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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)
Article in Blumea journal of plant taxonomy and plant geography · January 1997
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BLUMEA 42 (1997) 1-106
A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)
k
Matthew Jebb & Martin Chee
Summary
A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account for Flora Malesi-
ana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are described
as new, one species is raised from infraspecific status, and five species are restored from
synonymy.
typified for the first time. Three widespread, locally abundant hybrids also
Many names are or are
included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descrip-
tions of where Critical notes given for all the species. Little
species are
given necessary (9). are
known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of
exsiccatae is given.
Introduction
A world revision of last undertaken Macfarlane and

Nepenthes was by (1908), a re-
gional revision for the Flora Malesiana area (excluding the Philippines) was completed
by Danser (1928). The purpose of this paper is to provide a skeletal revision, cover-
ing issues relating to Nepenthes taxonomy which would be inappropriate in the text
of Flora Malesiana. For the majority of species, only the original citation and that in
Danser (1928) and later publications is given, since Danser's (1928) work provides a
thorough and accurate reference to all earlier literature.
74 species are recognised in the region, and three naturally occurring hybrids are
also covered for the Flora account. The hybrids N. x hookeriana Lindl. and N. x tri-
chocarpa Miq. are found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, although rare
within populations, their widespread distribution necessitates their inclusion in the
Flora. and large other hybrids and sporadic, with the exception of N.
By are rare
x kinabaluensis, which forms a discrete hybrid swarm on Mt Kinabalu.
Six new species are described: Nepenthes argentii from the Philippines, N. aristo-
lochioides from Sumatra, N. danseri from Waigeo Island (New Guinea), N. diatas
from Sumatra, N. lamii from New Guinea, and N. murudensis Culham ex Jebb &
Cheek from Sarawak. One new combination is made; N. macrophylla (Marabini)

Jebb & Cheek, of N. edwardsiana Low Hook. f.
formerly a subspecies ex
Danser N. N.
Three species synonymised by (1928): eustachya Miq., ramispina
Ridl., and N. sumatrana (Miq.) Beck, and one synonymised by Macfarlane (1908):
N. hispida Beck, are restored. Nepenthes pectinata Danser is also restored. A num-
ber of names are relegated to

synonymy, and lectotypifications have been undertaken
where necessary.
1) Department of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
2) Herbarium, National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
3) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, U.K.

2 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Like Danser we recognise no subspecies or varieties. Collections remain few,

with 9 species being known from the type collection alone. A further 10 species are
mountain and 10 of the

restricted to single mountains, or groups, only remaining taxa
extend beyond a single island.
of Nepenthes do not occur in the Flora Malesiana region: Nepenthes

Eight species
madagascariensis Poir. and N. masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger in Madagascar, N. per-
villei Blume in the Seychelles, and N. distillatoria L. in Sri Lanka. In Northern India
N. khasiana Hook. f. and in Indochina N. anamensis Macfarl. and N. thorelii Le-
comte. Nepenthes vieillardii Hook. f. is found in New Caledonia (specimens from
New Guinea formerly placed in this species are now placed in the new species N.
lamii).
PREVIOUS REVISIONS
There have been three the genus.

major monographic revisions of Firstly Joseph
Hooker's 1873 account in De Candolle's Prodromus, at which time the genus num-
bered 33 species. He placed the Seychelles species N. pervillei in a monotypic sec-
tion Anourosperma. Macfarlane revised the family for Engler's Pflanzenreich (1908),
recognising 58 species. Danser's treatment of the genus for the Netherlands Indies
treated 51 species found in the former Dutch East Indies and adjoining areas.
Historically, Nepenthes taxonomy has both benefited and suffered from the horti-
cultural desirability of these and species often entered herbaria via the
plants, green-
houses of Europe. Collectors of type material such as David Burke (1880), Charles
Curtis (1878-84) and Frederick Burbidge (1877-78) were also collectors of live
plants for Mr. Harry Veitch of Chelsea, one of the foremost growers of Nepenthes at
that time. Bull Nurseries were also in the trade at the time, and their catalogues list an
impressive range of species at outrageous prices. Sir Hugh Low, who was Rajah
James Brooke's personal secretary at this time, sent
many plants to his father at the
Clapton nurseries in London.
Maxwell Masters and Frederick Burbidge appear to have been regular correspon-
dents of Sir Joseph Hooker at Kew, soliciting his opinion on specimens they had
growing in nurseries. During this period (1881-1890) a number of species and culti-
vars were published in the Gardeners' Chronicle. This led to uncritical descriptions,
as well as unsatisfactory information on provenance (N. burkei Mast., N. curtisii
Mast, and N. stenophylla Mast, were all based on cultivated material alone).
Without doubt Danser's masterful treatment in 1928 remains the most thorough,
and up to date treatment of the genus. He retained 35 species in the former Dutch
East Indies and adjoining areas, adding 17, to give a then world total of 65 spe-
cies. He made a first attempt at a phylogenetic treatment, with six informal species
groups.
TAXONOMY SINCE DANSER
Little collecting has occurred since Danser's revision (1928), and it was not until the
1970's and 80's that specialist collectors began publishing new species on an ad hoc
basis. Horticultural interest in these plants has been the most important factor in stim-
ulating this progress. Since Danser (1928), 36 names of species, subspecies, and
M. Jebb & M. Cheek: Skeletal revision of Nepenthes 3
naturally occurring varieties and hybrids have been published (including two further
species by Danser); 18 of these are retained here. A number of species names remained
invalidly published for number of adnata Tamin & M. Hotta

a years (N. ex Schlauer,
N. dentata Sh. Kurata, N. globamphora Sh. Kurata & and N.
Toyosh. macrovulgaris
J.R.Turnbull & A.T. Middleton).
In 1984, two sets of competing names were published for three Sulawesi species.
On the 6th February, Kurata (1984a) published N. eymae and N. rubromaculata (a
homonym of a nineteenth century hybrid). On the 10th February Turnbull and Mid-
dleton (1984) published N. glabrata (a valid name for N. rubromaculata), N. hamata
and N. infundibuliformis (= N. On the 7th March, Kurata (1984b) published

eymae).
N. dentata (=N. hamata). The question of dates is the fact that the
complicated by
first two publications were
subtitled with the claim that they were 'preprinted'. The ac-
tual dates at which these publications were 'widely' available is difficult to determine,
and it is unclear whether the Turnbull and Middleton pre-publication was in fact dis-
tributed before either of Kurata's publications.

Several regional revisions have appeared, including Kurata's Nepenthes of Mount
Kinabalu (1976), Shivas's Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984),
Tamin & Hotta's Nepenthes di Sumatera (1986), Jebb's Nepenthes in New Guinea
(1991) and Phillipps & Lamb's Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996). Jumaat Adam has
revised the Bornean species, but his species descriptions are scattered in the litera-
ture, and no review of the entire flora has been undertaken except in the form of an
ecological paper (Adam et al., 1992).
HORTICULTURE AND HYBRIDS
There are a large number of collectors and growers of Nepenthes and many species
are now widely cultivated. Several newsletters and an electronic bulletin board (CP,
served by Listproc@opus.hpl.hp.com) are dedicated to the cultivation and descrip-

tion of carnivorous plants. A number of new species, as well as numerous cultivars,
have been described in these newsletters. Nepenthes cultivation last reached a zenith
at the end of the 19th century. Pollen and seed exchange is now common practice in
both conserving species and developing new hybrids.

The entire genus is listed under Appendix II of the CITES convention, and two
species (N. khasiana and N. rajah) are listed as Appendix I species. Nepenthes rajah
and N. clipeata are
the only species known to be directly endangered by specialist col-
lectors.
Over 280 hybrid names have been published, 193 involving more than two
par-
ents. 34 species are involved in these crosses, although 75% of the crosses involve
N. rajflesiana and/or N. maxima. Some hybrids have been generated through multi-
ple crosses of up to six species (Schlauer, 1994).
ECOLOGY
Nepenthes species occur mostly locally, often sporadically, and then often in
large
numbers. They are found from sea-level to 3,500 m, but most commonly between
1,500 to 2,500 m. They can be found in practically every vegetation type, but espe-
4 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
cially on thin or infertile soils (either from chemistry, waterlogging or low nutrient
levels), where the canopy is sparse or thin. They occur least commonly in closed for-
white podsolic soils, leached

est. They are common on wet peaty soils, or heavily
volcanic soils, but are almost entirely absent from rich alluvial or clay soils. They are
commonly encountered along river banks, on abrupt, open, or rocky ridge tops, and
in wet
mossy forest.
A number of taxa are restricted to ultrabasic, serpentine soils (N. argentii, N.
burbidgeae, N. danseri, N. x kinabaluensis, N. macrovulgaris, N. rajah and N. vil-
losa), whilst others appear to be restricted to limestone rocks ( N. campanulata, N.
and N. northiana).
mapuluensis,
Some found in a wide of habitats, and appear thrive best in
species are range to
disturbed habitats mirabilis and N. gracilis). A few species capable of surviv-

(N. are
in quite dense shade (N. ampullaria, N. macfarlanei, and N. mirabilis). Most spe-
ing
cies scramblers or climbers of open vegetation. A few species regularly
are shrubby
as epiphytes (N. inermis, N. insignis, N. reinwardtiana, and N. veitchii).

grow
HABIT
Young Nepenthes plants produce their first pitchers while still minute, and the height
of these pitchers may be only 2 to 3 mm. As the plant develops, successive pitchers
are larger, and begin to acquire their specific characters.
life low The condensed

Plants of all species begin as rosettes. stems are highly
and produce leaves with straight tendrils and incurving, globose pitchers often with
prominent, fringed wings. As the plant grows the stem

may begin to climb, produc-
ing longer internodes and leaves in which the tendril is coiled and the pitcher now
curves outwards from the tendril, becoming more cylindrical or infundibulate, and
the wings become much reduced or absent. Side shoots from the main stem reiterate
this process, initially forming rosettes bearing pitchers of the lower and then
type,
pitchers of the the shoot begins to elongate (Jebb, 1991). These two
upper type once
pitcher types are here referred to as Upper and Lower pitchers. Danser (1928) distin-
guished pitchers of the rosette, short shoot and climbing stem. We consider that the
distinction is not always clear cut. Our descriptions treat apparent intermediates where
they have been observed.
Nepenthes species can be remarkably polymorphic, both within and between indi-
viduals and populations. Variation in pitcher structure and colouration can be

striking.
Sometimes these differences can be related to soil type (Phillipps & Lamb, 1996), al-
though more usually it is light levels that are most significant. The dimorphy of the
pitchers apparently follows the same pattern in all species. Relative to the lower pitch-
the upper pitchers become and and bear reduced wings; inter-
ers, longer narrower
nally the zone becomes reduced, and the basal glandular zone can reach almost
waxy
to the level of the the is and often markedly

peristome; peristome narrower, not as
toothed; the spur near the base of the lid becomes smaller and less branched. This
dimorphy often leads to confusion as to how many species are present at a site.
Selection of herbarium material may be strongly biased to the most extreme forms.
Thus to the inexperienced, young and mature plants may give the appearance of be-
longing to quite separate species.

A distinctive architecture is found in N. ampullaria and N. pectinata, where the
lower pitchers are almost globose, with much reduced leaf blades, while the upper
leaves have large blades, and the upper pitchers are usually not developed, being re-
duced to the tendril

a mere swelling at tip.
MORPHOLOGY
Venation indicates that the spur of the pitcher is the true leaf apex, the lid being the
only organ to lack a mid-rib (Hooker, 1859). The blade of the leaf may be sessile or
petiolate to the main stem. Petioles are often winged, and in some species the leaf
base is dccurrent or adnate to the stem. The leaves of climbing stems tend to be more
petiolate than those of the rosette stems in all species. At fertile nodes, however, the
leaves can be quite aberrant, often being sessile or more abruptly truncate at the base
than the norm. In some species the leaf blade shows great variation in size on the one
either smaller leaves there (N.

plant; being on the rosette ( N. ampullaria) or larger
maxima). Blade margins are entire, with the exception of N. mirabilis in which the
leaf blade margin is finely fimbriate, and then only in the lower leaves. Other species
may have a dense indumentum below the margin. The relative numbers, distribution
and dominance of the longitudinal and pennate nerves is usually characteristic of the
species.
Pitchers range from almost globose or urceolate, to cylindrical, and at the oppo-
site extreme to narrowly or broadly infundibulate. The edge of the pitcher mouth
bears a finely ribbed structure -

the peristome. In transverse section the peristome is
more or
less T-shaped, with the arms of the T curving downwards and inwards. On
the inner edge of the peristome the corrugations may end in sharply pointed teeth,
and between each of these teeth lies a nectar gland. The peristome of some species is
much reduced, especially so in the upper pitchers. In others the corrugations of the
peristome have become vastly enlarged and widely spaced, giving the appearance of
flat hooks. In few species the inner of the has become

plates or a margin peristome
elaborated into a more complex structure (N. edwardsiana, N. rajah and N. villosa).
The shape and glandulation of the lid can be of great diagnostic value. Some spe-
cies have one or more appendages on the midline of the lower surface of the lid. The
lid glands range in size from less than 0.1 mm to 3 mm across, and may be either
shallow depressions or have a narrow rim or a prominent swollen around their

lip
margin.
Nepenthes are dioecious, and only begin flowering once upper pitchers are pro-
duced. The inflorescence ranges from a raceme of 1- or 2-flowered partial peduncles,

of 3-10-flowered partial The female inflorescence is
to a panicle peduncles. usually
shorter and somewhat more robust than the male, and in the paniculate species the
par-
tial peduncles bear somewhat fewer flowers. Towards the apex of the inflorescence
in all species, the partial peduncles are invariably fewer-flowered, and many species,
even the paniculate ones, may have variants with wholly 1-flowered partial peduncles
(racemes). Sometimes inflorescences with partial peduncles entirely 1- and 2-flower-
ed occur the plant (N. spectabilis). Filiform bracts the

on same are present on partial
peduncles of species, but this feature again be variable between

many can populations
in some species, but in other species provides an important character.
6 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS
The natural relations of Nepenthaceae have been much contested in the past. Biochem-
istry and rbcL gene sequence data (Williams et al., 1994) suggest that Nepenthes has
a relationship to Polygonaceae/Plumbaginaceae on the one hand, and with Drosera-
ceae on the other. Gene sequence work is currently being conducted at the New York
Botanic Garden.
All species of Nepenthes investigated to date have a

chromosome number of n =
40; this is concordant with the apparent lack of breeding barriers to interspecific hy-
bridisation (Lowrey, 1991). A study of thirteen enzyme systems revealed typical iso-
zyme ranges for diploid seed plants, and no duplicated loci were found, which does
for the
not support a polyploid origin family (Lowrey, 1991).
Danser (1928) proposed six groupings of species, each in turn sub-divided into
smaller groups. Whilst there is little evidence to support some of his groupings, oth-
ers continue to
appear wholly natural.
Comparatively few species have paniculate inflorescences, and these appear to
form two distinct lineages, with N. madagascariensis, N. masoalensis, N. pervillei

and N. distillatoria, forming in the of the
one group western
range genus, and N. to-
moriana, N. danseri, N. and N. paniculata forming second

neoguineensis a eastern
group. The remaining two species, N. ampullaria and N. bicalcarata, show no par-
ticular morphological affinities with either of these groups or with other species
any
for that matter.
Nepenthes adnata, N. murudensis, N. reinwardtiana, N. tentaculata and N. hamata
all show affinities in their leaves (adnate to the stem) and pitchers (narrow peristome,
flared rhomboidal mouth). The last species be
or two
appear to particularly closely
related. The littleknown N. campanulata also be related to this group.
may
In Sumatra many of the montane species appear to share a common

origin, species
delimitations are often confined to one or two correlated characters.
Nepenthes aris-
tolochioides, N. bongso, N. densiflora and N. ovata share infundibuliform pitchers,

while N. diatas, N. singalana and N. spathulata share ventricose-tubular pitchers.
Nepenthes gymnamphora of Java and N. pectinata of Sumatra are a further pair of
species which be related to this In the from Bor-

appear to grouping. contrast species
neo
appear
to include representatives from diverse evolutionary lineages.
The Peninsular Malaysian montane species N. gracillima, N. macfarlanei, N. ra-
mispina, and N. sanguinea related those of Sumatra but

appear to
pose certain prob-
lems. Whilst readily distinguishable in their typical forms, much herbarium material
and some wild populations can only be distinguished with and without
difficulty not
some reservation (Danser, 1928).

Danser's Regiae grouping remains a good morphological unit, including N. maxi-
ma and its supposed relatives; N. borneensis, N. boschiana, N. burbidgeae, N. clipe-

ata, N. eymae, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. pilosa, N. rajah, N. stenophyl-
la, N. truncata, and N. veitchii.
Besides these groups, the species either appear isolated, or fall into morphologi-
cally similar pairs or threesomes, some of which suggest geographical vicariant
origins: N. dubia and N. inermis; N. and N. N. lamii and

gymnamphora pectinata’,
N.
vieillardii’, N. burkei and N. ventricosa; N. ephippiata and N. lowii; N. mapulu-
ensis and N. northiana; N. edwardsiana, N. macrophylla and N. villosa; N. hirsuta,

N. hispidaand N. macrovulgaris.
BIOGEOGRAPHY
Of the 82 species of Nepenthes, only 10 species have distributions greater than a sin-
gle island or small group of islands. Of these, N. mirabilis has the largest range,
encompassing the of all but six other species. Danser was struck by the iso-
range
lation of the western species in Madagascar, the Seychelles, Sri Lanka and the Khasia
Hills, and suggested a Gondwanic origin of the genus to account for their distribu-
tion, with a relatively recent expansion into the Malesia region 1928).
(Danser,
Besides N. mirabilis, two other species have a moderately broad distribution; N.
ampullaria, found from Sumatra to New Guinea, but mysteriously absent from Sula-
wesi and the Moluccas; and N. maxima from Sulawesi and the Moluccas to New
Guinea. alata is found throughout the Philippine islands. Four

Nepenthes species
have a
distinct Sunda-shelf distribution, being found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
and Borneo (N. albomarginata, N. gracilis, N. reinwardtiana, and N. rafflesiana).
Nepenthes tentaculata is found in Borneo and Sulawesi, and N. danseri is found in
Halmahera and Waigeo.

be well correlated
Species richness appears to to the historically ever-wet cores
recognised in the region (Van Steenis, 1979: fig. 4). The well leached volcanic soils
of the central Sumatran mountains support of species (25, of which

a
great diversity
17 are endemic), and these appear to stem from relatively few ancestral groups, form-
ing a swarm of sometimes hard to distinguish species. Borneo, by comparison, has
by far the richest Nepenthes flora (31 species, of which 25 are endemic), and the ma-
jority of these taxa are morphologically quite isolated from one another. The diversity
of soil be important factor in the evolution of the in Borneo
types may an genus (ultra-
basic, limestone and sandstone soils).
The relatively depauperate Nepenthes flora of the northern Philippines, Sulawesi,
Moluccas, the eastern Sunda Islands and the eastern end of New Guinea is probably
explained by the presence of seasonal droughts in these regions, as well as the pres-
ence of active volcanoes in the recent past, and the consequently rich soils which do
not favour Nepenthes.
NOTES ON IDENTIFYING SPECIES
A number of species have which instant

unique spot characters, provide recognition.
Flowering material may be of benefit in identifying the paniculate species (10), but it
is of less use for the majority of species. The branching of the partial peduncles and
presence of a bract can be quite variable within a species.

The presence of angular stems, often with acute ridges, and the leaf insertion on
the stem (whether petiolate or sessile and combined with amplexicaul or decurrent
bases) provide important characters. Leaf shape may be somewhat variable, but the
number and distribution of the longitudinal veins is usually characteristic of a species.

A number of species have peltate leaf tips (N. campanulata, N. clipeata, N. mapulu-
8 BLUMEA —Vol. No. 1997
42, 1,
ensis, N. northiana and N. rajah), although others are somewhat variable in this re-
gard, and may have sub-peltate tips to the leaves (N. bongso and N. eustachya).
Pitcher shape is not a reliable means of determining identity of a specimen with the
of few species. The development of ventral wings the pitcher can like-
exception a on
wise be variable. The peristome provides a number of useful characters, especially in
its size and shape, and most importantly the nature of its inner margin, whether entire
or
toothed. The distribution and size of glands under the lid can be diagnostic of a
species.
The indumentum can provide important characters, by its type, density and colour.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A number of important collections have not been available for this study, and we
have not been able to see the collections at the following herbaria: B (Warburg), CGE
(T. Lobb), FI (Beccari), PENN (Macfarlane), PNH (Philippine material), SAN (re-
cent Sabah material) and the herbarium of the Nippon Dental College, Fujimi, Tokyo
Kurata other collections remain in and the
(Shigeo collections). Many private hands,
of number of recently published species (N. glabrata
holotypes a eymae, N. and N.
hamata) have not been deposited in the herbaria stated in their protologues. For 12
recently described Indonesian taxa, no type has been deposited at the national herbar-
ium (Bogor).
Many of the early collections from Asia, from which species were described, were
not identifiedby numbers or exact dates or localities, and interpretation of several types
(e.g., those collected by Burbidge, Fobb and Fow) is complicated by this lack of in-
formation. In interpreting these types we have taken care to ensure that the localities
and description are compatible with the original protologues, as well as all other clues
relating to handwriting or previous interpretations. Several species were described
from cultivated material alone and the of these be very

provenance can imprecise.
Five names are regarded as too imperfectly known to be included as recognised spe-
cies, and these are placed in a

section on
Little Known Taxa. Three names are reject-
ed; these are either based on mixed types or derive from horticultural sources of un-
known provenance.
The following herbaria have been consulted: BK, BO, DBN, K, KEP, KLU, L,
LAE, OXF, P, SAR, SING, SINU, TCD, UPNG, and W.
GEOGRAPHICAL KEYS TO THE MALESIAN SPECIES OF NEPENTHES
Key to the Sumatran species
la. Lid with a curved, hook-like process near the base 57. N. ovata
b. Lid without a curved, hook-like the base, swollen 2

process near at most a lump
2a. Pitcher mouth lateral, utriculiform 7. N. aristolochioides
upper pitchers
b. Pitcher mouth apical, pitchers urceolate, tubular or infundibuliform 3
3a. Pitcher with a prominent rim of white hairs immediately below

peristome
3. N.
albomarginata
b. Without a rim of white hairs below the peristome 4
4a. Lid narrow, at least four times as long as broad 5
b. Lid broad, less than three times as long as broad 7
5a. Pitcher globose, lid without glands below 4. N. ampullaria

b. Pitcher strikingly infundibulate, widening greatly to the mouth, lid with glands
6
6a. Peristome lacking 35. N. inermis
b. Peristome 21. N. dubia

present
7a. Stem triangular and leaf bases decurrent to two of these 8
b. Stem rounded or angular, but then leafbases not decurrent 9
8a. Peristome inner margin without teeth; lid with numerous minute glands
67. N. reinwardtiana
b. Peristome inner margin with teeth; lid with < 50 large, rimmed glands
28. N. gracilis
9a. Margin of lower leaves fimbriate 51. N. mirabilis
b. Margin of lower leaves entire 10
10a. Leaf bases decurrent or adnate 11
b. Leaf base amplexicaul or sessile 17
11 a. Leaf bases not narrowed to a petiole 12
b. Leaves petiolate 14
12a. Lid glands minute (< 0.15 mm), numerous, throughout underside of lid
1. N. adnata
Lid few base and midline,

b. glands large (0.3-0.5 mm), (< 50), near or through-
out 13
13a. Lid ovate; glands near base and along midline only 60. N. pectinata
b. Lid elliptic; glands throughout 80. N. x
trichocarpa
14a. Lid oblong-elliptic, apex notched 34. N. x hookeriana
b. Lid rounded or ovate, apex rounded 15
15a. Leaf base long decurrent into 2 ridges running almost to next axil
74. N. sumatrana
b. Leaf base shortly decurrent, attenuate wings to 2 cm long at most 16
16a. Lid glands numerous, small (< 0.3 mm), throughout centre of lid
72. N. spectabilis
b. Lid glands few, large (0.3-0.5 mm), near midline and base
only
60. N.
pectinata
17a. Peristome extended into a flattened neck; lid glands absent from centre of the lid
64. N. rafflesiana
b. Peristome not extended into a neck; glands less numerous towards margin . 18
18a. Stems rounded, slender 3 leaves less than 13 2 19

