Flora of China 24: 322–377. 2000.

ZINGIBERACEAE
姜科 jiang ke

Wu Delin (吴德邻 Wu Te-lin)1; Kai Larsen2

Herbs perennial, terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, aromatic, with fleshy, tuberous or non-tuberous rhizomes, often with tuber-bearing
roots. Stems usually short, replaced by pseudostems formed by leaf sheaths. Leaves distichous, simple, those toward base of plant
usually bladeless and reduced to sheaths; leaf sheath open; ligule usually present; petiole present or not, located between leaf blade
and sheath, cushionlike in Zingiber; leaf blade suborbicular or lanceolate to narrowly strap-shaped, rolled longitudinally in bud, gla-
brous or hairy, midvein prominent, lateral veins usually numerous, pinnate, parallel, margin entire. Inflorescence terminal on pseudo-
stems or on separate, short, sheath-covered shoots arising from rhizomes, cylindric or fusiform, sometimes globose, lax to dense, few
to many flowered, sometimes with bracteolate cincinni in bract axils and then a thyrse, sometimes a raceme or spike; bracts and
bracteoles present, often conspicuous, colored. Flowers bisexual, epigynous, zygomorphic. Calyx usually tubular, thin, split on 1 side,
sometimes spathelike, apex 3-toothed or -lobed. Corolla proximally tubular, distally 3-lobed; lobes varying in size and shape.
Stamens or staminodes 6, in 2 whorls. Lateral 2 staminodes of outer whorl petaloid, or forming small teeth at base of labellum, or
adnate to labellum, or absent. Median staminode of outer whorl always reduced. Labellum formed from lateral 2 staminodes of inner
whorl. Fertile stamen median, of inner whorl; filament long or short; anther locules 2, introrse, dehiscing by slits or occasionally
pores; connective often extended basally into spurs and/or apically into a crest. Ovary inferior, 3-loculed initially, 1- or 3-loculed
when mature; ovules ± numerous per locule; placentation parietal, basal, or axile. Developed style 1, very thin, placed in a furrow in
filament and between anther locules; stigma appearing above anther, funnelform, papillose, ± wet, margin often ciliate. Stylodes 2,
reduced to nectaries at apex of ovary. Fruit a capsule, fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes berrylike. Seeds few to many,
arillate; aril often lobed or lacerate.
About 50 genera and 1300 species: pantropical with center of diversity in S and SE Asia, some species in America and subtropical and warm-
temperate Asia; 20 genera (one endemic) and 216 species (141 endemic, four introduced) in China.
Zingiberaceae subfam. Costoideae and subfam. Zingiberoideae, as treated in FRPS, are treated here as Costaceae and Zingiberaceae, respec-
tively. Many new taxa of Zingiberaceae have been described from China since 1981. These are often little known and their relationships are not yet
fully understood. Therefore, a taxonomic sequence of species, as given in FRPS, has been considered impractical in this account; instead, taxa are
arranged in the sequence in which they appear in the keys.
Some members of the Zingiberaceae yield dyes, spices, perfumes, and medicines. Various species are cultivated for their showy flowers.
Wu Te-lin, Chen Sen-jen, Tsai Hsi-tao, Tong Shao-quan, Chen Pei-shan & Zhao Shi-wang. 1981. Zingiberaceae subfam. Zingiberoideae. In: Wu
Te-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(2): 22–148.
1a. Lateral staminodes forming small teeth at base of labellum, or adnate to labellum (forming a 3-lobed structure), or
absent.
2a. Lateral staminodes adnate to labellum forming a 3-lobed structure; style extended well beyond fertile part of
anther; anther connective crest elongate, wrapped around style ................................................................................. 1. Zingiber
2b. Lateral staminodes forming small teeth at base of labellum or absent; style extended just beyond fertile part of
anther; anther connective crest (if present) not wrapped around style.
3a. Inflorescences terminal or lateral on pseudostems.
4a. Inflorescences lateral, breaking through leaf sheaths ............................................................................ 2. Plagiostachys
4b. Inflorescences terminal.
5a. Labellum horizontal or pendulous, broad; filament usually shorter than corolla or labellum ................. 3. Alpinia
5b. Labellum erect, narrow, or absent; filament exserted above corolla.
6a. Labellum erect, narrowly spatulate, base adnate to filament; leaf blade subsagittate or
cordate at base ......................................................................................................................... 4. Pommereschea
6b. Labellum absent; filament boat-shaped, apex narrow; leaf blade rounded or acute at
apex ........................................................................................................................................... 5. Rhynchanthus
3b. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes.
7a. Inflorescence not surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of sterile bracts.
8a. Bracteoles tubular; leaves usually numerous ......................................................................................... 6. Amomum
8b. Bracteoles not tubular; leaves 1 or 2 ................................................................................................. 7. Elettariopsis
7b. Inflorescence surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of sterile bracts.
9a. Base of labellum adnate to filament to form a distinct tube above lateral staminodes and corolla
lobes; corolla tube shorter than or equaling labellum ............................................................................ 8. Etlingera

1 Herbarium, Department of Taxonomy, South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People’s Republic of
China.
2 Biologisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark.
 9b. Base of labellum free from filament; corolla tube more than 2 × as long as labellum ..................... 9. Hornstedtia
1b. Lateral staminodes petaloid.
10a. Ovary 1-loculed, placentation parietal; anther long; labellum adnate to filament to form a slender tube above
lateral staminodes and corolla lobes ......................................................................................................................... 10. Globba
10b. Ovary 3-loculed, placentation axile; anther short; labellum free from filament.
11a. Anther with 2 basal spurs.
12a. Inflorescences conical; bracts connate laterally for ca. 1/2 their length, forming basal pouches,
each subtending a cincinnus of 2–7 flowers ....................................................................................... 11. Curcuma
12b. Inflorescences spikelike; bracts not connate, each subtending 1 flower.
13a. Ovary and capsule oblong, cylindric, or clavate; capsule late dehiscent; flowers purple or
white, rarely yellow ...................................................................................................................... 12. Roscoea
13b. Ovary and capsule globose; capsule soon dehiscent; flowers yellow or orange ....................... 13. Cautleya
11b. Anther without basal spurs.
14a. Leaves all basal or on very short pseudostems; inflorescences terminal on pseudostems or on
separate shoots arising from rhizomes.
15a. Labellum strongly concave ................................................................................................. 14. Boesenbergia
15b. Labellum not concave.
16a. Inflorescence surrounded by a campanulate involucre ............................................... 15. Stahlianthus
16b. Inflorescence without a campanulate involucre, bracts spirally arranged ................... 16. Kaempferia
14b. Leaves on conspicuous pseudostems; inflorescences terminal on pseudostems.
17a. Bracts 1–3 per inflorescence, margin basally adnate to main axis, apex with leaflike
extension ............................................................................................................................. 17. Pyrgophyllum
17b. Bracts 1–10 per inflorescence, rather small or free.
18a. Filament very long (rarely very short); anther dorsifixed, apex without appendage ... 18. Hedychium
18b. Filament short; anther basifixed, apex or connective with appendage.
19a. Pedicel articulate; capsule cylindric, torulose, 12–13 cm .............................. 19. Siliquamomum
19b. Pedicel not articulate; capsule ovoid-oblong, not torulose, ca. 1 cm ........ 20. Caulokaempferia
1. ZINGIBER Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4, [1545]. 1754, nom. cons.
姜属 jiang shu
Rhizomes branched, tuberous, aromatic. Pseudostems erect, leafy. Leaves distichous, held in plane parallel to rhizome; petiole
swollen, cushionlike; leaf blade oblong, lanceolate, or linear. Inflorescences conical, arising from rhizomes on peduncle clothed with
scalelike sheaths, rarely breaking through leaf sheaths without peduncle; bracts closely imbricate, green or other color, 1-flowered,
persistent; bracteoles not tubular. Calyx tubular, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube slender; central lobe white or cream,
usually wider than lateral lobes. Lateral staminodes adnate to labellum, forming a 3-lobed labellum; central lobe retuse or cleft at
apex. Filament short; connective with elongate appendage wrapped around style. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule; pla-
centation axile. Style slender, extending beyond anther locules; stigma not expanded. Capsule dehiscent loculicidally or irregularly.
Seeds black, covered by aril; aril white, margin irregularly lacerate.
Between 100 and 150 species: tropical to warm-temperate Asia; 42 species (34 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Zingiber purpureum Roscoe, which is cultivated in Yunnan (Jinghong Xian) for medicinal purposes, is not described in this account.
1a. Peduncle erect, 10–30 cm, robust, sometimes absent.
2a. Inflorescences breaking through leaf sheaths, peduncle absent; ligule 2-lobed, 1–3 cm ........................................ 1. Z. ellipticum
2b. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes on peduncle clothed with scalelike sheaths.
3a. Leaf blade 2–3 cm wide.
4a. Ligule 2–4 mm; inflorescences ovoid, 4–5 cm; bracts ovate, apex mucronate ................................................. 2. Z. officinale
4b. Ligule 8–10 mm; inflorescences fusiform, 4–12 cm; bracts rhombic, apex obtusely acuminate ....................... 3. Z. laoticum
3b. Leaf blade 3–8 cm wide.
5a. Ligule 10–20 mm.
6a. Ligule 1–1.2 cm; labellum ca. 3 × 2.5 cm, central lobe ligulelike, lateral lobes inconspicuous, ca.
3 mm .......................................................................................................................................................... 4. Z. neotruncatum
6b. Ligule 1.5–2 cm; labellum ca. 1.5 × 2.5 cm, central lobe suborbicular or subobovate, lateral lobes
obovate, ca. 1 cm, free nearly to base .............................................................................................................. 5. Z. zerumbet
5b. Ligule 1–6 mm.
7a. Ligule ca. 6 mm.
8a. Ligule 2-lobed; flowers hairy; central lobe of labellum white with orange base, 2-cleft at apex,
lateral lobes 2-cleft at apex ..................................................................................................................... 6. Z. menghaiense
8b. Ligule emarginate at apex; flowers glabrous; central lobe of labellum white, emarginate at apex,
 lateral lobes entire at apex ........................................................................................................................... 7. Z. stipitatum
7b. Ligule 1–4 mm.
9a. Inflorescences oblong; bracts acute at apex .............................................................................................. 8. Z. corallinum
9b. Inflorescences fusiform or ellipsoid; bracts obtuse at apex.
10a. Rhizomes white inside; leaf blade elliptic-oblong, 4–11 cm wide, glabrous; ovary glabrous ......... 9. Z. nudicarpum
10b. Rhizomes yellow inside; leaf blade oblong-oblanceolate, 1.5–5 cm wide, adaxially glabrous,
abaxially sparsely pubescent along midvein and at margin; ovary densely pubescent ............ 10. Z. paucipunctatum
1b. Peduncle usually to 10 cm, slender, sometimes to 20 cm but then not erect.
11a. Labellum not lobed or inconspicuously 3-lobed, lateral lobes absent or very small.
12a. Ligule to 0.6 cm.
13a. Ligule to 1 mm; corolla ivory white; labellum elliptic ........................................................................... 11. Z. integrilabrum
13b. Ligule 1–6 mm; corolla purple; labellum broadly ovate to lanceolate.
14a. Pseudostems 30–40 cm; labellum reddish purple, lanceolate ................................................................ 12. Z. koshunense
14b. Pseudostems 60–130 cm; labellum yellow with purple stripes, broadly to narrowly ovate.
15a. Flowers purple; bracteoles oblong, 2–3 cm; calyx villous, apex 3-toothed ......................................... 13. Z. atrorubens
15b. Flowers yellow; bracteoles narrowly ovate, 3.5–4 cm; calyx glabrous, apex subtruncate ................. 14. Z. longiglande
12b. Ligule 1–5 cm.
16a. Ligule 3.5–5 cm.
17a. Ligule entire, 4–5 cm, white pubescent; corolla lobes yellowish; labellum ligulelike ..................... 15. Z. longiligulatum
17b. Ligule 2-lobed, to 3.5 cm; corolla lobes slightly red; labellum oblong-cuneate ........................................... 16. Z. roseum
16b. Ligule 1–3 cm.
18a. Corolla lobes red; labellum orange, 1.8–2 × 0.9–1 cm ........................................................................ 17. Z. yingjiangense
18b. Corolla lobes yellowish or yellowish white; labellum yellow or white, 2.5–3.5 × 1.6–3.5 cm.
19a. Corolla lobes yellowish white, apex red; labellum yellow with brown lines, broadly ovate ................. 18. Z. tuanjuum
19b. Corolla lobes yellowish; labellum white with yellowish margin, narrowly elliptic ......................... 19. Z. wandingense
11b. Labellum conspicuously 3-lobed.
20a. Ligule entire.
21a. Leaf blade hairy; ligule pale purple, 5–7 cm; corolla lobes red; labellum pale brown with black spots,
central lobe ligulelike ...................................................................................................................................... 20. Z. integrum
21b. Leaf blade glabrous; ligule green-white, 1.3–1.5 cm; corolla lobes white; labellum white, central lobe
semiorbicular .............................................................................................................................................. 21. Z. orbiculatum
20b. Ligule 2-lobed.
22a. Leaf blade adaxially hairy; petiole absent.
23a. Ligule 0.1–0.5 cm.
24a. Pseudostems 30–60 cm; leaf blade 20–30 × 6–8 cm; labellum deep violet, obovate ............................. 22. Z. kawagoi
24b. Pseudostems 80–100 cm; leaf blade 28–50 × 10–15 cm; labellum yellow, ligulelike .......... 23. Z. xishuangbannaense
23b. Ligule 0.8–4 cm.
25a. Ligule 3–4 cm; labellum brown with purple-brown spots, central lobe ligulelike ..................................... 24. Z. fragile
25b. Ligule 0.8–1.1 cm; labellum white with red spots, central lobe broadly obovate .............................. 25. Z. recurvatum
22b. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous; petiole usually present.
26a. Ligule (1–)4–8 cm.
27a. Corolla tube yellowish; anther connective appendage purple, ca. 7 mm .................................... 26. Z. flavomaculosum
27b. Corolla tube white; anther connective appendage blue, 11–14 mm.
28a. Bracts obovate; bracteoles tubular; corolla tube ca. 2.7 cm; ovary glabrous .................................. 27. Z. monglaense
28b. Bracts and bracteoles oblong; corolla tube 4–4.7 cm; ovary densely villous ....................................... 28. Z. bisectum
26b. Ligule to 2 cm.
29a. Leaf blade abaxially densely black spotted .................................................................................. 29. Z. nigrimaculatum
29b. Leaf blade abaxially not black spotted.
30a. Labellum white, white with purple lines, or yellowish white with purple or red apex.
31a. Leaves aggregated at apex of pseudostems; petiole 2–5 cm ...................................................... 30. Z. densissimum
31b. Leaves not aggregated at apex of pseudostems; petiole absent to 1.5 cm.
32a. Labellum white with purple lines or yellowish white with purple or red apex.
33a. Central lobe of labellum white with purple lines, elliptic, ca. 2.8 cm, apex entire ............... 31. Z. yunnanense
33b. Central lobe of labellum yellowish white, oblanceolate, ca. 2 cm, apex purple or red,
3-toothed ........................................................................................................................... 32. Z. cochleariforme
32b. Labellum wholly white.
34a. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, apex subtruncate; central lobe of labellum broadly ovate ...................... 33. Z. leptorrhizum
34b. Calyx 1.1–1.4 cm, apex 2- or 3-toothed; central lobe of labellum fan-shaped or obovate.
35a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 15–27 × 1.8–3.5 cm; bracts purple; central lobe of
 labellum obovate, ca. 1 cm, lateral lobes ca. 0.3 cm ........................................................... 34. Z. lingyunense
35b. Leaf blade obovate, oblanceolate, or oblong, 1.5–35 × 1.2–7.5 cm; bracts green or
white; central lobe of labellum fan-shaped, 1.7–2.5 cm, lateral lobes 1–1.5 cm ................. 35. Z. simaoense
30b. Labellum yellow, red, or purple.
36a. Labellum yellow, at least centrally.
37a. Labellum yellowish; corolla lobes linear, 3.5–4 × ca. 0.5 cm .................................................. 36. Z. guangxiense
37b. Labellum yellow at center, white at margin; corolla lobes lanceolate, 2.7–3 × ca. 0.7 cm ............... 37. Z. mioga
36b. Labellum red or purple.
38a. Leaf blade 25–40 × 5–11 cm, abaxially appressed villous and glandular spotted .................. 38. Z. longyanjiang
38b. Leaf blade 9–35 × 3–6 cm, abaxially glabrous except for slightly hairy midvein, rarely
sparsely villous, not glandular spotted.
39a. Petiole ca. 2 mm, ligule 2–4 mm ....................................................................................................... 39. Z. teres
39b. Petiole 3–12 mm, ligule 4–7 mm.
40a. Bracts broadly ovate or elliptic, pubescent; corolla lobes 3–3.5 cm .................................... 40. Z. striolatum
40b. Bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, glabrous; corolla lobes 2–2.1 cm.
41a. Petiole 10–17 mm; leaf blade abaxially sparsely villous; corolla tube ca. 2.6 cm ............. 41. Z. gulinense
41b. Petiole 3–6 mm; leaf blade abaxially glabrous; corolla tube ca. 3.8 cm ..................... 42. Z. pleiostachyum

1. Zingiber ellipticum (S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia) Q. G. Wu & margin, ovate, ca. 2.5 cm, apex mucronate; bracteoles equaling
T. L. Wu in Q. G. Wu et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 416. 1996. bracts. Calyx ca. 1 cm. Corolla yellowish green; tube 2–2.5 cm;
lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm. Central lobe of labellum with pur-
侧穗姜 ce sui jiang
ple stripe and cream blotches, oblong-obovate, shorter than co-
Plagiostachys elliptica S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta rolla lobes; lateral lobes ovate, ca. 6 mm, free nearly to base.
Phytotax. Sin. 25: 460. 1987. Stamen dark purple; anther ca. 9 mm; connective appendage
curved, ca. 7 mm. Fl. Oct. 2n = 22*.
Rhizomes deep purple-red inside. Pseudostems 60–100 cm.
Leaf sheath brown; ligule 2-lobed, 1–3 cm, brown pubescent; Cultivated. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hai-
petiole 1–9 cm; leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 40–55 × nan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tai-
14–16 cm, adaxially sparsely hairy, abaxially densely pubescent, wan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native origin unknown; widely cultivated in the
tropics and subtropics].
base cuneate or attenuate, margin ciliate, apex shortly
acuminate. Inflorescences breaking through leaf sheaths 20–50 Widely cultivated for medicine and spice.
cm above ground, sessile, ellipsoid to oblong, 11–18 × 4–5.5
3. Zingiber laoticum Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 168.
cm; bracts yellowish white or pale yellowish green, obovate, 4–
1907.
4.5 × 3–4.5 cm, pubescent, copiously slimy. Calyx yellowish,
1.5–2 cm, split on 1 side, pubescent. Corolla tube yellowish, 4– 梭穗姜 suo sui jiang
4.5 cm; central lobe narrowly ovate, 2–3 cm × 8–10 mm; lateral
lobes lanceolate, 5–7 mm wide. Labellum 2.4–2.8 cm; central Pseudostems ca. 80 cm. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath 2–7
lobe purple with 2 parallel, yellow lines and yellow blotches at cm; ligule entire, 8–10 mm, membranous; leaf blade linear, ca.
base, obovate-oblong, 1.5–2 cm × 7–9 mm; lateral lobes yellow 30 × 3 cm, glabrescent, base attenuate, apex caudate. Inflores-
with purple blotches, elliptic, 1.2–1.6 cm × 6–8 mm. Filament cences arising from rhizomes, fusiform, 8–12 × ca. 2.5 cm; ped-
5–10 mm; anther yellow, 1.3–1.4 cm; connective appendage uncle 15–30 cm; bracts purple, rhombic, 3–4 × 1.5–2.5 cm,
purple, 1–1.3 cm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule yellow-green, obo- margin membranous, apex obtuse-acuminate. Calyx 2.5–2.8
void, 3-angled, apex with persistent calyx. Seeds 4–6 per valve, cm, pubescent. Corolla tube 3–4 cm; lobes with brown stripe,
brownish black, enclosed by white aril. Fl. Aug, fr. Oct. 2n = lanceolate, ca. 2 cm. Labellum with brown stripe, ca. 2 cm. An-
22*. ther sessile, ca. 1.3 cm; connective appendage incurved, ca. 7
mm. Ovary hirsute. Fl. Apr.
• Forests; ca. 600 m. SE Yunnan (Maguan Xian).
Roadsides; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan [Laos].
2. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 348.
1807. 4. Zingiber neotruncatum T. L. Wu et al., Novon 10: 91. 2000.
姜 jiang 截形姜 jie xing jiang

