ring spot¼arabis mosaicnepovirus, 391
A. hanseni, 585 rust, 360
A. hydrangeae, 565 stem blight, 123, 138, 221
A. hydrophylli, 566 witches’ broom, 391, 463
A. inepetae, 494 yellows, 46, 578
A. infuscans, 641 Asparagus
A. iridis, 568 (Asparagus officinalis), 464
A. juglandis, 204, 690 fern (Asparagus plumosus), 464
A. lathyri, 673 florists’ smilax (Asparagus asparagoides), 464
A. ledi, 576 2 ilarvirus, 391
A. leonuri, 597 1 potyvirus, 391
A. lophanthi, 450, 691 rust, 356
A. lycopersici, 204, 525, 571, 635, 679 sprenger (Asparagus sprengeri), 464
A. majalis, 579 tree fern (Asparagus virgatus), 464
A. marginata, 460 Aspergillus sp., 228, 618, 660
A. negundinis, 480 A. alliaceus, 298, 485
A. oxybaphi, 452, 685 A. chevalieri, 619
A. paulowniae, 613 A. fischeri, 541
A. penstemonis, 620 A. flavus, 583
A. petuniae, 623 A. foetidus, 504
A. phaseolorum, 204, 471 A. fumigatus, 298, 474
A. philadelphi, 595 A. niger, 298, 583, 606, 609, 613, 616, 633, 636, 652
A. phlogis var. phlogina, 624 A. niger var. floridanus, 298, 524
A. piniperda, 105, 663 Aspergillus spp., 298, 505, 600, 674, 680, 683
A. pinodella, 105, 613 Asperisporium caricae, 672
A. pinodes, 105, 298 Aspidistra, 465
A. pirina, 501 leaf spot, 203
738 Index
Aster Asterostomella saccardoi, 227

china (Callistephus), 465 Astilbe, 466
chlorotic stunt, 465 Astragalus, 466
chlorotic stunt carlavirus, 391 Athelia rolfsii, 126
mosaic, 465 Atropellis, 150
perennial (Aster spp.), 465 A. apiculata, 150
ring spot, 391, 621 A. arizonica, 150, 626
wilt, 437 A. pinicola, 150, 626
yellows, 88, 453, 455, 465, 475, 483, 486, 487, A. piniiphila, 150, 626
489–492, 495, 500, 502, 503, 509, 510, A. tingens, 150, 626
517, 521, 524, 528, 529, 539, 543–545, Atylenchus decalineatus, 512
553, 554, 556, 577, 580, 589, 599, 601, 605, Aubrietta, 466
612, 616, 623, 624, 635, 639, 648, 651, 653, Aucuba
655, 662, 665, 667, 668, 670, 672, 677, 678, (gold-dust tree), 466
688, 698 leaf spot, 225, 227
clover proliferation, 606 Auerswaldia sp., 610
phytoplasma, 484 Aureobasidium, 189
Asterella paupercula, 570 A. pullulans, 189, 458
Asteria celastri, 476 Aureolaria
Asteridiella manca, 96 A. grandiflora var. serrata, 572
Asteridium lepidigenum, 95 Auriculariaceae, 41
Asterina sp., 95, 673 Autumn crocus (Colchicum), 466
A. anomala, 95, 487 Avocado
A. asterophora, 519 (Persea americana), 466
A. bignoniae, 475 3 alphacryptovirus, 391, 467
A. caricarum, 611 blotch, 143
A. clavuligera, 454 root rot, 326
A. conglobata, 472 scab, 388
A. cupressina, 572 sun blotch, 467
A. delitescens, 95, 643 sun blotch viroid, 391
A. diplodioides, 578 Awl nematode, 258
A. diplopoides, 95 Axillary bud proliferation, 698
A. discoidea, 519 Azalea
A. gaultheriae, 95, 472 (Rhododendron), 467
A. ilicis, 560, 567 anthracnose, 63
A. lepidigena, 95, 584 flower spot, 125
A. lepidigenoides, 490 leaf gall, 191
A. orbicularis, 95, 560 leaf scorch, 198
A. pelliculosa, 559 Azara, 468
A. phoradendricola, 594 Azoxystrobin, 5
A. purpurea, 519
A. radians, 490
A. sabalicola, 611 B
A. somatophora, 492 Babiana, 468
Asterinella, 96 Bacillus
A. puiggarii, 96, 530 B. polymyxa, 678
Asternia sp., 95 B. subtilis, 5, 548
A. oleina, 605 Bacteria, 1
Asteroma, 204 Bacterial
A. fraserae, 508 bean blight, 86, 88
A. garretianum, 204, 638 blight, 76, 79, 80, 85–87
A. inconspicuum, 215 canker, 71, 80, 82
A. solidaginis, 204, 546 crown rot, 75
A. tenerrimum, 204 knot, 81
A. tenerrimum var. erythronii, 529 leaf blight, 77, 78
Asteromella leaf scorch, 88
(Stictochlorella), 204 leaf spot, 77–83, 85–87
A. andrewsii, 541 necrosis, 74
A. lupini, 204 pustule, 85
Index 739
ring disease, 79, 83 Bean

ring rot, 71 adzuki (Phaseolus angularis), 470
rot, 79 anthracnose, 62, 65
speck, 82 Asparagus, yardlong (Vignasesquipedalis), 470
spot, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86–88 common mosaic, 471
stripe, 77 necrosis, 471
wilt, 72, 77–79, 87, 88 potyvirus, 392
wilting, 84 faba (Vicia), 470
wilt of bean, 72 golden mosaic, 448, 472
Bactericide, 1 halo blight, 80
Bacteriosis, 84, 87 kidney, lima, 470
Badhamia panacea, 507 leaf roll, 499, 614
Badnavirus, 51 leaf roll luteovirus, 302
Baeodromus, 342 mosaic, 471
B. californicus, 342, 654 mosaic¼bean common mosaic potyvirus, 392
B. eupatorii, 342 mung (Vigna radiata), 472
Balansia, 106 phyllody, 88, 471
B. cyperi, 106, 602 pod mottle, 471, 661
Bald cypress (Taxodium), 468 pod mottle comovirus, 392
Baldhead, 271, 471, 661 red node, 471
Baldwin spot, 271 rust, 361
Balm (Melissa), 468 scarlet runner (Phaseolus coccineus), 472
Balsam southern mosaic sobemovirus, 392
butt rot, 329, 330 tepary (Phaseolas acutifolius), 472
fir canker, 149 urd (Vigna), 472
Balsam-apple, balsam-pear (Momordica), 468 yellow dot, 471
Balsam-root (Balsamorhiza), 468 yellow mosaic, 471, 538, 583, 676, 687, 697
Bamboo yellow stipple, 471
(Bambusa, Phyllostachys), 468 yellow stipple¼cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus,
mosaic, 468 392
Banana Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uvaursi), 472
dwarf (musa nana), 468 Beauty-bush (Kolkwitzia), 472
shrub (Michelia figo), 469 Beech (Fagus), 473
Baneberry, cohosh (Actaea), 469 Beet
Baptisia (false indigo), 469 (Beta vulgaris), 670
Barberry (Berberis), 741 2 alphacryptovirus, 392, 474
Bark black scorch, 392, 474
canker, 152, 153, 158, 166, 167 curly top, 453, 465, 471, 472, 474, 484, 487, 491, 492,
and cone spot, 469 495, 507, 509, 511, 514, 519, 520, 525, 538, 541,
patch, 149, 171 544, 545, 552, 558, 564, 571, 574, 581, 586, 589,
Barley, 469 592, 594, 600, 601, 608, 611, 612, 622, 624,
yellow dwarf, 479, 510, 552, 567, 675 634–636, 641, 645, 651, 653, 661, 663, 666, 668,
yellow dwarf luteovirus, 391 670, 674, 675, 680, 684, 689, 692, 695, 698
yellow streak mosaic, 391 curly top hybrigeminivirus, 392
Barren-strawberry (Waldsteinia), 469, 742 distortion mosaic, 474
Barrenwort (Epimedium), 469 distortion mosaic virus, 393
Basal, 314 downy mildew, 183
canker, 170 latent, 474
gall, 193 mosaic, 474, 675
rot, 309, 310 mosaic potyvirus, 393
stem rot, 75, 330 necrotic yellow vein, 494
Basidiomycota, 33 necrotic yellow vein tobamovirus, 393
Basidiophora, 181 pseudo-yellows, 474, 477, 663, 666
B. entospora, 181, 465, 529, 546 pseudo-yellows closterovirus, 393
Basil (Ocimum), 469 ring mottle, 393, 474, 663
Bauhinia (orchid-tree, mountainebony), 470 rust, 362
Bayberry savoy, 393, 474
(Myrica carolinensis), 470 scab, 365
yellows, 391, 470 soilborne, 474
740 Index
Beet (cont.) Bird’s nest fungus, 187

soilborne mosaic, 474 Bischofia, 475
western yellows, 474 Biscogniauxia marginata, 165
western yellows luteovirus, 394 Bishops-cap (Mitella), 475
western yellows virus, 653 Bispora sp., 478
yellow net, 474 Bitertanol, 5
yellow net luteovirus, 394 Bittercress (Cardamine), 476
yellows, 474 Bitter pit, 271, 457, 556, 605, 617
yellows closterovirus, 394 Bitter rot, 302, 312, 313, 317
yellow vein, 474 Bittersweet (Celastrus), 476
Beggarweed, Florida (Desmodium tortuosum), 474 Bixa (annato-tree), 476
Begomoviruses, 586 Black
Begonia, 474 bearberry (Arctous), 476
(crossvine), 475 cane rot, 301
bacteriosis, 83, 84 crown rot, 300
mildew, 289 end, 271, 457, 617, 690
Bells-of-Ireland (Molucella), 474 fruit rot, 299
Belonolaimus goo, 130
B. gracilis, 255, 473, 484, 495, 528, 551, 583, 606, heart, 271, 457, 473, 492, 495, 635
614–616, 627, 635, 646, 661, 669, 673 knot, 91
B. longicaudatus, 255, 484, 495, 522, 551, 585, 616, leaf, 215, 617
635, 661 leaf speck, 236
Benalaxyl, 5 leaf spot, 18, 208, 215, 216, 222, 227
Beniowskia, 106 line, 691
B. sphaeroidea, 106, 481, 573 loose smut, 377
Benzalkonium chloride, 13 mildew, 95–97, 222
Bermuda grass leaf blotch, 217, 218 mold, 103, 243, 298
Betacryptovirus, 51 nose, 609
Bidens patch, 92
(bur-marigold), 475 pit, 619
mottle, 394, 450, 465, 470, 475, 486, 519, 539, 583, pod spot, 131
622, 624, 648, 668, 670, 671, 687 pox, 189
mottle potyvirus, 394 pustle, 515
Bifusella, 245 raspberry necrosis, 642
B. abietis, 245, 536 root, 271, 669
B. crepidiformis, 664 rot, 84, 131, 132, 296, 299, 301, 304, 313, 325, 335,
B. faullii, 245, 536 338, 339
B. linearis, 245, 626 rot canker, 168
B. saccata, 245, 626 scale rot, 303
B. striiformis, 626 scorch, 381
Bigeminivirus, 51 seed rot, 235
Bigseed alfalfa dodder, 180 sigatoka, 124
Bindweed, field (Convolvulus), 475 spot, 77, 95, 204, 211, 214, 216, 222, 229, 236, 364, 365
Biopolairs stem rot, 306
B. cactivora, 314 stem spot, 224
B. cyanodontis, 549 wart, 193
B. hawaiiensis, 550 Blackberry
B. heveae, 651 (Rubus), 476
B. iridis, 124 dwarf, 394
B. sacchari, 533 dwarfing, 394, 476
B. setariae, 217, 491, 502, 541, 609, 610, 646, 658 leaf spot, 234
B. sorokinearia, 471 mosaic, 394, 476
B. sorokiniana, 217, 550, 694 variegation, 394, 476
Birch Blackberry-lily (Belamcanda), 477
(Betula), 475 Black dot disease, 61
leaf rust, 353 Blackening
red leaf blister, 195 after cooking, 635
Bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia), 475 before cooking, 635
Bird’s eye rot, 385 Blackeye cowpea mosaic, 394
Index 741
Blackfire, 78, 79, 82 Blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium), 478

Blackleg, 93, 94 Bluegrass
Black-seed disease, 223 blister smut, 374
Bladder-senna (Colutea), 477 leaf spot, 217
Blanket flower (Gaillardia grandiflora), 477 Bluestem
Blast, 229, 313, 314, 606 big (Andropogon), 479
Blasting, 271 little (Schizachyrium), 479
Bleeding, 168 Blumeria graminis, 287, 481
canker, 168, 171 Blumeriella
Bleeding-heart (Coccomyces), 209
(Dicentra spectabilis), 477 B. jaapii, 209, 210
vine (Clerodendrin), 477 B. kerriae, 210
Blephilia, 477 Boehmeria, 479
Blight, 78, 79, 82, 84, 104–106, 111, 115, 118, 120, 123, Boil smut, 377
130, 135, 136, 138, 159, 160, 162, 163, 182, Boisduvalia, 479
187, 201, 207, 209, 210, 227, 299, 312, 364, Bole canker, 156
504, 578, 672 Boletaceae, 42
foliage, 103 Boll rot, 302
and wilt, 437 Boltonia, 479
Blindness, 271, 568 Borage (Borago), 479
Blind seed rot, 313 Bordeaux injury, 272
Blister canker, 154, 166 Bordeaux mixture, 5
Blister spot, 81 Boron
Bloodroot, 228 deficiency, 272, 486, 560, 645, 646
(Sanguinaria), 477 toxicity, 273
leaf spot, 228 Botryodiplodia, 106, 150
Blossom blight, 85, 107, 112, 113, 124 B. gallae, 150, 159, 603
Blossom drop, 472 B. theobormoae, 298
Blossom-end rot, 271, 621, 665, 679, 692 B. theobromae, 150, 458, 525, 629, 646
Blotch, 131, 139, 213 B. theobromea, 504
Blotchy ripening, 679 Botryosphaeria sp., 106, 150, 299, 516, 548, 580
Blue B. berengeriana, 559, 619
contact mold, 322 B. calycanthi, 488
curls (Trichostema), 478 B. corticis, 167, 477
lace-flower (Trachymene), 478 B. dothidea, 150, 229, 452, 456, 476, 477, 548, 614,
mold, 184 615, 617, 654, 672
mold rot, 322 B. marconii, 557
stain, 616 B. obtusa, 131, 150, 167, 299, 325, 457, 476,
Blueberry 548, 616
(Vaccinium), 477 B. quercuum, 167
brown rot, 319 B. rhodina, 168, 299, 325, 548, 628
bud-proliferating gall, 192 B. ribis, 150, 299, 456, 460, 469, 488, 491, 498, 515,
cane canker, 167, 168 522, 526, 527, 529, 534, 537, 546, 547, 558,
canker, 82 618, 623, 639, 640, 642, 644, 654, 670, 683,
leaf mottle, 478 694, 697
leaf mottle nepovirus, 394 B. ribis var. chromogena, 106, 466, 486, 515, 563,
necrotic ring spot, 394, 478 614, 633, 643, 646, 662, 672
necrotic shock, 478 B. stevensii, 151, 325, 572
necrotic shock ilarvirus, 394 B. vaccinii, 303
red ring spot, 478 B. vanillae, 686
red ring spot caulimovirus, 394 Botryosporium, 243
ring spot, 394 B. pulchrum, 243, 541, 679
scorch carlavirus, 394 Botryotinia, 106, 299
shoestring, 478 B. convoluta, 299, 568
shoestring sobemovirus, 395 B. fuckeliana, 107
stunt, 478 B. narcissicola, 334
stunt phytoplasma, 395 B. polyblastis, 137, 599
witches’ broom, 116 B. ricini, 107, 493
Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum), 478 B. sphaerosperma, 579
742 Index
Botrytis sp., 107, 151, 204, 299, 518, 529, 546, 566, 577, dieback, 158, 164, 166
586, 604 gall canker, 163
B. aclada, 299 mortality, 155
B. allii, 606, 655 necrosis, 155
B. byssoidea, 299 rot, 438
B. cinerea, 15, 107, 151, 229, 449, 451–453, 455, 459, and truck canker, 150
460, 462, 464, 465, 467–470, 474, 476–478, wilt, 440
484–492, 494–496, 498, 502, 503, 505, Branched broomrapeh, 147
507–509, 512, 514–520, 522–525, 528, 531, Brasiliomyces trina, 287
533, 535, 537, 538, 541–545, 547, 548, 553, Brassica
555, 557, 560, 562, 564, 565, 568, 577–581, B. alboglabra, 484
583, 584, 589, 590, 593, 595, 599, 600, 604, B. carinata, 484
606–608, 611, 612, 614–616, 618, 620, B. napus, 484
622–625, 628, 630, 631, 633, 636, 638, 639, B. perviridis, 484
641, 642, 645, 647, 649, 650, 652, 654, 656, B. rapa, 484
658–660, 663, 665, 667, 668, 671, 673, 674, B. robertiana, 484
678–682, 686–689, 698, color plate 14 Bremia, 181
B. douglasii, 108, 575, 654 B. lactucae, 181, 495, 528, 554, 574, 577, 637
B. elliptica, 108, 466, 529, 543, 579, 667, 682 Bremiella
B. fabae, 204, 687 B. megasperma, 689
B. galanthina, 109, 658 B. sphaerosperma, 566
B. gladiolorum, 109, 299, 543 Brickellia (brickle-bush), 481
B. hyacinthi, 109, 585 Briosia, 110
blight, 107, 109, 110 b. amphelophaga, 548
B. liliorum, 579 B. azalea, 643
B. narcissicola, 109 B. azaleae, 111, 467
b. paeoniae, 109, 579, 620 Bristlegrass (setaria), 481
B. polyblastis, 114 Broad bean
B. porri, 299, 605 severe chlorosis, 687
B. ricini, 486 severe chlorosis closterovirus, 395
B. squamosa, 299, 606 wilt, 474, 495, 678, 686, 687
B. streptothrix, 110, 478, 508, 545, 656 wilt fabavirus, 395
B. tulipae, 110, 299, 682, 688 Broad bean severe chlorosis, 687
crown rot, 299 Broccoli, 481
neck rot, 299 Brodiaea, 481
Botrytis spp., 457 Brome
Bottle-brush (Callistemon), 479 grass mosaic, 472
Bottom rot, 331, 332 mosaic, 511
Bougainvillea (Buginvillaea), 479 mosaic bromovirus, 395
Bouvardia, 479 Bromegrass
Boxelder (Acer negundo), 479 mosaic, 471, 518, 552, 624, 666, 671
Boxwood mosaic virus, 470, 514
(Buxus), 480 smooth (Bromus), 481
leaf blight, 141 Bromelia, 481
nectria canker, 173 Bromovirus, 51
spiral nematode, 266 Bronopol, 13
tip blight, 130 Bronze leaf, 471
Boydia insculpta, 560 Bronzing, 473, 504, 665, 683
Boysenberry, 479 Brooks fruit spot, 190
Brachiaria Broom
(broadleaf signalgrass), 480 (Cytisus), 481
B. platyphylla, 549 Spanish (Spartium), 481
Brachycome (swan river daisy), 480 Brooming disease, 660, 691
Brachypodium (slender false-brome), 480 Broussonetia (paper-mulberry), 481
Brachysporium, 299 Browallia (Streptosolen jamesonii), 481
tomato, 299, 680 Brown
Bramble anthracnose, 387 bark spot, 273, 498, 617, 630
Branch blight, 217, 218, 577
canker, 157–160 blotch, 617
Index 743
core, 457 Bunch disease, 619

core rot, 327 Bunchflower (Melanthium), 483
crumbly rot, 308, 337 Bunch mold, 298
cubical rot, 303, 305, 329, 330 Bundleflower (Desmanthus), 483
felt blight, 121, 125 Bunt, 375, 376
heart, 272, 484, 528, 684 Bupirimate, 6
heart rot, 328 Burgundy mix, 6
leaf blotch, 145, 233 Burkholderia
leaf spot, 212, 671 B. andropogonis, 77, 479
mottled heart rot, 323 B. caryophylli, 78
patch, 321, 332 B. cepacia, 6, 78
pocket rot, 308, 314, 316, 336 B. gladioli, 78, 607
root, 668 Burn, 551
root rot, 130 Burnet (Sanguisorba), 483
rot, 79, 82, 124, 317, 322, 326, 327, 330 Burrillia, 373
scale, 302 B. decipiens, 373, 602
spot, 77, 78, 202, 229, 234 B. pustulata, 461
spot, foliar, 81 Burrowing nematode, 265
stain, 556 Bursaphelenchus, 255
stem, 495 B. lignicolus, 256, 627
stem rot, 300 B. xylophilus, 256, 627
stringy rot, 307 Butlerelfia eustacei, 303
stripe, 232 Butterfly-flower (Schizanthus), 483
tip, 544 Butterfly pea
trunk rot, 308 (Centrosema), 483
Brunchorstia boycei, 523 (Clitoria), 483
Brunfelsia, 482 Butterfly weed (Asclepias), 483
Brussels sprouts, 482 Butternut dieback, 163
Bryonopsis, 482 Buttonbush (Cephalanthus), 483
Bubakia Butt rot, 312
(Phakopsora), 342 Bymovirus, 51
B. crotonis, 513
B. erythroxylonis, 342
Buckeye, 482 C
leaf blotch, 144 Cabbage
rot, 327 (Brassica oleracea) (including Broccoli, Brussels
Buckleya, 482 sprouts, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohl-rabi), 484
Buckthorn (Rhamnus), 482 black ring spot, 395
Buckwheat-tree (Cliftonia), 482 cyst nematode, 259
Bud leaf curl, 484
blast, 109, 579, 620 leaf spot, 202
blight leaf, 120 ring necrosis, 484
drop, 273, 540, 673 ring necrosis¼turnip mosaic potyvirus, 395
drop, dieback, 488 yellows, 438
failure, 452 Cacopaurus, 256
and flower blight, 107 C. pestis, 256
gall, 191 Cactodera estonica, 660
and leaf nematode, 255 Cactus
proliferation, 90 (Cereus), 310
rot, 321, 322 (Leuchtenbergia principis and Schlumbergera
scorch, 197 gaertneri Makoyana), 485
and twig blight, 111 anthracnose, 66
Buddleia (butterfly-bush), 482 cyst nematode, 259
Buffaloberry (Shepherdia), 482 fishhook, pincushion (Mammillaria), 485
Buffalograss (Buchloe), 482 giant, Saguaro (Carnegiea), 485
Bugleweed (Ajuga), 482 prickly pear (Opuntia), 485
Bulb decay, 72, 77 star, sea-urchin, barrel (Echinocactus), 485
Bulb rot, 299, 310, 311 virus X, 602
Bumelia, 483 X. potexvirus, 395
744 Index
Caeoma, 342 yellow mottle leaf, 489

C. dubium, 557 yellow mottle varicosavirus, 395
C. faulliana, 342, 536 Camomile (Anthemis), 489
C. torreyae, 342 Campanula (bellflower, canterbury bells), 489
Caesalpinia, 486 Campestris, 460
Caladium, 486 Camphor-tree
Calathea, 486 (Cinnamomum), 489
Calceolaria (slipperwort), 486 scab, 385
Calcium chloride injury, 273 Canavirgella, 246
Calcium deficiency, 273 C. banfieldii, 246, 626
Calendula Cancroid spot, 504
(pot marigold), 486 Candida krusei, 505
leaf spot, 206 Candidatus
white smut, 374 C. asteris, 490
Calibrachoa C. brasiliense, 622
(Calibrachoa sp.), 486 C. phytoplasma asteris, 636
mottle, 486, 624 Candlestick shrub (Cassia), 489
mottle carmovirus, 395 Candytuft (Iberis), 489
Caliciopsis, 151 Cane
C. nigra, 572 blight, 120, 123, 131, 132
C. pinea, 151, 626 gall, 69
California knot canker, 172
aster yellows, 88, 486, 487, 489, 490, 495, 505, 509, rust, 352
510, 518, 528, 537, 539, 540, 542, 544–545, spot, 150, 170
553, 556, 558, 577, 586, 589, 590, 593, 600, Canker, 63, 79, 106, 122, 130–132, 140, 149–164,
605, 612, 624, 637, 640, 641, 648, 649, 651, 166–172, 192, 193, 224, 305, 313, 365,
653, 654, 667, 670, 671, 674, 689, 698 440, 557
chinquapin leaf blister, 195 Canker stain of London plane, 151
dagger nematode, 268 Canna, 489
mistletoe, 240 mosaic, 395
pepper-tree (Schinus), 487 yellow mottle, 490
pitcher-plant (Darlingtonia), 487 yellow mottle badnavirus, 396
poppy (Eschscholtzia), 487 Canola (Brassica napus), 490
sessile nematode, 264 Cantaloupe, 490
California-bluebell (Phacelia), 486 Cape-cowslip (Lachenalia), 490
California-laurel (Umbellularia), 487 Cape-honeysuckle (Tecomaria), 490
California-rose (Convolvulus japonicus), 487 Cape-marigold (Dimorphotheca), 490
Calla Caper (Capparis), 490
chlorotic spot, 488 Capeweed, cape dandelion (Arctotheca calendula), 490
common, golden, pink (Zantedeschia), 487 Capillovirus, 51
leaf spot, 228 Capnodiaceae, 38
wild (Calla palustris), 488 Capnodium sp., 383, 482, 507, 535, 612, 624, 695
Calliandra (false-mesquite), 488 C. axiliatum, 494
Callicarpa (beauty-berry; French-mulberry), 488 C. citri, 383, 505, 607
Callus knot, 457 C. citricola, 505
Calonectria sp., 111, 204, 300, 612 C. elongatum, 383, 475, 560, 561, 605, 683
C. colhounii, 111, 205, 448, 577, 610 C. footii, 456
C. graminicola, 551 C. grandisporum, 492, 693
C. theae, 205, 610 C. pini, 628
Caloscypha fulgens, 664 Capnodium spp., 383, 512, 540, 587, 697
Calycanthus (sweetshrub, carolina allspice), 488 Capsule spot, 218, 219
Calyx-end rot, 296, 298, 335 Captan, 6
Camass (Camassia), 488 Carapace spot, 466
Camellia, 488 Caraway (Carum), 490
dieback, 161 Carbendazim, 6
flower blight, 137, 138 Carbofuran, 15
leaf gall, 191 Carbon disulfide, 6
leaf spot, 225, 227, 235 Carboxin, 6
scab, 386 Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), 490
Index 745
Carissa, 490 Castor-bean (Ricinus communis), 493

(natal-plum), 491 Casuarina (Australian-pine), 493
Carlavirus, 51, 556 Catalina cherry (Prunus lyoni), 493
Carmovirus, 51 Catalpa, 493
Carnation leaf spot, 202, 227
(Dianthus caryophyllus), 491 Catenularia, 300
bud rot, 311 C. fuliginea, 300, 609
collar blight, 104 Catface, 273, 615, 679
downy mildew, 182 Catha (Arabian-tea), 494
etched ring caulimovirus, 396 Catkin hypertrophy, 196
etch-ring, 491 Catnip (Nepeta), 494
fusarium wilt, 439 Cats-claw (Doxantha), 494
Italian ring spot, 491 Cat-tail (Typha), 494
Italian ring spot tombusvirus, 396 Cattleya blossom brown necrotic streak, 607
latent, 491, 520 Cattleya dry sepal, 607
latent carlavirus, 396 Cauliflower
mosaic, 396, 491, 675 mosaic, 484, 500, 599, 668
mottle, 491 mosaic caulimovirus, 397
mottle carmovirus, 396 Caulimovirus, 51
necrotic fleck, 491 Ceanothus, 494
necrotic fleck closterovirus, 396 Cedar
pimple, 86, 87 (Cedrus sp.) (atlas cedar, deodar, cedar of
pin nematode, 263 Lebanon), 494
powdery mildew, 289 blight, 130
ring spot, 491 Cedar-apple rust, 350
ring spot dianthovirus, 396 Celandine (Chelidonium), 494
rust, 362 Celery
streak, 396, 491 brown spot, 205
vein mottle, 491 calico, 397, 495, 519
vein mottle potyvirus, 396 celeriac (Apium graveolens), 495
yellows, 396, 491 late blight, 139
Carob, St. Johns bread (Ceratonia), 491 mosaic, 492, 495
Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum), 491 mosaic potyvirus, 397
Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium), 492 pin nematode, 263
Carolina moonseed (Cocculus), 492 wilt, 437
Carolina spiral nematode, 266 yellow dwarf poleroviridae, 397
Carpetweed (Mollugo), 492 yellow spot, 495
Carrot yellow spot luteovirus, 397
(Daucus carota var. sativa), 492 Celtuce (Lactuca serriota var. sativa), 495
cyst nematode, 259 Cenangium, 111
leaf blight, 103 C. ferruginosum, 111, 535, 626
motley dwarf, 492 C. singulare, 151, 634
motley dwarf¼carrot mottle umbrarvirus, 396 dieback, 111
purple leaf, 492 Cenchrus (buffelgrass), 495
red leaf, 492 Centaurea (bachelors-button, basketflower; cornflower;
red leaf luteovirus, 396 dusty-miller, yellow starthistle), 495
thin leaf, 492 Centipede
thin leaf potyvirus, 397 grass (Eremochloa), 496
wild (Daucus carota), 492 Centrospora acerina, 300, 492, 495, 611, 612, 689
Cascara (Ramnus ramorum), 493 Century plant (Agave), 496
Cashew (Anacardium), 493 Cephaleuros, 205
Cassabana, curuba (Sicana), 493 Cephaleuros virescens, 205, 448, 456, 461, 466, 475–476,
Cassava 488, 489, 503, 504, 507, 539, 552, 553, 570,
common mosaic, 587 574–576, 582, 585, 587, 619, 623, 638, 643,
common mosaic potexvirus, 397 676, 688
Cassia (Senna, Sicklepod, Partridgepea), 493 Cephalosporium sp., 205, 300, 433, 478, 527, 535, 566,
Cassiope, 493 592, 603, 683
Cassytha filiformis, 504, 607 C. acremonium, 510, 534
Cast, 248 C. apii, 205, 495
746 Index
Cephalosporium sp. (cont.) C. aquilegiae, 206, 508

C. carpogenum, 300, 457, 618 C. arachidicola, 206
C. cinnamomeum, 205, 601, 675 C. arboreae, 503, 622
C. dieffenbachiae, 205, 521 C. arborescentis, 565
C. diospyri, 433, 623 C. armoraciae, 206, 564
C. gregatum, 300, 471, 661 C. asclepiadorae, 483
Cephalosporium wilt, 437 C. asiminae, 613
Cephalotaxus (Japanese plum-yew), 496 C. asparagi, 464
Ceratobasidium anceps, 506, 522, 533, 566, 582, 641, 666 C. asterata, 465
Ceratocystis sp., 151, 197, 300, 634 C. atrogrisea, 640
(Ceratostomella), 151 C. atromaculans, 460, 558
C. coerulescens, 588 C. aurantia, 504
C. fagacearum, 433, 501, 604 C. avicennae, 448
C. fimbriata, 300, 452, 459, 570, 596, 614, 630, 632, 675 C. bacilligera, 482
C. fimbriata f. sp. platani, 151, 629 C. barbarea, 695
C. paradoxa, 197, 609, 628 C. bellynckii, 688
C. tremullo-aurea, 633 C. beticola, 207, 473, 650, 662, 675
C. ulmi, 527 C. biformis, 613
(Ceratostomella) C. ulmi, 434 C. bixae, 476
C. wageneri, 301, 623 C. boerhaaviae, 662
Ceratostomataceae, 39 C. bougainvilleae, 206, 479
Ceratostomella radiciola, 609 C. brassicicola, 599, 684
Cercoseptoria C. brassicola, 484, 500
C. blephiliae, 471, 598 C. brinkii, 206, 541
C. caryigena, 563 C. brunnea, 659
C. minuta, 489 C. caldosporioides, 605
Cercospora sp., 103, 143, 205, 207, 448, 449, 461, 473, C. calendulae, 206, 486
474, 488, 510, 512, 517, 528, 532, 545, 546, C. callae, 461, 487
562, 573, 579, 585, 589, 591, 595, 609, 610, C. callicarpae, 488
625, 667, 673, 682 C. calthae, 589
C. abeliae, 205, 448 C. cana, 529
C. abelmoschi, 205, 604 C. canescens, 453, 471, 494, 523, 660
C. acalyphae, 448 C. cannabina, 206, 557
C. acetosellae, 649 C. cannabis, 206, 557
C. adusta, 639 C. capitati crotonicola, 513
C. aeruginosa, 482 C. capreolata, 475
C. aesculina, 563 C. capsici, 206, 621
C. afflata, 563 C. carii, 526
C. ageratoides, 530 C. carotae, 112, 492
C. alabamensis, 570, 596 C. catalpae, 493
C. albo-maculans, 205 C. catenospora, 526
C. alismatis, 461 C. caulophylli, 478, 648
C. alni, 451 C. ceanothi, 494
C. althaeina, 205, 561, 634 C. cebrina, 511
C. amalayensis, 559 C. celosiae, 507
C. amaryllidis, 453, 587, 641, 662 C. cercidis, 643
C. amelopsidis, 596 C. chionanthi, 538
C. ampelopsidis, 689 C. chrysanthemi, 502, 655
C. amptosori, 534 C. cichorii, 528
C. anethi, 521 C. cinchonae, 503
C. angulata, 206, 515, 547, 595 C. circumscissa, 206, 452, 459, 498, 501,
C. anomala, 449 615, 630
C. antipus, 562 C. citri-grisea, 504
C. antirrhini, 658 C. citrullina, 206, 665, 692
C. apii, 111, 487, 495 C. cladosporioides, 498
C. apiifoliae, 555 C. clavata, 483
C. apii f. sp. clerodendri, 506 C. clavicarpa, 667
C. apii var. angelicae, 455 C. cleomis, 506
C. apocyni, 521 C. clitoriae, 483
Index 747
C. cocculicola, 492 C. fukushiana, 566

C. coleosanthi, 481 C. fuliginosa, 623
C. concentrica, 697 C. fulvella, 687
C. concors, 143, 206, 207 C. fusca, 207, 559, 619
C. condensata, 562 C. fuscomaculans, 550
C. consobrina, 615 C. fuscovirens, 613
C. consociata, 649 C. galii, 539
C. conspicua, 556 C. garryae, 540
C. coreopsidis, 509 C. gaultheriae, 472, 540, 695
C. cornicola, 206, 522 C. gaurae, 540
C. corylina, 555 C. gayophyti, 553
C. crassoides, 538 C. gei, 542
C. crotonifolia, 513 C. gentianae, 541
C. crotonis, 513 C. gentianicola, 541
C. crotonophila, 513 C. gigantea, 504
C. cruciferarum, 640 C. glandulosa, 450
C. cruenta, 476, 483 C. gnaphaliacea, 545
C. cucurbitae, 514, 547, 665 C. gomphrenae, 544
C. cydoniae, 640 C. gonolobi, 651
C. cynoglossi, 516, 574 C. granuliformis, 689
C. cypripedii, 607 C. graphioides, 498
C. daemonicola, 519 C. grindeliae, 552
C. daleae, 658 C. grisea, 593
C. decumariae, 518 C. guttulata, 524
C. delphinii, 518 C. gymnocladi, 573
C. dendrobii, 607 C. halesiae, 554
C. depazeoides, 526 C. handelii, 644
C. desmanthi, 483 C. helenii, 556
C. destructiva, 530 C. helianthi, 462, 671
C. deutziae, 519 C. heliotropii, 557
C. diffusa, 552 C. hemerocallis, 518
C. dioscoreae, 696 C. henningsii, 587
C. dispersa, 693 C. heteromeles, 625
C. dubia, 651 C. heterospora, 664
C. dulcamerae, 571 C. heuchera, 550
C. duplicata, 682 C. hibisci, 559, 647
C. echii, 689 C. hieracii, 554
C. echinocystis, 594 C. houstoniae, 565
C. effusa, 581 C. hujina, 460, 516
C. elaeagni, 649 C. hydrangeae, 565
C. elongata, 676 C. hyperici, 650
C. epigaeae, 528 C. ilicis, 560, 567
C. epipactidis, 607 C. insulana, 667
C. eriobotryae, 625 C. juglandis, 690
C. erysimi, 690 C. jujubae, 571
C. erythrogena, 590 C. jussiaeae, 692
C. euonymi, 590 C. kalmiae, 597
C. euphorbiae, 664 C. kellermanii, 561, 648
C. euphorbiicola, 659 C. kikuchii, 660
C. exotica, 691 C. kolkwitziae, 472
C. ferruginae, 462 C. laburni, 545
C. ferruginea, 650 C. lanuginosa, 483
C. fici, 534 C. lathyrina, 673
C. fingens, 590 C. leonotidis, 580
C. flagellaris, 648 C. leptandrae, 514
C. floricola, 697 C. leptosperma, 460
C. fragariae, 668 C. leucosticta, 499
C. fraserae, 508 C. leucothoes, 578
C. fraxinites, 463 C. ligustri, 638
748 Index
Cercospora sp. (cont.) C. osmorhizae, 688

C. lilacis, 578 C. oxalidiphila, 608
C. lippiae, 580 C. oxybaphi, 452, 685
C. liquidambaris, 671 C. oxydendri, 608
C. lobeliae, 581 C. pachypus, 671
C. longispora, 583 C. paeoniae, 620
C. longissima, 577 C. pancratii, 513, 662
C. ludwigiae, 583 C. papaveri, 634
C. lupini, 583 C. parvimaculans, 546
C. lutescens, 501 C. pastinacae, 612
C. lycii, 584, 590 C. pastinacina, 612
C. lycopi, 691 C. penstemonis, 620
C. lysimachiae, 582 C. peristeriae, 607
C. lythracearum, 207, 512, 584 C. perniciosa, 483
C. lythri, 584 C. perseae, 466
C. maclurae, 608 C. personata, 208
C. macrochaeta, 603 C. petroselini, 612
C. macroguttata, 503 C. petuniae, 623
C. magnoliae, 207, 585 C. photiniae-serrulata, 625
C. malayensis, 604, 648 C. phyllitidis, 533
C. mali, 456, 501 C. physalicola, 552
C. malkoffi, 455 C. physalidis, 552
C. malloti, 586 C. physaloides, 458
C. maritima, 513 C. piaropi, 207, 619
C. marrubii, 560 C. piri, 501
C. melanochaeta, 476 C. pisi-sativae, 614
C. meliae, 499 C. pittospori, 207, 629
C. melongenae, 207, 525 C. platanicola, 629
C. menispermi, 596 C. plumeriae, 631
C. menthicola, 594 C. poagena, 550
C. microspora, 112, 580 C. podophylli, 590
C. mikaniae, 593 C. populicola, 634
C. mimuli, 593 C. populina, 634
C. minima, 617 C. prenanthis, 637
C. mirabilis, 452 C. prosopidis, 593
C. mitellae, 475 C. psedericola, 689
C. montana, 528 C. psidii, 553
C. moricola, 598 C. pteleae, 563
C. morindicola, 596 C. puderi, 207, 646
C. morongiae, 653 C. pulcherrimae, 631, 659
C. nandinae, 207 C. pulsatillae, 455
C. nasturtii, 519, 691 C. purpurea, 143, 466, 643
C. negundinis, 479, 588 C. pustulata, 569
C. nelumbonis, 582 C. pyri, 617
C. nepetae, 494 C. ranunculi, 641
C. nepheloides, 531 C. ratibida, 643
C. neriella, 605 C. regalis, 613
C. nigricans, 493 C. repens, 508
C. noveboracensis, 568 C. resedae, 207, 593
C. nymphaeacea, 692 C. rhamni, 482
C. nyssae, 684 C. rhapontici, 644
C. obscura, 462, 490 C. rhizophorae, 587
C. oculata, 568 C. rhododendri, 259, 644
C. odontoglossi, 607 C. rhoina, 657, 670
C. oenotherae, 604 C. ribicola, 515
C. oenotherae-sinutae, 604 C. ribis, 515
C. olivacea, 462, 581, 633, 650 C. richardiaecola, 207, 487
C. omphakodes, 624, 633 C. ricinella, 493
C. opuli, 687 C. rosicola, 207
Index 749
C. rubigo, 506, 663 C. verbasicola, 596