(< mm); x cm
b. Stems rounded or angular (> 3 mm); leaves larger than 13 x 2 cm 20
1 9a. Axils with conspicuous downy indumentum 77. N. tobaica
b. Axils glabrous 50. N. mikei
20a. Lid oblong-elliptic; apex truncate or notched
34. N. x hookeriana
b. Lid rounded to ovate; apex not notched 21
21a. Inner margin of peristome entire or with very short teeth < 0.3 mm long... 22
b. Inner margin of peristome with prominent teeth, 0.4-10 24

mm long
10 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
22a. Stem angular 68. N. rhombicaulis
b. Stem rounded 23
23a. Leaf petiolate 24. N. eustachya
b. Leaf sessile 50. N. mikei
24a. Stem angular 25
b. Stem rounded 26
25a. Peristome flattened towards neck and much broader there . 71. N. spathulata
b. Peristome of more or less even width throughout 70. N. singalana
26a. Leaf blades of lower often very small (<8x2 cm), upper leaves usual-
pitchers
much 5 base tapering 60. N.
ly larger (20-25 x
cm), lanceolate, ...
pectinata
b. Leaf blades of lower pitchers larger (>10x2 cm), upper leaves similar in size
base parallel-sided 27
(16x4 cm), obovate,
ventricose tubular above 28
27a. Upper pitchers distinctly below,
b. infundibuliformor ellipsoid throughout 29

Upper pitchers
28a. Peristome somewhat woody 19. N. diatas
rigid,
b. Peristome papery in texture 7. N. singalana
29a. Pitcher arising abruptly in a short curve from the tendril tip 18. N. densiflora
b. Pitcher arising very gradually, and in a broad curve from the tendril tip
10. N. bongso
Key to the Peninsular Malaysian species
la. Leaf base distinctly petiolate 2
b. Leaf base tapering, decurrent or amplexicaul, but never petiolate 5
2a. Lid narrow; lacking glands 4. N. ampullaria

b. Lid elliptic; with at least some glands 3
3a. Lower leaf margins fimbriate 51. N. mirabilis
b. Lower leaf fimbriate 4

margins not
4a. Lid with many confined edges 64. N. rafflesiana

glands to
b. Lid with few, scattered, prominently rimmed glands 6
5a. Leaf base petiolate; lid rounded 80. N.

ovate, apex x trichocarpa
b. Leaf base attenuate, not petiolate; lid notched 34. N. x hookeriana
apex ....
6a. Leaf base decurrent to stem 7
b. Leaf base amplexicaul, but not decurrent 8
7a. With a
white collar below the peristome 3. N. albomarginata
b. Lacking a white collar below the peristome 28. N. gracilis
8a. Lid rounded, cordate at base, peristome narrow, rounded, stem rounded .. 9
b. Lid ovate, truncate at base, peristome broader, irregular, stem angular ....
10
9a. Pitcher spur branched; lid glands numerous, small (0.2-0.3 mm)
66. N. ramispina
b. Pitcher spur simple; lid glands few, large (0.4-0.5 mm) . . 29. N. gracillima
10a. Stem sharply 3-angled, peristome scarcely toothed within, lid without hairs be-
low 69. N. sanguinea

b. Stem perceptibly 3-angled, peristome teeth large near lid, lid with hairs below
42. N. macfarlanei
Key to the Javan species
la. Lower leaves with fimbriate margin, lid with evenly spread, small (0.1-0.2 mm)
glands 51. N. mirabilis
b. Lower leaves without fimbriate margin, lid with large glands (0.2-0.4 mm) most
numerous near mid-line 30. N. gymnamphora
Key to the Moluccan and Sulawesi Island species
la. Lower leaves with fimbriate margin 51. N. mirabilis
b. Lower leaves without fimbriate margin 2
2a. Inflorescence a panicle -

at least some partial peduncles 3- or more-flowered 3
b. Inflorescence a raceme -
partial peduncles 1 -
or
2-flowered 4
3a. Partial peduncles with a bract, lid glands small, numerous . . 78. N. tomoriana
b. Partial peduncles without a bract, lid glands large, few 17. N. danseri
4a. Stems triangular, with leaf base decurrent to 2 angles 5
b. Stems rounded 8
5a. Peristome lacking teeth; pitcher with 2'eye-spots' 67. N. reinwardtiana
b. Peristome with teeth on inner margin; pitcher without 'eye-spots' 6
6a. Peristome of upper pitchers with large flattened plates and large teeth
31. N. hamata
b. Peristome ribs as high as wide, lacking large plates 7
7a. Lid with filiform, hair-like processes, especially near margin

75. N. tentaculata
b. Lid without such filiform processes 28. N. gracilis

8a. Lid with 1 or no appendages on dorsal surface 27. N. glabrata
b. Lid with 1 or 2 appendages on dorsal surface 9
9a. Upper pitchers narrow tubular below, abruptly bowl-shaped above
25. N.
eymae
b. infundibuliformthroughout,
Upper pitchers never abruptly bowl-shaped
48. N. maxima
Key to the Bornean species
Whole plant with a short dense indumentum of reddish hairs; the leaves lanceo-
late, sessile with a broad base, and decurrent into 2 gradually attenuate wings,
with 0-2 veins each side (pitchers unknown) 52. N. mollis
longitudinal on ...
1 a. Pitcher with a dense ring of white hairs below the peristome

3. N. albomarginata
b. Pitcher without a white ring of hairs below the peristome 2
2a. Peristome developing two large thorns at apex of peristome, lid reniform
9. N. bicalcarata
b. Peristome not so; lid orbicular, or narrower than long 3
3a. Lid more than 3 times as long as wide; lacking glands 4. N. ampullaria
b. Lid less than 3 times as long as wide; with glands 4
12 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
4a. Underside of lid with bristles thick tubercles several in 5

long or to mm length
b. Underside of lid lacking bristles, rarely with a slight indumentum of short (<
0.8 hairs 6
mm)
5a. Lid bristles fine, tapering; peristome ribs of upper pitchers scarcely developed
41. N. lowii
b. Lid bristles thick (1 mm), blunt-tipped; peristome ribs always apparent

23. N. ephippiata
6a. Peristome ribs like flattened 3 tall 7

plates, mm or more
b. Peristome ribs not like flattened plates, scarcely 1.5 mm tall 10
7a. Pitcher ventricose-tubular 22. N. edwardsiana
b. Pitcher globose, narrowed near mouth 8
8a. Lid less than 6 cm across 85. N. villosa
b. Lid than 6 cm across 9

greater
9a. Leaf acuminate 43. N.

tip acute to macrophylla
b. Leaf tip peltate 38. N. x kinabaluensis
10a. Peristome very reduced, only just discernible at x 10 as a row of small teeth
15. N. campanulata
b. Peristome not so reduced, a distinct rib always present 11
11a. Inner margin of peristome lacking teeth; pitcher with 2 eye-spots on dorsal wall
67. N. reinwardtiana
b. Inner margin of peristome with teeth; no eye-spots 12
12a. Leaf apex 13

peltate
b. Leaf apex scarcely to not peltate 16
13a. Leaf orbicular, tendril arising before 2/3rds leaf length 16. N. clipeata
b. Leaf elliptic, tendril arising within 2 cm of apex 14
14a. Lid with a basal appendage 65. N. rajah

b. Lid lacking appendage below 15
15a. Leaf tapering to base, decurrent or forming saddles on stem
56. N. northiana
b. Leaf petiolate, amplexicaul to scarcely decurrent 46. N. mapuluensis

16a. Lid with a basal appendage below 17
b. Lid without a
basal appendage 21
17a. Leaf base shortly decurrent or amplexicaul; lid ovate to triangular

26. N. fusca
b. Leaf bases sheathing or long decurrent; lid round 18
1 8a. Upper pitcher ventricose at base, tubular above 12. N. boschiana
b. Upper pitcher infundibuliformor tubular 19
19a. Stems triangular; pitchers almost glabrous 13. N. burbidgeae

b. Stems rounded; pitchers with sparse hairs to 1 mm long 20
20a. Upper pitcher infundibuliform throughout, pale green or yellow 63. N. pilosa
b. Upper pitcher tubular; green with red marking 73. N. stenophylla
21a. Stem triangular 22
b. Stem rounded 24
22a. Lid with tentacle-like appendages above, especially near margin

75. N. tentaculata
b. Lid without tentacle-like appendages above 23

23a Lid with few (< 50) large (> 0.5 mm) glands below 28. N. gracilis
b. Lid with many (> 200) small (< 0.3 mm) glands below ..
54. N. murudensis
Stems covered 1-2 25

24a. by hairs mm long
b. Stems more or less glabrous 27
25a. Leaf base sheathing 82. N. veitchii
b. Leafbase amplexicaul or sessile 26
26a. Leaf petiolate 32. N. hirsuta
b. Leaf sessile, broadly amplexicaul 33. N. hispida

27a. Leaf base decurrent 28
b. Leaf base sessile to amplexicaul 29
28a. Leaf petiolate 11. N. borneensis
b. Leaf tapering to base 80. N. x trichocarpa

29a. Leaf sessile, base clasping stem 53. N. muluensis
b. Leaf petiolate, base at most slightly amplexicaul 30
30a. Margin of lower leaves fimbriate 51. N. mirabilis
b. Margin of lower leaves entire 31
31a. Peristome into long flattened neck 64. N. rafflesiana

elongated a
b. Peristome not elongated into a long flattenedneck 32
32a. Lid slightly notched at

apex, glands large (0.5 mm) few
34. N. x hookeriana
b. Lid rounded at
apex, glands small (0.1-0.2 mm) numerous
44. N.
macrovulgaris
Key to the Philippine species
la. Lower leaves with fimbriate margin 51. N. mirabilis
b. Lower leaves with an entire margin 2
2a. Pitchers markedly constricted at their middles 3
b. Pitchers not markedly constricted at their middles 4
3a. Mouth of 14. N. burkei

pitcher oblique, ovate
b. Mouth of pitcher transverse, elliptic 83. N. ventricosa
4a. Pitchers globose; wings with numerous branching fringe elements
8. N. bellii
b. Pitchers various, but not globose; wings with few fringe elements 5
5a. Lid with a basal appendage below 6
b. Lid lacking a basal appendage 7
6a. Leaf apex truncate 81. N. truncata
b. Leaf acute 2. N. alata

apex
7a. Peristome adnate to the lid below, forming a short plate 6. N. argentii
b. Peristome not adnate to lid 8
with extended teeth

8a. Peristome ribs prominent, higher than 1 mm, internally to 3
mm 62. N. petiolata
b. Peristome ribs not prominent, as high as
wide 9
9a. Leaf elliptic, petiolate 2. N. alata
b. Leaf long attenuate-spathulate, sessile 49. N. merrilliana

14 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Key to the species of New Guinea and neighbouring islands
la. Lower pitchers urceolate; lid narrow, lacking glands 4. N. ampullaria
b. Lower pitchers tubular to ovoid; lid orbicular, always with glands 2
2a. Lid with 2 glandular processes, one at the apex, one near the base; axillary buds
spike-like 3
b. Lid flat below; axillary buds never spike-like 4
3a. Mouth of pitcher oblique, dorsal pitcher surface vertical 48. N. maxima
b. Mouth of pitcher hooded, dorsal pitcher surface curving forwards 39. N. klossii
4a. Leaf blade decurrent to at least half-way down internode 5
6
b. Leaf blade distinctly petiolate, never decurrent
5a. Stem triangular; peristome over 0.8 cm in width 36. N. insignis

b. Stem rounded; peristome less than 0.6 cm in width 40. N. lamii
of lower leaf blades fimbriate; winged

6a. Margin upper pitchers not
51. N. mirabilis
of lower leaves fimbriate; 7

upper pitchers winged
b. or not
Margin never
7a. Longitudinal nerves confined to outer 1 /3 of leaf blade 8
b. nerves throughout blade 9

Longitudinal
widest at 58. N.
8a. Upper pitchers mouth; partial pedicels not corymbose paniculata
b. Upper pitchers narrowing to mouth; partial peduncles corymbose
55. N. neoguineensis
9a. Leaves with 2-4 pairs of longitudinal nerves, some arising from midrib
79. N. treubiana
b. Leaves with 5-7 pairs of longitudinal all arising from base 10

nerves,
10a. Lid small (0.1-0.2 mm) 59. N. papuana

glands numerous,
b. Lid glands very few, large (0.3-0.6 mm) 17. N. danseri
SPECIES ACCOUNTS
Only in the case

of new species (6) or
where circumscriptions have changed from
previous literature (9) (i.e. Danser, 1928 or protologues of species published there-
after) have we provided a

full description of a species. For 9 species, brief emenda-
tions are given for previous descriptions. The Flora Malesiana account will contain
full descriptions of the 77 Malesian taxa. All specimens cited have been seen unless
otherwise indicated as n.v.

(non vide).
Abbreviations used in this paper include: Bt. = Bukit (hill); FR = Forest Reserve;
G. =
Gunung (mountain); ICBN = International Code of Botanical Nomenclature;
Kp. =
Kampung (village); NP = National Park; P. = Pulau (island); Sg. =
Sungai
(river); TL-2 = Taxonomic Literature 2nd Ed. by Stafleu & Cowan, 1976-1988 (see
refences); t? =
presumed destroyed.
1. Nepenthes adnata Tamin & M. Hotta ex Schlauer
Nepenthes adnata Tamin & M. Hotta ex Schlauer in Schlauer & Nerz, Blumea 39 (1994) 141. —
Nepenthes adnata Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of

plant life in Suma-
tra (1986) 76, f. 1; nom. nud. —
Type: Meijer 6941 (L holo), West Sumatra, Taram E of Paya-

kumbuh, river Tjampo, 1000 m, 24 Aug 1957.
Distribution —
East-Central Sumatra.
Ecology —
100-1000 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Tamin and Hotta (1986) described this species in detail, but did not
give a Latin diagnosis. The name was legitimised by Schlauer and Nerz (1994).
2. Differing from Nepenthes tentaculata of Borneo and Sulawesi in its smaller
size, more rounded mouth and round or cordate

(not elliptic or
ovate) lid. In Sumatra
it resembles N. tobaica from which it is told by its adnate leaf base, and the short, un-
branched partial peduncles; and N. mikei from northern Sumatra which has sessile
leaf bases and pitcher spurs with 3-7 branches.
Selected collections SUMATRA. Sumatera Kelok Sembilan, 20 Sep 1985, M. Hotta 31301
—
Barat,
Andalas KYO R. Tamin 1262,1623 (BO Univ. Andalas KYO n.v.).

(Univ. n.v„ n.v.), n.v., n.v.,
2. Nepenthes alata Blanco
Nepenthes alata Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 1 (1837) 805; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928)
258, excl. N. eustachya Miq. Type: Blanco s.n. (not located, PNH t?), Philippines, Lu-
syn. —
zon, Ilocos, Vintar.
Nepenthes blancoi Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1852) 10. —

Type: Blanco s.n. (not located,
PNH t?), Philippines, Luzon, Pangasinan, Agoo.

auct. Blume: Fl. Nov. 3 173.
Nepenthes melamphora non
Fern.-Vill., Filip. App. (1880)
Nepenthes alata Blanco var. ecristata Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 72. —
Type: Mearns
& Hutchinson 4632 (not located, PNHf?), Philippines, Misamis, Mt. Malindang, May 1906.
Nepenthes alata var. biflora Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 72. —

Type: Whitford 1537
(lecto, designated here, K; iso PNH t?), Philippines, Negros, Mt. Silay.
Nepenthes philippinensis Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4,3 (1908) 43. Type: Foxworthy 721
—
(not
located, PNH t?), Philippines, Palawan, Mt. Victoria, 350 m.
Nepenthes copelandii Merr. ex Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4,3 (1908) 51. —
Type: Copeland 1033
(not located, PNH t?), Philippines, Mindanao, Davao, Mt. Apo.

Nepenthes graciliflora Elmer, Leafl. 4 (1912) 1494. —
Type: Elmer 12465 (lecto, designated here, K;
iso BO, E, PNHf?), Philippines, Sibuyan Is., Mt. Guiting-Guiting, May 1910.
Nepenthes brachycarpa Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., Bot. 10 (1915) 306. —
Type: Merrill 9588 (L),
Philippines, Palawan, Silanga peak, 250-400 m, 30 May 1913.
Non Nepenthes alata Shivas, Pitcher plants of Peninsular &

sensu Malaysia Singapore (1984) 23;
= N. gracillima Ridl.
quae
Non Nepenthes alata sensu Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 32; = N. steno-
quae
phylla Mast.
Non Nepenthes alata sensu Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life in
Sumatra (1986) 78; = N. eustachya Miq.

quae
Distribution —
Philippines.
Ecology —
Mossy forest, 800-2400 m altitude.
Notes 1. We have restored N. eustachya Miq., comprising from

specimens
—
Sumatra, which Danser reduced to N. alata in his revision (1928). The two species
differ in a number of minor characters: N. alata has a lanceolate-ovate leaf-blade, with
an acute or (unlike the obtuse sub-peltate tip of N.

attenuate
apex to eustachya), usu-
ally only two longitudinal veins, and the petiole is broadly winged compared to N.
eustachya; the pitchers are very similar in the two, but those of N. have
eustachya a
more angular, woody base; the spur of the latter is usually branched or fasciculated;
the partial peduncles somewhat shorter in this and N. is
are species; eustachya more
or less glabrous throughout.

16 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
2. The species is somewhat polymorphic. The ridge on the lower surface of the
lid may be developed into prominent, hooked be

a even
slightly appendage, or more
or less absent. Specimens from Luzon tend to have smaller, hairier pitchers, while
those from Mindanao have more strikingly ventricose bases to their pitcher and rela-
tively narrow necks. Specimens from Palawan island have somewhat tubular pitchers
which taper very gradually to the tendril.
3. A specimen of N. gracillima from Peninsular Malaysia (Ridley 16097) was er-
roneously identified as N. alata by Danser (Kiew, 1990). Danser (1928) also identi-
fied a collection at Bogor ( Botter s. n.) from Ambon as a pitcher of N. alata, but this
specimen is referable to N. mirabilis. Kurata (1973) records the species from Borneo,
but this again is based on a misidentification of a Clemens collection of N. steno-
phylla from Mt. Kinabalu, by Smythies (1965).

4. We have delayed lectotypifying N. alata Blanco until we
have completed a sur-
vey
of the material available. According to TL-2, Merrill stated that nothing was
known about a Blanco herbarium, but Philippine plants collected by him are
said to
be at MA (Lanjouw & Stafleu, 1954).
Selected collections PHILIPPINES. Luzon. R. S. Williams 1012

—
Benguet Prov., Trinidad, (K,
NY, n.v.); Baguio, Elmer 5854 (K); Pampanga Prov., Pinatubo, Elmer 21190 (BO, SING). -
Min-
danao. Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, M.A. Clemens 923 (K); Culion, Merrill 507 (BO, W), 516
(K). -
Palawan. Bacuna, Puerto Princesa, Edafio 259 (BO, SING).
Hybrids —
1. Nepenthes mirabilis x N. alata, Sh. Kurata & Toyosh., Gard. Bull.
Sing. 26 (1972) 157. —

Kurata 1111a (Nippon Dental College, n.v.), Philippines,
Mindanao, Surigao del Sur, Carrascal bay, 20 m, 9 Aug 1965.
2. Nepenthes petiolata x N. alata, Sh. Kurata & Toyosh., Gard. Bull. Sing. 26
(1972) 158. —
Kurata 1113a (Nippon Dental College, n.v.), Philippines, Mindanao,
Surigao del Sur, E slope Mt. Legaspi, 270 m, 19 Aug 1965.
Table 1. Comparative table of characters of Nepenthes alata and Nepenthes eustachya.
Nepenthes alata
alata Nepenthes eustachya
Leaf blade
blade lanceolate-ovate Leaf blade lanceolate
Leaf acute or
or attenuate Leaf rounded
rounded to sub-peltate
sub-peltate
apex
apex apex
Petiole broadly winged Petiole scarcely winged.

Pitcher base
base of similar texture rest of
texture to rest Pitcher base
base angular, woody, gradually attenuate
pitcher, abruptly attenuate to tendril to tendril

to
Spur simple, acutely pointed Spur simple or bifurcate.

or
Indumentum of whitish or reddish hairs More or less

More less glabrous throughout
3. Nepenthes albomarginata T. Lobb ex Lindl.
Nepenthes albomarginata T. Lobb Lindl., Gard. Chron. (1849) 580; Macfarl. in Pflan-
ex
Engler,
zenr.
4, 3 (1908) 37, excl. syn. N. teysmanniana; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9
of Tamin &
(1928) 262; Shivas, Pitcher plants Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984) 25;
M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 80; Phillipps &
A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 65, f. 38. Type: Gard. Chron. 1849, 580, t. 3
—
p.
(lecto, designated here).

laevis C. Morren (non N. laevis Lindl. N. gracilis), Belg. Hort. 2 (1852) 234.
Nepenthes quae = —
Type: not indicated.
Nepenthes tomentella Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 1 (1858) 1075; Sumatra, Seine Pflanzenwelt(1862) 151;
Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 191 (as a variety of N. albomarginata). —
Type: Teijsmann
537. (BO, U, n.v.), Sumatra, coast at Sibolga, Feb 1856.
Nepenthes albomarginata var. villosa Hook.f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 103. — Type: Low s.n.
(not located), Borneo.
Nepenthes albomarginata var. typica Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 191, nom. inval.
Nepenthes albocincta Hort. ex Macfarl. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 38, nomen.
Nepenthes albomarginata var. rubra Macfarl. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4,3 (1908) 38. —
Nepenthes albo-
cincta var. rubra Hort. ex Macfarl. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 38, nomen.
—
Type: not
located.
Distribution —
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (absent from Singapore) and Borneo.
Ecology —
Lowland kerengas forest or exposed ridge-tops, on limestone or sand-
stone; sea
level to 1100 m.
Notes —
1. The protologue comprises a briefLatin diagnosis credited to T. Lobb,
as a figure legend. The accompanying text is initialled "R.E." (probably Robert Er-
rington of Sutton Park), and does not refer to the figures or T. Lobb, though it does
reference what is
discuss the genus Nepenthes, including a to probably N. albomargi-
nata. The article is somewhat poetic, whimsical and lacking in detail, and although Ma-
lacca and Mt. Ophir both mentioned, have not been able to trace Lobb
are we any T.
material from these localities collected before 1849. However, we have not had ac-
cess to CGE, where (TL-2) the top set of T. Lobb is held. On balance we have de-
cided to lectotypify using the figure cited in the protologue since this is the only
original element and unambiguously represents the species to which this name
is
usually applied. We have maintained the authority as T. Lobb ex Lindl., since, al-
though Lindley is not credited with authorship of the species name in the text, he was
editor of the journal at that time (TL-2), and it seems that he must be responsible for
the figures and legend in question. It was often the case in this journal that uncredited
pieces would be contributed by the editors. Lindley's involvement is further
confirmed by the fact that he is credited with authorship of the other new species
in the legend, N. sanguinea. Macfarlane (1908) cites N.
name teysmanniana Miq. as
being synonymous with N. albomarginata, and indeed the Utrecht specimen of the
type number ( Teijsmann 530) does belong to this species, but the Bogor specimen
under this number, and the description clearly indicate N. gracilis.
2. This species is sometimes confused with Nepenthes gracilis but immediately
distinguished from this and all other species by the bright white, narrow band of
densely packed silky hairs just below the peristome; the pitcher is often covered by
short white hairs. The lower surface of the leaf usually bears simple
coppery-red,
hairs 1-1.5 mm long. In some specimens the white peristome hairs can dry dark
however, particularly when collected into alcohol. Populations from Sumatra and
Borneo (e.g. Bako National Park) often have very narrow cylindrical, almost pencil-
thin pitchers, whilst in other from Peninsular
populations, especially Malaysia (e.g.
G. G. the infundibuliform with broader peristomes,
Jerai, Ophir), pitchers are more
ovate lids and large lid glands.

3. In Peninsular Malaysia the species is absent from the central mountain
ranges,
but is found from sea

level to over
1000 m in outlying mountains such as G. Jerai
18 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
and G. Ophir. It is possible that this distribution reflects competitive exclusion from
the central mountain ranges, the diversity of found there. It is

by montane species
absent from
also, surprisingly, Singapore.
Selected collections —
MALAY PENINSULA. Kedah, G. Jerai, Y. C. Chan, FRI021778 (KEP, K);
Kedah Peak, Kochummen FRI 18074 (KEP, K). —

SUMATRA. N of Pajakumbah, Lubuh Bangku,
W. Meijer 5276 (Univ. Andalas, n.v., K); N Sumatra, Karo Highlands, Bundar Baru, W. Meijer
15010 (K). —
BORNEO. Sarawak. Bako NP, Tan 28811 (SAR, SING); Batang Kayan, Sampadi FR,
G. Sinclair & Kadim bin Tassim S 10408 (E, K, L, SAR, SING); Bau Dist., Bt.
Meroyong, n.v.,
Anderson & Chai S 29923 (K, L, SAR, SING). Sabah. Beaufort, Wiston, G. Batu
Jebong, -
Batu,
Gibot SAN 66636 (K, L, SAN n.v.). -

Kalimantan. Lepung, Semangit-Selimbau, Afriastini 995
(BO, K, L). -
Brunei. Temburong, Batu Apoi, Bt. Gelagas, Simpson 2319 (BRUN n.v., K).
4. Nepenthes ampullaria Jack
Nepenthes ampullaria Jack, Comp. Bot. Mag. (1835) 271; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9
(1928) 265; Sh. Kurata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1973) 227; Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah
(1976) 34; Shivas, Pitcher plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984) 27; Tamin & M.
Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 81; Jebb, Science in
New Guinea 17, 2 (1991) 21, f. 4 & 8; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996)
67, f. 40. —
Type: Jack s.n. (lecto, designated here, SING), Singapore.
Sarawak 69
Nepenthes ampullaceae Low, (1848), nomen.
Nepenthes ampullaria var. D. Moore, Gard. Chron. (1872) 360. Type: not located.
guttata
—
Nepenthes ampullaria var. vittatamajor Mast., Gard. Chron. (1872) 542; Andre, 111. Hort. 24 (1877)
45. —
Type: not located.
Nepenthes ampullaria var. vittata Andre, 111. Hort. 24 (1877) 272; Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895)
150. not located.

