Annotated Bibliography of Tamarind

Tamarind 1990 - 2004
Author A. K. A. Dandjouma, C. Tchiegang, C. Kapseu and R. Ndjouenkeu

Title Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail.) Pierre ex Pax seeds treatments influence on the q
Year 2004
Source title Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse
Reference 81(5): 299-303
Abstract
The effects of heating Ricinodendron heudelotii seeds on the quality of the oil extracted was studied.
The seeds were preheated by dry and wet methods at three temperatures (50, 70 and 90 degrees C)
for 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method with hexane. The
results showed a significant change in oil acid value when heated at 90 degrees C for 60 minutes,
with values of 2.76+or-0.18 for the dry method and 2.90+or-0.14 for the wet method. Heating at the
same conditions yielded peroxide values of 10.70+or-0.03 for the dry method and 11.95+or-0.08 for
t h e w e t m e t h o d .
Author A. L. Khandare, U. Kumar P, R. G. Shanker, K. Venkaiah and N. Lakshmaiah

Title Additional beneficial effect of tamarind ingestion over defluoridated water supply
Year 2004
Source title Nutrition
Reference 20(5): 433-436
Abstract
Objective: We evaluated the effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indicus) on ingestion and whether it
provides additional beneficial effects on mobilization of fluoride from the bone after children are
provided defluoridated water. Methods: A randomized, diet control study was conducted in 30
subjects from a fluoride endemic area after significantly decreasing urinary fluoride excretion by
supplying defluoridated water for 2 wk. Subjects were then assigned to one of two groups, with 15 in
each group. One group was supplemented with tamarind (experimental group) for 3 wk and the other
(control) group was given only defluoridated water for the same period. Results: The mean changes
in urinary components after tamarind ingestion (volume, pH, fluoride calcium, copper, and
magnesium) in the control and experimental groups were compared. There was a significant increase
(P<0.01) in fluoride excretion and urinary pH and a significant decrease in urinary calcium (P<0.01)
and copper (P<0.05) excretion in the experimental group as compared with the control group. There
was no change in urinary volume between groups. Conclusions: Tamarind intake appears to have an
additional beneficial effect on the mobilization of deposited fluoride from bone, by enhancing
u r i n a r y e x c r e t i o n o f f l u o r i d e .
Author B. Arpita, S. Arijit, R. K. Kar and M. Sudhendu
Title Micromorphological studies of four fuel wood yielding tropical leguminous plants
Year 2004
Source title Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences
Reference 7(1): 100-104
Abstract
This study investigated leaf epidermal micromorphology of four-fuelwood yielding tree legumes,
viz., Albizia lebbeck, Cassia fistula, Acacia nilotica and Tamarindus indica collected from West
Bengal, India. The epidermal cells in each case were irregular in shape, being larger in slow growing
species, i.e. Acacia nilotica and T. indica. The stomata were hypostomatic, anomocytic and/or
paracytic types with frequency, size and stomatal index higher in fast growing species, i.e. C. fistula
and Albizia lebbeck. The trichomes present only in fast growing species, were glandular or non-
glandular, unicellular, straight or curved. These leaf epidermal characters can also be utilized as
markers for fast growing fuel wood plants apart from taxonomical consideration of the taxa.
Author B. Jayasri, R. K. Das, P. K. Saha and A. Bhattacharjee

Title Enhancement of potential status of mung bean and gram seeds by herbal method.
Year 2004
Source title Environment and Ecology
Reference 22(3): 696-700
Abstract
The potential status of mung bean and gram (Cicer arietinum) seeds was analysed under accelerated
aging condition (99.5% RH) after pretreatment with leaf extract of kalmegh (Andrographis
paniculata) and fruit pulp extract of tamarind. Accelerated aging treatment for 15 days resulted in
significant reduction of seed germination with concomitant impairment in the time to 50%
germination. However, seed pretreatment with kalmegh extract ameliorated to some extent the aging-
induced adverse effect on the germination behaviour of both species. On the other hand, the effect of
tamarind extract was found to be inhibitory in this context. Percentage seed viability as recorded by
2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test remained unchanged irrespective of the treatment,
but TTC staining pattern was better with kalmegh extract-pretreated seed samples. Aging-induced
loss of dehydrogenase [oxidoreductase] activity was significantly controlled in kalmegh extract
treatment only. Kalmegh treatment also alleviated the aging-induced increase of leaching of sugars
and amino acids. Correspondingly, the levels of protein and chlorophyll in leaves of seedlings
developed from kalmegh-extract pretreated seeds were significantly higher than the control samples.
In all the analyses, tamarind treatment was found to render adverse effects.
Author C. Tchiegang, M. N. Oum, A. A. Dandjouma and C. Kapseu
Title Quality and stability of oil extract after pressing of almonds of Ricinodendron heu
Year 2004
Source title Journal of Food Engineering
Reference 62(1): 69-77
Abstract
In order to contribute to the valorisation of non lignous products of R. heudelotii, the quality and
stability of oils extracted from its almonds by pressing was studied. Almonds originated from Edea
and Obala, Cameroon, and extraction was carried out using a press after pre-treatment (softening in
water and roasting in oven at a temperature of 90 degrees C for 60 min). The influence of the pre-
treatment on the quality and stability of the extracted crude oil was studied and the physicochemical
properties of the oils stored in vinyl polychloride bottles at environmental temperature was also
followed for 4 months. The physicochemical properties of the oils varied little with pre-treatment.
There was however a significant difference at 5% level between the peroxide indices of oils of
samples from Edea which had a value of 9.50+or-0.06 meq O2/kg for those pretreated by roasting
and 11.05+or-0.0 meq O2/kg for samples pretreated by softening in water. For samples from Obala,
'iodine' values obtained were 148.64+or-0.37, 150.22+or-0.08 and 149.90+or-0.06 respectively for
oils of samples non treated, softened and roasted. A significant difference at 5% level was also noted
for the saponification indices of samples from Obala. There were 193.76+or-0.96 and 194.99+or-
0.02, 195.02+or-0.86 respectively for oils extracted with hexane and those extracted by press. A
study of stability of the oil showed that the length of storage had an effect on the acid, saponification
and peroxide indices. At the end of storage the acid index is about 4 which is a maximum preconized
value. The peroxide index however remains lower (25 meq O2/kg) than the norm. The length of
storage did not influence either the iodine index, the refractive index or the density. The extraction
techniques used and the different treatments applied resulted in good quality, stable oil.
Author D. Bandita
Title Heavy metal accumulation by plant species from a coal mining area in Orissa.
Year 2004
Source title Journal of Environmental Biology
Reference 25(2): 163-166
Abstract
An ecological survey was undertaken on metal contamination (Cu, Fe, Al, Cr) of vegetation (tree,
shrub and herb) collected from the overburden soil of South Bolanda, Talcher, Orissa, India. The
species includes Trema orientalis, Haldina cordifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Ixora arborea,
Tamarindus indica, Chromolaena odorata, Calotropis gigantea, Woodfordia fruticosa, casearia
elliptica, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Croton bonplandianus, Catharanthus roseus, Hyptis suaveolens,
Solanum xanthocarpum and Tridax procumbens. Stem and leaf parts of the trees and shrubs, and
whole plant of the herbs were analysed. Concentrations of metals were the maximum in leafy part of
trees and shrub samples. Among the various heavy metals studied, Fe concentration in plant parts
was the highest and Cu concentration was the lowest.
Author G. N. Gayathri, P. Kalpana, P. Jamuna and K. Srinivasan

Title Influence of antioxidant spices on the retention of beta -carotene in vegetables dur
Year 2004
Source title Food Chemistry
Abstract
Considerable amounts of beta -carotene were lost during the two domestic methods of cooking
commonly used, namely, pressure cooking and open pan boiling, the loss ranging from 27 to 71%
during pressure cooking and 16-67% during boiling for the four vegetables examined in this study.
Pressure cooking of green leafy vegetables resulted in a greater retention of this provitamin. In the
presence of red gram dhal, which is a common ingredient in the diet, there was an underestimation
of beta -carotene due to poor extractability. Inclusion of acidulants - tamarind and citric acid-along
with these vegetables brought about some changes in the level of retention of beta -carotene. The
antioxidant spice turmeric generally improved the retention of beta -carotene in all four vegetables
studied. Onion also had a similar effect. The combinations of acidulants and antioxidant spices also
improved the retention of beta -carotene during cooking. This effect seemed to be additive in the
c a s e o f p r o c e s s i n g o f a m a r a n t h b y b o i l i n g .
Author J. A. Pino, R. Marbot and C. Vazquez
Title Volatile components of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) grown in Cuba.
Year 2004
Source title Journal of Essential Oil Research
Reference 16(4): 318-320
Abstract
Volatile components of tamarind fruits grown in Cuba were isolated by simultaneous steam
distillation/solvent extraction. The fruit pulp had approximately 3 mg/kg of total volatile
compounds. Eighty-one constituents were identified, from which 2-phenylacetaldehyde, 2-furfural
and hexadecanoic acid [palmitic acid] were the major compounds.
Author J. John, M. Joy and E. K. Abhilash

Title Inhibitory effects of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) on polypathogenic fungi.
Year 2004
Source title Allelopathy Journal
Abstract
The effects of tamarind leaf extract (5, 10, 15, 25 and 50%, w/v) on the growth of polypathogenic
fungi (Phytophthora palmivora, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria solani, Fusarium solani,
Rhizoctonia bataticola [Macrophomina phaseolina], Sclerotium rolfsii [Corticium rolfsii],
Pellicularia filamentosa [Thanatephorus cucumeris] and M. phaseolina) were studied. The tamarind
leaf extract, which suppressed the growth of all fungi at 3 days after inoculation, caused maximum
suppression in Phytophthora palmivora (up to 81%) and R. bataticola (up to 87%), the major
pathogens of many crops in homesteads. The tamarind leaf extract offers great opportunity for use as
an antifungal botanical for the control of seed-, soil- and airborne phytopathogenic fungi.
Author K. El-Siddig, J. Gebauer, G. Ebert, A. M. Ali and S. Inanaga
Title Influence of salinity on emergence and early seedling growth of Tamarindus indic
Year 2004
Source title European Journal of Horticultural Science
Abstract
The influence of 0, 30, 60 and 120 mM NaCl on seedling emergence and early growth of
Tamarindus indica was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The first seeds in the non-saline
treatment emerged (E1st) 7.5 days after sowing (DAS), 50% of seeds had emerged (E50) 8.4 DAS,
and a maximum of 88.1% of seeds had emerged 11.8 DAS. Addition of 30, 60 or 120 mM NaCl
delayed E1st by 1.5, 4.2 and 7.2 days, respectively, compared to the control. E50 at 30 and 60 mM
NaCl was achieved 10.7 and 15.7 DAS, respectively, whereas seeds at 120 mM failed to reach E50.
Seedling growth was not markedly affected by 30 mM NaCl, but progressively stronger inhibitory
effects were observed within the 60 and 120 mM NaCl treatments.
Author K. El-Siddig, S. Inanaga, A. M. Ali, P. An, J. Gebauer and G. Ebert

Title Response of Tamarindus indica L. to iso-osmotic solutions of NaCl and PEG duri
Year 2004
Source title Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality
Abstract
The effects of reduced external water potential (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.90 or -1.30 MPa) generated by either
NaCl or polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) on water uptake and germination characteristics of
Tamarindus indica seeds were investigated under laboratory conditions. Water uptake and final
germination percentage (GF) decreased, while the number of days to 50% germination (D50) and
mean germination time (MGT) increased significantly with reducing osmotic potential of NaCl and
PEG. At each iso-osmotic solution, PEG appeared to be more inhibitory to water uptake than NaCl,
especially at the lowest water potential (-1.2 MPa). At this water potential, no germination was
observed in both NaCl and PEG solutions. For the other treatments, NaCl resulted in lower GF, and
higher D50 and MGT values than iso-osmotic solutions of PEG. These results suggest that the main
effect of PEG occurred via an inhibition of water uptake, while the detrimental effects of NaCl may
b e a t t r i b u t e d m a i n l y t o a c c u m u l a t e d t o x i c i o n s .
Author K. Li, C. Zhang, Y. Cui, Y. Zhao and Y. Shi
Title A study on the fitting afforestation tree species during converting the land for fore
Year 2004
Source title Forest Research, Beijing
Reference 17(5): 555-563
Abstract
This study revealed that the trees for afforestation in hot and arid valley of Jinsha River (Yunnan,
China) were: Broussonetia papyrifera, Cajanus cajan, Dodonaea viscose, Phyllanthus emblica, Melia
toosedan for areas with elevation of 1600 m; Albizia kalkora, Acacia mearnsii, Cupressus lusitanica,
Cupressus duclouxiana at elevation between 1400 and 1700 m; and Tamarindus indica, Tephrosia
candida, Acacia glauca [Leucaena leucocephala], Leucaena leucocephala cv. Salvador, Schleichera
oleosa and Caesalpinia spinosa for areas with 1400 m elevation. Direct sowing were adopted to plant
Cajanus cajan, D. viscose and T. candida. For Albizia kalkora, Acacia mearnsii, M. toosendan, A.
glauca, L. leucocephala cv. Salvador, S. oleosa and C. spinosa, 100-day-old container grown
seedlings were used for afforestation, while for T. indica, C. lusitanica, C. duclouxiana and C.
spinosa, 1-year-old container grown seedlings had better effect in afforestation. The silvicultural
treatments employed included site preparation in blocks (40 mx40 mx40 m), application of organic
manure with N and P fertilizer as basal fertilizer and planting the trees at the beginning of rainy
season. It is suggested that strong, big and well lignified seedlings should be used in afforestation
a n d a l s o , i t wa s i mp o r t a n t t o r e mo ve we e d s d u r i n g a f f o r e s t a t i o n a n d r a i n y s e a s o n .
Author K. Miura
Title Co-existence of pasture and forestry in the eastern part of Indonesia: a case study
Year 2004
Source title Tropical Forestry
Reference 59(51-59
Abstract
An account is given of a silvopastoral project at Nonbes in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, which
was set up using various multipurpose tree species, and the pasture species king grass (Pennisetum
purpureum x P. typhoides [P. glaucum]) and elephant grass (P. purpureum). Problems were
experienced with infestation of Leucaena leucocephala by Heteropsylla cubana, and with the weed
species Lantana camara and [Chromolaena]odorata. Apart from L. leucocephala, the tree species
used included Eucalyptus alba, Acacia leucophloea, Bauhinia, Borassus flabellifer, Corypha utan,
Gliricidia sepium, Schleichera oleosa, Ziziphus, Sesbania grandiflora, Tamarindus indica, Hibiscus
t i l i a c e u s .
Author K. S. Rajput
Title Occurrence of radial sieve elements in the secondary phloem rays of some tropical
Year 2004
Source title Israel Journal of Plant Sciences
Reference 52(2): 109-114
Abstract
Solitary or groups of two to three sieve elements were found in the rays of the secondary phloem of
Tamarindus indica L., Melia azedarach L., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Bombax ceiba L., Pongamia
pinnata (L.) Pierre, Sterculia urens Roxb., and Thespesia populnea (L.) Correa trees. These elements
were similar in length while slightly larger in diameter than ray parenchyma cells, and possessed a
simple plate on their transverse to slightly oblique end walls. Like axial sieve elements, the ray sieve
elements were associated with single companion cells at their corners. When functional, they also
exhibited slime plugs and cytoplasmic strands, like axial sieve elements. Non-functional ray sieve
elements exhibited massive accumulation of callose on sieve plates, followed by collapse and
obliteration. The distribution pattern of the elements differed among the species studied. Usually
they developed from the marginal ray parenchyma cells, but they were also found in the central part
of the rays. Structural details and their possible significance are discussed.
Author M. F. U. Ahmed and S. M. L. Rahman
Title Profile and use of multi-species tree crops in the homesteads of Gazipur District,
Year 2004
Source title Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
Abstract
Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse,
productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. This study was conducted in
Gazipur district (former greater Dhaka district) of Bangladesh and focused on the species
composition of homegardens, species richness, species density, relative prevalence, species diversity
index, purpose of growing trees and number of trees in homestead. The study covered 90 households
from three upazillas (administrative entities, subdistricts), 30 from each upazilla. Farm categories
were sampled with reference to landless, marginal, small, medium and large size. The information
was collected by using a structured questionnaire, formal and informal interviews and field
observations. Some information was also gathered by group discussion with the farmers. The
information was analysed by using descriptive statistics and mathematical analysis. The average size
of the homestead in the study area was 0.083 ha which increased with the increase of farm size. The
homestead area occupied by trees and shrubs in landless and marginal farm categories were smaller
than that in the larger farm category. A total of 43 plant species (28 were horticultural plants and 15
were timber and fuelwood plants) were identified and recorded from the 90 households surveyed.
Among the horticultural plants, the most prevalent species was jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus,
relative prevalence, RP=26.3), followed by mango (Mangifera indica, RP=22.5), mahagoni
(Swietenia mahagoni, RP=10.3), coconut (Cocos nucifera, RP=9.9), teak (Tectona grandis, RP=9.7),
guava (Psidium guajava, RP=8.2) and litchi (Litchi chinensis, RP=5.7), while low prevalence species
were minjiri (Cassia siamea [Senna siamea], RP=0.03), gora neem (Melia azedarach, RP=0.18),
tamarind (Tamarindus indica, RP=0.19) and shimul (Bombax ceiba, RP=0.21). Among the different
farm categories, the highest number/type of species (17) regardless of forest or horticultural species
was found in the large farm category whereas the lowest number/type of species (7) was found in the
landless farm category. The number of trees per 100 m2 homesteads decreased gradually from
landless farms (3.5 trees/100 m2) to large farms (1.85 trees/100 m2). Least number of trees was
found in the group of above 25 years of age. However, the larger farm categories had more old trees
(>25 years) than the smaller farm categories. Most of the farmers prefer fruit trees over fuel/timber
species and species diversity was higher for fruit trees (7.3) than for timber trees (4.8). Jackfruit was
identified as an important cash generating crop in the study area. In the future, the homegarden will
be a viable alternative to mono-cropped field agriculture. It also is a highly valuable source of
g e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y .
Author M. M. Sundria and K. Akhil
Title Biology of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus (OL), on different test hosts.
Year 2004
Source title Annals of Plant Protection Sciences
Abstract
Ten plants were evaluated as hosts (Prunus amygdalus [Prunus dulcis], Elettaria cardamomum,
Anacardium occidentale, Arachis hypogaea pods or kernels, Cocos nucifera, Phoenix dactylifera,
Vitis vinifera, Tamarindus indica and Myristica fragrans) for Caryedon serratus. T. indica was the
most suitable host for Caryedon serratus development. In a free choice test, M. fragrans was
preferred by bruchid for egg laying, while E. cardamomum was the least preferred. The oviposition
preference had no relation with the development of the bruchid. Adult emergence was highest on T.
indica and lowest on M. fragrans. No adult emerged on Cocos nucifera, V. vinifera and Phoenix
d a c t yl i fe r a. T he se cr op s we re c o mp l et el y un fi t f or th e d eve lo p me n t o f th e b ru c hi d .
Author P. Soloviev, T. D. Niang, A. Gaye and A. Totte

Title Variability of fruit physicochemical characters for three harvested woody species
Year 2004
Source title Fruits (Paris)
Reference 59(2): 109-119
Abstract
A. digitata, B. aegyptiaca and T. indica appear among the harvested fruit species most appreciated
by the Sahelian Sudano populations. Their nutritional and income role is important. Nevertheless,
the degradation of the ecosystem constitutes a threat to this harvested fruit resource and to the
species' genetic diversity. The first stage of a domestication programme begun in Senegal consisted
of characterizing the species' natural variability, using a participative step aiming at the selection of
accessions notable for the fruit quality. Thus, our study compared fruit of various accessions, for
each of the 3 species. The analyses related to fruit biometric characterization, supplemented with
basic chemical analyses (water, total soluble sugars and total free acidity). For all the studied
criteria, the data analyses showed significant differences between the accessions within each fruit
tree species. For the biometric characters, a decreasing gradient variability appeared according to the
sequence: Adansonia sp. followed by Tamarindus sp. and Balanites sp. The "pulp real value"
criterion allowed the identification of the most notable accessions. The chemical characters had less
variability than the biometric ones. The various studied accessions have an exploitable variability,
which can be used for distributing competitive fruit tree species' cultivars to the local populations,
t h u s a n s w e r i n g t h e i r n e e d s a n d t h e i r m e a n s .
Author R. Maiti, D. Jana, U. K. Das and D. Ghosh
Title Antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of seed of Tamarindus indica in streptozoto
Year 2004
Source title Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Abstract
In Indian traditional system of medicine, herbal remedies are prescribed for the treatment of diseases
including diabetes mellitus. In recent years, plants are being effectively tried in a variety of
pathophysiological states. Tamarindus indica Linn. is one of them. In the present study, aqueous
extract of seed of Tamarindus indica Linn. was found to have potent antidiabetogenic activity that
reduces blood sugar level in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rat. Supplementation of this
aqueous extract by gavage at the dose of 80 mg/0.5 ml distilled water/100 g body weight per day in
STZ-induced diabetic rat resulted a significant diminution of fasting blood sugar level after 7 days.
Continuous supplementation of this extract for 14 days resulted no significant difference in this
parameter from control level. Moreover, this supplementation produced a significant elevation in
liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content, activity of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in
respect to diabetic group. Activities of liver glucose-6-phosphatase, liver and kidney glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities were
decreased significantly in the aqueous extract supplemented group in respect to diabetic group. All
these parameters were not resettled to the controlled level after 7 days of this extract
supplementation but after 14 days of this supplementation, all the above mentioned parameters were
r e s t o r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l l e v e l .
Author R. P. H. McBurney, C. Griffin, A. A. Paul and D. C. Greenberg
Title The nutritional composition of African wild food plants: from compilation to utili
Year 2004
Source title Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
Reference 17(3/4): 277-289
Abstract
The nutritional value of wild food plants is of interest to ethnobotanists, clinicians, chemists,
nutritionists and anthropologists. There is no definitive resource available containing this
information for African wild food plants. The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for
compiling quantitative information from the literature. Taxonomy and nomenclature for 20 species
of interest were checked using the recent Flora treatments and the International Plant Names Index
(IPNI). Boolean strings incorporating accepted scientific name, scientific synonyms and available
English vernacular names were used to search citation indices. Titles, keywords and abstracts were
scanned by eye and articles relevant to nutrition selected. Citations with sufficient information for
inclusion into a nutrient database were prepared for data entry. There were over 120 scientific names
for the 20 species selected. Of 17 700 citations downloaded only 540 of these pertained to nutrition.
Ninety-four references were prepared for inclusion into the database. Inaccurate data compilation
(recycling) was found for the species Moringa oleifera Lam. Twenty-one different bases for
expressing nutritional values were found in papers for final inspection. It is recommended that the
literature be reviewed fully prior to any investigation into the nutritional value of an African wild
food plant. Data recycling, if incorrect, can have major implications on research and operations. The
multidisciplinary nature of investigating wild food plants should be taken into consideration when
undertaking this type of work and all nutritional information should be in a standardized format.
Author R. Qadri and T. Zehra

Title A qualitative study of nodulated tree legumes growing around the Karachi Univer
Year 2004
Source title International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
Reference 1(3): 301-304
Abstract
Nodulation status of 15 leguminous species within 14 genera was examined. Of the 15 species only
4 were found non-nodulators. Cassia fistula of Caesalpinioideae and Adenanthera pavonina of
Mimosoideae have been reported as nodulators for the first time from Pakistan whereas Bauhinia
purpurea, Delonix regia, Peltophorum pterocarpum and Tamarindus indica are being reported as non-
nodulator. The rhizobia from Cassia fistula and A. pavonina were found alkali producing. Nodule
colour, shape and frequency, and cross nodulating properties of rhizobial isolates from Cassia fistula
and A. pavonina in V igna radiata are also described.
Author S. Pooja and C. S. S. Devi
Title Evaluation of co-stimulatory effects of Tamarindus indica L. on MNU-induced co
Year 2004
Source title Food and Chemical Toxicology
Reference 42(8): 1237-1244
Abstract
Colonic cell proliferation is the prerequisite for the genesis of cancer. Experimental and
epidemiologic evidence indicate dietary factors to be one of the commonest predisposing factors in
the development of several types of cancers including large intestine. Here we have investigated the
role of the fruit pulp of Tamarindus indica L. (TI), a tropical plant-derived food material, on the
proliferating colonic mucosa using Swiss albino mice. Crypt cell proliferation rate (CCPR), on
histological basis and [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay were chosen to evaluate the modulating
potential of TI per se and in response to a subacute dose of N-nitroso N'-methyl urea (MNU).
Descending colonic segment showed greater rate of cell proliferation than the ascending colon and
cecum tissues isolated from the group 2 (TI-per se) when compared with group 1 (negative controls).
It also revealed a positive correlation with the incorporation studies. Significant increase in the
CCPR and radiolabeled precursor incorporation (p<0.001) was observed in MNU-induced+TI fed
group of animals (group 4) in all the three segments when compared with control diet fed normal
(group 1) as well as MNU-induced (group 3) animals. This study therefore indicates a co-stimulatory
e f f e c t o f T I o n M N U - i n d u c e d c o l o n i c c e l l k i n e t i c s .
Author S. S. Parvez, M. M. Parvez, Y. Fujii and H. Gemma
Title Differential allelopathic expression of bark and seed of Tamarindus indica L.
Year 2004
Source title Plant Growth Regulation
Reference 42(3): 245-252
Abstract
Allelopathic performance of the bark and seed of Tamarindus indica L. tree was evaluated through
bioassay-guided studies using seven common agronomic crops (asparagus, cucumber, lettuce, radish,
sesame, tomato and welsh onion) and seven weed species (barnyard grass, Chinese milk vetch,
perennial ryegrass, phacelia, timothy grass, white clover and wild ginger) under laboratory
conditions. As demonstrated by a sandwich method, the bark of the tamarind tree caused strong
growth inhibition (compared to the corresponding controls) in both radicles and hypocotyls of the
species tested, and the inhibitory effect was highest in barnyard grass (52-65%) and lowest in welsh
onion (19-13%). The crude-water soluble extracts of bark at different concentrations (1, 5 and 10%)
(w/v) exhibited a strong growth inhibition in all the plant species tested, and a proportional increase
in the percentage of growth inhibition was observed with an increase in the concentrations of the
extracts. The magnitude of inhibition in weed species was higher (5-60%) than those of agronomic
crop species (3-40%). The growth of all the weed species tested was strongly inhibited (17-56%),
while the agronomic crop species showed both inhibited (5-21%) and stimulated (5-27%) growth
due to the effect of crude-water soluble exudates of tamarind seed. Among the agronomic crop
species tested, lettuce (22-27%) followed by radish (20-25%) and sesame (5-8%) showed
stimulatory growth with the crude-water soluble exudates of seed. In the pot culture experiments
using four agronomic crops (lettuce, radish, tomato and cucumber) and two weed species (barnyard
grass and white clover), spraying of crude-water soluble extracts of tamarind seed-coat at three
different concentrations (1, 5 and 10%) (w/v) showed that the growth of lettuce (35-62%) and radish
(32-56%) was stimulated, while all other species tested showed growth inhibition (29-61%). When
the spraying of crude extracts of seed-coat was turned off, the growth of both lettuce and radish
continued to be stimulated (4-7%) and all other previously inhibited species recovered well, the
recovery percentage ranging between 78 and 82%. However, when spraying of crude extracts of
seed-coat was continued, growth increased (10-14%) in lettuce and radish, and reduced (37-76%) in
four other species tested. The inhibitory or stimulatory effects of the crude extracts on agronomic
crop and weed species were higher in the radicle than the hypocotyl and reached a peak with 10%
(w/v) concentrations. These results clearly demonstrated the differential allelopathic effects
(inhibitory and excitatory) of bark and seed of tamarind tree in the species tested. Thus, it is evident
that these two organs contain certain biologically active true growth regulator(s) and are either
additively or synergistically involved in the plant-specific expression, particularly by the seed-coat.
Author T. Komutarin, S. Azadi, L. Butterworth, D. Keil, B. Chitsomboon, M. Suttajit and
Title Extract of the seed coat of Tamarindus indica inhibits nitric oxide production by
Year 2004
Reference 42(4): 649-658
Abstract
The seed coat extract of Tamarindus indica, a polyphenolic flavonoid, has been shown to have
antioxidant properties. The present studies investigated the inhibitory effect of the seed coat extract
of T. indica on nitric oxide production in vitro using a murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW
264.7, and in vitro and in vivo using freshly isolated B6C3F1 mouse peritoneal macrophages. In
vitro exposure of RAW 264.7 cells or peritoneal macrophages to 0.2-200 micro g/mL of T. indica
extract significantly attenuated (as much as 68%) nitric oxide production induced by
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN- gamma ) in a concentration-dependent
manner. In vivo administration of T. indica extract (100-500 mg/kg) to B6C3F1 mice dose-
dependently suppressed TPA, LPS and/or IFN- gamma induced production of nitric oxide in isolated
mouse peritoneal macrophages in the absence of any effect on body weight. Exposure to T. indica
extract had no effect on cell viability as assessed by the MTT assay. In B6C3F1 mice, preliminary
safety studies demonstrated a decrease in body weight at only the highest dose tested (1000 mg/kg)
without alterations in hematology, serum chemistry or selected organ weights or effects on NK cell
activity. A significant decrease in body weight was observed in BALB/c mice exposed to
concentrations of extract of 250 mg/kg or higher. Oral exposure of BALB/c mice to T. indica extract
did not modulate the development of T cell-mediated sensitization to DNFB or HCA as measured by
the local lymph node assay, or dermal irritation to nonanoic acid or DNFB. These studies suggest
that in mice, T. indica extract at concentrations up to 500 mg/kg may modulate nitric oxide
p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e a b s e n c e o f o v e r t a c u t e t o x i c i t y .
Author U. J. Mehta, S. M. Barreto and H. Sulekha
Title Effect of thidiazuron in germinating tamarind seedlings.
Year 2004
Source title In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant
Reference 40(3): 279-283
Abstract
Tamarind, a multipurpose tropical tree species, is economically important for sustainable
development of wasteland due to its hardy nature and adaptability to various agroclimatic conditions.
Reports on in vitro morphogenesis in this species are limited, due to its recalcitrant and callogenic
nature. To overcome these limitations, an attempt was made to induce meristematic activity in
seedling explants. Seedlings were germinated in medium with or without thidiazuron (4.54, 9.08,
13.12, 18.16 micro M). This growth regulator restricted the differentiation of the apical meristem to
form shoots. It triggered proliferation of the meristematic tissue at the cotyledonary node and a large
number of meristematic buds appeared in a radial pattern around the node. The meristematic activity
extended to the junction of the epicotyl and hypocotyl, giving rise to buds in the form of
protuberances in all sides of the junction. These buds differentiated to form shoot primordia and
subsequently to shoots in medium devoid of growth regulators. Plants developed by micrografting of
these shoots on seedling-derived rootstocks survived in soil.
Author Y. Fujii, T. Shibuya, K. Nakatani, T. Itani, S. Hiradate and M. M. Parvez

Title Assessment method for allelopathic effect from leaf litter leachates.
Year 2004
Source title Weed Biology and Management
Abstract
In order to elucidate the allelopathic effect of leaf litter leachates under laboratory conditions, a
modified 'sandwich method', which places leaves between two layers of agar, was used. Fifty mg of
leaves was used per 10 cm2 cell. Agar concentrations at 0.5-1.0% were the best for gel support in
determining radicle and hypocotyl elongation of lettuce. The optimum incubation time for bioassay
was three days after imbibition onset. Among 20 typical tree species in Asia, Cymbopogon citratus
and Derris scandens showed the strongest inhibitory activity determined by the sandwich method,
followed by Piper betle, Tamarindus indica, and Gliricidia sepium. This bioassay seems to be a
reliable method for screening allelopathic activity from leaf litter leachates.
Author Y. Soong and P. J. Barlow
Title Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected fruit seeds.
Year 2004
Reference 88(3): 411-417
Abstract
The total antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of edible portions and seeds of avocado,
jackfruit, longan, mango and tamarind were studied. In addition, the relationship between
antioxidant activity, phenolic content and the different degrees of heating of mango seed kernel was
investigated. The seeds showed a much higher antioxidant activity and phenolic content than the
edible portions. The contribution of all the fruit seed fractions to the total antioxidant activity and
phenolic content was always >70%. ABTS cation radical-scavenging and FRAP assays were
employed for the determination of antioxidant activity; FCR assay was used to measure the total
phenolic content. The AEAC and FRAP of ethanolic extracts of MSKP products increased to a
maximum after heating to 160 degrees C. The total phenolic content in extracts of MSKP products
increased from 50.3 to 160 mg/g GAE with an increase in heating temperature to 160 degrees C.
Author A. Delobel, M. Sembene, G. Fediere and D. Roguet

Title Identity of the groundnut and tamarind seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pach
Year 2003
Source title Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France
Reference 39(3): 197-206
Abstract
A study of seed beetles feeding on groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea), tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
and other Caesalpinioideae from various areas of the Old World enabled the authors to characterize
two different species of Caryedon that are usually confused. Caryedon serratus, usually known as the
"groundnut seed beetle", feeds on seeds of tamarind and various wild Caesalpinioideae in the genera
Piliostigma, Cassia and Bauhinia. It is present in West and Central Africa. Detailed morphological
studies associated with the analysis of part of the cytochrome B gene show that another species,
Caryedon gonagra [Caryedon serratus], infests tamarind and other Caesalpinioideae in Egypt, South
Asia, Australia and New Caledonia; this species also feeds on seeds of a few Mimosoideae in the
genera Acacia, Albizia and Dichrostachys. Caryedon gonagra and Caryedon serratus appear as sister
species deriving from an ancestor that may have fed on both Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae.
Contrary to what happens in C. serratus, it seems that C. gonagra does not infest groundnuts under
natural conditions. Larval development in groundnuts under laboratory conditions is, however,
p o s s i b l e , a s i n s e v e r a l o t h e r C a r y e d o n s p e c i e s .
Author A. K. Ghosh
Title Herbal veterinary medicine from the tribal areas of Midnapur & Bankura Districts
Year 2003
Source title Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany
Reference 27(3): 573-575
Abstract
A total of 13 plant species, Alocasia indica, Albizia lebbeck, Curcuma longa, Tamarindus indica,
Amaranthus spinosus, Caesalpinia crista, Piper nigrum, Anthocephalus cadamba [Anthocephalus
chinensis], Spondias pinnata, Ipomoea aquatica, Achras zapota [Manilkara zapota], Papaver
somniferum and Adina cordifolia, that are used by the tribals of the Midnapur and Bankura districts
in West Bengal, India are presented. Details of the local name, parts used, and methods of
preparation and application against various veterinary ailments of the plants are provided.
Author A. R. Karale, A. P. Wagh and T. A. More

Title Floral biology of sweet pulp type tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.).
Year 2003
Source title Scientific Horticulture
Reference 8(65-70
Abstract
The flowering seasons, habit, flower bud development, anthesis, anther dehiscence, pollen biology
and receptivity of stigma of 20-year-old tamarind trees from Rahuri, Maharashtra, India are reported.
Author A. Ramos, A. Visozo, J. Piloto, A. Garcia, C. A. Rodriguez and R. Rivero
Title Screening of antimutagenicity via antioxidant activity in Cuban medicinal plants.
Year 2003
Reference 87(2/3): 241-246
Abstract
The reducing activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, .OH radical scavenging
potential, in vitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation and modulation of mutagenicity induced by ter-
butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) in Escherichia coli were sequentially screened in 45 species of plants
used with medicinal purposes in Cuba, in a search for antioxidant agents which protect DNA against
oxidative stress. Five species, e.g. Tamarindus indica L., Lippia alba L., Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr,
Rheedia aristata Griseb. and Curcuma longa L. displayed IC50 <30 micro g/ml in the DPPH radical
reduction assay and IC50 <32 micro g/ml in lipid peroxidation inhibition testing. Pimenta dioica and
Curcuma longa L. showed also a 20% inhibition of the in vitro induced .OH attack to deoxyglucose.
Further antimutagenesis assay in Escherichia coli IC 188 evidenced that only Pimenta dioica
prevents DNA damage by TBH to the test bacteria. A role of antioxidant enzymes is presumed in
this case, as judged by a different response in the isogenic Escherichia coli IC 203 deficient in
catalase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and the discrete inhibition of oxidative mutagenesis also
observed when pre-treatment of the extract was assayed. Eugenol, the main constituent of the
essential oil of Pimenta dioica, also inhibited oxidative mutagenesis by TBH in Escherichia coli, at
concentrations ranging from 150 to 400 micro g/plate.
Author A. S. Mertl-Millhollen, E. S. Moret, D. Felantsoa, H. Rasamimanana, K. C. Blum
Title Ring-tailed lemur home ranges correlate with food abundance and nutritional cont
Year 2003
Source title International Journal of Primatology
Reference 24(5): 969-985
Abstract
In order to determine whether ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) adapt their ranging and select an
optimal diet at a time of food shortage, we observed two adjacent troops in Berenty Reserve,
Madagascar for over 250 h. The troops, created by a recent fission, ranged through closed canopy
gallery forest next to a river and open forest away from the river. We conducted the study in
September-October, 2000, normally a time of seasonally low resource availability, which was
intensified by damage from a previous windstorm and recent drought. To examine the impact of
environmental stress, we mapped their ranging patterns, intertroop encounters, feeding patches,
siesta trees, and sleeping trees. We then correlated their ranging and feeding behaviour with
nutritional analyses of leaves and fruit from tamarind trees located in different parts of their ranges.
One of the troops, D1A, ranged farther into open forest than previously. However, the range for
troop D1B and the closed canopy portion of D1A's range were located in traditional positions for
historical troops D and E. Both troops ate significantly more mature leaves from the tamarind trees
in the closed canopy forest, where the leaves had significantly higher nutritional content (water and
protein) than that of open forest samples. They fed on tamarind fruit significantly more often in the
open forest away from the river, where it was more abundant. The lemurs selected a diet that
maximized leaf water and protein and ranged where fruit was most abundant but at high energetic
c o s t s f o r t r o o p D 1 A .
Author B. Padmanaban and M. Daniel
Title Biology and bionomics of palm white grub, Leucopholis burmeisteri.
Year 2003
Source title Indian Journal of Entomology
Reference 65(4): 444-452
Abstract
Arecanut palm white grub, Leucopholis burmeisteri is the major pest of arecanut palms in Karnataka
and Kerala, India causing significant yield loss. Grub feeding on roots results in yellowing of leaves
and stem tapering. Studies on the biology and bionomics of this pest were conducted in Kerala in
1991-94 and in Karnataka in 1991-95. Stem tapering in relation to yield has been correlated. From
initial infestation, the spread of root grub infestation takes 4-6 years. Therefore it is easy to manage
the white grub infestation by means adult beetle collection during emergence. Several natural
enemies have also been found infecting on the white grubs: Myrothecium sp,, Bacillus sp.,
Pseudomonocystis sp., Campsomeriella collaris [Campsomeris collaris], Ligyra oenomaus,
Leptogenys sp., Pheidologeton diversus and entomophilic nematodes. In host preference studies, the
pest preferred fig (Ficus glomerata [F. racemosa]) and cashew over all the other plants tested (rose,
Rosa indica [Rosa chinensis]; guava, tamarind, mango, neem, cocoa, plantain and moringa, Moringa
o l e i f e r a ) .
Author D. I. Gohil and S. P. Singh
Title Studies on some multipurpose tree species as a source of rural energy
Year 2003
Source title Human impact on desert environment
Reference P. Narain, S. Kathju, A. Kar, M. P. Singh and K. Praveen. Jodhpur, India, Arid Zo
Abstract
A study was conducted during January 1994 to December 1995 in Gujarat, India using 8 species,
viz., casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia), neem (Azadirachta indica), siris (Albizia lebbeck), tamarind
(Tamarindus indica), Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce), cordia (Cordia myxa), Persian lilac
(Melia azedarach) and amaltas (Cassia fistula). Maximum dry stem biomass was recorded in siris
(26.10 tonnes/ha) while the lowest biomass was recorded in tamarind (5.43 tonnes/ha). Maximum
mean dry weight of branch was observed in neem while the minimum dry branch biomass was
observed in tamarind. Persian lilac was noted with the highest dry weight of twigs while amaltas was
the one with the lowest dry weight of twigs. Manila tamarind recorded the lowest stem bark weight.
The highest dry extractable root biomass was produced by siris while cordia produced the lowest dry
extractable root biomass. The maximum total mean dry biomass was recorded in siris (73.71
tonnes/ha). On the other hand, the poorest performance was observed in tamarind with respect to
total dry biomass production. Results also showed that charcoal production was higher in Persian
lilac, siris, and neem. Charcoal production was average in casuarina while amaltas, Manila tamarind
and cordia produced a low amount of charcoal. Tamarind had the lowest charcoal per tree. Economic
analysis showed that Persian lilac produced a maximum net income of Rs. 135 584.40/ha while
tamarind produced the lowest net income (Rs. 24 206.40/ha).
Author G. Prabakaran, N. Chezhiyan and G. J. Rani
Title Influence of season and genotype on in vitro culture of tamarind (Tamarindus indi
Year 2003
Source title South Indian Horticulture
Reference 51(1/6): 76-82
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of explant collection date (season) on in vitro
multiple shoot induction in tamarind (cv. PKM 1). In a related experiment, the performance of in
vitro-cultured tamarind genotypes (PKM 1, Urigam, Pollachi-2, Asanoor-H-1 and Salem-144) was
also studied. The axillary bud explants of PKM 1, collected at 15-day intervals during all the 12
months of the year, were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 60 g sucrose + 3.0 mg
benzyladenine + 0.5 mg GA3/litre. The axillary bud explants of Asanoor-H-1, Pollachi-11, Salem-
144, Urigam and PKM 1 were cultured on shoot multiplication medium (MS medium supplemented
with 60 g sucrose + 3.0 g benzyladenine + 0.5 mg GA3/litre). The in vitro-cultured explants
collected in June showed the lowest contamination percentage (7.32%) and the highest survival
percentage (92.68%), bud break percentage (84.14), mean number of multiple shoots per bud (1.34)
and mean length of multiple shoots (3.47 cm). The earliest days taken for bud break (31.14) was also
observed in June-collected explants. Among the genotypes, Urigam gave the highest survival
percentage (90.50%), bud break percentage (93.63), mean length of multiple shoots (1.40 cm) and
mean number of shoots per bud (3.34). Urigam also gave the earliest days taken for bud break
( 2 9 . 9 4 ) .
Author J. Bayala, Z. Boureima, R. v. d. Hoek, H. Lamsellek, G. S. Nouatin, M. Randriana
Title Trees in agricultural areas of the Vineta plateau (Madagascar)
Year 2003
Source title Cahiers Agricultures
Abstract
Trees can play an important role in the maintenance or in the improvement of farming conditions, as
revealed by the traditional 'parklands' of West Africa, where species such as Vitellaria paradoxa
(shea-butter tree) or Parkia biglobosa (Locust bean) are closely associated with crops, fruit, wood or
fodder production, and protect soils. In Madagascar, few trees have been spared when land was
cleared for agriculture, and the country faces enormous problems of soil degradation and erosion.
This study addresses two important questions: (i) why are trees so poorly integrated with farming
activities in the marginal zones of Madagascar?; and (ii) what could be the roles of trees in the
farming systems of such areas? A farming system diagnosis, and a series of interdisciplinary
inquiries on the originally forested Vineta plateau, confirmed that trees are poorly integrated with
farming activities, leading to a strong degradation of natural resources. All farmers (as well as 85%
of the population of the town of Tolliara) use only wood (or charcoal) as a source of energy, and
75% of them remove or burn all woody vegetation when clearing the land for cropping. Shortening
fallow periods has led to a savanna-type vegetation, with patches of bare soil and scattered trees such
as Tamarindus indica or Poupartia caffra. The main factors which explain the present agricultural
situation are the fragility of the soils, human migrations, the preference given to highly speculative
cash crops, and farming strategies which favour short-term income. Besides, no local tree species
with good added value potential (such as local fruit trees) could support the development of a system
like that developed in the parklands of West Africa. Farmers who protect trees when clearing their
land, claim to do so for the following reasons: shade (33%), fruit (21%), wood (11%), holy trees,
'rain', big trees, law enforcement (25% altogether), and medicines, fodder or alcohol production
(10% altogether). Protected species are, in order of importance: Tamarindus indica, Poupartia caffra,
Ziziphus mauritiana, Cedrelopsis grevei, Adansonia za, and Ficus cocculifolia; none of these species
has been tried in plantations in the study area. Less than 10 exotic tree species are planted on the
plateau, in order of decreasing importance: Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Azadirachta
indica, Citrus spp., and Psidium guajava. Less than 20% of farmers reported to have ever planted
trees, this being mainly due to the lack of water. Native farmers tend to plant more trees than
immigrants, for fruit and then wood. The only woody species planted for agricultural use (hedge and
fodder) is the Opuntia vulgaris cactus. When asked about possible reasons to plant trees, farmers
quoted wood as a first priority for local species and fruit for exotic species. Starting from the few
species which are either protected or planted, as well as from the other species mentioned by farmers
as being useful, we have established a list of 13 priority trees, which can form the basis of a 'trees-on-
farm' research and development programme for the area. For such a program to be successful, it is
crucial that the plantation technology of local species with good added value potential be considered.
Author J. Gebauer and G. Ebert
Title The tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): botany, cultivation and use of an interesting
Year 2003
Source title Erwerbsobstbau
Reference 45(6): 181-185
Abstract
The tamarind (Tamarindus indica) grows widely in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
The tamarind tree can produce an annual fruit yield ranging from 150 to 500 kg/tree. The species is
easy to cultivate and free of any serious pests and diseases. The tamarind fruits are mainly produced
in India and Thailand where it is grown on a commercial scale and exported both in fresh and
processed form. In Africa, fruits are usually collected from wild trees. Fresh or processed fruits are
offered on the local rural markets. The sticky pulp can be eaten fresh but is mainly processed into
sweets, jam, syrup and juice. The pulp is also used in traditional medicine.
Author J. T. C. Codjia, A. E. Assogbadjo and M. R. M. Ekue
Title Diversity and local valorisation of vegetal edible products in Benin
Year 2003
Source title Cahiers Agricultures
Reference 12(5): 321-331
Abstract
The vegetation types currently found in Benin (Africa) constitute a potential stock of edible
products. Very few studies have been undertaken on this kind of resources commonly considered as
minor products. Some studies have been conducted but they are quite localized and do not assess
species with economic potential integrated into traditional agroforestry systems. The present study
undertaken throughout Benin aims at providing such information. The methodology consisted in
periodical surveys within different localities sampled using the vegetation map of Benin. In each of
the locality selected socio-economical interviews were carried out with local populations and
explorations were undertaken within vegetation types of the area in order to identify the plant
species used by populations. The local uses of plant resources were also recorded. A total number of
162 plant species are used as food by local populations in Benin. These species belong to many
families and orders of Angiosperms. The parts commonly consumed are the fruits (60%); followed
by wild vegetables (20%), seeds (9%), roots and tubers (6%), sap (3%), and flowers (2%). Fifty nine
percent (59%) of the species are found in the forest whilst 41% are identified in open vegetation
types such as farms, fallows, and savannah. Some of these resources are processed and/or sold on
different markets, playing then a cultural and socio-economic role for the population. The important
species in the Northern part of the country (between 8 degrees and 12 degrees N) are Adansonia
digitata, Vitex doniana, Bombax costatum, Blighia sapida, Borassus aethiopum, Vitellaria paradoxa,
Parkia africana and Tamarindus indica. In the Southern part (between 6 degrees 30 N and 8 degrees
N), the most important species are Vitex doniana, Dialium guineense, Chrysophyllum albidum,
Uvaria chamae, Annona senegalensis, Irvingia gabonensis and Cyperus esculentus. These species are
frequently sold on the market and provide outstanding incomes for local populations. The potential
agroforestry species are Adansonia digitata, Vitex doniana, Bombax costatum, Blighia sapida,
Borassus aethiopum, Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia africana, Tamarindus indica and Diospyros
m e s p i l i f o r m i s .
Author K. R. Sasidharan, B. Nagarajan, V. Mohan, A. Nicodemus, N. P. Mahadevan, A.
Title Insect pollination versus enhanced fruit production in Tamarindus indica and Tect
Year 2003
Source title Journal of Palynology
Reference 35/36(93-97
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the floral biology, flower visitors and fruiting aspects of
Tamarindus indica and Tectona grandis from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The functional aspects
of flowers in relation to the foraging activity and probing behaviour of flower-visitors were
observed. Tamarind trees blooms during mid-May to mid-July while teak flowers during June to
September. In both species, the natural fruit set is very low. The fruit set rate recorded in
Tamarindus indica is 3-5%, whereas in Tectona grandis, it is 0.4-5.1%. The fruit set obtained in
controlled experiments is 70-90% in Tamarindus indica and 10-70% in Tectona grandis. The
tamarind flowers were foraged by different insects belonging to Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera,
Hemiptera, Diptera and Thysanoptera, while teak flowers were foraged during day time by insects
belonging to orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Bees are the
major pollinators of both tree species. Flies are equally important for Tectona grandis. With wild
bees and domesticated honeybees, the maximization of pollen transfer and enhanced fruit and seed
s e t i s p o s s i b l e .
Author K. Rajendran, R. Balakrishnan and S. Chandrasekaran

