Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OP
CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
CONSTRUCTED BY
WILLIAM HUGHES,
AND EDITED BY
GEORGE LONG.
FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
WITH
CONTAINING
FIFTY-TWO MAPS AND PLANS ON TWENTY-SIX PLATES,
PHILADELPHIA
BLANCHAED & LEA,
185 7.
I OOi
ZSl
In reproducing the present work, various additions have been thought desirable. For
reasons adduced in his Preface, Mr. Long inserted no boundaries in the maps. Impos-
sible as it may be, at this distance of time, to determine with absolute accuracy the
limits of contiguous territories, it yet was felt that without some indication of their
position, as generally received by classical scholars, the student would frequently feel
the want of an assistance to which he had become accustomed; and they have accord-
among the ancients, has seemed to render desirable the introduction of the charts col-
lected on Plate 1, showing at a glance the progress of information from the earliest
times, and enabling the student to comprehend and appreciate the ideas of the writers
of successive periods. Plate 26 has likewise been added, presenting topographical
plans, on an enlarged scale, of various places of interest, which may serve to elucidate
passages in numerous classical authors. These additions have been selected from Icadin^^
With the view of rendering the work a convenient text-book for the student, a
condensed sketch of Classical Geography has been prefixed, compiled and adapted
principally from the recent manual of Professor Pillans, of Edinburgh. In this the
object has been, not to present a complete enumeration of places, but mei-ely to furnish
(iii)
iv AMERICAN PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.
such supplementary information as cannot be embodied in the ir:aps. No allusion has
been made to Sacred Geography, a subject too extensive and too important to be dis-
missed within the limits necessarily assigned to the sketch. In revising the Index, the
opportunity has occasionally been found of marking the quantity of a syllable left un-
accented by Mr. Long; and this has been done whenever practicable. In many in-
stances, however, places of little note, whose nvames do not occur among the poets, are
necessarily uncertain.
Every care has been taken throughout to obtain entire accuracy, in the most careful
revision of both maps and text by the gentleman who has made the additions and
superintended the press. The publishers trust that their efforts have not been misdi-
rected, and that they will be found to have succeeded in producing an Atlas in every
way suited to the increasing requirements of the improved classical scholars]) ip of the
age.
The Maps in this Atlas have been constructed by William Hughes from the best
authorities; and they have been engraved under his superintendence. The original
drawings and the engraved maps have been revised by George Long. No pains have
been spared to make the maps correct ; and though it is impossible to avoid some errors
in a work of this kind, it is hoped that there are not many. Such as may be discovered
will be corrected.
The distriliution of the suljject-matter of this ancient Atlas differs from that of other
Atlases in several respects. The map of the Roman Provinces is one example of this
and there are several other maps which will not be found in the common Atlases. This
Atlas is intended for the use of students both at schools and at college ; and though it
does not contain every name, it contains everything that a classical student can want.
No attempt has been made''' to show the exact boundaries of the political divisions
and subdivisions of countries, wdiich cannot be done, in small maps at least, with
sufficient accuracy ; and in many cases it cannot be done at all. A student must learn
what these boundaries are, so far as they can be ascertained, either from works on
Ancient Geography, or from the instruction of a teacher. The best method of teaching
GEORGE LONG.
wi * See American Publishei's' Notice.
(V)
LIST OF PLATES.
The world according to Eratosthenes and Strabo (from about b. c. 200 to a. d 20).
12. SICILIA.
13. SYRACUSAE, on an enlarged scale.
(vii)
viii 1. 1 S T OF FLATES
14. MACEDONIA, THRACIA, ILLYRICUM, and the Provinces on the Middle and
Lower Danube.
15. GRAECIA, INCLUDING Epirus and Thessalia, with Part op Macedonia.
enlarged scale,
n. PLAN OF ATHENS
Athens and its Harbors.
Thermopylae.
Marathon.
Plataea.
Mantinea.
Leuctra.
Issus.
Arbela.
Thracian Bosporus.
Alexandria.
I
SKETCH
OP
CLASSICAL GEOGEAPHY.
Ancient Geography is almost exclusively confined easternmost parts, produced by the conquests of
to the countries around theMediterranean sea, in Alexander, (See Empire of Alexander, Map 3.)
the period of the power of Greece and of Rome, Thus far, the history of geography shows an em-
the shores of that ocean being the scene of the life pirical aggregation of facts. After this, the scienti-
and actions of classical antiquity. In the course of fic or systematic treatment of geography begins, the
time, the centre of action moves from the eastern characteristic feature of which we may find in the
parts of the Mediterranean, or rather the seas ad- use of astronomy for geographical purposes. Hip-
joining it in the east, to regions farther west ; and parchus, of Nice, about b. c. 230, stands first among
at the same time geographical knowledge follows those who combined geography with astronomy. He
the arms of victorious legions, radiating in all di- determined latitudes and longitudes of places from
rections from the Mediterranean, as the centre. observation, and was engaged in the mea-
celestial
(Map 2.) surement of the earth and in determining its figure.
In Map 1 will be found a series of charts illus- The first who produced a whole geographical
trating the geographical views entertained at diife- system was Eratosthenes, about B. c. 200. He
rent periods, as expressed by prominent authorities. attempted the measure of the earth's circumference,
These rude sketches, besides their interest as mani- and introduced into his maps a regular parallel of
festing the gradual extension of human knowledge, latitude, the running of which was of course imper-
possess a value to the student when their progressive fect, and at variance with the actual positions of
development is considered in connection with the places.
march of historical events. Thus, with Homer, Strabo, a Greek geographer, A. D. 20, endeavored,
B. c. 900, the world is a circular plain, around which with but partial success, to collect and to systema-
the river Oceanus flows. He is familiar with Euro- tize the geographical knowledge which floAved in
pean and Asiatic Greece, as well as with Aegypt upon the Romans from their military expeditions in
in the west he places Elysium on the edge of the
: so many parts of the then known world. (See Roman
plain dwell the Aethiopes and Pygmaei beyond the : Empire, Map 4.)
Oceanus in the north are the Cimmerii. In Heca- Ptolemy, A. D. 160, corrected old errors, gathered
taeus^ view of the world, about b. c. 500, the western new information, (see his charts of India and Britain,
countries of the Mediterranean have assumed form Map 1,) and gave ancient geography that final shape
and proportion, while the eastern boundary of know- which it retained during the long period of the Em-
ledge has made some progress. pire of the Occident and of the Orient, and through
Herodotus, the "Father of History," B.C. 440, the Middle Ages, until Columbus and Yasco de Gama
also added largely to the stock of geographical struck out new and wider courses of geographical
knowledge, having travelled over a great part of the knowledge; and mathematics, coml;incd with jihysical
eastern world. Democritus, B.C. 300, shows an science, taught us the true positions and relations of
increase of geographical information, chiefly in the geographical objects.
(9)
10 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGIIAPIIY
Great Britain was known to the ancients under Most of the in the above
Rivers have been named j
the names of Britannia and Albion. The coast of enumeration of the aestuaries. may, however, We I
Cornwall and the Cassiterides (Scilly Isles) were add Alaunus, the Tweed, Tisa, the Tees, Antona,
visited by the Carthaginians. Among all the clas- the Nen.
sical Greek writers, down to Alexander the Great, Of Tribes and Provinces, we find the Cantii in
Aristotle alone makes any allusion to the British Isles. Kent southwest of them the Begni. West of these
:
The Romans were indebted for their knowledge of were the Belgae, and further west the Damnonii.
the country to the wars of Caesar and his successors. Further north we find the Trinobantes, in Essex and
Julius Caesar made two hostile incursions into Middlesex, the Brigantes, in Yorkshire, Durham,
Britain, B. c. but they were short in
58 and 55 ; Lancaster, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, the Ictni,
duration, and confined to the country between the in Norfolk and Suffolk, the Silnres and Ordovices,
strait ofDover and the Thames. The only locali- in Wales. North of Hadrian's wall, in what is to-
ties he particularizes are Tamesis (Thames) and day Scotland, were the Otadeni, Oadeni, Selgovae,
Cantium (Kent). Once, also, he simply enumerates Novantae, Damnii, and Epidii. Ilona is the island
six British tribes, withoutany data for fixing their of Anglesey of Towns, we find the name Camalodu-
:
,
'
Head, Ganganoruni Promontorium, at the extre- the Severn and the Thames II. Britannia Secunda, :
mity of Carnarvonshire, and Novantum, or the Mull comprising Wales III. Flavia Caesariensis, ex-
:
Thames. On the south, Tamariis was Plymouth roads, and camps, in Britain.
Sound and on the west, Sahriana or Sabrina Aes-
; From Bowness on the Solway Firth, two lines of
tuarium, the Bristol Channel, Segeia or Seteia, the defence ran eastward, nearly parallel, and close to
mouth of the Dee or the Mersey, Belisama, perhaps each other. We can trace them still as they cross
the nibble, Moricambe Aestuarium, Morecambe the Irthing, and pass by Carlisle, (Luguvallium),
Bay, Ituna xiestuarium, the Solway Firth, and Glota Glenwhelt, Rowchester, and Newcastle, terminating
Aestuarium., the Clyde. on the north side of the Tyne, three and a half miles
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 11
below the town last nauod. The distance from one Pius, carried a rampart and ditch from sea to sea,
extremity to the other is seventy-three Roman miles, to connect the forts of Agricola, and to complete the
equivalent to sixty-eight and a half English. Be- defensive works, a. d. 144.
tween the two lines of defence was a military way, Roman Britain, under the later empire, was pene-
and the whole three were crossed at right angles by trated in all directions by military roads. Loudon
at least one great road, Watling Street, near the was a point of intersection for many of them. The
modern village of Corbridge. Along the wall there most remarkable were Watling Street, which, start-
were military forts (castella) and military stations ing from Rutupiae, Richborough, in Kent, ran through
(caslra stativa), which are now generally named Canterbury and, passing by Rochester and London,
Chesters, e. g. Hunnum, Halton Chesters. through St. Albau's, Dunstable, and Wroxeter, to
Between the Firths of Clyde and Forth, a rampart the north, as far as the wall of Agricola.
and ditch extended eastward from Douglass, on the Iknield Way ran across the island from a point
Clyde, two miles west of old Kilpatrick, to Carri- near Great Yarmouth (country of Iceni) over the
den, between Abercorn and Borrowstowness, on the Thames at Streetly to the i^os.se Way.
Forth, a distance of thirty-four and three-fourths The Fosse Way extended from Moridunum, or
English miles. Along this line, the first defences Seaton, through Coriuium, or Cirencester, and Ratae,
were made (a. d. 81) by Agricola, who seems to have to Lindum, or Lincoln, and thence to York,
erected a pr^aetentura, or chain of forts, between the From
this, above Coriuium, branched off Ryhnield
two seas, at this narrowest part of the island, with Way, passed Derbentia and Little Chester, and
a view to secure his conquests against the Caledo- joined Fosse Way again below Danum, Dancaster.
nians, leaving them to the enjoyment of their savage The encampments, of which slender remains may
liberty in all the country beyond. Adrian contracted still be traced, are numerous but the remains are ;
the limits of the empire, and erected about a. d. 120, fast disappearing, with the exception of monuments,
the new line of defence between the Tyne and Solway altars, coins, weapons, which are preserved in various
whilst Lollius Urbicus, the lieutenant of Antoninus collections.
pina and of Gallia Transalpina. The first became, Samara (Somme) and Scaldis (Scheld). have then, We
in later times. Upper Italy, (Italia Superior), and 1. The basin of Rhodanus, the Rhone. This
we speak of it as a part of Italy. Gallia Trans- river, springing from the side of St. Gothard, makes
alpina comprised, besides the present French terri- its way between two lofty ranges of the Alps through
tory, Rhaetia, (Switze-rland,) large tracts of South- the Yalais, where it passes the city of the Sedroii,
western Germany and Belgium. now Sitten or Sion, and Octodurvs, Martigny. Then,
The mountain ranges of Gaul which are lofty enough forcing way through the gorge of St. Maurice, it
its
to deserve the name, are the following : 1. Cevenna, expands into Lacus Lemanus,' and, having deposited
the Cevennes, stretching N.N.E. from the Pyrenees ; there the soil of the melted glaciers, it re-appears at
2. An group in Auvergne, (Arverni,)
extinct volcanic the city of Geneva in the form of a majestic river
the highest points of which are the Cantal, Mont Dor, of a deep transparent blue. In pursuing its course
and Puy-de Dome 3 Vosegus, the Voges, running
;
westward, it disappears and flows under ground for
parallel with theRhine from Bale to Coblentz 4. Jura, ;
a quarter of a mile. Meeting at last with the ob-
which formed the boundary between the Helvetii and struction of the Cevennes, it turns abruptly to the
Sequani; and, 5. All that portion of the Alpine range south. At the angle, it is joined from the north by
which lies to the W. and S. of the Upper Rhine, and Arar, the Saone. On this tributary stood Cahillo-
sends the waters produced in its summits and slopes num, now and Ilatisco, now
Chalons-sur- Saone,
Rhine or into the Rhone.
either into the
Macon, both towns of the Aedui ; and on its feeder,
Gallia may be regarded as composed of the Duhis, (Doubs,) was Vesontio, now Besan^on. At
basins of the Rhone, the Garonne, the Loire, the '
Also Lemaunus.
12 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY
the point of junction of the Ai'ar and liJiocllnus, Maas or Maes — in French, Meuse,) on which, as we
stood Lugdunum, which gave name to the Augustan descend the river, we come to no place of note in
division of Gaul, Lugdunensis. From Lyons, the ancient times.
Rhone continues its rapid course directly south, pass- 6. The Basin of Rhenus, the Rhine. This river
ing various towns, among Avliich may be mentioned rises in the central Alps, and is enclosed in its early
Ave7iio, Avignon, at the junction of the Druentia, course between Alpine ranges, until it expands into
the Durance, and Arelfde (Aries). Lacus Brigantlnus v. Venetus, the lake of Constance.