C. rudbeckiae, 545, 646 C. verbenicola, 686
C. rudbeckii, 525 C. vexans, 668
C. sabbatiae, 647 C. violae, 611, 688
C. saccharini, 588 C. viticis, 689
C. salicina, 664 C. vitis, 454, 622
C. salviicola, 649 C. websteri, 683
C. sanguinariae, 447 C. weigelae, 693
C. saururi, 662 C. weigeliae, 521
C. scutellariae, 656 C. xanthoxyli, 558, 637
C. sechii, 497 C. zeae-maydis, 509
C. seminalis, 550 C. zebrina, 207, 471, 506, 553, 576, 616, 681
C. senecionicola, 654 C. zinniae, 698
C. senecionis, 664 C. ziziae, 698
C. sequoiae, 112, 654 leaf spot, 673
C. sequoiae var. juniperi, 572 spot, 142, 143, 201
C. sesami, 655 Cercospora spp., 503, 677, 679
C. sidicola, 656 Cercosporella, 208, 315
C. silphii, 656 C. aceris, 588
C. smilacina, 657 C. acroptili, 449, 649
C. smilacis, 207, 657 C. alni, 451
C. sojina, 207, 660 C. brassicae, 208
C. sordida, 112 C. cana, 465
C. speculariae, 662 C. celtidis, 553
C. sphaeriaeformis, 527 C. chionea, 643
C. spiraea, 602 C. colubrina, 529
C. squalidula, 506 C. filiformis, 455, 590
C. stachydis, 666 C. idahoensis, 659
C. stillingiae, 500, 668 C. lilii, 579
C. stizolobii, 686 C. mirabilis, 555
C. stomae, 531 C. mori, 598
C. streptopi, 670 C. nivosa, 620
C. stromatis, 554 C. pastinacae, 612
C. struthanthi, 594 C. pastinaceae, 230
C. subsessilis, 499 C. pirina, 511
C. symphoricarpi, 509, 658, 696 C. primulae, 638
C. symplocarpi, 207, 657 C. prolificans, 526
C. tabacina, 637, 648 C. pycnanthemi, 598
C. tageticola, 589 C. rubi, 476, 520, 642
C. ternateae, 570 C. saxifragae, 652
C. tetragoniae, 601 C. terminalis, 686
C. teucrii, 542 Cercosporidium, 112
C. thaliae, 677 C. bougainvilleae, 207
C. thaspii, 455 C. fasciculatum, 664
C. theae, 488 C. graminis, 232
C. thermopsidis, 677 C. magnoliae, 207
C. thujina, 460, 516 C. personata, 208
C. tinea, 688 C. personatum, 616
C. tortipes, 687 C. punctum, 112, 532
C. tragopogonis, 651 Cercosporidum, 208
C. triostei, 564 Cereal anthracnose, 61
C. tropaeoli, 600 Cerotelium, 342
C. truncata, 454 C. dicentrae, 342, 524
C. truncatella, 613 C. fici, 342, 535, 598, 608
C. tuberculans, 672 Cerrena unicolor, 305
C. unamunoi, 621 Cestrum, 496
C. varia, 562, 688 Ceuthocarpon ferrugineum, 584
C. velutina, 469 Ceuthocarpum conflictum, 581
C. venturioides, 483 Ceuthospora lunata, 301, 512
750 Index
Chaerophyllum, 496 (flowering) rough bark, 399, 498

Chaetoderma luna, 322 rough fruit, 498
Chaetodiplodia sp., 607 rugose mosaic, 498
Chaetomella sp., 457 rugose mosaic¼strain of prunus necrotic ringspot
Chaetomiaceae, 39 ilarvirus, 398
Chaetomium bostrychodes, 679 rusty mottle, 399, 498
Chalara (Chalaropsis), 243, 301 twisted leaf, 399, 498
C. thielavioides, 243 vein clearing, 399, 498, 631
C. thielaviopsis, 301, 632 witches’ broom, 196
Chalaropsis yellows, 498, 616
C. thielavioides, 243 yellows¼prune dwarf ilarvirus, 399
C. thielaviopsis, 301, 632 Cherry-laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), 498
Chalking, 682 Chestnut
Chalk rot, 487 (Castanea), 499
Chamaecyparis (Atlantic white-cedar, Port Orford white- blight, 118
cedar, Alaska yellow-cedar, Hinoki cypress, Chickory, 499
Sawara cypress-retinospora), 496–497 Chickpea
Chamaedaphne (Cassandra, Leatherleaf), 497 filiform, 499
Chamber’s dagger nematode, 268 filiform potyvirus, 399
Charcoal garbanzo (Cicer), 499
rot, 123, 316, 332 Chickweed (Stellaria and Cerastium), 499
spot, 214 Chinaberry (Melia), 499
Chard blue mold, 183 Chinese
Char spot, 233 cabbage (Brassica pekinensis, B. chinensis), 500
Chayote (Sechium), 497 evergreen (Aglaonema), 500
Checker mallow (Sidalcea), 497 holly spot anthracnose, 386
Checking, 635 lantern (Physalis alkekengi), 500
Cheilaria agrostis, 229, 233 tallowtree (Sapium), 500
Chenopodium, 497 waxgourd (Beincasa), 500
Cherimoya, custard-apple (Annona), 497 Chinquapin (Castanopsis), 500
Cherry Chiogenes (creeping snowberry), 501
(Prunus sp.), 497 Chionodoxa (glory-of-the-snow), 501
albino, 397, 498 Chirita, 501
bark splitting, 397, 498 Chives (Allium schoenoprasum), 501
black canker, 397, 498 Chloranil, 6
buckskin, 397, 498 Chlorine injury, 273
bud abortion, 397, 498 Chlorogalum (soap-plant), 501
calico, 611 Chloroneb, 6
chlorosis, 397, 498 Chloropicrin, 6
flowering, oriental (Prunus serrulata), 498 Chloroscypha
freckle fruit disease, 398, 498 C. chloromela, 654
green ring mottle, 398, 498 C. juniperina, 572
gummosis, 398, 798 Chlorosis, 273, 448, 451, 452, 457, 459, 467, 471, 473,
japanese flowering (Prunus subhirtella), 498 484, 489, 492, 494, 498, 504, 512, 514, 518,
leaf blight, 121 521, 530, 535, 537, 540, 556, 560, 565, 579,
leaf spot, 202, 209, 210 582, 598, 599, 603, 606, 609, 610, 614–617,
little cherry, 398, 498 630, 631, 634, 635, 638, 642, 644, 646, 661,
midleaf necrosis, 398, 498 665, 669, 671
mora, 398, 498 Chlorothalonil, 6
mottle leaf, 498 Chlorotic
mottle leaf trichovirus, 398 dwarf, 627
necrotic rusty mottle, 398, 498 mottle, 670
pink fruit, 498 peacock pattern, 669
(sour) pink fruit, 398 ring spot, 485
pinto leaf, 398, 498 spot, 638
rasp leaf, 498 streak, 571
rasp leaf nepovirus, 398 Chlorpicrin, 15
ring spot, 498 Choanephoraceae, 36
ring spot¼prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus, 398 Choanephora sp., 112, 698
Index 751
C. americana, 517, 611 C. candolleana, 603

C. compacta, 596 C. confundens, 634
C. conjuncta, 613, 623 C. erythronii, 113, 529
C. cucurbitarum, 112, 471, 514, 535, 604, 621, 623, C. foliicola, 694
665, 673, 688 C. gracilipes, 585
C. infundibulifera, 112, 559, 570, 660 C. gracilis, 113, 529
C. persicaria, 615 C. seaveri, 208
Chocolate leaf spot, 204 C. trillii, 681
Chokeberry (Aronia), 501 C. violae, 688
Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), 501 C. whetzelii, 208
Chondropodium, 152 C. wisconsinensis, 694
C. udotsugae, 152, 523 Cimicifuga (bugbane, black cohosh), 503
Chondrostereum purpureum, 337 Cinchona, 503
Christie’s spiral nematode, 266 Cineraria
Christie’s stubby root nematode, 266 (Senecio), 503
Christmas berry (Heteromeles arbutifolia), 502 mosaic, 400, 503
Christmas berry scab, 120 Cinnamon-tree (Cinnamomum zeylandicum), 503
Christmas cactus (Zygocactus truncatus), 502 Cintractia, 374
Christmas rose (Helleborus niger), 502 C. luzulae, 696
Chrysanthemum Cirsium (plumed thistle), 503
(Dendranthema grandiflora), 502 Cissus, 503
aspermy, 399 Citrus
B carlavirus, 400 blast, 80
chlorotic mottle viroid, 399, 502 blight, 135
flower distortion, 399, 502 canker, 84
foliar nematode, 254 enation, 505
leaf spot, 115, 233 enation-woody gall luteovirus, 400
mosaic, 400, 514 exocortis, 505
ring spot, 400, 514 exocortis viroid, 400
rosette, 400, 514 fruits (grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange), 503
rust, 360 leaf rugose, 505
stunt, 503 leaf rugose ilarvirus and citrus variegation
stunt viroid, 400 ilarvirus, 400
Chrysomyxa, 343 leprosis, 505
C. arctostaphyli, 343, 472, 664 leprosis rhabdovirus, 400
C. cassandrae, 455 mildew, 289
C. chiogenis, 343, 501 nematode, 267
C. empetri, 343, 513, 664 psorosis, 505
C. ilicina, 343, 560 psorosis complex: citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus, citrus
C. ledi, 343, 576, 664 ringspot virus, citrus variegation ilarvirus, 400
C. ledicola, 343, 576, 664 ring nematode, 256
C. ledi var. cassandrae, 343, 497, 664 ringspot, 505
C. ledi var. groenlandici, 343 ringspot virus, 401
C. ledi var. rhododendri, 343, 644 scab, 386
C. moneses, 343 septoria spot, 233
C. piperiana, 343, 644 stubborn disease, 401, 504
C. pirolata, 343, 595, 644 tatter leaf, 505
C. roahensis, 664 tatter leaf cappillovirus, 401
C. roanensis, 664 tristeza, 505
C. weirii, 343, 664 tristeza closterovirus, 401
Chrysopsis (golden aster), 503 variegation, 505
Chytridiomycota, 34 vein enation, 401, 505
Ciberinia camelliae, 137 xyloporosis, 401, 505
Ciboria, 113 yellow vein, 401, 505
C. acerina, 113 Cladochytrium
C. carunculoides, 113, 598 C. graminis, 550
Ciborinia, 113, 208 C. replicatum, 681
C. acerina, 587 Cladocolea cupulata, 626
C. bifrons, 634 Cladode rot, 298, 306
752 Index
Cladosporium sp., 113, 144, 209, 244, 363, 462, 464, 538, C. poinsettiae, 71, 631
548, 570, 575, 579, 618, 630, 645, 646, 672, C. sepedonicum, 71, 473, 635
676, 689, 691 C. xyli, 72
(Heterosporium), 218 C. xyli ssp. cynodontis, 72, 549
C. allii, 219 Claviceps
C. aromaticum, 670 C. africana, 571
C. arthrinioides, 479 C. cynodontis, 550
C. astericola, 546 C. microcephala, 550
C. beijerinckii, 114 C. purpurea, 469, 550, 631, 645
C. brevipes, 603 Clavicipitaceae, 39
C. bruneo-atrum, 363 Claytonia (spring beauty), 505
C. brunneolum, 569 Clematis (including virgins-bower), 506
C. carpophilum, 363, 452, 459, 498, 600, 614, 631 leaf, 204
C. caryigenum, 363 leaf spot, 212
C. cladosporioides, 113, 668 Cleome (spider-flower), 506
C. cladosporioides f. sp. pisicola, 364 Clerodendron zonate ring spot, 401
C. colocasiae, 209, 526 Clerodendrum (glorybower), 506
C. coreopsidis, 364, 509 Clethra (sweet pepperbush, white-alder), 506
C. cucumerinum, 364, 514, 592, 666, 692 Climacoden septentrionalis, 336
C. echinulatum, 209, 219, 491 Clinopodium (basil-weed), 506
C. effusum, 559, 619 Clintonia, 506
C. epiphyllum, 209, 581 Clitocybe
C. erianthi, 631 C. monadelpha, 301, 615, 638
C. fasciculatum, 585 C. olearia, 603, 629
C. fulvum, 244, 679 C. parasitica, 559, 615
C. fuscum, 646 C. tabescens, 302, 446, 448, 449, 458, 459, 461, 467,
C. gloeosporioides, 650 469, 486, 488, 489, 493, 494, 500, 505, 508,
C. gramineum, 468 509, 512, 516, 526, 529, 530, 544, 548, 553,
C. herbarum, 144, 244, 448, 467, 471, 491, 498, 535, 554, 559, 560, 563, 565, 569, 570, 572, 583,
544, 550, 568, 569, 578, 603, 616, 621, 680, 585, 586, 588, 603, 605, 609, 610, 612, 615,
688 627, 631–633, 646, 651, 667, 668, 672, 676,
C. heugelinianum, 482 678, 683, 688, 693
C. iridis, 219 root rot, 301, 302
C. lysimachiae, 582 Clivia, 506
C. macrocarpum, 244, 662 Closterovirus, 51
C. oxycocci, 512 Cloudy spot, 319, 679
C. oxysporum, 209, 504, 679 Clover, 614
C. paeoniae, 144, 620 (Trifolium incarnatum, T. pratense, T. repens,
C. pisicola, 364, 614 T. stoloniferum, T. subterraneum,
C. triostei, 564 T. vesiculosum), 506
C. variabile, 219, 662 club leaf, 401
C. vignae, 470 cyst nematode, 260
Cladosporium spp., 457, 494 dodder, 179
Clarkia, 505 (alsike) mosaic¼clover yellows vein
Clasterosporium sp., 457 potyvirus, 402
C. cornigerum, 563 proliferation, 89, 668
Clausena (wampi), 505 proliferation subgroup a phytoplasma, 472
Clavariaceae, 42 (red) vein mosaic carlavirus, 402
Clavibacter wound tumor phytoreovirus 402, 626
C. agcopyri, 71 yellow edge, 668
C. cassiicola, 631 yellow edge phytoplasma, 556
C. fascians, 71, 491, 502, 541, 553, 556, 566, 600, 623, yellow mosaic, 506, 687
624, 639, 655, 667, 673 yellow mosaic potexvirus, 402
C. flaccumfaciens, 71, 470, 660 yellow vein, 472, 492, 552, 632
C. humiferum, 71, 633 yellow vein mosaic, 402
C. ilicis, 560 Clove rot, 322
C. michiganense, 71, 481, 483, 496, 518, 525, 552, Club root, 175
571, 621, 635, 651, 678, 681 Clypeolella leemingii, 539
C. michiganense ssp. sepedonicum, 71 Clypeosphaeriaceae, 39
Index 753
Cobb’s Colletotrichum sp., 60–61, 63, 113, 152, 210, 302, 461,
meadow nematode, 264 464, 465, 467, 470, 483, 491, 500, 505, 524,
ring nematode, 256 562, 565, 579, 585, 596, 610, 621, 624, 632,
spiral nematode, 258 644, 654, 675, 681, 687, 688
stubby root nematode, 267 C. acutatum, 61, 113, 152, 210, 302, 452, 476, 522,
Coccoloba (sea-grape, dove-plum), 507 588, 614, 623, 650, 671, 683, 693
Coccomyces sp., 459, 482 C. acutatus, 669
C. hiemalis, 210, 498 C. antirrhini, 61, 658
C. kerriae, 210, 573 C. atramentarium, 61, 635, 680
C. lutescens, 210, 498 C. azaleae, 467
C. prunophorae, 210, 630 C. bletiae, 61
C. tumidus, 454 C. capsici, 61, 611, 621, 622
Cocklebur (Xanthium), 507 C. cinctum, 607
Cockscomb (Celosia argentia), 507 C. circinans, 302, 602, 606, 655
Cocksfoot C. coccodes, 61, 210, 302, 448, 594, 622, 660, 680
streak, 552 C. crassipes, 453
streak potyvirus, 402 C. dematium, 61, 113, 543, 662, 688
Cocoa (Theobroma cacas), 507 C. dematium f. sp. spinaciae, 61
Cocoa-plum (Chrysobalanus), 507 C. dematium f. sp. truncata, 61, 210, 523, 670, 678
Cocoyam (Xanthosoma), 507 C. dioscoreae, 696
Codonanthe, 507 C. elastica, 210, 534
Coffee-berry (Rhamnus californicus), 507 C. erumpens, 61
Coleosporium, 343 C. erythrinae, 629
C. apocyanaceum, 343, 454, 627 C. falcatum, 631
C. aridum, 481 C. fragariae, 61, 516, 609
C. asterum, 343, 344, 465, 503, 529, 539, 546, 552, C. fructus, 458
628, 655 C. fuscum, 61, 538
C. campanulae, 489, 582, 627, 662 C. gloeosporioides, 61, 113, 210, 302, 312, 456, 466,
C. crowellii, 343, 627 470, 486, 487, 490, 494, 516, 522, 532–535,
C. delicatulum, 343, 546, 627 548, 570, 581–583, 594, 604, 607, 610, 611,
C. domingense, 631 613, 622, 629, 633, 647, 650, 667, 668, 695
C. helianthi, 343, 462, 556, 627, 671 C. glycines, 678
C. inconspicuum, 509, 627 C. gossypii, 678
C. ipomoeae, 344, 487, 517, 570, 596, 627, 674 C. graminicola, 61, 480, 496, 678
C. jonesii, 344, 515, 547, 622 C. graminicolum, 549
C. lacinariae, 344 C. griseum, 530
C. laciniariae, 578, 627 C. helianthi, 671
C. madiae, 589, 627, 671 C. hibisci, 559, 604, 648
C. mentzeliae, 344 C. jussiaeae, 692
C. minutum, 344, 537, 627 C. lagenarium, 61, 468, 493, 497, 500, 514, 547, 591,
C. occidentale, 654 594, 665, 692
C. pacificum, 344 C. liliacearum, 61, 659, 698
C. pinicola, 344, 628 C. lilii, 62, 302, 579
C. plumeriae, 631 C. lindemuthianum, 62, 470, 472
C. senecionis, 628, 654 C. malvarum, 62, 448, 561, 575, 656
C. sonchiarvensis, 628 C. nigrum, 303, 622
C. steviae, 342 C. omnivorum, 62, 465
C. terebinthinaceae, 628, 656 C. orbiculare, 62, 692
C. tussilaginis, 344 C. peckii, 681
C. vernoniae, 344, 568, 628 C. philodendri, 624
C. viburni, 344, 688 C. phomoides, 62
C. viguierae, 687 C. pisi, 62, 613, 673
Coleus, 507 C. pleosporioides, 611
mosaic, 507 C. primulae, 638
mosaic¼cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, 402 C. rhexiae, 590, 643
Collards, 507 C. schizanthi, 62, 483
Collar rot, 120, 296, 306, 311, 315, 325, C. silphii, 656
326, 451 C. smilacis, 657
Collecephalus hemerocalli, 518 C. solitarium, 546
754 Index
Colletotrichum sp. (cont.) C. pyrinum, 457, 555, 617

C. sordidum, 596 C. rhois, 670
C. spinaciae, 662 C. rosarum, 153, 646
C. spinacicola, 662 C. ulmea, 527
C. sublineola, 62 C. wernsdorffiae, 153, 646
C. sublineolum, 694 Coniothyrium spp, 527
C. trichellum, 62, 203, 678 Conophilis americana, 473
C. trifolii, 583 Conoplea globosa, 171
C. truncatum, 62, 470, 525, 576, 660 Copper
C. vermicularioides, 579 acetate, 6
C. violae-tricoloris, 63, 611, 688 ammonium carbonate, 6, 13
Colletotrichum spp., 525 carbonate, 6
Collinsia (blue-lips, blue-eyed mary), 508 compounds, 6
Collinsonia (horse-balm), 508 deficiency, 273–274
Collomia, 508 fixed, 13
Collybia hydroxide, 7, 13
C. dryophila, 520 oxide, 7
C. velutipes, 303, 494, 527, 563, 580, 588, 634, 683 oxychloride, 7
Coltsfoot (Tussilago), 508 spot, 215, 231
Columbine (Aquilegia), 508 spray injury, 274, 560
leaf spot, 206 sulfate, 7, 13
root-knob nematode, 591 Coprinus, 303
Columbo (Frasera), 508 C. urticicola, 303, 618
Columnea, 508 Coral-bells, 508
Comandra blister rust, 345 Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus), 509
Commelina Coral spot, 164
C. diffusa, 508 Cordia, 509
diffusa potyvirus and commelina mosaic Coreopsis (tickseed), 509
potyvirus, 402 Coriander (Coriandrum), 509
mosaic, 508 feathery red vein, 509
Common feathery red vein nucleorhabdovirus, 402
bunt, 375 Coriolus versicolor, 330
dodder, 179 Cork, 274, 457, 617
scab, 365 dry rot, 311
Comovirus, 51 rot, 82
Completoria complens, 532 scab, 365
Confederate-jasmine (Trachelospermum), 508 Corm rot, 109, 310, 543
Coniella Corn
(Coniothyrium), 303 cyst nematode, 260
C. diplodiella, 303 leaf fleck, 221, 402
C. granati, 633 meadow nematode, 265
Coniophora, 303 measles, 229
C. corrugis, 303, 536, 572 mosaic, 510
C. puteana, 303, 516, 536, 575 (sweet) mosaic, 402
Coniosporium fairmani, 665 pox, 229
Coniothecium root rot, 312
C. eriodictyonis, 697 rust, 359
C. richardiae, 487 smut, 377
Coniothyrium sp., 152, 211, 477, 585, 614, 620 stunt, 89, 90, 510
C. agaves, 496 sweet (Zea mays var. saccharata), 509
C. cephalanthi, 483 Corncockle (Agrostemma), 510
C. concentricum, 211, 496, 697 Corn-marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum), 510
C. diplodiella, 303, 548 Corticium, 113, 303
C. fuckelii, 123, 152, 614, 689 C. centrifugum, 303, 457
C. hellebori, 211, 502 C. falactinum, 688
C. negundinis, 479, 588 C. fuciforme, 303, 551
C. olivaceum, 585 C. galactinum, 304, 452, 458, 476, 506, 520, 522, 560,
C. pirinum, 511 570, 584, 597, 603, 670
C. pyrina, 211 C. koleroga, 113
Index 755
C. laetum, 456 ring spot, 512

C. microsclerotia, 303 rose bloom, 191
C. radiosum, 304 Crape-myrtle
C. salmonicolor, 113, 456, 534, 617 (Lagerstroemia), 512
C. vagum, 113 powdery mildew, 293
Corydalis, 510 Crassula, 513
Corynebacterium Creeping zinnia (Sanvitalia procumbens), 513
C. agropyri, 72 Creosote bush (Larrea), 513
C. humiferum, 72 Cribropeltis, 189
Coryneform group mycobacteriaceae, 70 C. citrullina, 189, 692
Coryneliaceae, 38 Criconella xenoplax, 256
Corynespora, 211, 304 Criconema sp., 256, 583
C. cassiicola, 211, 304, 467, 493, 534, 560, 583, 604, C. civellae, 256, 504
631, 638, 655, 660, 661, 678, 679, 692 C. decalineatum, 256
Coryneum, 113 C. mutabile, 458
blight, 113, 114 C. spinalineatum, 256
canker, 153 Criconemella xenoplax, 551, 649
C. asperulum, 516 Criconemoides sp., 588, 646
C. beierincki, 493 C. annulatum, 256, 603
C. berckmansii, 114, 461, 516 C. citri, 256, 504
C. cardinale, 153, 461, 516, 567, 572 C. crotaloides, 256, 523, 634
C. foliicola, 153, 457, 617 C. cylindricum, 256, 616
C. japonicum, 572 C. komabaensis, 256, 488
C. microstictum, 114, 478, 666 C. lobatum, 256, 551, 627
C. negundinis, 479 C. mutabile, 256, 635
C. rhododendri, 644 C. ornatum, 256, 551
C. tumoricola, 644 C. parvum, 256, 551
Cosmopolitan, 299 C. rusticum, 256, 551
Cosmos, 510 C. similis, 256, 615, 627
Cotoneaster, 511 C. teres, 256, 603
Cotton C. xenoplax, 256, 487, 548, 551, 615
(Gossypium), 511 genus dubium, 256
leaf curl bigeminivirus, 403 Crimson
root-knob nematode, 263 clover latent, 506
root rot, 323, 324 clover latent nepovirus, 403
Cottony rot, 335 Crinkle, 507, 647
Coursetia, 511 Crinum, 513
Covered kernel smut, 375 Cristulariella, 211
Covered smut, 377 C. depraedans, 211
Cowania, 511 C. depraedens, 588
Cowpea C. moricola, 211, 548, 554, 559, 679
(Vigna sinensis), 511 C. pyramidalis, 451, 454, 457, 471, 480, 498, 522, 548,
aphid-borne mosaic, 511 559, 585, 588, 600, 613, 619, 629, 652, 688, 690
canker, 87, 88 C. pyramudates, 478
chlorotic mottle, 392, 403, 670 Crocus, 513
mosaic, 472, 560, 661 Cronartium
mosaic comovirus, 403 (causing blister rusts), 344
severe mosaic, 511 C. appalachianum, 345, 628
Crabapple flowering (Malus), 511 C. coleosporioides, 345, 608, 609, 627, 696
Cracked stem, 274, 495 C. comandrae, 345, 482, 627
Crackneck, 502 C. comptoniae, 609, 628, 672
Cranberry C. conigenum, 345, 603, 627
(Vaccinium, subgenus Oxycoccus), 512 C. filamentosum, 628
bitter rot, 313 C. fusiforme, 603, 627
blotch rot, 295 C. harknessii, 345
early rot, 313, 314 C. occidentale, 345, 515, 547, 628
end rot, 313 C. quercuum, 345, 581, 603, 627
false blossom, 403, 512 C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme, 345, 627
hard rot, 318 C. ribicola, 345, 515, 620, 628
756 Index
Cronartium (cont.) C. minimum, 155, 646

C. stalactiforme, 347, 627 C. pinicola, 155
C. strobilinum, 347, 603, 671 Cryptostictis sp., 114, 211, 522, 578
Crook-neck, 541 C. arbuti, 115, 576, 584, 587
Crossonema sp., 256, 496 C. mariae, 644
Crotalaria retusa, 513 C. paeoniae, 620
Croton C. violae, 688
Codiaeum, 513 Crytodiaporthe aculeans, 154
Croton, 513 Cucumber
Crowberry (Empetrum), 513 (Cucumis sativus), 514
Crown blight, 104
canker, 155, 168 mosaic, 452, 453, 468, 471, 474, 483, 486, 490, 494,
and collar rot, 300 495, 500, 507, 508, 510, 514, 517, 519, 521,
elongation, 620 525, 527, 529, 531, 538, 541, 542, 547, 553,
gall, 69 558, 566, 577, 579, 589, 592, 594, 596, 599,
and petiole spot, 210 602, 613, 621, 622, 624, 638, 649, 658, 663,
and root rot, 323, 326 666, 671, 680, 685, 687, 688, 698
rot, 120, 126, 127, 298, 309, 311, 314, 319, 322, mosaic cucumovirus, 403
327, 331, 332, 334, 336 scab, 363
rust, 357 wilt, 77, 438
vetch (Coronilla varia), 513 Cucumovirus, 51, 533
Crown-headed lance nematode, 260 Cucurbit
Cryphonectria, 154 leaf crumple, 692
(Endothia), 118 leaf crumple begomovirus, 404
C. cubensis, 158 leaf curl, 514, 592, 666
C. parasitica, 118, 154, 603 leaf curl begomovirus, 404
Cryptantha, 513 yellows, 669
Cryptanthus, 514 yellow stunting, 592
Cryptochaete, 304 yellow stunting crinivirus, 404
(Corticium) polygonia, 304 Cucurbitariaceae, 39
Cryptocline, 114 Cufraneb, 7
C. betularum, 215 Culvers-root (Veronicastrum), 514
C. cinerescens, 114, 602 Cumminsiella, 347
C. taxicola, 697 C. mirabilissima, 347, 586
Cryptococcus C. sanguinea, 469
C. fagesuiga, 472 C. texana, 347, 586
C. laurentii, 548 C. wootoniana, 586
Cryptodiaporthe, 154 Cunninghamia, 515
C. aculeans, 670 Cuphea, 515
C. castanea, 154, 499 Curl-stripe disease, 579
C. corni, 522 Curly top virus (Beet), 490
C. macounii, 663 Currant
C. salicella, 154 (Ribes spp.), 515
C. salicina, 694 flowering (Ribes), 515
Cryptomeria, 514 mosaic, 515
Cryptomyces, 154 (red) mosaic¼tomato ringspot nepovirus, 404
C. maximus, 154, 608, 694 Current
Cryptomycina, 211 anthracnose, 67
C. maximus, 154, 608, 694 cane blight, 106
Cryptospora, 114 nematode, 255
C. longispora, 114, 139, 450 Curtobacterium
Cryptosporella, 154 C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, 72
C. umbrina, 154, 646 C. flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettia, 72
C. viticola, 154, 548 C. flaccumfaciens ssp. flaccumfaciens, 470
Cryptosporiopsis Curvularia sp., 115, 197, 496, 566, 583, 619, 631, 673
(Glutinium), 161 C. crepini, 532
C. pruinosa, 161 C. cymbopogonis, 115, 569
Cryptosporium, 155 C. geniculata, 481, 484, 549
C. macrospermum, 860 C. inaequalis, 512, 550, 616, 662, 684
Index 757
C. lunata, 115, 543, 549, 622 C. macrosporium, 610

C. trifolii, 514, 665 C. parasiticum, 305, 493, 560, 616
disease, 115 C. pauciramosum, 304, 556, 599
Curvularia spp., 699 C. pteridis, 212, 305, 532–534
Cuscuta sp., 488, 492, 495, 496, 502, 509, 510, 521, 547, C. scoparium, 115, 156, 304, 467, 557, 560, 575,
550, 563, 565, 569, 581, 600, 612, 613, 621, 578, 626, 627, 634, 644, 646, 663, 669, 672,
635, 638, 650, 658, 662, 671, 672, 696 674, 683
C. americana, 179, 504 C. scorparium, 305
C. arvensis, 281, 502, 591, 604, 686 C. sesami, 655
C. californica, 149 Cylindrosporium sp., 115, 212, 482, 531, 557, 589, 591
C. campestris, 574 C. acori, 672
C. compacta, 451, 483, 501, 560, 567, 584, 622, 688, 693 C. angustifolium, 697
C. coryli, 179 C. ariaefolium, 561
C. cuspidata, 539 C. artemisiae, 650
C. epithymum, 179 C. betulae, 212, 475
C. exaltata, 179, 481, 560, 594, 643, 670 C. brevispina, 555
C. glomerata, 578 C. castaneae, 499
C. gronovii, 179, 483, 514, 534, 571, 588, 607, 642, C. ceanothi, 494
644, 695 C. celtidis, 553
C. indecora, 180, 489, 502, 513, 605, 646, 673, 688 C. cercosporioides, 683
C. paradoxa, 180, 646 C. chrysanthemi, 212, 502, 517
C. pentagona, 180 C. circinans, 477
C. planifera, 180 C. clematidinis, 212
C. subinclusa, 487 C. clematidis, 506
Cuscuta spp., 179, 465, 473, 525, 546, 603, 606, 623, C. crataegi, 550
679, 694 C. dearnessi, 563
Cuticle crack, 679 C. defoliatum, 115, 553
Cuticularia ilicis, 560 C. eminens, 538, 671
Cutospora canker, 156 C. eryngii, 529
Cyathus stercoreus, 187, 550 C. ficariae, 641
Cycad, sago-palm (Cycas), 515 C. filipendulae, 663
Cyclamen, 515 C. fraxini, 463
leaf, 120 C. gei, 542
Cyclaneusma C. geranii, 542
(Naemacyclus), 248 C. glyceriae, 550
C. niveum, 248 C. gnaphalicola, 545
Cycloconium, 212 C. griseum, 115, 659
C. oleaginum, 212, 605 C. guttatum, 667
Cycloheximide, 7 C. heraclei, 558
Cylindrobasidium corrugum, 303 C. hirtella, 603
Cylindrocarpon sp., 93, 156, 304, 478, 572 C. humuli, 653
C. cylindroides, 156 C. juglandis, 115, 690
C. destructans, 304 C. kelloggii, 603
C. didymium, 156, 456 C. lippiae, 603
C. liriodendri, 304 C. lupini, 583
C. obtusisporum, 93, 548 C. magnusianum, 666
C. radicicola, 450, 467, 474, 579, 600 C. microspilum, 603
Cylindrocephalum sp., 472 C. montenegrinum, 682
Cylindrocladium sp., 171, 236, 321, 472, 585, 643, 691 C. negundinis, 479
black rot, 156 C. nuttallii, 501, 608
blight, 115 C. officinale, 659
C. avesiculatum, 115, 212, 560, 578 C. orthosporum, 475
C. canadense, 664 C. parkinsoniae, 612
C. clavatum, 115, 212, 304, 460, 475, 479, 627 C. passaloroides, 567, 612
C. colhounii, 205, 479 C. pastinacae, 612
C. crotalariae, 304, 573, 616, 661, 683 C. phaceliae, 486
C. floridanum, 464, 578, 615, 644, 674, 683 C. populinum, 221
C. heptaseptatum, 304, 533 C. rhamni, 482
C. liriodendri, 683 C. ribis, 515
758 Index
Cylindrosporium sp. (cont.) Cytosporina

C. rubi, 476, 642 C. ludibunda, 527
C. salicinum, 212, 694 dieback, 160
C. scrophulariae, 535 Cytovirin, 17
C. smilacinae, 659 Cyttariaceae, 39
C. smilacis, 657
C. solitarium, 571
C. stachydis, 666 D
C. tenuisporium, 527 Dactylaria, 212
C. thalictri, 590 D. higginsii, 212, 602
C. tradescantiae, 681 Daedalea, 305
C. triostei, 564 D. ambigua, 562, 623, 691, 694
C. veratrinum, 686 D. confragosa, 305, 451, 458, 522, 527, 538, 555, 560,
C. vermiforme, 451, 555 563, 580, 652, 672, 684, 691, 694
C. violae, 688 D. elegans, 562
C. ziziae, 698 D. extensa, 683
Cylindrosporium spp., 557, 663 D. juniperina, 572
Cymbidium D. quercina, 305, 603, 691
mosaic, 607 unicolor, 305, 451, 454, 475, 482, 582, 683, 684
mosaic potexvirus, 404 Daedalea spp., 463, 473, 554, 559, 588, 629, 634
Cymoxanil, 7 Daedaleopsis confragosa, 305
Cynoglossum (hounds-tongue), 516 Dagger nematode, 268
Cyphella marginata, 614 Dahlia, 517
Cyphellopsis anomala, 171 leaf smut, 374
Cypress mosaic, 517
(Cupressus), 516 mosaic caulimovirus; stunt, 404
root rot, 327 oakleaf, 404
Cypress-vine (Quamoclit), 517 ring spot, 404
Cypripedium leaf spot, 204 Daisy oxeye (Leucanthemum vulgare), 517
Cyproconazole, 7 Daldinia, 305
Cyprodinil, 7 D. centrica, 305, 463, 505, 527, 563, 580, 585, 588,
Cyrilla (leatherwood), 517 603, 623
Cyst nematode, 259 D. identalis, 451
Cystospora pinicola, 594 D. vernicosa, 522, 560, 603, 652, 683
Cystotheca lanestris, 291 Daldinia spp., 473
Cytophoma pruinosa, 463 Dalibarda (Dewdrop), 517
Cytorhabdovirus, 51 Damping-off, 202, 233, 296, 321, 328, 331, 332
Cytospora sp., 156, 157, 212, 451, 463, 499, 522, 523, Dandelion (Taraxacum), 517
557, 597, 598, 619, 625, 646, 685, 690 Daphne, 518
C. abietis, 156, 535 leaf spot, 221
C. amorphae, 454 Dapple apple, 458
canker, 156 Dasheen mosaic, 488, 526
C. annularis, 463 Dasheen mosaic potyvirus, 404
C. cenisia, 516 Dasyscyphus, 157
C. chrysosperma, 156, 501, 526, 597, 603, 633 D. agassizi, 157
C. cylindroides, 535 D. calycina, 157
C. gleditschiae, 561 D. ellisiana, 157, 523, 626
C. kunzei, 156, 663 D. gaultheriae, 650
C. leucosperma, 157 D. pseudotsugae, 157, 523
C. leucostoma, 157, 497, 597 D. resinaria, 157, 536
C. ludibunda, 527 D. willkommii, 157, 546
C. massariana, 597 Datura, 518
C. microspora, 597 Davisomycella ampla, 247
C. nivea, 157 Daylily (Hemerocallis), 518
C. pinastri, 535, 626 Dazomet, 7, 13, 15
C. pruinosa, 156 DDT injury, 274
C. rubescens, 597 Dead-arm disease, 155
C. sambucicola, 526 Decline, 90, 256, 266, 315, 321, 322, 339, 458, 588, 629, 672
Cytospora spp., 157, 456, 459, 473, 588, 617 Decline disease, 320
Index 759
Decumaria, 518 D. phaseolorum var. batatatis, 660

Delayed maturity, 90 D. phaseolorum var. cauliflora, 596
Delphinella, 116 D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, 116, 158, 449, 453,
(Rehmiellopsis), 136 493, 557, 567, 570, 571, 643, 656, 660, 665
D. balsameae, 116, 136, 535 D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, 660
Delphinium D. phaseolorum var. sojae, 116
blackleg, 75 D. pruni, 158
black spot, 80 D. sojae, 616, 660
ring spot, 404, 519 D. stewartii, 510
Delphinium (Larkspur), 518 D. vaccinii, 116, 477, 512
DeMan’s meadow nematode, 265 (Phomopsis) D. vaccinii, 477
Dematiaceae, 44 D. vexans, 117
Dematium spp., 512 Diaporthe spp., 481
Dematophora Diatrypaceae, 39
D. necatrix, 535 Dibotryon
Dematophora sp., 547 D. morbosum, 91, 459, 497, 501, 630
Demorphotheca, 519 D. symphoricarpi, 696
Dendrophoma sp., 116, 477 Dichaena quercina, 603
D. obscurans, 116, 130, 668 Dichlofluanid, 7
Dendrothele acerina, 149 Dichloropropene, 15
Dermatea balsamea, 557 Dichomitus squalens, 328
Dermea Dichondra (lawn-leaf), 520
(Dermatea), 158 Dichotomophora, 117
D. acerina, 158 D. lutea, 117
D. balsamea, 158 Dichotomophthora, 158, 306
D. pseudotsugae, 158, 523 D. indica, 635
Desert bird of paradise (Caesalpinia), 519 D. portulacae, 158, 306, 635
Desert-candle (Eremurus), 519 Dichotomophthoropsis, 212
Desert-plume (Stanleya), 519 D. nymphaearum, 212, 691, 693
Desert-rose (Adenium obesum), 519 D. nymphaerum, 691
Desert-willow (Chilopsis), 519 Dicloran, 7
Desmella, 347 Didymaria, 212
D. aneimiae, 347 D. alismatis, 461
D. superficialis, 532 D. conferta, 696
yellow mottle, 553, 560 D. didyma, 213, 455, 641
yellow mottle tymovirus, 404 Didymascella
Desmodium (Keithia), 117
(arrowleaf), 519 D. chamaecyparissi, 696
mosaic, 560 D. thujina, 117, 460
mosic potyvirus, 404 D. tsugae, 117, 119, 557
Deutzia, 519 Didymella, 117
Devils-club (Oplopanax), 519 D. applanata, 117, 476, 520, 642
Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus), 519 D. bryoniae, 117, 692
Dewberry (Rubus), 520 D. ligulica, 105
Diachea leucopodia, 669 D. lycopersici, 204
Dianthovirus, 51 D. sepincoliformis, 158, 646
Dianthus (garden pinks), 520 Didymellina, 213
Diapleella coniothyrium, 123, 162 D. macrospora, 213, 477, 568
Diaporthe, 116, 158, 305 D. ornithogali, 213, 667
blight, 116 D. poecilospora, 213
D. arctii, 116, 518 Didymosphaeria, 118
D. batatis, 674 D. oregonensis, 451
D. citri, 305, 505, 554, 574 D. populina, 118
D. cubensis, 158, 529 Didymosporina aceris, 221, 587
D. eres, 158, 514, 560 Didymosporium arbuticola, 213, 585
D. helianthi, 158, 671 Dieback, 63, 67, 106, 131, 132, 149–152, 154, 156–158,
D. oncostoma, 158, 581 160, 161, 163–164, 167–168, 171, 172, 274,
D. pernisiosa, 457 313, 437, 466, 540, 691
D. phaseolorum, 116, 305, 471, 622, 660, 680 wilt, 544
760 Index
Dieffenbachia, 521 D. natalensis, 159, 306, 450, 489, 493, 497, 504,
leaf spot, 84, 87, 205 514, 525, 535, 554, 573, 591, 606, 615, 623,
Diervilla (bush honeysuckle), 521 637, 665
Difenoconazole, 7 D. opuntia, 306
Digitaria (large crabgrass), 521 D. opuntiae, 485
Dill D. persicae, 615
(Anethum), 521 D. phoenicum, 306, 609
root rot, 311 D. pinastri, 306
Dilophospora geranii, D. pinea, 494, 523, 626, 664, 685
214, 542 D. quercina, 159, 602
Dimanin A, 13 D. radicicola, 524
Dimerium D. rhododendri, 214
D. alpinum, 620 D. salicina, 694
D. juniperi, 97, 572 D. sarmentorum, 118
Dimerosporium, 96 D. sarothamni, 481
D. abietis, 96, 535 D. sophorae, 159, 660
D. ellissi, 565 D. sycina, 159, 534
D. hispidulum, 96, 597 D. theobromae, 306, 466, 674, 680
D. magnoliae, 585 D. tubericola, 306, 489
D. pulchrum, 96, 463, D. tumefaciens, 163
508, 522 D. viticola, 548
D. robiniae, 96, 450 D. zeae, 306, 510
D. tropicale, 96 rot, 325
Dimethirimol, 7 Diplodia spp., 526, 630, 646, 692
Dimethomorph, 7 Diplodina, 214, 307
Dimple, 635 D. delphinii, 518
Dimple skin, 635 D. persicae, 307
Diniconazole, 8 Diplosporonema delastrei, 221
Diodia, 521 Diplotheca sp., 486
vein chlorosis, 521 (Stevensea), 214
vein chlorosis closterovirus, 404 D. tunae, 97
Diplocarpon, 99, 197 D. wrightii, 214, 485
(Fabraea), 119 Discella, 159
D. earliana, 668 D. carbonacea, 159, 694
D. earlianum, 197 D. microsperma, 159
D. mespili, 119 D. ochroleuca, 221
D. rosae, 99, 645, color plate 10 Discocainia treleasi, 557
Diploceras hypericum, 650 Discochora philoprina, 227
Diplodia sp., 118, 158, 306, 461, 504, Discogloeum concentricum, 215
511, 526, 541, 552, 560, 587, 610, Discohainesia oenotherae, 226, 478, 512, 522,
612, 629, 672 539, 540
collar, 306 Discola fraxinea, 538
collar and root rot, 306 Discosia
corn ear rot, 306 D. artocreas, 558, 644, 672, 695
D. acerina, 233 D. bubaki, 528
D. ailanthi, 450 D. maculicola, 695
D. amorphae, 454, 567 Discosporium populeum, 159
D. asparagi, 464 Discostroma corticola, 161
D. bambusae, 468 Discula sp., 63, 118, 522
D. camphorae, 158, 489 D. campestris, 63, 587
D. circinans, 697 D. destructive, 63, 522
D. coluteae, 118, 477 D. fraxinea, 63, 463
D. crataegi, 639 D. quercina, 118, 602
D. gossypina, 118, 616, 626 Diseased inflorescence, 106
D. infuscans, 158, 463 Disinfectant, 1
D. juglandis, 159, 690 Dithianon, 8
D. laeliocattleyae, 607 Dittany, stonemint (Cunila), 521
D. longispora, 118, 499, 602 Ditylenchus, 256
D. mutila, 159, 545, 572 D. destructor, 257, 517, 635
Index 761
D. dipsaci, 257, 473, 495, 501, 508, 517, D. wolfii, 140