Title Common medicinal plants and their utilization by villagers in east coast districts o
Year 2003
Reference 27(3): 727-731
Abstract
This paper presents a list of 50 species belonging to 40 genera and 26 families of important
medicinal plants collected from remote villages in Avudairkovil taluk in east coast districts of
Pudukkottai and Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India. The botanical and family name of each
species followed by local name, and their uses are given. Among all the species, Azadirachta indica,
Phyllanthus niruri, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Gloriosa superba, Jatropha curcas, Vitex negundo,
Tamarindus indica, Tridax procumbens, Moringa oleifera, Erythrina indica [E. variegata] and
Ses ba n ia gr an d if o li a a re some of the most useful med icina l pla nts f or th e vi llagers.
Author K. Vanangamudi and M. Vanangamudi
Title Response of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) to presowing seed treatment with grow
Year 2003
Source title Journal of Tropical Forest Science
Abstract
An investigation was carried out to study the effect of presowing seed treatment with seven growth
stimulants on the germination and seedling growth of tamarind (Tamarindus indica). The growth
stimulants evaluated were 100 ppm IBA, 100 ppm IAA, 2% ZnSO4, 1% succinic acid, 1% KCl, 3%
KH2PO4 and cow's urine 50/50 v/v. The unsoaked seeds served as the control. Three growth
stimulants (IAA, succinic acid and KH2PO4) proved superior to the others in enhancing the
germination and seedling vigour. Soaking in 100 ppm IBA improved the shoot and root lengths and
dry weight better than the other treatments. Leaf area was highest in the treatment with cow's urine.
The chlorophyll and soluble protein contents were more for seeds soaked in 3% KCl.
Author L. Raimondi, M. Lodovici, F. Guglielmi, G. Banchelli, M. Ciuffi, E. Boldrini and

Title The polysaccharide from Tamarindus indica (TS-polysaccharide) protects culture
Year 2003
Source title Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Reference 55(3): 333-338
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the possible protective effect of a new viscosising agent, TS-
polysaccharide, on corneal-derived cells (SIRC) exposed to ultraviolet-B rays. To verify this, SIRC
cells were first exposed, in the absence or in the presence of TS-polysaccharide (1% w/v), for 9 s at
the UV-B source and then post-incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C. After this period the hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) accumulated in the medium and the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxy-
guanosine (8-OHdG) in cell DNA was measured. In addition, the amount of 3H-methyl-thymidine
incorporated in cellular DNA was evaluated after 18 h from irradiation. Our results show that cells
exposed to UV-B rays accumulate H2O2, and have higher levels of 8OHdG and a lower amount of
3H-methyl-thymidine incorporated in DNA than control cells. In the presence of TS-polysaccharide,
the H2O2 and 8-OHdG accumulation, and the 3H-methyl-thymidine incorporation were significantly
reduced with respect to the values measured in cells exposed in the absence of the polysaccharide.
We propose a protective role of the polysaccharide in reducing UV-B derived DNA damage to eye
cells. This finding could be of some clinical importance when the polysaccharide is used as a
d e l i v e r y s y s t e m f o r o p h t h a l m i c p r e p a r a t i o n s .
Author M. Garba, I. A. Yakasai, M. T. Bakare and H. Y. Munir
Title Effect of Tamarindus indica L on the bioavailability of ibuprofen in healthy huma
Year 2003
Source title European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Reference 28(3): 179-184
Abstract
The influence of Tamarindus indica L fruit extract incorporated in a traditional meal on the
bioavailability of Ibuprofen tablets 400 mg dose when given concurrently was studied in 6 healthy
human volunteers. There was a statistically significant increase in the plasma levels of Ibuprofen and
its metabolites hydroxy-ibuprofen and carboxy-ibuprofen respectively, when the meal containing
Tamarindus indica fruit extract was administered with the ibuprofen tablets than when taken under
fasting state or with the meal without the fruit extract. The Cmax, AUC0-6 hr and Ka for ibuprofen
increased from 38+or-0.70 micro g/ml to 42+or-0.98 micro g/ml (p>0.05); and 28.03+or-2.40 micro
g/ml.hr to 56.51+or-0.16 micro g/ml.hr (p<0.05) and 1.048+or-0.02 hr-1 to 2.781+or-0.11 hr-1
(p<0.05) respectively. There was no change in the tmax (120.00+or-0.43 m) but there was a decrease
in the kel from 0.63+or-0.20 hr-1 to 0.46+or-0.11 hr-1 (p<0.05). Similarly the Cmax, AUC0-6 h and
Ka for hydroxy-ibuprofen rose from 43+or-0.76 micro g/ml to 45+or-0.16 micro g/ml (p<0.05);
39.04+or-2.30 micro g/ml.hr to 59.49+or-2.39 micro g/ml.hr in (p<0.05) and 1.498+or-0.79 hr-1 to
3.442+or-0.23 hr-1 (p<0.05) respectively; while the Cmax, AUC0-6 h and Ka for carboxy-ibuprofen
rose from 48+or-0.7 micro g/ml to 51+or-0.16 micro g/ml (p<0.05); 41.972+or-0.68 micro g/ml.hr to
63.948+or-0.12 micro g/ml.hr (p<0.05) and 1.649+or-0.08 hr-1 to 4.187+or-0.42 hr-1 (p<0.05)
respectively. The study has indicated that Tamarindus indica L. fruit extract significantly increased
t h e b i o a v a i l a b i l i t y o f I b u p r o f e n .
Author M. Kristensen and A. M. Lykke
Title Informant-based valuation of use and conservation preferences of savanna trees in
Year 2003
Source title Economic Botany
Reference 57(2): 203-217
Abstract
The use and conservation preferences for woody savanna species among the Gourounsi people in
south-central Burkina Faso were investigated using a new informant-based valuation system. Two
hundred informants from 10 villages evaluated the importance of 20 pre-selected woody species for
nine different uses: edible fruits, vegetable sauce, construction, firewood, medicine, commerce, field
trees, and conservation. The study identified eight key species: Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria
paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Adansonia digitata, Vitex doniana, Detarium microcarpum, Bombax
costatum, and Strychnos spinosa. They all had high commercial and nutritional value. The local
knowledge about the selected woody species was similar between men and women, and between
young and old, but it differed between villages. The results indicate that knowledge erosion does not
take place among the Gourounsi, but considerable local differences exist. Conservation management
should focus on the key species, and for these, assisted regeneration, tree planting, and further
e c o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h i s r e c o m m e n d e d .
Author M. Marry, D. M. Cavalier, J. K. Schnurr, J. Netland, Z. Y. Yang, V. Pezeshk, W.

Title Structural characterization of chemically and enzymatically derived standard oligo
Year 2003
Source title Carbohydrate Polymers
Reference 51(3): 347-356
Abstract
Several oligosaccharide fragments, ranging from 2 to 9 contiguous residues, have been isolated from
purified tamarind xyloglucan using enzymatic digestion and partial acid hydrolysis. Structures were
determined using matrix assisted laser adsorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass
spectrometry, gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and
Dionex high pH anion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography (HPAE-HPLC). These
fragments will be used to identify reaction products from xyloglucan xylosyltransferase and
glucosyltransferase enzyme assays and as possible acceptor molecules for these enzymes.
Author M. P. Ramanujam and K. P. K. Cyril
Title Woody species diversity of four sacred groves in the Pondicherry region of South
Year 2003
Source title Biodiversity and Conservation
Reference 12(2): 289-299
Abstract
Plant wealth and diversity of four sacred groves - two anthropogenic stands and two natural forest
patches - along the southeast coast of India adjoining Pondicherry was studied. A total of 111
species, belonging to 103 genera in 53 families, were recorded from the four sites, which together
measure 15.6 ha. The number of woody species (girth at breast height (gbh)<less or =>20 cm) was
20 each in K eezbuvanagiri (KBG) and Kilialamman (KLM) grove, followed by 13 in
Periyakattupalayam (PKP) and 15 in Periyamudaliar chavadi (PMC). Based on the important value
index (IVI), PMC grove is an association of Aglaia elaeagnoidea, Borassus flabellifer and
Pterospermum suberifolium. A two-layered forest structure resembling tropical dry evergreen forest
(TDEF) was found there. Stratification was obscured in the KBG grove, as the scrub species were
abundant, indicating a scrub woodland formation. PKP and KLM were characterised by the
abundance of a few species. The presence of a stout liana of Secamone emetica (gbh 35 cm), the
robustness of Crateva magna (gbh 220 cm), Syzigium cumini (gbh 207.45 cm), P. suberifolium (gbh
128.7 cm) and Tamarindus indica (gbh 250 cm), and survival of evergreen species like A.
elaeagnoidea and Pamburus missionis is botanically significant; Polyalthia suberosa is a rare taxon
found only within the groves. The persistence of the groves until the present time is a testimony to
t h e s a c r e d g r o v e s t a t u s e n j o y e d b y t h e m .
Author O. P. Awasthi and N. Shukla

Title Effect of time on success of soft wood grafting in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.
Year 2003
Source title Range Management and Agroforestry
Abstract
Scion shoot from the elite type were grafted on 9-month-old rootstock seedling of a local type of
tamarind (Tamarindus indica) at monthly intervals during two consecutive years of 1999 and 2000 in
Madhya Pradesh, India, to investigate the optimum time of grafting in tamarind under sub-humid
conditions of Bastar. Results revealed that the time of grafting significantly influenced percent
sprouting, days to sprout, percent graft success, and linear and radial growth. Softwood grafting in
April resulted in highest graft success (82.5%), maximum linear growth (56.3 cm), and maximum
s a l e a b l e p l a n t s ( 7 4 . 1 % ) f o l l o w e d b y M a r c h .
Author P. M. Kotecha and S. S. Kadam
Title Preparation of ready-to-serve beverage, syrup and concentrate from tamarind.
Year 2003
Source title Journal of Food Science and Technology (Mysore)
Abstract
Fully matured tamarind fruits were obtained from the local market in Rahuri, Maharashtra, India.
The juice and pulp extracted from the fruits were used to produce ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage,
syrup and tamarind juice concentrate. The products were stored at ambient (33.8+or-7.4 degrees C,
RH 74.2+or-23.8%) and low (7+or-2 degrees C, RH 90-95%) temperatures for 180 days. The
changes in chemical composition and overall acceptability scores of the products during storage
were analysed. Results showed that TSS, titratable acidity and total sugar content of RTS beverages
stored at both temperatures increased, whereas ascorbic acid content decreased. A gradual increase
in TSS, titratable acidity and total sugars, as well as a slight decrease in ascorbic acid content were
observed for syrups stored at both temperatures. The rate of increase or decrease, however, was
higher in syrup stored at ambient conditions. A gradual increase in TSS was observed in the juice
concentrates stored at both temperatures. Titratable acidity and total sugar content also increased,
while ascorbic acid content decreased. The overall acceptability scores for the 3 types of products
decreased during storage. The RTS beverage and juice concentrate stored at ambient conditions
obtained lower scores compared to those stored at low temperature. Syrups stored at both ambient
and low temperatures remained acceptable for 180 days.
Author P. M. Kotecha and S. S. Kadam

Title Studies on browning in tamarind pulp during storage.
Year 2003
Reference 40(4): 398-399
Abstract
During the storage of tamarind pulp, the polyphenol oxidase [catechol oxidase] and catalase
activities increased up to 120 days and decreased slightly thereafter at 180 days of storage while,
peroxidase activity and non-enzymatic browning increased progressively throughout the storage
p e r i o d o f 1 8 0 d a y s .
Author Picout, D. R., S. B. Ross-Murphy, N. Errington and S. E. Harding
Title Pressure cell assisted solubilization of xyloglucans: Tamarind seed polysaccharide
Year 2003
Source title Biomacromolecules
Reference 4(3): 799-807
Abstract
-
Author R. K. Srivastava
Title Mortality rate and regeneration status in different age groups of Santalum album u
Year 2003
Source title Indian Forester
Reference 129(8): 999-1008
Abstract
A study was conducted during 1999-2000 in Topper Plateau in Eastern Ghats, India, to investigate
the mortality rate and regeneration status in different age groups (1-3 months, 3-6 months, 6 months-
1 year, 1-2 years, 2-3 years, 3-4 years, and 4-5 years) of Santalum album under different host trees:
Albizia amara, Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica. The maximum mortality of 86.68% was
recorded in 1-3 months age group, while minimum of 7.70% in 3-4 years. The mortality rate
gradually decreased with the increase in age of plants and zero percent mortality was observed in 4-5
years of seedlings. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium in the soil of the study area
r a n g e d b e t we e n 0 . 1 0 1 t o 0 . 2 9 1 % , 0 . 5 5 t o 0 . 6 0 % a n d 0 . 0 7 t o 0 . 1 4 5 % , r e s p e c t i ve l y.
Author S. Muhammad and N. A. Amusa
Title Effects of sulphuric acid and hot water treatments on seed germination of tamarin
Year 2003
Source title African Journal of Biotechnology
Reference 2(9): 276-279
Abstract
A study was carried out to investigate the effects of sulphuric acid and hot water treatments on the
germination of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L). Seeds were placed on moistened filter papers in 28
cm diameter Petri dishes under laboratory condition for germination. 330 seeds of T. indica (10
seeds per Petri dish) with three replicates each were used. The highest germination was recorded in
seeds treated with 50 per cent sulphuric acid concentration with 60 min soaking period. Germination
was observed to be enhanced by increase in the sulphuric acid concentration, water temperature, and
soaking period in all the trials, except with absolute sulphuric acid where poor response was
observed. Results of this study may serve as useful information in the production and improvement
of the tree species, as knowledge on seed germination requirements is a critical factor in seedlings
p r o d u c t i o n .
Author S. R. Ganihar
Title Nutrient mineralization and leaf litter preference by the earthworm Pontoscolex c
Year 2003
Source title Restoration Ecology
Reference 11(4): 475-482
Abstract
The effects of the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Muller) on the rate of mineralization of cattle
dung-amended iron (Fe2+) ore mine wastes and its preference for partially decomposed leaf litter
with contrasting chemical composition were studied in pot trials. The growth and survival rates of
earthworms showed significant positive correlations with percent of organic matter. During 96 days
of exposure, the earthworms significantly increased exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, PO43- and NH4-N.
Iron ore mine wastes amended with 5-10% organic matter supported earthworm fauna better than
mine wastes amended with 0-3% organic matter. The leaf litter preference shown by the earthworm
was, in descending order, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Tamarindus indica, Anacardium occidentale,
Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia auriculiformis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A significant positive
correlation was observed between the survival and growth rates of earthworms and the nutrient
contents of partially decomposed leaf litter. The first three plant species were significantly richer in
nutrients, mainly organic carbon, calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, than the other two plant
species. Acacia auriculiformis and E. camaldulensis litter were preferred less because of their high
lignin and polyphenolic compounds, despite being rich in other macronutrients like nitrogen and
phosphorus. It is concluded that the introduction of P. corethrurus to cattle dung-amended (5-10%)
iron ore mine wastes or revegetation of the sites with P. reticulatus, T. indica, and A. occidentale
plant species should be attempted before earthworm introduction. The litter from these species acts
as a source of food for earthworms, thereby hastening the process of restoration of abandoned iron
o r e m i n e s o f G o a , I n d i a .
Author S. S. Parvez, M. M. Parvez, E. Nishihara, H. Gemma and Y. Fujii
Title Tamarindus indica L. leaf is a source of allelopathic substance.
Year 2003
Reference 40(2): 107-115
Abstract
The allelopathic potential of the Tamarindus indica L. leaf was investigated through bioassay guided
studies using several weed and edible crop species. Both radicle and hypocotyl growth of all the
plant species tested was strongly inhibited by the tamarind leaf using a sandwich method. The
growth of weed species was reduced more than that of edible crop species. Among the weed species,
barnyard grass followed by white clover, and in the edible crop species, lettuce followed by radish
ranked top in terms of growth inhibition. Different concentrations of tamarind leaf crude water-
soluble extract exhibited a strong inhibition in all the plant species tested and, by contrast, the
magnitude of inhibition in the weed species was higher than in edible crop species and ranged from
30-75%. The 10% concentration of the tamarind leaf crude water-soluble extract was most potent
against growth of seedlings. The concentrations of the nutrient components were linearly correlated
with an increase in the concentration of tamarind leaf crude water-soluble extract. No significant
changes in either pH or EC were found in the variations of different concentrations of tamarind leaf
crude water-soluble extracts. As compared to control, growth of both radicle and hypocotyl in weed
(barnyard grass and white clover) and in edible crop (lettuce and radish) species were significantly
reduced when blended tamarind leaves at different concentrations were incorporated into the growth
medium. The inhibitory magnitude increased with an increase in the concentration of the tamarind
leaf. In terms of growth inhibition, among these tested plants, weed species particularly barnyard
grass were most sensitive to the allelochemicals exuded from blended tamarind leaves. When the
blended tamarind leaves were removed from the growth medium, all the seedlings grew quickly and
the percentage of recovery was between 76-97% of the corresponding controls. Reduction in the
fresh and dry weight of these 4 plant species was observed under the experimental conditions, and
ranged between 33-42% and 40-53% in the radicle and hypocotyl, respectively. The fresh and dry
weight, and total chlorophyll content declined significantly in the incorporated tamarind leaf
treatments. Compared to the control, the highest drop in the chlorophyll content of 60% in barnyard
grass was observed with the 10% concentration of the leaf treatment. These results clearly indicate
that the tamarind leaf contains one or more strong biologically active allelochemical(s) that function
as true growth regulator(s) and is involved in plant growth regulation, particularly in weed species.
Title Allelopathic competence of Tamarindus indica L. root involved in plant growth re
Year 2003
Reference 41(2): 139-148
Abstract
The allelopathic competence of tamarind root was evaluated using several weed and edible crop
species under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Bio-assay guided studies using agar and
soil medium revealed that the growth of both radicle and hypocotyl were strongly inhibited under
both conditions. Accelerated root exudation observed with an increase in the age of tamarind
seedlings caused a high magnitude of growth inhibition of the plant species tested by the plant-box
method. Tamarind seedlings at 21-DAG (days after germination) exerted the strongest inhibitory
effect (85.0-95.1%) on the growth of the plant species tested. Root dry weight of tamarind seedlings
in the plant-box method experiment was highly correlated (R2 values more than 0.92) with the
percentage of growth inhibition. The growth of species grown in the soil under the tamarind tree was
inhibited by 85.3-97.1% in the greenhouse. The percentage of growth inhibition declined by 18.4-
22.0% (as compared to the natural soil condition) when autoclaved soil of the same trees was used
for bio-assay of plant species by the soil-agar sandwich method. This indicates that ca. a 20%
increase in response was associated with the allelopathic activity of tamarind root exuded into the
natural soil and was due to the effects of soil microbes and soil texture. In terms of growth inhibition
of the plant species tested, the root zone soil of the tamarind tree showed stronger inhibitory effects
(80.1-94.2%) than the rhizosphere soil, as determined by the soil-agar sandwich method. In all cases,
growth inhibition especially in the radicle was higher in the weed species than the edible crop
species. Our observations clearly indicate that tamarind root exudate has allelochemical competence
and this contributes to a weed free environment around the tamarind tree.
Title Analysis of chemical components and oxygen radical absorbance capacity of Tam
Year 2003
Source title Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture
Reference 47(4): 243-249
Abstract
A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of ripened tamarind fruits
collected from 5 different countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand) in South-
East Asia. Physiological development of tamarind fruit, proximate chemical composition, total sugar
content, mineral components, antioxidant activity and phenolics of ripened fruit pulp were analysed.
Moisture content of the ripened fruits was ca 20%. Proximate composition, energy value, sugar
content and mineral components were expressed as 100 g DW-1 (dry weight) of the tamarind fruit
pulp. The amounts of crude protein, crude lipids, crude fibers, ash and total crude carbohydrates
were 8.5 to 9.1, 2.7 to 3.1, 2.8 to 3.4, 2.9 to 3.3 and 82.1 to 82.6 g, respectively. The energy values
ranged from 1539 to 1581 KJ and the total sugar content varied between 46.5 and 58.7 g. Among the
analysed mineral components, the amounts of Mg (25.6 to 30.2 mg) and Na (23.8 to 28.9 mg) were
found to be highest, while the lowest amounts were recorded for Cu (0.8 to 1.2 mg) and Zn (0.8 to
0.9 mg). The values for the antioxidant activity expressed by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity
(ORAC) and the total phenolic content (TPC) in the tamarind fruit pulp tested ranged from 59.1 to
66.3 micro mol of Trolox equivalent (TE) g DW-1 and 626.6 to 664.0 mg of gallic acid equivalent
(GAE) 100 g DW-1, respectively. Strong positive correlations (>0.99 at the 1% level of probability)
between ORAC and TPC were observed, suggesting that the increased antioxidant activity (hereafter
referred as "antioxidant capacity") due to high phenolics in tamarind fruit could provide protection
against certain human degenerative conditions associated with oxygen free radical damage. Our
study is the first attempt to measure ORAC and TPC, and to examine their relationship in ripened
tamarind fruits collected from 5 different countries in South-East Asia. Finally, it appeared that
tamarind fruit contains a biologically important source of mineral elements, shows a high antioxidant
capacity and high levels of phenolics. Tamarind fruit or food-products from tamarind fruit pulp may
act as functional foods, the consumption of which is associated with specific beneficial effects on
h u m a n h e a l t h .
Author S. Thiyageshwari, S. U. Kanna and M. G. Dasthagir
Title Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and nutrient content of Tamar
Year 2003
Source title Journal of Ecobiology
Reference 15(3): 175-180
Abstract
A nursery experiment was conducted in a non-calcareous red soil (Typic Ustropept) for six months
to assess the effect of fertilizers on the biometrics and foliar concentrations of nutrients (total
nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) of Tamarindus indica seedlings. The root length,
shoot length and dry weight of the seedlings were recorded at 2-month intervals. Nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium were applied as urea, Single superphosphate (SSP) and muriate of potash
(MOP), respectively. Among the treatments, 0.6 g urea, 2 g single superphosphate and 0.6 g of
muriate of potash with 5 g of compost and 0.5 g of phosphobacteria recorded a significant increase
in shoot length (48.47 cm), root length (39.23 cm) and dry weight (11.24 g). The plant samples also
recorded maximum content of N (1.21%), P (0.54%) and K (1.70%) for the same treatment which
was significantly higher over the control. The results revealed the need for fertilization during the
nursery stage to produce healthy stock for better afforestation programme.
Author T. Neetu and A. Bohra

Title In vitro study of antifungal activity of Tamarindus indica against Aspergillus flavu
Year 2003
Source title Advances in arid legumes research
Reference A. Henry, D. Kumar and N. B. Singh. Jodhpur, India, Scientific Publishers (India)
Abstract
The crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts (at 7, 8 and 9 ml/plate) of leaves, stems, fruit pulp, seeds
and bark of T. indica were found toxic against A. flavus and F. oxysporum in vitro. F. oxysporum
was completely inhibited by the ethanolic extracts of pulp and leaves at 8 ml/plate, whereas A.
flavus by the ethanolic extract of leaves at 9 ml/plate. The stem and bark extracts were less effective.
Chemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids and triterpenoids in each plant parts, and the
absence of flavonoids in pulp and bark and phenols in bark.
Author V. Sathishkumar and A. N. Mokashi
Title Evaluation of tamarind provenances for their growth and development and graft s
Year 2003
Reference 51(1/6): 254-258
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in Dharwad, Karnataka, India, to evaluate the different tamarind
provenances as rootstock source for their growth and development, and graft success. The
provenances were Bailhongal-Hosur (P1), Bailhongal-Murgod (P2), Mudhol (P3), Dharwad (P4),
Murgod-Yergatti (P5), Garag-Dharwad (P6), Bailhongal-Bagevadi (P7) and Tadas (P8). Data were
recorded for percent germination, time taken for 50% germination and vigour of the provenances and
their graft success. The highest germination percentage was recorded in P8 (93.50) while the highest
50% germination was observed in P3 (20 days). P7 gave the highest girth at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and
180 days after grafting. Comparative data on the effect of different provenances as rootstocks on the
p e r c e n t a g e o f g r a f t s u c c e s s a r e t a b u l a t e d .
Author Y. Fujii, S. S. Parvez, M. M. Parvez, Y. Ohmae and O. Iida

Title Screening of 239 medicinal plant species for allelopathic activity using the sandwi
Year 2003
Source title Weed Biology and Management
Reference 3(4): 233-241
Abstract
Some 239 medicinal plants were evaluated for allelopathic activity on lettuce cv. Great Lakes using
the sandwich method. Dried leaves (10 or 50 mg) were placed in a multidish plate. Two layers of
agar (5 ml each) were poured over the dried leaves. Lettuce seeds were vertically placed on the
multidish plate, which was then incubated in the dark for 3 days at 25 degrees C. Based on the effect
of leaf leachate, 223 species were inhibitory whereas 17 species were promotive of radicle growth in
lettuce. Radicle growth inhibition of >80, 60-79, 40-59, 20-39, and 0.30-19.0% was attributed to 19,
16, 43, 72 and 73 species, respectively. Artabotrys odoratissimus [A. hexapetalus] was the most
inhibitory of lettuce growth. Strong inhibitory activity was also recorded for Annona cherimola,
Dialium guianense, Tamarindus indica, Emblica pectinata, Hevea brasiliensis, Garcinia oblongifolia,
Elaeocarpus serratus, Schleichera oleosa, Paeonia lactiflora and Sandoricum koetjape.
Author A. L. Khandare, G. S. Rao and N. Lakshmaiah
Title Effect of tamarind ingestion on fluoride excretion in humans.
Year 2002
Source title European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indicus) ingestion on excretion of
fluoride in school children. Design: Randomized, diet-control study. Subject: Twenty healthy boys
were included and 18 of them completed the study. Interventions: Each subject consumed 10 g
tamarind daily with lunch for 18 days at the social welfare boys' hostel in Andhra Pradesh, India.
The nutrient composition of the daily diet was constant throughout the experimental period. Results:
Tamarind intake led to significant increase (P<0.001) in the excretion of fluoride in 24 h urine
(4.8+or-0.22 mg/day) as compared to excretion on control diet (3.5+or-0.22 mg/day). However,
excretion of magnesium and zinc decreased significantly (7.11+or-1.48 mg of Mg and 252.88+or-
12.84 micro g of Zn per day on tamarind diet as compared to 23.39+or-3.68 mg of Mg and
331.78+or-35.31 micro g Zn per day on control diet). Excretion of calcium and phosphorous were
not significantly different while creatinine excretion decreased with tamarind intake (225.66+or-81
mg creatinine/day with tamarind and 294.5+or-78.76 mg creatinine/day without tamarind).
Conclusion: Tamarind intake is likely to help in delaying progression of fluorosis by enhancing
u r i n a r y e x c r e t i o n o f f l u o r i d e .
Author B. Bibitha, V. K. Jisha, C. V. Salitha, S. Mohan and A. K. Valsa

Title Antibacterial activity of different plant extracts.
Year 2002
Source title Indian Journal of Microbiology
Reference 42(4): 361-363
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of extracts from 58 plants was tested against Salmonella typhi, Salmonella
paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis,
Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. Fifteen plants were found to possess antibacterial activity, of
which 9 showed a broad-spectrum activity in the disc diffusion method. Both crude and acetone
extracts of Punica granatum, Tamarindus indica, Garcinia gummygutta [G. gummi-gutta], Averrhoa
carambola and Spondias pinnata were active against all test organisms. The crude extract was found
t o b e m o r e a c t i v e t h a n t h e a c e t o n e e x t r a c t .
Author B. L. Punjani and V. Kumar
Title Folk medicinal plants used for skin disorders in the tribal pockets of Sabarkantha
Year 2002
Source title Journal of Natural Remedies
Abstract
To determine the medicinal plants used in the treatment of skin diseases in Sabarkantha district,
Gujarat, India, a survey was conducted during 1997-2000. Data were collected by interviewing more
than 200 informants, preferably tribal practitioners who have knowledge on therapeutic value of wild
plants in the treatment of different diseases. Twenty-nine species of 27 genera and 23 families of
angiosperms are reported, along with plant parts used. Included in the list were Acacia chundra,
Azadirachta indica, Aristolochia indica, Ficus hispida, F. racemosa, Tamarindus indica,
T r i c h o s a n t h e s b r a c t e a t a a n d V i t e x n e g u n d o .
Author D. N. Halle, J. S. Awaknavar and Somashekhar

Title Biology of tamarind beetle Caryedon serratus (Olivier) on groundnut and other ho
Year 2002
Source title Insect Environment
Abstract
The comparative biology of tamarind beetle Caryedon serratus was studied on groundnut, tamarind,
Acacia farnesiana, Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Bauhinia
rufescens and Cassia tora in the laboratory. The shortest incubation period of 9.12 days was recorded
on tamarind by Acacia farnesiana (9.23), groundnut (9.58 days), B. rufescens (9.67 days), Prosopis
juliflora (9.78 days), Acacia nilotica (9.88 days), and Pongamia pinnata (110.61 days). The longest
incubation period was recorded on Albizia lebbeck (110.83 days). The highest number of eggs per 5
pairs (98) was recorded on tamarind pods, followed by Acacia nilotica (87.6), while eggs were not
recorded on Cassia tora seeds. Groundnut, Acacia farnesiana, Prosopis juliflora, B. rufescens,
Albizia lebbeck and Pongamia pinnata recorded 87.6, 72.3, 59.6, 37.6, 35.3 and 24.0 eggs,
respectively. Grub development was fastest (37.72 days) on tamarind followed by groundnut (42.62
days), Acacia farnesiana (43.49 days), Acacia nilotica (43.67 days) and Prosopis juliflora (46.92
days). However, the development was prolonged (47.69 days) on B. rufescens. Larval development
was not observed on Albizia lebbeck and Pongamia pinnata. The pupal period was rapid (23.67
days) on tamarind, followed by groundnut (27.16 days), Acacia farnesiana (28.84 days), Acacia
nilotica (30.39 days), Prosopis juliflora (132.63 days). It was prolonged and was longest (34.27
days) on B. rufescens. The total development period was shortest in tamarind with 0.51 days and
longest on B. rufescens with 91.63 days. The total developmental period took 81.56 days on Acacia
farnesiana, 83.94 days on Acacia nilotica and 89.33 days on Prosopis juliflora.
Author H. T. Channal, M. B. Kurdikeri, C. S. Hunshal, P. A. Sarangamath and S. A. Patil
Title Allelopathic influence of tree leaf extracts on greengram and pigeonpea.
Year 2002
Source title Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Reference 15(2): 375-378
Abstract
Fresh leaves of seven tree species Syzygium cumini, Acacia arabica [Acacia nilotica], Tamarindus
indica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tectona grandis, Samanea saman and Azadirachta indica were
collected and 5 and 10% concentrations of aqueous solutions were prepared. Extracts were tested for
their effects on green gram and pigeon pea. Irrespective of the concentrations in green gram, the
percent germination was reduced due to T. grandis (87.25%) and E. tereticornis (90.12%) over the
control (91.75%), while it increased with treatment from other tree extracts and was highest
(96.75%) with A. indica, followed by A. arabica (95.86%) and T. indica (94.87%). Seedling length
decreased compared to the control when treated with extracts of all tree species except S. cumini, S.
saman and A. indica. The same trend was observed in terms of vigour index. Seedling dry matter
was not reduced by any leaf extract. Leaf extract concentration had no significant effect on
germination, seedling length and dry matter except vigour index. At 10 compared to 5%, irrespective
of leaf extract and concentration, a significant effect on percent germination and vigour index was
observed. Germination and vigour index were higher with 5% than 10% extract concentrations. In
pigeon pea, none of the leaf extracts showed beneficial effects on germination, but seedling length,
vigour index and seedling dry matter were increased by A. arabica, T. indica, E. tereticornis, S.
saman and A. indica. The leaf extract concentration showed significant effects only on germination
and vigour index. Leaf extract at 10% inhibited germination and vigour index. Generally, lower
concentration (5%) of all tree leaf extracts enhanced germination, seedling length (except S. cumini,
A. arabica and T. indica), vigour index (except S. cumini, T. indica, S. saman and A. indica) and
s e e d l i n g d r y m a t t e r ( e x c e p t S . s a m a n ) .
Author H. T. Channal, M. B. Kurdikeri, C. S. Hunshal, P. A. Sarangamath, S. A. Patil and
Title Allelopathic effect of some tree species on sunflower and soybean.
Year 2002
Reference 15(2): 279-283
Abstract
Studies on the allelopathic effect of seven tree leaf extracts, viz. Syzygium cumini, Acacia arabica
[Acacia nilotica], Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tamarindus indica, Samanea saman and
Azadirachta indica each at 5 and 10% concentration on sunflower and soyabean indicated that
germination of sunflower was increased by Tectona grandis, Tamarindus indica and Samanea saman
each at 5 and 10% concentration, while it was suppressed by E. tereticornis and Acacia arabica.
Soyabean germination was increased by Acacia arabica, Tectona grandis, Samanea saman and
Azadirachta indica at both concentrations, while it was decreased by Tamarindus indica. Similarly,
seedling length, vigour index and seedling dry matter were also influenced by tree leaf extracts at
different concentrations. The seedling length of sunflower was significantly increased by Syzygium
cumini, Azadirachta indica, Acacia arabica and Samanea saman, while that of soyabean was
increased by all tree leaf extracts, though the effect was not that significant compared to sunflower.
Almost all the leaf extracts enhanced vigour index in sunflower, while only Tectona grandis, Acacia
arabica and Azadirachta indica increased the vigour index in soyabean. The seedling dry matter was
markedly decreased by Acacia arabica, E. tereticornis, Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica in
sunflower, while all leaf extracts except E. tereticornis decreased the seedling dry matter of
s o y a b e a n .
Author I. Cannayane and G. Rajendran
Title Allelochemic action of certain plant extracts on eggs and juveniles of Meloidogyn
Year 2002
Source title Current Nematology
Reference 13(1/2): 83-89
Abstract
Ten plant species, i.e. Abrus precatorius (seed), Annona squamosa (leaf), Bauhinia scandens (leaf),
Carica papaya (leaf), Eucalyptus globulus (leaf), Phyllanthus niruri (leaf), Tagetes erecta (root),
Tamarindus indica (seed), Thuja orientalis (leaf) and Vitex negundo (leaf), were evaluated for their
nematotoxic effect on egg hatching and second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita (race 3)
under laboratory conditions. The extracts were prepared in 80% ethanol and tested at 4 different
concentrations (20, 40, 60 and 80%) at 3 time intervals (3, 6 and 9 days for the inhibition of egg
hatching and 12, 24 and 36 h for juvenile mortality). The extracts of Annona squamosa, Tagetes
erecta and B. scandens exhibited a higher degree of nematicidal effect by inhibiting egg hatching and
juvenile mortality of M. incognita. The study markedly revealed a linear relationship between the
concentration of the plant extract and the number of eggs hatched. Mortality of juveniles was
directly proportional to the concentration of plant extracts and period of exposure. Additionally,
significant differences were also observed between the different interactions, i.e. treatment x
concentration, treatment x days and concentration x days.
Author I. MacDonald, A. C. Omonhinmin and I. A. Ogboghodo

Title Germination ecology of two savanna tree species, Tamarindus indica and Prosopis
Year 2002
Source title Seed Technology
Reference 24(1): 103-107
Abstract
Various methods of seed scarification including concentrated sulfuric acid, alcohol; methanol,
ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and hot water (100 degrees C), were applied on seeds of Tamarindus
indica and Prosopis africana, to improve germination and assess seed vigour. The highest
germination and germination energy (GE) for T. indica occurred following pretreatment in methanol
for 10 minutes (70% germination; 42, GE), while better response was obtained for P. africana
following pretreatment in ethanol for 10 minutes (58% germination; 38, GE), and Conc. H2SO4, for
5 m i n u t e s ( 6 0 % g e r m i n a t i o n ; 3 8 , G E ) .
Author J. A. Pino, J. C. Escalona, I. Licea, R. Perez and J. Aguero
Title Leaf oil of Tamarindus indica L.
Year 2002
Reference 14(3): 187-188
Abstract
The chemical composition of the leaf oil of Tamarindus indica was studied by GC/MS. Thirteen
components were identified, of which limonene (24.4%) and benzyl benzoate (40.6%) were most
p r e d o m i n a n t .
Author J. O. Akaninwor and S. N. Arachie

Title Nutritive values of fruits and seeds usually eaten raw in Nigeria.
Year 2002
Source title Journal of Applied Science & Environmental Management
Abstract
The nutritive values of some fruits and seeds usually eaten raw in Nigeria have been studied. These
include avocado pear (Persea americana), pawpaw (Garcine papaya), banana (Musa sapientum [M.
paradisiaca]), coconut (Cosos nucifera), bitter kola (Garcine kola), black tamarind (Dalilium
guineensis), mango (Mangifera indica) and garden egg (Solanum melongena). The fruits showed
appreciable amounts of moisture; pawpaw (80.24+or-4.20%), garden egg (73.46+or-3.15%), banana
(68.84+or-3.14%) and avocado pear (66.36+or-3.20) in decreasing content. Only avocado and
coconut had high fat content with values of 30.27+or-1.20% and 18.05+or-2.50% respectively on a
dry weight basis. The protein content of all the fruits and seeds were not high; the highest value of
3.00+or-0.21% was obtained for coconut. Appreciable amounts of calcium and vitamins C (13.80+or-
210% and 7.19+or-0.14%) respectively have been obtained from fruit some of the seeds. The
carbohydrate content (expressed as glucose) of the fruits and seeds also gave values ranging from
2.97+or-0.02% to 4.00+or-0.10%. The results show that thee fruits and seeds eaten raw are good
sources of essential nutrients particularly Vitamin C which is destroyed by high temperature during
p r e p a r a t i o n .
Author K. Ilango and C. Vijayalakshmi
Title Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on pod set and retention in Tamarind (T
Year 2002
Source title Myforest
Reference 38(2): 133-137
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of foliar spray of cycocel (1500 ppm),
Ethrel (500 ppm), Triacontanol (20 ml tree-1), IBA (150 ppm), planofix (100 ppm), Micronutrient
mixture (0.5%), ZnSO4 (0.5%)+Boric acid (0.3%)+FeSO4 (0.5%) and Urea (1.5%) on flowering,
pod set and retention of Tamarind during 1999-2000 under black cotton soils at Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. All the treatments with growth regulators and
chemicals exhibited significant effects on flowering, pod set and retention. Treatment with foliar
feeding urea resulted in maximum number of flowering (75.66) and cycocel resulted in maximum
pod set (32.27%) and retention (54.66%) per unit area. Number of flowers and pod set was
significantly influenced by levels of canopy but not pod retention.
Author K. Ilango and C. Vijayalakshmi