2. The Basin of Garumna, the Garonne, a river Thence it flows westward (forming at Schaffhausen
which rises in the Pyrenees, and flows IST. W. into the most noted waterfall in Europe, and passing
the Sinus Cantabricus, the Bay of Biscay. This Augusta Rauracorum) till it reaches Basilia (Basel
basin is bounded by the Pyrenees, the Cevennes, the or Bale). Meeting there with an obstruction in the
mountains of Auvergne, and by the dos or high ground high ground between Jura and the Yoges, it turns
that extends thence to the sea. Within these limits, abruptly to the north. In the subsequent part of
it includes the minor basin of Aturis (the Adour). its course, it passes successively the walls, 1. of
In descending the Garumna, we find TolOsa, Tou- Mogontiacum, the capital of Germania Superior,
louse ;
and farther down, on the left bank of the now Mainz in German, Mayence in French 2. of :
river, stood Bin^digala, the modern Bordeaux. It Conjiuentes, corrupted into the modern Coblentz, at
was the birthplace of the poet Ausonius. Lower the confluence of the Rhine and 3Iosa .or Mosella
down, the Garonne receives the Dordogne, and widens (Mosel or Moselle) : and, 3. of Colonia Agrippina,
into an aestuary which is called La Gironde. capital of Germania Inferior, now Coin or Co-
3. The Basin of Liger, the Loire. The Loire logne. .
rises in the Cevennes, flows first noi'thward, then In the English Channel, on the N. W. coast of
westward, and falls into the Atlantic after a course Gaul, over against Britain, are Portus Pius, whence
of 500 miles. Among the towns on its banks most Caesar first set sail for Britain, and the three islands,
worthy of mention was Gendhum, which owes its now belonging to Great Britain, Riduna, Alderney,
modern name of Orleans to the people Aureliani, Sarnia, Guernsey, and Caesarea, Jersey : facing the
Avhose capital it was. Farther down the Loire were Atlantic Portus Brivdtes, the harbor of Brest at
is :
the Turones and Andes v. Andegdvi, tribes which the mouth of the Adour, Lapurdum, Bayonne.
give the modern names Tours, Angers, and Anjou. On the Southern or Mediterranean coast was Narho
Near the embouchure of the Loire dwelt the tribe Martius, Narbonne, which gave name to one of the
Namnttes, whence the name of the modern city of divisions of Gaul, Narbonensis. Ten leagues east
Nantes. On the Arroux, a tributary of the Loire, of the Rhone mouth was Massilia, (Marseilles,) said
Bihrade v. Auguslodunum, Autun, capital of the to have been founded at a very remote period by a
Aediii. colony from Phocaea, a city on the coast of Asia
4. The Basin of Sequana, the Seine. This Minor. Telo Martius, Toulon, is the great naval
river rises in the table-land of the Gallic tribe Lin- station of the French on the Mediterranean, as Brest
gunes, now called the Plateau de Langres, and, soon is on the Atlantic. Off Toulon are the Stoechddes
after its junction with ilfa/rcJ/ia, (the Marne), encloses Insulae, the Isles d'Hieres, Forum Julii, birthplace
an islet called Lutetia Parisiorum, now in the very of Agricola, now Frejus, Nicaea, the last Gallic city
centre of the capital of France. Between Paris and towards Italy, now Nice.
the sea is Rouen (Botomugus). Near the source
was Alesia, taken by Caesar after a long siege, which ancient divisions and tribes of GAUL.
he describes minutely in the Ith book of his Com- At
the time of Caesar's invasion, there was already
pentaries. in Gaul a Frovincia Bomana, lying between the
The comparatively small and very flat Basin of Cevennes and the Alps. The rest of Gaul is de-
Samara, the Somme, was the seat of the tribe Am- scribed by him as divided into three parts, according
hidni, whose chief place was Samarobrlva, of which as it was inhabited by the Aquitdni in the south,
mention occurs in Caesar and Cicero, as well as in Belgae in the north, and Celtae in the middle. But
Ptolemy but the name of the people survives only
; the truth is, that Gallia Comata (as all beyond the
in that of the modern city Amiens. Roman province was then called) was occupied by
5. We next arrive at the Basin of Mosa, (in Dutch, numerous independent tribes or peoples, generally
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 13
hostile to each other. Some of these have becu In the Basin of the Seine, south side, lived the tribe
that of the Loire, and the Seduni in the Yalais. A The Allobruges dwelt between Rhone and its
the
few shall now be added as occurring most frequently left-hand tributary Isara, the Isere. The Treveri
in Caesar's narrative of his campaigns in Gaul and ; or Treviri occupied the space between the Meuse
the locality of each tribe named will be indicated by and the Rhine, and the lower Basin of the Moselle,
the river-basin in which they dwelt. Their chief city was that now called from the name
The Aedui occupied the territory between the of the tribe, in German, Trier, in French, Treves.
Loire and the Saone on a tributary of the former
: Through their country ran the extensive Silva Ar-
was Bibracte, their capital, subsequently called Au- duenna, the forest of Ardenne. To the west of the
gustodumim (Autun). The Sequani dwelt in the Treviri, in the Basin of Sabis, the Sambre, and the
upper part of the Basin of the Saone, and the whole upper course of the Scheld, dwelt the Nervii, a gal-
of that of its feeder Dubis, the Doubs, a river which lant people of German extraction, who fought a great
winds round their chief city Vesontio (Besanqon). battle against Caesar.
IIISPANIA.-(MAP 7.)
Spain was called Iberia by the Greeks, and by the like spinal processes, from the side of the central
poets He!>peria, as the farthest land toward the west, range fronting the east.
with the addition of ultima, to distinguish it from In tracing the rivers just enumerated, from foun-
Italy. tain-head to the mouth, we fall in successively with
An elevated ridge of mountain and table-land ex- the following towns and localities :
tends from X. to S., forming the water-shed of the 1. On the Durius, near the source, and not far
country, and giving origin to all the great rivers, from the modern town of Soria, stood Numantia,
some of which find their way to the Mediterranean, which Florus calls Hispaniae decus. It sustained a
and others to the Atlantic. To this crest or back- fourteen years' siege against the Romans, and was
bone, as it were, of the peninsula, are attached, on taken at last by Scipio Africanus Minor. At the
the side facing the west, ranges of mountains and mouth stood Cale, or Portus Calensis, (Oporto,)
high ground, running in a S.W. direction and nearly whence the kingdom of Portugal derives its name.
parallel to each other and these enclose, on two
; In the Basin of the Durius were also, on the north
sides, the basins or tracts of country through whicli side, Astui-ica Augusta, Astorga, and Legio vii ge-
the rivers and their tributaries flow. mina, Leon. On the south side of the basin, Sal-
The main rivers that rise on the western slope of mantica, Salamanca, and Segovia, famed for an
the central ridge and fall into the Atlantic, are four aqueduct said to have been the work of Trajan, and
in number : 1. Durius, the Duero, (in Spanish,) still, with its double tier of arches, in good preser-
3. TuRiA, the Guadalaviar and, 4. Iberus, the ; founded by Caecilius Metellus, now Medellin, birth-
Ebro and the basins of these rivers are enclosed in
; place of Fernando Cortez, Emerita Augusta, a set-
like manner by lateral ranges of hills which start off. tlement provided by Augustus for his disbanded
ii SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
veterans, {emeriti,) once the capital of Lusitania, of CoLUMNA, from an ancient tower ninety-two feet
remarkable of which are, on the north side, the Sico- Pityusae, EhUsus, Ivi^'a, and Opliiusa, Formentera.
ris, on which stood Ilerda, (Lerida,) where Caesar The capes of the Peninsula are Promontorium
defeated Pompey's generals, Afranius and Petreius, Trileucum, (Ortegal,) the most northern point on ;
A. u. c. *70G, and on the south side, Salo, (Xalon,) on the "W. coast, Nerium., (Finisterra,) Magnum, (Rock
which stood Bilbilis, the native town of the poet of Lisbon,) Bay^bariuni, (Espichel,) Sacrum, (St.
Martial. Vincent,) Junonis, (Trafalgar.)
After thus following the course of rivers, if we The Peninsula, in the time of the Roman Repub-
next take the line of coast for our guide, we shall lic, was divided into Duae Hispaniae, Giterior and
come upon towns which have been indebted for their Ulterior, by the river Ibvrus: under Augustus, into
importance and notoriety, in ancient or modern times, three provinces : 1. Tarraconexsis, comprising all
to the convenience of harborage, and their facility of the north and north-en st parts, from the Darius and
access and resort to commercial and colonizing fo- Tader to the Pyrenees, in which were the native
reigners. tribes Gallaeci, Asttlres, Cantubri, Cosetuni, Garpe-
In this tour of the coast, starting from Cape Finis- tCini, Ilergetes, Celtiheri, etc. ; 2. Baetica, the
terra, the N. W. angle of the Peninsula, and going southern extremity, as far north as the Anas, in
Bouth, we find the harbor of Corunna {Portus which were the Turdetuni, Bastiili, Turduli, etc.
Alagnus). 'Corunna' is thought to be a corruption and, 3. Lusitania, the western and central j)art,
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 15
between the Anas, the Durius, and the Atlantic, in Rhoda, now Rosas, and Emporiae, now Arapurias,
which division were the Vettones and the country in the N. E. corner of the Peninsula. The Cartha-
called G uncus. Most of the tribes named above are ginians, coming next, built Tarraco, Bai'cino, and
mentioned by Livy. Nova Garthago, and held possession of a great part
The Phoenicians were the first civilized people of the country till they were expelled by the Romans ;
who visited Spain, more than 1000 years before who, after contending for the possession of Spain for
Christ : they founded Gadir, Malaca, etc. After- a period of 200 years before Christ, remained masters
wards the inhabitants of Massilia, in Gaul, built of it during the first four centuries of the Christian era.
nia, from the Ausones, a people of Latium. The To begin with the iiorthern section. The huge
epithet Saturnia was applied to it, as the fabled Basin of the Po was, during the republican times, no
residence of Saturn, after his expulsion from heaven part of Italy, but known to the Romans as Gallia
by Jupiter. Its common appellation of Italia was CiSALPiNA and Liguria. If we trace the Padus
supposed, by the natives, to be derived from a prince from its source in 3Io7is Vesulus (Monte Yiso) to
named Italus but this name was confined by the
;
its mouth, we shall find, on the river itself, Augusta
Greeks originally to a small district at the southern Tawrinorum, taken by Hannibal on his descent from
extremity of the country, and was gradually extended the Alps, now Turin, (Torino,) capital of the king-
to the whole territory, which is fenced off from the dom of Sardinia, Placentia, a Roman colony, now
rest of Europe by the mountain-barrier of the Alps, Piacenza, and Gremona.
and surrounded on all other sides by the sea. On the north side of the Basin of the Po, which,
Italy, when contemplated under its physical aspects, from its position in regard to Rome, was called Gal-
equal in extent, but widely different in natural cha- rous streams from the Alps, the most among which
racter. The one is the peninsula of Italia Propria, notable are, 1. the Duria Minor, on which w^as
surrounded by the w'aters of the Mediterranean and Segusio, Susa, and 2. Duria Major, on which were
Adriatic on all sides, except where a straight line Augusta Praetoria, Aosta, and Eporedia, Ivrea 3. ;
drawn over land, and connecting the little streams the SessUes, near which was Vercellae, where Marius
Macra and Rubicon in lat. 44°, forms the isthmus. defeated the Gimhri; 4. Tic'miis, (Tessino,) issuing
The other main portion of Italian soil is the great from Lake Verbilnus, Maggiore, on the banks of
Basin of Padus, called also by the poets Eriddnus, which Hannibal first defeated the Romans in a skir-
the Po. Between these two territories, the contrast mish of cavalry Addua, (the Adda,) issuing from
; 5.
is striking. In the northern division, throughout its Lake Larius, (Lago di Como), W. of which was
whole length, we find a river flowing in the lowest Medioldnum, Milan and, 6. Mlncius, issuing from
;
level between the Alpine and Apennine heights, which Lake Benucus, (Lago di Garda,) and investing 3Ian-
are its boundaries. In the southern or peninsular tua, a city which Silius Italicus calls musarum do-
portion, the reverse is the case. The central line of though it is
miis, as being the birthplace of Yirgil,
the peninsula is not, as in N^orthern Italy, the lowest, believed that the poet was born at Andes, a neigh-
but the most elevated part ; being, in fact, the crest boring village.At the southern extremity of Lake
of the lofty and continuous chain of the Apennines, Bendcus was the peninsula Sirmio, the residence of
while the boundary line on both sides is the lowest the poet Catullus. Athesis, a river which the Ger-
of all levels, the sea. The one region is penetrated mans call Etsch, and the French Adige, may be said
by a single river, swollen by the contributions of to belong to the Basin of the Po, .though it falls
innumerable streams from the opposite sides of the direct into the Adriatic. On this river are the towns
basin. The peninsula, on the other hand, has abun- of Tridentum, Trent, and Verona, birthplace of
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL (iE G U A Til Y^
Catullus, which retains its ancient name, with a 4. In the Basin of the Vulturnus, on the left side
Roman amphitheatre in tolerable preservation. To of the river, stood the following towns ; All'ifae,
the north of Verona were the Golles Euganei, famed famed for its pottery, Capua, chief city of the Cam-
for wool. Farther along is Meduucus, Bacchiglione, puni, and the rival of Rome itself (hence called
on which is Patamum, birthplace of Livy, now '
altera Roma') till towards the close of the 2d Punic
Padua. war, when, having sided with Hannibal, it fell with
The south side of the Po basin, as being that his falling fortunes, Vendfrum, famed for its olives,
nearest to Rome, was called Gallia Cispaddna. It Gales {-ium), for (Venafranum, sc. oleum,
its vines,
is permeated by numerous streams from the Apen- and Galenum, sc. vinum, signified oil and wine of
nines, the most memorable of which are the Trehia, the first quality). Peneventum, a town of Samnium
on whose banks the Romans sustained a second and on the Via Appia, stood at the point of junction of
more severe defeat from Hannibal, and Rhenus, Sabdtus and Galor, whose united stream falls into
Reno, on which was Bononia, Bologna. In an the Vulturnus. On that river itself stood Gasill-
island on this 'little Rhine,' the second triumvirate, num, (on the site of the modern Capua,) which
Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus, met to portion out gained credit with the Romans by its long and ob-
among them the Roman world. stinate resistance to Hannibal. Between Peneven-
In the peninsula of Italia Propria, the only tum and Gapua lay Furcae Gaudlnae, a defile where
rivers of considerable length are the Arnus, Tiberis, a Roman army was hemmed in by the Samnites, and
Liris, VuUu7-nus, all falling into the il/are Infer um forced to pass under the yoke.
V. Tyrrhenum, and the Aufidus and Aturnus, which 5. In the Basin of the Aufidus, not far from the
flow into the Mare Superum v. Adriaticum, v. Ea- right bank of the river, were Ganusium and Gannae:
dria, the Gulf of Venice. near the latter was gained the last and greatest of
1. In the Basin of Arnus (Valdarno and Vallom- Hannibal's victories, and to Ganusium the remains
brosa) were, on the river itself, Florentia, now Flo- of the Roman army retreated after the disastrous
rence, capital of Tuscany, and near the mouth, Pisae battle. Higher up the valley, at the foot of Mt.
(Pisa). Three miles N. E. from Florence, Faesulae, VuUur, was Venusia, birthplace of Horace, on the
where Galileo made his observations, and farther debatable land between Apulia and Lucania.
north, Pistoria, where Catiline was defeated and slain. Here also, not at Horace's farm, was the Fo7is Pan-
2. In the Basin of Tiberis, the Tiber, (in Italian, dusiae.
Tevere,) were, 1st, on the river itself, Perusia, near 6. In the Basin of the Aternus, on the river itself,
Lacus Trasijmenus, (now the Lake of Perugia,) was Amiternum, birthplace of Sallust the historian,
where, for the third time, Hannibal routed the Ro- and Gorfinium, the rallying point of the League
man army under Flaminius ; Fidenae, beyond Mons against Rome in the Social War. At some distance
Sacer, between the Tiber and Anio, Roma, Prin- south from the bend of the river stood Sulmo, Sul-
ceps Urbium, and at the mouth, Osfia, the poi't of mona, a town of the Peligni, birthplace of Ovid.
Pv,ome on the right side of the Basin of the
; 2d, To the geographical position of other towns and
Tiber, Glusium, the city of Porsenna, upon the tri- localities not connected with the six main rivers, a
butary Clanis, and on the left side, Tibur (Tivoli) clue will be found if we follow the line of coast, with
on the Anio (Teverone). At Tibur, Maecenas had special reference at the same time to the principal
a which Horace (whose Sabine farm lay at
villa, in subdivisions or provinces of Italia Antiqua. These
no great distance on the Digentia, a feeder of the provinces were either maritime or inland. Of the
A nio) was a frequent guest. former class, six bordered on the Mediterranean, viz. :
In the Basin of Li7ns (Liri at first, and then Ga- LiGURiA, Etruria, Latium, Campania, Lucania,
rigliano) were, on the left side, Arplnum, birthplace and the Brutii, and five on the Adriatic, viz. : Apu-
of Marius and Cicero, the famous Duo Arpinates, lia, including Japygia, Daunia, and Ilessdpia,
Aquinum, birthplace of Juvenal at the mouth, near :
PiGENUM, Frentani, TJmbrta, Gallia Gispadana
the marshes where Marius took refuge, Minturnae. and Transpaddna, the latter including Venetia,
On the right side, the Liris was joined by the Fihre- Ga7mia, and Istria. The inland provinces were
nus. On the banks of the latter, and on the little Samnium and the highland districts of the Marsi,
island at the junction which belonged to Cicero, was Peligni, and Sabini.
held the dialogue De Leo-ibus. 1. On the coast of Ltguria, proceeding eastward
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 17
iioin the small river ]'arus, which flows from Alpes neuni and Pompeii, discovered and partially disin-
JIaritimae, we find, at the head of the bay called terred within the last and present centuries. Not
Sinus Ligusticus, Genua, a city more famous in far off, inland, was Nola, at the siege of which Han-
history under its modernized name of Genoa. nibal received a check.
first It was at Nola that
2. Crossing the Macra, we cuter Etruria, and Augustus died.
I arrive first at the town of Luna and its harbor Por- 5. On the coast of Lucania was Posidonia v,
tus Luncni<is (Gulf of Spezzia). Not far off are Paestum, famed and its ruined temples.
for its roses
the quarries of Carrara, which still supply statuary On that part of the Lucanian coast which is in the
marble to Europe. As we approach the mouth of Sinus Tarentinus, were Metapontiim, the residence
the Tiber, we come upon the ancient Agylla, subse- for a time of Pythagoras and of Hannibal, Hera-
ciuently called Caei^, a town rewarded with the ch'a, the place ofassembly for the deputies from the
honorary freedom of the city, for its fidelity to Rome states of Magna
Graecia, Stjbdris, proverbial for
at the time of the Gallic invasion. the luxury and effeminacy of its inhabitants. In the
3. On the coast of Latium, the towns we meet bay, but beyond the limits of Lucania, was Taren-
with on crossing the Tiber Laurentum, the city
are, tum, on the brook Galtsus, famed for the fine quality
of King Latinus, Laviniiun, and Antium, the capi- of the wool raised on its banks.
tal of the Yolsci. Over the Antidtes the Romans 6. In Ager Bruttius, on the Fretum Siculum,
gained their first victory at sea, in memory of which (Strait of Messina,) was a rock with a cave under it,
they fixed the beaks (rostra) of the ships they had supposed to be the residence of the fabled monster
captured in front of the tribune from which the ora- Scylla farther along, in the narrow part of the
:
tors harangued the people. Antium was famed in strait, was the town of Bhegium (Reggio). Near
Horace's time for a Temple of Fortune. Eight miles the Lacinian promontory, Croto, where Pythagoras
inland was Ardea, the city of the Rutuli and of long resided, and taught his doctrines : the birthplace
Turnus, and Gorioli, the taking of which gained for also of the famous wrestler Milo, hence called Cro-
Cains Marcius the title of Coriolanus. Farther along toniates.
the coast were Palades Fomj^tlnae, the Pontine 7. On the Adriatic coast of Apulia, after doub-
Marshes beyond is Anxur v. Terrac'ma.