—
Type:
Nepenthes ampullaria var. geelvinkiana Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 8. —
Type: Beccari s.n. (FI n.v.),
New Guinea, Mios Num.
Nepenthes ampullaria var. longicarpa Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 8. —

Type: Beccari s.n. (FI n.v.),
New Guinea, Ramoi.
Nepenthes ampullaria var. microsepala Macfarl., Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 340. —
Type: Versteeg
1229 (lecto, designated here, K; iso BO, L), New Guinea, Noord River, near Sabang, 30 m, 14
June 1907.
Nepenthes ampullaria J.H. Adam & Wilcock, Mai. Nat. J. 44 (1991) 29.
var. racemosa —
Type:
Bamber 372 (holo K), Borneo, Labuan Is.
Non Nepenthes ampullaria sensu

Jeann., Nouv. Cal. Agric. (1894) 92; quae = N. vieillardii Hook.f.
Distribution —
Thailand; Malesia; Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, New
Guinea.
Ecology —
Damp, shady forest, in Borneo swamp forests, in New Guinea Arau-
caria forests, also in secondary forests, open microphyllous vegetation, or swamp
grassland; from sea level to 2100 m.
Notes —
1. The habit of this species is characteristic, with numerous rosettes
sunken in the leaf litter or moss of the forest floor, and tall climbing stems which lack
upper pitchers, though lower pitchers may be borne in rosettes to 2 m from the ground.
Recently a few isolated cases of plants bearing upper pitchers have been reported in
Brunei and Peninsular Malaysia. These are small, infundibuliformpitchers no more
than 2 cm in height, but are not common.
2. The varieties based minor inflorescence and there

published are on characters,
be correlation with habitat or
seems to no geography.
3. The species is apparently absent from the Moluccas and Sulawesi, but the east-
ern (New Guinea) and western (Thailand to Borneo) populations are morphological-
ly indistinguishable.
4. Hybrids between this species and N. and N.
gracilis (N. x
trichocarpa) rafflesi-
hookeriana) and treated in this

ana (N. x are
widespread though scarce, are account.
THAILAND. Ban Kaluli, Toh Moh, Lakshnakara 766 (BK, K). —
MALAY
PENINSULA. Sungei Paka, Trengganu, Symington FR1 26873 (K, KEP, SING n.v., L n.v., BO n.v.).
SINGAPORE. Jack (SING lecto, photo K). SUMATRA. N Sumatra, Lorzing 11530
— s. n. —
(BO.
K, L). —
BORNEO. Sarawak, 1st Div., Lundu Rd, Kp. Rasau, path to G. Besi, Ilias Paie S 46073
(K, L, KEP, SAN). -

Sabah. Ranau, Kg. Miruru Mohd, Gan logging area, Dewol & Petrus SAN
89584 Kalimantan. Sebakis 9268

(K, L, SAN). -
Bulungan, Sg. Region, Kostermans (A n.v.,
BO, K, L, SING). -
Brunei. Tutong Dist., Telamba Bridge, road Brunei-Kuala Balait, Jacobs 5686
(BRUN n.v., K, L). —

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya, SE, Ingembit to Opka, Soegeng Reksodihardjo
388 (BO, K, L). -
Papua New Guinea. Western District, Kiunga Subdistrict, Kiunga, Streimann &
Lelean NGF 34149 (A n.v., BRI n.v., CANB n.v., K, L, LAE).
5. Nepenthes anamensis Macfarl.
Nepenthes anamensis Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 36 (1908) 39. —

Nepenthes micholitzii Hort. ex
Bonst. 1 663. —
Parey Blumeng. (1931) Type: Micholitz s.n. (lecto, designated here, K; iso K
x 2), Vietnam, Anam, Lang Bean.
Nepenthes geoffrayi Lecomte, Not. Syst. 1 (1909) 62. —
Syntypes: Geoffray 84-88, 91-93 (all P),
Cambodia, Kampot, 14 Sep 1903.
Nepenthes kampotiana Lecomte, Not. Syst. 1 (1909) 62. —

Syntypes: Geoffray 89 (P, photo K),
90 (P, photo K), 191 (P), Cambodia, Kampot.
Distribution —
Peninsular Thailand and Cambodia to Vietnam.
Ecology —
Moist montane woodland, 1500 m altitude.
Notes 1. The collection selected as lectotype is the only one cited in the
proto-
—
logue, and the sheet chosen of the three available is that annotated by Macfarlane.
2. The material of N. geoffrayi comprises lower and rather

type pitchers, slender,
short inflorescences. The material of N. the other hand is of upper
kampotiana on
pitchers and somewhat robust and with much inflorescences. We

more elongated
have not lectotypified this material, since it comprises somewhat fragmented collec-
tions, and no inflorescence is actually attached to leaf or stem material. These species
remain poorly known and more studies are needed. In particular the relationship be-
tween N. anamensis and the other endemic Indochinese species, N. thorelii.
THAILAND. Kanchanadit, Surat, Kerr 13141 (K); Loei, Phu Kradung,
Chantaranothai, Parnell & Simpson 90/158 (K, TCD). —
CAMBODIA. Gougaud s.n. (Pn.v., photo
K). —
VIETNAM. Talmy (P); Anam, Lang Bean, Micholitz s.n. (Type).
6. Nepenthes argentii Jebb & Cheek, spec. nov. —
Fig. 1
Nepenthes bellii Kondo similis sed non scandens foliis subpetiolatis oblanceolatis
apice
truncatis (non foliis sessilibus loratis apice acutis distinguenda). &
—
Typus: Argent Rey-
noso 89119 (holo K; iso E, PNH n.v.), Philippines, Sibuyan Island, above Magdiwang on
ridge leading 1400 m, 27 1989.

to Mayos Peak, Aug
Terrestrial, monopodial shrub c. 30 cm tall. Stem erect, terete, 2-4 mm wide, 22 cm
buried in leaf litter, 4 above ground, with leaves congested (4

apparently cm
per cm
20 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Fig. 1. Nepenthes argentii Jebb & Cheek, a. Habit, with female inflorescence; b. pitcher; c. detail of
with d. underside of section through peristome; f. detail of glands

peristome junction lid; lid; e. on
lower lid surface (Argent & Reynoso 89119).

of internodes obscured. Leaves ± blade obovate-oblanceolate, 3.5-4

stem), petiolate;
x 1.4-2.2 cm, apex obtuse to truncate, base cuneate-decurrent, thickly coriaceous;
petiole 1-1.8 cm long, sheath-like, clasping the stem for about half its circumfer-
ence, not auriculate or decurrent. Longitudinal nerves 1 or 2 on each side of the mid-
rib in the marginal half, mostly inconspicuous. Pennate nerves inconspicuous. Lower
22-24 with
pitchers infundibuliform-shortly cylindrical, 40-47 x
mm, two fringed
wings 1.5-2 mm wide, fringed elements 3 mm long, often grouped and webbed to-
gether in clusters of 2-4, elements or of elements 1-2 mm apart; mouth sub-

groups
circular, almost flat, abruptly rising in the rear to provide a stout column 5 mm high,
2.5 mm wide, for the lid; peristome rounded, c. I mm wide, ridges laterally flatten-
ed, highly pronounced, 0.1-2 mm high, 5 mm apart, inner surface with stout, in-
curved 1 the column, surface sinuate, adnate to

teeth, up to mm long near outer never
underside of lid, forming a short transverse wall c. 7 mm long, 2-3 mm high, with
triangular teeth below; lid suborbicular, to 13 mm long, 18 mm wide, apex
rounded, base cordate, lower surface lacking appendages, glands dense, pit-
very
like, near the centre elliptic, 0.2 x 0.3 mm, near the edge orbicular, 0.15 mm across;
spur stout, rounded c. 1—1.5 mm long. Upper pitchers apparently not formed. Inflo-
rescence /infructescence 21.5 cm long, 2 mm wide at base, peduncle 15.5 cm long,

lower 6-7 4
partial-peduncles absent; pedicels mm long, upper pedicels mm long;
sepals oblong to slightly spathulate, 3.5-4.5 x 1 mm; male flowers unknown; old
female flower/young fruits obclavate, 10-11 mm long, 2.5-4 mm at widest point,
stigmatic head black, 2 mm

wide. Ripe fruit unknown. Seed unknown. Indumentum
absent from stem and upper surface of leaves; lower surface of leaf and tendril dense-
ly invested with persistent patent red hairs c. 2 mm long, simple or with a short in-
conspicuous branch, remainder of blade with red sessile glands only. Pitcher outer
surface and lid densely invested with minute reddish stellate hairs 0.1-0.2 mm
with 3-5 erect arms, and with sparser appressed, twisted, sub-simple hairs
across,
2-3 mm long bearing up to 5 or 6 short branches, giving a slightly matted appear-
ance and felty texture. Inflorescence axis with whitish hairs c. 0.6 mm long, partic-
ularly at base and apex; sepals glabrescent; carpels densely hairy with appressed red-
dish hairs. Colour of pitchers buff mottled red, dark lid red
peristome purple, spotted
underneath, mostly mottled red on top. Young

fruit brown.
Distribution —
Philippines (Sibuyan, Romblon Province). Type only.
Ecology —
Subalpine shrubbery with smooth wind-clipped canopy 30 cm tall on
ultrabasic ridge; 1400 m altitude. Fruiting Aug 1989.
Notes —
1. Nepenthes argentii commemorates one of the collectors of the only
specimen, George Argent, a botanist of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh well
known for his fieldwork in Borneo, Philippines and New Guinea, and for his re-
search on the species of Musa and of Rhododendron.
2. This species is unusual in that it has a long, vertical, subterranean rhizome. It
seems that the stem slowly upwards, keeping with the accumulation
may grow pace
of organic matter on the surface which continually buries the lower portion of the
stem as with Drosera rotundifolia in a Sphagnum bog. More field studies are needed
to verify this hypothesis. The diminutive stature, lack of upper pitchers and lack of
climbing habit are also unusual in the genus and this species must contend as the
smallest at maturity of all. Argent (pers. comm.) reports that the plants he collected
22 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
were completely concealed below the low (c. 30 cm high), wind-clipped shrubbery
and that the pitchers were buried in the substrate amongst grasses or sedges. Plants
detected the inflorescences emerging above the shrub

were only by canopy. Several
other species of Nepenthes known from ultrabasic soils (e.g. N. rajah, N. burbidgeae
all from Sabah and unrelated) far
and N. macrovulgaris, are entirely restricted, as as
is known, to such soils and this may be the case with N. argentii.
3. bellii of Surigao Prov., Mindanaois the only other Philippine species

Nepenthes
with lower pitchers, and with upper pitchers absent or rare
and with
subglobose group-
ed fringed elements of the pitcher wings. Nepenthes argentii differs from N. bellii in
the lack of climbing habitand the subpetiolate, oblanceolateleaves with truncate apices.
7. Nepenthes aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek, spec. 2

nov.
— Fig.
A N. bongso Danser et ceteris speciebus Malesiae occidentalis in ascidiis inferioribus utri-
culariformibus ore non apicali distat. —
Typus: Meijer 6542 (holo L; iso BO), Sumatra,
Mt. Kerinci, Gunung Tudjuh, 2000 m, 5 Aug 1956.
Climber, height unknown. Stem terete 0.2-0.4 cm thick, internodes 5.5-13 cm long;
axillary buds conspicuous, 0.15-0.7 cm above axil. Leaves sessile; lower leaf-blade
lanceolate lanceolate-spathulate, to 15 2.5 rarely sub-

narrowly to x cm; apex acute,
base less parallel-sided, ultimately with rounded auricles; leaf-

peltate; more or upper
blade 7.5-15 x 1-3 cm, as the lowers, but lacking auricles, the base clasping the stem
for 1 /3-1 /2 its circumference, rarely decurrent. Longitudinal veins indistinct in dried
leaves, 2 or 3, in outer 1/3 of blade, arising from base, and sometimes along the midrib.
Pennate nerves few, indistinct, arising obliquely and curving towards the apex. Upper
pitchers utriculate, basally infundibuliform, obovoid above; to 9 x 3.5 cm; wings lack-
ing; mouth almost vertical, lateral, not apical, ovate, to 2 cm across; peristome external-
ly rounded, to 1.5 mm internally flattened, to 8 broadening within, ribs

across, mm,
0.5-0.8 mm apart, inner margin entire, with large glands between ribs; spur simple,
to 9 apically with 2-4 minute acute points; lid rounded, to 2.7 x 2.1
mm, cm, apex
rounded to emarginate, base slightly cordate, with evenly scattered rimmed glands,
somewhat larger and denser on mid-line, the rims distinctly asymmetric, being highest
toward lid apex. Inflorescence unknown. Indumentuminconspicuous, of short, irreg-
ularly branching or simple, appressed white hairs to 0.2 mm long, in leaf axils, on
midrib and on pitcher particularly around the peristome, and on the lid; the lower leaf-
blade with sessile glands. Colour of pitchers green with brown-red flecks, becoming
denser towards mouth, conspicuous in dried specimens; peristome dark red-brown.
Distribution —
Sumatra (Mt. Kerinci).
Ecology —
Mossy forest, 2000-2200 m altitude.
Notes The lower of this species remarkable, and unique, in their

—
1. pitchers are
bladder-shaped structure and lateral mouth. Resembling N. bongso in leaf shape, the
pitchers of N. aristolochioides however, are unmistakable, and the hooded nature of
the lid is also characteristic.

glands
2. The specific epithet signifies the resemblance of the pitchers, in their shape and
coloration, to the flowers of Aristolochia.
Collections —
SUMATRA. Gunung Tudjuh, Mt. Kerinci, Meijer 6542 (Type), 7426 (L); Mt.
Kerinci, Robinson & Kloss s.n. (K).

Fig. 2. Nepenthes aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek, a. Stem with upper pitcher; b. pitcher, frontal
view; c. vertical section through mouth of pitcher; d. detail of peristome, internal view; e. section
through peristome; f. underside of lid; g. spur; h. detail of glands on lower lid surface ( Meijer 6542).
24 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
8. Nepenthes bellii K. Kondo
bellii K. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 96 (1969) 653, f. 1. Kondo 11514 (holo
Nepenthes Kondo, —
Type:
NCU; iso KC. Nagoya n.v.), Philippines, Mindanao, Surigao, between Hayangobon and Carras-
car, 800 m, 14 Apr 1968.
Nepenthes globamphora Sh. Kurata & Toyosh., Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1972) 155,1.1, f. 1; J. Insect.
PI. Soc. 36 (1966) 15, nomen. —

Type: Kurata & Toyoshima 1128 (Nippon Dental College
n.v.), Philippines, Mindanao, Surigao del Sur, Mt. Legaspi, 270 m, 22 Aug 1965.
Distribution —
Philippines (Mindanao, Surigao Prov.). Known from the two type
collections cited above.
Ecology —
250-800 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Nepenthes globamphora was not formally described for 6 years after
the name first appeared, and meantime N. bellii was legitimately published.
2. Distinct in the subglobular pitchers, with very densely fringed wings, the fring-
ed elements c. 1 mm apart (cilia trifid) on tendrils up to twice as long as the blades.
Not easily confused with any other species besides N.

argentii, where the specific
differences are
listed.
9. Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook. f.
Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. in A. DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 97; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
III, 9 (1928) 270; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 37, t. 8; Phillipps &
A. L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 70, f. 41. —

Type: Low s. n. (lecto, designated here,
K; iso K), Borneo, Sarawak, Lawas River.
Nepenthes dyak S.Moore, J. Bot. 18 (1880) 1, t. 206.; Burb., Gard. Chron. i (1882) 56; Becc.,
Malesia 3 (1886) 1. —
Type: Teijsmann 10962 (lecto, designated here, K; iso K), Borneo, West
Kalimantan, Kapuas River near Sintang.
Distribution —
Northwestern Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei and SW Sabah.
Ecology —
Common in peat-swamp forest dominated by Shorea albida; also oc-
casionally in heath forest on white sand soils. From sea level to 950 m.
Notes —
1. Of the two syntypes available for lectotypification, Low s.n. from
Lawas River is chosen because it is annotated by Hooker, at Kew. The second syn-
is
type, also from Sarawak, Beccari s. n. from Batan Lupar, presumably at FI, but
has not been seen.
2. The huge peristome thorns, the reniform lid which is broader than long, and the
ant-hollowed tendrils and stems, are unique features of this species. The paniculate
inflorescence has scorpioid partial peduncles similar to those of N. madagascariensis
and N. masoalensis.
3. The tendril of the pitcher is nearly always hollowed out and occupied by a golden-
coloured ant of the genus Camponotus. The ants are said to recover prey items from
the pitcher fluid (Clarke & Kitching, 1993). Numerous nectar glands are found scat-
tered on the stem, upper midribs and tendrils, and the spur is likewise often densely
glandular. The long attenuation of the peristome to the lid, and the recurved thorns
may represent a specialised method of ant capture, rather than the fanciful protective
role suggested by Burbidge (Gard. Chron. 28/2/1880).

4. The upper pitchers of this species are often surprisingly small relative to the
large leaf-blades. This be an adaptation to the somewhat shady sites that this
may
species favours.
10. Nepenthes bongso Korth.
Nepenthes bongso Korth., Kruidkunde, in C.J. Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. (1840) 19, t. 14;
Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 111, 9 (1928) 272; Sh. Kurata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1973)
227. —
Type: Korthals s.n. (lecto, designated here, K; iso BOf?, n.v., Lt? n.v., W), Sumatra,
G. Merapi, 2500 m.
carunculata Bull. Jard. Bot. 9 (1928) 277, f. Sh. Kurata, Gard.

Nepenthes Danser, Buitenzorg 111, 1;
Bull. Sing. 26 (1973) 227. —Type: Biinnemeijer 5747 (lecto, designated here, BO), Su-
p.p.
matra, Bt. Gombak, 2330 m, 16 Nov 1918.
Nepenthes carunculata var. robusta Nerz & Wistuba, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 23 (1995) 111, f. 5.
—
Type: Nerz 2401 (holo L), Sumatra, G. Gadut, 1800 m, 6 Mar 1989.
Nepenthes talangensis Nerz & Wistuba, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 23 (1995) 101, f. 1. —
Type:
2501 G. 2200 m, 6 1986.

Nerz (L), Sumatra, Talang, Sep
Non J. Linn. Bot. 38 320 N. gracillima Ridl.

Nepenthes bongso sensu Ridl., Soc., (1908) =
Guill., Ann. Mus. Col. Mars. II, 9 (1911) 211, N. vieillardii

Nepenthes bongso
=
Non sensu quae
Hook. f.
Non Nepenthes bongso sensu Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life
in Sumatra (1986) 83, f. 2, quae pro parte = N. bongso Korth., N. dubia Danser et N. inermis
Danser.
Short climber, to several metres; intemodes to 8 x 0.4 cm, rounded to angular. Leaf
blade obovate-spathulate, margins more or less parallel near base; 7-20 x 2.5-4.5
cm; apex rounded-acute, rarely emarginate, peltate or not; base abruptly truncate to
stem; longitudinal nerves 2-4, throughout blade; pennate nerves scattered, irregular,
arising perpendicular to midrib, or obliquely ascending. Lower pitchers ellipsoid; to
20 x 6 cm; with 2 narrow, sparsely fringed wings. Upper pitchers infundibulate, nar-
rowed at mouth, often with a broad curve near base; 8—16(—21) x 2.5-4(-6) cm;
wings lacking; mouth horizontal at front, oblique and sometimes attenuate to lid; peri-
stome rounded, to 5 mm across; spur simple, 2 to 7 mm long; lid rounded to triangu-

lar or cordate, 2.5 x 2.5-5 x 4 with or without a
thickened boss near
the
cm, apex,
0.2-0.3 dense towards centre, often with few,

glands numerous, mm across, most a
large (0.8-1 towards the Male inflorescence 10-22

mm) glands apex. cm; partial
peduncles 4-12 mm, often with a long filiformbract to 10 mm in length; more robust
inflorescences (.Biinnemeijer 9696) with 2-flowered partial peduncles to 15 mm over-
all, again with a basal bract; sepals elliptic, 2 x 1-4 x 2 mm, glands not dense; col-
umn 2-4 mm, anthers to 1 mm across; female inflorescence unknown. Indumentum
inflorescence and pitcher surface, glabrous with of

sparse, on age. Colour pitchers
green, peristome with red lines, and mottled red within; flowers creamy-green to red;
indumentum white to rufous brown.
Distribution —
Central Sumatra (G. Singgalang, G. Talang).
Ecology —
Forest, 1000-2700 m altitude.
Notes —
1. The Korthals specimens were not located at either BO or L (sheet

908.155-867 according 1928), and have therefore
to Danser, we lectotypified using
the extant K specimen, which to be annotated “N. bongso Korthals" in his
appears
own hand. The only locality data given on this sheet is Sumatra. Korthals (1840)
records the locality as close to the summit of G. Merapi (2500 m).
2. This is one of a Sumatran group of apparently closely related species (the oth-
ers are: N. aristolochioides, N. diatas, N. densiflora, N. ovata, N. singalana and N.
spathulata). The infundibulate upper pitchers, which narrowed immedi-

wholly are
26 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
ately below the mouth are characteristic of this species, N. densiflora and N. ovata.
Nepenthes ovata is distinguished by the hook-like appendage on the underside of its
lid, while N. densiflora has more gradually attenuate and narrower

leaves
(not ob-
ovate-spathulate) with an acute or acuminate and the

apex (not sub-peltate), abrupt
(not gradual) origin of the pitcher from the end of the tendril.
3. Tamin and Hotta (1986) reduced both N. dubia and N. inermis to

synonyms of
this species, and used material of N. inermis to illustrate their concept of N. bongso.
The illustration in Korthals (1840) and the type specimen at Kew bear no similarity
to these latter two species.

4. Danser distinguished N. carunculata from N. bongso by the presence of an
the lid, and the 2-flowered

apical appendage on partial peduncles. Recent collections,
however, combine one or

other of these characters with one or other of those of N.
bongso (e.g. de Vogel 2826 has a lid appendage and 1-flowered partial peduncles),
and it seems
sensible at this
stage to reduce N. carunculata to
synonymy
until such
time field observations confirm the of two species. The type

as can presence speci-
men of N. carunculata at Bogor is a mixed collection, the second sheet bearing a
specimen of N. pectinata, which can be identified by its larger laminas with more
numerous, and evenly spaced longitudinal veins. Collections from Mt. Talang have
somewhat acute leaf apices, and have recently been distinguished as N. talangensis;
in all other respects they match specimens of N. bongso.
Selected collections SUMATRA. Padang, Mt. Singgalang, Beccari 222 183 268
—
(K), (K), (K);
W Sumatra, above Padang, Barisan Range, Air Sirah, de Vogel 2826 (K, L)
11. Nepenthes borneensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock
Nepenthes borneensis J.H. Adam & Gard. Bull. 42 f. 1.

Wilcock, Sing. (1990) 26, t. 1, —
Type:
Murata, Kato & Mogea 3455 (holo L; iso BO), Borneo, southern Kalimantan, Muratus Mts, G.
Besar, 1300-1880 m, 18 Feb 1979.
Emended description: Climber, height unknown. Stem angular, c. 0.7 cm thick, in-
ternodes c. 3 cm long. Lower leaves and pitchers unknown. Upper leaf-blade petio-
late, lanceolate, 20 x 5
cm; apex acute to sub-peltate; base attenuate to the winged
petiole; longitudinal veins 4 on

each side of the midrib, in the outer half of the lamina;
pennate nerves oblique, parallel. Petiole 3-5 1

numerous, cm long; winged, to cm
broad; base amplexicaul to c. 1/2 the circumference of the stem, decurrent.

Upper
pitchers infundibuliform, and very slightly narrowed towards middle; 16 x 3.5 cm;
lacking fringed wings, but with prominent ribs; mouth oblique; peristome rounded-
expanded, irregular, to 1.7 cm near lid, ribs c. 0.5 mm apart; spur simple, to 6 mm;
lid round, densely glandular, the glands larger and less numerous along the midline.
Inflorescence a raceme, 2-flowered near base, but otherwise 1-flowered. Indumen-
tum reddish.
Distribution — Southern Kalimantan. Type only.
Ecology 'Evergreen mossy forest'. Collected between 1300 and 1880 m.

—
Notes This species be closely related to another little known spe-

—
1. appears to
cies, N. boschiana, also known only from its type, and from the same mountain
range in southern Borneo. Nepenthes borneensis differs in its more infundibuliform
pitchers and smaller size.