Amomum zingiber Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 1. 1753; Zingiber Zingiber truncatum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25:
sichuanense Z. Y. Zhu et al. 147. 1987, not Stokes (1812, nom. illeg., included Amomum
zedoaria Christmann).
Rhizomes branched, yellowish inside, thickened, fleshy,
strongly aromatic. Pseudostems 50–100 cm. Leaves sessile; lig- Pseudostems 1–1.5 m, base with purple sheaths. Leaves
ule slightly 2-lobed, 2–4 mm, membranous; leaf blade lanceo- sessile; ligule 1–1.2 cm, densely white pubescent, apex truncate;
late or linear-lanceolate, 15–30 × 2–2.5 cm, glabrescent. Inflo- leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 30–40 × 4.5–6 cm, adaxially
rescences arising from rhizomes, ovoid, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 cm; glabrous except densely white pubescent at base of midvein,
peduncle to 25 cm; bracts pale green, sometimes yellowish at abaxially white pubescent, base cuneate, apex acuminate or
caudate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, oblong or nar- apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 2 mm; anther yellowish, ca. 1 cm;
rowly ellipsoid, 10–13 × 3–3.5 cm; peduncle erect, 6–13 cm; connective appendage orange, ca. 5 mm.
bracts red, ovate or broadly so, 3–4 × 2.5–3.5 cm, densely white
• Forests; ca. 1200 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhi-
pubescent; bracteoles white with red apex, tubular, ca. 3.5 cm. zhou).
Flowers white. Calyx ca. 1.5 cm, apex truncate. Corolla tube ca.
5 cm, apex slightly yellowish; central lobe narrowly lanceolate, 7. Zingiber stipitatum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 146.
ca. 3 × 1 cm; lateral lobes ca. 7 mm wide. Labellum ovate, ca. 3 1987.
× 2.5 cm; central lobe ligulelike, apex emarginate; lateral lobes 唇柄姜 chun bing jiang
inconspicuous, ca. 3 mm. Anther sessile, ca. 1.5 cm; connective
appendage ca. 5 mm. Ovary green, sparsely white pubescent. Fl. Pseudostems 1–1.6 m, base purplish red. Leaf sheath green,
Aug. with conspicuous, longitudinal stripes; ligule emarginate, ca. 6
• Moist places in forests; ca. 800 m. S and W Yunnan. mm; petiole ca. 4 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 24–30 ×
3.5–4.5 cm, glabrous, base rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate
5. Zingiber zerumbet (Linnaeus) Roscoe ex Smith, Exot. Bot. or caudate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, oblong or
2: 105. 1806. narrowly ellipsoid, 12–17 × 4–5 cm; peduncle erect, 11–19 cm;
红球姜 hong qiu jiang bracts green when young, becoming red, purplish red at apex,
nearly white at margin, ovate or broadly so, 3–4.5 × 2.5–3.5 cm,
Amomum zerumbet Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 1. 1753. puberulent; bracteoles tubular, ca. 2.5 cm. Flowers white,
Rhizomes yellowish inside, tuberous. Pseudostems 0.6–2 glabrous. Calyx ca. 1.5 cm, apex 1-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 3.8
m. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; ligule entire, 1.5–2 cm; cm; lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.7 × 1 cm, central one wider than
leaf blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 15–40 × 3–8 cm, lateral ones. Labellum white; central lobe suborbicular, ca. 1.8
glabrescent or abaxially somewhat pilose, base narrowed, apex × 1.2 cm, base narrowed into a claw, apex emarginate; lateral
acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, conical or lobes red at basal margin, ca. 1.1 cm × 3 mm, apex acute.
ovoid-oblong, 6–15 × 3.5–5 cm, apex obtuse; peduncle 10–30 Anther sessile, ca. 1 cm; connective appendage ca. 6 mm.
cm, scalelike sheaths 5–7; bracts closely imbricate, green when Ovary pale green, densely white pubescent. Fl. Jul.
young, red when old, slightly hairy, slimy adaxially, margin • Moist places in forests; ca. 1200 m. W Yunnan (Ruili Xian).
membranous; bracteoles ca. 1.5 cm. Calyx 1.2–2 cm, membra-
nous, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube 2–3 cm, 8. Zingiber corallinum Hance, J. Bot. 18: 301. 1880.
slender; lobes pale yellow, lanceolate, central one 1.5–2.5 cm. 珊瑚姜 shan hu jiang
Labellum pale yellow, ca. 1.5 × 2.5 cm; central lobe subor-
bicular or subobovate, 1.5–2 × ca. 1.5 cm, apex emarginate; lat- Pseudostems ca. 1 m. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath sparsely
eral lobes obovate, ca. 1 cm, free nearly to base. Stamen ca. 1 hairy or glabrous; ligule 2–4 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate
cm; connective appendage beaklike, ca. 8 mm. Ovary ca. 4 mm, or lanceolate, 20–30 × 4–6 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially
glabrous. Capsule ellipsoid, 0.8–1.2 cm. Seeds black. Fl. Jul– sparsely hairy or glabrous. Inflorescences arising from rhi-
Sep, fr. Oct. 2n = 22*. zomes, oblong, 15–30 cm; peduncle 15–20 cm, scalelike sheaths
4–5 cm; bracts red, ovate, 3–4 cm, apex acute. Calyx 1.5–1.8
Moist places in forests. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan cm, split to middle. Corolla tube ca. 2.5 cm; lobes with purple
[Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, stripe, oblong, ca. 1.5 cm, apex acute, central lobe larger than
Vietnam].
lateral ones. Central lobe of labellum obovate, ca. 1.5 cm; lat-
Widely cultivated, medicinal. eral lobes ca. 8 mm, apex acute. Anther sessile, ca. 1 cm; con-
nective appendage beaklike, curved, ca. 5 mm. Ovary 2–2.5
6. Zingiber menghaiense S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25:
mm, sericeous. Seeds black, glossy. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.
145. 1987.
2n = 22*.
勐海姜 meng hai jiang • Dense forests. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.
Pseudostems 1.3–1.8 m, base purplish red. Ligule 2-lobed, Medicinal.
ca. 6 mm, margin membranous, white; petiole ca. 3 mm, pub-
9. Zingiber nudicarpum D. Fang, Guihaia 2: 139. 1982.
escent; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, ca. 25 × 3.5–4 cm, gla-
brous, base cuneate, margin membranous, white, apex caudate. 光果姜 guang guo jiang
Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, narrowly ellipsoid or ob-
Rhizomes white inside, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam. Pseudostems
long, 9–12 × 3–4 cm; peduncle erect, purplish red, 15–20 cm,
1.5–2.5 m. Ligule ca. 2 mm, apex emarginate; petiole ca. 5 mm;
white pubescent; bracts red when old, purplish red at margin,
leaf blade elliptic-oblong, 20–45 × 4–11 cm, glabrous, base nar-
ovate or broadly so, 3.5–4 × 3–3.5 cm, white pubescent; brac-
rowed, apex acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes,
teoles ca. 3 cm, glabrous. Calyx white, ca. 1.5 cm, base white
fusiform, 7–14 × 2.5–3 cm; peduncle erect, 17–25 cm, scale-
pubescent. Corolla tube white, yellow at apex, ca. 3.5 cm; lobes
like sheaths 1–4.5 cm; bracts obovate, 3.7–5 × 1.5–6 cm, apex
orange, central one narrowly elliptic, ca. 2 × 1 cm, lateral ones
obtuse; bracteoles ovate-oblong, 3–3.3 × ca. 1.7 cm, membra-
ca. 5 mm wide. Labellum slightly villous; central lobe white,
nous. Flowers white or yellowish. Calyx 2.5–3.2 cm, mem-
orange at base, narrowly obovate, ca. 2.2 × 1.2 cm, apex 2-cleft;
branous, apex slightly 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 4.5 cm; lobes
lateral lobes white, red at basal margin, ca. 1.2 cm × 4 mm,
lanceolate, ca. 2 cm, central one cucullate, larger than lateral orange-red, oblong, 3-angled, with bracteoles adnate, pink,
ones. Labellum purple dotted, ca. 2.5 cm; central lobe ovate, ca. persistent. Seeds 3 or 4 per valve, brown, subglobose; aril
1.5 cm wide, apex 2–4-lobed; lateral lobes ovate, 6–8 mm, apex saclike. Fl. Jan, fr. Sep.
emarginate. Filament ca. 2 mm; anther 1.3–1.5 cm; connective • S Taiwan (including Lan Yu).
appendage 1.2–1.4 cm. Ovary glabrous. Fl. Jun. 2n = 22*.
13. Zingiber atrorubens Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49:
• Forest floors; ca. 300 m. Guangxi. 252. 1902.
10. Zingiber paucipunctatum D. Fang in D. Fang & D. H. 川东姜 chuan dong jiang
Qin, Guihaia 16: 6. 1996.
Rhizomes gingerlike, strongly aromatic. Pseudostems 80–
少斑姜 shao ban jiang 110 cm. Leaves sessile; ligule with red lines, obtusely deltoid,
Rhizomes yellow inside, tuberous. Pseudostems ca. 1.8 m. 2-lobed, ca. 6 mm; leaf blade glaucous, lanceolate, 15–25 × 3–6
Leaf sheath subglabrous; ligule 2-lobed, 1–2 mm, papery, mar- cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pilose near base. Inflores-
gin ciliate; petiole ca. 2 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong-ob- cences arising from rhizomes, ovoid, laxly few flowered; ped-
lanceolate, 6–40 × 1.5–5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pub- uncle embedded in ground, very short; bracts green or pale pur-
escent along midvein and at margin, base attenuate, apex acu- ple, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, ca. 5 cm, pilose; bracteoles ob-
minate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, ellipsoid, rarely long, ca. 2.3 cm, membranous. Flowers purple. Calyx ca. 3 cm,
subconical, 10–20 × 3–4 cm, many flowered; peduncle erect, split on 1 side to middle, villous, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube
19–32 cm; bracts imbricate, purple with green margin, obovate 4–5 cm; lobes lanceolate, central one 1.5–1.8 cm wide, lateral
to broadly ovate, 2.5–3.5 cm, pubescent, apex obtuse; bracteo- ones pale purple, narrower than central one. Labellum with pur-
les pale purple with white margin, broadly elliptic, ca. 2.8 × 2 ple stripes, ovate or narrowly so, ca. 3 × 2 cm, apex entire or
cm, apex 2-cleft. Calyx ca. 1.7 cm, split on 1 side, apex 3- emarginate; lateral lobes absent. Anther sessile, ca. 1.5 cm; con-
toothed, ciliate. Corolla tube white, ca. 3.5 cm; lobes yellowish, nective appendage ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary villous.
central one ca. 2.3 × 1.3 cm, lateral ones lanceolate, ca. 1.7 • Guangxi, E Sichuan.
cm × 7 mm. Labellum yellowish; central lobe suborbicular or
broadly ovate, 1.6–2 × 2–2.5 cm, inconspicuously sparsely 14. Zingiber longiglande D. Fang & D. H. Qin, Guihaia 16: 7.
punctate, margin erose, apex 2-cleft; lateral lobes broadly ovate, 1996.
ca. 5 × 7 mm, apex entire or 1-toothed. Anther subsessile, ca. 长腺姜 chang xian jiang
1.2 cm; connective appendage ca. 1 cm. Ovary densely appress-
ed pubescent. Fl. Jul–Aug. Rhizomes yellow inside, tuberous; roots with fusiform
tubers at tip. Pseudostems ca. 1.3 m. Leaf sheath membranous
• S and W Guangxi.
at margin; ligule 2-lobed, 1–6 mm, membranous; petiole absent
11. Zingiber integrilabrum Hance, J. Bot. 20: 80. 1882. to 5 mm, appressed pubescent; leaf blade narrowly elliptic,
rarely lanceolate, 8–30 × 1.5–5 cm, adaxially glabrous,
全唇姜 quan chun jiang
abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, base attenuate, apex
Rhizomes branched, odorless. Pseudostems 40–100 cm. acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, ovoid or
Ligule orbicular, 2-lobed, to 1 mm; petiole absent to 5 mm; leaf narrowly ellipsoid, 5–6.6 × 2–3.5 cm; bracts purple, narrowly
blade lanceolate, 15–18 × ca. 3 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxi- ovate, ca. 4.5 × 1.3(–2) cm, sparsely appressed pubescent
ally pubescent or pilose. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, abaxially, apex shortly acuminate; bracteoles narrowly ovate,
ca. 1/2 embedded in ground, 4- or 5-flowered; peduncle 1–2 × 3.4–4 × ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse. Calyx glabrous, 2.3–2.5 cm,
as long as inflorescence, scalelike sheaths 2–3 cm; bracts be- split on 1 side, apex subtruncate, with 3 rounded teeth. Corolla
coming brownish when old, lanceolate, 2–3 cm, glabrous; brac- tube 3–4 cm; lobes yellow, central one ovate, ca. 3 × 1.4 cm,
teoles ca. 2 cm, membranous. Calyx ca. 2 cm, split on 1 side, lateral ones lanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm × 8 mm. Labellum yellow
glabrous. Corolla ivory white; tube ca. 2.7 cm; lobes lanceolate, with pink spots, broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 × 3 cm, margin slightly
ca. 1.8 cm. Labellum elliptic; lateral lobes reduced to rounded undulate, apex retuse; lateral lobes absent. Anther subsessile, ca.
teeth or absent. Anther sessile, ca. 8 mm; connective appendage 1.4 cm; connective appendage ca. 1.8 cm. Ovary densely
ca. 7 mm. Fl. Apr. appressed pubescent. Style 6–6.7 cm; stigma ciliate. Stylodes
needle-shaped, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Jul.
• Hong Kong.
• Hill slopes; ca. 700 m. Guangxi.
12. Zingiber koshunense C. T. Moo in T. L. Wu et al., Novon
10: 88. 2000. 15. Zingiber longiligulatum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
25: 140. 1987.
恒春姜 heng chun jiang
长舌姜 chang she jiang
Rhizomes subcreeping, slender. Pseudostems 30–40 cm.
Ligule small, membranous; petiole short; leaf blade linear-lan- Pseudostems 80–100 cm, base with purple sheaths. Ligule
ceolate, 15–25 × 5–6 cm, base narrowed, apex acuminate. entire, 4–5 cm, white pubescent; petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade
Inflorescences 2 or 3 arising from rhizomes, oblong; bracts lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, 40–50 × ca. 10 cm,
green, lanceolate; bracteoles 2 per flower. Calyx short. Corolla adaxially glabrous, abaxially white pubescent, base narrowed,
lobes purple. Labellum reddish purple, lanceolate. Capsule apex acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, oblong,
4–4.5 × 2–2.4 cm; peduncle 2–6 cm; bracts narrowly lanceolate, Pseudostems 0.8–1.5 m. Ligule 2-lobed, 1–2.8 cm; petiole 0.5–
4–4.5 cm × 8–9 mm, white pubescent, apex acuminate; 1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, rarely elliptic, ca. 15 × 3.5–8.5
bracteoles 3.8–4.2 cm. Calyx 2–2.3 cm, membranous, pub- cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially appressed villous, base cune-
erulent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube yellowish at apex, 3.8–4.2 ate, apex caudate-acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhi-
cm, densely pubescent; lobes yellowish, central one linear-lan- zomes, subellipsoid, 5–7 × 2–3 cm, 12–20-flowered; peduncle
ceolate, 2.8–3.2 cm × ca. 3 mm, lateral ones ca. 2 mm wide. La- 2–6(–16) cm, villous; bracts purple-brown or purplish red,
bellum yellowish, ligulelike, ca. 3 × 1 cm, apex entire; lateral broadly ovate or lanceolate, 3.5–5.5 × 1–5 cm, sparsely ap-
lobes absent. Anther sessile, white, ca. 1.7 cm; connective ap- pressed villous, apex acuminate, outer ones subdistichous; brac-
pendage orange, ca. 8 mm. Ovary densely brown pubescent. Fl. teoles equaling bracts, villous. Calyx white, ca. 2.8 cm, mem-
Aug. branous, split on 1 side. Corolla yellowish white; tube 3.5–4 cm,
throat sparsely pubescent; lobes red at apex, lanceolate, central
• Forest floors; ca. 900 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian).
one ca. 3.5 × 1.7 cm, lateral ones 2.5–3.5 cm, margin entire or
16. Zingiber roseum (Roxburgh) Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. crisped. Lateral lobes of labellum toothlike or absent. Filament
London 8: 348. 1807. ca. 2 mm; anther ca. 1.5 cm; connective appendage 1.8–2.2 cm.
Ovary densely villous.
红冠姜 hong guan jiang
• Forests; ca. 900 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Amomum roseum Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: 15. 1800.
Used as a vegetable.
Pseudostems ca. 1.5 m. Leaves sessile; ligule 2-lobed, to
3.5 cm, membranous; leaf blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 19. Zingiber wandingense S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25:
ca. 30 × 3–5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially villous. Inflo- 143. 1987.
rescences arising from rhizomes, ellipsoid, ca. 6 cm, very dense; 畹町姜 wan ding jiang
peduncle very short; bracts red, 3.5–4.5 cm, outer ones broadly
ovate, inner ones ovate-lanceolate. Calyx green, ca. 1.5 cm. Co- Pseudostems 1.3–1.6 m × 1.3–2.2 cm, base with purplish
rolla tube white, ca. 2 cm; lobes pale red, lanceolate. Labellum red sheaths. Leaf sheath conspicuously longitudinally striate;
white, oblong-cuneate, shorter than corolla lobes, margin re- ligule 2-lobed, 1.2–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or lanceolate-
curved, crisped; lateral lobes yellow, orbicular, very small. Sta- elliptic, 30–40 × 6–7.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparse-
men arching over and equaling labellum; anther equaling con- ly hairy, midvein basally purplish red and enlarged, base cune-
nective appendage. Fl. autumn. 2n = 22. ate or attenuate, apex acuminate or shortly so. Inflorescences
arising from rhizomes, ellipsoid, 6–9 × 2.5–3.5 cm; peduncle 3–
Moist places of forests; ca. 900 m. SW Yunnan [India, Myanmar,
7 cm, scalelike sheaths deep red; bracts white with pale red base
Thailand].
and apex, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 3.4–4 × 0.8–2.1 cm;
17. Zingiber yingjiangense S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: bracteoles 3–3.5 cm. Calyx white, 1.8–2 cm, apex entire. Co-
142. 1987. rolla tube white, 3.5–4 cm; lobes yellowish, central one nar-
rowly lanceolate, 2–2.2 cm × 6–8 mm, lateral ones narrower.
盈江姜 ying jiang jiang
Labellum white with yellowish margin, narrowly elliptic, 2.8–3
Pseudostems 1–1.2 m, base with red sheaths. Leaf sheath × 1.6–1.8 cm, apex entire; lateral lobes absent. Anther sessile,
longitudinally striate, white pubescent; ligule 2-lobed, 1.5–2.4 yellow, ca. 1.4 cm; connective appendage orange, ca. 8 mm.
cm, hairy; petiole reddish adaxially, ca. 5 mm; leaf blade Ovary densely white pubescent. Fl. Jul.
elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, 25–45 × 9–11 cm, abaxially • Forests; ca. 1000 m. W Yunnan (Wanding Zhen).
pubescent, midvein elevated adaxially when dry, base attenuate,
apex acuminate or shortly so. Inflorescences arising from 20. Zingiber integrum S. Q. Tong in S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia,
rhizomes, oblong, 5–6 × 2.4–3 cm; peduncle 2–6 cm; outer Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 465. 1987.
bracts ovate or oblong, 3.5–5.5 × 2–2.5 cm, inner bracts 全舌姜 quan she jiang
narrowly lanceolate, 4–4.5 × 0.7–1 cm, pubescent; bracteoles
red at margin, narrowly triangular, equaling bracts. Calyx 1.6–2 Pseudostems 1.5–2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule pale purple,
cm, pubescent, apex minutely 2-toothed. Corolla tube 3–3.3 cm, entire, 5–7 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 40–
densely pubescent; lobes red, lanceolate, 2.2–2.5 cm × 4–6 70 × 8–9.5 cm, adaxially sparsely hairy along sides of midvein,
mm, glabrous. Labellum orange, oblong, 1.8–2 × 0.9–1 cm, abaxially sparsely hairy except densely pubescent along sides
apex entire; lateral lobes absent. Filament very short; anther of midvein, midvein basally enlarged and densely red dotted at
white, ca. 1.6 cm; connective appendage orange, ca. 9 mm. sides, base subrounded or cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflores-
Ovary densely brown pubescent. Fl. Aug. cences arising from rhizomes, ovoid or capitate, 5–7 × 4–4.5
cm; peduncle 2–4 cm; bracts ovate or broadly oblong, 4–4.5 ×
• Forests; ca. 1000 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian). 2–2.3 cm, inner ones attenuate-deltoid, 3.4–4 cm × 4–5 mm,
18. Zingiber tuanjuum Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6: 187. apex acute; bracteoles red, 3.4–4 cm. Calyx white, 2.5–3 cm, 3-
1984. angled, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube white with red apex, 4–4.3
cm; lobes red, lanceolate, central one 2.5–3 × 1.5–3 cm, lateral
团聚姜 tuan ju jiang ones narrower. Labellum pale brown, black dotted; central lobe
Rhizomes irregularly branched, yellowish white inside. ligulelike, 2.8–3.2 × 0.9–1.1 cm; lateral lobes 1.6–1.9 × 1.1–1.3
cm. Anther sessile, white, ca. 1.3 cm; connective appendage ca. 15 cm, adaxially sparsely hairy along sides of midvein, abaxi-
1.4 cm. Ovary pale brown pubescent. Fl. Jul. ally densely pubescent, base subrounded or cuneate, apex cau-
• Gullies; ca. 900 m. SW Yunnan (Jinghong Xian) [?Thailand]. date or acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, red,
Tentatively recorded from Thailand by Theilade (Nordic J. Bot. 19: ellipsoid or lanceolate, 3–9 × 3–4 cm; peduncle 4–13 cm; bracts
409. 1999). ovate or elliptic, 4–4.5 × 3–3.3 cm; bracteoles pale with red
apex, 2.4–2.6 cm × 5–6 mm. Calyx 1–1.5 cm, apex 2-toothed.
21. Zingiber orbiculatum S. Q. Tong in S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Corolla pale with yellowish apex; tube 4–6 cm; lobes red,
Xia, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 463. 1987. lanceolate, curved, central one 2.3–3 × 0.7–1.2 cm, lateral ones
圆瓣姜 yuan ban jiang narrower. Labellum yellow; central lobe ligulelike, 2.1–2.5 cm
× 6–7 mm, margin curved; lateral lobes auriculate, 1.3–1.5 cm
Pseudostems 1.4–3.2 m. Ligule greenish white, 1.3–1.5 × 7–8 mm. Anther ca. 1.4 cm; connective appendage yellow, ca.
cm, glabrous, apex subtruncate; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 1.4 cm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule obpyriform, 3.5–4.5 × 2–2.5
45–60 × 7–9 cm, glabrous, midvein basally enlarged and dense- cm, 3-angled. Seeds oblong, ca. 5 mm. Fl. Jul.
ly red dotted at sides, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflores-
• Forests; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhi-
cences arising from rhizomes, ovoid or capitate, 5–8 × 3.5–5
zhou).
cm; peduncle 2–5 cm; bracts ovate or broadly so, 3–4 × 2.8–3.6
cm, apex acute or shortly acuminate; bracteoles pale proximally, 24. Zingiber fragile S. Q. Tong in S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia,
red distally, tubular, 3.4–4.1 cm, white pubescent. Calyx 1.8– Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 464. 1987.
2.2 cm, puberulent except densely pubescent at base, apex 3-
脆舌姜 cui she jiang
toothed. Corolla tube 3.4–3.6 cm; lobes white with red apex,
lanceolate, 2.7–3 cm, pubescent. Labellum white, orbicular, Pseudostems 0.8–3 m. Leaves sessile; ligule red spotted at
2.2–2.4 × 2–2.2 cm; central lobe semiorbicular, margin crisped, base, 2-lobed, 3–4 cm, membranous, fragile; leaf blade lanceo-
apex emarginate; lateral lobes auriculate, ca. 1.4 cm × 5 mm. late or narrowly so, 40–50 × 9–11 cm, slightly puberulent ex-
Filament ca. 2 mm; anther yellow, ca. 1.2 cm; connective ap- cept densely pubescent along sides of midvein, base cuneate,
pendage ca. 1.2 cm. Ovary pale proximally, yellow distally, sub- apex acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, ovoid or
ellipsoid, densely pubescent. Capsule dark red with pale brown capitate, 4–8 × 3–7.5 cm; peduncle very short; bracts red, ovate
base, oblong, 4–5 × 2–2.5 cm, 3-angled. Seeds black, obovoid, or oblong, 3–5 × 2.8–3.8 cm, brown pubescent, apex convex,
ca. 6 × 5 mm. Fl. Jul. acute, inner bracts triangular, 3.8–4 × 1.1–1.3 cm, apex atten-
• Forests; ca. 600 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian).
uate; bracteoles pale red, 2.8–3 cm, white puberulent. Calyx
1.9–2.2 cm, apex 3-toothed, bearded. Corolla tube 3.1–4.2 cm,
22. Zingiber kawagoi Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 10: 35. 1921. white pubescent; lobes red, lanceolate, 2.3–3.2 cm × 8–9 mm,
毛姜 mao jiang lateral ones narrower. Labellum brown with purplish brown
spots; central lobe ligulelike, 2–2.4 cm × 7–9 mm; lateral lobes
Rhizomes creeping, ca. 1 cm in diam., subterete, slender. auriculate, 1.3–1.5 cm. Filament ca. 3 mm; anther ca. 2 cm;
Pseudostems 30–60 cm. Ligule auriculate, 2-lobed; petiole very connective appendage purple, ca. 1.3 cm. Ovary white, pubes-
short; leaf blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 20–30 × 6–8 cm, cent. Fl. Jul.
sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, base obtuse, apex acu- Forests; ca. 600 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhizhou)
minate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, 4–5 cm, many [N Thailand].
flowered; peduncle 4–5 cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 2 cm, base
sheathlike. Calyx ca. 1 cm, split on 1 side, base hirsute, apex 25. Zingiber recurvatum S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta Phy-
truncate. Corolla tube slender, 2–3 cm; lobes purple, ca. 2 cm, totax. Sin. 25: 470. 1987.
central one ca. 9 mm wide, wider than lateral ones, concave. 弯管姜 wan guan jiang
Labellum obovate, ca. 2.2 × 2 cm; central lobe deep violet, obo-
vate-oblong, 1.5–1.2 cm, apex emarginate; lateral lobes yel- Pseudostems 2–3 m × 2–3.5 cm, robust. Leaves sessile;
lowish at base, violet at margin and apex, smaller than central ligule 2-lobed, 8–11 mm, densely pale brown pubescent; leaf
lobe. Anther linear, subcylindric, ca. 1 cm; connective append- blade abaxially purplish red, elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly so,
age linear, curved, ca. 1 cm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule enclosed 45–55 × 11–15 cm, adaxially hairy along sides of midvein,
by persistent bracts and bracteoles, loculicidally dehiscent; peri- abaxially puberulent except densely pubescent along sides of
carp fleshy, red inside. Seeds black; aril cushionlike. midvein, base rounded, apex acuminate or caudate. Inflores-
cences arising from rhizomes, red, ovoid or capitate, 7–9 × 6–7
• Taiwan. cm; peduncle embedded in ground, 3–5(–15) cm; outer bracts
23. Zingiber xishuangbannaense S. Q. Tong in S. Q. Tong & ovate-orbicular or broadly ovate, 3.4–5 × 2.6–4 cm, inner bracts
Y. M. Xia, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 461. 1987. elliptic or narrowly so, 5–5.6 × 1.6–2 cm, apex acuminate or
shortly so; bracteoles red, ca. 4.5 cm. Calyx ca. 1.9 cm, apex 2-
版纳姜 ban na jiang subulate, slightly red dotted. Corolla red with pale base; tube re-
curved, 4.6–5 cm, 4-angled, slightly white hairy; lobes lanceo-
Pseudostems 80–100 cm, base with red sheaths. Leaves
late, 3–3.2 × 0.8–1.2 cm. Labellum white with red spots; central
sessile; ligule 2-lobed, 2–4 mm; leaf blade purplish red abaxial-
lobe broadly obovate, apex convex; lateral lobes auriculate. Fil-
ly on basal leaves, elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, 28–50 × 10–
ament ca. 1 mm; anther ca. 1.5 cm; connective appendage ca.
1.7 cm. Ovary yellowish, densely and softly white hairy. Cap- × ca. 7 mm, villous. Calyx ca. 2 cm, split on 1 side, villous,
sule purple, ovoid, 4.5–5 × 2.2–2.6 cm, 3-angled, apex with per- apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube white, 4–4.7 cm; lobes yellowish,
sistent calyx. Seeds black. Fl. Jul. central one ca. 2.5 cm × 8–9 mm, lateral ones lanceolate, ca. 2.3
• Moist places in forests; ca. 700 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian). cm × 5 mm. Labellum black-purple spotted; central lobe
26. Zingiber flavomaculosum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. obovate, ca. 2 × 1.3 cm, apex 3-toothed; lateral lobes ca. 10 ×
25: 144. 1987. 7 mm. Anther subsessile, ca. 1.5 cm; connective appendage ca.
1.2 cm. Ovary densely villous. fl. Aug.
黄斑姜 huang ban jiang
• Hill slopes; ca. 300 m. S Guangxi (Yongning Xian).
Pseudostems 1–1.5 m. Ligule 2-lobed, 4–5 cm; petiole
29. Zingiber nigrimaculatum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
present on proximal leaves; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate or
27: 287. 1989.
narrowly elliptic, 40–55 × 9–11 cm, abaxially white pubescent,
base cuneate or broadly so, apex shortly acuminate. Inflores- 黑斑姜 hei ban jiang
cences arising from rhizomes, capitate, ca. 6 × 4 cm; peduncle
2–5 cm, scalelike sheaths red; bracts pale red, ovate-orbicular Pseudostems 0.8–1.2 m × 6–12 mm. Leaf sheath green,
or oblong, 3–3.2 × 1.7–2 cm, pubescent; bracteoles ca. 2.8 cm, white puberulent; ligule bright red at margin, 2-lobed, or entire
white pubescent. Calyx ca. 1.6 cm, puberulent. Corolla tube (when apex truncate), ca. 6 mm, white puberulent; petiole 3–10
yellowish, ca. 3.5 cm; central lobe lanceolate, ca. 2.2 × 1.1 cm; mm; leaf blade abaxially densely black spotted, elliptic or nar-
lateral lobes narrower. Labellum lobes gray with yellow-spotted rowly lanceolate, 15–40 × 3–9 cm, abaxially glabrous except
apex, central one nearly ligulelike, ca. 2.5 × 1 cm, apex entire, puberulent along midvein, lateral veins prominent adaxially,
lateral ones auriculate, ca. 1.5 cm × 8 mm. Anther sessile, ca. base cuneate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate. Inflores-
1.3 cm; connective appendage purple, ca. 7 mm. Ovary pale cences arising from rhizomes. Flowers unknown. Infructes-
green, densely brown pilose. Fl. Aug. cence capitate, 3.5–5 × 5–6 cm; peduncle white, apex purplish
red, 2–6 cm, glabrous; bracts green, purplish red at apex, lan-
• Forests; ca. 600 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhi- ceolate, ca. 2.5 cm × 6 mm, glabrous. Capsule yellowish green,
zhou).
ovoid, 3.5–4 × 2–2.2 cm, 3-angled, apex with persistent calyx.
27. Zingiber monglaense S. J. Chen & Z. Y. Chen, Guihaia 8: Seeds purplish black, subovoid, ca. 7 × 5 mm. Fr. Nov.
315. 1988. • Forests; ca. 1800 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian).
斑蝉姜 ban chan jiang 30. Zingiber densissimum S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta Phy-
Pseudostems 1.6–2 m. Leaf sheath green; ligule 2-lobed to totax. Sin. 25: 467. 1987.
middle, 4.5–8 cm, membranous; petiole absent to 2 cm; leaf 多毛姜 duo mao jiang
blade elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 30–70 × 6–15 cm. Inflores-
cences arising from rhizomes, ca. 1/2 embedded in ground, glo- Pseudostems 40–70 cm. Leaves aggregated at pseudostem
bose or ellipsoid, 3.5–4.3 cm in diam.; bracts red, white at base apex; ligule 2-lobed, 0.6–1(–2) cm, densely silvery villous;
and margin, obovate, 3–4 × 1.3–1.5 cm, abaxially pilose, apex petiole 2–5 cm, densely silvery villous; leaf blade lanceolate or
tomentose; bracteoles white or red, tubular, 2.7–3 × ca. 1.3 cm, narrowly so, 22–45 × 4–9 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially
abaxially pubescent. Calyx white, 1.5–2 cm, split on 1 side, densely silvery villous, base cuneate or attenuate, apex shortly
pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube white, ca. 2.7 cm, acuminate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, pale or with
pubescent; lateral lobes ca. 2.4 cm × 5 mm. Labellum purplish pale red apex, narrowly ovoid or ovoid, 4.5–5 × 3.4–4.5 cm;
brown with dense, yellow spots and yellow base; central lobe peduncle embedded in ground, 3–13 cm, slender; bracts red at
linear-oblong, 1.7–2.4 cm × 7–8 mm, apex entire or emarginate; apex, elliptic, 3.8–4.2 cm, apex mucronate; bracteoles 2.4–2.6
lateral lobes ca. 1.4 cm. Anther subsessile, orange, 1.3–1.5 cm; cm × 4–6 mm, silvery villous. Flowers white. Calyx 1.3–1.5
connective appendage pale blue, 1.1–1.4 cm. Fl. Jun–Jul. 2n = cm, silvery villous, apex unequally 3-toothed. Corolla tube 4.5–
22*. 5 cm; lobes lanceolate, central one 2.8–3.1 cm × 8–10 mm, lat-
eral ones 2.2–2.5 cm × 5–6 mm. Labellum fan-shaped; central
• Forests; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian).
lobe obovate, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 cm, apex emarginate; lateral lobes
28. Zingiber bisectum D. Fang in D. Fang & D. H. Qin, Gui- narrower than central one, 2–2.4 × 1–1.2 cm. Filament ca. 2
haia 16: 5. 1996. mm; anther yellow, ca. 1.3 cm; connective appendage ca. 9
mm. Ovary white, silvery villous. Capsule ovoid, ca. 3 × 2 cm,
裂舌姜 lie she jiang
3-angled. Seeds pale, obovoid, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul.
Rhizomes yellowish inside, tuberous; roots tuberous at tip. Mixed forests; ca. 1400 m. SW Yunnan (Menghai Xian) [N Thai-
Pseudostems to 3.4 m. Leaf sheath villous; ligule 2-cleft, 1–6 land].
cm, subscarious; petiole absent to 5 mm, villous abaxially; leaf
blade suboblong or oblong-oblanceolate, ca. 8.5 × 4.5–10 cm, 31. Zingiber yunnanense S. Q. Tong & X. Z. Liu, Acta Bot.
adaxially densely brown dotted along midvein, abaxially sparse- Yunnan. 13: 27. 1991.
ly villous, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences aris- 云南姜 yun nan jiang
ing from rhizomes, ovoid or suboblong, 7–10 × 2.5–7 cm, many
flowered; peduncle 2–12.5 cm, villous; bracts red or green, Pseudostems 1–1.5 m, base with purplish red sheaths.
oblong, 4–4.5 × ca. 1.1 cm, villous; bracteoles oblong, 3.5–4 cm Leaves subsessile; ligule 2-lobed, 4–7 mm, densely pubescent;
leaf blade abaxially purplish red on basal leaves, lanceolate or dage ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary densely villous. Capsule red. Fl. Aug–
narrowly so, 15–32 × 5–6.5 cm, abaxially sparsely hairy, base Sep. fr. Oct–Nov.
cuneate, apex acuminate or caudate. Inflorescences arising from • Forest floors. E Guangxi.
rhizomes, ellipsoid, ca. 5.7 × 3.5 cm; peduncle embedded in
ground, 4–12 cm; bracts slightly hairy, outer ones densely pur- 34. Zingiber lingyunense D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 226.
plish red spotted, yellowish green at base, elliptic, apex mucro- 1980.
乌姜 wu jiang
nate, inner ones green, densely purplish red spotted at apex,
tubular, 4–4.5 cm × 6–8 mm; bracteoles ca. 3 cm. Calyx white Rhizomes white outside, violet inside, fleshy, tuberous,
with red base and apex, ca. 1 cm, sparsely hairy. Corolla tube slightly sweet tasting. Pseudostems 0.5–1.7 m. Ligule 2-lobed,
white with red apex, ca. 3.7 cm, glabrous; central lobe red with 1–5 mm; petiole 1–5 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 15–
slightly yellowish green base, ca. 3.3 × 1.3 cm. Labellum gla- 27 × 1.8–3.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pilose, base
brous; central lobe white with purple lines, elliptic, ca. 2.8 × 1.7 rounded-cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences arising from
cm; lateral lobes auriculate, ca. 1/4 as long as central lobe. An- rhizomes, ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 3–5.5 × 1–3 cm; peduncle to
ther yellowish, ca. 1 cm; connective appendage purplish, 2- 24 cm, slender, clothed with purple, oblong or oblanceolate,
cleft, ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary densely white pubescent. Fl. Jul. scalelike sheaths 1–4.5 cm; bracts purple, oblong or oblanceo-
• W Yunnan (Tengchong Xian). late, 2.5–4 × 0.6–1.4 cm, abaxially hairy. Flowers white. Calyx
1.1–1.4 cm, base hairy, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca.
32. Zingiber cochleariforme D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18:
2.5 cm; lobes lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm × ca. 5 mm. Labellum white,
225. 1980.
ca. 2 cm; central lobe obovate, ca. 1 × 1.2 cm, apex emarginate
匙苞姜 chi bao jiang or rounded; lateral lobes small, ca. 3 mm. Anther ca. 1 cm; con-
Rhizomes pale yellow, fleshy, strongly aromatic. Pseudo- nective appendage ca. 1 cm. Ovary villous. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr.
stems 0.7–2 m. Ligule 2-lobed, 4–7(–14) mm, glabrous or thin- Oct–Nov.
ly pubescent; petiole absent to 6 mm, villous; leaf blade elliptic- • Among rocks in forests. NW Guangxi (Lingyun Xian).
lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, 35–50 × 8–14 cm, adaxially gla-
brous, abaxially pilose, glandular spotted on both surfaces, base 35. Zingiber simaoense Y. Y. Qian, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18:
rounded-cuneate to cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 284. 1998.
arising from rhizomes, ovoid to obovoid, 3–6 × 1.5–5 cm; 思茅姜 si mao jiang
peduncle 1–6 cm, slender, villous; bracts purple or white,
cuneate-cochleate to oblong, 1.5–4 × 0.5–2 cm, abaxially Rhizomes fleshy; roots ending in tubercles. Pseudostems
pubescent, apex truncate or rounded; bracteoles 2.2–2.8 cm. 30–65 cm. Ligule 2-lobed, 1–8 mm, densely villous; petiole
Calyx yellowish, 1–1.3 cm. Corolla tube 3.5–4 cm; lobes 0.3–1.5(–4.5) cm, gray-brown villous; leaf blade obovate, ob-
yellowish white, lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 cm. Labellum yellowish lanceolate, or oblong, 1.5–35 × 1.2–7.5 cm, abaxially villous,
white, ca. 2.5 cm; central lobe purple or red at apex, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflores-
oblanceolate, ca. 2 cm × 8 mm, apex 3-toothed; lateral lobes cences arising from rhizomes, green or red, obovoid, 4–7 × 1.5–
suboblong, ca. 9 × 5 mm, throat shortly hairy. Anther ca. 1.2 4 cm; peduncle white, 3–10 cm, villous, scalelike sheaths white,
cm; connective appendage purple or red, rarely yellow, ca. 1.2 0.8–3.5 cm, sparsely villous; bracts greenish or white with
cm. Ovary densely villous. Capsule red, ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 4 × pinkish apex, obovate or elliptic, 3–5 × 1.3–2.6 cm, villous.
2 cm, obtusely 3-angled, pilose. Seeds black; aril white. Fl. Flowers white. Calyx 1–1.5 cm, villous. Corolla tube 4–5 cm;
Aug–Oct, fr. Oct–Nov. lobes narrowly ovate or lanceolate, 2.4–3 × 0.7–1.1 cm. Label-
lum fan-shaped, glabrous; central lobe orbicular, 1.7–2.5 × 2.2–
• NW Guangxi (Longlin Ge Zu Zizhixian).
3 cm, apex truncate or rounded; lateral lobes obovate, 1–1.5 cm.
33. Zingiber leptorrhizum D. Fang, Guihaia 2: 138. 1982. Anther 1.1–1.2 cm; connective appendage 1.2–1.3 cm. Ovary
细根姜 xi gen jiang villous. Capsule red, ovoid, 2–3.5 cm. Seeds black, rarely red.
Fl. Sep.
Rhizomes 1.5–3 mm in diam., slender. Pseudostems 30–
150 cm. Ligule 2-lobed, 3–13 mm, villous; petiole very short; • Forests; 1200–1600 m. S Yunnan (Simao Xian).
leaf blade lanceolate, 4–30 × 2–5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxi- 36. Zingiber guangxiense D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 226.
ally sparsely appressed villous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. 1980.
Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, narrowly ovoid, 4.5–7 ×
1.5–2 cm, 7–12-flowered; peduncle 5–14 cm, clothed with lan- 桂姜 gui jiang
ceolate, scalelike sheaths 3–5 cm; bracts deep purple, lanceolate, Rhizomes tuberous, ca. 1.3 cm in diam. Pseudostems 0.5–
4–4.5 × 1–1.2 cm, abaxially villous; bracteoles lanceolate, 3.2– 1.5 m. Ligule 2–6 mm, puberulent, apex emarginate; petiole 1–
3.5 × ca. 1.2 cm, apex 2-lobed. Flowers white, abaxially villous. 4 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 25–35 × 5–9
Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, apex subtruncate. Corolla tube 3–3.7 cm; cm, densely purple-brown glandular spotted, abaxially appress-
lobes lanceolate, hoodlike, 2.6–3 cm × ca. 7 mm. Labellum ed villous, base rounded-cuneate to cuneate, apex acuminate.
white, ca. 3 cm; central lobe broadly ovate, ca. 2 cm, apex Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, obovoid, 4–8 × 2–4 cm,
emarginate or rounded; lateral lobes deltoid, 4–8 mm, apex more than 20-flowered; peduncle 2.5–20 cm, slender; bracts red
acute. Filament very short; anther ca. 1.5 cm; connective appen- or purple, rarely green, oblong-lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.5 cm,
abaxially pilose. Calyx 0.9–1.8 cm, hairy. Corolla tube ca. 4.5 pendage purple at apex, ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary densely villous. Cap-
cm, glabrous; lobes linear, 3.5–4 cm × ca. 5 mm, pilose. Label- sule purple, oblong, 3–4 × 1.5–2 cm, obtusely 3-angled, slightly
lum yellowish, ca. 3 cm; central lobe oblong, ca. 2 cm × 7 mm, villous. Seeds purplish brown, ellipsoid or ovoid. Fl. Aug–Sep,
apex 2-cleft, rarely entire; lateral lobes suboblong, ca. 10 × 5 fr. Oct–Nov.
mm. Anther ca. 1.4 cm; connective appendage red, ca. 1.8 cm. • 600–3200 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).
Ovary ca. 5 mm, densely pilose. Capsule ovoid, 3–4 × 1–1.5 cm,
Medicinal.
obtusely 3-angled, hairy. Seeds red; aril white. Fl. Sep–Oct. fr.
39. Zingiber teres S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
Oct–Nov.
25: 468. 1987.
• Forest floors. SE Guangxi (Bobai Xian).
柱根姜 zhu gen jiang
The spelling of the specific epithet follows the protologue; in
FRPS it was given as “Zingiber kwangsiense.” Rhizomes cylindric, aromatic. Pseudostems 60–100 cm ×
6–10 mm, base with green sheaths. Ligule 2-lobed, 2–4 mm,
37. Zingiber mioga (Thunberg) Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon-
pubescent, lobes rounded at apex; petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade
don 8: 348. 1807.
narrowly lanceolate, 18–25 × 3–4 cm, glabrous except sparsely
荷 rang he puberulent along midvein abaxially, base cuneate, apex acumi-
Amomum mioga Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, nate or caudate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, ellipsoid
51. 1784; Zingiber echuanense Y. K. Yang; Z. oligophyllum K. or narrowly so, 4.5–5 × 2–3 cm; peduncle embedded in ground,
Schumann. 6–12 cm, slender; bracts elliptic or narrowly so, 3–4 × 1–2 cm,
glabrous except red pubescent at acute or acuminate apex; brac-
Rhizomes yellowish. Ligule 2-lobed, 3–12 mm, membra- teoles red with white base, tubular, 2.5–2.8 cm. Calyx 1.4–1.6
nous; petiole absent to 1.7 cm; leaf blade lanceolate-elliptic or cm, apex obscurely 3-toothed. Corolla tube yellow, 4–5 cm;
linear-lanceolate, 20–37 × 4–6 cm, glabrous or abaxially pilose, central lobe lanceolate, 2.6–3 × 0.9–1 cm; lateral lobes 2–2.2
apex caudate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, ellipsoid, cm × 5–7 mm. Labellum yellow at base; lobes purple with yel-
5–7 cm; peduncle absent to 17 cm, scalelike sheaths oblong; low stripes, central one obovate, 1.8–2 × 1.1–1.3 cm, apex acu-
bracts reddish green with purple veins, elliptic. Calyx 2.5–3 cm. minate, lateral ones auriculate, small. Anther sessile, ca. 1.1 cm;
Corolla tube longer than calyx; lobes yellowish, lanceolate, 2.7– connective appendage yellow proximally, purple distally, ca. 1
3 cm × ca. 7 mm. Labellum ovate, ca. 3 cm; central lobe yellow cm. Ovary densely white pubescent. Capsule (immature) white
with white margin, ca. 2.5 × 1.8 cm; lateral lobes ca. 1.3 cm × 4 with purple or white apex, oblong, ca. 5 × 1.8 cm, 3-angled.
mm. Anther ca. 1 cm; connective appendage ca. 1 cm. Cap- Seeds subobovoid, ca. 5 mm; aril white. Fl. Oct.
sule obovoid, loculicidally dehiscent; pericarp red inside. Seeds
Forests; ca. 1200 m. SW Yunnan (Menglian Dai-Lahu-Va Zu Zi-
black; aril white. Fl. Aug–Oct. 2n = 22.
zhixian) [N Thailand].
Moist places in mountain valleys; rarely cultivated. Anhui, Guang-
dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang 40. Zingiber striolatum Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 262. 1900.
[Japan]. 阳荷 yang he
Medicinal and a vegetable.
Zingiber didymoglossum K. Schumann; Z. emeiense Z. Y.
38. Zingiber longyanjiang Z. Y. Zhu, Bull. Sichuan School Zhu; Z. hupehense Pampanini; Z. liangshanense Z. Y. Zhu.
Chin. Mat. Med. 30(2): 28. 1992. Rhizomes white, slightly fragrant. Pseudostems 1–1.5 m.
龙眼姜 long yan jiang Ligule brown striped, 2-lobed, 4–7 mm, membranous; petiole
0.8–1.2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 25–35 ×
Rhizomes yellowish white inside, tuberous. Pseudostems 3–6 cm, abaxially glabrous or sparsely villous, base attenuate,
1–1.8 m, base purplish brown. Ligule 2-lobed, 4–11 mm; peti- apex caudate. Inflorescences arising from rhizomes, subovoid;
ole purple or yellowish green, 4–10 mm, white villous; leaf peduncle 1.5–2 cm or longer, scalelike sheaths 2 or 3; bracts
blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 25–40 × 5–11 cm, adaxially red, broadly ovate or elliptic, 3.5–5 cm, pubescent. Calyx ca. 5
subglabrous, abaxially appressed villous and glandular spotted, cm, membranous. Corolla tube white, 4–6 cm; lobes white or
base broadly cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences arising yellowish with purplish brown stripes, oblong-lanceolate, 3–3.5
from rhizomes, obovoid or narrowly ovoid, 3–5 × 2–4 cm; cm. Labellum pale purple, obovate, ca. 3 × 2.6 cm; lateral lobes
peduncle 1–3 cm; bracts greenish white or yellowish white, ca. 5 mm. Filament very short; anther lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm;
ovate or oblong, 2.5–3 × 2–3 cm, apex rounded, inner bracts connective appendage ca. 1.5 cm. Capsule ca. 3.5 cm, loculi-
oblanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5–3.8 × 0.8–1.5 cm, abaxially cidally dehiscent; pericarp red inside. Seeds black; aril white.
slightly villous, apex emarginate or acute. Calyx white, 8–10 Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Sep–Dec. 2n = 22*.
mm, white villous, apex truncate or undulate. Corolla tube yel-
lowish white, 3–4.2 cm, white villous; central lobe lanceolate, • Forest floors, streamsides; 300–1900 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,
Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan.
2.5–2.9 cm × 6–9 mm; lateral lobes narrower than central one,
apex 2-cleft. Labellum pale purple with yellowish white base, Medicinal.
ca. 2.5 cm, throat glabrous; central lobe ligulelike or narrowly 41. Zingiber gulinense Y. M. Xia, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 18: 51.
oblong, 1.3–1.6 cm; lateral lobes oblong, 6–8 × 3–5 mm, apex 1996.
2-cleft. Anther yellowish white, ca. 1.1 cm; connective ap-
古林姜 gu lin jiang
 Pseudostems 50–90 cm, base with purple sheaths. Leaf 42. Zingiber pleiostachyum K. Schumann in Engler, Pflanzenr.
sheath green, glabrous; ligule 2-lobed, glabrous; petiole 1–1.7 20(IV. 46): 185. 1904.
cm; leaf blade elliptic, 10–18 × 5.6–7 cm, adaxially glabrous, 多穗姜 duo sui jiang
abaxially sparsely villous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflo-
Pseudostems ca. 50 cm. Ligule 2-lobed, ca. 6 mm, gla-
rescences arising from rhizomes, capitate, 1.8–3 × 1.8–2.5 cm;
brous; petiole 3–6 mm; leaf blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
peduncle embedded in ground, 2–7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 3–3.2
9–15 × 3–4.5 cm, glabrous. Inflorescences numerous, arising
× ca. 1.1 cm; bracteoles densely red spotted, tubular, ca. 2.8 cm.
from rhizomes, 4–6-flowered; peduncle flexuous, 4–7 cm, gla-
Calyx white, ca. 1.4 cm, glabrous, apex emarginate. Corolla
brous, clothed with 5 or 6 oblong-lanceolate sheaths; bracts li-
yellow, glabrous; tube ca. 2.6 cm; lobes ovate, central one ca.
near-lanceolate, ca. 3 cm, glabrous; bracteoles convolute. Flow-
2.1 cm × 8 mm, apex acuminate; lateral lobes ca. 1.7 cm × 6
ers red. Pedicel 6–7 mm, sericeous. Calyx ca. 1.8 cm, split on 1
mm, apex acute. Labellum purple with white dots, base white;
side. Corolla tube ca. 3.8 cm, very slender; lobes ca. 2 cm.
central lobe oblong, ca. 1 cm × 2 mm; lateral lobes linear, ca. 1
Labellum subrhombic, ca. 2.4 cm; lateral lobes ca. 6 mm, apex
cm × 2 mm. Stamen purple; filament ca. 2 mm; anther ca. 9 mm;
acute. Anther ca. 1 cm; connective appendage ca. 1 cm.
connective appendage ca. 4 mm. Ovary pale green, glabrous.
Capsule purple, ovoid, ca. 2.3 × 1.2 cm, 3-angled. fl. Sep. • Taiwan.

• Forests; ca. 600 m. SE Yunnan (Maguan Xian).

2. PLAGIOSTACHYS Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32: 151. 1899.
偏穗姜属 pian sui jiang shu

Rhizomes on or just below ground, producing closely grouped pseudostems. Ligule usually deeply 2-lobed; leaf blade lan-
ceolate or linear. Inflorescences breaking through leaf sheaths, ovoid, oblong, or conical; bracts densely arranged, margin entire or
fimbriate; bracteoles tubular, at least distal ones becoming slimy and decaying early. Calyx tubular or funnelform, split on 1 side,
apex 3-toothed. Corolla fleshy; tube shorter than or equaling calyx; lobes oblong or ovate, central one erect, hooded. Lateral stami-
nodes toothlike or subulate. Labellum oblong, flat, apex 2-lobed or entire. Filament thickened, short; anther oblong, apex emarginate;
connective appendage absent. Ovary small. Stylodes short. Capsule ovoid or ellipsoid; pericarp dry, brittle. Seeds 3 or 4 per valve,
angled.
About 18 species: SE Asia; one species (endemic) in China.

1. Plagiostachys austrosinensis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta breaking through leaf sheaths 14–16 cm above ground, sessile,
Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 37. 1978. conical, 3.5–6.5 × 2.5–3.5 cm; bracts numerous, densely
imbricate, ovate, 1.7–1.4 cm, pilose abaxially and at margin, 2-
偏穗姜 pian sui jiang
flowered; bracteoles ovate or oblong. Calyx funnelform, ca. 8
Rhizomes creeping, 5–10 mm in diam. Pseudostems 60– mm, pilose. Corolla tube shorter than calyx; lobes oblong, ca.
100 cm. Leaf sheath pubescent; ligule 2-lobed, 2–3 mm; petiole 6 × 3 mm. Anther sessile, ca. 5 mm. Ovary hairy. Style ca. 6
absent to 1.2 cm; leaf blade linear, 30–50 × 3–5 cm, glabrous ex- mm; stigma capitate. Fl. May. 2n = 96*.
cept pubescent along midvein abaxially. Inflorescences • Dense forests, scrub. Guangdong, Guangxi.

3. ALPINIA Roxburgh, Asiat. Res. 11: 350. 1810, nom. cons.

山姜属 shan jiang shu

Albina Giseke, nom. rej.; Buekia Giseke, nom. rej.; Zerumbet J. C. Wendland, nom. rej.
Rhizomes creeping, thick. Pseudostems many, well developed, rarely absent. Leaves many, rarely 1–4; leaf blade oblong or lan-
ceolate. Inflorescence a terminal panicle, raceme, or spike, dense or lax, covered by 1–3 spatulate involucral bracts when immature;
bracts (when present) open to base, rarely hooded, each subtending 1 flower or a cincinnus of 2 to many flowers; bracteoles open to
base or tubular, rarely hooded, sometimes absent. Calyx usually tubular, sometimes split on 1 side. Corolla central lobe ± hooded,
usually wider than lateral lobes. Lateral staminodes small or absent, subulate or toothlike, adnate to base of labellum. Labellum often
showy, usually larger than corolla lobes, sometimes inconspicuous, margin variously lobed or entire. Filament present or absent; con-
nective crested or not. Ovary usually 3-loculed and placentation axile. Stigma usually well expanded, sometimes clavate, rarely geni-
culate. Stylodes often massive. Capsule usually globose, dry or fleshy, indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds numerous, often
angled, arillate.
About 230 species: tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands; 51 species (35 endemic) in China.

1a. Bracteoles funnelform or deeply concave, enclosing flower buds.

2a. Bracteoles funnelform, persistent; corolla lobes 0.5–1.2 cm; labellum 0.5–1.5 cm; bracts small.
3a. Labellum ca. 1.5 cm; capsule black, 1.2–1.5 cm in diam. ........................................................................................... 1. A. nigra
3b. Labellum ca. 0.5 cm; capsule not black, 0.8–1 cm in diam. ............................................................................... 2. A. conchigera
 2b. Bracteoles shell-shaped, deciduous after anthesis; corolla lobes 1.8–4.5 cm; labellum more than 2 cm, bracts absent.
4a. Inflorescence a panicle.
5a. Capsule ribbed.
6a. Inflorescences erect, rachis subglabrous; labellum ca. 3 cm ......................................................................... 3. A. formosana
6b. Inflorescences drooping, rachis densely tomentose; labellum 4–6 cm ........................................................... 4. A. zerumbet
5b. Capsule not ribbed.
7a. Petiole absent; leaf blade glabrous, 2–3.5 cm wide; labellum obovate, 2.7–3.5 × 1.5–2 cm ........................ 5. A. calcarata
7b. Petiole 2.5–9 cm; leaf blade pubescent abaxially, 6–20 cm wide; labellum 3.5–4 × 3–3.8 cm.
8a. Ligule 2-lobed; bracteoles deep red, 2–3.3 cm; corolla lobes white tinged with red, ca. 2.2 cm ........... 6. A. guinanensis
8b. Ligule entire; bracteoles brown, 3–4 cm; corolla lobes wholly white, 3–3.6 cm ................................. 7. A. menghaiensis
4b. Inflorescence a raceme or spike.
9a. Inflorescence a spike.
10a. Labellum 1.5–2 cm.
11a. Bracteoles ca. 1.5 cm, early deciduous; corolla lobes ca. 1.5 cm; labellum ovate-rhomboidal, ca.
1.6 × 1.6 cm ............................................................................................................................................... 8. A. shimadae
11b. Bracteoles ca. 3.2 cm, persistent; corolla lobes 1.8–2.2 cm; labellum suborbicular, ca. 2 × 2 cm ....... 9. A. sessiliflora
10b. Labellum 3–4.5 cm.
12a. Corolla lobes ca. 2 cm; lateral staminodes absent; labellum white, with purple stripes toward
center .............................................................................................................................................. 10. A. dolichocephala
12b. Corolla lobes 3–5 cm; lateral staminodes very small or 4–5 mm; labellum yellow at margin,
yellow-red toward center.
13a. Spikes ca. 15 cm; bracteoles 2- or 3-toothed at apex; labellum ovate-rhomboidal, not 2-lobed
at apex ........................................................................................................................................... 11. A. kusshakuensis
13b. Spikes 20–25 cm; bracteoles subrounded at apex; labellum broadly ovate-rhomboidal, shortly
2-lobed at apex ................................................................................................................................ 12. A. tonrokuensis
9b. Inflorescence a raceme.
14a. Pedicels less than 2 mm.
15a. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous .............................................................................................................. 13. A. mesanthera
15b. Leaf blade abaxially hairy.
16a. Bracteoles ca. 1.2 cm; corolla lobes ciliate at margin; labellum ovate, ca. 2.2 cm .......................... 14. A. kawakamii
16b. Bracteoles 4–5 cm; corolla lobes glabrous at margin; labellum obovate, 4.5–7 cm ........................ 15. A. platychilus
14b. Pedicels 2–15 mm.
17a. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous.
18a. Labellum 3–3.8 cm.
19a. Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 10 mm; leaf blade cordate at base; labellum red, white at margin .............. 16. A. ovoideicarpa
19b. Ligule entire, 4–6 mm; leaf blade cuneate at base; labellum red with yellow center, margin
not white .................................................................................................................................... 17. A. blepharocalyx
18b. Labellum (3.5–)3.8–5.5 cm.
20a. Pedicels 4–8 mm; lateral staminodes 4–8 mm ................................................................................. 18. A. napoensis
20b. Pedicels 2–4 mm; lateral staminodes 2–3 mm.
21a. Ligule 3–10 mm; bracteoles 2–3.5 cm; labellum 3.5–4.5 cm ................................................... 19. A. hainanensis
21b. Ligule 10–15 mm; bracteoles ca. 5.5 cm; labellum ca. 5 cm ........................................................ 20. A. uraiensis
17b. Leaf blade adaxially hairy.
22a. Petiole 2.5–8 cm.
23a. Petiole 2.5–4 cm; ligule 1–2 cm; labellum ca. 4 cm, yellow at center ........................................... 21. A. emaculata
23b. Petiole 4–8 cm; ligule ca. 0.8 cm; labellum ca. 2.5 cm, red at center ....................................... 22. A. kwangsiensis
22b. Petiole less than 2.5 cm.
24a. Lateral staminodes subulate, 6–8 mm.
25a. Calyx 4–6-toothed at apex; labellum broadly ovate, 3.9–4.5 cm, yellow with red center
................................................................................................................................................ 23. A. rubromaculata
25b. Calyx 3-toothed at apex; labellum ovate, 3–3.5 cm, red with yellow center ........................ 17. A. blepharocalyx
24b. Lateral staminodes absent or ca. 3 mm.
26a. Lateral staminodes absent; pedicel ca. 7 mm; corolla lobes densely sericeous ....................... 24. A. malaccensis
26b. Lateral staminodes subulate, ca. 3 mm; pedicel ca. 3 mm; corolla lobes ciliate at margin ...... 19. A. hainanensis
1b. Bracteoles flat or slightly concave, sometimes very small (ca. 1 mm) or absent.
27a. Bracteoles absent or very small (ca. 1 mm); bracts absent or minute.
28a. Ligule 1–3 cm or more, membranous.
29a. Leaf blade linear, 1.2–2.5 cm wide ............................................................................................................ 25. A. officinarum
29b. Leaf blade lanceolate, 3–6 cm wide.
 30a. Inflorescence a panicle; labellum nearly fan-shaped, ca. 1 cm ................................................................. 26. A. flabellata
30b. Inflorescence a raceme; labellum obovate, ca. 2 cm ................................................................................. 27. A. oxyphylla
28b. Ligule less than 0.5 cm, not membranous.
31a. Leaf blade hairy on both surfaces.
32a. Leaf blade 25–40 × 4–7 cm; racemes 15–30 cm; labellum ovate, ca. 6 mm wide ..................................... 28. A. japonica
32b. Leaf blade 10–18 × 2–3 cm; racemes 4–5 cm; labellum oblong-obovate or oblong, 0.8–1.6 cm .... 29. A. nanchuanensis
31b. Leaf blade glabrous.
33a. Inflorescence a spike.
34a. Leaf sheath pubescent; spikes 1.5–6 cm; flowers usually in pairs proximally on spike rachis,
solitary distally; labellum entire at margin ........................................................................................ 30. A. bambusifolia
34b. Leaf sheath glabrous; spikes 10–20 cm; flowers in clusters of 3 on spike rachis; labellum crisped
at margin ............................................................................................................................................... 31. A. jianganfeng
33b. Inflorescence a raceme.
35a. Labellum ca. 2 cm.
36a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.3 cm wide; lateral staminodes absent; labellum obovate .................. 32. A. pricei
36b. Leaf blade linear, 0.3–1.5 cm wide; lateral staminodes linear, 8–9 mm; labellum ovate .............. 33. A. graminifolia
35b. Labellum (0.5–)0.7–1.6 cm.
37a. Ligule cuneate, ca. 4 mm; petiole absent; racemes 4–8(–12) cm; lateral staminodes triangular,
ca. 1 mm ..................................................................................................................................................... 34. A. brevis
37b. Ligule 2-lobed, 2–3 mm; petiole 0.5–3 cm; racemes 9–22 cm; lateral staminodes linear,
3–4 mm ........................................................................................................................................... 35. A. sichuanensis
27b. Bracteoles flat or concave, more than 1 mm; bracts present.
38a. Inflorescence a panicle.
39a. Panicles narrow, branches 3–6 mm; labellum 6–7 mm ............................................................................ 36. A. oblongifolia
39b. Panicles spreading, branches more than 8 mm; labellum more than 10 mm.
40a. Bracts and bracteoles persistent in fruit; capsule oblong or ellipsoid; petiole to 0.6 cm ............................. 37. A. galanga
40b. Bracts and bracteoles early deciduous; capsule globose; petiole 1–9 cm.
41a. Petiole and leaf blade pubescent adaxially (sometimes glabrous in A. polyantha).
42a. Pseudostems to 4.6 m; leaf blade to 100 × 25 cm; labellum suborbicular or oblong, ca. 2.2 ×
1.8–2.2 cm ............................................................................................................................................ 38. A. polyantha
42b. Pseudostems 1–2 m; leaf blade 30–40(–80) × 8–10(–20) cm; labellum oblong-ovate, 1–1.2 ×
0.6–0.7 cm ............................................................................................................................................. 39. A. maclurei
41b. Petiole and leaf blade glabrous adaxially.
43a. Ligule 5–6 mm, thin; panicles glabrous ............................................................................................ 40. A. intermedia
43b. Ligule 10–20 mm, thick; panicles hairy.
44a. Panicle branches apically 1–3-flowered; labellum 1.5–2 cm ............................................... 41. A. guangdongensis
44b. Panicle branches apically 3–8-flowered; labellum 1.2–1.4 cm.
45a. Leaf blade oblong, 10–14 cm wide; bracteoles oblong ................................................................... 42. A. globosa
45b. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, ca. 7 cm wide; bracteoles ovate ................................................... 43. A. tonkinensis
38b. Inflorescence a raceme or spike.
46a. Inflorescences conelike or cylindric, densely flowered.
47a. Inflorescences conelike, 4.5–9 × 3–4 cm; bracts 1.7–2.2 cm; petiole absent to 1 cm ........................ 44. A. strobiliformis
47b. Inflorescences cylindric, 7–9 × 1.5–2.5 cm; bracts less than 0.8 cm; petiole 2.5–4.5 cm ..................... 45. A. pinnanensis
46b. Inflorescences neither conelike nor cylindric, laxly flowered.
48a. Pseudostems not frondlike; leaves 1–4.
49a. Leaf blade adaxially green with deep green stripes along veins, glabrous; labellum white with red
stripes, ovate, ca. 1.2 cm .............................................................................................................................. 46. A. pumila
49b. Leaf blade adaxially uniformly green, glabrous except pubescent along midvein and at margin;
labellum yellow with red stripes, broadly ovate, ca. 0.7 cm .................................................................. 47. A. psilogyna
48b. Pseudostems frondlike; leaves many.
50a. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic; inflorescences ca. 4 cm; labellum oblong ....................................... 48. A. coriacea
50b. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate; inflorescences 5–6 cm; labellum ovate or rhomboidal-ovate.
51a. Plants with odor of coriander (Coriandrum sativum); bracts deciduous ................................... 49. A. coriandriodora
51b. Plants without odor of coriander; bracts persistent.
52a. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous; spikes 10–16 cm; bracts densely tomentose ................................ 50. A. stachyodes
52b. Leaf blade adaxially densely pubescent; spikes 7–9 cm; bracts densely sericeous ....................... 51. A. jingxiensis

1. Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B. L. Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. 黑果山姜 hei guo shan jiang
Edinburgh 35: 213. 1977.
 Zingiber nigrum Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 35. 1788; Pseudostems to 1(–3.5) m. Ligule to 1 cm, abaxially vil-
Alpinia allughas (Retzius) Roscoe; Heritiera allughas Retzius; lous, apex obtuse; petiole absent to 1 cm; leaf blade lanceolate
Languas allughas (Retzius) Burkill. or oblong-lanceolate, 50–70 × 8–12 cm, both ends acuminate.
Panicles narrow, 15–20 cm; rachis glabrous or sparsely villous;
Pseudostems 1.5–3 m. Leaves sessile or subsessile; ligule branches 2- or 3-flowered; bracteoles elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, apex
orbicular, 4–6 mm, glabrous; leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic- mucronate. Pedicel ca. 3 mm. Calyx 1.3–1.7 cm, split on 1 side,
lanceolate, 25–40 × 6–8 cm, glabrous, base and apex acute. apex 3-toothed, ciliate. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm, glabrous; lobes
Panicles erect, to 30 cm; branches expanded, 2–8 cm; rachis oblong, ca. 1.5 cm, apex ciliate. Lateral staminodes subulate,
and branches tomentose, usually lax with remote cincinni; less than 2 mm. Labellum white tinged with yellow, marked
bracts ovate; bracteoles funnelform, tomentose, persistent. Pedi- with red stripes at center, broadly ovate, ca. 3 cm, apex shortly
cel 3–5 mm. Calyx tubular, 1.2–1.5 cm, split down 1 side for ca. 2-cleft, crisped. Stamen ca. 2 cm, with a kneelike bend. Ovary
2/3 its length, pubescent abaxially. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm; lobes subglobose, white sericeous. Capsule vermilion, ellipsoid, wrin-
oblong, ca. 1.2 cm, pubescent abaxially, central one wider than kled. Fl. Jul–Aug.
lateral ones, apex cucullate. Lateral staminodes subulate.
Taiwan [Japan].
Labellum obovate, ca. 1.5 cm, base clawed, apex 2-cleft. Sta-
men ca. 1.5 cm; filament linear, ca. 1 cm; anther curved. Ovary This species was recognized as a natural hybrid between Alpinia
densely pubescent. Capsule black when dry, globose, 1.2–1.5 intermedia and A. zerumbet by Yang and Wang (in Chiu & Peng, Proc.
cm in diam., sparsely pubescent, irregularly dehiscent, apex with Cross-Strait Symp. Florist. Diversity Conservation, 183–197. 1998).
flower remains; pedicel 5–10 mm. Seeds 5–6 mm in diam. Fl. 4. Alpinia zerumbet (Persoon) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Smith,
and fr. Jul–Aug. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 204. 1972.
Forests; 900–1100 m. S Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Thai- 艳山姜 yan shan jiang
land].
Chinese records of Alpinia aquatica (J. König) Roscoe (e.g., in
Costus zerumbet Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 3. 1805; Alpinia
FRPS) are referable to A. nigra. fluviatilis Hayata; A. schumanniana Valeton; A. speciosa (J. C.
Wendland) K. Schumann (1893), not (Blume) D. Dietrich
Medicinal. (1839); Languas schumanniana (Valeton) Sasaki; L. speciosa (J.
2. Alpinia conchigera Griffith, Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 424. 1851. C. Wendland) Small; Zerumbet speciosum J. C. Wendland.
节鞭山姜 jie bian shan jiang Pseudostems 2–3 m. Ligule 5–10 mm, abaxially hairy;
petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 30–60 × 5–10 cm,
Languas conchigera (Griffith) Burkill. glabrous except pubescent at margin, base attenuate, apex acu-
Pseudostems 1.2–2 m. Ligule entire, ca. 5 mm, tomentose minate with a spiral mucro. Panicles drooping, to 30 cm, en-
or glabrous; petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, 20–30 × closed by 2 long sheaths when young; rachis purple-red, vel-
1–10 cm, glabrous except pubescent along midvein abaxially vety; branches very short, 1- or 2(or 3)-flowered; bracteoles
and at margin, lateral veins very conspicuous and dense when enclosing flower buds, white with pink apex, elliptic, 3–3.5 cm,
dry, base obtuse, apex acute. Panicles 20–30 cm, usually only glabrous. Pedicel 1–2 cm. Calyx white, subcampanulate, ca. 2
1- or 2-branched; secondary branches many, ca. 1.5 cm; bracts cm, split on 1 side, apex toothed. Corolla tube shorter than ca-
ca. 5 mm; bracteoles funnelform, 3–4 mm, apex obliquely trun- lyx; lobes milky white with pink apex, oblong, ca. 3 cm; central
cate. Pedicel 3–5 mm. Calyx pale green, cupular, 3–4 mm, apex lobe larger than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes subulate, ca.
3-cleft. Corolla white or pale blue-green, abaxially pubescent; 2 mm. Labellum yellow with purple-red stripes, broadly ovate-
tube equaling calyx; lobes 5–7 mm, central one rounded at apex. spatulate, 4–6 cm, apex crisped. Stamen ca. 2.5 cm. Ovary
Lateral staminodes red, quadrate, ca. 1.5 mm. Labellum pale golden yellow hirsute. Capsule vermilion, globose, ca. 2 cm in
yellow or pinkish with red streaks, obovate, ca. 5 mm, concave, diam., ribbed, apex with persistent calyx. Seeds angled. Fl. Apr–
base bearing a purple callosity covering corolla throat. Jun, fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 48*.
Filament pale yellowish to pinkish, ca. 5 mm, slender; anther Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan, [Bangladesh,
ca. 2 mm. Ovary pyriform, glabrous. Capsule globose when Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri
fresh, oblong when dry, 8–10 mm in diam. Seeds 3–5, strongly Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
aromatic. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Sep–Dec.
Cultivated for ornament, including plants with variegated leaves.
Forests; 600–1100 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, In-
donesia (Sumatra), Laos, W Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam]. 5. Alpinia calcarata Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 347.
1807.
Medicinal.
距花山姜 ju hua shan jiang
3. Alpinia formosana K. Schumann, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27: 283.
1899. Languas calcarata (Roscoe) Merrill.
美山姜 mei shan jiang Pseudostems to 1.3 m. Leaves sessile; ligule 8–15 mm,
Alpinia koshunensis Hayata; Languas formosana (K. glabrous, apex obtuse; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 20–32 × 2–
Schumann) Sasaki; L. koshunensis (Hayata) Sasaki. 3.5 cm or narrower, glabrous, base attenuate, margin with well-
spaced, short bristles, apex acuminate and caudate-mucronate.
Panicles less than 10 cm; rachis slightly velvety; proximal 密穗山姜 mi sui shan jiang
branches 3- or 4-flowered; bracteoles oblong, to 1.7 cm, mem-
Alpinia densespicata Hayata; A. mediomaculata Hayata;
branous, apex obtuse. Pedicel ca. 3 mm. Calyx to 1.2 cm, split
Languas densespicata (Hayata) Sasaki; L. mediomaculata (Ha-
on 1 side, pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube white, ca. 9
yata) Sasaki.
mm; lobes oblong, ca. 2.2 cm. Lateral staminodes red, subulate,
ca. 3 mm, adnate to base of labellum. Labellum white with rose Pseudostems 1–2 m. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate;
red and purple streaks, obovate, 2.7–3.5 × 1.5–2 cm, apex ligule oblong, margin hirsute; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, gla-
emarginate. Filament ca. 1.3 cm; anther 5–7 mm. Ovary 3–4 brous except hirsute at margin. Spikes cylindric, 12–15 cm,
mm in diam., sericeous. Capsule red, globose. Fl. May. 2n = densely flowered; rachis sericeous-villous; bracteoles obovate,
48*. ca. 1.5 cm, early deciduous. Calyx subcylindric, ca. 1.8 cm,
Forests. Guangdong [India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka].
split on 1 side, abaxially hirsute, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube
ca. 8 mm; lobes ca. 1.5 cm, margin ciliate, central lobe
6. Alpinia guinanensis D. Fang & X. X. Chen in D. Fang, Gui- suborbicular, lateral ones narrower. Labellum ovate-rhomboidal,
haia 2: 135. 1982. ca. 1.6 × 1.6 cm, base with 2 callosities, margin erose. Anther ca.
桂南山姜 gui nan shan jiang 8 mm, apex 2-cleft. Ovary cylindric, ca. 3.5 mm, densely
villous. Capsule globose, ca. 1.3 cm in diam., sometimes
Pseudostems to 3 m. Leaf sheath striate, pubescent; ligule slightly ribbed, hirsute, base without persistent bracteoles, apex
2-lobed or -cleft, 1–1.5 cm, abaxially pubescent, margin ciliate; with persistent calyx. Fl. May, fr. Jul.
petiole 2.5–6 cm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong, 18–90 × 7.5–18 • Forests, montane regions; 400–800 m. Taiwan.
cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely pubescent, base
obliquely cuneate, margin ciliate, apex caudate. Panicles 9. Alpinia sessiliflora Kitamura, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 59: 39.
suberect, 16–36 cm, densely pubescent; branches 3–14 mm, 1946.
apically 1–3-flowered; involucral bracts 2, oblong, 15–24 × ca. 大头山姜 da tou shan jiang
2.8 cm, abaxially pubescent, early deciduous; bracts oblong, 2–
5 mm, deciduous; bracteoles deep red, shell-shaped, 2–3.3 cm, Alpinia macrocephala Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5: 223.
deciduous, margin ciliate. Pedicel 1–2 mm. Calyx pale red, ca. 1915, not K. Schumann (1904); A. pricei Hayata var. sessili-
1.5 cm, apex 3-toothed, ciliate. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm, densely flora (Kitamura) J. Jung Yang & J. C. Wang.
pubescent at throat; lobes white tinged with red, oblong, ca. 2.2 Pseudostems 1–2 m. Leaves petiolate; ligule oblong, abax-
cm × 7 mm, apex cucullate, central lobe wider than lateral ones. ially hirsute; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, ca. 80 × 11 cm, adax-
Lateral staminodes purple, linear, (2–)5–9 mm. Labellum yel- ially glabrous, abaxially glabrous except sparsely villous along
low with purple stripes, ovate, ca. 4 × 3 cm, base rounded, mar- veins, base attenuate, margin hirsute, apex acute or acuminate.
gin undulate, apex emarginate. Filament ca. 1.6 cm; anther ca. 1 Spikes erect, dark red or purple-red, ca. 9 × 6 cm, densely flow-
cm. Ovary densely pubescent. Capsule red, globose, smooth. Fl. ered; rachis densely villous, base with 2 spathelike bracts sub-
Apr. 2n = 48*. tending inflorescence; bracteoles ca. 3.2 cm, persistent. Pedicel
• Scrub. Guangxi. absent. Calyx cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm × 8 mm, base velvety abax-
ially. Corolla tube ca. 1.4 cm, glabrous; lobes obovate, 1.8–2.2
7. Alpinia menghaiensis S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia in S. Q. cm. Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum suborbicular, ca. 2 × 2
Tong, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 142. 1998. cm, base constricted, margin crisped. Filament ca. 7 mm; anther
勐海山姜 meng hai shan jiang ca. 8 mm. Ovary globose, less than 1 cm in diam., densely vil-
lous. Capsule dark red, fusiform-globose, ca. 1.5 × 1 cm, base
Pseudostems 1.5–3 m. Leaf sheath striate, glabrous; ligule with persistent bracteoles, apex with persistent calyx. Fl. Jan.
entire, 1.4–1.6 cm, densely brown pubescent; petiole 4–9 cm,
• Montane regions; 1300–2000 m. Taiwan.
thinly pubescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 10–120 × 16–20
cm, abaxially pubescent, base cuneate, margin densely ciliate, 10. Alpinia dolichocephala Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 119.
apex shortly acuminate. Panicles 28–34 cm, densely brown 1920.
bristly; branches very short, 1- or 2-flowered; bracteoles brown, 紫纹山姜 zi wen shan jiang
3–4 cm, leathery. Calyx light purple-red, tubular, 2–2.3 cm,
apex 4-toothed. Corolla tube white, 0.5–1.8 cm, pubescent; Languas dolichocephala (Hayata) Sasaki.
lobes white, central one subovate, 3.1–3.6 × 2.1–2.6 cm, lateral Pseudostems to 2 m. Leaves subsessile; ligule yellow, pur-
ones narrowly elliptic, 1.2–1.5 cm wide. Lateral staminodes red, ple striped abaxially, entire or nearly 2-cleft, villous; leaf blade
ca. 1 cm. Labellum orange-yellow, scarlet at center, yellow at lanceolate, 70–90 × 10–12 cm, glabrous except shortly hirsute
margin and at red-striped apex, broadly ovate, 3.5–4 × 3.2–3.8 at margin, base abruptly attenuate, apex with caudate tip ca. 1
cm, apex narrowed, 2-lobed. Stamen ca. 3 cm; filament ca. 1.2 cm. Spikes ca. 15 cm, 20–30 cm in fruit, dark yellow sericeous-
cm. Ovary densely yellow-brown pubescent. Style white pubes- villous; bracteoles ca. 3 cm, nearly hard and brittle, base and
cent. Fl. Apr. margin hirsute, apex subrounded with hairlike arista 1–2 mm.
• Low forests; ca. 900 m. SW Yunnan (Menghai Xian). Pedicel absent. Calyx subcylindric, ca. 2 cm, split on 1 side,
abaxially very shortly hirsute. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm; lobes ca. 2
8. Alpinia shimadae Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5: 219. 1915. cm, central one hooklike, distal margin hirsute, apex mucronate.
Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum white, purple striped to- sute; bracteoles ca. 2.2 × 1.7 cm, split on 1 side, glabrous, apex
ward center, broadly ovate, ca. 4 × 4 cm, margin erose, apex 2- 2- or 3-lobed. Pedicel held at right angle to rachis. Calyx cylin-
cleft. Filament glabrous; anther ca. 1 cm. Ovary subglobose, ca. dric, ca. 2 cm, split on 1 side, base shortly hirsute abaxially,
2 mm in diam. Capsule globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., shortly apex 3-lobed, ciliate. Corolla tube cylindric, ca. 1.3 cm, abax-
hirsute. Fl. Apr. ially glabrous; central lobe obovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 cm, apex emar-
• Forests; 400–700 m. Taiwan. ginate or 2-cleft, ciliate; lateral lobes oblong-spatulate, narrower
11. Alpinia kusshakuensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 121. than central one. Lateral staminodes warty, hirsute. Labellum
1920. orbicular, ca. 3 cm in diam., margin denticulate, apex 2-cleft.
Filament ca. 1 cm; anther obsagittate, ca. 1 cm. Ovary oblong,
菱唇山姜 ling chun shan jiang ca. 1.3 cm, densely villous. Fl. Jul.
Languas kusshakuensis (Hayata) Sasaki. • Taiwan.
Pseudostems more than 2 m. Leaves sessile or shortly peti- 14. Alpinia kawakamii Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 5: 222. 1915.
olate; ligule 2-lobed, ca. 8 mm, abaxially villous; leaf blade lan-
ceolate, ca. 50 × 10 cm, glabrous except ciliate at margin, base 密毛山姜 mi mao shan jiang
attenuate, apex abruptly acuminate. Spikes ca. 15 cm, densely Alpinia elwesii Turrill; A. shimadae Hayata var. kawaka-
many flowered, densely villous; bracteoles shell-shaped, 2.5–3 mii (Hayata) J. Jung Yang & J. C. Wang; Languas kawakamii
cm, apex 2- or 3- toothed. Pedicel very short or absent. Calyx (Hayata) Sasaki.
ca. 2 cm, split to middle on 1 side, abaxially hirsute, margin and
apex slightly hairy. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm; lobes 3–5 cm, central Pseudostems 1–2 m. Leaves subsessile; leaf sheath pub-
one obovate-spatulate, ca. 1.5 cm wide. Lateral staminodes 4–5 escent, marked with conspicuous, vertical striations; ligule 2-
mm. Labellum yellow-red toward center, yellow at margin, cleft, ca. 4 mm, abaxially pubescent; leaf blade linear-lanceo-
ovate-rhomboidal, 4–4.5 × ca. 3 cm, throat hirsute, margin erose- late, ca. 45 × 5.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely
denticulate, apex caudate, not 2-lobed. Stamen ca. 4 cm; anther pubescent, base attenuate, apex caudate-acuminate. Racemes
linear, ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary ca. 1 cm, densely villous. Style gla- erect, 12–15 cm, stout, densely flowered; rachis villous; brac-
brous. Fl. May. teoles obovate, ca. 1.2 cm × 7 mm, abaxially pubescent, margin
ciliate. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, villous. Calyx ca. 1 cm, split on 1
• Taiwan (Taibei Shi).
side, abaxially densely pubescent, margin ciliate. Corolla white;
This species was recognized as a natural hybrid between Alpinia tube ca. 1 cm, glabrous; lobes ciliate at margin, lateral ones
shimadae and A. uraiensis by Yang and Wang (loc. cit.). elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm × 7 mm, narrower than central
12. Alpinia tonrokuensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 123. one. Lateral staminodes very short. Labellum ovate, ca. 2.2 ×
1920. 1.6 cm, apex emarginate, white tinged with red. Stamen ca. 1.7
cm; filament ca. 7 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. Seeds
台北山姜 tai bei shan jiang
black; aril membranous.
Pseudostems 2–3 m. Leaves subsessile; ligule 2-lobed, ca. • Montane regions; 400–900 m. S Taiwan.
8 mm, abaxially villous; leaf blade lanceolate, ca. 55 × 10 cm,
glabrous except hirsute at margin, base acute, apex with linear- This species was united with Alpinia copelandii Ridley, from the
caudate tip ca. 2 cm. Spikes erect, 20–25 cm, densely flowered, Philippines, by Moo (in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 5: 832–833. 1978) and in
densely yellow villous; bracteoles pink, shell-shaped, ca. 3 × 3 FRPS.
cm, apex subrounded. Calyx pink, obconical-cylindric, ca. 2 cm, 15. Alpinia platychilus K. Schumann in Engler, Pflanzenr.
split to middle on 1 side. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm; lobes obovate, 20(IV. 46): 334. 1904.
4–5 cm, base attenuate. Lateral staminodes very small. Label-
lum yellow-red toward center, yellow at margin, broadly ovate- 宽唇山姜 kuan chun shan jiang
rhomboidal, 3–4 × 2.5 cm, base densely hirsute, apex subcuspi- Pseudostems ca. 2 m. Leaves subsessile; ligule ca. 1 cm,
date, shortly 2-lobed. Stamen erect or recurved; anther linear, ca. yellow villous; leaf blade lanceolate, ca. 60 × 16 cm, abaxially
1.5 cm; connective 2-lobed, ca. 6 mm wide, hirsute. Ovary sericeous-velvety, base attenuate, apex acute. Racemes erect, 25
densely tomentose. Stigma funnelform. Fl. May. cm or more; rachis very stout, golden yellow, sericeous-velvety;
• Taiwan (Taibei Shi). bracteoles reddish, broadly elliptic, 4–5 × ca. 7.5 cm, glabrous,
This species was recognized as a natural hybrid between Alpinia apex obtuse. Pedicel very short. Calyx 3–3.7 cm, split nearly to
uraiensis and A. zerumbet by Yang and Wang (loc. cit.). base on 1 side, apex 3-lobed, lobes subequal. Corolla white;
tube short and wide, ca. 5 mm, sericeous-villous; lobes broadly
13. Alpinia mesanthera Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5: 225. 1915. elliptic, 3.5–4 cm. Lateral staminodes hooklike, ca. 7 mm. La-
疏花山姜 shu hua shan jiang bellum yellow tinged with red, obovate, 4.5–7 × 8–9 cm, base
with very densely sericeous scab, apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 1.5
Languas mesanthera (Hayata) Sasaki.
cm, base villous; anther elliptic, ca. 1.7 cm. Ovary broadly
Pseudostems 1–2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule strigose abaxi- ellipsoid, sericeous-villous.
ally and at margin, apex rounded; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, • Wet areas in forests; 800–1600 m. S Yunnan.
ca. 60 × 10 cm, glabrous except villous at margin, base cuneate,
apex acuminate. Racemes erect, ca. 27 cm, lax; peduncle hir- 16. Alpinia ovoideicarpa H. Dong & G. J. Xu, Guihaia 13: 328.
1993. L. Wu in T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 35.
卵果山姜 luan guo shan jiang 1978.

Pseudostems 2–2.5 m. Ligule 2-lobed, ca. 1 cm, leathery; 光叶云南草蔻 guang ye yun nan cao kou
petiole 3–5 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 40–60 × 4–12.5 cm, Languas blepharocalyx var. glabrior Handel-Mazzetti,
glabrous, base obliquely cordate. Racemes erect, 18–24 cm, Symb. Sin. 7: 1322. 1936.
densely flowered; rachis densely golden hispid; bracteoles Leaf blade abaxially glabrous. Fl. Mar–Jul, fr. Apr–Nov.
brownish, narrowly elliptic, 2.5–3.8 cm. Pedicel ca. 2.5 cm,
Dense forests; 400–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan [Thai-
densely golden hispid. Calyx pale red, tubular, ca. 1.6 cm, white
land, Vietnam].
pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla white; tube ca. 1 cm, white
puberulent; lobes white ciliate at margin, central one suborbicu- 18. Alpinia napoensis H. Dong & G. J. Xu, Guihaia 13: 327.
lar, ca. 2.5 × 2 cm, apex mucronate, lateral ones narrowly ellip- 1993.
tic, ca. 2 × 1.5 cm. Lateral staminodes subulate, 4–6 mm. 那坡山姜 na po shan jiang
Labellum yellow with red stripes, white at margin, ovate, 3–3.8
× ca. 1.5 cm, apex reflexed. Stamen ca. 2.4 cm; filament red, ca. Pseudostems purple spotted, 1.5–2 m. Ligule entire or 2-
1.2 cm. Capsule red, ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1.2 cm. Fl. Apr, fr. Sep. lobed, 4–8 mm, leathery; petiole 0.5–4 cm; leaf blade oblong-
or elliptic-lanceolate, 40–60 × 4–12 cm, glabrous, base attenu-
• Forests. Guangxi. ate, slightly oblique, apex acuminate. Racemes erect, 13–27 cm;
17. Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schumann in Engler, Pflanzenr. rachis densely brown hispid; bracteoles brownish when dry,
20(IV. 46): 334. 1904. narrowly elliptic, 2.5–4.5 × ca. 1.2 cm, apex mucronate, ciliate.
Pedicel 4–8 mm, brown hispid. Calyx pink, tubular, 1.5–2 cm,
云南草蔻 yun nan cao kou apex 3- or 4-toothed, white ciliate. Corolla tube white, ca. 1.2
Pseudostems 1–3 m. Ligule ca. 6 mm, apex villous; petiole cm; lobes equal, central one broadly elliptic, ca. 3 × 2.5 cm,
to 2 cm; leaf blade adaxially dark green, abaxially pale green, lateral ones white, narrower, margin ciliate. Lateral staminodes
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 45–60 × 4–15 cm, adaxially subulate, 4–8 mm. Labellum bright red with yellow or white
glabrous, abaxially densely villous or glabrous, base attenuate, margin and yellow apex with a few red stripes, broadly ovate,
apex acuminate, mucronate. Racemes drooping, 20–30 cm; ra- 3.8–5.5 × ca. 2 cm. Stamen ca. 2.5 cm; filament red, ca. 1.3 cm.
chis hirsute; bracteoles green, elliptic, 3–4 cm, dry and brittle, Capsule red, globose or subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Fl.
sparsely villous or glabrescent, 1-flowered, early deciduous at Apr, fr. Sep.
anthesis. Pedicel 4–8 mm, slightly elongate in fruit. Calyx ellip- • Forests. Guangxi.
soid, 2–2.5 cm, split on 1 side, margin ciliate, apex 3-toothed.
19. Alpinia hainanensis K. Schumann in Engler, Pflanzenr. 20
Corolla flesh-colored; tube ca. 1 cm, pubescent at throat; central
(IV. 46): 335. 1904.
lobe suborbicular, ca. 2 cm wide; lateral lobes broadly lanceo-
late, 2–2.5 cm. Lateral staminodes subulate, 6–7 mm. Labellum 草豆蔻 cao dou kou
red with yellow center, ovate, 3–3.5 × ca. 3 cm, apex acute. Fil- Alpinia henryi K. Schumann; A. henryi var. densihispida
ament ca. 7 mm; anther ca. 1.7 cm. Ovary oblong, tomentose. H. Dong & G. J. Xu; A. kainantensis Masamune; A. katsuma-
Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 3 × 2 cm, pubescent. Seeds gray-yellow dae Hayata; Languas henryi (K. Schumann) Merrill; L. katsu-
to dull brown, forming globose clumps 1.2–1.6 cm in diam. Fl. madae (Hayata) Merrill.
Mar–Jul, fr. Apr–Dec.
Pseudostems to 3 m. Ligule (3–)5–10 mm, abaxially hir-
Dense or sparse forests; 400–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Yun- sute; petiole absent to 2 cm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 20–65
nan [Bangladesh, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
× 2–12 cm, glabrous or rarely abaxially sparsely hirsute, base
Medicinal. obliquely attenuate, margin hairy, apex acuminate, with spirally
caudate mucro. Racemes erect, 10–30 cm, yellow hirsute;
1a. Leaf blade abaxially densely
bracts 4–4.5 cm, glabrous; bracteoles milky white, broadly
villous ............................................ 17a. var. blepharocalyx
elliptic, 2–3.5 cm, hirsute at base and gradually becoming
1b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous ................ 17b. var. glabrior
glabrous toward mucronate apex. Pedicel 2–4 mm. Calyx
17a. Alpinia blepharocalyx var. blepharocalyx campanulate, 2–3 cm, split on 1 side, abaxially hairy, apex 2-
toothed. Corolla tube 8–10 mm; lobes lanceolate, 2.5–3 cm,
云南草蔻(原变种) yun nan cao kou (yuan bian zhong)
margin ciliate. Lateral staminodes subulate, ca. 3 mm.
Alpinia bracteata Roxburgh (1820), not Roscoe (1815); Labellum marked with radiate, purple stripes from center to
Languas blepharocalyx (K. Schumann) Handel-Mazzetti. margin, triangular-ovate, 3.5–4.5 cm, apex shallowly 2-cleft.
Filament ca. 1.5 cm; anther 1.2–1.5 cm. Ovary hirsute, ca. 5
Leaf blade abaxially densely villous. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul– mm in diam. Capsule globose, 2–3 cm in diam., yellow hirsute.
Dec. 2n = 48*. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. May–Aug. 2n = 48*.
Sparse forests; 500–1000 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Laos, Dense or sparse forests. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [Vietnam].
Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
20. Alpinia uraiensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5: 224. 1915.
17b. Alpinia blepharocalyx var. glabrior (Handel-Mazzetti) T.
大花山姜 da hua shan jiang apex 3-cleft. Corolla white; tube ca. 1.2 cm; lobes oblong, ca. 2
Languas uraiensis (Hayata) Sasaki. × 1.4 cm, margin ciliate. Labellum white, adaxially tinged with
red, ovate, ca. 2.5 cm. Anther ca. 1 cm; filament ca. 1 cm.
Pseudostems more than 2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule oblong- Ovary oblong, ca. 5 mm, densely yellow hirsute. Capsule glo-
triangular, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 6 mm, abaxially hirsute, apex obtuse; bose, ca. 2 cm in diam., sparsely villous. Fl. and fr. Apr–Jun. 2n
leaf blade linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 m × 13 cm, glabrous, base and = 48*.
apex acuminate. Racemes erect, flowering part ca. 25 cm, • Shaded wet places in valley forests; near sea level to 700 m.
densely flowered; rachis densely strigose-tomentose, many Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.
grooved; bracts reddish purple at apex, linear, ca. 2.5 cm × 4–5 23. Alpinia rubromaculata S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27:
mm, glabrous; bracteoles orbicular, ca. 5.5 cm, glabrous except 284. 1989.
strigose at base abaxially. Pedicel ca. 3 mm, moderately stout,
densely tomentose. Calyx nearly white, campanulate-cylindric, 红斑山姜 hong ban shan jiang
ca. 3.5 × 2 cm, deeply split on 1 side, abaxially sparsely hirsute, Pseudostems 1.5–2.5 m. Leaf sheath conspicuously striate;
apex finely 6-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 1.3 cm, abaxially
ligule entire, 8–10 mm, leathery, pubescent, soon glabrescent;
sparsely hirsute or subglabrous; central lobe obovate-oblong, ca.
petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lan-
3.5 × 2.8 cm. Lateral staminodes linear, ca. 2 mm. Labellum
ceolate, 40–80 × 10–14 cm, abaxially densely pubescent, base
yellow with reddish center, with radiate stripes on distal middle
narrow, oblique, apex shortly acuminate. Racemes 18–30 cm;
part disappearing at margin, oblong-triangular, ca. 5 × 4 cm,
apex 2-cleft; lobes 6–7 mm, with small warts, base densely rachis brown hispid; bracteoles oblong-triangular, 3.5–4 cm,
villous. Filament ca. 1 cm; anther ca. 1.8 cm. Ovary globose. apex 3-toothed, teeth rounded. Calyx red, tubular, 2.3–2.6 cm,
Style apex cupular. Capsule pale scarlet, globose, ca. 2.5 cm in base and apex densely white pubescent, apex 4–6-toothed, cili-
diam., densely hairy. Fl. Apr–May. ate. Corolla tube white, ca. 1 cm, pubescent; lobes white, ellip-
tic, 3.8–4.5 × 1.7–2.1 cm, base with a small appendage, margin
• Taiwan.
ciliate. Lateral staminodes red, ca. 8 mm, pubescent. Labellum
21. Alpinia emaculata S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 285. yellow with a few stripes, red at center, red spotted at margin,
1989. broadly ovate, 3.9–4.5 × 5–5.8 cm, apex 2-lobed. Stamen ca. 3
无斑山姜 wu ban shan jiang cm; filament ca. 1.2 cm, base white pubescent. Ovary yellow-
brown villous. Fr. Apr.
Pseudostems 1.5–2.5 m. Leaf sheath finely striate; ligule
entire, 1–2 cm, leathery, pubescent, soon glabrescent; petiole • Forests; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan.
2.5–4 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
24. Alpinia malaccensis (N. L. Burman) Roscoe, Trans. Linn.
40–80 × 10–18 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent,
Soc. London 8: 345. 1807.
base cuneate, margin densely ciliate, apex shortly acuminate.
Racemes 15–25 cm; rachis densely brown hispid; bracteoles 毛瓣山姜 mao ban shan jiang
red-brown, 3–4 cm, slightly hairy, soon glabrescent, apex
Maranta malaccensis N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica, 2. 1768.
rounded toothed, ciliate. Pedicel 2–4 mm. Calyx pale red,
tubular, ca. 2.2 cm, white pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla Pseudostems ca. 3 m or more. Ligule 2-cleft, to 1 cm,
tube ca. 1.5 cm, slightly white hairy; lobes white, central one slightly tomentose; petiole ca. 2 cm, grooved; leaf blade ob-
suborbicular, 3.2–3.5 × 3–3.3 cm, lateral ones narrowly elliptic. long-lanceolate or lanceolate, to 90 × 15 cm, abaxially pubes-
Lateral staminodes pale red, subulate, ca. 1 cm. Labellum red cent, base acute, apex acuminate. Racemes erect, to 35 cm; ra-
with yellow center and margin, broadly ovate, ca. 4 × 6 cm, chis stout, densely yellow pubescent; bracteoles white, broadly
apex abruptly convex, entire. Stamen ca. 2.8 cm; filament white elliptic, 3.5–4 cm. Pedicel ca. 7 mm, densely yellow pubescent.
pubescent at base. Ovary yellow-green, densely brown villous. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm, densely sericeous. Corolla white,
Capsule brownish, globose, ca. 3.4 cm in diam., apex with per- sericeous; tube ca. 1 cm; lobes oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–3 cm.
sistent calyx. Fr. Mar. Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum yellow with red stripes,
• Forests; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan. ovate, ca. 3.5 cm, apex emarginate. Stamen ca. 2.4 cm. Ovary
villous. Capsule yellow, globose, ca. 2 cm in diam., dehiscing
22. Alpinia kwangsiensis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phyto- irregularly. Fl. Apr. 2n = 48*.
tax. Sin. 16(3): 35. 1978.
Xizang, Yunnan; cultivated in Guangdong [Bangladesh, Bhutan,
长柄山姜 chang bing shan jiang India, Indonesia (Java), W Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand].
Pseudostems 1.5–3 m. Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 8 mm, hirsute; Cultivated as an ornamental.
petiole 4–8 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 40–60 × 8–16 cm,
adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely pubescent, base cordate or 25. Alpinia officinarum Hance, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 6. 1873.
attenuate, slightly oblique, apex with spirally rolled, sharp tip. 高良姜 gao liang jiang
Racemes erect, 13–30 cm, densely flowered, slightly elongate
in fruit, densely yellow hirsute; bracteoles brown, oblong, ca. Languas officinarum (Hance) Farwell.
3.5 cm, yellow hirsute, apex 2-cleft. Pedicel ca. 2 mm. Calyx Rhizomes elongate, terete. Pseudostems 40–110 cm.
pale purple, cylindric, ca. 2 cm, split on 1 side, yellow hirsute, Leaves sessile; ligule lanceolate, entire, 2–3(–5) cm, membra-
nous; leaf blade linear, 20–30 × 1.2–2.5 cm, glabrous, base at- 山姜 shan jiang
tenuate, apex caudate. Racemes erect, 6–10 cm; rachis tomen-
Globba japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14,
tose; bracteoles very small, less than 1 cm. Pedicel 1–2 mm.
73. 1784; Alpinia agiokuensis Hayata; Languas agiokuensis
Calyx 8–10 cm, puberulent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube
(Hayata) Sasaki; L. japonica (Thunberg) Sasaki.
slightly shorter than calyx; lobes oblong, ca. 1.5 cm, central one
hoodlike. Labellum white with red streaks, ovate, ca. 2 cm. Pseudostems 35–70 cm. Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 2 mm, pub-
Filament ca. 1 cm; anther ca. 6 mm. Ovary tomentose. Capsule escent; petiole to 2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, or
red, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Apr–Sep, fr. May–Nov. 2n = narrowly long elliptic, 25–40 × 4–7 cm, pubescent especially
48*. abaxially, base attenuate, apex acuminate, mucronate. Racemes
• Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan. 15–30 cm; rachis densely tomentose; involucral bracts lanceo-
Medicinal. late, ca. 9 cm, deciduous at anthesis; bracteoles very small,
early deciduous. Flowers usually paired on rachis, often also
26. Alpinia flabellata Ridley, Philipp. J. Sci. 4: 188. 1909. with degenerate flowers; pedicel ca. 2 mm. Calyx clavate, 1–1.2
扇唇山姜 shan chun shan jiang cm, pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm, sparsely
puberulent; lobes oblong, ca. 1 cm, abaxially tomentose, central
Languas flabellata (Ridley) Merrill. one hoodlike. Lateral staminodes linear, ca. 5 mm. Labellum
white marked with red stripes, ovate, ca. 6 mm wide, margin
Pseudostems to 3 m. Ligule ovate, entire, ca. 1 cm, margin
irregularly notched, apex 2-cleft. Stamen 1.2–1.4 cm. Ovary
minutely white hairy. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 30–40 ×
densely tomentose. Capsule salmon red, globose or ellipsoid, 1–
4–5 cm, glabrous, margin denticulate near acuminate apex.
1.5 cm in diam., pubescent, apex with persistent calyx. Seeds ca.
Panicles 10–20 cm, densely flowered; branches 2 or 3, 9–7 cm;
5 × 3 mm, many angled, with camphorlike odor. Fl. Apr–Aug,
bracts minute, ca. 7 mm; bracteoles absent. Pedicel 2–3 mm,
fr. Jul–Dec. 2n = 48*.
pubescent. Calyx tubular, ca. 8 mm, obtusely ribbed, glabrous,
apex 3-lobed. Corolla tube ca. 1 cm; central lobe oblong, ca. 7 × Forests. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
3.5 mm, apex hooked, minutely mucronate; lateral lobes obo- Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
vate-oblong, ca. 5 mm. Lateral staminodes 2, at base of label- Medicinal.
lum. Labellum nearly fan-shaped, ca. 1 cm; claw short; limb
subreniform, 4-lobed. Filament linear, short, glabrous; anther 29. Alpinia nanchuanensis Z. Y. Zhu, Bull. Sichuan School
oblong, short; connective crestless. Capsule ca. 6 mm in diam., Chin. Mat. Med. 8: 16. 1986.
glabrous.
南川山姜 nan chuan shan jiang
Taiwan (Huoshao Dao and Lan Yu opposite SE coast) [Japan
(Ryukyu Islands), Philippines]. Pseudostems 55–65 cm. Leaf sheath pubescent; ligule ob-
27. Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel, J. Bot. Neerl. 1: 93. 1861. scurely 2-lobed, 1–1.5 mm; petiole absent to 2 mm; leaf blade
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, (6–)10–18 × (1.4–)2–3 cm, pub-
益智 yi zhi escent especially adaxially, base subrounded or broadly cuneate,
margin ciliate, apex long caudate. Racemes 4–5 cm; rachis ca. 4
Languas oxyphylla (Miquel) Merrill.
mm thick; involucral bracts oblong, sparsely pubescent or
Pseudostems 1–3 m. Ligule brownish, 2-cleft, 1–2 cm, glabrescent, early deciduous, apex narrowly caudate. Flowers
rarely longer, membranous, sparsely puberulent; petiole short; white. Calyx tubular, 8–10 mm, pubescent, apex 3-lobed, lobes
leaf blade lanceolate, 25–35 × 3–6 cm, base subrounded, mar- rounded. Corolla tube 1.1–1.4 cm, pubescent; lobes oblong, 8–
gin hispid, glabrescent, apex attenuate, caudate. Racemes en- 10 mm, central one wider than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes
closed in bud by a hat-shaped involucral bract deciduous at linear, 4–5 mm. Labellum oblong-obovate or oblong, 0.8–1.6
anthesis; rachis very shortly puberulent. Pedicel 1–2 mm. Calyx cm, margin crisped, apex 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Stamen 1–1.3 cm.
tubular, ca. 1.2 cm, split to middle on 1 side, abaxially pubes- Ovary oblong, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fr. May.
cent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube 8–10 mm; lobes oblong,
• Scrub; ca. 800 m. SE Sichuan (Nanchuan Xian).
ca. 1.8 cm, central one white, wider than lateral ones, abaxially
sparsely puberulent. Lateral staminodes subulate, ca. 2 mm. La- 30. Alpinia bambusifolia C. F. Liang & D. Fang in D. Fang,
bellum white with red stripes, obovate, ca. 2 cm, apical margin Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 77. 1978.
crisped. Filament ca. 1.2 cm; anther ca. 7 mm. Ovary densely
tomentose. Capsule globose when fresh, fusiform when dry, 竹叶山姜 zhu ye shan jiang
1.5–2 × ca. 1 cm, with elevated, vascular stripes, pubescent, Pseudostems 0.5–1.5 m. Leaf sheath pubescent; ligule 2-
apex with persistent calyx. Seeds irregularly oblate; aril brown- cleft, to 3 mm; petiole absent to 3 mm; leaf blade narrowly
ish. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Apr–Sep. 2n = 48*. lanceolate, 3–25 × 0.7–3.5 cm, subglabrous except shortly cili-
• Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan. ate at margin, base cuneate, apex caudate. Spikes erect, subses-
Both wild and cultivated plants are used for medicine. sile, 1.5–6 cm; rachis pubescent; involucral bracts ovate to
lanceolate, 2.5–9 × 1–1.8 cm, abaxially pubescent, apex acute,
28. Alpinia japonica (Thunberg) Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lug- aristate, rarely caudate; bracts very small. Proximal flowers
duno-Batavi 3: 140. 1867. paired on rachis, distal ones solitary; pedicel less than 1 mm,
glabrous. Calyx pale purple-red, 0.9–1.1 cm, shallowly split on Pseudostems 70–100 cm. Leaves usually sessile; ligule 3–
1 side, abaxially densely pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla 5 mm, pubescent, apex concave; petiole rarely to 2 cm; leaf
abaxially pubescent; tube ca. 1.2 cm; lobes pale yellow, oblong, blade linear, 10–50 × (0.3–)0.9–1.5 cm, subglabrous, base cu-
hoodlike, ca. 7 × 4–5 mm. Lateral staminodes ca. 3 mm, hairy. neate, margin ciliate, apex long acuminate. Racemes erect, 4–
Labellum white with red stripes, obovate-oblong, ca. 9 × 6 mm, 10 cm; rachis densely pubescent; bracteoles very small, to 1
base hairy, apex 2-lobed. Stamen 1–1.2 cm; connective append- mm. Flowers solitary or paired on rachis, yellow. Calyx 0.9–1.2
age absent. Ovary glabrous. Capsule ovoid to ellipsoid, 1–1.5 cm, shallowly split on 1 side, abaxially puberulent, apex 3-
cm × 5–9 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Nov–Dec. 2n = 48*. toothed. Corolla tube subequaling calyx; lobes oblong, ca. 1 cm
× 4 mm, puberulent. Lateral staminodes linear, 8–9 mm.
• Forests in valleys; 1300–1400 m. Guangxi, Guizhou.
Labellum ovate, ca. 2 cm, glandular, apex emarginate. Stamen
31. Alpinia jianganfeng T. L. Wu, Novon 7: 441. 1997.
ca. 1.5 cm; connective appendage triangular, ca. 1 mm. Ovary
箭杆风 jian gan feng pubescent. Fl. May–Jun.
Pseudostems to 1 m. Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 2 mm, margin cili- • Forests in valleys; 800–900 m. Guangxi.
ate; petiole absent to 4 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lan- 34. Alpinia brevis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
ceolate, 20–30 × 2–4(–6) cm, glabrous except hispid at sub- 16(3): 36. 1978.
apical margin, base attenuate, apex narrowly caudate. Spikes
小花山姜 xiao hua shan jiang
erect, 10–20 cm; rachis tomentose; bracteoles very small. Flow-
ers in clusters of 3 on rachis. Calyx cylindric, abaxially pub- Pseudostems 1–2 m. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath sparsely
escent, apex 3-cleft. Corolla tube subequaling or slightly longer villous at margin; ligule ca. 4 mm, densely villous, apex cu-
than calyx; lobes oblong, 8–10 mm, abaxially villous. Lateral neate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 18–25 × 3–5 cm, glabrous or
staminodes linear, ca. 2 mm. Labellum obovate, 0.7–1.3 cm, abaxially sparsely villous especially along main veins, base
margin crisped, apex 2-cleft. Stamen longer than labellum; an- obtuse or attenuate, apex narrowly long caudate. Racemes 4–
ther ca. 4 mm. Ovary globose, pubescent. Capsule globose, 7–8 8(–12) cm; rachis ca. 2 mm thick, slender, glabrous or pubes-
mm in diam., pubescent, apex with persistent calyx. Seeds 5 or cent; bracteoles absent. Flowers white slightly tinged with pink;
6. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Nov. 2n = 48*. pedicel 1–1.5 cm, pubescent. Calyx tubular, 0.8–1.2 cm, gla-
• Shaded wet areas in forests. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
brous or pubescent. Corolla tube subequaling calyx; lobes ob-
Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan. long, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm. Lateral staminodes triangular, ca. 1 mm.
Labellum red striped, ovate, ca. 7 × 5 mm, margin irregularly
The plants now treated as Alpinia jianganfeng were included in notched. Filament ca. 4 mm; anther ca. 2.5 mm. Ovary globose,
FRPS under A. stachyodes. ca. 1 mm in diam., densely villous. Capsule globose, 6–8 mm in
Medicinal. diam. Seeds 4–5 mm in diam., many angled. Fl. Aug, fr. Oct–
Dec.
32. Alpinia pricei Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5: 219. 1915.
• Dense forests in mountains; 700–2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,
短穗山姜 duan sui shan jiang Yunnan.