: Next ling prom. Japygium, (C. Leuca), we find Hydras
come the town and promontory of Girceii, the town V. Hydruntum, (Otranto), the nearest transit to
Amyclae, the town, promontory, and harbor of Greece, but less frequented for that purpose than
Cajtta, which took that name, according to Virgil, Brundusium, on Map 13), which had an
(see plan
from the nurse of Aeneas near it was Cicero's For-
: excellent harbor,and was the terminus of the Via
mianum, where he was murdered by order of Mark Appia, the great high road from Rome to Greece.
Antony. Here commences, and is continued into Brundusium and DyrrhacMum, on the opposite
Campania, the district in which the choicest wines coast, were the Dover and Calais of the ancient
of ancient Italy were produced, the Formiani world. This part of the Apulian coast was inha-
Colles, lions Ilassicus, the ager Falernus, Caecii- bited by a people called Caldbri, whose town Bhudiae
bus, Caleniis, Setlnus. was the birthplace of the poet Ennius. Next comes
4. On the coast of Campania were Cumae, which the projection of the land occupied by Mt. Gargdnus
Yirgil makes the landing-place of Aeneas in
first and its oak forests ('quercCta Gargani').
Italy, and the abode of the Sibyl who conducted him S. On the coast of Picentjm occurs a smaller pro-
to the shade of his father Anchises, in the abodes of jection of the land, which, from the form it takes,
the dead, Baiae, a favorite watering-place, Pufeuli, was likened to the human elbow, ayxwi', and hence
(Puzzuoli,) and Fai-then^pe, subsequently NeapoUs, the tov\Ti built on it received the name of Ancon v.
(Xapuli, Naples,) one of the numerous Greek colo- Ancuna.
nies planted along the southern shore of the penin- 9. On Umbria were two towns of
the coast of
sula, which procured for it the name of Magna note, 1. Sena, to which the epithet Gallica was add-
Graecia. At a little distance across the bay on ed, as well to denote the fact of its being originally
which Naples stands, is Vesuvius, a volcano, of which a Gallic settlement, as to distinguish it from Sena
the first eruption upon record took place a. d. 79. Julia, an inland town in Etruria the former is now —
At the base of Vesuvius, and overwhelmed by its Sinigaglia, the latter Sienna; and, 2. Ariminum,
eruptions, were the now buried cities of Hercula- (Rimini,) the storming of v.'hich was Caesar's first
IS SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
overt act of war after crossing the Euhicon.
civil proverbial use of the modern line :
'
Incidit in Scyl-
Betwcea those Umhrian towns flows the small river 1am, qui vult vitare Charybdin.' to the E. A little
Metaurus, where Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, was the town of Zancle, afterwards Messdna, now
was defeated and slain by the consuls Livius and Messina. We next pass Gatina v. Gatana, Catania,
Nero, A. u. 546. which has suffered much and repeatedly from the lava
10, 11. On the coast of Gallia Cisalpina, south of Aetna —
the burning mountain, equally famed in
of the Po, stood Ravenna, near which Augustus con- fable and in history; and crossing Simaethus, the
structed a station for his fleet on the Mare Superum, river of longest course in the island, we arrive at
as he did at Mismum, near Naples, to guard the Syracusae, (see plan on Map 13,) the renowned
Mare Inferum. Ravenna is now four miles from metropolis of ancient Sicily. In front of the harbor
the sea ; and it may be observed, generally, that in is the island of Ortygia v. Nasos, and in it the foun-
the lower course of the Po, the Goimata (i. e. cumu- tain Arethusa, of poetical celebrity.
lata, successive deposits of soil in the channels of On the coast between Pachynus and Lilyhaeum
rivers, in consequence of floods and artificial em- Greek form, Acragas, the
was Agrigentum, or in the
bankments) has already raised the bed of the I'iver
thirty feet above the level of the adjoining plain.
second city in ancient Sicily — an early rival of Car-
thage, and noted for a Temple of Jupiter, of which
North of the Po lay the districts called Venetia,
some gigantic fragments still remain. The ancient
(on the shore of which is the modern city of Venice,)
name survives in the modern Girgenti.
Garnia, and Isfria, extending to the little stream
Between Lilyhaeum and Pelorus, on the northern
Arsia, the eastern boundary of Italy. Along this
shore of the island, the notable localities are, Dre-
coast, the chief ancient
geste, now Trieste,
towns were Aquileia, Ter-
and Fola.
ptiyium, (Trapani,) Eryx, a town and mountain —
the latter surmounted by a Temple of Yenus Erycma
ITALIAN ISLANDS. and off the shore Aegfdes Insulae, where the Romans
gained a naval victory which put an end to the first
Off the coast of Etruria lies Ilva v. Aetlialia,
Punic war. Panormus, now Palermo, the modern
(Elba,) famed of old for the richness of its iron ores,
and not far W. is Gorsica. Off the coast of Cam-
capital of Sicily, and S. W. from it Segesta, with its
To the S. E. of Sardinia, near the extremity of The great range of mountains called the Alps
Italy, lies the group of volcanic (Alj^es) extends nearly 600 miles in the form of a
islets called Ins.
Aeoliae v. Vulcaniae, (Lipari Islands), of which crescent, between 5° and 18° E. Long., and 44° and
one only. Strongyle, (Stromboli,) is still active. 4^2° N. Lat., with various indentations and sinuosi-
South of group lies Sicilia, (Map 12,) called
this ties, from the Yar to the Adriatic, presenting gene-
also Sicania, Trinacria v. Triquetra Tellus. The rally an abrupt face towards Italy, and sloping more
three promontories (rpia azpa, trina cornua, Ov.) at gradually on the other side. Its different parts were
the three corners of the triangular island were, N. E. anciently distinguished by different epithets, most of
Pelorus, S. E. Pachynus, and W. Lilyhaeum. which are retained.
still These were 1. Alpes 3Ia- :
In the strait, Fretum SicUlum, which separates ritimae, Maritime Alps, extending from the
the
Italy from Sicily, the poets describe a whirlpool Mediterranean to Mons Vesulus, Monte Yiso the —
called Gharybdis, opposite to Scylla, on the Italian mountain, as we have seen, which gives origin to the
side. These were the two dangers of ancient navi- Po. 2. Thence to the modern Mt. Cenis were AJ2:)es
gators, between which it was thought so difficult to Gottiae, including Mt. Gcncvre. This portion of thu
steer, that in avoiding the one it was hardly possible chain took its name from a Gallic chief who had
not to fall a prey to the other. Hence came the early made his peace with Augustus, and assisted
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 19
liim in siil)duing the Alpine tribes whose names are from Naples, are the ruins of three beautiful temples, of
enumerated on the triumphal arch erected at Susa. the simplest Doric order, and of great antiquity. At
3. Tlie Alpes Graiae extended from Mt. Cenis to Narnia, are the remains of a bridge built by Augustus.
Mt. Blanc. There is strong ground for,- believing On the road from Naples to Puzzuoli is the Crypta
that the pass of the little St. Bernard, which is in Neapolitana, Grotto of Pausilippo, a gallery or tunnel
this portion of the Alps, was that by which Hanni- through a hill, 2323 feet in length, described by Se-
bal effected his march over the Alps. 4. From Mt. neca, and of unknown antiquity.
Blanc to St. Gothard (Adillas) were the Alpes Pen- The most remarkable ancient remains and localities
nlnae v. Sumniae, the central and highest of the are in Rome itself. (Map 10.) To begin with the
whole range. Then follow eastward Alpes Bhaeti- seven hills, viz. : the Capitoline, Palatine, Aventine,
cae, Carnicae, Jidiae, whose respective limits it is Caelian, Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal. 1. On
not easy to define, till they reach the Sinus Flanati- the Capitol were the temples of Jupiter Feretrius
cus, the gulf of Quarnero. and Jupiter Capitolinus, and the Tahularium, or
Of this huge mountain chain, Adrda (St. Gothard) register-office. 2. The Palatine, on which Rome was
may be regarded as the centre or nucleus; for though originally built, (thence called Boma Quadrata, from
occupies, with its surrounding group of mountains, covered with the pjalace of Augustus and the Temple
the most elevated ground of the whole range, as of Apollo, with the library attached to it : of all
plainly appears from the circumstance that the rivers which nothing remains but a few substructions. 8.
which rise there flow towards every point of the The Aventine, the seat of the robber Cacus, and long
compass. held unlucky from the fate of Remus, contained after-
YiA Appia, {regina viarum,) leading at first from the Temple of Juno, vowed by Camillus at Veii,
Rome and continued onwards to Brundii-
to Capua, whence the statue of the goddess was brought, and
sium, the great high road to Greece Yia Flaminia, :
the Temple of Bona Dea, consecrated by the vestal
by Ocricidum to Ariminum: Via Aurelia, along Claudia : on the east slope of this hill were the Baths
the coast of Etruria to Pisae ; continued afterwards of Caracalla, the ruins of which still remain. 4.
to Savona, and at last to Arelute, Aries Via Aemi- : On the Caelian, called also Querquetulanus, stood
LiA, first from Ariminum, to Bononia, then through the palace of the Laterani family, presented to the
Placentia to Mediolamim, Verona, Patavium, and Church by Constantine, and now called the church
Aquileia: ViA^ Cassia, through Etruria, between of St.John Lateran: near which stood the statue
the Aurelia and Flaminia : Via Valeria, through of Marcus Aurelius, since removed to the Capitol.
the country of the Sabini, Aequi, and 3Iarsi, into Here also is the remnant of a noble portico, supposed
that of Pcligni: Via Latina, through Tusculum, to be part of the Curia Hostilia. Between the Pa-
Anagnia, Vena/rum, and Tednum Sidicini to Ca- latine, Esquiline, and Caelian, lies the amphitheatre
silinum, where it joined the Via Appia. of Vespasian, called the Coliseum. 5. On the Es-
Italy so abounds in antiquities, that a few only quiline, the baths and palace of Titus, among the
of the most remarkable can be added here to those ruins of which was found the famous statue of Lao-
already mentioned. At Capua, Caslnum, Puteuli, cJon, and the mansion and gardens of Maecenas, on
tors, and has suffered so little from time as to have up, it is more diflScult to trace than any of the rest,
been used on several public occasions in modern stood the baths of Diocletian : still farther eastward,
times. It is 1416 feet in circumference: the Coli- beyond the Agger of Tarquinius, was the Praetorian
seum at Rome is 1Y19. Numberless ancient remains Camp. *l. On the Quirinal Hill, now Monte Cavallo,
have been uncovered and dug up at Herculaneum and stood the temple of the deified Romulus, Sallust's
Pompeii, two towns on the Bay of Naples, which house and gardens, which extended over the Pincian
were overwhelmed in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, hill or Collis Hortulorum, the Campus Sceleratus,
a. b. 7 9, the former by a stream of lava, the latter by and baths of Constantine.
a shower of hot ashes. At Paestum, twenty leagues These seven hills were all on the left bank of the
20 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,
Tiber : on the right or Etruriau side were the Jani- Other remarkable places in Rome were,
culum and Mons Vaticanus. 1. Forum Romanum, the great centre of business,
Between the Quirinal and Capitoline was Trajan's commercial and political, lying between the Capito-
Forum, in the centre of which stands the Columna line and Palatine hills. Here stood, 1. the temple
Trajana, representing his Dacian conquests. of Jupiter Stator, of which three pillars still remain-
The Campus was a plain inclosed by a
May^tiiis ing are supposed to be part : 2. the Temple of Con-
bend of the Tiber, and bounded by the Capitoline cord, where the Senate usually met : 3. the Temple
and Quirinal hills. It was originally used as a place of Jupiter Tonans, or rather of Saturn, at the foot
of exercise and for the meetings of the people, but of the Clivus Capitolinus: 4. the triumphal arch of
towards the end of the republic it began to be oc- Septimius Severus, still pretty entire : near which was
cupied with buildings, and was enclosed by the Em- the llilliariiim Aureum (umbilicus Romae) : and, 5.
peror Aurelian within the walls. Amongst those the Comitium. The Via Sacra led from the Forum
buildings were, 1. The mausoleum of Augustus, the towards the Coliseum
first distinguished tenant of which was young Mar- 2. Cij'cus Maximus, between the Capitoline and
cellus, son of Augustus' sister Octavia, and heir of Aventine, for the exhibition of chariot races, and
the empire, whose premature death is so pathetically other contests of strength and agility
lamented by Yirgil : 2. The Antonine pillar : 3. 3. Velnbrum, the low ground between the Pala-
Sei^ta Julia, or Ovilia, inclosures for the people to tine and the river
vote in — rude and wattled with twigs, like
at first, 4. The bridges over the Tiber in Rome, seven in
free voice, made of marble 4. The Temple of Mi- : built of stone, Aemilius; Fabricius and Ceslius
nerva, built by Pompey out of the spoils of thirty leading to and from Insula Tiberina, the island of Aes-
years' successful war 5. The Pantheon, Eotonda,
: culapius ;
Palatinus or Senatorius, now Ponte Rotto ;
the best preserved of all the ancient temples : 6. Vaticanus or Triumjihalis ; these five are more or
Circus Agonalis: Pompey's theatre, whence were
1. less destroyed ; now Ponte di Sisto
Janicidensis, ;
visible the Janiculum and 3Io7is Vatica.nus, on the and Aelius, by Adrian to give access to his
built
Tuscan side of the Tiber. The latter hill was added magnificent mausoleum, now the bridge and castle of
to modern Rome by the popes, and contains the church St. Angelo.
and dome of St. Peter, and the Vatican library.
Italian valleys. The people seem to have been of East of Noricum, lying along the Danube to the
Celtic origin. mouth of the Save, was Pannonia, first reduced to a
Noricum extended fromthe Inn to the line of Roman province by Tiberius, and subsequently di-
hills which abut upon the Danube above Vienna, vided into Superior or "Western, and Inferior or
called by the Romans 3Ions Cetius, a prolongation Eastern Pannonia. It occupied a part of Hungary
(Save), \vcre the most important rivers. We should was Sarmizegetusa, now Gradisca, the ancient resi-
not omit to mention two great lakes in this country, dence of the Dacian kings.