Title Effect of some growth regulators and chemicals on yield and quality attributes in
Year 2002
Source title Orissa Journal of Horticulture
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of foliar spray of growth regulators
and chemicals such as Cycocel [chlormequat] (1500 ppm), Ethrel [ethephon] (500 ppm)
Triacontanol (20 ml tree-1), IBA (150 ppm), Planofix [NAA] (100 ppm), micronutrient mixture
(0.5%), ZnSO4 (0.5%)+boric acid (0.3%)+FeSO4 (0.5%) and urea (1.5%) on yield and quality of
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pods during 1998-2000 at Idyarpalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India. All the treatments with growth regulators and chemicals exhibited significant effects on yield
and quality attributes. Treatment with triacontanol 20 ml tree-1 resulted in maximum pod yield (8.33
kg tree-1). The pod characteristics such as pod weight (23.34 g), pod width (2.90 cm), pod length
(15.10 cm) and pulp content (10.83 g) were enhanced by Cycocel at 1500 ppm. The foliar spray
Urea at 1.5% enhanced the total acidity as percent of tartaric acid, protein and carbohydrate content
and where as triacontanol at 20 ml tree-1 increased the ascorbic acid content, total sugars and total
s o l u b l e s o l i d s .
Author K. Murugesan, K. Perumal and P. T. Kalaichelvan
Title Trichoderma viride paralyses lignolytic ability of a white rot fungus Ganoderma l
Year 2002
Source title Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology
Reference 32(2): 225-230
Abstract
A strain of Trichoderma viride isolated from basidiocarp of Ganoderma lucidum (collected from
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India), a root rot pathogen of Tamarindus indica, was tested for its
antagonistic activity against G. lucidum. The basal stem rot of T. indica caused by G. lucidum was
associated with the production of lignolytic enzymes, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase,
laccase, cellulase, xylanase etc. The different carbon sources such as sawdust, extracted lignin, and
glucose used in mono and dual culture media allowed the fungi to show an increased activity of
lignolytic enzyme, such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase. Indeed, in the dual
cultures of T. viride and G. lucidum a significant decrease in lignolytic enzyme activity was
observed whereas increased activity of mycolytic enzymes such as chitinase and proteinase was
observed. In vivo studies on the infected host tissue, the pathogenic fungus produced the highest
activity of lignin peroxidase and laccase. The introduction of antagonistic fungus T. viride on the
infected tissue of T. indica significantly reduced the activities of lignocellulolytic enzymes and the
g r o w t h o f t h e p a t h o g e n i c f u n g u s .
Author K. S. Rao and A. Sampathrajan

Title Thermal response of selected dryland woody biomass under gasification.
Year 2002
Source title Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development
Abstract
The results on gasification of Acacia nilotica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus hybrid
[Eucalyptus tereticornis] and Tamarindus indica are discussed in this paper. The parameters like
variation of temperatures at different zones of the gasifier reactor, different gas flow rates and
reactor performance were analysed and the results are discussed with respect to the effectiveness of
gasification. The temperature profile with in the reactor was monitored at gas flow rates of 28.80 to
30.96 Nm3/h. The results showed that as the gas flow rate increased the grate temperature increased.
As the flow rate was reduced, maximum temperature was maintained at the mid point of the reactor.
The reduction zone having a temperature of 500-900 degrees C, controlled the quality of the
producer gas. The gas efficiency and thermal efficiency were found to vary between 59.0 to 94.60%
and 6.6 to 11.66% respectively at different gas flow rates. The flame temperature at burner outlet
varied from 550 degrees C to 833 degrees C at different gas flow rates for different species.
Author Lale, N. E. S. and Y. T. Maina
Title Evaluation of host resistance, solar heat and insecticidal essential oils for the man
Year 2002
Source title Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Reference 109(4): 410-420
Abstract
The prospect of utilizing possible resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars (Jato, Yar
Dakar, Yar Damboa, Kampala) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) accessions (TAs, TA I, TA II, TA
III, TA IV, TA V), solar heat and insecticidal essential oils obtained from clove, Syzygium
aromaticum, West African black pepper (WABP), Piper guineense, and ginger, Zingiber officinale,
for the management of C. serratus was evaluated under tropical storage conditions. In groundnut
cultivars, C. serratus laid considerably fewer eggs on 'Jato' seeds than on 'Yar Dakar' or 'Yar
Damboa' seeds and fewer adult progeny developed in 'Jato' than in 'Yar Dakar' or 'Yar Damboa'
seeds. Also, development from egg to adult was significantly longer in Jato than in Yar Dakar or Yar
Damboa. Significantly fewer C. serratus adult progeny developed in TA V than in TA II or TA IV.
Solar heating had no significant effect on the number of adult progeny that developed in groundnut
seeds harbouring 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th larval instars. In contrast, significantly fewer adult progeny
developed in seeds harbouring larvae exposed to solar heat for 4 or 6 h than in seeds exposed for 1
or 2 h or in seeds that were not exposed to solar heat and no adult progeny developed in seeds
harbouring 4th instar larvae exposed for 6 h. Similarly, significantly fewer C. serratus adult progeny
developed in tamarind pods exposed for 6 h than in pods exposed for 1 or 2 h or in pods that were
not exposed. Treating groundnut seeds with the essential oils obtained from clove, WABP and
ginger reduced egg laying in C. serratus by 69.6%, 73.9% and 4.3% in 'Jato'; 51.2%, 19.5% and
45.0% in 'Yar Dakar'; and by 25.0%, 10.0% and 45.0% in 'Yar Damboa', respectively. Significantly
fewer eggs were laid on groundnut seeds treated with clove oil than on untreated seeds. Application
of clove oil significantly suppressed development of adult progeny in groundnut seeds. Significantly
fewer C. serratus adult progeny, on average, developed in tamarind pods protected with clove than in
those protected with WABP or ginger oil or in unprotected pods
Author M. F. A. Maliro and M. B. Kwapata
Title Impact of deforestation on diversity of wild and semi-wild edible fruit tree species
Year 2002
Source title Discovery and Innovation
Reference Special Edition(98-105
Abstract
Impact of deforestation on diversity of wild and semi-wild edible fruit tree species in Mulanje and
Mangochi districts of Southern Malawi was assessed. In each district, two sites designated as
'forested' and 'deforested' were selected where the former were government protected forest reserves,
while the later were communal land covering grazing lands, graveyards and open areas of crop
fields. Data was collected on historical background of vegetation of the areas, changes on the
vegetation, species of wild and semi-wild edible fruit trees, ecology, availability, nutritional and
economic importance through group interviews with local communities and by conducting an
inventory of the fruit tree species by sampling transects across each site. Analysis using t-test
showed that forested sites had significantly higher Species Richness (S) and Abundance (N) of wild
and semi-wild fruit trees than deforested sites. On the other hand deforested sites had significantly
higher Shannon Indices of diversity (H) and Evenness (E) than forested sites. Mulanje sites had
generally higher S, H and E than Mangochi sites. Uapaca kirkiana was the most abundant species in
forested sites of both districts, while Anona senegalensis, Azanza garkeana and Zizyphus mauritiana
were the commonest in deforested sites. Despite the fruits' nutritional and economic importance no
efforts have been made by the local communities to domesticate them. Lack of proper propagation
techniques was a major problem to domestication of these fruit tree species. Fruit species like
Tamarindus indica which were once common are now rare due to deforestation.
Author M. Idu, J. U. Ijomah and A. C. Omonhinmin

Title Histomorphology of the tracheary elements of some Fabaceae hardwood.
Year 2002
Reference 14(1/2): 46-50
Abstract
Histomorphological investigations were carried out on Tamarindus indica, Daniellia oliveri, Afzelia
africana, Piliostigma reticulatum and Detarium microcarpum. The parameters investigated include
variations in their density, vessel, fibre, ray, parenchyma and tracheid. Based on their density, the
economic potential of the timber are suggested. Fibre/vessel ratios are used for accessing the degree
o f s p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i e s s t u d i e d .
Author Marathe, R. M., U. S. Annapure, R. S. Singhal and P. R. Kulkarni
Title Gelling behaviour of polyose from tamarind kernel polysaccharide
Year 2002
Source title Food Hydrocolloids
Reference 16(5): 423-426
Abstract
Polyose was isolated from tamarind kernel powder (TKP) in 50% yield by alcohol extraction of an
acidified boiled aqueous extract, which was subsequently dried and pulverised. The gelling
behaviour of polyose vis-a-vis pectin, and its blends with pectin was studied in a 65 degrees Brix
sucrose solute as a function of pH and concentration. One percent pectin gave a good firm gel, while
80:20 and 60:40 blends of pectin/polyose gave a firm gel at 1.5 and 2.0%, respectively. A 40:60,
20:80 and 0:100 blend of pectin/polyose gave a good set at 2.0%, beyond which the jellies were hard
and difficult to chew. From the values of gel strength, 2% polyose from TKP was found to
adequately substitute 1% pectin in ready-to-eat jelly formulations.
Author N. E. S. Lale and Y. T. Maina
Title Evaluation of host resistance, solar heat and insecticidal essential oils for the man
Year 2002
Source title Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Reference 109(4): 410-420
Abstract
The prospect of utilizing possible resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars (Jato, Yar
Dakar, Yar Damboa, Kampala) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) accessions (TAs, TA I, TA II, TA
III, TA IV, TA V), solar heat and insecticidal essential oils obtained from clove, Syzygium
aromaticum, West African black pepper (WABP), Piper guineense, and ginger, Zingiber officinale,
for the management of C. serratus was evaluated under tropical storage conditions. In groundnut
cultivars, C. serratus laid considerably fewer eggs on 'Jato' seeds than on 'Yar Dakar' or 'Yar
Damboa' seeds and fewer adult progeny developed in 'Jato' than in 'Yar Dakar' or 'Yar Damboa'
seeds. Also, development from egg to adult was significantly longer in Jato than in Yar Dakar or Yar
Damboa. Significantly fewer C. serratus adult progeny developed in TA V than in TA II or TA IV.
Solar heating had no significant effect on the number of adult progeny that developed in groundnut
seeds harbouring 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th larval instars. In contrast, significantly fewer adult progeny
developed in seeds harbouring larvae exposed to solar heat for 4 or 6 h than in seeds exposed for 1
or 2 h or in seeds that were not exposed to solar heat and no adult progeny developed in seeds
harbouring 4th instar larvae exposed for 6 h. Similarly, significantly fewer C. serratus adult progeny
developed in tamarind pods exposed for 6 h than in pods exposed for 1 or 2 h or in pods that were
not exposed. Treating groundnut seeds with the essential oils obtained from clove, WABP and
ginger reduced egg laying in C. serratus by 69.6%, 73.9% and 4.3% in 'Jato'; 51.2%, 19.5% and
45.0% in 'Yar Dakar'; and by 25.0%, 10.0% and 45.0% in 'Yar Damboa', respectively. Significantly
fewer eggs were laid on groundnut seeds treated with clove oil than on untreated seeds. Application
of clove oil significantly suppressed development of adult progeny in groundnut seeds. Significantly
fewer C. serratus adult progeny, on average, developed in tamarind pods protected with clove than in
those protected with WABP or ginger oil or in unprotected pods.
Author N. Yamashita
Title Diets of two lemur species in different microhabitats in Beza Mahafaly special res
Year 2002
Source title International Journal of Primatology
Reference 23(5): 1025-1051
Abstract
Studies of primate diets usually focus on differences that distinguish species or populations.
However, variation in diet can occur at a more local level of groups within a population, especially
in a non-homogeneous habitat. I compared dietary variation in food composition and toughness
across groups of 2 lemur species in Beza Mahafaly special reserve, Madagascar. Beza Mahafaly
contains an 80-ha reserve (Parcel 1) that, while small, hosts a dense population of Lemur catta (ring-
tailed lemurs) and Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi (sifakas). Microhabitats in the eastern vs. western
sides of the parcel are structurally and floristically distinct. Sifakas in this parcel have small, discrete
home ranges and are morphological folivores. For these reasons, I expected that the 6 groups studied
would eat a different menu of food plants but with similar toughness values. Ring-tailed lemurs have
comparatively large, overlapping home ranges, and I expected that the 5 study groups would eat
similar foods. Despite living in different microhabitats across the parcel, sifakas exhibit high dietary
uniformity both in dietary plant species composition and the toughness of the foods. Food selection
in sifakas operates on two distinct levels. Sifaka groups share many key food species that appear
independent of local abundances, but the ranking of the foods within each group appears related to
availability. Ring-tailed lemur groups are more heterogeneous in the composition of their diets
relative to sifakas, though the time spent feeding on individual foods reveals a marked preference for
the fruits of Tamarindus indica by all groups. Food toughness is consistent across the parcel with the
exception of the most western group. Ring-tailed lemurs are highly specific feeders, but
indiscriminate nibblers. Sifakas are targeted, balanced feeders. There does not appear to be a
consistent microhabitat effect operating across species. Differences within sifaka and ring-tailed
lemur populations in food composition and toughness, however, correspond to an east-west
microhabitat gradient. Measures of dietary flexibility must take into account not only the plant
species consumed and the different parts eaten but also their associated food properties and
p r o p o r t i o n o f t i m e s p e n t f e e d i n g o n t h e m .
Author Parameswari, K., P. Srimathi, K. Vanangamudi and G. Sasthri

Title Storability of scarified and nonscarified seeds of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)
Year 2002
Source title Madras Agricultural Journal
Reference 89(1/3): 52-55
Abstract
-
Author R. Santana, F. Montagnini, B. Louman, R. Villalobos and M. Gomez
Title Secondary forest products from Southern Nicaragua with potential for their use in
Year 2002
Source title Revista Forestal Centroamericana
Reference 38(85-90
Abstract
The importance of secondary forests as a source of forest products and environmental and
recreational services is increasing, as the primary forests become scarcer. The objective of this study
was to determine which secondary forest products of southern Nicaragua have a potential for the
elaboration of crafts. Surveys and workshops were carried out with owners of secondary forests from
the municipalities of San Carlos and San Miguelito of Department Rio San Juan, and with artisans
from the municipality of Masaya, Department of Masaya. In the agricultural units, 83 species were
found to have a current use, 30 of these have potential for the elaboration of crafts. These species
include wood, fibres, lianas and seeds. The timber species with greatest potential for crafts were
Cordia alliodora, Guazuma ulmifolia, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Anacardium excelsum and
Tabebuia rosea. Of the existent fibres in the secondary forests, the most important was the Scheelea
[Attalea] sp. used by artisans of Masaya for the production of brooms and with potential for the
production of hats and baskets. The seeds of Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Pithecellobium saman
[Samanea saman], Tamarindus indica, Coix lacryma-jobi, Mucuna sp., Cassia grandis and Erythrina
sp. have potential for the elaboration of necklaces, curtains and earrings. These products have not
been marketed due to lack of knowledge on the demand. The distance between the production areas
and the main markets increases the commercialization costs and reduces the income for the producer.
Author S. C. Dwivedi and S. Venugopalan

Title Efficacy of Tabernaemontana livaricate and Tamarindus indica as an antifeedant a
Year 2002
Source title Baltic Journal of Coleopterology
Reference 2(2): 159-163
Abstract
Leaf extracts of Tabernaemontana livaricate [T. divaricata] and Tamarindus indica in acetone were
found to be an effective antifeedent and adulticidal agent against Callosobruchus chinensis. The loss
in seed weight was minimum (0.46 and 1.37 g) at 100% concentration of Tabernaemontana
livaricate and Tamarindus indica, respectively. Percent adult mortality was 72.9% in
Tabernaemontana livaricate and 67.6% in Tamarindus indica.
Author S. E. Atawodi, D. A. Ameh, S. Ibrahim, J. N. Andrew, H. C. Nzelibe, E. O. Onyik
Title Indigenous knowledge system for treatment of trypanosomiasis in Kaduna state of
Year 2002
Reference 79(2): 279-282
Abstract
A survey was carried out in Kaduna State of Nigeria to establish the indigenous knowledge system
for treating trypanosomiasis in domestic animals. Questionnaire and interviews were, respectively,
administered to, or conducted with about 200 livestock farmers and traders spread around the state.
Data obtained revealed the use of several plants either alone or in combination, for the treatment and
management of trypanosomiasis. The most common plants encountered were Adansonia digitata,
Terminalia avicennoides [Terminalia avicennioides], Khaya senegalensis, Cissus populnea,
Tamarindus indica, Lawsonia inermis, Boswellia dalzielli, Pseudocedrela kotschi [Pseudocedrela
kotschyi], Syzyium [Syzygium] quinensis, Sterculia setigera, Afzelia africana, Prosopis africana and
Lancea kerstingii. The method of preparation and mode of administration of some of these plants in
the treatment of trypanosomiasis are reviewed and discussed.
Author Salazar-Montoya, J. A., E. G. Ramos-Ramirez and V. A. Delgado-Reyes

Title Changes of the dynamic properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) gel with diffe
Year 2002
Reference 49(4): 387-391
Abstract
The dynamic properties (storage moduli, G' and loss moduli, G") of tamarind gels and the influence
of saccharose and polysaccharide concentrations were studied using model rings of 3 mm thickness
and 20 mm diameter, prepared with three saccharose (55, 60 and 65% w/v) and three polysaccharide
concentrations (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% w/v). Small amplitude oscillatory measures were taken at 25
degrees C in a PHYSICA LS 100 rheometer with parallel plate geometry. Results for the 9 gels
showed the zone of linear viscoelasticity between 0.637 and 6.37 Pa of oscillatory shear stress. The
mechanical spectra obtained after 24, 48 and 72 h evidenced the presence of syneresis with an
increase in G' as a function of time. The effects of polysaccharide concentrations on gel
viscoelasticity were greater than those of saccharose.
Author V. M. Thadhani, E. R. Jansz and P. Hemantha
Title Effect of exogenous histidine and Garcinia cambogia on histamine formation in sk
Year 2002
Source title International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
Abstract
Histamine consumed with food gives rise to allergic reactions. Dark muscle fish, for example
skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) has been shown to contain histamine. Studies using TLC (acetone:
NH4OH, 80 : 20.5) on silica gel G60 plates and densitometry after spraying with ninhydrin, using a
computerized densitometer, showed that freshly harvested skipjack has no detectable histamine
(detection limit, 50 micro g.g-1 fish). However, with time histamine (Rf 0.84) is formed >1.5 mg.g-1
probably through microbial action. Skipjack contains high levels of free histidine at levels of >10
mg.g-1 (Rf 0.41) but fish like seer (Scomberomorus spp.), which are not reported to be allergenic,
contain <4 mg.g-1 histidine. Addition of exogenous histidine (50 mg.g-1) results in histamine
formation in seer 2.2-fold that of skipjack under the same conditions. A type of herring
(Amblygaster spp., sinhala-hurulla) is not a histamine former, but had been shown to cause
allergenic reactions, resulting in a ninhydrin positive spot (Rf 0.79) on incubating for 24 h. Addition
of arginine and lysine to blended skipjack results in their loss probably by decarboxylation. Addition
of the spice Garcinia cambogia (extracts 0.2 g ml-1) known as 'goraka' in Sri Lanka (sinhala) and
'kukum' in India (hindhi), to fresh skipjack incubates prevents histamine formation as a result of
lowering pH to 3.2-3.6 whereas Averrhoa bilimbi (bilin) and Tamarindus indica (tamarind) extracts
d i d n o t p r e v e n t h i s t a m i n e f o r m a t i o n .
Author A. Jeyasankar, N. Raja, K. Elumalai, M. Jayakumar, A. Thangamani and S. Ignaci

Title Feeding budget of fifth instar larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori L. reared on suppl
Year 2001
Reference 19(4): 814-818
Abstract
The effect of mulberry cv. MR 2 leaves fortified with 1% tamarind solution (TS), groundnut meal
solution (GS) and fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) muscle solution (FS) on Bombyx mori was
investigated. Observations were recorded on the consumption, defaecation, assimilation, reference
ratio, metabolism, production and growth efficiencies. Increased reference ratio, metabolism,
production and growth efficiencies were recorded in larvae reared on leaves fortified with 1% GS
a n d F S .
Author A. Tesfaye, B. Tamrat and D. Sebsebe
Title An ecological study of the vegetation of Gambella Region, Southwestern Ethiopia
Year 2001
Source title Sinet, Ethiopian Journal of Science
Reference 24(2): 213-228
Abstract
The vegetation of Gambella Region, southwestern Ethiopia, has been studied through five field trips
made between 14 October 1995 and 10 October 1996. Systematic sampling method was used to
select homogenous vegetation stands. Cover/abundance data was recorded for all plants from a total
of 58 releves. For each releve, environmental data on topographic factors (altitude and slope), and
soil (mainly Chromic and Pellic Vertisols, with Eutric Gleysols and Eutric Histosols) from a depth
of 0-10 cm (topsoil) and 40-50 cm (subsoil) were collected. The soil samples were analysed for pH,
texture, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus,
exchangeable potassium and sodium. The species and releves were classified using a FORTRAN
computer program TWINSPAN and seven major plant communities were described. Five plant
communities (Commelina zambesica-Hygrophila auriculata, Sorghum purpureosericeum-Pennisetum
thunbergii, Loudetia arundinacea-Hyparrhenia pilgeriana, Combretum adenogonium-Anogeissus
leiocarpa, and Tamarindus indica-A. leiocarpa) were found to have phytogeographical affinity to the
Sudanian vegetation type while two (Baphia abyssinica-Tapura fischeri and Manilkara butugi-Cordia
africana) are affiliated to the Guineo-Congolian vegetation type of Africa. Comparison of the
community types was made using ANOVA to find whether there are statistically significant
v a r i a t i o n s i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s .
Author C. Leksomboon, N. Thaveechai and W. Kositratana

Title Potential of plant extracts for controlling citrus canker of lime.
Year 2001
Source title Kasetsart Journal, Natural Sciences
Reference 35(4): 392-396
Abstract
The potential of leaf and other aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa, Psidium guajava, Punica
granatum, Spondias pinnata and Tamarindus indica in controlling citrus canker (Xanthomonas
axonopodis pv. citri) infesting Citrus aurantiifolia was determined in laboratory and field
experiments conducted in Thailand during 2000. Spraying with leaf extracts of T. indica resulted in
the lowest citrus canker incidence (48%) under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions, the
number of diseased leaves and disease incidence was greatly reduced compared to the control after
s p r a y i n g o f T . i n d i c a a q u e o u s e x t r a c t s .
Author C. R. Reddy, K. N. Rao and N. Ravindranath
Title Price behaviour analysis: a marketing strategy.
Year 2001
Source title Agricultural Marketing
Abstract
The price behaviour of tamarind in the Anantapur and Chittoor districts of Rayalseema region,
Andhra Pradesh, India is examined using data for the period 1990-99. The secular trend and the
sea sonal vari ation in p rices are examined, and mar ketin g implic ations are explored.
Author C. Tchiegang-Megueni, P. M. Mapongmetsem, C. H. Akagou Zedong and C. Kap

Title An ethnobotanical study of indigenous fruit trees in Northern Cameroon.
Year 2001
Source title Forests, Trees and Livelihoods
Reference 11(2): 149-158
Abstract
This ethno-botanical study identified the potential economic value of indigenous fruit trees in the
three provinces of northern Cameroon. 25 households in two villages from each division in three
northern provinces of Cameroon were selected and 175 persons interviewed. Villagers mentioned 72
fruit tree species with preferences varying from one province to another. Vitellaria paradoxa,
Annona senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa, Vitex cienkowskii [V. doniana], Detarium microcarpum,
Borassus aethiopum and Ximenia americana were among the top 14 species cited in all three
provinces; the other seven were Aframomum latifolium, Balanites aegyptiaca, Hyphaene thebaica,
Landolphia owariensis, Syzygium guineense var. macrocarpum, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus
mauritiana. The fruits of those species were regularly consumed by people as food, and sold to
generate income. Fruits are sold in the local markets in small lots from 1-100 fruits, depending on
size. The price varies from $US 0.02-0.1, so they make a significant contribution to household
income. Farmers also identified their uses, indicated the reasons for the decline in the wild resource
and suggested ways to promote the cultivation and improve their yield.
Author D. U. d. Lima and M. S. Buckeridge
Title Interaction between cellulose and storage xyloglucans: the influence of the degree
Year 2001
Reference 46(2): 157-163
Abstract
The behaviour of storage cell wall xyloglucans (Xg) extracted from the primary cell walls of
Phaseolus vulgaris, and seeds of Hymenaea courbaril, Copaifera langsdorfii, Tamarindus indica,
Sesbania marginata [S. virgata] and Tropaeolum majus, was compared under different conditions of
interaction with cellulose. Temperature and pH did not have a marked effect on the interaction,
except for a slightly higher interaction at pH 6.0. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the binding
capacity depends on the surface area of the cellulose. The binding capacity varied significantly
among the different sources of Xgs. HPAEC-PAD analysis of the Xg cellulase-limit digest
oligosaccharides of bound Xg suggested that there might be a certain pattern of galactosyl
substitution that is related to a higher Xg binding capacity.
Author Danthu P; Hane B; Toure M; Sagna P; Sagna M; Ba S; de Troyer MA; Soloviev P

Title Microgreffage de quatre especes ligneuses saheliennes (Acacia senegal, Faidherbi
Year 2001
Source title Tropicultura
Abstract
This paper proposes a protocol of rejuvenation of four Sahelian ligneous species: Acacia senegal,
Faidherbia albida, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus mauritiana. It was achieved by aseptically
removing a small scion (5-10 mm in length) and micrografting it to a seedling grown in vitro as
rootstock. The main factors affecting the effectiveness of the method are the age of the rootstock
(two to six weeks depending on species), the level of grafting (on hypocotyl instead of epicotyl) and
the origin of the scion (apex have higher growth after micrografting than axillary buds). The method
developed was applied to the restoration of juvenile traits of adult trees. The main criterion is the
rooting ability of microcuttings sampled on scions, after micrografting. Rooting competence
restoration depends on the species, the nature of the first copy of the donor tree and the number of
cycles of micrografting. The rejuvenation was more definite for F. albida mobilized by root cuttings.
In this case, one third of the microcuttings rooted after the first cycle of micrografting and 75% after
the second. For Z. mauritiana mobilized by horticultural budding, 25% of microcuttings were rooted
after the second successive micrograft. No restoration of rooting competence was obtained with A.
s e n e g a l a n d T . i n d i c a m o b i l i z e d b y c u t t i n g .
Author H. S. Randhawa, A. Y. Mussa and Z. U. Khan
Title Decaying wood in tree trunk hollows as a natural substrate for Cryptococcus neof
Year 2001
Source title Mycopathologia
Reference 151(2): 63-69
Abstract
The occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and other yeast-like fungi of clinical
interest in decaying wood inside tree trunk hollows, bark and other plant materials is reported. The
var. neoformans was isolated from 3 of 45 (6.6%) wood and one of 390 Eucalyptus bark samples.
Two of the positive wood samples came from a tree trunk hollow of Butea monosperma (Family:
Papilionaceae) growing in Roshan Ara Garden, Old Delhi whereas the third was from a trunk hollow
of Tamarindus indica (Family: Papilionaceae) growing outside of Talkatora Garden, New Delhi. The
solitary positive Eucalyptus bark sample originated from Amritsar. The isolations of var. neoformans
from decaying wood inside trunk hollows of B. monosperma and T. indica constitute the first record
of the natural occurrence of this pathogen in association with these trees. The observation reinforces
the recent evidence for decaying wood inside trunk hollows of some trees to be a new natural habitat
of the variety neoformans. Besides, in consonance with their essentially saprobic character, a
number of other yeast-like fungi were sporadically isolated. This includes, Cryptoccus laurentii,
Cryptococcus albidus, Candida lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. zeylanoides,
Trichosporon cutaneum, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, R. glutinis, Geotrichum capitatum, G. klebahnii
and Sporobolomyces salmonicolor. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was not found in any of the
702 samples of plant materials, including the bark and detritus of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E.
tereticornis trees. A more extensive environmental survey, covering divergent climatic regions, is
warranted to identify the natural reservoirs of var. gattii in India.
Author H. Sharanakumar, M. V. Ramakumar and B. Ranganna
Title A comparison of traditional and mechanical processing of tamarind fruit.
Year 2001
Source title Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore)
Reference 30(11/12): 193-194
Abstract
Straight and curved tamarind fruits were subjected to mechanical and manual (traditional) dehulling,
deseeding, and defibring processes. The use of a mechanical dehulling unit resulted in higher
dehulling frequency (263.76 and 258.02 for straight and curved fruits, respectively) than the
traditional process of fruit beating (69.04 and 62.12 kg/h, respectively). Cost and processing time
was also lower in the former than in the latter method. Mechanical deseeding was 8-fold faster
(25.24 kg/h for straight fruits and 20.85 kg/h for curved fruits) than manual deseeding using a
wooden mallet (2.67 kg/h for straight fruits and 2.56 kg/h for curved fruits). Machine fibre
separation was also 7-fold faster (29.11 and 28.95 kg/h for straight and curved fruits, respectively)
than manual fibre separation (4.48 and 4.32 kg/h, respectively). Fruit damage, however, was slightly
h i g h e r u n d e r m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s i n g .
Author J. Gebauer, K. El-Siddig and G. Ebert

Title Response of Tamarindus indica seedlings to salt stress.
Year 2001
Source title Journal of Applied Botany
Reference 75(3/4): 97-100
Abstract
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seedlings were grown in sand culture under greenhouse conditions in
order to examine the responses of growth, leaf mineral concentration and leaf gas exchange to
increasing salinity levels. Four-month-old seedlings were exposed to a 10-week treatment, either
with 0 (control), 40, 80 or 160 mM NaCl. Plant growth (fresh and dry weight) was slightly affected
by 40 and 80 mM NaCl, but was markedly reduced by the 160 mM NaCl treatment. The root/shoot
ratio increased by 24% when the NaCl concentration in the irrigation solution increased from 0 to
160 mM. With increasing salinity levels, leaf moisture content also increased, indicating a salt-
induced leaf succulence. In plants treated with 160 mM NaCl, the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in
the leaf dry matter reached 0.91 and 0.92 mM g-1, respectively. Leaf K+ decreased with higher
salinity level, leading to higher Na+/K+ ratios. CO2 assimilation rate (A) diminished both with time
of exposure and increasing salinity. T. indica seedlings tolerated a salinity level of 80 mM NaCl,
probably as the result of their ability to avoid excess ion accumulation through increased leaf
v o l u m e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s u c c u l e n c e .
Author K. El-Siddig, G. Ebert and P. Ludders
Title A comparison of pretreatment methods for scarification and germination of Tamar
Year 2001
Source title Seed Science and Technology
Reference 29(1): 271-274
Abstract
Seeds of tamarind (Tamarindus indica), collected in November 1998 in western Sudan, were
germinated following seven pretreatments: control, mechanical scarification by scratching the region
near the hilum on coarse sand paper or nicking it with a knife and acid scarification by immersion in
concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Final emergence was 100% for all
pretreatments, but days to first emergence (Eist), days to 50% emergence (E50) and mean emergence
time (MET) varied significantly among them. The best germination response occurred with acid
pretreatment followed by mechanical scarification. Eist, E50 and MET decreased as acid
pretreatment time increased. Scratching on a coarse sand paper advanced the E50 by 4.5 days and
s h o r te ne d t he M E T b y 4. 1 d ays c ompa r ed t o ni cki ng.
Author K. Parameswari, P. Srimathi and K. Malarkodi

Title Standardisation of dormancy breaking treatment in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L
Year 2001
Source title Legume Research
Abstract
Twelve different dry and wet scarification methods were evaluated for breaking the physical
dormancy of tamarind seeds, collected from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India during May 1998.
Among the treatments, scarification with sulfuric acid at 200 ml/kg for 15 minutes increased seed
germination (67.21%) and reduced the incidence of abnormal seedlings (9.95%) and hard seed (0%).
In general, the said treatment recorded the highest values for all seed quality parameters, i.e. root
length (26.0 cm), hypocotyl length (15.0 cm), shoot length (28.0), dry matter production (282 mg per
1 0 s e e d l i n g s ) a n d v i g o u r i n d e x ( 4 6 1 6 ) .
Title Influence of biofertilizer pelletization on elite seedling production of tamarind (Ta
Year 2001
Source title Seed Research
Abstract
Studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of seeds of tamarind (T. indica) in a nursery
through biocide pelleting. Scarified seeds of tamarind were pelleted with biofertilizers (Azotobacter,
Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas - VAM, and
combinations of the different biofertilizers) at a rate of 50 g/kg of seed using maida 10% as adhesive
at the rate of 200-300 ml/kg. Pelleting with biofertilizer combination i.e., Azospirillum+VAM
recorded the maximum germination of 96% which was 17% higher than the control. The lowest
germination percentage was recorded by the control (79%). The seedling parameters viz., root length
(29.8 cm), hypocotyl length (14.8 cm) and shoot length (28.6 cm), were also higher in pelleting with
biofertilizer combination (Azospirillum+VAM) at 90 days after sowing. The maximum
accumulation of dry matter and vigour index were recorded by Azospirillum+VAM (482 mg and
5649, respectively) at 90 days after sowing. It is suggested that seed pelleting with Azospirillum in
combination with seedling inoculation of VAM at 5 g polypot-1 aided the production of elite
s e e d l i n g s i n t h e n u r s e r y .

Title Influence of seed size and duration of acid scarification on seed germination of ta
Year 2001
Reference 88(1/3): 56-60
Abstract
Studies were made to trace out the relationship between seed size and duration of acid scarification
in tamarind seed for removal of hard seededness without affecting the quality of seed. The
experiment was formulated with different size grades (27/64", 25/64" and 23/64" round perforated
metal sieve) and various durations (20, 15 and 10 minutes) of acid scarification with commercial
sulfuric acid at 200 ml kg-1 of seed. The study revealed that seed size and durations of acid
scarification are positively related, where bigger sized seed require 20 minutes of acid scarification
while it reduced to 15 and 10 minutes with medium and smaller sized seeds, respectively.
Author K. Parameswari, P. Srimathi, K. Malarkodi and G. Sasthri
Title Seed pelletization with botanicals for elite seedling production in tamarind.
Year 2001
Reference 88(1/3): 161-163
Abstract
Studies were conducted with pre-sowing seed management (pelleting) for production of elite
tamarind seedlings at nursery. Scarified and dried seeds were pelleted with fresh leaf powders of the
following tree species at 200-300 g/kg seeds using 10% maida as adhesive at 200-300 ml/kg: arappu
(Albizia amara), pongam (Pongamia pinnata), Prosopis (Prosopis juliflora), alone and in
combinations, i.e. arappu + pongam, arappu + Prosopis and pongam + Prosopis. Observations were
recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). The unpelleted scarified seed served as the
control. The highest germination of 93% was recorded in seeds pelleted with arappu + pongam,
which was followed by arappu-pelleted seeds (88%). The lowest germination was recorded in the
control seeds (77%). The root, hypocotyl and shoot were longer in arappu + pongam at 90 DAS
(28.5, 15.0 and 31.1 cm, respectively). The highest number of leaves (9) and the greatest stem
circumference (1.4) were also recorded in arappu + pongam at 90 DAS. This treatment also recorded
the highest mean dry matter accumulation and vigour value (454 mg and 5330, respectively).
Author K. Parameswari, P. Srimathi, K. Malarkodi and K. Nelsonnavamaniraj

Title Orientation of seed at sowing on production of elite seedling in tamarind.
Year 2001
Source title Advances in Plant Sciences
Reference 14(2): 335-337
Abstract
The effects of seed orientation during sowing (horizontal position, and upright position with
micropylar end positioned upwards, downwards and sidewards) on the performance of tamarind
were evaluated to identify the most suitable for elite seedling production. Sowing seeds in an upright
position with the micropylar end positioned upwards resulted in the greatest seed germination
(87%), root length (27.6 cm), hypocotyl length (14.3 cm), shoot length (28.6 cm), dry matter
production and vigour index (4881), and the lowest percentage of abnormal seedlings (3%).
Author K. S. Rajput and K. S. Rao
Title Cambial activity and development of xylem in Tamarindus indica L. growing in di
Year 2001
Source title Acta Botanica Hungarica
Reference 43(3/4): 379-390
Abstract
Seasonal behaviour of vascular cambium and development of xylem were investigated in
Tamarindus indica growing in moist deciduous (MDF), dry deciduous (DDF) and scrubland (SF)
forests of Gujarat state, India. The cambium was storied when dormant and gradually the storied
arrangement was lost with the initiation of cambial activity and became non-storied when the
activity reached a peak. Development of xylem continued for ten months in MDF, eight months in
DDF and nine months in SF. Activity started in June and July in MDF and DDF, respectively, and
maximum growth was seen only after the first shower of rains in July and October in MDF and
August in DDF. Cambial cells ceased to divide in March and February in MDF and DDF,
respectively. In SF, cambial cells began to divide in May and reached a peak in September-October
during the monsoon and the divisions ceased in January. Cambial cell division and differentiation of
xylem were suspended in April-May in MDF, March-June in DDF and February-April in SF.
Cambial activity and xylem development are correlated with local climatic conditions and phenology
o f t h e t r e e s .
Author K. S. Rao and A. Sampathrajan

Title Chemical characterization of selected dryland woody biomass tree species for ene
Year 2001
Source title Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development
Abstract
Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out in order to characterize 11 dryland wood species
namely Eucalyptus hybrid, Prosopis juliflora, Tamarindus indicus, Acacia leucopholea, Leucaena
leucocephala, Peltophorum ferugienum, Acacia nilotica, Delonix regia, Syzygium cumini, Albizia
amara, Casuarina equisetifolia for effective gasification. The density of wood species was low for
Leucaena leucocephala at 630 kg/m3 and high for T. indicus and A. amara species at 850 kg/m3.
The moisture content of the wood species varied from 7.0% to 11.7% (wb). The carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen and oxygen contents were ranging from 41% to 50%, 2.31% to 6.10%, 0.26% to 1.51% and
43.54% to 52.54% respectively. The calorific value of the wood species was found to vary from
12.04 MJ/kg to 17.84 MJ/kg. The calorific value varied directly with hydrogen content and oxygen
content varied inversely with carbon for all the species.
Author K. S. Rao and K. S. Rajput
Title Seasonal accumulation of starch in Tamarindus indica L. and Azadirachta indica
Year 2001
Source title Phytomorphology
Abstract
Seasonal accumulation of starch in cambium, xylem and phloem of Tamarindus indica and
Azadirachta indica plants in moist deciduous, dry deciduous and scrubland forests of Gujarat state,
India was localized histochemically. In Tamarindus, starch grains began to appear in ray cambial
cells with the initiation of cell divisions and development of floral and foliar buds during May. In the
succeeding month the ray cambial cells were filled with deeply stained, relatively large starch grains.
With the cessation of cambial activity, starch grains disappeared from the ray cambial cells in all the
three forest types. The absence of starch in the ray cambial cells of Azadirachta from February to
April coincided with the development of floral buds and fruit set in both moist deciduous and dry
deciduous forests. In scrubland forests, the ray cambial cells were filled with starch grains
throughout the year. The histochemical changes in the cambium, xylem and phloem are correlated
w i t h t h e p h e n o l o g y a n d c a mb i a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e t r e e s i n a l l t h e t h r e e f o r e s t t yp e s .
Author M. Idu and C. A. Omonhinmin

Title Effect of various pretreatments on the seedling growth performance of Tamarindu
Year 2001
Source title Plant Biosystems
Reference 135(2): 165-168
Abstract
Pretreatment of seeds of T. indica with 95% sulfuric acid for 5, 10 or 15 min, methanol, ethanol,
isopropanol [isopropyl alcohol] or butanol for 10 or 20 min, or boiling water for 10, 15, 20 or 30
min, was used to determine the effect of the various treatments on the development and vigour of the
resultant seedlings. Seed germination percentages and growth under light and dark conditions were
also recorded. Seeds immersed in methanol, ethanol and sulfuric acid for 10 min produced seedlings
with high vigour. The seedlings from seeds immersed in boiling water were mostly low in vigour.
Author M. Madhu, A. K. Sikka, D. D. V. Singh and K. P. Tripathi
Title Alternate land use system with improved micro site conditions for rehabilitation o
Year 2001
Reference 49(Special): 354-356
Abstract
The performance of mango cv. Neelam and tamarind cv. PKM-1 under different microsite conditions
in watersheds in Tamil Nadu, India, was determined in 1997 and 1998. Mango and tamarind crops
were planted at 6x6 and 8x8 m, respectively. Alternate land use treatments with improved microsite
conditions included manual and mechanical pitting. Under the manual pitting with improved
microsite condition, pits were either filled with original sieved soil + farmyard manure (FYM) or
with original sieved soil + pond silt + FYM. Under mechanical pitting with improved microsite
condition, pits were either filled with tank silt + FYM or with original gravel free soil. Improved
microsite condition through pits filled with original sieved soil + pond silt + FYM recorded the best
survival percentage and growth of grafted mango and tamarind. Mechanical pitting was better than
ma n u a l p i t t i n g i n i mp r o vi n g t h e gr o wt h a n d s u r vi va l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b o t h c r o p s .
Author M. Slingerland and A. Kiema

Title Vegetation resources in Sahelian villages. (Agro-silvo-pastoral land use in Sahelia
Year 2001
Source title Advances in Geoecology
Reference 33(179-192
Abstract
Sanmatenga is a province in Burkina Faso situated in the sub-Sahelian zone in which tree species
such as Acacia spp., Boscia salicifolia, Commiphora africana and Pterocarpus lucens, and annual
grasses such as Loudetia togoensis, Andropogon pseudapricus, Pennisetum pedicellatum,
Schoenefeldia gracilis, Tripogon minimus and some Brachiaria and Eragrostis spp. dominate.
Zoundweogo, also a province in Burkina Faso, is situated in the septentrional Sudanian zone which
is very intensively cultivated. The savannas are dominated by useful and protected trees such as the
shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), locust bean tree (Parkia biglobosa), Lannea microcarpa, the
baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tamarindus indica and Faidherbia albida, and by perennial grasses
such as Andropogon gayanus and Cymbopogon schoenanthus. Dominant annual grass species are
Elionorus elegans, Schoenfeldia gracilis, Andropogon pseudapricus and Tephrosia spp. On the
Mossi plateau in Burkina Faso many scattered trees can be seen. The so-called (farmed) parkland is
defined as land with the presence of well-grown trees regularly scattered on cultivated or recently
fallowed fields. Trees consist of species that can be used for firewood, construction wood, fodder,
and fruit. Examples are fruits from Tamarindus, Lannea, Sclerocarya, Detarium, Ziziphus
mauritiana, the locust bean and the shea butter tree. This chapter focuses on the various types of
vegetation resources in Sahelian villages and explains their uses.
Author N. Chitra and R. P. Soundararajan
Title Incidence of Caryedon serratus (Olivier) (Bruchidae : Coleoptera) on tamarind see
Year 2001
Reference 7(1): 8-9
Abstract
A survey was conducted in different localities in Tamil Nadu, India, during 1999-2000 to study the
percentage damage of C. serratus on stored tamarind seeds. A maximum damage of 100% was
observed in seed samples from Coimbatore, Karaikal and Pondicherry, followed by 80% damage in
those from Vamban. Zero damage was recorded in samples from Kovilpatti, Madurai and
Tiruchengode. The highest number of insects (27 insects) were found in stored seeds from Vamban.
Author N. Chungsamarnyart and W. Jansawan