Alpinia sasakii Hayata; A. tarokoensis (Sasaki) Hayata; 35. Alpinia sichuanensis Z. Y. Zhu, Bull. Sichuan School Chin.
Languas pricei (Hayata) Sasaki; L. sasakii (Hayata) Sasaki; L. Mat. Med. 8: 15. 1986.
tarokoensis Sasaki. 四川山姜 si chuan shan jiang
Pseudostems ca. 1 m. Ligule oblong, ca. 5 mm, margin cili- Pseudostems 70–120 cm. Ligule 2-lobed, 2–3 mm, pub-
ate, apex obtuse; petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, escent; petiole 0.5–3 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 15–35 ×
ca. 30 × 2–3 cm, glabrous or abaxially pubescent, base attenu- 3–7 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate, margin entire
ate, apex acuminate. Racemes ca. 10 cm; rachis pubescent. or ciliate, apex acuminate or caudate. Racemes 9–22 cm; bracts
Pedicel ca. 2 mm, hirsute. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1 cm, split on 2, linear, 6–20 cm; bracteoles semiorbicular, early deciduous.
1 side, abaxially hirsute. Corolla tube campanulate, ca. 6 mm, Pedicel 1–2 mm, pubescent. Calyx tubular, 1.2–1.5(–1.7) cm,
adaxially hirsute, abaxially glabrous, apex ca. 4 mm wide; cen- pubescent, apex 2- or 3-lobed or 3- or 4-toothed. Corolla tube
tral lobe obovate, ca. 2 × 1 cm, margin ciliate; lateral lobes nar- subequaling calyx, glabrous; lobes oblong, 6–7 mm, apex
rower than central one. Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum densely pubescent. Lateral staminodes purple, linear, 3–4 mm.
obovate, ca. 2 × 2 cm, base cuneate, margin contracted above Labellum yellow-white with purple stripes, ovate-orbicular or
middle, crenate, apex shortly 2-cleft. Filament flattened, ca. 1.2 broadly ovate, 5–6 × ca. 6 mm, margin rounded toothed. Fil-
cm, glabrous; anther ca. 7 mm. Ovary globose, ca. 1.5 mm in ament 4–6 mm; anther 4–6 mm. Capsule red, globose, 8–9 mm
diam., villous. Fl. Mar. in diam., apex with persistent calyx. Seeds 9–12. Fl. May–Jun,
• Taiwan. fr. Aug–Nov.
• Forests; 700–900 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).
33. Alpinia graminifolia D. Fang & J. Y. Luo in D. Fang, Acta
Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 78. 1978. 36. Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 5: 215. 1915.
狭叶山姜 xia ye shan jiang 华山姜 hua shan jiang
 Alpinia suishaensis Hayata; Languas oblongifolia (Hayata) Cultivated throughout SE Asia; medicinal.
Sasaki; L. suishaensis (Hayata) Sasaki.
37b. Alpinia galanga var. pyramidata (Blume) K. Schumann
Pseudostems ca. 1 m. Ligule 4–10 mm, membranous, mar- in Engler, Pflanzenr. 20(IV. 46): 316. 1904.
gin ciliate; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong, ovate-lanceolate, 毛红豆蔻 mao hong dou kou
or lanceolate, 20–30 × 3–10 cm, glabrous, base rounded or
attenuate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate. Panicles nar- Alpinia pyramidata Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 58. 1827.
row, 15–30 × 2–2.5 cm; branches 3–10 mm, 2–4-flowered; Leaf blade abaxially and panicle rachis pubescent.
bracteoles 1–3 mm, deciduous. Pedicel to 1 mm. Calyx tubular,
5–7 mm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube slightly longer than calyx; Forests, scrub, grasslands; 100–1300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,
Yunnan [Indonesia (Java)].
lobes oblong, 6–7 mm. Lateral staminodes subulate, 1–2 mm.
Labellum white with 2 red stripes from base to middle, ovate, 38. Alpinia polyantha D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 78.
6–8 mm, apex 2-lobed. Filament ca. 5 mm; anther ca. 3 mm. 1978.
Ovary glabrous. Capsule red, globose, 5–8 mm in diam. Seeds
多花山姜 duo hua shan jiang
5–8. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Dec. 2n = 48*.
Forests; 100–2500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hu- Rhizomes creeping, thick. Pseudostems to 6 m. Leaf
nan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Laos, Vietnam]. sheath longitudinally rough lined, densely tomentose; ligule 2-
The Chinese plants named Alpinia chinensis (Retzius) Roscoe in cleft, 1–2 cm, tomentose; petiole 1–9 cm, tomentose; leaf blade
FRPS are referable to A. oblongifolia. They were treated as A. suisha- lanceolate or elliptic, to 1 m × 25 cm, glabrous or abaxially to-
ensis by Smith (Edinburgh J. Bot. 47: 63. 1990), who noted that the mentose, base cuneate, margin long ciliate, apex acuminate.
correct application of the name A. chinensis is uncertain. Moo (in Li et Panicles erect, 35–60 × 7–9 cm, tomentose; branches 0.5–3 cm,
al., Fl. Taiwan 5: 836. 1978) treated A. suishaensis as a synonym of A. 5–8-flowered; involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate, ca. 27 × 5.5
oblongifolia. cm; bracteoles oblong to oblanceolate, ca. 1.2 cm × 3–7 mm,
37. Alpinia galanga (Linnaeus) Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 1: 12. 1797. membranous. Pedicel 1–10 mm. Calyx red, 0.9–1.4 cm, split
on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube equaling calyx; lobes
红豆蔻 hong dou kou oblong, 1.3–1.7 cm × ca. 5 mm. Lateral staminodes red, horn-
Rhizomes tuberous. Pseudostems ca. 2 m. Ligule subor- shaped, ca. 6 mm. Labellum suborbicular to oblong, ca. 2.3 ×
bicular, ca. 5 mm; petiole ca. 6 mm; leaf blade oblong or lan- 1.8–2.2 cm, midvein yellowish, with a few purple lines on both
ceolate, 25–35 × 6–10 cm, glabrous or abaxially pubescent, sides near base, apex acute, 2-toothed. Stamen ca. 2.8 cm; an-
base attenuate, apex acute or acuminate. Panicles ca. 20 × 30 ther 8–9 mm; connective appendage tongue-shaped, ca. 2 mm.
cm; rachis glabrous or pubescent; branches many, 2–4 cm, 3–6- Ovary densely hirsute. Capsule globose, 0.9–1.4 cm in diam.,
flowered; bracts and bracteoles persistent; bracteoles lanceolate, hairy, apex with persistent calyx. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Oct–Nov. 2n
5–8 mm. Flowers green-white, fragrant. Calyx tubular, 6–10 = 48*.
mm, persistent. Corolla tube 6–10 mm; lobes oblong, 1.6–1.8 • Forests. Guangxi, Yunnan.
cm. Lateral staminodes purple, subulate or linear, 2–10 mm.
Medicinal.
Labellum white with red lines, obovate-spatulate, ca. 2 cm,
apex deeply 2-cleft. Filament ca. 1 cm; anther ca. 7 mm. 39. Alpinia maclurei Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 21: 338. 1922.
Capsule brown or red when dry, oblong, slightly contracted at
假益智 jia yi zhi
middle, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 7 mm, thin, glabrous. Seeds 3–6. Fl.
May–Aug, fr. Sep–Nov. Languas maclurei (Merrill) Merrill.
Forests, scrub, grasslands; 100–1300 m. Fujian, Guangdong,
Pseudostems 1–2 m. Ligule 2-cleft, 1–2 cm, tomentose;
Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myan-
mar, Thailand, Vietnam].
petiole 1–5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 30–50(–80) × 8–10(–20)
cm, abaxially pubescent, base attenuate, apex caudate-acumi-
1a. Leaf blade and panicle rachis glabrous nate. Panicles erect, 30–40 cm, gray pubescent, many flowered;
.................................................................. 37a. var. galanga branches 1.5–3 cm, rarely longer, apically 3–5-flowered; brac-
1b. Leaf blade abaxially and panicle rachis teoles oblong, ca. 8 mm, pubescent, deciduous, apex cucullate.
pubescent ........................................... 37b. var. pyramidata Pedicel very short. Calyx tubular, 6–10 mm, pubescent, apex 3-
37a. Alpinia galanga var. galanga toothed, teeth subrounded. Corolla tube ca. 1.2 cm; lobes ob-
long, ca. 1 cm, apex cucullate. Lateral staminodes ca. 5 mm.
红豆蔻(原变种) hong dou kou (yuan bian zhong) Labellum reflexed at anthesis, oblong-ovate, 1–1.2 cm × 6–7
Maranta galanga Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 3. 1762; mm. Filament ca. 1.4 cm; anther 3–4 mm. Ovary ovoid, 1.5–1.8
Amomum galanga (Linnaeus) Loureiro; A. medium Loureiro; mm, pubescent. Capsule globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous;
Languas galanga (Linnaeus) Stuntz. pericarp fragile. Fl. Mar–Jul, fr. Apr–Oct. 2n = 48*.
Forests in mountains. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan
Leaf blade and panicle rachis glabrous.
[Vietnam].
Forests, scrub, grasslands; 100–1300 m. Fujian, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myan- 40. Alpinia intermedia Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48:
mar, Thailand, Vietnam]. lxxxiii. 1902.
光叶山姜 guang ye shan jiang 滑叶山姜 hua ye shan jiang

Alpinia hokutensis Hayata; A. kelungensis Hayata; A. Pseudostems stout. Leaf sheath longitudinally lined; ligule
kumatake Makino; Languas hokutensis (Hayata) Sasaki; L. 1.5–2 cm, leathery, apex obtuse; petiole 3–6 cm; leaf blade
intermedia (Gagnepain) Sasaki; L. kelungensis (Hayata) Sasaki. linear-lanceolate, ca. 60 × 7 cm, leathery, glabrous, base atten-
uate, apex acuminate. Panicles erect, 40–50 × ca. 4 cm, prox-
Pseudostems ca. 1 m. Ligule 5–6 mm, dry membranous, imally glabrous, distally densely villous; branches apically 3–5-
margin ciliate; petiole to 2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate, flowered; bracts ovate, ca. 1.5 cm, leathery, deciduous; brac-
20–50 × 5–12 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate. teoles similar to bracts but smaller. Pedicel very short. Calyx
Panicles erect or pendent, 10–15 × 2–4 cm, glabrous; branches subcampanulate, 9–10 mm, split to middle on 1 side, apex ir-
0.8–1.3 cm, apically 3–5-flowered; bracteoles oblong, 7–10 regularly crenate. Corolla tube 7–8 mm; lobes oblong, 1.5–1.8
mm, deciduous. Flowers white, glabrous. Calyx tubular, 3.5– cm, concave, central one ciliate at proximal margin, apex apic-
4.5 mm, apex crenate. Corolla tube shorter than calyx; lobes ulate. Lateral staminodes linear, very short. Labellum orbicular
narrow. Lateral staminodes horn-shaped. Labellum ovate, ca. or ovate, ca. 1.4 × 1–1.2 cm, base slightly contracted, apex
1.8 cm, base attenuate, apex acute, 2-cleft. Anther ovate, emarginate. Filament 4–5 mm; anther ca. 6 mm. Ovary globose,
slightly hairy. Fl. Jun. 2n = 48*. sericeous. Fl. Feb. 2n = 48*.
Forest floors, scrub; 300–1000 m. Guangdong, Taiwan [Japan,
Forests. Guangxi, Hainan [Vietnam].
Philippines].
Medicinal and used as a condiment.
41. Alpinia guangdongensis S. J. Chen & Z. Y. Chen, Guihaia
8: 317. 1988. 44. Alpinia strobiliformis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phyto-
tax. Sin. 16(3): 33. 1978.
光叶假益智 guang ye jia yi zhi
球穗山姜 qiu sui shan jiang
Pseudostems 1.5–2.5 m. Leaf sheath pubescent; ligule 2-
lobed, ca. 1 cm, densely hairy; petiole ca. 4.5 cm; leaf blade Pseudostems 0.8–1.2 m. Ligule 2-cleft, lobes orbicular, 1–
lanceolate, 20–50 × 7–12 cm, glabrous except pubescent at 3 mm; petiole absent to 1 cm; leaf blade linear, 25–50 × 2.5–5
margin, base cuneate, apex caudate. Panicles 20–25 cm, wind- cm, abaxially densely velvety or glabrous, midvein pubescent,
ing, pubescent; branches ca. 1.5 cm, apically 1–3-flowered; base attenuate, apex caudate-mucronate. Spikes conelike, 4.5–9
bracteoles white, boat-shaped, early deciduous, base glabrous, × 3–4 cm, 5.5–6 × ca. 2.5 cm in fruit; bracts densely imbricate,
apex pubescent. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx tubular, ca. 8 mm, pub- brownish when dry, ovate, 1.7–2.2 × 1–1.5 cm, densely villous
escent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 1.4 cm; lobes oblong, on both surfaces; bracteoles ovate, ca. 1.2 cm, golden sericeous
8–10 mm. Lateral staminodes red, ca. 4 mm. Labellum reflexed abaxially. Flowers white. Calyx tubular, ca. 1 cm, apex 2-
at anthesis, ovate, 1.5–2 × ca. 1.6 cm. Filament white, ca. 2.5 toothed, ciliate. Corolla tube ca. 1.1 cm; lobes ovate, ca. 7 × 3
cm; anther red, ca. 4 mm. Ovary green, globose, glabrescent. Fr. mm. Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum oblong, subequaling
Jun. corolla lobes, apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 5 mm; anther ca. 4 mm.
• Forests; ca. 100 m. Guangdong (Huidong Xian). Style linear; stigma exceeding anther. Capsule concealed by per-
sistent bracts, red, globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
42. Alpinia globosa (Loureiro) Horaninow, Prodr. Monogr. Aug–Oct.
Scitam. 34. 1862.
• Forests; 1000–1700 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
脆果山姜 cui guo shan jiang
1a. Leaf blade abaxially velvety .......... 44a. var. strobiliformis
Amomum globosum Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 4. 1790. 1b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous except
pubescent along midvein ........................... 44b. var. glabra
Pseudostems ca. 1.5 m. Ligule 2-cleft, 1–2 cm, villous;
petiole 5–6 cm; leaf blade oblong, 45–70 × 10–14 cm, glabrous, 44a. Alpinia strobiliformis var. strobiliformis
base attenuate, margin scabrous, ciliate, apex acuminate. Pan-
球穗山姜(原变种) qiu sui shan jiang (yuan bian zhong)
icles cylindric, ca. 30 × 5 cm, pubescent; branches numerous,
1.5–3.5 cm, apically 4–8-flowered; bracts very small or absent; Leaf blade abaxially velvety.
bracteoles oblong, ca. 1 cm × 4 mm, membranous. Pedicel 2– • Forests; 1000–1700 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
3(–8) mm. Calyx ca. 9 mm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube equal-
ing or slightly longer than calyx; lobes linear, ca. 1 cm × 2 44b. Alpinia strobiliformis var. glabra T. L. Wu in T. L. Wu
mm. Lateral staminodes subulate. Labellum white with purple & S. J. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 34. 1978.
stripes, oblong or elliptic, ca. 1.2 × 1 cm, base slightly con- 光叶球穗山姜 guang ye qiu sui shan jiang
tracted, apex emarginate or entire. Filament 1.2–1.5 cm; anther
ca. 6 mm. Ovary globose, pubescent. Capsule red, globose, 7– Leaf blade abaxially glabrous except pubescent along mid-
10 mm in diam.; pericarp thin, fragile. Seeds 5–7. Fl. Apr, fr. vein.
Jun. • Forests. SW Guangxi (Shangsi Xian).
Forests; 100–300 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam]. 45. Alpinia pinnanensis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phytotax.
Sin. 16(3): 34. 1978.
43. Alpinia tonkinensis Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48:
lxxxv. 1902. 柱穗山姜 zhu sui shan jiang
 Pseudostems ca. 1.5 cm. Ligule 2-cleft, abaxially villous, 48. Alpinia coriacea T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phytotax.
lobes deltoid, 2–4 mm; petiole 2.5–4.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, Sin. 16(3): 31. 1978.
30–60 × 5–9 cm, glabrous except golden velvety along 革叶山姜 ge ye shan jiang
midvein abaxially and at margin, base attenuate, apex acumi-
nate, caudate-mucronate. Spikes pendent, cylindric, 7–9 × 1.5– Pseudostems 50–60 cm. Ligule orbicular, 2-cleft, ca. 3
2.5 cm; bracts ovate, less than 8 mm, densely golden velvety; mm, margin ciliate; petiole 5–7 mm; leaf blade deep green,
bracteoles ca. 5 mm, densely golden velvety. Flowers yellow. elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 10–15 × 5–8 cm, leathery, glabrous,
Calyx ca. 3 mm, split to base on 1 side. Corolla tube ca. 5 mm, apex acuminate, with caudate tip ca. 1 cm. Spikes ca. 4 cm;
pubescent at throat; lobes ovate-oblong, ca. 6 mm, central one bracts densely imbricate, lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, 2-flowered, per-
larger than lateral ones. Labellum subequaling corolla lobes, sistent; bracteoles pale green, ovate, ca. 1.2 cm, densely pilose.
narrow, apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 4 mm; anther ca. 3 mm. Calyx ca. 1 cm, densely pilose, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube
Ovary obconical, ca. 1 mm. Capsule red, globose, ca. 1.2 cm in white, ca. 1.2 cm; lobes oblong, central one ca. 8 × 4 mm, pub-
diam., dry and brittle. Fl. Jul, fr. Sep–Nov. erulent, margin ciliate, apex slightly concave, lateral ones nar-
rower. Lateral staminodes oblong, ca. 3.5 mm. Labellum pale
• Forests. Guangxi.
green with red stripes, oblong, ca. 1 cm × 7 mm, apex emar-
46. Alpinia pumila J. D. Hooker, Bot. Mag. 111: t. 6832. 1885. ginate. Filament ca. 5 mm; anther ca. 3 mm; connective
花叶山姜 hua ye shan jiang appendage absent. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
2n = 48*.
Amomum vittatum Hance.
• Forests. E Hainan (Wanning Xian).
Rhizomes horizontally creeping. Pseudostems not devel-
49. Alpinia coriandriodora D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16
oped. Leaves 2 or 3, erect; leaf sheath red-brown; ligule 2-
(4): 79. 1978.
lobed, short; petiole ca. 2 cm; leaf blade adaxially green with
deep green stripes along veins, elliptic, oblong, or oblong-lan- 香姜 xiang jiang
ceolate, ca. 15 × 7 cm, glabrous, base acute, apex acuminate. Plants with odor of coriander (Coriandrum sativum Lin-
Racemes with ca. 33 cm long peduncle; bracts oblong, ca. 2 cm, naeus). Rhizomes purple-red, short. Pseudostems 0.5–2 m.
2-flowered, late deciduous; bracteoles absent. Calyx purple, Leaves 15–25, subsessile; ligule shallowly 2-cleft, 3–8 mm,
tubular, 1.3–1.5 cm, pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla white; margin often ciliate; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, 8–13 × 1.2–5
tube ca. 1 cm; lobes oblong, slightly longer than tube. Lateral cm, glabrous, base cuneate, margin shortly hispid, glabrescent,
staminodes subulate, 3–4 mm. Labellum white with red stripes, apex long caudate. Spikes 5–10 cm; rachis densely pubescent;
ovate, ca. 1.2 cm, margin crenate, apex reflexed, 2-cleft. Fila- involucral bract elliptic-lanceolate, 4.5–12 cm, puberulent, apex
ment 5–10 mm; anther 5–8 mm. Ovary sericeous. Capsule glo- caudate; bracts 1.5–5 cm × 4–6 mm, early deciduous;
bose, ca. 1 cm in diam., apex with persistent perianth ca. 1 cm. bracteoles elliptic, 5–9 mm, flat, puberulent, deciduous.
Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Nov. Proximal flowers in clusters of 3 on rachis, distal ones solitary;
• Shady and humid places in mountain valleys; 500–1100 m. pedicel ca. 1 mm, densely pubescent. Calyx 6–9 mm,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan. shallowly split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube
47. Alpinia psilogyna D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 80. subequaling calyx; lobes oblong, ca. 7 × 4 mm, abaxially
1978. densely appressed pubescent. Lateral staminodes linear, ca. 4
mm, minutely glandular hairy. Labellum purple-red striped,
矮山姜 ai shan jiang subovate, 6–7 mm wide, velvety, apex shallowly 2-cleft.
Pseudostems 13–24 cm. Leaves 1–4, usually 3; ligule 2- Stamen ca. 1.1 cm; connective appendage triangular or tongue-
cleft, 3–5 mm, margin ciliate; petiole 0.3–4.5 cm, pubescent; shaped, ca. 2 mm. Ovary densely pubescent. Capsule red,
leaf blade adaxially uniformly green, long elliptic or oblanceo- globose, 0.8–1.4 cm in diam., sparsely velvety, apex with
late, 14–40 × 3–7 cm, leathery, glabrous except pubescent along persistent calyx. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 48*.
midvein and at margin, base obliquely cuneate, apex acute. • Guangxi.
Spikes erect, 5–9 cm, densely pubescent; peduncle 1–5 cm; in- Medicinal and used as a condiment.
volucral bract oblong or linear-lanceolate, 3.5–14 cm, puberu-
lent; bracts pale green, oblong-elliptic, boat-shaped, 1–2.5 cm, 50. Alpinia stachyodes Hance, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 126. 1873.
2- or 3-flowered, persistent. Calyx white, ca. 1.5 cm, slightly 密苞山姜 mi bao shan jiang
split on 1 side, puberulent, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube
white, equaling calyx; lobes yellowish, oblong, ca. 9 × 5 mm. Pseudostems 1–1.5 m. Leaf sheath tomentose; ligule or-
Lateral staminodes red, linear, ca. 4 mm. Labellum yellowish bicular, 2-cleft, ca. 1 cm, tomentose, margin ciliate; petiole 0.5–
with red stripes, broadly obovate, ca. 7 mm wide, margin tooth- 2 cm, tomentose; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 20–40 × 4–7
ed, apex 2-cleft. Stamen ca. 1.5 cm; connective emarginate, cm, leathery, glabrous except tomentose at margin and apex, or
rarely with deltoid appendage. Ovary glabrous. Capsule red, abaxially tomentose especially on median veins, base attenuate,
ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 × 1 cm. Fl. May, fr. Oct–Nov. apex acuminate, with caudate tip ca. 2.5 cm. Spikes erect, sub-
sessile, cylindric, 10–16 cm; involucral bract linear, 8–9 cm ×
• Forests. W Guangxi (Debao Xian). 8–10 mm; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 cm, densely im-
Medicinal. bricate, tomentose, 3-flowered, persistent; bracteoles lanceolate,
5–10 mm, tomentose, persistent. Flowers fragrant, tomentose. Leaf blade abaxially tomentose especially on median veins.
Calyx tubular, 1–1.5 cm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 1.2 • Forests, roadsides; 600–700 m. Guangdong.
cm; lobes oblong, ca. 6 mm, concave. Lateral staminodes linear,
ca. 2 mm. Labellum striped at center, rhomboidal-ovate, ob- 51. Alpinia jingxiensis D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 224.
scurely 3-lobed, ca. 7 × 3 mm, margin undulate, apex 2-cleft. 1980.
靖西山姜 jing xi shan jiang
Filament ca. 5 mm; anther ca. 4 mm. Ovary densely hirsute.
Capsule globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., apex with persistent calyx. Pseudostems 50–60 cm. Ligule 2-cleft, 3–4 mm, thick,
Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 48*. densely pubescent; petiole 0.3–2 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lan-
• Forests, roadsides; 600–700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, ceolate, 28–50 × 5–9 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely
Jiangxi, Yunnan. pubescent, base cuneate, apex caudate. Spikes sessile, 7–9 cm;
1a. Leaf blade glabrous except tomentose at rachis pubescent; involucral bracts 2, ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–13
margin and apex ................................. 50a. var. stachyodes cm; bracts red, ovate-deltoid, 2.4–3 cm, sericeous, 3-flowered;
1b. Leaf blade abaxially tomentose especially bracteoles ovate-deltoid, 1.5–1.8 cm, sericeous. Calyx pale red,
on median veins ........................... 50b. var. yangchunensis slightly split on 1 side, sericeous, apex 2-toothed. Corolla tube
50a. Alpinia stachyodes var. stachyodes ca. 2 cm, pubescent; lobes oblong, ca. 1 cm × 4 mm, central one
larger than lateral ones, sericeous. Lateral staminodes subulate,
密苞山姜(原变种) mi bao shan jiang (yuan bian zhong) ca. 2 mm, densely glandular hairy. Labellum red striped, ovate,
Alpinia densibracteata T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen. ca. 7 mm wide, apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 5 mm; anther ca. 4
mm, densely and shortly glandular hairy. Ovary glabrous. Cap-
Leaf blade glabrous except tomentose at margin and apex.
sule subglobose, ca. 8 mm in diam., apex with persistent calyx.
• Dense forests. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Yunnan. Fl. Jun–Jul.
50b. Alpinia stachyodes var. yangchunensis Z. L. Zhao & L. • Forests; 1400–1500 m. W Guangxi (Jingxi Xian).
S. Xu in Z. L. Zhao et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36: 551. 1998.
The spelling of the specific epithet follows the protologue; in
阳春山姜 yang chun shan jiang FRPS it was given as “Alpinia chinghsiensis.”
4. POMMERESCHEA Wittmack, Gartenflora 44: 131. 1895.
直唇姜属 zhi chun jiang shu

Pseudostems slender. Leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade cordate or subsagittate at base. Inflorescence a terminal spike; bracts
and bracteoles present. Calyx tubular or clavate, split on 1 side, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube cylindric, longer than calyx; lobes
lanceolate, central one larger than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum erect, narrowly spatulate, base adnate to filament
or not, apex 2-cleft or -lobed. Filament exserted from corolla, distally grooved. Style filiform; stigma cupular, ciliate. Ovary 3-
loculed; ovules numerous, biseriate; placentation axile. Capsule subglobose or ellipsoid, 3-valved, dehiscent or not; pericarp thin.
Two species: China, Myanmar, Thailand; two species in China.
1a. Leaf blade abaxially pubescent, basal lobes separate; petiole 4–8 cm ........................................................................... 1. P. lackneri
1b. Leaf blade glabrous, basal lobes close together; petiole 0.5–2 cm ............................................................................. 2. P. spectabilis
1. Pommereschea lackneri Wittmack, Gartenflora 44: 131. Croftia spectabilis King & Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt.
1895. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 298. 1896.
直唇姜 zhi chun jiang
Pseudostems 17–25 cm. Ligule 2-lobed, ca. 5 mm; petiole
Pseudostems 50–70 cm. Leaves 4 or 5; ligule 2-lobed, 4–6 0.5–2 cm; leaf blade oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 7–16 × 3–5
mm; petiole 4–8 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 15– cm, glabrous, base cordate with basal lobes close together, apex
25 × 3.5–6 cm, abaxially pubescent, base cordate with basal caudate. Spikes 5–7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm; bracteoles
lobes separate, apex acuminate. Spikes 8–12 cm; bracts lanceo-
linear, ca. 5 mm. Calyx yellow with red spots, clavate, ca. 7
late, 1.5–2.5 cm. Flowers yellow. Calyx subclavate, ca. 1.5 cm,
split nearly to base on 1 side, apex 2-toothed. Corolla tube 2– mm. Corolla tube yellow, ca. 1.2 cm, abaxially pubescent; lobes
2.5 cm; lobes lanceolate, 1–1.3 cm. Labellum embracing fila- ovate-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm. Labellum erect, narrowly spatulate,
ment, cuneate, ca. 1.5 cm, apex 2-cleft. Filament narrowly line- 8–9 mm. Filament 1.5–2.5 cm; anther ca. 5 mm. Ovary ellip-
ar, flexuous, 3.5–4 cm; anther 7–8 mm; connective appendage soid, ca. 4 mm, villous. Capsule ellipsoid, 8–9 × ca. 6 mm, hir-
absent. Fl. Aug. 2n = 22*. sute. Fl. Jun–Aug.
Calcareous rocks; ca. 1000 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu
Forests; ca. 1200 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhizhou)
Zizhizhou) [Myanmar, Thailand].
[Myanmar].
2. Pommereschea spectabilis (King & Prain) K. Schumann in
Engler, Pflanzenr. 20(IV. 46): 280. 1904.
短柄直唇姜 duan bing zhi chun jiang

5. RHYNCHANTHUS J. D. Hooker, Bot. Mag. 112: t. 6861. 1886.

 喙花姜属 hui hua jiang shu

Rhizomes tuberous. Pseudostems leafy. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong.
Inflorescence a terminal spike, few flowered; bracts colored; bracteoles small. Calyx tubular, split to above middle on 1 side, apex
minutely toothed. Corolla tube subcylindric; lobes erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, central one larger than lateral ones. Lateral
staminodes absent. Labellum reduced to a tooth at base of filament or absent. Filament exserted above corolla, long, boat-shaped,
margin incurved; anther locules parallel; connective without appendage or spur. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule,
superposed. Stylodes 2, subfusiform. Capsule unknown.
Seven species: China, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra), ?Myanmar, Papua New Guinea; one species (endemic) in China.

1. Rhynchanthus beesianus W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Corolla tube red, 2–4.5 cm, slightly widened distally; lobes pale
Gard. Edinburgh 10: 189. 1918. red at base, yellowish distally, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3 cm. Lat-
eral staminodes and labellum absent. Filament yellow, lanceo-
喙花姜 hui hua jiang
late, ca. 4.5 cm, base widened and folded; anther ca. 8 mm.
Rhizomes with stout, hairy roots. Pseudostems 0.5–1.5 m. Ovary ca. 5 mm, pubescent. Style linear. Fl. Jul. 2n = 44*.
Leaves 3–6; ligule membranous; petiole red adaxially, ca. 4
• Forests, scrub, grasslands, epiphytic on trees; 1500–1900 m.
mm; leaf blade elliptic-oblong, 15–30 × 4.5–9 cm, glabrous, Yunnan [?Myanmar].
base rounded or acute, margin brown when dry, apex caudate-
acuminate. Spikes erect, 10–15 cm, ca. 12-flowered; peduncle The presence of this species in Myanmar requires confirmation.
short; bracts red, purple when dry, linear-lanceolate, 3–7 cm,
membranous. Calyx red, ca. 3 cm, apex with 2 green points.
6. AMOMUM Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 75. 1820, nom. cons.
豆蔻属 dou kou shu

Meistera Giseke, nom. rej.; Paludana Giseke, nom. rej.; Paramomum S. Q. Tong; Wurfbainia Giseke, nom. rej.
Rhizomes widely creeping. Pseudostems elongate. Leaf sheath long; ligule entire or 2-lobed; leaf blade usually oblong-lan-
ceolate, oblong, or linear. Inflorescence arising from rhizomes, a densely flowered spike or spikelike raceme or panicle; peduncle
short or rather long, clothed with imbricate, scalelike sheaths; involucre absent; bracts imbricate, persistent, sometimes soon
disintegrating; bracteoles usually tubular. Calyx usually tubular, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube cylindric; lobes oblong or linear-ob-
long, central one erect, usually wider and more convex than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes subulate, small, or absent. Labellum
conspicuous, usually yellow or orange at center, with some red veins or marks, often white at margin, usually obovate, broadly
concave. Filament well developed; anther locules parallel or diverging; connective appendage extending beyond apex of anther,
entire or 3-lobed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules many per locule, superposed. Style filiform; stigma usually funnelform, small, ciliate.
Capsule irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent, smooth, prickly, or winged. Seeds oblong or many angled; aril fleshy or membranous,
apex laciniate.
About 150 species: tropical Asia and Australia; 39 species (29 endemic, one introduced) in China.
Amomum krervanh Gagnepain (in FRPS, as “A. kravanh”) is locally cultivated in China and is also imported for medicinal use; however, it is
not known to be naturalized. It may be conspecific with A. testaceum Ridley, in which case the latter name would have priority.

1a. Capsule smooth, neither prickly nor winged.

2a. Leaf blade abaxially pubescent.
3a. Leaves subsessile, leaf blade pubescent only along sides of midvein abaxially, ligule 2–4 mm ................... 1. A. kwangsiense
3b. Leaves sessile or petiolate (petiole to 12 cm), leaf blade uniformly pubescent abaxially, ligule 5–20 mm.
4a. Ligule ca. 2 cm; petiole 2.5–12 cm; anther connective appendage 3-lobed ........................................... 2. A. longipetiolatum
4b. Ligule 0.5–1.5 cm; petiole absent to 11 cm; anther connective appendage entire.
5a. Leaf blade abaxially silvery pubescent; petiole 4–8(–11) cm ......................................................................... 3. A. sericeum
5b. Leaf blade abaxially brownish pubescent; petiole absent to 2.5 cm ....................................................... 4. A. yingjiangense
2b. Leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces.
6a. Anther connective appendage 3-lobed.
7a. Ligule 2-cleft.
8a. Corolla lobes white, oblong, ca. 0.8 cm; labellum yellowish with orange midvein and purple margin,
1.5–1.8 × 1–1.5 cm ....................................................................................................................................... 5. A. compactum
8b. Corolla lobes rose, elliptic, ca. 3 cm; labellum with yellow midvein and purple stripes on each side,
ca. 3.2 × 1.6 cm ............................................................................................................................................ 6. A. scarlatinum
7b. Ligule entire.
9a. Labellum 3.5–4 cm.
10a. Plants 1–1.7 m tall, with odor of coriander (Coriandrum sativum); petiole absent; ligule
0.4–1 cm ........................................................................................................................................ 7. A. coriandriodorum
 10b. Plants 0.5–1 m tall, without odor of coriander; petiole 2.5–12 cm; ligule ca. 2 cm .......................... 8. A. dolichanthum
9b. Labellum 1.5–3.2 cm.
11a. Ligule 8–12 mm; corolla orange-red ............................................................................................................. 9. A. tsaoko
11b. Ligule 2–5 mm; corolla yellow with purple or white markings.
12a. Petiole to 3 cm; corolla lobes oblong, ca. 3 cm; labellum obovate, 2.8–3.2 × 1.5–1.7 cm, base
adnate to filament forming a tube ca. 3 mm .................................................................................. 10. A. tuberculatum
12b. Petiole absent; corolla lobes narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.4 cm; labellum suborbicular, ca.
1.5 × 1.8 cm, base not adnate to filament .............................................................................. 11. A. quadratolaminare
6b. Anther connective appendage entire.
13a. Ligule 1–3 cm.
14a. Ligule 1–1.5 cm; labellum yellow, with 2 red stripes from center to base, obovate, distal margin
fimbriate ............................................................................................................................................ 12. A. thysanochililum
14b. Ligule 2.5–3 cm; labellum white, densely red dotted at center, with radiate, red veins at margin,
narrowly elliptic ........................................................................................................................................ 13. A. paratsaoko
13b. Ligule 2–6 mm.
15a. Petiole absent.
16a. Ligule entire; leaf blade with lateral veins prominent adaxially ....................................................... 14. A. capsiciforme
16b. Ligule emarginate at apex; leaf blade with lateral veins not prominent adaxially ............................. 15. A. menglaense
15b. Petiole 0.5–5 cm.
17a. Ligule entire, 2–4 mm; labellum ca. 3.2 × 1.5 cm, base adnate to filament forming a tube ca. 3 mm,
margin crisped ........................................................................................................................................ 16. A. jingxiense
17b. Ligule 2-cleft, 3–6 mm; labellum 1–1.3 × 0.6–0.9 cm, base not adnate to filament, apex 2-cleft.
18a. Plants ca. 0.5 m tall; leaves 1–3; peduncle 4–16 cm; bracts 1.2–1.5 cm ...................................... 17. A. austrosinense
18b. Plants 1–3 m tall; leaves more than 3; peduncle 30–35 cm; bracts 2–2.7 cm ....................................... 18. A. koenigii
1b. Capsule prickly or winged.
19a. Capsule prickly.
20a. Leaf blade hairy at least abaxially.
21a. Leaf blade abaxially hairy .......................................................................................................................... 19. A. verrucosum
21b. Leaf blade hairy on both surfaces.
22a. Ligule entire, rarely emarginate at apex, 4–10 mm; bracts brown, ovate to lanceolate, ca. 3 cm;
lateral staminodes 5–6 mm, apex entire ............................................................................................... 20. A. microcarpum
22b. Ligule 2-cleft, 6–7 mm; bracts purple, oblong, ca. 1.2 cm; lateral staminodes ca. 1 cm, apex
emarginate ....................................................................................................................................... 21. A. neoaurantiacum
20b. Leaf blade glabrous.
23a. Anther connective appendage 3-lobed.
24a. Ligule lanceolate, 2–2.2 cm .................................................................................................................. 22. A. longiligulare
24b. Ligule semiorbicular, 0.3–0.5 cm ................................................................................................................ 23. A. villosum
23b. Anther connective appendage entire.
25a. Petiole 4–5 mm; peduncle 13–32 cm.
26a. Flowers white; calyx 1.5–2 cm; labellum broadly orbicular; lateral staminodes absent .................... 24. A. yunnanense
26b. Flowers yellow; calyx ca. 1 cm; labellum fan-shaped-spatulate; lateral staminodes toothlike,
ca. 1 mm .............................................................................................................................................. 25. A. gagnepainii
25b. Petiole 5–10 mm; peduncle 0.5–1 cm.
27a. Corolla white, lobes ca. 1.5 cm; labellum deltoid-ovate, ca. 1.5 cm; ligule ca. 3 mm ............................ 26. A. chinense
27b. Corolla yellow, lobes 2–3 cm; labellum obovate, 2.5–3 cm; ligule 7–9 mm .................................... 27. A. muricarpum
19b. Capsule winged.
28a. Leaf blade abaxially hairy.
29a. Petiole absent to 8 cm.
30a. Leaf blade abaxially white pubescent; capsule ovoid, pedicel 0.7–1 cm .................................................. 28. A. maximum
30b. Leaf blade abaxially brownish villous; capsule ellipsoid, pedicel 1–2 cm .............................................. 29. A. dealbatum
29b. Petiole 12–35 cm.
31a. Inflorescences paniculate; fruiting peduncle 3–4 cm ............................................................................. 30. A. mengtzense
31b. Inflorescences subcapitate; fruiting peduncle 5–12 cm ....................................................................... 31. A. subcapitatum
28b. Leaf blade glabrous.
32a. Filament broad, anther attached to middle of filament; lateral staminodes absent .................................. 32. A. petaloideum
32b. Filament slender, anther attached to apex of filament; lateral staminodes present.
33a. Ligule entire, 3–5 cm.
34a. Spikes narrowly ellipsoid, 7–8 × 2.8–3.2 cm; peduncle 2.5–10 cm; bracts elliptic; corolla lobes
and labellum entire at apex .......................................................................................................................... 33. A. fragile
34b. Spikes capitate, 5.5–7 × 6–8 cm; peduncle 2–3 cm; bracts ovate-orbicular or broadly ovate;
central lobe of corolla mucronate at apex; labellum 2-cleft at apex ........................................... 34. A. purpureorubrum
 33b. Ligule entire or 2-cleft, 0.3–3 cm.
35a. Ligule 3–4 mm; central lobe of corolla apiculate at apex.
36a. Bract with horny cusp at apex; anther connective appendage entire ................................................. 35. A. subulatum
36b. Bract without horny cusp at apex; anther connective appendage 3-lobed ............................................ 36. A. glabrum
35b. Ligule 0.7–3 cm; central lobe of corolla not apiculate at apex.
37a. Petiole absent; ligule 1.5–3 cm; bracteoles absent ...................................................................... 37. A. odontocarpum
37b. Petiole 5–26 cm; ligule 0.7–1.5 cm; bracteoles present.
38a. Flowers yellow; labellum cuneate; peduncle 12–32 cm ................................................................. 38. A. putrescens
38b. Flowers white; labellum slightly 3-lobed; peduncle ca. 7 cm ........................................................ 39. A. repoeense
1. Amomum kwangsiense D. Fang & X. X. Chen in D. Fang, Amomum dealbatum Roxburgh var. sericeum (Roxburgh)
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 48. 1978. Baker.
广西豆蔻 guang xi dou kou Plants 1–3 m tall. Ligule entire or slightly 2-cleft, 0.5–1.5
cm, membranous, pubescent, apex acute; petiole 4–8(–11) cm;
Plants ca. 1 m tall. Leaves subsessile; ligule 2–4 mm; leaf leaf blade lanceolate, 50–65 × 7–15 cm, abaxially silvery pub-
blade lanceolate, 11–75 × 1.5–8.5 cm, abaxially densely ap- escent, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Spikes subglobose, 3.5–5
pressed pubescent along sides of midvein, base usually cuneate, cm in diam.; peduncle 2.5–4 cm, scalelike sheaths ovate, sub-
margin bristly, apex long acuminate. Spikes with peduncle em- leathery, apex emarginate; bracts oblong, ca. 3.5 cm, membra-
bedded in ground, 1.5–33 cm; bracts white, lanceolate, 3.5–6 × nous, early deciduous; bracteoles absent. Calyx white, clavate,
0.5–1.5 cm; bracteoles deltoid-lanceolate, not tubular, 0.5–3.5 2.2–3 cm, villous, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube white; lobes
cm. Calyx 3.3–4.5 cm, apex 3-toothed; teeth ca. 8 mm. Corolla 2.5–3 cm × 8–10 mm. Lateral staminodes subulate, ca. 5 mm.
white, 3–4.5 cm, adaxially hairy; lobes lanceolate, hoodlike, Labellum with yellow midvein striped red, oblong, 2–3 cm,
3.5–4 × 0.8–1.2 cm, central one apiculate at apex. Lateral white pubescent. Filament ca. 4 mm; anther ca. 9 mm; con-
staminodes subulate, ca. 4 mm. Labellum purple at claw, nective appendage semiorbicular, rarely obscurely 3-lobed. Cap-
yellowish at apex, fan-shaped or spatulate, 3.5–4 × 2.5–3 cm, sule pale brown, obovoid-globose or obconical, ca. 2.5 × 1.5–2
base adnate to filament forming a tube 0.7–1.3 cm. Filament ca. cm, 3–5-angled, glabrous, apex with persistent calyx; pedicel
7 mm; anther 1.1–1.4 cm; connective appendage entire, ca. 5 ca. 3 mm. Seeds not fragrant. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n =
mm. Ovary pubescent. Capsule pale purple, subglobose, 1–2 48*.
cm, with 12 sometimes obscure lines. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–
Wet places in dense forests; 600–1200 m. S Yunnan [India,
Sep. 2n = 48*.
Myanmar, ?Nepal, ?Sikkim].
• Forests; 600–700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou.
4. Amomum yingjiangense S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta Bot.
Medicinal.
Yunnan. 10: 210. 1988.
2. Amomum longipetiolatum Merrill, Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 40. 盈江砂仁 ying jiang sha ren
1932.
Plants 1–1.2 m tall. Leaf sheath green, longitudinally stri-
长柄豆蔻 chang bing dou kou
ate, glabrous; ligule entire, 5–7 mm, densely brownish pubes-
Elettariopsis longipetiolata (Merrill) D. Fang. cent; petiole absent to 2.5 cm, densely brownish pubescent; leaf
blade adaxially dark green, abaxially green, ovate-lanceolate,
Plants 50–100 cm tall. Ligule orbicular, ca. 2 cm; petiole elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 33–50 × 7–11 cm, abaxially dense-
2.5–12 cm; leaf blade adaxially green when fresh, becoming ly brownish pubescent, adaxially glabrous except pubescent
blue gray, abaxially pale green, oblong-lanceolate, 35–75 × 7– along veins, base obliquely cuneate or attenuate, apex caudate.
11 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially yellowish sericeous, base Flowers unknown. Fruiting spikes subcapitate, ca. 4 × 5.5 cm;
acute, apex acuminate. Spikes ellipsoid; peduncle short or ab- peduncle 3–4 cm, scalelike sheaths densely pubescent. Capsule
sent; bracts 2–3 cm, submembranous. Flowers ca. 9 cm. Calyx subglobose, ca. 2.1 cm in diam., with 3 longitudinal grooves,
ca. 3.5 cm, pubescent, apex 3-toothed; teeth oblong, ca. 3 mm. densely pubescent, apex with persistent calyx; pedicel 8–11
Corolla tube ca. 5.5 cm; lobes linear, ca. 2.5 cm × 4 mm, punc- mm. Seeds conical, ca. 4 mm, 3-angled; aril white. Fr. Aug.
tate. Lateral staminodes linear, 4–6 mm. Labellum white with
yellowish middle and purple base, obovate, ca. 3.5 cm. Anther • Forests, ca. 1700 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian).
linear, 1.2–1.5 cm; connective appendage 3-lobed, lobes 3–4 5. Amomum compactum Solander ex Maton, Trans. Linn. Soc.
× ca. 1 mm, central one erect, lateral ones falcate, expanding. London 10: 251. 1811.
Ovary oblong-ellipsoid, 3–4 mm, densely appressed pubescent.
爪哇白豆蔻 zhao wa bai dou kou
Capsule subglobose, ca. 2 cm in diam., brown pubescent; pedi-
cel 1.5–2 cm. Fl. Apr–May. 2n = 48*. Amomum kepulaga Sprague & Burkill.
• Forests; 400–600 m. Guangxi, Hainan. Plants 1–1.5 m tall. Leaves sessile; ligule orbicular, 2-cleft,
5–7 mm, initially pubescent, later ciliate at margin; leaf blade
3. Amomum sericeum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 45. 1820.
lanceolate, 25–50 × 4–9 cm, glabrous except ciliate at margin,
银叶砂仁 yin ye sha ren apex caudate, with tip 2.5–3 cm. Spikes cylindric, ca. 5 × 2.5
cm, elongate after anthesis; peduncle to 8 cm; bracts yellow,
ovate-oblong, 2–2.5 cm × 7–10 mm, longitudinally striate, per- 8. Amomum dolichanthum D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16
sistent, margin ciliate; bracteoles tubular. Calyx 1–1.2 cm, pub- (3): 48. 1978.
escent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla white or yellowish; tube 1–1.2 长花豆蔻 chang hua dou kou
cm; lobes oblong, ca. 8 mm. Lateral staminodes absent. Label-
lum yellowish with orange midvein and purple margin, elliptic, Plants 50–100 cm tall. Leaf sheath pubescent distally;
1.5–1.8 × 1–1.5 cm, slightly concave, pubescent. Filament hairy ligule orbicular, ca. 2 cm, pubescent; petiole absent or rarely
at base; anther elliptic, ca. 2 mm; connective appendage 3-lobed, to 1.5 cm; leaf blade obovate or elliptic, 20–50 × 7–15 cm, gla-
ca. 4 mm. Ovary pilose. Capsule yellowish, oblate, 1–1.5 cm in brous, base acute, apex acuminate. Spikes ellipsoid; peduncle
diam., slightly 9-grooved when dry, pilose. Seeds irregularly short or absent; bracts submembranous, 2–3 cm. Flowers ca. 9
polyhedral, ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. Feb–May, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = cm. Corolla tube ca. 5.5 cm; lobes linear, ca. 2.5 cm × 4 mm,
48*. punctate. Lateral staminodes linear, 4–6 mm. Labellum white,
Cultivated. Hainan, S Yunnan [native to Indonesia (Java)]. yellowish at middle, purple at base, obovate, ca. 3.5 cm. An-
ther linear, 1.2–1.5 cm; connective appendage 3-lobed, lobes
Medicinal.
3–4 × ca. 1 mm, central one erect, lateral ones falcate, expanded.
6. Amomum scarlatinum H. T. Tsai & P. S. Chen, Acta Phy-
Ovary oblong-ellipsoid, 3–4 mm, densely appressed pubescent.
totax. Sin. 17(4): 90. 1979.
Capsule subglobose, ca. 2 cm in diam., brown pubescent, 1.5–2
红花砂仁 hong hua sha ren cm. Fl. Apr–May.
Rhizomes strongly aromatic. Plants 1.5–3 m tall. Leaves • Forests. SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian).
sessile or subsessile; ligule 2-cleft, 5–8 mm, membranous, gla- Medicinal.
brous, lobes obtuse at apex; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 35–40
× 4–11 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Spikes 9. Amomum tsaoko Crevost & Lemarie, Cat. Prod. Indo-Chine
ellipsoid, ca. 4 cm in diam.; peduncle ca. 2.5 cm, scalelike 300. 1917.
sheaths dense, leathery; bracts purple, lanceolate, mostly 草果 cao guo
acuminate, lacerate when dry; bracteoles rose with pale brown
apex, tubular, ca. 4 cm × 8 mm, split nearly to base on 1 side. Amomum hongtsaoko C. F. Liang & D. Fang.
Calyx rose with pale brown apex, 2.7–3.2 cm × ca. 5 mm, Plants to 3 m tall, aromatic. Rhizomes gingerlike. Ligule
pubescent, apex truncate or obscurely 3-lobed. Corolla tube entire, 0.8–1.2 cm, apex obtuse; petiole absent or short; leaf
white, equaling or slightly longer than calyx; lobes rose, blade narrowly elliptic or oblong, 40–70 × 10–20 cm, glabrous,
narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 cm × 6–9 mm. Labellum with yellow base attenuate, margin drying membranous, apex acuminate.
midvein and purple stripes on each side, pale at apex, elliptic, Spikes 13–18 × ca. 5 cm, 5–30-flowered; peduncle at least 10
ca. 3.2 × 1.6 cm, base white villous, margin crisped, apex cm, scalelike sheaths dense, brown when dry, oblong or nar-
toothed. Anther 1–1.5 cm; connective appendage pale brown, 3- rowly elliptic, 5.5–7 × 2.3–3.5 cm, leathery, apex rounded;
lobed, lateral lobes linear, 5–7 mm. Ovary white pubescent. Fr. bracts lanceolate, ca. 4 cm × 6 mm, apex acuminate; bracteoles
May. tubular, ca. 3 cm, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Calyx equaling brac-
• Wet places, roadsides; ca. 900 m. Yunnan. teoles, apex obtusely 3-toothed. Corolla orange-red; tube ca. 2.5
cm; lobes oblong, ca. 2 cm × 4 mm. Labellum elliptic, ca. 2.7
7. Amomum coriandriodorum S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta
× 1.4 cm, apex slightly toothed. Anther ca. 1.3 cm; connective
Bot. Yunnan. 10: 208. 1988.
appendage 3-lobed, ca. 4 × 11 mm, central lobe quadrilateral,
荽味砂仁 sui wei sha ren lateral ones narrower. Capsule red, drying brown and longi-
Plants 1–1.7 m tall. Rhizomes, leaves, and capsules with tudinally striate, oblong or elliptic, 2.5–4.5 × ca. 2 cm, glabrous.
odor of coriander (Coriandrum sativum Linnaeus). Leaves ses- Seeds 4–6 mm in diam., many angled, strongly aromatic. Fl.
sile; ligule brownish, entire, 4–10 mm, glabrous; leaf blade el- Apr–Jun, fr. Sep–Dec. 2n = 48*.
liptic or narrowly so, 20–40 × 5–12 cm, glabrous, base cuneate • Sparse forests; 1100–1800 m. Yunnan.
or attenuate, apex acuminate or caudate. Spikes subobovoid, ca. Both wild and cultivated plants are used for medicine.
7 × 4.5 cm, subcapitate and 5–5.5 × 7.5–8 cm in fruit; peduncle
2–3 cm; bracts red, ca. 4 × 1 cm; bracteoles red, tubular, ca. 2.8 10. Amomum tuberculatum D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16
cm. Calyx red, ca. 2 cm, apex obtusely 3-toothed. Corolla (3): 47. 1978.
tube pale yellowish green, ca. 2 cm; lobes red, central one ca. 德保豆蔻 de bao dou kou
2.4 cm × 8 mm, lateral ones narrower. Lateral staminodes ab-
Plants 70–80 cm tall. Ligule entire, 2–5 mm; petiole to 3
sent. Labellum ca. 4 × 2.5 cm, margin crisped; central lobe pale
cm; leaf blade ovate or lanceolate, 5–45 × 2.5–8 cm, glabrous,
orange, broadly ovate; lateral lobes yellowish, auriclate, small.
base rounded or cuneate, apex caudate. Spikes obovoid, ca. 30-
Filament ca. 7 mm; anther ca. 1 cm; connective appendage 3-
flowered; peduncle embedded in ground, 1.5–7.5 cm; bracts red,
lobed, ca. 3 × 11 mm, margin yellowish brown. Ovary sub-
lanceolate, 3.3–3.9 × 0.8–1.2 cm; bracteoles red with yellowish
ellipsoid, ca. 7 × 4 mm. Capsule purplish red, ellipsoid, 3.8–4.2
apex, tubular, ca. 2 cm. Calyx red with yellowish apex, 2.7–3
× 2.3–2.5 cm. Seeds brown, ca. 6 × 4 mm, 3-angled. Fl. May, fr.
cm, split on 1 side, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube 2.3–2.5
Jul.
cm; lobes oblong, ca. 3 cm × 6–7 mm, central one yellow with
• Forests; 1300–1500 m. S Yunnan. purple markings, 1–1.2 cm wide. Lateral staminodes absent.
Labellum red veined each side of midvein, obovate, 2.8–3.2 ally pale green, narrowly oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-
× 1.5–1.7 cm, densely tuberculate toward throat, base adnate to lanceolate, 40–85 × 13–18 cm, glabrous, base cuneate or
filament forming a tube ca. 3 mm, distal margin crisped, apex attenuate, apex acuminate. Spikes 1 or 2, capitate or ovoid-
entire. Filament ca. 1.1 cm; connective appendage yellowish, 3- globose, 4.5–6.5(–10) × 5–6 cm; peduncle 2–4 cm, scalelike
lobed, central lobe 6–7 × 5–7 mm. Capsule subglobose, 1.2–1.7 sheaths leathery, glabrous; bracts ovate or elliptic, 4.5–6 × 5–
cm in diam., obscurely 3-angled. Fl. May, fr. Sep. 5.5 cm, apex rounded; bracteoles white, tubular, 3–3.2 cm,
• Forests; 1500–1600 m. Guangxi. membranous, glabrous, apex 2-toothed. Calyx white, clavate,
4–4.5 cm, membranous, glabrous, apex 3-toothed. Corolla
11. Amomum quadratolaminare S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. white, glabrous; tube 3–3.5 cm; lobes lanceolate, subequal,
Sin. 27: 279. 1989. central one 2.5–3.3 × 0.9–1.1 cm, apex not mucronate. Lateral
方片砂仁 fang pian sha ren staminodes absent. Labellum white, densely red dotted at center,
with radiate, red veins at margin, narrowly elliptic, 3.2–4 × 2–
Plants 0.8–1.5 m tall. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath green, 2.3 cm, margin crisped. Stamen white; filament ca. 1 cm; anther
conspicuously longitudinally striate; ligule entire, 2–3 mm, linear, ca. 1.4 cm; connective appendage entire. Ovary white,
densely pubescent; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate or narrowly glabrous. Style white, linear, pubescent; stigma pale green,
elliptic, 14–35 × 4–4.5 cm, glabrous, base narrowly cuneate, ciliate. Capsule subglobose. Fl. May.
apex caudate-acuminate. Spikes 1–3, capitate or oblong, 1.2–3 • Forests; ca. 1600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.
cm in diam.; peduncle 0.8–4 cm, scalelike sheaths red, sub-
leathery, margin ciliate; bracts red, ovate or oblong, 1.5–3.1 × 14. Amomum capsiciforme S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
0.8–1.5 cm, subleathery, margin ciliate; bracteoles pale red, ca. 27: 282. 1989.
8 mm. Calyx pale red with white base, equaling bracteoles, 辣椒砂仁 la jiao sha ren
apex 2-cleft. Corolla tube white, spotted red at apex, equaling
calyx, pale white pubescent; lobes narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.4 cm Plants 1–1.5 m tall. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath conspicu-
× 4 mm. Lateral staminodes laminar, square, ca. 2 mm. Label- ously longitudinally striate; ligule entire, 3–6 mm, subleathery,
lum white with yellow band at center and red spots at base, sub- glabrous; leaf blade elliptic or oblong, 18–35 × 5.5–10 cm, gla-
orbicular, ca. 1.5 × 1.8 cm, glabrous, margin crisped. Filament brous, lateral veins prominent, base cuneate, apex caudate-acu-
white, ca. 5 mm; anther elliptic, ca. 6 mm; connective append- minate. Flowers unknown. Fruiting spikes 6–7 cm; peduncle 3–
age 3-lobed, ca. 4 × 8 mm, central lobe emarginate at apex. 5 cm, scalelike sheaths broadly ovate, subleathery. Capsule red,
Ovary densely brown pubescent. Style white; stigma ciliate. Fl. 4.8–5.2 × 1.8–2.2 cm, apex obtuse, with persistent calyx. Seeds
Mar. subcapitate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, warty, wholly enclosed by white aril.
• Forests; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan. Fr. Aug.