Peiso Lacus (the ISTeusiecllcr See) and Volcea Falus South-east of Illyricum was Macedonia, situated
(Lake Balaton) between the countries just enumerated and Greece
In Pannonia Superior was Vindohona (Vienna) ;
proper, and participating in the nature of both.
but its chief city was Garnuntum, (Altenburg,) near Macedonia was bounded on the south by Thessalia,
the modern Presburg, but on the right bank of the on the east by Thracia, from which it was separated
river. Roman fortresses on the Danube were Arra- by the river Nestus, on the north by Moesia and
bona (Raah) and Acincum (Ofen or Buda). On Dardania, on the west by the Adriatic the Aegean ;
the opposite side of the river here, lay Contra Acin- bounded it on the south-east, running up into two
cum (Pesth). Siscia stood upon the Save, near the great gulfs, the Sinus Strijnionicus and Thermaicus,
confines of Illyricum and lower down, on the same
; between which were the peninsulas of Acte, Sitlionia,
stream, Sirmium, a place of great celebrity and im- and PalUne. Near the Thessalian frontier and the
portance in the latter ages of the Roman empire. sea is Mons Pierius, and in the peninsula of Acte,
South of Pannonia, bounded on the west by the Mons Athos.
Adriatic and on the east bj Moesia, lay Illyricum, The chief rivers were the Haliacmon and Axius,
occupied by various tribes. The Dinaric Alps, (Yardar,) flowing into the Thermaic gulf; the Stry-
under the names of ML Albanus and Bebii Monies, mon, into the gulf which bears its name and the ;
formed the principal range. The Colopis (Kulpa) Nestus, which falls Aegean.
into the
and Drinus (Drino), tributaries of the Save and Of cities, we have to mention Pydna, where Per-
the Naro (Narenta), are the chief rivers. In Dal- seus was baffled in his last effort against the Romans,
niatia was Salona, near the modern Spalatro, the B.C. 168. Farther north, on a lake fifteen miles
birthplace and retreat of Diocletian and below it ;
from the sea, was Pella, the capital of Macedon,
Epidaurus, or old Ragusa. Below Epidaurus are where Philip, the father of Alexander, resided.
Scodra and Lissus; the former was called Scutari, Pursuing again the line of coast, we come to Thes-
salonica, at the head of the Sinus Thermaicus. It
the latter Alcssio.
Moesia bounded on the west by Pannonia and
is
was to the Christians of that city that St. Paul ad-
Illyricum on the south, it was divided from Mace-
;
dressed his two epistles to the Thessalonians. Near
the mouth of the Strymon we find Stageirus or Sta-
donia and Thrace by Mt. Scordus and Haemus, the
geira, the birthplace of Aristotle. In the country
ranges of Gliubotin and the Balkan on the east, it ;
Danube —
thus occupying the present Servia and distance from the sea, was the battle-field of Philippi.
Bulgaria. In Moesia Superior the principal river On crossing the Nestus, we find ourselves in
was the Margus (Morava). At the confluence of Thracia, a country the coast of which extended
the Danube and Save was Singidunum, now Bel- from the Nestus along the shores of the Aegean, the
grade. Somewhat lower down the river was a ridge Hellespont, the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus,
of rocks, forming a cataract in the Danube the spot — and the Euxine sea, as far north as Mt. Haemus,
at which the river was reputed to change its name which was its northern boundary.
from Danubias, above, to Ister, below. A little Along the seaboard, from the Nestus eastward, we
above this spot was the famous stone bridge of come upon Abdera, the inhabitants of which formed,
on account of their alleged stupidity, the laughing-
Trajan. Below it is Ratiaria, the ancient metropo-
lis of Dacia, and the station of a fleet upon the Danube. stock of antiquity ; it was the birthplace of Demo-
Naissus, (Nissa,) the birthplace of critus.
In the interior is
the metropolis of Dacia, and celebrated for a Chris- nected with the myth of Orpheus.
tian council. East of the river Ciabrus was Moe- Next comes the Thracian peninsula called Gherso-
nesus, on the eastern side of which is the strait named
sia Inferior.
North of the Danube was the vast province of Eellesp>ontus. The Hellespont widens into the sea-
DxVciA, Ijounded l^y this river on one side and by the lake called Propontis, and at the side of Byzan-
Carpathian mountains on the other. Its chief city tium, it contracts again into that which was called
22 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
the Thracian Bosp^rrus, (Strait of Constantinople, under the name of the Symplegades. (Thracian
Map 26,) which, after keeping the two continents Bosporus, Map 26.)
narrowly asunder, opens out again into Pontus Among the Greek colonies on the shore of the
Euxlnus (the Euxine or Black sea). At the northern Euxine, belonging to Thrace, we mention Balmy
extremity of the strait are some rocky islets, known clessus and Apollonia.
The name Graecia was not used by the Greeks runs from N. to S., till it terminates at the bluff
themselves. They called themselves, generally, Hel- promontory of Taenurum, (Matapan,) the southern
lenes, and their country Hellas. From this generic point of Greece, where Virgil places one of the
name, the Macedonians and Epirotes were jealously approaches to the infernal regions 5. Stymphfdus, :
under it, though among these last lay the original the destruction of which was one of the twelve labors
seat of the little tribe of Hellenes, from whom it was of Hercules : 6. Erymanthus, the haunt of the boar,
actually derived. Homer mentions the Hellenes once to destroy which was another of the prescribed tasks
only, and then as a specific tribe of Greeks ;
when of Hercules.
Argivi,) names which also belong properly to par- longest. On its right bank, not a great way from
ticular tribes. the embouchure, was the town of Pisa, and near it,
Taking Greece in its most extended sense, including the plain of Olympia, where the most famous of the
all the northern semi-Greek countries, we may com- Greek games were celebrated the first month of every
pare it to a triangle, having the mountain chain of fifth year —a period of time which was called an
Hacmus for its base, the coast lines of the Aegean Olympiad, and formed the basis of Greek chrono-
and Ionian seas for its sides, and Cape Taenurum, logy. Here also was the sacred grove Altis, planted
(Matapan,) the southern extremity of the Pelopon- by Hercules, and adorned with the renowned statue
nesus, for its apex. This triangular space is nearly of Jupiter by Phidias. The Alpheius, in its course,
bisected by the chain of Pindus and its adjuncts, disappears under ground for a time, which gave rise
which constitute the water-shed of the whole country, to the fiction of the river-god making his way under
separating the rivers on the eastern side, which flow the sea to meet his Arethusa in the Sicilian island
into the Aegean, from those on the western, which Ortygia. The Alpheius is joined, on the right side,
flow into the Ionian sea. by the Helisson, on which was Ilegalopolis, birth-
place of the historian Polybius and of Philopoemcn,
PELOPONNESUS — MOREA. (mAP 18.) '
the last of the Greeks ;' and by the Ladon. Among
The leaf-shaped peninsula so called is almost en- the mountains where Alpheius rises, was Ilantineia,
tirely covered with mountainous elevations and the (Map 26,) the scene of the second great victory of
well-watered valleys between them. This is particu- the Theban Epaminondas over the Lacedaemonians,
larly the case with the central region, Arcadia, and of his death :
which, on this account, was assigned to the god of 2. The other river of note was the Eurdfas. It
shepherds, and is identified in our language with rises not far from the Alpheius, on the opposite slope
images of pastoral life and rural simplicity. of the water-shed, and flows through a basin bounded
Among Mountains, the most noted were, 1.
the on the W. by on the E. by Mts. Parnon
Tiiygetus,
CylUne, reputed by ancients and moderns to be the and Zarax. On its banks was the city of Sparta
highest of them all, and fabled to have been the V. Lacedaemon, the great rival of Athens, not in
birthplace of Mercury 2. Lycaeus, and, 3. 3Iae-
: arts, but in arms.
ndlus, both favorite haunts of Pan : 4. Tliygeius, The other localities in the Peloponnesus worth
the resort of Spartan maidens, a range of mountains noting will be best learned in connection with the
now called, from its five peaks, Pentedactylon, which six little departments —
five maritime and one inland
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 23
— into which it was divided, viz. : L Aciiaia, bounded temple of Minerva Suuias, the pillars of which
on the N. hy Sinus Corinthidcus, (Gulf of Lepanto,) still standing give name to the modern Cape
and including Connthia and Sicyonia; 2. Elis 3. ; Colonne.
Messenia; 4. Laconia ; 5. Argolis; and, 6. Ar- 2. In Boeotia the low country was proverbial for
cadia. its thick atmosphere and the pingue ingenium of its
1. In Achaia, on the Isthmus, was Gorinthus. It inhabitants ;
but the mountains Cithaeron and Heli-
had a port on each side of the Isthmus, Lechaeum con, with its fountain Hippocrene, and the hills which
on the Corinthian gulf, and Genchrme on the Saro- enclose the plain, were all of a character so opposite,
nic —hence the epithet bima7-is. The Citadel was on that, under the general name of Aonia, they were
the summit of a rock called Acrocorinthus, whence celebrated by the poets as the favorite haunts of the
sprang the fountain Pirtne. Muses, who were hence called Aonldes, Aoniae puel-
2. In Elis, besides Pisa and Olympia, on the
lae, and Heliconides v. Heliconiacles. In Boeotia
AJpheius, was Pjlus, one of three towns of that name were the towns of Tiiebae, the capital, birthplace of
which claimed to be the city of Nestor, the sage of Epaminondas and Pindar ; south of it, Plataeae,
the Iliad. (MxVP 26,) where the confederated Greeks defeated
3. In Messenia, in the basin of the stream Pami- the Persians under Mardonius and ie»c/ra, (Map ;
sus, was Messnie and its citadel Ithdme, called by 26,) where Epaminondas gained his first victory over
Philip of Macedon one of the 'horns of the Pelo- the Lacedaemonians, A. u. On the narrow
c. 383.
ponnesus, '
Acrocorinthus being the other. Eurqnis, which separates Boeotia from
strait called
4. On the Laconian coast were the two promon- Euboea, was Aulis, where the Grecian fleet destined
tories, TaemTrum, already mentioned, and Malca, or for Troy was detained by contrary winds, till Aga-
Malt-a, a cape dangerous to mariners. memnon consented to the required sacrifice of his
5. In Argolis were Argos v. Argi, a favorite city daughter Iphigenla.
of Juno, and Mycenae, the city of Agamemnon, 3. Of Phocis, the remarkable features were, 1.
Tiryns, the reputed birthplace of Hercules, Lerna The fountain-head and early course of the Gephissits,
and its marsh, the abode of the many-headed Hydra, (major,) whose lower basin formed the northern por-
which was one of the twelve labors of Hercules
it tion of Boeotia
2. Mt. Parnassus, sacred to
:
to destroy, and Neviea, the haunt of the Ncmean Apollo. Between the two peaks was /ohs Gastalius,
lion, the killing of which was another of those labors. and farther down, on the Pleistus, of which the Cas-
6. In the inland Arcadia, besides the places men- talian spring is a feeder, stood the Temple of Apollo,
tioned above, was the town Tegea. Gleitor with its and in it the Tripod of the Pythia, and the Delphic
fountain, said to render those who drank of it averse Oracle.
to wine. 4. Aetolia w^as famous in early Greek story as
we return eastward to the Aegean shore, and find in front of the harbor of Athens, Saltlonis, off the
(lying to the N. of Greece proper, and separated east end of which the fleet of Xerxes was defeated
from it by Mt. Oeia, which is an offset from the by the Athenians, b. c. 480. In continental Greece
Pindus chain) the country called by the ancients were the Sinus Malidcus, (Zeitoun) Pagasaeus, ;
containing 4000 square miles of surface, and is sin- I. In the Ionian sea — 1. Gorcyra, (Corfu,) thought
gular in being encompassed on all the four sides, to be the Homeric Scheria, the island of the Phaea-
even the side facing the by ranges of mountains
sea, ;
cians, where lived the suitors of Penelope 2. Bhnca, :
on the west by Pindus; on the north by Monies the home of Ulysses : 3. Zacynthus, (Zante,) a colony
Gainbunii and M. Pier us ; on the south by M. Othrys ; from which is said to have peopled and given name
and on the east and north-east by Pelion, Ossa, and to Saguntum : 4. Off the west coast of Peloponne-
Olympus, the three hills by the piling of which, one sus the rocks called Stropiliades, (Strivali,) the haunts
upon the other, the fabled giants attempted to scale of the harpies. To the south of the Laconian pro-
the heavens. To the continuity of this mountain-chain montory Malea, was Cytlura, an island sacred to
there is but one interruption —a rent in the rocky Yenus still farther south is Creta, with the cities
:
barrier between Olympus and Ossa, and through it of Cnossus, the capital of King Minos, Gortyna,
the single main river of Thessaly proper finds its way and Cydonia, all three famed for archery. Of its
to the Aegean. This outlet of the Peneius bore the mountains, Ida was the loftiest, and on Dicte Jupi-
name of Tempe, a valley which in some places is so ter was said to have been reared, and fed upon honey
narrow as barely to allow the river to pass between and the milk of the goat Amalthea. The sea around
the opposite cliifs. the island was called Creticum.
On one of the tributaries of the Peneius called II. Of the islands lying to the east of Greece and
Apidilnus, where it is joined by its feeder En'qoeus, in the Aegean sea, we shall name first those worthy
lies the field where the battle of Pharsalus was fought of mention which are situated to the north of the
between Caesar and Pompey, A. tj. c. 105. On the 38th parallel of latitude. They are,
Peneius itself, below the point where the Ajjidlnus Euhoea, an island stretching 150 miles along
1.
falls into it, stood Larissa, which some descri))e as the coast of Boeotia and Attica, and approaching so
the city of Achilles ; but that honor belongs rather near the continent in the channel called Eurlp)us,
to another Lai^issa, not within the limits of the great that a bridge is said to have been at one time thrown
basin, but in that south-eastern portion of Thessaly across. On this channel was the chief city of the
called PhthiOtis, the country of the DoUpes and the island, Ghalcis, opposite to Aulis in Boeotia. In
Myrmidones. doubling Gaphareus, a promontory at the south-east
Owingto the deep indentations, numerous projec- extremity of Euboea, the Grecian fleet on its return
tions,and great irregularity of the line of coast, the from Troy was overtaken by a storm, which partly
headlands and bays make an important feature of the destroyed and partly dispersed it
geography of Greece. 2. Saniothrclce, where the Corybantcs practised the
Of the former, Taenarum, Ilalea, Sunium, and rites and mysteries of Cybele :
CapliCireus, have been already mentioned; to which 3. Lemnos, an island sacred to Yulcan :
may be added jrroni. Rhium (south) and Anti?^rhium 4. Tenedos, an island in sight of Troy
(north), which nearly block up the entrance of the 5. Directly south is Lesbos, birthplace of Aloaeus
Sinus Corinthiacus ; AraxAis, the north-west point and Sappho, the two great lyric poets of Greece :
1. The CrcLADES, a group which cluster round includes a great part of Doris and Boeotia. The
Delos —
that floating island which Neptune fixed river, low and spongy ground, spreads
arriving at
with his trident as a resting-place for Latona to give out into the lake Copciis, now Topolias, whose waters
birth to Apollo and his twin-sister Diana. find their way to the Aegean sea by subterranean
Of this group the most noted, after Delos, were, passages :
1. Paros, famed for its statuary marble, and the 5. The Basin of the Alpheius, in the Peloponnesus,
birthplace of Phidias, the sculptor who made the though the course of the river is westward, may be
noblest use of it enumerated as a fifth. The Alpheius, rising on the
2. Ceos, off the promontory of Sunium, birthplace confines of Laconia, collects in its course all the
of the elegiac poet Simonides : streams produced on the interior summits and sides
3. South of Delos, Naxos, an island that figures in of the. mountain chain that encircles Arcadia.
the history of Bacchus and Ariadne : The basins on the west side of Pindus are longer
II. The scattered islets to the east and south-east and narrower, and, owing to the position of the moun-
of the Cyclades were called from that circumstance tain ridges, extend generally in a north-east and south-
Sporades. They extended as far E. as Icaria, which west direction. In Greece proper are the Basins of
took its name, as did the sea around it, from the fabled the Achelous and Evenusj those farther to the north
fate of Icarus, the son of Daedalus, and as far S. E. are less memorable.
