Amazon Alive

Amazon Alive!
A decade of discovery 1999-2009

The Amazon is the planet’s largest
rainforest and river basin. It supports countless thousands
of species, as well as 30 million people.
© Brent Stirton / Getty Images / WWF-UK
The Amazon is the largest rainforest on Earth. It’s famed for its
unrivalled biological diversity, with wildlife that includes jaguars, river
dolphins, manatees, giant otters, capybaras, harpy eagles,
anacondas and piranhas.
The many unique habitats in this globally significant region conceal

a wealth of hidden species, which scientists continue to discover at
an incredible rate.
Between 1999 and 2009, at least 1,200 new species of plants and
vertebrates have been discovered in the Amazon biome (see page 6
for a map showing the extent of the region that this spans). The new
species include 637 plants, 257 fish, 216 amphibians, 55 reptiles, 16
birds and 39 mammals. In addition, thousands of new invertebrate
species have been uncovered. Owing to the sheer number of the
latter, these are not covered in detail by this report.
This report has tried to be comprehensive in its listing of new plants and vertebrates described
from the Amazon biome in the last decade. But for the largest groups of life on Earth, such as
invertebrates, such lists do not exist – so the number of new species presented here is no doubt
an underestimate.
Cover image: Ranitomeya benedicta, new poison frog species © Evan Twomey
amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 1

Foreword Ahmed Djoghlaf,
Executive Secretary,
Convention on Biological Diversity
The vital importance of the Amazon rainforest is very basic work on the natural history of the
well known. As the largest tract of tropical Amazon is still being conducted due to the current
rainforest in the world, the region has unparalleled lack of knowledge. The surface of the Amazon
biodiversity. It harbours one in 10 known species in has only been scratched and there is much that
the world and one in five of all birds. The Amazon remains unknown to scientists. The scientific world
rainforest supports the highest diversity of plant is only just realising what indigenous people in
species on Earth: depending where you are, you the Amazon have known for centuries: that many
can find from 150 to 900 individual trees per ancestral cultures still alive in the Amazon have a
hectare. The Amazon is also home to a diverse deep knowledge of the riches of the region; and
array of indigenous communities, and its rich that this knowledge may prove to be essential for
natural resources base provides a source of the success of future efforts to preserve it.
livelihoods for many both within and outside the
region. In the face of increasing human pressure on the The need for conserving the Amazon cannot
planet’s resources, an effective protected area be better expressed than in the words of Chico
However, this treasure trove of our planet has not system is vital for conserving ecosystems, Mendes, the Brazilian rubber tapper and
escaped the gigantic appetite of unsustainable habitats and species. The Convention on environmental activist: “At first, I thought I was
development. At least 17% of the Amazon forest Biological Diversity (CBD)’s programme of work on fighting to save rubber trees. Then, I thought I was
has been destroyed, and much more is severely protected areas (www.cbd.int/protected) provides a fighting to save the Amazon rainforests. Now, I
threatened as the destruction continues. In the blueprint on how to establish protected areas, how realise I am fighting for humanity.”
words of the respected Amazon ecologist Dan to manage them, how to govern them, and what
Nepstad, “The Amazon is a canary in a coalmine tools can be used to achieve the planned work. Today, when the world is reeling under the threat
for the Earth.” It charts the way forward in detail and with clear of climate change, conserving large intact tracts of
targets. The end result will be protected areas that tropical rainforests assumes paramount
The loss of tropical rainforest has a profound and fulfil their key role of conserving in situ biodiversity importance, not only for the people of the Amazon
devastating impact on the world because of the world. It is a framework for cooperation countries, but for all the individuals of the world. In
rainforests are so biologically diverse. The 1,220 between governments, donors, NGOs and local this the International Year for Biodiversity, a shift
new species in this report illustrate the richness of people – without such collaboration projects cannot in the paradigm of development must begin, with
biodiversity found in this the world’s largest be sustainable over the long term. utmost urgency, to safeguard the Amazon biome’s
rainforest and river basin, and also how much there functionality and its incredible biodiversity.
is still to learn about this incredible biome. On this note, the Secretariat of the CBD would
like to congratulate WWF for supporting the Latin
Many scientific explorers have ventured deep American Network of Protected Areas
into the unknown and spectacular reaches of the (REDPARQUES) by promoting a regional dialogue
Amazon and have made significant contributions to and vision for the Amazon to implement the CBD
increasing our knowledge of Amazonia. However, programme of work on protected areas.
2 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009
Preface Francisco José Ruiz Marmolejo,
Leader,
Living Amazon Initiative, WWF
Nowhere else on Earth is the web of life as People have inhabited the Amazon for over 11,000
tangled and lush as in the Amazon region. Here, years. Yet it’s in just the last 50 years that
the planet’s largest river basin is a massive, humankind has caused the destruction of at least
life-giving system for the world’s most extensive 17% of the Amazon rainforest. Most of the region
and diverse tropical rainforest. For millennia, remains fairly undisturbed, but the threats to it are
indigenous people have relied on the region’s considerable. Inappropriate development
environmental services and natural resources models, rapid regional economical growth,
which, as this report shows, we’re still striving to increasing energy demands, and unsustainable
fully comprehend. agribusiness market trends are all impacting on the
Amazon at an exponential rate. Climate change,
The Amazon’s natural wealth is beyond too, is compounding the problems.
superlatives. And the significant volume of recent
findings we present here shows that we’re still For over 40 years, WWF has been instrumental in face increasing threats, and to ensure ever-larger
learning about the full extent of its diversity. safeguarding the Amazon. We’ve supported the areas are protected.
Between 1999 and 2009, more than 1,200 new establishment of iconic protected areas such as
species of plants and vertebrates were discovered Manu National Park, Guiana Amazonian Park, Jaú Today, we’re bringing to bear our experience of
in the Amazon region. That’s a rate of one new National Park, Mamirauá Sustainable Development more than 40 years of conservation work, under
discovery every three days – before we even Reserve and Montanhas do Tumucumaque our Living Amazon initiative. We’re promoting
consider invertebrates. National Park. These have been the starting point sustainable development across all countries in
for some of the most important conservation efforts the Amazon. We’re building alliances among local
This report introduces new species from eight in the region, including initiatives such as the people, national and regional authorities and the
countries plus one overseas territory. Fabulous Amazon Region Protected Areas programme. private sector. And we’re seeking to ensure that
findings include a surrealistic blind red fish; a coin- the vital environmental and cultural contributions
sized, pink-ringed dart frog; a 4m-long new species Other examples of WWF conservation efforts in the the Amazon makes locally, regionally and globally
of anaconda; a floor-dwelling, blue-fanged Amazon include our work with local communities to are maintained sustainably, in a way that’s fair to
tarantula; and a bald parrot. The discoveries add establish sustainable fisheries management in the people who live there.
to our appreciation of the immense value of the Brazilian Varzeas. We’ve assisted indigenous
Amazon. communities in their battle against oil exploitation The Amazon helps to support life as we know it.
contamination in the Amazonian wetlands of Now it is in our hands to safeguard the Amazon, its
Unfortunately, research is revealing that many northern Peru. And we’ve promoted certified timber amazing diversity of species, and the
Amazon species are under grave threat, even as production in Peru, Bolivia and Guyana . immeasurable services it provides to us all.
we unearth them. For instance, the discovery of
one of the smallest species of tree porcupine ever However, despite this progress, the degradation
recorded was made during wildlife rescue efforts at continues. So, the approach that WWF and our
a hydropower dam site in the Amazon. partners take to conservation continues to evolve to
Executive summary
The Amazon is one of the most diverse regions on Earth. This fact has been Increased temperatures and decreased precipitation caused by climate change
supported not least by the extraordinary wealth of new species discovered will exacerbate these trends. They could lead to a ‘tipping point’ where the
there between 1999 and 2009. Many of the discoveries have been made in the tropical moist forest ecosystem collapses. The implications of this massive
growing network of protected areas being established in the region. ecosystem shift for biodiversity, global climate and human livelihoods would be
profound. The Amazon’s forests store 90-140 billion tonnes of carbon.
Some 1,200 new species of plants and vertebrates were discovered in the
Amazon biome in this period. This is a greater number than the combined total Releasing even a portion of this would accelerate global warming significantly.
of new species discovered over a similar 10-year period in other areas of high In addition to 30 million people, one in 10 known species on Earth live here.
biological diversity – including Borneo, the Congo Basin and the Eastern They all depend on the Amazon’s resources and services. So do many millions
Himalayas. The new discoveries illustrate the extent of the amazing more, in North America and Europe, who are still within the Amazon’s
biodiversity found in the world’s largest rainforest and river basin. They also far-reaching climatologic influence1.
show how much there is still to learn about this incredible place. And of course,
this report would not be possible without the professionalism and dedication of The Amazon provides life-giving natural resources and services, and is a
dozens of local and international scientists and research supporters. source of livelihood for many within and outside the region. But the fate of the
region depends on a significant shift in the current way development is
This report celebrates the unique and fascinating species that can be found embraced by Amazon countries. It’s vital that the Amazon is sustainably
in the Amazon – a region that spans eight South American countries and one managed as one functioning whole. A desire to safeguard the biome’s
overseas territory, and is home to 30 million people. The report also highlights functionality for the common good must become the core business of the
many vital habitats that face growing pressures as a consequence of Amazon nations.
unsustainable development. The Amazon still contains around 83% of its
original habitat, but a disastrous combination of threats is increasingly eroding Responsible stewardship of the Amazon is critical, not least because of the
the Amazon’s connectivity. And numerous endemic species are subjected to role the region plays in the fight against global climate change. In this sense,
waves of resource exploitation. After centuries of limited human disturbance, at it is in the long-term self interest of individuals and societies across the globe
least 17% of the forests of the Amazon have been destroyed in just 50 years. to keep an ecologically healthy Amazon that maintains its environmental and
cultural contribution to local peoples, the countries of the region, and the world,
The main cause of this transformation is rapid expansion in regional and global within a framework of social equity, inclusive economic development and
markets for meat, soy and biofuels. These have increased demand for land. global responsibility.
Large-scale transportation and energy infrastructure projects, coupled with Through our Living Amazon initiative, WWF works with national and regional
poor planning, weak governance and the lack of an integrated vision of stakeholders from all nine Amazon countries to create the high-level conditions
sustainable development for the Amazon are also contributing to deforestation that will enable the conservation and sustainable development of the Amazon.
and degradation of forest and freshwater habitats. They’re also increasing
pressure on the Amazon’s natural resources and environmental services, on
which millions of people depend.

As part of our initiative, WWF together with the IUCN, Amazon Cooperation
Treaty Organisation and the Secretariat for the Convention of Biological
Bluefang spider (Ephebopus cyanognathus)
Diversity and others are supporting the Latin American Technical Cooperation
Network on National Parks, other Protected Areas and Wildlife
(REDPARQUES) in building a conservation vision for the Amazon. This vision
will build on the conservation strategies and protected area systems in each of
the Amazon countries. It will help to meet commitments under the UN’s
Convention on Biological Diversity – in particular, its work on protected areas.
In the Amazon, the whole is more than the sum of its parts, and the
development of a vision for conservation will help maintain the integrity and
functionality of the Amazon region – and its resilience to growing threats,
particularly climate change.
© Peter Conheim
The Amazon Biome
The largest rainforest and river basin in the world, and home to
one in 10 known species on Earth.
Geography Biodiversity
The Amazon contains the planet’s largest remaining rainforest, which has an The Amazon’s unparalleled wealth of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity
unparalleled diversity of species and habitats. It is unrivalled in scale and conjures some of the most powerful images of what nature can offer. The
complexity, and its importance is world renowned. Amazon houses a staggering 10% of the world’s known biodiversity, including
endemici and endangered flora and fauna.
The region spans 6.7 million sq km across Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. It is dominated by The Amazon sustains the world’s richest diversity of birds, freshwater fish and
moist dense tropical forest, but also encompasses several other unique habitat butterflies. It is the world’s last refuge for threatened species such as harpy
types – such as montane forests, lowland forests, floodplain forests, eagles and pink river dolphins. Here, too, there are jaguars, giant otters,
grasslands, swamps, bamboos and palm forests. scarlet macaws, southern two-toed sloths, pygmy marmosets, saddleback and
emperor tamarins, Goeldi’s monkeys and howler monkeys. More species of
This rainforest brings rain showers and freshwater to cities and farms across primates can be found here than anywhere else.
South America. Spreading over an area 50% larger than the European Union´s
27 countries, the Amazon rainforest is so large that it helps to keep the global Such is the Amazon’s immense biological wealth that it incorporates elements
climate in balance. of 56 Global 200 Ecoregions, landscapes of international importance, either
completely or partially4. In addition, six natural UNESCO World Heritage Sites5
Not only does the Amazon contain almost half the world’s remaining and over 10 Endemic Bird Areas6 can be found here. The region consists of
rainforest but also the largest river basin on Earth. The Amazon river flows over 600 different types of terrestrial and freshwater habitats.
east, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. This river basin is contained by the
Guiana shield or highlands to the north, the central Brazilian shield or plateau A considerable number of the world’s plants and animals live in the Amazon.
to the south, and the Andes to the west. The Amazon is by far the world’s To date, at least 40,000 plant species have been found here7, with 75% of its
largest river in terms of the volume of water it discharges into the sea. At an plants being endemic to the region. In addition, by 2005, 427 mammals, 1,300
average of approximately 219,000 cubic metres per second, it represents birds, 378 reptiles, more than 400 amphibians, and at least 3,000 species of
15-16% of the world’s total river discharge into the oceans. Just two hours of fish had been scientifically classified in the region8. This is the largest number
its flow could meet the freshwater needs of New York City’s 7.5 million of freshwater fish species in the world. The same can almost certainly be said
residents for a whole year2. for invertebrates. In approximately five hectares of Amazon rainforest, 365
species from 68 genera of ants were found9.
The river system is the lifeline of the rainforest, and it has played an important
part in the development of its people. More than 30 million people live across The extent of many of the unique habitats, and the inaccessibility of much of
the region, and over 280 different languages are spoken here. About 9% the vast Amazon region has also hidden many species from scientific
(2.7 million people) of the Amazon’s population is made up of more than 320 discovery.
indigenous groups, 60 of which still remain largely uncontacted or are living
in voluntary isolation3. The identities and traditions of people, their customs,
lifestyles and livelihoods have been shaped by their environment, and they
remain deeply dependent on the Amazon in spite of becoming increasingly
integrated into the national and world economies.
i
Endemic refers to a species that is exclusively native to a specific place and found nowhere else.
For example, the kiwi is a bird endemic to New Zealand.

1,200 New species discoveries
Introduction Protected areas
Humans have lived in the Amazon region for over 11,000 years10. But it was Increases in the coverage of the Amazon protected area network, and with it
not until the 16th century that the Amazon river was first navigated by a the securing of important habitats, ecosystems, and biological diversity, have
Spanish explorer and conquistador, Don Francisco de Orellana (1511-1546). In certainly aided scientists in their discoveries of new species.
search of vast forests of cinnamon and the fabled city of gold, El Dorado,
Orellana left Quito, Ecuador in February 1541. The expedition found neither One of the most high-profile protected areas is Tumucumaque Mountains
cinnamon nor gold, but rather the greatest river on Earth – arriving at the National Park, established in 2002. The park’s borders were strategically
junction of the Napo and the Amazon on 11 February 1542. Orellana named designed to protect its high biodiversity and were conceived by WWF and
the ‘newly-discovered’ river the Rio de Orellana, a name that would later be IBAMA (the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural
abandoned in favour of the more familiar Rio Amazonas, named after the Resources), under the guidance of Brazil’s Ministry of the Environment. At
mythical tribe of warrior women. 38,800 sq km, the park is the world’s largest tropical forest national park –
equivalent in size to Switzerland. Threatened species there include jaguars
It was a great many years before another Amazon expedition – the first to and harpy eagles, animals that require large areas of rainforest for their
travel all the way upriver. In 1637-38, the first detailed information about the survival.
Amazon and its natural history and people was recorded by Father Cristobal
de Acuña, who travelled as part of a large expedition led by the Portuguese With support from the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme, by
general Pedro Teixeira. He noted amazingly precise data on the length and the end of 2009 a total of 25 million hectares of new protected areas had been
size of the Amazon, and the topography of its course, with detailed created in the Brazilian Amazon, more than doubling the area under protection
descriptions of the flooded forest areas along the river, the farming systems prior to the programme’s initiation.
and crops of the indigenous people, and aquatic fauna.
The park’s designation was the first success of the ARPA programme, which is
The first ‘modern’ scientific exploration of the Amazon region was by Alexander securing long-term protection for some of the Amazon’s most important
von Humboldt and Aimé Jacques Goujaud Bonpland, who would prove the biological and ecological features in a system of well-managed parks and
existence of a water connection between the Amazon and Orinoco river reserves. In protecting key portions of the Amazon forest, ARPA is also
systems. After von Humboldt, a number of scientific explorers and providing security to numerous local communities that depend on the forest,
adventurers came – including von Spix and von Martius, who made huge while protecting an amazing range of bird, mammal, fish, reptile and
botanical and zoological collections in the Brazilian Amazon in 1817-1820. amphibian species. It is expected that ARPA will eventually support the
Henry William Bates, who spent 11 years in the interior of Amazonia, amassed establishment and effective management of 60 million hectares (600,000 sq
the single largest collection of insects ever made by one individual in the km) of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon.
region, collecting nearly 15,000 species, about 8,000 of which were new to
science.

1a.
© Fernando Rivadavia
1b. 1c.
© Rogerio Bertani
© Evan Twomey
The Tumucumaque Mountains National Park in Brazil

is equivalent in size to Switzerland. It borders the
© Kitt Nascimento
Guiana Amazonian Park in French Guiana,
providing ample room for species that require large
territories, such as the jaguar and harpy eagle.
1a. Drosera amazonica (Amazon sundew)
1b. Ameerega pepperi
1c. Cyriocosmus nogueiranetoi

© Philippe J. R. Kok Atractus tamessari (male)
Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park has possibly the highest biological diversity
in the world. Manu National Park in Peru, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Scientific expedition traverses unstudied areas in Brazil
is home to 850 species of birds, and protects 10% of plant species on Earth.
A single hectare of rainforest in Manu can shelter more than 220 species of In June 2009, WWF supported a scientific expedition to the Altamira
trees, whereas in Europe and North America a hectare of temperate woodland National Forest, a 689,012ha protected area in the heart of Pará State,
might have only 20 species of trees. Brazil. This part of the Amazon still holds secrets unknown even to the
most experienced researchers.
It is in parks such as these that scientists have been able to further explore
the wild and beautiful rainforest and the real extent of the biodiversity found in The expedition discovered 11 species with no known scientific description
Amazon. This has led to some remarkable species being discovered by in the depths of the national forest: eight fish species, a possibly new
dedicated scientists in the last decade. Recent surveys have yielded genus of crab and two species of birds.
extraordinary results, such as the rufous twistwing (Cnipodectes superrufus),
discovered in Manu National Park; the Amazon sundew (Drosera amazonica) The new species of fish include catfishes from the Trichomycteridae family
discovered in the Parque Estadual do Rio Negro Setor Sul in Brazil; a new (catfishes), two species of ray-finned fishes from the Anostomidae family,
snake species (Atractus tamessari) discovered in the Kaieteur National Park, two characids (Characidae) and one armoured catfish (Loricariidae). Two
Guyana; and a stunning poison dart frog (Ranitomeya amazonica) from the unfamiliar bird species discovered in the area, including a kind of scythebill
Reserva Nacional Alpahuayo Mishana, Peru. (Campylorhamphus sp.), are expected to be confirmed as a new species
this year.
Such is the phenomenal rate of discovery in the Amazon that between 1999
and 2009 at least 1,222 new species of plants and vertebrates have been WWF supports scientific expeditions as part of our efforts in promoting the
discovered in the region. The new species include 637 plants, 257 fish, 216 creation of protected areas in the Amazon region. In Brazil, we’ve
amphibians, 55 reptiles, 16 birds and 39 mammals, in addition to thousands of organised 10 expeditions in the last five years to raise information and
new invertebrate species not covered in detail by this report. scientific data about the flora and the fauna of the region. This information
is used to create new protected areas or to strengthen existing ones.
Many of the new species are highly endemic or rare, further highlighting the
importance of protected areas in the conservation of species.
But this represents just scratching the surface of the Amazon. Much remains
unknown to scientists. The scientific world is only just realising what
indigenous people in the Amazon have known for centuries: the many
ancestral cultures still alive in the Amazon have a deep knowledge of the
riches of the region. This knowledge may prove essential for the success of
future efforts to preserve them.
© Zig Koch / WWF

Right: Brazilian ornithologist Alexandre Aleixo from the
Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi with a scythebill.
It is one of 11 species with no known
scientific description discovered during a scientific
expedition, supported by WWF, to the Altamira
National Forest in 2009.