12. Amomum thysanochililum S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta • Forests; ca. 1400 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian).
Bot. Yunnan. 10: 205. 1988. 15. Amomum menglaense S. Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 13:
梳唇砂仁 shu chun sha ren 277. 1991.

Plants 1.5–3 m tall. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath conspicu- 勐腊砂仁 meng la sha ren
ously striate, red on basal leaf; ligule brownish, entire, 1–1.5 cm,
Plants 1–1.5 m tall. Leaves sessile; ligule ca. 5 mm, mem-
membranous, glabrous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 50–60 ×
branous, glabrous, apex emarginate; leaf blade elliptic or ob-
7–10 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex long caudate. Spikes sub-
long-lanceolate, 35–40 × 7.5–9.5 cm, glabrous, base cuneate or
capitate, 4.5–5 × 5–6 cm; peduncle 2–7 cm, scalelike sheaths
narrowly so, apex acuminate. Spikes subcapitate, ca. 5 × 3.5 cm;
pale red; bracts ovate-orbicular or ovate, 4.5–5 × 3.5–4 cm;
peduncle 3–12 cm; bracts brown or greenish brown, ovate or
bracteoles purplish red with brownish apex, tubular, ca. 3 cm.
narrowly so, 2–3 × 1.2–1.5 cm; bracteoles reddish, tubular, ca.
Calyx pale purplish red, ca. 3.2 cm, slightly hairy, apex 3-
3.5 cm. Calyx ca. 3 cm, apex 3-toothed, teeth reddish at apex.
toothed. Corolla tube yellowish, ca. 2.5 cm, glabrous; lobes pale
Corolla tube white, ca. 3.2 cm; central lobe suboblong, ca. 3 ×
purplish red, linear, 2.5–3 cm. Lateral staminodes absent. La-
1.3 cm, apex mucronate; lateral lobes subelliptic, ca. 1.1 cm.
bellum yellow with 2 red stripes from center to base, obovate,
Lateral staminodes red, subulate, ca. 4 mm. Labellum red at
3.8–4.2 × 2–2.1 cm, base attenuate, distal margin fimbriate. Fil-
center, with radiate lines and yellow apex, suboblong, ca. 3.5 ×
ament ca. 8 mm; anther white, linear, ca. 1.4 cm; connective ap-
1.8 cm, margin crisped, apex entire. Stamen white; filament ca.
pendage white, entire. Ovary slightly hairy. Fl. Apr.
5 mm; anther linear, ca. 1.5 cm; connective appendage entire,
• Forests; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan. ca. 4 × 8 mm. Ovary yellowish green, ca. 6 mm, glabrous. Fl.
13. Amomum paratsaoko S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia, Acta Bot. May.
Yunnan. 10: 207. 1988. • Forests; ca. 1800 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian).
拟草果 ni cao guo 16. Amomum jingxiense D. Fang & D. H. Qin in D. Fang,
Plants 1.5–3 m tall. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath green, con- Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 461. 1989.
spicuously longitudinally striate; ligule brownish, entire, 2.5–3 狭叶豆蔻 xia ye dou kou
cm, membranous, glabrous; leaf blade adaxially green, abaxi-
 Plants ca. 1.3 m tall. Ligule entire, 2–4 mm; petiole absent 280. 1989.
on proximal leaves, 5–10 mm on distal ones; leaf blade linear-
疣子砂仁 you zi sha ren
lanceolate, 13–50 × 1.5–3(–3.5) cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex
long acuminate. Spikes 5–6 × 2.5–4 cm, 10–20-flowered; ped- Plants 3–3.5 m tall. Leaf sheath striate; ligule 1–1.5 cm,
uncle 1.5–4.5 cm; bracts elliptic, 2–3.5 × 1–1.5 cm, apex obtuse; densely brown villous, apex truncate; petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf
bracteoles purple, tubular, ca. 2.5 cm, split on 1 side, apex 2- blade narrowly elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, 40–50 × 9–12
lobed. Flowers yellow. Calyx purplish red, ca. 3 cm, apex 3- cm, abaxially sparsely hairy except densely white pubescent
toothed. Corolla tube ca. 1.7 cm; lobes oblong, ca. 3 cm × 8 along midvein, base cuneate, margin densely ciliate, apex acu-
mm, central one hoodlike, wider than lateral ones. Lateral sta- minate or caudate-acuminate. Spikes capitate or ovoid, ca. 9.5 ×
minodes ca. 1 mm. Labellum purple lined, obovate, ca. 3.2 × 8.5 cm; peduncle densely brown villous, elongate after anthesis;
1.5 cm, papillose toward throat, base adnate to filament forming bracts subelliptic, 3.5–4 × 2.3–2.5 cm; bracteoles tubular, 1.7–
a tube ca. 3 mm, margin crisped. Filament ca. 5 mm; anther ca. 2.5 cm, pubescent. Calyx whitish, 2.5–3 cm, pubescent,
1.3 cm; connective appendage ca. 5 × 8 mm, margin crenulate. apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube 2–2.2 cm, apex orange with red
Ovary glabrous. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.7–1.9 × 1.1–1.2 cm, striate. veins; lobes yellowish, central one red veined, suborbicular,
Fl. Apr, fr. Sep–Oct. 2.5–2.8 × 2.2–2.5 cm, lateral ones not red veined, narrower than
central one. Lateral staminodes yellowish, subulate, ca. 6 mm.
• Forests; ca. 1300 m. W Guangxi (Jingxi Xian).
Labellum yellow with red spots and veins, semiorbicular, 3–3.5
17. Amomum austrosinense D. Fang, Guihaia 2: 136. 1982.
× 3.5–4 cm. Stamen ca. 2.5 cm; anther linear, ca. 1.5 cm; con-
三叶豆蔻 san ye dou kou nective appendage yellow, slightly 3-lobed. Capsule purple-
black, globose, ca. 3.5 cm in diam., with branched, soft spines
Plants ca. 50 cm tall. Leaves 1–3, usually 2; leaf sheath
3–5 mm. Seeds brown-black, broadly ellipsoid, ca. 4 × 3 mm;
striate; ligule 2-lobed, 3–6 mm, puberulent; petiole 0.5–5 cm,
aril white. Fl. Jun.
puberulent; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or oblong, rarely ovate
to oblanceolate, 10–40 × 3.5–11 cm, glabrous except pub- • Forests; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan.
erulent along midvein, base cuneate to broadly so, sometimes 20. Amomum microcarpum C. F. Liang & D. Fang in D. Fang,
oblique, margin densely ciliate, apex acuminate. Spikes 3–6 Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 49. 1978.
cm; peduncle 4–6 cm; bracts obovate or oblong, 1.2–1.5 cm ×
5–8 mm, 1- or 2-flowered; bracteoles absent. Calyx white 细砂仁 xi sha ren
basally, purple distally, ca. 1.6 cm, puberulent, apex 3- or 4-
Plants ca. 2.5 m tall. Leaves sessile; ligule entire, 4–10
toothed. Corolla tube ca. 1.8 cm, puberulent; lobes white tinged
mm, hairy, apex rounded, rarely emarginate; leaf blade oblong-
reddish, oblong, ca. 1.5 cm × 5 mm. Lateral staminodes red,
lanceolate, 20–60 × 2.5–9 cm, sparsely pilose, base cuneate,
linear, 5–6 mm. Labellum white with red lines, obovate, ca.
apex with caudate tip 1.5–3 cm. Spikes with densely appressed
1.3 cm × 9 mm, margin coarsely serrate, apex 2-lobed. Anther
hairy peduncle and rachis; bracts brown, lanceolate to ovate, ca.
red, 8–9 mm; connective appendage 2-lobed, small. Ovary
3 cm, subglabrous except hairy at base; bracteoles reddish with
densely pubescent. Capsule globose, 0.8–1.4 cm in diam., red
brownish apex, ca. 1.7 cm, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Calyx reddish
pubescent, apex with persistent calyx. Fl. Jun. 2n = 48*.
with whitish apex, ca. 1.7 cm, glabrous, apex slightly 3-toothed.
• Forests; 700–1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi. Corolla reddish; corolla tube nearly as long as calyx; central
lobe oblong-ovate, ca. 1.1 cm × 8 mm, apex cucullate; lateral
Medicinal.
lobes narrower than central one. Lateral staminodes linear, 5–6
18. Amomum koenigii J. F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2: 6. 1791. mm, apex entire. Labellum white with yellow midvein and red-
dotted base, orbicular, ca. 1.8 × 1.5 cm, base attenuate, pub-
野草果 ye cao guo
escent, apex 2-cleft. Anther ca. 5 mm; connective appendage
Plants 1–3 m tall. Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 6 mm, papery, lobes slightly 3-lobed, 2–3 mm, central lobe wider than lateral ones.
rounded at apex; petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or Ovary appressed villous. Capsule purplish, ovoid, 1–1.5 × 0.8–
linear-lanceolate, 30–45 × 4–11 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, 1.2 cm, sparsely appressed villous, with soft spines. Seeds
apex caudate. Spikes narrowly ellipsoid, 4–5 cm; peduncle 30– black. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep.
35 cm in fruit; bracts oblong, 2–2.7 cm × 6–8 mm; bracteoles • Dense forests; 300–500 m. S Guangxi (Dongxing Xian).
tubular, 1.1–1.3 cm, pubescent, apex 2-cleft. Calyx ca. 1.4 cm,
Medicinal.
base white villous, apex 2- or 3-lobed. Corolla tube equaling
calyx, base white pilose; lobes oblong-lanceolate, 1–1.3 cm. 21. Amomum neoaurantiacum T. L. Wu et al., Novon 10: 90.
Labellum subrhombic, ca. 1 cm × 6–8 mm, apex 2-cleft; claw 2000.
white pubescent. Anther linear-oblong, ca. 3 cm; connective ap-
红壳砂仁 hong ke sha ren
pendage semiorbicular. Ovary densely brownish pubescent. Cap-
sule ovoid, rarely oblong-ellipsoid, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, longi- Amomum aurantiacum H. T. Tsai & S. W. Zhao in H. T.
tudinally striate when dry. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Sep–Nov. Tsai & P. S. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 91. 1979, not
Forests; 200–1500 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [India, Thailand]. Ridley (1920).

19. Amomum verrucosum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: Plants 2–2.5 m tall. Pseudostems brown pubescent. Ligule
2-cleft, 6–7 mm, densely yellow villous; petiole very short; leaf
blade abaxially light green, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 30 × 5–6.5 Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
cm, adaxially sparsely and shortly appressed brown hairy, abax-
Forests, cultivated in wet and shady places in sparse forests; 100–
ially densely villous, base cuneate, apex caudate. Spikes oblong; 800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Laos,
peduncle ca. 3 cm, villous, scalelike sheaths purple, deltoid, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
villous; bracts purple, oblong, ca. 1.2 cm × 5 mm. Calyx ca. 1.5
cm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube yellow-red, ca. 1 cm. Lateral 1a. Capsule purple when mature and
staminodes linear, ca. 1 cm, apex emarginate. Labellum white, fresh ........................................................ 23a. var. villosum
yellow with purple spots at center, orbicular, ca. 1.8 cm in 1b. Capsule green or brownish when mature
diam., apex acute, 2-cleft. Filament ca. 1 cm; anther oblong, ca. and fresh ............................................ 23b. var. xanthioides
8 mm; connective appendage 3-lobed, central lobe semi-
23a. Amomum villosum var. villosum
orbicular, lateral ones linear. Capsule orange, subglobose or
ovoid, 1.3–1.8 × 0.7–1.1 cm, appressed rusty hairy, with sparse, 砂仁(原变种) sha ren (yuan bian zhong)
fleshy spines. Seeds red-brown, 4- to many angled. Fl. May–
Capsule purple when mature and fresh. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
Jun, fr. Aug–Sep.
Aug–Sep. 2n = 48*.
• Forests; ca. 600 m. Yunnan.
• Cultivated in wet and shady places in sparse forests; 100–600 m.
Medicinal. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan.
22. Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu, Fl. Hainan. 4: 533. 1977. 23b. Amomum villosum var. xanthioides (Wallich ex Baker)
T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 38. 1978.
海南砂仁 hai nan sha ren
缩砂仁 suo sha ren
Plants 1–1.5 m tall. Ligule lanceolate, 2–4.5 cm, mem-
branous, glabrous; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate Amomum xanthioides Wallich ex Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl.
or linear, 20–30 × 2.5–3 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex cau- Brit. India 6: 239. 1892; A. villosum var. nanum H. T. Tsai & S.
date-apiculate. Spikes with 1–3 cm long peduncle; bracts W. Zhao.
brown, lanceolate, 2–2.5 cm; bracteoles tubular, ca. 2 cm.
Capsule green or brownish when mature and fresh. Fl.
Calyx white, 2–2.2 cm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla slightly longer
May–Jun. 2n = 48*.
than calyx; lobes oblong, ca. 1.5 cm. Labellum white with
purple midvein and yellow apex, orbicular-spatulate, ca. 2 × 2 Forests; 600–800 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Laos,
cm, midvein convex, apex with 2-lobed point. Stamen ca. 1 Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
cm; connective appendage 3-lobed, central lobe orbicular, 24. Amomum yunnanense S. Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 12:
lateral ones suborbicular. Capsule ovoid, 1.5–2.2 × 0.8–1.2 cm, 151. 1990.
obtusely 3-angled, with branched, soft, flaky spines to 1 mm.
Seeds purple-brown, enclosed in a brown, membranous aril. Fl. 云南砂仁 yun nan sha ren
Apr–May, fr. Jun–Sep.
Plants 1–1.5 m tall, base with light red sheaths. Leaf
• Forests. Hainan. sheath green, longitudinally striate, glabrous; ligule green, en-
tire, ca. 4 mm, leathery, margin ciliate; petiole ca. 4 mm; leaf
Cultivated for medicine.
blade obovate-oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 18–30 × 6–9
23. Amomum villosum Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 4. 1790. cm, glabrous, base rounded, apex acuminate or caudate. Spikes
suboblong, ca. 8 × 3.5 cm; peduncle 13–15 cm, scalelike
砂仁 sha ren
sheaths light red, white pubescent; outer bracts decayed at an-
Plants (1–)1.5–3 m tall. Rhizomes procumbent above thesis, inner bracts narrowly oblanceolate, 3.5–4.5 cm × 7–8
ground, clothed with brown, scalelike sheaths. Leaves sessile or mm; bracteoles light red, tubular, ca. 1 cm, glabrous, apex
subsessile; leaf sheath with netlike, depressed squares; ligule emarginate. Flowers white. Calyx 1.5–2 cm, apex obtusely 3-
semiorbicular, 3–5 mm; leaf blade lanceolate to linear, 25–35 × toothed; teeth red, ciliate. Corolla tube equaling calyx, glabrous;
3–7 cm, glabrous, base subrounded, apex caudate. Spikes el- central lobe elliptic, lateral lobes oblong, 1.4–1.6 cm × 6–9 mm.
lipsoid; peduncle 4–8 cm, scalelike sheaths brown or green, el- Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum broadly orbicular, 1.4–1.6
liptic; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm × 5 mm; bracteoles tubular, cm, base contracted into claw, apex emarginate. Filament ca. 5
ca. 1 cm. Calyx white, ca. 1.7 cm, slightly pubescent, apex 3- mm; anther ca. 8 mm; connective appendage entire. Ovary
toothed. Corolla tube ca. 1.8 cm; lobes white, obovate-oblong, densely white pubescent. Capsule (immature) red, globose, ca.
1.6–2 cm × 5–7 mm. Labellum white with yellow, purple-ting- 1.2 cm in diam., with soft spines 1–2 mm. Fr. Jul.
ed midvein, 2 purple spots at base, and yellow apex, orbicular- • Forests; ca. 1200 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian).
spatulate, 1.6–2 cm wide, midvein convex, base contracted into
claw, apex reflexed, 2-cleft. Filament 5–6 mm; anther ca. 6 mm; 25. Amomum gagnepainii T. L. Wu et al., Novon 10: 90. 2000.
connective appendage 3-lobed, central lobe semiorbicular, ca. 3 长序砂仁 chang xu sha ren
× 4 mm, lateral ones auriculate. Ovary white pubescent. Cap-
sule purple, green, or brownish when mature and fresh, brown Amomum thyrsoideum Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot.
when dry, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 × 1.2–2 cm, with branched or simple, France 49: 256. 1903, not Ruiz & Pavón (1798).
soft spines. Seeds many angled, strongly aromatic. Fl. May–
 Roots tuberous. Leaf sheath striate, glabrous; ligule orbic- 九翅豆蔻 jiu chi dou kou
ular, 4–5 mm; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate,
Plants 2–3 m tall. Ligule pale yellow-green, oblong, 2-
20–25 × ca. 6 cm, glabrous, midvein becoming obscure toward
cleft, 1.2–2 cm, sparsely white pubescent; petiole absent to 8
apex, base rounded, apex acuminate. Spikes cylindric, 8–13 cm;
cm; leaf blade oblong or long elliptic, 30–90 × 10–20 cm, adax-
peduncle ca. 30 cm, scalelike sheaths ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3
ially glabrous, abaxially white villous, base attenuate, decurrent,
cm; bracts imbricate, purple, lanceolate, 2–2.3 cm; bracteoles
apex caudate. Spikes subglobose, ca. 5 cm in diam.; bracts
tubular, 0.9–1.2 cm, split on 1 side, apex 2-cleft. Calyx sub-
brownish, 2–2.5 cm, pubescent, deciduous. Calyx pale purple
cylindric, ca. 1 cm, abaxially villous, apex 3-toothed. Corolla
spotted adaxially, ca. 2.3 cm, apex 3-toothed; teeth lanceolate,
tube equaling calyx, villous; lobes yellow, ca. 1.4 cm × 6 mm,
ca. 5 mm. Corolla tube slightly longer than calyx; lobes white,
central one ca. 9 mm wide. Lateral staminodes toothlike, ca. 1
oblong. Labellum white, yellow on each side of midvein, red
mm. Labellum yellow at midvein with purple veins, spatulate-
striate at base, ovate, ca. 3.5 cm, apex slightly revolute, entire.
fan-shaped, ca. 1.5 × 1.2 cm, base attenuate, apex 2-cleft. Sta-
Filament short; anther linear, 1–1.2 cm; connective appendage
men ca. 1.1 cm; filament ca. 5 mm; connective appendage
yellowish, crescent-shaped, apex slightly revolute. Capsule pur-
semiorbicular, ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary hirsute. Capsule subglobose
ple-green, ovoid, 2.5–3 × 1.8–2.4 cm, 9-winged, white pubes-
or ovoid, ca. 2.5 × 1.2–1.8 cm, with dense, curved spines. Seeds
cent; pedicel 7–10 mm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 48*.
3–4 mm in diam., angled. Fl. May, fr. Jul. 2n = 48*.
Forests; 400–800 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, S Xizang, Yunnan
Dense forests. Guangxi [Vietnam]. [Indonesia].
26. Amomum chinense Chun, Fl. Hainan. 4: 533. 1977. Medicinal.
海南假砂仁 hai nan jia sha ren 29. Amomum dealbatum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 42. 1820.
Plants 1–1.5 m tall. Leaf sheath conspicuously concave 长果砂仁 chang guo sha ren
veined; ligule purple, 2-cleft, ca. 3 mm; petiole 5–10 mm; leaf
blade oblong or elliptic, 16–30 × 4–8 cm, glabrous, base acute, Plants 1–3.5 m tall. Ligule orbicular, 2-cleft, 0.4–1.6 cm,
apex caudate-acuminate. Spikes turbinate, ca. 3 cm in diam., ca. rusty villous; petiole 0.5–3 cm; leaf blade adaxially bright
20-flowered; peduncle 5–10 cm; bracts purple, ovate, 1–2 cm; green, abaxially whitish, oblong-lanceolate, 50–70 × 5.5–14
bracteoles tubular, ca. 2 cm. Calyx tinged red at base, ca. 1.7 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially brownish pubescent, base
cm, base villous, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube slightly longer cuneate, apex acuminate. Spikes subglobose, 3–5 cm in diam.;
than calyx; lobes oblanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm, apex concave. Label- peduncle 2–8 cm; bracts reddish, ovate, ca. 2.5 cm. Calyx 3-
lum white with purple midvein and veins, deltoid-ovate, ca. 1.5 lobed at apex; lobes 2-lobed. Corolla tube white, ca. 2.5 cm;
× 1 cm; claw 5–6 mm. Anther ca. 6 mm; connective appendage lobes white, lanceolate, equaling tube. Lateral staminodes subu-
semiorbicular, ca. 8 × 4 mm, margin shallowly crenate. Ovary late, ca. 2 mm. Labellum white with yellow line along center
yellow villous. Capsule ellipsoid, with branched, soft spines 2– and radiate, red veins, elliptic, ca. 2.5 cm, apex emarginate. Fil-
3 mm. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 48*. ament ca. 5 mm; anther ca. 2 mm; connective appendage ellip-
tic, ca. 3 mm. Capsule purple-green, ellipsoid, 2.5–3 × 1–1.2
• Forests. Hainan. cm, with 9 crenulate-winged ribs, indehiscent; pedicel 1–2 cm.
27. Amomum muricarpum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2896. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Sep.
1915. Shady forests, hill slopes; 600–800 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, In-
dia, ?Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand].
疣果豆蔻 you guo dou kou
30. Amomum mengtzense H. T. Tsai & P. S. Chen, Acta Phy-
Plants 2–3 m tall. Rhizomes robust. Ligule 7–9 mm; peti- totax. Sin. 17(4): 91. 1979.
ole 5–10 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 25–
35 × 6–8 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex caudate-acuminate. 蒙自砂仁 meng zi sha ren
Spikes ovoid, 6–8 cm; peduncle 5–7 cm, scalelike sheaths im-
Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 1.1 cm, membranous, glabrous, lobes
bricate, proximal ones smaller than distal ones; rachis yellow
rounded at apex; petiole ca. 16 cm; leaf blade adaxially green,
tomentose; bracteoles brown, tubular, 2–2.5 cm, split nearly to
abaxially pale green, oblong, 70–100 × 12–15 cm, adaxially
base on 1 side. Calyx red, ca. 2.5 cm, apex 2-cleft. Corolla tube
glabrous, abaxially densely pubescent, lateral veins white when
equaling calyx; lobes apricot yellow, conspicuously red veined,
dry, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flowers unknown. Infruc-
2–3 cm. Lateral staminodes subulate. Labellum apricot yellow
tescence paniculate; peduncle 30–40 cm, scalelike sheaths ob-
with purple veins and spots, obovate, 2.5–3 cm, margin cristate,
long, ca. 2.7 × 1 cm, apex mucronate. Capsule ellipsoid, 2.5–
apex 2-cleft. Connective appendage semiorbicular, spreading
3.2 × 1.5–1.7 cm, 9-winged, sparsely villous, apex with persis-
laterally, ca. 5 mm × 1 cm. Capsule red, globose or ellipsoid, ca.
tent calyx; pedicel ca. 5 mm. Fr. May.
2.5 cm in diam., yellow tomentose, with branched, fleshy
spines 3–6 mm. Fl. May–Sep, fr. Jun–Dec. 2n = 48*. • S Yunnan.

Dense forests; 300–1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi [Philippines]. 31. Amomum subcapitatum Y. M. Xia, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
35: 259. 1997.
Medicinal.
头花砂仁 tou hua sha ren
28. Amomum maximum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 41. 1820.
 Plants 1.5–2 m tall. Leaf sheath green, glabrous; ligule 2- cent. Capsule narrowly oblong, winged, densely pubescent. Fl.
lobed, 1–1.4 cm, leathery, pubescent; petiole 12–35 cm, gla- Jun.
brous; leaf blade lanceolate, 60–100 × 16–18 cm, adaxially gla- • Forests. SW Yunnan (Menghai Xian).
brous, abaxially densely silvery sericeous, base attenuate, apex
shortly acuminate. Spikes 1 or 2, subcapitate, 5.5–7 × 4–6 cm; 34. Amomum purpureorubrum S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia,
peduncle 5–12 cm, scalelike sheaths glabrous; bracts 2- or 3- Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10: 207. 1988.
flowered, early deciduous together with bracteoles. Calyx red, 紫红砂仁 zi hong sha ren
ca. 2.4 cm × 5 mm, pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube red,
ca. 2.2 cm × 3–4 mm, glabrous; lobes striped with purple-red, Plants 1–2 m tall. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath purple-red,
lanceolate, central one ca. 3.2 cm × 7 mm, apex corniculate, lat- glabrous; ligule entire, 3–5 cm, membranous, glabrous; leaf
eral ones obtuse at apex. Lateral staminodes yellow, linear, 4–6 blade abaxially pale green, adaxially green, lanceolate or nar-
mm. Labellum yellow with purple-red stripes at center, elliptic, rowly so, 30–60 × 7–10 cm, glabrous, base cuneate or attenuate,
4–4.4 × 2.2–2.5 cm, margin crisped. Filament yellow, ca. 1.5 apex acuminate or caudate. Spikes 1 or 2, capitate, 5.5–7 × 6–8
cm; anther light red, ca. 1.2 cm; connective appendage light red, cm; peduncle 2–3 cm, scalelike sheaths red, glabrous; bracts
2-lobed, ca. 2 × 7 mm. Ovary ca. 6 mm, densely pubescent. dark red, ovate-orbicular or broadly ovate, 3–3.5 × 2.3–2.7 cm,
Capsule purple-red, ellipsoid, 2.5–2.8 × 1.5–1.8 cm, 9-winged, glabrous, apex mucronate; bracteoles dark red, narrowly
apex with persistent calyx; wings crisped. Fr. Oct. lanceolate, 4.3–5 cm × 8–11 mm, glabrous. Flowers white.
Calyx red spotted, 2.5–3 cm, minutely pubescent, apex 3-
• Forests; ca. 900 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian).
toothed; teeth with red line from apex to calyx base. Corolla
32. Amomum petaloideum (S. Q. Tong) T. L. Wu, Novon 7:
tube 1.8–2.2 cm; lobes narrowly elliptic, subequal, central one
441. 1997.
white with minute, red dots, 2.3–2.6 × 1.1–1.2 cm, apex mucro-
宽丝豆蔻 kuan si dou kou nate, lateral lobes narrower than central one. Lateral staminodes
Paramomum petaloideum S. Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. subulate, ca. 3 mm. Labellum white with yellow center and
7: 310. 1985. radiate, red veins to margin, ovate-orbicular, 3.2–3.4 × 2.1–2.3
cm, base attenuate, margin crisped, apex 2-cleft. Stamen white;
Plants 1–1.5 m tall, base with red sheaths. Leaf sheath filament ca. 4 mm; anther ca. 1.1 cm; connective appendage en-
longitudinally striate; ligule oblong, ca. 1 cm, apex emarginate; tire, glabrous. Ovary yellow-green, densely white pubescent.
petiole 2–9 cm; leaf blade abaxially green, adaxially purple-red Capsule purple-red, subovoid, ca. 2.8 × 2 cm, crisped winged.
or light green, elliptic or lanceolate, 40–60 × 9–14 cm, glabrous, Fl. Apr.
base cuneate or narrowly so, apex acuminate or shortly so.
• Forests; 1600–1700 m. SW Yunnan (Menghai Xian).
Spikes with 5–6 cm long peduncle, scalelike sheaths red
with yellow-green margin; bracts ovate-orbicular, 3.4–3.6 × 3– 35. Amomum subulatum Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 75.
3.2 cm; bracteoles red, tubular, ca. 2.2 cm, apex 3-toothed. 1820.
Corolla tube equaling calyx, densely white pubescent; lobes
香豆蔻 xiang dou kou
narrowly elliptic, 1.4–1.5 cm × 4–8 mm. Lateral staminodes ab-
sent. Labellum yellow at apex, obovate, margin crisped. Fila- Plants 1–2 m tall. Ligule 3–4 mm, membranous, apex
ment red at base, bright red at middle, orange distally, broad, rounded, emarginate; petiole absent or nearly so on proximal
apex acuminate; anther attached to middle of filament. Ovary leaves, 1–3 cm on distal ones; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 25–
pale red, 3-loculed. Style white, linear. Stylodes clavate. Cap- 60 × 3.5–11 cm, glabrous, base rounded or cuneate, apex long
sule red, hemispheric, 1.9–2 cm in diam., apex prolonged into cuspidate. Spikes subturbinate, ca. 5 cm in diam.; peduncle 0.5–
wings, with persistent calyx. Seeds black, arillate. Fl. May–Jun. 4.5 cm, scalelike sheaths brown; bracts pale red, ovate, ca. 3 cm,
• Forests; 500–600 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian). apex obtuse with horny cusp; bracteoles tubular, ca. 3 cm, apex
acute, emarginate. Calyx glabrous, 3-cleft to middle; lobes
33. Amomum fragile S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 277.
subulate. Corolla tube equaling calyx; lobes yellow, central one
1989.
subulate at apex. Lateral staminodes red, subulate, ca. 2 mm.
脆舌砂仁 cui she sha ren Labellum with yellow midvein, oblong, ca. 3 cm, white pubes-
cent, veins conspicuous, apex involute. Filament ca. 5 mm;
Plants ca. 2 m tall. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath purple-red;
anther ca. 1 cm; connective appendage elliptic, entire, ca. 4 mm.
ligule light purple, entire, ca. 4 cm, fragile; leaf blade lanceolate
Capsule purple or red-brown, globose, 2–2.5 cm in diam., with
or narrowly so, 55–80 × 5–9 cm, glabrous, base cuneate or nar-
10 undulate wings, apex with persistent calyx. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
rowly so, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate. Spikes nar-
Jun–Sep. 2n = 48.
rowly ellipsoid, 7–8 × 2.8–3.2 cm; peduncle 2.5–10 cm; bracts
elliptic, 3.5–5 × 2–3 cm; bracteoles narrowly lanceolate, ca. 4.5 Dense forests; 300–1300 m. Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangla-
cm × 7 mm, plicate. Calyx purple-red spotted, ca. 3 cm, pub- desh, Bhutan, N India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
escent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube white, ca. 2.5 cm; lobes Tong (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 140. 1998) referred the plants
narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 cm. Lateral staminodes ca. 2 mm. Label- treated in FRPS as Amomum subulatum to A. glabrum. However, one of
lum ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2.3 cm, margin crisped, apex entire. Fila- us (Wu) notes that the species was correctly identified in FRPS, except
ment ca. 5 mm; anther linear, ca. 1.2 cm; connective appendage for the illustration (pl. 46, f. 1–7), which depicts A. glabrum.
entire, ca. 4 mm × 1 cm. Ovary brownish, densely white pubes-
36. Amomum glabrum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27:
282. 1989. 51. 1978.
无毛砂仁 wu mao sha ren 腐花豆蔻 fu hua dou kou

Plants 0.8–1.5 m tall. Leaf sheath green, longitudinally stri- Plants 70–120 cm tall. Leaves 5 or 6; ligule entire, 0.7–1.5
ate; ligule 2-cleft, 3–4 mm, membranous; petiole absent on prox- cm; petiole 5–23 cm, adaxially grooved; leaf blade ovate on
imal leaves, 1–3 cm on distal ones; leaf blade narrowly ellip- proximal leaves, oblong to lanceolate on distal ones, 25–100 ×
tic-lanceolate, 25–55 × 4–5 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex 10–20 cm, glabrous, base obliquely cuneate, apex acute. Spikes
acuminate or caudate. Spikes subovoid, ca. 4.5 × 3 cm; bracts ovoid, 50–60-flowered; peduncle 12–32 cm, scalelike sheaths
reddish, subovate, ca. 3.5 × 2 cm, apex obtuse; bracteoles white, ovate-deltoid or ovate-oblong, 0.5–8 cm; bracts ovate-deltoid,
tubular, ca. 3 cm, apex entire. Calyx ca. 3.5 cm, split to middle ca. 5 × 3.5 cm, 3- or 4-flowered, soon decaying, apex mucro-
on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 3 cm; lobes lanceo- nate; bracteoles 2.5–3 cm, split to base, soon decaying. Flowers
late, central one ca. 3.3 × 1.1 cm, apex apiculate, lateral ones yellow. Calyx ca. 2 cm, slightly split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed.
narrower. Lateral staminodes red at base, white distally, subu- Corolla tube ca. 1.6 cm; lobes oblong, 1.7–2 cm. Lateral sta-
late. Labellum broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2.8 cm, margin crisped. minodes red, toothlike, ca. 3 mm. Labellum cuneate, ca. 2.8 ×
Filament ca. 1 cm; anther ca. 1.5 cm; connective appendage 3- 2.2 cm, apex emarginate, mucronate. Anther ca. 1.7 cm; con-
lobed, ca. 3 mm × 1.2 cm. Ovary greenish, glabrous. Capsule nective appendage slightly 3-lobed, 4–5 mm × ca. 1.5 cm, apex
globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., crisped winged. Fl. May. toothed. Ovary glabrous. Capsule oblong-ovoid, ca. 2.9 × 2.5
cm, glabrous, 9-winged, apex with persistent calyx. Seeds ca. 3
• Forests; ca. 700 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian). mm, enclosed by white aril. 2n = 48*.
37. Amomum odontocarpum D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18:
• Forests; ca. 300 m. S Guangxi (Dongxing Xian).
224. 1980.
波翅豆蔻 bo chi dou kou 39. Amomum repoeense Pierre ex Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot.
France 53: 144. 1906.
Plants 50–120 m tall. Leaves sessile; ligule 2-cleft, 1.5–3
cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 40–60 × 7–12 cm, glabrous except 云南豆蔻 yun nan dou kou
shortly hispid at margin, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Spikes Plants ca. 1 m tall. Leaves 2 or 3; leaf sheath glabrous,
subovoid, ca. 4 cm, 15–20-flowered; peduncle 2–4.5 cm; bracts roughly striate and reticulate; ligule 2-lobed, ca. 1.2 cm, fragile;
purple, oblong to linear, 3.3–4 cm × 5–7 mm, margin and apex petiole 7–25 cm; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate, 20–40 × 7–15
ciliate; bracteoles absent. Calyx purple, 2.5–3 cm, slightly split cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Spikes ca. 3 cm
on 1 side, pubescent abaxially, apex 3-toothed. Corolla white; in diam.; peduncle ca. 7 cm, scalelike sheaths imbricate, ca. 1.2
tube slightly shorter than calyx, distally sparsely pubescent; cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.4 cm × 5–7 mm, whitish pub-
lobes oblong, ca. 2.4 cm × 8 mm. Lateral staminodes ca. 1 mm, escent, 2-flowered; bracteoles enclosing calyx, tubular, pub-
fleshy. Labellum white with orange midvein, obovate, ca. 3 × escent. Flowers white. Calyx 3-toothed at apex. Corolla tube
1.5–2 cm, pubescent toward throat, base adnate to filament glabrous; lobes lanceolate. Lateral staminodes conical, very
forming a tube 2–4 mm. Stamen ca. 1.4 cm; anther ca. 1.2 cm; small. Labellum slightly 3-lobed, 2.5–3 × 1.7–2.5 cm, base
connective appendage entire, ca. 4 mm. Ovary 9-angled, dense- contracted into claw, middle lobe emarginate at apex. Anther 7–
ly pubescent. Capsule purplish, ovoid-globose, ca. 3 × 2.5–2.7 8 mm; connective appendage entire or equally 3-lobed. Ovary
cm, glabrescent, with 9 sparsely toothed wings, apex with per- cylindric, villous, 9-ribbed. Capsule globose, ca. 1.3 mm in
sistent calyx; pedicel 1–1.5 cm, Fl. May, fr. Aug–Sep. diam., 9-ribbed. Fr. May. 2n = 48*.
• Sparse forests; ca. 1500 m. Guangxi.
S Yunnan [Cambodia, Thailand].
38. Amomum putrescens D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3):
7. ELETTARIOPSIS Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 251. 1892.
拟豆蔻属 ni dou kou shu
Herbs perennial, to 1 m tall. Rhizomes creeping, slender, bearing pseudostems at intervals. Leaves 1–8; ligule entire or 2-lobed;
petiole erect, long; leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, elliptic, or oblong. Inflorescences arising from base of pseudostems, with flowers
spaced along rachis or sometimes in an erect, dense head; rachis prostrate or erect, simple or branched; bracts 1- or 2-flowered; brac-
teoles open, not tubular. Calyx white or pinkish, tubular, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube longer than calyx, slender; lobes 3, ovate-
oblong or elliptic. Lateral staminodes absent or very short. Filament short and broad; connective appendage ± quadrate, lateral lobes
not spreading. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule. Stigma obconical, ciliate. Stylodes 2, slender. Capsule globose, glabrous.
About 12 species: China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam; one species in China.