Title Effect of Tamarindus indicus L. against the Boophilus microplus.
Year 2001
Source title Kasetsart Journal, Natural Sciences
Abstract
The crude extract of mature Tamarindus indicus [T. indica] was collected using either water and
10% ethanol in the ratio of 1:2 and 1:5 W/V for 7 days. Employing the dipping method, the extracts
were tested for acaricidal activity against the engorged female cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). The
mean of corrected mortality of ticks were 56-70, 70-89 and 77-99% after dipping for 24 h, 48 h and
7 days, respectively, but these did not differ significantly. The organic acids in tamarind fruits
(oxalic, malic, succinic, citric and tartaric acids) were also bioassayed for their acaricidal activity.
Oxalic acid of 0.5 and 1% concentration exhibited the highest acute acaricidal activity (56 and 62%
mortality of ticks, respectively, after 24 h of dipping). Tartaric acid at 1% concentration showed the
highest delayed acaricidal activity (73% mortality of ticks 7 days after dipping). The mixture of
0.5% of oxalic acid with 0.5% of malic, succinic, citric and tartaric acids at a concentration of 1:1
V/V were tested for acaricidal activity. The acaricidal activity of the mixtures were not stronger than
those of each individual acid. Both the crude extract of tamarind fruits and their organic acids caused
patchy haemorrhagic swelling on the skin of ticks after dipping for 15 min. This indicates that the
crude extract of tamarind fruits extracted using water or 10% ethanol may be used for the control of
the tropical cattle tick. The active substances are their organic acids, especially oxalic and tartaric
a c i d s .
Author N. M. Steele, Z. Sulova, P. Campbell, J. Braam, V. Farkas and S. C. Fry
Title Ten isoenzymes of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase from plant cell walls select a
Year 2001
Source title Biochemical Journal
Reference 355(3): 671-679
Abstract
To map the preferred cleavage sites of xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs; EC 2.4.1.207)
along the donor substrate chain, we incubated the enzymes with tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
xyloglucan (donor substrate; ~ 205 kDa; 21 micro M) plus the nonasaccharide [3H]XLLGol (Gal2 .
Xyl3 . Glc3 . [3H]glucitol; acceptor substrate; 0.6 micro M). After short incubation times, to
minimize multiple cleavages, the size of the 3H-labelled transglycosylation products (determined by
gel-permeation chromatography) indicated the positions of the cleavage sites relative to the non-
reducing terminus of the donor. There was very little difference between the size profiles of the
products formed by any of ten XETs tested [one native XET purified from cauliflower (Brassica
oleracea) florets, four native XET isoenzymes purified from aetiolated mung-bean (Phaseolus
aureus) shoots, native XETs purified from lentil (Lens culinaris) and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus)
seeds, and three insect-cell-produced thale-cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) XETs (EXGT, TCH4 and
MERI-5)]. All such product profiles showed a good fit to a model in which the enzyme chooses its
donor substrate independently of size and attacks it, once only, at a randomly selected cleavage site.
The results therefore do not support the hypothesis that different XET isoenzymes are adapted to
produce longer or shorter products such as might favour either the efficient integration of new
xyloglucan into the cell wall or the re-structuring of old xyloglucan within an expanding wall.
Author P. Danthu, B. Hane, M. Toure, P. Sagna, M. Sagna, S. Ba, M. A. d. Troyer and P.
Title Micrografting of four Sahelian trees (Acacia senegal, Faidherbia albida, Tamarind
Year 2001
Source title Tropicultura
Abstract
This paper proposes a protocol of rejuvenation of four Sahelian ligneous species: Acacia senegal,
Faidherbia albida, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus mauritiana. It was achieved by aseptically
removing a small scion (5-10 mm in length) and micrografting it to a seedling grown in vitro as
rootstock. The main factors affecting the effectiveness of the method are the age of the rootstock
(two to six weeks depending on species), the level of grafting (on hypocotyl instead of epicotyl) and
the origin of the scion (apex have higher growth after micrografting than axillary buds). The method
developed was applied to the restoration of juvenile traits of adult trees. The main criterion is the
rooting ability of microcuttings sampled on scions, after micrografting. Rooting competence
restoration depends on the species, the nature of the first copy of the donor tree and the number of
cycles of micrografting. The rejuvenation was more definite for F. albida mobilized by root cuttings.
In this case, one third of the microcuttings rooted after the first cycle of micrografting and 75% after
the second. For Z. mauritiana mobilized by horticultural budding, 25% of microcuttings were rooted
after the second successive micrograft. No restoration of rooting competence was obtained with A.
s e n e g a l a n d T . i n d i c a m o b i l i z e d b y c u t t i n g .
Author P. Siddhuraju and K. Becker
Title Effect of various domestic processing methods on antinutrients and in vitro protei
Year 2001
Source title Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Reference 49(6): 3058-3067
Abstract
The effect of various domestic processing methods on antinutrients and starch fractions and in vitro
protein and starch digestibilities of white and black varieties of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis was
studied. Cooking or autoclaving of both raw seeds and presoaked seeds in different solutions (water,
tamarind extract, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the content of
total phenolics, phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities and L-dopa
compared to soaking or dry heating techniques. The germination processes (24 and 48 h) were also
effective in the reduction of various antinutrients, although this reduction appeared to be more
pronounced in a prolonged period of germination (72 h). Water soaking followed by dehusking was
found to be ineffective in the reduction of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities in both
varieties. All of the treatments were effective in significantly (P<0.05) reducing the resistant starch
content in the presently investigated samples. Cooking as well as autoclaving brought about a more
significant (P<0.05) improvement in the digestibility of protein and starch compared to germination
and dry heat treatment. Moreover, among the different processing techniques, soaking in sodium
bicarbonate solution followed by cooking (29.6-34.8%) or autoclaving (33.0-37.2%) seemed to be
t h e b e s t m e t h o d f o r i m p r o v i n g s t a r c h d i g e s t i b i l i t y .
Author R. Bhatta, U. Krishnamoorthy and F. Mohammed
Title Effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed husk tannins on in vitro rumen ferme
Year 2001
Source title Animal Feed Science and Technology
Reference 90(3/4): 143-152
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of tamarind seed husk (TSH) as a source of tannin
on various parameters of rumen fermentation in vitro. The TSH contained 14% tannin (DM basis).
The biological interference of TSH tannin on rumen fermentation was assessed using polyethylene
glycol (PEG) 6000 as an indicator. Three compound feed mixtures (CFM) were prepared either
without TSH (CFM-I), with 2.5% TSH (CFM-II) and with 7.5% TSH (CFM-III). Parameters studied
were in vitro gas production with PEG, rate of substrate degradation, and microbial protein
synthesis. Addition of PEG to TSH resulted in an increase in gas production from 5.5 to 16.5 ml/200
mg DM. Presence of TSH tannin depressed cumulative gas production by 16.8% in CFM-II, and by
29.2% in CFM-III during initial stages of fermentation (i.e. at 8 h). Rate of substrate disappearance
(T1/2) was 14.4, 17.6 and 20.5 h in CFM-I, CFM-II and CFM-III, respectively. Irrespective of the
carbohydrate source, presence of TSH tannin improved the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis
in vitro. Thus, TSH is a natural source of tannin that can be used to beneficially manipulate rumen
f e r m e n t a t i o n .
Author R. Coutino-Rodriguez, P. Hernandez-Cruz and H. Giles-Rios
Title Lectins in fruits having gastrointestinal activity: their participation in the hemaggl
Year 2001
Source title Archives of Medical Research
Reference 32(4): 251-257
Abstract
This study identifies lectins in crude extracts from fruits such as Tamarindus indica (tamarind),
Spontia vulgaris (plum), Psidium guajava (guava), Mangifera indica (mango), Cydonia vulgaris
[Cydonia oblonga] (quince), and Crataegus mexicana (tejocote). To verify the procedures, extracts
from Ricinus communis (castor bean), Glycine max (soyabean), Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney beans),
Vicia faba (faba bean), and Solanum tuberosum (potato) were used as controls for lectin activity.
Both sources of lectins were analysed to determine their participation in the host-parasite interaction,
using as a model the haemagglutinating properties of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (EHA). All extracts
showed haemagglutination to group O erythrocytes test (HA) with the exception of mango. Two new
galactose-specific lectins were identified from tamarind and guava. When analysed for participation
in EHA, only guava lectins inhibited this, while soyabean lectin induced haemolysis; as both lectins
bind to galactose, it is probable that their recognition occurs in different domains. Sugars involved in
the attachment between E. coli 0157:H7 and red cells were identified and again, galactose in
addition to mannose was found to be related in EHA. On the other hand, guava lectins also
agglutinated E. coli 0157:H7, perhaps due to the same galactose-specific lectin or to another type of
lectin. It is concluded that guava has a galactose-specific lectin that prevents adhesion of E. coli
0157:H7 to red cells; this lectin is mediated by galactose. Prevention could also be due to their
capacity of agglutinating E. coli by guava lectins. Soyabean lectin induces haemolysis only when
bacteria is present, but not with floating secretions. This finding showed that guava is a source of
lectin that can be explored to prevent adhesion of E. coli to epithelial intestinal cells; contrariwise,
soya must be studied to see its participation in the uraemia caused during E. coli 0157:H7
p a t h o g e n e s i s .
Author S. C. Fry, J. C. Dumville and J. G. Miller
Title Fingerprinting of polysaccharides attacked by hydroxyl radicals in vitro and in the
Year 2001
Reference 357(3): 729-737
Abstract
Hydroxyl radicals (.OH) may cause non-enzymatic scission of polysaccharides in vivo, e.g. in plant
cell walls and mammalian connective tissues. To provide a method for detecting the action of
endogenous .OH in vivo, we investigated the products formed when polysaccharides were treated
with .OH (generated in situ by ascorbate-H2O2-Cu2+ mixtures) followed by NaB3H4. Treatment
wit h .OH incre ased the n umbe r of NaB3H4-re actin g groups pres ent i n cit rus p ectin ,
homogalacturonan and tamarind xyloglucan. This increase is attributed partly to the formation of
glycosulose and glycosulosuronic acid residues, which are then reduced back to the original (but
radioactive) sugar residues and their epimers by NaB3H4. The glycosulose and glycosulosuronic
acid residues were stable for >16 h at 20 degrees C in ethanol or buffer (pH 4.7), but were destroyed
in alkali. Driselase-digestion of the radiolabelled polysaccharides yielded characteristic patterns of
3H-products, which included galactose and galacturonate from pectin and isoprimeverose, galactose,
glucose and arabinose from xyloglucan. Pectin yielded at least eight 3H-labelled anionic products,
separable by electrophoresis at pH 3.5. Patterns of radioactive products form useful 'fingerprints' by
which .OH-attacked polysaccharides may be recognized. Applied to cell walls of ripening pear
(Pyrus communis) cv. Conference fruit, the method gave evidence for progressive .OH radical attack
o n p o l y s a c c h a r i d e s d u r i n g t h e s o f t e n i n g p r o c e s s .
Author S. Muhammad, A. Abubakar, M. D. Magaji and T. Amusa

Title Effects of soil amendment with sawdust and rice husks on the growth and inciden
Year 2001
Source title Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment
Abstract
Soil in pots were pasteurized and infected with cultures of Macrophomina phaseolina and
Rhizoctonia solani. The soil was impregnated with sawdust and rice husk, respectively. The
amended soils in pots were allowed to stand for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days before sowing the seeds of T.
indica. The incidence of seedling blight diseases was less in seedlings raised in soils with sawdust
and rice husk amendments. The increase in the number of days between amendment application and
planting also influenced the reduction in the incidence of seedling blight. The number of compound
leaves and plant height were significant in seedlings produced from seeds sown at 20 days after the
application of soil amendment. Sawdust was more effective in the reduction of the incidence of
s e e d l i n g b l i g h t o f T . i n d i c a .
Author S. R. Birdar and S. I. Hanamashetti
Title Correlation studies in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) genotypes.
Year 2001
Source title Journal of Plantation Crops
Abstract
A study was conducted during 2000/01 at Dharwad, Karnataka, India to evaluate the correlation
among different growth (plant height, plant diameter, plant spread, crown size, number of pods and
pod weight) and pod characteristics (pod length, pod width, pod thickness, pod weight, pulp weight,
shell weight, vein weight, number of seeds and seed weight) of 17 tamarind genotypes. Significant
and positive correlations were observed among the various growth and pod characteristics studied.
Author S. R. Dhawan, D. Poonam and S. K. Gupta

Title Allelopathic potential of leguminous plant species towards Parthenium hysteropho
Year 2001
Source title Legume Research
Reference 24(4): 256-259
Abstract
Fourteen crop and tree species, and wild bushes were tested for allelopathy towards Parthenium
hysterophorus: chickpea cv. C-235, Trifolium alexandrinum cv. Mescavi, Trigonella foenum
graecum cv. Kasuri, Acacia nilotica, Albizia procera, Bauhinia variegata, Delonix regia, Moringa
indica, Parkinsonia aculeata, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis cineraria, Tamarindus indica, Cassia
occidentalis and Tephrosia purpurea. Aqueous leachates (100%) from leaves of all tested species,
except that of Pithecellobium dulce, decreased seed germination and vigour index of Parthenium
hysterophorus. Allelopathy was strongest with leachates from D. regia, Cassia occidentalis, Albizia
p r o c e r a , T e p h r o s i a p u r p u r e a a n d M . i n d i c a .
Author S. Ranjana and S. Rajendra
Title Effectiveness of certain plant extracts for their nematicidal potentialities.
Year 2001
Source title Journal of Applied Zoological Researches
Abstract
In vitro experiments were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of various dilutions viz., S, S/2,
S/4, S/8, S/16 and S/32 of aqueous extracts of bakain, Melia azedarach (fruits), jamun, Eugenia
jumbolana [Syzygium cumini] (fruits and leaves), imli, Tamarindus indica (fruits), peepal, Ficus
religiosa (leaves) and bargad, F. benghalensis (leaves) in controlling the root-knot nematode,
Meloidogyne incognita was studied. Percent kill of second stage juvenile (J2) were recorded after
24, 48 and 72 h exposure to each concentration of above treatments. A trend of increasing percent J2
kill with decreasing dilutions and increasing time exposure was recorded in all treatments. Among
all test plants, the fruit extracts of M. azedarach at its lowest dose (S/32) had extremely effective
nematicidal potentials which exhibited a 67.75% larval mortality after 72 h exposure. A hundred
percent juvenile mortality was recorded from the stock solution (S) to the S/8 concentration of M.
azedarach (fruit), with S and S/2 concentration of T. indica and E. jumbolana (fruits) and only with S
concentration of leaf extract of E. jumbolana, F. bengalensis and F. religiosa after 24-72 h exposure.
Overall effectiveness in terms of percent nematode kill was highest in M. azedarach (fruit) followed
by E. jumbolana (fruits), T. indica (fruit), F. religiosa (leaves), F. benghalensis (leaves), and F.
jumbolana (leaves). Fruit extracts of the test plants showed greater efficacy than their leaf extracts.
Author T. B. Basavaraju, H. Pohris and M. R. G. Rao
Title Pattern of light interception and yield of finger millet in agroforestry systems unde
Year 2001
Source title Indian Journal of Forestry
Abstract
A study was conducted in Karnataka, India during 1996 to determine the pattern of light interception
and yield of finger millet in agroforestry. The trial included 9 treatment combination of 3 fruit three
species (jackfruit, mango and tamarind) and 3 spacing levels (8x8, 12x8 and 16x8 m), and one
control (no trees). The observation on growth parameters of trees such as tree height, collar diameter
and diameter at breast height (DBH) at the age of 6 years were recorded during the course of
investigation. Jackfruit recorded significantly greater tree height, collar diameter, crown height and
crown width compared to mango and tamarind, while all the parameters except collar diameter were
significantly least in mango. Different spacing had no significant effect on any of these growth
parameters. Jackfruit intercepted more light compared to mango and tamarind, while mango and
tamarind intercepted almost the same amount of light by their canopies. The light intercepted by
finger millet was lower under jackfruit compared to mango and tamarind, which intercepted almost
the same amount of light. Grain and straw yield of finger millet were significantly higher with
mango and tamarind compared to jackfruit. In all the tree species, the reduction in grain and straw
yield of finger millet was highest and significant at 0-2 m distance from the tree. The results
indicated that growing of finger millet along with trees reduced the yield of finger millet due to
reduced ability of light to finger millet crop. The reduction in yield was higher under jack compared
to mango and tamarind. Similarly, yield reductions were more with closer spacing of 8x8 compared
t o w i d e r s p a c i n g o f 1 6 x 8 a n d 1 2 x 8 m .
Author T. S. Mungare, H. D. Jadhav, U. S. Shinde, B. S. Jadhav and S. Jaswant

Title Clarification technique in quality jaggery making - a review.
Year 2001
Source title Cooperative Sugar
Reference 32(12): 1013-1017
Abstract
A review is presented discussing the role and relative merits of different clarifiers in jaggery
production. There are chemical clarifiers (lime water, sodium carbonate, sajji (sodium carbonate,
sodium sulfate and sodium chloride), superphosphate, alum, SN-2 and SA-2 polymers, and hydros
(Na2S2O4)) and vegetable clarifiers. Vegetable clarifiers include mucilaginous material from deola
(Hibiscus ficulneus), bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus), semal tree (Bombax ceiba), phalsa (Grewia
asiatica), sukhlai (Kydia calycina), groundnut seed (Arachis hypogaea), guar seed (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba), tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica), ambadi (Hibiscus cannabinus), chikani (Sida
caroinitolia), soyabean seed (Glycine max), and tapioca (Manihot esculenta).
Author V. M. Thadhani, E. R. Jansz and H. Peiris
Title Destruction of histamine by cooking ingredients - an artifact of analysis.
Year 2001
Source title Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka
Reference 29(3/4): 129-135
Abstract
A recent article reported that histamine can be destroyed by cooking ingredients such as Garcinia
cambogia (goraka), Tamarindus indica (siyambala) and Averrhoa bilimbi (bilin). It was further
reported that the same effects are observed with some pure common organic acids normally present
in food. In this paper, we provide evidence that the results previously obtained was an artifact of
analysis, specifically caused by the use of methanol prior to extraction of histamine for assay.
Quantification of histamine was done using TLC-densitometry. Silica gel G60 plates (100 micro g)
were used as adsorbent and chromatographed using acetone: NH4OH (sp.gr. 0.88) 80:22.5 solvent
system developed in this study. The spots were visualized using ninhydrin and quantified at 500 nm
u s i n g a n A d v a n t e c 3 0 0 d e n s i t o m e t e r .
Author V. Trate and K. P. Srivasuki

Title Influence of Glomus fasciculatum and Pisolithus tinctorius on growth and drought
Year 2001
Source title Biologia (Bratislava)
Reference 56(4): 411-416
Abstract
Seedlings of Acacia nilotica, Pterocarpus santalinus, Tamarindus indica and Peltophorum
pterocarpum were inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and Pisolithus tinctorius. The plants were
subjected to unstressed (well-watered) and drought (water-stressed) conditions. In P. pterocarpum
and T. indica both mycorrhizal inoculations stimulated plant growth, P and N uptake compared to
their non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants under both watering regimes. However, in A. nilotica and P.
santalinus, these parameters were only stimulated by either P. tinctorius (A. nilotica) or by G.
fasciculatum (P. santalinus). This was attributed to competition for carbon between Acacia and G.
fasciculatum and a parasitic association of P. santalinus and P. tinctorius.
Author Vernon-Carter, E. J., G. Espinosa-Paredes, C. I. Beristain and H. Romero-Tehuitzi
Title Effect of foaming agents on the stability, rheological properties, drying kinetics an
Year 2001
Source title Food Research International
Reference 34(7): 587-598
Abstract
-
Author A. Babu, G. Sheeba, A. Sen and S. Ignacimuthu

Title Record of slug caterpillar on Ixora parviflora Vahl.
Year 2000
Reference 6(1): 19
Abstract
Latoia lepida [Parasa lepida] (slug caterpillar), which has been reported as a serious pest of
Tamarindus indica, mango and Azadirachta indica, has been recorded on Ixora parviflora, an
o r n a m e n t a l s h r u b k n o w n a s j u n g l e f l a m e .
Author A. M. Ba, C. Plenchette, P. Danthu, R. Duponnois and T. Guissou
Title Functional compatibility of two arbuscular mycorrhizae with thirteen fruit trees in
Year 2000
Source title Agroforestry Systems
Reference 50(2): 95-105
Abstract
Functional compatibility was investigated between the seedlings of 13 tropical fruit trees (Adansonia
digitata, Afzelia africana, Aphania senegalensis [Lepisanthes senegalensis], Anacardium
occidentale, Cordyla pinnata [C. africana], Dialium guineensis [D. guineense], Landolphia
heudelottii, Saba senegalensis and Sclerocarya birrea, and 4 reference hosts - Balanites aegyptiaca,
Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica and Zizyphus mauritiana [Ziziphus mauritiana]) and 2
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomus aggregatum and Glomus intraradices). Marked
differences were found between them in terms of mycorrhizal formation, root colonization, relative
mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) and phosphorus concentrations in shoot tissues. Afzelia africana,
Landolphia heudelottii and Saba senegalensis did not form symbiotic associations, and the growth of
A. africana decreased following mycorrhizal inoculation, while L. heudelottii and S. senegalensis
showed no dependency. In contrast, Adansonia digitata, Lepisanthes senegalensis, Anacardium
occidentale, B. aegyptiaca and Sclerocarya birrea were well colonized with AMF, but did not
significantly increase in biomass production. Five fruit trees did, however, show dependency by a
positive interaction with G. aggregatum, the most effective AMF. Z. mauritiana was very highly
dependent (RMD>75%), T. indica was highly dependent (50-75% RMD), and D. guineense, P.
biglobosa and C. africana were moderately dependent (25-50% RMD). Phosphorus absorption
probably contributed to this dependency more than the absorption of potassium. These results
indicate that some tropical fruit trees derive benefits from AM inoculation, while others do not.
Author A. Rashda and R. Faiza
Title Research needs and new product development from underutilized tropical fruits.
Year 2000
Source title Acta Horticulturae
Abstract
Underutilized tropical fruits identified as having considerable commercial potential and nutritive
value are described. Falsa (Grewia asiatica) produces a small purple berry which is consumed fresh
and also produces a highly nutritious juice of a very attractive colour which is converted to a powder
through spray drying. The powder has a long shelf life when packed using modified atmosphere
packaging (MAP). Karonda (Carassa carandas) [Carissa carandas] produces a small berry which is
white while immature but becomes pink/maroon during maturation. The juice is bitter and acid (pH
3-4), but the flavour can be modified by enzymatic treatment and use of additives has shown wide
acceptability. Wild almond (Terminalia catapa) [T. catappa] is biennial and produces a deep red
juice which can be used as a colourant in many food products including dairy and bakery products
and juices. The fruits are also consumed fresh. The plant looks attractive during the winter due to the
orange to red colour of the leaves. The anthocyanins have been isolated and studied for their great
affinity towards macromolecules, especially proteins. Thus, the water extract has shown potential for
commercialization as a food colourant. The brown viscous pulp from tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
has a delicious sour taste and is used as an additive in many food preparations, while the seed
e n d o s p e r m i s a g o o d g e l l i n g a g e n t .
Author A. Ravi, D. S. Rao, M. Parthasarathy and Z. P. Rao

Title Utilization of water soaked tamarind seed in the diet of pregnant crossbred gilts.
Year 2000
Source title Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition
Reference 17(3): 227-231
Abstract
Nutrient digestibility of water soaked tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica) was determined by
difference method using 6 pregnant 75% crossbred (LWY x Desi) gilts. The DCP and TDN values
were 10.41 and 80.03%, respectively. Feeding of pregnant gilts on diets containing maize (R1) or
water soaked tamarind seed (R2) did not reveal significant differences between the treatments on
body weight gain and reproductive performance. However, the cost of feed per piglet weaned was
significantly reduced (P<0.01) by Rs. 74.40 in gilts fed on R2. It was concluded that water soaked
tamarind seed can be incorporated in diets of pregnant and lactating crossbred gilts to reduce cost of
p r o d u c t i o n .
Author B. A. Kelly and P. Cuny
Title Afforestation using indigenous forest tree species on hydromorphic soil. Results o
Year 2000
Source title Revue Forestiere Francaise
Reference 52(5): 453-466
Abstract
Trial plantations were established in Zangasso forest, Mali, in 1989 using six species (Anogeissus
leiocarpus, Prosopis africana, Khaya senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica and
Faidherbia albida) established in holes either 30x30x30 cm or 60x60x60 cm in size and at a spacing
of 3x3 metres on silty-clay and clay soils. Young plantations were protected from grazing animals
and fire, and weeding and pruning operations were undertaken. Height, height growth rate and
survival data are tabulated based on data recorded each year until 1995. Results at age 7 years show
that A. leiocarpus, Prosopis africana and K. senegalensis are well-adapted to soil conditions of the
test site. Parkia biglobosa and T. indica, despite exhibiting satisfactory height growth and survival,
respectively, are not so well-adapted to the site. The silt-clay and clay soils appear to be unsuitable
for F. albida. The small planting hole size was suitable for all six species, K. senegalensis requires a
wider spacing to encourage good height growth, whereas a narrower spacing is suitable for T. indica
particularly if the end product required is craft wood or building poles.
Author B. Azariah
Title Social forestry in India: an entomological approach.
Year 2000
Source title Biodiversity
Abstract
The introduction of natural enemies in forests, as an ecological approach in pest control, is
discussed. A study of the diversity, population dynamics and parasitism efficiency of biological
control agents (e.g. predatory insects and parasitoids) on Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Albizia
lebbeck, Tamarindus indica and Pongamia glabra in social forest stands in Tamil Nadu, India is
presented. The relation of maintaining a balanced host-pest-natural enemy complex to sustainable
forest management and to meeting the goals of social forestry is mentioned.
Author B. O. Muok, B. Owuor, I. Dawson and J. Were
Title The potential of indigenous fruit trees: results of a survey in Kitui District, Kenya.
Year 2000
Source title Agroforestry Today
Abstract
A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted [date not given] at 6 divisions (Central,
Chuluni, Kabati, Mutito, Mutomo and Yatta) in Kitui District, a semi-arid area of Kenya. Farmers
(n=7-9) were asked on the identification, propagation, management, preference and market value of
indigenous tree species in the area. A total of 62 wild species was identified in farmlands and
woodlands. The top 10 priority species of the farmers (in descending order) were Vitex payos,
Tamarindus indica, Sclerocarya birrea, Adansonia digitata, Azanza garckeana, Vangueria rotundata,
Berchemia discolor, Carissa edulis, Ximenia caffra, Balanites aegyptica, and Loranthus uluguense.
Marketing survey revealed that seven of the top 10 species (Adansonia digitata, Azanza garckeana,
Berchemia discolor, S. birrea, T. indica, V. payos and X. caffra) already have commercial potentials
as they are sold in local markets. The survey also revealed that indigenous knowledge existed on
managing indigenous fruit trees species such as spot slashing around individual trees to reduce
competition from less favoured trees, pruning trees, and supporting young regenerants. The
constraints identified by farmers that limit planting and management of indigenous fruit tree species
are presented. Recommendations made from the survey are also presented.
Author B. S. Reddy, D. R. Patil, H. B. Patil and N. Thamiah

Title Effect of time on success of detached grafting in tamarind.
Year 2000
Source title Advances in Agricultural Research in India
Abstract
The effects of pre-curing (defoliation) of scions and schedule of grafting on the success of graft
union were studied in Karnataka, India during 1994-95. The time taken for graft union as influenced
by the time of grafting varied significantly. During winter months (October to December), the time
required for graft intake was higher compared to that of other months. As the temperature increased,
the time taken for graft union and sprouting decreased, with the least number of days (13.73) being
observed in March. The graft intake was better in pre-cured than uncured scions. The highest success
percentage (100%) in cured scions was recorded during March, followed by 94.4% in February.
Author Bhatta, R., U. Krishnamoorthy and F. Mohammed
Title Effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed husk as a source of tannin on
Year 2000
Abstract
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Author Burgalassi, S., L. Raimondi, R. Pirisino, G. Banchelli, E. Boldrini and M. F. Saett

Title Effect of xyloglucan (tamarind seed polysaccharide) on conjunctival cell adhesion
Year 2000
Source title European Journal of Ophthalmology
Abstract
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Author C. T. Lockett, C. C. Calvert and L. E. Grivetti
Title Energy and micronutrient composition of dietary and medicinal wild plants consu
Year 2000
Source title International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
Reference 51(3): 195-208
Abstract
Two rural settled Fulani villages, northeastern Nigeria, were surveyed for dietary practices and use
of edible wild plants (n=100 households). Commonly consumed species of edible wild barks, fruits,
leaves, nuts, seeds, and tubers were analyzed for protein, fat, and carbohydrate and for minerals.
Kuka bark (Adansonia digitata) given to infants to increase weight gain was high in fat, calcium,
copper, iron, and zinc. Cediya (Ficus thonningii), dorowa (Parkia biglobosa) and zogale (Moringa
oleifera) were good sources of protein and fat and excellent sources of calcium and iron or copper
and zinc. Fruits, leaves, and nuts of aduwa (Balanites aegyptiaca) were widely used during the dry
season and during drought. Edible wild species available during the wet season generally were
inferior in energy and micronutrient mineral content compared to dry season plants. Fruits
commonly eaten by children were poor sources of protein and minerals but rich in carbohydrate and
fiber. Tsamiya seeds (Tamarindus indica) were good sources of zinc and used to make dawwa
(porridge) commonly consumed during pregnancy. Kirya seeds (Prosopos africana) contained the
highest zinc concentrations. Shiwaka leaves (Veronia colorate) consumed by pregnant women to
increase breastmilk production and to expel intestinal worms, were high in fiber, phosphorus,
magnesium, manganese, and were adequate sources of calcium.
Author El-Siddig, K., G. Ebert and P. Ludders

Title Emergence and early seedling growth of Tamarindus indica L aus unterschiedlich
Year 2000
Reference 74(1/2): 17-20
Abstract
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Author Ganga, M., N. Chezhiyan and G. Prabakaran
Title In vitro rhizogenesis of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) microshoots
Year 2000
Source title Spices and aromatic plants; challenges and opportunities in the new century, Calic
Reference ISS, 60-63 pp
Abstract
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Author Ghelardi, E., A. Tavanti, F. Celandroni, A. Lupetti, C. Blandizzi, E. Boldrini, M.

Title Effect of a novel mucoadhesive polysaccharide obtained from tamarind seeds on t
Year 2000
Source title Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Reference 46 5): 831-834
Abstract
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Author H. M. G. S. B. Hitinayake and R. M. W. R. Ratnayake
Title Secondary forests in the dry zone as a source of tree fodder
Year 2000
Source title Multipurpose tree species in Sri Lanka: green manuring and fodder tree species fo
Reference H. P. M. Gunasena. University of Peradeniya Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, Postgraduate
Abstract
A vegetation survey was carried out in a secondary forest in the dry zone of Sri Lanka to identify
plant species as a source of tree fodder. The structure, composition, regeneration, coppicing ability
and palatability for goats of plant species were examined. The study identified approximately 64
different plant species in the scrub forest. Out of which 29 were trees, 11 were shrubs and 24 were
herbs. The vertical structure of the scrub forest has 4 strata: large, small, shrub and herb layers. A
total of 44 plant species consisting of 15 trees, 10 shrubs and 19 herb species were identified as with
high palatability; low palatability group consist of 17 species which includes 12 trees, 1 shrub and 4
herb species; and 3 trees and 1 herb species were identified as toxic to goats. Wira (Drypetes
sepiara), Palu (Manilkara hexandra), Mayila (Bauhinia racemosa), Nitul (Streblus asper),
Boradamana (Grewia polygama), Ehetu (Ficus tsiela) and Bat-hik (Lannea coromandelica) were the
species commonly used for cut and feed goats in the area. Wa (Cassia siamea), Ehela (C. fistula),
Seru (Premna tomentosa), Burutha (Chloroxylon swietenia) and Wal Kurundu (Cinnamomum
litsaeaefolium) were the species having high population density due to low palatability to goats and
cattle. Mayila, Wira, Huri-mara (Albizia odoratissima), Ehetu, Bat-hik, Siyambala (Tamarindus
indica) and Kon (Schleichera oleosa) have relatively high coppicing ability compared to other
species. Results indicate that secondary forest in the dry zone of Sri Lanka has a high potential as a
s o u r c e o f t r e e f o d d e r f o r g o a t s .
Author H. T. Channal, M. B. Kurdikeri and P. A. Sarangamath
Title Allelopathic effect of tree leaf extracts on germination of sorghum and rice.
Year 2000
Reference 13(2): 338-342
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effect of leaf extracts from Azadirachta indica,
Acacia arabica [Acacia nilotica], Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tamarindus indica, Tectona grandis,
Samanea saman and Syzygium cumini, all applied 5 and 10% concentration, on seed germination,
vigour index, seedling length, and seedling dry matter of sorghum and rice. Irrespective of
concentration, all tree leaf extracts promoted germination in sorghum (15-32% over the control),
while only Azadirachta indica and Acacia arabica increased germination in rice (3.50-3.81% over
the control). Seedling length was considerably decreased in sorghum due to Syzygium cumini,
Tectona grandis and E. tereticornis and in rice due to E. tereticornis and Tamarindus indica. Seedling
length was markedly increased in sorghum due to Acacia arabica and in rice due to Azadirachta
indica, Samanea saman and Acacia arabica. Leaf extracts from Acacia arabica, Samanea saman and
Azadirachta indica at 5 and 10% enhanced vigour index in sorghum, while Acacia arabica and
Samanea saman at either concentration increased vigour index in rice. Vigour index was markedly
decreased in sorghum due to Eucalyptus tereticornis and Syzygium cumini and in rice due to
Syzygium cumini, Tamarindus grandis and Eucalyptus tereticornis. Leaf extracts decreased the
seedling dry matter in sorghum and rice irrespective of concentrations.
Author Ilango, K., M. Vanangamudi, K. Vanangamudi, K. T. Parthiban and A. Venkatesh

Title Effect of some microbial inoculants on growth, biomass and nutrient uptake of ta
Year 2000
Reference 12(3): 620-623
Abstract
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Author John, R., V. Yardi, N. Goyal and A. G. Page
Title Eta-aas determination of aluminium leached from acidic food products: A case stu
Year 2000
Source title Chemical and Environmental Research
Reference 9(3/4): 283-288
Abstract
-
Author K. El-Siddig, G. Ebert and P. Ludders

Title Emergence and early seedling growth of Tamarindus indica L. from geographicall
Year 2000
Source title Angewandte Botanik
Reference 74(1/2): 17-20
Abstract
Seed emergence behaviour and early seedling growth were studied in three geographically diverse
populations of T. indica from the Sudan. The Central Sudan (CS) and the Eastern Sudan (ES)
populations exhibited a nearly threefold variation between the largest and smallest seeds, whereas
the Western Sudan (WS) population showed about twofold variation. Seed size was largest for WS
(0.55+or-0.09 g), intermediate for CS (0.48+or-0.08 g) and smallest for ES (0.43+or-0.11 g).
Tamarind seeds are generally slow to germinate as indicated by the allowance of 15 to 42 days from
planting before the first and the last emergence count, respectively. Even though differences were
not significant, the highest total percent emergence (97%) was recorded for WS population,
followed by CS (92%) and ES (90%) populations. Seeds of the WS population achieved E50 (days
to 50% emergence) two and three days earlier than ES and CS, respectively. They also showed more
uniform emergence with a span of 19.7 days versus 24.7 and 25.3 days for ES and CS populations,
respectively. Seedling vigour, evaluated in terms of seedling height, number of leaflets, total leaf
area, total dry weight and leaf dry weight, was superior in WS population, while there were no
measurable differences between CS and ES. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics did not vary among
the three populations. Mean values for CO2 assimilation rate (ACO2), transpiration rate (E) and
stomatal conductance (gs) were low but well within the range expected for evergreen woody species.
In conclusion, for faster and uniform emergence and plant establishment in the nursery the WS
p o p u l a t i o n i s t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e c a n d i d a t e .
Author K. Ilango, V. Mallika, K. Vanangamudi, K. T. Parthiban and A. Venkatesh
Title Effect of some microbial inoculants on growth, biomass and nutrient uptake of ta
Year 2000
Reference 12(3): 620-623
Abstract
The effect of microbial inoculants (Rhizobium sp. ALM2, 108 cells/g and Pseudomonas striata PB2,
109 cells/g) on growth, biomass production and nutrient uptake of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) was
studied in a nursery soil mixture in Tamil Nadu, India. The microbial inoculants were applied to acid
scarified seeds. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) fungi (Glomus fasciculatum, 4 spores/g) were used in
soil inoculation. The treatments were: T1 - 5 g Rhizobium/100 seeds; T2 - 5 g phosphobacteria/100
seeds; T3 - 2 g AM/bag; T4 - 5 g Rhizobium + 5 g phosphobacteria/100 seeds; T5 - 5 g
Rhizobium/100 seeds + 2 g AM/bag; T6 - 5 g phosphobacteria/100 seeds + 2 g AM/ bag; T7 - 5 g
Rhizobium/100 seeds + 5 g phosphobacteria/100 seeds + 2 g AM/bag. The combined inoculation of
Rhizobium + phosphobacteria + AM (T7) improved the shoot and root lengths and total leaf area
compared to the uninoculated control and other treatments. The increase in plant growth attributes
might be due to increased uptake of nutrients in mycorrhizal associated plants and their synergistic
effect with other inoculants. The increased uptake of N due to microbial inoculation was evident.
The highest contents of N, P, and K, in T7 clearly imply that the treated soils improved the uptake of
these nutrients. The increase in P content might be due to the symbiosis exhibited by the
microorganisms that ultimately helped increase its availability for uptake at the root zone.
Author K. V. Krishnamurthy, A. Sivakumari and V. Nandagopalan

Title Effect of water stress on the wood of two tree legumes.
Year 2000
Source title Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen
Reference 71(2): 183-201
Abstract
The effect of water stress, natural and induced (through water withholding and PEG treatment), on
the tension wood of Tamarindus indica and Acacia nilotica was studied. Vessel diameter, vessel
element length, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices decreased with increasing water stress.
Vessel frequency, vessel wall thickness, percentage area occupied by gelatinous fibres (G-fibres) in
the tension wood, diameter of the G-fibres and the thickness of the gelatinous layer (Sg-layer) all
increased with increasing water stress. Instead of remaining entirely cellulosic, the Sg-layer
developed increasing amounts of acidic cell wall polysaccharides. The latter, probably because of
their hydrophilic nature, were helpful in retaining more water under greater water stress. The data on
relative water content and on water potential supported this opinion.
Author Khandare, A. L., P. U. Kumar and N. Lakshmaiah
Title Beneficial effect of tamarind ingestion on fluoride toxicity in dogs
Year 2000
Source title Fluoride
Abstract
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Author Kumar, K. P. V. and M. G. Sethuraman

Title Aricanut fibre and tamarind seed coat as raw materials for varnish preparation
Year 2000
Source title Bulletin of Electrochemistry
Reference 16(6): 264-266
Abstract
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Author L. G. G. Rao, B. Joseph and B. Sreemannarayana
Title Growth and biomass production of some important multipurpose tree species on r
Year 2000
Reference 126(7): 772-781
Abstract
An experiment with 11 multipurpose tree species was conducted on red sandy loam soils on the
agroforestry block in Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar campus, Andhra
Pradesh (India). Evaluation of tree species 9 years after planting showed that Dalbergia sissoo,
Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were fast growing and
suitable for this Southern Telengana Zone of Andhra Pradesh. Data on biomass production
(smallwood and logs) showed that D. sissoo yielded maximum biomass (214.6 t ha-1) followed by L.
leucocephala (187.8 t ha-1) and A. auriculiformis (162.4 t ha-1). Maximum mean annual biomass
production (MABP) was also most for D. sissoo (23.8 t ha-1) followed by L. leucocephala (20.9 t ha-
1) and A. auriculiformis (18.0 t ha-1). Foliage yield 9 yr after planting was maximum (on an oven
dry weight basis) in L. leucocephala (16.8 t ha-1) followed by A. auriculiformis (12.0 t ha-1) and E.
camaldulensis (9.9 t ha-1). Cost benefit analyses showed that for every rupee spent on cultivation of
these tree species, the highest return was obtained from D. sissoo (4.4) followed by L. leucocephala
(4.0), A. auriculiformis (3.1) and E. camaldulensis (2.9). The other tree species included in the trial
were: Albizia lebbeck, Dendrocalamus strictus, Acacia albida [Faidherbia albida], Acacia tortilis,
Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica and Tamarindus indica.
Author Lynch, R. A., D. T. Boatright and S. K. Moss

Title Lead-contaminated imported tamarind candy and children's blood lead levels
Year 2000
Source title Public Health Reports
Reference 115(6): 537-543
Abstract
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Author M. K. Misra and S. S. Dash
Title Biomass and energetics of non-timber forest resources in a cluster of tribal village
Year 2000
Source title Biomass and Bioenergy
Reference 18(3): 229-247
Abstract
An empirical study on the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in 3 tribal villages on the Eastern
Ghats of India was made during 1994-95. These village ecosystems (Rajikakhola, Nediguda and
Badruguda) are situated in the Phulbani district of Orissa and are inhabited by the Kondh tribe. The
average annual production per village of the most important non-timber forest products (NTFPs) was
1.87 t (26.78 GJ) of mohua ([mahua] Madhuca latifolia [M. longifolia]) flowers (used to make
country liquor or mohuli), 2.96 t (54.41 GJ) of siali (Bauhinia vahlii) leaves (used for making plates
and cups), 6.73 t (107.06 GJ) of thatch grass, 4.2 t (8.01 GJ) of sago palm (Caryota urens) sap (only
collected in Rajikakhola) and 0.93 t (11.39 GJ) of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pulp per village.
Total production of NTFPs was 253.55 GJ. Total consumption of NTFPs was 190.57 GJ per village.
However, average household consumption was 9.60 GJ. Annual country liquor consumption was
2287 litre per village, out of which a total of 762 litres was prepared locally and the rest imported.
Total annual export of NTFPs was 3.69 t (61.47 GJ) per village, maximum being by Rajikakhola.
Among the exported products siali leaves ranked highest. Total human energy expended on
collection of NTFP was 16.1 GJ per village, out of which men contributed 37.3%, women 53.8%
and children 8.9%. The average input-output ratio of energy for NTFP was 16.56. For sustainable
development of such tribal villages, conservation and proper management of existing forests,
minimization of waste, and increase of the value of products through efficient processing, are all
e s s e n t i a l .
Author Mehta, U. J., K. V. Krishnamurthy and S. Hazra

Title Regeneration of plants via adventitious bud formation from mature zygotic embry
Year 2000
Source title Current Science
Reference 78(10): 1231-1234
Abstract
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Author N. G. Hegde
Title Decentralised nurseries for promotion of social forestry.
Year 2000
Reference 126(9): 1002-1007
Abstract
Based on observations made in by the BAIF Development Research Foundation in Maharashtra,
India, decentralized nursery management is advocated as the key to people's participation in social
forestry. Depending on the facilities, the nurseries are classified as permanent, semi-permanent and
temporary. With the involvement of local people, the choices of species is changing towards non-
wood forest product producing species apart from fruit and timber species. The establishment of
nurseries to raise such species at the grassroots level can encourage farmers to take up afforestation
on their marginal and waste lands, while creating opportunities for small farmers and women to
generate sustainable livelihoods. The quality of the plants produced further determines the success
and profitability of such decentralized nurseries. The selection of suitable tree species and superior
varieties, production of plants by vegetative methods, raising of healthy and hardy plants free from
pests and diseases, and the use of suitable containers to transport the plants economically without
damage, would contribute to the quality of the nurseries. Macropropagation techniques can be useful
for multiplying most of the tree species at a lower cost than when propagules from tissue culture are
used. BAIF has already standardized macropropagation protocols for a number of species from shoot
cuttings; these include neem [Azadirachta indica], bamboos, Casuarina, shisham [Dalbergia sissoo],
Pongamia and tamarind [Tamarindus indica]. The use of gunny cloth to wrap the pot mixture with
t h e r o o t s y s t e m h a s a l s o b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o f a ci li t at e e as y t r an sp o rt at i on of p l an t s.
Author N. L. Patel and S. P. Singh
Title Effect of different tree species on site amelioration.
Year 2000
Reference 23(2): 192-196
Abstract
The effectiveness of 10 multipurpose tree species in ameliorating marginal farmland was tested from
July 1991 to July 1993 at Junagadh in the semiarid South Saurashtra region of Gujarat (India). The
trees were planted as 6-month-old saplings in pits at 3x1.5 m spacing, after the onset of the monsoon
soil depth was 45-60 cm. Soil nutrient status under the canopy was measured at 0-20 and 20-40 (root
zone) cm depth 1 and 2 yr after planting. The highest increased available N, P2O5 and K2O and
percentage organic matter were found at 0-20 cm soil depth under the canopy of Albizia lebbeck,
followed by Cordia dichotoma. Soil nutrients were also higher in the root zone of A. lebbeck,
followed by Pithecellobium dulce. Increases found under the canopy of the other species tested
(Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus hybrid, Melia azedarach,
Syzygium cumini and Tamarindus indica) were not so high. The soil pH under the canopy of the
v a r i o u s t r e e s p e c i e s d i d n o t c h a n g e m a r k e d l y .
Author P. S. Jadhav and G. B. Shinde