Plants 637
637new plant species
Already home to around 40,000 species of plants, the world’s largest

rainforest revealed 637 new plant discoveries in the last 10 years. Bromelia araujoi
To say that the Amazon possesses a high number of plant species is a

considerable understatement. The scale of plant diversity uncovered by
scientists in some areas of the Amazon is mindboggling. For example, 473 tree
species and a total of 1,000 vascular plant species have been documented in
one hectare of lowland rainforest in Amazonian Ecuador11, and 3,000 species
have been found in 24ha in the Chribiquete-Araracuara-Cahuinarí region of the
Colombian Amazon12. What’s more, the level of scientific knowledge regarding
plant diversity in the region is far from its peak.
Within the last decade, hundreds of new plants, with a staggering diversity,
have been recorded. The plants are from an eclectic mix of plant families
and include herbaceous, perennials and bulbous flowering plants, trees and
shrubs, vines, ferns and lilies.
Among the huge number of new species are members of the custard apple
family (Annonaceae), dogbane family (Apocynaceae), ivy family (Araliaceae),
palm family (Arecaceae), daisy or sunflower family (Asteraceae), and forget-
me-not family (Boraginaceae). There have also been additions to the
bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae – known for the pineapple), heath or heather
family (Ericaceae), torchwood or incense family (Burseraceae), caper family
(Capparaceae), spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), laurel family (Lauraceae),
mallow family (Malvaceae – which includes hibiscus), and myrtle family
(Myrtaceae – known for clove, guava and eucalyptus).
Numbers in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), melon family (Cucurbitaceae)

and the Solanaceae family have also swelled. The latter is famous for
© E. Esteves Pereira
agriculturally-important plants like the potato, pepper, tobacco and tomato, but
also toxic plants like the deadly nightshade.
An expedition revealed the existence of a new, undescribed endemic sundew

in the Pakaraima mountains south-east of the famous Mt Roraima, which is

at the border of Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil13. The species Drosera solaris
was officially described in 2007 and recorded only from swamps on a small 2a. 2b.
plateau at 2,065m, just below the summit of Mt Yakontipu. It was discovered
in an isolated population within a small clearing in the cloud forest. The name
‘solaris’ (Greek for ‘sunny’ or ‘sunloving’) was chosen to illustrate the bright and
© Andreas Fleischmann
shiny appearance of this sundew, with its bright yellowish-green petioles, which
© Fernando Rivadavia
contrast with its bright red leaf blades. These bicoloured rosettes are unique
among all known South American species of Drosera14.
2a.
One of the more bizarre finds is a tree that grows ‘noodles’. Officially described
in 2004, Syagrus vermicularis15 is a medium-sized, solitary, attractive palm that
grows to about 10m tall, with a smooth, green trunk thinly covered by a
whitish velvety layer. It has a dense crown of dark green fronds made up of
soft, glossy, pinnate leaves which form a graceful, arching canopy. The tight
The Amazon sundew, a discovery 10 years in the making
squiggling tangle of bright yellow ‘noodles’ form the palm’s newly-emerging
Particularly significant, owing to its unusual location and its sheer
flowering shoots. After considering a fun name, like Syagrus ramennoodlensis,
abundance, was the discovery of the Amazon sundew (Drosera
Dr Larry Noblick opted for something that sounded a bit more sophisticated:
amazonica) officially described by scientists in 200917. This plant species is
Syagrus vermicularis (Latin for ‘resembling a worm’). The species was
red and yellow, and grows to just 10cm tall. Because the species is found
originally described from Maranhão, Brazil, but has since also been discovered
on white quartz sand savannas, which are seasonally flooded, the soil is
in Carajás, Pará, Tocantins, Rondônia and possibly in Mato Grosso16.
highly acidic and extremely poor in nutrients. To supplement the poor
mineral nutrition that these species can derive from the soil, they lure,
Among other new discoveries are an incredible 78 new orchid species.
capture and digest insects using glandular tentacles topped with sticky
secretions, and exude a sweet perfume.
“Pleased hardly 2c. After 10 years of searching for the elusive plant, in 2006 Dr Fernando
describes how ecstatic Rivadavia found two extensive populations roughly 500m apart in the
Parque Estadual do Rio Negro Setor Sul, a protected area relatively safe
I felt when I finally from deforestation. The two populations were located on opposite sides of
discovered this plant a small tributary of the Cuieiras river, which empties into the Rio Negro in
Amazonas state. Here, in natural clearings in the rainforest consisting of
after 10 years of savannah vegetation and wet-sandy habitats, the new Drosera was
encountered growing by the “millions”. Another population of the species
searching for it”. was discovered around 450km north of this area in the Viruá National Park,
Dr Fernando Rivadavia, in the central part of Roraima state18.
discoverer of the Amazon sundew
(Drosera amazonica) This find is particularly significant as very few Drosera species are found
© Larry Noblick
in the lowlands of Brazil. Those that have been recorded occur in sandy
coastal habitats. Very few have been discovered inland, as Drosera
2a, 2b. Drosera amazonica amazonica was.
2c. Syagrus vermicularis

Fish 257 new fish species
More species of freshwater fish can be found in the Amazon than anywhere their mouths and keep them inside during development, right up to the free-
else. The mightiest river basin in the world has been the location of some swimming stage. The larvae are usually put down only to allow the females to
remarkable new species discoveries over the past decade. At least 257 new feed.
fish species have been found in the Amazon’s rivers and tributaries, including
three new species of piranha, a goliath catfish and a bright red subterranean A rather unusual fish was discovered in 2009 in the Amazon river in Peru and
blindfish. Brazil23. The electric knifefish (Compsaraia samueli) is strange in that the
males exhibit an extremely elongated and smooth snout and jaws. The species
A new giant catfish was discovered here in 2005. The so-called ‘goliath is semi-translucent white, fading to semi-translucent pink, giving the species its
catfish’, Brachyplatystoma capapretum, was found in the Amazon river. A specific name of ‘pelican knifefish’. Few specimens of Compsaraia samueli
migratory species, the fish has been recorded from Belém, Brazil, upriver to are known, and the ecology of this species is poorly understood. Males are
at least Iquitos, Peru, and in several large tributary rivers and lakes19. A record highly aggressive and prone to fighting each other. This can escalate from non-
specimen of this fish, measuring nearly 1.5m and weighing 32kg, was later contact aggressive posturing to biting and jaw-locking within minutes. Such
caught in 2007 in the Rio Pasimoni, Amazonas, Venezuela. The sparring is used by sexually mature males to assess dominance in competing
Brachyplatystoma genus includes some of the largest Amazonian catfish for nest sites and/or females. Electric knifefish are so called because they emit
species, including the piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum), which reaches a high frequency wave to communicate.
about 3.6m and can weigh 200kg. Although normally having a diet of fish, the
stomach contents of larger members of the genus have occasionally included New species are sometimes discovered in the unlikeliest places. The new
parts of monkeys20. catfish Phreatobius dracunculus, described in 2007 from Rondônia State,
Brazil, is one of the most peculiar members of neotropical freshwater fish
One of the most colourful discoveries has been a green and red variety of the fauna. It lives mainly in subterranean waters, and most specimens so far have
bloodfin tetra family. The species identified in 200321 has been given the Latin been secured from hand-dug wells24. The bright red species is blind and tiny,
name Aphyocharax yekwanae in honour of the Ye’Kwana Indians who live in measuring only 3.5cm long. According to locals in Rio Pardo, a village 90km
the area, which consists of pristine tropical forest and waterways tucked away south of the city of Porto Velho, in the state of Rondônia, the fish began to
in the highlands. Experts fear that the 5cm-long new species, as well as the appear after a well was dug, and were accidentally trapped in buckets used to
Ye’Kwana who depend on the water, could eventually fall prey to encroaching extract water. The species has since been found in another 12 of 20 wells in
human settlements as well as the adverse effects of increased farming and the region. Because of its appearance, and perhaps due also to its
fishing. The region could also be threatened by future hydroelectricity plans. underground nature, scientists named the species dracunculus – the Latin
draco meaning dragon. The discovery also extended the known range of the
A number of strikingly coloured species from the genus Apistogramma have Phreatobius by an extraordinary 1,900km.
been discovered from areas of the Amazon in Peru and Bolivia. These include
the species Apistogramma barlowi, officially recorded as new to science in There are certainly many more fish species to be discovered in the Amazon.
200822. Discovered in the region of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon, it is quite For example, a recent expedition to the Serra do Cachimbo Xingu and Tapajos
different from all other Apistogramma species in that the species has an rivers in Pará State, Brazil, to sample a very species-rich and poorly known
enlarged head and mouth, with massive jaws. Females take their larvae into ichthyofaunal region in the neotropics, recorded nearly 250 species of fishes,

Apistogramma barlowi
© Uwe Romer
3a. 3b.
3c. 3d.
3f.
3e.
3h.
3g. 3i.
3a. Otocinclus cocama © Ingo Siedel 3b. Apistogramma baenschi © Kris Weinhold
3c. Apistogramma baenschi © Nicholas Poey 3d. Compsaraia samueli © William Crampton
3e. Hypancistrus contradens © M.H. Sabaj 3f. Iranduba capapretum © John G Lundberg
3g. Aphyocharax yekwanae © Barry Chernoff 3h. Phreatobius dracunculus © Janice Muriel Cunha
3i. Compsaraia samueli © Mark Sabaj-Pérez

including at least 86 species of catfish. Of this number, approximately 35
(40%) are considered to be new to science25 and are currently in the Serrasalmus altispinis
necessary, but laborious, process of official description, which can frequently
take years. Scientists say that with so many threats facing fish in the region, it
really is a case of too many fish and too little time.
New piranha species
The Amazon contains 20 freshwater ecoregions26, rich areas of

diversity that are globally significant. Among these flows the Uatumã river,
a tributary of the Amazon in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. In 2000, among
dense rainforest, a new species of piranha was discovered here27. The
species Serrasalmus altispinis can grow to 19cm in length and is
predatory. Species in the Serrasalmus genus feed themselves mainly
© Jerry Plakyda
on the fins and scales of other fish, and do not need the same muscle-
packed lower jaw to rip through muscle and bone. With the exception of
a few species, piranhas from this genus are solitary and do not feed in
shoals. In general, they will not tolerate other fish, and are very aggressive
and territorial. Due to lack of research, their behaviour in the wild is largely
unknown. Piranhas are split into 11 separate genera, with some fish in the Two new species of Tometes
Serrasalmus genus certainly among the largest, and some species
capable of exceeding 50cm.
Described in 2002, the species Tometes lebaili28 and Tometes makue29 are
different from others in the genus because both are herbivorous, feeding
mainly on the Podostemaceae river weed family of aquatic herbs. They
are also unusual in that they are both giants, capable of reaching over
50cm in length. Both species were found in the northern Guiana shield
region. According to Dr Michel Jegu, one of the scientists who discovered
the species, both piranhas are endemic to the area in which they were
found, and are directly and highly dependent on the persistence of the
Podostemaceae aquatic herbs on which they feed. The Podostemaceae
in the region is fragile, with the health of the weed depending on the
frequency of the rising water, the water quality and the clearness of water
for photosynthesis. Threats including hydroelectric dams, the effluents of
© Michel Jegu
mining, and the gathering of the weed for drug companies are increasing
the pressures on this unique food source30.

Amphibians 216 new amphibian species
Beneath the canopy of the largest rainforest in the world, 216 new amphibian It is not just Peru that can showcase some extraordinary-looking new frogs. In
species have been discovered in the last decade. Amazonian Ecuador, Nymphargus wileyi is known only from the cloud forests
in the vicinity of the Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo Province35. The species
Between 1999 and 2009, 24 new poison dart frogs spanning four different was described in 2006 and is known only from six specimens collected during
genera were discovered by scientists. The overwhelming majority have been three years of inventory work at Yanayacu. This suggests that Nymphargus
found in the Peruvian Amazon. Poison dart frogs are small – between 1.5cm wileyi is a rare species36. The species is a so-called glass frog. While glass
and 6cm – vibrantly coloured and toxic. In the wild, the frogs use their toxicity frogs have a general background colour of vivid lime green, the abdominal skin
to defend themselves against would-be predators. of some members of this family is transparent. The heart, liver and
gastrointestinal tract are visible through this translucent skin, hence the
The species Ranitomeya benedicta, officially described in 200831, has a common name.
striking appearance: a black body and limbs, with blue markings that
resemble a water pattern. Its head is bright red, with black markings over the If transparent frogs were not amazing enough, imagine the surprise of the
eyes. Some populations have a greater amount of blue on their bodies, scientist who discovered a black frog with psychedelic shocking pink rings.
causing the legs and back of the body to seem uniform blue. The species is Although currently awaiting formal description, the new species from
widely distributed in the lowlands of the Loreto and San Martin regions of Peru. Suriname, believed by scientists to belong to the Atelopus genus37, is
otherworldly. While science is still unable to ascertain the status of the pink
Equally stunning is the species Ranitomeya summersi, also discovered in frog, the species deserves a mention as a further example of the bewildering
200832. Although from the same genus, the species is remarkably different from array of life still being uncovered in the Amazon.
Ranitomeya benedicta in that the frog is jet black with orange cross-bands
that almost seem to be painted on to the frog. The frog’s face is orange, with a
black mask over the eyes. The species is known from the San Martin region of
the Peruvian Amazon.
There has also been a host of stunning poison dart frogs from the Ameerega
genus. These include the formal description in 2009 of the species Ameerega
yoshina, Ameerega ignipedis and Ameerega pepperi, from Ucayali and
Huallaga in Peru33.
The common name, poison dart frogs, is derived from the practice of
indigenous people in the Chocó forests of western Colombia, who rub their
© Paul Ouboter
blowgun darts onto the backs of the frogs (historically the species Phyllobates
terribilis or the golden poison frog) to load the darts with poison when hunting
animals34. Despite their name, only three frogs in Colombia are documented as Atelopus sp.
being used for this purpose. Poisonous plants are more commonly used.

4a. 4b.
© Devin Edmonds
© Evan Twomey
4c. 4d.
© Lars K
Ranitomeya amazonica
Perhaps presenting the best of Amazon diversity,
© Philippe J. R. Kok
uniqueness and wonderment, Ranitomeya amazonica is
© Jiri Moravec
certainly one of the most extraordinary new species.

Described in 1999, from north-eastern Amazonian Peru38,
the pattern displayed by the species is simply stunning.
The frog has an incredible burst of flames on its head, and
starkly contrasting water-patterned legs. The main habitat
4e. of this species, near the Iquitos area in the region of
Loreto, is primary lowland moist forest. The frog has also
been encountered in the Alpahuayo Mishana National
Reserve. Although the park affords the species some
protection, this frog is currently threatened by increasing
habitat loss occurring in the south of the protected area
due to agricultural activities. In addition, because of the
species’ attractive appearance, it is currently threatened
4a. Ameerega pongoensis by wildlife trade39.
© Chris Funk
4b. Ranitomeya summersi

4c Scinax iquitorum (male)
4d. Hypsiboas liliae (male)
4e. Nymphargus wileyi

Reptiles 55 new reptile species
A turtle, 28 snakes and 26 lizards have been discovered in the Amazon in the forested areas. The species seems to be predominantly nocturnal and
last 10 years. The 55 new reptile species discoveries dot the landscape, with secretive, and was found foraging at night among the leaf litter of a primary
species steadily emerging over the years in all the states that comprise the forest, near streams. According to scientists, despite its bright colouration and
Amazon. the fact that it is known to eat other snakes, when handled the species was
harmless, and did not attempt to constrict or bite. The species is a member of
Two of the new discoveries are members of the Elapidae family. This is the the Colubridae family, a predominately harmless and non-venomous family,
most venomous snake family in the world and includes among its number the which accounts for roughly two thirds of all snake species on Earth, including a
taipans, black mamba, cobras, fierce snake, and sea snakes. The coral snake, vast majority of the new Amazon snake discoveries.
Micrurus pacaraimae, was discovered in 2002 in Brazil’s border with
Venezuela, in the state of Roraima40. The 30cm, red and black-ringed Thirteen new species of colubrid snakes from the Atractus genus, or ground
species is one of over 65 known species, and many are among the most snakes, were also discovered over the past decade. Most of the nearly 100
venomous snakes in the Amazon. A further species, Leptomicrurus renjifoi, species comprising the genus have restricted distributions. In Guyana, where
was found in the tropical semi-deciduous forest of the eastern Colombian knowledge of the herpetofaunal diversity is still very limited, a new species,
llanos, a grassland in the Amazon41. Officially described in 2004, this 40cm Atractus tamessari, was discovered in Kaieteur National Park. The snake is
species, a so-called short-tailed coral snake, is unique in that it is the medium brown to brownish-black, with dark brown mottling and rust-coloured
smallest of its genus and differs from other coral snakes by possessing a spots43. A further species, the tiger-striped Atractus davidhardi was described a
pattern of black rings separated by equally long (or longer) pale orange rings. year later from the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon44,45.
The eastern llanos of Colombia is a complex of savannahs and a dozen types
of forests. It is also home to the endemic Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus Snake discoveries in the Brazilian Amazon have been particularly prevalent
intermedius), a species that reaches 7m, and is one of the most but, despite this, up to 30% of the Brazilian fauna of snakes is still unknown,
critically-endangered reptiles on Earth. according to the Brazilian Society of Herpetology. This means more than 100
species could yet be discovered, with the total number of snakes exceeding
Another vibrantly-coloured snake species, Pseudoboa martinsi, was described 350.
in 2008 from the Amazon States of Pará, Amazonas, Roraima and Rondônia,
Brazil42. The new metre-long species has a black head cap, a large black Other significant reptile finds include a new turtle, found in an array of
vertebral stripe, bright red flanks, and a uniformly white belly. One of the most Amazonian habitats in the upper Amazon basin, including southern Venezuela,
notable characteristics of pseudoboine snakes is the developmental colour western Brazil, north-eastern Peru, eastern Ecuador and south-eastern
change that individuals undergo. Scientists suggest this is likely to be related Colombia. The new Amazon toadhead turtle (Batrachemys heliostemma),
to their reaching sexual maturity. The new species, however, is unique among discovered in 200146, is a medium to large-sized toadhead turtle and has a
its contemporaries as it retains its pale collar and bright colour pattern large, wide, round head. The name given to the species is a combination of
throughout its life. Greek: helios, ‘sun’, and stemma ‘wreath’, in reference to the bright yellow-
orange horseshoe-shaped facial bands the species displays on its head. Little
Individuals of this new species were found in both primary and disturbed is known of the behaviour or feeding preferences of this species in the wild,

5a. 5b.
© Jairo H Maldonado
© Vinicius Carvalho
5c. 5d.
© Steven Poe
© Steven Poe
5a. Pseudoboa martinsi
5b. Atractus davidhardi
5c. Anolis cuscoensis
5d. Anolis williamsmittermeierorum

Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis)
© José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí

but it seems to prefer shallow and clear waters, and has been observed only
in high, non-flooded forests near permanent water bodies and slow-moving
streams. Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis)
A new anaconda for the Amazon
Among the incredible new species finds is a new species of perhaps one
of the most well-known and feared reptiles of the Amazon: the
anaconda47. Described in 2002 from treeless-savannas of Bolivia’s
north-eastern Amazon province, the new species was initially believed
to be the result of hybridisation between green and yellow anacondas.
However, after further morphological and molecular genetic studies, the
snake was determined to be a distinct species and subsequently named
the beni, or Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis)48. The species was
subsequently found also in the floodplains of Bolivia’s Pando province.
The new anaconda is particularly significant, as the snake is the first
valid anaconda species to be described since 1936, and joins only three
other known anaconda species.
The Bolivian anaconda can grow up to a lengthy four metres, but

possibly even longer according to scientists. Its basic colour is brown to
dark olive green, possessing five stripes on its head, and is patterned
with fewer than 100 large, dark, solid blotches – fewer and larger than
other species. According to experts, the Bolivian anaconda is more
closely related to the yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) and the
dark-spotted anaconda (Eunectes deschauenseei) than to the green
anaconda (Eunectes murinus).
All anacondas are primarily aquatic boas, with small, dorsally-positioned

eyes and relatively narrow heads. They predominantly rely on ambush –
© José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí

catching, suffocating and eating a wide variety of prey, almost certainly
anything they can manage to overpower, including amphibious and
aquatic reptiles, mammals and birds as well as fish. Large individuals
have even been known to eat large caiman, and mammals as big as
capybaras, tapirs and jaguars.

Birds 16 new bird species
A total of 16 new bird species have been discovered in the Amazon in the past to locate year on year. Today the species is at real risk of extinction, owing to
10 years. The new avian additions to the region span a diverse range of bird an extremely small range and population, and deforestation in the zone.
families and include the discovery of a raptor from southern Amazonia. The Available habitat continues to be threatened by clearance for agriculture,
cryptic forest-falcon (Micrastur mintoni) was discovered in 200249. This facilitated by government incentives to encourage colonisation of land
Brazilian species has bright orange skin around its eyes. The overall surrounding Iquitos; and logging of forest within a national reserve, for
population of the falcon is presumed to be large, given its wide range. But little construction, fuelwood and charcoal56. The ancient and slow-growing varillal
is generally known about this new species. forests, prime habitat of Polioptila clementsi, occur on especially nutrient-poor,
quartzitic soils, and may never be able to regenerate if destroyed57.
In 2007, a new bird was described from the Peruvian Amazon50. The rufous
twistwing (Cnipodectes superrufus) displays a multitude of red-brown Amazonian forests growing on white sand and other nutrient-poor soils hold
variations. Despite extensive ornithological research in the south-eastern many ornithological surprises. A few years earlier, in 2001, another new
region of Madre de Dios, this species had escaped notice, largely because of species, the mishana tyrannulet (Zimmerius villarejoi) was described, again
its inaccessible natural habitat: it is restricted to thickets of thorny 5m-tall from the white-sand varillal forest near Iquitos, in the Loreto region of Peru58.
bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri), a habitat poorly surveyed in Amazonia.
Among the many birds of the Amazon, parrots are often the most spectacular
Originally only known from a few sites in Madre de Dios and a neighbour- in colour. The bald parrot (Pyrilia aurantiocephala, originally known as
ing region, the known distribution of the bird was later extended from 3,400 Pionopsitta aurantiocephala), a member of the true parrot family, caused a
to 89,000 sq km of Guadua-dominated forest across Madre de Dios (Peru), sensation when it was described in 200259, mainly because it is hard to believe
Pando (Bolivia) and Acre (Brazil). The former includes Manu National Park51. that such a large and colourful bird could have escaped the notice of the world.
As its name suggests, the species has an extraordinary bald head, devoid of
According to scientists, the rufous twistwing is probably the least abundant of plumage, but is otherwise a strikingly colourful bird. It displays an extraordinary
all bamboo specialists in Amazonia. The risk of extinction in the short term is spectrum of colour, from an “intensely orange-coloured head”60, to yellow-
low, but recent development projects, including the paving of the Interoceanic green nape, parrot green body with wings of green, suffused with ultramarine
highway, will increase human settlement and habitat destruction in the blue, cyan, orange-yellow, emerald green and scarlet, and feet of orange-
region52,53. In addition, the socioeconomic value of large bamboos and the yellow.
increasing tendency to harvest them54 suggest the extent of suitable habitat for
the species may decline in the future. The parrot is known only from a few localities in the Lower Madeira and Upper
Tapajós rivers in Amazonian Brazil. It is currently known only from two habitat
Already considered critically endangered is the Iquitos gnatcatcher (Polioptila types and from a relatively small area. This population of birds is currently
clementsi), discovered in 200555. Also from the Peruvian Amazon, this new under threat from logging; scientists point out that although the region in which
bird was discovered in the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, just west of they collected specimens of Pionopsitta aurantiocephala is currently
Iquitos, in the Loreto region of Peru. It is a rare sight in the white-sand forest it economically managed through environmental tourism, nearby regions around
inhabits. Surveys of available habitat within the reserve have only located 15 the headwaters of the Tapajós river and the entire southern fringe of Amazonia
pairs. And since its discovery, the species has apparently become more difficult are constantly threatened by the destructive activities of logging companies61.