518, 532, 538, 543, 552, 565, 568, Dothiorella sp., 159, 160, 437, 561, 598, 629, 645,
580, 582, 584, 599, 606, 608, 612, 683, 694
620, 624, 638, 640, 641, 651, 653, canker, 159
661, 669, 673, 674, 676, 678, 682 D. berengeriana, 672
D. gallicus, 527 D. fraxinicola, 160, 463
(Sychnotylenchus) D. gallicus, 257 D. gregaria, 610, 690
D. iridis, 257 D. mori, 598
Dizygotheca, 521 D. nelumbonis, 582
Doassansia, 374 D. phomiformis, 603
D. deformans, 461 D. quercina, 160, 603
D. epilobii, 374, 528 D. smilacina, 657
D. furva, 461 D. ulmi, 160, 437, 527
D. intermedia, 461 rot, 299
D. obscura, 462 Dothistroma, 118
D. opaca, 462 D. pini, 118, 626
D. ranunculina, 641 D. septospora, 626
D. sagittariae, 462 Double spot, 214
Dodder Douglas-fir
(Cuscuta), 521 dwarf mistletoe, 240
latent mosaic, 404 needle rust, 352
Dodecatheon (shooting-star), 521 root rot, 330
Dodemorph acetate, 8 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga), 523
Dogbane (Apocynum), 521 Downy mildew, 181–186
Dogwood Downy spot, 222
dwarf, bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), 522 Draba (whitlow-grass), 524
flowering (Cornus florida), 522 Dracaena, 524
leaf spot, 204, 206, 233 leaf spot, 228
mosaic, 522 tip blight, 131
mosaic nepovirus, 405 Dragonhead (Dracocephalum), 524
pacific (Cornus nuttalli), 522 Drechslera
pagoda, gray, red osier, western osier D. cactivora, 524
(Cornus sp.), 523 D. catenaria, 217, 249, 251
spot anthracnose, 385 D. dictyoides, 217
Dolichodorus, 258 D. erythrospilum, 217
D. heterocephalus, 258, 471, 495, 621, 679 D. gigantean, 550, 594
D. obtusus, 619 D. giganteum, 217
(Neodolichlodorus) obtusus, 258 D. poae, 217
Dolichos (twinflower, hyacinth bean), 523 D. setariae, 486, 589
Dollar spot, 334 D. siccans, 217
Doronicum (leopards-bane), 523 D. stenacra, 218
Dorylaimus spp., 258 D. triseptata, 218
Dothichiza, 159, 214 D. tritici-repentis, 218
canker, 159 Drepanopeziza ribis, 67
D. caroliniana, 214, 478 Dropsy, 229
D. garryae, 540, 656 Drought, 274
D. populea, 159, 633 Dry bubble, 442
Dothideaceae, 38 Dry root rot, 311
Dothidea tetraspora, 481 Dry rot, 317, 319, 337, 369, 605
Dothidella Du nema, 15
D. alni, 451 Duranta, 524
D. castanopsidis, 501 Dusting, 19
D. parryi, 496 Dutch elm disease, 434
D. vacciniicola, 478 Dutchmans-breeches, squirrel-corn
Dothiora, 159 (Dicentra), 524
(Sphaerulina), 140 Dutchmans-pipe (Aristolochia), 524
D. polyspora, 159, 633, 694 Dwarf bunt, 375
D. ribesia, 167 Dwarf mistletoe, 241, 626
D. taxicola, 140 Dyschoriste, 524
762 Index
E E. parthenocissi, 386, 689

Early blight, 104, 109, 111, 112 E. phaseoli, 386
Early rot, 229 E. pini, 618
Ear rot, 312 E. piri, 386, 458, 639
Easter cactus (Rhipsalidopsis), 524 E. quercicola, 386
Eastern dwarf mistletoe, 241 E. quercus-falcatae, 387, 603
Eastern gall rust, 345 E. randii, 387, 559, 618
Eastern mistletoe, 240 E. rosarum, 387, 652
Echeveria, 524 E. solidaginis, 387, 546
Echidnodella E. tiliae, 387, 580
E. angustiformis, 96 E. veneta, 387, 477, 520, 642
E. rugispora, 96 Elytroderma, 376
Echinacea (purple coneflower), 524 E. deformans, 246, 626, 628
Echinochloa (barnyardgrass), 525 Emilia (tasselflower, floras-paintbrush), 527
Echinodontium, 307 Enamovirus, 51
E. tinctorium, 307, 523, 536, 575 Encelia, 527
Eclipta, 525 Encoelia
Ectostroma, 214, 683 (Cenangium), 151
E. afflatum, 503 E. pruinosa, 151
Edifenphos, 8 Encoeliopsis rhododendron, 214
Eggplant (Solanum melongena), 525 Endive escarole, witloof chicory (Cichorium), 527
anthracnose, 63, 64 Endoconidiophora virescens, 588
leaf spot, 207 Endocronartium, 347
mosaic, 525 E. harknessii, 347, 628
Elaeagnus (russian-olive, silverberry), 525 Endomyces mali, 457
Elaphomycetaceae, 40 Endophyllum, 347
Elder (Sambucus), 526 E. sempervivi, 347, 654
Elderberry, 526 E. tuberculatum, 348, 497, 561, 635
disease¼elderberry carlavirus, elderberry latent Endothia, 160
carmovirus, 405 canker, 118
Elephant hide, 635 E. gyrosa, 160, 473, 623
Elephants-ear (Colocasia), 526 E. parasitica, 499, 500, 603
Eleusine (goosegrass), 526 End spot, 274, 466
Elm Engelmannia (engelmann daisy), 528
(Ulmus), 526 Englerula carnea, 643
black spot, 216 English daisy (Bellis perennis), 528
leaf blister, 196 English ivy leaf spot, 228
leaf spot, 215, 233 English ivy scab, 387
mosaic, 405 Enterobacter cloacae, 72, 543, 605, 606
phloem necrosis, 89 Enterobacteriaceae, 72
yellows, 527 Entomosporium
zonate canker, 405 E. maculatum, 119, 567
Elsinoaceae, 38 leaf spot, 119
Elsinoë, 385 Entyloma, 374
E. ampelina, 385, 547, 549 E. arnicale, 461
E. cinnamomi, 385, 489 E. aster-seriaceanum, 465
E. corni, 385, 522 E. australe, 500, 552
E. diospyri, 385 E. calendulae, 374, 486
E. euonymi-japonici, 385 E. collinsiae, 508
E. fawcettii, 385, 505, 554, color plate 15 E. compositarum, 374, 465, 479, 529, 530, 545, 546,
E. ilicis, 386, 560 556, 643, 648, 656
E. jasminae, 386, 570 E. dactylidis, 374
E. ledi, 386, 576, 578, 650 E. dahliae, 374, 517
E. lepagei, 386, 652 E. ellisii, 374, 662
E. leucospila, 386, 489, 676 E. eryngii, 529
E. magnoliae, 386, 585 E. eschscholtziae, 487, 681
E. mangiferae, 386, 587 E. fuscum, 634
E. mattirolianium, 585 E. irregulare, 551
E. mattirolianum, 386, 670 E. linariae, 580
Index 763
E. lineatum, 374, 694 E. herbicola, 76, 524, 553

E. lobeliae, 581 E. nigrifluens, 690
E. menispermi, 596 E. nimipressuralis, 76, 526, 603, 694
E. microsporum, 641 E. quercina, 602
E. nymphaeae, 691, 692 E. rhapontica, 77
E. polysporum, 374, 539, 556, 671 E. rhapontici, 470, 499, 573, 613, 614
E. ranunculi, 455, 642 E. rubrifaciens, 690
E. serotinum, 574, 592 E. stewartii, 76, 77, 509
E. thalictri, 590 E. tracheiphila, 76, 514, 591, 665, 692
E. veronicae, 687 Eryngium (rattlesnake master), 529
E. winteri, 519 Erysiphe sp., 286, 288, 679
E. wyomingense, 519 E. aggregata, 442, 709
Entylomella armoraciae, 230 E. azaleae, 467
Ephelis sp., 619 E. berberidis, 599
Epichloe typhina, 550 E. cichoracearum, color plate 9
Epicoccum sp., 160, 198, 214, 307, 471, 477, 619, 661 E. convolvuli var. convolvuli, 475
E. asterinum, 214, 697 E. cruciferarum, 288, 485, 684
E. granulatum, 457 E. galeopsidis, 656, 666
E. neglectum, 610 E. graminis, 287, 288, 481, 551
E. nigrum, 160, 214, 307, 585, 591 E. heraclei, 228, 456, 495, 612
E. purpurascens, 453, 467, 543 E. knautiae, 653
Epifagus virginiana, 471 E. orontii, 228
Epigaea (mayflower, trailing arbutus), 528 E. panax, 228, 543
Epilobium (willow-herb, fireweed), 528 E. pisi, 591
Episcia, 528 E. polygoni, 228, 448, 454, 455, 465–467, 469,
Epoxiconazole, 8 471–473, 477, 483, 484, 486, 489, 492,
Eradicant, 1 493, 500, 506, 508, 515, 518, 528, 539,
Eranthemum, 529 540, 542, 544, 552, 556, 561, 562, 564,
Eremothecium coryli, 680 565, 567, 582, 583, 590, 594, 595, 599,
Erigeron (fleabane), 529 604, 609, 614, 620, 634, 637, 638, 641,
Erinose, 691 645, 648, 684
Eriophyllum, 529 E. polygoni var. sepulta, 640
Erostrotheca multiformis, 244, 673 E. sedi, 654
Ersiphe polygoni, 517 E. taurica, 228
Eruca sativa, 463 E. trina, 228, 581, 603
Erwinia sp., 591, 692 E. unbelliferarum, 612
E. amylovora, 72, 452, 453, 456, 459, 497, 498, 501, E. viburni, 575
555, 567, 582, 591, 617, 625, 630, 639, 640, Erysphie
642, 663, 668 E. galeopsidis, 594
E. aroideae, 481, 487, 500, 514, 526, 591, 621, 635, E. orontii, 594
652, 665, 678, 692 Erythricium salmonicolor, 113
E. carnegieana, 74, 485 Erythrina, 529
E. carotovora, 464, 470, 484–487, 492, 495, 502, Erythronium
516–518, 524–526, 528, 531, 543, 564, 565, (dogs-tooth violet, adders-tongue, trout-lily), 529
568, 577, 579, 605, 607, 612, 617, 635, 640, smut, 589
644, 651, 662, 668, 671, 673, 678, 682, 684 Erythroxylum, 529
E. carotovora pv., 573 Ethylene dibromide, 15
E. carotovora pv. atroseptica, 635 Etridiazole, 15
E. carotovora pv. carotovora, 621, 665 Euascomycetidae, 37
E. carotovora pv. chrysanthemi, 631 Eucalyptus (gum-tree), 529
E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica, 75 Eucharis (Amazon-lily), 530
E. carotovora ssp. carotovora, 74, 75, 597 Eugenia, 530
E. carotovora var. carotovora, 492 Euonymus
E. carotovorus, 514 (burning-bush, spindle-tree), 530
E. chrysanthemi, 79, 492, 502, 624, 678, color plate 6 mildew, 289
E. cypripedii, 76, 607 mosaic, 405, 530
E. cytolitica, 517 Eupatorium (boneset, blue mist-flower,
E. dieffenbachiae, 521 dogfennel, white snakeroot, Joe-Pye
E. dissolvens, 509 weed), 530
764 Index
Euphorbia F. dehnii, 637

E. trigona, 531 F. macula, 640
mosaic, 665 F. maculata, 451, 457, 511, 567, 582, 591, 597, 614,
mosaic begiminivirus, 405 625, 639
European F. maculate, 119
dagger nematode, 268 F. ranunculi, 641
larch canker, 157 F. rousseauana, 589
mistletoe, 240 F. thuemenii, 119, 555
nectria canker, 164 Fabrella tsugae, 119
poplar canker, 159 Fairy ring, 187
powdery mildew, 289 Fairy ring spot, 219
Euryops, 531 False root-knob nematode, 263
Eustoma (prairie Gentian, Texas bluebell), 531 False rust, 193
Eutypa sp., 243, 534, 535 False smut, 374
E. armeniacae, 459, 497, 501, 548 False solomons seal (Maianthemum racemosum), 659
E. armeniacae syn. E. lata, 160 Farkleberry tree-huckleberry (Vacciniumarboreum), 531
E. lata, 459, 497, 501, 548 Fasciation, 71, 72, 635, 658, 679
Eutypella Favolus alveolaris, 307, 559
E. parasitica, 588 Feather rot, 330
E. stellulata, 499 Feijoa (Pineapple guava), 531
E. vitis, 548 Felt fungus, 170, 463
Everlasting (Antennaria), 531 Fenaminosulf, 8
Evolvulus, 531 Fenarimol, 8
Exacum, 531 Fenbuconazole, 8
Exanthema, 274, 459, 504, 617, 630 Fendlera, 531
Excipulaceae, 44 Fennel (Foeniculum), 531
Exobasidiaceae, 42 Fenpiclonil, 8
Exobasidium, 191, 651, 693 Fenpropidin, 8
E. burtii, 191, 467, 644 Fenpropimorph, 8
E. camelliae, 191 Fenugreek (Trigonella), 532
E. camelliae var. gracilis, 488 Ferbam, 8
E. monosporum, 488 Fern
E. oxycocci, 191, 512 adders-tongue (ophioglossum), 532
E. parvifolii, 693 anthracnose, 59
E. rhododendri, 191 aquatic (Salvinia spp.), 532
E. symploci, 191, 672 birds-nest (Asplenium), 532
E. uvae-ursi, 191 bladder (Cystopteris), 532
E. vaccinii, 191, 455, 478, 493, 497, 512, 531, 565, boston (Nephrolepis), 532
576, 578, 587, 592, 597, 644, 651 bracken (Pteridium), 532
E. vaccinii-uliginosae, 644 brake (Pteris), 532
E. vaccinii-uliginosi, 192, 587, 597, 693 christmas (Polystichum), 532
Exophoma magnoliae, 585 cliff-brake (Pellaea), 533
Exosporina fawcetti, 504, 690 holly (Cyrtomium), 533
Exosporium sp., 214, 598 japanese climbing (Lygodium japonicum)also-old
E. concentricum, 215, 530, 638 world climbing(Lygodium microphyllum), 533
E. fawcettii, 499 lady, silvery spleenwort (Athyrium),
E. glomerulosum, 572 533
E. liquidambaris, 236, 672 leaf spot, 304, 321
E. palmivorum, 236, 609, 610 leatherleaf (Rumohra), 533
E. phoradendri, 594 maidenhair (Adiantum), 533
Exserohilum nematode, 253
E. rostratum, 218, 549, 609, 610 Osmunda (Osmunda; cinnamon, interrupted, and royal
E. turcicum, 314, 509 ferns), 533
Exudation, 624 polypody (Polypodium), 533
Eye spot, 217, 218 rock (Woodsia), 534
rock-brake (Cryptogramma), 533
F sensitive (Onoclea), 534
Fabavirus, 51 tree (Cibotium), 534
Fabraea walking (Camptosorus), 534
Index 765
wood, shield (Dryopteris), 534 Fomes, 307

woodwardia, chain (Woodwardia), 534 F. annosus, 307, 461, 496, 536, 572, 587, 597, 627,
Fescue 644, 655, 664
netblotch, 217, 218 F. applanatus, 307, 487, 588, 630
smut, 379 F. conchatus, 602, 691
Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium), 534 F. connatus, 307, 543, 588, 684
Field dodder, 180 F. earlei, 572
Fig F. everhartii, 307, 593, 691
(Ficus carica), 534 F. extensus, 550, 593
cyst nematode, 259 F. fasciatus, 585
florida strangler (Ficus aurea), 535 F. fomentarius, 307, 458, 498
mosaic, 405, 535 F. fraxinophilus, 307, 463, 482
pin nematode, 264 F. fulvus, 501, 630
rust, 342 F. geotropus, 468, 585
smut, 298 F. hartigii, 697
spine nematode, 256 F. igniarius, 308, 451, 458, 480, 482, 501, 522, 526,
Figwort 587, 588, 618, 634, 637, 652, 691
(Scrophularia), 535 F. juniperinus, 572
mosaic, 535 F. meliae, 600
mosaic caulimovirus, 405 F. officinalis, 308
Fijivirus, 52 F. pini, 308, 494, 496, 516, 567, 634, 664
Filaree red leaf, 535, 558 F. pinicola, 308, 451, 458, 496, 567, 583, 618, 664
Filbert, 535 F. rimosus, 308, 581
blight, 84, 87 F. roseus, 308, 460, 663, 697
Filipin, 8 F. scutellatus, 451, 696
Fir F. subroseus, 496, 572, 585, 664
(Abies), 535 F. texanus, 572
needle blight, 122 Fomes spp, 473, 475, 487, 499, 523, 527, 554, 555, 557,
Fire, 213 559, 562, 563, 575, 581, 603, 615, 623, 627,
Fire blight, 72, 112 629, 633, 672, 694
Fire cracker plant (Crossandra infundibuliformis), 536 Fomitopsis
Firethorn, 536 F. officinalis, 308
Fir-fern rust, 351, 361 F. pinicola, 308
Fir-huckleberry rust, 360 F. rosea, 308
Fir-willow rust, 352 Foot rot, 75, 93, 217, 298, 325, 326, 328
Fisheye fruit rot, 303 Forestiera (swamp-privet), 537
Fistulina hepatica, 603 Forget-me-not
Fittonia, 537 (Myosotis), 537
Flag smut, 376 downy mildew, 183
Flat limb, 618 Forsythia (goldenbells), 537
Flax flowering (Linum), 537 Fosetyl-aluminum, 9
Floral smut, 376 Fouquieria (ocotillo, candlewood), 537
Florida beggarweed (Desmonium tortuosum), 474 Four-o’clock (Mirabilis), 537
Florida pusley (Richardia scaba), 537 Foxglove
Flower (Digitalis), 538
blight, 129 anthracnose, 61
rot, 296 leaf spot, 230
smut, 375 Foxtail
spot, 193 mosaic, 481
Fluazinam, 8 mosaic potexvirus, 405
Fludioxonil, 8 Frammulina
Flusilazole, 9 (Collybia), 303
Flutolanil, 9 F. velutipes, 303
Fly speck, 189 Freesia, 538
Foam-flower (Tiarella), 537 Freeway daisy (Osteospermum), 538
Fobrella tsugae, 117 Freezing, 480
Foliar blight, 120, 136, 311 Fremontia (flannel bush), 538
Foliar nematode, 263 Frenching, 683
Folpet, 9 Fringe-tree (Chionanthus), 538
766 Index
Fritillaria, 538 F. equiseti, 309, 591, 665

Froelichia, 538 F. foetens, 437, 474
Frog-eye disease, 207 F. graminearum, 120, 474, 636, 661, 665, 694
Frog-eye leaf spot, 325 F. heterosporum, 364, 550, 551
Frommeella, 348 F. lateritium, 246, 480, 499, 596, 600, 660, 681
F. duchesneae, 348, 595 F. lateritium f. sp. cicerii, 499
Frost crack, 588 F. lateritium f. sp. pini, 626
Frost injury, 274 F. moniliforme, 309, 509, 535, 566, 607, 652
Frost scorch, 381 F. moniliforme var. intermedium, 626
Frostwort (Crocanthemum), 538 F. moniliforme var. subglutinans, 120, 160, 626
Fruit F. nivale, 381, 551
anthracnose, 62, 64 F. oxysporum, 160, 309, 437–440, 453, 458, 472, 480,
blotch, 79 485, 502, 517, 522–524, 536, 538, 544, 557,
and core rot, 323 564, 568, 604, 607, 616, 627, 637, 639, 650,
pit, 605 664, 665, 668, 670, 680, 813
rot, 63, 112, 117, 124, 153, 161, 166, 216, 226, 229, F. oxysporum f. sp. apii, 437, 495, 671
295, 299, 300, 302, 303, 306, 307, 309, 312, F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi, 437, 464
316, 319, 322, 324, 328, 331, 338 F. oxysporum f. sp. aurantiacum, 529, 689
rot of date, 300 F. oxysporum f. sp. barbati, 470, 675
russet, 189, 190 F. oxysporum f. sp. basilicum, 470
spot, 63, 64, 113, 114, 119, 145, 210, 211 F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas, 310, 570, 596, 674
storage rot, 339 F. oxysporum f. sp. betae, 437, 474
Fuchsia, 539 F. oxysporum f. sp. callistephi, 437, 465, 496, 502, 589
rust, 360 F. oxysporum f. sp. carthami, 649
Fuligo F. oxysporum f. sp. cassiae, 493
F. septica, 371, 528, 551, 669 F. oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae, 437, 607
F. violacea, 673 F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae, 310, 606
Fulvia fulva, 244 F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi, 310
Fumago, 384 F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, 438, 485, 641,
F. salicina, 561 653, 684
F. vagans, 384, 458, 535, 560, 562, 580, 615, 628 F. oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii, 509
Fumigants, 1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, 438, 469
Fungi, 1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, 438, 514
Fungicide, 1 F. oxysporum f. sp. cucurbitae, 514
Furcaspora, 120 F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, 438, 516
F. pinicola, 120, 535 F. oxysporum f. sp. delphinii, 518
Furovirus, 52 F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, 438, 491
Fusaria, 480 F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli, 438, 529
Fusarium sp., 120, 160, 192, 198, 246, 309, 312, 364, 437, F. oxysporum f. sp. exaii, 531
464, 466, 467, 477, 478, 482, 484, 489, 490, F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, 310, 569, 678, 682
494, 502, 503, 505, 510, 511, 514, 516, 518, F. oxysporum f. sp. hebae, 438, 556
521, 525, 531, 538, 541, 545, 546, 559, 565, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucum, 438, 577
573, 574, 577, 582, 583, 589, 594, 596, 599, F. oxysporum f. sp. lilii, 310, 579
612, 621, 624, 632, 633, 647, 651, 652, 654, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, 438, 680
658, 670, 675, 682, 686, 687, 698 F. oxysporum f. sp. mathioli, 668
brown rot, 310 F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis, 600
F. acuminatum, 309, 564, 666 F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, 439, 592
F. annuum, 437, 622 F. oxysporum f. sp. narcissi, 310, 600
F. avenaceum, 309, 485, 523, 531, 536, 557, 562, 627, F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, 439, 666, 692
664, 665, 668 F. oxysporum f. sp. perniciosum, 439, 593
F. bulbigenum, 453 F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi, 600
F. buxicola, 480 F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis, 680
F. carpineum, 559 F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, 311, 680
F. cerealis, 311, 491 F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani, 440, 641
F. circinatum, 536, 626 F. oxysporum f. sp. rhois, 671
F. conglutin, 474 F. oxysporum f. sp. sedi, 654
F. conglutinans (Orthoceras), 474 F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, 440, 663
F. culmorum, 309, 551, 566, 655 F. oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum, 440, 502, 511, 661
F. decemcellulare, 192, 587 F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, 472, 605, 673
Index 767
F. oxysporum var. redolens, 311, 627 Gallex, 13

F. poae, 311, 520 Gall rust, 351
F. proliferatum, 311, 464, 506, 565, 606, 665 Galtonia (summer-hyacinth), 539
F. roseum f. sp. sambucinum, 523 Ganoderma sp., 312, 477
F. roseum sp., 311, 513, 517, 549, 655 G. applanatum, 312, 448, 451, 458, 468, 473, 512, 530,
F. sambucinum, 562, 636 563, 598, 683, 684
F. sarcochroum, 581 G. applanatus, 638
F. scirpi, 481, 530, 543, 661, 692 G. curtisii, 312, 527, 559, 562, 615
F. semitectum, 311, 592 G. lucidum, 312, 329, 463, 480, 505, 554, 557, 562,
F. solani, 160, 311, 440, 450, 452, 458, 461, 472, 480, 588, 593, 643, 691, 694
481, 484, 486, 499, 502, 505, 516, 517, 520, G. oregonenses, 501
523, 526, 536, 538, 541, 557, 564, 603, 607, G. oregonensis, 524
616, 622, 627, 631, 633, 636, 653, 655, 661, G. polychromum, 487
663, 664, 673, 674, 683, 684, 690, 696 G. sequoiae, 654
F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, 311, 655 G. sulcatum, 576, 610
F. solani f. sp. glycines, 661 G. zonatum, 312
F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, 311, 471, 472 Ganoderma spp., 672
F. solani f. sp. pisi, 311, 499, 614, 673 Gardenia
F. solani f. sp. radicicola, 514 (cape-jasmine), 539
F. subglutinans, 120, 160, 500, 607, 622, 626 canker, 130
F. subgutinans, 311 Garlic (Allium sativum), 540
F. tabacinum, 120, 665 Garrya (tassel-tree, silk-tasselbush), 540
F. tricinctum f. sp. poae, 491, 502, 549 Gasteromycetous fungus, 500
head blight, 312 Gas toxicity, 275
patch, 381 Gaultheria (checkerberry, teaberry) (source of oil of
root rot, 311 wintergreen), 540
wilt, 310, 437, 438, 440 Gaura, 540
yellows, 437, 670 Gazania, 540
Fusarium spp., 456, 474, 478, 492, 505, 510, 514, 518, (treasure flower), 541
527, 538, 551, 588, 609, 615, 617, 622, 636, Geastrumia, 144
637, 646, 665, 669, 674, 699 G. polystigmatis, 144, 456, 476
Fusicladium, 215 Gelatirosporium piricola, 155
F. angelica, 455, 558, 674, 676 Genista (wood-waxen), 541
F. aplectri, 607 Gentian (Gentiana), 541
F. cerasi, 498 Geoglossaceae, 39
F. dendriticum, 364 Geotrichum
F. eriobotryae, 364, 582 G. candidum, 320, 600, 615, 674
F. levieri, 623 G. citriaurantii, 674
F. photinicola, 364 Geranium
F. pisicola, 215, 614 (cranesbill, herb-robert), 542
F. pyracanthae, 364, 639 (Pelargonium), 541
F. robiniae, 215, 581 chlorotic spot, 405
F. saliciperdum, 364, 472 crinkle, 405
F. staticis, 667 leaf spot, 86, 87, 206
Fusicoccum sp., 160, 463, 585, 597, 628 mosaic, 541
F. amygdali, 160, 614 (Pelargonium) mosaic, 406
F. elaeagni, 160, 525, 649 Gerbera (transvaal daisy), 542
F. putrefaciens, 477 Germander (Teucrium), 542
Geum (Avens), 542
Ghost ring, 653
G Giant hill, 635
Gaeumannomyces, 312 Gibbago, 215
G. graminis, 396 G. trianthemae, 215, 564
G. graminis var. graminis, 312, 551, 619, 650, Gibberella, 120, 160, 312
654, 699 G. acuminatum, 563
Gaillardia (blanket flower), 539 G. baccata, 120, 160, 450, 457, 504, 511, 534,
Galax, 539 545, 563
Galium (bedstraw), 539 G. baccata var. mori, 598
Gall, 171, 192, 193 G. persicaria, 615
768 Index
Gibberella (cont.) G. aletridis, 667

G. quinqueseptata, 557 G. aleuriticum, 683
G. saubinetti, 557 G. allantosporum, 63, 642
G. zeae, 312, 510, 551, 680 G. amygdalinum, 452
Gibberidea G. angelicae, 455
G. abundans, 638 G. apocryptum, 63
G. heliopsidis, 92, 465, 546, 556, 650, 671 G. aquifolli, 560
Gilbertella, 312 G. argemonis, 637
G. persicaria, 312, 615 G. aridum, 63, 463
Gilia (skyrocket), 542 G. berberidis, 469, 858
Gillenia (American ipecac, Indian physic), 543 G. betae, 473
Ginger G. betularum, 215
edible (Zingiber), 543 G. cactorum, 485
wild (Asarum), 543 G. callae, 487
Ginkgo (maidenhair-tree), 543 G. camphorae, 489
Ginseng (Panax), 543 G. carthami, 649
Girdle, 473 G. catalpae, 493
Girdling roots, 275 G. cattleyae, 607
Gladiolus, 543 G. confluens, 461
botrytis blight, 109 G. convallariae, 579
flower blight, 115 G. coryli, 555
mosaic, 406 G. crataegi, 555
scab, 78 G. diospyri, 623
smut, 376 G. fagi, 473
Glassy end, 635 G. ferrugineum, 644
Gleosporium sp., 555 G. foliicolum, 312, 505
Gliocephabotrichum G. frigidum, 530
G. bulbilium, 641 G. fructigenum, 525, 552, 613
G. simplex, 641 G. hemerocallidis, 662
Gliocladium sp., 636 G. heterophyllum, 462
(Isaria), 315 G. hydrophylli, 566
G. roseum, 315, 322 G. inconspicuum, 215, 527
G. vermoeseni, 322, 609 G. leguminum, 593
G. viride, 457 G. limetticolum, 63, 503
Globe-amaranth (Gomphrena), 544 G. liriodendri, 683
Globe-mallow (Sphaeralcea), 544 G. manihotis, 587
Globe-thistle (Echinops), 544 G. melongenae, 63, 525
Globodera G. mezerei, 215, 518
G. rostochiensis, 259, 525, 635 G. minus, 512
G. tabacum solanacearum, 601 G. musarum, 468
Gloecephalus hemerocalli, 518 G. nervisequum, 672
Gloeocercospora, 215 G. ochraceum, 489
G. inconspicua, 215 G. oleae, 673
G. sorghi, 215 G. olivarum, 605
Gloeocereocospora G. osmaroniae, 608
G. inconspicua, 478 G. osmundae, 533
Gloeodes, 144 G. paludosum, 461
G. pomigena, 144, 456, 476, 504, 511, 520, 540, 607, G. perennans, 453
617, 695 G. piperatum, 63, 621
Gloeophyllum sepiarium, 316, 575 G. polymorphum, 524
Gloeosporium sp., 63, 161, 215, 312, 449, 455, 466, 467, G. prunicola, 501
474, 475, 477, 481, 486, 500, 502, 510, 513, G. quercinum, 63, 602
514, 521, 524, 537, 542, 560, 572, 596, 600, G. ramosum, 593
605, 608, 620, 621, 624, 625, 631, 634, 635, G. revolutum, 581
639, 644, 647, 648, 657, 665, 667, 668, 675 G. rhododendri, 215
G. acerinum, 587 G. robergei, 563
G. aceris, 587 G. rumicis, 649
G. affine, 607 G. saccharinum, 587
G. ailanthi, 450 G. salicis, 694
Index 769
G. sanguinariae, 477 Gnomoniaceae, 39

G. sansevieriae, 652 Gnomoniella, 216
G. senecionis, 654 G. coryli, 216, 556
G. septorioides, 603 G. fmbriata, 216
G. syringae, 578 G. fraxini, 63
G. tabernaemontanae, 676 Goats-beard (Aruncus), 545
G. thalictri, 590 Godetia, 545
G. thuemenii, 486, 524 Godfrey’s meadow nematode, 264
G. thuemenii f. sp. tulipi, 63, 682 Godronia, 313
G. tineum, 526 G. cassandrae, 313, 477, 513
G. trillii, 681 G. cassandrae f. sp. vaccinii, 313, 477
G. tubiformis, 451 Going-out, 217, 218
G. ulmicola, 215, 527 Golden-chain (Laburnum), 545
G. veronicae, 687 Golden-club (Orontium), 545
G. yuccogenum, 697 Golden-eye (Viguiera), 545
Gloeosporium spp., 457, 513, 646, 694 Golden-glow (Rudbeckia lacinata), 545
Gloeotinia, 313 Golden-larch (Pseudolarix), 546
G. granigera, 313 Golden nematode, 259, 260
G. temulenta, 313, 551 Goldenrain-tree (Koelreuteria), 546
Gloesporium sp., 509 Goldenrod (Solidago), 546
G. betulae-luteae, 475 scab, 387
G. betularum, 475 Goldenseal (Hydrastis), 546
G. cactorum, 485 Goldentop (Lamarckia), 546
Glomerella sp., 63, 120, 161, 216, 312, 607 Goldthread (Coptis), 546
G. cincta, 486, 521, 524, 561, 589, 610 Golovinomyces
G. cingulata, 63–65, 120, 131, 161, 168, 216, 313, 457, G. cichoracearum, 287, 449, 450, 461–462, 465, 468,
462, 466, 476, 478, 488, 489, 496, 497, 503, 474, 479, 486, 489, 490, 496, 502–503, 509,
505, 506, 512, 515, 516, 520, 525, 534, 544, 510, 513–514, 516–518, 523, 525, 528–530,
549, 553, 554, 562, 569, 585, 587, 590, 599, 534, 539, 542, 545–547, 552, 554–556, 558,
610, 611, 615, 619, 621, 633, 639, 642, 561, 562, 566–569, 574, 576–578, 580, 581,
644–646, 648, 658–659, 673, 683 589–592, 594–595, 599, 601, 604, 612, 620,
G. cingulata var. vaccinii, 313, 512 624, 633, 634, 636–638, 640, 643, 648–651,
G. glycines, 65, 660 654, 656, 665, 667, 668, 671, 676–677, 682,
G. gossypii, 65 685–687, 692, 695, 696, 698
G. lindemuthianum, 65 G. cynoglossi, 537
G. nephrolepidis, 65, 532 G. orontii, 686
G. phomoides, 678 Gonatobotryum, 216
G. rubicola, 457, 642 G. apiculatum, 216
Glomerularia corni, 522 G. maculicola, 695
Glomus macrocarpum, 601 Gooseberry
Glory-bush (Tibouchina), 544 (Ribes), 547
Gloxinia (Sinningia), 544 scab, 388
Glutinium Gopher plant or caper spurge (Euphorbia), 546
G. macrosporum, 161 Gordonia (Franklinia and loblolly-bay), 547
G. microsporum, 617 Gouania, 547
Gnaphalium (cudweed), 545 Gourd (Lagenaria, Luffa, Trichosanthes), 547
Gnomonia, 65, 120, 216 Grading injuries, 275
G. caryae, 66, 559 Graft incompatibility, 276
G. caryae var. pecanae, 216, 619 Graft union necrosis, 458
G. comari, 216, 668 Grandinia (Hyphodontia), 315
G. fragariae, 216 G. granulosa, 315
G. fructicola, 668 Granville wilt, 79, 83
G. leptostyla, 66, 690 Grape (Vitis), 547
G. nerviseda, 216, 619 anthracnose, 385
G. platani, 629 downy mildew, 185
G. quercina, 602 fanleaf, 549
G. rubi, 120, 476 leaf roll, 549
G. tiliae, 580 leaf roll¼grapevine leafroll-associated
G. ulmea, 216, 527 closterovirus, 406
770 Index
Grape (Vitis) (cont.) Green ring mottle, 616

powdery mildew, 293 Green scurf, 205
yellow mosaic, 549 Gremmeniella abietina, 626
yellow mosaic F strain of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus Grevillea (silk-oak), 552
(Panachure), 406 Grindelia (gumweed), 552
yellow vein¼tomato ringspot nepovirus, 406 Griphosphaeria, 161
Grapefruit, 549 G. corticola, 161, 646
Grape-hyacinth (Muscari), 549 Ground-cherry
Grapevine husk-tomato (Physalis), 552
fanleaf nepovirus, 406 purple-flowered (Quincula), 553
fleck, 549 Ground-ivy (Gleoma), 553
fleck virus, 406 Groundnut (Apios), 553
rupestris vein feathering, 549 Ground-smoke (Gayophytum), 553
rupestris vein feathering marafivirus, 406 Grovesiella abieticola, 170
stem pitting associated, 549 Grovesinia pyramidalis, 690
stem pitting associated chlosterovirus, 406 Growth cracks, 636
Graphiola, 374 Guar (Cyamopsis), 553
G. congesta, 611 symptomless, 553
G. phoenicis, 374, 610, 611 symptomless potyvirus, 406
G. thaxteri, 611 Guava (Psidium), 553
Graphiolaceae, 42 scab, 388
Graphium, 216 Guayule (Parthenium), 553
G. hamamelidis, 695 Guignardia, 144, 217, 313
G. sessile, 483, 652 G. aesculi, 114, 563
G. sorbi, 216, 597 G. bidwellii, 313, 454, 548, 569, color plate 7
G. ulmi, 434 G. bidwellii f. sp. parthenocissi, 217, 622, 689
Graphium spp., 627 G. leucothoës, 578
Grapvine fanleaf, 552 G. lonicerae, 562
Grass G. rhodorae, 644
cyst nematode, 260 G. vaccinii, 313, 512
nematode, 253 Gummosis, 150, 276, 306, 326, 448, 458, 504, 614
sneath nematode, 259 Gummy stem blight, 124
Grasses, lawn, turf, 549 Gum spot, 630
Grass-of-parnassus (Parnassia), 552 Gymnoascaceae, 38
Gray Gymnoconia
bark, 117 G. interstitialis, 348
blight, 246 G. nitens, 352
bulb rot, 332 G. peckiana, 348, 476, 520, 642
leaf, 225 Gymnosporangium, 348
leaf blight, 122, 247 G. asiaticum, 350
leaf mold, 218 G. bermudianum, 348, 572
leaf spot, 235 G. bethelii, 348, 555, 572
mold, 109 G. biseptatum, 349, 454, 496
mold blight, 107 G. clavariiforme, 349, 454, 501, 572, 618, 640
mold fruit rot, 299 G. clavipes, 349, 454, 458, 501, 512, 555, 572, 591,
mold neck rot, 299 618, 625, 640
mold rot, 107, 299 G. confusum, 349
scab, 388 G. corniculans, 454, 572
spot, 228 G. cornutum, 349, 572, 597
Greasy G. cunninghamianum, 349
blotch, 146 G. cupressi, 454, 516
spot, 504 G. davisii, 349, 501, 572
Green dwarf, 636 G. effusum, 349, 572
Greeneria, 312 G. ellisii, 349, 470, 497, 672, 693
G. uvicola, 312, 317, 548 G. exiguum, 350, 555, 572
Green fruit rot, 335 G. exterum, 350, 543, 572
Green mold, 322 G. floriforme, 350, 555, 572
Green mold rot, cosmopolitan, 338 G. fraternum, 350, 497, 501
Green mottle, 458 G. fuseum, 618
Index 771
G. globosum, 350, 458, 512, 555, 572, 597, 618 Head blight, 120
G. gracile, 350, 454, 572, 640 Head browning, 202
G. harknessianum, 350, 454, 572 Head rot, 327, 333
G. hyalinum, 350, 555, 618 Head scab, 364
G. inconspicum, 572 Head smut, 375, 377
G. inconspicuum, 350, 454, 666 Heart rot, 197, 276, 303, 305, 307–309, 312, 316, 323, 612, 675
G. japonicum, 350, 572, 625 Heartwood rot, 307
G. juniperi-virginianae, 350, 458, 512, 572, Heath (Erica), 556
color plate 2 Heather (Calluna), 556
G. juvenescens, 454, 572 Heat injury, 276
G. kernianum, 351, 454, 572, 618 Hebe, 556
G. libocedri, 351, 454, 458, 512, 555, 567, 640 Hedge parsley (Torilis), 556
G. multiporum, 351, 572 Helenium (sneezeweed), 556
G. nelsoni, 454, 512, 555, 572, 597, 640, 666 Helichrysum, 556
G. nelsonii, 351 Helicobasidium, 314
G. nidusavis, 454, 572 H. brebissonii, 314
G. nidus-avis, 351 H. corticioides, 314
G. nootkatense, 351, 496, 512, 597, 618 H. purpureum, 454, 463, 474, 480, 483, 492, 494,
G. speciosum, 351, 531, 572, 595 500, 509, 520, 526, 527, 545, 554, 559, 568,
G. trachysorum, 351, 555, 572 586, 588, 598, 619, 636, 643, 648, 657–659,
G. tremelloides, 351, 572, 597 671, 674, 687, 689, 694
G. tubulatum, 555, 572 Helicoceras nymphaearum, 691
G. vauqueliniae, 351, 572 Helicotylenchus sp., 258, 478, 654
Gymnosporium exiguum, 502 H. dihystera, 258, 551
Gypsophila (babys-breath), 553 H. erythrinae, 258, 621, 661
H. multicinctus, 258, 626
H. nannus, 258, 464, 467, 480, 486, 488, 540, 551,
H 610, 616, 624, 648, 661, 679
Hackberry H. pseudorobustus, 258, 548
leaf mosaic, 554 Helicotylenchus spp., 646
sugarberry (Celtis), 553 Heliopsis, 556
Hadrotrichum, 120 Heliotrope (Heliotropium), 557
H. globiferum, 120, 583 Hellenium S. carlavirus, 406, 556
Hairy mistletoe, 240 Helminthosporium sp., 120, 189, 217, 314, 466, 468, 561,
Hairy root, 69 589, 601, 610, 611, 616, 631, 679, 682, 692
Halbaniella linnaeae, 580 (Bipolaris), 635
Halesia (silver-bell, snowdrop-tree), 554 (Spondylocladium), 369
Halo blight, 80 H. allii, 606
Hamelia (scarlet-bush), 554 H. apiculiferum, 611
Hand-operated sprayers, 21 H. beaumontii, 688
Hapalosphaeria deformans, 476, 520 H. cactivorum, 314, 485
Haplobasidium pavoninum, 508 H. catenarium, 120, 218, 645
Harbinger-of-spring (Erigenia), 554 H. cynodontis, 218, 550
Hardenbergia, 554 H. dictyoides, 218, 550
Hard end, 617 H. erythrospilum, 218, 550
Hardy orange (Poncirus), 554 H. gigantea, 121
Hares-tail (Lagurus), 554 H. giganteum, 218, 550, 619, 645
Harknessia rhoina, 670 H. hawaiiense, 643
Hawkbit, fall dandelion (Leontodon), 554 H. maydis, 121, 509
Hawksbeard (Crepis), 554 H. molle, 609
Hawkweed (Hieracium), 554 H. papulosum, 189, 457, 617
Hawthorn H. pedicellatrum, 510
(Crataegus), 555 H. portulacae, 635
leaf blight, 119 H. rostratum, 218, 481, 550
rust, 350 H. sacchari, 576
Hazel dodder, 179 H. sarracenia, 629
Hazelnut H. sativum, 218, 550, 675
filbert (Corylus), 555 H. sesami, 314, 655
leaf blister, 195 H. setariae, 218
772 Index
Helminthosporium sp. (cont.) Heracleum (cow-parsnip), 558