Title An analysis of various fermentation substrates for single cell oil production (micr
Year 2000
Source title Flora and Fauna (Jhansi)
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane bagasse, rice bran, wheat bran, tamarind kernel powder,
orange peel, sweet lemon peel, mahuwa flower, carrot pomace and jack bean seed powder were used
as carbon sources for growth and lipid production of Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium
aurantiogriseum and P. decumbens, compared with a known oleaginous strain, Mucor plumbeus.
Sugarcane bagasse produced good growth and was further compared with an Evans mineral medium
containing glucose as a carbon source. Biomass growth in sugarcane bagasse medium was
comparable to that in the Evans mineral medium but had a lower lipid production. The effect of
different nitrogen sources (KNO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl and urea) on lipid production of the 4 fungi
in an Evans mineral medium containing sugarcane bagasse as carbon source was then investigated.
Sugarcane bagasse gave a lower level of biomass and lipid production compared with glucose as
carbon source. It is concluded that a variety of agro-industrial wastes can be used as carbon sources
provided that the fermentation parameters are optimized.
Author P. Vityakon, S. Meepech, G. Cadisch and B. Toomsan
Title Soil organic matter and nitrogen transformation mediated by plant residues of diff
Year 2000
Source title Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science
Abstract
Organic matter management is believed to solve many of the chemical and physical problems of
coarse-textured, low fertility soils of NE Thailand. The influence of different plant residues available
in this area on soil C and N dynamics in upland (Oxic Paleustult) and lowland (Aeric Paleaquult)
soils was tested. Residues included groundnut (upland) or Sesbania rostrata stover (lowland), rice
straw, Tamarindus indica and Dipterocarpus tuberculatus leaves applied at 10 t ha-1 (dry matter).
For the former three residues additional application rates of 20 t ha-1 were included as well as a
mixture (50:50) of groundnut/Sesbania - rice straw treatment. Groundnut stover and Sesbania had
C:N ratios <28:1 and low lignin, and polyphenol contents whereas rice straw had the highest C:N
ratio of 79:1. Dipterocarp and tamarind leaves were characterized by high lignin (>17%) and
polyphenol (>4.5%) contents. These latter residues, despite slow decomposition, apparently resulted
in only moderate soil C (<1 mm) build-up after one year due to the fact that a large proportion of
their residues remained in particulate form (>1 mm). Thus the mixture of groundnut/Sesbania with
straw was among those residue treatments that led to the highest soil C (<1 mm) build-up under both
upland and lowland conditions. Groundnut stover under upland condition resulted in immediate net
N mineralization but also an early decline in soil mineral N presumably due to leaching. By mixing
groundnut or Sesbania with rice straw with a high C:N ratio residue N mineralization could be
delayed and prolonged, improving potentially the synchrony of N release and plant demand.
Additions of dipterocarp and tamarind resulted in an initial N immobilization phase and net mineral
N release remained low thereafter. Dynamics of microbial biomass N were closely related to N
mineralization and immobilization cycles in both upland and lowland experiments. Residue N
concentration was the most significant factor controlling N release in both systems. While
extractable polyphenols exhibited a significant influence on N release in upland conditions their
e f f e c t w a s n o t e v i d e n t i n t h e l o w l a n d .
Author Parameswari, K., P. Srimathi, G. Sasthri and K. Malarkodi

Title Influence of locations on size grades of tamarind
Year 2000
Source title Progressive Horticulture
Reference 32(2): 131-137
Abstract
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Author Parameswari, K., P. Srimathi, K. Malarkodi and G. Sasthri
Title Influence of biocides on the storability of scarified seeds of tamarind (Tamarindus
Year 2000
Source title Progressive Horticulture
Abstract
-
Author R. Bhatta, U. Krishnamoorthy and F. Mohammed

Title Effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed husk as a source of tannin on
Year 2000
Abstract
The effect of feeding tamarind (T. indica) seed husk (TSH) as a source of tannin on DM intake
(DMI), digestibility, N balance, milk yield and milk composition was studied in crossbred dairy
cows in mid-lactation. A lactation trial was conducted using 9 multiparous cows in mid-lactation in a
switchback design. Cows were divided into 3 groups of 3 each. Animals of Group I (GP-1) received
a compounded feed mixture (CFM) without tamarind seed husk (control group), Group II (GP-II)
CFM with 2.5% TSH and Group III (GP-III) CFM with 7.5% TSH. The trial lasted 18 weeks, each
period lasting 6 weeks. The diet consisted of finger millet straw (FMS) and CFM. There was no
difference between the groups with respect to DMI, milk yield, milk fat, solid-not-fat (SNF) and
lactose. DOMD of the diets was similar. There was significant difference in liveweight gain
(P<0.05) and milk protein content (P<0.07) between GP-I and GP-III. Although there were
significant differences among the groups in faecal N (P<0.05) and urinary N (P<0.01) excretion, N
balance was similar. There was a difference (P<0.05) in CP digestibility among the 3 groups;
digestibility of other nutrients was similar. It is concluded that TSH tannin at a low concentration
has a beneficial effect on the performance of crossbred lactating cows.
Author S. B. Gurumurthy and M. N. Sreenivasa
Title Occurrence and distribution of VAM fungi in the rhizosphere of five tree species
Year 2000
Reference 18(2): 500-502
Abstract
Survey work was conducted to isolate the predominant native VAM fungi in northern Karnataka,
India, at different locations (Dharwad, Prabhunagar and Sirsi) in the rhizosphere of five tree species,
namely, teak, silver oak, casuarina, shisham and tamarind. Occurrence of native endophytes of VAM
fungi in the rhizosphere soil of teak and silver oak differed in their spore count at different locations.
They were found to be higher in the rhizosphere soil samples collected in Dharwad followed by Sirsi
and Prabhunagar. Two predominant VAM spore types were observed in the rhizosphere soils of teak
and silver oak. Highest spore counts were observed in the rhizosphere soil samples of tamarind
collected in Dharwad followed by Sirsi and Prabhunagar, while in casuarina and shisham, the spore
counts were higher in soil samples collected from Dharwad followed by Prabhunagar and Sirsi. Two
predominant VAM spore types were observed in the rhizosphere soils of tamarind, shisham and
c a s u a r i n a .
Author S. C. Tucker
Title Floral development in tribe Detarieae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): Amhersti
Year 2000
Source title American Journal of Botany
Reference 87(10): 1385-1407
Abstract
Floral development was compared among three taxa in caesalpinioid tribe Detarieae sensu lato:
Amherstia nobilis and Tamarindus indica have racemose, helically arranged inflorescences, while
Brownea latifolia has cauliflorous capitate flower clusters that arise as racemes. All have acropetal
flower order; initiation and development are sequential in all except Brownea, which is synchronous.
All have paired persistent showy bracteoles. Floral symmetry is dorsiventral (zygomorphic) in all
except Brownea, with radial symmetry at anthesis. Sepals initiate helically on a circular floral apex,
starting with a median abaxial sepal, in all. Petals are initiated helically in Brownea, and
unidirectionally in Amherstia and Tamarindus. Stamens are initiated unidirectionally in each stamen
whorl in all except Amherstia, in which the outer whorl is bidirectional. The carpel initiates
concurrently with the petals in Brownea, and with the outer stamens in the other taxa. The two upper
(adaxial) sepal primordia become fused during development in all, so that the calyx appears
tetramerous. Some reduced petals occur in Amherstia and Tamarindus, and some reduced stamens
occur in all. All produce a hypanthium by zonal growth, and all except Tamarindus have the
gyn o e c i u m a t t a c h e d ad ax ia ll y t o t he h yp a nt hi al r im.
Author S. Deepa, J. G. Gavali and N. S. R. Krishnayya
Title Stomatal studies of [a] few tree species growing in [an] industrial area.
Year 2000
Source title Advances in Plant Sciences
Reference 13(1): 209-212
Abstract
Stomatal studies were carried out on 5 tree species growing in the Baroda industrial region of
[Gujarat] India - Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia racemosa, Pithecellobium dulce
and Tamarindus indica. Increases in stomatal density with decline in stomatal size and epidermal cell
density were observed at the polluted sites in comparison with control sites.
Author S. K. Sen and L. M. Behera

Title Ethnomedicinal plants used against lecorrhoea at Bargarh district in Orissa (India)
Year 2000
Source title Neo Botanica
Reference 8(1/2): 19-22
Abstract
Thirteen plant species viz., Aloe barbadensis, Cassia tora, Celastrus paniculata [Celastrus
paniculatus], Hemidesmus indicus, Mesua nagassarium [Mesua ferrea], Madhuca indica [Madhuca
longifolia], Phyllanthus fraternus, Rivea hypocrateriformis, Saraca asoca, Sesbania grandiflora,
Tamarindus indica, Withania somnifera and Wrightia tinctoria, collected as part of an ethnobotanical
survey from different areas in Bargarh, Orissa, India were identified. Brief descriptions and details
of the use of the plants in the treatment of leucorrhoea reported by the local people are provided.
Author Sonia, L. Sahoo, A. Gulati, S. Dahiya, R. P. Singh and P. K. Jaiwal

Title In vitro multiplication of a multipurpose tree legume, tamarindus indica from coty
Year 2000
Source title Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants
Abstract
-
Author T. Ishii
Title The utilization of mycorrhizal fungi in agroforestry systems in the semiarid region
Year 2000
Source title Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectural University, Human Environment and
Reference 52(21-37
Abstract
About 80% of Kenyan land is arid and semiarid, and the introduction of tree-planting techniques is
needed for improving the land. Soil productivity in Kenya has been attributed to a low content of
vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM), minerals (especially N and P). When soil samples were
collected from 103 orchards at 25 locations representing 13 soil types and 4 regions, the number of
VAM spores in 25 g of soil was 200 or less; in >60% of these orchards the number of spores was
<50/25 g of soil. The paper reports a pilot project at Kitui, investigating the utilization of
mycorrhizal fungi in agroforestry systems, and supported by JICA. Data are reported on the types of
VAM spores collected (Glomus spp. were most common), the variation intensity of VAM infection
with plant type (a high percentage of VAM infection was observed in several weeds) and in some
tropical fruit trees (Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Tamarindus indica and 2
indigenous species - Pachystigma schumannianum and Sclerocarya birrea). Various other tree
species (shown in a table) also formed VAM. When papaya seedlings inoculated with Glomus
caledonium were transplanted to a pilot field, inoculated plants showed both improved resistance to
water stress and higher survival percentages than non-inoculated plants. A millet-cultivated soil
medium was very effective as a VAM inoculum, although stimulation of VAM formation in the
roots of Cassia (Senna) siamea, Melia volkensii, Terminalia prunioides, Vitex doniana and Ziziphus
mauritiana was observed without VAM inoculation. Furthermore, the growth of nursery trees was
increased by the soil medium, in particular, there was increased VAM colonization in the roots of
Acacia aulacocarpa, Carica papaya, Cordia ovalis, Mangifera indica, Persea americana, Psidium
guajava and Schinus molle, which was reflected in vigorous tree growth. The inoculation of VAM
fungi and the application of charcoal will be also very useful for the production of nursery trees.
These results suggest that the use of VAM fungi can make a useful contribution to agroforestry
s y s t e m s i n t h e s e m i a r i d r e g i o n s o f K e n y a .
Author T. Senguttuvan
Title Insect pest associated with three semi arid fruits under agroforestry.
Year 2000
Reference 6(2): 78
Abstract
A table is presented listing insect species attacking Tamarindus indica, Emblica officinalis
[Phyllanthus emblica] and Syzygium cumini in Tamil Nadu, India.
Author Tucker, S. C.
Title Floral development in tribe detarieae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): Amhersti
Year 2000
Source title American Journal of Botany
Reference 87(10): 1385-1407
Abstract
-
Author U. J. Mehta, K. V. Krishnamurthy and H. Sulekha

Title Regeneration of plants via adventitious bud formation from mature zygotic embry
Year 2000
Source title Current Science
Reference 78(10): 1231-1234
Abstract
A protocol for in vitro regeneration of plants via adventitious bud formation from the mature embryo
axis of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) was standardized. Explants consisting of the longitudinal
section of the embryo axis with attached cotyledon were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS)
medium with various combinations and concentrations of NAA, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP
[benzyladenine]) and sucrose. Induction of adventitious shoot buds was achieved on the cut surface
of the axis when cultured in a medium containing 2.69 micro M NAA, 44.39 micro M BAP and 4%
sucrose. A medium consisting of 0.91 micro M zeatin, 2.22 micro M BAP, 0.41 micro M calcium
pantothenate and 0.40 micro M biotin supported the differentiation of the buds to form elongated
shoots. The shoots developed roots in a half strength MS medium with 2% sucrose following a 72 h
treatment with auxin mixture in the dark. On transfer to soil 24 plants survived.
Author Yamanaka, S., Y. Yuguchi, H. Urakawa, K. Kajiwara, M. Shirakawa and K. Yam

Title Gelation of tamarind seed polysaccharide xyloglucan in the presence of ethanol
Year 2000
Reference 14(2): 125-128
Abstract
-
Author Arya, A., C. Arya, R. Agarwal and B. Lal
Title A new species of Phomopsis on Tamarindus indica L
Year 1999
Source title National Academy Science Letters
Reference 22(9/10): 152-155
Abstract
-
Author Chavan, R., R. Lokesha and S. N. Nayak

Title Studies on flowering phenology, floral biology and phenotypic variability for flora
Year 1999
Reference 12(1/4): 55-59
Abstract
-
Author D'Amico, M., C. Di Filippo, E. Lampa, E. Boldrini, F. Rossi, A. Ruggiero and A.

Title Effects of timolol and of timolol with tamarind seed polysaccharide on intraocular
Year 1999
Source title Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications
Reference 5(5): 361-364
Abstract
-
Author El-Siddig, K., G. Ebert and P. Ludders
Title Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): A review on a multipurpose tree with promisin
Year 1999
Reference 73(5/6): 202-205
Abstract
-
Author Guimaraes, T., P. N. Junior, J. Brito and Z. Souza

Title Global analysis on the Tamarindus indica (tamarind)'s action on cholesterol and pl
Year 1999
Source title Pathology and laboratory medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Reference Bologna, 237-240 pp
Abstract
-
Author Karale, A. P., A. R. Wagh, B. G. Pawar and T. A. More

Title Association of fruit characters in tamarind
Year 1999
Source title Journal of the Maharashtra Agricultural Universities
Reference 24(3): 319-320
Abstract
-
Author Karale, A. R., A. P. Wagh, B. G. Pawar, M. B. Shete and T. A. More
Title Floral abnormalities in the tamarind
Year 1999
Reference 24(2): 209
Abstract
-
Author Nakamura, F. and Y. Machida

Title Effect of sucrose esters of fatty acids on in vitro release and physico-chemical pro
Year 1999
Source title Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Japan
Reference 59(3): 121-127
Abstract
-
Author Patil, S. G., G. S. Shinde and V. S. Khandar

Title Effects of foliar application of zinc, boron, urea and iaa on growth of tamarind see
Year 1999
Reference 24(1): 106-107
Abstract
-
Author Rimbau V; Cerdan C; Vila R; Iglesias
Title Antiinflammatory activity of some extracts from plants used in the traditional med
Year 1999
Source title Phytotherapy Research
Reference 13(2): 128-132
Abstract
-
Author Romero-Tehuitzil, H., E. J. Vernon-Carter, M. G. Vizcarra-Mendoza and C. I. Ber

Title Effect of biopolymers on the formation, drying kinetics and flavor retention of ta
Year 1999
Source title Acs Symposium Series
Reference 723: 283-291
Abstract
-
Author Veena, T. and V. T. Jayaprakash

Title Tamarind as a sailogogue
Year 1999
Source title Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
Reference 43(3): 401-402
Abstract
-
Author Yamanaka, S., M. Mimura, H. Urakawa, K. Kajiwara, M. Shirakawa and K. Yama
Title Conformation of tamarind seed xyloglucan oligomers
Year 1999
Source title Fiber
Reference 55(12): 590-596
Abstract
-
Author Yamanaka, S., Y. Yuguchi, H. Urakawa, K. Kajiwara, M. Shirakawa and K. Yam

Title Gelation of enzymatically degraded xyloglucan extracted from tamarind seed
Year 1999
Source title Fiber
Reference 55(11): 528-532
Abstract
-
Author Ali MS; Ahmad VU; Azhar I; Usmanghani K

Title Chemotropism and antimicrobial activity of Tamarindus indica
Year 1998
Source title Fitoterapia
Abstract
-
Author Awasthi OP; Sharma S
Title Variability in Tamarind
Year 1998
Source title World
Reference 60
Abstract
-
Author Cardet C; Kandji T; Delobel A; Danthu P

Title Efficiency of neem and groundnut oils in protecting leguminous tree seeds against
Year 1998
Abstract
The objective of our study was to test the comparative efficiency of neem (Azadiruchta indica)
kernel oil, groundnut oil and a synthetic insecticide, K-Othrine(R), in protecting stocks of
leguminous tree seeds against seed beetles under Sahelian conditions. The following insect/seed
combinations were used as models: Caryedon acaciae/Acacia nilotica, C. longispinosus/A. raddiana
and C. serratus/Tamarindus indica. Neem oil, when used at concentrations of 5 to 20 mi per kg of
seeds, had pronounced adulticidal and ovicidal effects which were maintained for five months. No
significant fall in seed viability was observed except in the case of C. acaciae/A. nilotica. Groundnut
oil, when used at concentrations of 5 to 20 mi per kg of seeds, had pronounced adulticidal and
ovicidal effects which were relatively short-lived. A significant fall in seed viability was observed
over five months. K-Othrine(R), when used at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 mg per kg, had
high adulticidal effects which were maintained for five months. However, K-Othrine(R) was found
to have no ovicide properties. No significant fall in seed viability was observed. This study
concluded that it is possible to use neem oil, a product that can be obtained locally at low cost, to
e f f i c i e n t l y p r o t e c t t r e e s e e d s t o c k s i n t h e S a h e l .
Author El Tahir A; Ibrahim AM; Satti GMH; Theander TG; Kharazmi A; Khalid SA
Title The potential antileishmanial activity of some Sudanese medicinal plants
Year 1998
Reference 12(8): 576-579
Abstract
-
Author FAO
Title Tropical food plants: A resource book for promoting the exploitation and consum
Year 1998
Source title FAO Food and Nutrition Paper
Reference 42:478-483.
Abstract
-
Author Fry SC
Title Oxidative scission of plant cell wall polysaccharides by ascorbate-induced hydrox
Year 1998
Reference 332(2): 507-515
Abstract
-
Author Grollier, C., C. Debien, M. Dornier and M. Reynes
Title Prominent characteristics and possible uses of the tamarind
Year 1998
Source title Fruits (Paris)
Reference 53(4): 271-280
Abstract
-
Author Guissou, T., A. M. Ba, J. M. Ouadba, S. Guinko and R. Duponnois

Title Responses of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth, Tamarindus indica L. and Zizyphus
Year 1998
Source title Biology and Fertility of Soils
Reference 26(3): 194-198
Abstract
-
Author Hanamashetti, S. I., G. S. Sulikeri and P. M. Salimath

Title Multivariate analysis in clonal progenies of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)
Year 1998
Source title Multipurpose tree species for agroforestry systems; research, retrospect and prosp
Reference Jodhpur, 105-108 pp
Abstract
-
Author Ijomah, J. U. and M. Udu
Title Effects of various pre-germination treatments on seeds of Prosopis africana (Guill
Year 1998
Source title Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Reference 4(4): 369-374
Abstract
-
Author Ilango, K., M. Vanangamudi, A. Venkatesh, R. S. Vinayarai and S. Balaji

Title Effect of foliar spray of growth hormones on morpho-physiological attributes in T
Year 1998
Reference 34(2): 815-820
Abstract
-
Author Kaitho RJ; Nsahlai IV; Williams BA; Umunna NN; Tamminga S; Bruchem J van
Title Relationships between preference, rumen degradability, gas production and chemi
Year 1998
Reference 39(2):, 129-144
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess whether degradability, gas production or chemical constituents
could predict the preference of browses. Forty tropical brows species leaves with a crude protein
(CP) content ranging from 79 to 307 g kg-1 DM were used for this study. The neutral detergent fibre
(NDF) ranged from 220 to 694 g kg-1 DM, while acid detergent fibre (ADF) ranged from 146 to 523
g kg-1 DM. The NDF-bound nitrogen (NDFN) and ADF-bound nitrogen were particularly high in
Calliandra calothyrsus, Acacia polyacantha, Sesbania sesban, Acacia venosa and Acacia hockii.
High levels of tannins were observed in Acacia species, especially A. dolichocephala, A. hockii, A.
microbotrya and A. salicina. High levels were also observed in Flemingia macrophylla and Leucaena
pallida. The browse species differed (P <0.05) in DM in sacco degradability coefficients. High
potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) were observed in Sesbania spp.,
Moringa stenopetala, Indigofera arrecta, Chamaecytisus palmensis and Atriplex spp. The browses
differed (P<0.05) in asymptotic gas (Ag) production (ml g-1 OM), but had similar (P>0.05) times of
incubation at which half of the asymptotic gas had been formed. Preference and DM intake were
positively correlated (P<0.01) to NDFN, but negatively correlated (P<0.05) to NDF and ADF. The
PD and Ag were negatively (P<0.001) related to NDF, ADF and lignin. Total phenols (TP) and
condensed tannins (CT) were negatively (P<0.05) related to PD, ED and Ag. A positive correlation
was observed between CT and NDF-bound condensed tannins (r=0.55, P<0.001) and, CT and TP
(r=0.40, P<0.01). Prediction equations were poor for DM intake and preference, moderate for gas
production and good for potential and effective degradabilities. The phenolic components were more
related to dry matter degradation and gas production than to preference and dry matter intake. NDFN
and Ag made a positive contribution to both preference and DM intake. It was concluded that
chemical constitutes such as N, NDF, NDFN, ADF and lignin are essential to predict the nutritive
v a l u e o f b r o w s e s .
Author Kaitho RJ; Umunna NN; Nsahlai IV; Tamminga S; Bruchem J van
Title Nitrogen in browse species: ruminal degradability and post-ruminal digestibility
Year 1998
Source title Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
Reference 76(4): 488-498
Abstract
This study determined the N degradability and digestibility of rumen undegradable N using the
mobile nylon bag (MNB) and a pepsin/pancreatin in vitro technique (IV) in 40 browse species. 30
Ethiopian highland sheep fitted with rumen cannulae were used. Six steers fitted with rumen
cannulae were used in preparation of 16 and 24-h ruminal undegraded residues and 4 steers fitted
with distal abomasal cannulae were used in MNB technique. The browses varied widely in N
solubility (15-468 g/kg), potential degradability (223-976 g/kg), rate of degradation (0.13-24% h-1)
and effective degradability (135-821 g/kg). The apparent N digestibility (ND) of the rumen
undegraded residues differed significantly among browse species. No significant difference was
observed in ND of 16 and 24-h residues. The ND of the 16-h residue varied from -218 to 759 g/kg
and 169 to 851 g/kg for MNB and IV methods, respectively. Browse species with high tannin
contents such as Acacia hockii, A. horrida, A. melanoxylon, A. persiciflora, A. salicina, A. saligna
and Flemingia macrophylla had high rumen by-pass and a low ND, while Sesbania spp. and A.
nilotica with low tannin contents underwent rapid and extensive DM and N degradation in the
rumen. Acacia sieberiana, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Erythrina spp., Gliricidia sepium, Samanea
saman [Albizia saman] and Enterolobium cyclocarpum had high proportions of protein escaping
rumen degradation (BP) and with a high proportion of the by-pass protein digested in the intestine,
therefore these browses had a high potential as protein supplements. The ND measured with the
MNB were lower (P<0.001) than by the IV method. The correlation between MNB and IV was high
(R2 = 0.89, P<0.0001) as also indicated by the regression equation (SE in parentheses): MNB = -
22.8 (4.55) + 1.0 (0.08)IV (RSD = 10.56, R2 = 0.79, n=40, P<0.001). The intercept of the linear
relationship obtained was different from zero while the slope was not different from unity. Multiple
regression analysis suggested that some of the unexplained variation could be accounted for by
either N, acid detergent fibre, total phenolics or neutral detergent fibre bound tannin concentrations
in browses. It was concluded that the IV method was accurate for estimating digestibility of
ruminally undegradable N and hence its use would considerably reduce the need for delicate surgery
and the elaborate procedures involving the MNB technique.
Author Kulkarni D; Dwivedi AK; Singh S
Title Performance evaluation of tamarind seed polyose as a binder and in sustained rele
Year 1998
Source title Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Abstract
Evaluation of tamarind seed polyose as a binder for tablet dosage forms was taken up for the wet
granulation as well as direct compression methods. The drug release sustaining properties of
tamarind seed polyose polymer were also studied using 5 mg of terbutaline sulphate matrices. The
results indicated that tamarind seed polyose could be used as binder for wet granulation and direct
compression tableting methods as well as a suitable polymer for sustained release formulations of
l o w d r u g l o a d i n g .
Author Le HT; Hancock JF; Trinh TT

Title The fruit crops of Vietnam: Introduced species and their native relatives
Year 1998
Source title Fruit Varieties Journal
Reference 52(3): 158-168
Abstract
-
Author Limyati DA; Juniar BLL

Title Jamu Gendong, a kind of traditional medicine in Indonesia: the microbial contami
Year 1998
Reference 63(3): 201-208.
Abstract
-
Author Mirza, M., Z. Yaqeen, Yaqeenuddin, M. Qadiruddin and Y. Badar
Title Trace elements in Tamarindus indica Linn and their nutritional importance
Year 1998
Source title Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
Reference 41(6): 310-311
Abstract
-
Author Mishima T; Hisamatsu M; York WS; Teranishi K; Yamada T

Title Adhesion of beta-D-glucans to cellulose
Year 1998
Source title Carbohydrate Research
Reference 308(3-4): 389-395
Abstract
Schizophyllan, a Schizophylium commune beta-D-glucan, a Tamarindus xyloglucan, locust bean
gum, a galactomannan, a barley beta-D-glucan, and chitosan show specific adhesion to
microcrystalline cellulose (cellulose I). Xyloglucan, locust bean gum, barley beta-D-glucan, and
chitosan also show the ability to adhere mercerized cellulose (cellulose: II), while schizophyllan
does not. As the molecular weight of schizophyllan decreases, both its ability to form triple- helical
structures and its adhesion to cellulose I diminish and finally disappear, indicating that the adhesion
of schizophyllan to cellulose I depends on high-molecular-weight domains that adopt the triple-
helical structures. On the other hand, the adhesion of locust bean gum, chitosan, and xyloglucan to
celluloses was found to be largely independent of molecular weight. Furthermore, it is thought that
the adhesion of barley beta-D-glucan occurs because it belongs to a group of xyloglucans.
Author Mishima, T., M. Hisamatsu, W. S. York, K. Teranishi and T. Yamada

Title Adhesion of ç-d-glucans to cellulose
Year 1998
Reference 308(3/4): 389-395
Abstract
-
Author Miyazaki S; Suisha F; Kawasaki N; Shirakawa M; Yam_
Title Thermally reversible xyloglucan gels as vehicles for rectal drug delivery
Year 1998
Source title Journal of Controlled Release
Reference 56(1-3): 75-83
Abstract
-
Author Nagarajan, B., A. Nicodemus, A. K. Mandal, R. K. Verma, K. Gireesan and N. P.

Title Phenology and controlled pollination studies in tamarind
Year 1998
Source title Silvae Genetica
Reference 47(5/6): 237-240
Abstract
-
Author Patil, B. G., D. V. Gokhale, K. B. Bastawde, U. S. Puntambekar and S. G. Patil

Title The use of tamarind waste to improve ethanol production from cane molasses
Year 1998
Source title Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Reference 21(6): 307-310
Abstract
-
Author Pino, J. A.
Title Los constituyentes voiatiles del tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.)
Year 1998
Source title Alimentaria
Reference (292): 85-88
Abstract
-
Author Rajput KS; Rao KS

Title Occurrence of the intercellular spaces in cambial rays
Year 1998
Source title Israel Journal of Plant Sciences
Reference 46(4): 299-302
Abstract
-
Author Reddy, B. S., D. R. Patil, H. B. Patil and N. Thamiah

Title Effect of time on success of detached grafting in tamarind
Year 1998
Abstract
-
Author Sembene M; Delobel A
Title Genetic differentiation of groundnut seed-beetle populations in Senegal
Year 1998
Source title Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
Reference 87(2): 171-180
Abstract
Caryedon serratus, the groundnut seed-beetle, is a major pest of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), an
introduced legume in the subfamily Papilionoideae. Native hosts of C. serratus in Senegal include
Bauhinia rufescens, Cassia sieberiana, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica, all of which
belong to the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae. The biology and natural history of C. serratus
suggest that it is a candidate for population differentiation via host-race formation. Evidence for host-
tree associated differentiation in C. serratus would be important for the design of rational pest
m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s .
To test this possibility, we analyzed the genetic structure of 20 adult collections of C. serratus from
six sites in Western Senegal, on its five hosts. Results show a strong differentiation of insects from
different host trees, with specimens from C. sieberiana possibly representing a sibling species and
i n s e c t s f r o m B . r u f e s c e n s a d i s t i n c t h o s t - r a c e .
Author Shankaracharya NB
Title Tamarind - chemistry, technology and uses - A critical appraisal
Year 1998
Reference 35(3): 193-208
Abstract
-
Author Shirakawa M; Yamatoya K; Nishinari K

Title Tailoring of xyloglucan properties using an enzyme
Year 1998
Abstract
-
Author Sims, I. M., A. M. Gane, D. Dunstan, G. C. Allan, D. V. Boger, L. D. Melton and
Title Rheological properties of xyloglucans from different plant species
Year 1998
Abstract
-
Author Singh, J., K. Arora and R. K. Jethi

Title Effect of tamarind extract supplementation on calcium oxalate crystallization
Year 1998
Source title Journal of Endourology
Reference 12(1): BS4-16
Abstract
-
Author Sonia, P. K. Jaiwal, A. Gulati and S. Dahiya

Title Direct organogenesis in hypocotyl cultures of Tamarindus indica
Year 1998
Source title Biologia Plantarum
Reference 41(3): 331-337
Abstract
-
Author Suisha F; Kawasaki N; Miyazaki S; Shirakawa M; Yam_
Title Xyloglucan gels as sustained release vehicles for the intraperitoneal administratio
Year 1998
Source title International Journal of Pharmaceutics
Reference 172(1-2): 27-32
Abstract
-
Author Thiara N; Wadhwa R; Sharma SP

Title Age-related changes in total and mitochondrial proteins in Caryedon serratus Oliv
Year 1998
Source title Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology
Abstract
-
Author Thomas, A., R. Gangadharan and S. V. Amma

Title Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaves of Tamarindus indicus
Year 1998
Source title Ancient Science of Life
Reference 18(2): 120-126
Abstract
-
Author Vivekanandan P
Title New tree, new system: neem production in south India
Year 1998
Abstract
Due to rising demand for both the seeds and timber, neem (Azadirachta indica) has become
prevalent in south India, where the species has been integrated into the farmers' traditional cropping
systems. The agroforestry practices that have evolved at village level reflect the ingenuity and
resourcefulness of local people and have been developed largely without assistance from outsiders.
This article describes neem production in Siddireddiapatti, a small, drought-prone village in Tamil
Nadu, where neem has largely replaced tamarind [Tamarindus indica] since it competes less with
annual crops. Neem is highly compatible with peerkai (dryland cucumber, Luffa sp.) which is mainly
grown by women. Coriander also grows well under the trees, and cotton can be grown under the tree
until it is 3 yr old, when it is replaced by other crops. Drawbacks are that neem competes with crops
for water during long dry seasons, and also, since it is not planted in straight lines, ploughing costs
are greater (experimentation with more regular spacing is in progress). Siddireddiapatti has a 'watch-
and-ward' system for protecting trees and crops against livestock and theft. Neem trees usually reach
maturity at about 10 yr old when they start to bear seed. They may be felled at any time after this up
to 15-20 yr old and time for felling is estimated from the girth as measured when the arms of an
adult can only just meet round the tree. Trees of several ages are maintained in the farmers' fields.
Foliage is used for goat fodder and mulch, twigs for tooth cleaning, and flowers for making special
food dishes. Some trees are kept until they are 100 yr old or more, and the bark and roots used for
m e d i c i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n s .
Author Wong, K. C., C. P. Tan, C. H. Chow and S. G. Chee

Title Volatile constituents of the fruit of Tamarindus indica L
Year 1998
Reference 10(2): 219-222
Abstract
-
Author Yamagaki T; Mitsuishi Y; Nakanishi H
Title Determination of structural isomers of xyloglucan octasaccharides using post-sour
Year 1998
Source title Tetrahedron Letters
Reference 39(23): 4051-4054
Abstract
-

Title Influence of different glycosidic linkages on relative ion intensities in post-source
Year 1998
Source title Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
Reference 12(6): 307-311
Abstract
-
Author Bakar, J. and S. A. Hamzah

Title The effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and lime (Citrus medica) juice washin
Year 1997
Source title Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science
Reference 20(2/3): 107-112
Abstract
-
Author Bhattacharya S; Bal S; Mukherjee RK; Bhattacharya
Title Kinetics of tamarind seed hydration
Year 1997
Reference 33(1-2): 129-138
Abstract
-
Author Buckeridge MS; Crombie HJ; Mendes CJM; Reid JSG; Gidley MJ; Vieira CCJ
Title A new family of oligosaccharides from the xyloglucan of Hymenaea coubaril L. (
Year 1997
Reference 303(2): 233-237
Abstract
The xyloglucan from cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril was hydrolysed with endo-(1,4)-beta-D-
glucanase (cellulase) and analysed by TLC and HPAEC. The limit digest was different from those
obtained from xyloglucans of Tamarindus indica and Copaifera langsdorffii. On treatment with
nasturtium beta- galactosidase, two main oligosaccharides were detected by TLC and HPAEC.
Using a process of enzymatic sequencing involving alternate treatments with a pure xyloglucan
oligosaccharide-specific alpha-xylosidase, and a pure beta-glucosidase, both from nasturtium, their
structures were deduced to be XXXG and a new oligosaccharide XXXXG. These structures were
confirmed by H-1 NMR. The relative proportions of XXXG and XXXXG indicate that
approximately half of the subunits in Hymenaea xyloglucan are based on the new oligosaccharides.
In the native polymer the XXXXG subunits are likely to carry galactosyl substituents in varying
proportions, since cellulase hydrolysates contained many bands which were converted to XXXXG
on hydrolysis with nasturtium beta-galactosidase. Although no comparative studies on the physico-
chemical properties of Hymenaea courbaril xyloglucan have yet been performed, our results indicate
that this polymer is less interactive with iodine when compared with T. indica and C. langsdorffii
xyloglucans, suggesting that changes in conformation may occur due to the presence of XXXXG.
Author Buwalda AO; Otsyina R; Filson G; Machado VS
Title Indigenous miombo fruit trees - health and wealth for the Sukuma people
Year 1997
Abstract
A questionnaire survey was conducted of 91 households and 20 markets on indigenous miombo
fruit trees used by the Sukuma people in Maswa District of Shinyangha Region, Tanzania, during
the March-October dry season of 1995. Data are tabulated on the uses of various parts (flowers,
fruits, leaves, bark, roots and stems/branches) of 10 species mentioned by at least 10% of
respondents, and on the percentage of respondents owning and using the fruits of these same 10
species. Tamarindus indica was the most abundant and used species, followed by Canthium burtii,
Grewia fallax, Diospyros fischeri, Vitex payos, Ximenia caffra, Adansonia digitata, Vitex
m o m b a s s a e , A z a n z a g a r c k e a n a a n d F i c u s n a t a l e n s i s .
Author Carmen Sanchez M del; Gonzalez N; Gonzalez E

Title Larvicidal effect of aqueous plant extracts on Aedes aegypti. OT: Efecto larvicida
Year 1997
Source title Manejo Integrado de Plagas
Reference 45: 30-33
Abstract
Eighteen bioassays were performed to determine insecticidal properties of aqueous plant extracts
against 4th-instar larvae of A. aegypti. Plants belonged to the families Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae,
Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae [Fabaceae], Meliaceae,
Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae. Plant extracts were prepared by
mixing 50 g of fresh material with 150 ml of distilled water. Larval mortality was observed after 12,
24 and 48 h. Annona muricata, Melia azedarach, Lycopersicon esculentum var. ceraciforme and
Tamarindus indica showed insecticidal effects. A. muricata was further tested at 10 concentrations
(25-285 ppm), and caused 100% mortality at all concentrations after 12 h of immersion.
Author Chattopadhyay A; Subrahmanyam K; Anwar M
Title Natural organic compounds as iron carrier for recovery of iron chlorosis in citrone
Year 1997
Source title Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences
Reference 19(3): 705-708
Abstract
In a field study in Uttar Pradesh, India, citronella Java (Cymbopogon winterianus), suffering from
iron chlorosis, received foliar application of iron solutions containing different chelators of iron,
both natural and synthetic organic substances. The soil was a sandy loam Ustifluvent, pH 8.1. The 6
treatments consisted of ferrous sulfate alone or combined with EDTA, citric acid, lemon juice,
tartaric acid or tamarind extract. Foliar applications of iron chelates were more effective than
inorganic ferrous sulfate; natural organic substances like lemon juice could be utilized as effective
iron carriers in place of EDTA or analogous compounds.
Author Devaraj P; Chandrasekaran P; Lakshmidevi R; Durairaj S

Title Comparative studies on the growth performances of various tree species in black c
Year 1997
Source title Journal of Ecobiology
Reference 9(1): 071-073
Abstract
Tests were made of the performance of 21 tree species (mostly multipurpose trees) on black cotton
soil (vertisol) at the Institute of Forest Genetics & Tree Breeding campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
The soil is acid (pH 8.2-8.5), with a canker pan 10-20 cm thick at 100 cm depth, and the area suffers
from drought. The only tree species previously grown successfully on it was Prosopis juliflora,
which has become naturalized in the area. None of the 21 species tested performed as well as P.
juliflora, often dying when their roots reached the canker pan after a few years growth. The best
performance was given by Delonix regia, followed by Tamarindus indica, Hardwickia binata, Acacia
leucophloea, Cassia glauca, Santalum album and Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Author Elzubier AG; Ansari EHH; El Nour MH; Bella H
Title Knowledge and misconceptions about malaria among secondary school students a
Year 1997
Source title Journal of the Royal Society of Health
Reference 117(6): 381-385
Abstract
The responses of secondary school students (n=333, mean age 18.5 years) and teachers (n=38, mean
age 36.7 years) from 5 schools in Kassala, Eastern Sudan, to a questionnaire on their knowledge and
misconceptions about malaria are reported. Knowledge about symptoms and cause of malaria were
considered to be adequate. However, there were deficiencies regarding knowledge of the seriousness
of malaria in primigravidae and children. There was an exaggerated belief that chloroquine may
cause abortion. There were also important sconceptions regarding the causation of malaria by eating
unripe Unkoleeb (Sorghum saccharatum), the belief that the local beverage Aradaib (Tamarindus
indica) cures malaria, as well as beliefs that chloroquine injections are more effective than tablets,
that iv fluids are essential for treatment of every attack, and that multi-vitamins may prevent the
d i s e a s e .
Author Faik A; Chileshe C; Sterling J; Maclachlan G

Title Xyloglucan galactosyl- and fucosyltransferase activities from
Year 1997
Source title Plant Physiology
Reference 114(1): 245-254
Abstract
-
Author Faik, A., C. Chileshe, J. Sterling and G. Maclachlan

Title Xyloglucan galactosyl- and fucosyltransferase activities from pea epicotyl micros
Year 1997
Source title Plant Physiology
Reference 114(1): 245-254
Abstract
-
Author Foldi I
Title The Xylococcinae (Hemiptera:Coccoidea:Margarodidae): Analysis of species cha
Year 1997
Source title Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France
Reference 33(2): 185-195
Abstract
A new genus, Jansenus, gen. n. is described for a new species Jansenus burgeri, sp. n. collected
under the bark of Tamarindus indica L. from Thailand. First and second instars nymphs and the adult
female an described and illustrated. A key to the genera of the sub-family Xylococcinae is proposed.
The phylogenetic position, biology, host plants, geographical distribution and economic importance
o f t h e s p e c i e s o f X y l o c o c c i n a e a r e d i s c u s s e d .
Author Hayashi Y; Carsky RJ

Title Effect of use of savanna tree leaves as mulch materials on germination and growth
Year 1997
Source title Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture
Abstract
Leaves of indigenous and exotic tree species adapted to the climatic conditions of the northern
Guinea savanna of West Africa were evaluated for use as a mulch material and screened for their
effect on germination and early growth of two cultivars each of soyabeans, cowpeas (Vigna
unguiculata), maize, sorghum and millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Seed germination, and radicle and
shoot fresh weight were examined after 7 days of incubation in Petri dishes with aqueous extracts of
dried ground tree leaves. Aboveground dry matter content and weed numbers were observed in a pot
study in which dried ground tree leaves were mixed with the top 3 cm layer of soil. The most
consistent negative effects across both trials and all crops were observed in the Erythrophleum
suaveolens and Combretum molle treatments. Vitellaria paradoxum [V. paradoxa], Prosopis africana
and Entada africana induced adverse effects in the Petri dish test but not in soil in pots. Tamarindus
indica also induced negative effects on germination and radicle growth in Petri dishes but stimulated
early crop growth in the pot study. Based on these studies E. suaveolens, C. molle, and Daniellia
oliveri should not be used as mulch materials in the development of agroforestry systems utilizing
multi-purpose trees, whereas T. indica, Ficus polita and Piliostigma reticulatum [Bauhinia reticulata]
show promise. Since the in vitro screening method applied is rapid but some discrepancies in the
results were observed, it is suggested that it should be complemented by pot screening.
Author Khanna, M., A. K. Dwivedi and S. Singh
Title Polyose from seeds of Tamarindus indica of unique property and immense pharma
Year 1997
Source title Carbohydrate; Emerging trends in carbohydrate chemistry, Lucknow, India
Reference Surya International Publications, 79-82 pp
Abstract
-
Author Kulkarni D; Dwivedi AK; Sarin JPS; Singh S

Title Tamarind seed polyose: a potential polysaccharide for sustained release of verapa
Year 1997
Source title Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Abstract
Tamarind seed polyose, a polysaccharide obtained from seeds of Tamarindus indica, was studied for
sustaining the release of verapamil hydrochloride. The release pattern was compared with matrices
of other polysaccharide polymers such as ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl
methyl cellulose, as well as the commercially available sustained release tablets (Isoptin SR).
Formulation was also done by substituting part of the polymer with ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose for
enhancement of drug release. The in vitro release of the drug from the matrices prepared were
studied using the Sartorius Dissolution Simulator. Two formulations, found comparable with isoptin
SR, were subjected to in vivo studies in rabbits. A good correlation between in vitro and in vivo
s t u d i e s w a s f o u n d .
Author Mackeen MM; Ali AM; Abdullah MA; Nasir RM; Mat NB,
Title Antinematodal activity of some Malaysian plant extracts against the pine wood ne
Year 1997
Source title Pesticide Science
Reference 51(2): 165-170
Abstract
Methanolic extracts of 79 Malaysian plants representing 42 families were assessed for nematicidal
activity against B. xylophilus using a fungal-feeding assay. Extracts of 27 plants from 19 families
showed nematicidal activity, while 52 species were inactive. Five extracts (Sauropus androgynus,
Eugenia polyantha, Areca catechu, Piper betle and Piper nigrum) exhibited very strong activity
against the nematode at a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.625 mg per ball. Strong activity
(MED: 1.25-2.5 mg per ball) was shown by the extracts of Spondias cyntherea, Codiageum
variegatum, Euodia glabra and Cicca acida. Eleven extracts (Carica papaya, Ipomoea aquatica,
Ocimum basilicum, Leea gigantea, Pithecellobium jiringa, Crypteronia paniculata, Myristica
fragrans, Murraya koenigii, Leucaena leucocephala, Melastoma malabathricum and Morinda
citrifolia) demonstrated moderate activity between MED of 5 and 10 mg per ball, and weak activity
was observed in 7 extracts (Ipomoea batatas, Cymbopogon citratus, Garcinia atroviridis,
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Tamarindus indica, Allium odorum and Stenochalaena palustris).
Author Mastromarino P; Petruzziello R; Macchia S; Rieti S