1. Elettariopsis monophylla (Gagnepain) Loesener in Engler Bladeless leaves 2. Normal leaves 1(or 2); ligule ca. 2 mm;
& Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 15a: 603. 1930. petiole ca. 14 cm, channeled; leaf blade ovate or oblong, 12–16
单叶拟豆蔻 dan ye ni dou kou × 3–7 cm, leathery, glabrescent, base obliquely acute, apex
acute. Inflorescence with flowers in a head; peduncle 1–3 cm;
Amomum monophyllum Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France bracts lanceolate, ca. 2 cm; bracteoles ovate, ca. 4 mm. Flowers
54: 163. 1907. sessile. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 3 cm;
lobes ovate-oblong, 1.2–1.5 cm, central one wider than lateral entire, ca. 4 mm, concave. Ovary slightly pilose,
ones, apex cucullate. Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum inconspicuously 6-angled. Fl. May.
white with reddish base and yellow middle, orbicular, ca. 1.7
Forest floors; near sea level to 100 m. Hainan [Laos].
cm in diam., concave, base shortly clawed, apex entire. Filament
basally and abaxially pilose; connective appendage subquadrate,
8. ETLINGERA Giseke, Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 209. 1792.
茴香砂仁属 hui xiang sha ren shu
Achasma Griffith; Diracodes Blume, nom. rej.; Geanthus Reinwardt (1828), not Rafinesque (1814) nor Philippi (1884);
Nicolaia Horaninow, nom. cons.
Rhizomes creeping. Pseudostems robust. Leaves petiolate, lanceolate, large. Inflorescence arising from rhizomes, a spike or
head with flowers arranged in 3 or 4 concentric circles on a flat receptacle, base surrounded by numerous sterile, involucral bracts;
peduncle raised well above ground and long, or embedded in ground and short; bracts 1-flowered; bracteoles long tubular. Calyx
tubular, membranous, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube equaling or longer than calyx; lobes 3, much shorter than tube.
Lateral staminodes absent. Labellum tongue-shaped, ± 3-lobed, much longer than corolla lobes, base adnate to filament forming a
distinct tube; central lobe colored, apex entire or 2-lobed; lateral lobes basally folded over stamen. Stamen shorter than labellum; free
part of filament very short and rather broad; anther bent forward; connective appendage absent. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules numerous
per locule. Capsule fleshy, indehiscent, smooth, longitudinally ridged, or with obtuse warts in rows.
About 70 species: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand; N Australia; three species (one endemic, one introduced) in China.
1a. Peduncle raised well above ground, long, 0.8–1(–1.5) m ................................................................................................ 1. E. elatior
1b. Peduncle embedded in ground, short.
2a. Calyx 3.5–4 cm; labellum yellow at margin, free part 2.5–3 cm ...................................................................... 2. E. yunnanensis
2b. Calyx 6.5–7 cm; labellum bright red at margin, free part 4.5–5.5 cm .................................................................... 3. E. littoralis
1. Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. sembling a capitulum of Chrysanthemum Linnaeus); peduncle
Edinburgh 43: 244. 1986. embedded in ground, short; bracts red, ovate, 2.5–3 × 2–3 cm;
bracteoles tubular, ca. 2.7 cm × 7 mm. Flowers numerous, 6
火炬姜 huo ju jiang
opening together in a circle, red. Calyx 3.5–4 cm, apex 3-tooth-
Alpinia elatior Jack, Malayan Misc. 2(7): 2. 1822; A. ed. Corolla shorter than calyx. Labellum exserted from corolla,
speciosa (Blume) D. Dietrich (1839), not (J. C. Wendland) K. purple at center, yellow at margin, free part 2.5–3 cm, apex 2-
Schumann (1893); Elettaria speciosa Blume; Nicolaia elatior cleft. Free part of filament ca. 5 mm; anther 6–8 mm. Ovary ca.
(Jack) Horaninow; N. speciosa (Blume) Horaninow; Phaeo- 5 mm, pubescent. Style flat. Capsule turbinate, 2.5–3 cm,
meria speciosa (Blume) Koorders. densely pubescent. Fl. Jun. 2n = 48*.

Pseudostems closely grouped, to 5 m. Ligule 2-lobed, to • Forests; ca. 600 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhi-
zhou).
1.5 cm, glabrous; petiole 3–4 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, to 80 ×
18 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence surrounded by involucral bracts; 3. Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke, Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl.
peduncle raised well above ground, long, 0.8–1(–1.5) m, robust; 209. 1792.
involucral bracts red, tapering toward apex, 2–3 × ca. 1 cm,
红茴砂 hong hui sha
glabrous; floral bracts similar to involucral bracts but pinkish,
smaller; bracteoles tubular, ca. 2 cm, deeply split on 1 side. Amomum littorale J. König in Retzius, Observ. Bot. 3:
Calyx 3–4 cm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla pink to red, sometimes 52. 1783; Achasma megalocheilos Griffith; Amomum megalo-
white. Labellum deep red with yellow margin. Filament short, cheilos (Griffith) Baker; Hornstedtia megalocheilos (Griffith)
flat, whitish pubescent; anther red, longer than filament. Fruit- Ridley.
ing head greenish or reddish, globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Seeds
many, black. Pseudostems 2–3 m. Ligule oblong, 6–13 mm, apex acu-
minate; petiole 0.5–3 cm; leaf blade abaxially light brown when
Cultivated for ornament, possibly naturalized in forests at lower
dry, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 50–70 × 9–15 cm, glabrous
elevations. Yunnan [native to Indonesia, Malaysia, and S Thailand;
widely cultivated and naturalized in SE Asia].
except hairy along midvein and at margin abaxially, base sub-
rounded or attenuate, oblique, apex shortly acuminate. Inflores-
2. Etlingera yunnanensis (T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen) R. M. Smith, cence a head, ca. 10 cm in diam. at anthesis; peduncle embed-
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43: 251. 1986. ded in ground, short, 1–3 cm; bracts ovate or oblong, 3–5 ×
茴香砂仁 hui xiang sha ren 1.5–2 cm; bracteoles tubular, ca. 4.5 cm. Flowers 4–12 opening
together, red. Calyx 6.5–7 cm, split to middle on 1 side, apex 3-
Achasma yunnanense T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phy- toothed. Corolla tube 3–5 cm; lobes oblong, 2.2–2.6 cm × 5–7
totax. Sin. 16(3): 40. 1978. mm. Labellum bright red at margin, obovate-oblong, free part
4.5–5.5 × 1.5–2 cm, base expanded, middle slightly narrowed,
Pseudostems tufted, 2–3 m. Ligule ovate, entire, 1–1.5 cm;
margin incurved, apex entire or emarginate. Filament ca. 1 cm;
petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, 50–60 × 7–5.5 cm, gla-
anther ca. 1 cm, apex emarginate. Ovary densely pilose. Style
brous. Inflorescence a head borne on surface of ground (re-
5–6.5 cm; stigma rhombic, ciliate. Capsule globose, ca. 3 cm in Forest floors; 200–300 m. Hainan [Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Su-
diam., pubescent. Fl. Apr–May. 2n = 48*. matra), Malaysia, Thailand].

9. HORNSTEDTIA Retzius, Observ. Bot. 6: 18. 1791.

大豆蔻属 da dou kou shu

Rhizomes creeping, branched, woody. Pseudostems robust. Leaves sessile or petiolate; ligule conspicuous; leaf blade lanceolate.
Inflorescence arising from rhizomes near base of pseudostems, often ca. 1/2 embedded in ground, an ovoid or fusiform spike; ped-
uncle usually short, clothed with 2-ranked, scalelike sheaths; bracts densely imbricate, outer ones leathery, sterile, inner ones mem-
branous, slimy, 1-flowered; bracteoles open, not tubular. Calyx tubular, widened distally, split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed or 2-lobed.
Corolla tube slender, apex usually incurved at a right angle; lobes 3, central one erect, hooded, lateral ones spreading, partly adnate to
labellum. Lateral staminodes reduced to small teeth at base of labellum or absent. Labellum equaling corolla lobes, narrow, concave,
and fleshy, triangular, ovate, or hastate when flattened, base auriculate, apex oblong-rounded. Filament short or absent; connective
appendage orbicular or absent. Ovary oblong, 3-loculed. Style slender; stigma funnelform. Stylodes 2–8, united or free. Capsule sub-
cylindric or nearly 3-angled, smooth; pericarp tough, splitting irregularly near base. Seeds black, many angled, base covered with
white aril.
About 60 species: tropical Asia; two species (endemic) in China.
Hornstedtia arunachalensis S. Tripathi & V. Prakash (Nordic J. Bot. 19: 329. 1999) was recently described from extreme SE Xizang. It was
compared with the Malesian species, H. scyphifera (J. König) Steudel, from which it differs in having fusiform, closed-mouthed inflorescences, white
corolla lobes, and a whitish labellum without lateral auricles. No specimens have been seen by the present authors. From the description and
illustration, H. arunachalensis seems similar to H. tibetica, and the two may perhaps be conspecific.
1a. Leaf blade glabrous; spikes ovoid, 6–8 cm .............................................................................................................. 1. H. hainanensis
1b. Leaf blade pilose abaxially; spikes ovoid-oblong, 10–14 cm ........................................................................................ 2. H. tibetica
1. Hornstedtia hainanensis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phy- 2. Hornstedtia tibetica T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phytotax.
totax. Sin. 16(3): 38. 1978. Sin. 16(3): 39. 1978.
大豆蔻 da dou kou
西藏大豆蔻 xi zang da dou kou
Rhizomes creeping, clothed with brown, villous, scalelike
sheaths. Pseudostems 1–2 m. Ligule ovate, ca. 1 cm; petiole 5– Ligule oblong, entire, ca. 1 cm, membranous, margin cili-
10 mm; leaf blade linear, 40–50 × 6–7 cm, glabrous. Spikes ate; petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 30–70 × 7–10 cm,
ovoid, 6–8 × 3–4 cm; peduncle very short, clothed with 2- adaxially glabrous, abaxially pilose, base cuneate, oblique, apex
ranked, scalelike sheaths; outer bracts imbricate, ovate-deltoid, caudate-acuminate. Spikes ovoid-oblong, 10–14 cm; peduncle
3–5 × 3–4 cm, leathery, densely brown villous, inner ones lan- absent; outer bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, 3.5–9 × ca. 3 cm,
ceolate, membranous; bracteoles linear, ca. 2.5 cm. Flowers un- abaxially densely tomentose; bracteoles linear, 6.5–10 cm,
known. Capsule oblong or ellipsoid, 2–2.5 × 1.2–1.6 cm, with abaxially densely pilose. Flowers unknown. Capsule oblong, ca.
conspicuous, fibrous lines when dry, apex with persistent, vil- 4 × 1.2 cm, apex with persistent calyx ca. 4.5 cm. Seeds numer-
lous calyx 4–4.5 cm; pericarp thin. Seeds numerous. Fr. Apr– ous, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm.
Jul.
• Broad-leaved forests; 800–1000 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian).
• Dense forests. Guangdong, Hainan.
10. GLOBBA Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 143, 170. 1771.
舞花姜属 wu hua jiang shu

Rhizomes creeping, slender. Pseudostems erect, usually to 1.5 m, leafy. Leaves sessile or very shortly petiolate; ligule entire;
leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal, a thyrse or raceme, often lax; bracts each subtending a cincinnus of
flowers, or flowers replaced by bulblets; bracteoles free to base. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, apex obtusely 3-lobed. Corolla tube
slender; lobes ovate or oblong, subequal, concave. Lateral staminodes petaloid. Labellum reflexed, adnate to filament to form a slen-
der tube above lateral staminodes and corolla lobes. Filament long, curved; anther with or without appendages on each side. Ovary 1-
loculed. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, apex irregularly dehiscent. Seeds small; aril white, lacerate.
About 100 species: tropical Asia, one species in Australia; five species (two endemic) in China.
1a. Anther without appendages; bracts caducous.
2a. Inflorescences with cylindric bulblets; capsule tumescent, rugulose ................................................................... 1. G. emeiensis
2b. Inflorescences without bulblets; capsule smooth .................................................................................................. 2. G. racemosa
1b. Anther with 2 appendages on each side; bracts persistent.
3a. Leaf blade glabrous ......................................................................................................................................... 3. G. schomburgkii
3b. Leaf blade hairy.
4a. Thyrses 4–7 cm, with bulblets; flowers orange; lateral staminodes 6–7 mm .................................................... 4. G. barthei
4b. Thyrses 7.5–20 cm, without bulblets; flowers yellow; lateral staminodes 10–13 mm ............................ 5. G. lancangensis
1. Globba emeiensis Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6: 391. 1984. 1a. Inflorescence branched and thyrsoid distally,
5–11 cm; bulblets ovoid; flowers not
峨眉舞花姜 e mei wu hua jiang
reduced ............................................. 3a. var. schomburgkii
Pseudostems 0.8–1.2 m. Ligule ca. 5 mm, densely pilose; 1b. Inflorescence simple and racemose throughout,
petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10–25 3–4 cm; bulblets globose; flowers wholly
× 1.5–4.5 cm, slightly pilose along veins on both surfaces or reduced .................................................. 3b. var. angustata
glabrescent, base cuneate or broadly so, apex caudate. Inflores- 3a. Globba schomburgkii var. schomburgkii
cence a thyrse, 20–40 cm; bracts yellowish white, caducous;
cincinni 0.5–2 cm, 1–3-flowered; bulblets present, cylindric, 双翅舞花姜(原变种) shuang chi wu hua jiang (yuan bian
1–3 (–5) cm × 2–4(–5) mm, with 3–5 nodes. Flowers yellow. zhong)
Calyx purple or yellowish, campanulate, 4–5 mm. Corolla Globba chinensis K. Schumann.
curved, ca. 1.2 cm; lobes reflexed, broadly ovate, 4–6 mm. Inflorescence branched and thyrsoid distally, 5–11 cm;
Lateral staminodes linear-lanceolate, 7–12 × ca. 2 mm. bulblets ovoid. Flowers not reduced. Fl. Aug–Sep. 2n = 48.
Labellum reflexed, oblong-oblanceolate, 1–1.5(–2) cm × 4–5
mm, apex 2-lobed. Filament orange, curved, 1.2–2.5 cm; Forests; ca. 1300 m. S Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
anther 3–4 mm, without appendages. Capsule ellipsoid or 3b. Globba schomburgkii var. angustata Gagnepain in Le-
oblong-ovoid, 1–2(–3) cm, tumescent, rugulose. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. comte, Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 38. 1908.
Jul–Oct. 2n = 24*.
小珠舞花姜 xiao zhu wu hua jiang
• Mountains; 600–1100 m. C Sichuan (Emei Shan).
2. Globba racemosa Smith, Exot. Bot. 2: 115. 1808. Inflorescence simple and racemose throughout, 3–4 cm;
bulblets globose. Flowers wholly reduced. 2n = 48, 64.
舞花姜 wu hua jiang
Forests; ca. 1300 m. S Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].
Globba bulbosa Gagnepain; G. mairei H. Léveillé; G. ori-
4. Globba barthei Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 208.
xensis Roxburgh var. racemosa (Smith) Gagnepain; G. simao-
1901.
ensis Y. Y. Qian; G. strigulosa K. Schumann.
毛舞花姜 mao wu hua jiang
Pseudostems 60–100 cm, base expanded. Leaves subses-
sile; ligule and mouth of leaf sheath ciliate; leaf blade oblong or Pseudostems 30–60 cm, hairy. Leaf blade elliptic or ob-
ovate-lanceolate, 12–20 × 4–5 cm, glabrous or hairy along veins long, 12–16 × 3.5–5 cm, hairy on both surfaces. Inflorescence
on both surfaces, base acute, apex caudate. Inflorescence a thyrse, branched and thyrsoid distally, 4–7 cm, densely flowered;
15–20 cm; bracts caducous; bracteoles ca. 2 mm. Flowers yel- bracts ovate or lanceolate, 1.7–2 cm × 7–10 mm; bulblets pre-
low, with orange, glandular spots. Calyx turbinate, 4–5 mm. sent in axils of proximal bracts, ovoid or oblong, 0.5–1.5 cm.
Corolla tube 1–1.5 cm; lobes reflexed, ca. 5 mm. Lateral stami- Flowers orange, hairy. Calyx ca. 5 mm. Corolla tube ca. 2 cm;
nodes lanceolate, equaling corolla lobes. Labellum reflexed, ob- lobes linear, 6–7 mm. Lateral staminodes oblong, equaling co-
cuneate, ca. 7 mm, apex 2-cleft. Filament 1–1.2 cm; anther ca. 4 rolla lobes. Labellum placed ca. 6 mm above corolla lobes,
mm, without appendages. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm in diam., oblong, ca. 1 cm, apex expanded, 2-cleft. Filament curved, ca.
smooth. Fl. Jun–Sep. 2n = 24*. 1.6 cm; anther ca. 2 mm, with 2 winglike appendages on each
side. Fl. Aug. 2n = 48.
Forests; 400–1300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan,
Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, ?Sikkim, Dense forests; 200–1000 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Philip-
Thailand]. pines, Thailand].

3. Globba schomburgkii J. D. Hooker, Bot. Mag. 103: t. 6298. 5. Globba lancangensis Y. Y. Qian, Acta Bot. Austro Sin. 9: 51.
1877. 1994.
双翅舞花姜 shuang chi wu hua jiang 澜沧舞花姜 lan cang wu hua jiang

Pseudostems 30–50 cm. Leaves 5 or 6; ligule short; petiole Plants glandular throughout. Pseudostems 20–60 cm. Lig-
ca. 5 mm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, 15–20 × 3–4.5 cm, ule ciliate; petiole absent to 2 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous, base obtuse, apex caudate. Inflorescence a pendulous rarely elliptic or oblong, 1.3–11.5(–13.5) × 0.7–2.7(–4) cm,
raceme or thyrse, 3–11 cm; bracts lanceolate, 6–12 mm; cincin- pubescent on both surfaces, base rounded or cuneate, apex acu-
ni (if present) 1–2.5 cm, laxly 2- to many flowered; bulblets minate. Thyrses 7.5–20 cm, laxly flowered; bracts ovate, 1.5–
present, globose or ovoid, 2–4 mm in diam., tuberculate. Flow- 2.2 mm; bulblets absent. Flowers yellow. Calyx 3–5 mm, ciliate.
ers yellow or wholly reduced. Calyx campanulate, 4–5 mm. Corolla tube 1.2–1.6 cm; lobes boat-shaped, 4–6 mm, glabrous
Corolla tube 8–10 mm, pubescent; lobes ovate. Lateral stami- or sparsely ciliate. Lateral staminodes oblong, 1–1.3 cm × 5–7
nodes lanceolate, curved. Labellum yellow, orange spotted at mm, ciliate. Labellum obovate-oblong, 7–8 mm, apex 2-lobed;
base, narrowly cuneate, apex 2-cleft. Filament curved, ca. 1 cm; lobes 3–4 × ca. 1 mm. Filament curved, 1.2–1.5 cm; anther ca.
anther with 2 winglike appendages on each side. Ovary tuber- 2 mm, with 2 winglike appendages on each side. Capsule
culate. Fl. Aug–Sep. ellipsoid, 7–10 × 5–7 mm. Seeds obovoid, 2–3 mm, many
angled. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Sep–Nov.
Forests; ca. 1300 m. S Yunnan [Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
• Forests; 100–1200 m. SW Yunnan (Lancang Lahu Zu Zizhi-
xian).
11. CURCUMA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 2. 1753, nom. cons.
姜黄属 jiang huang shu
Rhizomes branched, fleshy, aromatic, often with tuber-bearing roots. Leaves basal; leaf blade broadly lanceolate or oblong,
rarely narrowly linear. Inflorescence a terminal spike on pseudostems or on separate shoots arising from rhizomes, sometimes
appearing before leaves; peduncle erect; bracts connate for ca. 1/2 their length and forming pouches, spreading at free ends, each
subtending a cincinnus of 2–7 flowers, apical bracts often differently colored, large, sterile, forming a coma; bracteoles free to base.
Calyx usually shortly tubular, split on 1 side, apex 2- or 3-lobed or -toothed. Corolla funnelform; lobes ovate or oblong, subequal or
central lobe longer, apex mucronate. Lateral staminodes petaloid, basally adnate to filament and labellum. Labellum with a thickened,
central portion and thinner, lateral lobes overlapping with lateral staminodes. Filament short, broad; anther versatile, base usually
spurred; connective appendage absent. Ovary 3-loculed. Capsule ellipsoid, 3-valved, dehiscent.
About 50 species: SE Asia, one species in Australia; 12 species (six endemic, one introduced) in China.

1a. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems; plants flowering in autumn.

2a. Leaf blade pubescent on both surfaces .......................................................................................................... 11. C. kwangsiensis
2b. Leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces.
3a. Leaf blade with a purple band along center.
4a. Rhizomes yellow inside; leaf blade 13–15 cm wide, midvein green; coma bracts deep purple except
for white base ........................................................................................................................................ 1. C. yunnanensis
4b. Rhizomes green inside; leaf blade 5–7 cm wide, midvein red; coma bracts white with purple apex ......... 2. C. exigua
3b. Leaf blade without a purple band along center.
5a. Rhizomes and coma bracts white; labellum white with central, yellow band ................................... 3. C. sichuanensis
5b. Rhizomes orange or yellow; coma bracts white and green, sometimes tinged reddish purple;
labellum yellow or yellowish.
6a. Rhizomes orange and bright yellow; coma bracts white and green, sometimes tinged reddish
purple; labellum yellowish with central, yellow band ............................................................................ 4. C. longa
6b. Rhizomes pale yellow; coma bracts white, partly with green stripe; labellum yellow with small,
brown stripe on central band ............................................................................................................ 5. C. viridiflora
1b. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes; plants flowering in summer.
7a. Leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces.
8a. Leaf blade with purple midvein ................................................................................................................. 6. C. zanthorrhiza
8b. Leaf blade without purple midvein.
9a. Rhizomes yellow inside, bluish green outside; coma bracts whitish, apex red and pink; corolla
red .......................................................................................................................................................... 7. C. amarissima
9b. Rhizomes yellowish inside, whitish outside; coma bracts rose; corolla white ........................................ 8. C. wenyujin
7b. Leaf blade pubescent on both surfaces or abaxially only.
10a. Leaf blade with purple cloud at center; rhizomes pale blue, pale green, yellowish green, or yellow .... 9. C. phaeocaulis
10b. Leaf blade without purple cloud at center; rhizomes white to yellow.
11a. Coma bracts absent ............................................................................................................................ 10. C. flaviflora
11b. Coma bracts pale red, or white tinged with red.
12a. Leaf blade pubescent on both surfaces; rhizomes white or creamy white ....................... 11. C. kwangsiensis
12b. Leaf blade pubescent abaxially only; rhizomes yellow ......................................................... 12. C. aromatica
1. Curcuma yunnanensis N. Liu & S. J. Chen, Guihaia 7: 16. vate, ca. 1.5 × 1.7 cm, apex emarginate. Filament flattened;
1987. anther white, ca. 5 mm. Ovary villous. Fl. Jul. 2n = 63*.
顶花莪术 ding hua e zhu • Shrubby or grassy areas. W Yunnan (Wanding Zhen).

Rhizomes green inside; roots tuberous at tip. Leaf sheath 2. Curcuma exigua N. Liu in N. Liu & S. J. Chen, Guihaia 7:
rusty; petiole 4.5–15 cm; leaf blade with ca. 2 cm purple cloud 15. 1987.
at center, oblong or broadly lanceolate, 45–50 × 13–15 cm, gla- 细莪术 xi e zhu
brous, midvein green, base attenuate, apex caudate. Inflores-
cences terminal on pseudostems; peduncle ca. 3.2 cm; spike Plants 40–80 cm tall. Rhizomes many branched, yellow
cylindric, 13–16 × 7–8.5 cm; fertile bracts green, pale purple at inside, fleshy; roots bearing tubers. Leaf sheath pale green; peti-
margin and apex, ovate-elliptic, ca. 5 × 2.3 cm; coma bracts ole 5–8 cm; leaf blade green with purple, narrow band along
deep purple except for white base, oblong, ca. 6 × 1.8 cm. Ca- red midvein, lanceolate to broadly so, ca. 20 × 5–7 cm, gla-
lyx white with pink apex, ca. 1.9 cm. Corolla tube pink, ca. 3.8 brous, base cuneate, apex caudate. Inflorescences terminal on
cm, villous at throat; lobes purple, suborbicular, ca. 1.1 × 1 cm. pseudostems; peduncle ca. 3.6 cm; spike cylindric, ca. 9 × 2.5
Lateral staminodes yellow, subovate. Labellum yellow, obo- cm; fertile bracts ovate-elliptic; coma bracts white with purple
apex, oblong, ca. 4.2 × 1 cm, glabrous. Calyx ca. 1.3 cm, apex uncle ca. 10 cm; spike 10–15 × 5–7 cm; fertile bracts pale
2-toothed. Corolla pale purple; tube ca. 1.4 cm, villous at throat; green, elliptic-lanceolate; coma bracts white, partly with green
lobes yellow, elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm. Lateral staminodes yellow, stripe, 6–7.5 cm. Calyx white, ca. 1 cm. Corolla tube much
obovate, ca. 1 cm × 5 mm. Labellum suborbicular, ca. 1.2 × 1.1 longer than calyx; lobes pale pink. Lateral staminodes elliptic,
cm, apex yellow with deeply colored center, emarginate. Ovary ca. 1.4 cm × 9 mm. Labellum yellow with a central, brown, nar-
pilose. Capsule subglobose. Fl. Aug–Oct. row stripe, transversely oblong, ca. 1.6 × 1.8 cm. Filament ca. 4
• SW Sichuan (Miyi Xian). mm; anther with spreading spurs at base. Fl. Jul.

3. Curcuma sichuanensis X. X. Chen, Guihaia 4: 133. 1984. SW Taiwan (Gaoxiong Shi) [Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand].

川郁金 chuan yu jin Specimens from Taiwan have not been seen by the present au-
thors.
Curcuma albicoma S. Q. Tong.
6. Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 25. 1820.
Plants 0.7–1.5 m tall. Rhizomes white or yellowish inside,
fragrant; roots tuberous at tip. Petiole 12–30 cm; leaf blade el- 印尼莪术 yin ni e zhu
liptic or elliptic oblong, 35–85 × 13–21 cm, glabrous, base at-
Plants to 2 m tall. Rhizomes few, few branched, orange or
tenuate, oblique, apex caudate. Inflorescences terminal on pseu-
orange-red inside, paler on younger parts, short; roots with
dostems; peduncle 15–22 cm; spike cylindric, 14–20 × 5–8 cm;
large tubers. Ligule small; petiole ca. 10 cm; leaf blade green
fertile bracts ovate, 3.5–4.5 × 2–3.2 cm, apex obtuse; coma
with purple midvein, oblong, 40–80 × 15–20 cm, glabrous. In-
bracts white, sometimes slightly purple-red apically, ovate or
florescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes;
elliptic oblong, apex acute. Calyx clavate, ca. 1 cm, apex ir-
peduncle 15–25 cm; spike 16–25 × 8–10 cm; fertile bracts pale
regularly 3-toothed. Corolla tube pale yellow, funnelform, 2.5–
green, ca. 3 × 3.5 cm; coma bracts purple, ca. 7 × 3 cm, apical
3.2 cm; lobes yellowish, oblong, central one ca. 2 × 1.3 cm,
ones much narrower; bracteoles ca. 2.5 cm. Calyx white-green,
apex mucronate. Lateral staminodes pale yellow, obovate, ca. 2
ca. 1.4 cm, pubescent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 3.5 cm;
× 1.1 cm, apex 2-cleft. Labellum white with a yellow band at
lobes pale purple, ovate, ca. 1.7 × 1.5 cm. Lateral staminodes
center, ovate, ca. 2 × 1.6 cm, apex convex, emarginate. Ovary
yellowish tinged with purple, oblong, ca. 1.7 × 1 cm. Labellum
villous. Capsule globose. Seeds small. Fl. Jul.
yellowish with deeply colored, median band, square, ca. 2 × 2
• Riversides; ca. 900 m. Sichuan, SW Yunnan (Jinghong Xian). cm. Anther ca. 4 mm, base with spurs ca. 3 mm. Fl. Apr. 2n =
63*.
4. Curcuma longa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 2. 1753.
Riversides; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan [Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand].
姜黄 jiang huang
7. Curcuma amarissima Roscoe, Monandr. Pl. Scitam. t. 101.
Curcuma domestica Valeton. 1826.
Plants ca. 1 m tall. Rhizomes many branched, orange or 味极苦姜黄 wei ji ku jiang huang
bright yellow, cylindric, aromatic; roots tuberous at tip. Petiole
20–45 cm; leaf blade green, oblong or elliptic, 30–45(–90) × Plants ca. 1 m tall. Rhizomes yellow inside, bluish green
15–18 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex shortly acuminate. In- outside, large, bitter; root tubers white inside. Petiole reddish
florescences terminal on pseudostems; peduncle 12–20 cm; brown, long; leaf blade green, oblong, ca. 45 × 14 cm, glabrous.
spike cylindric, 12–18 × 4–9 cm; fertile bracts pale green, ovate Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes; spike
or oblong, 3–5 cm, apex obtuse; coma bracts spreading, white cylindric, ca. 14 × 9 cm; fertile bracts ovate, ca. 5 cm; coma
and green, sometimes tinged reddish purple, apex acute. Calyx bracts whitish, apex red and pink. Calyx ca. 1 cm, apex 3-lobed.
white, 0.8–1.2 cm, puberulent, apex unequally 3-toothed. Co- Corolla red; tube ca. 2 cm; lobes oblong, ca. 1 cm, apex acute.
rolla pale yellow; tube to 3 cm; lobes deltoid, 1–1.5 cm, central Lateral staminodes and labellum yellow. Labellum semielliptic,
one larger, apex mucronate. Lateral staminodes shorter than la- 3-lobed; central lobe with central, deep yellow band, apex emar-
bellum. Labellum yellowish with central, yellow band, obovate, ginate. Ovary puberulent. Fl. May.
1.2–2 cm. Anther spurred at base. Ovary sparsely hairy. Fl. Forest floors; ca. 800 m. S Yunnan (Mengla Xian) [Bangladesh].
Aug.
8. Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen & C. Ling, Acta Pharm. Sin.
Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xi-
16(5): 387. 1981.
zang, Yunnan [native origin unknown; cultivated throughout tropical
Asia]. 温郁金 wen yu jin
Used medicinally and for spice. Plants 0.8–1.6 m tall. Rhizomes yellowish inside, whitish
5. Curcuma viridiflora Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 34. 1820. outside, ovoid, robust, fleshy; roots fusiform tuberous at tip.
Petiole ca. 30 cm; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, 35–75 ×
二黄 er huang 14–22 cm, glabrous, base subrounded or broadly cuneate, apex
acute or shortly caudate. Inflorescences on separate shoots aris-
Plants 50–70 cm tall. Rhizomes many branched, pale yel-
ing from rhizomes; peduncle 15–20 cm; spike 20–30 cm; coma
low inside; roots bearing tubers. Leaf blade dark green, ovate,
bracts tinged with red, oblong, 5–8 cm, apex acute; fertile
ca. 30 × 7–8 cm. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems; ped-
bracts green, ovate, 3–5 cm. Calyx white, 1–1.2 cm. Corolla
white; tube ca. 2.8 cm, white villous at throat; lobes ca. 1.5 × ow center, elliptic, ca. 2.2 × 1.2 cm. Labellum pale yellow with
1.2 cm. Lateral staminodes yellow, petaloid, oblong, ca. 1.7 cm. deep yellow center, obovate, 2.5–2 cm, glabrous, base with 2
Labellum reflexed, yellow with deeply colored center, obovate, longitudinal, red stripes, apex 2-cleft. Ovary white pubescent.
ca. 2.2 cm, apex emarginate. Filament very short; anther with Fl. Jun.
2 spurs at base. Ovary densely hirsute. Fl. May–Jun. 2n = 63*.
• Forests; ca. 1400 m. SW Yunnan (Menghai Xian).
• Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang.
11. Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee & C. F. Liang, Acta Phy-
This species was described in FRPS as Curcuma aromatica totax. Sin. 15(2): 110. 1977.
‘Wenyujin’ (i.e., a cultivar).
广西莪术 guang xi e zhu
Cultivated for medicine.
Curcuma chuanyujin C. K. Hsieh & H. Zhang.
9. Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg,
Rhizomes white or pale creamy inside, ovate-globose, 4–5
sér. 2, 27: 69. 1918.
× 2.5–3.5 cm; roots bearing tubers. Ligule ca. 1.5 mm; petiole
莪术 e zhu 2–11 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, 14–40 × 4.5–9.5 cm, pub-
escent, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal
Plants ca. 1 m tall. Rhizomes pale blue, pale green, on pseudostems or on separate shoots arising from rhizomes;
yellowish green, or yellow; roots tuberous at tip. Leaf sheaths peduncle 7–14 cm; spike ca. 15 × 7 cm; fertile bracts greenish,
dark brown; petiole longer than leaf blade; leaf blade with broadly ovate, ca. 4 cm; coma bracts pale red, oblong. Calyx
purple cloud at center and green midvein, oblong-lanceolate, white, ca. 1 cm. Corolla tube ca. 2 cm, villous at throat; lobes
25–60 × 10–15 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely red, ovate, ca. 1 cm. Lateral staminodes oblong. Labellum yel-
pubescent. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from lowish, suborbicular; central lobe 2-cleft at apex. Filament broad;
rhizomes; spike 10–18 × 5–8 cm; fertile bracts white-green, anther ca. 4 mm, base spurred. Ovary villous. Fl. May–Jul. 2n =
pink at apex, broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate or acute; coma 84*.
bracts white, apex deep red. Calyx ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla tube
white, ca. 3 cm; lobes red, ca. 1.5 cm. Lateral staminodes • Shrubby and grassy areas. Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yun-
nan.
petaloid. Labellum subobovate, ca. 2 × 1.2–1.5 cm, yellowish
with deep yellow center; central lobe emarginate at apex. Medicinal.
Ovary hairy. 2n = 63. 12. Curcuma aromatica Salisbury, Parad. Lond. 1: t. 96. 1807.
Yunnan; cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Sichuan 郁金 yu jin
[Indonesia, Vietnam].
Plants ca. 1 m tall. Rhizomes yellow inside, elliptic or nar-
Curcuma phaeocaulis has been misidentified as C. aeruginosa rowly so, fleshy, aromatic; roots with fusiform tubers. Petiole
Roxburgh, C. caesia Roxburgh, and C. zedoaria (Christmann) Roscoe
equaling leaf blade; leaf blade oblong, 30–60 × 10–20 cm, ad-
in the Chinese literature.
axially glabrous, abaxially pubescent, base attenuate, apex nar-
10. Curcuma flaviflora S. Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 8: 37. rowly caudate. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from
1986. rhizomes, usually appearing before leaves; spike cylindric, ca.
15 × 8 cm; fertile bracts pale green, ovate, 4–5 cm; coma bracts
黄花姜黄 huang hua jiang huang
white, tinged with red, narrowly oblong, pubescent, apex mucro-
Plants 30–40 cm tall. Rhizomes small, aromatic; roots nate. Calyx sparsely hairy, 0.8–1.5 cm. Corolla tube funnelform,
fusiform tuberous at tip. Petiole 4–7 cm; leaf blade 20–24 × 7–8 2.3–2.5 cm, villous at throat; lobes pinkish white, oblong, ca.
cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely pubescent, base cune- 1.5 cm. Lateral staminodes yellowish, obovate-oblong, ca. 1.5
ate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising cm. Labellum yellow, obovate, ca. 2.5 cm, apex emarginate.
from rhizomes; peduncle 5–9 cm, scalelike sheaths purplish red; Ovary villous. Fl. Apr–Jun. 2n = 42.
spike 4.5–6 × 2.5–3 cm; fertile bracts pale purplish red, ovate- Wild and cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hai-
orbicular to ovate, 4–4.5 × 2.6–3 cm, densely pubescent, apex nan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Ne-
acuminate; coma bracts absent. Calyx ca. 2 cm, apex 3-toothed, pal, ?Sikkim, Sri Lanka].
ciliate. Corolla tube white, ca. 4 cm, densely white pubescent, Medicinal.
throat glabrous; lobes pale yellow, narrowly lanceolate, 1.8–2.4
cm × 7–9 mm. Lateral staminodes pale yellow with deep yell-
12. ROSCOEA Smith, Exot. Bot. 2: 97. 1806.
象牙参属 xiang ya shen shu

Herbs small, with annual pseudostems from erect, reduced rhizome; roots fascicled, tuberous, fusiform. Ligule a curved line at
junction of tubular leaf sheath and leaf blade; petiole absent; leaf blade oblong or lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal on pseudostems,
a spike; peduncle short and enclosed by leaf sheaths to long and exserted; bracts persistent, 1-flowered; bracteoles absent. Calyx tub-
ular, split on 1 side, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube usually exserted from calyx, slender, wider at throat; central lobe erect, usu-
ally cucullate; lateral lobes spreading, narrower than central one, usually free. Lateral staminodes erect, petaloid. Labellum reflexed
or not, cuneate, large, apex emarginate to 2-lobed. Filament short; anther linear; connective extended at base into a spur. Ovary cylin-
dric or oblong, 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule, superposed. Style filiform; stigma funnelform, margin ciliate. Capsule oblong,
cylindric, or clavate, 3-valved. Seeds small, arillate.
About 18 species: Bhutan, China, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam; 13 species (eight endemic) in China.

1a. Corolla tube 1.6–4(–5) cm; labellum usually less than 2.5 cm.
2a. Plants usually less than 15 cm tall when mature.
3a. Central lobe of corolla orbicular; labellum not reflexed ...................................................................................... 1. R. alpina
3b. Central lobe of corolla oblong; labellum slightly to conspicuously reflexed.
4a. Leaves obscurely to densely hairy especially when young; bracts elliptic; lateral staminodes oblong,
1–1.3 cm ....................................................................................................................................................... 2. R. tibetica
4b. Leaves glabrous; bracts tubular; lateral staminodes narrowly obovate-cuneate, ca. 1.4 cm ............ 3. R. kunmingensis
2b. Plants usually more than 15 cm tall when mature.
5a. Leaves appearing after anthesis, 3–6 cm wide; bracts much shorter than calyx ............................................ 4. R. humeana
5b. Leaves appearing before anthesis, 1–2.8 cm wide; bracts longer than calyx.
6a. Lateral staminodes elliptic to obliquely obovate, 1–1.4 cm; labellum 1.3–2 × 0.8–1.2 cm, with white
lines at throat .............................................................................................................................................. 5. R. scillifolia
6b. Lateral staminodes obliquely spatulate, ca. 2 cm; labellum ca. 2.5 × 1.4 cm, without white lines at
throat ............................................................................................................................................................ 6. R. capitata
1b. Corolla tube (3–)4–12.5 cm; labellum usually more than 2.5 cm.
7a. Bracts obtuse or truncate at apex.
8a. Leaves glaucous abaxially ................................................................................................................................... 7. R. wardii
8b. Leaves not glaucous abaxially.
9a. Leaves distinctly narrowed and petiolelike between sheath and blade; ligule prominent ........................... 8. R. debilis
9b. Leaves not narrowed and petiolelike between sheath and blade; ligule obscure ....................................... 9. R. forrestii
7b. Bracts acute at apex.
10a. Leaves auriculate ....................................................................................................................................... 10. R. auriculata
10b. Leaves not auriculate.
11a. Leaves absent at anthesis ..................................................................................................................... 11. R. praecox
11b. Leaves present at anthesis.
12a. Leaves forming a rosette at apex of pseudostem; labellum not reflexed, lobes usually
emarginate; stigma hooked ............................................................................................... 12. R. schneideriana
12b. Leaves not forming a rosette at apex of pseudostem; labellum reflexed, lobes usually
not emarginate; stigma not hooked ....................................................................................... 13. R. cautleoides
1. Roscoea alpina Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 361. 1839. S. Q. Tong.
高山象牙参 gao shan xiang ya shen Plants 5–15 cm tall. Leaves 1–3, forming a rosette; ligule
obscure, ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade elliptic, widest near base, 2–6 ×
Roscoea intermedia Gagnepain.
1–2.5 cm, obscurely to densely hairy especially when young,
Plants 10–20 cm tall. Bladeless leaves 2 or 3. Normal apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescence enclosed by leaf sheaths;
leaves 2 or 3; ligule ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or bracts elliptic, 2.2–4 cm. Flowers purple or violet, held just
linear-lanceolate, 3–12 × 1.2–2 cm, glabrous, base subrounded, above leaf rosette. Calyx brown spotted, 3–4 cm, apex 3-tooth-
apex acuminate. Inflorescence with peduncle enclosed by leaf ed. Corolla tube 4–5 cm; central lobe oblong, cucullate, 1.5–1.7
sheaths; bracts 3–10 mm. Flowers purple or lilac, opening one cm × ca. 8 mm, apex apiculate; lateral lobes lanceolate, 1.5–1.8
at a time. Calyx 4–5 cm, apex 2-toothed. Corolla tube exserted cm × 4–5 mm. Lateral staminodes oblong, 1–1.3 cm. Labellum
from calyx, long, slender; central lobe erect, orbicular, ca. 1.5 slightly reflexed, obovate 1.4–2.5 × 0.8–1.8 cm including claw,
cm in diam., apex apiculate; lateral lobes reflexed, linear- usually deeply lobed for more than 1/2 its length. Anther cream;
oblong. Lateral staminodes erect, similar to corolla lobes but connective spur 3–7 mm. Ovary cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm. Fl. Jun–
shorter. Labellum not reflexed, cuneate-obovate, ca. 1.5 cm, Jul.
apex 2-lobed. Anther white to cream, locules 5–6 mm; con-
Pinus forests, scrub, alpine meadows; 2400–3800 m. Sichuan, Xi-
nective spur 1.5–2 mm. Capsule 2.5–3.5 cm. Seeds subcubic,
zang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India].
slightly constricted near middle. Fl. May–Aug.
3. Roscoea kunmingensis S. Q. Tong, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
Coniferous forests; 3000–3600 m. Xizang [Bhutan, India, Kash-
mir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
12: 248. 1992.