H. siccans, 218, 550 Hercules-club
H. solani, 369 (Aralia spinosa), 558
H. sorokiniana, 218 (Zanthoxylum clavaherculis), 558
H. stenacrum, 218, 550 Hericium, 315
H. stenophilum, 550 H. erinaceous, 588, 603
H. tetramera, 699 H. erinaceus, 315, 623, 672, 684
H. triseptatum, 218, 550 H. obietis, 336
H. tritici-repentis, 218 Hericium spp., 473
H. turcicum, 121, 314, 509 Heronsbill (Erodium), 558
H. vagans, 218, 550 Herpobasidium
H. vignae, 660 H. deformans, 562
Helotiaceae, 40 H. filicinum, 534
Helvellaceae, 40 Herpotrichia, 121
Hemicriconemoides, 258 H. juniperi, 121, 594
H. biformis, 258, 603 H. nigra, 523, 535, 557, 567, 572, 597, 625, 663, 697
H. chitwoodi, 258 Hesperis (dames-rocket), 558
H. floridensis, 258 Heterobasidion annosum, 308
H. gaddi, 258, 488 Heterodera
H. wessoni, 258, 693 and Globodera, 259
Hemicycliophora sp., 258, 588, 642 H. avenae, 259, 614
H. arenaria, 258 H. cacti, 259, 485
H. brevis, 258, 487 H. carotae, 259, 492
H. obtusa, 258, 473 H. cruciferae, 259, 484
H. oracilis, 544 H. fici, 259, 535
H. parvana, 258, 495, 524 H. glycines, 259, 471, 660, 679
H. similis, 259, 478, 512 H. gottingiana, 259, 614, 660
Hemicycliophora spp., 646 H. humuli, 259, 471, 514, 614
Hemlock (Tsuga), 557 H. iri, 259, 550
blight, 117 H. mothi, 259, 602
dwarf mistletoe, 241 H. punctata, 259, 548
needle, 117 H. rostochiensis, 259, 525, 635, 679
needle blight, 117, 119, 136 H. schachtii, 259, 473, 599, 600, 651
rust, 360 H. tabacum, 259, 525, 571, 621, 679
Hemlock-poplar rust, 352 H. trifolii, 260, 473, 491, 660, 662
Hemp H. zeae, 259, 509
(Cannabis), 557 Heterosporium sp., 121, 461, 521, 544, 579, 584, 650,
Broomrape, 147 681, 689, 690
Hempsesbania (Sesbania), 557 H. abroniae, 651
Henbane mosaic, 406 H. allii, 219, 606
Henbit (Laminum), 557 H. asperatum, 659
Hendersonia, 198, 218 H. echinulatum, 219, 491, 520
H. concentrica, 218, 644 H. escholtziae, 219
H. crataegicola, 218, 555 H. eschscholtziae, 487
H. culmiseda, 611 H. gracile, 219, 501
H. cydoniae, 617 H. gracilis, 518
H. davisii, 559 H. hybridum, 506
H. foliorum var. viburni, 688 H. iridis, 538, 611
H. magnoliae, 585 H. magnoliae, 585
H. opuntiae, 198, 485 H. syringae, 121, 578
H. rubi, 452 H. trillii, 681
H. subalbicans, 488 H. tropaeoli, 600
H. tenella, 652 variabile, 219, 484, 662
H. tini, 575 Heuchera (alum-root, coral-bells), 558
Hendersonula, 162, 440 Hexaconazole, 9
H. pinicola, 626 Hibbertia (guinea-gold-vine), 558
H. toruloidea, 162, 440, 504, 585, 690 Hibiscus
H. toruloides, 535 (arborescent forms) (rose-of-sharon, confederate-rose,
Hepatica, 557 Chinese Hibiscus, kenaf), 558
Index 773
chlorotic ringspot, 559 Hordeivirus, 52

chlorotic ringspot carmovirus, 407 Hormodendron cladosporiodes, 457
latent fort pierce, 559 Hormotheca rubicola, 236
latent fort pierce tobamovirus, 407 Hornbeam (Carpinus), 563
Hickory Horse-chestnut, buckeye (Aesculus), 563
(Carya), 559 Horse-chestnut leaf blotch, 144
anthracnose, 65 Horse-chestnut powdery mildew, 293
Higginisia, 121 Horse-gentian (Triosteum), 564
H. hiemalis, 121, 210 Horse purslane (Trianthema), 564
H. kerriae, 121, 210 Horse-radish (Armoracia), 564
Hippeastrum, 560 Horse-radish leaf spot, 83, 206
mosaic, 453 Horseweed (Conyza), 564
mosaic potyvirus, 407 Hosta (plantain-lily), 564
Hoarhound (Marrubium), 560 virus X, 564
Hoary-tick clover (Desmodium), 560 Houstonia (bluets), 564
Hollow heart, 276, 636 Hoya, 565
Hollow stem, 495 Huckleberry
Holly (Gaylussacia), 565
(Ilex) (Ilex opaca, American; I. equifolium, evergreen (Vaccinium), 965
English; I. cornuta, Chinese; I. crenata, Huisache, sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana),
Japanese), 560 565
blight, 132 Hyacinth (Hyacinthus), 565
leaf spot, 227, 228 botrytis blight, 109
Osmanthus (Osmanthus ilicifolius), 561 mosaic, 565
West Indian (Leea coccinea), 561 mosaic potyvirus, 407
Hollyhock yellows, 85, 87
(Althaea), 561 Hyalodendron sp., 603
anthracnose, 62 Hyalopsora, 351
mosaic, 407, 561 H. aspidiotus, 351, 534, 536
rust, 359 H. cheilanthis, 352, 533
Holodiscus H. polypodii, 352, 532, 534
(ocean spray, rock spirea), 561 Hybrigeminivirus, 52
witches’ broom, 407, 561 Hydnaceae, 42
Holo pocket, 329, 330 Hydnum
Homalomena, 561 H. abietis, 536
Honesty (Lunaria), 561 H. balsameum, 536
Honey locust (Gleditsia), 561 H. coralloides, 524
Honey plant, bitterbush (Picramnia), 562 H. septentrionale, 336
Honeysuckle (Lonicera), 562 Hydrangea, 565
Hop latent, 566
(Humulus), 562 latent carlavirus, 407
American latent, 562 leaf spot, 228
American latent carlavirus, hop latent carlavirus, phyllody phytoplasma, 407
hop mosaic carlavirus, 407 ring spot, 566
cyst nematode, 260 ring spot potexvirus, 407
hornbeam, ironwood (Ostrya), 562 virescence, 565
latent, 562 Hydrated lime and copper sulfate, 9
mildew, 292 Hydraulic sprayers, 19
mosaic, 562 Hydrilla, 566
stunt viroid, 600, 616 Hydrophyllum (waterleaf), 566
Hoplolaimus sp., 260, 584, 646 leaf spot, 232
H. bradys, 524 Hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 9, 14
H. coronatus, 260, 491, 504, 550, 601, 603, 626, Hymatotrichum omnivorum, 458
673, 679 Hymenochaete, 162
H. galeatus, 260 canker, 161
H. magnistylus, 260, 559 H. agglutinans, 162, 451, 456, 475, 526,
H. uniformis, 260, 522, 560, 585 555, 557, 578, 587, 594, 598, 652,
Hopperburn, 276, 636 672, 688
Hop-tree (Ptelea), 563 H. tabacina, 655
774 Index
Hymenopappus, 566 Illosporium, 219

Hyphodontia aspera, 664 I. maculicola, 588
Hypholoma, 315 I. malifoliorum, 219, 457, 511
H. perplexum, 515 Imazalil, 9
H. sublateritium, 315 Impatiens
Hypoderma, 121, 246 (garden balsam, sultan), 566
H. desmazierii, 246, 626 latent, 566
H. hedgecockii, 246, 626 latent potexvirus, 408
H. lethale, 122, 626 necrotic spot, 474, 477, 516, 527, 531, 545,
H. lethali, 246 564, 566, 606, 616, 622, 637, 638, 642,
H. pedatum, 626 653, 658
H. pini, 626 necrotic spot phytoplasma, 602
H. robustum, 246, 247, 536 necrotic spot tospovirus, 408
H. saccatum, 626 serotype, 450, 596, 624
Hypodermella sp., 122, 246, 626 Incense-cedar (Libocedrus(¼Calocedrus decurrens)),
concolor, 247, 626 567
H. abietis-concoloris, 122, 246, 536 Incense cedar mistletoe, 240
H. ampla, 246, 626 India-hawthorn (Raphiolepis), 567
H. arcuata, 626 Indian cucumber-root (Medeola), 567
H. cerina, 626 Indian grass (Sorghastrum), 567
H. lacrimformis, 626 Indigo (Indigofera), 567
H. laricis, 122, 247, 575 Indigo-bush, lead-plant (Amorpha), 567
H. limitata, 626 Inflorescence smut, 375
H. medusa, 626 Inkberry (Ilex glabra), 567
H. mirabilis, 536 Ink spot, 124, 125, 208, 544
H. montana, 626 Inonotus, 315
H. montivaga, 626 I. circinatus, 330
H. nervata, 247, 536 I. dryadeus, 329
H. punctata, 536 I. hispidus, 329
Hypomyces I. tomentosus, 315, 329, 664
H. cancri, 557 Insecticide, 1
H. ipomoeae, 122, 666 Internal
Hyponectria, 122 bark necrosis, 457, 615
H. buxi, 122, 480 breakdown, 674
Hypospila californica, 451 browning, 459, 692
Hypoxylon, 162 browning or cork, 276
canker, 162 brown spot, 636, 674
H. atropunctatum, 603 Intumescence, 614, 674
H. diatrypeoides, 593 Inula (elecampane), 567
H. mammatum, 162 Iononutus circinatus, 627
H. mediterraneum, 603 Ipomovirus, 52
H. morsei, 588 Iprodione, 9
H. pruinatum, 633 Irene
H. punctulatum, 603 I. araliae, 96, 585
H. tinctor, 629 I. calostroma, 96, 693
Hypoxylon spp., 456, 652 I. perseae, 96, 466
Hypsizygus ulmarius, 328 Irenina
Hypsoperine, 260 I. manca, 96, 602, 693
H. graminis, 260, 550, 699 I. sanguinea, 520
Hyssop (Hyssopus), 566 Irenopsis
Hysteriaceae, 38 I. cryptocarpa, 97
I. martiniana, 97, 643
Iresine (blood-leaf), 568
I Iris
Ice plant (Carpobrotus), 566 (bulbous) (English, Spanish, Dutch), 568
Idaeovirus, 52 (rhizomatous) (German, Siberian,
Idriella, 315 Native Species), 568
I. lunata, 315, 669 basal rot, 310
Ilarvirus, 52 fulva mosaic, 568
Index 775
fulva mosaic potyvirus and Iris severe mosaic Jetbead (Rhodotypos), 571
potyvirus, 407 Jipijapa (Carludovia palmata), 571
mosaic, 468, 513, 538, 568, 569, 661, Jobs-tears (Coix lachryma-jobi), 571
670, 682, 693 Johnsongrass (Sorgum), 571
mosaic¼Iris mild mosaic potyvirus, 407 mosaic, 571
rust, 357 mosaic potyvirus, 408
severe mosaic, 568 Jointweed (Polygonello articulata), 571
yellow bunyaviridae, 661 Jojoba (Simmondsia), 571
yellow spot tospovirus, 408 Jonathan spot, 457
Irish leaf spot, 212, 213 Jujube (Zizyphus), 571
Iron deficiency, 276 Junghuhnia luteoalba, 330
Ironweed (Vernonia), 568 Juniper
Irpex, 315 blight, 130
I. lacteus, 315 gall rust, 349
I. tulipiferae, 457 mistletoe, 240
Isaria red-cedar (Juniperus), 572
clonostachoides, 315, 680
rot, 315
Isariopsis, 219 K
I. griseola, 219, 471, 673 Kabatia, 219
I. laxa, 471 K. lonicerae, 219, 562
Island chlorosis, 554 K. periclymeni, 220
Issatchenkia scutulata, 600, 615 Kabatiella sp., 512
Isthmiella K. microsticta, 568, 579
I. abietis, 245 K. phorodendri f. sp. umbellulariae, 487
I. faulii, 245 K. zeae, 509, 510
Italian dandelion (Cichorium intybus), 569 Kabatina, 162
Itchgrass (Rottobellia), 569 K. juniperi, 162
Itersonilia sp., 122 Kageneckia, 573
I. perplexans, 122, 465, 502, 521, Kalanchoe, 573
612, 671 latent, 573
Ivesia, 569 top-spotting, 573
Ivy top-spotting badnavirus, 408
boston (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), 569 Kalmia leaf spot, 228
English (Hedera helix), 569 Kansas lettuce disease, 79
Ixia, 569 Kaskaskia gleditsiae, 906
mosaic, 408 Kellermania
Ixora, 569 K. anomala, 123
K. sisyrinchii, 123, 478
Kellermannia anomala, 697
J Kentucky coffee-tree (Gymnocladus), 573
Jacaranda, 569 Kernel spot, 319, 619
Jack-bean, sword bean (Canavalia), 570 Kerria, 573
Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema), 570 leaf, 121
Jacobinia, 570 leaf spot, 210
Jacquemontia (small flower morning glory), 570 Kidney vetch, ladys-fingers (Anthyllis), 573
Jacquinia, 570 Kiwi (Actinidia), 573
Jamesia (cliffbrush), 570 Kloeckera apiculata, 600, 615
Jasmine (Jasminum), 570 Kluyveromyces, 315
scab, 386 K. marxianus var. marxianus, 315, 606
Jatropha, 570 Kniphofia (Tritoma, torch-lily, poker-plant), 573
Java black rot, 306 Knobbiness, 636
Javanese root-knob nematode, 263 Knotroot bristlegrass (Setaria geniculata), 573
Jerusalem-cherry Kochia (summer-cypress), 573
(Solanum pseudocapsicum) (Also Solanum Kohleria, 574
capsicastrum, false Jerusalem-cherry; Kresoxim-methyl, 9
S. dulcamara bittersweet; S. integrifolium, Kriegeria sp., 572
scarlet eggplant; S. nigrum, black Krigia (dwarf dandelion), 574
nightshade), 571 Kudzu (Pueraria), 574
776 Index
Kuehneola, 352 Layia (tidy-tips), 576

K. malvicola, 352, 559, 586, 648 Leadtree (Leucaena), 576
K. uredinis, 352, 476, 520, 642 Leaf, 110
Kuhnia (false-boneset), 574 blight, 63, 64, 77, 83, 105, 112, 113, 119, 120,
Kumquat (Fortunella), 574 122–125, 127–130, 132, 133, 137, 139, 140,
Kunkelia, 552 156, 221, 230, 234, 314
K. nitens, 476, 520, 552, 642 blister, 195, 196
Kutilakesa, 192 blotch, 59, 143–145, 206, 207, 217, 223, 232, 233,
K. pironii, 192, 506, 513 277, 547, 560
and cane rust, 355
cast, 122, 169
L crinkle, 660
Labrella, 123 and crown necrosis, 319
L. aspidistrae, 123, 465 curl, 196
Laburnum mosaic, 408 curl and wilt, 206, 208
Labyrinthula sp., 549 drop, 327, 624
Lachnellula, 162 fleck, 221
L. agassizi, 157 and flower spot, 87
L. pseudotsuga, 157 gall, 191, 193
L. resinaria, 157 hair discoloration, 224
L. subtilissima, 157 mold, 218–219, 243–244
L. willkommii, 157, 162, 575 mottle, 473
Laestadia (Plagiostoma), 229 and petal or greasy spot, 217, 218
L. asarifolia, 229 and pod spot, 62, 64, 217, 218
L. brunnea, 588 rust, 359, 360
L. prenanthis, 637 rust of rose, 354
Laetiporus sulphureus, 329, 330 scald, 83, 563
Laetisaria fuciformis, 304 scorch, 197–199, 277, 280, 447, 457, 473, 544, 547,
Lambertella sp., 498 588, 646, 691
L. pruni, 459, 630 smut, 373, 374, 376
Lamium (perennial groundcover), 574 spot, 59, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72, 76–80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88,
Lantana, 574 104, 105, 114–116, 123, 124, 131, 135, 163,
Lappula (Hackelia), 574 198, 201–231, 233–236, 363, 374, 591
Larch spot/blotch, 216
(Larix), 575 spot/greasy spot, 341
needle, 122, 247 and stalk blight, 110
needle rust, 352 and stalk rot, 306
willow rust, 353 stem
Large brown patch rot, 320 and bub blight, 135
Larkspur, 518 and fruit spot, 67
Lasiobotrys, 220 and stem blight, 141
L. affinis, 562 and stem smut, 376
L. lonicerae, 220, 562 and stem spot, 203, 207
L. symphoricarpi, 658 streak, 83
Lasiodiplodia, 315 and twig blight, 118
(Botryodiplodia), 298 yellows, 571
L. theobromae, 118, 150, 159, 298, 306, 315, 477, 616 yellow strip, mosaic, dwarfism, 540
Lasmenia sp., 641 yellow strip virus, 540
Late Leafroll disease, 549, 679
blight, 132 Leak, 331
of potato, 133 Leatherwood (Dirca), 576
of tomato, 134 Lebbek (Albizzia lebbek), 576
leaf rust, 360 Lecanosticta sp., 626
Laurel, 575 Ledum (labrador-tea), 932
sweet bay (Laurus), 575 spot anthracnose, 386
Laurestinus (Viburnum tinus), 575 Leek, 932
Lavatera (Treemallow), 575 Lembosia
Lavender (Lavandula), 575 (Morenoella), 96
Lawns, 576 L. acicola, 625
Index 777
L. andromedae, 584 Leptothyrella

L. cactorum, 96, 485 L. acerinum, 588
L. camphorae, 489 L. californicum, 603
L. coccolobae, 96, 507 L. liquidambaris, 220, 672
L. illiciicola, 96, 456 L. pomi, 540, 639
L. lucens, 540, 656 Leptothyrium, 220
L. oleae, 519 L. californicum, 220
L. philodendri, 507 L. doelligeriae, 465
L. portoricense, 507 L. dryinum, 220
L. rolfsii, 686 L. lychnidis, 584
L. rugispora, 96, 643 L. periclymeni, 220, 262
L. tenella, 507 L. pomi, 476, 520, 548, 617, 623, 642, 695
Lembosina L. pseudotsugae, 523
(Morenoella), 222 Lesion nematodes, 265
L. quercina, 222 Lespedeza, 576
Le moine disease, 620 Lethal disease decline, 668
Lemon, 576 Lethal yellowing, 90, 609, 610
Lemon grass, Citronella grass (Cymbopogon), 576 Lettuce
Lenticel enlargement, 636 (Lactuca), 577
Lentil (Lens), 576 anthracnose, 66
Lentinus, 316 big vein, 577
L. lepideus, 316, 627 big vein varicosavirus, 408
L. tigrinus, 316, 463, 603, 623 chlorosis, 473
Lentinus spp., 684 drop, 335
Lenzites, 316 infectious yellows, 474, 492, 577, 592,
L. betulina, 316, 473, 487, 522, 580 666, 692
L. betulinum, 527 infectious yellows closterovirus, 408
L. saepiaria, 316, 451, 461, 496, 516, 523, 567, 572, mosaic, 472, 489, 495, 499, 538, 540, 577, 651,
575, 585, 615, 627, 630, 634, 655 663, 666, 685
L. trabea, 451 mosaic potyvirus, 408
Lenzites spp., 468, 588 serotype, 596
Leopard spot disease, 388 speckles mottle, 474, 577, 663
Lepiota morgani, 187, 550 speckles mottle umbravirus, 408
Leprosis, 504 Leucojum (snowflake), 577
Leptographium Leucospermum, 577
(Verticicladiella), 339 Leucostoma, 162
L. abietinum, 339 L. cincta, 162, 172, 456
L. penicillata, 339 L. kunzei, 172
L. procera, 339 L. persoonii, 172
L. procerum, 627 Leucothoë, 578
L. terebrantis, 627 leaf spot, 225
L. wagenerii, 339 Leveillula, 228
Leptospermum, 576 L. taurica, 445, 477, 487, 506, 514, 519,
Leptosphaeria sp., 92, 94, 123, 162, 316, 521, 594 553, 556, 559, 593, 606, 621,
L. berberidis, 585 634, 636
L. coniothyrium, 162, 456, 476, 520, 547, 642, 646, 669 Lewisia (bitterroot), 578
(Melanomma) L. conithyrium, 123 Liatris (gayfeather), 578
L. heliopsidis, 92 Lightning injury, 277
L. korrae, 123, 316, 549, 550 Ligustrum, 576
L. maculans, 94, 484, 490 Lilac (Syringa), 578
L. obtusipora, 697 blight, 80
L. physalidis, 552 leaf blight, 121
L. thomasiana, 123, 520 mildew, 228
L. tini, 575, 688 mottle, 578
Leptosphaerulin arachidicola, 616 mottle carlavirus, 408
Leptostromataceae, 43 ring spot, 578
Leptostromella, 220 shoot blight, 140
L. bignoniae, 475 witches’ broom, 578
L. elastica, 220, 648 witches’ broom phytoplasma, 408
778 Index
Lily (Lilium), 579 Locust (Robinia), 581

botrytis blight, 108 witches’ broom, 409, 582
color adding, 409 Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, 241
color removing, 409 Loganberry, 582
fleck, 409, 579 dwarf, 394, 409, 520
latent mosaic, 409, 579 Lolium
mottle, 579 latent, 552
mottle potyvirus, 409 latent potexvirus, 409
ring spot, 579 Lomatium (biscuit-root), 582
ring spot¼cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, 409 London plane canker, 160
rosette, 409, 579 Longidorus sp., 627, 661
symptomless, 579 L. elongatus, 261
symptomless carlavirus, 409 L. maximus, 261
X, 579 and Paralongidorus, 260
Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria), 579 Lonicera infectious variegation, 410
Lima bean Loose bud, 513
mild mottle, 472 Loose kernel smut, 375
pod blight, 116 Loosestrife
scab, 386 fringed (Steironema), 582
Limacinula anomala, 95 moneywort (Lysimachia), 582
Limb blight, 113 Lophiostomataceae, 39
Limber neck, 937 Lophodermella sp., 123
Lime L. cerina, 626
anthracnose, 61, 63, 64 L. concolor, 247
sulfur, 9 Lophodermina
Lime-induced chlorosis, 277 L. prunicola, 501
Limonomyces roseipellis, 549 L. septata, 664
Linaria (blue toadflax; butter and eggs), 579 Lophodermium sp., 220, 247, 516, 575
Linden L. autumnale, 536
anthracnose, 59 L. consciatum, 536
basswood (Tilia), 580 L. decorum, 536
leaf blight, 112 L. dracaenae, 524
spot anthracnose, 387 L. durilabrum, 247, 626
Linnaea (twin-flower), 580 L. filiforme, 247, 664
Linospora, 123, 220 L. heteromeles, 625
L. brunellae, 638 L. juniperinum, 247, 567, 572
L. gleditschiae, 220 L. lacerum, 536
L. gleditsiae, 562 L. laricinum, 575
L. psederae, 454 L. laricis, 575
L. tetraspora, 123, 633 L. nitens, 248, 626
Linzites betulina, 603 L. piceae, 248, 536, 664
Lions-ear (Leonotis), 580 L. pinastri, 248, 626
Lippia (fog-fruit, lemon-verbena), 580 L. ponderosae, 626
spot anthracnose, 387 L. schweinitzii, 220, 644
Lipstick vine (Aeschynanthus), 580 L. seditiosum, 248, 626
Lirula, 247 L. thujae, 461
L. abietis-concoloris, 122, 247 L. uncinatum, 536
L. macrospora, 247 Lophophacidium hyperboreum, 663
L. nervata, 247 Loquat (Eriobotrya), 364, 365, 582
Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora), 581 Lotus (Nelumbo), 582
Lithocarpus (tanbark oak), 581 Louisiana broomrape, 147
Lithophragma (woodland-star), 581 Louisiana lettuce disease, 82
Lithospermum (gromwell, puccoon), 581 Lucuma (canistel, egg-fruit), 583
Litsea (pond-spice), 581 Ludwigia (false loosestrife), 583
Little leaf, 278, 452, 459, 466, 498, 535, 548, 582, 587, Lunariae, 561
610, 615, 617, 630, 691 Lupine (Lupinus), 583
Little peach, 630 Luteovirus, 52
Littleseed alfalfa dodder, 180 Lychee, 583
Lobelia (cardinal-flower, blue Lobelia), 581 Lychnis (campion), 584
Index 779
Lycium (desert-thorn, christmasberry), 584 dwarf mosaic potyvirus, 410

Lycoris, 584 rayado fino, 510
Lyonia (maleberry, fetterbush, staggerbush), 584 rayado fino marafivirus, 410
Lysiloma, 584 stripe, 510
Lythrum (winged, purple loosestrife), 584 stripe tenuivirus, 410
stunt¼maize chlorotic dwarfwaikavirus, 410
white line mosaic, 410
M Malachra, 586
Maackia, 584 Malacothrix, 586
Macadamia, 584 Malampsora abieti-capraearum, 608
Machlomovirus, 52 Mallotus, 586
Macluravirus, 52 Mallow
Macrophoma sp., 163, 316, 490, 548, 550, 569, 587, 719 garden malva, 586
M. candollei, 163, 221, 480 vein clearing, 586
M. cupressi, 163, 516 vein clearing potyvirus, 410
M. cylindrospora, 642 Malvastrum (false-mallow, bush-mallow), 586
M. diospyri, 623 Malvaviscus, 586
M. fici, 534 Mamianiella
M. halstedii, 578 M. coryli, 216
M. pandani, 611 M. fimbriata, 246
M. parca, 535 Mancozeb, 10
M. phacediella, 560 Maneb, 10
M. philodendri, 596 Manfreda (spice-lily, wildtuberose), 586
M. phoradendron, 163 Manganese deficiency, 278
M. rubi, 642 Mango
M. sphaeropsispora, 546 (Mangifera), 587
M. straminella, 645 scab, 386
M. taxi, 697 Mangrove (Rhizophora), 587
M. trichosanthis, 547 Manihot (cassava, manioc), 587
M. tumefaciens, 163 Manzanita (Arctostaphylos), 587
M. vincae, 688 Maple
Macrophoma spp., 694 anthracnose, 63, 64
Macrophomina, 123, 317 brown leaf blister, 196
M. phaseoli, 448, 464, 470, 473, 484, 485, 490, 502, canker, 171
505, 507, 510, 514, 517, 525, 529, 548, 557, inflorescence blight, 113
574, 579, 583, 586, 588, 589, 592, 604, 606, leaf blister, 195
613, 622, 624, 627, 636, 649, 654, 655, 658, leaf spot, 78, 79, 228, 233
660, 671, 674, 680, 686, 694, 698 wilt, 440
M. phaseolina, 125, 316, 453, 546, 596, 659, 661, 664, Maple (Acer), 587
665, 669, 671, 678 Marafivirus, 52
Macrosporium baccatum, 563 Marah, 589
Madrone, Arbutus menziesii, 584 Maranta (calathea), 589
Magnaporthe, 317 Marasmiellus pigmentatus, 320
M. poae, 317, 551 Marasmius oreades, 187, 550
Magnesium deficiency, 278 Marasmius spp., 471
Magnolia, 585 Maravalia
leaf spot, 228 (Scopella), 360
scab, 386 M. sapotae, 360
Mahogany Marginal blight, 79
(Swietenia), 585 Marginal browning, 278, 636
browning, 636 Marginal leaf blight, 617
Mahonia (oregon-grape), 585 Marginal scorch, 630
Maianthemum, 586 Marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens), 589
Mainsia rubi, 520 Marigold
Maize (Tagetes), 585
chlorotic dwarf virus, 619 leaf spot, 234
chlorotic mottle, 510 Mariposa-lily, globe-tulip (Calochortus), 589
chlorotic mottle machlovirus, 410 Marshelder (Iva xanthifolia), 589
dwarf mosaic, 510, 552 Marsh-marigold (Caltha), 589
780 Index
Marssonina sp., 221, 461, 476, 573 M. euphorbiae, 664

M. adunca, 542 M. farlowii, 352, 557
M. apicalis, 694 M. hypericorum, 352, 650
M. baptisiae, 469 M. larici-populina, 352, 575, 627, 634
M. brunnea, 634 M. medusae, 342, 352, 575, 634
M. californica, 690 M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae, 352, 524, 575
M. callae, 487 M. medusae f. sp. deltoidea, 627
M. coronaria, 511 M. occidentalis, 352, 634
M. daphnes, 216, 221, 518 M. paradoxa, 353, 575, 695
M. delastrei, 221, 510, 656 M. populnea, 634
M. fraserae, 508 M. ribesii-purpureae, 353, 515, 695
M. fraxini, 221 Melampsoraceae, 41
M. grossulariae, 547 Melampsorella, 353
M. juglandis, 221, 559 M. caryophyllacearum, 353, 536
M. kriegeriana, 694 M. cerastii, 536, 664
M. lonicerae, 562, 602 Melampsoridium
M. martini, 603 M. betulinum, 353, 475, 575
M. melonis, 692 M. carpini, 563
M. neilliae, 602 Melamsoridium
M. ochroleuca, 221, 499 M. alni, 451
M. panattoniana, 528, 577 Melanconiaceae, 44
M. populi, 221 Melanconidiaceae, 44
M. potentillae, 637 Melanconis, 163
M. rhabdospora, 221 M. alni, 451
M. rhamni, 482 M. juglandis, 163, 690
M. ribicola, 515 M. stilbostoma, 475
M. rosae, 221, 645 Melanconium, 221, 317
M. thomasiana, 530 M. fuligineum, 317, 548
M. tremulae, 221 M. pandani, 221, 611
M. truncatula, 221, 588 Melanorhiza, 466
M. violae, 688 Melanose, 305
M. wyethiae, 696 Melanospora sp., 477
Marssonina spp., 634, 694 M. destruens, 512
Massaria, 163 M. erostrotheca, 244
M. platani, 163, 629 M. fallax, 453
Mastigosporium rubricosum, 221, 550 M. multiformis, 244
Matelea, 590 Melasmia
Matricaria (false chamomile), 590 M. falcata, 222
Matrimony-vine (Lycium halimifolium), 590 M. galli, 539
Maurandya, 590 M. menziesiae, 222
Mauritius-hemp (Furcraea), 590 M. menziesii, 467, 592
May-apple (Podophyllum), 590 M. rhododendri, 644
Meadow-beauty (Rhexia), 590 Melilotus, 591
Meadow-rue (Thalictrum), 590 Meliodogyne sp., 500
Meadow sweet (Filipendula), 591 Meliola sp., 142, 499, 587, 650
Measles, 144, 457 M. amphitricha, 97, 519, 585, 643
Medeolaria farlowii, 567 M. bidentata, 97, 475, 651
Medicago (black medic), 591 M. camelliae, 97, 488
Medlar (Mespilus), 591 M. cookeana, 97, 488, 574
Megalonectria pseudotrichia, 534 M. cryptocarpa, 97, 547
Melaleuca, 591 M. furcata, 475
Melampodium divaricatum, 591 M. jatrophae, 570
Melampsora, 352 M. lippiae, 97, 580
M. abieti-capraearum, 536, 608, 695 M. magnoliae, 97, 585
M. abietis-canadensis, 352, 557 M. manca, 693
M. albertensis, 524, 634 M. martiana, 97
M. arctica, 352, 653, 695 M. mitchellae, 613
M. bietis-canadensis, 634 M. nidulans, 97, 477, 522
M. epitea, 695 M. palmicola, 97
Index 781
M. tenuis, 97, 468 muskmelon, cantaloupe, cassabra (Cucumis

M. wrightii, 97 melo), 591
Meliola spp., 611 necrotic spot, 591
Meloderma desmazierii, 246 necrotic spot carmovirus, 410
Melogrammataceae, 39 root rot, 331
Meloidodera, 399 Melothria, 592
M. floridensis, 261, 679 Melting-out, 217–218
M. javanica, 679 Mentzelia (blazing star), 592
Meloidodera sp., 523 Menziesia, 592
Meloidoderita sp., 261 Mercury toxicity, 278, 646
Meloidogyne sp., 78, 261, 448, 449, 451–453, 459, 461, Meria, 163
463–466, 468, 470, 475, 479, 481, 483, 485, M. laricis, 163, 575
487, 489, 490, 493, 496–501, 503, 506–510, Merismodes ochracea, 171
513, 515–517, 520, 521, 523, 524, 526–530, Merlinius joctus, 266, 478
532, 537, 538, 542–545, 547, 551–554, Mertensia (bluebells, virginia cowslip), 592
557–559, 562, 564–566, 568–570, 573, 575, Merulius hexa-gonoides, 655
578–580, 582, 583, 585, 587–590, 592, 593, Mesembryanthemum (fig-marigold), 593
595, 596, 599–601, 603, 605, 609–611, 613, Mesocriconema, 256
617, 620, 623, 624, 627–629, 631, 633, 635, (Criconemella), 687
639, 640, 645–652, 655, 660, 663, 666–668, M. xenoplax, 256
670–672, 674–678, 681–684, 686–688, 693, Mesquite prosopis, 593
694, 696–698 Metalaxyl, 10
M. arenaria, 262, 448, 449, 471, 473, 480, 484, 491, Metalaxyl M, 10
492, 540, 560, 591, 615, 616, 621, 635, 640, Metam-sodium, 10, 15
682, 692 Metiram, 10
M. arenaria var. thamesi, 262, 593, 637, 679 Micosphaerella maculiformis var. hippocastani, 563
M. ayaguensis, 455 Microbotryum silybum, 677
M. chitwoodi, 262, 473, 510, 635, 679 Microcera coccophila, 619
M. floridensis, 679 Microdochium, 66
M. graminicola, 262, 506, 602 (Fusarium), 381
M. hapla, 262, 469, 471, 473, 480, 509, 518, M. nivale, 381
521, 525, 529, 530, 537, 539, 540, 543, M. panattonianum, 66
560, 577, 589, 591, 593, 594, 596, 616, Micropeltaceae, 38
620, 621, 635, 646, 650, 655, 661, 663, Micropeltis, 123, 222
665, 669, 679 M. alabamensis, 222, 585
M. incognita, 263, 448, 467, 471, 480, 482, 485, 488, M. viburni, 123
492, 495, 497, 498, 514, 518, 525, 540, 551, Microsphaera sp., 288, 528, 574, 583, 656
560, 568, 570, 573, 593, 596, 601, 604, 606, M. alni, 451, 463, 467, 469, 473, 475, 476, 480, 482,
615, 619–621, 631, 637, 648, 653, 654, 659, 483, 493, 494, 499, 501, 521, 522, 526, 527,
673, 679, 692 530, 537, 540, 556, 559, 560, 562, 563, 576,
M. incognita-acrita, 470, 480, 491, 537, 673 578, 580, 588, 596, 597, 603, 619, 673, 682,
M. javanica, 263, 471, 473, 480, 484, 486, 492, 498, 688, 691, 695
500, 514, 525, 540, 558, 560, 579, 593, 615, M. alni var. cinnamomi, 489
616, 627, 640, 649, 652, 654, 661 M. alni var. vaccinii, 455, 478, 494, 512, 528, 565,
M. mayaguensis, 455 584, 592, 598, 693
M. naasi, 550 M. berberidis, 599
M. ovalis, 263, 588 M. diffusa, 289, 470, 471, 509, 582, 590, 658, 661, 696
M. partityla, 619 M. euphorbiae, 289, 471, 523, 647, 659, 664
Meloidogyne spp., 457, 462–464, 468, 474, 482, 486, 491, M. grossulariae, 289, 515, 526, 547
499, 502, 503, 507, 518, 519, 523, 527, 535, M. penicillata, 288, 289, 578
538, 541, 544, 546, 548, 552, 559, 561, 565, M. pulchra, 289, 522
570, 571, 574, 579–582, 598, 608–610, 612, M. russellii, 608
614, 619, 620, 623, 624, 630, 638, 645, Microsphaeropsis concentrica, 211
648–650, 655, 656, 658, 662–663, 666, 673, Microspora (Erysiphe) Palczewskii, 618
684, 686–690, 695 Microstroma sp., 222, 473
Melon M. brachysporum, 690
anthracnose, 61 M. juglandis, 222, 559, 619, 690
leaf curl, 592 M. tonellianum, 498
leaf curl bigeminivirus, 410 Microthyriaceae, 38
782 Index
Microthyriella, 189, 222 M. fructicola, 124, 317, 452, 454, 457, 459, 497,
M. cuticulosa, 222, 560 498, 501, 548, 600, 615, 618, 630, 639, 640,
M. rubi, 189, 457, 607 642, color plate 16
Mignonette (Reseda), 593 M. gregaria, 453
Mikania (climbing hempweed), 593 M. johnsonii, 124, 555
Mild cattleya color-break, 607 M. laxa, 124, 318, 452, 457, 459, 497, 498, 600,
Mild mosaic, 636 615, 618, 630, 639, 640
Milesia M. ledi, 693
M. darker, 533 M. oxycocci, 318, 512
M. dilatata, 534 M. padi, 501
M. fructuosa, 534, 536 M. rhododendri, 124, 497
M. glycyrrhiza, 533 M. urnula, 318
M. laeviuscula, 533 M. vaccinii-corymbosi, 478
M. marginalis, 534, 536 Monilochaetes, 318, 369
M. polypodophila, 533, 536 M. infuscans, 318, 369, 570, 596, 674
M. polystichi, 532 Monkshood
M. vogesiaca, 533 aconite (Aconitum), 595
Milesina, 353 vine (Ampelopsis aconitifolia), 595
M. laeviuscula, 354 Monochaetia, 163, 222
M. marginalis, 354 M. compta, 646
M. pycnograndis, 354 M. crataegi, 555
Milk thistle (Silybum), 593 M. desmazierii, 499, 527, 559, 563, 588, 603, 688, 695
Milkwort (Polygala), 593 M. kansensis, 499
Mimosa M. mali, 163, 456
silk-tree (Albizzia julibrissin), 593 M. monochaeta, 222
striped chlorosis, 593 M. pinicola, 626
striped chlorosis badnavirus, 410 M. rosenwaldia, 459
wilt, 439 M. unicornis, 516
Mimulus (monkey-flower), 593 Monogeminivirus, 52
Mint Monographella, 66
anthracnose, 387 M. nivales, 381
Mint (Mentha), 594 M. opuntiae, 66
crinkle, 594 Monosporascus, 319
crinkle closterovirus, 410 M. cannonballus, 319, 592, 692
Mirabilis Monstera, 596
mosaic, 538 Montia (Indian lettuce), 596
mosaic caulimovirus, 410 Moonflower (Calonyction), 596
Miscanthus, 123 Moonseed (Menispermum), 596
Mistletoe (Phoradendron), 594 Morea, 596
Mistletoe, dwarf (Arceuthobium spp.), 594 Morenoella
Mist sprayers, 19 M. angustiformis, 97
Miyagia pseudosphaeria, 660 M. cliftoniae, 482
MLO, 463, 578, 623, 642, 688 M. dothideoides, 584
Mock-cucumber (Echinocystis), 594 M. ilicis, 560, 567
Mock-orange (Philadelphus), 595 M. quercina, 222, 602
Mock-strawberry (Duchesnea), 595 Morinda
Mollisiaceae, 40 royoc, indian-mulberry, 596
Molybdenum toxicity, 278 scab, 388
Mombin scab, 388 Morning-glory (Ipomoea), 596
Monarda (horse-mint, bee-balm), 595 Mosaic, 448, 450, 453–455, 458, 479, 485, 490, 499, 508,
Monardella, 595 511, 513, 523, 525, 528, 529, 538, 546, 547,
Moneses (wood-nymph), 595 552, 553, 556, 559, 562, 573, 595, 596, 601,
Moniliaceae, 44 604, 611, 613, 624, 629, 648, 652, 655, 658,
Monilia sitophila, 592 659, 662, 668, 670
Monilinia, 317 clover yellow vein potyvirus, 639
(Sclerotinia), 124 Moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora), 596
M. amelanchieris, 454 Motherwort (Leonurus), 597
M. azaleae, 124, 467 Mottle, 636
M. demissa, 501 leaf, 278, 459, 466, 504
Index 783
Mountain-ash (Sorbus), 597 M. caroliniana, 223, 608