as Carpathos, (Scarpanto,) which in like manner gave The Mountains of Greece are almost entirely lime -
to the watersround it the name of Garpatliium Pela- stone, which assumes the shape, in some places, of
giis. Between Icaria and the continent was Samos, long, sharp, continuous ridges ; in others, of round
birthplace of Pythagoras, and a favorite island of craggy summits, with strata highly inclined. It is
Juno. to this physical conformation of the soil and surface
of Greece that she owes many of her natural features
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON GREECE. and — such
peculiarities as, the numerous caverns,
The chain of Pindus, of which we have already fountains, katabothra, or under-ground river coursse,
spoken as dividing the waters that fall into the Ae- hot springs, stalactitic incrustations, and gaseous ex-
gean from those that fall into the Ionian sea, has halations, which, among a people of lively fancy and
numerous lateral branches, which on the east side abounding with traditionary story, served to nourish,
go off nearly at right angles, like ribs from the spine if they did not give birth to, much of the popular
such are the mountains of Argolis, of Attica, and superstition and beautiful mythology of the Greeks.
those which form the northern and southern bounda- The height of the principal mountains has not been
ries of Thessaly ; while on the west side these offsets accurately ascertained. Orbelus, now Argentaro, is
are disposed in ridges nearly parallel to Pindus itself. covered with perpetual snow, and must therefore,
The lateral branches which are on the east side of being in the latitude of 42°, have at least 8000 feet
PiNBUS inclose a great number of basins, the most of perpendicular elevation. The range of Pindus is
remarkable of which are as follows, beginning from considerably lower, probably from five to six thousand
the north : feet at the highest. Mount Athos rises to the height
1. The Basin of the Strymon, including the Mace- of 4350 English feet.
donian plain of Serres, distinguished by the fertility The Rivers of Greece, with the exception of those
of its soil and the abundance of its products, par- that form the basins enumerated, and some of their
ticularly of cotton : tributaries, are of short course, and often little more
2. The Basin of the Peneius, forming the country than winter torrents, (xft^naij'^oL,) whose channels arc
of Thessaly. Being nearly circular, and not open- dry in summer. Such, for example, is the famed
ing wide to the sea, like most other basins, it has Ilissus at Athens.
every appearance of having once been a great lake, A distinguishing feature of Graecia Propria and
whose waters were by the
at last discharged, either Peloponnesus, and one which had a considerable in-
sudden disruption, or by the gradual wearing down, fluence in the first moulding of its political condition,
of the narrow ravine called the Yale of Tempe : is the frequent occurrence of rich plains, overlooked
3. The valley of the Sperchius, inclosed by the and commanded by abrupt insulated rocks rising in
mountain ranges of Othrys and Oeta : the middle or at one end of them, and bounded at
4. The Basin of the northern Cephissus, which no great distance by mountains. These plains and
4
2G SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRATHY
natural fortresses, presenting facilities for subsist- the spot where the contest between Minerva and Nep-
and retreat, attracted population, and
ence, defence, tune was supposed to have taken place, the Pandro-
encouraged the forming of small independent com- seion, in honor of Pandrosos, daughter of Cecrops.
munities. Such were Thebes, Argos, Messene, and On the plain below the Acropolis, the Temple of
Corinth. Theseus, Theseion; and near it, the comparatively
Antiquities. — Some curious specimens of the co- modern arch of Hadrian, and the Temple of Jupi-
lossal architecture called Cyclopean, much more an- ter Olympius, Ohjmpieion, begun by Pisistratus,
cient than the classical times of Greece, still remain and dedicated 100 years after by the Emperor
at Mycenae, Argos, Tiryus, etc. : it is rude in its Hadrian.
form and gigantic and probably
in its dimensions, In the city of Athens and its suburbs, (Map It,)
the work of the same people, who have left still more the most remarkable points were — the Areopagus,
numerous and striking examples of it in Italy. Of the Pnijx, where the assemblies of the people were
the classical age, the remains are principally temples, Ceramwus, including
held, the theatre of Bacchus, the
and the most remarkable of these are in and about the Agora or Forum, Prytaneum, the Schools, viz.,
Athens. On the Acropolis are still to be found the the Lyceum of Aristotle, the Academia of Plato,
ruins of the Propylaea, the Parthenon, or Temple the portico called Sroa Hoixar;, in Latin, Poecile,
of ]Miuerva, that of Victory, the united Temples of where Zeno the Stoic taught, and Cynosarges, fre-
Neptune, Erechtheus, and Minerva Polias, built on quented by Antisthenes and the Cynics.
(Euxine or Black Sea) and the Propontis on the ; HeracUa, surnamed Pontica to distinguish it
west by the Aegean and on the south by the Me-
; from numerous cities of similar name in the ancient
diteiTanean. On the east, it is separated from the world —
chief town of the Mariandyni, and said,
main continent of Asia by the river Euphrates and like the others, to have been founded by Hercules
the range of the Taurus. The mouth of the Sangarius v. Sagaris, which
Commencing in the north-east, we find the follow- rises in Mt. Dindymon ;
ing towns and localities of interest All these localities are in the provinces of Asia
The town Trapezus -untis, a Greek settlement of Minor called Pontus, Paphlagonia, and Bithyyiia.
great antiquity, which, under the modern form of The other maritime provinces of the peninsula are
Trebizond, was a place of considerable note during six in number. Of these, three are on the Asiatic
the Eastern Empire shore of the Aegean, viz. : \. Mysia, including Phry-
Ceriisus, whence Lucullus transplanted the tree gia Minor and the Troad (Map 26); 2. Lydia r.
which bears its name in Latin (cherry) ;
Maeonia, including Ionia, which was the seaboard of
The mouth of the river Therniodon, whose basin Lydia, and thickly planted with Greek colonies ; and,
and town, Themisc^ra, were assigned as the dwelling- 3. Caria, including the district of Doris. The other
place of the fabled race of female warriors called three are on the Mediterranean. 1. Lycia ; 2. Pam-
Amazons ;
PHYLIA, including Pisidia and Isauria; and, 3. Ci-
The river Halys,eastern boundary of the Lydian LiciA. In all these six provinces, there are localities
kingdom of Croesus, the crossing of which proved with whose names and positions every student ought
fatal to him in his contest with Cyi'us, king of to be made familiar. For example :
also was the river Granicus, ou whose banks Alex- rounding the Prom. Sacrum, we find Moas Chi-
ander the Great gained his first victory over Darius, maera.
B. c. 324, (Map 26). 5. In Pamphylia, the only point of interest is the
In Lydia flowed the river Hermus, famed for the
2. town Phaselis.
gold found in the sand of its channel near it was : 6. CiLiciA extends from the eastern limit of Pam-
the site of Sardis, at the foot of Mt. Tmolus, the phylia to the Sinus Isslcus and Mt. Amdnus, and
capital of Croesus, king of Lydia. little way S.A has the mountain chain of Taurus for its northern
of the Ilermus was Smyrna, on the Meles, one of boundary. The western portion of Cilicia is rough
the cities wiiich contended for being the birthplace and and was thence called Tracheia: the
hilly,
of Homer. Among the twelve cities that formed the eastern, being more level and fertile, was called
Ionian league, besides Smyrna, were Teas, birthplace Pedias. On the coast of the latter, as we approach
of Anacreon, and Ephesuti, birthplace of the weeping the river Cydnus, we pass through Soli. We then
l)hilosopher Heraclltus, and of the painter Parrha- come to the Cydnus, by ascending which we arrive at
sius. It was situated at the mouth of the Caystrus, Tarsus, the capital of the province, and the birth-
famed among the poets for its swans. Farther south place of St. Paul. The last town in Cilicia, situated
is Mt. Myclle, off which the Greeks gained a signal at the head of the Sinus Issicus, was Issus, (Map
victory over the Persians, the same day, it is said, on 26,) where Alexander gained his second great victory
which Mardonius was defeated at Plataeae. We next over the Persians, and made prisoners of war the
cross the Maeander, a river of great length, and so wife, mother, and infant son of Darius. In this
remarkable for its windings as to have furnished an neighborhood were also the Pylae Amanicae and
English word descriptive of a similar character in Pylae Syriae, narrow passes or gorges in Amdnus,
other streams. South of the Maeander, but still to the mountain range which runs north-east from the
be reckoned an Ionian city, was MilHus, from which bay of Issus till it joins Mt. Taurus. Fronting the
went most of the Greek colonies that fringed the bay of Issus is Cyprus, the favorite island of Venus,
l)order of the Euxine Sea. It was noted also for its and hence the numerous epithets applied to the god-
wool, and was the birthplace of Thales, the earliest dess which are derived from towns and temples therein
of the Greek philosophers. — such, for example, are Cypria, Paphia, Idalia,
3. On the coast of Caria stood Halicarnassus, a Amathuntia v. -thusia, and Salaminia.
city memorable as the birthplace of the great histo- The inland provinces of Asia Minor were :
rians Herodotus and Dionysius, and for the sepulchral 1. Phrygia, in the centre of which was Synndda,
monument of Mausolus, reared by his queen Artemisia. noted for its quarries of variegated marble, which
On the opposite side of the bay stood Cnidus, where was a costly article of ornamental architecture at
was a statue of Venus, reclfoned the master-work of Rome. In this province, on the confines of Caria,
Praxiteles and at the entrance of this bay, mid-way
; and not far from the sources of 3Iaeander, were also
between Halicarnassus and Cnidus, lay the island the cities of Laodicea and Colossae, the seatfe of early
Cos, birthplace of the famous physician and medical Christian churches, and Celaenae, where mythologi-
writer Hippocrates, and of Apelles, the most cele- cal history places the scene of the flaying of Marsyas
brated of Grecian painters. Cos was noted also for by Apollo :
its wines, and for the manufacture of fine cloth. Off 2. Galatia V. Gallograecia, (both terms alluding
the coast of Caria is another island much larger and to the fact of the invasionand settling there of a body
more noted than Cos, viz., Rhodes, Rhodes, in the of Gallic emigrants,) comprehended the upper por-
capital of which, of the same name, was the brazen tions of the river-basins of Halys and Sangarius,
statue of the sun, called Colossus, *70 culnts high, and the cities of Pesslnus, Ancyra, (Angora,) and
which bestrode the entrance of the harbor. Gordium. 1. The first of these towns, situated at
4. Moving eastward, along the Carian shore, we the foot of Mt. Dindymon, was noted for the worship
enter Lycia, and pass under the wooded Cragus, one of Cybele. 2. At Ancyra, a temple was erected to
of the extremities of Mt. Taurus, and a favorite Augustus during his lifetime. 3. Gordium, before
resort of Diana. Having crossed the Xanthus, we the invasion of the Gauls, was the capital of Phry-
arrive at Patara, the winter residence, according to gia, —
the city of Gordius, the father of Midas, and —
the poets, of Apollo, as Delos was his favorite famous for the story of the Gordian knot
dwelling-place in summer. Farther east, after 3. In Cappadocia, the point of greatest interest
28 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
is Mt. Ay^gaeus, with llazuca, the capital of tlie pro- branch called Amdnus to the south-west, and skirts
vince, at the foot of it the course of that river, of which it alters the direc-
CAONiA, with its capital Iconium, the scene of the E., bounding to the N. the maritime provinces of
labors of St. Paul and Barnabas, as recorded in the Pamphylia and Cilicia. The northern chain connected
Acts of the Apostles : with Antitaurus, and running W. parallel with the
5. To the N. E. of Cappadocia lay Armenia Black Sea, is more broken and scattered than Taurus,
miaoy% in which Pompey founded a city which he and has not therefore been distinguished by a general
called Nicopulis, in memory of a decisive victory he appellation, but it may be traced westward in the
gained there in the Mithridatic war. successive ranges of Paryadres, Olgassys, the two
Physical Aspects. — The mountain range called Olympi and Ida. The central plateau, comprehend-
Amdnus forms the S. E. boundary of Asia Minor, ing the four inland provinces already mentioned, is
PALAESTINA.-(MAP 21.)
Palaestina, Phoenicia, and Judaea, were parts point, the Ilermon of Holy Writ, and the high ground
of what was, in classical times, called Syria, the tract adjoining, may be traced the sources of the three
of land which forms the eastern boundary of the principal, and indeed only rivers, the Orontes,
Mediterranean, between Asia Minor and Aegypt. Leontes, and Jorddnes.
The physical characteristic of this country is an 1. The Orontes, (see Map 20,) after flowing north-
almost continuous range of mountains, stretching wards during the greater portion of its course, makes
from north to south in a direction parallel to the a bend to the west, traversing a wide valley between
eastern shore of the Mediterranean, and nowhere far 3Io7is Pierius on the north (the termination of
distant from it. Though it assumes different local Amdnus) and 3Ions Cassius on the south (the coj?
appellations, the chain may be called by the general mencement of Libdnus). On the left bank, twenty iX
name of Libdnus, (the Lebanon of Scripture,) and miles from the mouth, stood Antiocheia, long the
the highest part of the range is where it diverges into capital of Syria, and celebrated for the luxury of its
2. The Leontes, rising at tlie point of divergence proach the mouth of the Leontes, in Sidon, and soon
of Lihdnus and Antilihanus, flows south through a after crossing it, in Tyros, both of which cities are in
widening basin, enclosed between these two ranges, Phoenicia. They were the earliest, most enterprising,
which, from its physical aspect, was called Coele-Syria. and wealthiest of all ancient states. Nearly on the
3. Jo7'ddnes, the Jordan, springing from Mt. Her- same parallel of latitude as Sidon, but considerably to
mon, near Faneas, afterwards Gaesarca Fhilippi, the east beyond the chain of Antilibdnus, was Da-
flows almost due south, forming in its course succes- mascus. Farther south, on the coast, was the town
sively, L the Lake Saviochonltis ; 2. the Lake Tibe- calledAccho in Scripture, afterwards Flolemais, and
7ias, known also in the New Testament as the Sea
'
the modern St. Jean d'Acre.
of Tiberias,' 'Galilee,' or Gennesaret, on which
'
' The last memorable point in Phoenicia is Carme-
was situated the city of Tiberias (now Tabarieh), so lus M., soon after passing which we enter Palaes-
named by Herod Antipas in honor of Tiberius Cae- TINA, and reach the town and port of Gaesarm, so
sar ;
and, 3. the Lacus Asphali'ites, or Dead Sea, a named in honor of Augustus, more anciently Turris
bituminous lake without issue, in which the Jordan Stratonis, the capital of Samaria under the Romans :
is lost. The banks of this lake are the lowest inha- south-eastward we find Sehasie, the old Samaria;
bited land known, being 1312 feet below the level of and returning to the coast, we pass successively
the Mediterranean. Joppa and Ascalon, places of note during the Cru-
About half-way between the head of the Dead Sea sades. The last point of classical interest near the
and the Mediterranean, on the brook Kedron, stood coast was Gaza, which had a port on the sea.
Hierosolyma, Jerusalem, (see plan Map 21,) the
metropolis of Palestine, northeast of which is Je-
richo. To the east of the Jordan, in the valley of The connection of Palestine with Sacred History
not coming within the scope of the present sketch,
the Jabbok, were Gerasa and Philadelphia.
no allusion has been made to the innumerable points
Proceeding from the north along the coast, and of interest which it presents in relation to the Scrip-
passing Berytus, (Beirut,) — a Roman colony in the tures —
a subject too important to be treated in so
reign of Augustus, — we find ourselves, as we ap- limited a space.
of the range of Taurus and Antitaurus ; and after a ancient city have been the scene of recent excava-
course, the Euphrates of 1530 miles, the Tigris of tions and discoveries, which promise to throw light
1000, having run nearly parallel to each other, upon the early records of our race. A little east-
they unite their waters and fall into the Sinus Per- ward were Gaugamcla and Arbela, the scene of the
sicus. battle with Alexander which sealed the fate of Da-
1. Armenia major was chiefly composed of the rius and of the Persian monarchy.
Basin of the Araxes, a river which rises in Anti- 4. Babylonia and Chaldaea occupied the lower
taurus, a few miles from one of the sources of the part of the Basin of the Euphrates down to its junc-
Euphrates, and after joining the Gyrus, which is the onward to its mouth in the
tion with the Tigris, and
northern boundary of Armenia, they flow with united Sinus Persicus. The most noted localities were the
stream into the Mare Gaspiuni v. HyrcJnum. On following on the Euphrates, and bisected by it.