7a. 7b.
© Arthur Grosset
7c.
© Andrew Whittaker
7a. Bald parrot (Pionopsitta
© Joseph Tobias
aurantiocephala)
7b. Cryptic forest-falcon
(Micrastur mintoni)
7c. Rufous twistwing
(Cnipodectes superrufus)

Unbroken forest canopy in the Peruvian
Amazon. In the last decade, several new bird
© Brent Stirton / Getty Images species were discovered here.
The species has been listed as ‘near threatened’, due to its moderately small
population, which is declining owing to habitat loss62. Rufous Twistwing (Cnipodectes superrufus)
A further new species of parrot, Aratinga pintoi, was found in the Amazon river
basin in 200563. The sulphur-breasted parakeet, as the species is commonly
known, was found only in open areas with sandy soils in Monte Alegre, on the
northern bank of the lower Amazon river, in the State of Pará, Brazil. The
species has a splendidly-coloured body, adorned with a green crown, orange
forehead, a yellow back mottled with flecks of green, a sulphur-coloured
breast, and bright blue wing tips. It was originally believed to be a juvenile of
another species or a hybrid of two species and, remarkably, scientists had
been collecting, examining and misidentifying the species since the beginning
of the 20th century. Today, Aratinga pintoi is a fairly common bird at Monte
Alegre, easily located along the main roads in groups of up to 10 individuals,
and flying over the city. However, as is usual with new species of parrots,
scientists now fear that breeders will soon begin to obtain and trade these
birds through the illegal market64.
Some scientists are concerned not just about the conservation of the
threatened, endangered and newly-described Amazonian avifauna, but
© Arthur Grosset
foremost about the “forgotten taxa” out there65. Many species are desperately
waiting on dedicated ornithologists and often poorly-funded South American
museum staff to dedicate their own time and finances to officially describe
the birds, while there is also a huge demand for ecological studies to better
understand and define the threat status of a large number of ‘data deficient’
species. Like a race against time, ornithological research to describe properly
this planet’s richest and most complicated avifauna is lagging behind the pace
of development in the region, and many species are already
endangered66.

Mammals 39
new mammal species
In the last decade, 39 new species have joined the large list of mammals found
in the Amazon. The new mammal species found in the Amazon include a pink
river dolphin, seven monkeys, two porcupines, eight mice, nine bats, six
opossums, five rats and a guinea pig.
In 2001, two new species of porcupines were discovered in the Amazon67. The
new species are unique in that they provide the first documented records of
small porcupines from western Amazonia, where only large porcupines
(Coendou prehensilis and Coendou bicolor) were previously known.
Coendou ichillus was encountered in dense rainforest in the Amazonian
lowlands of eastern Ecuador. This species is distinguished from others by its
long tail, a lack of visible fur in the adult pelage, quills with more extensive
black tips, and pale-tipped tricolored bristle-quills. It has many 8cm-long quills,
and has a dark-brown or blackish middle band. The particular name given to
this species, ichilla, means ‘small’ in the dialect of the lowland Quichua, within
whose tribal territory the new species occurs.
The second porcupine, Coendou roosmalenorum, is from both banks of the

middle Rio Madeira, Brazil, a major Amazonian tributary and one of the largest
rivers in the world. Remarkably, this species was captured during the course
of faunal rescue efforts at the Samuel hydrolectric dam site. At 600g, scientists
believe that Coendou roosmalenorum may be one of the smallest living
erethizontids (large arboreal rodents).
Seven new monkey species were also discovered during the period. An
inhabitant of the lowland Amazon rainforest, the Rio Acari marmoset (Mico
acariensi), discovered in 2000, is a marmoset species endemic to Brazil68. It
was originally being kept as a pet by inhabitants of a small settlement near
the Rio Acari, in central Amazonia, Brazil. The species weighs 420g, is 24cm
tall, with a total length of 35cm, and it has a striking bright orange coloration
© Georges Néron
of its lower back, body underparts, legs and tail base. This species occurs in a
relatively remote region of the Amazon, away from major human disturbance. Rio Acari marmoset (Mico acariensis)
It has not been studied in the wild, and there is currently no reliable information
on its population status or major threats.

8a.
The Bolivian river dolphin
The Amazon river dolphin, or pink river dolphin, was recorded by science in
the 1830s and given the scientific name of Inia geoffrensis. In 1977, it was first
© Fernando Trujillo, Fundacion Omacha

suggested that the Bolivian river dolphin could be a distinct species. In the last
decade, genetical science has provided further evidence that it is indeed a
separate species – Inia boliviensis – although some still consider it a
subspecies of Inia geoffrensis. Known locally as the bufeo, the Bolivian river
dolphin is separated from its closest neighbours in Brazil by a series of 18
rapids along a 400km stretch of the Madeira River between Bolivia and Brazil,
which would account for its evolutionary distinctiveness. When the Bolivian
river dolphin was identified as a separate species in 2006, it was immediately
adopted by the Beni departmental government as a symbol of the region’s
conservation efforts.
In contrast to Amazon river dolphins, their Bolivian relatives have more teeth,
smaller heads, and smaller bodies. Scientists also consider the species to be
8b. wider and rounder.
The declaration of the new species happened during the first-ever South
American river dolphin census, which was led by Fundación Omacha, Wildlife
Conservation Society, Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, Faunagua,
© Fernando Trujillo, Fundacion Omacha

WWF and other partners. Over 15 months, from 2006 to 2007, scientists
navigated over 2,000 miles between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers and
their tributaries. They surveyed 13 rivers in five countries – Bolivia, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela – and counted more than 3,000 river dolphins.
Scientific studies of the dolphin helps to measure and evaluate threats to these
freshwater systems, including pollution from hydrocarbons and mercury, and
the impact of infrastructure projects such as dams and waterways.
As a unique and endemic species for Bolivia, this river dolphin is considered
an important indicator of the quality of the freshwater ecosystems it inhabits.
8a. 8b. Bolivian river During the expedition along the Iténez river in Beni, a total of 1,008 Bolivian
dolphin (Inia boliviensis) river dolphins were sighted in good conservation state.

Invertebrates 503 new invertebrate species
Ants from Mars, and purple tarantulas...

9a. 9b.
In Brazil alone, which encompasses 60% of the Amazon region, between
96,660 and 128,840 species of invertebrates have been described by
scientists to date69. Dominating the Amazon, insects make up over 90% of the
animal species found here. About 50,000 species of insects can be found in
any 2.5 sq km of the forest. Many thousands of new invertebrates have been
discovered in this region since the beginning of the new millennium. These
have not been included in the appendix, but a selection of the new finds is
presented here.
© Rogerio Bertani
At least 503 new spiders have been discovered in the last 10 years across the
Amazon, spanning a diverse number of arachnid families70.
The genus Pamphobeteus comprises some of the largest spiders in the world.
Two new species in the genus were recently discovered in the Brazilian 9c.
Amazon: Pamphobeteus crassifemur, a striking black species from the states
of Rondônia and western Mato Grosso; and Pamphobeteus grandis, from
© Karl Csaba
Amazonas and western Acre71. The latter is particular interesting as this
tarantula has a striking purple colouration. Found deep in the Amazon forest,
the name of this species means ‘huge’ – the spider’s body measures over 6cm
long.
9a. Pamphobeteus crassifemur (female)
Further new tarantula species include Cyriocosmus nogueiranetoi from Rio 9b. Avicularia braunshauseni
Branco, Acre72. This reddish-brown species, officially described in 2005, has 9c. Cyriocosmus nogueiranetoi (female)
(male)
an unusual pattern on its back: five pairs of clear ‘tiger-stripes’. Species in the
© Rogerio Bertani
Avicularia genus, or pinktoes, have very distinguishable pink feet pads. The
bluegreen pinktoe (Avicularia geroldi), so named because it is blue with a
metallic sheen, was found in the Amazon regions of Venezuela and Brazil73,74.
According to experts, this spider is quick, but not aggressive. A key
characteristic of species in the Avicularia genus is their preference for jumping
and fleeing as quickly as possible when threatened. Occasionally, though, they
will launch a jet of excrement at the perceived threat, which can accurately hit
a target up to a metre away.

Pamphobeteus grandis
© Rick C. West
The bluefang (Ephebopus cyanognathus) is a remarkable-looking spider.
10a. Discovered in French Guiana in 2000, the species is entirely brown except for
two vivid blue fangs75. Both Avicularia and Ephebopus spiders are considered
to be bird eaters.
The Amazon rainforest is also famous for its many ant species. Some
scientists estimate that 15% of the animal biomass of the Amazon is made
up of ants76. A single Amazonian tree was found to have 43 species of ants,
roughly the same number of ant species as all of Germany77.
A new species of blind, subterranean, predatory ant was described from the
Brazilian Amazon in 2008. It belongs to the first new genus of living ants
discovered since 1923, and is likely to be a direct descendant of one of the
very first ants to evolve on Earth, over 120 million years ago78.
Dr Christian Rabeling, a scientist from the University of Texas at Austin,

collected the only known specimen of the new ant species in 2003 from leaf
litter at the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária area in Manaus,
Brazil. An account of the discovery is given in primatologist Jane Goodall’s
latest book:
© Keegan Rowlinson
He found the pale, eyeless ant by pure chance. One evening, when it was nearly dark,
he was sitting in the forest getting ready to go home. He saw a strange white ant
walking over the leaf litter and, not recognising it, popped it into preservative in one
of the small vials that he always carried and put it into his pocket. When he got back
home, he was tired and had quite forgotten about it. Three days later, he found the
specimen in the pocket of his pants. It was then that he realised he had found
something extraordinary79.
10b.
The new ant was named Martialis heureka, which translates roughly as ‘ant
from Mars’, because it has a combination of characteristics never before
recorded. It is adapted for dwelling in the soil, is two to three millimetres long,
pale, has no eyes, and has large mandibles, which Dr Rabeling and his
colleagues suspect it uses to capture prey.
© Christian Rabeling
According to scientists, this discovery hints at a wealth of species, possibly of

great evolutionary importance, still hidden in the soils of the remaining Amazon
rainforest. Rabeling says his discovery will help biologists better understand
the biodiversity and evolution of ants, which are abundant and ecologically
important insects80.

Although not a new species discovery, it is nonetheless fascinating that in 2009
scientists found that the leaf-cutter ant species Mycocepurus smithii is all 10d.
female81. Surviving in a world without males, the ants have evolved to
reproduce only when the queens clone themselves. No male of the species
has ever been found. According to experts, the unique asexual reproduction
and cloning behaviour also renders the species vulnerable to extinction.
10c.
© Mathieu Lapointe
© Karl Csaba
10a. Ephebopus cyanognathus
10b. Martialis heureka
10c. Cyriocosmus perezmilesi
10d. Avicularia braunshauseni

Amazon under threat
Despite its magnitude, the Amazon is an increasingly fragile place. The world’s In addition to forest conversion, cattle ranching is the main cause of conversion
biggest tropical forest is being cleared for cattle and crops. of floodplains in the Amazon89. Together with agricultural practices, it causes
significant soil erosion and river siltation, as well as aquatic contamination
By all accounts, compared to other tropical forests around the world, the through fecal matter from cattle and the use of agrochemicals90,91.
Amazon is in relatively good shape. However, while the Amazon still has 83%
of its natural ecosystems standing82, the picture is shifting rapidly. A disastrous The second biggest driver of forest conversion is agriculture. In contrast to
combination of threats is increasingly eroding the Amazon’s connectivity. And cattle ranching, agriculture in the Amazon is extremely diverse. At one end of
numerous endemic species are being subjected to waves of resource the spectrum, there is small-scale agriculture for subsistence, producing crops
exploitation. After centuries of limited human disturbance, at least 17% – some such as manioc, beans, rice, corn, coffee, bananas and other fruit for
930,000 sq km – of the seemingly boundless forests of the Amazon have been subsistence. At the other end of the spectrum, and arguably of greatest impact,
destroyed in just 50 years83. This is an area greater than the size of are the agro-industrial sectors, with trends of rapid expansion in the Amazon –
Venezuela, or twice the size of Spain. particularly in Brazil and Bolivia.
The primary cause of this transformation is the rapid expansion in regional and Brazil is the world’s number one exporter of orange juice, ethanol, sugar,
© Nigel Dickinson / WWF-Canon
global markets for meat, soy and biofuels. These have increased the demand coffee and soy92. Brazil’s significant investment in the agro-industrial sector has
for land. rippled throughout the country and in the Amazon in particular. Soy production
in the Brazilian Amazon has tripled, increasing from two million to over six
In almost every Amazon country, extensive cattle ranching is the number one million hectares from 1990 to 2006. Other crops such as sugar cane and palm
cause of deforestation84. Of the 930,000 sq km of forest cleared in the Amazon oil for biofuels, as well as cotton and rice, are also expanding in the Amazon.
by 2000, 80% was replaced with pasture. Amid rising overseas and domestic
demand for beef, cattle numbers in the Amazon have more than doubled to 57 The cultivation of coca for cocaine production has been an important
million since 1990. contributor to the conversion of forests found on the upper watersheds of the
Amazon basin, and in the eastern slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Peru and
Brazil is a giant for both cattle ranching and agriculture. In the case of livestock Bolivia. The cultivation of illicit crops was responsible for half the area
production, Brazil has 84% of the pasture land area and 88% of the Amazon deforested in Colombia in 199893.
herd. The next biggest producers are Peru and Bolivia85. In 2003, Brazil
surpassed Australia as the world’s largest exporter of beef. The area of the Cattle ranching and agriculture are the two gravest threats facing the Amazon
cattle industry where most of this growth is occurring is the Amazon, where today, and they are interlinked. Logging is the first activity in a new area, and
Brazilian herds are expanding at an annual rate of 9% compared to the growth roads are created to access remote stands of timber. Then, in some areas,
rate of 6% of the national herd86,87. The result has been an astonishing growth small-scale farmers gradually clear the forest alongside the logging roads
of the cattle industry in the Brazilian Amazon. Between 2004 and 2008, the using slash-and-burn methods. Ranchers then come in, buy smaller
supply of beef slaughtered from the Amazon States of Mato Grosso, Pará, landholdings and consolidate them into larger ranches, pushing smaller
Rondônia and Tocantins increased rapidly from 107 tonnes, with a value of farmers deeper into the forest. Once pastures become degraded, if land is
US$155 million, to 494 tonnes, with a value of US$1.1 billion88. suitable for large-scale agriculture, it is bought by larger farmers. Otherwise,

Fire and deforestation go hand in hand in the
Amazon. Land is burned as a way of clearing it
for pasture and crops. At least 17% of the Amazon
forest has already been destroyed.

degraded pastures are often rotated or abandoned as idle land. In other areas,
it is the expansion of large-scale agriculture that is consolidating lands
previously owned for pasture. This is a cycle that is being fuelled particularly
by soy producers, who buy these degraded lands from ranchers. This enables
the soy producers to expand their lands without having to resort to expensive
loans. Land speculation and unclear land tenure are also underlying drivers.
The impact of cattle-ranching and agriculture on the Amazon are compounded

by a series of other ever-growing threats, such as intensive logging, climate
change, and large-scale transportation and energy infrastructure projects –
primarily large-scale water infrastructure – and to a lesser degree by mining to
tap important reserves of industrial minerals. In 2000, 90% of Brazil’s energy
was supplied by hydroelectric power, and its dam network is now being
expanded to meet Brazil’s growing energy needs. Dams can cause biodiversity
and habitat loss, and can impact on fisheries and cause riverine and coastal
erosion. They can also disrupt several stages in the life cycle of fish –
spawning, growth and breeding. Many Amazon fish are migratory, requiring
unobstructed journeys across large stretches of river to critical spawning
grounds.
Aside from causing deforestation in their construction, transportation

infrastructure projects push deeper into the Amazon, thus enabling other
unsustainable activities to expand further into former wilderness areas.
The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America

(IIRSA) is a bold effort by the governments of South America to construct a
new infrastructure network for the continent, including roads, waterways, ports,
and energy and communications interconnections.
The economic transformation of the Amazon is gaining momentum and yet,

as those forces grow in strength, we’re also finding that the Amazon plays
a critical role in maintaining climate functions regionally and globally. It’s a
© Mauri Rautkari / WWF-Canon

contribution that everyone – rich or poor, in Manaus or London – depends on.
The Amazon’s canopy cover helps to regulate temperature and humidity, and
is intricately linked to regional climate patterns through hydrological cycles that
depend on the forests.
Cattle graze among the stumps of
burnt trees in the Brazilian Amazon.
Given the enormous amount of carbon stored in the forests of the Amazon, Cattle ranching is the number one cause of
there is tremendous potential to alter global climate if the forests are not deforestation in the Amazon.
properly stewarded. Currently, land conversion and deforestation in the

Amazon release up to 0.5 billion tonnes of carbon per year, not including In 2009, the Brazilian government announced that the rate of deforestation in
emissions from forest fires. This makes the Amazon an important factor in the Amazon had dropped by 45%, and was the lowest on record since
regulating the global climate94. monitoring began 21 years ago. According to the latest annual figures, just
over 7,000 sq km was destroyed between July 2008 and August 2009,
Like a vicious circle, changes in the global and regional climate are likely to compared with the previous year’s 12,911 sq km. Furthermore, the Brazilian
exacerbate desiccation or extreme drying of habitats, as well as fires and government’s climate change policy includes a commitment to reduce
drought throughout the Amazon. Rainfall patterns and climate will change, deforestation in the Amazon by 80% between 2006 and 2020.
which underscores the Amazon’s importance locally, regionally and globally95.
Increased temperatures and decreased precipitation caused by climate change

will exacerbate these trends. They could lead to a ‘tipping point’, where the
tropical moist forest ecosystem collapses and is replaced over large areas by a
mixture of savannah and semi-arid landscapes96. The implications of this
massive ecosystem shift for biodiversity, global climate and human
livelihoods would be profound. The Amazon’s forests contain 90-140 billion
tonnes of carbon. Releasing even a portion of this would accelerate global
warming significantly.
In addition to 30 million people, one in 10 known species on Earth live here.

They all depend on the Amazon’s resources and services. So do many millions
more, in North America and Europe, who are still within the Amazon’s

far-reaching climatologic influence.
For the many diverse species in the region, the combination of these pressures
is pushing many populations to the brink of extinction. The impact that
continued human activity has wrought on the unique diversity of the region is
devastating. Across the Amazon range states, this means that today an
alarming 4,800 species are now considered globally threatened according to
the IUCN Red List97ii. A Peruvian brazil nut harvester shows off his
harvest. Brazil nuts are one of many forest
The future of the Amazon depends on ecosystems and the services they products that can be harvested sustainably,
providing an income for local people.
provide being managed sustainably. The governments of the region recognize
the importance of sustainable development in the Amazon for biodiversity,
livelihoods and fresh water, and are actively engaged with the work of
ii
conserving ecosystems. They have prepared national sustainable development The number of species considered Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable in each country
strategies, established environmental protection agencies, legislated to protect according to the IUCN Red List (2009) is: Bolivia 159, Brazil 769, Colombia 658, Ecuador 2,211, French
Guiana 56, Guyana 69, Peru 545, Suriname 65 and Venezuela 268. Figures represent total number of
the environment, and signed up to numerous environmental agreements and threatened species in the Amazon range states, not just in the Amazon biome.
treaties at the international and regional levels.

Conclusions
Conservation of the Amazon is central to the future of humankind society, particularly indigenous people and rural communities. The Amazon is
no exception. Conservation of the Amazon, first of all, is crucial for the survival
The many threats facing the Amazon are increasing pressure on the natural of the 2.7 million people from more than 320 indigenous groups who have
resources and environmental services that millions of people depend on. Such depended on its riches for centuries.
major threats are ultimately linked to global market forces as well as the
everyday practices of those who rely on the Amazon for its goods and Given this context, the fate of the Amazon ultimately depends on a significant
services. shift in the way development is currently embraced by Amazon countries. It
is vital for the Amazon to be sustainably managed as one functioning whole.
The Amazon influences global weather patterns and helps to stabilise the A desire to safeguard the region’s functionality for the common good must
planet’s climate. So it’s vital to conserve the Amazon forests if we’re to tackle become the core business of the Amazon nations.
global climate change.
Responsible stewardship of the Amazon is critical to help the world tackle
Any development in the Amazon must be managed in an integrated and climate change. In this sense, it is also in the long-term self interest of
sustainable manner, so that the region’s main ecological attributes and individuals and societies across the globe to keep the Amazon healthy.
functions are maintained. Historically, each country in the region has only
considered the part of the Amazon that lies within its national borders – WWF’s vision for a living Amazon
concerning itself with the benefits that it provides to its citizens.
For centuries, the Amazon has been regarded as an exotic region that needed
This has resulted in fragmented policy-making as well as unchecked to be dominated, and as an infinite source of resources to be exploited. Today,
overexploitation of the goods and services of the Amazon. It has also the Amazon and its many vital ecological functions are critical to the survival
overlooked the viability of the region as a whole. of humankind, at a moment when people’s enormous demands on the Earth
exceed its capacity to provide for them.
The negative effects of this approach are exacerbated by the growth of key
sectors such as agriculture, cattle-ranching and energy. These economic So, protecting the planet’s most extensive tropical rainforest is not only a
sectors are expanding in response to global demand. They depend on priority task for the nine Amazon countries, but a global duty.
infrastructure development investments, such as those contained in the IIRSA.
Through our Living Amazon Initiative, WWF works with national and regional
These are the forces currently forming the basis for the ‘integration’ of the stakeholders from the eight countries plus one overseas territory to create the
Amazon into the national and global economies. They are generating high-level enabling conditions for the conservation and sustainable
short-term income and improving national macro-economic indicators. But development of the Amazon.
consideration of the environmental and social costs of such developments still
needs to be incorporated into to the mainstream of development planning. WWF’s vision for a living Amazon is “an ecologically healthy Amazon biome
that maintains its environmental and cultural contributions to local peoples,
Around the world, the environmental and social impacts of unsustainable the countries of the region, and the world, within a framework of social equity,
development are frequently borne by marginalised or minority groups within inclusive economic development and global responsibility”.
For more information on WWF’s
Living Amazon Initiative, visit
panda.org/amazon
We’re supporting this vision by developing far-reaching and powerful

partnerships with governments, civil society and the private sector to achieve
the following:
• Governments, local people and civil society in the region share an

integrated vision of conservation and development that is environmentally,
economically and socially sustainable;
• Natural ecosystems are valued appropriately for the environmental goods
and services they provide and the livelihoods they sustain;
• Tenure and rights to land and resources are planned, defined and enforced
to help achieve this conservation and development vision;
• Agriculture and ranching are carried out following best management
practices on lands that are appropriate and legal;
• Transportation and energy infrastructure development is planned, designed
and implemented to minimise the impact on natural ecosystems,
hydrological disruption and impoverishment of biological and cultural
diversity.
As part of our initiative, WWF together with the IUCN, Amazon Cooperation
Treaty Organisation and the Secretariat for the Convention of Biological
Diversity and others are supporting The Latin American Technical
Cooperation Network on National Parks, other Protected Areas and Wildlife
(REDPARQUES) in building a protected areas conservation vision for the
Amazon.
This vision will build on the existing conservation strategies and protected area
© Nigel Dickinson / WWF-Canon

systems in each of the Amazon countries. It will help to meet commitments
under the Convention on Biological Diversity and, in particular, its programme
of work on protected areas.
In the Amazon, the whole is more than the sum of its parts, and the
development of a vision for conservation will help maintain the integrity, A Yanomami Indian weaves a traditional
basket. The Amazon is home to more
functionality and resilience of the Amazon, now faced with growing threats, than 320 indigenous groups.
particularly climate change.