M. Jebb & M. Cheek: Skeletal revision
of Nepenthes 27
2. Nepenthes borneensis was described from the Leiden specimen alone, the extra
descriptive data above is taken from the Bogor isotype.
12. Nepenthes boschiana Korth.
Nepenthes boschiana Korth., Kruidkunde, in C.J. Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. (1840) 25, t. 2, 4:
39-54; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 275. —
Type: Korthals s.n. (lecto,
designated here, L; iso L x6, K x2, W x3), Borneo, southern Kalimantan, G. Sakoembang,
950 m, 1836.
ibid.
Nepenthes maxima auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Becc., Malesia 1 (1878) 214, 3 (1886) 3 & 9 p.p.
Non Nepenthes boschiana Hook. f. in A. DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 98, quae pro = N. steno-
sensu
parte
phylla Mast.
Non Nepenthes boschiana sensu Macfarl., in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4,3 (1908) 71,p.p. = N. stenophylla
Mast.
Non Nepenthes boschiana var. sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 1 (1858) 1074, quae
= N. sumatrana
(Miq.) Beck.
Non Nepenthes boschiana var. lowii Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 98, quae = N. stenophylla
Mast.
Emended description: Leaves petiolate; blade oblong-lanceolate, to 25 x 8 cm, apex
acute, base cuneate, petiole to 8 cm, somewhat expanded and amplexicaul at base;
longitudinal veins 3 on
each side, in outer 1/3-1/2 of blade, pennate nerves numer-
ous, oblique. Lower pitcher only known by very small specimen 4 x 1 cm; ovoid
below, tubular in upper half, with narrow fringed wings (ex Korthals t. 2). Upper
pitchers tubular in 1/2-2/3, ventricose below; to 30 x 4 cm (2.5 cm above);

upper
wings lacking; mouth oblique; peristome expanded, irregularly recurved, 1.1-2.8
cm across, ribs c. 1 mm apart; spur unknown; lid round, apex rounded, base cor-
date, with a rounded crest near the base, densely glandular, these large on the crest
and near midline, otherwise small. Female inflorescence 85 cm overall, peduncle 55
partial peduncles 2-flowered, without a bract, 2.8 male partial

cm; to cm; peduncles
shorter, to 1 ripe fruit valves to 25 x

2.5 mm.
cm;
Distribution —
Southern Kalimantan (Mt. Sakoembang). Only known by the type.
Ecology —
Altitude 950 m.
Notes —
1. The species, as recognised by Korthals, has rarely been treated cor-
rectly. Miquel described the variety sumatrana, which was later elevated to specific
rank by Beck. Beccari included N. maxima in the species, whilst Macfarlane and
Hooker both confused N. stenophylla with this species. Danser reinstated N.

(1928)
boschiana as comprising the type alone.
2. It differs from related species by its large tubular pitchers with a ventri-
upper
cose base, and the wavy, somewhat expanded peristome. Nepenthes borneensis
comes from the same southern massif in Borneo, and is likewise known only by its
holotype. It differs in its entirely infundibulate upper pitchers, which internally are
glandular throughout.
13. Nepenthes burbidgeae Hook. f. ex Burb.
Nepenthes burbidgeae Hook. f. ex Burb., Gard. Chron. 1 (1882) 56; Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4,
3 (1908) 70; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 276; ibid. 13 (1935) 467; Sh. Ku-
rata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 40, t. 9 & 10; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature
28 BLUMEA —Vol. No. 1997
42, 1,
Malaysiana 13, 4 (1988) 22, 23; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 75, f. 43. —
Type: Burbidge
iso K Mt. Kinabalu.
s.n.
(lecto, designated here, K; x2), Borneo, Sabah,
Willd.: Trans. Linn. Soc. II, Bot. 4 (1894) 217.

Nepenthes phyllamphora auct. non Stapf,
Distribution —
Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu).
Ecology —
Restricted to ultrabasic soils; 1200-2250 m.
1. described himself. One

Notes —
This species was inadvertently by Burbidge
sheet at Kew bears the following label: "This I believe an
undescribed
sp.
It was
first
discd [sic] by Mr Low -

Pitchers pure white with pink blotching -
Flowers?? May it
be called Nep. Burbidgiae [sic]. FWB" (F.W. Burbidge). This specimen is selected
as
the lectotype. Popular history has it that the plant was to be named after his wife,
although it is not clear from this note to Hooker that this was the intention. Obituaries
indicate that Burbidge was devoted to his wife Mary (he died shortly after her). It
seems unnecessary to make the change to the orthography since we cannot be certain
of Burbidge's intentions when he published the name.
2. In common with a number of other Hooker manuscript names

the species was
Hooker himself, and it was until Macfarlane's 1908 publica-

never published by not
tion that the species was fully described.
BORNEO. Sabah. Mt. Kinabalu, Pig Hill, 2250 m, Chew & Corner in
RSNB 4514 (K); Mamut 1500 m, Collenette 1053 (K); Marai Parai Bailes &
copper prospect, spur,
Cribb 883
(K).
Hybrids —
A hybrid with N. rajah has been named: Nepenthes x alisaputrana J.H.
Adam & Wilcock, Reinwardtia 11 (1992) 37 (as alisaputraiana). — Nepenthes bur-
bidgeae x N. rajah, Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13, 4 (1988) 10;
Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 153, f. 81. —
Type: Jumaat Adam et al. 2442-4
iso UKMS, ABD, BO, K, L, SAN, SAR, Sabah Na-

(holo not designated, UKMS;
tional Parks Herbarium), Borneo, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 1900 m, 2 Feb 1988.
Specimens of this hybrid share the triangular stem, the smaller lid with glandular
crest, and pitcher coloration of N. burbidgeae, while with N. rajah they share the
peltate leaf-tip and the expanded peristome with an undulate outer edge.
Note —
Four duplicates (at UKMS) are cited as the holotype in the protologue, of
these one (sheet 4) appears to be the only sheet annotated with "Type Specimen",
although clearly all duplicates were used in the description by the authors. As sheet 4
comprises a pitcher alone, sheet 3 which includes leaf-blades and stem material would
probably be a better lectotype. Without having seen the material we have deferred
lectotypifying any particular element. As with other wild hybrids, the parentage is as-
sumed rather than known. Nepenthes burbidgeae is a rare species, as is N. rajah and
this hybrid is correspondingly a great deal rarer.
14. Nepenthes burkei Mast.
Nepenthes burkei Mast., Gard. Chron. (1889) 492, f. 69, and 566; Sh. Kurata & Toyosh., Gard.
Bull. Sing. 26 (1972) 155. —
Type: J. Veitch & Sons s.n. (K, lecto), cultivated from material
collected by David Burke from Mindoro, Philippines.
Nepenthes burkei var. prolifica Mast., Gard. Chron. Ill, 8 (1890) 184. —
Type: J.Veitch & Sons
s.n. (K, lecto), cultivated.
Nepenthes burkei excellens Veitch, J. Hort. Soc. 21 (1897) 233. Type: not located.
var.
Roy. —
Distribution — Philippines (Mindoro and Panay Islands).
Ecology —
Not recorded; 1300-1600m altitude.
Notes —
1. Nepenthes burkei was first exhibited by Veitch nurseries at a Royal
Horticultural Society meeting under the name Nepenthes burkeii. This name was
then formalised by Masters in the Gardeners Chronicle. In the original description it
was stated that this species originated from Borneo, but this was corrected in a later
issue of the Chronicle (1889; 566) to the Philippines. The type chosen is a cultivated
"
specimen at K with a reference to the
protologue and inscribed
Nepenthes burkei,
Mast. Hort. J. Veitch & Sons Jan 16, 1890." Presumably the date is that upon
,
which it was presented to Kew, not the date on which the specimen was made, oth-
erwise should have the cited in the this

we
lectotypified plate protologue instead,
being the only other original element. A specimen probably contemporary with the
original wild collection of the species: "David Burke 1670, Isla Mindoro" was pre-
sented to Kew in 1884, but was not mentioned in the protologue and there is no
evidence that Masters studied it.
2. We here lectotypify N. burkei var. prolifica Mast., which seems to be no more
than an extinct cultivar, on a specimen in the Kew herbarium apparently labelled in

"
Masters' hand Nepenthes Burkei var. prolifica Mast.! in the Gardeners' Chronicle
1890 vol. 8, Borneo. From J. Veitch & Sons

p. 184. Type specimen! Nursery. Pre-
sented by DrM.J. Masters Aug. 1890."
3. Nepenthes burkei is closely related to N. ventricosa of Luzon. The

present spe-
cies can be distinguished by the less strongly waisted, green-blotched purple pitchers
with lid as large as mouth and with 6 or 7 pairs of nerves. In N. ventricosa the pitch-
ers are more narrowly waisted, glossy yellowish white, with lids much smaller than
the mouth and with 3-4 of longitudinal veins in the leaf-blade.

only pairs
15. Nepenthes campanulata Sh. Kurata
Nepenthes campanulata Sh. Kurata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1973) 227, t. 1 & 2; The Heredity 26, 10
(1972) 44 & 50, nomen; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 78, f. 44. —
Type: Kostermans 13764 (holo SING; iso A, BM, BO, CANB KEP n.v., NY
n.v., n.v., K, L,
n.v.), Borneo, East Kalimantan, Sankulirang, Has Bungaan, upriver from Sangkulirang, 300 m,
9 1957.
Sep
Emended description: Short climber to 30 cm long (but pitchers and inflores-

upper
cence not known); intemodes to 0.4 cm

thick. Only lower pitchers and leaves known.
Leaf blade obovate; 5-9 x 1.2-2.5 cm; apex rounded, peltate by 0.1-0.4 cm;
base
attenuate, sides ± parallel; longitudinal veins 3 on each side, arising from base of mid-
rib, throughout blade, confluent and irregular near apex, pennate nerves obscure;
margin regularly crinkled and wavy, coriaceous; tendril to 4 cm, curving abruptly to
base of pitcher, but not coiled. Lower pitchers campanulate, ventricose near base,
narrowed to middle, and broadening at mouth; to 8 x 4 cm; wings absent, but with a
pair of ribs; mouth circular, horizontal, to 4 cm across; peristome reduced, with

very
short, conical recurved teeth to 0.3 mm on inner edge, 0.25-0.4 mm apart, the mar-
gin scarcely thickened between these teeth; inner surface glandular in lower 1 /4 only;
simple, flattened, to 1.5 mm long; lid elliptic-oblong to ovate, 1.5-2 x 1.2—1.5

spur
cm, junction with pitcher broad, 3-4 mm across, glands deeply sunken, 0.1-0.2
30 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
mm across, scarcely rimmed, dense near base and along midline, becoming sparse
towards margin. Inflorescence unknown. Indumentum sparse, dense below peri-
stome and around spur, brown, < 0.1 mm long. Colour yellowish green.
Distribution —
Borneo: East Kalimantan (Has Bungaan). Type collection only.
Ecology —
On sheer limestone walls, 300 m.
Notes —
1. The thick leaves with their wavy margins, and the reported yellowish
coloration of the plants are probably a reflection of its harsh life on limestone rock
surfaces.
2. In other species with strongly infundibuliform pitchers such as N. dubia, N.
eymae
and N. inermis the lid is very narrow,
and before opening the pitcher is later-
ally flattened along its length. Nepenthes campanulata on the other hand has a rela-
lid. Thus after the mouth of these

tively small, elliptic opening, pitchers must
expand
far more than is the norm in the genus. In this respect they are similar to the pitchers
of N. reinwardtiana which has a broad infundibuliformpitcher with a wide mouth,
but a relatively small lid and a very reduced peristome.

3. This species was reported to be absent from the type locality in 1987, the whole
area having been burnt over during the drought of 1982. It is possible that the spe-
cies is now extinct at this location.
4. The list of herbaria at which isotypes are placed is derived from the labels on
the duplicates seen.
16. Nepenthes clipeata Danser
Nepenthes clipeata Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 281, f. 2; Phillipps & A.L.
Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 80, f. 45. Hallier B 2344

—
Type: (lecto, designated
here, BO sheet 1711-04; iso BO 8, K x2), Borneo, W

no. x
Kalimantan, G. Kelam, Feb 1894.
Distribution Eastern Borneo (Mt. Kelam). Known only from the

type gathering.
—
Ecology —
Reportedly growing on the sheer granite walls of Mt. Kelam, other-
wise unknown.
Notes —
1. This species is unmistakable, with its orbicular leaf with the tendril
arising from near the centre of the blade. Kurata (1976) and Adam et al. (1991) claim
that the species is a limestone endemic, but this is not in agreement with either the
collection notes or the type locality (granitic).

2. It seems that a number of horticultural collectors have visited the site regularly,
and the species is now said to be scarce.
17. Nepenthes danseri Jebb & Cheek, nov. Fig. 3

spec.
—
Nepenthes Science
sp. in Jebb, in New Guinea 17 (1991) 47, f. 29.
A N. tomoriana Danser (et ceteris speciebus inflorescentiis paniculatis gaudentibus)pedun-

culis partialibus bracteas non gerentibus, glandulis operculi paucis c. 3 ram diametro medio
operculi restrictis numerosis minus 2 diametro et

(non quam mm
passim distributis). —
Typus: Jebb 989 (holo K; iso BO, BRI, CANB, L, LAE, MAN), New Guinea, Waigeo Is-
land, Go village, 100 m, 8 Sep 1992.
Shrub or
climber 0.3-4 m
tall. Stem terete, 0.3-0.9 cm
thick. Leaves petiolate, leaf-
blade broadly 6-11.5 2-4.3 rosette leaf-blade sometimes
to narrowly elliptic; x cm;
Fig. 3. Nepenthes danseri Jebb & Cheek, Stem with of female inflorescence; b. pitcher;
a.
part upper
c. lower pitcher; d. detail of peristome, internal view; e. section through peristome; f. underside of
lid; detail of glands on lower lid surface ( Jebb 989).

g.
32 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
very
reduced; apex acute to rounded, base tapering to a winged petiole; petiole 1.5-4
the half its decurrent

cm long; amplexicaul, clasping stem by diameter, or
rarely to
1.5 cm below the node, with the two margins becoming united on the opposite side
of the stem. Leaves of short stems with blades narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-9.5 x 0.5-
2.5 cm; petioles 0.5-2 cm, sheathing. Longitudinal veins 4-8 on each side of the
midrib, mostly arising from base, but sometimes 1 or 2 arising from midrib, spread
throughout width of the leaf-blade. Pennate nerves arising obliquely and

numerous,
towards the than the veins. Lower

curving margin, less distinct longitudinal pitchers
ovoid in lower 2/3, cylindrical towards mouth, and broadening there; 4.5-10 x 1.8-
2.7 cm; with 2 fringed wings to 0.5 cm broad with fringed elements 0.5-1.5 mm long,
c. 0.5 mm apart; mouth oblique; peristome rounded, 0.5-2 mm across, ribs c. 0.3
with triangular teeth

mm apart, barely perceptible, internally to 0.5 mm long; spur 1-
1.5 mm long, stout, apex rounded. Lid elliptic to orbicular; 2-3.5 x 2.1-3 cm; apex
rounded, base truncate to cordate; with 15-50 rimmed glands 0.2-0.7 mm across,
most numerous towards midline of lid. Upper pitchers ovoid in lower half, narrow-
towards mouth, but 2/3 its length, then infundibuliformand

ing widening again at c.
broadest at the mouth; to 9-13.5 x 2.2-3.2 with 2 prominent ventral ridges,

cm;
lacking fringed elements; mouth oblique; peristome thickened, rounded, 1-3 mm
across, ribs 0.3-0.5 mm apart, 0.1-0.3 mm high; spur stout to 2 mm long; lid as in
lower pitcher. Female inflorescence 25 x 0.2 partial peduncles 0.7-1.8 2-5-

cm; cm,
flowered, rarely with a short bract; pedicels to 0.9 cm long; tepals ellipsoid, 2 x 1.5
mm. Male inflorescence 18 x 0.2 cm; peduncle 10 cm; partial peduncles 0.4-1.6 cm
long, 1-5-flowered; pedicels 0.3-0.7; tepals elliptic, 2 x 1.5 mm; staminal column
c. 1.5 mm long; anther-head sub-globular, 0.5 mm long, 1 mm wide. Fruit with valves
14-28 2.5-4 Seeds fusiform, 11.5 0.5 Indumentum

sparse and in-
x mm. x mm.
conspicuous, of appressed, simple, bronze hairs c. 0.4 mm long on new parts, lower
of dense inflorescences, and midribs of
pitchers, near spur only upper pitchers, on
new leaves. Colour of stems reddish; leaves yellowish green, occasionally the lower
leaves maroon; midrib and tendrils red; lower pitchers green with khaki to brown
marbling; underside of the lid with red

upper pitchers greenish-yellow pale
to
green;
streaks; sepals green, red in fruit; fruit olive yellow; indumentum golden-orange.
Distribution —
Apparently restricted to ultrabasic rocks in Halmahera (Moluccas),
and on the north coast of Waigeo Island (New Guinea).
Ecology —
Most commonly in open scrub or on bare soils on ultrabasic rock, also
in forest, but then level 300

not bearing pitchers; sea to m.
Notes —
1. This species was outlined in Jebb (1991); at that time insufficient ma-
terial was available for a complete description. It is a gracile species with a yellowish
coloration overall. Another unusual feature of this species are the

very
small blades
of the rosette leaves, and the ability of the plants to grow in shade, where they fail to
produce pitchers.
2. Nepenthes tomoriana Danser from Sulawesi is the only paniculate species with
which N. danseri is likely to be confused. Nepenthes danseri is told apart by the lack
of a bract on the partial-peduncles, and the fewer, larger glands on the lid. The rosette
and lower pitchers of N. tomoriana are ellipsoid and much more inflated, 3.5-4 cm
wide (not 1.8-2.5 cm), the fringe elements 5-10 mm long (not 0.5-1.5 mm) and
grouped in clusters (not evenly spaced); the peristomes are 4 mm deep on the inner
face (not to 2 mm) with teeth to 7 mm long (not 0.5 mm) and with prominent, ridge-
like (not barely perceptible) ribs.
3. The species is named in honour of Benedictus Danser (1891-1943), whose
taxonomic studies of this genus are without parallel.
Collections —
MOLUCCAS. Halmahera, Nucifera, Weda Dist., de Haan 1718 (BO, L). —
NEW
GUINEA. Waigeo Island, Go village, Jebb 989 (Type); path from Poean to Tofal Bay, Go Isthmus,
5541 (K, L, LAE); path from Poean to Fofak 5563 (L); Kambele hills,
van Royen Bay, van Royen
SE of Kabare, van Royen 5417 ( L), 5423 (BO, K, L).
18. Nepenthes densiflora Danser
Nepenthes densiflora Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1940) 268; Schlauer & Nerz, Blumea
39 (1994) 140. —
Nepenthes bongso x,N. pectinata Danser in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 16
(1928) 274; Steenis, Genootsch. 55 (1938) 750-785, ic. 7.

Tijd . Kon. Aardrijksk. —
Type:
van
Steenis 8331 (lecto, designated here, BO; iso L, SING), Sumatra, Aceh, Gajo Land, Poetjoek
Angasan, biv. I to biv. II, 2400 m, 28 Jan 1937.
Distribution —
Northern Sumatra (Aceh province).
Ecology —
Montane scrub, 1700-3000 m.
Note the Sumatran N. densiflora only be confused with

—
Among species, can
N. bongso, in its infundibuliformupper pitchers, which are constricted below the
mouth. From N. bongso it differs by the more abrupt origin of the pitcher from the
tendril (in the latter the curve of the lower pitcher is broad, and broadens gradually),
the clasping, non-auriculate leaf bases, and the larger lid glands. Nepenthes diatas,
which occurs in the same region, is distinguished by its ventricose-tubular pitcher and
stiff, almost woody peristome.
SUMATRA. Aceh, van Steenis 9081 (BO, L); Aceh, top Goh Lemboeh,
3000 m, van Steenis 9130 (BO, L); G. Losir, 2700-2800 m, van Steenis 8491 (BO, L).
19. Nepenthes diatas Jebb & Cheek, nov.

—
Fig. 4
spec.
A N. densiflora Danser ascidiis superioribus medio constrictis basi inflatis infundi-

(non
buliformibus), laminis foliorum basi auriculatis (non decurrentibus) a N. singalana Becc.
differt. de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes

peristomium lignosis (non chartaceus) —
Typus:
14927 (holo L; iso K), Sumatra, Aceh province, G. Bandahara, 10 km NE of Seldok, 25
km N of Kutacane.
Subscandent shrub, to 2.5 m in length. Stem base woody; stem 0.4-0.8 cm thick,
quadrangular, angles being most marked below the petiole base; internodes 1-3.5
2.5-3.5 base attenuate,

cm. Upper leaf-blade lanceolate, 9.5-17 x
cm; apex acute,
subparallel-sided, to 1.6 cm across, ultimately abruptly clasping 1 /2 stem, occasion-
ally auriculate; longitudinal veins 3 or 4, in outer haif of blade; pennate nerves numer-
ous, oblique and parallel, inconspicuous. Lower pitchers not known. Upper pitchers
ventricose in lower 1 /3, cylindrical in upper 2/3, and gradually broadening towards
mouth; 14-22 x 3-4.5 cm; with prominent ridges, and rarely with very short fring-
ed below to 1 broad including fringed elements;
wings immediately peristome cm
mouth oblique and slightly concave; peristome woody, 0.5-1.5 cm across, rounded
at front, flattened towards lid, inner edge toothed, teeth to 2.5 mm long, outer edge
34 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
4. diatas Jebb & Cheek, b. lower leaf surface; leaf surface;

Fig. Nepenthes a.
Upper pitcher; c.
upper
d. underside of lid; e. detail of peristome, internal view; f. section through peristome; g. fruit; h. male
i. detail of lower lid surface i: de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 13172; h:

flower; glands on (a—g,
de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 15285).
recurved, and extending further than inner ribs 1-2.5 1.5

edge, mm apart, to mm
high; spur simple to 12 mm

long; lid round, diameter 3.2-6.5 cm, apex rounded to
truncate, base cordate, thickened on midline, glands circular, 0.15 mm across,

very
numerous, on midline elliptic, 0.6 mm long. Inflorescence a raceme, 26-38 cm long,

flowers clustered and dense in topmost 1/3-1/4. Partial peduncles 1-flowered, rare-
ly 2-flowered, 0.5-1 cm long, with a flattenedbract to 6 mm in length at the base of
the partial peduncle, or even somewhat below on the peduncle; sepals ovate 4-6 x
2-3 mm, glands small, to 0.2 mm, confined to the middle of the adaxial surface of
the tepal, being absent near base and apex; staminal column 2-4 mm long, anther
head to 2 mm long, and 2.5 mm across. Fruit valves 27-32 x 3-4 mm. Seeds un-
known. Indumentum of erect reddish brown hairs c. 0.5 mm long, more or less
dense throughout, absent from but

upper leaf-blade, soon glabrescent, persistent on
tendril and in leaf axils, and dense on inflorescence, including staminal column and
valve. Colour of pitchers reddish brown; flowers brownish or purple-brown, or
tepals rusty, purple inside; anthers pale yellow; fruits brown.

rusty
Distribution —
Northern Sumatra.
Ecology —
Montane scrub and mossy forest; 2400-2600 m.
Notes —
1. Nepenthes diatas is part of the Sumatran singalana- group. In its ven-
tricose-tubular leaf bases it resembles

upper pitchers and attenuate, subparallel-sided
N. singalana and N. spathulata, but differs from both in the woody, rather than pa-
pery, peristome. It is probably derived from N. singalana, representing a far more
robust version of that species.

2. Diatas is a Bahasa Indonesian word for 'on top': the species is found both on the
top of mountains, and in Aceh, the most northerly, or 'topmost', region of Indonesia.
3. Collections of lower and rosette pitchers are needed to complete our knowledge
of N. diatas.
Collections — SUMATRA. Aceh G. 10 km NE of 25 km N of Kuta-

province, Bandahara, Seldok,
cane, de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 14927 (Type); G. Bandahara, 25 km NNW of Kutacane, de Wilde
& de Wilde-Duyfjes 13172 (BO, K, L); G. Bandahara, 12 km NE of Seldok, 25 km N of

Kutacane,
de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 15285 (L).
20. Nepenthes distillatoria L.
Nepenthes distillatoria L., Sp. PI. (1753) 955; Burm., Fl. Indica Fruct. 2
(1768) 190; Gaertn.,
(1791) 18, t. 83, f. 6; Willd., Sp. PI. ed. 4, 2 (1805) 873; Aiton, Hort. Kew. 5 (1813) 420,
p.p.; Jack, Comp. Bot. Mag. (1835) 271; Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. (1861) 290, n.v.; Hook.f.
in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 93; Hook, f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1886) 68. —
Type: not located, prob-
ably a Hermann collection at BM.
Bandura zeylanica Burm., Thes. Zeyl. (1737)42,1.17, n.v.; Burm. ex Brongn., Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 (1824)
43, Nepenthes zeylanica (Burm.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4 (1836) 101. not located.
n.v. — —
Type:
indica Poir. in Meth. Bot. 4 Handbuch
Nepenthes Lam., Encycl. (1798) 458; Link, (1829) 369; Raf.,
Fl. Tellur. 4 (1836) 101. not located.
—
Type:
Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrescens Smith, Gard. Chron. 1 (1882) 398, f. 59. —
Nepenthes smithii
Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20 (1895) 188. —

Type: not located.
Nepenthes rubra G. Nicholson [non N. rubra Hort. ex Rafarin, Rev. Hort. (1869) 270], 111. Diet. Gard.
4 (1886) 439. Nepenthes zeylanica rubra Wien. 111. Gartenz. 226. Ne-
— var.
Beck, (1895) —
penthes distillatoria var. rubra (G.Nicholson) Macfarl. in Pflanzenr. 3 87.