Title Antiviral activity of natural and semisynthetic polysaccharides on the early steps o
Year 1997
Reference 39(3): 339-345
Abstract
-
Author Murthy, K. N.
Title Tamarind tree improvement works in Karnataka
Year 1997
Reference 33(2): 457-464
Abstract
-
Author Nagarajan, B., A. Nicodemus, A. K. Mandal and R. Verma
Title Tree improvement and reproductive biology studies in tamarind
Year 1997
Source title Southern forest tree improvement, Orlando; FL
Reference [np], 285-292 pp
Abstract
-
Author Nakamura, F. and Y. Machida

Title In vitro release property and shelf stability of halopredone acetate ground mixture
Year 1997
Source title Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Japan
Reference 57(3): 132-138
Abstract
-
Author Niemann C; Carpita NC; Whistler RL
Title Arabinose-containing oligosaccharides from tamarind xyloglucan
Year 1997
Source title Starch (Staerke)
Reference 49(4): 154-159
Abstract
Oligosaccharide mixtures were obtained by enzymatic degradation of tamarind xyloglucan from the
seeds of Tamarindus indica by commercial Aspergillus niger endo-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucanase, and
their composition analyzed by HPAE-PAD liquid chromatography revealing two major groups of
oligosaccharides. The first group contained oligomers of DP 7, 8 and 9, while the second group
consisted of a large variety of oligomers of DP 12 to 18. After purification by SEC and HPLC in
semi-preparative scale, single oligomers were characterized by glycosyl-residue composition,
glycosyl-linkage analysis and plas ma desorption mass spectrometry. Beside beta-D-glucosyl, beta-D-
galactosyl and alpha-D-xylosyl units, some higher oligomers contained beta-D-galactosyl-(1-->5)-
alpha-L-arabinosyl units, linked to 0-6 in the glucosyl units of the (1-->4)-beta-D-glucan backbone.
Other L-arabinosyl residues were located in terminal positions of alpha-D-xylosyl side chains. The
variety of isolated oligomers reflected a complicated random distribution of side chains in tamarind
xyloglucan. Based on the characteristics of the oligomers, four structure forming units for the
p o l y s a c c h a r i d e a r e p r o p o s e d .
Author Niemann, C.
Title Arabinose-containing oligosaccharides from tamarind-xyloglucan
Year 1997
Source title Starch
Reference 49(4): 154-159
Abstract
-
Author Ravindranath, N. H., A. Meili and R. Anita
Title Tamarind orchards: Agroforestry for dry land
Year 1997
Source title Technologies for Activities Implemented Jointly, Vancouver; Canada
Reference Oxford, 493-502 pp
Abstract
-
Author Rema J; Krishnamoorthy B; Mathew PA

Title Vegetative propagation of major tree spices - a review
Year 1997
Source title Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
Abstract
Vegetative propagation of major tree spices grown in India, including Myristica fragrans, Syzygium
aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum [C. zeylanicum], C. aromaticum, Pimenta dioica, Garcinia gummi-
gutta (syn. G. cambogia), G. indica, Tamarindus indica and Punica granatum, is described.
Propagation methods including cuttings, air layering, budding, grafting and micropropagation are
d i s c u s s e d .
Author Romero-Tehuitzil, H., E. J. Vernon-Carter, M. G. Vizcarra-Mendoza and C. I. Ber

Title Effect of biopolymers on the formation, drying kinetics and flavor retention of ta
Year 1997
Source title Natural polymers as advanced materials: Biopolymers: utilizing nature's advanced
Reference Washington DC, 283-291 pp
Abstract
-
Author Santos NC; Prieto MJE; Morna Gomes A; Betbeder_
Title Structural characterization (shape and dimensions) and stability of polysaccharide
Year 1997
Source title Biopolymers
Reference 41(5): 511-520
Abstract
-
Author Satisha J; Melanta KR; Venkatesha J

Title Effect of age of rootstocks on success of softwood grafting in tamarind
Year 1997
Source title Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore
Reference 26(6-7): 93-94
Abstract
In order to determine the optimum age of rootstocks for softwood grafting of tamarinds, scions
preconditioned for 30 days were grafted onto 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 15- or 18-month-old rootstocks, growing
in a greenhouse in India during 1993-94. The contents of reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars,
starch, total carbohydrates and total N of rootstocks and C:N ratio were also recorded. Graft success
was associated with rootstock age. At 60 days after grafting, success was significantly higher for 6-
and 9-month-old rootstocks (69-72%) than for the others. The 6- and 9-month-old rootstocks also
contained a higher proportion of non-reducing sugars and total sugars than the other rootstocks.
Author Shiroishi M; Amano Y; Hoshino E; Nisizawa K; Kanda

Title Hydrolysis of various celluloses, (1->3),(1->4)-beta-D-glucans, and xyloglucan by
Year 1997
Source title Mokuzai Gakkaishi
Reference 43(2): 178-187
Abstract
-
Author Singh G; Dagar JC; Singh NT
Title Growing fruit trees in highly alkali soils - A case study
Year 1997
Source title Land Degradation and Development
Reference 8(3): 257-268
Abstract
The performance of 10 fruit species, namely pomegranate (Punica granatum), guava (Psidium
guajava), sapota (Achras japota), baelpather (Aegle marmelos), amla (Emblica officinalis), ber
(Zizyphus mauritiana), karaunda (Carissa carandas), date palm (Phoenix dactylifora), jamun
(Syzygium cuminii) and imli (Tamarindus indica), as affected by site preparation and amendment
use, was evaluated in a replicated field trial established in 1992 in a highly alkali soil (pH 10.5) at
the Bichhian experimental farm of the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. The
treatments involved two site preparation methods: (1) augerholes of 20-25 cm diameter and 160-180
cm deep made in the centre of 45 cm x 45 cm pits in the main plot and (2) pits of 90 cm x 90 cm x
90 cm; variable amendments composition in the subplot and fruit species in the sub-subplots.
Growth observations recorded 26 months after planting showed that survival, height and girth of all
species remained unaffected owing to site preparation techniques and amendment use. Irrespective
of planting techniques and amendment use, jamun, guava, ber and imli performed best. Date palm
and baelpather performed poorly. Initial growth of sapota was satisfactory, but it was found highly
sensitive to frost. Similarly, pomegranate which was performing exceedingly well was found very
sensitive to prolonged water stagnation. This 3- year study indicated that out of 10 species tried,
about half a dozen fruit plants can be established in alkali soils after following appropriate site
preparation methods and better management practices. Established species came to bearing between
18 and 24 months after planting, but the fruits were damaged by prolonged water stagnation during
the monsoon season and chilling temperatures of the 1994-95 winter. This study further indicated
that the augerhole method of root bed preparation, is an economical, less laborious and faster way of
planting fruit trees than is the pit method. The experiment will be continued to study treatment
effects on fruit production and quality before making final recommendations.
Author Singh R; Jeeva V; Mahalakshmi R

Title An outbreak of Achaea janata Linn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Tamarindus indi
Year 1997
Abstract
An outbreak of Achaea janata on Tamarindus indica was observed at Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,
over an area of about 100 ha, in April-May 1996. An average of 400-650 larvae per tree were
counted. Large numbers of larvae were found dead on the branches or on the ground, and they were
subsequently shown to be infected with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
Author Veluraja, K., S. Ayyalnarayanasubburaj and A. J. Paulraj
Title Preparation of gum from tamarind seed - and its application in the preparation of c
Year 1997
Reference 34(4): 377-379
Abstract
-
Author Vincens A; Semmanda I; Roux M; Jolly D

Title Study of the modern pollen rain in Western Uganda with a numerical approach
Year 1997
Source title Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
Reference 96(1-2): 145-168
Abstract
Modern soil samples from western Uganda, for a range of 10 plant communities belonging to 5
African phytogeographical regions, and distributed along an altitudinal gradient from 600 to 4400 m,
were analysed for pollen content to define modern pollen/vegetation relationships. The main plant
communities were: (1) from 600 to 900 m altitude grass savannas with deciduous thicket,
Hyparrhenia savannas with Borassus aethiopum, Piliostigma and Tamarindus, and moist semi-
deciduous forest with Cynometra and Celtis; (2) at mid-altitudes forest-savanna mosaic with 3 types
of forest (moist evergreen with Parinari excelsa, moist semi-deciduous and mixed), and also
intermediate Acacia and Combretum savannas; and (3) highland vegetation >1800 m altitude,
consisting of 3 types - montane forest (Afromontane type), ericaceous vegetation dominated by Erica
arborea, and the alpine belt of forest, scrub, grassland and bog. Correspondence analysis (CA)
applied to the pollen counts (100 sites and 167 taxa) indicated 4 distinct vegetation types (Sudanian;
Kibale forest Lake Victoria Mosaic type; Afromontane/Afroalpine but with few significant
numerical contributions from the Afromontane taxa; and Guineo-Congolian) arranged along an
altitudinal gradient (CA axis 1) and a physiognomical gradient (densely structured to open, CA axis
3). These results confirm the empirical interpretation proposed on the initial pollen data set and are
in agreement with those obtained previously on modern or fossil pollen spectra from other African
r e g i o n s .
Title Structural analyses of xyloglucan heptasaccharide by the post-source decay fragm
Year 1997
Source title Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry
Reference 61(8): 1411-1414
Abstract
-
Author Yamatoya K; Shirakawa M; Kuwano K; Suzuki J; Baba_

Title Hypolipidemic effects of hydrolyzed xyloglucan
Year 1997
Source title Macromolecular Symposia
Abstract
-
Author Ajiwe, V. I. E., C. A. Okeke, H. U. Agbo, G. A. Ogunleye and S. C. Ekwuozor

Title Extraction, characterization and industrial uses of velvet-tamarind, physic-nut and
Year 1996
Source title Bioresource Technology
Reference 57(3): 297-299
Abstract
-
Author Amano Y; Shiroishi M; Nisizawa K; Hoshino E; Kanda
Title Fine substrate specificities of four exo-type cellulases produced by Aspergillus ni
Year 1996
Source title Journal of Biochemistry
Reference 120(6): 1123-1129
Abstract
-
Author Amano, Y., M. Shiroishi, K. Nisizawa, E. Hoshino and T. Kanda

Title Fine substrate specificities of four exo-type cellulases produced by Aspergillus ni
Year 1996
Source title Journal of Biochemistry
Reference 120(6): 1123-1129
Abstract
-
Author Arjunan MC; Tamilselvi M; Lakshmanan KK

Title Morphology of pods and seeds in some tree species
Year 1996
Reference 83(6): 392-394
Abstract
Information is given from a study of 15 (multipurpose) tree species from Tamil Nadu, India (Acacia
fernesians [A. farnesiana], Adenanthera pavonia [A. pavonina], Aegle marmelos, Albizia lebbek [A.
lebbeck], Cassia fistula, C. siamea, Ceiba pentandra, Delonix elata, Erythrina indica, Limonia
acidissima, Parkia biglandulosa, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Samanea saman [Albizia saman],
Tamarindus indica and Weightia tinctoria [Wrightia tinctoria]) on the morphological characteristics
of their pods and seeds. These data made it possible to recognize individually each of the 15 species.
Author Bogale M; Petros B
Title Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of some Ethiopian traditional medicinal pla
Year 1996
Source title Sinet - Ethiopian Journal of science
Reference 19(2): 233-243
Abstract
Thirty-three crude extracts from 9 Ethiopian medicinal plants were tested for antimalarial activity
against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (strain FCM-29) in vitro. The following plants
were collected from Addis Ababa and the northern and western regions of Shoa: Clutia abyssinica;
Cucumis ficifolius; Jasminum abyssinicum; Justicia schimperiana; Leonotis velutina var rugosa;
Securidaca longepedunculata; Tamarindus indica; Vernonica amygdalina; Withania somnifera. The
measurement of radiolabelled hypoxanthine incorporation by the parasite was used to assess
inhibition of parasite growth. The chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves of W. somnifera, and
the chloroform extract of leaves of V. amygdalina, showed substantial antimalarial activity with
IC50 and IC90 values less than 20 and 100 micro g/ml, respectively. The antimalarial activity of
these crude extracts improved several-fold following column-fractionation. The 3rd column fraction
from the leaves of W. somnifera reduced the IC50 values to 2.04 and 3.98 micro g/ml for the
chloroform and methanol extracts respectively; the IC90 values were reduced to 18.61 and 23.82
micro g/ml for the chloroform and methanol extracts respectively. Similarly, for the leaves of V.
amygdalina, the IC50 value was reduced to 3.47 and the IC90 value reduced to 27.60 micro g/ml
with the 6th column fraction of the chloroform extract. Crude extracts of W. somnifera and V.
amygdalina showed cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells in vitro, with lower IC50 and IC90 values
t h a n t h o s e o b t a i n e d w i t h P . f a l c i p a r u m .
Author Burgalassi S; Panichi L; Saettone MF; Jacobsen J

Title Development and in vitro in vivo testing of mucoadhesive buccal patches releasin
Year 1996
Reference 133(1-2): 1-7
Abstract
-
Author Burgalassi, S., L. Panichi, M. F. Saettone, J. Jacobsen and M. R. Rassing
Title Development and in vitro/in vivo testing of mucoadhesive buccal patches releasin
Year 1996
Reference 133(1/2): 1-7
Abstract
-
Author Chiemsombat P; Naritoom K; Jiwajinda S; Klingkong S

Title Microscopic studies on association of microorganisms with tamarind roots and the
Year 1996
Source title Thai Journal of Agricultural Science (special issue)
Reference 1: 68-92
Abstract
-
Author Contractor RM; Badanur VP

Title Effect of forest vegetation on properties of a Vertisol
Year 1996
Source title Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science
Reference 44: 3, 510-511
Abstract
On the basis of the effects of different tree plantations in the properties of a Vertisol Tectona grandis
(teak), Acacia nilotica, Tamarindus indica (tamarind), and Azadirachta indica (neem) were the most
suitable for growing in the dry tract of Karnataka, India.
Author Dwivedi SK; Wahid Ali; Pathak RK; Ali W
Title Effect of sodicity on growth and mineral composition of tamarind (Tamarindus in
Year 1996
Source title Annals of Agricultural Research
Reference 17(4): 447-449
Abstract
The effect of high soil concentrations of sodium (applied as sodium bicarbonate) on the growth of 8-
month-old tamarind seedlings in pots was investigated. Plant survival decreased with increasing
concentrations of Na (>30% exchangeable Na). Plant growth (height, stem diameter and number of
branches/plant) and root weight (DW and FW) decreased with increasing concentrations of Na.
Concentrations of N, K, P, Ca and Mg in plants decreased and the concentration of Na increased
with increasing sodicity. It was concluded that tamarind can be grown in soils containing 45%
c h a n g e a b l e N a .
Author Feungchan S; Yimsawat T; Chindaprasert S; Kitpowsong P

Title Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) plant genetic resources in Thailand
Year 1996
Reference 1: 1-11
Abstract
-

Title Studies on the color change of tamarind pulp in storage
Year 1996
Reference 1: 52-56
Abstract
-
Title Evaluation of tamarind accessions on the chemical composition of pulp
Year 1996
Reference 1: 28-33
Abstract
-

Title Studies on the selection of tamarind rootstock
Year 1996
Reference 1: 34-41
Abstract
-

Title Effects of spacing on shoot formation for propagation of tamarind seedlings
Year 1996
Reference 1: 42-44
Abstract
-
Title Evaluation of tamarind accessions on fruit production
Year 1996
Reference 1: 12-27
Abstract
-

Title Effects of plant regulators on fruit setting
Year 1996
Reference 1: 48-51
Abstract
-
Author Ganga Prasad, S., G. S. K. Swamy, T. E. Nagaraja, G. T. Basavaraja and R. S. Kul

Title Studies on character association and path analysis in tamarind (Tamarindus indica
Year 1996
Reference 32(2): 124-127
Abstract
-
Author Kadiri-M; Bedri BA; Ajao SS
Title Toxicological screening of some Nigerian wild legumes
Year 1996
Source title Revista de Biologia Tropical
Reference 4419): 269-274
Abstract
Toxicological screening was carried out on seeds of five wild leguminous plants: Delonix regia,
Cassia tora, Sesbania sesban, Crotalaria naragutensis and Tamarindus indica. The animals used in
the toxicological screening were mice and rats. The leguminous seeds had protein contents between
21.1% for S. sesban and 47.7% for C. naragutensis, while the mineral elements detected in
appreciable quantities were calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and
sodium. Oxalate contents were very low, between 0.03% for S. sesban and 0.09% for C. tora. Acute
toxicity tests for 12 days using mice and rats given water extracts of the 5 legumes orally and
intraperitoneally were negative. The legumes increased body weight of the rats and mice when
compared with controls that were given distilled water. There were also increases in blood protein
and blood sugar in rats injected intraperitoneally with concentrated water extracts. Similar results
w e r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e p r o l o n g e d t o x i c i t y s c r e e n i n g .
Author Kaitho RJ; Umunna NN; Nsahlai IV; Tamminga S; Van B

Title Palatability of multipurpose tree species: Effect of species and length of study on i
Year 1996
Reference 33(3)): 249-261
Abstract
-
Author Kobayashi A; Adenan MI; Kajiyama SI; Kanzaki H; Kawazu K
Title A cytotoxic principle of Tamarindus indica, di-n-butyl malate and the structure-ac
Year 1996
Source title Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-A Journal of Biosciences
Reference 51(3-4): 233-242
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract of T. indica fruits led to the isolation of L-(-
)-di-n-butyl malate which exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic activity against sea urchin
(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) embryo cells. In order to study structure-activity relationships, close-
structure relatives of di-n-butyl malate were synthesized using D-(+)- and L-(-)-malic acid as starting
materials, and their cytotoxic activities were examined using the sea urchin embryo assay. L-(-)-Di-n-
pentyl malate was the most effective inhibitor of the development of the fertilized eggs. Significant
inhibitory activity was not seen in the esters of the D-(-)-isomer.
Author Lal S
Title Rehabilitation of fly ash dump yard [of] Shaktinagar super thermal power station t
Year 1996
Reference 122(9): 777-782
Abstract
The first part of this paper briefly describes the thermal power stations in the area of the Rihand
Hydro Electric Power Station, Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh, which use Singrauli coal,
characterized by a very low sulfur content, and hence do not give rise to severe air pollution.
However, the power stations do produce large amounts of fly ash (30-35% of the amount of coal
used), which is dumped in ponds. The ash has poor water holding capacity and hence dries quickly
and is susceptible to wind erosion. The author made attempts in 1982-85 and again in 1989-91 to
persuade the power stations to afforest their fly ash dumps. In 1991 the Shaktinagar Super Thermal
Power Plant started this work, by giving funds to raise 2000 plants. Plantations were raised in 1991-
93, using planting stock of multipurpose trees in large polybags containing soil and FYM, planted in
pits of (45 cm)3 at 2x2 m spacing. The planting area was protected by wire fencing. The different
combinations of species planted over the 3 yr were selected from Dalbergia sissoo, Terminalia
arjuna, Albizia lebbeck, Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus hybrid [E. tereticornis], Inga dulce,
Pithecellobium dulcis, Pongamia pinnata, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Eugenia jambolana
[Syzygium cumini] and Tamarindus indica. Data are tabulated on growth measurements made in
December 1994. More than 50% of plants survived, and the area is now fully covered with planted
trees and naturally colonizing herbs, shrubs and grasses between them. The most important species
of the latter were Cynodon dactylon, Calotropis procera, Parthenium, Saccharum spontaneum,
Solanum nigrum, Xanthium strumarium and Lantana camara.
Author Lanhers MC; Fleurentin J; Guillemni F
Title Tamarindus indica L
Year 1996
Source title Ethnopharmacologia
Reference 18: 42-57
Abstract
Tamarindus indica L. has numerous applications in traditional medicine and all parts of the plant
h a v e t h e r a p e u t i c u s e s .
The value of many traditional uses have been confirmed by experiment, and in particular, the
antibacterial and antifungal value of fruit and seed extracts.
Recommendation of the use of the fruits to improve drinking water is dependent, however, on
complementary research in chemistry and microbiology.
Author Lebot V
Title Genetic improvement of exotic broadleaved species in Madagascar (L'amelioratio
Year 1996
Source title Bois et Forets des Tropiques
Abstract
An account is given of forest tree genetic improvements being undertaken in Madagascar, part of a
programme aided by the European Union (through the FED, Fonds Europeen de Developpement) for
the supply of improved forest tree seedlings for village afforestations. The multipurpose trees Acacia
spp. and Eucalyptus spp. were the principal genera selected, although Casuarina spp., Cedrela
odorata, Grevillea robusta, Tectona grandis, Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica were also
investigated (24 species in all). Descriptions are given of seed orchard arrangements and operations
(e.g., site preparation, early thinning) in each of the four bioclimatic zones of the country:
Anstirinala in the central zone (E. cloeziana, E. grandis, E. muellerana, E. robusta germplasm
introduced); Ampitabe and Ivoloina in the eastern zone (4 Acacia, 7 Eucalyptus spp. and 3 others
tested), and Anarafaly in the southern zone (E. camaldulensis and Acacia albida [Faidherbia albida]).
Genotype environment interactions are important, and consideration was given to regional
smallholder or farmer needs for reforestation (which were good coppicing ability, a thick bark for
fire resistance, juvenile growth vigour and performance, and volume production for fuelwood and
c h a r c o a l p r o d u c t i o n ) .
Author Malik YP; Singh SV; Pandey ND
Title Field evaluation of some plant extracts and insecticides against linseed bud fly, D
Year 1996
Source title Indian Journal of Entomology
Abstract
Ethyl alcohol extracts of various parts of seven plants i.e., seeds of Tamarindus indica, leaves of
Lantana camara, leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica), rhizomes of sweet flag (Acorus calamus),
leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), leaves of Murraya paniculata and leaves of
Tabernaemontana coronaria each in 0.5 and 1.0% concentration along with four insecticides i.e.,
phosphamidon 85 SL (0.03%), decamethrin [deltamethrin] 2.8 EC (0.002%), chlorpyrifos 20 EC
(0.05%) and endosulfan 35 EC (0.07%) were tested against Dasyneura lini on linseed variety
Neelum under field conditions in India. Among the plant extracts, sweet flag (1.0%) received
significantly lower (11.70%) bud infestation at harvest with a higher yield of 12.30 q/ha followed by
neem (1.0%) having 12.75% bud infestation and 11.80 q/ha yield. The synthetic insecticides were
found to be superior to all the plant extracts. Decamethrin (0.002%) gave the best performance
among all the treatments providing significantly less bud infestation (6.55%) and high yields of
1 5 . 1 0 q / h a c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l .
Author Mohamedain KM; Mohamed OSA; ElBadwi SMA; Adam SEI

Title Effect of feeding Tamarindus indica ripe fruit in brown hisex chicks
Year 1996
Reference 10(7): 631-633
Abstract
-
Author Mustapha A; Yakasai IA; Aguye IA

Title Effect of Tamarindus indica L on the bioavailability of aspirin in healthy human v
Year 1996
Reference 21(3): 223-226
Abstract
-
Author Mustapha, A., I. A. Yakasai and I. Abdu Aguye
Title Effect of Tamarindus indica L. on the bioavailability of aspirin in healthy human
Year 1996
Reference 21(3): 223-226
Abstract
-
Author Nakagawa, K., M. Sugita, T. Komoriya, T. Ashina, N. Hasegawa and A. Yamamo

Title Application of tamarind as a retanning agent
Year 1996
Source title Hikaku Kagaku
Abstract
-
Author Nakamura F; Ohta R; Machida Y; Nagai T

Title In vitro and in vivo nasal mucoadhesion of some water-soluble polymers
Year 1996
Reference 134(1-2): 173-181
Abstract
-
Author Pal RK; Tripathi RA; Prasad R
Title Relative toxicity of certain plant extracts to khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium
Year 1996
Source title Annals of Plant Protection Sciences
Abstract
The insecticidal properties of alcohol extracts obtained from the leaves of chandani (Taberna
montana coronaria) [Tabernaemontana coronaria], curry (Murraya paniculata), asriple (Lantana
camara), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), neem (Azadirachta indica), rhizomes of sweet flag (Acorus
calamus) and seeds of imli (Tamarindus indica), and oil from neem kernels compared with the
mmonly used organophosphate insecticides malathion 50 EC and chlorpyrifos-methyl 50 EC were
tested for their comparative toxicity against the fully grown larvae of Trogoderma granarium. The
relative toxicity on the basis of LC50 in descending order was: malathion > chlorpyrifos-methyl > A.
indica oil > A. calamus > T. coronaria > T. indica > A. indica leaves > L. camara > M. paniculata >
E u c a l y p t u s s p .
Author Patel NL; Singh SP

Title Dynamics of growth in some agroforestry tree species under South Saurashtra regi
Year 1996
Source title Indian Forester - Special Issue - Agroforestry
Reference 122(7): 570-576
Abstract
Trials were conducted from July 1991 to January 1994 at Junagadh, Gujarat, with 10 multipurpose
tree species commonly used in agroforestry systems. Data are tabulated on survival, height and girth
growth, and numbers of leaves and leaf area over this period. Survival was >94% for all species
except Eucalyptus hybrid [E. tereticornis] (78%). Albizia lebbeck and Melia azedarach had the best
height growth, while girth growth was highest in Cordia dichotoma and Melia edarach. The number
of leaves retained per plant was highest in Pithecellobium dulce followed by Melia azedarach. The
total leaf area per plant was highest in Melia azedarach, followed by Albizia lebbeck and
Azadirachta indica. The other species included in the trial were Cassia fistula, Casuarina
equisetifolia, Syzygium cumini and Tamarindus indica.
Author Patil SG; Hebbara M; Devarnavadagi SB
Title Screening of multipurpose trees for saline vertisols and their bioameliorative effec
Year 1996
Source title Annals of Arid Zone
Abstract
The performance of 23 multipurpose trees (categorized as fuelwood, fruit, non-edible oil and green
manure species) was evaluated under saline and high water table conditions in a field trial initiated
in 1989 at Thungabhadra, in Karnataka. Based upon observations on survival, height and collar
diameter after 4 yr, the best performing species were Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia auriculiformis,
Dalbergia sissoo, Syzygium cumini, Pongamia pinnata and Glyricidia maculata [Gliricidia sepium].
Other species performed intermediately, and some were very poor, with 4 (Acacia aneura, Cassia
siamea, Tamarindus indica and Phyllanthus niruri) not surviving at all. In general fuelwood species
performed better than fruit tree species. All tree species enriched the soil nutrient pool (N, P, K and
organic carbon) and reduced the dispersibility of clays.
Author Paulsamy S; Arumugasamy K; Rangarajan RN; Manorama S

Title Evaluation of calcareous mine spoils for tree seedling growth
Year 1996
Source title Annals of Forestry
Reference 4(2): 159-162
Abstract
Seedling growth of Pongamia pinnata, Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica was studied in
soils from lime mine spoils of 3 ages (fresh, 5 and 10 yr old) from the Associated Cement Company
at Madukkarai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The mine spoil was amended with rock phosphate or
farmyard manure (both at the rate of 20 g/2 kg mine spoil). Growth over 60 days was generally poor
in unamended spoil. However, it improved significantly with the age of the spoil. Amendments with
either rock phosphate or farm yard manure enhanced growth, the latter being more effective. The 10-
yr-old spoil with farmyard manure almost supported equal growth of seedlings to that of soil from an
a d j a c e n t n o n - m i n e d s i t e .
Author Prasad, G., T. E. S. Nagaraja and R. S. Kulkarni
Title Studies of genetic variability and diversity in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) acr
Year 1996
Reference 32(3): 237-240
Abstract
-
Author Purohit M; Jamaluddin; Mishra GP

Title Testing of seeds of some tropical tree species for germination and mycoflora
Year 1996
Reference 122(6): 492-495
Abstract
The seeds of Pithecellobium dulce, Tamarindus indica and Terminalia bellirica were collected from
different localities in Madhya Pradesh. Seed germination was studied one month after collection
(after storage in paper bags at room temperature). Germination of >70% were obtained on blotter
paper as well as in a soil mixture. Eight fungal species (5 species of Aspergillus, Chaetomium sp.,
Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium notatum) were isolated from the seeds, and of these A. flavus,
A. niger, Chaetomium and Rhizopus stolonifer were commonly associated with the seeds of all 3
tree species. Seed dressing with Bavistin [carbendazim], Dithane M-45 [mancozeb], Thyride
[thiram], Fytolan [copper oxychloride] and Ceresan [an organomercury fungicide] at 3 g per kg seed
weight gave best control of the majority of seed-borne fungi.
Author Rao AR; Singh BP
Title Non-wood forest products contribution in tribal economy. (A case study in south
Year 1996
Reference 122(4): 337-342
Abstract
Non-wood forest products (NWFP) contribute significantly in tribal/rural economy in India. They
provide employment for about one million people every year. Surveys undertaken in tribal
dominated villages in south Bihar and the southwestern part of West Bengal showed that mahua
(Madhuca latifolia [longifolia])] flowers and seeds, sal (Shorea robusta) seeds and leaves, kendu
(Diospyros melanoxylon) leaves, tamarinds (Tamarindus indica) and edible fungi were the major
NWFPs collected by tribals. Out of the total forest revenue of Bihar, about 17% is contributed by
NWFP, while in West Bengal the figure is only 1.7%. In south Bihar about 41% of families collect
mahua flowers and in southwestern West Bengal about 73% of families collect sal leaves to augment
their income. However, the processing technology is lacking in these states and needs to be
d e v e l o p e d .
Author Rao RV; Sujatha M; Shashikala S; Sarma CR

Title Wood anatomical variation in certain hardwood trees - part II
Year 1996
Source title Journal of the Timber Development Association of India
Abstract
Pith to periphery variation in anatomical features like vessel frequency, vessel diameter, vessel
length, fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen diameter, wall thickness and tissue proportions were
investigated in Broussonetia papyrifera, Poinciana regia [Delonix regia]. Pittosporum, tetraspermum,
Grevillea robusta, and Tamarindus indica. Results indicate that trends vary from pith to periphery
d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e a n a t o m i c a l f e a t u r e i n q u e s t i o n .
Author Sano M; Miyata E; Tamano S; Hagiwara A; Ito N and ????
Title Lack of carcinogenicity of tamarind seed polysaccharide in B6C3F(1) mice
Year 1996
Reference 34(5) 463-467
Abstract
-
Author Sano, M., E. Miyata, S. Tamano, A. Hagiwara, N. Ito and T. Shirai

Title Lack of carcinogenicity of tamarind seed polysaccharide in b6c3f~1 mice
Year 1996
Reference 34(5): 463-467
Abstract
-
Author Sekar C; Rai RSV; Ramasamy C
Title Role of minor forest products in tribal economy in India: a case study
Year 1996
Reference 8(3): 280-288
Abstract
A study was carried out to assess the extent of tribal involvement in the collection and marketing of
minor forest products (MFPs) by the largest cooperative society operating in the province of Tamil
Nadu, viz. the Sathyamangalam Hill Tribes LAMP (Large Area Multipurpose) Cooperative Society.
Around 83% of the members were tribals who were actively involved in MFP collection. Non-tribals
and Adi Dravidars comprised the remaining members. On an average, the tribals spent 8-10 h a day
collecting MFPs. During the farming season, 20% of the tribal households also worked as
agricultural labourers. Through MFP collection, the tribals earned on an average Rs 11 180 per
annuum per household of 3 earning members. Among the MFPs, amla (Emblica officinalis
[Phyllanthus emblica]) topped the list yielding a revenue of Rs 24.57 lakhs in a year followed by
broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima), and stone and tree moss. In terms of quantity, that of broom
grass was the most followed by amla, and stone and tree moss. Other major products were from
poochakai (Sapindus emarginatus), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), kadukai (Terminalia chebula),
pungam (Pongamia pinnata, kernels), chikakai (Acacia concinna), ber (Ziziphus sp., dried fruits),
wood apple (Limonia acidissima, dried fruits). Two marketing channels were operating for the MFP
trade: channel I involved the tribals selling to the cooperative society, and the society acting as
retailer to consumers, and channel II involved tribals selling to the cooperative as wholesaler, who
then sold on to retailers (private traders) who sold to the consumers. Channel I provided a higher
producers' share. The existence of a monopsony in marketing of MFPs in tribal areas leads to
inefficiency in their marketing. Remedial measures are discussed.
Author Selvaraj M; Syamala D; Arumugam S; Rao MV
Title Growth and productivity of AM inoculated tropical tree seedlings
Year 1996
Reference 122(12): 1161-1167
Abstract
Container grown seedlings of the multipurpose tree species Acacia leucophloea, A. mangium, A.
nilotica, Delonix regia, Derris indica [Pongamia pinnata] and Tamarindus indica were inoculated
with 3 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), viz. Glomus fasciculatum, G. mosseae and Gigaspora
margarita. The growth responses of the seedlings (height, root collar diameter, root and shoot
biomass) were analysed. In addition, accumulation of phosphate in roots, stems and leaves was also
analysed. Different mycorrhizal fungi colonized differentially on different tree species, and also
affected different growth parameters and phosphorus uptake differentially. Overall growth response
was best with Gigaspora margarita for A. mangium, A. nilotica and Delonix regia, Glomus
fasciculatum for A. leucophloea and Glomus mosseae for P. pinnata, while there was no significant
r e s p o n s e b y T . i n d i c a .
Author Selvi MT; Arjunan MC; Lakshmanan KK

Title Effect of storage container, temperature, biocides and growth performance of som
Year 1996
Source title Current Research in Plant Sciences
Abstract
-
Author Shekar, C., Majhi and Thangavelu

Title The cooking performance of tamarind for tasar cocoons
Year 1996
Source title Journal of the Textile Institute
Reference 87(1/N2): 396
Abstract
-
Author Shetty CS; Bhaskar N; Bhandary MH; Raghunath_
Title Effect of film-forming gums in the preservation of salted and dried Indian macker
Year 1996
Reference 70(4): 453-460
Abstract
-
Author Singh UV
Title Conservation of forest genetic resource - an ex-situ management of secondary fore
Year 1996
Reference 122(9): 787-794
Abstract
Ex-situ management for the conservation of germplasm is one of the economic and socially accepted
land use methods. Phenotypically superior germplasm for various economically valued species (fruit,
timber and fuelwood yielding) was selected from various states in India and multiplied through
vegetative reproduction. The trees/clones selected included the species Tamarindus indica,
Artocarpus integrifolius [A. heterophyllus], Syzygium cumini, Santalum album, Casuarina
equisetifolia, Eucalyptus hybrid [E. tereticornis], Feronia elephantum [Limonia acidissima], Emblica
officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica], Tectona grandis, Semecarpus anacardium, Dalbergia sissoo,
Zizyphus jujuba [Ziziphus mauritiana], Pterocarpus marsupium, Annona squamosa, Annona
mucrinata [A. muricata], Mangifera indica, Anogeissus latifolia, Grewia tiliifolia, Artocarpus
lakoocha, Garcinia indica, Pongamia pinnata, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Terminalia tomentosa and
Azadirachta indica. Details are given of the propagation methods used (seedlings, cuttings, grafting
and layering, propagules, root suckers) for some of the species. The propagated improved stock was
established in a clonal orchard at Gugargatti, Dharwad, Karnataka. Methods of orchard management
and maintenance (soil management, fertilizer application, pest control, irrigation, pruning), record
keeping requirements, and the advantages of germplasm conservation in clonal orchards are
d i s c u s s e d .
Author Tigno, X. T., B. Z. Garcia and S. E. Caoili
Title Anti-inflammatory and vasodilator actions of Tamarindus indica
Year 1996
Source title International Congress Series
Reference 1117: 139-148
Abstract
-
Author Towprayoon S; Rodtong S; Feungchan S; Chindaprasert S

Title Rhizobium studies on tamarind root
Year 1996
Reference 1: 57-67
Abstract
-
Author Usha K; Singh B

Title Selection of tamarind tree types for higher yield
Year 1996
Source title Crop Improvement
Reference 23(2): 199-202
Abstract
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is an economically important drought resistant tree crop. Since high
yielding tamarind varieties are not available, this study was undertaken to select high yielding
tamarind types based on their flowering pattern. In a seedling population of tamarind distinct early,
mid and late flowering types were identified. The duration of flowering was more in late flowering
trees followed by mid and early flowering types. In late and mid season flowering types, increased
cross-pollination was promoted, whereas early flowering types were mostly self-pollinated under
natural conditions. Studies indicated that mid and late flowering types should be selected for
p l a n t i n g t o o b t a i n h i g h e r t o t a l y i e l d s .
Author Usha K; Singh-B
Title Influence of open, self and cross-pollination on fruit set and retention in tamarind
Year 1996
Source title Recent Horticulture
Abstract
In a trial on 4 trees, cross pollination resulted in higher fruit set and retention than self or open
p o l l i n a t i o n .
Author Yamatoya K; Shirakawa M; Kuwano K; Suzuki J; Mi_

Title Effects of hydrolyzed xyloglucan on lipid metabolism in rats
Year 1996
Reference 10(3): 369-372
Abstract
-
Author Yimsawat T; Feungchan S; Chindaprasert S; Kitpowsong P

Title Effects of chemical substances on young tamarind leaves initiation
Year 1996
Reference 1: 45-47
Abstract
-
Author Ambwani K; Kar RK
Title Volcanic effect on the plant tissues with particular reference to middle lamella
Year 1995
Source title Phytomorphology
Reference 45(3-4): 153-157
Abstract
The effect of the volcanic activity and fire on the middle lamella has been studied. The middle
lamella is absent in the fusinite produced by the volcanic activity in the Narcondam Island,
Andaman, and the Deccan Intertrapean woods. It is also destroyedin the extant woods when
subjected to open fire. The middle lamella is however, present in controlled charcoal and non
v o l c a n i c f o s s i l w o o d s .
Author Arjunan MC; Selvi MT; Lakshmanan KK

Title Phenology of some woody angiosperms of Coimbatore District
Year 1995
Source title Annals of Forestry
Abstract
Phenological data are tabulated and discussed for 25 tree species growing in the Coimbatore-
Mettupalayam area of Tamil Nadu. The species were Acacia farnesiana, Acacia nilotica, Acacia
leucophloea, Adenanthera pavonina, Aegle marmelos, Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia lebbek [A.
lebbeck], Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Cassia javanica, Cassia siamea, Ceiba pentandra,
Delonix regia, Delonix elata, Hardwickia binata, Holoptelia integrifolia [Holoptelea integrifolia],
Leucaena leucocephala, Limonia acidissima, Parkia biglandulosa, Peltophorum pterocarpum,
Polyalthia longifolia, Samanea saman [Albizia saman], Tamarindus indica, Terminalia arjuna and
Wrightia tinctoria. The data were collected over 24 continuous months and are correlated with those
available from different climatic regions of the country, such as the Central Himalayas, Kashmir,
Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Garhwal Himalaya, Rajasthan, Karnataka and the Andaman
i s l a n d s .
Author Bhole AG
Title Relative evaluation of a few natural coagulants
Year 1995
Source title Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology - Aqua
Reference 44(6): 284-290
Abstract
-
Author Challapilli AP; Chimmad VP; Hulamani NC

Title Studies on correlation between some fruit characters in tamarind fruits
Year 1995
Reference 8(1): 114-115
Abstract
Fruits from 24 established Tamarindus indica trees of seedling origin were compared for 8
characters. Analysis of the data indicated that fruit weight was positively and significantly associated
with pulp, fibre and seed weights and fruit length and breadth.
Author Dagar JC; Singh G; Singh NT
Title Evaluation of crops in agroforestry with teak (Tectona grandis), maharukh (Ailant
Year 1995
Reference 7(4): 623-634
Abstract
To identify suitable crops for growing in interspaces of six-year-old teak (Tectona grandis),
maharukh (Ailanthus excelsa) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) plantations on reclaimed salt
affected soils, various combinations of crops, viz. rice (Oryza sativa)-berseem (Trifolium
alexandrinum), rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum), pearl millet (Pennisetum purpureum [P. glaucum])-
mustard (Brassica campestris [B. juncea]), pearl millet-lentils (Lens esculenta [L. culinaris]), and
sorghum (Sorghum vulgare [S. bicolor])-gram (Cicer arietinum) were examined during kharif and
rabi seasons for two years in 1990-92 at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal,
Haryana. There was a reduction in yield of all the crops interplanted in the plantations compared
with the control (outside plantation), but the reduction was minimum with tamarind because of less
canopy. Lentils, am, sorghum, berseem, wheat and rice could be grown successfully with tamarind
without much reduction in yield, but with teak only berseem and gram could be grown, while with
maharukh only gram could be grown with 25% reduction in yield. All the tree species benefitted by
growing all the interspace crops because additional water was made available to them through
irrigation. However, with tamarind the advantage of growing rice, wheat, and berseem was minimum
compared with sorghum, lentils and gram. Regression equations were derived to calculate the aerial
biomass of trees after harvesting 5-8 trees of each species. Annual litter productions with maharukh,
teak and tamarind were 8215, 4538 and 3629 kg/ha, respectively and maximum litter was produced
from January to April. Nutrient concentrations (P, K Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in the litter of
t h e p l a n t a t i o n s a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d .
Author Dagar, J. C., G. Singh and N. T. Singh

Title Evaluation of crops in agro-forestry with teak (Tectona grandis), maharukh (Ailan
Year 1995
Reference 7(4): 623
Abstract
-
Author Delobel A
Title The shift of Caryedon serratus Ol. from wild Caesalpiniaceae to groundnuts took
Year 1995
Source title Journal of Stored Products Research
Reference 31(1): 101-102
Abstract
-
Author Devarnavadagi SB; Murthy BG

Title Performance of different tree species on eroded soils of northern dry zone of Karn
Year 1995
Reference 4: 73-77
Abstract
A species trial was established in kharif 1989 at the Regional Research Station at Bijapur, using
saplings (about 6 months old) of 34 multipurpose tree species. Survival and growth were assessed 3
yr after planting (in 1991). The best surviving species (95-98%) were Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia
catechu, Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia
purpurea, Cassia siamea, Dalbergia sissoo, Hardwickia binata, Leucaena leucocephala, Pongamia
pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Syzygium cumini and Tamarindus indica. Mortality was most (43%) in
Casuarina equisetifolia. Height growth was best in Leucaena leucocephala (3.86 m), followed (in
decreasing order) by Albizia lebbeck, Eucalyptus citriodora, Hardwickia binata, Prosopis juliflora,
Inga dulce and Dalbergia sissoo (3.05 m); the least height growth was in Butea monosperma (1.05
m) and Syzygium cumini (1.21 m). Diameter at breast height (dbh) was most in Albizia lebbeck
(4.59 cm) followed by Delonix regia, Prosopis juliflora and Dalbergia sissoo (4.28 cm); dbh was
least in Butea monosperma (1.78 cm) and Casuarina equisetifolia (1.75 cm). The other species in the
trial were Emblica officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica], Eucalyptus hybrid [E. tereticornis],
Peltophorum ferrugineum and Samanea saman [Albizia saman].
Author Donadio LC; Durigan JF
Title Evaluation of new fruit species in Sao Paulo, Brazil
Year 1995
Source title Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture
Abstract
Over 2 years, fruits were sampled from 10-year-old trees of 12 introduced species in the FCAV-
UNESP germplasm collection and evaluated in relation to local conditions in Jaboticabal, Brazil
(1431.4 mm of rain/year, 22.2 deg C mean temperature, 575 m altitude, 48 deg W and 21 deg S).
The species studied were Chrysophyllum cainito, Dovyalis hebecarpa, Pouteria campechiana,
Tamarindus indica, Averrhoa carambola, Calocarpum mamosum [Pouteria sapota], Achras sapota
[Manilkara zapota], Diospyros discolor, Bunchosia spp., Malpighia glabra, Clausena lansium and
Ziziphus jujuba [Ziziphus sp.]. Some species showed good adaptation to local conditions, but others
had problems with dry periods and frost. Tree development was variable. In term of fruit quality, the
species that performed best were Achras sapota and Calocarpum mamosum.
Author Fujii S
Title Effect of natural stabilizer on gelatinization property of etherified tapioca starch
Year 1995
Source title Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology - Nippon Shok
Reference 42(10): 843-848
Abstract
-
Author Gautami S; Rao RN; Raghuram TC; Rajagopala