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Conservation Biology. Volume 19 (3), 619. Conservation priorities.
70
Platnick, NI. 2009. The World Spider Catalog. Version 10.0. American Museum of 90
Ibid.
Natural History. 91
Nepstad, D. Olmeida, O. Rivero, S. Soares-Filho, B. and Nilo Jr, J. 2008.
71
Bertani, R. Fukushima, CS. and da Silva Jr, PI. 2008. Two new species of Assessment of the Agriculture and Livestock Sectors in the Amazon and
Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from Brazil, Recommendations for Action (Penultimate draft).
with a new type of stridulatory organ. Zootaxa 1826: 45-58. 92
Ibid.
72
Fukushima, CS. Bertani, R. and da Silva, Jr, PI. 2005. Revision of Cyriocosmus 93
Alvarez, MD. 2005. Colombia, the Many Faces of War. European Tropical Forest
Simon, 1903, with notes on the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Research Network News, 43-44, no. 05: 63-65.
Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 846: 1-31. 94
Nepstad, D. 2007. Climate Change and the Forest. The American Prospect, 18:A6.
73
Tesmoingt, M. 1999. Description de Avicularia geroldi n. sp (Ile de Santana-Bresil) 95
Nepstad, D. 2007. The Amazon’s Vicious Cycles. Drought and Fire in the
(Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae). Arachnides 43: 17-20. Greenhouse. A report for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Gland, Switzerland.
74
Van Overdijk, S. 2002. Geslaagd kweek Avicularia geroldi met. Tijdschrift van 96
Ibid.
Vogelspinnen Vereniging Nederland 10 (34). 20 (3): 73-77. 2/2 2002. 97
IUCN, 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.
75
West, RC. and Marshall, SD. 2000. Description of two new species of Ephebopus org. Downloaded on 2 December 2009.
Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arthropoda 8(2): 6-14.
76
Fittkau, EJ. and Klinge, H. 1973. On biomass and trophic structure of the Central
Amazonian rain forest ecosystem. Biotropica 5:2-14.
77
Wilson, EO. 1987. Causes of ecological success: The case of the ants. Journal of
Animal Ecology, 56: 1-9.
78
Rabeling, C. Brown, JM. Verhaagh, M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds
light on early ant evolution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 14913-14917.
79
Goodall, J. with Maynard, T. and Hudson, G. 2009. Hope for Animals and Their World:
How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink. Grand Central
Publishing.
80
Rabeling, C. Brown, JM. Verhaagh, M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds
light on early ant evolution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 105: 14913-14917.
81
Himler AG. Caldera, EJ. Baer, BC. Fernández-Marín, H. Mueller, UG. 2009. No sex in
fungus-farming ants or their crops. Proc Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 22;276 (1667):2611-6.
82
Nepstad, D. Olmeida, O. Rivero, S. Soares-Filho, B. and Nilo, Jr, J. 2008.
Assessment of the Agriculture and Livestock Sectors in the Amazon and
Recommendations for Action (Penultimate draft).
83
Ibid.
84
Ibid.

Appendix. New species discoveries
Methodology Plants
Species Scientist(s) Date Location
We’ve only included new discoveries that have been described in
Acalypha simplicistyla Cardiel 2003 San Martin Region, Peru
peer-reviewed scientific journals in this report. The new species were identified Adiantum krameri Zimmer 2007 French Guiana
by scientists from a number of institutions around the world, including Adiantum windischii J
Ageratina feuereri
Prado
H.Rob.
2005
2006
States of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Brazil
La Paz, Bolivia
museums, universities, government departments and non-governmental Alatiglossum culuenense Docha Neto & Benelli 2006 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Alchornea websteri Secco 2004 Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
organisations. Aldina amazonica M.Yu.Gontsch. & Yakovlev 2006 Amazon
Aldina diplogyne Stergios & Aymard 2008 Bolivar, Venezeula
Aldina microphylla M.Yu.Gontsch. & Yakovlev 2006 Amazon
WWF was involved in the discovery of some of the new finds. In addition, Aldina stergiosii M.Yu.Gontsch. & Yakovlev 2006 Amazon
Alstroemeria paraensis Assis 2006 State of Para, Brazil
we’ve assisted scientists from other institutions by organising research Anthurium ancuashii Croat & Carlsen 2004 Amazon
permits, helping with logistics, and identifying research locations. Anthurium apanui
Anthurium atamainii
Croat
Croat
2005
2005
Amazon
Amazon
Anthurium baguense Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium ceronii Croat 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador
This report presents a list of new species. The list was informed by a variety of Anthurium chinimense Croat 2005 Amazon
expeditions and data retrieved from scientific databases, appendices, reports Anthurium constrictum
Anthurium curicuriariense
Croat & Carlsen
Croat
2004
2005
Zamora Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Amazon
and scientific journals. It was then further informed and refined through Anthurium diazii Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium galileanum Croat 2005 Amazon
correspondence and advice received from scientists. The list is not an Anthurium huampamiense Croat 2005 Amazon
exhaustive record of new species found in the Amazon biome between 1999 Anthurium huashikatii
Anthurium kayapii
Croat
Croat
2005
2005
Amazon
Loreto Region, Peru
and 2009. Anthurium kugkumasii Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium kusuense Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium leveaui Croat 2005 Amazon
In addition, many other species that may eventually turn out to be new to Anthurium ligulare
Anthurium mariae
Croat
Croat & Lingán
2005
2005
Loreto Region, Peru
Amazon
science will have been encountered and collected in the Amazon biome over Anthurium moonenii Croat & E.G.Gonç. 2005 French Guiana
Anthurium moronense Croat & Carlsen 2004 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
the past 10 years. These species are currently awaiting official scientific Anthurium mostaceroi Croat 2005 Amazon
recognition. For scientific credibility, these species have not been included in Anthurium palacioanum
Anthurium penae
Croat
Croat
2007
2005
Napo Province, Ecuador
Amazon
the list. Anthurium pinkleyi Croat & Carlsen 2004 Napo Province, Ecuador
Anthurium quipuscoae Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium rojasiae Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium shinumas Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium sidneyi Croat & Lingán 2005 Loreto Region, Peru
Anthurium ternifolium Croat & Carlsen 2004 Pastaza Department, Ecuador
Anthurium tsamajainii Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium tunquii Croat 2005 Amazon
Anthurium yamayakatense Croat 2005 Amazon
Arachis gregoryi Simpson, Krapov. & Valls 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Arachis linearifolia Valls, Krapov. &Simpson 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Arachis submarginata Valls, Krapov. & Simpson 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Aristolochia kanukuensis Feuillet 2007 Guyana
Arthrostylidium berryi Judziewicz & Davidse 2008 Amazon
Asplenium palaciosii A.Rojas 2008 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Asplenium sessilipinnum A.Rojas 2008 Napo Province, Ecuador
Aulonemia nitida Judz. 2005 Guyana
Bactris nancibaensis J.J. de Granville 2007 French Guiana
Banisteriopsis macedae W.R.Anderson 2007 Madre de Dios Region, Peru

Plants
Species Scientist(s) Date Location Species Scientist(s) Date Location

Bauhinia arborea Wunderlin 2006 Napo Province, Ecuador Cremastosperma cenepense Pirie & Zapata 2004 Amazon
Besleria neblinae Feuillet 2008 Amazon Cremastosperma yamayakatense Pirie 2004 Amazon
Besleria yatuana Feuillet 2008 Amazon Cremersia platula Feuillet & Skog 2003 French Guiana
Blechnum bicolor M.Kessler & A.R.Sm. 2007 La Paz, Bolivia Croton faroensis Secco 2004 Para State, Brazil
Blechnum bolivianum M.Kessler & A.R.Sm. 2007 La Paz, Bolivia Croton subasperrimum Secco, Berry & Rosário 2005 Amazon
Blechnum bruneum M.Kessler & A.R.Sm. 2007 La Paz, Bolivia Cuphea alatosperma T.B.Cavalc. & S.A.Graham 2008 Amazon
Blechnum guayanense A.Rojas 2008 Guyana Cuphea exilis T.B.Cavalc. & S.A.Graham 2008 Para State, Brazil
Blechnum pazense M.Kessler & A.R.Sm. 2007 La Paz, Bolivia Curtia ayangannae L. Cobb & Jans.-Jac. 2007 Guyana
Blechnum repens M.Kessler & A.R.Sm. 2007 La Paz, Bolivia Cyathea bettinae Lehnert 2004 La Paz, Bolivia
Blechnum smilodon M.Kessler & Lehnert 2007 La Paz, Bolivia Cyathea obnoxia Lehnert 2006 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Bocoa ratteri H.E.Ireland 2007 Maranhao State, Brazil Cyathea plicata Lehnert 2006 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Bomarea amazonica Hofreiter & E.Rodr. 2006 Amazon Cybianthus tayoensis Pipoly & Ricketson 2006 Amazon
Borreria amapaensis E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo 2004 Amapa State, Brazil Dacryodes edilsonii Daly 2005 Acre State, Brazil
Borreria guimaraesensis E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Danaea ushana Christenh. 2006 French Guiana
Borreria pazensis E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Daphnopsis granitica Pruski & Barringer 2005 French Guiana
Borreria tocantinsiana E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo 2004 Tocantins State, Brazil Daphnopsis granvillei Barringer 2005 French Guiana
Brachionidium condorense L.Jost 2004 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador Davilla neei Aymard 2007 Amazon
Brachionidium deflexum L.Jost 2004 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador Dieffenbachia wurdackii Croat 2005 Loreto Region, Peru
Bromelia araujoi P.J.Braun, Esteves & Scharf 2008 Maranhao State, Brazil Dilkea lecta Feuillet 2009 Suriname, French Guiana
Bromelia braunii Leme & Esteves 2003 Tocantins State, Brazil Dilkea vanessae Feuillet 2009 French Guiana
Bulbostylis medusae Prata, Reynders & Goetgh. 2007 Amazon Diospyros gallo Wallnöfer 2000 Bolivar State, Venezeula
Butia exospadix Noblick 2006 Para State, Brazil Diospyros ottohuberi Wallnöfer 2000 Bolivar State, Venezeula
Byrsonima homeieri W.R.Anderson 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Diospyros paraensis Sothers 2003 Para State, Brazil
Calathea hopkinsii Forzza 2007 Amazon Diospyros tepu Wallnöfer 2000 Bolivar, Venezeula
Caluera tavaresii Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2008 Para State, Brazil Diospyros xavantina Sothers 2003 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Calycolpus aequatorialis Landrum 2005 Sucumbios Province, Ecuador Diplusodon cryptanthus T.B.Cavalc. 2004 Tocantins State, Brazil
Calycolpus andersonii Landrum 2008 Para State, Brazil Doliocarpus schultesianus Aymard 2007 Vaupes Department, Colombia
Calyptranthes ishoaquinicca M.L.Kawas. & B.Holst 2005 Sucumbios, Ecuador Doryopteris surinamensis Yesilyurt 2008 Suriname
Calyptranthes manuensis B.Holst & M.L.Kawas. 2006 Madre de Dios Region, Peru Dracontium guianense G.H.Zhu & Croat 2004 French Guiana
Campyloneurum amazonense B.León 2004 Amazon Dracontium iquitense E.C.Morgan & J.A.Sperling 2007 Loreto Region, Peru
Capparidastrum frondosum X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis 2008 French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Dracula mendozae Luer & V.N.M.Rao 2004 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
States of Amazonas, Bolivar, Venezeula Drosera amazonica Rivadavia, Fleischm. & Vicent. 2009 States of Amazonas, Roraima, Brazil
Capparidastrum osmanthum X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis 2008 Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Venezeula, Drosera grantsaui Rivadavia 2003 States of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Para, Brazil
Castelnavia noveloi C.T.Philbrick & C.P.Bove 2008 Tocantins State, Brazil Drosera solaris A.Fleischm., Wistuba & S.McPherson 2007 Guyana
Catasetum apolloi Benelli & Grade 2008 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Elaphoglossum arachnidoideum Mickel 2008 Guyana
Catasetum dejeaniorum Chiron 2006 French Guiana Elaphoglossum boudriei Mickel 2008 Guyana
Catasetum hopkinsonianum G.F.Carr & V.P.Castro 2008 Rondonia State, Brazil Elaphoglossum choquetangae M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Catasetum rionegrense Campacci & G.F.Carr 2008 Amazon Elaphoglossum cotapatense M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Catasetum teixeiranum Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2008 Amazon Elaphoglossum cremersii Mickel 2008 French Guiana
Catostemma lemense Sanoja 2005 Bolivar State, Venzuela Elaphoglossum crispipalea M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Cayaponia ferruginea Gomes-Klein 2005 Amazon Elaphoglossum elkeae M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Ceiba lupuna P.E.Gibbs & Semir 2003 San Martin Region, Peru Elaphoglossum ellenbergianum M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Ceratostema oyacachiensis Luteyn 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador Elaphoglossum gonzalesiae M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Ceratostema pendens Luteyn 2005 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador Elaphoglossum inquisitivum M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Cereus yungasensis Fuentes & Quispe 2009 La Paz, Bolivia Elaphoglossum madidiense M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Chrysophyllum wilsonii T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon Elaphoglossum murinum M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Cissus flavens Desc. 2009 French Guiana Elaphoglossum neei M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Cissus kawensis Desc. 2009 French Guiana Elaphoglossum paucinervium M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Cnidoscolus adenochlamys Fern.Casas 2004 Maranhao State, Brazil Elaphoglossum paxense A.Rojas 2003 La Paz, Bolivia
Cnidoscolus aurelii Fern.Casas 2004 Tocantins State, Brazil Elaphoglossum puberulentum M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Cnidoscolus graminifolius Fern.Casas 2006 Tocantins State, Brazil Elaphoglossum rosettum R.C.Moran & Mickel 2004 La Paz, Bolivia
Cnidoscolus mitis Fern.Casas 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Elaphoglossum semisubulatum R.C.Moran & Mickel 2004 La Paz, Bolivia
Cochlidium acrosorum A.Rojas 2007 Bolivar State, Venzuela Elaphoglossum solomonii A.Rojas 2003 La Paz, Bolivia
Cochlidium nervatum A.Rojas 2007 Amazon Elaphoglossum sunduei M.Kessler & Mickel 2006 La Paz, Bolivia
Cordia cremersii Feuillet 2003 French Guiana Encyclia chironii V.P.Castro & J.B.F.Silva 2004 Amazon
Cordia fanchoniae Feuillet 2008 French Guiana Encyclia clovesiana L.C.Menezes & V.P.Castro 2007 Rondonia State, Brazil
Cordia marioniae Feuillet 2003 Guyana Endlicheria arachnocome Chanderb. 2004 Loreto Region, Peru
Coryanthes pacaraimensis Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2007 State of Roraima, Brazil Endlicheria arenosa Chanderb. 2004 Amazon
Coussarea longilaciniata Delprete 2006 Guyana Endlicheria argentea Chanderb. 2004 Loreto Region, Peru
Coussarea spicata Delprete 2006 French Guiana Endlicheria aurea Chanderb. 2004 La Paz, Bolivia
Cremastosperma bullatum Pirie 2004 Amazon Endlicheria chrysovelutina Chanderb. 2004 Loreto Region, Peru

Plants
Endlicheria coriacea Chanderb. 2004 Amazon Hibiscus chancoae Krapov. & Fryxell 2004 San Martin Region, Peru
Endlicheria ferruginosa Chanderb. 2004 Napo Province, Ecuador Hibiscus ferreirae Fryxell & Krapov. 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Endlicheria griseosericea Chanderb. 2004 Napo Province, Ecuador Hibiscus manuripiensis Krapov. 2008 Pando, Bolivia
Endlicheria lorastemon Chanderb. 2004 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Hibiscus paludicola Fryxell & Krapov. 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Endlicheria rubra Chanderb. 2004 San Martin Region, Peru Hibiscus saddii Krapov. & Fryxell 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Endlicheria ruforamula Chanderb. 2004 San Martin Region, Peru Hibiscus windischii Krapov. & Fryxell 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Ephedranthus boliviensis Chatrou & Pirie 2003 Acre State, Brazil Hiraea glabrata W.R.Anderson & C.Davis 2005 Rondonia State, Brazil
Epidendrum dejeaniae Chiron, Hágsater & L.Sánchez 2006 French Guiana Hypolytrum leptocalamum M. Alves & W.W. Thomas 2002 Guyana
Epidendrum foulquieri Chiron 2005 French Guiana Inga loubryana Poncy 2007 Guyana, French Guiana
Epidendrum paruimense G.A. Romero & Carnevali 2004 Guyana Ixora araguaiensis Delprete 2008 Tocantins State, Brazil
Epidendrum reclinatum Carnevali & I.Ramírez 2003 Guyana Ixora irwinii Delprete 2008 Tocantins State, Brazil
Epidendrum strobilicaule Hágsater & Benelli 2008 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Justicia mcdowellii Wassh. 2003 Guyana
Episcia duidae Feuillet 2008 Amazon Justicia mesetarum Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Episcia rubra Feuillet 2008 Amazon Justicia obovata Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood 2004 States of Acre, Amazonas, Brazil
Erythroxylum timothei Loiola & Sales 2009 Maranhao State, Brazil Justicia rhomboidea Wassh. & J.R.I.Wood 2004 States of Amazonas, Rondonia, Brazil
Eugenia breviracemosa Mazine 2009 Amazon kanukuensis Feuillet Feuillet 2007 Guyana
Eugenia caducibracteata Mazine 2009 States of Amazonas, Maranhao, Para, Brazil Kreodanthus rotundifolius Ormerod 2005 Amazon
Eugenia galbaoensis Mattos 2005 French Guiana Lampadaria rupestris Feuillet & L.E. Skog 2003 Guyana
Eugenia pallidopunctata Mazine 2009 Para State, Brazil Larnax bongaraensis S.Leiva 2006 Amazon
Eugenia tenuiflora Mazine 2009 Amazon Larnax maculatifolia E.Rodr. & S.Leiva 2006 Amazon
Festuca sumapana Stančík 2003 Meta Department, Colombia Larnax pomacochaensis S.Leiva 2006 Amazon
Ficus duartei C.C. Berg & Carauta 2003 French Guiana Lecointea guianensis Gontsch. & Yakovlev 2006 French Guiana
Ficus duckeana C.C. Berg & Ribeiro 2003 French Guiana Lepanthes neillii L.Jost 2004 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Fosterella batistana Ibisch, Leme & J.Peters 2009 Para State, Brazil Lepanthes rigidigitata Luer & Hirtz 2004 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Galactophora angustifolia J.F.Morales 2005 Caqueta Department, Colombia Lepidagathis callistachys Kameyama 2009 States of Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil
Galeandra santarena S.H.N.Monteiro & J.B.F.Silva 2003 Para State, Brazil Lepidagathis paraensis Kameyama 2009 Para State, Brazil
Galianthe boliviana E.L.Cabral 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Lepidagathis wasshausenii Kameyama 2009 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Galianthe sudyungensis E.L.Cabral 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Lessingianthus longicuspis Dematt. 2008 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Galipea congestiflora Pirani 2004 States of Maranhão, Para, Tocantins, Brazil Licaria aureosericea van der Werff 2000 Guyana
Galipea maxima Pirani & Kallunki 2007 Loreto Region, Peru Licaria rufotomentosa van der Werff 2003 French Guiana
Gongora jauariensis Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2009 Amazon Ligeophila chinimensis Ormerod 2005 Amazon
Grosvenoria zamorensis H.Rob. 2006 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Ligeophila unicornis Ormerod 2008 Amazon
Guadua incana Londoño 2008 Caqueta Department, Colombia Lindmania vinotincta B.Holst & Vivas 2009 Bolivar, Venzuela
Guatteria alticola Scharf & Maas 2005 Guyana Lindsaea digitata Lehtonen & Tuomisto 2008 Amazon
Guatteria anteridifera Scharf & Maas 2008 French Guiana; Amapa, Brazil Lissocarpa kating B.Walln. 2004 Loreto Region, Peru
Guatteria anthracina Scharf & Maas 2006 French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname Lissocarpa ronliesneri B.Walln. 2004 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Guatteria arenicola Maas & Erkens 2008 Acre State, Brazil Lissocarpa uyat B.Walln. 2004 Amazon
Guatteria ayangannae Scharf & Maas 2005 Guyana Lycopodiella krameriana B.Øllg. 2004 Suriname
Guatteria duodecima Maas & Westra 2008 Acre State, Brazil Macrocarpaea ayangannae J.R. Grant, Struwe & J.K. Boggan 2001 Guyana
Guatteria elegans Scharf 2006 French Guiana Macrocarpaea berryi Grant 2005 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Guatteria flabellata Erkens & Maas 2008 States of Amazonas, Rondonia, Brazil Macrocarpaea chthonotropa Grant 2005 San Martin Region, Peru
Guatteria intermedia Scharf 2006 States of Amazonas, Amapa, Brazil; French Guiana; Macrocarpaea claireae Grant 2008 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Suriname Macrocarpaea dies-viridis Grant 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Guatteria japurensis Maas & Westra 2008 Amazon Macrocarpaea dillonii Grant 2004 Amazon
Guatteria leucotricha Scharf & Maas 2006 French Guiana Macrocarpaea gran-pajatena Grant 2005 San Martin Region, Peru
Guatteria minutiflora Scharf & Maas 2006 Guyana; Suriname Macrocarpaea hilarula Grant 2005 Meta Department, Colombia
Guatteria montis-trinitatis Scharf 2006 French Guiana Macrocarpaea innarrabilis Grant 2004 Amazon
Guatteria pakaraimae Scharf & Maas 2005 Guyana Macrocarpaea jactans Grant 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador
Guatteria pannosa Scharf & Maas 2006 French Guiana; Amapa State, Brazil Macrocarpaea kuelap Grant 2004 Amazon
Guatteria partangensis Scharf & Maas 2005 Guyana Macrocarpaea laudabilis Grant 2005 Caqueta Department, Colombia
Guatteria wokomungensis Scharf & Maas 2005 Guyana Macrocarpaea luctans Grant 2007 Amazon
Guzmania pseudodissitiflora H.Luther & K.F.Norton 2008 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Macrocarpaea luya Grant 2004 Amazon
Guzmania vinacea H.Luther & K.F.Norton 2008 Amazon Macrocarpaea neillii Grant 2005 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Habenaria ludibundiciliata J.A.N.Bat. & Bianch. 2006 States of Mato Grosso, Maranhao, Para, Roraima, Brazil Macrocarpaea opulenta Grant 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Habranthus minor Ravenna 2003 Tocantins State, Brazil Macrocarpaea pringleana Grant 2004 Pastaza Province, Ecuador
Hekkingia bordenavei H.E. Ballard & Munzinger 2003 French Guiana Macrocarpaea quechua Grant 2005 San Martin Region, Peru
Heteropsis croatii M.L.Soares 2009 States of Amazonas, Acre, Brazil Macrocarpaea quizhpei Grant 2008 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Heteropsis duckeana M.L.Soares 2009 States of Amazonas, Para, Brazil Macrocarpaea weigendiorum J.R.Grant 2004 Ucayali Region, Peru
Heterotaxis schultesii Ojeda & G.A.Romero 2005 Amazon Macrocarpaea ypsilocaule Grant 2005 Putumayo Department, Colombia
Hibiscus andersonii Krapov. & Fryxell 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Macroclinium paraense Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2009 Para State, Brazil