:
30 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,
Babylon, one of the most renowned among the cities that defeat, began the retreat of the Ten Thousand
of remote antiquity. In the latest period of its an- Greeks, described by Xenophon. (Map 26.)
nals, itwas the scene of the death of Alexander the The Basin of the Clioasjyes, a tributary of the Eu-
Great. Farther up the river was the plain of Cunaxa, phrates, was the country called Susiana, from its
where the younger Cyrus was defeated and slain by his capital SusA, on the river itself.
brother Artaxerxes; and whence, in consequence of East of Assyria is Media.
about 2000 miles, from the frontiers of Egypt to the the war and carry Jugurtha prisoner to Rome. The
Pillars of Hercules, that is, from long. 25° east, to last western division of this African coast was Mau-
6° west bounded on the north by the Mediterranean
:
ritania, the kingdom of Bocchus and of Juba;
on the south by the deserts of Libya and Sahara, and bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, on the W.
by the mountain range of Atlas. Mauritania Tin- by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the lofty range of
gitana stretches further to the southwest, beyond the Mt. Atlas, which protects it from the encroachments
Pillars of Hercules, to where the Atlas M. approaches of the ocean of sand that lies beyond. As we ap-
the Atlantic Ocean. proach the Atlantic, we come in sight of Ahyla
As we advance westward from Alexandria, we (Rock of Ceuta) and Calpe (Rock of Gibraltar), the
arrive at Paraetoniuyn, the frontier town of Egypt, two Pillars of Hercules, on opposite sides of the
two degrees south of which is the most famed of the
Fretum Herculeum.
oa.ses which rise like islands, at rare intervals, out
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON NORTHERN AFRICA.
of the ocean of arid sand that stretches across the
The two most remarkable features of this country
continent of Africa. was the Temple
In this oasis
are, the Great Desert, and the mountain range of
of Jupiter Ammon, which Alexander the Great went
to consult. Returning to the coast, we meet with
Atlas. The former, the largest continuity of barren
surface in the known world, extends, under different
nothing of classical interest except the Catahathmus,
names, from the shores of the Atlantic to the banks
or great declivity, which Sallnst improperly describes
of the Nile, interrupted only by a few oases.
as the boundary between Egypt and Africa, till we
Cyrme The mountain range of Atlas, which is the north-
reach Cijrme. In the latter days of Greece,
ern boundary of the desert called Sahara or Zaara,
was a flourishing colony, where art and philosophy
were cultivated but at the present day not a vestige
;
stretches from Fezzan to the Atlantic. It rises in
of it remains. Farther along, Berenice is mentioned successive tei-races from the most northern, which
as a town near which were the Gardens of the Hes- does not exceed 580 or 600 yards in height, to the
perules; but Yirgil places them in Mauritania. farthest south, which, if it be covered with perpetual
This brings us successively to the shallows and whirl- snow in lat. 32°, as some travellers affirm, cannot be
pools called Syrtes, major and minor. Near the less than 11,000 feet high. The lower elevations are
Syrtis minor was the Lake Tritdnis, obscurely con- calcareous ; and among them was found the Numi-
nected with the mythological history of Minerva, who dian or Gaetulian marble, an article of luxury in
is often called Tritonia Yirgo. great request among the Romans. The successive
From this pointcommences a region of great natu- gradations are connected by transverse branches run-
ral fertility, which was long the 'granary' of Rome, ning north and south, among which are plains and
and rich in historical recollections. First, we have valleys, watered by streams without issue, and con-
Africa propria, the proper domain of Carthago, stituting the 'Country of Dates.' Atlas extends
(Carchedon,) the great rival of Rome; and twenty- eastward from the Atlantic to the Regio Syj'tica,
seven miles west, on the Bagrddas, was Utlca, where forming a bulwark against the moving sands of the
the second Cato, rather than submit to Caesar, put a southern desert.
period to his life, and hence he is distinguished from The streams that descend from the northern side
Cato Major by the epithet Uticencis. In the interior of Atlas water that belt of land, from 60 to 160 miles
is Zama, where the elder Scipio defeated Hannibal. broad, which was long the granary of the Roman
We then enter Numidia, the country of Jugurtha, empire, and is now the country of Tunis, Algiers,
and the scene of the first exploits of Mctcllus Numi- and Morocco.
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 31
AEGYPTUS.-(MAP 24.)
Egypt is the north-east portion of the great penin- rated into different channels, by
all of which its waters
sular continent of Africa, situated between the found their way to the sea. Of these channels the
Tropic of Cancer (23° 30') and 31° 30' N. latitude, ancients enumerated seven the most noted are the
:
and between 30° and 35° E. longitude. two extreme ones, the Ostium Canopicum W. and
There is perhaps no part of the world, out of Pelusidcum E. These two diverging branches, with
Italy and Greece, to which allusion is more frequently- the sea-coast line between them, form the sides and
made by the poets and orators of antiquity than to base of the triangular space Delta, so called from its
Egypt but no ancient writer who
; is not a professed resemblance to the capital form of that letter in the
geographer goes much into detail, or mentions more Greek alphabet; and by these two channels alone
than one or two of its towns and localities. The the water of the Nile is now discharged. Twelve
singular nature of the country, the immemorial exist- miles west from the Canopic embouchure was Alex-
ence of the pyramids, the dim traditions of a very andria, so named after Alexander the Great, who
remote antiquity, the absence of rain, the mighty founded it on his way back from the Oasis and Tem-
cataracts and periodical inundations of the river, ple of Jupiter Ammon — a great city in ancient
and, above all, the unexplored and, as the ancients times, as it is now under the same name. (Map 26.)
thought, inexplorable fountain-head of the Nile — all The annual overflow of the and the deposit
Nile,
combined to throw a charm of sublimity and interest by this of a rich stratum of earthy matter, was the
over the whole. chief cause of the great fertility of Egypt. There
Of the towns so thickly planted on the banks of were artificial canals, sluices, and a large receptacle
the Nile, we only mention Memphis, on the left bank called Lake Moeris, for the distribution of the water.
of the Nile, with the pyramids in its immediate neigh- Arsinoe was the capital of the richest portion of
borhood. Fifteen miles farther down, the Nile sepa- Egypt, and near it was the celebrated Lahyrinth.
GERMANIA.-(MAP 25.)
GER\nNTA, in the most extended sense of the (Ems,) Visurgis, (Weser,) Viadrus, (Oder,) and
term, reached from the Alps to the North and Baltic Vistula, (Weichsel). The Albis, (Elbe,) rising in the
Seas, and from the Rhine to the Vistula. Yiewed Sudeti Montes, and receiving the Sala or Saale on
physically, this vast parallelogram may be divided the left, divided ancient Germany north of the
into two nearly equal portions — of which the south- Danube into two nearly equal portions, east and
ernmost comprises the great valley of the Danube, west.
and the other is watered by the rivers which flow The chief political divisions of Germania north of
into the northern seas. We
have spoken already of theDanube were these of the tribes adjacent to the
:
the tribes between the Danube and the Alps, and Danube, the principal were the Quadi, the May^co-
consider here only the other part. manni, and the Hermunduri. All these, together
Of mountains, we find, besides the Alps, the Jura, with the Suevi, (who formerly lived in the eastern
Mt. Abnuha, or the Black Forest, the 3Iontes Sudeti, parts of Germany — in later times, in the south-west-
or Riesengebirge, and the Carpates M. From the ern,) arecomprised under the general name of Iler-
Jura to the Carpathians, that is, from the Rhine miones. The Istaevones inhabited the western re-
to the sources of the Yistula, this northern range gions bordering on the Rhine, and the Ingaevones
was covered in ancient times by a vast forest, occupied the low countries from the mouth of that
under the general name of the Silva Hercynia, Cimbric Chersonesus. The Lygii seem
river to the
which, according to Caesar, extended sixty days' to have been a considerable people, between the
journey in length. Its breadth was, in some parts, Yiadrus and the Yistula.
nine days' journey. From its northern flanks Between the Rhine and the North Sea we find the
issued the waters of the Moenus (Main) and Nicer Frisii: their country was intersected by a canal
(Neckar), which fall into the Rhine — of the Amisia, made by Drusus, which carried a portion of the waters
90 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY
of tlio Rhine into Lacus Flevo (now Zuyder
the the old tribes of these regions. Behind the Sicambri,
Zee). The channel is now the YsseL
of Drusus about the sources of the Yisurgis, lay the Cliatti,
North-west of the Frisii were the Ohauci : beyond (Hessians,) a tribe of the Hermiones.
the mouth of the Elbe were the Angli, Saxones, and Passing eastward from the valley of the Upper
—
Cimhri the two first of whom crossed over in a later Rhine, we come to the Hermunduri east of them,
:
time into Britain. South of the Chauci were the on the bank of the Danube, were the Narisci, about
Angrivarii and Cherusci, who, under Arminius, Ratisbon : north-east of these, the Boii, or Boio-
overthrew Yarns and his three legions in the ySilva hemi, in Bohemia, whose country was seized by the
Teutobergiensis, near the sources of the Lippe and Marcomanni. North-east of them were the Osi,
Ems. Gothini, and Buri, in Silesia north-west of whom
:
Ascending the Rhine from the coast of the Frisii, were the Marsigni, and farther to the north-west,
3Iarsi, on the Lippe. The Usipetes and Tenctheri Among the Lygian tribes between the Yiadrus and
Vistula, we mention the Arii, Helvecones, 3Ianinii,
were driven across the Rhine by more powerful neigh-
Elisii, and Naliarvali.
bors. On the Luppia, (Lippe,) the Rura, (Ruhr,)
and Signs, (Sieg,) lived the Sicambri. The llat- On the shores of the Baltic, and to the south of it,
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i
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4^ xa£Fj:ja£OiVLJLii^'(i)jiii i
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17.
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nil, M''^' "•""*'"' It /,„.
INDEX.
The nhhreviafii)]! P. is used for Fluvius — or Ins. for Insula — M. for Mons — P. for Portus — Pr. or Prom, for Promontorium
I.
S. for Sinus — n. for Near — r. for Ruins — G. for Gulf— B. for Cay — for Formerly. far.
Ifames of Countries, Districts, etc., are distinguished Capitals — Names of Tribes or People by an Asterisk
bi/ The 3fodern prefij^ed.
Names are in Italics. The note of interrogation attached to a name signifies that the site is uncertain.
The latitudes are in all cases North, unless otherwise distinguished : the longitudes. East of the meridian of Greenwich, excepting
where the letter W. (West) is attached. In the case of Hirers, the latitude and longitude given is that of the place where the nana
happens to be written on the Map.
Tab
(Zarotis), 30.20
Arpi,or Argyrippa,^rpa 41.31
Arpinuiu, Arpino 41.39
Arraba? Koriuond 47.0
Arrabo F., llaab 47.18
Arraboua, Ruuh 47.41
NAMES. LAT. I.OXG.
Astura, Torre di Astura 41°.23'
Astura F., C'onca 41.30
Astura F., Edu 41.15
*Astures 43.0
Asturica Augusta, ^Is-
toyga 42.28
Astycus F., Vrtxviiitza... 41.40
Astypalaea I., Astropu-
laea, or Stamjxilia.... 36.35
Astypalaea Pr 37.43
Astyra 40.1
Astyra? 39.36
Atabyris M., Atairo, or
Attayard 36.12
Atabyrium, or Itaby-
rium (Mt. Tabor),
Jchel et-Toor 32.42
*Atacini 43.0
Atagis F., Eisnch 46.47
Atalante I., Talanta.... 38.39
Atarbeehis? 30.21
Atarneus, Dikili Keui.. 39.4
Ataroth, Ataru 32.1
Atax F., Aude 43.14
Atella, S. Jfxria di
Atella 40.58
Aternum, Pexcara 42.27
Aternus F., Pescara 42.14
Ateste, Este 45.13
Athamania 39.24
Athanagia? Agrnmiint.. 41.47
Athenae, Athena
{Athiiia) 37.58
Athenae (Pontus),Ao')(a 41.9
Athenaeum, n. Apano
Porta 39.27
Athenaeum? 36.31
Athenas Teiohos, Psa-
tho Pyrgo 38.19
Athenopolis ? Nap)oide.. 43.32
AthSi'is F., Adtge 45.15
Athmonum, Marusi 38.4
Athos M., Agion Oros,
or Monte Santo 40.10
Athribis, Tell Atrib 30.30
Athyras F 41.0
Atiliana, Cnhada 42.22
Atina, Atena 40.27
Atintania 40.15
Atlanticura, Externum,
or Magnum Mare, or
Oceanus Hesperius,
Atlantic Ocean 40.0
Atlas Minor? C.Blanco
(Xorth) 33.9
Atlas Mons, or Dyrin,
Jtt. AHax 31.20
Atrax, Sidhiro-peliko... 39.39
»Atrebates 50.20
«Atrebatii 51.30
Atiin, or Iladria, Adria 45.3
Atropatene, or Media
Minor 37.0
*.\ttaeeni
*Attacotti 56.10
Attacum, Ateea 41.24
Attaleia, Adala 38.36
Attaleia, Adalia 31.53
Attea, Ayasma 39.13
Attegua, Teirt 37.6
Attelebusa I., Jiaschat
Ada 36.47
Atte.ne 25.0
Atteva, or Attoba, Osbe,
or Doshi 20.30
AttTca 38.0
Attoba, or Atteva, Osbe,
or Doshi 20.30
Atiiria 36.30
Aturia F.? Oria 43.10
Aturis F., Adour 43.44
Audum Pr. ? C. Carbon,
or Has Mctzukoid) 36.46
NAMES. LAT. LONG.
Bnetis F., Guadalquivir 38°.0'
B.-ietulo, Cantle nf Mon-
fjrit 41.30
Baetulo F., Besoa 41..30
Baeturia 38.40
Bag.-icuni, Bavuy 50.18
Bagis, or Bage, Sirghie 39.34
Bagi.»ara? Jtas Arubak 25.14
B.agistana, Barjhistan,
or Heeitun 34.16
Eagra'la, or Bagradas
F. (Macaras), Mejer-
dah 30.22
Bagradas F., Nahon 27.45
Bagual-as»F;.\e 39.45
Baiae, B'liae 40.49
Baiae, Bayan 36.45
*Baiocasses 49.10
Balanea, Baneas 35.11
Balbura, Katara 36.56
Baleares Insulae, or
Gymnegiae, Majorca,
d'c 37.30
Balearicurn Mare 40.0
Balearis Major, or Co-
luioba, Majorca 39.30
Balearis Minor, or Nura,
Minorca 40.0
Baleiiura, or Valetiutn.. 40.33
Balotnus, Raa Sliemaul
Bunder 25.12
B:i.l.S!i, Tavira .^57.