2. Roscoea tibetica Batalin, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. 昆明象牙参 kun ming xiang ya shen
Sada 14: 183. 1895. Plants 8–12 cm tall. Bladeless leaves ca. 4. Ligule ca. 3
藏象牙参 zang xiang ya shen mm; leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly so, 8–20 × 2.5–3(–4.2)
cm, glabrous, apex acuminate or shortly so. Inflorescence 1- or
Roscoea intermedia Gagnepain var. minuta Gagnepain; R. 2-flowered; peduncle enclosed by leaf sheaths; bracts tubular,
intermedia var. plurifolia Loesener; R. tibetica var. emarginata
0.5–0.7(–3.5) cm, rarely to 8 cm after anthesis, apex acuminate, Ornamental.
2-toothed. Corolla tube 3.5–4 cm; central lobe oblong, 1.5–2 cm 5. Roscoea scillifolia (Gagnepain) Cowley, Kew Bull. 36: 765.
× 6–8 mm; lateral lobes linear-oblong, narrower than central 1982.
one. Lateral staminodes narrowly obovate-cuneate, ca. 1.4 cm.
Labellum reflexed, with white lines on claw, obovate-cuneate, 绵枣象牙参 mian zao xiang ya shen
1.6–2.1 × 1–1.5 cm, apex deeply 2-lobed. Anther locules ca. 4 Roscoea capitata Smith var. scillifolia Gagnepain, Bull.
mm; connective spur ca. 3 mm. Ovary cylindric, 3–3.5 cm × 6– Soc. Bot. France 48: lxxiv. 1902; R. yunnanensis Loesener var.
7 mm. Seeds obovoid, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. May–Jun. scillifolia (Gagnepain) Loesener.
• Forests; 2100–2200 m. Yunnan.
Plants 10–25 cm tall. Leaves 1–5; ligule 2–3 mm; leaf
1a. Leaf blade 2.5–3 cm wide; bracts blade lanceolate to linear, 11–21 × 1.5–2 cm, proximal ones
0.5–0.7 cm ........................................ 3a. var. kunmingensis sometimes falcate, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescence with
1b. Leaf blade to 4.2 cm wide; bracts peduncle enclosed by or exserted from leaf sheaths; bracts
2.5–3.5 cm, to 8 cm after green, 2.6–5 × 1.2–3 cm, basal one tubular and enclosing
anthesis ........................................ 3b. var. elongatobractea inflorescence, soon splitting. Flowers blackish purple, pink,
white, or occasionally mauve, opening one at a time. Calyx
3a. Roscoea kunmingensis var. kunmingensis whitish brown, 1.5–2.1 cm, apex 2(or 3)-toothed. Corolla tube
昆明象牙参(原变种) kun ming xiang ya shen (yuan bian 1.6–3 cm; central lobe elliptic, 1.4–2 cm × 6–10 mm; lateral
zhong) lobes linear-oblong, 1.1–2 cm × 4–6 mm. Lateral staminodes
elliptic to obliquely obovate, 1–1.4 cm × 3–5 mm. Labellum
Leaves 2.5–3 cm wide. Bracts 0.5–0.7 cm. Fl. May. with white lines at throat, obovate, 1.3–2 × 0.8–1.2 cm, scarce-
• Pinus forests; ca. 2200 m. Yunnan (Kunming Shi). ly to deeply lobed; lobes sometimes emarginate at apex. Anther
3b. Roscoea kunmingensis var. elongatobractea S. Q. Tong, white; connective spur 5–6 mm. Ovary 1–1.5 cm × 3–4 mm, 3-
Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 12: 249. 1992. angled. Seeds ellipsoid to 3-angled. Fl. Jun–Aug.
延苞象牙参 yan bao xiang ya shen • Moist open mountain pastures; 2700–3400 m. Yunnan.

Leaves to 4.2 cm wide. Bracts 2.5–3.5 cm, to 8 cm after 6. Roscoea capitata Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 461.
anthesis. Fl. Jun. 1822.

• Forests; ca. 2100 m. Yunnan (Kunming Shi). 头花象牙参 tou hua xiang ya shen

4. Roscoea humeana I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Plants 30–50 cm tall. Leaves several; leaf blade linear,
Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 122. 1916. rarely lanceolate, 15–25 × 1–2.8 cm, strongly keeled, base nar-
rowed, apex acuminate. Inflorescence capitate, densely flow-
大花象牙参 da hua xiang ya shen
ered; peduncle 5–10 cm; bracts green, lanceolate, 4–4.5 × ca. 1
Roscoea sichuanensis R. H. Miao. cm. Flowers blue. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, strongly pubescent especi-
ally along veins, split on 1 side, apex 2-toothed. Corolla tube
Plants 13–25 cm tall. Leaves 4–6, appearing after anthesis;
shorter than calyx; central lobe oblong-cuneate, cucullate, ca. 2
ligule ca. 2 mm; leaf blade broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
cm, apex apiculate; lateral lobes longer than central one. Lateral
late, 10–30 × 3–6 cm, glabrous, apex acute. Inflorescence with
staminodes obliquely spatulate, ca. 2 cm. Labellum not reflex-
peduncle enclosed by leaf sheaths; bracts lanceolate, usually
ed, oblong-cuneate, ca. 2.5 × 1.4 cm, lobed for ca. 1/4 its length;
much shorter than calyx. Flowers 1 to many opening together,
lobes conspicuously emarginate at apex. Anther creamy white,
violet, purple, pink, white, or yellow. Calyx narrowly tubular,
locules ca. 5 mm; connective spur ca. 1 cm. Ovary pink. Cap-
10–14 cm, apex oblique, 2-lobed. Corolla tube slightly longer
sule clavate, ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
than calyx; central lobe broadly ovate, 3–4 × 2.5–3 cm, base
erect, narrow, cucullate, apex rounded, apiculate; lateral lobes Forests; 2300–2400 m. Xizang [Nepal].
oblanceolate, 3–3.5 × ca. 1.5 cm. Lateral staminodes white ting-
7. Roscoea wardii Cowley, Kew Bull. 36: 768. 1982.
ed with purple, oblanceolate, 1.5–1.7 cm. Labellum reflexed,
obovate, usually smaller than central lobe of corolla, 2–2.5 × ca. 苍白象牙参 cang bai xiang ya shen
3 cm, apically 2-cleft to near base, margin cristate; claw hard.
Filament ca. 5 mm; anther white, ca. 1.2 cm; connective spur Roscoea blanda K. Schumann var. pumila Handel-Maz-
yellowish green, 6–8 mm. Style ca. 10 cm; stigma turbinate, pi- zetti.
lose. Ovary cylindric, ca. 1 cm. Capsule oblong, ca. 2.5 cm × 5 Plants 14–30 cm tall. Bladeless leaves 3 or 4, with pink
mm. Fl. Apr–Jul. 2n = 24*. veins. Normal leaves 2(or 3); ligule 1–2 mm; leaf blade abaxi-
• Pinus forests, scrub at forest margins, alpine meadows, grassy ally glaucous, elliptic, 7–8 × 1.7–4.5 cm, sparsely scaly-hairy
and rocky hillsides, screes, ledges and crevices of limestone cliffs; on both surfaces, margin hyaline, minutely papillose, apex acute
2900–3800 m. Sichuan, Yunnan. to acuminate. Inflorescence enclosed by or very shortly
Chinese records of Roscoea purpurea Smith and R. purpurea var. exserted from leaf sheaths; peduncle smooth; bracts pale, 3.5–5
procera Wallich (e.g., in FRPS) are based on misidentifications, mostly cm, apex obtuse, basal 2 initially fused, splitting when
of R. humeana. second flower opens. Flowers deep purple. Calyx 3.3–4.5 cm,
apex 2-lobed; lobes rounded at apex. Corolla tube usually long-ovate to lanceolate, 6.5–13 × 2–5 cm, glabrous or rarely
exserted from calyx at anthesis, 4–8 cm; central lobe obovate pubescent, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescence with peduncle en-
or broadly elliptic, 2–3.2 × 1.3–2.5 cm; lateral lobes oblong to closed by leaf sheaths; bracts pale green, shorter than or equal-
linear-oblong, 1.7–3.4 cm. Lateral staminodes elliptic, 1.6–2 ing calyx, sometimes very reduced or fused together, apex ob-
cm; claw short. Labellum reflexed, obovate, 2.2–4.5 × 1.6–4.5 tuse. Calyx tinged pink, 5–13 cm, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla
cm including 8–10 mm long claw, deeply lobed; lobes with 3 tube usually well exserted from calyx, 5–12.5 cm; central lobe
white, raised stripes at base, apex emarginate. Anther white, dark veined, broadly elliptic, 2.5–4 × 1.5–2.5 cm, apex apicu-
locules 6–9 mm; connective spur 5–8 mm. Ovary 1–1.2 cm. late; lateral lobes linear-oblong to elliptic, 2.6–4 cm × 5–10
Style purple; stigma white. Capsule ca. 3 × 1 cm. Seeds mm. Lateral staminodes obliquely obovate to rhombic, 1.1–2.5
ellipsoid to 3-angled. Fl. Jun–Aug. × 7–11 mm, shortly clawed. Labellum reflexed, obovate, 3–
4.1 × 2.1–3 cm including claw, usually lobed to below middle;
Scrub, meadows, open grassy places; 2400–3500 m. Xizang,
Yunnan [India, Myanmar].
lobes emarginate at apex. Anther cream, locules 5–8 cm; con-
nective spur 5–9 mm. Ovary 1–5 cm. Style white. Seeds glo-
8. Roscoea debilis Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: lxxvi. bose or cubic. Fl. May–Jul.
1902.
• Among shrubs and dwarf bamboo, crevices and ledges of cliffs;
长柄象牙参 chang bing xiang ya shen 2000–3400 m. W Yunnan.

Plants (10–)25–50(–60) cm tall. Bladeless leaves 2 or 3, 10. Roscoea auriculata K. Schumann in Engler, Pflanzenr.
marked pinkish brown. Normal leaves 3 or 4; ligule pinkish 20(IV. 46): 118. 1904.
brown, 1–2 mm; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, 9–2.2 耳叶象牙参 er ye xiang ya shen
× 1.5–4 cm, abaxially glabrous or pubescent, base narrowed and
Roscoea purpurea Smith var. auriculata (K. Schumann)
petiolelike, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence sometimes
H. Hara.
with peduncle shortly exserted from leaf sheaths; bracts lanceo-
late, 3.5–5.5 cm apex obtuse. Flowers 1–3 opening together, Plants erect, 20–40 cm tall. Leaves 3–7; leaf sheath purple,
purple, red, or white. Calyx 2.7–3.5 cm, apex 2-toothed. Corol- tubular, wholly closed; leaf blade lanceolate, 7.5–20 × 2–2.5 cm,
la tube 3.5–7.5 cm; central lobe elliptic to narrowly so, 2.2–3.5 glabrous, base auriculate and clasping, apex acuminate. Inflo-
cm, apex strongly apiculate; lateral lobes elliptic to linear-ob- rescence several flowered; peduncle enclosed by leaf sheaths;
long, 2.2–3.5 cm. Lateral staminodes obliquely oblanceolate, bracts linear-lanceolate, 2–2.5 cm, membranous. Flowers usu-
ca. 2.5 cm, clawed. Labellum slightly reflexed, with white lines ally bright purple or white. Calyx ca. 3.5 cm. Corolla tube long-
at throat, obovate, 2.3–3.5 × 1.4–3 cm including 5–6 mm claw, er than calyx; lobes lanceolate, ca. 3.5 cm. Lateral staminodes
apex narrowly 2-lobed. Anther curved, locules 6–9 mm; con- erect, white, falcate, ca. 2 cm, shortly clawed. Labellum reflex-
nective spur 7–9 mm. Ovary 1–1.5 cm. Fl. Jun–Aug. ed, obovate, ca. 4.5 × 3 cm, apex 2-cleft. Stamen ca. 2 cm;
• Grasslands; 1600–2400 m. Yunnan. anther ca. 1 cm; connective spur short. Capsule 2–3 cm. Seeds
brown. Fl. Jun–Aug.
1a. Leaves abaxially glabrous ........................... 8a. var. debilis
1b. Leaves abaxially pubescent .................. 8b. var. limprichtii Grasslands; 2400–2700 m. SC Xizang (Nyêmo Xian) [Bhutan,
Nepal, Sikkim].
8a. Roscoea debilis var. debilis
11. Roscoea praecox K. Schumann in Engler, Pflanzenr.
长柄象牙参(原变种) chang bing xiang ya shen (yuan bian 20(IV. 46): 122. 1904.
zhong) 先花象牙参 xian hua xiang ya shen
Roscoea blanda K. Schumann.
Roscoea intermedia Gagnepain var. anomala Gagnepain;
Leaves abaxially glabrous. R. intermedia var. macrorhiza Gagnepain.
• Grasslands; 1600–2400 m. Yunnan. Plants 7–30 cm tall. Bladeless leaves 4 or 5, pinkish brown
8b. Roscoea debilis var. limprichtii (Loesener) Cowley, Kew veined, margin hyaline, apex obtuse. Normal leaves absent at
Bull. 36: 775. 1982. anthesis, sometimes 1 or 2 short, underdeveloped leaves pre-
sent; ligule apparently not raised. Inflorescence exserted from
白象牙参 bai xiang ya shen
leaf sheaths; peduncle enclosed or exserted; bracts greenish,
Roscoea blanda K. Schumann var. limprichtii Loesener, lanceolate, 4–6.5 cm. Flowers 1–3 opening together, violet,
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 600. 1923. purple, or white. Calyx 3–4.5 cm, apex 2-toothed. Corolla tube
scarcely exserted from calyx; lobes lanceolate, equal, ca. 3 cm.
Leaves abaxially pubescent.
Lateral staminodes rhombic, 1.7–2.5 cm, midvein weak, base
• Grasslands; 1900–2000 m. W Yunnan (Dali Xian). narrowed into a claw. Labellum reflexed, white marked at
9. Roscoea forrestii Cowley, Kew Bull. 36: 775. 1982. junction of limb and claw, obovate, 2.5–4 × 1.5–2 cm including
ca. 7 mm long claw, apically 2-cleft for more than 1/2 length
大理象牙参 da li xiang ya shen of limb; lobes sometimes emarginate at apex. Anther cream;
Plants 17–30(–35) cm tall. Bladeless leaves 3–5, tinged or connective spur ca. 7 mm. Fl. Apr–Jun.
dotted pink. Normal leaves 1–3; ligule 2–3 mm; leaf blade ob- • Shrubby hillsides, grassy mountains; 2200–2300 m. Yunnan.
12. Roscoea schneideriana (Loesener) Cowley, Kew Bull. 36: 2-toothed. Corolla tube 3–3.5 cm, slender; lobes lanceolate,
762. 1982. 2.5–2 cm. Labellum reflexed, obovate, 2.5–3 cm, external mar-
无柄象牙参 wu bing xiang ya shen gin crisped, apex 2-lobed. Anther linear, 1–1.5 cm including
spur. Capsule oblong, 1.5–3.5 cm. Seeds ellipsoid to 3-angled.
Roscoea yunnanensis Loesener var. schneideriana Loes- Fl. May–Aug.
ener, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 600. 1923; R. brevi-
• Pinus forests, dwarf scrub, meadows, grasslands; 2000–3500 m.
bracteata Z. Y. Zhu; R. yunnanensis var. dielsiana Loesener.
Sichuan, Yunnan.
Plants 9–45 cm tall. Leaves (2–)4–6, ± forming a rosette at
1a. Leaf sheath and blade abaxially glabrous;
apex of pseudostem; ligule ca. 0.5 mm; leaf blade narrowly lan-
capsule ca. 1.5 cm .............................. 13a. var. cautleoides
ceolate to linear, usually falcate, (5–)10–22 × 0.4–2 cm, gla-
1b. Leaf sheath and blade abaxially densely
brous, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence with peduncle en-
subappressed pubescent; capsule 2–3.5
closed by or shortly exserted from leaf sheaths; bracts elliptic,
cm ........................................................ 13b. var. pubescens
3.3–7 cm, basal one tubular. Flowers purple or white, usually
opening one at a time. Calyx 3–4 cm, apex 2-toothed. Corolla 13a. Roscoea cautleoides var. cautleoides
tube 4–4.5 cm; central lobe elliptic, 1.7–3.5 cm, apex apicu- 早花象牙参(原变种) zao hua xiang ya shen (yuan bian zhong)
late; lateral lobes linear-oblong, 2–3.5 cm. Lateral staminodes
obovate to rhombic, 1.5–2.5 cm. Labellum not reflexed, obo- Roscoea capitata Smith var. purpurata Gagnepain; R.
vate, 1.8–3.5 × 1–2.5 cm, apically 2-cleft for ca. 1/2 its length; chamaeleon Gagnepain; R. sinopurpurea Stapf; R. yunnan-
lobes emarginate at apex. Anther yellow, locules 6–9 mm; con- ensis Loesener; R. yunnanensis var. purpurata (Gagnepain)
nective spur 8–9 mm. Stigma funnelform, abruptly hooked. Fl. Loesener.
Jul–Aug. Leaf sheath and blade abaxially glabrous. Capsule ca. 1.5
• Mixed forests, moist stony pastures, rocky mountain cliffs; cm. Fl. May–Aug. 2n = 24*.
2600–3500 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
• Pinus forests, dwarf scrub, meadows; 2000–3500 m. Sichuan,
13. Roscoea cautleoides Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48:
Yunnan.
lxxv. 1902.
早花象牙参 zao hua xiang ya shen 13b. Roscoea cautleoides var. pubescens (Z. Y. Zhu) T. L.
Wu, Novon 7: 441. 1997.
Plants 15–40(–60) cm tall. Leaves 3 or 4; leaf sheath gla-
毛早花象牙参 mao zao hua xiang ya shen
brous or densely subappressed pubescent; ligule ca. 1 mm; leaf
blade lanceolate or linear, 5–15(–40) × 1.5–3 cm, strongly Roscoea pubescens Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26:
keeled, scabrous, adaxially with scaly pustules, abaxially gla- 315. 1988.
brous or densely subappressed pubescent, base narrowed, apex
Leaf sheath and blade abaxially densely subappressed pub-
obtuse to acute. Inflorescence shortly to long exserted from leaf
escent. Capsule 2–3.5 cm.
sheaths; peduncle ridged; bracts green with brownish veins,
tubular, 4–6 cm. Flowers 1 to several opening together, purple, • Grasslands; ca. 2000 m. SW Sichuan (Xichang Xian).
yellow, white, or rarely pale pink, sometimes appearing before
leaves develop. Calyx 3–5.6 cm, split to middle on 1 side, apex

13. CAUTLEYA J. D. Hooker, Bot. Mag. 114: t. 6991. 1888.

距药姜属 ju yao jiang shu

Rhizomes very short; roots fascicled, thick, fleshy. Leaves petiolate or ± sessile; ligule at base of petiole; leaf blade oblong or
lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal spike; bracts colored, persistent, 1-flowered. Flowers yellow or orange. Calyx long tubular, split
on 1 side. Corolla tube equaling or longer than calyx; lobes subequal; central one erect, narrow, concave; lateral ones connate to claw
of labellum for about 1/2 their length. Lateral staminodes erect, petaloid. Labellum reflexed, broadly cuneate, apex emarginate to 2-
cleft. Filament erect, short; anther locules linear, contiguous; connective forming a basal, forked appendage. Ovary globose, 3-
loculed; ovules numerous per locule; placentation axile. Style linear; stigma turbinate, margin ciliate. Capsule globose, soon dehisc-
ing to base with recurved valves exposing seeds on a columnar mass. Seeds red, gray, or black, angled; aril small or absent.
Five species: Bhutan, China, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; three species in China.

1a. Bracts red, longer than calyx; leaves petiolate ................................................................................................................. 1. C. spicata
1b. Bracts green, shorter than calyx; leaves ± sessile.
2a. Spikes 2–10-flowered ............................................................................................................................................... 2. C. gracilis
2b. Spikes 15–20- or more flowered ........................................................................................................................... 3. C. cathcartii

1. Cautleya spicata (Smith) Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Roscoea spicata Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 461.
India 6: 209. 1890. 1822.
红苞距药姜 hong bao ju yao jiang Pseudostems 30–60 cm. Leaves 4–7, petiolate; ligule 5–10
mm, membranous, apex obtuse or acute; petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf
blade oblong-lanceolate to linear, 12–30 × 1.6–4 cm, base serted from calyx; lobes bright yellow, lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm.
rounded or obtuse, apex caudate-acuminate. Spikes 7–12 cm, Lateral staminodes erect, petaloid. Labellum obovate, equaling
densely many flowered; bracts red, oblong, 2.5–3 cm, longer corolla lobes, apically 2-cleft to below middle. Filament curved,
than calyx. Flowers yellow. Calyx 1.5–2.5 cm, split on 1 side, ca. 2 cm. Ovary glabrous. Capsule red, globose, ca. 8 mm in
apex 2-toothed. Corolla 2–2.5 cm; lobes lanceolate, 2–2.5 cm. diam.; valves reflexed, red inside. Seeds black, angled; aril ab-
Lateral staminodes oblanceolate-oblong, subequaling central sent. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Nov.
lobe of corolla. Labellum ca. 2.5 cm, apex 2-cleft. Anther linear, Moist valleys or epiphytic on trees; 900–3100 m. Sichuan, Xizang,
ca. 1.5 cm. Capsule red, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Seeds Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim,
black, ovoid, enclosed in white, scarious aril. Fl. Jul, fr. Sep– Thailand, Vietnam].
Oct. 2n = 34. 3. Cautleya cathcartii Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6:
Forest floors or epiphytic on trees; 1100–2600 m. Guizhou, Si- 208. 1890.
chuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Nepal, Sikkim]. 多花距药姜 duo hua ju yao jiang
2. Cautleya gracilis (Smith) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 328. 1932. Pseudostems purplish, 45–55 cm. Leaves ± sessile; ligule
距药姜 ju yao jiang 5–6 mm, membranous, apex rounded or truncate; leaf blade
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 10–20 × 1.5–4 cm, glabrous,
Roscoea gracilis Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 460. base subrounded or attenuate, apex caudate. Spikes 15–20- or
1822; Cautleya lutea (Royle) J. D. Hooker; R. lutea Royle. more flowered; bracts green, oblong, shorter than calyx.
Pseudostems 25–80 cm, slender, base with bladeless leaves. Flowers orange. Calyx clavate, to 2 cm, apex 2-toothed,
Leaves 4–6, ± sessile; leaf sheath greenish white or with purple- glabrous. Corolla tube ca. 2.5 cm; lobes ca. 1.2 cm. Lateral
red spot; ligule ca. 2 mm, membranous, apex rounded; leaf staminodes petaloid. Labellum ca. 2.5 cm, margin crisped, apex
blade adaxially green, abaxially usually purple or green, lan- 2-cleft. Capsule red, ca. 6 mm in diam. Seeds angled; aril white,
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6–18 × 1.5–6 cm, glabrous, base small. Fl. Jun.
rounded or attenuate, apex caudate-acuminate. Spikes laxly 2– Forest floors; 1700–2500 m. S Xizang (Nyalam Xian) [N
10-flowered; rachis red, slightly flexuous; bracts green, lanceo- India, ?Nepal, Sikkim].
late, shorter than calyx. Calyx purple-red, 1.5–2 cm, deeply
split on 1 side, apex minutely toothed. Corolla tube slightly ex-

14. BOESENBERGIA Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 685. 1891.

凹唇姜属 ao chun jiang shu

Gastrochilus Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 22. 1829, not D. Don (1825).
Rhizomes tuberous or elongate. Leaves basal or cauline, petiolate; ligule 2-lobed; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate. Inflo-
rescences terminal on pseudostems or on separate shoots arising from rhizomes; bracts 2-ranked, apical one developing first, each
subtending 1 bracteole and 1 flower. Calyx tubular. Corolla tube exserted from calyx, slender; lobes subequal. Lateral staminodes
petaloid, usually wider than corolla lobes. Labellum obovate or broadly oblong, larger than corolla lobes and lateral staminodes,
strongly concave, base narrow, grooved, margin crisped, apex entire or 2-cleft. Filament erect; anther locules parallel, dehiscing by
slits or apical pores, base without spur; connective with or without appendage. Ovary 3-loculed or incompletely so; placentation
basal or axile. Capsule oblong, 3-valved. Seeds black; aril laciniate.
About 50 species: tropical Asia; three species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes; leaf blade cordate at base ................................................. 1. B. longiflora
1b. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, appearing from within apical leaf sheaths; leaf blade rounded to
cuneate at base.
2a. Leaves 3 or 4, green on both surfaces; anther connective appendage 2-cleft, 1–3 mm .......................................... 2. B. rotunda
2b. Leaves 1–3, usually 1, adaxially dark green, abaxially purplish red; anther connective appendage
absent ............................................................................................................................................................... 3. B. albomaculata
1. Boesenbergia longiflora (Wallich) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: cences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes; bracts ovate,
685. 1891. 2–4 cm, villous, apex acuminate. Flowers 3–6, bluish purple.
Calyx 1–2 cm. Corolla to 4 cm; lobes lanceolate, 2.2–2.5 cm ×
心叶凹唇姜 xin ye ao chun jiang
5–6 mm. Lateral staminodes ovate, equaling corolla lobes. La-
Gastrochilus longiflora Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 22. bellum obovate-cuneate, ca. 3 × 1.8–2 cm. Filament very short;
1829; Boesenbergia fallax Loesener; Curcumorpha longiflora anther ca. 1 cm; connective broad, appendage linear. Stigma
(Wallich) A. S. Rao & D. M. Verma; Kaempferia fallax Lingel- thickened. 2n = 36*.
sheim & Borza (1914), not Gagnepain (1903). Forest floors in mountains; 1100–1900 m. C and SW Yunnan
Plants to 50–60 cm tall. Roots robust. Leaf blade green, (Lufeng Xian, Menglian Dai-Lahu-Va Zu Zizhixian) [India, Laos,
ovate, 8–12 × 5–9 cm, base cordate, apex cuspidate. Inflores- Myanmar, Thailand].
2. Boesenbergia rotunda (Linnaeus) Mansfield, Kulturpflanze Indo-China].
6: 239. 1958. Medicinal.
凹唇姜 ao chun jiang 3. Boesenbergia albomaculata S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
Curcuma rotunda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 2. 1753; Boesen- 24: 323. 1986.
bergia pandurata (Roxburgh) Schlechter; Kaempferia pandu- 白斑凹唇姜 bai ban ao chun jiang
rata Roxburgh.
Rhizomes white. Leaves 1–3, usually 1; petiole green or
Plants to 50 cm. Rhizomes bright yellow, ovoid-globose, pale purplish red, 24–30 cm; leaf blade adaxially dark green,
strongly aromatic; roots robust. Leaves 3 or 4; leaf sheath red; abaxially purplish red, ovate, 23–40 × 12–16 cm, base cuneate,
ligule 2-cleft, ca. 5 mm; petiole 7–16 cm, channeled; leaf blade apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, ap-
green on both surfaces, ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 25– pearing from within apical leaf sheaths, 7–8 cm; bracts red,
50 × 7–12 cm, glabrous except for sparsely hairy midvein abax- ovate, 2–2.5 × 1.2–1.4 cm, sparsely pubescent; bracteoles red,
ially, base rounded to cuneate, apex apiculate. Inflorescences tubular, 1.2–1.5 cm, split to base on 1 side. Calyx pale red, 6–7
terminal on pseudostems, appearing from within apical leaf mm, apex 2-toothed. Corolla tube white, 2.8–3 cm; lobes 3,
sheaths, subsessile, 3–7 cm; bracts lanceolate, 4–5 cm. Flowers central one wider than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes subulate,
aromatic. Calyx 1.5–2 cm, apex 2-cleft. Corolla pink; corolla ca. 1 mm wide. Labellum with white base and whitish stripes
tube 4.5–5.5 cm; lobes oblong, 1.5–2 cm. Lateral staminodes from middle to red apex, bag-shaped, ca. 2.5 × 1.6–1.7 cm,
light pink, obovate, ca. 1.5 cm. Labellum white or pink with margin irregularly crenate. Filament white, ca. 5 mm; anther ca.
purple stripe, fiddle-shaped, 2.5–3.5 cm, concave, margin 5 mm, locules dehiscing longitudinally; connective appendage
slightly crisped, apex entire. Filament short; connective append- absent. Ovary ellipsoid, 3-loculed.
age reflexed, 2-cleft, 1–3 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. 2n = 36*.
• Moist forests; ca. 800 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian).
Dense forests; ca. 1000 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zi-
zhizhou) [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka; cultivated throughout

15. STAHLIANTHUS Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 697. 1891.

土田七属 tu tian qi shu

Rhizomes tuberous. Pseudostems absent. Leaves few, arising directly from rhizomes, petiolate; leaf blade obovate- or lanceo-
late-oblong or lanceolate. Inflorescences pedunculate, capitate, surrounded by a campanulate involucre, several flowered. Calyx tub-
ular, apex slightly 3-toothed. Corolla white, tubular, distally 3-lobed. Staminodes white, petaloid. Labellum white, rarely purple, with
a central, yellow blotch, apex emarginate or shortly 2-lobed. Filament short, flat; connective appendage flat or absent. Ovary 3-loc-
uled. Stylodes absent. Seeds globose.
Six species: Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; one species in China.
Stahlianthus rubromarginatus S. Q. Tong (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 499. 1995) was described from a cultivated plant introduced to Mengla, S
Yunnan from N Myanmar. It was transferred to Kaempferia by Searle (Telopea 8: 375. 1999), as K. rubromarginata (S. Q. Tong) R. J. Searle, but,
according to Wu and Chen (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 204. 1996), it is a synonym of K. parviflora Wallich ex Baker, which is distributed in India,
Myanmar, and Thailand.

1. Stahlianthus involucratus (King ex Baker) Craib ex Loes- nous. Calyx 0.9–1.1 cm. Corolla tube 2.5–2.7 cm; lobes ca. 1.2
ener in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 15a: 564. cm, central one apiculate at apex. Lateral staminodes oblan-
1930. ceolate, 1.6–2 cm × ca. 4 mm. Labellum white with a central,
土田七 tu tian qi yellow blotch, spatulate, ca. 2 × 1.3 cm, apex emarginate. Fila-
ment ca. 2 mm; anther ca. 5 mm; connective appendage semi-
Kaempferia involucrata King ex Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. orbicular, ca. 3 cm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3.5 mm. Style linear; stig-
Brit. India 6: 221. 1890. ma ciliate. Fl. May–Jun. 2n = 22.
Rhizomes brown-yellow inside, ca. 1 cm in diam., strong- Forest floors, mountain slopes, also cultivated. Fujian, Guang-
ly fragrant; roots expanded into globose tubers at apex. Leaves dong, Guangxi, Yunnan [N India, Myanmar, ?Sikkim, Thailand].
erect; petiole 6–18 cm; leaf blade green or purplish, obovate-
oblong or lanceolate, 10–18 × 2–3.5 cm. Peduncle 2.5–10 cm; Medicinal.
involucre erect, 4–5 × 2–2.5 cm, apex 2- or 3-lobed, with small,
brown, glandular spots; bracteoles linear, ca. 1.5 cm, membra-

16. KAEMPFERIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 2. 1753.

山柰属 shan nai shu

Rhizomes fleshy, tuberous; roots often bearing small tubers. Pseudostem short or obsolete. Leaves 1 to few; ligule usually small
or absent; petiole short; leaf blade suborbicular to filiform, sometimes variegated or abaxially purple. Inflorescences terminal on
pseudostems or on separate shoots arising from rhizomes (when appearing before pseudostems), capitate, spirally few to many flow-
ered; bracts 1-flowered; bracteoles small, apically 2-lobed or sometimes 2-cleft to base. Calyx tubular, split on 1 side, apex unequally
2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube equaling or much longer than calyx; lobes spreading or reflexed, lanceolate, subequal. Lateral stami-
nodes petaloid. Labellum usually white or lilac, sometimes marked with different color near base, showy, apically 2-lobed to 2-cleft
to base. Filament very short or absent; connective extended into crest exserted from throat of flower, entire or 2-cleft. Ovary 3-loc-
uled. Capsule globose or ellipsoid; pericarp thin. Seeds subglobose to ellipsoid; aril lacerate.
About 50 species: tropical Asia; six species (one endemic) in China.
1a. Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes, appearing before pseudostems.
2a. Labellum wholly lilac, apically 2-cleft to base, lobes without yellow lines at center ............................................. 1. K. rotunda
2b. Labellum white or purple, apically 2-lobed for 1/3–1/2 its length, lobes with yellow lines at center.
3a. Labellum white, apically 2-lobed for ca. 1/3 its length; calyx ca. 2.5 cm ........................................................ 2. K. candida
3b. Labellum purple, more deeply colored at center, apically 2-lobed for ca. 1/2 its length; calyx 3–6 cm .... 3. K. simaoensis
1b. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems.
4a. Leaves erect, leaf blade oblong or elliptic ................................................................................................................ 4. K. elegans
4b. Leaves spreading flat on ground, leaf blade suborbicular.
5a. Leaf blade margin usually white; labellum with purple markings at base ....................................................... 5. K. galanga
5b. Leaf blade margin purple brown; labellum with longitudinal, purple bands at center ................................. 6. K. marginata
1. Kaempferia rotunda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 3. 1753. Plants 10–40 cm tall. Rhizomes and roots tuberous.
海南三七 hai nan san qi Leaves 4–7; leaf sheath 1.5–1.7 cm, villous; ligule 2-cleft,
membranous, villous; petiole 0.2–6 cm; leaf blade adaxially
Rhizomes with tuberous roots. Leaves 2–4, erect; ligule deep green, abaxially grayish green, rarely purple on both sides
broadly triangular, 3–4 mm; petiole 1–2 cm, channeled; leaf of midvein, ovate or elliptic, rarely oblanceolate, 7–27 × 2.5–
blade adaxially usually variegated dark and pale green on both 9.5 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute. Inflorescences on
sides of midvein, abaxially tinged purple, lanceolate-oblong, separate shoots arising from rhizomes, appearing before
17–27 × 7.5–9.5 cm, base cuneate. Inflorescences on separate pseudostems, capitate, 4–9-flowered; peduncle 1–2 cm; bracts
shoots arising from rhizomes, appearing before pseudostems, white with fine, purple dots adaxially, ovate or ovate-
sessile or shortly pedunculate, 4–6-flowered; bracts purple- lanceolate, 1–1.6 cm; bracteoles ovate, 9–10 × 3–5 mm, apex
brown; bracteoles ca. 2.3 cm, apex 2-toothed. Calyx 4.5–7 cm, becoming 2-lobed after anthesis. Calyx white proximally, pale
split on 1 side, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube equaling calyx; purple distally, narrowly tubular, 3–6 cm. Corolla tube 4–7 cm;
lobes spreading, white, linear, ca. 5 cm. Lateral staminodes erect, lobes white, lanceolate, 3–4.5 cm. Lateral staminodes white
white, lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1.7 cm, apex acute. Labellum lilac, proximally, pale purple distally, obovate, 3–3.5 × 0.9–1.2 cm.
suborbicular, apically 2-cleft to base; lobes downcurved, ca. 3.5 Labellum purple, more deeply colored at center, apically 2-
× 2 cm, apex acute. Anther connective appendage erect, 2-cleft, lobed for ca. 1/2 its length; lobes with yellowish midvein, ca.
fishtail-like. Ovary 4–6 mm, hairy. Fl. Apr. 2n = 33, 54. 1.5 cm. Filament 3–4 mm; anther yellowish, 7–10 mm;
Open grasslands, also cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, connective appendage white with purple veins, lanceolate,
Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, entire or 2-cleft, 8–10 mm. Ovary cylindric, 4–5 mm. Capsule
Thailand]. ellipsoid. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Aug.
Medicinal. • Forests; ca. 900 m. S Yunnan (Simao Xian).
2. Kaempferia candida Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 47. 1830. 4. Kaempferia elegans (Wallich) Baker in J. D. Hooker, Fl.
白花山柰 bai hua shan nai Brit. India 6: 222. 1890.

Rhizomes and roots tuberous. Leaves not seen. Inflores- 紫花山柰 zi hua shan nai
cences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes, appearing be- Monolophus elegans Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 24. 1830.
fore pseudostems, 6–8-flowered; bracts white, elliptic, 5–7 cm,
apex tinged with red. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, apex 3-toothed. Corolla Rhizomes with fibrous roots bearing globose tubers.
tube ca. 2 × as long as calyx; lobes lanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm, cen- Leaves 2–4; petiole to 10 cm; leaf blade adaxially green, abax-
tral one cucullate, apex apiculate. Lateral staminodes erect, ially pale green, oblong or elliptic, 13–15 × 5–8 cm, base
white, yellow at base, obovate, ca. 3.5 cm. Labellum reflexed, rounded, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems,
white, with 2 yellow lines at center, orbicular-cuneate, ca. 4 cm, several flowered; peduncle short; bracts green, oblong-lanceo-
apically 2-lobed for ca. 1/3 its length. Anther connective ap- late, ca. 5 cm. Flowers pale purple. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm. Corolla
pendage 2-cleft. Fl. May. 2n = 22. tube slender, ca. 5 cm; lobes lanceolate, 1.7–2 cm. Lateral sta-
minodes obovate-cuneate, ca. 1.2 cm. Labellum apically 2-cleft
Mountains; ca. 1100 m. SW Yunnan (Lancang Lahu Zu Zizhixian)
to base; lobes obovate, 2–2.5 cm. Filament very short; anther
[Cambodia, Myanmar].
ca. 3 mm; connective appendage suborbicular, entire, ca. 6 mm
3. Kaempferia simaoensis Y. Y. Qian, Acta Bot. Austro Sin. in diam. 2n = 22*.
10: 65. 1995. Sichuan [India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand].
思茅山柰 si mao shan nai
5. Kaempferia galanga Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 2. 1753. Cultivated for medicine and spice.

山柰 shan nai 5b. Kaempferia galanga var. latifolia Donn ex Gagnepain in

Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 49. 1908.
Rhizomes pale green or greenish white inside, tuberous,
fragrant. Leaves usually 2, spreading flat on ground, subsessile; 大叶山柰 da ye shan nai
leaf sheath 2–3 cm; leaf blade green, orbicular, 7–20 × 3–17 Leaves 13–20 × 3–17 cm, villous abaxially. Labellum
cm, glabrous on both surfaces or villous abaxially, margin usu- slightly 2-lobed at apex.
ally white, apex mucronate or acute. Inflorescences terminal on
• S Yunnan [?Cambodia].
pseudostems, enclosed by imbricate leaf sheaths, sessile, few to
many flowered; bracts lanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm. Calyx equaling Medicinal.
bracts. Corolla tube 2–2.5 cm; lobes white, linear, ca. 1.2 cm. 6. Kaempferia marginata Carey ex Roscoe, Monandr. Pl.
Lateral staminodes obovate-cuneate, ca. 1.2 cm. Labellum ca. Scitam. t. 93. 1824.
2.5 × 2 cm, apex slightly 2-lobed or deeply 2-cleft; lobes white 苦山柰 ku shan nai
with purple markings at base. Anther sessile; connective
appendage strongly reflexed, rectangular, 2-lobed. Fl. Aug–Sep. Rhizomes tuberous, yellow (toxic) or white (non-toxic)
inside. Leaves usually 2, spreading flat on ground, sessile;
Open areas. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [?Cambodia,
India; widely cultivated in SE Asia].
ligule triangular; leaf blade purple-brown, adaxially green,
abaxially purple, or green variegated purple, or rarely green,
1a. Leaves 7–13 × 4–9 cm, glabrous on both suborbicular, 8–11 × 6–9 cm, base cordate or rounded, margin
surfaces or sparsely villous abaxially; thickened. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, enclosed by
labellum deeply 2-cleft at apex ................. 5a. var. galanga 2 leaf sheaths, 15–30-flowered; bracts greenish white, lanceo-
1b. Leaves 13–20 × 3–17 cm, villous abaxially; late, ca. 3.8 cm. Flowers slightly purple. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, apex
labellum slightly 2-lobed at apex .............. 5b. var. latifolia 2-cleft. Corolla tube ca. 4 cm; lobes linear, ca. 2.5 cm, central
5a. Kaempferia galanga var. galanga one hooked at apex. Lateral staminodes white, suborbicular. La-
bellum white with longitudinal, purple bands at center, oblate,
山柰(原变种) shan nai (yuan bian zhong)
1.2–1.8 × 2–2.8 cm, apically 2-cleft to base; lobes suborbicular.
Leaves 7–13 × 4–9 cm, glabrous on both surfaces or Filament ca. 1 mm; anther ca. 4 mm; connective appendage ob-
sparsely villous abaxially. Labellum deeply 2-cleft at apex. 2n = long, 2-cleft.
22. Scrub, open grasslands. Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Thailand].
Open areas. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to In-
dia; widely cultivated in SE Asia].

17. PYRGOPHYLLUM (Gagnepain) T. L. Wu & Z. Y. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 126. 1989.
苞叶姜属 bao ye jiang shu

Kaempferia subgen. Pyrgophyllum Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: lxxvii. 1902.
Rhizomes globose; roots thick. Pseudostems erect. Ligule 2-cleft, membranous; petiole channeled; leaf blade ovate or oblong-
lanceolate. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems; bracts 1–3, large, concave, margin basally adnate to main rachis of inflorescence,
apex with leaflike extension. Flowers sessile, yellow, soon withering. Calyx tubular, deeply split on 1 side, apex 2-toothed. Corolla
tube longer than calyx; central lobe wider than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes sublinear, equaling corolla lobes. Labellum 2-lobed at
apex; lobes ovate. Filament short; anther basifixed; connective appendage conspicuous, deltoid, entire. Ovary obovoid, 3-loculed.
Stylodes 2, linear. Capsule subglobose. Seeds ovoid.
• One species: China.

1. Pyrgophyllum yunnanense (Gagnepain) T. L. Wu & Z. Y. less leaves. Leaves 4 or 5; petiole 0.5–7 cm; leaf blade 8–20 ×
Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27: 127. 1989. 4–5 cm, adaxially glabrescent, abaxially pubescent, base sub-
苞叶姜 bao ye jiang rounded, acute, or attenuate, apex acuminate. Bracts 7–13 cm,
1- or 2-flowered. Corolla tube ca. 2 × as long as calyx; central
Kaempferia yunnanensis Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot.
lobe ca. 2 × as wide as narrowly lanceolate lateral lobes. Cap-
France 48: lxxvii. 1902; Camptandra fongyuensis (Gagnepain)
sule ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Sep–Nov. 2n = 42*.
K. Schumann; C. yunnanensis (Gagnepain) K. Schumann; Cau-
lokaempferia yunnanensis (Gagnepain) R. M. Smith; Kaemp-
feria fongyuensis Gagnepain; Monolophus yunnanensis (Gag- • Dense forests in mountains; 1500–2800 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
nepain) T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen.
Pseudostems 25–55 cm, base globose, with 1 or 2 blade-

18. HEDYCHIUM J. König in Retzius, Observ. Bot. 3: 61 [“73”]. 1783.

姜花属 jiang hua shu
 Herbs terrestrial or epiphytic, with tuberous rhizomes. Pseudostems erect, leafy. Ligule conspicuous; leaf blade usually oblong
or lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal spike, densely numerous flowered; bracts imbricate or lax, 1- or more flowered; bracteoles
tubular. Calyx tubular, usually split on 1 side, apex truncate or 3-toothed. Corolla tube long, slender; lobes reflexed at anthesis, linear.
Lateral staminodes petaloid, larger than corolla lobes. Labellum suborbicular, large, apex usually 2-cleft; claw long or short. Fila-
ment usually long, rarely absent; anther dorsifixed, base divaricate; connective appendage absent. Ovary 3-loculed; placentation axile.
Capsule globose, 3-valved. Seeds numerous; aril lacerate.
About 50 species: Africa (Madagascar), tropical to warm-temperate Asia; 28 species (18 endemic) in China.
Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe, which is cultivated in China as an ornamental, is not described in this account.