Plants
Malouetia gentryi M.E.Endress 2004 Loreto Region, Peru Nautilocalyx paujiensis Feuillet 2008 Bolivar State, Venzuela
Mandevilla amazonica J.F.Morales 2005 Amazon Nautilocalyx pusillus Feuillet 2008 Bolivar State, Venzuela
Mandevilla columbiana J.F.Morales 2005 Caqueta Department, Colombia Nautilocalyx roseus Feuillet 2008 Bolivar State, Venzuela
Mandevilla matogrossana J.F.Morales 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Nautilocalyx ruber Feuillet 2008 Amazon
Mandevilla megabracteata J.F.Morales 2007 Guyana Nautilocalyx vestitus Feuillet 2008 Bolivar State, Venzuela
Mandevilla similaris J.F.Morales 2007 Bolivar State, Venzuela Neocalyptrocalyx morii X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis 2008 French Guiana
Manihot baccata Allem 1999 French Guiana Neosprucea paterna M.H.Alford 2008 Guyana
Maranta coriacea S.Vieira & V.C.Souza 2008 States of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Brazil Ocotea badia van der Werff 2005 Amazon
Maranta longiflora S.Vieira & V.C.Souza 2008 Tocantins State, Brazil Ocotea hirtandra van der Werff 2005 Amazon
Maranta pulchra S.Vieira & V.C.Souza 2008 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Ocotea imazensis van der Werff 2005 Amazon
Maranta purpurea S.Vieira & V.C.Souza 2008 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Ocotea laevifolia van der Werff 2005 Amazon
Marcgraviastrum grandiflorum de Roon & Bedell 2006 Amazon Ocotea lenitae van der Werff 2005 San Martin Region, Peru
Margaritopsis inconspicua C.M.Taylor 2005 States of Acre, Amazonas, Brazil Ocotea leptophylla van der Werff 2005 Amazon
Markea vasquezii E.Rodr. 2006 Amazon Ocotea vasquezii van der Werff 2005 Amazon
Mascagnia aequatorialis W.R.Anderson & C.Davis 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador Octomeria portillae Luer & Hirtz 2004 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Mascagnia affinis W.R.Anderson & C.Davis 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Ophiocaryon barnebyanum Aymard & Daly 2006 Amazon
Mascagnia arenicola C. Anderson 2001 Guyana Ornithidium elianae Carnevali & M.A. Blanco 2008 French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname
Mascagnia conformis W.R.Anderson 2007 French Guiana Oryctanthus minor Kuijt 2009 French Guiana
Mascagnia glabrata W.R.Anderson & C.Davis 2005 States of Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil Oryctina atrolineata Kuijt 2003 Guyana
Masdevallia aptera Luer & L.O’Shaughn. 2004 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Ouratea acicularis R.G.Chacon & K.Yamam. 2008 Tocantins State, Brazil
Masdevallia frilehmannii Luer & Vasquez 2001 Madidi National Park, La Paz, Bolivia Ouratea candelabra Sastre 2006 Guyana
Masdevallia lynniana Luer 2004 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Ouratea claudei Salvador, E.P.Santos & Cervi 2006 Tocantins State, Brazil
Matelea quindecimlobata Farinaccio & W.D.Stevens 2009 Amazon Ouratea jansen-jacobsiae Sastre 2007 Guyana; Suriname
Maxillaria kelloffiana Christenson 2009 Guyana; Roraima State, Brazil Ouratea javariensis Sastre 2005 Amazon
Megalastrum alticola Kessler & Sm. 2006 La Paz, Bolivia Ouratea miniguianensis Sastre 2007 French Guiana
Megalastrum ciliatum Kessler & Sm. 2006 La Paz, Bolivia Ouratea pseudogigantophylla Sastre 2006 Suriname
Megalastrum marginatum 6] Kessler & Sm. 2006 La Paz, Bolivia Ouratea retrorsa Sastre 2007 French Guiana
Megalastrum rupicola Kessler & Sm. 2006 La Paz, Bolivia Ouratea sipaliwiniensis Sastre 2007 Suriname
Melpomene caput-gorgonis Lehnert 2009 La Paz, Bolivia Ouratea superimpressa Sastre 2007 Guyana
Melpomene flagellata Lehnert 2009 La Paz, Bolivia Ouratea takutuensis Sastre 2007 Guyana
Melpomene huancabambensis Lehnert 2009 San Martin Region, Peru Palicourea gelsemiiflora C.M.Taylor 2006 Amazon
Melpomene jimenezii Lehnert 2009 La Paz, Bolivia Palicourea gemmiflora C.M.Taylor 2006 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Melpomene occidentalis Lehnert 2009 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Palicourea lemoniana C.M. Taylor 2006 Amazon
Melpomene paradoxa Lehnert 2009 La Paz, Bolivia Palicourea loxensis C.M.Taylor 2006 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Melpomene personata Lehnert 2009 La Paz, Bolivia Palmorchis caxiuanensis Rocha, S.S.Almeida & Freitas 2006 Para State, Brazil
Melpomene vulcanica Lehnert 2009 Napo Province, Ecuador Paloue sandwithii Redden 2008 Guyana
Mezilaurus manausensis van der Werff 2003 Amazon Paradrymonia barbata Feuillet & L.E. Skog 2003 Guyana
Microchilus borjaquijosae Ormerod 2007 Napo Province, Ecuador Paradrymonia glandulosa Feuillet 2009 Amazon
Microchilus brunnescens Ormerod 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador Paradrymonia hamata Feuillet 2009 Amazon
Microchilus campanulatus Ormerod 2008 Guyana; States of Amazonas, Bolivar, Venezeula Paradrymonia lutea Feuillet 2009 Amazon
Microchilus constrictus Ormerod 2005 Amazon Paradrymonia maguirei Feuillet 2009 Amazon
Microchilus guianensis Ormerod 2008 Guyana Paradrymonia tepui Feuillet 2009 Amazon
Microchilus microcaprinus Ormerod 2005 San Martin Region, Peru Paradrymonia yatua Feuillet 2009 Amazon
Microchilus pedrojuanensis Ormerod 2005 Para State, Brazil Paspalum veredense G.H.Rua, R.C.Oliveira, Valls & 2008 Tocantins State, Brazil
Microchilus pseudobrunnescens Ormerod 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador Graciano-Ribeiro
Microchilus putumayoensis Ormerod 2005 Putumayo Department, Colombia Passiflora angusta Feuillet & J.M. MacDougal 2008 Bolivar State, Venezeula; Guyana
Microchilus rioesmeraldae Ormerod 2005 Bolivar State, Venzuela Passiflora arta Feuillet 2007 Guyana
Microchilus rioitayanus Ormerod 2005 Loreto Region, Peru Passiflora ascidia Feuillet 2002 Guyana
Mikania urcuensis H.Rob. & W.C.Holmes 2006 Napo Province, Ecuador Passiflora balbis Feuillet 2002 Guyana
Monstera aureopinnata Croat 2005 Amazon Passiflora compar Feuillet 2007 Guyana, French Guiana
Monstera barrieri Croat, Moonen & Poncy 2005 French Guiana Passiflora curva Feuillet 2009 French Guiana
Monstera cenepensis Croat 2005 Amazon Passiflora davidii Feuillet 2007 French Guiana
Monstera vasquezii Croat 2005 Amazon Passiflora gabrielliana Vanderpl. 2006 French Guiana
Mormodes gurupiensis Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2009 States of Maranhao, Para, Brazil Passiflora longicuspis Vanderpl. & S.E.Vanderpl. 2006 French Guiana
Mostuea muricata Sobral & Lucia Rossi 2003 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Passiflora pardifolia Vanderpl. 2006 Maranhao State, Brazil
Napeanthus rupicola Feuillet & L.E. Skog 2003 Guyana Passiflora rufa Feuillet & J.M. MacDougal 2008 French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname
Nasa victorii Weigend 2004 San Martin Region, Peru Passiflora tecta Feuillet 2008 Guyana; Suriname; Bolivar, Venezeula
Nautilocalyx coccineus Feuillet & L.E. Skog 2003 Guyana Passiflora venusta R.Vásquez & M.Delanoy 2007 La Paz, Bolivia
Nautilocalyx crenatus Feuillet 2008 Amazon Passiflora vescoi D.Rignon & L.Rignon 2003 French Guiana
Nautilocalyx orinocensis Feuillet 2008 Amazon Pepinia martinellii H.Luther 2009 Para State, Brazil

Plants
Peritassa manaoara Lombardi 2007 Amazon Pouteria flavilatex T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon
Phainantha shuariorum C.Ulloa & D.A.Neill 2006 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Pouteria freitasii T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon
Philodendron ampamii Croat 2005 Amazon Pouteria maxima T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon
Philodendron ancuashii Croat 2005 Amazon Pouteria pentamera T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon
Philodendron aureimarginatum Croat 2004 Loreto Region, Peru Pouteria resinosa T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon
Philodendron avenium Grayum & Croat 2005 Amazon Pouteria stipulifera T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon
Philodendron barbourii Croat 2005 Amazon Pouteria stylifera T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon
Philodendron brent-berlinii Croat 2005 Amazon Prestonia acrensis J.F.Morales 2004 Acre State, Brazil
Philodendron campii Croat 2004 Pastaza Department, Ecuador Prestonia amabilis J.F.Morales 2004 Pastaza Department, Ecuador
Philodendron cardosoi E.G.Gonç. 2004 Para State, Brazil Prosthechea regentii V.P.Castro & Chiron 2005 Roraima State, Brazil
Philodendron carinatum E.G.Gonç. 2005 Amapa State, Brazil Prosthechea roraimensis V.P.Castro & Campacci 2004 Roraima State, Brazil
Philodendron condorcanquense Croat 2005 Amazon Protium aidanianum Daly 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador
Philodendron huashikatii Croat 2005 Amazon Protium calendulinum Daly 2007 French Guiana
Philodendron lupinum E.G.Gonç. & J.B.Carvalho 2008 Acre State, Brazil Protium gallosum Daly 2007 Amazon
Philodendron moonenii Croat 2004 French Guiana Protium retusum Daly 2007 Guyana
Philodendron palaciosii Croat & Grayum 2005 Napo Province, Ecuador Protium urophyllidium Daly 2007 Amazon
Philodendron paucinervium Croat 2004 Loreto Region, Peru Pseudoxandra acreana Maas 2006 States of Acre, Amazonas, Brazil
Philodendron reticulatum Grayum 2005 Amazon Pseudoxandra borbensis Maas 2003 Amazon
Philodendron scottmorianum Croat & Moonen 2007 French Guiana Pseudoxandra cauliflora Maas 2003 Amazon
Philodendron swartiae Croat 2005 Amazon Pseudoxandra duckei Maas 2003 Amazon
Philodendron ushanum Croat & Moonen 2006 French Guiana Pseudoxandra obscurinervis Maas 2003 Amazon
Philodendron wadedavisii Croat 2006 Amazon Pseudoxandra papillosa Maas 2003 Amazon
Phoradendron acuminatum Kuijt 2003 Suriname Pseudoxandra pilosa Maas 2003 Amazon
Phoradendron bicarinatum Kuijt 2003 Amazon Psittacanthus acevedoi Kuijt 2009 Amazon
Phoradendron granvillei Kuijt 2003 French Guiana Psittacanthus atrolineatus Kuijt 2009 Rondonia State, Brazil
Phoradendron juruanum Kuijt 2003 Amazon Psittacanthus baguensis Kuijt 2009 Amazon
Phoradendron krameri Kuijt 2003 Suriname; Guyana Psittacanthus bergii Kuijt 2009 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Phoradendron krukovii Kuijt 2003 Amazon Psittacanthus brachypodus Kuijt 2009 Para State, Brazil
Phoradendron lindemanii Kuijt 2003 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Psittacanthus carnosus Kuijt 2009 Rondonia State, Brazil
Phoradendron oliveirae Kuijt 2003 Para State, Brazil Psittacanthus crassipes Kuijt 2009 Amazon
Phoradendron singulare Kuijt 2003 Amazon Psittacanthus dentatus Kuijt 2009 Para State, Brazil
Phyllanthus puntii Webster 2004 Acre State, Brazil Psittacanthus elegans Kuijt 2009 Amazon
Pilocarpus trifoliolatus Skorupa & Pirani 2004 Para State, Brazil Psittacanthus geniculatus Kuijt 2009 Acre State, Brazil
Piper aulacospermum Callejas 2005 French Guiana Psittacanthus ovatus Kuijt 2009 Amazon
Piper ciliomarginatum Görts & Christenh. 2005 Guyana Psittacanthus rugostylus Kuijt 2009 Para State, Brazil
Piper remotinervium Görts 2005 French Guiana Psychotria ceronii C.M.Taylor 2006 Napo Province, Ecuador
Pitcairnia amboroensis Ibisch, Vásquez,Gross & Kessler 1999 Amboró National Park, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Psychotria cutucuana C.M.Taylor 2006 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Pitcairnia buscalionii W.Till 2003 Amazon Psychotria montivaga C.M.Taylor 2006 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Pitcairnia cremersii Gouda 2009 Suriname; French Guiana Psychotria poyoana C.M.Taylor 2006 Pastaza Department, Ecuador
Pitcairnia heydlaufii Vásquez & Ibisch 2000 Cochabamba Department, Bolivia Qualea johannabakkerae Marc.-Berti 2002 Amazon
Pitcairnia rojasii H.Luther 2007 Amazon Qualea marioniae Marcano-Berti 2002 Guyana
Pitcairnia saxosa Gouda 2009 French Guiana Quiina berryi J.V.Schneid. & Zizka 2003 States of Amazonas, Para, Brazil
Pitcairnia semijuncta Baker 2009 French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname Quiina cidiana J.V.Schneid. & Zizka 2003 Amazon
Pitcairnia vargasii Vásquez & Ibisch 2009 Cochabamba Department, Bolivia Quiina piresii J.V.Schneid. & Zizka 2003 Amazon
Platystele paraensis Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2009 Para State, Brazil Raddiella vanessiae Judziewicz & Sepsenwol 2007 French Guiana
Pleurothallis feuilletii Luer 2004 French Guiana Raputia praetermissa Pirani & Kallunki 2005 Amazon
Pleurothallis tiarata Luer & Hirtz 2004 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador Rauvolfia gracilis Koch & Kin. 2007 States of Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil
Pleurothallis ximenae Luer & Hirtz 2004 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador Remijia hubbardiorum B.M.Boom 2005 Amazon
Polylychnis ovata Wassh. 2006 Amapa State, Brazil; Suriname Rhodospatha acosta-solisii Croat 2005 Amazon
Polypsecadium apolobamba Al-Shehbaz & A.Fuentes 2008 La Paz, Bolivia Rhodospatha brent-berlinii Croat 2005 Amazon
Polystichum albomarginatum Kessler & Sm. 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Rhodospatha katipas Croat 2005 Amazon
Polystichum congestum Kessler & Sm. 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Rhodospatha piushaduka Croat 2005 Amazon
Polystichum giganteum Kessler & Sm. 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Rhodostemonodaphne crenaticupula Madriñán 2004 Amazon
Polystichum lepidotum Kessler & Sm. 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Rhodostemonodaphne curicuriariensis Madriñán 2004 Amazon
Polystichum rufum Kessler & Sm. 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Rhodostemonodaphne longipetiolata Madriñán 2004 Napo Province, Ecuador
Polystichum solomonii Kessler & Sm. 2005 La Paz, Bolivia Rhodostemonodaphne napoensis Madriñán 2004 Napo Province, Ecuador
Potalia coronata Struwe & V.A.Albert 2004 Amazon Rhodostemonodaphne negrensis Madriñán 2004 Amazon
Pourouma cordata C.C.Berg 2004 Amazon Rhodostemonodaphne parvifolia Madriñán 2004 Amazon
Pouteria ericoides T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon Rhodostemonodaphne peneia Madriñán 2004 Amazon
Pouteria erythrochrysa T.D.Penn. 2006 Amazon Rhodostemonodaphne sordida Madriñán 2004 Loreto Region, Peru

Plants
Rhodostemonodaphne Madriñán 2004 Amapa State, Brazil Stelis strobilacea Luer 2007 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
tumucumaquensis Stelis uncifera Luer & Hirtz 2007 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Rhynchospora acanthoma Araújo & Longhi-Wagner 2008 Para State, Brazil Stenospermation ancuashii Croat 2005 Amazon
Rhynchospora M.T. Strong 2001 Guyana Stenospermation parvum Croat & A.Gomez 2005 Pastaza Department, Ecuador
angustipaniculata Struthanthus prancei Kuijt 2003 Amazon
Rhynchospora bracteovillosa Araújo & Thomas 2003 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Styrax griseus P.W.Fritsch 2004 Para State, Brazil
Rhynchospora cordatachenia M.T.Strong 2005 French Guiana Swartzia canescens Torke 2007 States of Amapa, Para, Brazil; French Guiana;
Rhynchospora eurycarpa Araújo & Longhi-Wagner 2004 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Suriname
Rhynchospora leucoloma Araújo & Longhi-Wagner 2003 States of Mato Grosso, Para, Brazil Swartzia coriaceifolia Torke 2004 Amazon
Rhynchospora rupestris Araújo & Thomas 2008 States of Mato Grosso, Para, Brazil Swartzia juruana Torke 2004 Acre State, Brazil
Rhynchospora rupicola M.T. Strong 2001 Guyana Swartzia manausensis Torke 2007 Amazon
Rhynchospora saxisavannicola Strong 2005 French Guiana Swartzia ramiflora Torke 2007 Amazon
Ribes amazonica Weigend & E.Rodr. 2005 Amazon Swartzia trimorphica Mansano & A.L.Souza 2005 Amazon
Roraimaea aurantiaca Struwe, Nilsson & Albert 2008 Roraima State, Brazil Syagrus vermicularis Noblick 2004 Maranhao State, Brazil
Roupala nonscripta K.S.Edwards & Prance 2003 Amazon Tachia lancisepala Struwe, Kinkade & Maas 2005 Rondonia State, Brazil
Roupala psilocarpa K.S.Edwards & Prance 2003 States of Amapa, Amazonas, Brazil Tachia siwertii Struwe, Kinkade & Maas 2005 States of Para, Amazonas, Brazil
Ruellia exserta Wassh. & Wood 2003 States of Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil Tachigali barnebyi van der Werff 2008 Rondonia State, Brazil
Ruyschia andina de Roon 2005 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Tachigali candelabrum van der Werff 2008 Amazon
Salacia negrensis Lombardi 2007 Amazon Tachigali chrysaloides van der Werff 2008 States of Acre, Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil
Scaphispatha robusta E.G.Gonç. 2005 Para State, Brazil Tachigali fusca van der Werff 2008 Acre State, Brazil
Scelochilus newyorkorum Vásquez, Ibisch & Vargas 2003 Río Cotacajes, La Paz, Bolivia Talisia croatii Acev.-Rodr. 2003 States of Acre, Amazonas, Brazil
Schefflera ciliatifolia Fiaschi & Frodin 2008 Amazon Talisia douradensis Acev.-Rodr. 2003 Para State, Brazil
Schefflera dichotoma Fiaschi & Frodin 2008 Amazon Talisia ghilleana Acev.-Rodr. 2003 Amazon
Schefflera plurifolia Fiaschi & Frodin 2008 States of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondonia, Brazil Talisia granulosa Acev.-Rodr. 2003 Amazon
Schefflera umbrosa Fiaschi & Frodin 2008 States of Amazonas, Para, Brazil Talisia parviflora Acev.-Rodr. 2003 Amazon
Schwenckia alvaroana Benítez 2006 Caqueta Department, Colombia Tetracera maguirei Aymard & B.M. Boom 2003 Guyana
Selaginella gynostachya Valdespino 2008 Guyana; French Guiana Tetrapterys anomala W.R.Anderson 2005 Guyana
Selaginella karowtipuensis Valdespino 2008 Guyana Tococa costoides Michelang. 2006 Amazon
Senna biglandularis Araujo & Souza 2007 Tocantins State, Brazil Tococa leticiana Michelang. 2006 Amazon
Serjania souzana Ferrucci & Acev.-Rodr. 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Tocoyena arenicola Delprete 2008 Tocantins State, Brazil
Sida castanocarpa Krapov. 2007 States of Maranhao, Tocantins, Brazil Tovomita calophyllophylla García-Villacorta & Hammel 2004 Loreto Region, Peru
Sida simpsonii Krapov. 2007 Mato Grosso State, Brazil Tovomita gazelii Poncy & Offroy 2006 French Guiana
Sida teresinensis Krapov. 2007 Para State, Brazil Trichocentrum loyolicum Pupulin, Karremans & G.Merino 2008 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Siparuna lewisiana S.S.Renner & Hausner 2005 Amazon Triplophyllum boliviense Prado & Moran 2008 States of Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Brazil;
Sobralia cardosoi Campacci & J.B.F.Silva 2009 Roraima State, Brazil French Guiana; Guyana
Solanum eitenii Agra 2008 Maranhao State, Brazil Triplophyllum glabrum Prado & Moran 2008 States of Para, Amazonas, Para, Rondonia, Brazil;
Solanum megaspermum Agra 2008 Amazon Guyana
Solanum pedemontanum M.Nee 2006 States of Acre, Amazonas, Brazil Turnera amazonica Arbo 2005 Amazon
Spathiphyllum barbourii Croat 2005 Amazon Turnera discors Arbo 2005 Rondonia State, Brazil
Spathiphyllum brent-berlinii Croat 2005 Amazon Turnera kuhlmanniana Arbo 2005 Rondonia State, Brazil
Spathiphyllum buntingianum Croat 2005 Amazon Turnera laciniata Arbo 2005 Para State, Brazil
Spathiphyllum diazii Croat 2005 Amazon Turnera occidentalis Arbo & Shore 2005 San Martin Region, Peru
Specklinia feuilletii Luer 2005 French Guiana Turnera reginae Arbo 2005 Maranhao State, Brazil
Spigelia amazonica Fern.Casas 2004 Amazon Unonopsis heterotricha Maas & Westra 2007 Para State, Brazil
Spigelia megapotamica Fern.Casas 2008 Amazon Weinmannia davidsonii Fuentes & Rogers 2007 La Paz, Bolivia
Spigelia rondoniensis Fern.Casas 2006 Rondonia State, Brazil Weinmannia yungasensis Fuentes & Rogers 2007 La Paz, Bolivia
Staelia tocantinsiana R.M.Salas & E.L.Cabral 2007 Tocantins State, Brazil Xanthosoma baguense Croat 2005 Amazon
Stelis abbreviata Luer & Hirtz 2007 Napo Province, Ecuador Yanomamua araca Grant, Maas & Struwe 2006 Amazon
Stelis adinostachya Luer & Hirtz 2007 Napo Province, Ecuador Zollernia surinamensis Mansano, A.M.G.Azevedo & G.P.Lewis 2005 Suriname; French Guiana
Stelis aliquantula Luer & Hirtz 2007 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Stelis bricenorum G.A.Romero & Luer 2006 Amazon
Stelis bucculenta Luer & Hirtz 2007 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador SUBTOTAL: 637
Stelis encephalota Luer & Hirtz 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Stelis lapoi Luer & Hirtz 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Stelis laudabilis Luer & Hirtz 2007 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Stelis mnemonica Luer & Hirtz 2007 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Stelis nigrescens Luer & Hirtz 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Stelis orecta Luer & Hirtz 2007 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador
Stelis picea Luer & Hirtz 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Stelis sparsiflora Luer & Hirtz 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador

Fish
Acestridium colombiense Retzer 2005 Colombia Corydoras noelkempffi Knaack 2004 Bolivia
Acestridium gymnogaster Reis & Lehmann 2009 Rio Madeira, Brazil Corydoras ortegai Britto, Lima & Hidalgo 2007 Rio Putumayo in Peru
Acestridium scutatum Reis & Lehmann 2009 Rio Madeira, Brazil Corydoras paragua Knaack 2004 Bolivia
Acestridium triplax Rodriquez & Reis 2007 Eastern Amazon Basin, Brazil Corydoras paucerna Knaack 2004 Bolivia
Acestrocephalus acutus Menezes 2006 Para State, Brazil Corydoras tukano Britto & Lima 2003 Rio Tiquié, upper Rio Negro Basin, Brazil
Acestrocephalus pallidus Menezes 2006 Amazonas State, Brazil Creagrutus barrigai Vari and Harold 2001 Northern and west central portions of Amazon Basin
Adontosternarchus nebulosus Lundberg & Cox Fernandes 2007 Amazon Basin Creagrutus britskii Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba & Weitzman 2008 Amazon Basin Creagrutus changae Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon
Ammoglanis amapaensis Mattos, Costa & Gama 2008 Brazil Creagrutus cracentis Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tapajos
Ancistrus parecis Ancistrus parecis Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, 2005 Amazon Creagrutus ephippiatus Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Negro
da Silva & Bertaco Creagrutus figuiredoi Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Ancistrus tombador Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco 2005 Tapajós and Tocantins Rivers, Brazil Creagrutus flavescens Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon
Anostomoides passionis Dos Santos & Zuanon 2006 Rio Xingu, Brazil Creagrutus gracilis Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon
Apareiodon agmatos Taphorn B., D.C., H. López-Fernández & 2008 Mazaruni River, Guyana Creagrutus holmi Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon
C.R. Bernard Creagrutus ignotus Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tapajos
Aphyocharax yekwanae Willink, Chernoff & Machado-Allison 2003 Guyana Shield of Venezuela Creagrutus manu Vari and Harold 2001 Southwestern Amazon Basin
Aphyolebias boticarioi Costa 2004 Rio Purus Basin, Brazil Creagrutus menezesi Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Negro and Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Apistogramma baenschi Römer, Hahn, Römer, Soares & Wöhler 2004 Peru Creagrutus molinus Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Apistogramma barlowi Römer & Hahn 2008 Northern Peru Creagrutus mucipu Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready & Kullander 2004 Peru Creagrutus occidaneus Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon Basin
Apistogramma erythrura Staeck & Schindler 2008 Rio Mamoré, Bolivia Creagrutus ortegai Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon
Apteronotus galvisi de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo & Crampton 2007 Rio Meta Basin, Colombia Creagrutus ouranaster Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon Basin
Astyanax ajuricaba Marinho and Lima 2009 State of Amazonas, Brazil Creagrutus petilus Vari and Harold 2001 Southwestern Amazon
Astyanax clavitaeniatus Garutti 2003 Rio Surumu, Roraima State, Brazil Creagrutus pila Vari and Harold 2001 Western Amazon Basin
Astyanax dnophos Lima & Zuanon 2004 Rio Xingu, Brazil Creagrutus runa Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Negro
Astyanax siapae Garutti 2003 Rio Siapa, Amazonas State, Venezuela Creagrutus saxatalis Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Astyanax utiariti Bertaco & Garutti 2007 Rio Tapajós, Brazil drainage, Central Brazil Creagrutus seductus Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Astyanax villwocki Zarske & Géry 1999 Amazon Basin of Peru and Bolivia Creagrutus ungulus Vari and Harold 2001 Southwestern Amazon Basin
Attonitus bounites Vari & Ortega 2000 Western Amazon Creagrutus zephyrus Vari and Harold 2001 Rio Negro
Attonitus ephimeros Vari & Ortega 2000 Western Amazon Crenicichla zebrine Montaña, López-Fernández & Taphorn 2008 Ventuari River, Upper Orinoco River Basin, Amazonas State,
Attonitus irisae Vari & Ortega 2000 Western Amazon Venezuela
Baryancistrus beggini Lujan, Arce & Armbruster 2009 Venezuela: Amazonas, Rio Orinoco drainage, Rio Ventuari Crossoloricaria bahuaja Chang & Castro 1999 Madre de Dios, southeastern Peru
Baryancistrus demantoides Werneke, Sabaj, Lujan and Armbruster 2005 Venezuela, Amazonas, Rio Orinoco drainage, Rio Ventuari Cynopotomas xiagunao Menezes 2008 Rio Xingu, Brazil
Brachyplatystoma capapretum Lundberg & Akama 2005 Amazon Basin Cyphocharax derhami Vari & Chang 2006 northeastern Peru
Bryconadenos weitzmani Menezes, Netto-Ferreira & Ferreira 2009 Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu, Brazil drainage, Brazil Denticetopsis epa Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Bryconamericus carlosi Román-Valencia 2003 Amazon Denticetopsis seducta Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Amazon Basin
Caenotropus schizodon Scharcansky & Lucena 2007 Rio Tapajós, Brazil drainage, Brazil Derhamia hoffmannorum Géry & Zarske 2002 Mazaruni River in Guyana
Caiapobrycon tucurui Malabarba & Vari 2000 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Basin, Brazil Dicrossus gladicauda Schindler & Staeck 2008 Colombia
Callichthys serralabium Lehmann A. & Reis 2004 Upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers Entomocorus melaphareus Akama & Ferraris 2003 Rio Amazonas
Centromochlus macracanthus Soares-Porto 2000 Rio Negro drainage, Amazon Basin, Brazil Gelanoglanis nanonocticolus Soares-Porto, Walsh, Nico & Netto 1999 Orinoco and Amazon River Basins
Cetopsidium ferreirai Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Trombetas, Brazil Gelanoglanis travieso Rengifo, Lujan, Taphorn & Petry 2008 Marañon River (Amazon Basin), northeastern Perú
Cetopsidium pemon Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Branco, Brazil Geophagus gottwaldi Schindler & Staeck 2006 Rio Orinoco in Venezuela
Cetopsidium soniae Vari & Ferraris Jr. 2009 Rio Branco, Brazil Gladioglanis anacanthus Rocha, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel 2008 Rio Aripuaña, Amazonas, Brazil
Cetopsis arcana Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Guianacara cuyunii López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle 2006 Guiana Shield of Eastern Venezuela
Cetopsis caiapo Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Tocantins, Brazil & Kullander
Cetopsis montana Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Guianacara stergiosi López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle 2006 Guiana Shield of Eastern Venezuela
Cetopsis parma de Oliveira, Vari, Ferraris, 2001 Western Amazon Basin & Kullander
Cetopsis pearsoni Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Western Amazon Gymnotus arapaima Albert & Crampton 2001 Amazon floodplain
Cetopsis sandrae Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Tapajos Gymnotus curupira Crampton, Thorsen & Albert 2005 Amazon Basin
Cetopsis sarcodes Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Gymnotus jonasi Albert & Crampton 2001 Amazon floodplain
Cetopsis starnesi Vari, Ferraris & de Pinna 2005 Southwestern Amazon Basin Gymnotus mamiraua Albert & Crampton 2001 Amazon floodplain
Chaetostoma changae Salcedo 2006 Central Peru Gymnotus melanopleura Albert & Crampton 2001 Amazon floodplain
Chaetostoma daidalmatos Salcedo 2006 Huallaga River in central Peru Gymnotus obscurus Crampton, Thorsen & Albert 2005 Amazon Basin
Chaetostoma stroumpoulos Salcedo 2006 Huallaga River in central Peru Gymnotus onca Albert & Crampton 2001 Amazon floodplain
Characidium xavante de Garca et al 2008 Rio Xingu, Brazil Gymnotus ucamara Crampton, Lovejoy & Albert 2003 Peruvian Amazon
Compsaraia samueli Albert & Crampton 2009 Amazon River Gymnotus varzea Crampton, Thorsen & Albert 2005 Amazon Basin
Corumbataia veadeiros Carvalho 2008 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Harttia depressa Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 Guyana
Corydoras albolineatus Knaack 2004 Bolivia Harttia dissidens Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 Guyana
Corydoras isbrueckeri Knaack 2004 Bolivia Harttia duriventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 Guyana
Corydoras negro Knaack 2004 Bolivia Harttia guianensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 Guyana

Fish
Harttia merevari Provenzano 2005 Venezuela, Bolívar State, Caura River Leptodoras oyakawai Birindelli, Sousa & Sabaj Pérez 2008 Tapajós and Xingu Basins, Brazil
Harttia punctata Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 Guyana Lithoxus jantjae Lujan 2008 Guayana Highlands
Harttia trombetensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 Guyana Lithoxus jantjae Lujan 2008 Venezuela, Amazonas
Harttia uatumensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira 2001 Guyana Loricaria lundbergi Thomas & Rapp Py-Daniel 2008 River channels of the Amazon Basin
Hasemania nambiquara Bertaco & Malabarba 2007 Upper Rio Tapajós, Brazil drainage, Brazil Loricaria pumila Thomas & Rapp Py-Daniel 2008 River channels of the Amazon Basin
Hemiancistrus guahiborum Werneke, Armbruster, Lujan 2005 Venezuela, Amazonas, Rio Ventuari Loricaria spinulifera Thomas & Rapp Py-Daniel 2008 River channels of the Amazon Basin
& Taphorn Megadontognathus kaitukaensis Campos-da-paz 1999 Amazon Basin
Hemiancistrus pankimpuju Lujan & Chamon 2008 Amazon Basin Megalonema amaxanthum Lundberg and Dahdul 2008 Bolivia, Pando State
Hemiancistrus subviridis Werneke, Sabaj, Lujan 2005 Venezuela, Amazonas, Rio Orinoco Megalonema orixanthum Lundberg and Dahdul 2008 Orinoco Basin, Venezuela Amazonas State
& Armbruster Moema apurinan Costa 2004 Rio Purus Basin, Brazil
Hemibrycon divisorensis Bertaco, Malabarba, Hidalgo 2007 Rio Ucayali drainage, Sierra del Divisor, Peru Moenkhausia cosmops Lima, Britski & Machado 2007 Rio Tapajôs
& Ortega Moenkhausia diktyota Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001 Rio Negro of Brazil
Hemigrammus arua Lima, Wosiacki and Ramos 2009 Brazil, Pará State Moenkhausia dorsinuda Zarske & Géry 2002 Rio Iténez in Bolivia
Hemigrammus geisleri Zarske & Géry 2007 Central Amazonas Moenkhausia levidorsa Benine 2002 Rio Aripuanã, Amazon Basin, Brazil
Hemigrammus neptunus Zarske & Géry 2002 Rio Manuripi in Bolivien (Departamento Pando) Moenkhausia margitae Zarske & Géry 2001 Rio Ucayali in Peru
Hemigrammus ora Zarske & Géry 2006 French Guiana Moenkhausia petymbuaba Lima & Birindelli 2006 Serra do Cachimbo, Rio Xingu, Brazil
Hemigrammus silimoni Britski & Lima 2008 Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin in Brazil Myloplus planquettei Jégu, M., P. Keith and P.-Y. Le Bail 2003 Guiana Shield
Hemiodus jatuarana Langeani 2004 Rio Trombetas, Brazil, Amazon Basin, Brazil Myoglanis koepckei Chang 1999 Rio Amazonas, Peru
Hemiodus tocantinensis Langeani 1999 Rio Tocantins, Brazil, Brazil Nannacara quadrispinae Staeck & Schindler 2004 Orinoco Delta in Venezuela
Hisonotus chromodontus Britski & Garavello 2007 Rio Tapajós, Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Brazil Nannostomus rubrocaudatus Zarske 2009 Loreto, Peru
Hisonotus luteofrenatus Britski & Garavello 2007 Rio Tapajós, Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Brazil Odontostilbe ecuadorensis Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006 Amazon Basin
Hoplias curupiru Oyakawa & Mattox 2009 Amazon Odontostilbe nareuda Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006 Amazon Basin
Hypancistrus contradens Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007 Amazonas, Venezuela Odontostilbe parecis Bührnheim & Malabarba 2006 Amazon Basin
Hypancistrus debilittera Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007 Amazonas, Venezuela Otocinclus batmani Lehmann A. 2006 Rio Puré in Colombia, and two creeks emptying
Hypancistrus furunculus Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007 Amazonas, Veneuzela into the Rio Amazonas near Iquitos, Peru
Hypancistrus lunaorum Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn 2007 Amazonas, Veneuzela Otocinclus cocama Reis 2004 Departamento Loreto, Peru
Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry 2006 French Guiana Otocinclus cocama Reis 2004 Rio Ucayali, Peru
Hyphessobrycon heliacus Moreira, Landim & Costa 2002 Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin, Central Brazil Pachyurus stewarti Casatti & Chao 2002 Rio Napo Basin, Eastern Ecuador
Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & Carvalho 2005 Mato Grosso, Brazil Panaqolus changae Chockley & Armbruster 2002 Eastern Peru
Hyphessobrycon melanostichos Carvalho & Bertaco 2006 Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin on Chapada dos Parecis, central Brazil Panaque bathyphilus Lujan & Chamon 2008 Itaya and Momon River Basins in Peru
Hyphessobrycon nigricinctus Zarske & Géry 2004 Rio Madre de Dios in Peru Parancistrus nudiventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon 2005 Rio Xingu, Brazil, Brazil
Hyphessobrycon notidanos Carvalho & Bertaco 2006 Rio Tapajós, Brazil Basin on Chapada dos Parecis, central Brazil Pariosternarchus amazonensis Albert & Crampton 2006 Amazon River
Hyphessobrycon oritoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2008 Putumayo River drainage, Colombian Amazon Peckoltia cavatica Armbruster, J.W. and D.C. Werneke 2005 Guyana
Hyphessobrycon pando Hein 2008 Departamento Pando, Bolivia Peckoltia sabaji Armbruster, J.W. 2003 Guyana Shield
Hyphessobrycon scutulatus Lucena 2003 Rio Tapajós, Brazil system Phallobrycon adenacanthus Menezes, Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2009 Rio Xingu, Brazil Basin
Hypostomus ericae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 Middle and lower Amazon System Phenocogaster apletostigma de Lucena, Z.M.S. and C. de S. Gama 2007 State of Amapá, Brasil
Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003 Rio Amazonas drainage in Peru Phreatobius dracunculus Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & De Pinna 2007 Southwestern Amazon Basin
Hypostomus faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima 2008 Rio Tocantins, Brazil and Rio Xingu, Brazil Basins in central Brazil Phreatobius sanguijuela Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos 2007 Iténez River, Bolivia
Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003 Rio Amazonas drainage in Peru & Schaefer
Hypostomus macushi Armbruster, J.W. and L.S. de Souza 2005 Guyana Physopyxis ananas Sousa and Rapp 2005 Rio Jutaí, Rio Solimões Basin, Amazonas State, Brazil
Hypostomus paucipunctatus Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 Middle and lower Amazon System Physopyxis cristata Sousa and Rapp 2005 Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil
Hypostomus simios Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 Middle and lower Amazon System Pimelodus haisodus Ribeiro et al 2008 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Hypostomus soniae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 Middle and lower Amazon System Pimelodus joannis Ribeiro et al 2008 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Hypostomus waiampi Hollanda Carvalho & Weber 2005 Middle and lower Amazon System Pimelodus stewarti Ribeiro et al 2008 Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Ituglanis mambai Bichutte & Trajano 2008 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Pimelodus tetramerus Ribeiro & Lucena 2006 Rios Tapajós, Tocantins, Brasil
Jupiaba isasy Netto-Ferreira et al 2009 Rio Tapajos Platyurosternarchus crypticus de Santana & Vari 2008 Rio Branco, Brazil
Jupiaba kurua Birindelli, Zanata, Sousa & Netto-Ferreira 2009 Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu, Brazil Basin, Brazil Potamotrygon boesemani Rosa, Carvalho, and Wanderley 2008 Suriname
Jupiaba paranatinga Netto-Ferreira et al 2009 Rio Tapajos Propimelodus caesius Parisi, Lundberg & DoNascimiento 2006 Amazon Basin
Jupiaba poekotero Zanata & Lima 2005 Rio Tiquié, Upper Rio Negro Basin, Brazil Pseudancistrus corantijniensis De Chambrier, S. and J.I. Montoya- 2008 Guyana Shield
Knodus borki Zarske 2008 Iquitos, Peru Burgos
Knodus shinahota Ferreira & Carvajal 2007 Rio Shinahota, Rio Chapare Basin (Mamoré system), Bolivia Pseudobunocephalus lundbergi Friel 2008 Venezuela, Bolivar
Knodus tiquiensis Ferreira & Lima 2006 Rio Tiquié, upper Rio Negro System, Brazil Pterygoplichthys weberi Armbruster and Page 2006 Colombia, Amazonas, Amazon River
Laetacara fulvipinnis Staeck & Schindler 2007 Rio Orinoco and Rio Negro in Venezuela Pyrrhulina elongata Zarske & Géry 2001 Rio Tapajos in Brazil
Lasiancistrus saetiger Armbruster 2005 Brazil, Pará Rhabdolichops lundbergi Correa, Crampton & Albert 2006 Central Amazon
Leporinus amazonicus Dos Santos & Zuanon 2008 Amazon lowlands, Brazil Rhabdolichops navalha Correa, Crampton & Albert 2006 Central Amazon
Leporinus bleheri Géry 1999 Rio Guaporé-Iténez Basin Rhabdolichops nigrimans Correa, Crampton & Albert 2006 Central Amazon
Leporinus geminis Garavello & Santos 2009 Araguaia-Tocantins system, Amazon Basin, Brazil Rhinodoras armbrusteri Sabaj et al 2008 Rio Branco, Brazil
Leporinus guttatus Birindelli & Britski 2009 Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu, Brazil Basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil Rineloricaria daraha Rapp Py-Daniel & Fichberg 2008 Rio Daraá, Rio Negro Basin, Amazon, Brazil
Leporinus unitaeniatus Garavello & Santos 2009 Araguaia-Tocantins system, Amazon Basin, Brazil Rivulus amanan Costa & Lazzarotto 2008 Japurá River drainage, Amazonas River Basin, Brazil
Leptodoras cataniai Sabaj 2005 Venezuela, Amazonas Rivulus amanapira Costa 2004 Rio Negro, Brazil