Mountain-heather (Phyllodoce), 597 M. caryigena, 223, 619
Mountain-holly (Nemopanthus), 597 M. cerasella, 223, 501
Mountain-laurel (Kalmia), 597 M. cercidicola, 223, 643
leaf blight, 131 M. chimaphilae, 639
leaf spot, 223, 228 M. chimaphilina, 628
Mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus), 598 M. citri, 223, 504
Mountain-mint (Pycnanthemum), 598 M. citrullina, 124, 514, 547, 591, 665, 692
Mountain-sorrel (Oxyria), 598 M. clintoniana, 644
Mucilago spongiosa, 371, 551, 669 M. clymenia, 562
Mucoraceae, 36 M. colorata, 223, 597
Mucor sp., 319, 592 M. confusa, 476, 520, 642
M. mucedo, 319, 680 M. coptis, 546
M. piriformis, 319, 457, 498 M. cruenta, 223, 470, 471, 660, 686
M. racemosus, 319, 674 M. cypripedii, 607
Mucor spp., 505 M. dearnessii, 140
Mulberry M. dendroides, 145, 559, 619
(Morus), 598 M. diospyri, 145, 623
leaf spot, 223 M. effigurata, 223, 463
Mule’s Ear disease, 616 M. erysiphina, 562
Mullein (Verbascum), 598 M. fijiensis, 124, 468
Mummy berry, 318 M. fragariae, 223, 669
Mushroom M. fraxinicola, 223, 463
oyster (Pleurotus), 599 M. gardeniae, 539
root rot, 297, 301, 302 M. gaultheriae, 540, 650, 695
Muskmelon M. juglandis, 223, 690
fusarium wilt, 439 M. krigiae, 574
mosaic, 592 M. lageniformis, 504
mosaic¼squash mosaic comovirus, 411 M. laricina, 248, 575
mustard greens (Brassica juncea), 599 M. leucothoës, 578
vein necrosis, 592 M. liriodendri, 223, 683
vein necrosis carlavirus, 411 M. louisianae, 223, 669
Musk-root (Adoxa), 599 M. lythracearum, 145, 633
Mustard mosaic, 411 M. macrospora, 213
Mycelial neck rot, 299 M. melonis, 124, 514
Myclobutanil, 10 M. molleriana, 530
Mycocentrospora, 224, 300, 317 M. mori, 223, 598
M. acerina, 300, 317, 492 M. myricae, 470
M. verrucosa, 224 M. nigromaculans, 224, 512
Mycoleptodiscus, 319 M. nyssaecola, 684
M. terrestris, 319, 660, 681, 691 M. nyssicola, 224
Mycoplasmataceae, 88 M. opuntiae, 485
Mycosphaerella sp., 124, 145, 190, 222, 248, 454, 461, M. pachystimae, 608
468, 501, 526, 533, 535, 545, 555, 568, 582, M. persicae, 615
603, 613, 638, 695 M. personata, 224, 548
blight, 105 M. physostegiae, 625
M. aleuritidis, 683 M. pinodes, 124, 583, 613, 673
M. angulata, 222 M. pomi, 190, 457, 639, 640
M. arachidicola, 616 M. pontederiae, 691
M. arachidis, 222 M. populicola, 224, 634
M. arachnoidea, 598 M. populorum, 224, 634
M. arbuticola, 585 M. prenanthis, 229
M. arbutifolia, 501 M. primulae, 645
M. aurea, 515 M. psilospora, 224
M. berkeleyi, 222, 616 M. pueraricola, 574
M. bolleana, 222, 535, 648 M. punctiformis, 670
M. brassicicola, 222, 484, 684 M. pyri, 224
M. caricae, 612 M. rabiei, 124
M. carigena, 559 M. ribis, 224, 515, 547
784 Index
Mycosphaerella sp. (cont.) Naevia oxycocci, 512

M. rosicola, 224, 646 Nailhead spot, 203
M. rosigena, 646 Nanavirus, 52
M. rubi, 224, 476, 520, 642 Nandina, 599
M. sapindii, 659 leaf spot, 207
M. sarraceniae, 487, 629 mosaic, 599
M. sentina, 457, 617 mosaic potexvirus, 411
M. sequoiae, 124, 654 stem pitting, 599
M. serrulata, 611 Napicladium prosopodium, 593
M. smilacicola, 657 Narcissus (daffodil, jonquil), 599
M. solani, 571 basal rot, 310
M. staphylina, 666 chocolate spot, 411, 600
M. stigmina-platani, 629 fire, 137, 138
M. taxi, 697 flower streak, 411, 600
M. tecomae, 682 leaf scorch, 198
M. thalictri, 590 mosaic, 600
M. tulipiferae, 683 mosaic potexvirus, 411
M. tussilaginis, 508 smoulder, 334, 335
M. ulmi, 527 white mold, 230
Mycosyrinx, 375 white streak, 411
M. cissi, 503 yellow stripe, 600
M. osmundae, 375, 533 yellow stripe potyvirus, 411
Mycovellosiella concors, 207 Nasturtium
Myocentrospora sp., 530 (Tropaeolum), 600
Myriangiaceae, 38 mosaic potyvirus, 411
Myrianginella sabaleos, 611 Near wilt, 439
Myriangium tuberculans, 619 Neck rot, 78
Myrioconium comitatum, 694 Necrotic spot, 616
Myriogenospora, 124 Necrovirus, 52
M. atramentosa, 124 Nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectarina), 600
M. paspali, 576 Nectriaceae, 38
Myrobalan Nectria sp., 164, 497, 562, 585, 598, 652, 672, 683
asteroid spot, 630 (Hypomyces), 122
mottle, 630 beech bark canker, 164
Myrothecium sp., 224, 319, 474, 680 canker, 141, 165, 169
M. roridum, 224, 319, 462, 500, 519, 521, 528, 537, N. balsameae, 536
539, 544, 561, 565, 566, 580, 601, 611, 621, N. bulbicola, 607
658, 660, 662, 668, 679, 682, 692 N. cinnabarina, 164, 450, 453, 454, 457, 459, 460,
Myrovellosiella concors, 143 463, 475, 477, 479, 481, 487, 511, 515,
Myrtle (Myrtus), 599 526–527, 534, 546, 547, 558, 561–563, 571,
Mystrosporium, 124 573, 581, 588, 593, 594, 597, 598, 613, 614,
M. adustum, 125, 568 617, 625, 633, 646, 660, 670, 695
Myxosporium, 125 N. coccinea, 450, 451, 463, 475, 481, 487, 499, 526,
M. corticola, 456, 617 527, 560, 588
M. diedickei, 125, 598 N. coccinea var. faginata, 164, 473
M. everhartii, 125 N. desmazierii, 164
M. nitidum, 125, 522 N. ditissima, 164, 448, 515
Myxosporium spp., 683 N. fuckeliana, 164, 536
N. galligena, 164, 451, 456, 473, 475, 522, 559, 563,
588, 603, 617, 633, 639, 670, 684, 690
N N. haematococca, 531, 621, 622
Naccobus, 263 N. ipomoeae, 122
N. aberrans, 263 N. magnoliae, 165, 585
N. batatiformis, 263, 539, 577, 668 Nectria spp., 580, 626, 690
N. dorsalis, 263 Nectrioidaceae, 43
Nacobbodera, 263 Needle
N. chitwoodi, 263, 536, 664 blight, 118, 124, 129, 131, 132, 136, 140, 248
Nacobbus batatiformis, 473, 484, 485, 492 blister rust, 343
Naemacyclus niveus, 248 cast, 120, 123, 245–249
Index 785
cast and blight, 248 Northern root-knob nematode, 262

cast or blight, 247 Northwestern apple anthracnose, 66
and cone rust, 352 Nostoc commune, 515
curl, 627 Nothanguina, 263
rust, 342, 354 N. phyllobia, 602
spot, 248 N. (Orrina) phyllobia, 263
Nematanthus, 601 Nothophacidium abietinellum, 129
Nematicide, 1 Nothoscordum (false garlic), 602
Nematodes, 251 mosaic, 453, 602
Nematospora, 319 mosaic potyvirus, 411
N. coryli, 319, 505, 555, 622, 633, 661, 680 Nucleorhabdovirus, 52
N. phaseoli, 319, 471 Nuda loose smut, 379
Nematostoma, 224 Nummularia, 165
N. artemisiae, 462 N. discreeta, 166
N. occidentalis, 224 N. discreta, 454, 456, 511, 597, 617
Nemesia, 601 Nursery blight, 130, 387
ring necrosis tymovirus, 686, 687 Nut rot, 299
Nemophila (baby blue-eyes), 601 Nutsedge (Cyperus rotunders), 602
Neocosmospora vasinfecta, 661 Nymphoides (floating-heart), 602
Neofabraea, 165 Nyssopsora, 354
N. malicorticis, 456, 511, 617, 639 N. clavellosa, 354, 460
N. perennans, 165, 456, 617, 639
Neolentinus lepideus, 316, 575
Neopeckia, 125 O
N. coulteri, 125, 625, 663, 697 O3, 589
Neottiospora, 225 Oak
N. yuccifolia, 225, 697 (Quercus), 602
Neovossia, 375 anthracnose, 59, 60, 63
N. iowensis, 375 bark patch, 149
Nephthytis, 601 leaf blister, 195
Nepovirus, 52 leaf spot, 224
Nerine (guernsey-lily), 601 powdery mildew, 287, 288
Nettle (Urtica, Urera), 601 ringspot, 604
Neurospora, 319 ringspot virus, 411
N. sitophila, 319, 618 sheathoid nematode, 258
New York apple tree canker, 325 wilt, 433, 434
New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax), 601 Oat, 604
New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia), 601 blue dwarf marafivirus, 412
Nicotiana (flowering tobacco), 601 cyst nematode, 259
N. tobacum, 601 golden stripe furovirus, 412
Nicrosphaeria alni, 638 mosaic bymovirus, 412
Night-blooming cereus (Hylocereus), 602 Ocotillo, coach-whip, candlewood (Fouquieria), 604
Nightshade Odontoglossum
hairy and climbing (Solanum sarachoides, ring spot, 607
S. dulcamara), 602 tobamovirus, 412
silverleaf (Solanum elaeagnifolium), 602 Oedema, 279, 430, 474, 484, 485, 541, 621, 679, 750, 768,
Nigra loose smut, 377 770, 871
Nigrospora, 320 Oenothera (evening-primrose), 604
cob rot, 320 Ohia (Metrosideros spp.); also Eugenia, Syzgium and
N. oryzae, 320, 511, 680 Psidium spp. in Myrtaceae family, 604
N. sorghi, 510 Oidiopsis taurica, 593, 606, 679
Ninebark (Physocarpus), 602 Oidium sp., 289, 290, 445, 450, 469, 474, 491, 504, 591,
Nitrogen deficiency, 278 599, 601, 624, 632, 658, 670, 679, 681
Nitrogen excess, 278 euonymus japonici, 289
Nitrothal-isopropyl, 10 O. araliacearum, 289, 569
NO2, 589 O. begoniae, 289, 464
Nocardia, 192 O. caricae, 612
N. vaccinii, 192 O. dianthi, 289, 491
Northern corn leaf blight, 121 O. erysipheoides, 456
786 Index
Oidium sp. (cont.) O. korrae, 551

O. erysiphoides var. crotalariae, 513 O. narmari, 551
O. euonymi-japonici, 530 Ophiostoma sp., 627
O. mangiferae, 587 (Ceratocystis), 433
O. neolycopersici, 679 O. novo-ulmi, 434
O. obductum, 289, 629 O. ulmi, 434
O. pyrinum, 289, 511 O. wageneri, 301
O. tingitaninum, 289, 504 Oplismenus (basket-grass), 606
Okra (Hibiscus esculentus), 604 Opuntia
Oleander Sammons, 485
(nerium), 604 Sammons’ tobamovirus, 412
bacterial gall, 82 Orange, 606
scab, 388 Orange rust, 348, 352
Oleocellosis, 504 Orchids
Oligoporus placentas, 575 (Dendrobium), 607
Olive anthracnose, 61
(Olea), 605 anthracnose leaf spot, 64
knot, 82 (Cattleya) blossom brown necrotic streak, 412
leaf spot, 212 brown rot, 78
Olpidium, 320 fleck, 412
O. brassicae, 320, 551, 663, 669 fleck rhabdovirus, 412
Omphalia sp., 320, 513 imported species, 607
O. pigmentata, 320, 609 (Cattleya) mosaic potexvirus, 412
O. tralucida, 320, 609 (Cymbidium) mosaicpotexvirus, 412
Oncidium ring spot, 607 native species, 607
Oncoba, 605 (Oncidium) ring spot, 413
Onion (vanda) ring spot, 645
(Allium cepa), 605 (Odontoglossum) ring spottobamovirus, 412
bulb rot, 78 Oregano, Sweet Marjoram (Origanum), 608
downy mildew, 182 Ormathodium fici, 535
smudge, 302 Ornithogalum
smut, 377 mosaic, 450, 490, 539, 565, 653, 667
yellow dwarf, 606 mosaic potyvirus, 413
leak yellow stripe, garlic common Orobanche sp., 668
latent, 540 O. ludoviciana, 147, 679
potyvirus, 412 O. racemosa, 679
yellow spot, 540 O. ramosa, 147, 496, 507, 509, 528, 529, 540, 542,
Onosmodium (Marbleseed), 606 551, 591, 634, 656, 686
Onygenaceae, 38 Oryzavirus, 53
Oomycota, 34 Osage-orange (Maclura), 608
Oospora sp., 457, 535 Osier, basket-willow (Salix), 608
(Geotrichum), 320 Osoberry (Osmaronia), 608
O. citri-aurantii, 320, 504 Ostrich (Pteretis), 533
O. lacti, 320 Ourmiavirus, 53
O. lactis, 680 Ovularia sp., 225, 673
O. pustulans, 636 O. aristolochiae, 225, 524
Ophiobolus sp., 494 O. asperifolii var. lappulae, 574
O. graminis, 551 O. asteris, 465
Ophiodothella, 225 O. bulbigera, 483, 662
O. fici, 535 O. bullata, 466
O. vaccinii, 225, 531, 565 O. decipiens, 641
Ophiodothis alnea, 451 O. delphinii, 518
Ophionectria O. edwiniae, 570
(Scoleconectria), 166 O. hughesiana, 461
O. balsamea, 166 O. isarioides, 666
O. scolecospora, 166, 565 O. lupinicola, 583
Ophiosphaerella sp., 320 O. maclurae, 608
O. agrostis, 550, 551 O. nymphaearum, 691
O. herpotricha, 551 O. pulchella, 225, 549
Index 787
O. pyrolae, 639 P. herbicola, 77

O. virgaureae, 465 P. stewartii, 77
Ovulariopsis sp, 583 Papaya
Ovulinia, 125 (Carica), 611
O. azaleae, 125, 467, 597, 644 mosaic, 612
Owls clover (Orthocarpus), 608 mosaic potexvirus, 413
Oxadixyl, 10 ring spot, 592, 692
Oxalis (wood-sorrel), 608 ringspot, 612
Oxycarboxin, 10 ringspot potyvirus, 413
Oxydendron (sourwood, sorrel-tree), 608 Papery leaf, 543
Oxygen deficiency, asphyxiation, 279 Papularia
Oxytetracycline hydroxide, 14 P. odorae, 463
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), 990 P. sphaerosperma, 463
Ozone injury, 457, 471, 627, 635 Papulospora sp., 477
Paralongidorus sylphus, 261, 594
Paratrichodorus
P P. allius, 206
Pachistima, 608 P. christiei, 206, 467, 495, 504, 512, 548, 551, 606
Pachysandra P. obtusa, 551
(Japanese-spurge), 608 P. pachydermus, 267, 517
leaf, 141 Paratylenchus sp., 263, 619
Pacific dagger nematode, 268 P. anceps, 264
Pacific wax myrtle (Myrica californica), 609 (Gracilacus) P. anceps, 487
Paecilomyces, 321 P. dianthus, 264, 491
P. buxi, 321, 480 P. elachistus, 264, 479
Paintbrush blister rust, 345 P. epacris, 264
Painted cup, Indian paintbrush (Castilleja), 609 P. hamatus, 264, 495, 535, 548
Pale leaf spot, 230 P. macrophallus, 264, 594
Palm P. micoletzkyi, 264, 589
(Chamaedorea), 609 P. penetrans, 264, 658
areca (Chrysalidocarpus), 609 P. projectus, 264, 495, 550, 612, 664
bud rot, 327 Paratylenchus spp., 646
coconut (Cocos), 609 Parkinsonia, 612
date (Phoenix), 609 Parodiella perisporioides, 523, 674
fishtail (Caryota), 610 Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum), 612
forster sentry (sentry palm) kentia Parsley (Petroselinum), 612
(Howeia), 610 Parsnip (Pastinaca), 612
leaf spot, 225, 226 Partridge-berry (Mitchella), 613
mosaic, 610 Passiflora latent, 613
mosaic potyvirus, 413 Passion flower (Passiflora), 613
pindo (Butia), 610 Patellariaceae, 40
queen, plumy coconut (Arecastrum), 610 Paulownia (princess-tree), 613
rhapis (Rhapis), 610 Pawpaw (Asimina), 613
royal (Roystonea), 610 Pea
sugar (Arenga), 610 (Pisum), 613
Washington (Washingtonia), 610 anthracnose, 62, 64
Palmetto, cabbage palm (Sabal), 611 blight, 124
Paloverde (Cercidium), 611 cyst nematode, 260
Pampas grass (Cordaderia), 611 downy mildew, 183
Panagrolaimus subelongatus, 616 enation mosaic, 499, 614
Pandanus (screw pine), 611 enation mosaic enamovirus, 413
Panicum mosaic, 614, 673
mosaic, 552, 650 mosaic potyvirus, 413
mosaic sobemovirus, 413 mottle, 414, 614
Pansy (Viola tricolor), 611 root rot, 296
Pansy scab, 601 rust, 362
Pantoea scab, 364
P. agglomerans, 606 seedborne mosaic, 685
P. ananatis, 77, 496, 605 streak, 499, 614
788 Index
Pea (cont.) stony pit, 416, 618

streak carlavirus, 414 vein yellows/red mottle, 618
stunt, 614 Pea-tree (Caragana), 618
wilt, 414, 439, 614 Pecan
Peach (Carya illinoensis), 619
(Prunus persica), 614 anthracnose, 387
asteroid spot, 414, 615 brown leaf spot, 207, 208
calico, 414, 615 downy spot, 223
dwarf, 414, 615 leaf blotch, 223
golden net, 414, 615 liver spot, 216
latent mosaic viroid, 600, 614 scab, 363
leaf curl, 195, 196 vein spot, 216
little peach, 414, 615 Pedicel necrosis, 646
mildew, 292 Pelargonium
mosaic, 414, 452, 459, 600, 615, 631 flower break, 541
mottle, 414, 615 flower break carmovirus and pelargonium line pattern
necrotic leaf spot, 414, 615 carmovirus, 416
phony, 459 leaf curl, 541
phony disease, 414, 615 line pattern, 541
red suture, 415, 615 rust, 359
ring spot, 452, 459, 501, 615 Pellicularia, 126, 321
ring spot ilarvirus, 415 P. filamentosa, 127, 471, 492, 526, 551, 559, 561, 564,
rosette, 63, 415, 452, 459, 588, 615 569, 574, 614, 618, 661, 683
rosette mosaic, 478, 549, 615 P. filamentosa f. sp. microsclerotia, 127
rosette mosaic nepovirus, 415 P. filamentosa f. sp. sasakii, 127, 549
rust, 361 P. filamentosa f. sp. timsii, 127
scab, 363 P. koleroga, 128, 456, 467, 476, 483, 491, 499, 504,
shoot blight, 114 511, 515, 522, 526, 529, 530, 534, 546, 547,
stubby twig, 415, 615 553, 559, 560, 562, 567, 575, 578, 596, 609,
wart, 415, 615 617, 619, 622, 623, 628, 630, 633, 638, 639,
western x-disease, 89, 397, 497 646, 659, 672, 683, 687, 689
x-disease, 89, 497, 501, 600, 614 P. microsclerotia, 534
yellow bud mosaic, 452, 459, 615 P. rolfsii, 127
yellow bud¼tomato ringspotnepovirus, 415 P. solani, 585
yellow leaf roll, 89, 497, 615 Penconazole, 10
yellows, 89, 452, 459, 600, 616, 631 Pencycuron, 10
Peacock spot, 212 Penicillium sp., 129, 166, 322, 464, 488, 492, 513,
Peanut 615, 616, 622, 674
(Arachis), 616 disease, 166
early leaf spot, 206 dry rot, 322
leaf spot, 207, 208, 222 P. aurantiogriseum, 322
mottle, 472, 519, 552, 583, 617 P. bacillosporium, 474
mottle potyvirus, 415 P. digitatum, 322, 505
rust, 356 P. expansum, 322, 466, 498, 531, 623, 633, 640
stunt, 472, 506, 617 P. funiculosum, 544
stunt cucumovirus, 415 P. gladioli, 322, 538, 544, 653, 678
top paralysis, 617 P. hirsutum, 564
top paralysis potyvirus, 415 P. italicum, 322, 505
Pear P. martensii, 464
(Pyrus), 617 P. oxalicum, 129, 509, 550
bark measles, 618 P. roseum, 322, 505, 609
decline, 415, 618 P. vermoeseni, 166, 322, 609, 610
decline phytoplasma, 415 Penicillium spp., 457, 474, 512, 548, 568, 579, 592, 600,
latent, 618 606, 618, 636, 669, 682
leaf blight, 119 Peniophora, 322
leaf curl, 618 P. luna, 322
leaf spot, 224 P. polygonia, 304
ring-pattern mosaic, 618 P. sanguinea, 501
scab, 367 Pennisetum, 619
Index 789
Penstemon (beard-tongue), 620 P. effusa, 183, 662

Peony P. farinosa, 183, 651
(Paeonia), 620 P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, 662
anthracnose, 63 P. ficariae, 518, 641, 681
botrytis blight, 109 P. fragariae, 183, 668
leaf blotch, 143 P. giliae, 542
leaf curl, 416 P. grisea, 183, 687
ring spot, 621 P. hydrophylli, 566
ring spot¼tobacco rattle tobravirus, 416 P. lamii, 507, 649
Peperomia, 621 P. lepidii, 622
ring Spot, 416 P. leptosperma, 183, 462, 650
Pepino mosaic, 680 P. linariae, 183, 580
Pepper P. lophanthi, 183, 450
(Capsicum), 621 P. manshurica, 183, 660
anthracnose, 63, 64 P. myosotidis, 183, 537, 574
golden mosaic, 661, 680 P. oxybaphi, 183, 452, 651, 685
leaf spot, 206 P. parasitica, 183, 460, 463, 484, 489, 499, 500,
mild mottle, 622 506, 524, 558, 564, 599, 640, 668, 672, 684,
mild mottle tobamovirus, 416 690, 695
mild tigre, 622 P. phlogina, 624
mild tigre’ bigeminivirus and pepper Texas P. pisi, 183
bigeminivirus, 416 P. potentillae, 183, 450, 520, 595, 637
mottle, 622 P. radii, 183, 589
mottle potyvirus, 416 P. rubi, 183, 476, 520, 642
spot, 82 P. rumicis, 184, 644
strain of alfalfa mosaic, 416, 622 P. schachtii, 184, 473, 675
Texas, 622 P. seymourii, 564
vein banding mosaic, 416 P. silenes, 656
vein-banding mosaic, 622 P. sordida, 535, 598
vine, Cissus (Ampelopsis arborea), 622 P. sorghi, 184
Pepper-grass, garden cress (Lepidium), 622 P. sparsa, 184, 646, color plate 15, 16
Peppermint root, 311 P. statices, 184, 667
Perennial canker, 165, 172 P. swinglei, 649
Perenniporia P. tabacina, 184, 525, 601, 621, 679
P. fraxinophila, 308 P. trifoliorum, 184, 583, 673
P. subacida, 330 P. viciae, 613
Periconia maculans, 244 P. violae, 611
Peridermium, 354 P. whippleae, 693
P. bethelii, 354, 594 Peronosporaceae, 35
P. ornamentale, 354, 536 Peronospora sp., 524, 542, 592
P. rugosum, 354, 536 Peronspora dicentrae, 524
P. stalactiforme, 347 Persimmon
P. weirii, 628 (Diospyros), 623
Periwinkle, Madagascar (Catharanthus), 622 wilt, 433
Peronosclerospora sorghi, 182, 509, 571 Pestalopezia
Peronospora, 182 P. brunneo-pruinosa, 650
P. antirrhini, 182, 658 P. rhododendri, 644
P. arborescens, 182, 637 Pestalotia sp., 129, 198, 225, 248, 322, 477, 488, 548, 582,
P. arthuri, 182, 505, 540, 545, 604 609, 619, 623, 625
P. calotheca, 539, 564 P. aquatica, 225, 461, 629
P. candida, 645 P. aucubae, 225, 466
P. claytoniae, 505 P. castagnei, 581
P. corydalis, 510 P. cibotii, 534
P. cynoglossi, 516 P. clavata, 657
P. destructor, 182, 501, 606, 655, 688 P. cliftoniae, 225, 482
P. dianthicola, 183, 491 P. coccolobae, 507
P. digitalidis, 538 P. cryptomeriae, 514
P. dipsaci, 676 P. cycadis, 516
P. echinospermi, 574 P. decolorata, 599
790 Index
Pestalotia sp. (cont.) Phacidiaceae, 39

P. funerea, 129, 225, 460, 468, 496, 514, 516, 572, Phacidiella, 166
629, 654 P. coniferarum, 166
P. guepini, 225, 643, 676 Phacidiopycnis
P. hartigii, 129 P. boycei, 166
P. kalmicola, 598 P. piri, 166, 618
P. langloisii, 539 P. pseudotsugae, 557
P. leucothoës, 225, 578 P. washingtonensis, 457, 458, 511, 618
P. longisetula, 322, 669 Phacidium, 129, 226
P. macrotricha, 225, 644 P. abietinellum, 129, 535
P. micheneri, 460 P. balsameae, 129, 535
P. microspora, 248 P. convexum, 626
P. oenotherae, 604 P. curtisii, 226, 560, 567
P. palmarum, 225, 609–611 P. infestans, 129, 460, 523, 535, 626, 663
P. polychaeta, 481 P. sphaerodieum, 567
P. quepini, 488 Phaciopycnis pseudotsugae, 523
P. rhododendri, 225 Phaelous schweinitzii, 575
P. scirrofaciens, 652 Phaeoacremonium, 130, 322
P. sphaerelloides, 559 P. aleophilum, 322, 548
P. swieteniae, 585 P. chlamydosporum, 130, 323, 548
P. uvicola, 619 P. inflatipes, 323, 548
P. vaccinicola, 531 P. mortoniae, 463
P. vaccinii, 512, 565, 584 P. viticola, 548
Pestalotia spp., 457, 466, 467, 643 Phaeocryptopus
Pestalotiopsis (Adelopus), 245
P. aquatica, 225 P. gaeumannii, 245, 523
P. funerea, 129, 225 Phaeoisariopsis
P. leucothoës, 225 P. griseda, 219
P. maculans, 225 P. personata, 208
P. microspora, 681 P. robiniae, 215
P. palmarum, 225 Phaeolus schweinitzii, 329
P. quepini var. macrotricha, 226 Phaeoseptoria sp., 550
P. sydowiana, 226 Phaeosphaerella rhamni, 482, 507
Pestalotiopsis spp., 553 Phaeosphaeria, 226
Pestalozziella, 226 P. maydis, 226, 509
P. subsessilis, 214, 226, 542 Phaeotrichoconis, 226
P. yuccae, 697 P. crotalariae, 226, 609–610
Pesticide, 1 Phakopsora, 354
Pestuloria sp., 697 P. cherimoliae, 354, 497
P. funerea, 697 P. jatrophicola, 354, 570
Petal blight, 112, 125 P. pachyrhizi, 354, 471, 472, 474,
Petalostemon (prairie-clover), 623 574, 661
Petasites (Butter-bur), 623 P. zizyphi-vulgaris, 354, 571
Petiole rot, 450 Phellinus
Petunia, 623 P. everhartii, 308
vein-clearing, 624 P. gilvus, 329
Pezicula, 66, 166 P. ingiarius, 308
P. carpinea, 166, 563 P. laevigatus, 330
P. corticola, 166 P. pini, 309
P. livida, 158 P. robiniae, 309
P. malicorticis, 66, 165 P. robustus, 309
P. pruinosa, 166, 453 P. weirii, 330
Pezizaceae, 40 Phialophora, 130, 323, 440
Pezizella P. cinerescens, 491
(Allophylaria), 226 P. graminicola, 130, 549
(Discohainesia) oenotherae, 226 P. gregata, 300, 440, 499
P. lythri, 669 P. malorum, 323, 457, 618
P. oenotherae, 476, 520, 530, 583, 584, 588, 590, 595, Philibertia, 624
604, 620, 642, 646, 655, 657, 670, 695 Philodendron, 624
Index 791
Phlebia, 323 P. mammillariae, 485

P. chrysocrea, 323, 603 P. mariae, 130, 562
Phloem necrosis, 90, 502, 526 P. menthae, 594
Phloeospora, 130, 226 P. palmicola, 610
P. aceris, 227 P. persicae, 614
P. adusta, 130, 506 P. piceina, 130
P. ampelopsidis, 454, 569, 689 P. sclerotioides, 130, 591
P. anemones, 455 P. strobiligena, 130
P. asiminae, 613 P. subvelata, 547, 666
P. bigeloviae, 640 P. terrestris, 323, 331, 471, 510
P. celtidis, 553 P. thermopsidicola, 677
P. idahoensis, 551 P. tuberosa, 636
P. multimaculans, 629, 690 P. weigelae, 693
P. osmorhizae, 674 root rot, 323
P. pteleae, 563 rot, 323
P. robiniae, 581 wilt, 93
P. salicifoliae, 663 Phoma spp., 457, 548
P. vagnerae, 659 Phomopsis sp., 130, 166, 167, 192, 227, 323, 440, 466,
Phlox, 624 467, 473, 476, 481, 488, 499, 509, 513, 515,
mildew, 287 527, 531, 537, 539, 559, 560, 566, 570, 585,
streak, 416 587, 588, 597, 611, 615, 629, 638, 644,
Phlyctema, 66, 227 681, 688
P. ficuum, 227, 535 blight, 117, 131
P. tiliae, 580 canker, 166, 167
P. vagabunda, 67 discolor, 167
Phoenix-tree (Firmiana simplex), 625 disease, 166
Pholiota, 323 P. acerina, 588
P. adiposa, 323, 451, 458, 580, 588, 634 P. alnea, 166, 451
P. destruens, 634 P. ambigua, 130, 617
Pholiota spp., 694 P. amygdali, 166, 323, 452
Phoma sp., 93, 130, 145, 192, 227, 248, 323, 464, 477, P. arnoldia, 526
482, 487, 508, 518, 527, 570, 583, 612, 614, P. boycei, 167, 536
616, 638, 640, 641, 661, 680, 688 P. buddleiae, 482
fruit spot, 190 P. callistephi, 465
P. ailanthi, 450 P. cinerescens, 534
P. anethi, 521 P. dichenii, 612
P. antennariae, 531 P. diospyri, 130
P. apiicola, 323, 495 P. elaeagni, 167, 526
P. arachidicola, 145, 616 P. fokoyae, 536
P. asclepiadea, 483 P. gardeniae, 167, 539
P. asparagi, 464 P. japonica, 130, 573
P. betae, 323, 473 P. juniperovora, 130, 460, 496, 516, 572, 654
P. chrysanthemi, 105 P. kalmiae, 131, 597
P. conidiogena, 130, 480 P. ligustri-vulgaris, 638
P. cydoniae, 640 P. lirella, 167, 688
P. destructiva, 323, 622, 680 P. lokoyae, 167, 523
P. diospyri, 623 P. longicolla, 131, 511
P. erysiphoides, 545 P. macrospora, 633
P. eupyrena, 248, 523, 535 P. mali, 167, 323, 458
P. exigua, 204, 227, 511, 565, 577, 618, 650 P. montanensis, 536
P. fumosa, 130 P. oblonga, 131, 527
P. glomerata, 130 P. obscurans, 116, 131, 668, 669
P. herbarum, 450 P. occulta, 131, 460, 663, 664, 677
P. hieracii, 554 P. padina, 167, 497
P. lingam, 93, 484, 489, 499, 641, 672, 684 P. phoenicola, 609
P. lupini, 583 P. pseudotsugae, 575
P. lycopersici, 203 P. rhododendri, 644
P. macdonaldii, 130, 323, 671 P. salicina, 694
P. mali, 618, 640 P. sarothamni, 481
792 Index
Phomopsis sp. (cont.) P. graminis, 227, 550

P. sojae, 661 P. melanoplaca, 686
P. tuberivora, 636 P. oxalina, 608
P. vaccinii, 131, 324, 477, 478 P. punctum, 606
P. vexans, 131, 525 P. sabal, 611
P. viticola, 227, 548 P. simplex, 653
stem end rot, 305 P. sterigena, 465
Phoradendron sp., 504, 516 P. swieteniae, 585
(true mistletoe), 240 P. sylvatica, 227, 550
P. californicum, 240, 448, 513, 593, 611, 612, 657, 666 P. texana, 448
P. densum, 572 P. wittrockii, 580
P. juniperinum, 240, 567, 572 Phyllachora sp., 508, 582
P. libocedri, 240 Phyllactinia, 290
P. pauciflorum, 536 P. angulata, 290
P. serotinum, 240 P. corylea, 290, 451, 454, 460, 463, 469, 473,
P. serotinum ssp. flavescens, 451, 457, 463, 473, 475, 475–476, 480, 482, 483, 488, 494, 499–501,
481, 489, 498, 499, 520, 522, 523, 526, 527, 511, 512, 515, 522, 526, 527, 529, 538, 546,
537, 553, 555, 558, 559, 562, 563, 580, 581, 547, 555, 556, 558–561, 563, 564, 580, 582,
588, 593, 603, 617, 619, 623, 629–631, 634, 588, 595, 598, 603, 608, 613, 624, 629, 637,
652, 659, 660, 662, 672, 682, 684, 690, 694 639, 642, 646, 652, 657, 676, 677, 683, 691,
P. tomentosum, 240, 527, 553, 593, 603 694, 696, 697
P. villosum, 240, 451, 499, 563, 587, 603 P. elaeagni, 526
Phorodendron P. gutata, 556
P. serotinum (flavescens), 608 P. ungulata, 527
P. tomentosum, 608 Phyllody, 667
Phosphorus deficiency, 279 Phyllosticta sp., 131, 145, 227, 448, 467, 474, 478, 500,
Photinia (Christmasberry, toyon and oriental 507, 511, 518, 522, 529, 531, 542, 552,
species), 625 563–565, 573, 578, 579, 591, 596, 611, 613,
Photinia photinicola, 625 616, 620, 623, 624, 629, 632, 639, 648, 649,
Phragmidium, 354 652, 659, 664, 667, 674, 683–685, 697
P. americanum, 354, 647 P. adoxae, 449, 599
P. andersonii, 511, 637 P. ailanthi, 450
P. fusiforme, 354, 647 P. alliariifoliae, 489
P. horkeliae, 569 P. allii, 606
P. ivesia, 569 P. alnea, 451
P. jonesii, 569 P. althaeina, 227, 448
P. montivagum, 354, 647 P. amaranthi, 453
P. mucronatum, 354, 647, color plate 2 P. amicta, 587
P. rosae-arkansanae, 355 P. andromedae, 625
P. rosae-californicae, 355, 647 P. andropogonivora, 227, 479
P. rosae-pimpinellifoliae, 647 P. anemones, 455
P. rosicola, 355, 647 P. anemonicola, 455
P. rubi-idaei, 355, 642 P. angelicae, 455
P. speciosum, 355, 647 P. anserinae, 637
P. subcorticium, 355 P. antennariae, 531
P. tuberculatum, 355 P. antirrhini, 227, 620, 658
P. violaceum, 476 P. apicalis, 694
Phragmodothella, 167 P. apii, 495
P. ribesia, 167, 515, 547 P. aplectri, 607
Phragmodothis berberidis, 686 P. apocyni, 521
Phragmopyxis, 355 P. aquilegicola, 508
P. acuminata, 355, 511 P. araliae, 460, 558
Phyctema vagabunda, 463 P. arbutifolia, 501
Phyllachora, 227 P. argyrea, 526
P. beaumontii, 498 P. aristolochiae, 524
P. domingensis, 562 P. arnicae, 461
P. erianthi, 631 P. asiminae, 613
P. flabellum, 532 P. astericola, 465
P. fusicarpa, 524 P. aucubae, 227, 466
Index 793
P. auerswaldii, 480 P. dioscoreae, 696

P. azedarachis, 499 P. discincola, 537
P. batatas, 131, 487, 673 P. dispergens, 520
P. berberidis, 469 P. dodecathei, 521
P. betulinum, 475 P. dracaenae, 524
P. bixae, 476 P. dracocephali, 524
P. brassicicola, 484 P. draconis, 524
P. bridgesii, 581 P. epigaeae, 528
P. brunellae, 638 P. eriobotryae, 582
P. bumeliifolia, 483 P. erysiphoides, 519
P. cacti, 485 P. euonymi, 530
P. camelliae, 227, 488 P. everhartii, 460, 558
P. camelliaecola, 227, 488 P. excavata, 558
P. caricae-papayae, 612 P. eximia, 554
P. carpogena, 520 P. extensa, 530
P. caryae, 559 P. faginea, 473
P. castanea, 499 P. fatiscens, 691
P. catalpae, 227, 493 P. ferax, 583
P. ceanothi, 494 P. fimbriata, 585
P. celastri, 476 P. fraserae, 508
P. celtidis, 553 P. fritillariae, 538
P. cephalanthi, 483 P. galactis, 539
P. cercidicola, 643 P. gallarum, 618
P. chamaeneri, 528 P. garrettii, 654
P. chenopodii, 662 P. garryae, 540, 656
P. chionanthi, 538 P. gaultheriae, 650, 695
P. chrysanthemi, 502 P. gelsemii, 492
P. circumscissa, 228, 459, 501, 615, 630 P. geranii, 542
P. cirsii, 503, 677 P. ginkgo, 543
P. cissicola, 503 P. globigera, 597
P. citricola, 574 P. glycinea, 660
P. clematidis, 506 P. gordoniae, 547
P. clethricola, 506 P. grossulariae, 515, 547
P. concava, 485 P. guttulatae, 608
P. concentrica, 228, 569 P. gymnocladi, 573
P. concomitans, 560 P. hamamelidis, 228, 695
P. confertissima, 527 P. helleboricola var. coptidis, 546
P. congesta, 145, 630 P. heraclei, 558
P. convexula, 619 P. heteromeles, 625
P. cookei, 228, 585 P. hibiscina, 559, 604, 648
P. coreopsidis, 509 P. hortorum, 525, 679
P. cornicola, 522 P. humuli, 562
P. coryli, 556 P. hydrangeae, 228, 565
P. cotoneastri, 511 P. hymenocallidis, 587
P. cryptomeriae, 131, 514 P. ilicis, 228
P. cucurbitacearum, 514 P. illinoiensis, 652
P. cucurbitarum, 665 P. innumerabilis, 454
P. curtisii, 483 P. ipomoeae, 596
P. cyclaminicola, 516 P. iridis, 568
P. cyclaminis, 516 P. juliflora, 593
P. cydoniae, 511 P. kalmicola, 228
P. cyrillae, 517 P. lagerstroemiae, 131, 512
P. decidua, 228, 450, 460, 468, 494, 506, 514, 516, P. lantanoides, 688
530, 542, 554, 562, 564, 574, 594, 595, 597, P. laurocerasi, 499
656, 666, 691 P. lentisci, 628
P. delphinii, 518 P. liatridis, 578
P. deutziae, 519 P. linderae, 662
P. diervillae, 521 P. lindericola, 662
P. digitalis, 538 P. lirodendrica, 683
794 Index
Phyllosticta sp. (cont.) P. pteleicola, 563