Title Accidental acute fatal sodium nitrite poisoning
Year 1995
Source title Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology
Reference 33(2): 131-133
Abstract
-
Author Grant G; More LJ; McKenzie NH; Dorward PM; Buchan_
Title Nutritional and hemagglutination properties of several tropical seeds
Year 1995
Source title Journal of Agricultural Science
Reference 124(3): 437- 445
Abstract
-
Author Ibrahim NA; El-Gengaihi S; El-Hamidi A; Ba

Title Chemical and biological evaluation of Tamarindus indica L. growing in Sudan
Year 1995
Source title Acta Horticulturae
Reference 390: 51-57. Note Paper presented at the International Symposium on Medicinal an
Abstract
The mesocarp pulp of fruits of T. indica is used as a laxative and as a tonic after infusion. Seven
hydrocarbons, beta -amyrin, campesterol and beta -sitosterol were identified in the unsaponifiable
matter of the seeds. The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic and eicosanoic acids.
Arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose and uronic acid were identified from the mucilage and pectin
hydrolysates. The hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolaemic properties of the seed pectin and the
mucilage of seeds and fruits were tested in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Administration of seed and
mesocarp mucilages significantly decreased blood glucose concentrations (60.48 and 54.68%,
respectively). Administration of seed pectin also reduced blood glucose concentration by 28.49%
after 24 h. No hypocholesterolaemic properties were observed.
Author Jayan, K., L. Jose, M. R. Raghunath and K. Devadasan

Title Tamarind fruit shell inhibits autolysis in mackerel and squid muscle
Year 1995
Source title National Symposium on Technological Advancements in Fisheries and its Impact
Reference Cochin, 342-345 pp
Abstract
-
Author Joyeus M; Mortier F; Fleurentin J
Title Screening of antiradical, antilipoperoxidant and hepatoprotective effects of 9 plant
Year 1995
Reference 9(3): 228-230
Abstract
-
Author Kulkarni RS; Kumar BMK; Swamy GSK; Gangaprasad S

Title Path analysis of pulp yield in tamarind (Tamarindus indica) across provenances of
Year 1995
Source title Journal of Non Timber Forest Products
Reference 2(3-4): 157-159
Abstract
-
Author Nakamura, K., Y. Nishimura, T. Hatakeyama and H. Hatakeyama

Title Liquid crystalline formation of tamarind-water systems
Year 1995
Source title Polymer Preprints Japan
Reference 44(1): E147
Abstract
-
Author Ndoye I; Gueye M; Danso SKA; Dreyfus B
Title Nitrogen fixation in Faidherbia albida, Acacia raddiana, Acacia senegal and Acaci
Year 1995
Source title Plant and Soil
Reference 172(2): 175-180
Abstract
-
Author Prabhanjan, H. and S. Zakiuddin Ali

Title Studies on rheological properties of tamarind kernel powder, its derivatives and th
Year 1995
Reference 28(3): 245-253
Abstract
-
Author Saideswara Rao Y

Title Tamarind economics
Year 1995
Source title Spice India
Reference 8: 10-11
Abstract
-
Author Shafi M; Khan MS
Title Suitability of village tree species of Bangladesh for hardboard manufacture
Year 1995
Source title Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science
Abstract
Nine tree species (mango, Mangifera indica; jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus; neem, Azadirachta
indica; raintree, Samanea saman [Albizia saman]; babla, Acacia nilotica; shisham, Dalbergia sissoo;
pannya mandar, Erythrina fusca; mandar, Erythrina orientalis; and tentul, Tamarindus indica)
growing in villages in Bangladesh were studied to determine their suitability for making hardboard
from mechanically defiberized pre-steamed chips. Strength and water-resistance properties of the
boards were determined. None of the species were suitable for making hardboard good enough to
meet the requirements of Class-1 hardboard of the US Hardboard Association Specifications.
Nevertheless, all of the species except neem, produced good, or even better, hardboards compared
with that made from sundri [Heritiera fomes] which is used in Khulna Hardboard Mills.
Author Siddhuraju, P., K. Vijayakumari and K. Janardhanan

Title Nutritional and antinutritional properties of the underexploited legumes Cassia lae
Year 1995
Source title Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
Reference 8(4): 351-362
Abstract
-
Author Sinha RK
Title Biodiversity conservation through faith and tradition in India: Some case studies
Year 1995
Source title International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology
Reference 2(4): 278-284
Abstract
-
Author Suriyapananont S; Subhadrabandhu S; Chandraprasong C; Kongkathip N
Title Classification of some tamarind varieties by using peroxidase isozymes
Year 1995
Source title Kasetsart Journla, Natural Sciences
Reference 29(2): 266-278
Abstract
Peroxidase (PER) isoenzymes were studied in 81 leaf samples from 54 varieties of Tamarindus
indica using vertical PAGE. Typical PER zymograms from sour and sweet tamarinds showed three
different band colours: light brown, light grey and dark brown. The dark brown band was a key band
that could be used for variety classification. PER patterns differed between genotypes, and showed
that tamarind plants from the same habitat were closely related. Environment had an effect on the
p o s i t i o n o f t h e l i g h t b r o w n a n d l i gh t gr e y b a n d s b u t n o t o n t h e d a r k b r o w n b a n d s .
Author Tigno, X. T., B. Z. Garcia and S. E. Caoili

Title Anti-inflammatory and vasodilator actions of Tamarindus indica
Year 1995
Source title Microcirculatory approach to Asian traditional medicine, Beijing
Reference Amsterdam, 139-148 pp
Abstract
-
Author Tsuda T; Fukaya Y; Ohshima K; Yamamoto A; Kawakish

Title Antioxidative activity of tamarind extract prepared from the seed coat
Year 1995
Reference 42(6): 430-435
Abstract
-
Author Tsuda T; Mizuno K; Oshima K; Kawakishi S; Osawa T
Title Supercritical carbon-dioxide extraction of antioxidative components from tamarin
Year 1995
Reference 43(11): 2803-2806
Abstract
-
Author Tsuda, T., K. Mizuno, K. Ohshima, S. Kawakishi and T. Osawa

Title Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of antioxidative components from tamarin
Year 1995
Reference 43(11): 2803-2806
Abstract
-
Author Weerawardane NDR; Phillips GB
Title Seven-year results from a species and provenance trial at Meegahakiula in the mid
Year 1995
Source title Sri Lanka Forester
Reference 20(1-2): 89-93
Abstract
Six acacia species (Acacia mangium, A. auriculiformis. A. crassicarpa, A. leptocarpa, A.
polystachya, A. oraria), seven eucalypt species (Eucalyptus melanophloia, E. camaldulensis, E.
torelliana, E. microtheca, E. crebra, and E. tereticornis and E. alba each represented by two
provenances), and six other species (Casuarina cunninghamiana, Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena
leucocephala, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia arjuna and Azadirachta indica) were included in the
trial. Eleven other species failed either in the nursery or soon after planting. All the
species/provenances were Australian except for some local representatives. The species were
classified into three types, and the best performers in each identified, as follows. Trees of coarse
form, suitable for fuelwood and occasionally for poles and timber were A. mangium, A. crassicarpa
(with some qualifications) and A. auriculiformis. Trees of good form were mainly eucalypts, suitable
for poles and low to high-grade timber. Eucalyptus camaldulensis showed some potential, but
because of a general failure to protect the eucalypts from termite attacks, this result is inconclusive.
Indigenous trees with good timber and non-timber values were Azadirachta indica and Terminalia
a r j u n a .
Author Whitney, S. E. C., J. E. Brigham, A. H. Darke and J. S. Grant Reid

Title In vitro assembly of cellulose/xyloglucan networks: Ultrastructural and molecular
Year 1995
Source title Plant Journal
Reference 8(4): 491
Abstract
-
Author Atawodi SE; Spiegelhalder B
Title Precursors of N-nitroso compounds in some Nigerian medicinal plants
Year 1994
Source title Cancer Letters
Reference 79(1): 107-115
Abstract
-
Author Bhattacharya S; Bal S; Mukherjee RK; Bhattach_

Title Functional and nutritional properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) kernel prote
Year 1994
Abstract
-
Author Bhattacharya, S., S. Bal and R. K. Mukherjee

Title Studies on the characteristics of some products from tamarind (Tamarindus indica
Year 1994
Source title Journal of Food Science and Technology
Abstract
-
Author Chidumayo EN
Title Effects of wood carbonization on soil and initial development of seedlings in mio
Year 1994
Source title Forest Ecology and Management
Reference 70(1-3): 353-357
Abstract
An assessment of the effects of wood carbonisation by the traditional earth kiln method in
Brachystegia-Julbernardia (miombo) woodland on soil nutrients in the field and seedling growth
under laboratory conditions was made from August 1992 to March 1993. Wood carbonisation
increased soil pH and exchangable P and K. Generally seed germination was better in charcoal soil
than in undisturbed soil among the seven indigenous woody plants studied. Seedling growth
incharcoal soil was good, except for Isoberlinia angloensis which had lower growth rate than in
u n d i s t u r b e d s o i l .
Author FAO
Title Non-wood forest products of Asia
Year 1994
Source title RAPA Publication
Reference 28: 41
Abstract
-
Author Fujii S
Title Optimizing stabilizer composition in starch-based frozen pudding to satisfy foam s
Year 1994
Reference 41(6): 440-447
Abstract
-
Author Ganigara, B. S., B. S. Vyakarnal and S. D. Shashidhar
Title Effect of temperature and media on germintion of Tamarindus indica seeds
Year 1994
Abstract
-
Author Hayashi T, Ogawa K, Itsuishi Y

Title Characterisation of the adsorption of xyloglucan to cellulose
Year 1994
Source title Plant and Cell Physiology
Reference 35(8): 1199-1205
Abstract
-
Author Hayashi T; Takeda T; Ogawa K; Mitsuishi Y

Title Effects of the degree of polymerization on the binding of xyloglucans to cellulose
Year 1994
Source title Plant and Cell Physiology
Reference 35(6): 893-899
Abstract
Results of experiments using cellulose filter paper or powder cellulose and xyloglucan from
Tamarindus indica suggest that the mode of binding xyloglucan oligosaccharides to cellulose is
d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f c e l l o - o l i g o s a c c h a r i d e s .
Author Joshua J; Johnsingh AJT
Title Impact of biotic disturbances on the habitat and population of the endangered griz
Year 1994
Source title Biological Conservation
Abstract
The impact of biotic pressures on the habitat and population of the endangered grizzled giant squirrel
Ratufa macroura dandolena was quantified from December 1987 to January 1989 during a three year
study in Alagarkoil Valley (15km2) in the Srivilliputtur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary
in south India. This valley has about 40% of the total population of c.300 of this subspecies in south
India. A total of 40,079 people visited the 11km2 study area during the study period. This included
pilgrims (57%), wood cutters (40%) and collectors of minor forest produce such as Combretum
ovalifolium climbers and Tamarindus indica fruits. The squirrel population did not show a decline
during annual counts over three years but these disturbances resulted in loss of cover, food trees and
nesting sites. Conservation measures are needed to safeguard this population and its habitat by the
creation of a 40km2 Alagarkoil Valley National Park and planting of desired species to promote
canopy continuity and availability of food plants, nesting sites and cover.
Author Komwihangilo DM
Title Behaviour of sheep and goats on stall feeding conditions
Year 1994
Source title Research and Training Newsletter (Dar es Salaam)
Reference 9(1/2): 24-27
Abstract
-
Author Kulkarni, R. S., G. S. K. Swamy, B. M. Dushyantha Kumar and S. Gangaprasad

Title Commercial propagation techniques of tamarind clones
Year 1994
Source title Management of Minor Forest Produce for Sustainability
Reference New Delhi, 142-144 pp
Abstract
-
Author Kulkarni, R. S., S. Ganga Prasad, G. S. K. Swamy and K. R. Melanta
Title Assessment of genetic divergence in tamarind
Year 1994
Abstract
-
Author Mahmoud BM; Ali HM; Homeida MMA; Bennett J

Title Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration wi
Year 1994
Reference 33(5): 1005-1009
Abstract
-
Author Maksoud MA; Haggag LF; Azzazy MA; Saad RN

Title Effect of VAM inoculation and phosphorous application on growth and nutrient c
Year 1994
Source title Annals of Agricultural Science - Cairo
Reference 39(1): 355-363
Abstract
Eight-month-old tamarind seedlings were planted in black plastic pots containing 10 kg sandy soil
supplemented with phosphate fertilizer (superphosphate or rock phosphate) at 0, 50, 100 and 200
kg/feddan [1 feddan = 0.42 ha]. Half the pots were inoculated with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza
(VAM, a mixture of mostly Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp.) at the rate of 10 ml of spore suspension
(25 spores/ml)/pot. Significant increases were observed in seedling growth parameters and leaf P and
K contents as a result of VAM inoculation. The largest increases in plant height and leaf number as a
result of VAM inoculation occurred with rock phosphate at 200 kg/feddan.
Author Maksoud, M. A., L. F. Haggag, M. A. Azzazy and R. N. Saad
Title Effect of vam inoculation and phosphorus application on growth and nutrient cont
Year 1994
Source title Annals of Agricultural Science - Cairo
Abstract
-
Author Masano; Mawazin

Title The effect of pretreatment on the germination process of asam (Tamarindus indica
Year 1994
Source title Buletin Penelitian Hutan
Abstract
Four pretreatments were tested: slicing off the end of the seed, soaking in cold or hot water for 24 h,
and soaking in cold water with leaves of Albizia in a sealed bottle. Best germination was in the
sliced seeds (92%, compared with a control value of 86.7%). The 2 cold water treatments had no
effect on germination percentage and the hot water treatment reduced it to 22.7%. Germination
began after 7 days and lasted for 2 days in the slicing treatment compared with 17 days in the
control. Other treatments gave intermediate durations.
Author Pal P; Basu RN

Title Extension of wheat seed viability with plant leaf powders and an aspirin containin
Year 1994
Source title Indian Agriculturist
Reference 38(2): 145-149
Abstract
Wheat cv. Sonalika seeds were dry-dressed with powdered leaves of Aegle marmelos, mangoes,
tamarinds, Vitex negundo or Thevetia peruviana at rates of 1-2 g leaf powder/kg seed or powdered
aspirin at 20-500 mg/kg seed, and subjected to accelerated aging at 98% RH and 40 deg C for 8-9
days. All the leaf powders were as effective as neem [Azadirachta indica] in maintaining viability in
aged seeds, and aspirin proved effective at doses of less than or equal to 200 mg. Seedling
emergence and early growth in soil after aging for 3 months was greater for neem- and aspirin-
treated seeds (65% and 76%, respectively) than for the control (39%).
Author Prins H; Maghembe JA
Title Germination studies on seed of fruit trees indigenous to Malawi
Year 1994
Reference 64(2-3): 111-125
Abstract
-
Author Rao MSRM; Padmaiah M; Raizada A; Ayyappa

Title Productive utilisation of non-arable lands through watershed management in the s
Year 1994
Reference 120(1): 48-57
Abstract
-
Author Saeed M; Ghaffar A

Title Experimental host range studies of the shethoid nematode Hemicriconemoides ma
Year 1994
Source title Ghana Journal of Science
Reference 22/28: 1/2, 55-58
Abstract
-
Author Sagrero-Nieves, L., J. P. Bartley and A. Provis-Schwede
Title Supercritical fluid extraction of the volatile constituents from tamarind (Tamarind
Year 1994
Reference 6(5): 547
Abstract
-
Author Sankaranarayanan R; Vijayakumar M; Rangasamy P

Title Cow urine for ideal seed germination in tamarind
Year 1994
Source title Indian Horticulture
Reference 38(4): 15
Abstract
Tamarind seeds have a hard seed coat that causes slow and poor germination. Soaking the seeds in
10% cow urine or in cowdung solution (500 g in 10 litres of water) for 24 h increased the
germination percentage from 37% (untreated controls) to 72.6 and 82.8%, respectively.
Author Shaida, M.
Title Tamarind, turmeric and the triumphant tomato
Year 1994
Source title Disappearing food: studies in foods and dishes at risk, Oxford
Reference Prospect, 189-191 pp
Abstract
-
Author Slovakova L; Subikova V; Farkas V
Title Influence of xyloglucan oligosaccharides on some enzymes involved in the hypers
Year 1994
Source title Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Reference 101(2): 278-285
Abstract
-
Author Subikova V; Slovakova L; Farkas V

Title Inhibition of tobacco necrosis virus infection by xyloglucan fragments
Year 1994
Source title Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
Reference 101(2): 128-131
Abstract
Oligosaccharide fragments from xyloglucans prepared from tamarind seeds and pea stems inhibited
the development of local lesions induced by tobacco necrosis necrovirus on cotyledons of cucumber
cv. Laura. Inhibition ranged from 44 to 84% when the xyloglucan fragments were applied in
amounts ranging from 10 to 100 micro g per cotyledon 24 h prior to virus inoculation. Results
suggested a possible role of the cell wall polysaccharides or their oligosaccharide fragments in the
m e c h a n i s m o f i n d u c e d r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t v i r u s e s .
Author Sussman RW; Rakotozafy A
Title Plant diversity and structural analysis of a tropical dry forest in soutwestern Mada
Year 1994
Source title Biotropica
Reference 26(3): 241-254
Abstract
For this paper we sampled a fenced and unprotected portion of a dry gallery forest (the Beza
Mahafaly Reserve) in southwestern Madagascar for structure and floristic composition. Seedling
plots were also sampled to assess invasion and regeneration. A total of 923 plants were greater than
or equal to 2.5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were censused in 25 transects. Sixty nine species
and 43 genera were represented. In plant density, diversity and size classes of individuals the forest
is similar to many continental tropical dry forests in Africa and the Neotropics. Over 80% of those
species identified were native, as were 26% of the genera. Unlike many insular forests Beza
Mahafaly is not being invaded by fast growing exotic species. There were no noticable differences in
density, diversity, size classes, or proportion of native speices between transects within and outside
the protected reserve. Two distinct microhabitats were noticed. Individual plants were more dense on
"drier" soils; whereas large trees greater than or equal to 25 cm DBH were over twice as frequent on
"wetter" soils. The floristic composition also differed, with only two species of tree, Tamarindus
indica and Azima tetracantha, being common to both habitats. The distribution and density of lemur
populations within the forest appear to be directly related to microhabitat differences.
Author Tiwari RJ; Barholia AK

Title Effect of different levels of soil:sand:compost ratios on emergence rate index, rela
Year 1994
Source title Crop Research (Hisar)
Abstract
-
Author Tsuda T; Watanabe M; Ohshima K; Yamamoto A; Kawaki_
Title Antioxidative components isolated from the seed of tamarind (Tamarindus indica
Year 1994
Reference 42(12): 2671-2674
Abstract
-
Author Tsuda, T., M. Watanabe, K. Ohshima and A. Yamamoto

Title Antioxidative components isolated from the seed of tamarind (Tamarindus indica
Year 1994
Abstract
-
Author Abideen KAMZ; Gopikumar K; Jamaludheen V

Title Effect of seed characters and its nutrient content on vigor of seedlings Pongamia p
Year 1993
Reference 29(4): 225-230
Abstract
-
Author Ali-Diallo B; Huignard J
Title Oviposition of four strains of Caryedon-serratus Oliver Coleoptera Bruchidae in t
Year 1993
Source title Journal of Africa Zoology
Reference 107(2): 113-120
Abstract
-
Author Anon
Title Fiche espece sur Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae)
Year 1993
Source title Revue de Medecines et Pharmacopees Africaines
Reference 7(2): 155, 157-168
Abstract
-
Author Bhargava DS; Sheldarkar SB

Title Use of TNSAC in phosphate adsorption studies and relationships - literature, expe
Year 1993
Source title Water Research
Reference 27(2): 303-312
Abstract
-
Title Use of TNSAC in phosphate adsorption studies and relationships - isotherm relati
Year 1993
Reference 27(2): 325-335
Abstract
-

Title Use of TNSAC in phosphate adsorption studies and relationships - effects of adso
Year 1993
Reference 27(2): 313-324
Abstract
-
Author Bhattacharya S; Bal S; Mukherjee RK

Title Some physical and engineering properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed
Year 1993
Abstract
Abstract The chemical composition of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds and kernels, as well as
some industrially important physical and engineering properties, were determined. The kernel
powder was rich in potassium. The shape of the whole tamarind seed did not conform to any of the
standard shapes of seeds. The length, breadth, thickness, sphericity, roundness, surface area, average
weight and volume per seed were also determined. The bulk density of raw, whole seed was slightly
greater than that of roasted kernels. The surface area of seeds was linearly related to weight per seed
(r greater than or equal to 0.96, p less than or equal to 0.01). The angle of friction of the whole seeds
was determined on rough, smooth, and very smooth surfaces. The angle of repose for roasted kernel
(34-39 degrees) was higher than that of the raw whole seeds (31-35 degrees).
Author Das SC; Akhter S; Sayeed M
Title Chemical composition and water repellency property of ten village wood species
Year 1993
Source title Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science
Reference 22(1-2): 61-67
Abstract
A study on chemical analysis and water repellency properties of ten village wood species was
conducted to find out the percentages of their chemical components. It was found that raintree
(Samanea saman [Albizia saman]) possessed the highest amount of water soluble extractives. It was
followed by babla (Acacia nilotica sub. indica), mango (Mangifera indica) and painya mandar
(Erythrina ovalifolia). Neem (Azadirachta indica) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) contained
the least amount of these kinds of extractives. Alcohol-benzene soluble extractives of the species fell
in the range of 1.38-6.60% The holocellulose content was the highest in tentul (Tamarindus indica).
Ghora neem (Melia azedarach) ranked the next in this respect. In consideration of the cellulose
content, tentul, ghora neem, sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), mango and babla may be suitable for
chemical pulping and conversion products. These ten species were explored for water repellency.
Neem was found to absorb the least amount of water. Sissoo, babla and tentul were found to absorb
slightly more water. These species may be suitable both for indoor and outdoor uses. Sorption of
water in the remaining six species was considerably higher and consequently they are deemed not
s u i t a b l e f o r o u t d o o r u s e s .
Author Delobel B; Grenier A M

Title Effect of noncereal food on cereal weevils and tamarind pod weevil (Coleoptera,
Year 1993
Abstract
-
Author Delobel, B. and A. M. Grenier
Title Effect of non-cereal food on cereal weevils and tamarind pod weevil (Coleoptera:
Year 1993
Reference 29(1): 7
Abstract
-
Author Gangadhar MA; Prasad JR; Krishna N

Title Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of important conventional and un
Year 1993
Source title Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
Reference 63(9): 1004-1005
Abstract
-
Author Goce SP; Ombico MFT; Raymundo LC

Title Processing of Fruit Sauces
Year 1993
Source title Philippine Agriculturist
Abstract
-
Author Gomez-Hurtado JE
Title Evaluacion de fungicidas y algunas practicas culturales en el control de la antracn
Year 1993
Source title ASCOLFI-Informa
Abstract
-
Author Kibon A; Orskov ER

Title The use of degradation characteristics of browse plants to predict intake and diges
Year 1993
Source title Animal Production
Reference 57(2): 247-251
Abstract
-
Author Kulkarni-RS; Gangaprasad-S; Swamy-GSK

Title Tamarind: economically an important minor forest produce
Year 1993
Source title MFP-News
Reference 3: 3, 6
Abstract
-
Author Kuppusamy A; Kannan S
Title Life-history of Eumeta cramerii (Westwood) (Lepidoptera : Psychidae) and its nat
Year 1993
Source title Phytophaga Madras
Reference 5(2): 109-121
Abstract
Information on the life cycle, population density and percentage parasitism of Eumeta cramerii
living on Acacia nilotica (Mimosaceae) and Tamarindus indica (Cesalpiniaceae) in the field in India
and under laboratory conditions is provided. E. cramerii feeding on A. nilotica exhibited shorter life
cycle durations and higher fecundity than when reared on T. indica. The other life cycle parameters
such as larval and pupal durations of E. cramerii on A. nilotica were significantly different from the
values obtained when reared on T. indica. Populations of E. cramerii reached a maximum on A.
nilotica in April, when the parasitism by different parasitoids was also proportionately high. The
significant differences in pest development for each of the host plants studied indicated that A.
nilotica appeared to be the preferred host for E. cramerii. The life cycle of Sinophorus psycheae, a
natural enemy of E. cramerii larvae, was determined. Percentage parasitism of E. cramerii by
different parasitoids such as S. psycheae, Brachymeria spp. and tachinids are discussed.
Author Lang P and Burchard W

Title Structure and aggregation behavior of tamarind seed polysaccharide in aqueous-so
Year 1993
Source title Makromolekulare Chemie - Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
Reference 194(11): 3157-3166
Abstract
-
Author Lang P; Kajiwara K

Title Investigations of the architecture of tamarind seed polysaccharide oin aqueous sol
Year 1993
Source title Journal Biomater Sci Polym Ed
Reference 4(5): 517-528
Abstract
-
Author Lang P; Kajiwara K; Burchard W
Title Investigations on the solution architecture of carboxylated tamarind seed polysacc
Year 1993
Source title Macromolecules
Reference 26(15): 3992-3998
Abstract
-
Author Lang, P. and K. Kajiwara

Title Investigations of the architecture of tamarind seed polysaccharide in aqueous solut
Year 1993
Source title Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition
Reference 4(5): 517
Abstract
-
Author Lang, P. and W. Burchard

Title Structure and aggregation behavior of tamarind seed polysaccharide in aqueous so
Year 1993
Source title Makromolekulare Chemie
Reference 194(11): 3157
Abstract
-
Author Lingappa, K., N. S. Padshetty and N. B. Chowdary
Title Tamarind vermouth - a new alcoholic beverage from tamarind (Tamarindus indica
Year 1993
Source title Indian Food Packer
Reference 47(1): 23
Abstract
-
Author Marothia DK; Gauraha AK

Title Marketing of denationalised minor forest products in tribal economy
Year 1993
Source title Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing
Abstract
The marketing mechanism for denationalized minor forest products (DMFPs) prevailing in the tribal
economy in Madhya Pradesh is examined and suggestions are made for policy interventions that will
improve their marketability, based on data collected from 19 and 56 households selected from,
respectively, Nirrabeda and Farsiya villages, Nagri Tehsil, Raipur district. The data related to the
year 1990-91. DMFPs were categorized into tubers and roots, bark and fibres, leaves, fruits, flowers,
seeds, gums and biological products. The collection and consumption patterns for all these were
examined. Price spread and channel flow analysis were carried out for lac, aonla, mahua [Madhuca]
flowers, tamarind [Tamarindus] and cherongi as these are the major contributors to DMFP earnings.
In Madhya Pradesh the trading of only four MFPs viz. tendu [Diospyros] leaves, sal [Shorea] seed,
harra and gums has been nationalized. The other MFPs are denationalized and the tribals have
usufruct rights to collect them. The tribals now have to cover longer distances to procure a smaller
quantity of DMFPs due to rapid deforestation. The prices received for the DMFPs were very low. In
order to minimize exploitation of the tribals it is suggested that village-level marketing institutions
and small-scale collection centres be established in the villages. It is also suggested that fair-price
shops of household items be introduced into tribal areas so that DMFP collectors will not be forced
to sell their produce at lower prices in order to purchase basic commodities for home consumption.
Author Mohandas KK; Narayana Prasad TR; Zoolagud SS
Title Evaluation of commonly used extenders for UF resin adhesives in the plywood in
Year 1993
Source title IPIRTI Research Report
Reference 62: 15
Abstract
Tamarind seed powder, de-oiled groundnut cake powder and de-oiled maize gluten were compared
as extenders in UF resin adhesives for moisture resistant grade plywood. The maize gluten extender
was best with liquid UF resin, but groundnut cake powder performed better with powdered UF resin.
Author Raghunath Rao DM; Zoolagud SS

Title Study on the effect of proteinous starch based fillers and extenders on phenolic re
Year 1993
Source title IPIRTI Research Report
Reference 63: 20
Abstract
A comparison was made between protein/starch extenders such as de-oiled groundnut cake powder
and de-oiled maize gluten, starch-based extenders such as tamarind seed powder and tapioca starch,
and the conventional lignocellulosic type extender, coconut shell flour. The protein/starch extenders
performed very well with phenolic formaldehyde resin in the bonding of boiling water-resistant and
b o i l i n g w a t e r - p r o o f p l y w o o d s .
Author Rathore, P.
Title Effectiveness of tamarind on calcium oxalate and phosphate crystallisation
Year 1993
Source title Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
Reference 8(2): 136
Abstract
-
Author Sissoko K; Soumare S; Soumare A
Title Woody species, a trump to protect. OT: Les especes ligneuses, un atout a preserve
Year 1993
Source title Lettre du Reseau Recherche Developpement
Reference 19: 4-7, GRET, Ministere de la Cooperation; Paris; France
Abstract
A socioeconomic survey of farmer preferences for tree species was carried out in five villages (124
persons were interviewed, representing all farming families in the area) near Niono, Mali, in 1990.
The survey formed part of an agroforestry project which aims to improve crop yields and increase
forage supply in the region. Data were collected on ethnic group, family size, livestock, farming
practices, and preferences for indigenous or exotic tree species; they included a field inventory of
trees. Twenty-eight tree species were identified in the field, and these are considered in three groups:
(1) the most common species, which also tended to be the most highly valued, often multipurpose
trees ( more than 100 individuals counted, found on 31-74% of land holdings) - in descending
numerical order, Sclerocarya birrea, Adansonia digitata, Acacia albida [Faidherbia albida] and
Combretum galazense [Combretum gazalense]; (2) less common (found on 10-18% of holdings), but
still considered important - Vitalaria paradoxa [Vitellaria paradoxa], Anogeissus leiocarpus, Cordyla
pennata [Cordyla africana], Balanites aegyptiaca, Tamarindus indica and Diospyros mespiliformis;
and (3) rare (1-14 individuals), found on only 1-4% of holdings. Provision of foliage for human
and/or animal consumption (e.g. Adansonia digitata and T. indica) was considered one of the most
important and valued features of trees by respondents. Other uses included; fruit and oil seed
production (for animal or human consumption, for processing, or for medicinal use); timber
(Piliostigma reticulatum [Bauhinia reticulata], Terminalia avicennioides, Commiphora africana); and
fuelwood or charcoal production (Anogeissus leiocarpus, B. reticulata, T. avicennioides, Cardenalia
ternifolia [Gardenia ternifolia], Entada africana and Pterocarpus erinaceus). The survey suggested
that fruit-producing trees would be the most suitable indigenous species to consider for
development; for introduced species, priority should be given to those that enhance soil fertility,
a n d / o r f o r a g e s p e c i e s .
Other species: Commiphora africana, Vitellaria paradoxa, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Cordyla africana,
Balanites aegyptiaca, Diospyros mespiliformis, Entada africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Sclerocarya
b i r r e a .
Author Sreelekha TT; Vijayakumar T; Ankanthil R; Vijayan KK
Title Immunomodulatory effects of a polysaccharide from Tamarindus indica
Year 1993
Source title Anti Cancer Drugs
Reference 4(2): 209-212
Abstract
-
Author Tambe TB; Ramshe DG; Walunjkar RB

Title Dryland fruit crops for scarcity zone
Year 1993
Source title Maharashtra Journal of Horticulture
Reference 7(1): 105-106
Abstract
Among 23 species of fruit trees assessed for their ability to grow and survive in the hot, dry climate
of Rahuri (India), mahua (Bassia latifolia [Madhuca longifolia]), soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi),
jamun (Syzygium cumini), aonla (Emblica officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica]), charoli (Buchanania
latifolia), ber (Zizyphus mauritiana [Ziziphus mauritiana]), karonda (Carissa carandas), tamarinds
(Tamarindus indica) and particularly drumstick (Moringa pterygosperma [M. oleifera]) performed
best. Five-year-old drumstick trees were tallest (annual increase in height, 0.94 m), showed the
largest collar girth (0.79 m), the largest GBH [girth at breast height] (0.48 m), and the largest tree
volume (35.16 m3). The survival rate of this and 2 other species was 87.5%, compared with 75% for
2 species, 50% for 3 species, and 100% for 13 species.
Author Wali ur Rehman
Title Trial of insecticides and a fumigant against forest seed pests
Year 1993
Source title Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Abstract
In a laboratory trial of control methods for Hypsipyla robusta, a fruit borer of Cedrela toona [Toona
ciliata], DDVP 50% EC [dichlorvos] killed 100% larvae at 0.05 and 0.03% doses, and 83% larvae at
0.01%, while Laser 25% EC [a pyrethroid insecticide] gave 80, 43 and 33% kill of larvae,
respectively, at 0.05, 0.03 and 0.01% doses. Malathion showed poor results, with 36.6 and 26.6%
mortality of larvae at 0.05 and 0.03% doses, respectively. In another trial, phostoxin (a fumigant)
caused 100% mortality of adults of the seed and stored seed pests, Caryedon serratus (a pest of
Tamarindus indica, Acacia farnesiana and Acacia nilotica) and Tribolium castaneum (a pest of
Ceratonia siliqua and Juglans regia), in doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg per 0.043 m3. No toxic
effect of phostoxin was found on seed germination of Pinus roxburghii, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia
m o d e s t a a n d A c a c i a t o r t i l i s i n t h e s e d o s e s .
Author Yoneyama T; Muraoka T; Murakami T; Boonkerd N

Title Natural abundance of 15N in tropical plants with emphasis on tree legumes
Year 1993
Source title Plant and Soil
Reference 153(2): 295-304
Abstract
Natural abundance of 15N ( delta 15N) was analysed in leaves harvested from tropical plants in
Brazil and Thailand. The delta 15N values of non-N2-fixing trees in Brazil were +4.5 plus or minus
1.9%, which is lower than those of soil nitrogen (+8.0 plus or minus 2.2%). In contrast, Mimosa
pudica and Pueraria humbergiana had very low delta 15N values (-1.4 plus or minus 0.5%). The
delta 15N values of Panicum maximum and leguminous trees (except for Leucaena leucocephala)
were similar to those of non-N2-fixing trees, suggesting that the contribution of fixed N in these
plants is negligible. The delta 15N values of non-N2-fixing trees in Thailand were +4.9 plus or
minus 2.0%. Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania grandiflora, Casuarina spp. and Cycas spp. had low
delta 15N values, close to the value of atmospheric N2 (o/oo), pointing to a major contribution of N2
fixation in these plants. Cassia spp. and Tamarindus indica had high delta 15N values, which
confirms that these species are non-nodulating legumes. The delta 15N values of Acacia spp. and
Gliricidia sepium and other potentially nodulating tree legumes were, on average, slightly lower than
those of non-N2-fixing trees, indicating a small contribution of N2 fixation in these legumes.
Author York WS; Harvey LK; Guillen R; Albersheim P; Darvill AG
Title Structural analysis of tamarind seed xyloglucan oligosaccharides using beta-galact
Year 1993
Abstract
The borohydride-reduced forms (oligoglycosyl alditols) of two isomeric octasaccharides
(Glc4Xyl3Gal) that are released from xyloglucans of various plant species upon treatment with a
fungal endo-(1 leads to 4)-beta-glucanase were isolated and structurally characterized. A mixture of
oligosaccharides that is released from tamarind seed xyloglucan by the endo-(1 leads to 4)-beta-
glucanase was digested with a commercially available beta-galactosidase (Aspergillus niger). The
beta-galactosidase selectively hydrolyzed the galactosyl residue of one of the two isomeric
octasaccharides present in the mixture. A homogeneous preparation of the beta-galactosidase-
resistant octasaccharide was prepared by high-resolution gel-permeation chromatography of the
enzyme-digestion products. Spectroscopic characterization of the oligoglycosyl alditol prepared by
reduction of this octasaccharide confirmed the previously proposed structure that had been based on
analysis of the mixture of isomeric octasaccharides. The availability of large amounts of the pure,
reduced octasaccharide and of a pure, reduced pentasaccharide (Glc3Xyl2) made it possible to
completely assign their 1H and 13C NMR spectra. In addition, the borohydride-reduced form of the
beta-D-galactosidase-susceptible octasaccharide isomer was purified by high pH anion-exchange
chromatography of the endo-(1 leads to 4)-beta-glucanase-released octasaccharides from rape-seed
xyloglucan (no beta-galactosidase treatment), and its 1H and 13C NMR spectra were assigned.
Additional correlations between specific structural features of xyloglu Abstract in their NMR spectra
were deduced and added to the extensive list that we have compiled. The effects of recording the
NMR spectra of the xyloglucan oligoglycosyl alditols in the presence of borate salts, which could
lead to incorrect structural assignments, are also described.
Author York, W. S., L. K. Harvey, R. Guillen and P. Albersheim

Title Structural analysis of tamarind seed xyloglucan oligosaccharides using ç-galactosi
Year 1993
Reference 248 (Com): 285
Abstract
-
Author Yuan F; Tian RG
Title Finding of Oxyrhachininae in China and a description of a new species (Homopter
Year 1993
Source title Entomotaxonomia
Reference 15(3): 173-177
Abstract
The taxonomic status of the genus Hemicentrus is discussed and 6 species are described or
redescribed, of which 5 are new, including H. latus sp. nov., on Tamarindus indica and Mangifera
indica in Yunnan, H. brunneus sp. nov. on Persea americana in Hainan, and H. obliquus sp. nov. on
Choerospondias axillaris in Yunnan. A key is given to the species of the genus from China.