Fish Amphibians
Rivulus caurae Radda 2004 Rio Caura, Bolivar State, Venezuela Adelophryne patamona MacCulloch, Lathrop, Kok, Minter, 2008 Guyana
Rivulus gaucheri Keith, P., L. Nandrin & P.-Y. Le Bail 2006 French Guiana Khan, and Barrio-Amoros
Rivulus kayabi Costa 2007 Tapajós River Basin, southern Brazil Allobates caeruleodactylus Lima and Caldwell 2001 State of Amazonas, Brazil
Rivulus kirovskyi Costa 2004 Central Amazon, Brazil Allobates cepedai Morales 2002 Meta Department, Colombia
Rivulus mahdiaensis Suijker, W.H. and G.E. Collier 2006 Guyana Allobates conspicuus Morales 2002 Manu, Madre de Dios Region, Perú; Acre State, Brazil
Rivulus sape Lasso-Alcalá, O.M., D.C. Taphorn, 2006 Guyana Shield, Venezuela Allobates craspedoceps Duellman 2004 San Martín Region, Peru
C.A. Lasso & O. León-Mata Allobates crombiei Morales 2002 Río Xingú, Para State, Brazil
Rivulus uakti Costa 2004 Rio Negro, Brazil Allobates fratisenescus Morales 2002 Pastaza River, Ecuador
Rivulus uatuman Costa 2004 Central Brazil Allobates fuscellus Morales 2002 Amazonas and Rondonia States, Brazil
Roeboides oligistos Lucena 2000 Rios Orinoco and Amazonas Allobates gasconi Morales 2002 Río Juruá in Acre State and Amazonas State, Brazil
Scoloplax baskini Rocha, de Oliveira & Rapp Py-Daniel 2008 Rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil Allobates granti Kok, MacCulloch, Gaucher, Poelman, 2006 French Guiana
Serrasalmus altispinis Merckx, Jégu & Santos 2000 Rio uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil Bourne, Lathrop, and Lenglet
Simpsonichthys inaequipinnatus Costa 2008 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Allobates insperatus Morales 2002 Santa Cecilia, Napo Province, Ecuador
Simpsonichthys reticulatus Costa & Nielsen 2003 Rio Xingu, Brazil floodplains, Brazil Allobates masniger Morales 2002 Para State, Brazil
Skiotocharax meizon Presswell, Weitzman & Bergquist 2000 Guyana Allobates melanolaemus Grant and Rodriguez 2001 Loreto Region, Peru
Sorubim maniradii Littmann, Burr & Buitrago-Suarez 2001 Upper and middle Amazon Basin Allobates nidicola Caldwell and Lima 2003 Amazonas State, Brazil
Steatogenys ocellatus Crampton, Thorsen & Albert 2004 Lowland Amazon Basin Allobates ornatus Morales 2002 San Martín Region, Perú
Steindachnerina notograptos Lucinda & Vari 2009 Rio Tocantins, Brazil Allobates picachos Ardila-Robayo, Acosta-Galvis, 2000 Western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental Boyacá and
Sternarchorhynchus caboclo de Santana & Nogueira 2006 Amazon Basin, Brazil & Coloma Santander and eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central Caldas
Sternarchorhynchus curumim de Santana & Crampton 2006 lowland Amazon Basin, Brazil and Antioquia, Colombia
Sternarchorhynchus severii de Santana & Nogueira 2006 Amazon Basin, Brazil Allobates spumaponens Kok and Ernst 2007 Mabura Hill Forest Reserve, Guyana
Sternopygus branco Crampton, Hulen & Albert 2004 Lowland Amazon Basin Allobates subfolionidificans Lima, Sanchez, and Souza 2007 Acre State, Brazil
Synbranchus lampreia Favorito, Zanata & Assumpção 2005 Brazil, Pará Allobates sumtuosus Morales 2002 Para State, Brazil; Loreto Region, Peru
Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima 2002 Xingu River, Amazon Allobates undulatus Myers and Donnelly 2001 State of Amazonas, Venezuela
Tetragonopterus lemniscatus Benine, R.C., G.Z. Pelição & R.P. Vari 2004 Corantijn River Basin in Suriname Allobates vanzolinius Morales 2002 Amazonas State, Brazil
Tetranematichthys wallacei Vari & Ferraris 2006 Rio Negro Ameerega altamazonica Twomey and Brown 2008 San Martin and Loreto Regions, Peru
Tometes lebaili Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002 Mana River and Maroni Basins in French Guiana, Ameerega ignipedis Brown and Twomey 2009 Loreto Region, Peru
and Commewine River in Suriname Ameerega pepperi Brown and Twomey 2009 Upper Huallaga valley, Peru
Tometes makue Jégu, Santos & Belmont-Jégu 2002 Rio Negro (Brazil) and Orinoco(Venezuela) Ameerega pongoensis Schulte 1999 Pongo de Aguirre, Amazonas Region, Peru
Trichomycterus therma Fernandez & Miranda 2007 Bolivia Ameerega yoshina Brown and Twomey 2009 San Martin Region, Peru
Ameerega yungicola Lötters, Schmitz, and Reichle 2005 La Paz Department, Bolivia
Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus Boistel and Massary 1999 French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil
SUBTOTAL: 257 Anomaloglossus breweri Barrio-Amorós 2006 Bolívar State, Venezuela
Anomaloglossus kaiei Kok, Sambhu, Roopsind, Lenglet 2006 Kaieteur National Park, Guyana
& Bourne
Anomaloglossus moffetti Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carias 2008 Brazil, Venezuela
Anomaloglossus triunfo Barrio-Amorós, Fuentes-Ramos & 2004 Bolívar State, Venezuela
Rivas-Fuenmayor
Anomaloglossus wothuja Barrio-Amorós, Fuentes-Ramos & 2004 Amazonas State, Venezuela
Rivas-Fuenmayor
Atelopus dimorphus Lötters 2003 Cordillera Azul, Huánuco Region, Peru
Atelopus epikeisthos Lötters, Schulte, and Duellman 2005 Amazonas Region, Peru
Atelopus mittermeieri Acosta-Galvis, Rueda-Almonacid, 2006 El Encino Municipal, Santander Department, Colombia
Velásquez-Álvarez, Sánchez-Pacheco,
and Peña-Prieto
Atelopus monohernandezii Ardila-Robayo, Osorno-Muñoz & 2002 Santander Department, Colombia
Ruiz-Carranza
Atelopus oxapampae Lehr, Lötters, and Mikael 2008 Chontabamba District, Pasco Province,
Pasco Region, Peru
Atelopus petersi Coloma, Lötters, Duellman, & 2007 Napo Province and (provisionally) Chimborazo, Ecuador
Miranda-Leiva
Atelopus petriruizi Ardila-Robayo 1999 Caquetá Department, Colombia
Atelopus pyrodactylus Venegas and Barrio 2006 Mariscal Cáceres Province, San Martín Region, Peru
Atelopus reticulatus Lötters, Haas, Schick, and Böhme 2002 Ucayali Region, Peru
Brasilotyphlus guarantanus Maciel, Mott and Hoogmoed 2009 North of Mato Grosso State, city of Guarantã do Norte
Centrolene condor Cisneros-Heredia and Morales-Mite 2008 Western slope of the Cordillera del Cóndor, Zamora-Chinchipe
Province, Ecuador
Centrolene durrellorum Cisneros-Heredia 2007 Zamora-Chinchipe Province and Napo Province, Ecuador

Amphibians
Centrolene mariaelenae Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 2006 Napo Province, Tungurahua, Morona-Santiago Hypsiboas jimenezi Señaris and Ayarzagüena 2006 Bolívar State, Venezuela
Province and Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Hypsiboas liliae Kok 2006 Potaro-Siparuni District, Guyana
Chiasmocleis avilapiresae Peloso and Sturaro 2008 Known from south of the Amazon river, but within its Hypsiboas nympha Faivovich, Moravec, Cisneros-Heredia 2006 Upper Amazon Basin of eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru
drainage from central Amazonas State and eastern & Köhler and vicinity of Leticia, Colombia
Rondonia State, northwestern Mato Grosso State, to Hypsiboas rhythmicus Señaris and Ayarzagüena 2002 Parque Nacional Jaua-Sarisariñama, Bolívar State, Venezuela
south-central Para State to near the mouth of the Amazon Hypsiboas tepuianus Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carias 2008 Southern slope of Sarisariñama-tepui, Locality VI, Bolívar State,
Chiasmocleis devriesi W. Chris Funk & David C. Cannatella 2009 Amazonian Peru Venezuela
Chiasmocleis jimi Caramaschi and Cruz 2001 Amazonas State and Para State, Brazil Leptodactylus heyeri Boistel, Massary, and Angulo 2006 French Guiana
Chiasmocleis magnova Moravec and Köhler 2007 Iquitos, Amazonas Region, Peru Leptodactylus paraensis Heyer 2005 Para State, Brazil
Cochranella amelie Cisneros-Heredia and Meza-Ramos 2007 Pastaza Province, Ecuador Nannophryne apolobambica De la Riva, Ríos, and Aparicio 2005 Franz Tamayo Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Cochranella erminea Torres-Gastello, Suárez-Segovia & 2007 Tambo River Basin, Satipo Province, Junín Region, Nobella ritarasquinae Kolher 2000 Bolivian Amazon
Cisneros-Heredia Peru Noblella duellmani Lehr, Aguilar, and Lundberg 2004 Paucartambo District, Pasco Province, Pasco Region, Peru
Cochranella mcdiarmidi Cisneros-Heredia, Venegas, Rada 2008 Peru, Ecuador Noblella pygmaea Lehr and Catenazzi 2009 Upper Cosnipata Valley in southern Peru Cusco Region
& Schulte Nymphargus laurae Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 2007 Orellana Province, Ecuador
Cochranella phryxa Aguayo-Vedia and Harvey 2006 La Paz Department, Bolivia Nymphargus mixomaculatus Guayasamin, Lehr, Rodríguez & Aguilar 2006 Cordillera de Carpish, Huánuco Province, Huánuco Region, Peru
Dendrobates nubeculosus Jungfer and Böhme 2004 Mazruni Potaro District, Guyana Nymphargus wileyi Guayasamin, Bustamante, Almeida- 2006 Napo Province, Ecuador
Dendropsophus coffeus Köhler, Jungfer, and Reichle 2005 Peru; La Paz Department, Bolivia Reinoso & Funk
Dendropsophus delarivai Köhler and Lötters 2001 Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia Oreobates choristolemma Harvey and Sheehy 2005 Caranavi Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Dendropsophus gaucheri Lescure and Marty 2000 French Guiana, Suriname Oreobates lehri Padial, Chaparro, and De la Riva 2007 Cloud forests of the Apurimac and Kosñipata valleys, southern Peru
Dendropsophus joannae Köhler and Lötters 2001 Pando Department, Bolivia Oreobates madidi Padial, Gonzáles, and De la Riva 2005 Franz Tamayo Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Dendropsophus juliani Moravec, Aparicio, and Köhler 2006 Madre de Dios Region, Peru; Pando Department, Oreobates sanderi Padial, Reichle, and De la Riva 2005 Franz Tamayo Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Bolivia and possibly also from the Santa Cruz Oreophrynella dendronastes Lathrop and MacCulloch 2007 Mount Ayanganna, Guyana
Department, suggesting its likely occurrence in Oreophrynella seegobini Kok 2009 Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana
adjacent Brazil. Oreophrynella weiassipuensis Señaris, Nascimento, and Villarreal 2005 Wei-Assipu Tepui on the Guyana-Brazil border
Dendropsophus reichlei Moravec, Aparicio, Guerrero-Reinhard, 2008 Pando Department, Bolivia Osornophryne puruanta Gluesenkamp and Guayasamin 2008 Cordillera de Pimampiro, Imbabura Province, Ecuador
Calderon, & Köhler Osteocephalus castaneicola Moravec et al 2009 Amazonian Bolivia
Gastrotheca atympana Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May 2004 Pampa Hermosa, Tarma Province, Junín Region, Peru Osteocephalus deridens Jungfer, Ron, Seipp, and Almendáriz 2000 Napo Province, Francisco de Orellana Province and Sucumbíos
Gastrotheca carinaceps Duellman, Trueb, and Lehr 2006 Province of Oxapampa, from the vicinity of San Alberto, Province, Ecuador
Peru Osteocephalus exophthalmus Smith and Noonan 2001 Tepui south of Imbaimadai, Guyana
Gastrotheca ossilaginis Duellman and Venegas 2005 San Martín Region, Peru Osteocephalus fuscifacies Jungfer, Ron, Seipp, and Almendáriz 2000 Napo Province, Orellana Province and Sucumbíos Province, Ecuador
Gastrotheca phalarosa Duellman and Venegas 2005 San Martín Region, Peru Osteocephalus heyeri Lynch 2002 Amazonas Department, Colombia and adjacent Loreto Region, Peru
Gastrotheca piperata Duellman and Köhler 2005 Cochabamba Department, Bolivia Osteocephalus leoniae Jungfer and Lehr 2001 Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region, Peru
Gastrotheca zeugocystis Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May 2004 Cordillera de Carpish, Huánuco Province, Huánuco Osteocephalus mutabor Jungfer and Hödl 2002 Ucayali Region, Peru
Region, Peru Osteocephalus phasmatus MacCulloch and Lathrop 2005 Mount Ayanganna, Guyana
Hemiphractus helioi Sheil and Mendelson 2001 Brazil, Peru, Bolivia Osteocephalus yasuni Ron and Pramuk 1999 Upper Amazon Basin in Ecuador; Loreto Region, Peru;
Hyalinobatrachium carlesvilai Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, Chaparro, 2009 Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia Amazonas Department, Colombia
Aguayo & De la Riva Phyllomedusa camba De la Riva 1999 Southwestern Amazon Basin from southeastern Peru (Regions of
Hyalinobatrachium eccentricum Myers and Donnelly 2001 Amazonas State, Venezuela Madre de Dios and Ycayali ), western Brazil (States of Acre,
Hyalinobatrachium ignioculus Noonan and Bonett 2003 Venezuela, Guyana Amazonas and Rondonia) to eastern Bolivia (Departments of Beni,
Hyalinobatrachium mesai Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carias 2008 Brazil, Venezuela Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando and Santa Cruz)
Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii Señaris and Ayarzagüena 2001 Delta Amacura and Monagas, Venezuela Pristimantis achuar Elmer and Cannatella 2008 Pastaza Province and Napo Province, Ecuador
Hyalinobatrachium nouraguense Lescure and Marty 2000 Nouragues Reserve, French Guiana; President Pristimantis adiastolus Duellman and Hedges 2007 Lower humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera
Figueiredo, Amazonas State, Brazil Yanachaga in Pasco Region, Peru
Hyloscirtus tapichalaca Kizirian, D., Coloma, L.A. & 2003 Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Pristimantis albertus Duellman and Hedges 2007 Río San Alberto, Oxapampa, Pasco Region, Peru
Paredes-Recalde, A. Pristimantis altamnis Elmer and Cannatella 2008 Napo Province, Ecuador
Hyloxalus aeruginosus Duellman 2004 San Martín Region, Peru Pristimantis andinognomus Lehr and Coloma 2008 Cordillera Oriental of the southern Ecuadorian Andes
Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus Caldwell 2005 West of Porto Walter, Acre State, Brazil and from the Pristimantis aniptopalmatus Duellman and Hedges 2005 Western slopes of the Cordillera Yanachaga, Oxapampa Province,
Ucayali Region, Peru Pasco Region, Peru
Hyloxalus eleutherodactylus Duellman 2004 San Martín Region, Peru Pristimantis aquilonaris Lehr, Aguilar, Siu-Ting, and Jordán 2007 In montane forests, northern Piura Region, Peru
Hyloxalus insulatus Duellman 2004 Amazonas Region, Peru Pristimantis aracamuni Barrio-Amorós and Molina 2006 Known only from the summit of Cerro Aracamuni, a granitic
Hyloxalus leucophaeus Duellman 2004 Amazonas Region, Peru mountain associated with the Neblina massif, southern Amazonas
Hyloxalus patitae Lotters et al 2003 Upper Amazonian Basin, Peru State, Venezuela
Hyloxalus saltuarius Grant and Ardila-Robayo 2002 Caquetá Department, Colombia Pristimantis ardalonychus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Rioja Province, San Martín Region, Peru
Hyloxalus sordidatus Duellman 2004 San Martín Region, Peru Pristimantis atrabracus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru
Hyloxalus spilotogaster Duellman 2004 Amazonas Region, Peru Pristimantis aureolineatus Guayasamin, Ron, Cisneros-Heredia, 2006 Amazon Basin of eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru
Hypodactylus araiodactylus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Amazonas Region, Peru Lamar & McCracken
Hypodactylus fallaciosus Duellman 2000 State of Amazonas, Peru Pristimantis auricarens Myers and Donnelly 2008 Summit of Auyantepui, Bolívar, Venezuela
Hypodactylus lundbergi Lehr 2005 Paucartambo District, Pasco Province, Pasco Region, Pristimantis avicuporum Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru
Peru Pristimantis bellator Lehr, Aguilar, Siu-Ting & Jordán 2007 Northern Piura Region and adjacent Cajamarca Region, Peru
Hypsiboas angelicus Myers and Donnelly 2008 Bolívar State, Venezuela Pristimantis bicantus Guayasamin & Funk 2009 Amazonian slopes of the Andes of Ecuador

Amphibians
Pristimantis bipunctatus Duellman and Hedges 2005 Distributed in lowland and cloud forests of Ucayali, Peru Psychrophrynella illimani De la Riva & Padial 2007 Sud Yungas Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis caeruleonotus Lehr, Aguilar, Siu-Ting, and Jordán 2007 Huancabamba Province, Piura Region, Peru Psychrophrynella kallawaya De la Riva & Martínez-Solano 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis coronatus Lehr and Duellman 2007 Huancabamba Province, Piura Region, Peru Psychrophrynella katantika De la Riva & Martínez-Solano 2007 Franz Tamayo Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis corrugatus Duellman, Lehr, and Venegas 2006 Northern part of the Cordillera Central in northern Peru Psychrophrynella quimsacruzis De la Riva, Reichle & Bosch 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis cuneirostris Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru Psychrophrynella saltator De la Riva, Reichle & Bosch 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis dendrobatoides Means and Savage 2007 Wokomung Massif in west-central Guyana in cloud forest habitat Ranitomeya amazonica Schulte 1999 Northeastern Amazonian Peru
Pristimantis exoristus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador Ranitomeya benedicta Brown, Twomey, Pepper 2008 Loreto Region and eastern San Martin Region, Peru
Pristimantis flavobracatus Lehr, Lundberg, Aguilar, and 2006 Chontabamba District, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region, Peru & Sanchez-Rodriguez
von May Ranitomeya defleri Twomey and Brown 2009 Río Apaporis region in southeastern Colombia
Pristimantis guaiquinimensis Schlüter and Rödder 2007 Guaiquinima Tepui, Bolivar State, Venezuela Ranitomeya duellmani Schulte 1999 Northeastern Amazonian Peru, possibly into eastern
Pristimantis huicundo Guayasamin, Almeida-Reinoso, and 2004 Provinci Sucumbíos, Cordillera Oriental in northern Ecuador Ecuador and adjacent Colombia
Nogales-Sornosa Ranitomeya flavovittata Schulte 1999 Northeastern Amazonian Peru
Pristimantis infraguttatus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador Ranitomeya intermedia Schulte 1999 Huallaga Canyon, San Martin Region, Peru
Pristimantis jester Means and Savage 2007 Wokomung Massif of west-central Guyana Ranitomeya summersi Brown, Twomey, Pepper 2008 San Martin Region, Peru
Pristimantis kichwarum Elmer and Cannatella 2008 Napo Province, Ecuador & Sanchez-Rodriguez
Pristimantis koehleri Padial and De la Riva 2009 Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia Ranitomeya uakarii Brown, Schulte & Summers 2006 Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve, Loreto Region, Peru
Pristimantis leucorrhinus Boano, Mazzotti, and Sindaco 2008 Chontabamba District, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region, Peru Rhinella cristinae Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza 2002 Caquetá Department, Colombia
Pristimantis lucasi Duellman and Chaparro 2008 Humid elfin montane forest, Oxapampa District, Pasco Region, Peru Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc 2007 French Guiana
Pristimantis marahuaka Fuentes-Ramos and Barrio-Amorós 2004 Amazonas State, Venezuela & Vélez-Rodriguez
Pristimantis melanogaster Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Amazonas Region, Peru Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo 2007 State of Para, Brazil
Pristimantis metabates Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and 2007 Manu National Park in southeastern Peru
Pristimantis minutulus Duellman and Hedges 2007 Oxapampa, Pasco Region, Peru Gluesenkamp
Pristimantis muscosus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Rioja Province, San Martín Region, Peru Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc & Vélez- 2007 French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname
Pristimantis nephophilus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Rioja Province, San Martín Region, Peru Rodriguez
Pristimantis ornatus Lehr, Lundberg, Aguilar, and 2006 Pasco Region, Peru Rhinella stanlaii Lötters and Köhler 2000 La Paz Department, Bolivia
von May Rhinella tacana Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, and 2006 Franz Tamayo Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis pataikos Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru; Zamora-Chinchipe Province, De la Riva
Ecuador Scinax iquitorum Moravec, Tuanama, Pérez & Lehr 2009 Area of Iquitos, Loreto Region, Peru
Pristimantis reichlei Padial and De la Riva 2009 Huánuco Region, Peru Scinax jolyi Lescure and Marty 2000 French Guiana
Pristimantis rhabdocnemus Duellman and Hedges 2005 Western slopes of the Cordillera Yanachaga, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Stefania ackawaio MacCulloch and Lathrop 2002 Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana
Region, Peru Stefania ayangannae MacCulloch and Lathrop 2002 Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana
Pristimantis rhodostichus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Amazonas Region, Peru; Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador Stefania breweri Barrio-Amorós and Fuentes-Ramos 2003 Amazonas State, Venezuela
Pristimantis royi Morales 2007 Huancabamba Province, Pasco Region, Peru Stefania coxi MacCulloch and Lathrop 2002 Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana
Pristimantis rufioculis Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Rioja Province, San Martín Region, Peru Telmatobius espadai De la Riva 2005 La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis sagittulus Lehr, Aguilar, and Duellman 2004 Cordillera Oriental in the yungas formation, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Telmatobius sibiricus De la Riva and Harvey 2003 La Paz Department, Bolivia
Region, Peru Telmatobius timens De la Riva, Aparicio, and Ríos 2005 Franz Tamayo Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pristimantis saltissimus Means and Savage 2007 Wokomung Massif, west-central Guyana
Pristimantis sarisarinama Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carias 2008 Sarisariñama-tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela
Pristimantis seorsus Lehr 2007 Cordillera de Vilcabamba, Satipo Province, Junín Region, Peru SUBTOTAL: 216
Pristimantis serendipitus Duellman and Pramuk 1999 Amazonas Region, Peru; Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
Pristimantis spectabilis Duellman and Chaparro 2008 Santa Bárbara, Huancabamba District, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Region,
Peru Reptiles
Pristimantis stegolepis Schlüter and Rödder 2007 Guaiquinima Tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela
Pristimantis stictoboubonus Duellman, Lehr, and Venegas 2006 Northern part of the Cordillera Central, Mariscal Cáceres Province, San Martín Species Scientist(s) Date Location
Region, Peru
Pristimantis stictogaster Duellman and Hedges 2005 Western slope of the Cordillera Yanachaga, Pasco Province, Pasco Region, Peru Adercosaurus vixadnexus Myers & Donnelly 2001 Yutajé-Corocoro Massif, Venezuela
Pristimantis tantanti Lehr, Torres-Gastello & Suárez 2007 Amazonian lowlands of the northern Cusco Region, Peru Anolis cuscoensis Poe and Miranda. 2008 Andean Amazonia, Peru
-Segovia Anolis soinii Poe, Miranda & Lehr 2008 Andean Amazonia, Peru
Pristimantis tanyrhynchus Lehr 2007 Cordillera de Vilcabamba, Satipo Province, Junín Region, Peru Anolis Poe & Yanez-Miranda 2007 Rioja, San Martin Region, Peruvian Amazon
Pristimantis tepuiensis Schlüter and Rödder 2007 Guaiquinima Tepui, Bolívar, Venezuela williamsmittermeierorum
Pristimantis wagteri Venegas 2007 Vicinity of the Lake Los Cóndores, San Martín Region, Peru Apostolepis striata De Lema 2004 Rondônia State, Brazil
Pristimantis waoranii McCracken, Forstner, and Dixon 2007 Yasuni National Park, Orellana Province, Ecuador Arthrosaura guianensis MacCulloch and Lathrop 2001 Northeast plateau of Mount Ayanganna,
Pristimantis yuruaniensis Rödder and Jungfer 2008 Yuruaní-tepui, Bolívar State, Venezuela Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana
Pristimantis zoilae Mueses-Cisneros 2007 Putumayo Department, Colombia Arthrosaura hoogmoedi Kok 2008 Summit plateau of Mount Maringma,
Proceratophrys concavitympanum Giaretta, Bernarde & Kokubum 2000 Rondonia State, Brazil Cuyuni-Mazruni District, Guyana
Psychrophrynella ankohuma Padial & De la Riva 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia Arthrosaura montigena Myers & Donnelly 2008 Auyantepui, Venezuela
Psychrophrynella chacaltaya De la Riva, Padial & Cortéz 2007 Nor Yungas Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia Arthrosaura testigensis Gorzula & Senaris 1999 Bolívar State, Venezuela
Psychrophrynella condoriri De la Riva, Aguayo & Padial 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia Atractus altagratiae Passos and Fernandes 2008 Pará State, Brazil
Psychrophrynella guillei De la Riva 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia Atractus caxiuana Prudente & Santos-Costa 2006 Pará State, Brasil
Psychrophrynella iani De la Riva, Reichle & Cortéz 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia Atractus charitoae Silva Haad 2004 Vaupés Department, Colombia
Psychrophrynella illampu De la Riva, Reichle & Padial 2007 La Paz Department, Bolivia Atractus davidhardi Silva Haad 2004 Letícia Department, Colombia