P. ludwigiae, 583 P. pteridis, 131, 532
P. lupini, 583 P. punctata, 688
P. lychnidis, 584 P. putrefaciens, 512
P. lycii, 590 P. pyrolae, 639
P. lysimachiae, 582 P. pyrorum, 617
P. maclurae, 608 P. rafinesquii, 611
P. maculicola, 228, 524 P. raui, 650
P. macunae, 686 P. rhamnigena, 482
P. magnoliae, 585 P. rhexiae, 590, 643
P. malvavisci, 586 P. rhododendri, 644
P. maxima, 228, 625 P. rhoiseda, 670
P. medeolae, 567 P. richardiae, 228
P. melanoplaca, 686 P. roberti, 535, 648
P. meliae, 499 P. robiniae, 581
P. menispermicola, 596 P. rosae, 645
P. mentzeliae, 592 P. rosae-setigerae, 646
P. micropuncta, 466 P. ruborum, 520
P. minima, 228, 480, 588 P. rudbeckiae, 545, 643
P. minor, 688 P. saccardoi, 228
P. mitellae, 475 P. sambuci, 526
P. monardae, 595 P. sanguinariae, 228, 477
P. monardellae, 595 P. sapindii, 659
P. moricola, 598 P. sassafras, 652
P. mortoni, 587 P. saxifragarum, 652
P. multicorniculata, 131, 535 P. serotina, 498
P. myricae, 470, 609, 693 P. sojicola, 228, 660
P. nebulosa, 656 P. solani, 525
P. negundinis, 479, 588 P. solidagnicola, 546
P. nerii, 605 P. solitaria, 145, 456, 511
P. nigrescens, 689 P. sophorae, 660
P. nyssae, 684 P. sorbi, 597
P. oleae, 519, 561 P. spinosa, 656
P. opulasteris, 602 P. staticis, 667
P. orbicula, 564 P. stillingiae, 500
P. orbicularis, 665 P. subeffusa, 657
P. orobella, 673 P. symphoricarpi, 658
P. orontii, 545 P. syriaca, 648
P. ovalifolii, 638 P. taxi, 697
P. pachysandrae, 608 P. tecomae, 682
P. pallens, 530 P. tenerrima, 659
P. palmetto, 611 P. terminalis, 560, 578
P. palustris, 666 P. texensis, 686
P. parkinsoniae, 612 P. tinea, 688
P. paulowniae, 613 P. trillii, 681
P. paupercula, 454 P. trollii, 682
P. penicillariae, 228, 619 P. tuberosa, 463, 483
P. persicae, 614 P. typhina, 494
P. phaseolina, 471 P. vaccinii, 228, 512, 531
P. phorodendri, 594 P. verbasicola, 598
P. physaleos, 500 P. verbesinae, 687
P. physopellae, 535 P. vincae-majoris, 688
P. pitcheriana, 556 P. violae, 689
P. pithecolobii, 629 P. virginiana, 454, 501
P. platani, 629 P. wistariae, 229, 695
P. podophylli, 590 P. wyomingensis, 528
P. praetervisa, 580 P. xanthorhizae, 697
P. pruni-avium, 498 P. zonata, 511
P. pseudocapsici, 571 Phyllosticta spp., 476, 555, 586, 603, 607, 634
Index 795
Phyllostictina P. cactorum, 132, 135, 168, 325, 440, 452, 457, 459,
P. carpogena, 642 466, 473, 475, 477, 478, 480, 485, 491, 492,
P. hysterella, 697 496, 497, 505, 518, 522, 526, 527, 530, 536,
P. pyriformis, 607 538, 543, 546, 553, 559, 563, 572, 573, 578,
P. vaccinii, 477 583–585, 588, 589, 603, 607, 615, 618–620,
Phymatotrichopsis (Phymatotrichum), 324 625, 627, 630, 644, 645, 658, 663, 666, 669,
P. omnivors, 324 673, 680, 682, 684, 688, 691, 692
Phymatotrichum, 484 P. cambivora, 587, 625, 644
P. omnivorum, 325, 448–455, 458–462, 465, 467–469, P. capsici, 132, 326, 448, 471, 514, 621, 637, 662,
471, 472, 474–476, 480–483, 486–494, 665, 675, 680, 692
496–503, 505, 508–523, 525–530, 532, 535, P. cinnamomi, 169, 326, 385, 440, 466, 467, 475, 478,
538–540, 542, 543, 545–548, 552–572, 488, 489, 494, 496, 499, 512, 516, 523, 533,
584–588, 592, 593, 595–599, 601, 608, 536, 556, 558, 567, 572, 575, 582, 584, 587,
610–620, 622–625, 627–639, 641, 643–673, 598, 603, 618, 627, 629, 644, 663, 664, 683,
675–677, 680, 682–689, 691–693, 695, 685, 686, 688, 691, 693, 697
697, 698 P. citricola, 326, 466, 467, 505, 557, 579, 627, 644
root rot, 324, 325 P. citrophthora, 132, 326, 452, 459, 467, 480, 497,
Physalis 504, 562, 572, 614, 618, 620, 644, 654, 692
mosaic, 552 P. colocasiae, 326, 543
mosaic tymovirus, 416 P. cryptogea, 326, 449, 465, 473, 487, 542, 544, 545,
Physalospora, 131, 167, 325 566, 572, 577, 589, 612, 615, 636, 649, 658,
(Acanthorhynchus), 295 663, 664, 668, 671, 680, 691, 698
P. abdita, 587 P. cryptogea var. richardiae, 326, 487
P. corticis, 168, 478 P. drechsleri, 326, 473, 484, 536, 649, 680
P. dracaenae, 131, 524 P. dreschleri, 470, 476, 508, 553, 572, 580, 627,
P. fusca, 448 649, 664
P. glandicola, 168, 603 P. erythroseptica, 132, 326, 487, 636, 642, 694
P. gregaria, 132, 697 P. europa, 604
P. ilicis, 227, 559, 695 P. foliarum, 467
P. lepachydis, 643 P. fragariae, 327, 668
P. miyabeana, 168, 694 P. gymnocarpa, 696
P. mutila, 325, 457 P. hedraiandra, 644
P. obtusa, 132, 167, 327, 450, 451, 457, 473, P. hibernalis, 644
481, 485, 490, 511–513, 547, 561, P. ilicis, 132, 560
578, 583, 597, 603, 618, 623, 632, P. infestans, 132, 525, 571, 601, 602, 623, 635, 679,
640, 646, 652, 670 color plate 9
P. rhodina, 167, 327, 457, 485, 490, 524, 534, 548, P. inflata, 527, 644
587, 603, 617, 648, 674 P. insolita, 644
P. rhododendri, 644 P. ipomoeae, 596
P. vaccini, 295 P. lateralis, 327, 467, 496, 572, 598, 625, 688, 697
Physalospora spp., 587, 588, 607, 623 P. meadii, 135, 561
Physarum P. medicaginis, 135
P. cinereum, 551, 577, 669, 674 P. megasperma, 327, 462, 464, 484, 492, 511, 561,
P. plumbeum, 674 615, 668
P. polycephalum, 371 Phytophthora sp., 450, 461, 464, 503, 511, 518, 565,
Physarum spp., 495 566, 610, 614, 625, 632, 654, 663, 674
Physiological, 698 P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea, 327, 660, 661
Physoderma sp., 229, 652 P. megasperma var. sojae, 661
P. claytoniana, 505 P. nicotianae, 135, 502, 537, 664, 666, 693
P. maydis, 229, 509 P. nicotianae var. nicotianae, 327, 538
Physopella P. nicotianae var. parasitica, 327, 467, 621, 624, 632
(Angiopsora), 355 P. palmivora, 327, 466, 478, 521, 559, 569, 587, 598,
P. ampelopsidis, 355, 549 609, 610, 621, 693
P. compressa, 355 P. parasitica, 135, 460, 462, 465, 479, 480, 485, 493,
Physostegia (false dragonhead), 625 502, 504, 522, 525, 539, 559, 571, 579, 582,
Phythiogeton autossytum, 494 601, 621, 624, 636, 645, 647, 649, 654, 658,
Phytophthora, 132, 168, 184, 229, 325, 440, 473 678, 679, 686, 688, 698
blight, 132 P. parasitica var. nicotianae, 327, 601, 627
leaf, 327 P. phaseoli, 184, 471
796 Index
Phytophthora sp. (cont.) Piptoporus betulinus, 329

P. porri, 327 Pirostoma nyssae, 229
P. ramorum, 229, 482, 487, 488, 493, 502, 507, 523, Pistachio (Pistacia), 628
533, 562, 563, 565, 581, 584, 587, 602, 625, Pitch (branch) cankers, 160
643, 654, 659, 666, 687 Pitcher-plant (Sarracenia), 629
P. sojae, 327, 661 Pithecellobium (blackbead, catsclaw), 629
P. syringae, 135, 169, 328, 452, 458, 504, 572, 578, Pith necrosis, 79
614, 625 Pithomyces chartarum, 550
P. thalictri, 590 Pitoporus betulinus, 329
P. torulosum, 328 Pitted sap rot, 329
P. tropicalis, 625, 643, 644 Pitting spot, 636
Phytophthora spp., 592, 624 Pittosporum, 629
Phytoplasma, 54 leaf spot, 207
Phytoreovirus, 53 Placosphaeria, 229
Phytotoxic, 2 P. graminis, 229, 550
Pick-a-back (Tolmiea), 625 P. haydeni, 229, 465, 546
Piedraiaceae, 38 Plagiostoma
Pierce’s disease, 548 P. asarifolia, 229, 543
Pierce’s grape disease, 88 P. prenanthis, 229
Pieris (mountain, Japanese andromeda), 625 Plane blight, 151
Pigeon pea (Cajanus), 625 Plane-tree, sycamore (Platanus) (american sycamore,
Pigeon pea golden mosaic, 625 P. occidentalis; california plane, P. acerifolia;
Pigeon pea golden mosaic begomovirus, 417 and oriental plane, P. orientalis), 629
Piggotia Plantago
P. depressa, 455 mottle, 630
P. fraxini, 221 mottle tymovirus, 417
P. negundinis, 480, 588 Plantain, common (Plantago), 630
P. vaccinii, 478 Plasmapara halstedii, 193
Pileolaria, 355 Plasmodiophora, 175
P. cotini-coggyriae, 355, 657 P. brassicae, 175, 453, 460, 484, 489, 500, 558, 561,
P. effusa, 670 564, 599, 640, 668, 672, 690
P. patzcuarensis, 355, 671 P. brassicicola, 684
Pine Plasmodiophoraceae, 34
(Pinus), 625 Plasmopara, 184, 193
branch, 150 P. acalyphae, 184, 448
brown spot needle blight, 140 P. australis, 594
canker, 151 P. cephalophora, 625
cone rust, 345, 347 P. cercidis, 643
little leaf, 326 P. crustosa, 184
needle cast, 247 P. epilobii, 528
needle rust, 343 P. geranii, 184, 542
sheathoid nematode, 258 P. gonolobi, 184, 651, 688
twig blight, 111 P. halstedii, 184, 462, 490, 496, 503, 507, 529, 530,
Pineapple 545, 566, 568, 589, 641, 643, 648, 656, 670,
(Ananas), 628 671, 686
wilt-associated, 628 P. lactucaeradicis, 577
wilt-associated closterovirus, 417 P. nivea, 184, 582, 612
Pine-pine gall rust, 347 P. obducens, 566
Pinewood nematode, 256 P. pygmaea, 184, 455, 557, 595
Pink head, 484 P. ribicola, 547
Pink mold rot, 339 P. viburni, 185, 575, 687
Pink patch, 303 P. viticola, 185, 484, 515, 548, 569, 689
Pink root, 331 Platycodon (balloon-flower), 630
Pink rot, 335 Plectospira, 328
Pink snowmold, 381 P. myriandra, 328, 680
Pink watery rot, 326 Plectosporium, 135
Pinon blister rust, 345 P. tabacinum, 135, 471, 566
Piperalin, 10 Pleiochaeta, 229
Pipsissewa (Chimaphila), 628 P. setosa, 229, 541, 583
Index 797
Plenodomus, 169, 570 Poison hemlock (Conium), 632

P. destruens, 328, 570, 596, 674 Poison ivy, 632
P. fuscomaculans, 169, 456 Poison oak, 632
Pleochaeta prosopidis, 292 Poison sumac, 633
Pleosphaerulina sp., 541 Polemonium (Jacobs-ladder, Greek-valerian), 633
(Pringsheimia), 230 Pollaccia saliciperda, 364
P. sojicola, 230, 660 Polyporaceae, 42
Pleospora sp., 230, 328, 504, 600, 616, 654 Polyporus, 307, 328
P. allii, 464 (Favolus), 307
P. compositarum, 465 P. abietinus (Hirshioporus abietinus), 329
P. fructicola, 457, 618 P. adustus, 450, 643, 672
P. herbarum, 230, 328, 457, 464, 465, 577, 578, p. amplectrens, 613
609, 662 p. anceps, 329
P. hyalospora, 614 p. balsameus, 329
P. lycopersici, 680 P. betulinus, 329, 475
Pleurotus sp., 328, 695 P. dryadeus, 329
P. ostreatus, 328, 527, 549, 560, 580, 623, 629 P. dryophilus, 487
P. serotinus, 451, 475 P. farlowii, 487, 598, 694
P. similis, 563 P. gilvus, 329, 475, 578, 672
P. ulmarius, 312, 458 P. halesiae, 554
Pleurotus spp., 588, 672, 694 P. hirsutus, 501, 543, 597, 615, 631, 643
Ploioderma P. hispidus, 329, 475, 598
P. hedgecockii, 247 P. lacteus, 451, 543, 615
P. lethale, 122, 246 P. lucidus, 329, 643
Plum P. mori, 307
line pattern, 631 P. mutabilis, 643
line pattern¼plum american linepattern ilarvirus, 417 P. olaea, 605
plumegrass (Erianthus), 631 P. pargamenus, 329
pox, 498 P. pulchellus, 573
(garden), prune (Prunus domestica), 630 P. robiniophilus, 613
rusty blotch, 631 P. schweinitzii, 330, 627, 697
wart, 91, 92 P. spraguei, 613, 697
white spot, 417, 631 P. squamosus, 330
wild (Prunus americana), 631 P. sulphureus, 66, 329, 451, 487, 563, 691
Plumeria (Frangipani), 631 P. texanus, 593
Pockets, 679 P. tomentosa, 315
Pod, 103 P. tomentosus var. circinatus, 329
Pod and seed spot, 244 P. tulipiferae, 460, 543, 558
Podocarpus, 631 P. versicolor, 451, 452, 487, 500, 501, 543, 553, 555,
Podosonaera pannosa, 646 566, 597, 598, 613, 615, 631, 638, 643
Podosphaera sp., 290, 511 P. versicolor Syn. Coriolus versicolor, 330
P. biuncinata, 695 Polyporus spp., 458, 463, 468, 473, 475, 496, 498,
P. clandestina, 291 499, 505, 516, 522, 523, 527, 530, 536, 549,
P. jusca, 531 554, 557, 559, 560, 562, 563, 575, 580, 582,
P. leucotricha, 457, 511, 618, 625, 639 585, 588, 603, 618, 623, 627, 629, 634, 652,
P. oxyacanthae, 453, 454, 457, 459, 483, 498, 501, 655, 664, 671, 672, 683, 684, 691, 695, 696
512, 555, 600, 615, 618, 625, 634, 639, 652, Polystomellaceae, 38
658, 663, 693 Pome fruit spot anthracnose, 386
P. oxyacanthae var. tridactyla, 452, 630 Pomegranate
P. pannosa, 291, color plate 8 (Punica granatum), 633
P. tridactyla, 291, 452 rot, 298
Pod spot, 203, 204, 219, 238, 319 spot anthracnose, 388
Poinciana (Caesalpinia), 631 Ponderosa pine rust, 345
Poinsettia Pond-spice (Litsea), 633
(Euphorbia pulcherrima), 631 Popcorn disease, 113
mosaic, 632 Poplar
mosaic tymovirus, 417 aspen, cottonwood (Populus), 633
scab, 388 decline, 634
Pointed ends, 636 decline potyvirus, 417
798 Index
Poplar (cont.) rugose mosaic, 418, 624, 636

leaf spot, 221 S carlavirus, 418
mosaic, 634 spindle tuber, 636
mosaic carlavirus, 417 spindle tuber viroid, 418
rust, 352 vein banding, 636
yellow leaf blister, 196 vein banding ¼ potato Y potyvirus, 418
Poppy (Papaver), 634 virus A, 418, 602, 637
Poppy-mallow (Callirhoë), 634 virus M, 637
Pops, 616 virus S, 637
Poria sp., 330, 485 virus X, 470, 472, 513, 523, 570, 622
P. albipellucida, 655 virus Y, 602, 622, 685
P. ambigua, 498, 554 wart, 193
P. carnegieae, 485 witches’ broom, 418, 636
P. cocos, 330 X potexvirus, 418
P. ferrea, 556 yellow dwarf, 517, 546, 636, 648, 688, 695
P. ferruginosa, 587, 652 yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, 419
P. inermis, 597 yellow spot, 419, 636
P. isabellina, 613 Potentilla (Cinquefoil), 637
P. laevigata, 330 Potexvirus, 53
P. luteoalba, 330 Pothos (Epipremnum), 637
P. prunicola, 330 Pothos, ivy-arum (Scindapsus), 637
P. punctata, 469, 480, 608, 671 Potyvirus, 53
P. sequoiae, 655 Pouts, 616
P. spiculosa, 559 Powdery mildew, 287–292
P. subacida, 330, 516 Powdery scab, 365
P. vaporaria, 461, 505 Pratylenchus sp., 264, 448, 450, 474, 486, 498, 513,
P. versipora, 567, 584 577, 581, 588, 603, 621, 624, 637,
P. weirii, 330, 461, 523, 536 652, 673
Poria spp., 458, 463, 468, 496, 499, 522, 536, 549, 560, P. brachyurus, 16, 264, 466, 504, 550, 628, 635
563, 575, 581, 582, 585, 588, 609, 627, 672, 691 P. coffeae, 264, 488, 500, 548, 669
Portulaca, 635 P. crenatus, 264
Postharvest decay, 304 P. fallax, 264, 550
Postharvest rot, 319 P. hexincisus, 264
Postia balsamea, 330 P. minyus, 264, 535, 548, 617
Potassium bicarbonate, 10 P. musicola, 264, 468, 535, 605, 690
Potato (Solanum tuberosum), 635 P. nannus, 264, 698
acropetal necrosis, 417 P. negelectus, 264, 635
anthracnose, 61 P. penetrans, 264, 457, 459, 510, 532, 566, 579, 615,
apical leaf roll, 90 621, 635, 642, 654, 669, 698
aucuba mosaic, 636 P. pratensis, 265, 456, 457, 471, 478, 480, 481, 484,
aucuba mosaic potexvirus, 417 489, 502, 516, 518, 525, 535, 542, 546, 548,
blackleg, 75 550, 561, 565, 579, 583, 585, 600, 607, 630,
bouquet disease, 417 646, 651, 658, 667, 669, 673, 679, 683, 684,
calico, 417, 636 689, 693
corky ring spot, 636 P. safaenis, 265, 661
crinkle, 417, 636 P. scribneri, 265, 453, 607, 635, 646, 669
green dwarf, 418 P. subpenetrans, 265, 550
leaf blotch, 143 P. thornei, 264, 265, 516, 550, 576, 588, 600
leafroll, 518, 552, 577, 602, 680, 698 P. vulnus, 265, 452, 459, 466, 480, 498, 504, 535, 537,
leaf roll, 559, 636, 663, 666 548, 572, 579, 615, 630, 642, 646, 654, 690, 694
leaf rolling mosaic, 636 P. zeae, 265
leaf rolling mosaic ¼ potato M carlavirus, 418 Pratylenchus spp., 265
leaf roll luteovirus, 418 Premature ripening, 130
leaf spot, 206, 207 Prenanthes (rattlesnake-root), 637
mop-top, 637 Prickly-ash (Xanthoxylum americanum), 637
mottle, 418, 500 Prickly-poppy (Argemone), 637
a potyvirus, 417 Primrose (Primula), 637
purple top, 636 leaf spot, 230
rot nematode, 257 mosaic, 419, 638
Index 799
Privet P. angulata, 78, 481, 552

(Ligustrum), 638 P. asplenii, 78, 532
ring spot, 419 P. avenae, 78, 509
Prochloraz, 11 P. berberidis, 78, 469
Propamocarb, 11 P. caryophylli, 79, 491, 667
Propiconazole, 11 P. cattleyae, 79, 607
Propineb, 11 P. cepacia, 79, 605
Prospodium, 355 P. cichorii, 79, 469, 484, 495, 502, 527, 528, 541, 581,
P. appendiculatum, 355, 667 637, 643, 653
P. lippiae, 355 P. coadunata, 470
P. plagiopus, 355, 675 P. colurnae, 555
P. transformans, 355 P. coronafaciens var. atropurpurea, 481
Protectant, 6 P. corrugata, 79, 678
Protomyces, 192 P. delphinii, 595
P. gravidus, 192, 641 P. erodii, 558
P. macrosporus, 192, 556 P. fluorescens, 79, 564
Protomycetaceae, 32 P. fluorescens pv. marginalis, 577
Prune P. gladioli, 79, 532
constricting mosaic, 631 P. helianthi, 462
(standard) constricting mosaic, 419 P. huttiensis, 678
diamond canker, 419, 631 P. intybus, 527
dwarf, 498, 631 P. jaggeri pv. apii, 495
dwarf ilarvirus, 419 P. lachrymans, 514, 547, 591, 692
Prunella (self-heal, heal-all), 638 P. lauraceum, 482
Pruning disease, 111 P. longifolia, 552
Pruning wound canker, 169 P. maculicola, 484, 625, 684
Prunus P. marginalis, 668
black knot, 91, 92 P. marginata, 513, 538, 543, 678
necrotic ring spot, 421, 428, 498 P. melophthora, 79, 456
necrotic ring spot ilarvirus, 419 P. morsprunorum, 497
ring spot, 616, 666 P. ovata, 470
Psalliota campestris, 187, 550 P. pastinacae, 612
Pseudeurotiaceae, 53 P. phaseolicola, 472, 574
Pseudocercospora P. pisi, 673
P. abelmoschi, 208 P. primulae, 637
P. cannabina, 208 P. pseudoalcaligenes, 79, 665
P. capsellae, 208 P. pseudoalcaligenes ssp. citrulli, 665, 692
P. handelii, 208 P. ribicola, 79, 515
P. paederiae, 657 P. sesami, 79, 665
P. puderi, 208 P. solanacearum, 79, 456, 468, 470, 493, 510, 517,
P. purpurea, 143 525, 541, 561, 565, 589, 600, 616, 621, 623,
P. sordida, 112 635, 655, 660, 671, 678, 698
Pseudocercosporella, 230 P. stizolobii, 686
P. albida, 471 P. syringae, 79, 452, 456, 458, 463, 466, 470, 484, 495,
P. capsellae, 208, 230, 484, 500, 599, 684 497, 504, 509, 522, 526, 528, 532, 559, 566,
Pseudocercosporella spp., 631 569, 573, 574, 578, 585, 589, 595, 597, 600,
Pseudo curly top, 680 605, 613, 614, 621, 625, 630, 649, 686
Pseudomassaria P. syringae pv. aceris, 79
(Didymella), 158 P. syringae pv. alisalensis, 463, 484, 549
P. sepincolaeformis, 158 P. syringae pv. angulata, 79
Pseudomonadaceae, 77 P. syringae pv. apii, 79, 495
Pseudomonas sp., 82, 449, 477, 544, 642, 683 P. syringae pv. aptata, 79, 473, 600, 675
P. aceris, 78, 479, 587 P. syringae pv. coronafaciens, 80, 481, 549
P. acernea, 587 P. syringae pv. coryli, 555
P. adzukicola, 78, 470 P. syringae pv. delphinii, 80, 518
P. albopreciptans, 78 P. syringae pv. glycinea, 80, 660
P. alcaligenes, 544 P. syringae pv. helianthi, 80, 671
P. alliicola, 605 P. syringae pv. hibisci, 80, 559
P. andropogonis, 78, 479, 499, 506, 509, 667 P. syringae pv. lachrymans, 80, 514, 665
800 Index
Pseudomonas sp. (cont.) P. allii, 355, 540, 606

P. syringae pv. maculicola, 484, 684 P. amphigena, 356, 657, 697
P. syringae pv. mori, 80, 598 P. andina, 641
P. syringae pv. mors-prunorum, 80 P. andropogonis, 356, 469, 558, 583, 593, 594, 608,
P. syringae pv. papulans, 81, 456 609, 657, 667, 685, 689
P. syringae pv. phaseolicola, 81, 470 P. andropogonis var. onobrychidis, 583
P. syringae pv. pisi, 81, 613 P. andropogonis var. penstemonis, 685
P. syringae pv. porri, 81, 655 P. andropogonis var. polygalina, 593
P. syringae pv. primulae, 81 P. andropogonis var. xanthoxyli, 558, 637
P. syringae pv. savastanoi, 81, 605 P. anemones-virginianae, 455
P. syringae pv. syringae, 472, 532, 543, 665, 694 P. angelicae, 455, 676
P. syringae pv. tabaci, 82, 470, 525, 552, 678 P. angustata, 594, 595, 598, 691
P. syringae pv. tagetis, 82, 462, 589, 641, 656, P. angustata var. eriophori, 654
670, 671 P. antirrhini, 356, 580, 658
P. syringae pv. tomato, 82, 678 P. arachidis, 356, 617
P. syringae pv. tonelliana, 605 P. araliae, 543
P. syringae pv. zizaniae, 82, 694 P. arenariae, 520, 584, 652, 675
P. tabaci, 82, 494, 601, 660 P. areolata, 590
P. viburni, 82, 687 P. argentata, 449, 599
P. viridiflava, 82, 469, 621, 631, 678 P. aristidae, 356, 452, 474, 486, 506, 510, 513, 519,
P. viridilivida, 82, 577 524, 537, 543, 553, 557, 574, 592, 599, 600,
P. washingtoniae, 82, 610 604, 622, 624, 638, 641, 651, 655, 656, 659,
P. woodsii, 82, 491 663, 687, 690, 691
Pseudonectria, 169 P. arnicalis, 461
P. pachysandricola, 141 P. arundinariae, 657
P. rouselliana, 169 P. asarina, 543
Pseudoperonospora, 185 P. asparagi, 356, 464, 606
P. celtidis, 185, 553 P. asperior, 582
P. cubensis, 185, 468, 482, 500, 514, 547, 591, 592, P. asteris, 465
594, 665, 692 P. atrofusca, 462, 650
P. erodii, 558 P. atropuncta, 483, 637, 667, 687, 696, 698
P. humuli, 562 P. ballotaeflorae, 650
Pseudopezicula, 300 P. balsamorhizae, 468, 696
P. tetraspora, 300, 549 P. bartholomaei, 483, 624
Pseudopeziza, 67 P. batesiana, 556
P. repanda, 539 P. bistortae, 455
P. ribis, 67, 515, 539, 547 P. bolleyana, 526
Pseudorhytisma bistortae, 231 P. bouvardiae, 479
Pseudosaccharomycetaceae, 44 P. brachypodii var. poae-nemoralis, 356
Pseudoseptoria P. brandegei, 510
P. everhartii, 232 P. calcitrapae var. centaureae, 357
P. obtusa, 232 P. calochorti, 589
Pseudovalsa, 169 P. calthae, 590
P. longipes, 169, 603 P. calthicola, 590
Psilocybe agrariella var. vaccinii, 512 P. campanulae, 489
Psittacanthus macrantherus, 603, 626 P. carduorum, 357, 657, 677
Psyllid yellows, 636, 679 P. caricina, 357, 515
Ptychogaster sp., 607 P. caricina var. grossulariata, 547
Puccinastrum sparsum, 585 P. caricina var. limosae, 666
Puccinia, 355 P. caricina var. uliginosa, 552
P. aberrans, 657 P. caricina var. uniporula, 547
P. abrupta, 545, 687 P. caricis, 515
P. acetosae, 649 P. caricis-shepherdiae, 482, 526
P. acrophila, 675 P. carnegiana, 481
P. adoxae, 449, 559 P. carthami, 357, 649
P. agnita, 505 P. castillejae, 609
P. agrimoniae, 450 P. caulicola, 650
P. albulensis, 687 P. chelonis, 685
P. aletridis, 667 P. chloridis, 463
Index 801
P. cirsii, 503, 677 P. giliae, 508, 543

P. claytoniicola, 351 P. glabella, 479
P. clintonii, 696 P. glechomatis, 553
P. coelopleuri, 455 P. globosipes, 584, 590
P. cognata, 687 P. glumarum, 551
P. collinsiae, 508 P. gnaphaliicola, 545
P. columbiensis, 555 P. graminis, 357, 469, 546, 551, 554, 586
P. commutata, 685 P. graminis ssp. graminicola, 551
P. confraga, 620 P. grindeliae, 465, 503, 529, 546, 552, 566, 640
P. conglomerata, 623 P. grumosa, 667, 698
P. conoclinii, 357, 450, 530 P. gulosa, 633
P. consimilis, 690 P. haleniae, 541
P. conspicua, 556 P. harknessii, 586, 667
P. convolvuli, 487 P. helianthi, 358, 462, 586, 671
P. cooperiae, 641, 648 P. hemerocallidis, 519
P. crandallii, 357, 509, 658, 696 P. heterospora, 358, 448, 561, 586, 656
P. crassipes, 596 P. heucherae, 358, 475, 537, 558, 581, 653, 676
P. crepidis-montanae, 554 P. hieracii, 358, 528, 554, 555, 567,
P. cryptanthes, 513 574, 577, 586
P. cyani, 496 P. holboellii, 524, 657, 690
P. cynodontis, 357, 551 P. horiana, 358, 502
P. cyperi, 529 P. hydrophylli, 566
P. cypripedii, 357, 607 P. hyssopi, 450
P. dayi, 582 P. insperata, 637
P. delphinii, 519 P. interveniens, 497, 544, 586, 635
P. dichelostemmae, 762 P. invaginata, 547
P. dichondrae, 521 P. investita, 545
P. difformis, 539 P. iridis, 358, 477, 568, 596
P. dioicae, 357, 465, 479, 528, 529, 545, 555, 556, 574, P. irrequiseta, 496
576, 577, 604, 637, 640, 648, 654, 655, 685 P. jaceae var. diffusa, 358, 496
P. dioicae var. asteris, 465, 479 P. jaceae var. solstitiales, 496
P. distichlidis, 582 P. jonesii, 582
P. douglasii, 624 P. jussiaeae, 583, 692
P. drabae, 524 P. koeleriae, 469, 586
P. dracunculi, 357 P. kuhniae, 481, 574
P. eatoniae var. myosotidis, 537 P. lagenophorae, 358, 503, 528, 654
P. eatoniae var. ranunculi, 641 P. lantanae, 574
P. echeveriae, 524 P. lateripes, 649
P. effusa, 689 P. lateritia, 565
P. eleocharidis, 530 P. leonotidis, 580
P. ellisiana, 611, 689 P. leveillei, 542
P. ellisii, 455 P. liatridis, 578
P. emiliae, 527 P. ligustici, 455, 582
P. enceliae, 527 P. limosae, 582
P. epilobii, 528 P. linkii, 688
P. erigeniae, 554 P. lithospermi, 531
P. eriophylii, 529 P. lobata, 561, 656
P. expansa, 654 P. lobeliae, 581
P. extensicola var. oenotherae, 540 P. lygodii, 533
P. farinacea, 650 P. macrospora, 657
P. fergussoni, 689 P. maculosa, 574
P. festucae, 562 P. magnusiana, 455
P. flaveriae, 357, 486, 490 P. malvacearum, 359, 561, 575, 586
P. fraseri, 555 P. marie-wilsoniae, 505
P. gaillardiae, 539 P. massalis, 671
P. gemella, 590 P. melampodii, 359
P. gentianae, 541 P. melanconioides, 521
P. gigantea, 550 P. melanocephala, 468
P. gigantispora, 455 P. melliflora, 650
802 Index
Puccinia (cont.) P. pyrolae, 593

P. menthae, 359, 477, 506, 521, 542, 594, 595, 598, P. ranunculi, 641
608, 697 P. raunkaerii, 648
P. mertensiae, 537, 574, 592 P. recedens, 654
P. mesneriana, 482, 507 P. recondita, 359, 455, 469, 481, 486, 506, 508,
P. mesomajalis, 506 519, 551, 566, 581, 590, 592, 595, 606,
P. micrantha, 515 641, 648
P. millefolii, 462, 650, 696 P. recondita tritici, 359
P. monoica, 460, 524, 657 P. recondita var. secalis, 454
P. montanensis, 469 P. retecta, 455
P. moreniana, 481 P. rhaetica, 687
P. nakanishikii, 359, 576 P. romanzoffiae, 645
P. nodosa, 481 P. rubefaciens, 539
P. obliqua, 624, 652, 688 P. rudbeckiae, 648
P. obscura, 696 P. rufescens, 696
P. oenotherae, 479, 505, 528, 545, 604, 698 P. rydbergii, 654
P. orbicula, 637 P. salviicola, 650
P. ortonii, 521 P. scandica, 528
P. oxalidis, 586, 608 P. schedonnardi, 497, 544, 561, 586, 635, 648, 656
P. oxyriae, 598 P. scirpi, 602
P. pallidissima, 666 P. septentrionalis, 590
P. palmeri, 620 P. sessilis, 568, 586, 659, 670, 685
P. panici, 659, 664 P. seymouriana, 454, 483, 522
P. parkerae, 515 P. sherardiana, 497, 544, 561, 586
P. parnassiae, 552 P. sieversii, 542
P. paroselae, 657 P. silphii, 656
P. pattersoniana, 481 P. smilacis, 522, 657
P. pazschkei var. tricuspidatae, 653 P. solheimi, 359, 521
P. pelargonii-zonalis, 359, 541 P. sorghi, 359, 510, 608
P. penstemonis, 620 P. sparganioides, 360, 463
P. peridermiospora, 537 P. sparsum, 472
P. phaceliae, 486 P. spegazzinii, 593
P. phragmitis, 359, 640 P. sphaeralceae, 544
P. physalidis, 552 P. sporoboli, 579
P. physostegiae, 625 P. stenotaphri, 551
P. pimpinellae, 456, 674 P. stenotaphricola, 360
P. piperi, 551 P. stipae, 465, 503, 529, 546, 552, 640, 654
P. plumbaria, 508, 543, 624 P. striiformis, 360, 551
P. poae-nemoralis, 356, 551 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, 693
P. poae-sudeticae, 356 P. stromatica, 506
P. poarum, 623 P. subangulata, 481
P. podophylli, 590 P. subcircinata, 654
P. polemonii, 633 P. subdecora, 481
P. polygoni-amphibii, 359, 542, 571 P. substriata, 360
P. polysora, 359, 510, 631 P. substriata (I), 525
P. poromera, 455 P. symphoricarpi, 658, 696
P. porphyrogenita, 522 P. tageticola, 589
P. porri, 501 P. tanaceti, 462, 650, 676
P. praegracilis, 607 P. tanaceti var. dracunculina, 360
P. probabilis, 687 P. taneceti, 360, 502
P. psidii, 359, 452, 591, 604 P. tardissima, 652
P. pulsatillae, 455, 506, 681 P. tenuis, 530
P. pulverulenta, 528, 545 P. thaliae, 360, 462, 677
P. punctata, 539 P. thlaspeos, 460
P. punctata var. troglodytes, 539 P. tolimensis, 530
P. punctiformis, 677 P. treleasiana, 590
P. pygmaea, 359, 551 P. tripsaci, 494
Pucciniaceae, 41 P. tumidipes, 545, 584, 590
Puccinia sp., 456 P. umbilici, 654
Index 803
P. vagans, 553 P. phlogis, 135, 624

P. vagans var. epilobi-tetragoni, 479 P. terrestris, 331, 551, 606, 614, 622, 655, 663,
P. valerianae, 685 674, 680
P. veratri, 528, 686 P. venuta, 603
P. verbesinae, 449, 687 Pyrenophora
P. vernoniae, 568 P. trichostoma, 694
P. veronicarum, 514, 687 P. tritici-repentis, 693
P. vertisepta, 650 Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium,
P. vesiculosa, 455 C. coccineum), 639
P. vilfae, 687 Pyricularia, 135, 230
P. vincae, 599, 688 P. grisea, 136, 230, 495, 549, 550, 619, 645
P. violae, 611, 689 P. perenne, 550
P. virgae-aureae, 546 Pyrifenox, 11
P. virgata, 631 Pyrola (shinleaf), 639
P. volkartiana, 645 Pyroquilon, 11
P. waldsteiniae, 469 Pythiaceae, 35
P. welfeniae, 675 Pythium sp., 136, 331, 440, 448, 480, 491, 492, 496, 502,
P. windsoriae, 563 503, 510, 513, 522, 527, 566, 609, 610, 612,
P. xanthii, 507, 671 616, 641, 654, 655, 684
P. yosemitana, 543 P. abappressorium, 693
P. ziziae, 698 P. acanthicum, 331
P. zoysiae, 699 P. aphanidermatum, 331, 440, 462, 471, 519, 525, 541,
Pucciniastrum, 360 546, 549, 553, 566, 592, 602, 611, 622, 632,
P. agrimoniae, 450 641, 660, 661, 664, 665, 675
P. alaskanum, 541 P. aristorum, 471
P. americanum, 360, 642 P. aristosporum, 331
P. epilobii, 360, 539, 545 P. arrhenomanes, 331, 480, 521, 526, 551, 569, 571,
P. ericae, 556 602, 622, 675, 680
P. galii, 539 P. carolinianum, 331, 612
P. goeppertianum, 360, 478, 536, 694 P. catenulatum, 331, 471, 622
P. hydrangeae, 360, 557, 566 P. debaryanum, 331, 453, 469, 471, 485, 505, 525,
P. myrtilli, 467, 478, 557, 565, 526, 528, 541, 543, 551, 553, 573, 579, 581,
584, 592 583, 591, 611, 622, 632, 636, 640, 649, 665,
P. pustulatum, 505, 528, 536 671, 682, 691
P. pyrolae, 628, 639 P. deliense, 474
P. sparsum, 476, 587 P. dissotocum, 331, 471, 541, 661
P. vaccinii, 360, 512, 644, 694 P. graminicola, 622, 629
Pucciniastrum spp., 694 P. helicoides, 494, 622, 657
Puccinii hieracii, 577 P. heterothallicum, 541
Puffing, 679 P. hypogynum, 558
Pullularia sp., 498 P. intermedium, 532
P. pullulans, 471, 626, 679 P. irregulare, 331, 470, 506, 541, 542, 576, 581, 622,
Pullularia spp., 477 632, 638
Pulmonaria, 638 P. mamillatum, 450, 508, 541
Pumpkin, 638 P. mastophorum, 331, 486, 495, 528
Punctodera punctata, 550 P. myriotylum, 136, 331, 440, 471, 541, 577, 582, 601,
Puncture vine (Tribulus), 639 616, 617, 622, 678, 680
Purple blotch, 143, 223 P. oligandrum, 489
Purple cane spot, 117 P. palingenes, 638
Purple leaf blotch, 145 P. paroecandrum, 331, 583
Purple leaf spot, 223 P. periplocum, 331, 592
Purple spot, 235 P. perniciosum, 632
Pustular spot, 114 P. polymastum, 331, 484
Pycnosystanus azalea, 111 P. polytylum, 638
Pyracantha (firethorn), 639 P. rostratum, 539
scab, 364, 365 P. splendens, 331, 500, 521, 541, 601, 607, 621, 622,
Pyrazophos, 11 624, 637
Pyrenochaeta sp., 135, 331, 478 P. torulosum, 660, 694
P. lycopersici, 331, 679 P. tracheiphilum, 440, 577
804 Index
Pythium sp. (cont.) R. beticola, 473, 675

P. ultimum, 331, 450, 453, 465, 471, 482, 483, 486, R. brevipes, 595
490, 493, 496, 499, 503, 506, 519, 520, 539, R. brunellae, 638
541, 544, 545, 551, 558, 566, 571, 573, 583, R. calthae, 589
589, 607, 608, 632, 663–664, 666, 672, 674, R. carthami, 649
682, 684 R. celastri, 476
P. uncinulatum, 331, 577 R. centranthi, 685
P. vexans, 519, 541 R. cephalanthi, 483
Pythium spp., 331, 467, 471, 473, 474, 484, 495, 504, 510, R. cercosphaelloides, 649
514, 517, 518, 577, 579, 581, 605, 611, 621, 644, R. cercosporoides, 528
658, 660, 662, 668, 669, 673, 674, 679, 691, 692 R. chrysopsidis, 503
R. cichorii, 528
R. claytoniae, 505
Q R. clematidis, 506
Quail R. crepidis, 554
pea mosaic, 670 R. cyclaminicola, 516
pea mosaic comovirus, 419 R. cylindriopsis, 584
Quarternary ammonium compounds, 11, 14 R. cynarae, 462, 490
Queen anne’s lace, false (Ammi majus), 639 R. delphinii, 518
Quince (Cydonia), 639 R. deusta f. sp. odorati, 673
flowering, Japanese, Chinese (Chaenomeles), 640 R. didyma, 213
rust, 349 R. diervillae, 521, 693
Quintozene, 10 R. dioscoreae, 696
R. effusa, 565
R. euonymi, 530
R R. filaris, 654
Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus), 640 R. gei, 542
Radish R. geranii, 542
(Raphanus), 640 R. giliae, 542
black root, 296 R. hamamelidis, 695
leaf spot, 202 R. hedericola, 569
mosaic, 641, 684 R. heraclei, 558
mosaic comovirus, 419 R. hydrophylli, 566
wilt, 440 R. lactea, 611, 689
yellows, 577 R. lappulae, 516
Radopholus, 265 R. liriodendri, 683
R. similis, 265, 451, 466, 468, 486, 488, 490, 492, 493, R. lophanthi, 450
504, 539, 553, 569, 570, 582, 585, 611, 621, R. lupini, 583
624, 637, 657 R. lysimachiae, 582
Ragweed (Ambrosia), 641 R. macrospora, 489, 646
Rain-lily (Cooperia), 641 R. menthicola, 594
Ralstonia solanacearum, 83, 541, 586 R. mimuli, 593
Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum, 456 R. mitellae, 475
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), 641 R. mitellae var. heucherae, 558
Ramularia sp., 230, 461, 479, 492, 547, 567, 579, 623, R. momordicae, 468
624, 638, 652, 673, 675, 684 R. monilioides, 672
R. acalyphae, 448 R. multiplex, 512
R. actaeae, 469 R. nemopanthus, 597
R. aequivoca, 641 R. obducens, 696
R. agrestis, 611, 689 R. orontii, 545
R. andromedae, 578 R. oxalidis, 608
R. angelicae, 455 R. pastinacae, 612
R. angustata, 467 R. penstemonis, 620
R. armoraciae, 230, 564 R. philadelphi, 595
R. aromatica, 672 R. primulae, 230, 638
R. artemisiae, 650 R. pruinosa, 654
R. arvensis, 637 R. pusilla, 225
R. asteris, 465 R. pyrolae, 593
R. barbareae, 695 R. ranunculi, 455
Index 805
R. repens, 460 spur blight, 117