Engl., 4, (1908) —
Type: not located.

36 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Nepenthes speciosa Hort. ex Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20 (1895) 226, in synon.
(Burm.) Raf.: J. Sci. Sect. A, Bot. 12 (1947) 221,

Nepenthes zeylanica auct. non Chapman, Ceylon
n.v. —
Nepenthes chapmanii N.P. Balakr., J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 67 (1970) 65. —
Type:
not located.
Non Nepenthes distillatoria sensu R.Grah., Edinb. New Phil. J. (1827) 371 = N. khasiana Hook.f.,
n.v.; nee sensu Jack, Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 (1835) 271 = IN. gracilis; nec sensu Raf., Fl. Tellur.
101 N. khasiana Hook.f. Steud., Nom. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 190 = N. mira-

4(1836) = ; nee sensu
bilis Brion, Belg. Hortic. 5 (1855) 196 N. madagascariensis Poir.;

(Lour.) Druce; nec sensu =
Nouv. Caled. 92 N. vieillardii Hook. f.

nee sensu Jeanneney, Agric. (1894) =
Distribution —
Sri Lanka.
Ecology —
Waterlogged open scrub, road embankments and other cleared areas,
also in forest; from sea level to 700 m.
Notes —
1. The only species of Nepenthes from Sri Lanka. It appears to survive
well following clearance of forest.
2. The name has been used once

in the Flora Malesiana region, by Jack, probably
in reference to N. gracilis.
SRI LANKA. Sabaragamuwa Prov., Ratnapura Dist., Kalawana, Clayton
5703 (K); Malwalakelle on Kalawana-Pedikanda Rd, R.B. & A.J. Faden 76/445 (K); Western Prov-
ince, Kalutara Dist., Nagoda, Cramer 5201 (K).
21. Nepenthes dubia Danser
9 f. 4.
Nepenthes dubia Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, (1928) 285, —Type: Biinnemeijer
938 (lecto, designated here, BO; iso BO), Sumatra, Mt. Talakmau (Ophir), 1900 m, 29 May
1917.
Nepenthes bongso auct. non Korth.: Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant
life in Sumatra (1986) 83, partim.
Nepenthes tenuis Nerz & Wistuba, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. (1995) 104, f. 2. —
Type: Meijer 6949
(holo L), Sumatra, Taram, river Tjampo, 1000

m,
24 Aug 1957.
Emended description: Female inflorescence a raceme to 12 cm overall, peduncle 7 cm;
6 with single bract 1-2 long, slightly above the middle

pedicels to mm, a mm (Naga-
masu 4254).
Distribution —
Central Sumatra.
Ecology —
Not recorded; 1000-2500 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Prior to Danser's work, Backer had intended to name this species
'linguifer', and proposed to include it with specimens of N. inermis. Nepenthes in-
ermis shares a similar shaped pitcher, lid and leaf-blade shape. The only differences
are that N. dubia has fewer longitudinal veins, a slightly broader lid (5 mm vs. 3 mm)
with more numerous, but much smaller glands, and bears a peristome, which N. in-
ermis completely lacks. Nepenthes dubia was reduced to N. bongso, along with N.
inermis by Tamin & Hotta (1986).

2. Previously only known from Mt. Talakmau, this species is possibly a hybrid
between N. inermis and N. bongso (Danser, 1928). Nepenthes tenuis is included
here with some hesitation, the pitcher is somewhat broader in its lower half, but in all
other matches the current species; the collecting locality (1000 m) is con-
respects
siderably lower than the remaining collections.

Collections —
SUMATRA. NW slope of G.Talakmau (G. Ophir), Biinnemeijer 938 (Type), 4/8/
1989, Nagamasu et al.. 4254 (BO); Taram,river Tjampo, Meijer 6949

(Type of N.
tenuis);G. Talang,
2/4/12, Kurata s.n. (SING).
22. edwardsiana Low ex Hook. f.

Nepenthes
Nepenthes edwardsiana Low ex Hook, f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 22 (1859) 420, t. 70; Sh. Kurata, Nepen-
thes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 44; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13,4 (1988)
21; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 82, f. 46. —
Type: Low s. n. (K), Borneo, Sabah, Mt. Kina-
balu, N side, 6000-8000 ft, 1877-78.
Nepenthes edgeworthii Rchb. f. ex Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 183, in synon. Herb. Reichen-
bach s.n.
(n.v.).
villosa Hook, f.: Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 397, partim.
Nepenthes auct. non
Non Nepenthes edwardsiana Hook. f. subsp. macrophylla Marabini,

Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Munch.
23 (1987) 427, =
N. macrophylla (Marabini) Cheek & Jebb (see species 43).
quae
Distribution —
Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu and Mt. Tamboyukon).
— in mossy 1500-2700 m.
Ecology Large climber, occasionally epiphytic forest,
Notes —
1. The sheet selected as lectotype from amongst the three at K, of the only
collection cited in the protologue, is that bearing the collecting notes of Low in his hand.
2. Danser reduced this species to N. villosa, while Harms resurrected it. Marabini
described a subspecies from Mt. Trus Madi in Sabah: Nepenthes edwardsiana subsp.
Marabini. In view of the different facies of this latter taxon,
macrophylla very we
have decided to
change the status to that of a species.
3. Closely related and sometimes confused with Nepenthes villosa and N. macro-
phylla. This species is a climber, the tendrils are exceptionally long, and the pitchers
ventricose below, tubular above. Nepenthes villosa is a prostrate scrambler with
short urceolate pitchers. The pitchers of N. edwardsiana differ from those of the
closely related N. macrophylla in being more papery, narrowly subcylindrical, at
least 4 times as long as broad (vs. woody, broadly cylindrical and less than 3 times
as long as
broad in N. macrophylla), the lower 1/3-1/4 of the pitcher is slightly
swollen, the upper part narrower and cylindrical (vs. pitcher with a
shallow central
constriction in N. macrophylla). The leaf-blade of N. edwardsiana never exceeds 20
cm, while that of N. macrophylla frequently reaches 35 cm. An important difference
not hitherto appreciated between N. edwardsiana and N. villosa is in the structure of
the internal peristome. In N. edwardsiana the flattened peristome teeth bear a narrow-
mouthed gland on the abaxial surface (i.e. away from the lid), and below each peri-
stome tooth there is a distinct, elliptic pocket. In N. villosa the gland has a toothed
opening, and the pockets are so deepened as to form a series of rectangular partitions
between the front peristome, and a second series of irregular teeth which lies close to
the pitcher wall. In N. rajah the inner peristome wall is elaborated to form three lay-
ers, each interconnected with cross walls.
BORNEO. Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, Marai Parai spur, Holttum s.n. (SING),
Bailes & Cribb 843 (K); J. & M.S. Clemens 10871 (BO), 30959 (K).
Hybrid
—
Nepenthes edwardsiana x N. villosa; N. x harryana Burb., Gard. Chron.
1 (1882) 56; Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 54; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of
Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 45, t. 12. —
Type: not located.

38 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
23. Nepenthes ephippiata Danser
Nepenthes ephippiata Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 286, f. 5; ibid.: 426, f. 36;
& A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 85, f. 47. Type: Amdjah 497 (lecto,
Phillipps —
designated here, BO sheet #1711-60; iso BO sheet 1711-61), Borneo, Kalimantan, Bt. Batoe Le-
28 Jan 1899.
soeng,
As Nepenthes lowii but upper leaf with petiole base continued down stem in a promi-
veins entirely absent, rarely 1. Pennate
nent, recurved ridge. Longitudinal nerves
twice before of
oblique, branching once or reaching edge leaf, conspicuous. Upper
slightly constricted at midpoint, the peristome somewhat more de-

pitchers only very
veloped, the inner glands larger, the lid relatively broader and larger than N. lowii,
towards the base with thick processes 2-3 mm long and 1 mm thick, amongst these
1 mm wide lipped glands with a narrow central opening < 0.1 mm wide, these glands
more numerous toward the lid margin, where the processes are absent.
Distribution —
Borneo: mountains of central Kalimantan; Bt. Raya, Bt. Lesong
(type locality).
Forest (?); 1000-1900m altitude.
Ecology —
Notes —
1. The drawing of N. ephippiata in Danser (1928) is not accurate in that
in this species the lid bristles are far less numerous, concentrated towards the base of
the lid and are both shorter and stouter than those shown. Danser did not appreciate
how similar this species was to N. lowii. The upper pitchers of N. ephippiata differ
from those of N. lowii in their less constricted middle, their more developed peri-
stome, and their relatively large lids. Both N. ephippiata and N. lowii have more or
less lower with well it is only in the

cylindrical pitchers a developed peristome: upper
pitchers that the extreme, and characteristic shape is developed. The large saddle-like
leaf bases of N. from which the species derives its similar

ephippiata, name, are very
to those of some N. northiana collections.
2. Nepenthes ephippiata appears

to replace N. lowii in the central mountains of
Kalimantan, the latter being abundant in Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah.
Collections BORNEO. Kalimantan Bt. Winkler 1023 (BO), Nooteboom 4617

—
Barat, Raya,
(BO); Kalimantan Timur, Bt. Lesong, Amdjah 497 (Type).
24. Nepenthes eustachya Miq.
Nepenthes eustachya Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 1 (1858) 1074, suppl. 151; 111. de laflorede l'Arch. ind.
1 (1870) 3, pi. 3; Hook.f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 99; Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 217;
Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 51. —

Type: Teijsmann 529 (lecto, designated here,
BO; iso BO x 2), Sumatra, Sibolga, on the coast, February 1856.
Terrestrial climber to 5 m tall; stem terete, 0.3-0.7 cm thick. Leaf petiolate, blade ob-
ovate to oblong-lanceolate; 14-19.5 x 2.9-5 cm; apex rounded, sub-peltate, or slight-
ly emarginate; tapering winged; longitudinal veins 2 3 each side

base to or (or 4) on
of the midrib, from midrib, confined to outer 1 /2-1 /3 of lamina; pen-

some arising
nate nerves arising obliquely from the midrib at an angle of c. 30° Petiole to 5 cm
long, 0.7 cm wide, broadening at

very base, and clasping 1/2 stem, not decurrent.
Lower pitchers not seen. Upper pitchers ventricose-tubular, widening abruptly from
base, and somewhat woody and angular there, becoming obovoid, then narrowing
and gradually enlarging towards the mouth; 11-24.5 x 2.5-4.5 cm; normally lack-
ing wings, but rarely with fringed wings to 0.3 cm, the fringe elements to 0.4 cm;
mouth oblique, attenuate to lid; peristome rounded to slightly flattened in cross sec-
tion, 0.2-0.5(-0.7) ribs 0.3-0.4 inner margin with

cm across, c. mm apart, no
long, usually bifid, occasionally with ancillary hair-like

apparent teeth; spur 2-4 mm
from base, flattened 10 mm lid ob-

appendages arising near or rarely simple, to long;
ovate to rounded, rarely somewhat broader than long, base rounded to scarcely cor-
date, 3-6.5 x 2.5-6.7 cm, lacking a crest below, glands not prominently lipped,
0.1-0.15 mm across, scattered, densest near base. Inflorescence a raceme to 50 cm
overall; partial peduncles forked near base of inflorescence, simple above, to 23 mm
4 2 Fruits 17 2.3 Indumentum sparse

long; tepals lanceolate, to x mm. to x mm. on
new shoots, evanescent.
Distribution —
Sumatra, from Lake Toba in the north to the Padang region in the
south
Ecology —
Forest margins, sea level to 1600 m.
Notes —
1. No Teijsmann material has been seen from Leiden or Utrecht. There
are three sheets at Bogor which appear to represent Teijsmann 529. On two of these
'Herb. Hort. Bot. label has the written in

a Bog.' name Nepenthes eustachya Miq.
The sheet with is selected here the
Miquel's handwriting. a single complete pitcher as
lectotype.
2. Danser united N. with N. alata; however, in our opinion the dif-
eustachya two
fer sufficiently in morphology to the reinstatementof Miquel's species. The

support
two species differ as described under N. alata.
3. Danser (1928: 261) included Peninsular Malaysia in the range of Nepenthes

alata (which also included N. eustachya) on the basis of a single, misidentifiedspeci-
men of N. gracillima {Ridley 16097) from Mt. Tahan (Kiew, 1990).
Selected, collections SUMATRA. Lake Toba, Lorzing 11603 Alston 14421

—
(BO); Sibolga,
(BO); Bt. Tinggi, Biinnemeijer 3054 (BO); Air Putih, E of Pajakumbu, Alston 14384 (BO); Pano-
rama Selat Malaka, 40 km N of Pajakumbuh, Hotta & Okada (BO).
25. Nepenthes eymae Sh. Kurata
Nepenthes Sh. Kurata, J. Insectivorous Plant Soc. (Japan) 35, 2 (6th Feb 1984) 41 (as
eymae
eymai). —
Type: Kurata, Atsumi & Komatsu 102-a (Not located, probably Nippon Dental Col-
lege, plate in Sh. Kurata, I.e. 44), Sulawesi, G. Lumut, 1850 m, 5 Nov 1983.
p.
J.R.Turnbull & A.T. Middleton, Reinwardtia, 10,

Nepenthes infundibuliformis 2 (10th Feb 1984)
110. Turnbull & Middleton 83148a (BO n.v.), Sulawesi, G. Lumut 121° 41' E
—
Type: Kecil,
1° 03' S, 1500 m, 20 Sep 1983.
Emended description: Lower pitchers cylindrical, slightly constricted below mouth;

10-18 2-6 with (2 mm) fringed (3 mm) wings in mouth
x cm; narrow upper 2/3;
oblique; peristome rounded in transverse section, 0.2-0.5 cm across at front, ex-
panded, and sinuate towards lid, then to 2.5 cm across; lid subtriangular, to 4.5 x 2
cm, apex acuminate, base truncate to auriculate, with broad, rounded lobes midline
strikingly thickened below, basal appendage hooked, apical appendage filiform, mid-
40 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
line and appendages with large, elliptic, rimmed glands to 2 x 1 mm, the lid blade
with numerous small glands, margin irregular, sinuous. Upper pitchers gradually
originating from tendril, with a

wide tubular curve which expands rapidly at 1/2 to
3/4 overall height to form a broad bowl, which is shortly contracted immediately be-
low the peristome; to 11 x 8 cm overall; ventral ridges parallel in lower curve, diver-
mouth horizontal, peristome forming 1-3 acuminate

gent above; a cm long, vertical,
neck to lid, which overhangs the mouth; peristome in cross section flattened above,
sharply curved at outer edge, broadest on inner surface, 0.4-0.8 cm broad, and often
sinuate immediately adjacent to this neck; the spur inserted 1 cm from lid, bifurcate
Lid hastate, 8 long, 1 broad in middle, 2.5 broad the

at tip. to cm cm cm at base,
basal lobes rounded, apex obtuse to abruptly rounded, margin sinuate; the basal crest
to 0.8 long, apical appendage filiform, to 1.2

hook-shaped, cm cm long; glandula-
tion as
in lids of lower pitchers. Unopened pitchers laterally compressed, with a
the dorsal end with spur and bifurcation closed. Indu-

prominent bulge at upright
mentum on all surfaces, including the underside of lid and leaf-blade surfaces, short
tufted hairs to 0.05 mm long, especially dense on tendril, midrib, lid and spur. Col-
our of leaves dark green, tendrils reddish, pitcher yellowish green below becoming
blotched with red above, generally more darkly pigmented within, peristome with
numerous narrow streaks of red and green, lid green above, with red blotches below,
indumentum maroon.
Distribution —
The eastern arm
of central Sulawesi.
Ecology —
Narrow mossy ridges, 1500-1800 m.
Notes —
1. Along with two other species (N. hamata and N. glabrata) the nomen-
clatural history of N. involved almost simultaneous publication of two com-

eymae
peting names. Kurata's (1984) publication of N. eymae preceded Tumbull & Middle-
ton's (1984) N. infundibuliformis by a month. Unfortunately the location of the pro-
posed holotype ( Kurata 102a), and series of paratypes (Kurata 103, 104 & 105) was
not stated (although the name is nonetheless valid under article 37 of the ICBN), and
of this material have been in public institution, although

none appears to deposited a
the holotype is illustrated in the original publication. Similarly, the types proposed by
Turnbull and Middleton have not been found at Bogor (though they are
cited here).
The name Eyma is feminine, even though the collector was male, and the correct
ending is therefore
eymae.
2. Closely related to N. maxima, but with upper pitchers differing in the narrowly
hastate lid and in that the pitchers are broadly infundibuliformin the upper half,
upper
with a narrow cylindrical basal half.
3. The remarkable pitcher appears to be a specialised trap, its relatively horizontal
sides would probably make the capture of much of its prey difficult. The pitcher fluid
is extremely viscous in cultivated specimens at Kew. Interestingly this feature is also
reported in N. with infundibulate upper pitchers from Su-

inermis, a species equally
matra (see discussion under N. inermis).
Collections —
SULAWESI. Sulawesi Tengah, Mt. Lumut, Kurata, Atsumi & Komatsu 102a
(Type of N. n.v.), 103, 104, 105 (all n.v.); Mt. Lumut, North Eyma 3571 (BO), Mt.
eymae, spur,
Lumut Kecil, 20/9/83, Turnbull & Middleton 83148 of N. infundibuliformis, n.v.), 83142-
(Type
47 (undistributed?); Mt. Tomongkobae, 9/10/38, Eyma 3968
(BO).
26. Nepenthes fusca Danser
Nepenthesfusca Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 288, f. 6; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of
Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 48, t. 13; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13, 4 (1988)
24; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 87, f. 48. —

Type: Endert 3955 (lecto, designated here, BO,
fertile sheet; iso BO), Borneo, East Kalimantan, G. Kemoel (= G. Kongkemul), 1500 m, 12 Nov
1925.
maxima auct. Reinw. Nees: Kondo & Kondo, Cam. PI. of the World in Colour
Nepenthes non ex
(1983) 110.
Nepenthesfusca subsp. kostermansiana J. H. Adam & Wilcock, ined. —
Type: Kostermans 21495
(holo L; iso K), Borneo, East Kalimantan, Berau, Mt. Njapa, Kelai River, 1000 m, 25 Oct 1963.
Non Nepenthesfusca subsp. apoensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock, ined., quae = N. stenophylla Mast.
Distribution —
Borneo.
Ecology —
Mossy forest, ridge tops; 1200-2500 m.
Notes 1. Of two duplicates of the type the sheet with male inflores-
—
at Bogor, a
cence is selected as the lectotype. Nepenthes fusca is characterised by the narrowly
triangular lids with revolute margins. In lower pitchers the lid is more ovate, and of-
ten flat, and it is only in the upper pitchers that the characteristic shape is developed.
Danser described N. fusca from the type specimen alone, and although upper pitch-
ers are present on the two duplicates, none have lids. In his original description the
lids are
said to be like those of the lower pitchers. It is our interpretation that the plate
may have been constructed using the lids of the lower pitchers to complete the upper
pitchers. The surviving lids on the specimen are on intermediate upper/lower type
pitchers, and consequently the lids do not exhibit the characteristic, narrowly trian-
gular shape of the upper pitchers.
2. The glandular crest at the base of the lid is always present in this species, and
an apical appendage may or may not be developed, and then only in upper pitchers.
Whilst other workers have argued that the

presence
of an apical appendage signifies
N. maxima, we view this species as a closely related taxon, and as in N. eymae of
Sulawesi, character intergrades occur. Nepenthes maxima appears to be entirely re-
placed in northern Borneo by N. fusca. The inflorescence of N. fusca is much small-
er and more delicate than that of N. maxima or N. stenophylla.

3. subsp. apoensis, based on Chai 35939, in N.
Nepenthes fusca belongs steno-
phylla by virtue of its sheathing leaf bases, rounded lids and reddish indumentum.
Selected collections BORNEO. Sarawak. N Mt. 1000 m, Jacobs

—
Kuching, slopes Penrissen,
5115 (K, L, SAR); G. Berumput, near

Kuching, Smythies 12645 (K, L, SING), Anderson 218
(BO); Carapa Pila, Balleh, 3rd Div, Ashton 19609 (K, L). -
Sabah. Beluran, Bt. Liminintang, NW
of Telupid, Aban & Dewol 91185 (K, KEP, L, SAR, SING); Mt. Kinabalu, Lantoh 82759 (K,
KEP, L, SAR). Kalimantan Timur. Mt. Kemoel, 1500 m, Endert 3955 G.

-
(Type); Beratus, near
Balikpapan, Kostermans 7497 (BO, L).
27. Nepenthes glabrata J.R. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton
Nepenthes glabrata J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton,Reinwardtia 10 (10th Feb 1984) 107 (as gla-
bratus). —
Type: Turnbull & Middleton 83113a (holo, BO n.v.), Central Sulawesi, 120° 55' E
13° 03' S, Tri Tunggal Eboni Corp. logging concession, 1666 m, 31 Aug 1983.
42 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Nepenthes rubromaculata Sh. Kurata (non N. x rubromaculata J. Veitch & Sons ex 'G.F.Wilson',
Gard. Chron. II, 8 (1877) 441; J. Ins. PI. Soc. 35 Feb 1984) 42.
(Japan) (6th •—
Type: Kurata,
Atsumi & Komatsu 149a (holo, not College, plate
indicated, probably Nippon Dental in Sh.
Kurata I.e.: 44), Central Sulawesi, route from Malei to Kajoga, 9 Nov. 1983.
Distribution —
Central Sulawesi.
Ecology —
In open, high forest, 1600-2000m.
Notes —
1. Kurata's N. rubromaculata is a
later homonym of a
horticultural hy-
brid published in 1877. The type repository is not stated, but is the
name presumably
herbarium of the Nippon Dental College. The holotype is illustrated in the original
publication on page 44.
2. Turnbull & Middleton's material, including types, was not found at

Bogor in
1995 or 1996, and may never have been distributed.
3. The red-streaked of this is characteristic. It is distinctive spe-

pitcher species a
cies with no obvious relatives. Turnbull and Middleton (1984) describe a number of
features not
apparent from the
scant material available: young plants are said to have
extremely narrow
leaves with small globose pitchers, and rosette leaves of mature
plants are said to have blades greatly reduced or even absent.
Collections SULAWESI. Sulawesi 120° 55' E 1° 33' Tri Eboni

—
Tengah, S, Tunggal Corp.
logging concession, Turnbull & Middleton 83113a (Type of N. glabrata, n.v.); 83114 (n.v.); G.
Towako, Turnbull & Middleton 83080-93 (n.v., undistributed?); North of Mt. Lumut, 3/9/
spur
1938, Eyma 3585 (BO); Boro-Poena, 10/8/1937,Eyma 1604 (BO); 121° 25' E 1° 45' S, Mt. Tam-
busisi, 30/3/1980, Lack & Grimes 1785 (K); route from Malei to G. Kajoga, Kurata, Atsumi &
of N. rubromaculata Sh.
Komatsu 149a (type Kurata, n.v.).
28. Nepenthes gracilis Korth.
Nepenthes gracilis Korth., Kruidkunde, in C.J. Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. (1840) 22, t. 1 & 4;
Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 290; Sh. Kurata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1973)
229; Shivas, Pitcher plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984) 29; Tamin & M. Hotta
in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 86; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb,
Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 89, f. 49. Korthals iso

—
Type: s.n. (lecto, designated here, L;
K), Borneo, G. Pamatton, 325 m.
Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Jack, Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 (1835) 271.
Nepenthes laevis Lindl. laevis C. Gard.

(non Nepenthes Morr., quae = Nepenthes albomarginata),
Chron. (1848) 655. not located.
—
Type:
Nepenthes gracilis var.

elongata Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1852) 10. —Type: Waltich 2244
p.p. (K-Wall), Singapore.
Nepenthes teysmanniana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 1 (1858) 1073. Nepenthes gracilis var.
teysman-
—
niana (Miq.) Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20 (1895) 190. —

Nepenthes tupmanniana Bonst., Parey
Blumeng.l (1931) 663, sphalm. —
Type: Teijsmann 530 p.p. (BO), Sumatra, Sibolga by the
Feb 1856.
coast,
Nepenthes korthalsiana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 1 (1858) 1071. Type: Teijsmann 538 (U n.v.,
—
p.p.
L), Sumatra, Sibolga.
Nepenthes laevis Korth. ex Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 104, in

synon.
Nepenthes angustifolia Mast., Gard. Chron. 2 (1881) 524. —
Type: Burbidge s.n. (K), N Borneo,
1877/78.
Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 190, as N. longinodis. —
Type:
Lobb s.n. (K), Borneo.
Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 59. —
Type: Rid-
ley 1473 (K), Singapore, Praman.