1a. Bracts densely imbricate, broad, covering rachis, not or only apical one surrounding flowers; inflorescences
conical.
2a. Flowers 1 per bract; filament 1–2 mm .............................................................................................................. 1. H. efilamentosum
2b. Flowers 2–6 per bract; filament more than 2 mm.
3a. Flowers white.
4a. Flowers 2 or 3 per bract; corolla tube ca. 8 cm, lobes ca. 5 cm; labellum 4–6 × 4–6 cm ............................. 2. H. coronarium
4b. Flowers 3–5 per bract; corolla tube 3.5–4 cm, lobes 1.7–2 cm; labellum 2.5–3 × 2–2.2 cm ....................... 3. H. ximengense
3b. Flowers yellow.
5a. Labellum 2-lobed at apex, lobes ca. 3.8 × 2.8 cm ........................................................................................... 4. H. bipartitum
5b. Labellum 2-cleft at apex.
6a. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces; labellum wholly yellow, wider than long ................................................... 5. H. flavum
6b. Leaves pubescent abaxially; labellum creamy yellow with an orange patch at base, longer than wide ...... 6. H. flavescens
1b. Bracts laxly or densely arranged, not imbricate, usually surrounding flowers; inflorescences not conical.
7a. Flowers 1 per bract.
8a. Flowers densely arranged, corolla tube to 2.5 cm.
9a. Bracts ca. 0.5 cm; labellum entire and mucronate at apex .................................................................... 7. H. parvibracteatum
9b. Bracts 0.7–2 cm; labellum nearly 2-lobed or 2-cleft at apex.
10a. Corolla tube 2.5–3 cm; labellum ca. 1.6 cm ............................................................................................ 8. H. densiflorum
10b. Corolla tube 1.2–1.5 cm; labellum 0.7–1 cm.
11a. Bracts 1.3–1.5 cm; labellum ca. 1 cm ................................................................................................... 9. H. sinoaureum
11b. Bracts 0.7–1 cm; labellum ca. 0.7 cm .............................................................................................. 10. H. nutantiflorum
8b. Flowers laxly or densely arranged; corolla tube 3.5–8 cm.
12a. Corolla tube to 8 cm; filament shorter than labellum; ligule hairy ................................................................ 11. H. spicatum
12b. Corolla tube 3.5–5 cm; filament much longer than labellum; ligule glabrous.
13a. Labellum apically entire but projecting .................................................................................................... 12. H. convexum
13b. Labellum apically 2-cleft for 1/2 to all its length.
14a. Labellum 3–3.5 cm.
15a. Petiole 3–7 cm; ligule 3–6 cm; labellum apically 2-cleft for ca. 2/3 its length, lobes narrowly
lanceolate ............................................................................................................................................... 13. H. glabrum
15b. Petiole ca. 1.5 cm; ligule ca. 1.5 cm; labellum apically 2-cleft for ca. 1/2 its length, lobes
linear ............................................................................................................................................ 14. H. tengchongense
14b. Labellum 1.3–2 cm.
16a. Ligule entire, 1.5–2.5 cm; labellum obovate, ca. 2 cm, apically 2-cleft for ca. 1/2 its length;
anther 1–1.2 cm ................................................................................................................................ 15. H. yunnanense
16b. Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 0.4 cm; labellum narrowly oblong, ca. 1.3 cm, apically 2-cleft to base;
anther ca. 0.5 cm .............................................................................................................................. 16. H. pauciflorum
7b. Flowers more than 2 per bract.
17a. Anther 2–3 mm; bracts and calyx densely brown sericeous .............................................................................. 17. H. villosum
17b. Anther more than 5 mm; bracts and calyx glabrous or hairy, but not brown sericeous.
18a. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces.
19a. Flowers yellow or red; filament ca. 5 cm.
20a. Flowers yellow; labellum entire, emarginate, or shortly 3-toothed at apex ........................................ 18. H. bijiangense
20b. Flowers red; labellum deeply 2-cleft at apex ........................................................................................ 19. H. coccineum
19b. Flowers white; filament 2.2–4 cm.
21a. Bracts 4.5–6 cm; filament 3.5–4 cm, anther ca. 12 mm ........................................................................... 20. H. forrestii
21b. Bracts 2.5–4.6 cm; filament 2.2–2.8 cm, anther 5–9 mm.
22a. Plants 1–1.2 m tall; corolla tube villous; labellum apically 2-cleft to base; filament longer than
labellum, anther ca. 5 mm ............................................................................................................... 21. H. kwangsiense
22b. Plants to 0.5 m tall; corolla tube glabrous; labellum apically slightly 2-lobed or 2-cleft for ca.
 1/2 its length; filament equaling labellum, anther ca. 9 mm ............................................................. 22. H. brevicaule
18b. Leaves hairy abaxially, sometimes only along midvein.
23a. Leaves hairy only along midvein abaxially; labellum wholly white; filament ca. 1.3 cm ............... 23. H. yungjiangense
23b. Leaves uniformly hairy abaxially; labellum white with different color at base or center; filament
2.4–6.8 cm.
24a. Labellum suborbicular, 1.8–2.2 × 1.8–2 cm.
25a. Corolla tube yellowish; labellum flesh-colored at base; filament flesh-colored, 5.2–5.7 cm,
anther yellow ................................................................................................................................... 24. H. neocarneum
25b. Corolla tube white; labellum yellowish at base; filament white, 5.6–6.8 cm, anther white ................ 25. H. puerense
24b. Labellum orbicular, ovate, or obovate, 2.5–3.5 × 2–2.5 cm.
26a. Labellum pale purple at base; filament purple, 5–5.5 cm ................................................................. 26. H. simaoense
26b. Labellum with yellow midvein or orange spots at center; filament yellow-red, 2.4–3.5 cm.
27a. Labellum with yellow midvein, broadly ovate, ca. 2.5 × 2 cm; filament ca. 2.4 cm .................... 27. H. tienlinense
27b. Labellum with orange spots at center, obovate, 3–3.5 × 2–2.5 cm; filament 3–3.5 cm ........ 28. H. qingchengense
1. Hedychium efilamentosum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 9: 47. 1994.
1319. 1936.
西盟姜花 xi meng jiang hua
无丝姜花 wu si jiang hua
Pseudostems 0.6–1.5 m. Leaves sessile; ligule (1–)2–3 cm,
Pseudostems ca. 1 m, base somewhat thickened. Leaves membranous; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, el-
sessile; leaf sheath minutely pilose or glabrescent; ligule 5–10 liptic on proximal leaves, 6–45 × 3–13 cm, adaxially glabrous,
mm, membranous, pubescent, apex truncate; leaf blade oblong abaxially villous, base cuneate, rounded on proximal leaves,
or linear-elliptic, 10–60 × 3–10 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxial- apex long acuminate or caudate. Spikes ellipsoid or oblong, 12–
ly densely pilose especially along midvein, base subrounded or 30 × 8–12 cm; bracts imbricate, elliptic, 4–4.5 × 2.6–3.3 cm,
cuneate, margin narrowly cartilaginous, often ciliate, apex sub- pubescent, 3-flowered. Flowers white. Calyx 3–5 cm, pubes-
caudate-acuminate. Spikes cylindric, 16–20 × 3–4 cm; bracts cent, split to middle on 1 side. Corolla tube 3.5–4 cm, slender;
imbricate, dense, broadly ovate, 4–6 cm, 1-flowered, margin lobes oblanceolate, 1.7–2 cm. Lateral staminodes narrowly ob-
membranous; bracteoles 2, membranous, pilose. Calyx long, 1.6–1.8 cm. Labellum obovate, 2.5–3 × 2–2.2 cm, apex 2-
cylindric, ca. 3.5 cm, minutely pilose, apex 2-lobed. Corolla lobed. Filament 1.2–1.5 cm; anther ca. 1 cm. Ovary sericeous.
yellow, glandular punctate; tube narrowly cylindric, ca. 7 cm; Capsule ovoid, 1.7–2.5 × 1.3–1.8 cm, obtusely 3-angled, villous.
lobes 1.5–2 cm. Lateral staminodes wider than corolla lobes. Seeds red; aril red. Fl. Jul.
Labellum obovate, equaling lateral staminodes, apically 2-cleft
• Forests; ca. 2000 m. S Yunnan (Ximeng Va Zu Zizhixian).
for just over 1/2 its length, base truncate. Filament 1–2 mm;
anther 7–10 mm. Stigma ciliate. Fl. Jul–Aug. 4. Hedychium bipartitum G. Z. Li, Guihaia 5: 86. 1985.
• Forests; ca. 1800 m. Xizang, NW Yunnan. 深裂黄姜花 shen lie huang jiang hua

2. Hedychium coronarium J. König in Retzius, Observ. Bot. 3: Pseudostems 1–2 m × 1–3 cm. Leaves sessile; ligule 2–4.5
73. 1783. cm, scarious, densely sericeous, apex rounded; leaf blade adaxi-
ally green, abaxially glaucous, oblong-lanceolate, 40–65 × 7.5–
姜花 jiang hua
13 cm, abaxially sericeous, base broadly cuneate or acute, apex
Hedychium coronarium var. baimao Z. Y. Zhu. long acuminate. Spikes conical, 15–20 × 4–5 cm; bracts imbri-
cate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 5–6 × 4–5 cm, 4–6-flowered; brac-
Pseudostems 1–3 m. Leaves sessile; ligule 2–3 cm, mem- teoles ovate-triangular, 2–4 × 0.5–2 cm, margin involute. Flow-
branous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 20–40 × ers yellow, fragrant. Calyx 4.5–5.5 cm, sericeous, split on 1
4.5–8 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially finely pubescent or side. Corolla tube 6–7 cm. Lateral staminodes oblanceolate, ca.
thinly hairy, base acute, apex long acuminate. Spikes ellipsoid, 4 cm × 8 mm; claw red. Labellum broadly obcordate, apex 2-
10–20 × 4–8 cm; bracts imbricate, ovate, 4.5–5 × 2.5–4 cm, 2- cleft; lobes suborbicular, ca. 3.8 × 2.8 cm. Filament ca. 4 cm;
or 3-flowered. Flowers white, fragrant. Calyx ca. 4 cm, split on anther ca. 1.6 cm. Ovary densely sericeous distally. Stigma red,
1 side. Corolla tube ca. 8 cm, slender; lobes lanceolate, ca. 5 ciliate. Fl. Aug.
cm, central one spatulate, apex mucronate. Lateral staminodes
oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 cm. Labellum white, pale yellow at • Cultivated; ca. 1200 m. NE Guangxi (Guilin Shi).
base, obcordate, 4–6 × 4–6 cm, apex 2-cleft. Filament ca. 3 cm; 5. Hedychium flavum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 81. 1820.
anther ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary sericeous. Fl. Aug–Dec. 2n = 34.
黄姜花 huang jiang hua
Forests, also cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan,
Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pseudostems 1.5–2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule lanceolate, 2–
Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia]. 5 cm, membranous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 25–45 × 5–
8.5 cm, glabrous, base acute, apex acuminate. Spikes oblong,
Cultivated as an ornamental and for medicine and aromatic oil.
ca. 10 × 5 cm; bracts imbricate, oblong-ovate, 4–6 × 1.5–3 cm,
3. Hedychium ximengense Y. Y. Qian, Acta Bot. Austro Sin. 3- or 4-flowered; bracteoles ca. 2 cm, tubular. Flowers yellow.
Calyx ca. 4 cm, hirsute, split on 1 side. Corolla tube longer than cleft. Stamen longer than labellum; anther ca. 8 mm. Fl. Jul.
calyx; lobes linear, ca. 3 cm. Lateral staminodes oblanceolate, Forests; 2100–2300 m. E Xizang (Bomi Xian) [Bhutan, India,
ca. 3 cm × 8 mm. Labellum yellow, obcordate, wider than long, Nepal, Sikkim].
ca. 4 cm, apex emarginate; claw short. Filament ca. 3 cm;
anther 1.2–1.5 cm. Ovary hirsute. Stigma funnelform. Fl. Aug– 9. Hedychium sinoaureum Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
Sep. 1925: 432. 1925.

Forests; 900–1200 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yun-

小花姜花 xiao hua jiang hua
nan [India, Myanmar, Thailand]. Pseudostems 60–90 cm. Ligule 5–10 mm, membranous;
Cultivated as an ornamental and for aromatic oil. petiole absent to 1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 15–35 × 3–6 cm,
glabrous, base attenuate, apex narrowly caudate. Spikes 10–20
6. Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe, Monandr. Pl. Sci- × 3–3.5 cm, dense; bracts oblong, rolled tightly around calyx,
tam. t. 50. 1824. 1.3–1.5 cm, distal ones 1-flowered. Flowers bright yellow.
峨眉姜花 e mei jiang hua Calyx longer than bracts, apex obtuse, 3-toothed. Corolla tube
1.3–1.5 cm; lobes linear, 8–11 mm. Lateral staminodes oblique-
Hedychium emeiense Z. Y. Zhu; H. panzhuum Z. Y. Zhu. ly lanceolate, ca. 8 mm. Labellum suborbicular, ca. 1 cm, apex
2-cleft. Filament ca. 1 cm; anther 5–6 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Pseudostems 1–2 m. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath slightly
pubescent; ligule 3–5 cm, membranous; leaf blade elliptic-lan- Rocky hills; 1900–2800 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Sikkim].
ceolate or lanceolate, 20–50 × 4–10 cm, abaxially pubescent, 10. Hedychium nutantiflorum H. Dong & G. J. Xu in H.
base attenuate, margin membranous, apex caudate-acuminate. Dong et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35: 566. 1997.
Spikes oblong, 15–20 × 3–6 cm; bracts imbricate, oblong to
垂序姜花 chui xu jiang hua
ovate, 3–4.5 × 2–4 cm, concave, 4- or 5-flowered; bracteoles
tubular, membranous. Flowers yellow or yellow-white, fragrant. Pseudostems 50–100 cm, base subglobose. Ligule purple,
Calyx 3.5–4 cm, split on 1 side, apical margin entire. Corolla 2–4 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade
tube 7–8.5 cm, slender; lobes linear, 3–3.5 cm. Lateral stami- elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 15–27 × 3–4 cm, gla-
nodes wider than corolla lobes. Labellum erect, creamy yellow brous on both surfaces, base cuneate or shortly so, apex acu-
with an orange patch at base, obcordate, longer than wide, apex minate. Spikes nodding, 4.6–5 cm, glabrous; bracts 7–10 mm,
2-lobed. Filament subequaling labellum. Ovary hairy. Stigma membranous, 1-flowered. Flowers yellow. Calyx ca. 1 cm. Co-
funnelform, margin bearded. Fl. Jul–Sep. 2n = 34. rolla tube ca. 1.2 cm, throat villous; lobes linear, 8–10 × ca. 2
Forests; 500–800 m. Sichuan [India, Nepal]. mm. Lateral staminodes petaloid, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 7 × 2
Medicinal. mm. Labellum oblong-ovate, ca. 7 × 2 mm, apically 2-cleft
nearly to base. Filament ca. 1 cm × 2 mm; anther ca. 5 mm.
7. Hedychium parvibracteatum T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta
Ovary globose, ca. 2 mm in diam., villous. Fl. Aug.
Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 27. 1978.
• Forests; 1600–1800 m. S Yunnan (Yuanyang Xian).
小苞姜花 xiao bao jiang hua
11. Hedychium spicatum Smith in Rees, Cycl. 17: Hedychium
Pseudostems to 50 cm. Ligule ca. 4 mm, membranous, no. 3. 1811.
apex obtuse; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong, 15–17 × ca. 4
cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Spikes ca. 10 × 2 草果药 cao guo yao
cm, dense; rachis glabrous; bracts ovate-oblong, 5–6 mm. Flow- Pseudostems ca. 1 m. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate;
ers golden yellow. Calyx ca. 6 mm, obliquely split on 1 side. ligule entire, 1.5–2.5 cm, membranous; leaf blade oblong or ob-
Corolla tube ca. 8 mm; lobes linear, ca. 7 × 1 mm. Lateral sta- long-lanceolate, 10–40 × 3–10 cm, glabrous or abaxially spars-
minodes wider than corolla lobes. Labellum obovate, ca. 5 × 3 ely villous along midvein, base acute, apex acuminate. Spikes
mm, apex entire but mucronate. Stamen orange; filament ca. 7 to 20 cm, laxly few or densely many flowered; bracts oblong,
mm; anther ca. 3 mm. Ovary glabrous, subcubic, ca. 1 mm in 2.5–3 cm, 1-flowered. Flowers fragrant. Calyx 2.5–3.5 cm,
diam. Stigma ciliate. Fl. Jul. apex 3-toothed, split on 1 side. Corolla pale yellowish; tube to 8
• Forests; ca. 2000 m. E Xizang (Bomi Xian). cm, apex sometimes purplish red; lobes linear, ca. 2.5 cm, base
sometimes purplish red. Lateral staminodes white or becoming
8. Hedychium densiflorum Wallich, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew yellow, sometimes purplish red, obovate, apex 2-lobed; lobes
Gard. Misc. 5: 368. 1853. clawed, apex acute. Labellum yellowish, sometimes purplish
密花姜花 mi hua jiang hua red. Filament pale reddish, shorter than labellum. Capsule sub-
globose, 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., 3-valved; valves ca. 6-seeded. Fl.
Pseudostems 1–1.2 m. Ligule ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse; pet-
Jun–Oct. fr. Oct–Nov.
iole absent to 1 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 12–35 × 3–10
cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex caudate. Spikes 10–18 × ca. Forests; 1200–3200 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhu-
3 cm, dense; bracts oblong, ca. 2 cm, 1(or 2)-flowered. Flowers tan, NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, N Thailand].
bright yellow, small. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm. Corolla tube 2.5–3 cm; Medicinal.
lobes reflexed, linear, ca. 1.5 cm. Lateral staminodes lanceolate,
1a. Spikes densely many flowered; flowers
ca. 2 cm. Labellum cuneate, ca. 1.6 cm × 6 mm, apex deeply 2-
 yellowish ................................................ 11a. var. spicatum Filament red, ca. 4.4 cm; anther ca. 7 mm. Fl. Jun.
1b. Spikes laxly few flowered; flowers yellowish
• Forests; ca. 2100 m. S Yunnan (Ximeng Va Zu Zizhixian).
but apex of corolla tube, base of corolla
lobes, lateral staminodes, and labellum 14. Hedychium tengchongense Y. B. Luo, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
purplish red ...................................... 11b. var. acuminatum 32: 574. 1994.
11a. Hedychium spicatum var. spicatum 腾冲姜花 teng chong jiang hua
草果药(原变种) cao guo yao (yuan bian zhong) Pseudostems 70–80 cm. Ligule elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, mem-
Spikes densely many flowered. Flowers yellowish. Fl. branous, glabrous, apex truncate; petiole ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade
Jun–Jul. 2n = 34. oblong or narrowly so, ca. 40 × 10 cm, base attenuate, apex acu-
minate. Spikes ca. 25 cm, densely flowered; bracts narrowly
Forests; 1200–2900 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan
oblong, 1.5–1.7 cm, 1-flowered, margin convolute, apex round-
[Myanmar, Nepal, N Thailand].
ed; bracteoles ovate, ca. 1 cm, apex rounded. Flowers yellow.
11b. Hedychium spicatum var. acuminatum (Roscoe) Wall- Calyx ca. 2 cm, apex obscurely obtusely 3-toothed. Corolla
ich, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 328. 1853. tube slender, ca. 3.5 cm; lobes linear. Lateral staminodes linear,
疏花草果药 shu hua cao guo yao ca. 3.5 cm, apex mucronate. Labellum ca. 3.5 cm, apically 2-
cleft for ca. 1/2 its length; lobes linear. Filament orange, ca. 4.5
Hedychium acuminatum Roscoe, Monandr. Pl. Scitam. t. cm; anther orange, ca. 8 mm. Ovary ca. 2 cm, glabrous. Stigma
47. 1824. capitate. Stylodes filiform. Fl. Jul.
Spikes laxly few flowered. Flowers yellowish but apex of • Forests; 1600–1700 m. W Yunnan (Tengchong Xian).
corolla tube, base of corolla lobes, lateral staminodes, and la-
bellum purplish red. Fl. Aug–Oct. 15. Hedychium yunnanense Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
Forests; 2000–3200 m. Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal,
54: 164. 1907.
Sikkim]. 滇姜花 dian jiang hua
12. Hedychium convexum S. Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 8:
Pseudostems stout. Ligule oblong, entire, 1.5–2.5 cm, mem-
41. 1986.
branous; leaf blade ovate-oblong to oblong, 20–40 × ca. 10 cm,
唇凸姜花 chun tu jiang hua glabrous, base attenuate into short petiole, apex caudate. Spikes
to 20 cm; bracts lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 cm, glabrous, 1-flowered,
Pseudostems 50–80 cm. Ligule ca. 5 mm, somewhat lea-
margin involute. Calyx 1.7–2.8 cm, apex obtusely 3-toothed,
thery, glabrous, apex subtruncate; petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade
ciliate. Corolla tube 3.5–5 cm, slender; lobes linear, 2.5–3 cm.
narrowly oblong, 16–30 × 3.5–8 cm, glabrous, base cuneate,
Lateral staminodes oblong-linear, shorter and wider than
apex caudate. Spikes capitate, 7–8 × 5–6 cm; bracts narrowly
corolla lobes, base narrowed. Labellum obovate, ca. 2 cm,
lanceolate, 1.7–2 cm, glabrous, 1-flowered; bracteoles tubular,
apically 2-cleft for ca. 1/2 its length. Filament 3.5–4 cm; anther
ca. 1 cm. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, split on 1 side. Corolla tube ca. 5
1–1.2 cm. Ovary pilose. Stigma ciliate. Capsule 1.2–1.4 cm in
cm; lobes yellowish, linear, 4–5 cm. Lateral staminodes white,
diam., 3-angled, glabrous. Seeds many; aril red, lacerate. Fl.
very narrowly oblanceolate, ca. 3 cm × 3 mm. Labellum nar-
Sep.
rowly obovate, ca. 3 cm × 7 mm, apex entire but projecting;
claw ca. 1.2 cm. Filament yellowish except for orange apex, ca. Forests. Guangxi, Yunnan [Vietnam].
5 cm; anther brown-red, ca. 1.2 cm. Ovary green, glabrous. Fl.
16. Hedychium pauciflorum S. Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 8:
Aug.
43. 1986.
• Forests; ca. 1000 m. SW Yunnan (Jinghong Xian).
少花姜花 shao hua jiang hua
13. Hedychium glabrum S. Q. Tong, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27:
Pseudostems ca. 70 cm. Ligule 2-cleft, ca. 4 mm, mem-
288. 1989.
branous, glabrous; petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade narrowly ellip-
无毛姜花 wu mao jiang hua tic, 18–32 × 5.3–6.5 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, apex acumi-
nate. Spikes 9–13 × 5–6 cm, laxly few flowered; bracts green,
Pseudostems 1–1.2 m. Leaf sheath green except for red, oblong, 2–2.3 cm × 5–6 mm, glabrous, 1-flowered, apex entire;
apical margin; ligule reddish, entire, 3–6 cm, membranous, gla- bracteoles tubular, ca. 1 cm, split to middle on 1 side. Flowers
brous; petiole 3–7 cm on distal leaves; leaf blade lanceolate or white, glabrous. Calyx ca. 2.3 cm, membranous, apex truncate.
narrowly oblong, 60–70 × 12–15 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, Corolla tube ca. 4.8 cm; lobes linear, ca. 1.8 cm. Lateral stami-
apex acuminate or shortly so. Spikes 20–30 × 8–12 cm, densely nodes narrowly lanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm × 2 mm. Labellum nar-
flowered; bracts green, ca. 2 cm, 1-flowered; bracteoles red spot- rowly oblong, ca. 1.2 cm × 8 mm, apically 2-cleft to base; lobes
ted, ca. 1 cm, membranous, glabrous, apex entire. Flowers white narrowly oblong, ca. 3 mm wide. Filament ca. 1.5 cm; anther
becoming yellow. Calyx ca. 2 cm, apex truncate, red spotted. brownish red, ca. 5 mm. Ovary brownish pubescent. Style white,
Corolla tube ca. 4 cm; lobes linear, ca. 3.5 cm. Lateral stami- linear; stigma orange, ciliate. Fl. Jul.
nodes narrowly lanceolate, ca. 3 cm × 4 mm. Labellum ca. 3 cm,
apically 2-cleft for ca. 2/3 its length; lobes narrowly lanceolate. • Forests; ca. 1200 m. W Yunnan (Longchuan Xian).
17. Hedychium villosum Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 12. Cultivated as an ornamental.
1820.
19. Hedychium coccineum Smith in Rees, Cycl. 17:
毛姜花 mao jiang hua Hedychium no. 5. 1811.

Pseudostems 1–2 m. Ligule lanceolate, 3.5–5 cm, mem- 红姜花 hong jiang hua
branous; petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or oblong,
Pseudostems 1.5–2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule 1.2–2.5 cm;
15–35 × 3.5–6(–9) cm, glabrous or abaxially pubescent along
leaf blade narrowly linear, 25–50 × 3–5 cm, glabrous, base sub-
midvein. Spikes 15–25 cm, densely many flowered; rachis ±
rounded or attenuate, apex caudate-acuminate. Spikes cylindric,
pubescent; bracts oblong, 1.5–2.5 cm, brown sericeous, 2- or
usually dense, glabrous or sparsely villous; bracts oblong, 3–3.5
3-flowered. Calyx 2.5–3 cm, golden sericeous. Corolla white;
cm, leathery, sparsely pubescent, rarely glabrous, 3-flowered,
tube ca. 3.5 cm; lobes reflexed, linear, 1.4–2.5 cm. Lateral
margin involute or rather flat, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers
staminodes slightly wider than corolla lobes. Labellum oblong-
red. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, sparsely pubescent especially at 3-tooth-
obovate, 1.4–2.5 cm, base attenuate into a claw, apex deeply 2-
ed apex. Corolla tube slightly longer than calyx; lobes reflexed,
cleft. Filament purplish red, ca. 4.5 cm; anther sagittate, 2–3
linear, ca. 3 cm. Lateral staminodes lanceolate, ca. 2.3 cm. La-
mm. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm, 3-valved, brown sericeous. Fl.
bellum orbicular, ca. 2 cm wide or rather small, apex deeply 2-
and fr. Mar–Apr, (Dec).
cleft. Filament ca. 5 cm; anther 7–8 mm. Ovary sericeous, 2.5–
Forests; 100–3400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [In- 3 mm. Capsule globose, ca. 2 cm in diam. Seeds red. Fl. Jun–
dia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam]. Aug, fr. Oct. 2n = 68.
1a. Bracts 1.8–2.5 cm; corolla lobes, lateral Forests. Guangxi, SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian), S Yunnan [Bhutan,
staminodes, and labellum ca. 2.5 cm ..... 17a. var. villosum NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand].
1b. Bracts ca. 1.5 cm; corolla lobes, lateral staminodes,
Cultivated as an ornamental.
and labellum to 1.5 cm
............................................................ 17b. var. tenuiflorum 20. Hedychium forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
burgh 5: 304. 1912.
17a. Hedychium villosum var. villosum
毛姜花(原变种) mao jiang hua (yuan bian zhong) 圆瓣姜花 yuan ban jiang hua

Bracts 1.8–2.5 cm. Corolla lobes, lateral staminodes, and Pseudostems 1–1.5 cm. Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate;
labellum ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. Mar–Apr. 2n = 34. ligule 2.5–3.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 35–50 × 5–
10 cm, glabrous, base narrow, apex caudate. Spikes cylindric,
Forests; 100–3400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [In- 20–30 cm; rachis pubescent; bracts broadly or narrowly ovate,
dia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam]. 4.5–6 × 1.5–3 cm, pilose, 2- or 3-flowered, margin incurved.
17b. Hedychium villosum var. tenuiflorum Wallich ex Baker Flowers white or yellow, fragrant. Calyx shorter than bracts.
in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 229. 1892. Corolla tube 4–4.5 cm; lobes linear, 3.5–4 cm. Lateral stami-
小毛姜花 xiao mao jiang hua nodes oblong, ca. 3.5 × 1.5 cm. Labellum orbicular, ca. 3 cm
wide, apex 2-cleft. Filament 3.5–4 cm; anther ca. 1.2 cm. Cap-
Hedychium tenuiflorum (Wallich ex Baker) K. Schumann. sule ovoid-oblong, ca. 2 cm. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Oct–Dec.
Bracts ca. 1.5 cm. Corolla lobes, lateral staminodes, and Forests; 200–900 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Laos,
labellum to 1.5 cm. Fl. Dec. Myanmar, Thailand, N Vietnam].
Forests; 800–900 m. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhizhou) 1a. Bracts narrowly ovate, ca. 1.5 cm wide;
[India]. flowers white ........................................... 20a. var. forrestii
18. Hedychium bijiangense T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta Phy- 1b. Bracts broadly ovate, ca. 3 cm wide;
totax. Sin. 16(3): 26. 1978. flowers yellow ............................. 20b. var. latebracteatum

碧江姜花 bi jiang jiang hua 20a. Hedychium forrestii var. forrestii

Pseudostems 1.2–1.7 m. Leaves sessile; ligule elliptic, 2–3 圆瓣姜花(原变种) yuan ban jiang hua (yuan bian zhong)
cm, membranous, glabrous; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 25– Bracts narrowly ovate, ca. 1.5 cm wide. Flowers white. Fl.
35 × 6–8 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex acute. Spikes ca. Aug–Oct, fr. Oct–Dec.
30 cm; bracts 50–60, lanceolate, 3–3.5 cm × ca. 5 mm, (1
or)2-flowered, margin involute; bracteoles linear, ca. 2.5 cm. Forests; 200–900 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Laos,
Flowers yellow. Calyx 2.5–3 cm. Corolla tube ca. 4.5 cm; lobes Myanmar, Thailand].
linear, ca. 3.5 cm × 2–3 mm. Lateral staminodes lanceolate, ca. 20b. Hedychium forrestii var. latebracteatum K. Larsen, Bot.
3 cm × 5–7 mm. Labellum obovate-cuneate, ca. 3 × 1.5–2 cm, Tidsskr. 61: 74. 1965.
base attenuate into a 6–8 mm long claw, apex rounded, emar-
ginate, or minutely 3-toothed. Filament ca. 5 cm; anther ca. 1 宽苞圆瓣姜花 kuan bao yuan ban jiang hua
cm. Ovary oblong, ca. 2 mm. Stigma ciliate. Fl. Sep. Bracts broadly ovate, ca. 3 cm wide. Flowers yellow. Fl.
• Forests; 2600–3200 m. NW Yunnan (Bijiang Xian). Aug.
 Forests. Sichuan, Yunnan [N Vietnam]. Fl. Sep.
21. Hedychium kwangsiense T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen, Acta • Forests; ca. 1200 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian).
Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 26. 1978.
24. Hedychium neocarneum T. L. Wu et al., Novon 10: 91.
广西姜花 guang xi jiang hua 2000.
Pseudostems 1–1.2 m. Ligule oblong, 2.5–4.5 × 0.7–1.4 肉红姜花 rou hong jiang hua
cm, villous to glabrescent; petiole 1–4.5 cm; leaf blade lanceo-
Hedychium carneum Y. Y. Qian, Acta Bot. Austro Sin. 9:
late, 20–40 × 5.5–8 cm, glabrous, base attenuate, apex caudate-
48. 1994, not Loddiges (1823).
acuminate. Spikes 10–20 × ca. 8 cm, densely numerous flow-
ered; rachis brown hirsute; bracts oblong, 2.5–3 × ca. 1 cm, pub- Pseudostems 1–2 m. Leaves sessile; leaf sheath greenish
escent, 3-flowered; bracteoles tubular, 2–2.5 cm, hirsute, apex purple or purple, villous; ligule purple, oblong, 1.5–6 cm, vil-
minutely mucronate. Flowers white. Calyx ca. 2.5 cm, hirsute, lous; leaf blade lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, oblong or ovate
apex obliquely truncate. Corolla tube 3.3–3.5 cm, villous; lobes on proximal leaves, 10–50 × 6–16 cm, adaxially glabrous, abax-
linear, ca. 2 cm. Lateral staminodes oblong, ca. 1.8 cm × 4–5 ially villous, base subcordate to rounded or broadly cuneate,
mm. Labellum apically 2-cleft to base; lobes oblong, 1.5–1.8 apex acuminate or caudate. Spikes cylindric, 22–35 × 14–20 cm;
cm × 4–7 mm. Filament 2.5–2.8 cm, longer than labellum; an- bracts oblong or lanceolate, 4.5–5.5 cm, villous, (1 or)2–4-
ther ca. 5 mm. Ovary oblong, ca. 5 mm, brown sericeous. Stig- flowered, margin involute; bracteoles ovate or oblong, 1.8–3.5
ma capitate. Fl. Mar–Jun. cm, pubescent. Flowers white. Calyx 4.1–4.5 cm, villous, apex
• Forests; ca. 400 m. Guangxi.
3-toothed. Corolla tube yellowish, 5.3–6 cm; lobes pale green
or yellowish, linear, 4–4.5 cm × 3.5–4 mm, apex involute.
22. Hedychium brevicaule D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: Lateral staminodes white, flesh red at base, linear-oblanceolate.
225. 1980. Labellum flesh red at base, suborbicular, 1.8–2.8 × 1.6–2 cm,
矮姜花 ai jiang hua apex 2-cleft; claw 6–8 mm. Filament flesh red, 5.2–5.7 cm; an-
ther yellow, 1.1–1.4 cm. Ovary green, oblong, 4–5.5 mm,
Rhizomes creeping. Pseudostems 20–40 cm. Leaves ses- sparsely villous. Stigma ciliate. Capsule yellow, long ovoid, 2–
sile except for 2 apical ones; ligule brownish, 1–5 cm, sparsely 3.5 × 1–1.5 cm, obtusely 3-angled. Seeds red; aril red. Fl. Sep.
appressed villous; leaf blade obovate or oblong, 15–27 × 8–10
• Forests; 1600–1900 m. S Yunnan (Simao Xian).
cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially appressed yellow villous along
midvein, base cuneate, apex acute. Spikes 8–14 × 4–6 cm; ra- 25. Hedychium puerense Y. Y. Qian, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34:
chis appressed yellow villous; bracts rusty, ovate-lanceolate, 3– 444. 1996.
4.6 × 1.2–2 cm, membranous, appressed yellow villous, 3-flow-
普洱姜花 pu er jiang hua
ered; bracteoles tubular, 2.7–3 cm, appressed yellow villous.
Flowers white, slightly fragrant. Calyx brownish, 3.3–3.5 cm, Pseudostems 1.2–2 m. Leaves sessile; ligule 1.8–3.8 cm,
slightly split on 1 side, appressed yellow villous. Corolla tube densely villous; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
ca. 4 cm, glabrous; lobes linear, 2.5–3 cm × 3–4 mm. Lateral late, 6–65 × 3–18 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially villous,
staminodes oblanceolate, ca. 2.3 cm × 7 mm. Labellum broadly base rounded or cuneate, apex caudate. Spikes cylindic, 26–50
ovate, ca. 2.2 × 1.9 cm, apically slightly 2-lobed or 2-cleft for × 16–23 cm; rachis densely villous; bracts narrowly ovate, 4.5–
ca. 1/2 its length. Filament white, equaling labellum; anther ca. 5.5 × 1.5–2 cm, (2–)6(–8)-flowered; bracteoles 1.5–3.5 cm. Ca-
9 mm. Ovary ca. 5 mm, appressed yellow villous. Stigma ciliate. lyx 4.4–4.8 cm. Corolla tube white, 5.2–6 cm; lobes green, lin-
Fl. Feb. ear, 3.5–4.2 cm. Lateral staminodes white, 2.5–3 cm. Labellum
white, yellowish at base and center, orbicular, 2–2.2 × 1.8–2
• Forests; 500–700 m. W Guangxi (Napo Xian).
cm, apex 2-lobed. Filament white, 5.8–6.8 cm; anther white, 1–
23. Hedychium yungjiangense S. Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 1.5 cm. Ovary 4–5 cm, densely villous. Capsule long ovoid,
8: 40. 1986. 2.5–4 cm, obtusely 3-angled, villous. Seeds red. Fl. Sep.
盈江姜花 ying jiang jiang hua • Forests; 1300–1600 m. S Yunnan.

Pseudostems 60–80 cm. Leaves sessile; ligule entire, 1.8– 26. Hedychium simaoense Y. Y. Qian, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34:
2.2 cm, densely brownish pubescent; leaf blade narrowly lan- 443. 1996.
ceolate, 20–30 × 3.5–6 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially brown- 思茅姜花 si mao jiang hua
ish pubescent along midvein, base cuneate, apex caudate. Spikes
ellipsoid, 7–10 × 5–7 cm, densely flowered; bracts white, nar- Pseudostems ca. 1.8 m, sparsely villous. Leaves sessile;
rowly obovate, ca. 2.5 cm × 8 mm, slightly brownish hairy, 3- ligule 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly linear, 10–50 × 1.5–7 cm,
flowered, margin membranous, apex acute; bracteoles tubular, adaxially glabrous, abaxially villous, base rounded or cuneate,
ca. 1.2 cm. Flowers white. Calyx ca. 1.7 cm, brownish pubes- apex caudate. Spikes cylindric, 20–35 × 15–22 cm; rachis dense-
cent, apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube ca. 2.5 cm; lobes ca. 1.3 cm. ly villous; bracts long ovate, 4–5 cm, 3-flowered, apex obtuse.
Lateral staminodes 1.5–4 cm. Labellum suborbicular, ca. 1.3 × Flowers white or yellow. Calyx 3–3.5 cm, abaxially villous,
1 cm, base attenuate into claw, apex deeply emarginate. Fila- apex 3-toothed. Corolla tube pale purple, 3.5–4.2 cm; lobes
ment ca. 1.3 cm; anther ca. 6 mm. Ovary densely white villous. pendent, yellow, linear, 4.3–4.7 cm, apex involute. Lateral sta-
minodes white or yellow, pale purple at base, oblanceolate, 2.9– ± villous. Stigma shortly ciliate. Fl. Aug–Sep.
3.3 cm. Labellum white or yellow, pale purple at base, orbicular, • Valleys; ca. 500 m. NW Guangxi (Tianlin Xian).
2.2–2.5 cm wide, apex 2-cleft. Filament purple, 5–5.5 cm;
anther purple or orange, 1–1.2 cm. Ovary densely sericeous, 28. Hedychium qingchengense Z. Y. Zhu, Bull. Sichuan School
2.5–3 cm. Capsule ovoid-globose or ovoid, 1.3–3 × 1–1.7 cm. Chin. Mat. Med. 30(2): 28. 1992.
Seeds red. Fl. Aug. 青城姜花 qing cheng jiang hua
• Forests; ca. 1400 m. S Yunnan (Simao Xian). Pseudostems 0.8–1.2 m. Leaves sessile or subsessile; lig-
ule 2–4 cm, membranous, appressed villous; leaf blade lan-
27. Hedychium tienlinense D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16
ceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 20–40 × 4–8 cm, adaxially gla-
(3): 52. 1978.
brous, abaxially densely appressed villous, base attenuate, apex
田林姜花 tian lin jiang hua caudate-acuminate. Spikes ellipsoid or oblong, 6–15 cm, vil-
lous; bracts oblong, 3.5–5 × 1–1.5 cm, villous, 1–3-flowered,
Pseudostems ca. 85 cm. Leaves sessile; ligule 0.5–2.5 cm,
margin usually involute; bracteoles lanceolate, 1.5–2.4 cm.
glabrescent, apex rounded; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 4–33 ×
Flowers white. Calyx membranous, 3.5–4.5 cm, split on 1 side,
1.5–6 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely villous, more
distally villous. Corolla tube 7–8 cm; lobes linear, 3–3.8 cm.
densely so along both sides of midvein, base rounded to cuneate,
Lateral staminodes oblong-oblanceolate, 3–3.5 cm × 8–10 mm,
apex acuminate. Spikes erect, ca. 15 × 4 cm; rachis ± villous;
margin entire or undulate. Labellum with an orange spot at
bracts oblong-obovate, 3.2–4.3 × ca. 2.2 cm, ± villous, ca. 5-
center, obovate, 3–3.5 × 2–2.5 cm, apex 2-cleft; lobes entire or
flowered; bracteoles broadly ovate-deltoid, ca. 2 cm, ± villous.
irregularly undulate at margin. Filament 3–3.5 cm; anther yel-
Flowers white, ca. 9 cm, slightly fragrant. Calyx hairy abaxially,
low, ca. 1.5 cm. Ovary oblong, white sericeous. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr.
split on 1 side. Corolla tube ca. 5 cm; lobes linear, ca. 2.6 cm.
Sep–Oct.
Lateral staminodes linear, falcate, ca. 2.7 cm × 2 mm. Labellum
broadly ovate, ca. 2.5 × 2 cm, midvein yellow, apex 2-cleft. • Forests; ca. 500 m. C Sichuan (Guan Xian).
Filament yellowish red, ca. 2.4 cm; anther ca. 1.1 cm; Edible.
connective extending ca. 1 mm beyond anther. Ovary ca. 5 mm,

19. SILIQUAMOMUM Baillon, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris: 1193. 1895.
长果姜属 chang guo jiang shu

Pseudostems erect. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, laxly few
flowered; bracts small. Pedicel long, articulate near apex. Calyx tubular-campanulate, split on 1 side, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla
tube narrowly cylindric, apex dilated, campanulate; lobes very narrow, apex obtuse, central lobe larger than lateral ones. Lateral sta-
minodes narrowly obovate. Labellum obovate, large, apical margin undulate. Filament short; anther linear, apex with a membranous
appendage not derived from connective. Ovary 3-loculed basally, 1-loculed apically. Capsule cylindric, torulose.
One species: China, Vietnam.

1. Siliquamomum tonkinense Baillon, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Corolla yellowish white; tube ca. 2 cm; lobes 2.5–3 cm. Lateral
Paris: 1193. 1895. staminodes ca. 2.5 cm. Labellum variegated, 3–3.5 cm. Anther
including apical appendage ca. 2 cm. Ovary glabrous. Stigma
长果姜 chang guo jiang
ciliate. Capsule yellow, 12–13 × ca. 1 cm. Fl. Oct. 2n = 48.
Pseudostems 0.6–2 m. Leaves usually 3; ligule glabrous; Dense forests in mountain valleys; ca. 800 m. SE Yunnan (Ping-
petiole 4.5–7 cm; leaf blade 20–55 × 7–14 cm, base acute, apex bian Miao Zu Zizhixian) [N Vietnam].
acuminate. Racemes 13–14 cm, 9–12-flowered; peduncle ca.
18 cm. Pedicel articulate ca. 5 mm from apex. Calyx ca. 3.5 cm.

20. CAULOKAEMPFERIA K. Larsen, Bot. Tidsskr. 60: 166. 1964.

大苞姜属 da bao jiang shu

Herbs perennial. Pseudostems erect, leafy. Leaves sessile or petiolate; ligule 2-lobed, small. Inflorescences terminal; bracts 1–
10, distichous, lanceolate, 1–4-flowered, margin free to base; bracteoles absent in species with 1-flowered bracts. Calyx tubular, not
deeply split on 1 side, apex often 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube long, narrow, widened at mouth; lobes 3, central one slightly longer
and wider than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes petaloid, large. Labellum orbicular or broadly ovate, large, ± concave, apex entire or
2-lobed. Filament very short or absent, borne on corolla tube; anther basifixed; connective forming a conspicuously reflexed crest.
Ovary 3-loculed. Stylodes linear, short, free.
About ten species: China, India, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand; one species (endemic) in China.

1. Caulokaempferia coenobialis (Hance) K. Larsen, Bot. Tids- 黄花大苞姜 huang hua da bao jiang
skr. 60: 177. 1964.
Monolophus coenobialis Hance, J. Bot. 8: 75. 1870; Kaemp-
feria coenobialis (Hance) C. H. Wright; Roscoea flava Merrill.
Plants slender, tufted. Pseudostems 15–30 cm × ca. 3 mm.
Leaves 5–9, sessile or shortly petiolate, basal ones smaller than
apical; leaf blade lanceolate, 5–14 × 1–2 cm, thin, glabrous, base
acute, apex long caudate-acuminate. Bracts 2 or 3, 3–5 cm, 1-
or 2-flowered. Calyx 1–1.5 cm, persistent. Corolla yellow; tube
ca. 3 cm; lobes lanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Lateral staminodes elliptic,
ca. 1.2 cm. Labellum yellow, broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 × 2 cm. Fil-
ament very short; anther ca. 3 mm; connective crest oblong, ca.
4 mm. Capsule ovoid-oblong, ca. 1 cm. Seeds ellipsoid-ovoid.
Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = 24*.
• Forest floors. Guangdong, Guangxi.
Medicinal.