R. reticulata, 674 streak, 420, 476, 642
R. rhei, 645 yellow mosaic, 642
R. rosea, 694 yellow mosaic¼rubus yellow net, 420
R. rubicunda, 586 Ravenelia, 360
R. rudbeckiae, 545, 643, 648 R. annulata, 584
R. salviicola, 649 R. arizonica, 593
R. sambucina, 526 R. australis, 448, 565
R. saururi, 652 R. dysocarpae, 360
R. senecionis, 654 R. fragrans var. evernia, 360
R. serotina, 540 R. gooddingii, 448
R. sidalceae, 497 R. gracilis, 629
R. sidarum, 656 R. hieronymi, 448, 565
R. smilacinae, 659 R. holwayi, 593
R. sphaeroidea, 687 R. humphreyana, 360, 486, 631
R. sphaerpioides, 677 R. igualica, 448
R. spiraeae, 602 R. indigoferae, 567
R. stachydis, 666 R. laevis, 567
R. subrufa, 657 R. leucaenae, 576
R. tanaceti, 676 R. lysilomae, 584
R. ulmariae, 545 R. morongiae, 653
R. vaccinii, 478 R. opaca, 562
R. vallisumbrosae, 230, 599 R. pithecolobii, 629
R. vancouveriae, 686 R. reticulatae, 488
R. variabilis, 230, 538, 599 R. roemerianae, 448
R. variegata, 623 R. siderocarpi, 629
R. veronicae, 514, 687 R. siliquae, 448, 565
R. viburni, 688 R. subtortuosae, 448
R. waldsteiniae, 469 R. texensis, 483
Ramularia spp., 543, 669 R. thornberiana, 448
Ramulispora, 231 R. versatilis, 448
R. sorghi, 231, 550 Red
R. sorghicola, 571 blotch, 198
Ranunculus brown heart rot, 329, 330
(buttercup, crowfoot), 641 clover vein mosaic, 499, 506, 576
mosaic, 641 clover vein mosaic carlavirus, 420
mottle, 641 fire disease, 198
mottle potyvirus, 419 heart rot, 337
Raphanus raphanistruno, 484 leaf, 617
Raspberry leaf gall, 193
alpha leaf curl luteovirus, 419 leaf spot, 191, 198, 205, 217, 218, 235
beta leaf curl, 476, 520 mottle rot, 330
beta leaf curl luteovirus, 420 raspberry mosaic, 476, 642
bushy dwarf, 642 ray rot, 328, 329
cane blight, 123 ring rot, 308, 309
decline, 420 stem spot, 144
leaf curl, 642 Red-bay, swamp-bay (Persea borbonia), 643
leaf spot, 235 Redbud, judas-tree (Cercis), 643
mosaic, 520 Redbud leaf spot, 223
(red) mosaic, 420 Redweed (Melochia), 643
raspberry (rubus), 642 Rehmiellopsis balsameae, 136, 535
raspberry (black) necrosis, 420 Reniform nematode, 266
Rasutoria abietiis, 96 Rhabdocline, 248
Rathayibacter rathayi, 549 R. pseudotsugae, 248, 523
Ratibida (prairie coneflower), 643 R. pseudotsugae subsp. pseudotsugae, 523
ratoon stunt, 72 R. weirii, 248, 523
rattan vine (Berchemia), 643 Rhabdogloeum
ringspot, 476 R. abietinum, 535
ringspot nepovirus, 420 R. hydrophyllum, 523
806 Index
Rhabdospora, 170 Rhoeo, 644

R. mirabilissima, 626 Rhopalidium cercosporelloidis, 561
R. rubi, 170 Rhubarb
Rhexia (deergrass, meadow-beauty), 643 (Rheum), 644
Rhizina, 332 anthracnose, 61, 65
R. undulata, 332, 523, 557, 575, 626 chlorotic ring, 645
Rhizobiaceae, 69 chlorotic ring spot, 420
Rhizoctonia sp., 136, 231, 332, 440, 462, 521, 532, 533, crown rot, 76
537, 539, 590, 649, 664 ring spot, 420
R. bataticola, 332, 582 Rhubard downy mildew, 184
R. crocorum, 332 Rhynchosia
R. microsclerotia, 625 golden mosaic, 602, 661
R. oryzae, 614 golden mosaic begomovirus, 420
R. ramicola, 136, 512, 525, 529, 531, 560, 629, Rhytidhysteron rufulum, 141
639, 644 Rhytisma sp., 231, 592
R. solani, 136, 231, 332, 440, 448–450, 453, 454, R. acerinum, 231, 480, 588
460–467, 470–474, 476, 478, 480, 482–484, R. andromedae, 231, 455, 576, 584,
486–496, 499, 502–511, 514, 515, 517–521, 598, 625
523, 525, 527, 528, 530, 532, 534, 537, 538, R. arbuti, 585
540, 541, 543–546, 550, 553, 557, 558, 560, R. bistorti, 231
564, 566, 568, 569, 573–575, 577, 579–581, R. concavum, 695
583–585, 587–589, 591–593, 595, 599, 601, R. decolorans, 578, 584
604, 605, 607, 608, 611–615, 617, 618, R. ilicincola, 697
620–623, 625, 626, 628–630, 632, 634, 635, R. ilicinicolum, 560
638–642, 644, 645, 647–651, 654–656, 658, R. ilicis-canadensis, 597
660, 662, 664, 666–669, 671–675, 677–679, R. liriodendri, 231, 683
682–693, 696–699 R. prini, 695
R. solani Ag–7, 692 R. punctatum, 231, 480, 588
R. tuliparum, 332, 568, 579, 682 R. salicinum, 231, 694
R. zeae, 675 R. vaccinii, 531, 565, 693
Rhizoctonia spp., 492, 616 R. velatum, 560
Rhizoctoniose, 321 Ribbon-bush (Homalocladium), 645
Rhizomania, 474 Ribbon-grass (Phalaris), 645
Rhizome rot, 311, 335, 336 Ribgrass
Rhizomonas suberifaciens, 82, 577 mosaic, 630
Rhizopus sp., 136, 333, 579 mosaic tobamovirus, 421
R. arrhizus, 333, 474, 544 Rice
R. nigricans, 333, 458, 467, 535, 615, 618, 642, 669 (Oryzae sativa), 645
R. oryzae, 334, 671 root-knob nematode, 262
rot, 333 Rice-paper plant (Tetrapanax), 645
R. stolonifer, 136, 334, 453, 462, 471, 484, 498, 505, Rickettsia
514, 525, 531, 553, 583, 592, 600, 606, 614, like bacteria, 72
622, 623, 666, 680, 682 like organism, 549
Rhizopus spp., 452, 474, 492, 612, Ring nematode, 256
617, 636 Ring rot, 319
Rhizosphaera, 249 Ring spot, 212, 222, 279, 450, 552, 621, 631,
R. kalkhoffii, 249, 663, 664 636, 658
Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana), 643 Ripe fruit rot, 61, 320
Rhodochytrium spilanthidis, 546 Ripe rot, 63, 64, 302, 309, 319
Rhodococcus fascians, 72, 449, 489, 556, 564, 601, Robinia brooming, 421, 562
686, 687 Rock-jasmine (Androsace), 645
Rhododendron Rock-rose (Cistus), 645
leaf gall, 191 Rodopholus similis, 631
leaf spot, 207, 220, 225–228 Rodotorula glutinis, 190
necrotic ringspot, 598, 644 Roesleria, 334
necrotic ringspot potexvirus, 420 R. hypogaea, 334, 548
wilt, 440 Rohdea, 645
Rhodotorula, 190 Rollinia, 645
R. glutinis, 190, 458 Rolstonia solanacearum, 83
Index 807
Romanzoffia, 645 R. cristiei, 266, 551

Root R. reniformis, 511, 616
and basal rot, 309 R. robustus, 266, 467
and butt rot, 307, 308, 315 R. uniformis, 266
and crown rot, 305, 311, 316, 326 Rouge-plant (Rivina), 648
girdle, 492 Rough bark, 629
and leaf rot, 321 Rubber-plant (Ficus elastica), 648
lesions, 311 Rudbeckia (golden-glow, cone flower, black-eyed
and pod rot, 334 susan), 648
rot, 104, 158, 295, 298, 301, 302, 304–309, 311, Rue anemone (Anemonella), 648
315, 318, 321, 326, 327, 329–332, 335, Ruellia, 649
336, 339 Rugose mosaic, 680
and seed rot, 311 Rumex (garden sorrel), 649
stalk, pink kernel rot, 309 Rumple, 504
and stalk rot, 306 Russeting, 679
and stem rot, 319, 321, 327, 331, 332, 335 Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens), 649
stolon, and petiole rot, 322 Russian-olive silverberry (Elaeagnus), 649
Root-knob nematode, 262, 263 Rust, 279, 345, 352, 355, 357, 359–362, 544
Rootlet necrosis, 328 Rutabaga, 649
Rose Rymovirus, 53
(Rosa), 645
–Acacia (Robinia hispida), 647
anthracnose, 387 S
blackspot, 99 Saccardia quercina, 603
brand canker, 153 Safflower (Carthamus), 649
brown canker, 154 Sage (Salvia) (includes blue, clary, sauceleaf, scarlet,
canker, 161 black ornamen-tal forms), 649
commom canker, 152 Sage-brush (Artemisia), 650
dieback, 158 Saguaro
downy mildew, 184 cactus, 485
graft canker, 153 cactus carmovirus, 421
leaf curl, 647 Sainfoin (Onobrychis), 650
–mallow (Hibiscus palustris), 647 Salal (Gaultheria shallon), 650
mildew, 291, 292 Salpiglossis (painted-tongue), 651
mosaic, 421, 647 Salsify
rosette, 421, 647 (Tragopogon), 651
spring dwarf, 647 black (Scorzonera), 651
streak, 421, 647 leaf blight, 140
yellow mosaic, 421, 647 Salt bush (Atriplex), 651
Rose-gentian (Sabatia), 647 Saltgrass (Distichlis), 651
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), 647 Salt injury, 279
Rosellinia sp., 136, 334, 689 Salvinia (aquatic fern), 651
(Dematophora) necatrix, 650 Sanchezia, 651
R. caryae, 559 Sand burn, 619
R. herpotrichioides, 136, 523, 557, 663 Sand-myrtle (Leiophyllum), 651
R. necatrix, 334, 458, 467, 548, 561, 638, 688 Sand-verbena (Abronia), 651
Rosemary (Rosmarinus), 648 Sandvine (Ampelanus), 651–652
Rose-of-sharon, shrub-althaea (Hibiscus Sandwort (Arenaria), 652
syriacus), 648 Sanguisorba (burnet), 652
Rosette, 279, 457, 466, 559, 601, 619 Sansevieria (bowstring-hemp, snake plant), 652
Rosy canker, 629 Sapodilla (Achras), 652
Rot, 84, 326 Sapwood
Rot root, 135 rot, 303, 316, 330, 337
Rotylenchulus, 226 wound rot, 337
R. reniformis, 266, 511, 539, 570, 679 Sarcinella heterospora, 595
Rotylenchus, 266 Sarcotrochilia balsameae, 130
R. blaberus, 266, 662 Sassafras, 652
R. brachyurus, 506 Satellivirus, 53
R. buxophilus, 266, 469, 480, 620 Saururus (swamp-lily, water dragon), 652
808 Index
Sawadaea S. polyblastis, 110, 599

S. bicornis, 588 S. ricini, 471
S. tulasnei, 588 S. rolfsii, 138, 531, 607, 685
Saxifrage (Saxifraga), 652–653 S. sativa, 682
Scab, 312, 369, 386 S. sclerotiorum, 137, 138, 170, 335, 449, 452, 456,
Scabiosa, 653 457, 459, 460, 462, 464–466, 470, 471, 473,
Scald, 229, 280, 313, 314, 457, 586, 606, 617, 636 474, 477–479, 483, 484, 486, 488–490, 492,
Scaly cap, 316 493, 495–500, 502, 503, 505, 507–509, 511,
Scarborough-lily (Vallota), 653 514–517, 519, 521, 525, 528, 532, 534,
Schefflera 537–539, 541–545, 548, 557, 559, 565,
(Brassaia actinophylla ¼ Schefflera 577–580, 583, 586, 589, 592, 595, 599, 600,
actinophylla), 653 605, 606, 612, 614, 616–618, 620, 622–625,
dwarf (Schefflera arboricola), 653 628, 632, 636, 638, 639, 641, 648–651,
ringspot, 653 653–655, 658, 660, 661, 663, 666, 668,
S. ringspot badnavirus, 421 669, 671–673, 676, 680–682, 684, 685, 689,
Schiffnerula pulchra, 97 692, 698
Schirrhia, 137 S. sclerotiorum¼Whetzelinia sclerotiorum, 671
Schizonella, 375 S. smilacina, 543
Schizophyllum, 334 S. trifoliorum, 336, 507, 513
S. commune, 334, 448, 452, 457, 459, 461, 463, 473, Sclerotium sp., 138, 336, 381, 518, 549, 569, 650, 691, 698
475, 487, 494, 505, 527, 549, 559, 562, 563, S. bataticola, 138, 582
588, 598, 603, 618, 619, 623, 629, 632, 634, S. cepivorum, 336, 540, 655
655, 671, 672, 683, 691, 695 S. deciduum, 460, 475, 533
Schizothyrium, 231 S. delphinii, 502, 518
S. gaultheriae, 231, 540 S. hydrophilum, 138, 694
S. pevexiguum, 189 S. oryzae, 138, 694
S. pomi, 96, 231 S. rhizodes, 138, 381, 551
Schizoxylon macrosporum, 588 S. rolfsii, 126, 127, 138, 335, 336, 338, 450,
Schrankia, 653 453, 455, 456, 462, 465, 466, 468, 471–473,
Scilla (squill), 653 477, 484, 486, 487, 489, 491–495, 497,
Scindapsus, 653 499, 500, 502, 504, 509, 510, 514, 516–518,
Scleroderris, 170 520, 524–526, 528–530, 534, 537, 538,
S. abieticola, 170, 536 543–545, 547, 550, 552, 555, 557, 558,
S. lagerbergii, 170, 626 561, 565–568, 570, 577, 579–584, 589,
S. lateritium, 170 591, 595, 596, 599, 600, 605, 607, 609,
Sclerophoma sp., 560 611, 613, 615, 617, 620, 621, 624, 625,
S. eustomonis, 531 629, 635, 638, 641, 644, 646–651, 653–656,
S. pythiophila, 130, 572 658, 660, 665, 667–669, 671, 673–677,
Sclerophthora macrospora, 186, 550 679, 681–687, 689, 690, 692, 693, 695,
Scleropycnium, 137 697, 698
S. aureum, 137, 593 S. rolfsii var. delphinii, 466, 638
Sclerospora, 186 Scoleconectria cucurbitula, 166
S. farlowii, 186, 550 Scolecosporiella sisyrinchii, 166
S. graminicola, 186 Scolecosporium, 232
Sclerotiniaceae, 39 S. fagi, 499
Sclerotinia sp., 170, 231, 334, 440, 598, 613, 636, 642, Scolecotrichum, 357
674, 675, 678, 682 S. graminis, 232, 550
(Whetzelinia), 137 S. typhae, 494
S. borealis, 551 Scopella sapotae, 361, 652
S. bulborum, 565, 568 Scorch, 59, 197, 280, 563, 691, 698
S. camelliae, 138, 488 Scorias, 384
S. homeocarpa, color plate 10 S. spongiosa, 384, 451, 628, 669, 689
S. homoeocarpa, 231, 334, 482, 550, 551, 616, 675 S. spongospora, 473
S. intermedia, 334, 471, 492, 495, 651 Scribner’s meadow nematode, 265
S. minor, 138, 334, 440, 460, 471, 476, 484, 491, 492, Scurf, 365
495, 499, 507, 525, 528, 532, 557, 564, 577, Scutellonema, 266
583, 604, 616, 617, 622, 636, 656, 660, 675, S. blaberum, 266
680, 686, 694 S. brachyurum, 266
S. narcissicola, 335, 600 S. brachyurus, 450, 453
Index 809
S. bradys, 266 S. sydowii, 553

S. christiei, 266 S. tenui, 585
Scytinostroma galactinum, 304 Septobasidium spp., 463, 468, 473, 480, 504, 522, 534,
Sea-grape dove-plum (Coccoloba), 653 555, 559, 560, 562, 563, 567, 588, 603, 617,
Sea-kale (Crambe), 653 626, 684
Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum), 653 Septocylindrium sp., 232, 672
Seaverinia, 336 S. hydrophylli, 232, 566
S. geranii, 336, 542 S. ranunculi, 641
Sedum (Stonecrop), 654 Septocyta ruberum, 170
Seed, 131 Septogloeum, 233
decay, 331 S. acerinum, 233
mold, 230 S. celtidis, 553
pitting, 471 S. cercocarpi, 598
smut, 314 S. convolvuli, 475
spotting, 614 S. defolians, 603
Seedling S. hedysari, 674
blight, 62, 103, 108, 117, 120, 124, S. lupini, 583
136, 141 S. maculans, 694
leaf blight, 215 S. oxysporum, 233, 550
root rot, 332 S. parasiticum, 233, 527
Seimatosporium S. profusum, 527, 555
S. arbuti, 212 S. querceum, 603
S. berckmansii, 114 S. rhopaloideum, 233
S. lichenicola, 114 S. salicinum, 694
Seinhorst stubby root nematode, 267 S. salicis-fendlerianae, 694
Seiridium S. schizonoti, 561
(Coryneum), 153 S. subnudum, 657
S. cardinale, 153 S. variegatum, 451
S. unicorne, 163 Septomyxa affine, 684
Selenophoma, 232 Septoria sp., 138, 145, 198, 233, 468, 490, 510, 539,
S. donacis, 463, 468, 550 543, 552, 565, 568, 573, 587, 618, 634, 641,
S. donacis; Syn. Pseudoseptoria everhartii, 232 648, 652
S. everhartii, 232, 550 leaf spot, 233, 234
S. obtusa, 232, 550 S. abortiva, 596
Selenophoma spp., 607 S. aceris, 480, 588
Sempervivum (houseleek), 654 S. acetosella, 608
Senecio (groundsel), 654 S. aegopodii, 674
Septobasidiaceae, 41 S. agrimoniae, 450
Septobasidium sp., 597 S. agrimoniae-eupatoriae, 450
S. alni, 672 S. agropyrina, 145, 233, 550
S. apiculatum, 672 S. alabamensis, 494
S. burtii, 170, 553, 640, 672 S. alba, 656
S. castaneum, 170, 488 S. albicans, 652
S. cokeri, 473, 639 S. albopunctata, 478, 531
S. conidiophorum, 488 S. allardii, 483
S. curtisii, 170, 473, 530, 561, 690 S. alni, 451
S. filiforme, 451 S. ampelina, 548
S. fumigatum, 580 S. anemones, 455
S. langoisii, 585 S. angularis, 465
S. leprieurii, 585 S. angustifolia, 598
S. mariani, 639 S. antirrhinorum, 590
S. peckii, 451 S. apii, 139
S. pilosum, 587 S. apiicola, 139, 495
S. pseudopedicellatum, 171, 458, 488, 500, 526, 530, S. apii-graveolentis, 139
531, 578 S. aquilegiae, 508
S. retiforme, 497 S. arabidis, 460
S. sabalis, 611 S. araliae, 543
S. sabal-minor, 611 S. argemones, 637
S. sinuosum, 517, 531, 672 S. argyrea, 526
810 Index
Septoria sp. (cont.) S. dalibardae, 517

S. artemisiae, 650 S. darlingtoniae, 487
S. asiminae, 613 S. darrowi, 476, 520, 642
S. asplenii, 533 S. dearnessii, 455
S. atropurpurea, 530 S. delphinella, 518
S. azaleae, 198, 467 S. dianthae, 491
S. baptisiae, 469 S. dianthi, 233, 520, 674
S. bataticola, 233, 673 S. didyma, 694
S. betae, 473 S. diervillae, 521
S. betulae, 475 S. dimera, 656
S. betulicola, 475 S. divaricatae, 233
S. blasdalei, 482 S. dracocephali, 524
S. breviuscula, 580 S. elaeagni, 526
S. brunellae, 638 S. eleospora, 538
S. bumeliae, 483 S. elymi, 145, 550
S. cacaliae, 654 S. epilobii, 528
S. cacticola, 485 S. erigerontis, 479
S. calamagrostidis, 233, 550 S. erigerontis var. boltoniae, 479
S. callistephi, 233, 465 S. eriobotryae, 582
S. calypsonis, 607 S. eryngicola, 529
S. calystegiae, 487 S. euonymi, 530
S. campanulae, 489 S. eupatorii, 530
S. canadensis, 489 S. eupatoriicola, 530
S. cannabis, 557 S. exotica, 556
S. carthami, 649 S. expansa, 542
S. caryae, 559, 619 S. farfaricola, 508
S. cassiicola, 493 S. fici-indicae, 485
S. ceanothi, 494 S. flagellaris, 487
S. cephalanthi, 483 S. flagellifera, 614
S. cercosperma, 545, 554 S. gaillardiae, 539
S. chamaecisti, 671 S. gaurina, 540
S. chelidonii, 494 S. gei, 542
S. chimaphilae, 628 S. glabra, 563
S. chionanthi, 538 S. gladioli, 234, 544
S. chlorogali, 488 S. glycines, 234, 660
S. chrysanthemella, 233, 502, 517 S. grindeliae, 552
S. chrysanthemi, 510 S. grindeliicola, 552
S. cirrhosa, 666 S. helenii, 556
S. cirsii, 503, 677 S. helianthi, 462, 556, 671
S. citri, 233, 504 S. heliopsidis, 556
S. citrulli, 233 S. hepaticae, 558
S. clematidis, 506 S. heucherae, 558
S. cocoina, 610 S. hicoriae, 559
S. collinsiae, 508 S. hieracicola, 554
S. consocia, 593 S. hippocastani, 563
S. conspicua, 582 S. humuli, 562
S. convolvuli, 487, 596 S. hydrangeae, 565
S. coptidis, 546 S. hydrophylli, 566
S. coreopsidis, 509 S. hypoxis, 667
S. cornicola, 233, 522 S. ilicifolia, 560
S. corydalis, 510 S. increscens, 666
S. corylina, 555 S. infuscata, 643
S. crataegi, 555 S. iresines, 568
S. cruciatae, 539 S. jussiaeae, 692
S. cucurbitacearum, 233, 514, 591, 665 S. krigiae, 574
S. cunilae, 521 S. lactucae, 234, 495, 577
S. cyclaminis, 233 S. lamii, 597
S. cylindrica, 455 S. lanaria, 531
S. cylindrospora, 696 S. lavandulae, 576
Index 811
S. lepachydis, 525 S. physostegiae, 625

S. leucanthemi, 139, 502, 517, 655 S. pileae, 462
S. liatridis, 578 S. pimpinellae, 676
S. limonium, 504 S. pisi, 614
S. linariae, 580 S. pistaciarum, 234, 628
S. liquidambaris, 672 S. platanifolia, 629
S. lithospermi, 581 S. pleosporioides, 649
S. littorea, 521 S. polemonii, 633
S. lobeliae, 581 S. polemoniicola, 633
S. loligena, 234, 550 S. polygalae, 593
S. lophanthi, 450 S. populicola, 234, 634
S. ludwigiae, 583 S. poseyi, 592
S. lupinicola, 583 S. pruni, 501, 630
S. lupulina, 562 S. pteleae, 563
S. lychnidis, 584 S. pulchella, 584
S. lychnidis var. pusilla, 510 S. punicea, 455
S. lycopersici, 234, 525, 679 S. pyri, 511
S. lycopi, 691 S. pyrolae, 639
S. lythrina, 584 S. ravenelii, 499
S. macropoda, 145, 550 S. rhapontici, 645
S. maculifera, 515 S. rhododendri, 644
S. magnoliae, 585 S. rhoina, 657, 670
S. malvicola, 561 S. rivinae, 648
S. margaritaceae, 454 S. rosae, 645
S. mariae-wilsonii, 685 S. rubi, 234, 476, 520
S. menthae, 594 S. rudbeckiae, 545, 648
S. menthicola, 477 S. salicicola, 694
S. mentzeliae, 592 S. sambucina, 526, 562
S. mikanii, 593 S. sanguinea, 515
S. mimuli, 593 S. scrophulariae, 535
S. mitellae, 475 S. scutellariae, 656
S. musiva, 655 S. secalis, 550
S. myricae, 693 S. secalis var. stipae, 234
S. myricata, 672 S. sedi, 654
S. nabali, 637 S. selenophomoides, 607
S. negundinis, 480 S. senecionis, 654
S. nepetae, 494 S. shepherdiae, 482
S. noctiflorae, 659 S. signalensis, 658
S. nodorum, 550 S. silenes, 656
S. noli-tangeris, 566 S. sitchensis, 597
S. obesa, 233, 502 S. smilacinae, 659
S. oedospora, 658 S. smilacis, 657
S. oenotherae, 604 S. solitaria, 467, 644
S. oleandrina, 605 S. sorbi, 597
S. ornithogali, 667 S. spadicea, 626
S. ostryae, 563 S. speculariae, 662
S. oudemansii, 234, 550 S. spiculosa, 657
S. pachysandrae, 608 S. spraguei, 234
S. pachyspora, 558, 637 S. stachydis, 666
S. paeoniae, 234, 620 S. stigma, 672
S. pastinacae, 612 S. streptopidis, 70
S. penstemonis, 620 S. symphoricarpi, 658, 696
S. peraphylli, 666 S. symploci, 672
S. petroselini, 612 S. tageticola, 234, 589
S. petrosellini, 139 S. tecomae, 682
S. philadelphi, 595 S. tenella, 234, 550
S. phlogis, 234 S. thalictri, 590
S. photiniae, 625 S. tradescantiae, 681
S. phylctaenioides, 506 S. trautveteriae, 681
812 Index
Septoria spp., 546, 594, 603, 624, 694 Sirula macrospora, 663
Septorium spraguei, 694 Skimmia, 656
Septosphaeria maculans, 490 Skin blanching, 548
Septosporium Skullcap (Scutellaria), 656
S. heterosporum, 548 Skunk-cabbage (Symplocarpus), 656–657
S. lindquistii, 671 Skunk vine (Paederia foetide), 657
Septotinia, 139 Slenderflower thistle (Carduus), 657
S. podophyllina, 139, 590 Slight blight, 210
S. populiperda, 634 Slime disease, 79, 83
Sequivirus, 53 Small brown patch, 551
Sequoia (redwood and giant sequoia), 654 Small flower galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora), 657
Seriocarpus (white-topped aster), 655 Small sclerotial neck rot, 299
Serrano golden mosaic, 622, 680 Smelowskia, 657
Servazziella, 139 Smilax (greenbrier cat-brier), 657
S. longispora, 114, 139 leaf spot, 207
Sesame (Sesamum), 655 Smithantha, 426
Sesquicillium buxi, 321 Smithiana, 657
Sesuvium, 655 potexvirus, 421, 657
Setaria glauca, 549 Smog injury, 280
Setosphaeria turcica, 121 Smoke injury, 280
Severe cattleya color-break, 607 Smoke-tree
Shallot (Allium ascalonicum; A. porrum, Leek), 655 (Cotinus), 657
Shamrock (Dalea), 657
chlorotic ringspot, 608 Smooth-headed meadow nematode, 264
chlorotic ringspot potyvirus, 421 Smooth patch, 149
Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum X Superbum), 655 Smother, 141
Shepherd’s purse (Capsella), 655 Smut, 374, 376, 377
Shining willow (Salix lucida), 655 Snakeweed (Polygonum), 657
Shizophyllum commune, 615 Snapdragon
Shoot (Antirrhinum), 658
blight, 118, 120, 122, 124, 131, 140, 247 anthracnose, 61, 65
dieback, 160, 167 downy mildew, 182
hole, 209, 210 leaf spot, 227
hypertrophy, 191 rust, 356
and leaf gall, 192 Snowball spot anthracnose, 388
and stem blight, 132 Snowberry
and twig blight, 138 (Symphoricarpos), 658
Short-cycle orange rust, 352 anthracnose, 388
Shortened internodes, 698 Snow blight, 129
Shortia (oconee-bells), 655 Snowdrop (Galanthus), 658
Shot berry, 280, 548 Snowmold, 381
Shot hole, 114, 206, 210 Snow-on-the-mountain (Euphorbia marginata), 659
Shrivel, 556, 691 SO3, 589
Sickle leaf, 605 Soapberry
Sida, 656 southern (Sapindus saponaria), 659
Silene (catchfly, cushion-pink, campion), 656 western (Sapindus drummondii), 659
Silk-tassel bush (Garrya), 656 Soapwort (Saponaria), 659
Silky thread blight, 136 Sobemovirus, 53
Silphium (compass plant, Indian-cup), 656 Society garlic (Tulbaghia), 659
Silver leaf, 337 Soft nose, 587, 605
Silver scurf, 369, 504 Soft rot, 74, 75, 79, 107, 315, 322, 333
Silver spike disease, 311 Soft scald, 457
Sirococcus, 139 Soggy breakdown, 457
S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum, 690 Soil rot or pox, 337
S. conigenus, 494 Solanum yellows luteovirus, 421
S. obilinus, 140, 626, 663 Solenia
Sirosporium diffusum, 208 (Henningsomyces), 171
Sirrococcus S. anomala, 171
S. elavigignenti-juglandacearum, 140 S. ochracea, 171, 451, 475, 559
Index 813
Solomons-seal (Polygonatum), 659 mosaic, 422

Sonchus, 659 Spathiphyllum, 662
yellow net, 422 Spearmint rust, 359
yellow net nucleorhabdovirus, 421 Speckeled tar spot, 231
Soot injury, 280 Speckle, 232, 647
Sooty-bark canker, 151 Speckled leaf blotch, 145
Sooty blotch of fruit, 144, 456 Specularia (venus looking-glass), 662
Sooty mold, 383 Sphacele (pitcher-sage), 662
Sophora (pagoda tree, silky Sophora, Sphacelia sp., 571
mescalbean), 660 Sphaceloma sp., 460, 475, 494, 526, 644, 676
Sordariaceae, 39 S. araliae, 460, 543, 558
Sordaria sp., 477 S. cercocarpi, 598
Sorghum S. hederae, 387, 569
chlorotic spot, 571 S. lippiae, 387, 580
chlorotic spot furovirus, 421 S. menthae, 388, 594
mosaic potyvirus, 422 S. morindae, 388, 596
S. halepense, 549 S. murrayae, 695
stunt mosaic, 571 S. murrayi, 388
stunt mosaic nucleorhabdovirus, 422 S. oleandri, 388, 605
Sorosphaera veronicae, 687 S. perseae, 388, 467
Sorosporium, 375 S. phaseoli, 471
S. saponariae, 375, 656 S. poinsettiae, 388, 632, 664
S. syntherisme, 551 S. populi, 634
Sour orange scab, 386 S. psidii, 388, 531
Sour rot, 320 S. punicae, 388, 633
Sour skin rot, 78, 79 S. ribis, 388, 547
South carolina lettuce disease, 87, 88 S. spondiadis, 388, 663
Southern S. symphoricarpi, 388, 658
bacterial wilt, 79, 83 S. viburni, 388, 688
bean mosaic, 471 S. violae, 388, 689
blight, 126, 138, 211, 336 Sphaceloma spp., 388
corn leaf blight, 121 Sphacelotheca
corn rust, 359 S. cruenta, 375
fusiform rust, 345 S. reiliana, 375, 510
root-knob nematode, 263 S. sorghi, 375
squash mosaic, 666 Sphaerella applanata, 506
Southwestern ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe, 241 Sphaerellaceae, 39
Sowbane Sphaerellopsis filum, 681
mosaic, 497 Sphaeriaceae, 39
mosaic sobemovirus, 422 Sphaerioidaceae, 43
Sowthistle Sphaerobolus stellatus, 500
annual (Sonchos oleraceus), 660 Sphaerognomonia carpinea, 556, 563
yellow vein, 659 Sphaeronema sp., 266, 478, 496
yellow vein nucleorhabdovirus, 422 S. pomorum, 512
Soybean Sphaerophragmium, 361
(Glycine max), 660 S. acaciae, 361, 576
cyst nematode, 259 Sphaeropsis sp., 140, 171, 193, 463, 522, 527, 580, 605,
downy mildew, 183 608, 669, 697
dwarf, 661 canker, 167, 168, 171
dwarf luteovirus, 422 S. abietis, 536
mosaic, 661, 670 S. albescens, 588
mosaic potyvirus, 422 S. asiminae, 613
pod, 116 S. cruenta, 586, 657, 659, 685
target spot, 211 S. ellisii, 626, 664
yellow mosaic, 422, 661 S. hedericola, 569
Spanish moss (Tillandsia), 661 S. hyalina, 159
Sparassis radicata, 523, 575, 627, 664 S. pyriputrescens, 456, 458, 511, 618
Sparaxis S. salviae, 649
(wandflower), 661 S. sambucina, 526
814 Index
Sphaeropsis sp. (cont.) Spondylocladium atrovirens, 369, 636

S. sapinea, 140, 171, 626 Spongospora, 365
S. tumefaciens, 171, 193, 491, 650 S. subterranea, 365, 636, 680
S. ulmicola, 171, 527 Spongy root rot, 330
S. visci, 594 Spongy sap rot, 307, 308
Sphaerotheca sp., 291, 292, 625 Spongy scab, 365
S. castagnei, 292 Sporgospora subterranea f. sp. nasturtii, 691
S. dipsacearum, 676 Sporidesmium, 140
S. fuliginea, 292, 514, 665 S. maclurae, 140
S. fusca, 292, 552 Sporisorium, 375
S. lanestris, 292, 603 S. cruentum, 345
S. macularis, 292, 450, 461, 475, 476, 482, 483, S. holci-sorghi, 375
508, 518, 520, 526, 528, 529, 537, 542, 543, S. sorghi, 375
546, 547, 562, 566, 591, 602, 609, 611, 633, Sporobolomycetaceae, 44
637, 642, 652–654, 663, 666, 669, 670, 676, Sporocybe rhois, anamorph, 154
677, 687, 689, 696 Sporodesmium
S. mors-uvae, 292, 515 S. maclurae, 608
S. pannosa, 452, 459, 590, 600, 625 S. scorzonerae, 140, 651
S. pannosa var. persicae, 292, 615 Sporonema, 235
S. pannosa var. rosae, 292 S. camelliae, 235, 488
S. phytoptophila, 292, 553 S. oxycocci, 512
Sphaerulina, 234 Sporotrichum sp., 579, 680
S. polyspora, 140, 608 S. malorum, 618
S. rubi, 235 Spot
S. taxi, 697 anthracnose, 385–388
S. taxicola, 697 blotch, 217, 218
Sphenospora, 567 Spraying, 636
S. kevorkianii, 987 Spring
S. mera, 567, 987 beauty latent, 505
S. saphena, 987 beauty latent bromovirus, 422
Spice-bush (Lindera), 662 dead spot, 551
Spider-lily (Hymenocallis), 662 dwarf nematode, 253
Spiderling, wine-flower (Boerhaavia), 662 Sprout tubers, 636
Spike, 628 Spruce
Spilocaea (Picea), 663
(Fusicladium), 364 needle cast, 247
S. botryae, 573 needle rust, 342, 343
S. eriobotryae, 582 twig blight, 105
S. photinicola, 364 Spurge
S. pomi, 365 caper (Euphorbia lathyris), 664
S. pyracanthae, 365 cypress (Euphorbia cyparissias), 664
Spinach flowering (Euphorbia corollata), 664
(Spinacea), 662 leafy (Euphorbia escula), 665
anthracnose, 61 painted (Euphorbia heterophylla), 665
blight, 422 prostrate (Euphorbia supina), 665
downy mildew, 183 spotted (Euphorbia maculata), 665
latent, 663 Spy epinasty decline, 618
latent ilarvirus, 422 Squash
smut, 374 leaf curl, 692
yellow dwarf, 422, 663 leaf curl bigeminivirus, 422
Spine injury, 560 mosaic, 492, 666
Spiraea (native hardhack, meadowsweet), 663 (southern) mosaic, 423
Spiral nematode, 267 mosaic comovirus, 422
Spiranthes mosaic, 607 and pumpkin (Cucurbita), 665
Spirea oriental flowering (Spiraea), 663 Squash-bush (Condalia), 666
Spiroplasma citri, 89, 90, 564, 599, 605, Squaw-apple (Peraphyllum), 666
655, 695 Stachybotrys sp., 496
Splanchrorema platani, 163 S. chartarum, 661
Spondias mombin, 663 Stachys (betony, hedgenettle, woundwort), 666
Index 815
Stagonospora sp., 198, 460, 558 lesion, 104

S. achlydis, 686 necrosis, 79, 636
S. apocyni, 522 pitting, 458, 459, 498, 615, 616, 631
S. atriplicis, 651 rot, 78, 79, 227, 233, 296, 311, 313, 314, 323, 325, 334–336
S. baptisiae, 469 rust, 357
S. cirsii, 677 spot, 82, 203, 204, 218, 219
S. curtisii, 198, 584, 599, 653, 662, 667, 698 wilt, 311
S. foliicola, 645 Stemphylium sp., 140, 235, 454, 479, 495, 537, 544, 547,
S. gigantea, 496, 697 557, 612, 616, 649, 689
S. intermixta, 550 leaf spot, 235
S. petasitidis, 623 S. blight, 140
S. phaseoli, 471 S. bolickii, 235, 524, 573, 654
S. smilacis, 464, 657 S. botryosum, 230, 235, 464, 471, 484, 606, 621, 624,
S. spinaciae, 662 651, 662, 675, 684
S. typhoidearum, 494 S. botryosum f. sp. capsicum, 621
Stagonosporopsis hortensis, 204 S. callistephi, 235
Stain, 606 S. congestum, 457
Stalk blight, 110 S. cucurbitacearum, 235, 514, 665
Stalk rot, 61, 65, 312 S. elasticae, 648
St. Andrews Cross, St. Peterswort (Ascyrum), 650 S. floridanum, 491, 502, 517, 679
Staphylea (bladdernut), 666 S. floridanum f. sp. kalanchoe, 573
Starbur, bristly (Acanthospermum), 666 S. ilicis, 512
Starflower (Trientalis), 666 S. lycopersici, 235
Stargrass S. polymorphum, 614
(Aletris), 667 S. solani, 235, 525, 552, 571, 621, 679
golden (hypoxis), 667 S. vesicarium, 140, 235, 464, 606
Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum), 667 Stenanthium, 667
Statice, sea-lavender (Limonium), 667 Stenocarpella maydis, 306
St. Augustine decline virus (Stenotaphrum), 552 Stenolobium (Florida yellow-trumpet), 667
St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum), 650 Stephanomeria (wire-lettuce), 667
Steccherinum sp., 336, 563 Stephanotis, 667
S. abietis, 336 Stereum sp., 336, 458
S. balloui, 496 S. albobadium, 487
S. erinaceus, 629 S. bicolor, 554
S. ochraceum, 451, 516, 603, 671, 672 S. cinerescens, 598
S. pulcherrimum, 672 S. fasciatum, 337
S. septentrionale, 336, 559, 580, 588 S. hirsutum, 337, 487, 530, 559, 581, 598, 615, 618,
Steccherinum spp., 475 632, 638
Stegonsporium sp., 171 S. purpureum, 337, 458, 459, 475, 498, 578, 615, 618,
S. acerinum, 588 631, 635
Stegophora ulmea, 216 S. rameale, 598
Steiner’s spiral nematode, 258 S. sanguinolentum, 337, 536, 575
Stem S. taxodii, 516
anthracnose, 62 Stereum spp., 451, 473, 475, 499, 523, 549, 563, 575, 588,
blight, 105, 116, 117, 120, 135, 141 603, 627, 655, 672, 684
and branch rot, 104, 298 Sternbergia (fall-daffodil), 667
break, 565 Sterum spp., 629
and bud rot, 75 Stevia (Piqueria), 667
and bulb nematode, 257 Stewart’s disease, 76, 77
canker, 72, 116, 149, 152, 158–160, 170, 173, 210, Sthughesia, 97
227, 234, 327, 332 S. juniperi, 97
crown and root rot, 331 Stictidiaceae, 39
dieback, 79 Stictis araucariae, 460
end browning, 636 Stictochlorella lupini, 583
end rot, 124, 206 Stictopatella iridis, 568
and foliage blight, 112 Stigmatea
gall, 167, 192, 193 (Stigmea), 236
and leaf blight, 120 S. geranii, 542
and leaf gall, 192 S. rubicola, 642
816 Index
Stigmea phyllody, 669