Reptiles Birds
Atractus emersoni Silva Haad 2004 Colombia Amaurospiza carrizalensis Lentino & Restall 2003 Isla Carrizal in the Caura River, in northern
Atractus franciscopaivai Silva Haad 2004 La Pedrera, Colombia Venezuela
Atractus guerreroi Myers & Donnelly 2008 Auyantepui, Venezuela Aratinga pintoi Silviera, de Lima & Höfling 2005 Para State, Brazil
Atractus heliobelluomini Silva Haad 2004 La Chorrera, Colombia Atlapetes melanopsis Valqui & Fjeldså 1999 Peru
Atractus janethae Silva Haad 2004 Colombia Capito wallacei O’Neill, Lane, Kratter, Capparella et al 2000 Cordillera Azul, Ucayali Region, Peru
Atractus lucilae Silva Haad 2004 La Pedreira, Colombia Cnipodectes superrufus Lane, Servat, Valqui & Lambert 2007 Madre de Dios Region, Peru; Pando Department, Bolivia;
Atractus natans Hoogmoed & Prudente 2003 Amazonas State, Brazil Acre State, Brazil
Atractus surucucu Prudente & Passos 2008 Roraima State, Brazil Grallaria ridgelyi Krabbe, Agro, Rice, Jacome, 1999 Ecuador and Peru
Atractus tamessari Kok 2006 Kaieteur National Park, Potaro-Siparuni district, Navarrete & Sornoza
Guyana Micrastur mintoni Whittaker 2003 Para State, Brazil
Batrachemys heliostemma McCord et al 2001 Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezeula Myiopagis olallai Coopmans and Krabbe 2000 Napo Province, Zamora-Chinchipe Province and above
Cercosaura nigroventris Gorzula & Senaris 1999 Cerro Guanay, alto Río Paraguaza, Bolívar State, Bermejo in Sucumbíos Province, Ecuador; Apurímac in
Venezuela southern Peru
Dipsas baliomelas Harvey 2008 Meta, Colombia Percnostola arenarum M.L. Isler, J.A. Alonso, P.R. Isler 2001 Peru
Dipsas pakaraima MacCulloch and Lathrop 2004 Northeast plateau of Mount Ayanganna, Pakaraima & B.M. Whitney
Mountains, Guyana Pionopsitta aurantiocephala Gaban-Lima, Raposo & Höfling 2002 Brazil
Echinosaura sulcarostrum Donnelly 2006 Guyana, Baramita Poecilotriccus luluae Johnson & Jones 2001 Peru
Eunectes beniensis Dirksen 2002 Beni and Pando, Bolivia Polioptila clementsi Whitney & Alonso 2005 Iquitos, Loreto Region, Peru
Gonatodes alexandermendesi Cole & Kok 2006 Kaieteur National Park, on the Potaro River, Guyana Scytalopus stilesi Cuervo, Cadena, Krabbe & Renjifo 2005 Cordillera Central, Colombia
Gonatodes infernalis Rivas & Schargel 2008 Amazonas State, Venezuela Thamnophilus divisorius Whitney, Oren & Brumfield 2004 State of Acre, Brazil
Gonatodes superciliaris Barrio-Amoros & Brewer-Carias 2008 Bolívar State, Venezuela Xiphocolaptes carajaensis da Silva, Novaes & Oren 2002 Rio Xingu and Rio Tocantins, Brazil
Gymnophthalmus vanzoi Carvalho 1999 Roraima State, Brazil Zimmerius villarejoi Alonso & Whitney 2001 Peru
Helicops tapajonicus Da Frota 2005 Pará State, Brasil
Kaieteurosaurus hindsi Kok 2005 Kaieteur National Park, Potaro-Siparuni district,
Guyana SUBTOTAL: 16
Leposoma ferreirai Rodrigues & Avila-Pires 2005 Rio Negro, Amazonas State, Brazil
Leptomicrurus renjifoi Lamar 2003 Eastern Colombian llanos Mammals
Liophis janaleeae Dixon 2000 Moyombamba, Peru
Liotyphlops haadi Silva-Haad, Franco 2008 Colombia Species Scientist(s) Date Location
& Maldonado
Mabuya altamazonica Miralles et al 2006 Peru Cacajao ayresi Boubli et al 2008 Aracá River, a left bank tributary of the Negro River,
Micrurus pacaraimae Carvalho 2002 Roraima State, Brazil Amazonas State, Brazil
Morunasaurus peruvianus Kohler 2003 Río Cenepa, Amazonas Region, Peru Cacajao hosomi Boubli et al 2008 Brazil
Pantepuisaurus rodriguesi Kok 2009 Maringma tepui, western Guyana Callicebus aureipalatii Wallace et al 2006 Boliva, Peru
Phalotris labiomaculatus De Lema 2002 Brazil Callicebus bernhardi Van Roosmalen et al 2002 Brazil
Phyllodactylus delsolari Venegas et al 2008 Peru Callicebus stephennashi Van Roosmalen et al 2002 Brazil
Phyllodactylus thompsoni Venegas, Townsend, Koch and Böhme 2008 Amazonas Region, Peru Carollia benkeithi Solari & Baker 2006 Bolivia, Brazil, Peru
Phyllopezus maranjonensis Koch et al 2006 Amazonas Region, Peru Carollia manu Pacheco, Solari and Velazco 2004 Cuzco Region, Peru
Pseudoboa martinsi Zaher et al 2008 Brazil Coendou ichillus Voss, Silva 2001 Ecuador
Pseudogonatodes gasconi Avila-Pires & Hoogmoed 2000 Acre State, Brazil Coendou roosmalenorum Voss, Silva 2001 Brazil
Riolama luridiventris Esqueda et al 2004 Amazonas State, Venezuela Cuscomys ashaninka Emmons 1999 Cuzco Region, Peru
Riolama uzzelli Molina & Senaris 2003 Amazonas State, Venezuela Echimys vieirai De Vivo & Percequillo 2005 Amazon River between the lower Madeira River to the
Stenocercus prionotus Cadle 2001 Huánuco Region, Perú right bank of the Tapajós, respectively in the states of
Taeniophallus quadriocellatus Santos, Di-Bernardo & Lema 2008 Pará State, Brazil Amazonas and Pará, Brazil
Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla & Sanchez 2005 Border of Brazil, Guyana, Suriname and Galea monasteriensis Solmsdorff et al 2004 Cordillera Oriental
Venezeula Hyladelphys kalinowskii Voss, Lunde, and Simmons 2001 French Guiana, Guyana and Peru.
Thecadactylus solimoensis Bergmann & Russell 2007 Bolivia; Rondonia State, Brazil; Inia boliviensis Martínez-Agüero, Flores-Ramírez 2006 Bolivia
S Columbia; Ecuador; S Peru & Ruiz-García
Tropidurus panstictus Myers & Donnelly 2001 Yutajé-Corocoro Massif, Venezuela Isothrix barbarabrownae Patterson and Velazco 2006 Cuzco Region, Peru
Lonchophylla orcesi Albuja & Gardner 2005 Ecuador
Lonchophylla pattoni Woodman & Timm 2006 Peru
SUBTOTAL: 55 Lophostoma yasuni Fonseca and Pinto 2004 Equador
Mesomys occultus Patton et al 2000 Rio Jurua (type locality) and upper Rio Urucu, State of
Amazonas, Brazil
Mico acariensis Van Roosmalen et al 2000 Brazil
Mico manicorensis Van Roosmalen et al 2000 Manaus, near the Madeira River, Brazil
Micronycteris matses Simmons, Voss, Fleck 2002 Loreto Region, Peru; Brazil
Monodelphis handleyi Solari 2007 Lowland forests of Loreto Region, Peru
Monodelphis ronaldi Solari 2004 Manu National Park, Peru
Neacomys dubosti Voss, Lunde & Simmons 2001 Amapá State, Brazil; French Guiana;Suriname

Mammals
Species Scientist(s) Date Location
Neacomys minutus Patton et al 2000 Central and lower drainage of the Rio Juruá, Brazil
Neacomys musseri Patton et al 2000 Headwaters of the Rio Juruá, Peru; Brazil
Neacomys paracou Voss, Lunde & Simmons 2001 States of Amapa, Amazonas, Para, Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana, Suriname; Venezuela
Neusticomys ferreirai Percequillo et al 2005 Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Philander deltae Lew et al 2006 Flooded swamp forests, Orinoco River delta region and nearby rivers of Venezuela
Philander mondolfii Lew et al 2006 Eastern side of Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and Venezuela
Philander olroji Flores, Barquez & Díaz 2008 Peru, Bolivia
Platyrrhinus albericoi Velazco 2005 Eastern slope of the Andes in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru
Platyrrhinus ismaeli Velazco 2005 Both slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Platyrrhinus masu Velazco 2005 Province of Paucartambo, Cuzco Region, Peru
Rhagomys longilingua Luna, Patterson 2003 Manu National Park, Peru
Rhipidomys gardneri Patton et al 2000 State of Acre, Brazil; lowlands of southeast Peru, perhaps including the valley of the Río Ucayali
Thomasomys onkiro Luna & Pacheco 2002 Single locality (which includes Otishi National Park) in the Cordillera Oriental, Peru
Thomasomys ucucha Voss 2003 Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of north central Ecuador.
SUBTOTAL: 39
TOTAL: 1,220

Acknowledgements
WWF is sincerely grateful to the following individuals for the kind assistance they
provided in support of this publication:
James Albert PhD, University of Louisiana at Lafayette (USA) Bahia (Brazil) WWF
Dr Jonathan W Armbruster, Auburn University, Alabama (USA) Dr Michel Jegu, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD),
Teresa Cristina Sauer de Avila Pires, Museu Paraense Emílio Paris (France) Maria Ximena Barrera, WWF Living Amazon Initiative
Goeldi/CZO, Pará (Brasil) Gunther Koehler, Naturmuseum Senckenberg (Germany) Ligia Barros, WWF-Brazil
Philip J Bergmann, University of Arizona (USA) Philippe Kok, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium) Sandra Charity, WWF-UK
Rogerio Bertani, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (Brazil) Burton K Lim PhD, Royal Ontario Museum (Canada) Carmen Ana Dereix, WWF-Colombia
José Luís Birindelli, Museu de Zoologia da USP, São Paulo (Brazil) Albertina Lima, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Amazônicas, Monica Echeverria, WWF-US
Jonathan I Bloch, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville Amazonas (Brazil) Marie Louise Felix, WWF-Guianas
(USA) Daniel Loebmann, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo Julio Mario Fernandez, WWF-Colombia
Alex Borisenko PhD, University of Guelph, Ontario (Canada) (Brazil) Mariana Ferreira, WWF-Brazil
Janalee P Caldwell, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma Dr Stefan Lötters, Trier University (Germany) Marco Flores, WWF Living Amazon Initiative
(USA) John G Lundberg, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (USA) Sarah Hutchison, WWF-UK
Jonathan A Coddington, National Museum of Natural History, Ross MacCulloch, Royal Ontario Museum (Canada) Guy Jowett, WWF-UK
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USA) Bill McCord, Arkive (UK) Amanda Larsson, WWF-UK
Luis A Coloma PhD, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Marcelo Menin, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Claudio Maretti, WWF-Brazil
Quito (Ecuador) Amazonas (Brazil) Luis German Naranjo, WWF-Colombia
Gabriel Costa, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) Dr Jiri Moravec, National Museum, Prague (Czech Republic) Kjeld Nielsen, WWF Living Amazon Initiative
Dr Janice Muriel Cunha, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará Larry Noblick, Montgomery Botanical Center, Florida (USA) Denise Oliveira, WWF-Brazil
(Brazil) Dr Erme Oliveria, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas Viviane von Oven, WWF-Bolivia
Ignacio J De la Riva PhD, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, (Brazil) Juan Carlos Riveros, WWF Living Amazon Initiative
Madrid (Spain) Dr Paul Ouboter, University of Suriname (Suriname) Manlio Roca, WWF-Bolivia
Ahmed Djoghlaf, UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal Steven Poe, University of New Mexico (USA) Francisco José Ruiz Marmolejo, WWF Living Amazon
(Canada) Jennifer B Pramuk PhD, Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo, Initiative
Bruce Dunstan, Stockade Nursery, Brisbane (Australia) New York (USA) Lila Sainz, WWF-Bolivia
Kathryn R Elmer PhD, University of Konstanz (Germany) Dr Christian Rabeling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (Brazil) Meg Symington, WWF-US
Dr Raffael Ernst, Technischen Universität Berlin (Germany) Roberto E Reis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Jose Saulo Usma, WWF-Colombia
Terry Erwin, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Sul, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) Aiesha Williams, WWF-Guianas
Institution, Washington, DC (USA) Dr Fernando Rivadavia, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California Hannah Williams, WWF-UK
Dr Marcelo Felgueiras Napoli, Universidade Federal da Bahia, (USA)
Salvador, Bahia (Brazil) Dennis Rödder, Trier University (Germany) Additional images were kindly provided by:
Dr Andreas Fleischmann, University of Munich (Germany) Dr Uwe Römer, Trier University (Germany)
Dr Francisco Luís Franco, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (Brazil) Dr Tony Russell, University of Calgary (Canada) Michael Andreas; Jason Bourque; Matt Brady; Paul Bratescu; Peter
Jossehan Galúcio da Frota, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Cristian Samper, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USA) Conheim; Karl Csaba; José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí; Devin
Tecnologia, Pará (Brazil) Dr Andreas Schlüter, Naturkunde Museum, Stuttgart (Germany) Edmonds; Lothar Frenz; Arthur Grosset; Lars K; Mathieu Lapointe;
Vicki A Funk PhD, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC (USA) Prof Dr Luís Fábio Silveira, Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) Robert Lewis; Jairo H Maldonado; Georges Néron; Scott Olmstead
W Chris Funk, Colorado State University (USA) F Christian Thompson, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Carlos García Perez; Nicholas Poey; Carlos Rohrbacher; Mauro
Ariovaldo A Giaretta, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas (USA) Sergio Rosim; Forrest Rowland; Keegan Rowlinson; Marc Shandro;
Gerais (Brazil) Dr Joseph Tobias, University of Oxford (UK) Vincent Toh; Fernando Trujillo; Luiz Filipe Klein Varella; Kris
Dr Steve Gorzula, Consultant Biologist (Venezuela) Josiah Townsend, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville Weinhold; Brad Wilson
Kristofer M Helgen PhD, National Museum of Natural History, (USA)
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USA) Evan Twomey, East Carolina University (USA)
Ron Heyer, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Richard P Vari, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, DC (USA) Institution, Washington, DC (USA)
Dr Elizabeth Hofling, Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) Dr Andrew Whittaker, Birding Brazil, Manaus, Amazonas (Brazil)
Dr Marinus S Hoogmoed, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Pará Philip Willink PhD, The Field Museum, Chicago (USA)
(Brazil) Don E Wilson, Chairman, National Museum of Natural History,
Dr Gil Iack-Ximenes, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (USA)

Bolivia Colombia Suriname, French Guiana and Guyana United States
WWF-Bolivia WWF-Colombia WWF-Guianas WWF-US
Santa Cruz Carrera 35 No.4A-25 Paramaribo 1250 Twenty-Fourth Street, N.W.
Av. Beni Calle Los Pitones No. 2070 Santa Cruz Cali Colombia H.A.E. Arronstraat 63 Washington, DC 20090-7180
Bolivia Tel. +57 2 558 2577 Suite D, Tel. +1 202 495 4800
Tel. +591 3 31150 41 Fax +57 2 558 2588 E Paramaribo Suriname Fax +1 202 495 4211
Fax +591 3 31150 42 wwf.org.co Tel. +597 42 2357 worldwildlife.org
bolivia.panda.org Fax +597 42 2349
wwfguianas.org
Brazil Peru United Kingdom WWF International (Secretariat)

WWF-Brasil WWF-Peru WWF-UK Avenue du Mont-Blanc
Brasilia Trinidad Morán 853 Lince Lima 14 Panda House 1196 Gland
SHIS EQ QL 6/8 Conjunto E - 2° andar Peru Weyside Park Switzerland
71620-430 Brasilia Tel. +51 1 440 5550 Godalming Tel. +41 22 364 9111
Tel. +55 61 3364 7400 Fax +51 1 440 2133 Surrey GU7 1XR Fax +41 22 364 5358
Fax +55 61 3364 7474 peru.panda.org Tel. +44 1483 426 444 panda.org
wwf.org.br Fax +44 1483 426 409
wwf.org.uk

© 1986 Panda symbol WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund) ® “WWF” and “living planet” are Registered Trademarks
WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent WWF Living Amazon Initiative
conservation organisations, with almost 5 million supporters and a global network active WWF-Brazil,
in more than 100 countries. SHIS EQ QL 6/8 Conjunto “E”
71620-430 - Brasília, DF
WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural Tel. +55 61 3364 7400
environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by: Fax +55 61 3364 7474
- conserving the world’s biological diversity panda.org/amazon
- ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable
- promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.
Written and researched by Christian Thompson, the green room, with advisory from WWF Living Amazon Initiative.
Designed by Torva Thompson, the green room.

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Amazon Alive!

A decade of discovery 1999-2009

The many unique habitats in this globally significant region conceal

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 1

4 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 7

8 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

The Tumucumaque Mountains National Park in Brazil

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 9

© Zig Koch / WWF

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 11

Already home to around 40,000 species of plants, the world’s largest

To say that the Amazon possesses a high number of plant species is a

Numbers in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), melon family (Cucurbitaceae)

An expedition revealed the existence of a new, undescribed endemic sundew

12 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 13

14 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

16 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

New piranha species

The Amazon contains 20 freshwater ecoregions26, rich areas of

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 17

18 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

Perhaps presenting the best of Amazon diversity,

certainly one of the most extraordinary new species.

4b. Ranitomeya summersi

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 19

20 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 21

© José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí

A new anaconda for the Amazon

The Bolivian anaconda can grow up to a lengthy four metres, but

All anacondas are primarily aquatic boas, with small, dorsally-positioned

© José María Fernández Díaz-Formentí

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 23

24 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 25

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 27

The second porcupine, Coendou roosmalenorum, is from both banks of the

28 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

© Fernando Trujillo, Fundacion Omacha

© Fernando Trujillo, Fundacion Omacha

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 29

Ants from Mars, and purple tarantulas...

30 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

Dr Christian Rabeling, a scientist from the University of Texas at Austin,

According to scientists, this discovery hints at a wealth of species, possibly of

32 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 33

34 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

© Brent Stirton / Getty Images / WWF-UK

The impact of cattle-ranching and agriculture on the Amazon are compounded

Aside from causing deforestation in their construction, transportation

The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America

The economic transformation of the Amazon is gaining momentum and yet,

© Mauri Rautkari / WWF-Canon

36 amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009

Increased temperatures and decreased precipitation caused by climate change

In addition to 30 million people, one in 10 known species on Earth live here.

© Brent Stirton / Getty Images / WWF-UK

amazon alive! I a decade of discovery 1999-2009 37

We’re supporting this vision by developing far-reaching and powerful

• Governments, local people and civil society in the region share an