Distribution —
Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Sula-
wesi.
Lowland disturbed
Ecology peat-swamp forest or areas on soils, podsol
—
poor
heath scrub, swamp edges, on sandstone or ultrabasic soils; sea level to 800 m.
Notes —
1. Korthals gives the altitude of the type as 325 m (1840: 22); he also
collected this species at Sibolga, Sumatra.
2. Blume cites both Jack's misapplication of the name N. distillatoria and Wal-
lich's Cat. No. 2244 under his

variety elongata. It is not possible to identify the
former with certainty. As to the latter the Wallich herbarium at K includes at least five
sheets of N. gracilis, two of these specimens of N. albomarginata. Five further sheets
of this number bear specimens of N. khasiana.
3. Teijsmann's Sibolga collections (Feb 1856) were examined by Miquel (1858),

who described N. korthalsiana and N. teysmanniana from them. Some of the
duplicates sent to Utrecht have been confused, and different species are represented
under the same numbers at the two herbaria (BO, U). Macfarlane (1908) listed N.
teysmanniana as a
of N. albomarginata, but Danser indicated that this error
synonym
was due to the labels of the Utrecht specimens being muddled (1928) and that the
material described is in fact N. gracilis.

4. Nepenthes albomarginata and particularly N. reinwardtiana are often confused
with this species. The triangular stems and the decurrent leaf bases, which run down
two of the stem ridges, the slender gracile pitchers, the shortly-toothed peristome and
the few-glanded lid help to identify this species fairly readily.

Macfarl. is discussed in relation
5. Nepenthes neglecta to N. gracilis in the section
on
Little Known Taxa.
Selected collections SUMATRA. 530 p.p. E coast, Loemban

—
Sibolga, Teijsmann (BO); Asahan,
Ria, Rahmat si Boeea 7806 (SING); Anambas Is., G. Ajur Moeroe, van Steenis 1480 (BO, SING);
Bangka Is., Kostermans & Anta 372 (BO, SING). —

THAILAND. Narathiwat, Takbai, Sakol 4191
(BK). —
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Perak, Larut, King's Coll. 4084 (BO), 4025 (SING); Pahang,
Tasek, Berau, Henderson 24039 (BO, SING); Johore, Kota Tinggi, Vethevelu 25256
(KEP, SING).
SINGAPORE. Woodlands Burkill 316 (BO, SING). BORNEO. Sarawak. Bako
—
rd, —
NP, Ching
42173 (KEP), Garrick & Enoch 8 (SING); Baram, Anderson 2027 (SING). -
Brunei. Labi rd, Belait,
Forman 852 (K, SING). -

Sabah. Kimanis FR, Keith 48915 (KEP). -
Kalimantan Barat. G. Kelam,
Hatlier2235 (B); Kalimantan Timur, W Kutei, nrMelan, Kostermans 9604 (SING); Kalimantan Sela-
tan, G. Pamatton, Korthals s. n. (Type). —

SULAWESI. Enrekang, Kp. Rapang, Noerkas 338 (BO, L).
—
Hybrids A number of naturally occurring hybrids have been proposed; Nepen-
thes ghazallyana J.H.Adam, Wilcock & Swaine, J. Trop. Forest Sci. 5
x
(1992) 22,
nomen, is a hybrid with N. mirabilis from Telupid, Borneo. —
Nepenthes x tricho-
carpa Miq., a naturally occurring hybrid with N. ampullaria, is rare but widespread
in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo (taxon 80 in this paper).
29. Nepenthes gracillima Ridl.
Nepenthes gracillima Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 38 (1908) 320; Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 3
4, (1908) 38;
J. As. Soc. Beng. 75, 3 (1914) 282; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 excl.
(1928) 296,
N. ramispina; Shivas, Pitcher plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984) 31
syn. partim;
Kiew, J. Wildlife and National Parks 10 (1990) 36. —
Type: Wray & Robinson 5309 (lecto,
designated here, SING; iso BO), Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, G. Tahan, 990 m, 29 May 1905.
44 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Nepenthes alba Ridl., Fl. Mai. Pen. 3 (1924) 22. —

Nepenthes singalana auct. non Becc.: Macfarl.
in Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 47 partim; J. As. Soc. Beng. 75, 3 (1914) 282. Nepenthes
Engl., —
bongso auct. non Korth.: Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 38 (1908) 320. —
Type: Wray & Robinson
G.
5411 (lecto, designated here, SING; iso BO), Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Tahan, 1500 m,
3 June 1905.
Terrestrial climber, 1-5 m tall. Stems terete to sub-angular; 0.2-0.5 cm thick. Leaves
sessile, lanceolate; 5—10(—16) x 1-1.5 cm; apex acute; base cuneate, amplexicaul;
longitudinal veins 0-3 on each side of midrib, in outer half of blade; pennate nerves
irregular. Lower pitchers infundibuliformbelow, cylindrical above; to 5-10 x 1-3.5
cm; wings to 2 mm broad, fringed elements to 3 mm long. Upper pitchers infundi-
buliform below, abruptly narrowing at 1/2 to 3/4 height and then cylindrical, but
gradually broadening to mouth; 6-15 x 0.9-2.8 cm; wings absent; peristome 1.5-3
mm across, slightly flattened in cross section; lid orbicular to broadly ovate, 1.2-2.3
x 1.2-2 cm; glands lipped, 0.4-0.5(-0.7) mm across, more or

less even-sized,
sometimes interspersed with smaller lipped glands 0.15-0.2 mm across; spur 2-3
mm long, flattened, unbranched, slightly curved. Indumentum very short, < 0.05
mm, sparse or absent on stems, axils sparsely pubescent, pitcher and lid likewise.
Colour of lower pitchers deep-purple to blackish green; upper pitchers pale green in
lower part, becoming pale yellow to ivory-white above, with rose coloured markings
throughout.
Distribution Peninsular Malaysia: the mountainranges,
—
eastern Banjaran Timur;
G. Tahan and G. Tapis.
quartzitic soils heavily weathered

Ecology Open areas or amongst scrub, on or
—
rock; 1300-2100 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Ridley described N. gracillima from Mt. Tahan collections in 1908.
At the same
time he identified other specimens collected on the same expedition as N.
bongso Korth. In 1924 he corrected this identification, and described the latter
specimens as a new species: N. alba, and at the same time described N. ramispina
from Mt. Semangka in the Genting Highlands. Danser reduced all these
(1928)
names to N. gracillima, but we have reinstated N. ramispina. Danser's illustration
(1928: f. 7) is of N. ramispina.
2. Nepenthes gracillima can
be distinguished from N. ramispina by its smaller
size. The pitcher is not as attenuated, the is usually simple, the lid glands are
spur
larger, fewer and more uniform in size, and the whole plant is somewhat glabres-
cent. The coloration of the upper pitchers of N. gracillima is particularly striking: they
are green in their lower part, becoming pale yellow to ivory white in their
upper parts,
with rose coloured markings throughout. Kiew (1990) discussed the species on G.
Tahan in some detail.
3. Danser identified a specimen of N. gracillima (Ridley 16097) as belonging to
N. alata (see there).

4. There has been confusion about the Nepenthes of upland Peninsular Malaysia:
N. gracillima, N. macfarlanei, N. ramispina and N. sanguinea. Danser (1928) reduc-
ed N. ramispina to a
synonym of N. gracillima, but regarded the delimitationof the
remaining three species as confused by hybrids. Amongst herbarium specimens, hy-

brids seem to be this may be an artifact of collector selection of unusually
common;
differentindividuals. The of the three is distinct

large or ecology species (Kiew, 1990).
Nepenthes gracillima and N. ramispina are no doubt a closely related pair, but a dis-
tinct morphological disjunction correlates with the western and eastern mountain
of Peninsular Malaysia. Whilst we acknowledge that hybrids are to be found,

ranges
nonetheless it is possible to key the majority of highland Peninsular Malaysia speci-
mens as follows:
la. Stem cylindrical or sub-angular; lid rounded; peristome narrow (< 3 mm) ..
2
b. Stem angular; lid ovate; peristome broader (> 6 mm) 3
2a. Pitcher spur branched; lid glands numerous, small (0.2-0.3 mm) N. ramispina
b. Pitcher spur simple; lid glands few, large (0.4-0.5 mm) N. gracillima
3a. Stem sharply 3-angled, glabrous; peristome scarcely toothed; lid without hairs .
N. sanguinea
b. Stem perceptibly 3-angled, pubescent; peristome toothed, flattened near lid; lid
with many bristle-like hairs below N. macfarlanei
Collections —
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Pahang, G. Tahan, Hanijf 7890 (BO, SING), 7891 (BO);
Holttum 20644 (BO), 20666 (BO, SING); Ng 1448 (FRIM), 1478 (FRIM, SING), 20915 (FRIM),
13704,16097, 16098 SING); Wong & Wyatt-Smith 58, 61, 62, 63

20954 (FRIM); Ridley (all at
at Wray & Robinson 5309 (Type of N. gracillima), 5411 (Type of /

N. alba); Strugnell
(all FRIM);
42878 (FRIM); G. Tahan, Padang Luas, 1500 m, Kloss 12211, 12212, 12227, 12297 (all at BO);
Cockburn
Pahang, G. Tapis, 1400 m, Symington & Kiah 28877 (BO, FRIM); 11021 (FRIM).
30. Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees
Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees, Ann. Sc. Nat. 3 (1824) 366, t. 19 & 20, f. 1; Blume, Enum. PI.
3
Javae (1827) 85; Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. (1840) 32, t. & 4: 55-70; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 300 partim. —
Nepenthes melamphora Reinw. ex

Blume, Cat. Gew.
Buitenzorg (1823) 111, nomen; Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1852) 8. —
Type: Nees, I.e.,

1.19 (lecto, designated here).
Nepenthes melamphora sensu Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip. Nov. App. (1880) 173, = N. alata Blanco.
quae
Nepenthes gymnamphora var. haematamphora Miq., PI. Jungh. 1 (1852) 169; Beck, Wien. 111. Gar-
tenz. (1895) 186; Macfarl. in Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 57. Nepenthes melamphora

Engl., — var.
haematamphora (Miq.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 1 (1858) 1073. —
Type: Junghuhn s.n. (n.v.),
Java, Mts Patuha & Merapi.
Nepenthes phyllamphora auct. non Willd.: Reinw. ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 1 (1858) 1073.
Nepenthes rafflesiana auct. non Jack: Haberl., Bot. Tropenr. (1893) 227.
Nepenthes melamphora var. pubescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 562. —
Type: (not located)
Java, Gede.
lucida
l[Nepenthes melamphora var. Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1852) 8; Becc., Malesia 3 (1886)
Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 186. —Type: Mullers.n.

5; Beck, (L), Borneo.]
Non Nepenthes melamphora var. tomentella Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 13, = N. pectinata Danser.
quae
Distribution —
Western and Central Java (one record from Borneo, see note 3 be-
low).
Ecology —
Forest, 1000-2750 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Blume's 1823 publication of the name Nepenthes melamphora was in
reference to a Reinwardt description which, in the event, was never published. Nees
(1824) published his description of N. gymnamphora based on material which he
decided was more complete than that for N. melamphora, and he therefore decided to
substitute the new name (with Reinwardt as the author) so as to avoid confusion with
46 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Blume's name.
Since Reinwardt is not the author of this latter name however, author-
ship can
only be attributed to Nees. At Leiden there are a number of specimens that
have been annotated as 'Type' material for N. melamphora. The various Korthals
sheets (male plants) are clearly not correct, since they have been collected after publi-
cation of the names [Korthals reached Java in 1831 (Van Steenis-Kruseman, 1950)].
Danser (1928) cites a sterile Reinwardt collection made in 1817, and distinguished
the sheet number H.L.B. 908,156-109, but this specimen

by was not present at
Leiden in 1993. However, since this specimen was said to be sterile (Danser, 1928),
it is not likely to be the material on which N. is based. Another sheet

gymnamphora
at Leiden, 908,155-1069 comprises a female plant, as do two other sheets: 988,205-
430 and 988,205-448. The first of these is probably a Korthals collection, which
excludes it original material. The latter sheets, the other hand, may
again as on com-
prise original material of N. melamphora. Nees von Esenbeck was dismissed from
Breslau University in 1851 for 'moral turpitude' and his herbarium was split up and
sold (TL-2). The whereabouts of the N. gymnamphora material (the collection having
been sold to several herbaria) is unknown to us. In the meantime we have decided
not to lectotypify this species on a specimen, and plate 19 in Nees' original publica-
tion (1824) is selected to serve as the lectotype (stem, leaves and inflorescence), and
f. 1 in the work the paratype (lower pitchers).

plate 20, same as
2. Beccari (1886) described the variety tomentella to include Sumatran

specimens
of what was then regarded as a widespread species. The Sumatran variant has con-
tinued to be segregated: in 1928 Danser described N. pectinata, although this was
based on mixed types, as resolved by Schlauer & Nerz (1994); Tamin & Hotta
(1986) published the invalid name N. rosulata; and lastly Salmon & Maulder (1995)
published N. xiphioides. Schlauer & Nerz (1994) lectotypified N. pectinata, reject-
ing the inclusion of specimens of N. singalana. Nepenthes pectinata is distinguished
by several characters; in overall architecture it differs in that the upper leaves rarely
produce pitchers; the leaves are more gradually attenuated to their bases, with
upper
and scarcely discernible and decurrent the stem,

broadly winged petioles are on un-
like the shortly amplexicaul base of the present species; the have
pitchers a more
rounded, urceolate form, with a narrow mouth, and the peristome drawn out into a
neck; N. pectinata usually has a

denser indumentum, and the inner peristome margin
has larger teeth.
3. The variety lucida described by Blume is discussed in the section of Little Known
Taxa at the end of this paper.
Selected collections JAVA. Batavia, Kirawang, de Monchy 125 G.

—
(BO); Preangar, Pangeran-

Steenis 17624 G. Gede, Forman 94 2870 1999
go, van (BO, K, L); (K, L), Meijer (BO), Schiffner
(SING); Banjoemas, G. Slamet, Backer 420 (BO); Kediri, G. Dorowati, 24/5/1920, Coert s.n. (BO).
31. hamata J.R. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton

Nepenthes
Nepenthes hamata J.R. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton,Reinwardtia 10 (10 Feb 1984) 108 (as hama-
tus). Type: Turnbull & Middleton 83121a (BO n.v.), Central Sulawesi, G. Lumut W
—
ridge,
1850-1900 m, 19 Sep 1983.
Nepenthes dentata Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 11, nom. nud.; Gard. Bull.
Sing. 36 (7 Mar 1984) 197,1.1, f. 1. —

Type: Eyma 3572 (lecto, designated here, BO; iso BO),
Central Sulawesi, G. Lumut, between bivouac II and III on N 3 Sep 1938.

spur,
Distribution —
Sulawesi.
Ecology
—
On open ridge-tops, rooted in moss and climbing into trees, 1400-
2500 m
altitude.
Notes —
1. This species was first mentioned in a listing by Kurata (1976) under
the name N. dentata, although he did not validate this name until 1984. The descrip-
tion appears in volume 36 of the Gardens Bulletin of Singapore, although the effec-
tive publication date is 7th March 1984. The description of N. hamata appeared in a
of the appropriate of volume 10 of Reinwardtia, with effective

preprinting pages an
publication date of 10th February 1984, gaining priority by 28 days. The effective
publication date of these two names is open to debate. Whether the 'preprinting' was
widely available before the Kurata paper is hard to determine. It was certainly not
deposited at either Kew or Edinburgh prior to the accession of volume 36 of the
Gardens Bulletin of Singapore which arrived at both libraries in June 1984. The ap-
propriate volume of Reinwardtia arrived over a year later, in August 1985 (K) and
November 1985 (E) respectively.

2. The Turnbull and Middleton Sulawesi collections, from which they describe
three species (N. glabrata, N. hamata and N. infundibuliformis), were not found at
Bogor, nor at any other herbaria examined.
3. This species is related to N. tentaculata; amongst the most notable similarities
are the presence of hair-like appendages on the lid, the spur is branched, and sur-
rounded by other branching appendages, the lids of the lower pitchers often lack
glands, and the upper pitchers may or may not bear fringed wings. The features
which this species the striking peristome, with plate-like teeth, but
distinguish are
this only develops in the and is variable in the of

upper pitchers degree development.
Some specimens appear to be wholly like N. tentaculata. At present the seven or so
collections form something of a continuum. Kurata's description and selected type
represent an extreme in form (as illustrated in his figure), whilst the material selected
by Turnbull and Middleton has not been located, but the description suggests some-
what of an intermediate between N. hamata and N. tentaculata. It is possible that the
species hybridise, and collections

two may some
represent hybrids.
Collections —
SULAWESI. Central Sulawesi, West ridge of G. Lumut, Turnbull & Middleton
83121a, 19/9/83 (BO n.v.), 83122-32 (?n.v.); Biv. II—III, north ridge of G. Lumut, Poso S.D.,
3/9/38 ,Eyma 3573 (BO, K); 5/9/38, Eyma 3643 (BO); Mt. Tambusisi, 30/3/80, Lack & Grimes
1783 (K), 1784 (K); G. Sojol (G. Ogoomas), 27/10/83, Turnbull & Middleton 83166- 78, (?n.v.),
83185-97 (?n.v.); Mt. Roroda Timbu summit, van Balgooy 3335, 14/5/79 (BO); Tomongkobae
Mts, 9/10/38, Eyma 3969, 3969a, 3970 (all BO); G. Poka Pindjang, Kjellberg 1492, 28/5/29 (BO).
32. hirsuta Hook. f.

Nepenthes
Nepenthes hirsuta Hook.f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 99; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III,
9 (1928) 306, f. 8; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13, 4 (1988) 16; Pitcher Plants
of Borneo (1996) 92, f. 50. —

Type: Low s.n. (holo K), Borneo, Lawas River.
Nepenthes hirsuta var. typica Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 50, nom. inval.
Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrata Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 50. —
Type: Lobb 92 (holo
K), Borneo, Sarawak.
Nepenthes leptochila Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 319, f. 13; Phillipps & A.L.
Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 97, f. 52. —
Type: Amdjah 730 (lecto, designated here,
BO, sheet 1711-26; iso BO, K), Borneo, E Kalimantan, G. Djempanga, Sep 1912.
48 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Distribution —
Northern Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Ecology —
Thick peat on sandstone soils, ridgetops; 600-1000 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Nepenthes hirsuta has a characteristic inner margin of the peristome,
which is entire, or only very slightly toothed, but with large nectary-openings be-
tween the ribs. It varies from long-hairy to short-hairy. Nepenthes leptochila is re-
duced here as a near hairless form. Young shoots on the type indicate that the hairs
are lost. The variety typica is invalid from a nomenclatural point of view, since it in-
cludes the type of the species.

2. hirsuta is widespread in northern Borneo, but close
Nepenthes two apparent
relatives, have more

restricted distributions: N. macrovulgaris which is more or
less
confined to ultrabasic soils in Sabah, and N. hispida which occurs in Sarawak, near
the border with Brunei and Sabah.
BORNEO. Sarawak, near Kuching, 8/1912, Anderson s.n. (SING); G.
Serapi, Smythies 12640 (SING); 7th Division, Ulu Sg. Kayan, Dulit Awa & Yai 46831
range,
Sabah. Sandakan, Ruku Telupid, Gambio Loloh SAN 60107 (KEP); Tambulanan, Kenin-
(KEP). -
SAN 68879 (KEP). Kalimantan. Kalimantan Barat, G. Damoes, Hallier

gau, Patrick & Kumin -
642 Kalimantan Tarakan Oilfields, Sesarip, Meijer 2480 (BO), 2550 (SING).
(BO); Timur,
33. Nepenthes hispida Beck —
Fig. 5.
Nepenthes hispida Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 187. —

Type: Burbidge s.n. (W, sheet no. 55649,
lecto designated here; iso W x 2, K), Sarawak, Lawas River, 2000-3000 ft.
hirsuta auct. Hook, f.: Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4,3 (1908) 59, partim; M. Hotta,
Nepenthes non
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 22 (1966) 7, partim.
Climber, height 50 m. Stem terete, 2-4 mm thick, internodes of climbing shoots 2-4
cm long; internodes of short shoots 0.25-0.75 cm long. Leaves sessile, blade ob-
lanceolate to oblong, sometimes narrowly so; leaves of short stems 7-12 x 1.6-2.8
cm; leaves of climbing shoots 7.5-28 x 1.8-3.3

cm, apex shortly acuminate to ob-
tuse, often unequal, not peltate, base decurrent-amplexicaul, extending down the
0.5-1 and clasping it by 9/10 its diameter, the wings short, but 4-6
stem by cm,
mm broad, and almost meeting opposite the axil, coriaceous. Longitudinal nerves 3,
on
each side of the midrib in the outer half, from the leaf base. Pennate nerves incon-
spicuous, apparently few, running almost normal to the midrib. Above each inflores-
cence, the first leaf of the replacement shoot has an ovate blade, 2.5-4 x
0.7-1.3 cm,
with an acute to
obtuse and lacking a
tendril. Lower pitchers ovoid-ellipsoid in
apex,
the lower half, the half subcylindrical, tapering slightly to the mouth, 5-8.5
upper
cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide at the base, 1-1.8 cm wide at the mouth, with two fringed
wings, 1-3 mm wide, fringed elements 1-2 mm long, 1-2 mm apart; mouth ovate,
oblique, slightly concave; peristome rounded, 0.5-1.2 mm wide, not sinuate, ribs
0.25 mm apart, the inner margin with teeth 0.5-1 mm long; lid ovate-elliptic, 1.4-
2.7 x 0.9-2 cm, apex rounded, base truncate to slightly cordate, lower surface with
numerous circular, crater-like glands 0.1-0.15 mm across, those on the midline,
larger, elliptic, long; long, entire. the

to 0.35 mm spur c. 5 mm Upper pitcher as
lower, but more cylindrical; to 7-11.5 x 1.2-2.7 cm; wings sparsely fringed near
mouth and to 2 mm broad, or lacking fringed elements, 0.4-0.5 mm broad; mouth
peristome, lid and spur as in lower pitchers. Male inflorescence 9-13 cm long, 1.5
cm wide; stalk 2.5-4 cm long; partial-peduncles 2-flowered near base, but mostly
Fig. 5. Nepenthes hispida Beck. a. Stem with male inflorescence; b. pitcher; c. lower pitcher;
upper
d. female inflorescence; e. underside of lid; f. detail of peristome, internal view; detail of glands on
g.
lower lid surface, (a, b, d—g: Morshidi 24068 ; c: Burbidge s.n.).

50 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
1-flowered, 0.5-3 mm long, bracts absent; tepals elliptic, c.