Kaifa 37.4.3
Castrutn InuL? 41.32
Castrura Minervae, Cas-
tro 40.0
Castrmn Novum, Tarre
di Chiaruccia 42.2
Castrum Novum, Ginlia
nova 42.45
Castrum Truentinum,
Porto d'Ascoli 42.55
Castulo, V'izlonn 3.S.1
Casuaria, Cesarleux 45.47
Casuentus F., Uuaieiito.. 40.34
Casystcs? Port Latzata,
or E;/ri/lar 38.15
Cataljatliinus Major,
Akiil,itk el-Kebir 31.30
Catabathmus Minor,
Akiibnh es-Sotiyhair.. 31.0
Catacecaumknk 38.35
Cataea I., A'eish, or
Kenn 2fi.32
*Catalauni 4S.50
Cataonia 38.0
Cataract (of Nile),
Greater, Wudij Haifa 21.58
Cararact (of Nile),
Little 24.0
Cataractonium, Catte-
rick Brid'jf. 54.23
Catarrhactcs F., <S'ucZ-
Cherso.nesus RnoDio- Vr., C. Buso 35.37 2.3.35 19 Clousis F.. f/(i>»o 45..30 10.25
HUM ...^ 36.40 28.10 -sCimbri 55.0 9.0 25 Climax. Txchideh 41.56 33.4
CnEusoNKSus (Thua- Cinibrianae? Venzjirim.. 47.6 17.58 14 Climberris, aft. Ausei,
cica) 40.20 26.30 Cimbroruin Prom., The Aueh 4.3.39 0.35
«Cherusci 51.30 11.30 Skan-p 57.43 in. 10 2 Cliternia, Licchiano 41.55 15.17
Chiraaera, Kinicra 40.4 19.46 CiMiATKXE 41.0 31.0 20 Clituiuni Tcniplutn and
Chiiuacra M., Yanar... 36.26 30.29 Cinunus Lacus, Lngo di F., la Vene 42.61 12.48
Chinalai)h F., Slicllif... 35.52 1.0 Vico 42.20 12.10 11 Clodiana? 41.8 19.52
Chios, Kaatro, or K)i 10.. 38.22 26.9 Cinunus M., Monte di Clodinnus F., Fluvia.... 42.10 2.40
Chios I., A7i/o, or Ac/o.. 38.25 26.0 Viterbo 42.41 12.8 11 Clota Aostuarium, Firth
Cliliat? ,l/,7(/<(f 38.46 42.5 -Cimmcrii 1 ofCh/di' 65.50 4.56 w
Clu)asi)es F. (Ariana), Ciniolos, Dasknlio 36.47 24.34 19 Chiana; S. Elpidio 43.14 13.41
Hirer of Ghiznee 34.0 08.50 Ciinolos I., Kimolo, or Clunia. r. n. CornHa del
Clioaspes F. (Susiana), Arqentiera 36.48 24.35 19 Condr 41.43 3.20 w
Kerhhah 33.0 47.35 Cinaros I., A7»i«ro 36.58 26.18 19 Clu.«!na Pains 43.20 11.51
Choatras M 37. 30 44.30 Cinga F.. Cinca 42.15 0.12 7 Clusium. Chiusi 43.4 11.58
Cboba? lionjai/ah, or Cinirilia? Civifn lie- Cluso F., Chissonc, or
Bnntjie 36.16 5.9 tcn</n 42.12 13.42 8 Chiaone 44.66 7.14
Chobus, or Cohibus F., CinKi^iluni. Cingoli 43.23 1.3.13 8 Clvpea, or Aspis, A'0/4-
C/iopisa 42.20 41.50 Ciniuni, .SV»f'» 39.39 3.3 7 'bia 36.60 11.8
Chocrailcs I"^, S. I'ietro C^innaiuomifera Uegio... 10.0 50.0 2 Clypca. or Aspis Prom.
e S. I'nido 40.26 17.8 Cinnifina. 67»)-o»a 42.12 2..^8 7 (Taidiytis), Boa el-
Choerins F 36.57 22 12 Cinolis, A7»o/» 40.57 34.14 20 Mclhr 36.52 11.9
Oboes F.? Alixlntng 35.IO 70.15 Cinvps, or Cinvpbus F., Clysma ? TcH Kol-
Cholle? Ain el-Koom... 35.IO 38.44 iVad,/ Khahan 32.30 14.24 23 zoum 29.58 32.30
Chollidac, Groltn of the Cinyrs'(tu>vn) 32.:j0 14.24 23 Cncniidcs 38.46 22.48
Nfimplfi, u. Vari 37.52 23.48 Ciroacum Pr., Moute Ciicmides Prom., C.
Choiua? 36.34 20.51 Circello 41.12 13.4 11 Vroino 38.46 22.49
*Chorasmii 42.0 57.0 Circeii, San Felice, on Cncmis M 38.40 22.45
Chorazin, Gerazi 32.57 35.34 Monte Circello 41.12 13.5 11 Cnidus, r. u. C. Krio.... 36.41 27.21
Cliorienes, Fortress of? Circes Temphini 41.12 13.3 11 Cnopia? 38.23 23.28
Hinmr, or Shadmnn.. 38.10 69.0 Cirpesiuni(C'archi'mish), Cnossus, Mokro Tcikho 35.20 25.10
Cborsa, A'«r» 40.37 43.9 Kcrki>.i,,eh 35.9 40.30 22 Cobucla, Pt«oa(/o)-cs 35.16 4.15 w
Chorseus F., Nahr Ko- Circus F.'? 38.34 23..39 16 Cocala? 25.25 66.0
radje, or El-Belka.... 32.40 35.0 Cirpbi.<! M., Sonwlesi.... 38.20 22.36 16 Cocciura, or Rhigodu-
CHOuziiNE 40.30 43.10 Cirpi Mansio? Vise- num, Bibvhextcr 5.3.49 2.31 w
Chrysa I.. G^<»r(/e/o 34.51 25.41 grad 47.48 19.0 14 Cnclilearia, Porto Saba-
Chrysas F., Uiltaino.... 37.31 14.40 Cirrha, Mngnia 38.26 22.26 16 tino 40.48 9.40
Chryso 39.35 26.56 Cirta, aft. Constantina, Cocintbnm Prom., C.
Clirysr. or Sniinlhium.. 30.38 26.10 Conxtantinch 36.19 6.35 23 Stllo 38.29 16.37
C!irvsoc-ora.'« II. 1 28.58 Cirtisa 45.15 18.38 14 Cocintum, StUo 38.32 16.30
Cbrysoi'O'is, i^cutari.... 41.0 29.1 Cisamus, Kahyen 35.26 24.12 19 «Cocosraes 44.0 1.0 w
(45)
LONG. MAP. NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
NAMES. I.AT.
Cocussus, or Cucusus, Concobar, Kangawar... 34°. 26' 48°.0' 22 I
Cotyora, Ordon 40.56 37.52 20 Crya 36.42 28.55 Cynoscephalae 39.25 22.31
Cragus M. (Cilicia) 36.10 32.30 20 Ctesiphon, Tauk Kes- Cynospolis 30.53 31.22
Cragus M. (Lycia^ 36.23 29.12 20 rah 33.4 44.40 Cynossoma Prom., C.
Crambusa I. (Cilicia)? Ctimene? 39.0 22.4 Alepo 36.33 28.2
Papndoula 36.7 33.35 20 Cuarius F., Khdn 39.15 22.45 Cynosiira Prom., C.
Crambu.^a I. (Lycia), Cuarius F., Sofadhi- iMarathon 38.7 24.4
Uarnbasa 30.14 30.31 20 tiko 39.12 22.2 CvNuniA 37.23 22.40
Cranae I., Ilarntho- Cuccium, Schartngrad.. 45.15 19.15 Cynus, Paleojjyrgo, n.
nis! 36.44 22.35 IS Cueiilum, Cacullo 42.3 13.44 Livauati 38.42 23.3
Cranae, Macri.';, or He- Cupusus, or Coeussus, Cyjiarisseis F., Arkad-
lene I., Makronhi.... 37.41 21.7 19 Gognyu 38.7 36.15 hia 37.15 21.46
Craneia 39.17 21.10 15 Cularo, aft. Gratiano- Cyparissia, Arkadhia,
Cranii, Kranin, n. Ar- pijlis, Grenoble 4.5.11 5.43 or Cyparissia 37.15 21.40
gostoli 38.9 20.30 18 *Culicones 46.10 9.30 Cyparissia, or Asopus,
Cranon, or Crannon, Cullu, or Collops Mag- JilUra 36.41 22.51
Paha Larissa, n. nus, Collo 37.0 6..34 Cyparissia Prom., C.
Hadjilar 39.29 22.17 15 Cumae, Cuma 40.51 14.3 Arkadhia 37.13 21.36
Crassuin Prom.? Uajio Cumaeus S., B. of Fog- Cyparissius S., G. of
di Pecora 39.27 8.21 9 gia Nova 38.46 26.53 19 Arkadhia 37.25 21.30
Crastus? 37.40 13.21 12 Cumanus, Campanus, or Cyparissus? 38.27 22.36
Cratas Mons 37.45 13.15 12 Puteolanus S., B. of Cyphanta? Port of Le-
Crater, or Cainpanus S., Naples 40.40 14.10 nidhi 37.8 22.53
B. of iXrip/es 40.40 14.10 13 Cume 38.45 26.57 Cyphus M ,39.48 31.50
Crathis F., Akrata 38.4 22.15 18 Cumerium Pr., Monte Cypriae P=., Trianisi... 36.27 30.35
Crathis F., Cratt 39.30 16.14 9 Comero 43.38 13.31 Cyprus I., Cyprus 35.0 33.0
Crathis M 37.57 22.15 18 Cuiiaxa? V 33.22 43.48 Cypsela, Ipsala 40.49 26.19
Gratia, aft. Flaviopolis, Cunetio, Mildenhall 51.26 1.41 w Cyptasia, Erem Boghazi 41.56 35.9
Keredi ., 40.43 32.20 20 CuNEUS, Algarve 37.15 8.30 w Cyraunis I. (Cereina)?
Crauni Prom 36.7 33.36 20 Cuneus Aureus, Splu- liamlah 34.45 11.15
"
Cremcra F., Fonndlo.... 42.5 12.21 11 S'«" 46.33 9.17 Cyrenaica 31.0 21.30
Cremna, Ginnch 37.32 30.48 20 Cuneus Prom., C. St. Cyrene, Grennuh 32.50 21.49
Cremona, Oremona 45.8 10.2 8 Mary 36.57 7.50 w Cyresebata, or Cyropo-
Crenae, ^nnyro 38.54 21.10 15 Cunici ? Alcudia 39.60 3.9 lis? 41.12 68.15
Crenides, aft. Philippi, Cuniculariae I^""., Santa Cyretiae, Bheminiko.... 39.48 22.7
FiUli 41.4 24.22 19 Jfaria, Bassoli, (t:c,., 41.18 9.22 Cyrnos, or Corsica,
Crepsa? Cherxo 44.58 14.24 8 Cunicularium Pr., Capo Corsica 42.0 9.0
Creta I., <7a»i(/iVr 35.15 25.0 19 di Pula 38.59 9.3 Cyropolis ? IJhzc?; 37.30 49.19
Creticum iMare 30.0 25.0 19 Cunistorgis, or Conis- Cyropolis, or Cyres-
Cretopolis? 37.13 30.31 20 torsis ? Sllves 37.15 8.19 w ebata 41.12 08.15
Creusa, or Creu.sis, r. Cuppae, Columhatz 44.37 21.41 CvRRHESTicA 36.45 37.0
on Port Livadostro... 38.12 23.7 16 Cupra Maritima, Grot- Cyrrhus, Khorvs 36.48 36.59
Crimlsa, C!ro 39.23 17.5 9 tamare 43.0 13.50 Cyrtone 38.32 23.6
Crimlsa F., Fiiuiieni'ca.. 39.26 17.0 9 Cupra Montana? Ma- Cyrus, Trikala 37.59 22.28
Crimisa Prom., Capo saccio 43.27 13.9 Cyrus F. ? Prcsktaf..... 28.0 53.0
dcW Alice 39.23 17.10 Cures, Correse 42.13 12.43 Cyrus F., A'oto- 41.10 45.30
Criralsus F.? Belliei Curia, Borthivick 55.49 3.0 ^ Cytaea, Koutais 42.16 42.41
deutro 37.50 13.5 Curia, Chur, or Coire... 46.51 9.31 Cytacum 35.25 25.4
Crissa, A')-f';^«o 3S.2S 22.28 Curianum Pr., Pointe Cythora I., Cerigo 36.15 23.0
Crissaeus S., B. of Sa- d'Arcachon 44.40 1.14 w Cythera (Upper), Pa-
lona 38.23 22.27 Curias Prom., C. Gata.. 34.34 33.2 leopoli 30.15 23.5
Crithotc Prom 38.32 21.1 Curica ? Gala 37.59 6.10 w Cytherius F 31.42 21.33
Criu-Metopon Prom., Curicta T., Veglia 45.5 14.35 Cythnos, Hebraeokastro 37.26 24.26
a Kr!o 35.14 23.34 *Curiosolitae 48.20 2.30 -w Cythnos Thcrmia.... 37.25
I., 24.25
Criu-Metopon Prom., Curium, r. n. Episkopi.. 34.40 32.54 Cytinium, Gracia 38.44 22.26
a Aia 44.25 .3.3..39 Curium M 38.29 21.36 Cytis I., Perim 12.39 43.28
Crius F., Vlo;/okitiko.... 38.5 22.21 Curubis, Kiirhah 36.35 10.55 Cytorus, Kidros 41.54 32.54
Croceae, h. Levctzova... 36.52 22.35 Cusum, Peterwardein.... 45.16 19.57 Cytorus M., Kidros
Crocela? 24.50 66.57 Cutiliae, Civitd Ducale.. 42.23 12.59 Bagh 41.49 33.0
Crociatonum ? Carcn- Cutina, Aqiiana 42.17 1.3.57 Cyiicxxs, Bal Kiz 40.22 37.51
tan 49.19 1.15 TT Cyamon Pr., C. Melek.. 35.35 24.7
D.
Crocodile Lakes, Birket Cyamosorus F., Salso... 37.39 14.35
Tcmsch 30.33 32.8 Cyane Fons, La Pisma 37.2 15.10 a-Daae 40.0 56.0
Crocodilopolis, or Arsi- Cyaneae 36.16 29.53 Dabanas, Dahabaniyuh 36.34 39.2
noe. r. in Valley of Cyaneae I*"....'. 41.14 29.9 Daborath. D<-bnrieh..... ?>'i.A2 35.23
faioum 29.25 31.4 Cyuncus 42.35 41.26 Dabks, Tereklu 40.24 30.40
(.17)
NAMES. LAT. LONG. NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Daohinabades, The Deobriga 42°.32'
Deccan 20°.0' 78°.0' Deobriga ? Miranda .... 42.44
Dacia 46.0 24.0 Deobrigula, Santa Cruz 42.35
Dadastana 40.14 31.15 Deorum Currus ? San-
Dades Prom., Point garee or Sagres J/.,.. 9.35
Driflei 34.52 33.39 Derbe? Devli 37.19
Daedala 36.45 29.2 Derbentio, Little Ches-
I)M-aseira? C. Muksa... 2b.^7 58.14 ter, n. Derby. .i 52.56
Diigduana. Tudi-nn 38.32 42.10 Derrhis Prom., C. Dre-
Daix F.,Jaik; or Ural.. 51.40 55.0 pano 39.56
Dalluntum, or Dilun- Derrhis, or Deris,Prom.,
tum? 42.49 17.46 Has el-Haif 31.9
Dai.matia 43.30 17.0 Dertona, Tortona 44.53
Dalininiuin, or Delmi- Dertosa, Torfosa 40.49
nium? Aim !sia 43.26 16.43 Derventio? Papcastle... 54.40
Damascus, Eah-Shdm... 3.3.33 36.22 Derventio, Stamford
*Damnii 56.0 3.43 w Bridge 5.3.59
^Datnnonii 50.45 4.0 yf Deva, Chester 53.12
Damnonium, or Oeri- Deva F., Deha 43.10
num Prom., The Deva F., Dee 54.54
LIznrd 49.58 5.11 \7 Dia L, Standin 35.27
Diiinuras, or Tarayras, Diablintes, Jnbleins 48.17
F., I^iihr cd-Damour 33.41 35.30 DiACOPESE 40.30
D.Tn, or Laisb, Fell el- Diacria 38.11
Kady 33.17 35.38 Dianae Stagnum, Lago
Danastris, or Tyras, F., Diana 42.8
Dniester 48.0 28.40 Dianium, Denia 38.51
Danubius, or Ister, F., Dianium Gianuti
I., 42.12
Donau, or Danube..,. 46.30 19.0 Dianium, or Artemi-
Dnnum, Doncaster 53.31 1.7 W sium, Prom., G. St.
Daphne, Beit el-Mn 36.9 36.7 3fartin 38.46
Daphne (Tabpanes, or Dibio, Dijon 47.20
Hanes), Tell Defen- Dibon, Dhiban 31.31
neh 30.52 32.3 Dieaea 40.58
T)aphmis 38.44 22.51 Dieaea Petra 41.9
Daphnu:'? 38.23 26.57 Dictamnum, or Dic-
Daradax F., Aln Ghal- tynna? 35.38
fjil 36.5 38.4 Diete M., Juktaa 35.6
Dar.anta.sia, Jfontiers de Dictynna, or Dictamr
Tarantaise 45.29 6.32 num? 35.38
Daras, or Daradus, F.? Dietyrmaeum, y4^era)io«,
Senegal 1G.20 15.0 vr or Vathy 36.42
Dardania 42.35 22.30 Didyma I., Gaidaro 37.25
Dardanus 40.5 26.23 Didyme I., Salina .^S.35
Dargamanes F. ? Koon- Didymi, Dhidhyma 37.28
dooz 36.0 68.55 Didymi, or Branchidae 37.21
Dariorigutn, aft. Veneti, Didymi S., G. of Mira-
Vunnea 47.40 2.45 w bel 35.5
Darna? 35.7 46.26 Didymoteichos, Dimo-
Darnis, Dernah 32.47 22.41 tika 41.22
DascylPum? 40.18 28.41 Digba ? Kornah 31.1
Daulis, Dhavlia 38.30 22.44 Digentia, Licenza 42.6
Dalma 41.30 15.45 Digentia F., Licenza.... 42.5
Daximonitis 40.12 36.30 Diluntum, or Dallun-
Bea, 2>;e 44.46 5.24 tum ? 42.49
Dead Sea (L. Asphal- Dimum, Mouseliou 43.40
tites), Dead Sea, or Dinaretum Prom., C.