Title Effects of adsorbent dose and size on phosphate-removal from wastewaters
Year 1992
Source title Environmental Pollution
Abstract
-
Author Bimlendra K; Toky OP

Title Seedling growth of some important fuelwood species of semi-arid climate in north
Year 1992
Reference 28(2): 225-230
Abstract
Growth data are given for 9-month-old saplings of 20 species - 4 Acacia spp., 2 Albizia spp., 3
Cassia spp., Cordia myxa (3 provenances), Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Leucaena leucocephala,
Parkinsonia aculeata, Pongamia pinnata, 2 Prosopis spp., Melia azedarach, Tamarindus indica,
Terminalia tomentosa and Zizyphus mauritiana [Ziziphus mauritiana] planted under semiarid
conditions in Haryana, and raised from polybag stock.
Author Bimlendra K; Toky-OM; Singh P
Title Performance of tree species in relation to water requirement in semi-arid regions o
Year 1992
Reference 28(2): 235-240
Abstract
The results are reported of a nursery trial over 7 months with 14 species. Seeds were sown on 20
March 1987 in polypots in soil/FYM (3:1). Only one seedling was allowed to grow in each pot.
Seedlings were watered uniformly for the first 45 days and 4-weekly thereafter. Watering was
witheld from 30 August, and growth measurements and leaf water potential recorded on 11 October.
On the basis of these data species were divided into 4 groups: (1) favourable plant water relations
and high productivity, (2) unfavourable plant water relations and high productivity, (3) favourable
plant water relations and low productivity, and (4) unfavourable plant water relations and low
productivity. Five species (Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Cassia siamea and Cordia myxa) fell
into the first 2 classes and are, therefore, recommended for planting in semiarid regions in Haryana.
The other species tested were Acacia cupressiformis, Albizia procera, Cassia glauca, Dalbergia
sissoo, Erythrina indica, Melia azedarach, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis juliflora, Tamarindus
indica and Zizyphus mauritiana [Ziziphus mauritiana].
Author Burguera JL; Burguera M; Becerra G

Title Mineral-content of some fruits from Venezuela
Year 1992
Source title Revista Espanola de Cienca y Tecnologia de Alimentos
Reference 32(6): 667-672
Abstract
-
Author Challapilli AP; Hulamani NC; Chimmad VP
Title Studies on evaluation of some promising Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) trees
Year 1992
Reference 28(4): 317-322
Abstract
Evaluation of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) trees was done taking into consideration all the
desirable physical fruit and quality characters at Silver Jubilee Orchard, Cottage of Agriculture,
Dharwad. The tree number 33 records highest fruit weight (25.22g), fruit length (15.84cm) , pulp
weight (9.18g) and also ascorbic acid of 2.64mg/100g and acidity of 14.62%. The yield per tree was
highest in the tree number 5 (504kg/tree) followed by tree number 33 (474kg/tree). Among all the
trees studied tree number 33 was found to be superior with respect to yield, physical and quality
c h a r a c t e r s .
Author Challapilli, A. P., N. C. Hulamani and V. P. Chimmad

Title Studies on evaluation of some promising tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) trees
Year 1992
Abstract
-
Author Dash DK; Dhar AN; Samant PKS

Title Minor fruits and their development in Orissa
Year 1992
Source title Orissa Journal of Horticulture
Reference 20: 67-71 (Special issue)
Abstract
-
Author Farkas V; Sulova Z; Stratilova E; Hanna R; Maclachlan
Title Cleavage of xyloglucan by nastutium seed xyloglucanase and tranglycosylation to
Year 1992
Source title Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
Reference 298(2): 365-370
Abstract
-
Author Gomathi V; Oblisami G

Title Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on germination of tree crops
Year 1992
Source title Indian Journal of Environmental Health
Reference 34(4), 326-328
Abstract
-
Author Howlader MA
Title Host range suitability of host plants as food and seasonal abundance of the badwo
Year 1992
Source title Bangladesh Journal of Zoology
Reference 20(1): 177-183
Abstract
-
Author Imbabi E; Abu al Futuh IM
Title Investigation of the molluscicidal activity of Tamarindus indica
Year 1992
Source title International Journal of Pharmacognosy
Reference 30(2)s: 157-160
Abstract
Water and methanol extracts of Tamarindus indica (Leguminosae) fruit pulp were found to have
molluscicidal activity against Bulinus truncatus. The molluscicidal activity was greater in samples
extracted with methanol than with water and was thought to be due to the presence of saponins.
Author Imbabi, E. S., K. E. Ibrahim, B. M. Ahmed and I. M. Abulfutuh

Title Chemical characterization of tamarind bitter principle, tamarindineal
Year 1992
Abstract
-
Author ImbabiI ES; Ibrahim KE; Ahmed BM; Abulfutuh IM; HUL
Title Chemical characterisation of tamarindineal bitter principle
Year 1992
Reference 63(6): 537-538
Abstract
-
Author Jaiwal PK; Gulati A
Title Micropropagation of Tamarindus indica from shoot tip and nodal explants
Year 1992
Source title National Academy Science Letters (India)
Abstract
-
Author Jaiwal, P. K. and A. Gulati

Title Micropropagation of Tamarindus indica L. from shoot tip and nodal explants
Year 1992
Source title National Academy Science Letters
Reference 15(3): 63
Abstract
-
Author Jambhulkar V; Shankhapal KV

Title Effect of minerals on lipid production by Rhizopus nigricans and Penicillium nigri
Year 1992
Reference 29(5): 333-335
Abstract
-
Author Jambhulkar, V. and K. V. Shankhapal
Title Effect of minerals of lipid production by rhizopus nigricans and penicillium nigric
Year 1992
Abstract
-
Author Johnson MB
Title Tree legumes for reforestation and afforestation of arid and semiarid lands
Year 1992
Source title Arid Lands Newsletter
Reference 32: 28-32
Abstract
-
Author Kopp MS; Nataraja K

Title Regeneration of plantlets from excised nodal segments of Tamarindus indica L
Year 1992
Reference 28(2): 231-234
Abstract
-
Author Lang P; Masci G; Dentini M; Crescenzi V; Cooke D; Gidle
Title Tamarind seed polysaccharide preparation, characterisation and solution propertie
Year 1992
Reference 17(3): 185-198
Abstract
-
Author MacLachlan G; Levy B; Farkas V

Title Acceptor requirements for GDP-fucose xyloglucan 1 2-alpha-L fucosyl transferas
Year 1992
Source title Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
Reference 294(1): 200-205
Abstract
-
Author McSorley R
Title Nematological problems in tropical and subtropical fruit tree crops
Year 1992
Source title Nematropica
Reference 22(1): 103-116
Abstract
-
Author Milian C; Bruzon N; Herrero G; Sanchez A
Title Trial of forest species on areas degraded by opencast mining
Year 1992
Source title Revista Baracoa
Abstract
-
Author Milimo PB; Dick J McP; Munro RC

Title Domestication of trees in semi-arid East Africa: the current situation
Year 1992
Source title Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resourc
Reference RRB Leakey & AC Newton (Eds.), ITE Symposium No. 29, ECTF Symposium N
Abstract
-
Author Nagahiro J; Iwamoto J; Higuchi K

Title Experiments for fine air bubble production in liquids using ejectors
Year 1992
Source title Transactions of the ASAE
Reference 35(5): 1581-1590
Abstract
-
Author Nagaraju; Kumar-YSA; Ramachandran KS; Syed-Ibrahim; Ranganna B; Krishnap
Title Contour 'V' ditch - a new technqiue in forest plantation
Year 1992
Source title Current Research - University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore
Reference 21(11-12): 148-150
Abstract
The use of a new technique which involved planting in a V-shaped ditch along contours (or in pits in
a V shaped ditch) is described and evaluated in comparison with conventional techniques (pit
planting, trench planting and contour trench planting) during a pilot project funded by the World
Bank at the Kabbalanala Watershed Project in Bangalore, Karnataka, in 1988. The planting areas
were characterized by undulating topography and bushy plants, with reddish brown to dark red and
shallow to moderately deep soils, sandy clay loam to sand loam on the surface, of neutral pH and
prone to erosion. Average annual rainfall was 775 mm. Details and costs of each method are given,
with survival data for 9 species in February 1988 (6 months after planting) and February 1989. The
highest average survival (89.8%) was found in the contour V ditch in 1988, followed by the contour
trench method (79.6%). The same trend was found in 1989 where respective average survivals for
these 2 methods were 82.8 and 69.7%. Average survivals in the other methods were 58.4% in 1988
and 18.2% in 1989. The best surviving species were Dalbergia sissoo, Leucaena leucocephala,
Azadirachta indica, Syzygium jambolana [S. jambos] and Phyllanthus amblica [P. emblica], all of
which had more than or equal to 80% survival in the contour V ditch planting method in 1989. The
other species tested were Aegle marmelos (78%) and A. auriculiformis (66%), and Cassia siamea
and Tamarindus indica, which were not planted using the new technique but survived better than the
other species (78 and 80%, respectively, in 1989) after contour trench planting.
Other species included: Dalbergia sissoo, Leucaena leucocephala, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus
e mb l ic a, Ae gle ma r me l os , Cas s ia si ame a, Syzygi u m j a mb o s, Ac ac i a a uricu liformis.
Author Nilsson JA; Johnson CD

Title New host, Bauhinia variegata L., and new locality records for Caryedon serratus (
Year 1992
Source title The Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Abstract
-
Author Pere Laguillo O; Segui D; Betancourt C
Title Xerophilic yeasts present in syrups for refreshments produced in Puerto Rico
Year 1992
Source title International Journal of Mycology and Lichenology
Reference 5(3): 281-290
Abstract
-
Author Ramanujam CGK; Kalpana TP

Title Tamarindus indica L. an important forage plant for Apis florea F. in south central
Year 1992
Source title Apidologie
Reference 23(5): 403-413
Abstract
-
Author Ramanujam, C. G. K. and T. P. Kalpana

Title Tamarindus indica L.: An important forage plant for apis florea in south central In
Year 1992
Source title Apidologie
Abstract
-
Author Shaikh MHA
Title Ecological approach to waste land development
Year 1992
Reference 28(1): 123-128
Abstract
-
Author Sinibaldi L; Pietropaolo V; Goldoni P; Ditaranto C

Title Effect of biological and synthetic-polymers on BK virus infectivity and hemagglut
Year 1992
Source title Journal of Chemotherapy
Abstract
-
Author Sivasubramaniam K
Title Spotlight on species - Tamarindus indica
Year 1992
Source title Farm Forestry News
Reference 5(2)
Abstract
-
Author Sone Y; Makino C; Misaki A
Title Inhibitory effect of oligosaccharides derived from plant xyloglucan on intestinal g
Year 1992
Source title Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology
Reference 38(4): 391-395
Abstract
-
Author Srinivasan K; Sambaiah K; Chandrasekhara N

Title Loss of active principles of common spices during domestic cooking
Year 1992
Reference 43(4): 271-274
Abstract
-
Author Usha K; Thimmaraju KR

Title Environmental physiological and incompatibility factors limiting fruit-set and rete
Year 1992
Source title J. Nucl. Agric. Biol.
Reference 21(3): 199-200 (National Symposium on Maximising and Sustaining Crop and An
Abstract
-
Author Vyakaranahal BS; Shashidhara SD; Merwade MN; Havaldar YN
Title Effect of grading on seed quality in Tamarindus indica (L.)
Year 1992
Reference 28(4): 325-328
Abstract
-
Author Ahmad Z; Kalimullah

Title Effect of air pollution on the bark of Tamarindus indica L. a tree of the Gangetic p
Year 1991
Source title Geobios (Jodhpur)
Reference 18(5-6): 252-253
Abstract
-
Author Bhattacharya S; Bal S; Mukherjee RK; Bhattacharya_

Title Rheological behaviour of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) kernel powder (TKP) sus
Year 1991
Reference 13(2): 151-158
Abstract
-
Author Blech MF; Guillemin F; Baure L; Hartemann P
Title Preliminary study of antimicrobial activity of traditional plants against E. coli. OT
Year 1991
Source title Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin
Reference 192(1): 45-56
Abstract
The bacteriological quality of drinking water is a major public health problem in some developing
countries. Plants with known antiseptic properties, tamarinds and Derris elliptica, were collected
from Burkina Faso and Vietnam, respectively, and screened for activity against Escherichia coli and
potential use as water purifying agents. Decoctions and macerations of tamarind seeds exhibited the
strongest antibacterial activity and are under further investigation. D. elliptica was ineffective.
Author Borderes M
Title The timber of Reunion
Year 1991
Reference 229: 85-94 (English Summary)
Abstract
-
Author Chauhan KS; Pundir JPS; Singh S
Title Studies on the mineral composition of certain fruits
Year 1991
Source title Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences
Reference 20(3-4): 210-213
Abstract
The mineral composition of the following fruits was determined: guava cultivars Allahabad Sefeda
and Red Fleshed; banana cv. Harichal, ripe and unripe; grapefruit cultivars Ruby, Marsh Seedless
and Duncun; lemon cv. Seedless; lime cv. Kagzi; China orange; sweet orange cultivars Malta,
Valencia, Washington, Navel and Mosambi; custard apple [Annona reticulata]; pomegranate; aonla
[Phyllanthus emblica] cv. Baranasi; grape cv. Anab-e-Shahi; tamarind cultivars White Pulp and Red
Pulp; sapota [sapodilla] cv. Cricket Ball; papaya [pawpaw] cv. Coorrg (ripe and unripe); and ber
(Zizyphus [Ziziphus] mauritiana). Fruits with high mineral concentrations were ripe and green
papaya, grapefruit, sweet orange and guava. Banana, custard apple and aonla were generally poor in
m i n e r a l s .
Other species included: Phyllanthus emblica, Musa, Citrus paradisi, Citrus, Punica granatum, Vitis,
M a n i l k a r a z a p o t a , C a r i c a , P s i d i u m .
Author Farkas V; Hanna R; Maclachlan G

Title Xyloglucan oligosaccharide alpha-L-fucosidase activity from growing pea stems
Year 1991
Source title Phytochemistry
Reference 30(10): 3203-3207
Abstract
[14C]Fucose-labelled xyloglucan (XG) was synthesized from tamarind seed XG by incubating it
with GDP-[14C] fucose plus solubilized pea fucosyltransferase, and [14C]fucose-labelled XG
nonasaccharide was prepared from the parent hemicellulose by partial hydrolysis with fungal
cellulase, alpha-L-Fucosidase activity was readily detected in crude enzyme extracts of growing
regions of etiolated pea stems (Pisum sativum) and in cotyledons of germinating nasturtium
seedlings (Tropaeolum majus) using the fucosylated XG-nonasaccharide as substrate. Both enzymes
showed little activity against intact fucosylated XG and they were totally inactive against p-
nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucoside. Auxin treatment of pea stems, which greatly increased the activity of
endo-1,4-beta-glucanases that hydrolyse XG in apical growing regions, failed to result in a similar
increase in XG-nonasaccharide alpha-fucosidase activity. However, germination of nasturtium seed,
which resulted in a large increase in endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (XG-ase) activity in the cotyledons,
was accompanied by comparable increases in XG-alpha-fucosidase activity.
Author Gidley MJ; Lillford PJ; Rowlands DW; Lang P; Dentini M; Crescenzi V; Edward
Title Structure and solution properties of tamarind-seed polysaccharide
Year 1991
Reference 214 (2): 299-314
Abstract
The major polysaccharide in tamarind seed is a galactoxyloglucan for which the ratios
galactose:xylose:glucose are 1:2.25:2.8. A minor polysaccharide (2-3%) contains branched (1 leads
to 5)-alpha-L-arabinofuranan and unbranched (1 leads to 4)-beta-D-galactopyranan features. Small-
angle X-ray scattering experiments gave values for the cross-sectional radius of the polymer in
aqueous solution that were typical of single-stranded molecules. Marked stiffness of the chain (C
infinity 110) was deduced from static light-scattering studies and is ascribed partially to the
restriction of the motion of the (1 leads to 4)-beta-D-glucan backbone by its extensive (approx. 80%)
glycosylation. The rigidity of the polymer caused significant draining effects, which heavily
influenced the hydrodynamic behaviour. The dependence of "zero-shear" viscosity on concentration
was used to characterise "dilute" and "semi-dilute" concentration regimes. The marked dependence
on concentration in the "semi-dilute" region was similar to that for other stiff neutral polysaccharide
systems, ascribed to "hyperentanglements", and it is suggested that these may have arisen through a
t e n u o u s a l i g n m e n t o f s t i f f e n e d c h a i n s .
Author Guinko S; Pasgo LJ

Title Harvest and trade of non-wood forest products of local forest spp in Zitenga Dept,
Year 1991
Source title Revue Forestiere Francaise
Reference 6: 125-130 (Proceedings, 10th World Forestry Congress (Forests, a heritage for th
Abstract
-
Author Gupta GN
Title Effects of mulching and fertiliser application on initial development of some tree
Year 1991
Reference 44(2-4): 211-222
Abstract
-
Author Gupta GN; Mohan S

Title Response of various tree species to management and their suitability on degraded
Year 1991
Abstract
A field experiment on skeletally, degraded forest land of a semi-arid region revealed that adoption of
water harvesting technique coupled with preplant application of 25g each of urea and single
superphosphate per plant increased the early growth of tree species. Of the 11 tree species tried, 7
responded dramatically yo management. The increase in biomass yield varied from 5 times to 22
times. The most suitable tree species, in order of their performance on these waste lands were
P.pterocarpum, E.camaldulensis, A.planifrons, A.nilotica, C.pentandra, A.lebbeck, and
A.leucophloea. Root growth of these tree species also increased many folds owing to management
t r e a t m e n t .
Other species included: Peltophorum pterocarpum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia nilotica, Ceiba
pentandra, Acacia leucophloea, Azadirachta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Syzygium cumini, Albizia
l e b b e c k .
Author Jaiwal PK; Gulati A

Title In vitro high frequency plant regeneration of a tree legume Tamarindus indica (L.)
Year 1991
Source title Plant Cell Reports
Reference 10(11): 569-573
Abstract
-
Author Jena S
Title Preliminary observations on the effect of tamarind seed husk on fish
Year 1991
Source title Journal of the International Fish Society, India
Abstract
-
Author Kavathekar KY; Panda PK; Sastry TCS; Gupta R; Rethinam P; Edison S; Pareek
Title Trees for life
Year 1991
Source title India Farming
Abstract
The second of 2 special issues, containing 12 papers on various aspects of trees, with emphasis on
their diverse uses: (1) Forests as a source of timbers - information on 10 species/genera (Acacia
catechu, Albizia lebbek, Cedrus deodara, Dalbergia sissoo, Pterocarpus marsupium, Santalum
album, Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Bambusa and Dendrocalamus); (2) Trees in Indian
medicine; (3) Trees with a spicy twang - information on 11 species (Syzygium aromaticum,
Myristica fragrans, Cinnamomum spp., Garcinia indica, Pimenta dioica, Murraya koenigii,
Tamarindus indica, Illicium spp., including I. verum, Ferula assa-foetida, Pimenta racemosa and
Punica granatum), and discussion on constraints to production; (4) Fruit trees for arid and semiarid
lands - suitable species are listed and discussed, including nutritional aspects/data, propagation and
planting methods, water harvesting and moisture conservation, and fertilizing; (5) Trees for fighting
malnutrition - a brief discussion of the nutritive value of tree fruits with data for 19 species (Prunus
amygdalus [P. dulcis], Emblica officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica], Malus pumila, Prunus armeniaca,
Persea americana, Aegle marmelos, Musa sp., Ziziphus mauritiana, Artocarpus altilis, Anacardium
occidentale, Annona squamosa, Phoenix dactylifera, Vitis vinifera, Psidium guajava, Artocarpus
heterophyllus, Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, Ananas comosus and Juglans regia); (6) Under-
utilized trees for food: promise and potentials - data on underutilized trees in 5 categories (bamboos,
trees for vegetable and table purposes, fruit trees, edible oil-yielding trees and exotics); (7) Trees for
agroforestry; (8) Trees yielding gums and resins - data on gums used for international trade are
listed, and some important gums further discussed (gum arabic from Acacia senegal; tragacanth gum
from Astragalus spp.; karaya gum from Sterculia urens; frankincense from Boswellia carterii [B.
sacra]; myrrh from Commiphora molmol in Yemen and Somalia or from C. whitii (C. mukul) in
India; rosin from Pinus spp.; dammars from various dipterocarp species; copals from African
Leguminosae, e.g. Copaifera spp. and Trachylobium verrucosum [Hymenaea verrucosa]; and elemi
from species of Burseraceae, e.g. Canarium and Amyris); (9) Tree-based land use for utilizing salt-
affected soils - the distribution and characteristics of salt affected soils in India and promising tree
species (and grasses) for use on them are discussed, demonstrating the ameliorative effects of such
trees on soil properties; (10) Trees for fodder - data on suitable species for arid and semiarid regions,
the Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Central and Coastal Zones, the North-eastern Region and the
Subtemperate zone, showing periods of fodder availability, livestock preferences and nutritive value
for various species suitable for tropical regions; (11) Trees for timber - wood properties required and
suitable species for use are discussed for various wood products and constructions; and (12) Plants
for life - the use of different plant (including tree) parts for food.
Other species included: Boswellia sacra, Commiphora mukul, Illicium verum, Prunus dulcis, Acacia
catechu, Cedrus deodara, Dalbergia sissoo, Pterocarpus marsupium, Santalum album, Shorea
robusta, Tectona grandis, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Myristica fragrans, Cinnamomum, Illicium,
Pimenta racemosa, Punica granatum, Phyllanthus emblica, Prunus armeniaca, Persea americana,
Aegle marmelos, Artocarpus altilis, Anacardium occidentale, Phoenix dactylifera, Psidium guajava,
Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, Juglans regia, Acacia senegal, Astragalus, Sterculia urens, Pinus,
C o p a i f e r a , C a n a r i u m , A m y r i s , L a m i a l e s .
Author Korwar GR; Osman M; Tomar DS; Singh RP

Title Dryland horticulture
Year 1991
Source title Extension Bulletin - Central Research Institute for Drylans Agriculture
Reference 4, 38 pp
Abstract
This bulletin is intended to serve as a general guide for farmers, extension workers and others
interested in dryland horticulture. It deals with the following aspects: climate and soil; establishment
techniques; cultural practices for dryland fruit trees; a system of agricultural + horticultural (fruit)
crops for arable drylands; a system of horticultural (fruit) + pasture crops for non-arable drylands;
and comparative economics. The fruit tree species cited comprise Annona squamosa, Ziziphus
mauritiana, Punica granatum, Psidium guajava, Carissa carandas, Tamarindus indica, Mangifera
indica, Emblica officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica], Grewia subinaequalis and Syzigium [Syzygium]
cumini. In addition to fruits, these trees can also yield fodder (foliage) and firewood (annual
prunings) and some, such as C. carandas, may be grown for hedging.
Author Lokesha S; Shetty HS

Title A Pestalotia species causing stony fruit disease in tamarind
Year 1991
Source title International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases
Reference 9(2): 179-181
Abstract
-
Author Mahadevan NP
Title Phenological observations of some forest tree species as an aid to seed collection
Year 1991
Source title Journal of Tropical Forestry
Reference 7(3): 243-247
Abstract
Phenological studies are reported for 7 species (Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbek [A. lebbeck],
Azadirachta indica, Hardwickia binata, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora and Tamarindus indica)
based on a survey conducted in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh to locate plus trees. A noticeable
tree-to-tree variation within the species was observed in flowering and fruit ripening. Seeds could
not be collected at one time from a single tree because fruit maturation and seed ripening appeared to
occur in spurts. Efforts are being made to introduce a tree improvement strategy and seed
certification taking such observations into consideration.
Other species included: Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora,
A l b i z i a l e b b e c k , H a r d w i c k i a b i n a t a .
Author Maille P
Title Low-tech leaf mulch experiment in Madagascar: negative effects of Tamarindus i
Year 1991
Source title TRI-News
Reference 10: 2, 18-20
Abstract
-
Author Mairal AK; Karmakar SR

Title Studies in the aggregation of acid dyes
Year 1991
Source title Colourage
Abstract
-
Author Manohar B; Ramakrishna P; Udayasankar K
Title Some physical properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) juice concentrates
Year 1991
Reference 13(4): 241-258
Abstract
-
Author Martinez E; Noa N; Gonzalez-Abreu A; Renda A

Title Study of the establishment of experimental plantations of forest species on a salin
Year 1991
Source title Revista Baracoa
Abstract
Results are presented of nursery performance, and survival and height growth up to 40 months after
planting out in Cuba, for 8 tree species: Simaruba glauca [Quassia simarouba], Tamarindus indica,
Albizzia [Albizia] lebbek, Lysiloma bahamensis, Coccoloba uvifera, Guaiacum officinalis,
Casuarina equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala. The most promising species for these saline
sites are Lysiloma bahamensis, Leucaena leucocephala, A. lebbek and G. officinalis.
Other species included: Quassia simarouba, Coccoloba uvifera, Casuarina equisetifolia, Leucaena
l e u c o c e p h a l a .
Author Navaneetha N; Palaniswamy KP; Khader MA; Kumar N
Title Studies on rooting tamarind airlayers
Year 1991
Reference 39(2): 102-105
Abstract
Healthy uniform tamarind [Tamarindus indica] shoots were etiolated for one month before treatment
with IBA at 1000-10 000 p.p.m. in lanolin paste. Air layering was carried out at 2-monthly intervals
between May 1989 and Mar. 1990. In another experiment, mixtures of IBA and NAA, each at 1000
or 5000 p.p.m., were applied in June 1989. Controls were not treated with growth regulators.
Rooting was best (75%) and subsequent survival was highest with IBA at 1000 p.p.m. applied in
May. No rooting was observed in Jan. and Mar. In the second experiment, the highest rooting
(62.86%) was obtained with IBA + NAA, each at 1000 p.p.m.
Author Obot E
Title The savanna woodlands of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria diversity, regnerati
Year 1991
Abstract
-
Author Ohashi S; Ura F; Takeuchi M; Iida H; Sakaue K; Ochi T; Ukai S; Hiramatsu K

Title Interaction of thaumatin with carrageenans .4. Method for prevention of reduction
Year 1991
Reference 5(4): 375-391
Abstract
-
Author Pathak RK; Ojha CM; Dwivedi R
Title Adopt patch-budding for quicker multiplication in tamarind
Year 1991
Source title Indian Horticulture
Reference 36(3): 17
Abstract
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds were sown in raised beds in July-Aug. Seedlings were
transplanted when 10-15 cm tall. Patch-budding and modified ring-budding were performed on 9-
month-old saplings during June 1987 and 1988. Patch-budding achieved 96% success and modified
ring-budding 94% success. All budded plants were subsequently established in the field. This
technique could therefore be used for large-scale multiplication of tamarind.
Author Sambaiah K; Srinivasan K

Title Effect of cumin, cinnamon, ginger, mustard and tamarind in induced hypercholest
Year 1991
Source title Nahrung
Abstract
-
Author Sanbaiah K; Srinivasan K

Title Secretion and composition of bile in rats fed diets containing spices
Year 1991
Abstract
-
Author Shivalingaswamy TM; Balasubramanian R; Sivaramakrishnan VR
Title Studies on the biology of Caryedon serratus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) inf
Year 1991
Reference 27(2): 112-116
Abstract
-
Author Silavanich C; Wonkhalaung C; Niyomathai S

Title Preservation of sweet tamarind
Year 1991
Source title Food
Abstract
-
Author Srimathi P; Rai RSV; Surendran C

Title Studies on method of seed collection and optimum duration for acid scarification i
Year 1991
Abstract
-
Author Surekha M; Reddy SM
Title Effect of spices on penitrem-b production by Penicillium aurantiogriseum
Year 1991
Source title National Academy Science Letters (India)
Reference 14(12): 463-465
Abstract
-
Author Verinumbe I
Title Agroforestry development in northeastern Nigeria
Year 1991
Reference 45(1-4): 309-317
Abstract
-
Author Vian B; Nairan J; Reid JSG

Title Enzyme-gold cytochemistry of seed xyloglucans using two xyloglucan-specific hy
Year 1991
Source title Histochemical Journal
Reference 23(3): 116-124
Abstract
-
Author Ahmed M
Title Deviation in feeding behaviour of Achaea janata L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Year 1990
Source title Annals of Entomology
Abstract
-
Author Anasuya A; Sasikala M

Title Tamarind ingestion and lithogenic properties of urine - study in men
Year 1990
Source title Nutrition Research
Reference 10(10): 1109-1117
Abstract
-
Author Danaatmadja O
Title Reforestation of Kaledong and Haruman Mountains OT: Penghutanan G Kaledon
Year 1990
Source title Duta Rimba
Reference 16: 121-122, 44-49
Abstract
An account of reforestation efforts on these mountains in the highly eroded upland catchment area of
Cimanuk, in West Java, which have strategic value in sustaining soil and water conservation in the
catchment area of the proposed Jatigede reservoir. Species used include Swietenia mahagoni,
Eucalyptus deglupta, Schima wallichii, Calliandra calothyrsus, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ficus benjamina,
Spathodea gigantea, Gliricidia maculata [G. sepium], Antidesma bunius, Lagerstroemia speciosa,
Albizia procera, Delonix regia, Tamarindus indica, Michelia velutina, Elaeocarpus ganitrus and
H i b i s c u s m i c r o p h y l l u s [ H . m a c r o p h y l l u s ] .
Author de Lumen BO; Becker R; PS
Title Legumes and cereals with high methionine/cyctine contents
Year 1990
Reference 34(2): 361-364
Abstract
-
Author El Sheikh SH; Bashir AK; Suliman SM; Wassila ME

Title Toxicity of certain Sudanese plant extracts to Cercariae and Miracidia of Schistos
Year 1990
Source title International Journal of Crude Drug Research
Reference 28(4): 241-245
Abstract
-
Author Gambhir RK; Dhanachand C

Title Nematodes of fruit plants in Manipur I: Three known and one new species of Thor
Year 1990
Source title Indian Journal of Hill Farming
Abstract
Thornenema clavicaudatum sp. Nov. females are described and illustrated from soil around roots of
pomegranate from Manipur, India. They closely resemble T. caudatum but differ in having a slightly
shorter body (L = 0.57-0.64 mm), shorter odontostyle (6-9 micro m) and odontophore (7-8 micro m),
more anterior guiding ring, shorter oesophagus (146 micro m), more anterior vulva, shorter
prerectum (40 micro m long) and in the shape and size (46-48 micro m long) of the tail. T. baldum,
T. cavalcantii and T. mauritianum were also found in the survey of nematodes from fruit plants in
M a n i p u r a n d a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d .
Author Gupta GN; Mohan S
Title Response of several tree species to management on degraded soil of semi-arid regi
Year 1990
Reference 116(8): 622-630
Abstract
-
Author Hoda FM; El-Naggar ME; Taha HA; El-Beheiry MM

Title Prostigmatid mites associated with stored products
Year 1990
Source title Agricultural Research Review
Abstract
A survey was carried out in 1982-84 in stored products (including wheat grain, wheat flour, wheat
straw, maize, barley, cowpeas, rice grain, rice hay, broad beans [faba beans], beans [Phaseolus sp.],
watermelon seed, onion, dates, tobacco, cucumber seed, squash seed, animal feeds, biscuit, skins,
Tamarindus indica, sorghum and garlic) in Egypt. A total of 23 species of prostigmatid mites were
recorded from the families Cheyletidae, Tydeidae, Tarsonemidae, Pyemotidae, Cunaxidae and
Raphignathidae. The species are listed with their distributions.
Author Ishola MM; Agbaji EB; Agbaji AS

Title A chemical study of Tamarindus indica (Tsamiya) fruits grown in Nigeria
Year 1990
Reference 51(1): 141-143
Abstract
-
Author Kalimullah; Ahmad Z
Title Identification of some cultivated leguminous trees on the basis of phloem fibres
Year 1990
Source title Acta Botanica Indica
Reference 18(1): 144-145
Abstract
-
Author Kapu MM; Shehu KM; Ega RAI; Akanya HO

Title Protein quality of Tamarind and African Locust bean seed meals
Year 1990
Source title Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie (Food Science + Technology)
Reference 23(3): 260-261
Abstract
-
Author Khan FA
Title Nematicidal potentials of some naturallt-growing medicinal plants against Pratyle
Year 1990
Source title Rev Nematol
Reference 13(4): 463-465
Abstract
-
Author Kopp MS; Nataraja K
Title In vitro plantlet regeneration from shoot tip cultures of Tamarindus indica L
Year 1990
Abstract
Shoot tips excised from in vitro grown seedlings of Tamarindus indica L. regenerated intp plantlets
on MS containing IAA or IBA. Higher concentrations of IAA or IBA induced better rooting, but
media supplemented with CW or BAP did not favour rooting but but only supported further growth
o f s h o o t t i p s . In v i t r o r e g e n e r a t e d p l a n t l e t s we r e s u c c e s s f u l l y t r a n s f e r r e d t o s o i l .
Author Krishnayya NSR; Bedi SJ

Title Effect of low levels of ambient air pollutants on biochemical constituents of three
Year 1990
Source title Indian Journal of Ecology
Reference 17(2): 97-100
Abstract
-
Author Krishnayya NSR; Bedi SJ

Title Differential response of three tree species growing at low levels of ambient air pol
Year 1990
Source title Indian Journal of Ecology
Abstract
Deciduous species (Azadirachta indica and Moringa pterygosperma [M. oleifera]) growing at
polluted localities in the Vadodara Urban Development Area in Gujarat (which contains a variety of
chemical industries) showed a decrease in foliar glutathione and ascorbic acid compared with
control samples from a less polluted area, while the evergreen species Tamarindus indica showed an
increase in foliar ascorbic acid. T. indica showed a lower increase in foliar peroxidase over the
control value than the other 2 species. Overall fluctuations were more in the deciduous species than
i n T . i n d i c a .
Other species included in article: Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Tamarindus indica.
Author Lakashmanan KK; Naryanan ASS
Title Antifertility herbals used by the tribals in Anaikkatty Hills, Coimbatore District, T
Year 1990
Reference 14(1): 171-173
Abstract
An ethnobotanical study was conducted among the "Irulars", the tribal of Anaikkatty hills, northwest
of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, to collect information on the drugs for birth control and their plant use
practices. The data was collected at three different levels - prevention of pregnancy, contraceptive
methods and abortion. The data included binomials, names in Sanskrit, Tamil and Hindi and uses
have been provided for 16 plant species. Ficus benghalensis L., Embelia ribes Burn., Cissampelos
L., Butea frondosa Koen., Piper betle L., Piper nigrum L., Ocimum sanctum L. and Thespesia
populnea Corr. are plants uesd in the prevention of pregnancy, described with the parts used,
methods of preparation and administration. The gum from Acacia arabica Willd. And oil from
Azadirachia indica A. Juss are considered to be contraceptive. For abortion , Tamarindus indica L.,
Aloe vera L., Plumbago zeylanica L., Amaranthus spinosus L., and Carica papaya L., are employed.
Author Mohan S; Prasad KG; Gupta GN

Title Fertiliser response of selected social forestry species under varying soil texture
Year 1990
Reference 116(1): 49-57
Abstract
-
Author Navaneetha N; Palaniswamy KP; Md Abdul-Khader; Kumar N
Title Studies on rooting of cuttings of tamarind
Year 1990
Reference 38(4): 220-224
Abstract
Hardwood, semi-hardwood and softwood cuttings taken from etiolated and non-etiolated shoots of
tamarind (Tamarindus indica) were treated with IBA at 0, 1000, 2000 or 3000 p.p.m. by a quick dip
method before planting in pots which were placed in a mist chamber for 3-4 days, before placing
outdoors. Except for the apical primordial bud, and adjacent 2-3 leaves, other leaves were removed
to a distance of 10 cm below the bud and this area of the stem was wrapped in black polythene film
strips. After 10 days the shoots were girdled below the taped region. Rooting characteristics and
survival were recorded after 45 days. No rooting occurred in hardwood cuttings. The most rooting
(19.0%) and best survival (48.8%) occurred in etiolated semi-hardwood cuttings treated with 1000
p.p.m. IBA, followed by softwood cuttings treated in the same way (11.25% rooting, 48.3%
survival). In a second experiment, the effect of season on the rooting of etiolated semi-hardwood
cuttings treated with 1000 p.p.m. IBA was investigated from June to November 1989. Best rooting
and survival occurred in June (20.6 and 52.8% respectively), followed by September and October.
No rooting occurred in any cuttings not treated with IBA.
Author Nichols D; Rodriguez PE

Title Costa Rican nitrogen fixing trees with possibilities for greater use
Year 1990
Source title Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports
Reference 8: 30-31
Abstract
The potential wider use is discussed of 12 Costa Rican species in agroforestry systems or in the
silvicultural management of natural forests: Myroxylon balsamum, Platymiscium pinnatum, Albizia
saman, Pithecellobium pseudo-tamarindus, Dalbergia retusa, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Hymenaea
courbaril, Peltogyne purpurea, Diphysa robinioides, Pentaclethra macroloba, Pithecellobium
l o n g i f o l i u m a n d A l b i z i a g u a c h a p e l e .
Author Purushotham K; Narasimharao SBS
Title Propagation of tamarind by veneer and soft-wood grafting
Year 1990
Abstract
Tamarind [Tamarindus indica] seeds were sown in 36x24 cm polybags in soil; at about 6 months
old, seedlings of uniform height and thickness were selected for grafting by 2 methods (100 plants
each), in December 1989. Rootstocks 6 months old and of the same thickness as the seedlings to be
grafted, and scion sticks 10 cm long, were defoliated before veneer and softwood grafting. Veneer
grafting was done at 8 cm height on the rootstock and the stock was cut above the graft union
immediately after the operation. In softwood grafting, the stock seedlings were defoliated and the top
cut off at 15 cm height just before grafting was done. A vertical downward cut was made to about 4
cm depth in the centre of the cut stem and scion sticks were cut into a wedge shape and grafted onto
the stock using 200 gauge polythene ribbon 2 cm wide. Graft success was recorded in April and was
68% for softwood grafts and 49% for veneer grafts. Sprout numbers were also marginally greater for
softwood grafting (3.22 vs. 3.00), but average sprout length was marginally less (15.95 vs. 16.69 cm).
Author Reena J; Bagyaraj DJ

Title Growth stimulation of Tamarindus indica by selected VA mycorrhizal fungi
Year 1990
Source title World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
Abstract
-
Author Rodrigo TMASK
Title Revitalization of degraded forest land in the dry zone by planting medicinal specie
Year 1990
Source title Sri Lanka Forester
Reference 19(3-4): 43-45
Abstract
Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tamarindus
indica, Terminalia bellirica, and Terminalia chebula, which are all of pharmaceutical value, have
been successfully planted at 10x10 foot (3x3 m) spacing (in lines of each species) in unproductive
scrub forest by the Janatha Estates Development Board in Sri Lanka. Brief notes are given on the
medicinal properties ascribed to these species, and the planting methods are described.
Author Ruggiero RG
Title The ecology and conservation of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana oxyoti
Year 1990
Source title Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering
Reference 50(12): 5408B
Abstract
-
Author Salam MA; Sreekumar D; Mammen MK
Title Mixed farming on homestead agriculture - an economical approach
Year 1990
Source title Indian Farming
Abstract
A case study of a typical small mixed farming [agrosilvopastoral] system in Kerala, operating on
0.28 ha of fertile land. The family consists of 7 members, and the homestead farm supplies all the
agricultural produce and income necessary for its requirements. The farm has 60 mature and highly
productive coconut palms (supplying on average 140 nuts p.a.) which are fertilized with organic
manures (such as cowdung, dried leaves, coir dust etc.) applied in basins of radius 1.8 m round each
tree. A milch cow (supplying milk for consumption and sale) and a heifer are kept and supply the
dung for the crops. Guinea grass is grown in the coconut basins and interspaces to meet the fodder
requirements of the cattle, which are also supplied with feed concentrate (as purchased oilseed
cakes). Many other crops are grown mixed in the coconut garden to form a multistorey system with
coconuts in the top layer, arecanuts trailed by pepper, and jackfruit, tamarind, mango, lime and
breadfruit in the second layer, banana, tapioca [cassava] and fruit plants in the third layer, and tuber
crops, vegetables and the guinea grass in the lowest layer. The available space is utilized effectively
in both horizontal and vertical directions. The entire farm is irrigated using a 3 hp electric pump.
Detailed data are tabulated on the labour requirements (mostly family, with some hired for crop
harvesting) and input and output costs for the different farm components, and these give estimated
annual total input costs of Rs 21 750, output costs (returns) of Rs 44 460, and a net profit of Rs 22
710. Accounting for the cost of family labour (Rs 8750) raises the profit to Rs 31 460 p.a., or Rs
86.2 per day. After meeting family annual expenditure (Rs 30 000) a balance of Rs 1460 is available
a s s a v i n g s .
Other species included: Cocos nucifera, Areca, Piper nigrum, Artocarpus, Mangifera indica, Citrus,
M u s a .
Author Sidhu OP; Behl HM
Title Endomycorrhizal fungi from leguminous tree species for fuelwood plantation in al
Year 1990
Source title Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports
Reference 8: 34-36
Abstract
Three-month-old seedlings of 8 species raised in the nursery in a mixture of local (Uttar Pradesh)
soil/sand/FYM (1:1:1) were screened for ectomycorrhizal associations by washing and staining the
roots. Mycorrhizal spores were also isolated from the soil surrounding the roots and data recorded on
percentage root and cortex infection, spores/100 g soil, and fungi identified. All the tree species
investigated formed ectomycorrhizas, and 4 fungal species were identified: Glomus fasciculatum,
Glomus sp., Scutellospora gigantea and S. calospora. Four species formed ectomycorrhizas with 3 of
the fungi: Acacia nilotica and Parkinsonia acul[e]ata (not with S. calospora), and Leucaena
leucocephala and Prosopis juliflora (not with S. gigantea). The other 4 species (A. auriculiformis, A.
nilotica var. cupressiformis, Cassia siamea and Tamarindus indica) only formed ectomycorrhizas
with 2 fungal species (G. fasciculatum and S. calospora). G. fasciculatum was the most commonly
found mycorrhizal species and S. gigantea the least. Spore numbers in the soil varied considerably
between tree species after 3 months growth but did not correlate with percentage infection. Cortex
infection was less than root infection and the 2 values were not correlated.
Other species included: Glomus, Acacia nilotica, Parkinsonia aculeata, Leucaena leucocephala,
P r o s o p i s j u l i f l o r a , C a s s i a s i a m e a , A c a c i a a u r i c u l i f o r mi s , G l o m u s f a s c i c u l a t u m .
Author Sinhghal VK; Gill BS; Sidhu MS

Title Cytological explorations of Indian woody legumes
Year 1990
Source title Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Plant Sciences
Reference 100(5): 319-332
Abstract
-
Author Some LM; Sary H; Bellefontaine R
Title Conserving in cold room pretreated seeds of six Sahelo-Sudanese species
Year 1990
Abstract
-
Author Srivasuki KP; Reddy RD; Reddy KK

Title Rooting of terminal cuttings in Tamarindus indica L
Year 1990
Reference 116(12): 984-985
Abstract
-
Author Swaminath MH; Ravindran DS; Jaweed Mumtaz; Mumtaz-

Title Propagation of Tamarindus indica through stem cuttings
Year 1990
Reference 26(2): 207-208
Abstract
The technique of approach grafting has been successfully used in the propagation of Tamarindus
indica but it is expensive and time consuming. This note describes a trial using stem cuttings 6-8
inches long taken from 1-2 yr old branches of a plus tree at the Hoskote Research Centre, Karnataka,
in April 1990. Immediately after preparation cuttings were wrapped in moist cloth, brought to the
nursery and dipped in 'Quickroot' (a hormone preparation) for 45 s. They were then planted in sand
beds in a mist chamber and observed periodically for bud, root and callus formation. Bud sprouting
and root initiation occurred after 20 days, and leaves formed after 45 days. By 90 days 52% of
c u t t i n g s h a d r o o t e d .
Author Vadiraj BA; Rudrappa N
Title Studies on the nutrients status of soil under different plantations
Year 1990
Reference 26(2): 157-162
Abstract
Chemical analyses were carried out on soil samples collected from under 5-yr-old plantations of 4
species (Tamarindus indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Mangifera
indica) and from a (control) fallow site, at Hoskote Taluk, Bangalore district, Karnataka. Compared
with the control site the pH, and available P and K of plantation soils were reduced, while the
organic matter content increased. Micronutrients exhibited various trends.
Other species included: Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Mangifera indica.
Author Young H; Paterson VJ

Title The flavour of exotic fruit
Year 1990
Source title Developments in Food Science
Reference 3(C): 281-326
Abstract
-
Author Zhang Y; Ho CT
Title Volatile flavor components of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)
Year 1990
Reference 2(4): 197-198
Abstract
-

Annotated Bibliography of Tamarind

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Tamarind 1990 - 2004

Author A. K. A. Dandjouma, C. Tchiegang, C. Kapseu and R. Ndjouenkeu

Author A. L. Khandare, U. Kumar P, R. G. Shanker, K. Venkaiah and N. Lakshmaiah

Author B. Jayasri, R. K. Das, P. K. Saha and A. Bhattacharjee

Author G. N. Gayathri, P. Kalpana, P. Jamuna and K. Srinivasan

Author J. John, M. Joy and E. K. Abhilash

Author K. El-Siddig, S. Inanaga, A. M. Ali, P. An, J. Gebauer and G. Ebert

Author P. Soloviev, T. D. Niang, A. Gaye and A. Totte

Author R. Qadri and T. Zehra

Author Y. Fujii, T. Shibuya, K. Nakatani, T. Itani, S. Hiradate and M. M. Parvez

Author A. Delobel, M. Sembene, G. Fediere and D. Roguet

Author A. R. Karale, A. P. Wagh and T. A. More

Author K. Rajendran, R. Balakrishnan and S. Chandrasekaran

Author L. Raimondi, M. Lodovici, F. Guglielmi, G. Banchelli, M. Ciuffi, E. Boldrini and

Author M. Marry, D. M. Cavalier, J. K. Schnurr, J. Netland, Z. Y. Yang, V. Pezeshk, W.

Author O. P. Awasthi and N. Shukla

Author P. M. Kotecha and S. S. Kadam

Author T. Neetu and A. Bohra

Author Y. Fujii, S. S. Parvez, M. M. Parvez, Y. Ohmae and O. Iida

Author B. Bibitha, V. K. Jisha, C. V. Salitha, S. Mohan and A. K. Valsa

Author D. N. Halle, J. S. Awaknavar and Somashekhar

Author I. MacDonald, A. C. Omonhinmin and I. A. Ogboghodo

Author J. O. Akaninwor and S. N. Arachie

Author K. Ilango and C. Vijayalakshmi

Author K. S. Rao and A. Sampathrajan

Author M. Idu, J. U. Ijomah and A. C. Omonhinmin

Author Parameswari, K., P. Srimathi, K. Vanangamudi and G. Sasthri

Author S. C. Dwivedi and S. Venugopalan

Author Salazar-Montoya, J. A., E. G. Ramos-Ramirez and V. A. Delgado-Reyes

Author A. Jeyasankar, N. Raja, K. Elumalai, M. Jayakumar, A. Thangamani and S. Ignaci

Author C. Leksomboon, N. Thaveechai and W. Kositratana

Author C. Tchiegang-Megueni, P. M. Mapongmetsem, C. H. Akagou Zedong and C. Kap

Author Danthu P; Hane B; Toure M; Sagna P; Sagna M; Ba S; de Troyer MA; Soloviev P

Author J. Gebauer, K. El-Siddig and G. Ebert

Author K. Parameswari, P. Srimathi and K. Malarkodi

Author K. Parameswari, P. Srimathi and K. Malarkodi

Author K. Parameswari, P. Srimathi, K. Malarkodi and K. Nelsonnavamaniraj

Author K. S. Rao and A. Sampathrajan

Author M. Idu and C. A. Omonhinmin

Author M. Slingerland and A. Kiema

Author N. Chungsamarnyart and W. Jansawan

Author S. Muhammad, A. Abubakar, M. D. Magaji and T. Amusa

Author S. R. Dhawan, D. Poonam and S. K. Gupta

Author T. S. Mungare, H. D. Jadhav, U. S. Shinde, B. S. Jadhav and S. Jaswant

Author V. Trate and K. P. Srivasuki

Author A. Babu, G. Sheeba, A. Sen and S. Ignacimuthu

Author A. Ravi, D. S. Rao, M. Parthasarathy and Z. P. Rao

Author B. S. Reddy, D. R. Patil, H. B. Patil and N. Thamiah

Author Burgalassi, S., L. Raimondi, R. Pirisino, G. Banchelli, E. Boldrini and M. F. Saett

Author El-Siddig, K., G. Ebert and P. Ludders

Author Ghelardi, E., A. Tavanti, F. Celandroni, A. Lupetti, C. Blandizzi, E. Boldrini, M.

Author Ilango, K., M. Vanangamudi, K. Vanangamudi, K. T. Parthiban and A. Venkatesh

Author K. El-Siddig, G. Ebert and P. Ludders

Author K. V. Krishnamurthy, A. Sivakumari and V. Nandagopalan

Author Kumar, K. P. V. and M. G. Sethuraman

Author Lynch, R. A., D. T. Boatright and S. K. Moss

Author Mehta, U. J., K. V. Krishnamurthy and S. Hazra

Author P. S. Jadhav and G. B. Shinde

Author Parameswari, K., P. Srimathi, G. Sasthri and K. Malarkodi

Author R. Bhatta, U. Krishnamoorthy and F. Mohammed

Author S. K. Sen and L. M. Behera

Author Sonia, L. Sahoo, A. Gulati, S. Dahiya, R. P. Singh and P. K. Jaiwal