3.5 x 2 mm; staminal
column 1.5-2 mm, anther-head with anthers in a single whorl, subglobular, 1-1.25
mm diam.Female inflorescence to 13 cm overall; stalk 5 cm; partial peduncles nearly

all 2-flowered, to 7 mm overall, branched near base; tepals elliptic-oblong, 3-5 x 2
mm long, the upper surface entirely covered with elliptic glands 0.2-0.5 mm across;
fruit valves 35-47 x 3-4 mm. Indumentum as N. hirsuta, but denser and longer, of
erect, slightly forward pointing, mostly simple, dark coppery, bristle-like hairs 1.5-
4 mm long, persistent and highly conspicuous on the stem, tendril and peduncle,
sparser on lower leaf-blade, and shorter and denser on inflorescence, including axis,
lower tepal surface and staminal column. Upper leaf-blade, midrib, upper tepal sur-
face and fruit, glabrous. Colour of stems (when dried) purplish grey; pitchers glau-
cous green, flecked red, especially inside, peristome red or greenish; flowers red.
Distribution —
Borneo, NE Sarawak and Bmnei.
Ecology —
Heath forest; 100-800 m altitude.
Notes —
1. This species has been long overlooked, partly because of difficulties
with its typification. Beck cites the type as "Am Lawas River bei 2000 bis 3000 Fuss
(Low)!". Low and Burbidge collected together in this area and some specimens bear
the name
of neither collector. At Kew there is a collection with a printed label of
there is also handwritten label: "N. spe-

F.W. Burbidge attached; however, a larger,
cies, Lawas River, 2000 to 3000 feet no flowering or seeding specimens seen." At
Vienna (W) there is a duplicate of this sheet with details presumably transcribed from
the Kew label. Beck probably saw the Kew material as well, and he has no doubt in-
terpreted the handwriting as Low's. The specimens accord exactly to Beck's descrip-
tion in both dimensions and appearance. Macfarlane (1908) placed N. hispida as a
synonym of N. hirsuta, in the var. typica which he described. Under this variety he
cites 3 collections: "Low!, Beccari!, Burbidge!", since the former specimen is most
likely the type of N. hirsuta, the varietal name is superfluous and illegitimate. The
last named specimen however, is in all likelihood the specimen we interpret here as
Beck's 'Low' specimen. Danser (1928) was skeptical of Macfarlane's treatment of
N. hispida, but did not see the type.
2. This species is closely related to N. hirsuta, but distinct in the amplexicaul-

decurrent leafbase, and also in the pilose character of the indumentum, with dense
bristle-like hairs 1.5-4 mm long (1-2 mm long in N. hirsuta) on purplish grey stems
(brown in N. hirsuta). The male flowers have a staminal column only 1.5-2 mm
long at anthesis (3.5-6 mm long in N. hirsuta). Nepenthes hispida appears to be
common in the region surrounding the Lambir Hills of northern Sarawak, with one
collection being known from nearby Brunei and the type from the Lawas River.
Collections —
BORNEO. Brunei, Bt. Teraja, Terajah FR, Seria, 21/12/63, Hotta 12881 (SAR);
Brunei Tembrong, Bt. Subok to Bt. Batu-Api, 21/1/64, Hotta 13518 (L). -
Sarawak. Mm Dist.,
Lambir NP, 29/9/78, Burn in B. 11672 (SAR), 1/3/66, Awang Morshidi S 24068 (K, L, SAR,
SING, SAN n.v.); Lambir Hills, Burn & Woods 2380 (SAR); Lawas River, Burbidge s.n. (Type).
34. Nepenthes x hookeriana Lindl.
Nepenthes x hookeriana Lindl., Gard. Chron. (1848) 87 nomen; Mast., Gard. Chron. 2 (1881) 812,
f. 157; G.Nicholson, 111. Diet. Gard. 4 (1886) 436; Gard. Chron. (1892) 561, ic. 557; Boerl.,
Handl. Fl. Ned. Indie 3 (1900) 54; Burb., Flora & Sylva II, 12 (1904) 111; Macfarl. in Engl.,
Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 34; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 309, f. 9; Shivas,
Pitcher plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984) 33; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher
Plants of Borneo (1996) 94, f. 7. —

Type: Low s.n. (not located), Borneo, Sarawak.
Jack: Low, Sarawak (1848) 68.

Nepenthes rafflesiana auct. non nomen.
Nepenthes loddigesii W.Baxter, Loud. Hort. Brit. Suppl. 3 (1850) 593; Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz.
227. Type: Not located.

(1895) —
Nepenthes hookeri Alphand ex Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 96 (in N. rafflesiana);

synon.
Alphand, Prom, de Paris, cum ic. (n.v.).
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (Lindl.) Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 147.
Non Nepenthes hookeriana sensu Low, Sarawak (1848) 68, = N. rafflesiana Jack.
quae
Distribution —
Widespread but scarce: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore,
Borneo.
Ecology —
Open, usually disturbed habitats, and then only found near populations
of the parent species N. ampullaria and N. rafflesiana; sea level to 1000 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Nepenthes x hookerianaLindl. was first published as a name in a list-
ing of species in the Gardeners' Chronicle of 1848, in reference to the name in Low's
book. Hugh Low, however, accidentally, or otherwise, treated N. rafflesiana as N.
hookeriana and vice versa in his book (1848). Masters was the first author to note
this confusion in the Gardeners' Chronicle (1881, vol. 2: 818 & f. 157), where he
gives the first full description and illustration of N. x hookeriana. However, until
Macfarlane's revision the taxon still remained dubious taxonomically, even though
its facies were
well understood in horticultural circles. Macfarlane (1908) cites sever-
al specimens, among them a Low collection from Sarawak, which would seem the
choice for but have been able locate this

most appropriate a lectotype, we not to
spec-
imen. Nepenthes loddigesii is included on the authority of Macfarlane (1908), but no
located.
type material has been
2. Nepenthes x
hookeriana is a naturally occurring hybrid between N. ampullaria
and N. rafflesiana (Macfarlane, 1908). In morphology it is intermediate between the
parental species. The leaf-blade exhibits the venation typical of N. ampullaria, with
the longitudinal veins in the outer 1 /2 of the blade only, and a shortly petiolate base.
The lower pitchers are urceolate with broad pitcher wings and a broad, rounded peri-
stome, but this is not developed into the long apical neck seen in N. rafflesiana. The
lid is oblong to oblong-ovate, with a blunt or notched apex, and two prominent lat-
eral veins, the lid glands are distributed throughout, unlike those of N. rafflesiana,
which are densest near the margins.
3. Along with another naturally occurring hybrid, N. x
trichocarpa, this taxon is
widespread, albeit scarce. The numbers of plants present in a given population is of-
small and they tend to be localised. It is possible that hybrids

ten
very can only sur-
vive in marginal or disturbed habitats, since the ecologies of the two

parental species
are not identical. Other hybrids, such as Nepenthes x kinabaluensis and Nepenthes
x trusmadiensis, though locally frequent, are restricted in their distribution, and their
identification is not problematic on a Malesian scale.
SUMATRA. Beccari 48 (K); East coast, Yates 1394 (BO). —
MALAY
PENINSULA. Johore, G. Pulai FR, Chan 17515 p.p. (KEP). —

SINGAPORE. Jurong, Green s.n.
(SING). —
BORNEO. Sarawak. Matang rd, Kuching, Collenette 707 (K); G. Gadang, Lubuk Sika-
Ping, van Borssum Waalkes 1985 (K, L). -

Sabah. Sook, Hobbs 13 (K); Sook Tulit rd, Comber
4167 (K). Kalimantan. Kalimantan Enoh 362

-
Barat, Pontianak, Mampawah, (K).

52 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
35. Nepenthes inermis Danser
Nepenthes inermis Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 312, f. 10. —
Type: Biinne-
9695 (lecto, designated here, BO), Sumatra, G. Kerinci, 1800 m, 26 Apr 1920.
meijer
Nepenthes bongso auct. non Korth.: Tamin & M.Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of
plant life in Sumatra (1986) 83 partim, f. 2 toto.
Distribution —
Sumatra.
— This is of the few known in

Ecology one species only to
grow epiphytically
forest (Hopkins et al., 1990); 2300-2590 m altitude.
mossy
Notes —
1. A typographical error in Danser (1928) led to the omission of the
number (.Biinnemeijer 9695) for the Kerinci locality, although it is mention-

specimen
ed in the figure legend. We have selected this material as the lectotype, since the fer-
tile material is badly damaged, and the pitcher presents the primary characters of this
species.
2. This remains and the lower pitchers have
species poorly known, as yet never
been collected. The remarkable upper pitchers lack a peristome and have a very nar-
row lid. The tendrils may or may not be coiled, an unusual habit -
in the majority of
species they are always coiled in upper pitchers. The pitcher fluid is said to be ex-
when the is upset

tremely viscous, forming long stringy droplets pitcher (Hopkins
et al., 1990). An unrelated species, N. eymae, shares the same combination of infun-
dibulate pitcher, narrow lid and viscous pitcher fluid. It has been suggested, and
demonstrated in greenhouse grown plants, that the infundibuliformpitcher and the
highly viscous pitcher fluid allows rainwater to be shed from the pitcher without di-
luting or washing away the partly-digested contents (Wistuba, 1994). The weight of
excess rainwater causes the pitcher to overbalance, shedding the water from the broad
whilst the shape of the lower of the pitcher, and the viscosity of
mouth, narrow part
the fluid, prevents mixing of the column with rainwater (Wistuba, 1994). A survey
of 22 the N. bongso) suggests that this species traps a

pitchers (under name very
high proportion of dipterans (flies) compared to other Sumatran species (Kato et al.,
1993).
Collections —
SUMATRA. Sumatera Barat, Bt. Gombak, Biinnemeijer 5747 (BO), 5749 (BO,
L); Bt. Gadang, Bancah, Talang Babungu, Okada & Rudsdi 40 (BO); G. Talang, Biinnemeijer 5522
G. Kerinci, Biinnemeijer 9695 (Type).

(BO);
36. Nepenthes insignis Danser
Nepenthes insignis Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 314, f. 11; Jebb, Science in
New Guinea 17 (1991) 24, f. 10.; H. Rischer, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 2 (1995) 75. —
Type:
Pulle 277 (lecto, designated here, BO; iso BO x 3,1 in alcohol), New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Beau-
fort River, 80 m, 9 Nov 1912.
Emended description; Short epiphyte to 80 cm. Pitchers to 30 cm overall, dark green
below, yellow above with deep red spots, peristome reddish brown (Rischer, 1995).
Distribution —
New Guinea: Irian Jaya, including Biak Island.
Ecology —
Epiphytic, rooted in thick moss layer, particularly on trees overhang-
ing rivers, more occasionally growing in sediment bars along rivers at 800 80-
m;
800 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Of the three duplicates of Pulle 277 at Bogor, the sheet with the large,
complete inflorescence has been annotated 'Type!' by Danser, and is selected as the
lectotype here.
2. The decurrent leaf base, large peristome with toothed inner margin, and 2-flow-
this from all others.

ered partial peduncles separate species
Collections —
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya. Biak Is., nr
Bavieri, Kostermans & Soegeng 936 (BO,
L); Idenburg River, 4 km S of Bernhard 13379 (A BO); 2 km SW of Bernhard

camp, Brass n.v.,
Brass 13669 BO); Rouffaer River, border of affluent 'C', Docters Leeuwen
camp, (A n.v., van
10258 (BO, K, L); Merauke, Beaufort River, Pulle 277 (Type).

p.p.
37. Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f.
Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 102; Anon., Gard. Chron. 16 (1872) 542;
Hook, f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1886) 70; Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 189; Macfarl. in Engl.,
Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 59. —
Type: Wallich 2244 (lecto, designated here, K-W; iso K-W x

4),
India, Jyntea Mts.
Nepenthes phyllamphora auct. non Willd.: Sims, Bot. Mag. 53 (1826) t. 2629; Hook. f. & Thom-
son, Herb. Ind. Or. ex Hook.f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 102; Regel, Gartenfl. (1881) 371,
ic. 374 (n.v.).
Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Graham, Edinb. Nepenthes Phil. J. July-Sept 3 (1827) 371; in
Curtis's Bot. Mag. 55 (1828) t. 2798.
Nepenthes melamphora auct. non Reinw. ex Blume: Hook, f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 22 (1859) 423, p.p.
Nepenthes rubra Hort. ex Rafarin, Rev. Hortic. (1869) 270.
— and Khasia Mts.

Distribution India, Bengal: Jyntea
Ecology —
Forest margins; 1000 m altitude.
Notes —
1. The Wallich collection at Kew contains 8 sheets of No. 2244. Three
of these consist of N. gracilis, of which 2 have mixtures of N. albomarginata, while
5 comprise N. khasiana from the Jyntea mountains. One of these latter has been an-
notated as the lectotype for the species.

2. This remarkable for its from the remainder
species is geographical remoteness
of the genus.
Selected collections INDIA. East Khasia Hooker &

—
Bengal, Mts, Thompson s. n. (K, SING);
Jyntea Mts, Wallich 2244 (Type); Jarain, Jyntea Mts, Clarke 3500 (n.v.).
38. kinabaluensis Sh. Kurata

Nepenthes x
kinabaluensis of Mt. Kinabalu

Nepenthes x Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes (1976) 64, pi. 21; nomen. —
Nepenthes Macfarl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot., 42 (1914) 127. Nepenthes rajah x Nepenthes
sp., —
9
villosa, Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, (1928) 363; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature
Malaysiana 13,4 (1988) 23; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 95, f. 51.
Intermediatebetween N. rajah Hook. f. and N. villosa Hook, f.; whole plant covered
by villose hairs; leaf peltate tipped; lid large, round; peristome broad with ex-
wavy,
panded teeth.
Distribution —
Borneo: western slopes of Mt. Kinabalu.
Ecology —
Leptospermum/Dacrydium forest on ultrabasic soils; 2420-3030 m
altitude.
54 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Notes —
1. Kurata's description (1976) is invalid and we
have seen no herbarium
material, so this hybrid name is yet to be validated.
2. Although long recognised as a hybrid, it has only recently been confirmed that
this taxon forms large, self-sustaining, and apparently true-breeding populations
(A. Phillipps, pers. comm.). In the case of N. x hookeriana and N. x

trichocarpa, al-
though recorded from many sites, and nearly always to be found where the parental
the tend be isolated individuals.
species occur together, plants to
3. Adam & Wilcock (1992) report that the much rarer hybrid between N. bur-
bidgeae and N. rajah produces largely sterile pollen. No information is available on
the pollen of N. x kinabaluensis
Collection BORNEO. Sabah. Mt. Kinabalu above Kamburangau, Gibbs 4300

—
(BM n.v.).
39. klossii Ridl.

Nepenthes
Nepenthes klossii Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. II, Bot., 9 (1916) 140; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
III, 9 (1928) 317, f. 12; Jebb, Science in New Guinea 17 (1991) 26, f. 12. Type: Boden
zorg —
Kloss Irian
s. n. (lecto, designated here, SING), Jaya, Utakwa expedition to Mt. Carstenz, Camp
VIb, 26 Jan 1913.
Distribution —
New Guinea: Irian Jaya.
Ecology —
Habitat unknown, probably grassland between 1000 and 2000 m alti-
tude, where it is apparently sympatric with N. maxima.
Note The distinctive hooded of the pitcher mouth (Jebb, 1991) is

appearance
—
similar to that seen in N. aristolochioides. It was inaccurately portrayed in Danser
(1928, f. 12).
Collections —
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya. Camp Via, Wollaston expedition, Boden Kloss s. n.
(K), Camp VIb, Boden Kloss s.n. (Type); Enarotali, Lake Tigi, Eyma 4893 (BO, K, SING).
40. Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek, spec. nov.
Nepenthes vieillardii auct. non Hook.f.: Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 393 partim,
f. 26; toto; Jebb, Science in New Guinea 17 (1991) 45, f. 27.
A Nepenthes vieillardii Hook. f. cirrhus et costus glandulis plurimus c. 1.5 mm diametro,
glandulis operculi denso c. 2-3 mm diametro toto, cum labio manifeste (non paucis 0.15-
0.5 mm diametro) peristoinio plus costis 0.3-0.4 mm distantibus, dentibus 0.15

grossus,
mm longus (non 0.2-0.3 mm distantibus, dentibus nullo), indumentum nullo (non pubes-
cento) differt. —
Typus: Lam 1637 (holo BO; iso BO), New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Doorman
Top, 3200 m, 17 Oct 1920.
Shrub or climber. Stem rounded or slightly angular, often greatly contracted, 0.1-
0.6 mm thick. Leaf-blade lanceolate; 5-14 x 1.2-2.8 cm; apex acute; base decurrent
to 2 cm down stem; longitudinal veins 3 or 4 (0-5) running in outer 1 /3 to 1 /4 of
the lamina; pennate nerves distinct or indistinct, running obliquely from midrib and
forming an irregular network in the outer 1 /2 of the blade. Tendrils with numerous
glands with thickened rims, 1.5-3 mm across. Lower pitchers obovoid throughout,
or somewhat cylindric above; to 11 x 4 cm; with 2 fringed wings up to 8 mm broad,
the 4 2
fringe segments to mm long, or these reduced to ridges; peristome 0.1-0.5
cm broad, ribs 0.3-0.5 mm apart, teeth on inner margin to 0.3 mm. Lid circular,
flat; 2.5-4 cm across; apex rounded, base rounded to cordate; glands on lower sur-
face dense, either with large thickened rims, and to 3 mm

in diameter overall, 1.5 mm
within lipped margin, or much smaller (0.1 and very (1500-2000/

mm) numerous
sq.cm). Spur simple, sometimes flattened, 1-5 mm long. Upper pitchers obovoid
throughout, or more usually cylindrical, slightly constricted in the upper 1 /2; 4-14 x
1-3 cm; lacking fringed wings, otherwise as the lower pitcher. Inflorescence a ra-
ceme, 8.5-14 cm long, often much contracted; partial peduncles 1-flowered, to 10
mm long, without a bract. Indumentum very sparse, on new innovations, but be-
Colour of the interior of

coming glabrous throughout. pitchers green, peristome red,
sometimes suffused with red.
pitcher pale green,
Distribution —
New Guinea: Irian Jaya (Mts. Doorman and Erica).
Ecology Epiphyte in mossy forest, or scrub and grass above tree-line;

amongst
—
Notes —
1. Formerly treated as an outlier of N. vieillardii Hook, f., but all the
New Guinea material differs in its almost glabrous nature (vs. sparse to dense white
hairs c. 1 mm long in N. vieillardii). Rather a variable species -
the collections are
somewhat sharply further collections are necessary elucidate the

disparate; to
pattern
of variation. The type specimen has exceptionally glandular tendrils, and the lid glands
are dense, very large and prominently lipped. Other specimens (Brass 12189) have
much smaller glands, but these are exceptionally dense, with 1500-2000 glands/sq.
75-100 glands/sq.cm in N. vieillardii). The peristome of N. lamii has

cm (vs. some-
what more widely spaced ribs (0.3-0.4 mm vs. 0.2-0.3 mm in N. vieillardii). At
high altitudes it becomes dwarfed and stunted ( Lam 1637, 1654). Some of the col-
lections from the Hellwig Mts. ( Pulle 803, von Romer 1037) are very small, delicate
plants.
2. The illustrations of ‘N. vieillardii’ in both Danser (1928) and Jebb (1991) are
of N. lamii.
3. The is named after Professor Herman Lam who made the first collec-
species
tions of this plant during the Van Overeem expedition to Mt. Doorman in 1920.
Collections NEW GUINEA. Irian Nassau Mts, 2600 m, Oct Docters Leeuwen
—
Jaya. 1926, van
10834 (BO, U); Mt. Doorman, 128° 25' E 3° 28' S, 3250 m, 17 Oct 1920, Lam 1637 (Type), Door-
3520 m, Lam 1654 18 km SW of Bernhard 2100 Jan

man
Top, (BO); Idenburg River, Camp, m,
1939, Brass 12189; Hellwig Mts, Erica summit, 1460 m, Nov 1909, von Romer 1037, 1038, 1052
(all BO); Erica summit, 1520 m, Dec 1912, Pulle 802, 803 (both BO), Hellwig Mts, 1900 m, Pulle
843 (BO).
41. Nepenthes lowii Hook. f.
lowii Hook, Trans. Linn. Soc. 22 (1859) 420, t. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
Nepenthes f., 71; Danser,
III, 9 (1928) 321; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 53; Phillipps &
zorg
A.L.Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13, 4 (1988) 19, 20; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 98, f. 53.
Type: Low s.n. (lecto, designated here, K; iso K x 3), Borneo, Sabah, Kinabalu.
Emended Lowermost ventricose below, and

description: pitchers ovoid, narrowing,
sometimes shortly tubular towards mouth, and somewhat constricted below peri-
stome; with 2 fringed wings running from mouth to 2/3-3/4 the height of pitcher;
56 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
peristome rounded, toothed within; lid with numerous bristles to 6 mm long and
covering most of the lower lid surface; lid glands exude a characteristic white fluid.
Distribution Borneo: Sabah (Mts. Kinabalu, Trus Madi) and Sarawak (Hose
—
Mts., G. Buli, Tama Abu range, Bario, Mt. Murud, Mt. Mulu).
Ecology —
Mossy forest, ridge tops; 1600-2600 m altitude.
Notes A distinctive species in the semi-woody, laterally twisted

1. upper pitchers
—
which lack a proper peristome and are extremely constricted at their mid-point. The
lower pitchers, however, are ovoid and bear a well developed peristome. The
upper
pitcher is green outside and a deep maroon red inside. The lid is relatively small, re-
flexed backwards and has long, tapering bristles 6 in In

many to mm length. life,
these bristles may occasionally support a mass
of white
gelatinous exudate. The com-
position and is unknown (Phillipps & Lamb, 1996). Wistuba

purpose (1994) sug-
gested that the unique pitcher shape may be an adaptation to preventing rainwater
from diluting or leaching the pitcher contents below the narrow 'waist'.
2. The related N. ephippiata is distinguished by its relatively large lid, with short
stout
processes (3x2 mm tapering to a blunt 1 mm apex) relative to the longer, slen-
der bristles (6-7 x 0.5 mm tapering to a point) in N. lowii. The more strongly devel-
oped peristome in the upper pitchers, and the less constricted 'waist' of N.
ephippi-
ata are also distinctive.
3. The species can

be remarkably common
in undisturbed areas but suffers great-
ly from curious humans (Phillipps & Lamb, 1996). Some collectors have remarked
'
the tendency of these pitchers trap leaf litter pitcher plant (Ed
on to -
a ' vegetarian de
Vogel, comm.). The tree shrew Tupaia has often been

pers. montana reported by
collectors as 'licking', or 'hunting for snails' on the underside of the lids (Smythies,
1965).
Collections BORNEO. Sarawak. Lawas, Bakelalan, G. Paie 26511 26512

—
Murud, (SAR),
(SAR, SING); Murud NP, Yii Puan Chin S 44420 (SAR); Murud to Bakelalan ridge, camp IV,
Hum & Martin 5418 Kalabit Mt. Murud Nooteboom & Chai
(SAR); highlands, east path to ridge,
1962 (SAR); Miri Div., Marudi Dist., Mulu NP, Bulcher & Jawa S 57910 (SAR); G. Mulu, An-
derson S 15085 (SAR), Lee 38829 (KEP, SAR), Hurt & Woods 2144 (E, SAR); G. Mulu, G. Api,
4° 07' S 114° 53' E, Argent & 1012 Mulu Ulu Chai 36461
Jermy (KEP, SAR); NP, Sg. Tutoh,
(SAR); Mulu NP, Ulu Sg. Melinau, James et al. 36561 (SAR); G. Bt. Buli, Awa & Lee 50990
(SAR); Tama Abu Range, Bario, Awa & Lee 51149 (SAR); Hose Mts, Bt. Temedo, Banying &
Nyudengo S 19023 (SAR). - Brunei. Temburong Dist., N of Bt.

Retak, Wong 453 (KEP, SAR,
SING). -
Sabah. Mt. Kinabalu, Anderson 25600 (SAR), Smythies 14422 (SAR), Haviland 1659
(SAR), Holttum (SING), Collenette 755 Sinclair 9043 G. Alab W of

s.n. (SING), (SING); range,
Trus Madi, Tambunan 60341 Bt. Aban G. SAN 95220

(KEP); Mankobo, Beluran, (KEP, SAR). -
Kalimantan. East G. McDonald & Ismail 3578 East

Kalimantan, Lunjut, Pujungan River, (BO);
Kalimantan, G. Buduk Pakik, N of Long Bawan, Krayan, 4° 03' 115° 47', Kato et al. 11053 (BO).
Hybrids —
Two hybrids involving this species have been described:
1. Nepenthes lowii x Nepenthes macrophylla —Nepenthes x trusmadiensis Mara-
bini, Mitt. Bot. Staatss. Munch. 19 (1983) 449; Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Nature Ma-
laysiana 13, 4 (1988) 21, 22; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 142, f. 76.
Description —
Upper pitchers with the form of N. lowii, with constricted middle,
and but with and lid bris-

a broadening mouth, a large peristome, a very large lacking
tles below. As in N. lowii the outer surface is predominantly green, and the inner sur-
face deep red.

Distribution —
Borneo: Sabah (Mt. Trus Madi).
Note —
This natural hybrid between N. macrophylla and N. lowii was said to be
the summit of Mt. Trus Madi in Sabah. However, visitors

frequent on recent suggest
that the solitary, rather individual (Martin Sands,

plant may be a large pers. comm.).
It is of note that no equivalent hybrids have been found on Mt Kinabalu, where N. ed-
wardsiana (closely related to N. macrophylla) is to be found growing with N. lowii.
2. Nepenthes lowii x Nepenthes stenophylla Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature Ma-
laysiana 13, 4 (1988) 10; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 154, f. 82. —
Nepenthes
x bruneiensis A. Culham, Carnivorous Plant Society 21; nomen;
Pitchers tubular, but constricted towards the middle, with

Description a large,
—
rounded peristome, and a

lid with bristles and white exudate.
Distribution —
Borneo: Sabah (Mt. Mentapok); Brunei (Bukit Pagon).
Note —Found rarely as individuals in mixed populations of N. lowii and N. steno-
phylla (Phillipps & Lamb, 1996). Mossy forest above 1500 m altitude.
42. Nepenthes macfarlanei Hemsl.
Nepenthes macfarlanei Hemsl., Proc. Linn. Soc. 6/4/1905 (1905) 12; Hook, f., Icon. (1906) 29,
t. 2814 & 2815; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 323; Shivas, Pitcher plants of
Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984) 35. —

Type: King's Coll. 7421 (lecto, designated here,
iso K 3), Perak, nearly of G. Bubu, 4800-5300 ft, 1885.
K; x on
top
Distribution —
Peninsular Malaysia.
Ecology —
Mountain ridges, but usually in shady sites on mossy banks; 1000-
2150 m altitude (Kiew, 1990).