B'lhr Lut 31.30 3.5.30 Andrea 35.41
Debeltus, Zngora 42.25 27.19 Dindymon M., Gunesch
«Deceares 43.40 6.50 I^'"J^ 39.25
Deceleia, Tatoij 38.10 23.48 Dindymon M., Murad
Deeempagi, Dlenze 48.50 6.44 Dagh 38.58
Decen-novius 41.26 13.3 Dindymus M., Kapu
Decethi, D^cize 46.50 3.25 Jjo'J^ 40.27
Decumates Agri 48.10 9.0 Dine Fons, Anavolo 37.27
Delas, or Silla, F., Di- Dinia, Digne 44.5
y"i"Ji .34.0 44.50 Dinogetia, haktchi 45.17
Delcos, Derkoa 41.18 28.40 Dio-caesarea (Scppho-
I>e\^ov\Ua? Jfillington.. 53.57 0.45 vr ris), Sefarieh 32.46
Delium, Dhilixsi 38.19 23.40 Diolcos (False Mouth
Delminiutn, or Dalmi- of Nile) 31.30
nium? AlmifDa 43.26 16.43 Diolindum, La Linde.... 44.51
Delo3 I. (Ortygia), Diomedeae 1"°., Tremiti
Delos 37.23 25.17 Js 42.7
Delphi (or Pytho), Diomedis Prom 43.30
Kasirf 38.28 22.31 Dionj'siades I"., Yanis
I
31.0 !
Baljik 4.3.25
»Demetae 52.0 4.0 w Dioryctus 38.50
Demetrias? 67.10 Dios Hieron
,3].
3^1
Di-mftrias, Goritza 39.23 22.59 15
I
5.20
9.30
28.11
KAVES. LAT. LONG. MAP, NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Epamanduodurum, Erymander, or Eryman-
Mandem-e 47°.27' 6°.47' 6 thus, F., Hehnund.... 31°.0' 62°.0'
-SEpanterii 44.10 8.0 8 Erymanthus F., Donna 37.40 21.49
Epeiacum, Lniichester... 54.60 1.44 W 5 Erymanthus M., Kalli-
Epeium, Smenia 37.33 21.41 IS fo'ii 37.59 21.68
Ephesus, r. n. Aiasa- Erythrae (Boeotia), r.
look 37.57 27.23 19 n. Katznla 38.14 23.24
Ephialtium Prom.? C. Erythrae (Ionia), Ritri 38.24 26.30
Akroteri 35.23 27.12 ]9 Erythrae (Locris)? 38.28 23.16
Ephyra I.? Spezzia 37.15 23.8 18 Erythrae (Locri-Ozo-
Ephyre, llonasteri/ of lae)? 38.23 22.5
St. John, n. Porto Erythraea 34.58 26.5
Fanarl 39.16 20.32 15 Erythraeum Mare 15.0 60.0
Epidainnus, Dyr-
aft. Erythraeum Prom., 0.
rachiura, Durazzo 41.21 19.29 14 Langadha 34.66 26.3
Epidauria 37.38 23.7 18 Eryx, or Erycns 38.4 12.34
Epidauriis, Epidavro, Eryx Mons, Monte S.
or Pidhavro 37.38 23.10 18 Giuliano 38.4 12.35
Epidaurus, Hagusa- Esdraelon ( Jezreel), Ze-
Vecchia 42.35 18.13 14 reen 32.34
Epidaurus Limera, Pa- Eshtemoa, EH-Semna...
leollonemvasia 36.44 23.2 18 Esuris, Cnstromarin
Epidelium Prom., C. Etanna, Yenne
Kamili 36.32 23.9 18 Eteia, Settia
^Epidii 56.0 5.30 w 5 Eteonus, or Scarphe ?....
I.
T.
Taanach, Taaiiu/c 32.31
Tabae, Dnnroi 37.26
Tabae? liinniah 11.11
Tabala, Vin-ula 38.34
Tabellaria, Conttlldcrio 42.16
Taberna Frigida, Fri-
ijido 43.59
Tabienis 35.0
Tabor M. (Atabyriuiu,
or Ilabyriuin), Jibel
et-Toor 32.42
Tabraca, T»h„, /,<•/, 36.55
Tabuda, orTabulla, P.?
Aan 51.0
Tabiirnus Muiis, J/onle
T,<b,nn„ 41.8
Tacape, Khtibujur Killer 33.53
Tacona? 2S.54
Tader F., Sryura 38.15
Tadifiuui, iS'. Maria Ta-
dina, n. Giiahlo 43.14
Tadmor, or Palmyra,
Tadiiior 34.18
Tadutti, Tatiiibt* 35.31
Taenarum, or Taena-
riuin, Prom., C. Ma-
tapan 36.23
Taenarum, or Caenepo-
lis, Ki/pariHo 36.27
Taenia Lonjra, Fagasah,
or Taytsah 35.19
Tagaba, Tubnk<ih 31.31
Tagara, r. of Deofjhir,
71. Attrtnigohnd 20.0
Tagonius F., Tajuiia 40.15
Tagus F., 7ajo (or
Taijus) 39.28
Tabapanes, Tahpanes,
or Hanes (Daphne),
Tell Defanneh 30.52
Taizalum Prom., Kin-
naird's Heiid..^ 57 42
Talabriga? Salten 40.43
Taletum M., St. Eliaa,
or jtlalcryno 36.57
Taliata, Gtigersiiilik 44.30
Talmena? Jlas Godem.. 25.20
Tamare ? Tamerton 50.25
Tamaris F., Tamhre 42.40
Tamarus F., Tnmar 50.26
Tamarus F., I'amaro... 41.17
Tamassus 35.9
Tamesis, or Tamesa, F.,
Thames 51.30
Tamissa Acst., Mouth
of Thames 51.30
Tamnum ? 45.27
Tamynae 38.24
Tamyras, or Damuras,
F., A'ahr ed-Damour 33.41
Tanager F., Tant/ro, or
Negro 40.30
Tanagra, Grimadha 38.17
Taiiais F., Don 50.35
Tauarus F., Tunaro 44.50
NAMES. I.AT. LONG. map, nasirs. lat. long. hap.
«TonctlH>ri 51°.10' 7°.30' 25 Thcnae, In Wudi/
Tenoa, Klenia 37.47 22.52 18 Thcmj 34°.40' 10°.35'
TLMiedos 39.50 2fi.5 19 Tbeodosiopolis, for. Ca-
Tenedos I., Tenedos 39.50 26.0 19 rana, Erzeroum 39.55 41.19
Tenerie Plain 3S.20 23.18 16 Theodosiopolis, for. Re-
Tenos, TIno 37.32 25.11 19 saena, lias el-Ain 36.52 40.1
Tenos I., TIno 37.35 25.10 19 Thera? r. on Messa
Tentyra, Dcuhn-ali 26.9 32.41 3 Voniio 36.21 25.29
Teos. r. II. S!,,hr,j!k 38.11 26.49 19 Thera I. (Calliste), San-
Tephrioe, Divriki 39.21 38.15 20 torin 36.25 25.28
Teredon, or Diridotis, Therambus 39.57 23.41
Jehel Sinnm 30.15 47.45 22 Theranda 42.0 20.46
Tergedum? 18.0 41.0 2 Therapne 37.3 22.28
Tergeste, Trieste 45.39 13.47 8 Therapne? 38.16 23.22
Tergestinus S.,,(7o//b di Therasia, Therasia 36.26 25.21
Trieste 45.40
'.
Tiiria, or Guadala-
vlar 40°.0' l°.ll'w
Turinsso, Tarnznna 41.56 1.44 w
Turicen, Zurich 47.22 8.32
Tnrissa, Osturiz 42.55 1.20 TV
«-Turmodisi (Murbogi ?) 42.40 4.0 w
Turniuli, Atconeta 30.40 6.17 w
Tiirnacum, Toufiinij 50.37 3.24
•Turones 47.10 0.30
Turones, Tours 47.23 0.42
Turoqna? 42.18 8.31 w
Turres, Tchardah, or
Shnrkeui 43.8 22.44 14
Turris Caesaris, or Au-
reliana, Torre liijwj-
iiola 41.2 17.10
Turris Caesaris ? Tag-
zrih 35.55
Turris Eiiphranti, Jias
,d-Houe!j,ih 30.56
Turris Ilannibulis, Barj
Sitlehtah 35.26
Turris Juliana, Torre
Pelosa 41.5
Turris Libissonis, Porto
Torres 40.50
Turris Stratonis, aft.
Caesarea, Kaisariyeh 32.32
Turrus F., Torre 46.0
Turublum, Tempio 40.54
Turum, Ampfinrj 48.15
Tusca F., Ez-Zaiii 36.45
Tuseania, TosenneUa.... 42.24
Tusculanum, Toseolano 45J59
Tusculum 41.48
Tusdra, or Tbysdi-us,
Kl-Jemm 35.21
Tutatio? Kirchdorf..... 47.54
Tuthoa F 37.40
Tyana, Kiz Hiasar 37.44
TvANiTis 37.40
Tylissus 35.20
Tylos, or Tyros, I., Bah-
rein 26.0
•»Tympbaei 39.56
Tyuiphrestus M., Ve-
lukhi 38.56 21.50
Tj-ndarii Scopuli, Tifah
Rorks 31.33 26.18
Tyndaris, n. Cupo Tin-
daro
' ."38.6 15.2
Typbaneae, ?(. Platiana 37.32 21.45
Tyraeinae, Traina 37.45 14.35
Tyras 46.24 30.17
Tyras, or Danastris, F.,
Dniester 48.0 28.40
Tyriaeum, Ih/hnn 38.19 32.11
Tyros, or Tyl'os I., Bah-
rein 26.0 50.34
Tyrrba, Tireh 38.4 27.42
Tyurhenia
Tyrrbenuin (or Infe-
rum) Mare 40.0 14.0
Tyrus, Soor [or Tyre)... 33.18 35.13
Tyrus (Laeonia), n. 0.
Tyro 37.14 22.52
Tysia, or Tisianus, F.,
Theiss r 47.0 2.10
U.
*Ubii (of Caesar) 50.40 7.40
«Ubii (of Tacitus) 51.0 6.35
Ubiis, or Rubricatus F.,
Seibous 36.27 7.30
Udon F., Kouma, 44.46 45.0
Ilduba F., Vninhermosa 40.0 0.15 w
Ufens F., Ufente 41.27 13.7
Uffugum, Fagnano 39.31 16.2
IKrenas F., Afrin 36.20 30.35
Usrin, or Urgia 36.56 5.40 w
L'liii, Riverof(Eulaeus),
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That invalnable little work, the Classical Manual, has been used by me most indispcn.sable to the student of Greek and Koman antiquities.
In one handsome royal 12mo. volume of four hundred and sixty-six pages, extra cloth. $1.00.
The object of the author has been to supply the -want of a clear and compendious resume of Ancient History, exhibiting
within a moderate compass the annals of the Asiatic and African, as -well as of the Classical Nations, as elucidated by the
investigations of modern explorers and critics. The vast body of new information which lias been accumulated of late years
lias thrown a new Hght over many important periods, and renders a work like the present of much importance to the scholar
find private reader, as well as admirably adapted for use in colleges and academies. Availing himself of the successful
labors of the more recent investigators, the author has not confined himself to the dry details of battles and sieges, but has
endeavored throughout to give a clear and accurate description of the social and political condition of the various nations,
tracing the progress of their civilization, the causes of their successive preponderance, the influences which they have
exerted, and the reasons of their decline. The name of the author is sufficient guarantee of the accuracy of the work,
•while the philosophic and democratic spirit which pervades it, and the easy and perspicuous flow of its narration, cannot fail
to render it a favorite with those for whom it is intended.
The history is constructed with art, and every leading event is surrounded
with such accessories as will xjlace its importance clearly before the mind. From Prof. J. T. ChampUn, WatervUlf College, Me.
The difficulty, rarely overcome by compilers of manuals, is, to present a
broad historical view uniformly over a vast space of time, and including I have no hesitation in saying that it is by far the best manu.il of ancient
m:iny nations and systems, and to reconcile the introduction of character- historj' with which I am acfjuainted. The intrfiduction of the history of
istic details with the general j)roportions of the narrative. X)t. f^chmitz has the non-classical nations is an crilirely new and important feature, and,
happily surmounted these hanlships of his task, and has produced a full with the greater completeness f>f the chronological tables and the general
niid masterly survey of ancient history. His manual is oue of the best excellence of the whole, cannot fail to commend it to public favor. I shall
that can be placed in the student's hands. Alhenoium. recommend it to my classes with pleasure.
(2)
BLANCIIARD & LEA'S EDUCATIONAL T U 13LIC AT IONS.
NOW COMPLETE.
CLASSICAL LITElUTUliE
BY THE IlEV. R. W. BllOWNE, M. A.
PROFESSOR OP CLASSICAL LITERATURE IN KING's COLLEGE, LONDON.
A HISTORY OF A HISTORY OF
GREEK CLASSICAL LITERATURE. ROMAN CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
In one handsome crown 8yo. volume, extra cloth. $1.50. In 07ie handsome croivn 8yo. volume, extra cloth. $1.50.
From Prnf. Gcssncr Harrisnn, Vuix-crsily of Va. Mr. Browne's present publication has great merit. His selection of mate-
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It, and hope to find in it an important help for my class of history. Such a compass, some detinite idea of the leading characteristics of the great clas-
work is very much needed. sical authors and their works. * * * * Mr. lirowne has the happy art of
Prom Prnf. J. A. S)yevccr, Kfw Tori: conveying information in a most agreeable manner. It is impossible to miss
It is an admirable volume, sufficiently full and copious in detail, clear and his meaning, or be insensible to the chiU-ms of his polished style. .Suffice it
precise in style, very scholarlike in its execution, genial in its criticism, and to say, that he has. in a very readable volume, prcsentid much that is n.seful
altogether displaying a mind well stored with the learning, genius, wisdom, to the classical reader. Besides bii.griipbiral inlunnation in reference to all
and exquisite taste of the ancient Greeks. It is in advance of everything the classical Greek authors, he has I'uniisbid critical reniarlis on their in-
we have, and it may bo considered indispensable to the classical scholar and tellectual peculiarities, and an analysis of thi'ir works when they are of
student. sufficient importance to deserve it. London AUiencvuin.
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felicity and clearness of illustration, render him admirably popular Ti-eatise on the Phenomena and Functions of Orga-
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as the text-book for a practical age and country such as ours, vol., of 234 pages, with over 100 wood-cuts. 80 cents.
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and seminaries, is sufficient proof of the skill with which the PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Mary Somerville. A new
author's intentions have been carried out. American, from the third and revised London edition. With
Notes and a Glossary. By AV. S. W. FiUsciienberger, M. D.,
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revised London edition. In one handsome crown octavo National Observatory, Washington.
I thank you for the "Physical Ococraphy:" it is capital. I have been
volume, with numerous plates and wood-cuts. Extra cloth, reading: it. and like it so much that I have made it a school-book for my
$1.60; or, half bound, leather backs and cloth sides, $1.75. children, whom I am teaching. There is, in my
opinion, no work upon that
Prom Prnfcssor D. Olmstmd, Yah College. —
interestins subject on which it treats Physical Geography that would —
A rich mine of all that is most valuable in modern Astronomy. make a better text-book in our schools and colleges. I hope it will bo
adopted as such generally; for you have Americanized it, and improved it
Pioni Prof. J. P. Crocker, Mndison ColJeije. Pa.
in other respects.
T know of no treatise on Astronomy comparable to "'llcrschel's Outlines."
It is aJmirably adapted to the necessities of the student. We have adopted
it as a text-book in our college.
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