S. geranii, 236 phyllody strawb phf phytoplasma, 424
S. rubicola, 236 pseudo mild yellow edge, 669
Stigmella pseudo mild yellow edge carlavirus, 424
S. platani-racemosae, 236, 629 red stele disease, 327
S. vernoniae, 568 severe crinkle, 424
Stigmina stunt, 424
(Stigmella), 236 vein banding, 669
S. carpophila, 114 vein banding caulimovirus, 424
S. juniperina, 572 vein necrosis, 669
S. lautii, 663, 664 witches’ broom, 424, 669
S. liquidambaris, 236 yellow edge, 424, 669
S. palmivorum, 236 yellows, 424
S. platani-racemosae, 236 Strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo), 670
S. populi, 634 Strawflower (Helichrysum), 670
S. thermopsidis, 677 Streak, 232, 579
Stigmonose, 280, 457, 617 Streptanthera, 670
Stilbaceae, 44 mosaic, 424
Stilbella acerina, 588 Streptobotrys arisaemae, 110
Stillingia (Queens delight), 688 Streptocarpus, 670
Sting nematode, 255 Streptomyces sp., 337, 365, 636
Stinking smut, 375 S. acidiscabies, 365, 474, 492, 613, 641, 684
Stippen, 457 S. ipomoea, 337, 570, 596, 674
St. Johnswort (Hypericum), 650 S. scabies, 365, 474, 492, 517, 613, 636,
Stock 641, 684
(Matthiola), 668 Streptomycin (nitrate/sulfate), 14
mosaic, 423 Streptopus (twisted-stalk), 670
Stokesia (stokes-aster), 668 Streptotinia arisaemae, 570
Stone plant (Lithops), 668 Striga asiatica, 510
Storage rot, 300, 319, 323 Strigula
Stranvaesia, 668 S. complanata, 465, 571, 585, 586, 590, 603, 613, 638,
Strapleaf, 559 689, 693
Strawberry S. elegans, 465, 571, 585, 586, 588, 590, 603, 613, 638,
(Fragaria), 668 670, 689, 693
anthracnose, 61 String butt rot, 330
crinkle, 669 String of Pearls, 381
crinkle cytorhabdovirus, 423 Stripe rust, 551
downy mildew, 183 Stripe smut, 377, 379
green petal, 90 Stromatinia, 337
latent ringspot, 594, 612 S. gladioli, 337, 513, 538, 544, 682
latent ringspot nepovirus, 423 S. narcissi, 338, 600
latent virus rhabdovirus, 423 S. smilacinae, 659
leaf blight, 116, 130, 131 Strophostyles (wild bean), 670
leaf curl, 423 Strumella sp., 171, 580
leaf roll, 423, 669 S. canker, 171
leaf scorch, 197 S. coryneoidea, 171, 499, 559, 562, 588, 684
leaf spot, 223 S. coryneoides, 473, 603
mild crinkle, 423 Stump rot, 83
mild yellow edge, 669 Stunt, 90, 260, 632
mild yellow edge chlorosis potexvirus, 423 Stunt and leaf yellowing, 331
mild yellow edge luteovirus, 423 Stunting disease, 72
mottle, 423, 669 Stylosanthes, 670
multiplier disease, 423, 669 Styrax (snowbell), 670
necrotic shock, 669 Subanguina radicicola, 551
necrotic shock¼tobacco streak ilarvirus, 423 Suberranean clover red leaf, 606, 607
pallidosis, 669 Subterranean clover red leaf luteovirus, 424
pallidosis¼cucurbit yellows crinovirus and beet Sugar beet
pseudo-yellows closterovirus, 423 (Beta vulgaris), 670
pallidosis virus, 424 nematode, 260
Index 817
Sugarcane Sydowia, 172

bacilliform badnavirus, 424 S. dothideoides, 159
mosaic, 552 S. polyspora, 172, 536
mosaic virus, 468 Syncarpella tumefaciens, 650
stylet nematode, 267 Synchytrium sp., 193, 293, 493, 662
Sulfur, 11 S. anemones, 193, 455
injury, 281 S. anomalum, 449, 599, 641, 649
Sulfur dioxide injury, 627 S. asari, 543
Sumac (Rhus), 670 S. aureum, 193, 448, 462, 506, 518, 520, 542, 545,
Summer dwarf nematode, 253 582, 589, 623, 637, 648, 654, 666, 668, 685,
Sunburn, 457, 535 689, 696
Sunflower S. cellulare, 598, 691
(Helianthus), 671 S. cinnamomeum, 641
mosaic, 513, 671, 698 S. edgertonii, 520
mosaic potyvirus, 424 S. endobioticum, 193, 637, 680
rust, 343, 358 S. erigerontis, 529
wilt, 433 S. fragariae, 668
Sunrose (Helianthemum), 671 S. fulgens, 505, 540, 604
Sunscald, 198, 281, 457, 480, 488, 621, 644, 679, 691 S. geranii, 542
Sunstroke, 281 S. globosum, 595, 687
Superficial bark canker, 166 S. holwayi, 595
Suture spot, 615 S. impatientis, 566
Swedish Ivy (Plectranthus australis), 671 S. innominatum, 586
Sweet S. lythrii, 584
clover latent, 591 S. marrubii, 560
clover sweet latent nucleorhabdovirus, 425 S. myosotidis, 513
Sweet alyssum (Lobularia), 672 S. nigrescens, 465
Sweet-fern (Comptonia), 672 S. papillatum, 558
Sweet-fern blister rust, 345 S. sambuci, 526
Sweet-flag (Acorus), 672 S. smilacis, 657
Sweet gale (Myrica gale), 672 S. stachydis, 666
Sweet gum (Liquidambar), 672 S. taraxaci, 528
Sweetleaf (Symplocos), 672 S. vaccinii, 193, 467, 478, 497, 506, 512, 565, 576, 597
Sweet-olive (Osmanthus fragrans), 673 Syngonium, 675
Sweet pea and perennial pea (Lathyrus), 673 Synthyris, 675
Sweet pea streak, 673 Systoria cyclaminis, 516
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), 673 Systremma, 140
black rot, 300 S. acicola, 140, 625
caulimovirus, 425 S. artemisiae, 462
dry rot, 305
feathery mottle, 425, 674
internal cork, 674 T
leaf blight, 131 Tabebuia (trumpet-tree), 675
leaf spot, 233 Tabernaemontana (crape-jasmine), 676
mosaic, 425, 674 Taenidia, 676
russet crack, 674 Tahitian bridal veil (Gibasis), 676
russet crack-strain of sweetpotato feathery mottle Tamarind (Tamarindus), 676
potyvirus, 425 Tamarisk, salt cedar (Tamarix), 676
scurf, 369 Tanacetum, 650
stem rot, 310 Tan leaf spot, 225
Sweet-root (Osmorhiza), 674 Tansy (Tanacetum), 676
Sweet vetch (Hedysarum), 674 Taphrina, 195
Sweet william (Dianthus barbatus), 674 T. aceris, 195
Swine cress (Coronopus), 675 T. aesculi, 195, 563
Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla), 675 T. alni, 196
Swiss needle cast, 245 T. amelanchieri, 454
Switchgrass (Panicum), 675 T. americana, 475
Sycamore, 675 T. aurea, 634
anthracnose, 60 T. australis, 195, 563
818 Index
Taphrina (cont.) Tenuivirus, 53

T. bartholomaei, 588 Ternstroemia, 676
T. caerulescens, 195, 603 Tesselate stylet nematode, 267
T. californica, 534 Tetraconazole, 11
T. carnea, 195, 475 Tetylenchus, 266
T. carveri, 588 Texas mistletoe, 240
T. castanopsidis, 195, 500 Texas root rot, 324, 325
T. cerasi, 497, 498 Texasweed (Caperonia), 676
T. communis, 630 Thalia, 677
T. confusa, 196, 501 Thames’ root-knot nematode, 262
T. coryli, 195, 555 Thanatephonus cucumeris, 128
T. cystopteridis, 532 Thanatephorus cucumeris, 127, 129, 321, 473
T. darkeri, 588 Thecaphora, 375
T. dearnessii, 588 T. californica, 552
T. deformans, 195, 459, 600, 615 T. cuneata, 546, 552
T. farlowii, 196, 497 T. deformans, 314, 583
T. faulliana, 196, 532 T. iresine, 568
T. filicina, 196, 534 T. pilulaeformis, 640
T. flava, 196, 475 T. trailii, 677
T. flavorubra, 196 Thekopsora minima, 557
T. flectans, 196 Thelephora, 141
T. fusca, 534 T. albido-brunnea, 587
T. gracilis, 534 T. caryophyllea, 575
T. insititiae, 630 T. spiculosa, 141
T. japonica, 196, 451 T. terrestris, 141, 523, 535, 626, 663
T. johansonii, 634 Thelephoraceae, 42
T. lutescens, 534 Thermopsis (bush-pea, golden-pea), 677
T. occidentalis, 196, 451 Thiabendazole, 11
T. polystichi, 532 Thielaviopsis sp., 338, 539
T. populina, 196, 634 T. basicola, 338, 471, 474, 481, 494, 499, 503, 505,
T. populi-salicis, 634, 694 516, 518, 541, 564, 576, 577, 604, 606, 608,
T. pruni, 195, 630 611, 614, 620, 624, 632, 658, 661, 679, 680,
T. prunisubcordata, 195 686, 688, 689, 692
T. purpurascens, 670 T. paradoxa, 496
T. robinsoniana, 196, 451 Thiophanate
T. sacchari, 196, 588 methyl, 11
T. struthiopteridis, 196 methyl plus etridiazole, 11
T. thomasii, 196 Thiram, 12
T. ulmi, 196, 527 Thistle
T. virginica, 563 (Cirsium), 677
T. weisneri, 196 blessed (Cnicus), 677
Taphrinales, 37 creeping (“Canada”) (Cirsium arvense), 677
Taphrina spp., 195, 630 ivory and milk (Silybum), 677
Taphrinia musk (Carduus thoermeri), 677
T. filicina, 534 Thlaspi, 677
T. higginsii, 533 Thorn’s
T. hiratsukae, 533, 534 meadow nematode, 265
Target canker, 617 needle nematode, 261
Tarjan’s Sneath nematode, 259 Thoroughwax (Bupleurum), 677
Tar spot, 211, 214, 220, 222, 226, 227, 229–231, 246, 248, Thread blight, 113, 128
467, 504, 532, 664, 697 Thujopsis (hiba arborvitae), 677
Tatter leaf, 501 Thunbergia (clockvine), 677
Tea (Thea sinensis), 676 Thyme (Thymus), 678
Teasel Thyronectria, 172
(Dipsacus), 676 austro-americana, 172, 562
mosaic, 676 balsamea, 166, 172, 536
mosaic potyvirus, 425 berolinensis, 172, 515
Tebuconazole, 11 denigrata, 562
Tellima, 676 Thytisma vaccinii, 478
Index 819
Ti (Cordyline terminalis), 678 Tomato

Tibouchina (glory-bush), 678 anthracnose, 62, 65
Tidestromia, 678 aspermy, 502, 680
Tigridia aspermy cucumovirus, 427
(tiger-flower), 678 big bud, 427, 678
T. mosaic, 425, 678 black ring, 680
Tilletia, 375 black ring nepovirus, 427
T. buchloëana, 375, 482, 551 bushy stunt, 577
T. caries, 375 bushy stunt tombusvirus, 427
T. euphorbiae, 665 chino la paz, 680
T. foetida, 375 chino la paz begomovirus, 427
T. fusca, 551 enation mosaic, 427
T. maclaganii, 675 fern-leaf, 427
T. pallida, 376, 551 infectious chlorosis, 680
Tilletiaceae, 41 infectious chlorosis closterovirus, 428
Timber rot, 316 leaf curl, 458
Tip blight, 65, 116, 129, 131, 136, 318, 658 leaf spot, 235
Tipburn, 281, 466, 473, 484, 528, 577, 636 Lycopersicon, 678
Tirula nervisequa conspicuous, 536 mosaic, 680
Tithonia, 678 mosaic tobamovirus, 428
Tobacco mottle, 428
broad ring spot, 425 pseudo curly top, 680
cyst nematode, 260 pseudo curly top hybrigeminivirus, 428
etch, 622, 624, 680, 685, 698 ring mosaic, 680
etch potyvirus, 425–426 ringspot, 367, 458, 482, 499, 517, 521, 528, 557, 591,
mild green mosaic, 602 599, 608, 630, 638, 649, 669
mild green mosaic tobamovirus, 426 ring spot, 498, 541, 544, 549, 616,
mosaic, 449, 458, 464, 466, 500, 501, 507, 526, 528, 642, 680, 685
538, 544, 571, 574, 601, 622, 624, 644, 661, ring spot nepovirus, 428
670, 680, 685, 695 severe leaf curl begomovirus, 680
mosaic tobamovirus, 426 spotted wilt, 449, 453, 462, 465, 469, 470, 474,
mosaic virus, 463 477, 480, 481, 483, 485, 486, 488, 489,
necrosis, 471, 577, 638, 682, 685 492, 495, 496, 502, 503, 508, 511, 517–519,
necrosis necrovirus, 426 524, 525, 527, 528, 530–532, 538, 539,
necrotic ring spot, 588 541, 545, 546, 549, 552, 559, 564, 566, 570,
rattle, 455, 465, 469, 477, 542, 577 571, 574, 576, 577, 580, 581, 583, 591,
rattle tobravirus, 426 594–596, 600–602, 607, 608, 614, 617,
ring spot, 449, 464, 466, 471, 478, 514, 517, 521, 522, 622, 624, 625, 628, 633–635, 637–639,
526, 537, 541, 547, 549, 566, 570, 592, 594, 641, 645, 648, 650, 654, 655, 661, 663,
602, 604, 612, 622, 624, 636, 642, 656, 661, 666–668, 670, 671, 673, 680, 681, 685, 687,
666, 674, 685, 692 692, 698
ring spot nepovirus, 426–427 spotted wilt-impatiens serotype, 531, 538, 542, 544,
ring spot virus, 463, 466 624, 688
stread, 599 spotted wilt-lettuce serotype, 450, 540, 611, 678
streak, 477, 483, 528, 531, 562, 577, 593, 641, 661, spotted wilt tospovirus, 428
669, 680 streak, 680
streak ilarvirus, 427 streak double strea, 428–429
vein-banding mosaic, 602 top necrosis, 680
vein-mottling, 602 top necrosis neopvirus, 429
vein mottling potyvirus, 427 western yellow bligh, 429
veinnal necrosis, 637 yellow leaf curl begomovirus, 429, 680
wildfire, 82 yellow net, 680
yellow net, 602 yellow net (tobacco yellow net luteovirus), 429
yellow net luteovirus, 602 yellow top, 680
Tobamovirus, 53 yellow top (strain of potato leafroll
Tobravirus, 53, 621, 625 luteovirus), 429
leaf necrosis, 564 Tombusvirus, 53, 583
Togninia fraxinopennsylvanica, 463, 548 Topple, 281, 544, 682
Tomatillo (Physalis), 678 Top rot, 314
820 Index
Torenia, 681 Trichothecium, 172, 338–339

Torreya, 681 T. roseum, 172, 339, 492, 532, 535, 592, 600, 615, 618,
Torula, 244 631, 636, 646, 666, 680
T. herbarum, 593 T. viride, 505
T. maculans, 244, 697 Trichothyriaceae, 38
Tospovirus, 53 Trichovirus, 53
Trabutia ficuum, 648 Tricothecium roseum, 458, 495
Trabutiella filicina, 532 Tricyclazole, 12
Tradescantia Tridemorph, 12
(wandering jew, spiderwort), 681 Trifloxystrobin, 12
T. zebrina, 681 Triflumizole, 12
Tradescantia-zebrina potyvirus, 429 Triforine, 12
Tradescantia/zebrinia mosaic, 508 Trillium (wake-robin), 681
Trametes, 338 Triphenyltin hydroxide, 12
T. hispida, 459, 487 Triphragmium, 361
T. hydnoides, 505 T. ulmariae, 361, 591
T. isabellina, 496, 567 Tritonia
T. mollis, 563, 580 (montbretia), 681–682
T. pini, 308 mosaic, 429
T. rigida, 559 Trollius (Globeflower), 682
T. sepium, 494, 585, 652 Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum), 682
T. suaveolens, 338, 694 Trumpetvine
T. versicolor, 330 leaf blight, 112
Trametes spp., 458, 461, 463, 523, 626, 655 trumpet-creeper (Campsis), 682
Tranzschelia, 361 Trunk can, 150
T. cohaesa, 455 Tryblidiella, 141
T. discolor, 361, 452, 455, 459, 498, 615, 631 T. rufula, 141, 504
T. fusca, 455 Tsw-impatiens serotype, 671
T. pruni, 459 Tubackia (Pirostoma), 229
T. pruni-spinosae, 455, 501, 558, 590, 631 Tubakia dryina, 201, 220, 229, 489, 493, 629
T. pruni-spinosae var. typica, 361 Tuberaceae, 40
T. suffusca, 455 Tubercularia sp., 172, 585
T. thalictri, 590 T. nigricans, 595
T. tucsonensis, 455 T. ulmea, 172, 526, 562
T. viornae, 506 Tuberose (Polianthes), 682
Trautvetteria (false bugbane), 681 Tuber rot, 75, 311
Trechispora, 187 Tuburcinia
T. alnicola, 187, 550 T. clintoniae, 670
Tree-poppy (Dendromecon), 681 T. trientalis, 666
Tree-tomato (Cyphomandra), 681 T. trienthalus, 376
Trefoil, birdsfoot (Lotus), 681 Tulare
Trembling fungi, 42 apple mosaic, 458
Triadimefon, 12 apple mosaic ilarvirus, 390, 429
Triadimenol, 12 Tulip
Triazophos, 15 (Tulipa), 682
Trichaptum abietinum, 330 anthracnose, 63
Trichocomaceae, 37 basal rot, 310
Trichoderma sp., 338, 661 breaking, 682
T. harzianum, 12, 338, 458 breaking mosaic, 579
T. viride, 338, 592, 600, 617 breaking potyvirus, 429
Trichoderma spp., 674 fire, 110
Trichodorus sp., 480, 497, 593 Tulip-tree
and Paratrichodorus, 266–267 leaf spot, 223
T. christiei, 467, 471, 473, 484, 616, yellow poplar (Liriodendron), 683
665, 669 Tung tree (Aleurites), 683
T. obtusus, 267 Tupelo
T. primitivus, 267, 467, 593 leaf spot, 224, 229
Trichodorus spp., 646 sour gum, black gum (Nyssa), 683–684
Trichodothis comata, 585 Tupidanthus, 684
Index 821
Turnip U. necator, 293, 454, 548, 569, 689

anthracnose, 61 U. parvula, 293, 553–554
Brassica rapa, 684 U. polychaeta, 293
mosaic, 484, 500, 564, 566, 599, 645, 649, 667, 668, U. prosopidis, 293
684, 685 U. prosopodis, 593
mosaic potyvirus, 429–430 U. salicis, 293, 634, 694
mosaic virus, 614 Uncinuliella
Turpentine tree (Syncarpia), 684 U. australiana, 293, 512
Turtle-head (Chelone), 685 U. flexuosa, 293
Twig Unicorn-plant, proboscis-flower (Proboscidea), 685
blight, 60, 113–114, 118, 120–122, 124, 125, 129–132, Uraecium holwayi, 557
140, 141, 149, 156, 167, 169, 172, 210, 215, Uredinopsis, 361
233, 318 U. arthurii, 534
and branch canker, 154, 173 U. aspera, 532
canker, 149, 153, 158–160, 164, 169 U. atkinsonii, 534
dieback, 172, 212 U. ceratophora, 532
and needle blight, 130 U. copelandii, 533
Tylenchorhynchus sp., 267, 588 U. glabra, 532
T. annulatus, 267 U. longimucronata, 533
T. brevidus, 267, 551 U. longimucronata f. sp. acrostichoides, 533
T. capitatus, 267, 621 U. longimucronata f. sp. cyclosora, 533
T. claytoni, 267, 467, 471, 551, 616, 622, 674 U. macrosperma, 532
T. dubius, 267, 551 U. mirabilis, 534, 536
T. martini, 267 U. osmundae, 361, 533, 536
T. maximus, 267 U. phegopteridis, 361, 534, 536
Tylenchorhynchus spp., 646 U. pteridis, 361
Tylenchulidae sp., 261 U. struthiopteridis, 361, 533, 536
Tylenchulus, 267 U. virginiana, 532
T. semipenetrans, 411, 486, 505, 548, 574, 578, 585, Uredo, 361, 594
605, 623 U. arida, 481
Tylenchus, 268 U. artocarpi, 361, 462
T. balsamophilus, 671, 696 U. behnickiana, 607
T. marginatus, 663 U. cephalanthi, 483
T. semipenetrans, 504 U. coccolobae, 361, 507
Tymovirus, 53, 687 U. contraria, 486–487
Tympanis sp., 172, 477 U. epidendri, 607
T. confusa, 172, 626 U. ericae, 361
Typhula sp., 381–382, 492 U. floridana, 592
T. blight, 381 U. fuchsiae, 539
T. idahoensis, 382, 551 U. goodyerae, 607
T. incarnata, 381 U. guacae, 607
T. itoana, 551 U. guaunabensis, 692
T. variabilis, 495 U. hameliae, 554
U. ignava, 468
U. laeticolor, 596
U U. nigropuncta, 607
Udo (Aralia cordata), 685 U. phoradendri, 361, 594
Ulocladium, 236 U. sapotae, 361
U. cucurbitae, 236, 514 U. sphacelicola, 662
Umbravirus, 54 U. uviferae, 507
Umbrella-pine (Sciadopitys), 685 Urocystis, 376
Umbrellawort (Oxybaphus), 685 U. agropyri, 376, 551
Uncinula sp., 292–293, 517 U. anemones, 376, 455, 558, 642, 648, 681, 682
U. adunca, 293 U. carcinodes, 376, 469, 506, 595
U. circinata, 293, 463, 479–480, 588, 659 U. cepulae, 501, 606, 655
U. clintonii, 293, 580, 613 U. colchici, 376, 466, 488, 606, 659
U. flexuosa, 293, 564 U. erythronii, 529
U. geniculata, 598–599 U. flowersii, 698
U. macrospora, 293, 527, 553–554, 562–563 U. gladiolicola, 376, 544
822 Index
Urocystis (cont.) U. mysticus, 551

U. hypoxis, 667 U. necopinus, 667
U. kmetiana, 376, 611, 687 U. oblongisporus, 650
U. lithophragmae, 558, 581 U. occidentalis, 583
U. magica, 376 U. peckianus, 565
U. sorosporioides, 455, 508, 519, 590, 595 U. perigynius, 545, 546, 643, 648
U. trientalus, 376 U. phaseoli, 471, 472
U. trillii, 681 U. phaseoli var. typica, 471
U. tritici, 377 U. plumbarius, 540, 604
U. violae, 689 U. primaverilis, 602
U. waldsteiniae, 542 U. probus, 478
Uromyces sp., 361–362, 681 U. punctatus, 362, 466
U. acuminatus, 582 U. rudbeckiae, 525–526, 648
U. acuminatus var. magnatus, 586, 659, 685 U. ruelliae, 649
U. acuminatus var. polemonii, 508, 624, 633 U. scirpi, 492
U. acuminatus var. steironematis, 521 U. shearianus, 651
U. affinis, 667 U. silenes, 656
U. amoenus, 454 U. silphii, 656, 671
U. andropogonis, 611, 689 U. solidaginis, 546
U. apiosporus, 638 U. sparganii, 672
U. appendiculatus, 361–362 U. speciosus, 508
U. appendiculatus var. appendiculatus, 362, 471 U. striatus, 591
U. ari-triphylli, 362, 461, 570 U. suksdorfii, 584, 656
U. armeriae, 461 U. transversalis, 544
U. asclepiadis, 388, 463, 483 U. trifolii, 362
U. aureus, 501 U. triquetrus, 650
U. betae, 362, 474, 675 U. unitus, 578
U. bidenticola, 475 U. verruculosus, 584
U. brodiaeae, 481 U. zygadeni, 698
U. ciceris-arietini, 362, 499 Urophlyctis
U. claytoniae, 505 U. pluriannulata, 674, 698
U. colutea, 477 U. pulposa, 651
U. commelinae, 681 Uropyxis, 362
U. compactus, 465, 479 U. amorphae, 454, 567
U. costaricensis, 362, 468 U. daleae var. eysenhardtiae, 362
U. dactylidis, 551, 641 U. eysenhardtiae, 362
U. dianthi, 362, 491, 520, 674 U. petalostemonis, 623
U. euphorbiae, 632, 659, 664 Ustilaginaceae, 41
U. fabae, 362, 614 Ustilaginoidea virens, 510, 645
U. galii-californici, 362, 539 Ustilago sp., 377–379
U. genistae-tinctoriae, 541 U. avenae, 377
U. gentianae, 541 U. buchloes, 377, 511
U. geranii, 542 U. bullata, 377
U. graminicola, 668 U. claytoniae, 596
U. halstedii, 681 U. coicis, 571
U. hedysari-obscuri, 674 U. cynodontis, 551
U. heterodermus, 529 U. esculenta, 377, 694
U. holwayi, 579 U. gayophyti, 553
U. hordeinus, 602 U. heufleri, 377, 529
U. houstoniatus, 478, 565 U. hordei, 377
U. hyalinus, 660 U. kolleri, 377
U. inaequialtus, 652 U. maydis, 377, 510
U. indigoferae, 567 U. mulfordiana, 379
U. jonesii, 641 U. oxalidis, 608
U. junci, 461, 462, 466, 503, 529, 552, 671, 677 U. penniseti, 619
U. limonii, 667 U. shiraiana, 468
U. lupini, 583 U. speculariae, 662
U. lycoctoni, 595 U. striiformis, 379, 551
U. miurae, 538 U. tritici, 379
Index 823
U. vaillantii, 549, 653 Vermicularia, 173

U. vinosa, 598 V. capsici, 570
U. violacea, 379, 584, 652, 656 V. coptina, 546
Ustulina, 339 V. ipomoearum, 173, 596
U. deusta, 339, 473, 560 V. podophylli, 590
U. vulgaris, 527, 580, 588 V. polytricha, 570
Uvularia (bellwort, merry-bells), 685 V. sparsipila, 634
Veronica (speedwell), 687
Verrucosis, 386
V Verticicladiella
Valerian V. abietina, 339, 627
garden heliotrope (Valeriana), 685 V. penicillata, 339, 627
red, jupiters-beard (Centranthus), 685 V. procera, 627
Valerianella (corn-salad or lamb’s lettuce), 685–686 V. wagenerii, 523, 536, 627
Valsa, 172, 339 Verticillium sp., 440–442, 465, 477, 522, 525, 526, 546,
V. ambiens, 613 559, 608, 643, 663, 673
V. ambiens ssp. leucostomoides, 339 V. albo-atrum, 440, 442, 448, 451, 452, 458–460,
V. cincta, 172, 614 464–467, 469, 474, 477, 480, 486, 487,
V. kunzei, 172, 536, 575 489, 491, 494–496, 499, 500, 502,
V. leucosomoides, 588 503, 505, 509, 514, 519, 520, 525, 526, 529,
V. leucostoma, 172, 459, 497, 511, 597, 600, 614, 538, 539, 541, 543, 557, 561–564, 566,
617, 639 571, 573, 575, 578, 580, 582, 585,
V. nivea, 633, 694 587–589, 593–595, 605, 616, 620, 623, 625,
V. salicina, 173, 608, 694 629, 634, 635, 637, 642, 643, 647–649,
V. sordida, 173, 694 651, 655, 657, 658, 666, 669, 670, 685,
Valsaceae, 39 688, 692, 697
Valsa spp, 694 V. albo-atrum f. sp. menthae, 594
Vancouveria, 686 V. buxi, 480
Vanda ring spot, 413 V. dahlia, 442, 448, 450, 451, 456, 462, 464,
Vanilla, 686 484, 491, 503, 511, 517, 525, 552, 564, 566,
Vanilla-leaf (Achlys), 686 577, 589, 594, 621, 622, 635, 643, 667, 671,
Varicosa virus, 54 685, 692
Variegation, 281, 471, 480, 518, 629, 638, 669 V. fungicola, 442, 599
Vein mosaic, 576 wilt, 440
Velvet bean (Stizolobium), 686 Vesiculomyces citrinus, 304
Venturia sp., 366, 511 Vetch (Vicia), 687
V. acerina, 588 Viburnum, 687–688
V. arctostaphyli, 455, 497, 540, 695 downy mildew, 185
V. cerasi, 366, 459 Vidalia sweet onion (Allium), 688
V. chlorospora, 364 Vinca (periwinkle, ground-myrtle), 688
V. circinans, 542 Vincetoxicum (milkvine), 688
V. compacta, 512 Vinclozolin, 12
V. crataegi, 555 Violet
V. dickei, 580 root rot, 314, 332
V. inaequalis, 365, 458, 512, 555, 597, color plate 12 scab, 388
V. orbicula, 603 (Viola odorata and native species), 688–689
V. pirina, 640 Vipers-bugloss (Echium), 689
V. populina, 633 Virescence, 90, 640
V. pyrina, 367, 618 Virgella robusta, 247
V. rhododendri, 644 Virginia crab stem pitting and brownline, 618
V. tremulae, 633 Virginia creeper
Venus’s flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), 686 (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), 689
Veratrum (false-hellebore), 686 soft anthracnose, 386
Verbascum, 686 Virocides, 17
Verbena Viroids, 54
garden (Verbena hortensis), 686 Virus complex, 549
native species, 686 Virus epidemic, 576
Nemisia diascia, 686 Viruses, 49, 389
Verbesina (crownbeard), 687 Viscum (true mistletoe), 240
824 Index
Viscum album, 240, 451, 457, 463, 475, 511, 527, Web blotch, 145
555, 559, 563, 588, 597, 617, 623, 630, 634, Weed-killer injury, 282, 646
639, 694 Weigela, 693
Vitex (chaste-tree), 689 West African spiral nematode, 266
Volutella sp., 141, 173, 518, 570 Western aster yellows, 478, 480
blight, 173 Western aster yellows phytoplasma, 691
V. albido-pila, 607 Western cucumber mosaic, 611
V. buxi, 141, 173, 480 Western dwarf mistletoe, 241
V. dianthi, 674 Western gall rust, 345, 347, 628
V. diaphana, 545 Western maple leaf blister, 195
V. mellea, 611 Western X-disease, 501
V. pachysandrae, 141, 608 Western yellow blight, 680
V. phlogina, 624 Western yellow rust, 355
V. vanilla, 686 Wet scale rot, 336
V. vincae, 688 Wetwood, 72, 683
Wheat
nematode, 253
W streak mosaic, 430, 694
Wahlenbergia (southern rockbell), 689 streak mosaic rymovirus, 430
Waikavirus, 54 (Triticum), 693
Wallflower Whetzelinia sclerotiorum, 449, 530, 657
(Cheiranthus), 689–690 Whipplea, 693
western (Erysimum), 690 Whip-tail, 484
Walnut (Juglans) (Includes Butternut, Black, English, and Whiskers, leak, 333
Japanese Walnuts), 690–691 White
anthracnose, 66 blight, 244
blight, 85, 87 blister, 431
brooming disease, 430 break, 544
canker, 163 butt rot, 304
meadow nematode, 265 clover mosaic, 507
ring spot, 204 clover mosaic potexvirus, 430
toxicity, 644 flaky sapwood rot, 328
wilt, 679 heart rot, 315, 339
Water-core, 457 leaf spot, 222
Water-cress (Nasturtium officinale), 691 line mosaic, 430
Water deficiency, 281 mold, 222, 244
Water-elm (Planera), 691 mold rot, 335
Water-horehound (Lycopus), 691 mottled heart rot, 323
Water-hyacinths (Eichhornia), 691 mottled rot, 307, 308
Water-lily (Nymphaea), 691 mottled wound rot, 305
Water-lily, yellow pondlily (Nuphar), 691–692 mottle rot, 312
Watermelon pine blister rust, 345
(citrullus), 430 pocket rot, 308, 309
curly mottle, 692 root rot, 304, 329, 334
curly mottle bigeminivirus, 430 rot, 303, 304, 330, 336
leaf spot, 233 rust, 358, 431, 432
mosaic, 430, 592, 685, 692 sapwood rot, 303, 316, 329
mosaic potyvirus, 430 seed, 683
silver mottle tospovirus, 430 smut, 374
stunt, 692 spongy heart rot, 329
wilt, 439 spongy rot, 307, 308, 336
Water-primrose (Jussiaea), 692 spot, 205, 206
Water shield (Brasenia), 693 streak, 600
Watery fruit rot, 320 tip blight, 138
Watery leak, 331 trunk rot, 308
Watery soft rot, 335 wood rot, 338
Watsonia, 693 Whortleberry, bilberry (Vaccinium spp.), 693–694
Wax-myrtle, candleberry (Myrica cerifera), 693 Wild
Web blight, 113, 127–129, 136, 321, 332 cucumber mosaic, 589
Index 825
cucumber mosaic tymovirus, 430 X. campestris, 83, 84, 451, 462, 464, 466, 475, 484,
garlic (Allium vineale); wild mustard (Brassica 494, 500, 504, 507, 537, 565, 577, 599, 605,
kaber), 694 640, 641, 662, 675, 678, 698
rice (Zizania), 694 X. campestris pv. armoraciae, 484, 564, 678
Wildrye (Elymus), 694 X. campestris pv. asclepiadis, 84, 483
Willow (Salix) (includes weeping willow, pussy X. campestris pv. barbareae, 84
willow), 694 X. campestris pv. begoniae, 84
black canker, 168 X. campestris pv. campestris, 484
leaf spot, 212 X. campestris pv. carotae, 84, 509
powdery mildew, 293 X. campestris pv. citri, 84, 504
scab, 364 X. campestris pv. corylina, 84
Wilt, 75, 83, 160, 170, 172, 296, 302, 311, 327, 335, 336, X. campestris pv. cucurbitae, 84
437–439 X. campestris pv. cyamopsidis, 84, 553
Wind scab, 630 X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae, 84, 87, 507
Wind whip, 471 X. campestris pv. fici, 477
Wineberry latent, 477 X. campestris pv. fragariae, 85
Wineberry latent virus, 430 X. campestris pv. glycines, 85, 87
Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), 472 X. campestris pv. gummisudans, 85
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata), 695 X. campestris pv. hederae, 85
Winter blight, 114 X. campestris pv. hyacinthi, 85
Winter cress (Barbarea), 695 X. campestris pv. incanae, 85
Wintergreen, checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens), 695 X. campestris pv. juglandis, 85
Wintergreen, waxflower, 695 X. campestris pv. malvacearum, 86, 559
Winter injury, 282, 569 X. campestris pv. maniotis, 477
Wire-stem, 202 X. campestris pv. oryzae, 86
Wisconsin pea streak, 614 X. campestris pv. papavericola, 86
Wisteria X. campestris pv. pelargonii, 86, 88
leaf spot, 229 X. campestris pv. phaseoli, 86
mosaic, 430 X. campestris pv. pruni, 127
vein mosaic, 430 X. campestris pv. raphani, 87
vein mosaic potyvirus, 430 X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, 87
(Wistaria), 695 X. campestris pv. vignicola, 87
Witches’ broom, 54, 60, 69, 88, 90, 95, 192, 196, 222, 240, X. campestris pv. vitians, 87, 577, 678
241, 246, 265, 287, 288, 291, 292, 345, X. campestris pv. zinnia, 87, 698
347–351, 353, 360, 391, 644, 664, 669, 691, X. campestris var. fragariae, 668
694 X. dieffenbachiae, 84, 500, 675
disease, 522 X. fragariae, 668
rust, 351, 353 X. geranii, 542
Witch-Hazel X. gummisudans, 85, 543
(Hamamelis), 695–696 X. hederae, 85, 569
leaf spot, 228 X. hyacinthi, 85, 565
Withertip, 61, 63, 64 X. incanae, 85, 668
Wolfberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), 696 X. juglandis, 84, 690
Wolfiporia cocos, 331, 575 X. maculifolium-gardeniae, 539
Wood-betony, lousewort (Pedicularis), 696 X. nigromaculans, 87, 698
Wood rose (Rosa gymnocarpa, R. californica), 696 X. nigromaculans f. sp. Zinnia, 698
Wood rot, 305, 315, 328, 337 X. oryzae, 86, 491
Woodrush (Luzula), 696 X. papavericola, 86, 487, 634
Wound rot, 298, 334 X. pelargonii, 86, 541
Wyethia, 696 X. phaseoli, 86, 470, 472, 564
X. poinsetriaecola, 631
X. pruni, 86, 452, 459, 497, 498, 501, 614, 630
X X. ricinicola, 493
Xanthomonas sp., 83, 547 X. rotae, 84, 492
glycines, 85, 660 X. rylina, 84, 555
X. albilineans, 83 X. solanacearum, 559
X. axonopodis, 83, 450, 605 X. translucens pv. cerealis, 549
X. barbareae, 695 X. translucens pv. poae, 549
X. begonia, 84, 474 X. translucens pv. undulosa, 464
826 Index
Xanthomonas sp. (cont.) leaf blister, 196

X. urbitae, 84, 514, 665 leaf rust, 356, 359
X. vesicatoria, 87, 621, 640, 678 leaf spot, 191, 467
X. vesicatoria pv. raphani, 640, 684 mottle, 605
X. vesicatoria var. raphani, 87 mottle begomovirus, 430
X. vignicola, 87 net, 675
X. vitians, 87, 577, 621, 675 rust, 352
Xanthosma, 696 spotting, 491
Xenodochus strapleaf, 502
minor, 483, 652 witches’ broom rust, 353
X. carbonarius, 483, 652 Yellowing, 90, 661
Xerophyllum (turkeybeard), 696 Yellow-root (Xanthorhiza), 697
Xiphinema sp., 268, 459, 588 Yellowwood (Cladastris), 697
X. americanum, 268, 463, 466, 478, 480, 522, 527, Yerba buena (Micromeria), 697
541, 550, 603, 615, 619, 626, 634, 646, 664, Yerba santa (Eriodictyon), 697
669, 679, 688 Yew (Taxus), 697
X. bakeri, 268, 654 Yucca
X. chambersi, 268, 669 Adams-needle, Joshua-tree, Spanish bayonet, 697
X. diversicaudatum, 268, 646, 669 leaf blight, 123
X. index, 268, 454, 535, 548, 569, 595 leaf spot, 225
X. krugi, 646
X. pacificum, 615
X. radicicola, 268 Z
Xylariaceae, 39 Zamia (Coontie), 697
Xylaria sp., 339, 547, 618 Zauschneria (Fire-Chalice, California Fuchsia), 698
X. apiculata, 636 Zebra plant (Aphelandra), 698
X. digitata, 555 Zephyranthes (Atamasco-Lily, Zephyr-Lily), 698
X. hypoxylon, 339, 547, 555 Zigadenus, 698
X. longeana, 543 Zimmerman’s spiral nematode, 258
X. mali, 339, 457, 562, 618 Zinc deficiency, 282–283
X. multiplex, 526 Zineb, 12
X. polymorpha, 339, 554 Zinnia, 698
Xylella fastidiosa, 88, 477, 526, 587, 602, 605, 619, blight, 105
630, 672 Ziram, 12
Xylem limited rickettsialike, 629 Zizia (Meadow Parsnip), 698
Xylem limiting bacteria, 598 Zonate leaf spot, 121, 203, 211, 218
Zonate ring spot, 401, 506
Zoysia
Y Japanese lawn grass, 699
Yam spine nematode, 256
cinnamon-vine (Dioscorea), 696 Zucchini
nematode, 266 yellow mosaic, 592, 666, 692
Yarrow (Achillea), 696 yellow mosaic potyvirus, 430
Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), 697 Zygocactus
Yeast spot, 319 montana X, 430
Yellow(s), 90, 196, 282, 310, 437, 438, 530, 652, 662, 667 montana X Potexvirus, 430
bean mosaic, 544 Zygomycota, 35–36
flaky heart rot, 307, 308 Zygophiala, 146, 189
gum disease, 71, 72 Z. jamaicensis, 189, 491, 631

(R. Kenneth Horst (Auth.) ) Westcott's Plant Diseas

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(R. Kenneth Horst (Auth.) ) Westcott's Plant Diseas

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Westcott’s

Westcott‘s Plant Disease

With 87 Figures and 2 Tables

ISBN 978-94-007-2140-1 ISBN 978-94-007-2141-8 (eBook)

6th edition: # Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

It was a compliment to me to be asked to prepare the fourth edition of

March 2013 R. Kenneth Horst

Part I Garden Chemicals and Their Application . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part II Classification of Plant Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Part III Plant Diseases and Their Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Blotch Diseases ........................................ 143

Wilt Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Part IV Host Plants and Their Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

a microscope. If these are one-celled, with a little box-like appendage, then

What is Plant Disease?

Plant Diseases Are Not New

locality, availability of materials, and costs in developing the control pro-

Plant Pathology in the United States

Disease Reporter, based on reports from qualified volunteer collaborators all

Control of a plant disease means reduction in the amount of damage caused.

A fungicide is a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi. It may

The 1947 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

Azoxystrobin of water. Stock solutions are made up for each

R.K. Horst, Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2141-8_1, 5

for others, such as azaleas, a low-lime bordeaux is

A soda bordeaux formerly used, prepared with Chlorothalonil

Fungicide, nematicide. Copper Acetate

First developed in 1889; became the first factory

Captan 30 DD, Captan 400

Foliar fungicide, Seed treatments.

Soil fumigant. Copper Compounds

More stable than bordeaux mix, less phytotoxic,

benxene hexachloride, tetraethyl pyrophosphate,

Copper Hydroxide Cyprodinil

Copper Oxychloride Dichlofluanid

KOP Oxy-85, Recop, Coprantol, Cupramar, Elvaron, Euparen

Bardos, Bogard, Dividend, Geyser, Score, Sico

Curzate Acrobat, Forum

Mitazole Enable, Govern, Indar

Opal, Opus Ferman Granuflo

Terrazole, Koban, Truban Antibiotic. Fungicide for seed-rot fungi.

Flusilazole Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate

Alliage, Candit, Cygnus, Discus, Sovran, Stroby

AgriSolutions, Mancozeb, Penncozeb, Pennfluid, Pallitop

Trimangol, Vondac, M, Manex, Manox, Man-Zox,

Metax, Allegiance, ProTurf Soil and foliar fungi- Quintozene

Quell, Apron XL, Ridomil Gold, Subdue 2X,

Metam 426, Polefume, Turfcure, Vapam, Vapam

Myclobutanil Potassium Bicarbonate

Eagle, Nova, Rally, Systhane Armicarb, GreenCure, Milstop Broad spectrum

Potassium Bicarbonate Quarternary Ammonium Compounds

Kaligreen Barquat, Hyamine

Corail, Elite, Folicur, Horizon, Horizon Arbo,

Pyrifenox Arbotect, Mertect, Storite, Storite Excel, Tectab,

Pyroquilon Thiophanate Methyl

Coratop, Fongorene Domain, Fungo, Mildothane, Topsin M, 3336,

Denarin, Funginex, Saprol

Bayton, Bayfidan, Cereous, Trisan, Bayton 30 Triphenyltin Hydroxide

Calixin Tricarbamix, Triscabol, Cuman, Pomarsol 2

Agrobacterium radiobacter Copper Hydroxide

Copper Ammonium Carbonate