Notes —
1. At Kew there are four sheets collected by Dr. King's collectors. On
one
of these sheets ‘N. macfarlanei Hemsley' has been written, followed by the ini-
tials W.B.H., and we presume that this annotation has been done by Hemsley him-
self. These collections were probably in the Calcutta herbarium, and received at Kew
in 1905.
2. This species is characterised by the bristles on the underside of the lid. The
pitchers are
characteristic in the they are abruptly contracted at the mouth. The
way
peristome is flattened, and developed into a short neck at the apex, on its inner mar-
gin it is markedly toothed. The lower pitchers may be borne on tendrils to 90 cm

up
in length.
3. Danser (1928) pointed out that some collections appear intermediate between
N. ramispina or N. sanguinea. The bristles below the lid and the toothed peristome
usually diagnostic of N. macfarlanei. Nepenthes sanguinea has

are a sharply-angled
stem, those of N. macfarlanei are more rounded-angular, while N. gracillima and N.
ramispina have cylindrical stems. (See N. gracillima for further differential characters
between these four species.)
MALAY PENINSULA. Perak. G. Batu Puteh, Wray 339 (SING); G. Bubu,
30848 coll. 7395 (BO, SING). Selangor. G. Ulu Shah & Ali
Symington (KEP), King's -
Kali,
2961 9021 Bt. -
(KEP, SING), Soepadmo (KLU); Tunggal, Wyatt-Smith 94569 (KEP). Kelantan.
G. Storig, Symington 37699 (KEP). -
Terengganu. G. Sembilu, 7/1952, Hislop s.n. (SING). -
Pahang. Cameron Highlands, Holttum 23404 (BO,SING); G. Tahan, Ng 20961 (KEP). -

Malaka.
Alvins s. n. (SING).
58 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
43. Nepenthes macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek, stat. nov.
Hook. f. Mitt. Bot. Staatss. Munch. 23

Nepenthes edwardsiana subsp. macrophylla Marabini, (1987)
427; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13,4 (1988) 21 as Nepenthes edwardsiana; Phil-
of Borneo (1996) 101, f. 54.
lipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants —
Type: Marabini 2167/48
ER n.v.; M n.v.), Borneo, Sabah, Mt. Trus Madi, 2500 1983.

(holo m,
Description: As for N. edwardsiana, but leaf-blade larger, to 35(-60) x 12(-20) cm.
Pitchers semi-woody, shortly cylindrical, slightly constricted at the mid-point; 22-28
x 6.5-8.5 cm at base and apex, 6-7 cm wide at midpoint; peristome with ridges much
shallower, 1 (—3) mm high at side of mouth, 5-8 mm apart; lid larger, 9-12 x 9-10.5
cm.
Inflorescence 38-78 cm long; peduncle 15-23 x 0.4 cm; pedicels ± 250, 15-16
bracts 1-2 long, 1-5 from main axis; tepals ellipsoid 5-6x3
mm long; mm mm mm;
staminal column 3-4 mm long; anther-head 1.5-2 x 2-2.5 mm. Colour of pitcher
suffused dull red, peristome darker, inner pale green, lid red above, green below,
inflorescence dull reddish brown and green.
Distribution —
Borneo: Sabah (Mt. Trus Madi); type collection only
Moss forest, ridge-tops; 2000-2600 m altitude.

Ecology
—
Note —
The leaves of N. edwardsiana reach a maximum size of about 20 x 6 cm,
whilst the smaller blades of N. macrophylla start at 35 x 12 cm. The pitcher is dis-
tinct from that of N. edwardsiana, by its ventricose pitcher, which is

shorter, more
narrowed in its upper 1 /3, and its relatively large lid.
Hybrids —
A hybrid with N. lowii (see there) has been named Nepenthes x trus-
madiensis Marabini.
& A.T. Middleton

44. Nepenthes macrovulgaris J.R. Turnbull
Nepenthes macrovulgaris J.R. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 96 (1988) 352, f. 1
& 2; Lowrie, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 12 (1983) 88, nomen; Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Pitcher
Plants of Borneo (1996) 103, f. 55. —

Type: Turnbull & Middleton 81166j (lecto, designated
iso BO, K, L, US), Borneo, Sabah, Mt. Silam, 4° 58' N 118° 10' E, 550 1 June 1981
here, K; m,
Nepenthes sp., Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 76, f. 27.
Distribution —
Borneo: Sabah.
Ecology —
Shrubberies, landslides or cliffs only on ultrabasic soils; 300-1200 m.
Notes —
1. Five sheets at Kew are cited as the holotype, but this is incompatible
with ICBN rules. One sheet (Turnbull & Middleton 81166j) has been illustrated
1) in the and this is here selected the The spe-

(fig. original publication as
lectotype.
cific name is an irregular combinationof Greek and Latin.
2. Most closely related to N. hirsuta and N. hispida, this species can be distinguish-
ed by being confined to ultrabasic soils, its toothless peristome margin, and its total
lack of hairs. The lower pitchers have a constriction immediately below the peristome,
not unlike that of N. macfarlanei.

3. Specimens of this species collected over the last two decades have often been
incorrectly labelled ‘N. hybrida’.
Collections BORNEO. Sabah. Mt. Beaman 11633 (SAR), Turnbull & Middleton
—
Silam,
81161 (Type); Mt. Tribulation, Sq. Segama, Cockburn 84881 (K, KLU, L, SAR); Tongod Dist.,
Bt. Tinker, Keramuak, Dewol 96682 (K, L, SAR, SING); Telupid, Bt. Tawai FR, Dewol 108799
(KEP, SAR, SING); Mt. Meliau, Kiabau-Labuk, Meijer 51564 (SAR).

45. Nepenthes madagascariensis Poir.
Nepenthes madagascariensis Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Mcth. Bot. 4 (1796) 459; Willd., Spec. IV, 2
(1805) 873; Brongn., Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 (1824) 45, t. 5, f. 2; Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4 (1836) 101;
Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. (1840) 41; Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 9; Hook. f. in
Prodr. 17 (1873) 92; Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 2; Nicholson, 111. Diet. Gardening 4
A.DC.,
(1886) 438; Scott-Elliott, Ann. Bot. 5 (1891) 376; Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 226; Bur-
bidge, Flora & Sylva II, 12 (1904) 112; Dubard, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 12 (1906) 62; Macfarl.
in Pflanzenr. 3 (1908) 31; Schmid-Hollinger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 100 (1979) 385, t. 8-
Engl., 4,
Flore de fam. 86 (1982) 44, 12-13. Commerson (P-LA), Madagas-

14; Madag. t. —
Type: s.n.
car.
Nepenthes cristata Brongn., Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 (1824) 48, partim (see Excluded species).
Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Brion, Belg. Hortic. 5 (1855) 196.
cylindrica Dubard, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 12 (1906) 63.

Nepenthes madagascariensis var. —
Type:
Humblot 400 (P n.v.), Madagascar.
376. Type: Scott-
Nepenthes madagascariensis var.
macrocarpa Scott-Elliott, Ann. Bot. 5 (1891) —
Elliott 2302 (n.v.), Madagascar, near Fort Dauphin.
Distribution far north Masoala peninsula,

—
Madagascar, east coast as as com-
monest in south around Fort Dauphin.
Ecology —
Along the edges of swamps and in peaty/sandy soils; low altitudes.
Note —
There are two species of Nepenthes in Madagascar. The second species,
N. masoalensis, occurs immediately beyond the northernmost locality of the present
species. Nepenthes madagascariensis is characterised by its wholly infundibuliform
upper pitchers (vs. ventricose-tubular in N. masoalensis). Other differences are cited
under N. masoalensis.
MADAGASCAR. Belavenoke, 1/10/32, Decary 10731 (K, P); Fort Dauphin,
26/6/26, Decary 3983 (K, P); Tamatave, 20/7/1882 Humblot s.n., (K, P); Tamatave Tampina
FR, 21/12/38, Lam & Meeuse 6032 (K); Andovoranto, near Antanifotsy, 45 km S of Tamatave,
Humbert
Viguier & 2004 (P).
46. J.H. Adam & Wilcock

Nepenthes mapuluensis
Nepenthes mapuluensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock, Blumea 35 (1990) 265. —
Type: Kostermans 14017
(lecto, designated here, L; iso BO, L), Borneo, East Kalimantan, Berouw, Mt. Has Mapulu, 800
m, 23 Sep 1957.
Emended description: Stem angular to rounded, nodes bent in lower part of stem,
giving zig-zag Leaves lanceolate-obovate, sessile orpetiolate; 13-26 x

appearance.
2-5.5 cm; apex acute to rounded, sub-peltate; base tapering, parallel-sided and some-
what dilatedand amplexicaul at the very base; longitudinal veins 4-5, in outer 2/3 to
3/4 of blade, arising from base, or some from lower part of midrib, pennate nerves
absent
arising obliquely, curving towards margin; petiole or broadly winged to 6 cm
long. Lower pitcher ellipsoid throughout, and narrowest at mouth, or somewhat
tubular in /2; 12-22 x 3.5-8 fringed wings 2-8 broad, with fringe
upper 1 cm; mm
elements to 3 mm, 2-4 mm apart; mouth oblique; peristome rounded at front, some-
what broadened near apex, 0.3-2.2 cm across, internally with teeth to 1.5 mm, ex-
ternally margin undulate; lid ovate, 4.5-9.2 x 3-5 cm, apex rounded, base abruptly
attenuate to scarcely cordate, with a prominent central ridge, glands dense near base
and along ridge, rimmed, 1 mm across, remaining surface glandless; tendril to over
60 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
in lower 1 /2, constricted above and

45 cm long. Upper pitcher ellipsoid widening to
mouth; to 19 x 5 cm; mouth ovate; peristome 0.4 cm across, rounded at front, ex-
lid 1.2 ribs 0.3-0.5 apart, teeth inner margin 2

panded near to cm across, mm on to
mm long; fringed wings as in lower pitcher, but near mouth only. (Climbing pitchers
of BO specimen ellipsoid below, tubular in upper 1 /2; to 12x2 cm; peristome 1-2
mm across, rounded, not expanded; wings absent.) Leaves dry a characteristic grey-
reddish brown below. In life the pitcher varies from light

green above, and green
dark with
with black-purple markings to purple greenish purple spots; peristome
brown; wings black.
Distribution —
Borneo: East Kalimantan (Sambaliung range).
Ecology —
Limestone; 700-800 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Adam and Wilcock (1990) only cited the holotype in their original
Two other collections Leiden and Bogor provide for fuller descrip-
publication. at a
tion of the species. In the original publication two duplicates of the type number are
given as the holotype. Of these the sheet with the male inflorescence (from which
their fig. 1 was prepared) is chosen as the lectotype.

2. The of the material exhibits different
majority isotype at Bogor very upper
from the remaining material, but the leaves match the remaining specimens,
pitchers
and either shows somewhat extreme dimorphy
may presume that the
a
we species
in pitcher shape, or that the material is a mixed collection of M. mapuluensis and a
further unknown species.
3. This species has a striking similarity to N. northiana; the ellipsoid lower pitch-
ers
with large oblique mouth, the expanded peristome with an undulate outer edge,
the ovate lid with glands confined towards the midline, and the sub-peltate leaf tips.
It differs in many other features, particularly the smaller leaf, non
decurrent leaf base
and smaller inflorescence. Like N. northiana it has only been collected from lime-
stone. One collection comes

from the type locality of N. campanulata Sh. Kurata.
Collections —
BORNEO. Kalimantan Timur, G. Buntung, 1° 50' N 117° 15' E, 700 m, 28 Aug
1981, Geesink 9314 (L); Berouw, Mt. lias Bungaan, 700 m, 12 Sep 1957 Kostermans 13821 (L),
Mt. Has Mapulu, 800 m, 23 Sep 1957, Kostermans 14017 (Type).
47. Nepenthes masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger
Nepenthes masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 97 (1977) 576, t. 1-4. —
Type: Zaka-
hosy 1949 (P), Madagascar, Antanampanihy prov., Antalaha district, Serv. d'Agric. d'Antalaha,
Ambato.
Distribution —
Madagascar: Masoala peninsula, and Mt. Ambato region.
Ecology —
Pandanus and Sphagnum swamp,
mountain
ridgetops, xerophytic veg-
etation; 30-400 m altitude (Schmid-Hollinger, 1977).

Notes This species is confined the Masoala peninsula in northeastern Ma-
—
1. to
dagascar, while N. madagascariensis is found to the south.
2. Closely related to N. madagascariensis, it differs in its upper pitchers being cy-
lindrical or ventricose-tubular, not wholly infundibulate; the lid is rounded and never
broader than long; the leaves scarcely petiolate, and the venation of
emarginate or are
this species is distinct in the way the pennate nerves are more distinct, and curve to
an almost perpendicular arrangement, unlike those of N. madagascariensis, which

are scarcely separable from the longitudinal nerves, in that they tend to curve
towards
the apex.
Collections —
MADAGASCAR. Amboato, Schmid-Hollinger 100.1-100.7 (Z, n.v.); Antalaha
Dist., Antanampanihy Prov., Zakahosy 1949, Serv. d'Agric. d'Antalaha (Type); Antalaha, Res. Nat.
II, Duran 2253 (P); d'Ambato Onive, Roberson 21 SF

sur
s.n., /3 /49 (P); Masoala, Maroantsetra,
5546 S of 101.1-102.21 S of
(P); Sinda, Onive, Schmid-Hollinger (Z) sans vide; Miandralanitra,
Onive, Schmid-Hollinger 102.1-102.23 (Z) sans vide.
48. Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Nees
t.
Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex
Nees, Ann. Sc. Nat. 3 (1824) 369, 20, f. 2; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 325, partim; Jebb, Science in New Guinea 17 (1991) 29, f. 14, 15. —
Type: ? Reinwardt 1537 (L x 3), Sulawesi, Manado, G. Roemengan, 1821.
Nepenthes celebica Hook.f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 100. —

Type: Meyer s.n. (lecto, designat-
ed here, K), Sulawesi, Gorontalo.
Nepenthes boschiana auct. non Korth.: Becc., Malesia 1 (1878) 214; 3 (1886) 3, f. 3 & 9.
Nepenthes curtisii Mast., Gard. Chron. 2 (1887) 681, t. 133. —

Type: Curtis s.n. (K), cultivated ex
Borneo.
Nepenthes curtisii superba Hort. Veitch Gard. Chron. 14 756. Ne-

var. ex Marshall, Ill, (1893) —
penthes maxima var. superba (Hort. Veitch ex Marshall) Veitch, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 21 (1897)
238; Mast., Gard. Chron. Ill, 38 (1905) 379. —

Type; not located.
Nepenthes oblanceolata Rid]., Trans. Linn. Soc. II, Bot., 9 (1916) 140; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg III, 9 (1940) 344. —

Type: Kloss s.n., Wollaston Expd. (lecto, designated here, K),
New Guinea, Carstenz 930 m.

Mts., camp Via,
Nepenthes maxima var. minor Macfarl. in

Gibbs, Contr. Phytogeogr. & Flora Arfak Mountains
(1917) 141. —
Type: Gibbs s.n. (BM n.v.), New Guinea, Arfak Mts.
Non Nepenthes maxima var. lowii Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 3, = N. stenophylla Mast.
quae
Non Nepenthes maxima var. sumatrana (Miq.) Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 3, = N. sumatrana (Miq.)
quae
Beck.
Distribution —
Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea.
Ecology —
Epiphytic in mossy forest, or terrestrial in swamp grassland, or on
ridge tops; usually 600-2500 m, but occasionally at lower altitudes (40 m, Milne
Bay, Papua New Guinea).

Notes —
1. Reinwardt's collection at Leiden (No. 1537) is annotated as the type
of N. maxima. The
original publication certainly cites a Reinwardt specimen from
Sulawesi, but it also includes a drawing of a male flower and a fruit, which are not
present on the Leiden material. Nees von Esenbeck's herbarium was split up and
sold under N. gymnamphora). It is that further of

(see notes possible duplicates
Reinwardt's material exist elsewhere. Whilst disputing that the Leiden sheets
not (3)
are original material, whe consider it probable that Nees used further material for his
description. A lectotype is therefore not nominated for the present.
2. Hooker did not see the Korthals material of N. maxima, and he left the spe-
cies satisfactorily known, describing N. celebica from the material

as not Meyer at
Kew.
3. Nepenthes curtisii from seed Veitch's and said

was grown at nurseries, was to
have been collected by Charles Curtis in Borneo. To our knowledge no equivalent

material has ever been collected in Borneo, and it is possible that the seed was col-
lected in Sulawesi, where Charles Curtis travelled (1881) after Borneo (1880).
62 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
4. Nepenthes maxima is a widespread and very variable species. The upper pitch-
in form, from narrowly cylindrical to strongly infundibulate. In

ers range greatly
some populations the pitchers are winged along their entire length, resembling
upper
the rosette pitchers. In others the lower pitchers are ovoid throughout while the upper
pitchers vary from slender and cylindrical to markedly infundibulate. There has been
confusion with N. fusca in Borneo because some authors, including Danser, have
used the presence of an apical lid appendage as a diagnostic character for N. max-
ima. Although some individuals of N. fusca in Sarawak do have broad, ovate lids
with these lower intermediatepitchers. The

apical appendages, are usually on or nar-
row lid which we consider the main diagnostic character of N. fusca is usually only
evident in upper pitchers. Nepenthes is another close relative, and is said to

eymae
in Sulawesi, although have herbarium material to

merge with N. maxima
we seen no
support this view.
Selected collections SULAWESI. G.

—
Menado, Roemengan, Reinwardt 1537 (L), Kanba-Taripa,
Eyma 4019 (BO); Minahasa, Tomohai, G. Lokon, Foreman 368 (BO); G. Malabo, Rachmat 514
(BO); Kabaena, G. Sabampolulu, McDonald & Ismail 4170 (BO). —

MOLUCCAS. Morotai, Koster-
1202 Halmahera, Tillare, Lam 3745 (BO); W Tobelor, Beguin 2313 (BO). Batjan, G.
mans (BO).
Sibela, Roepke 11 (BO). Obi G. Jikodolang, de Vogel 4286 (BO). Buru, Toxopeus 143 (BO).
Is.,
Seram, G.Binaia, Argent 87169 (BO); G. Selagor, Buwalda 5780 (BO). Ambon, Boerlage 463 (BO),
Buwalda 6216 (BO). —

NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya. Sorong, path from Sudjak village to Mt. Kuse-
mun, Ije River valley, Van Royen & Sleumer 7719 (BO, K, L); Angi Gita lake, Kostermans 2165
& Sleumer 5928 (BO, K);

(BO, K); Enarotali, Eyma 4819 (BO, K); Cycloops Mts, van Royen
Balim valley, Burley & Ismail 4507 (KEP, SING); Balim valley above Wellesey, Kostermans &
53164
Soegeng 610 (BO, K). -
Papua New Guinea. Telefomin, Lisowski (K); Morobe, Headwaters
of Buhem River, Mt. Rawlinson, Hoogland 9299 (BO, K, LAE); Normanby I., Mt. Pabinama, Brass
25663 (K, LAE).
49. Nepenthes merrilliana Macfarl.
Nepenthes merrilliana Macfarl., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Pennsylv. 3, 3 (1911) 208, t. 1; Sh. Ku-
rata & Toyosh., Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1972) 157. —

Type: Hutchinson 7545 (MAN n.v.), Phil-
1907.
ippines, Mindanao, Surigao Prov., Dinagat Island, 20 m,
Nepenthes merrillii Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2787, sphalm.
Nepenthes surigaoensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2785. Type: Elmer 13705,
—
p.p.
(PNH f?), Philippines, Mindanao, Agusan Prov., Mt. Urdaneta, 1700 m, Sep 1912.
Distribution —
Philippines: Mindanao (Surigao Province, including Dinagat Is.).
Ecology —
Forest, steep slopes near coast, 20-1700 m altitude. Although report-

ed by Macfarlane (1911) as being epiphytic, this is probably an error, and is based
on a note added to the specimen at Kew by Merrill.
Notes —
1. The type of N. surigaoensis was erroneously recorded as 12705 by
Elmer, the true number being 13705. This collection is a mixture, and the other spe-
cies was described by Danser as N. petiolata.

2. From other Philippine species it can be distinguished by its long, narrow spathu-
late leaves, 20-60 x 5-7 cm with an obtuse or somewhat emarginate apex, with 5-7
longitudinal nerves on each side of the midrib in the outer 2/3 of the blade, the pitch-
is obovoid, with broad sinuous peristome.

er ellipsoid to a
3. Danser identified a specimen (Riedel s.n., BO) from Gorontalo, Sulawesi as
this species. However, it that the leaf apex, narrowed

belonging to seems to us acute
M. Jebb & M. Cheek: Skeletal revision 63
of Nepenthes
mouth and long peristome teeth do not suggest that they are conspecific. Further ma-
terial is needed from northern Sulawesi to elucidate the placement of this material.
4. Three endemics confined the Surigao province of Mindanao

Philippine are to
Island: N. bellii, N. merrilliana and N. petiolata.
Selected collections PHILIPPINES. Hutchinson 7545

—
Mindanao, Surigao Prov., Dinagat I.,
(Type); Surigao Prov., Ramos 34503 (BO, SING); Agusan Prov., Mt. Urdaneta, Elmer 13705 p.p.
of N. surigaoensis).
(Type
50. Nepenthes mikei B. Salmon & Maulder
mikei B. Salmon & Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 24 (1995) 82, f. 3 & 4. Ne-
Nepenthes Maulder, —
penthes Hopkins, Salmon & Maulder, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 19 (1990) 23, 25. —
Type:
sp.,
Salmon & Maulder 221719 (AK n.v.), cultivated, Sumatra, Riau Prov., Mt. Pangulubau, 1900
m, 17 Feb 1995.
Emended description: Stems rounded Leaves linear-obovate; 15x2

to angular. to cm.
Lower pitchers to 11.5 x 2 cm. Upper pitchers 5-13 x 0.8-2 cm; mouth acuminate
to lid. Lids to 3.8 x 2.1 cm. Male inflorescence 7-15 cm long, upper 1 /2
to 2/3 bear-
from 20-45 flowers.

ing
Distribution —
Sumatra: Aceh, Gajo and LeuserMts.; Riau, G. Pangulubao.
—
Ecology Mossy forest, montane scrub; 1100-2400 m altitude.
Notes —
1. The type material was cultivated from specimens collected on Mt.
Pangulubau. Other herbarium material was

overlooked by the authors at the time of
publication. The species was named for Mike Hopkins, who published the first de-
scription of the species.

2. Nepenthes mikei resembles N. tobaica from which it differs by its small N. ra-
mispina-like pitchers, with fasciculated multiple spurs at the apex of the pitcher, and
1-flowered partial peduncles. It also differs in having auriculate leaf bases and a short
inflorescence of pedicelled flowers.
Collections —
SUMATRA. Aceh Prov., G. Leuser Nature Reserve, G. Bandahara, 2400 m, 22 June
1972, de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 13190 (BO); 13103 (L); Takengon. Bui ni Telong, 16/6/1930,
Frey-Wyssling 18 (BO); Ravijn van

Passoebaea, Habinsaran, 27/12/30, Frey-Wyssling 24 (BO);
Losir Massif, 2250-2750 m, 30 Jan 1937, van Steenis 8488, 8488a (BO); Leuser, Go Lemboeh, Feb
1937, van Steenis 8976, 9170 (BO); Losir, Paja, K. Kapi & K. Aoenan, van Steenis 9968 (BO).
51. Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce, Rep. Exch. CI. Br. Isl. (1916) 637; Merr., Interpr. (1917) 242;
Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 330; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu,
Sabah (1976) 56; Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life in Suma-
in New Guinea 17 f. J.H.Adam & Mai.

tra (1986) 88; Jebb, Science (1991) 32, 16; Wilcock,
Nature J. 46 (1992) 76; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 109, f. 57. —
Phyllamphora mirabilis Lour., Fl. Cochin. 2 (1790) 606. —

Nepenthes phyllamphora Willd.,
Sp. PI. IV, 2 (1805) 874. —
Type: Loureiro s.n. (P n.v.), Vietnam, near Hue.
Cantharifera Rumph., Amb. 5 (1750) 121, t. 59, f. 2.
Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Steud., Nom. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 190.
Nepenthes moluccensis Oken, Allg. Naturgesch. 3, 2 (1841) 1368, n.v.
Nepenthes phyllamphora var. platyphylla Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 7. —

Type: Blume
s.n. (L n.v.), Java, Bantam; not located.

64 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Nepenthes macrostachya Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 7. —

Type: Sumatra, Bencoolen;
not located.
Mus. Bot. 2 7. Korthals Bor-

Nepenthes fimbriate Blume, Lugd.-Bat. (1852) —
Type: s.n.
(L n.v.),
neo, Pulau Lampei.
Nepenthesfimbriate var. leptostachya Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 8. —

Type: Blume s.n.
Borneo.
(L n.v.),
37 154.
Nepenthes kennedyana F.Muell., Fragm. 5, part (1866) —
Nepenthes kennedyi Benth., Fl.
6 Jardine
Austr. (1873) 40, sphalm. —
Type: s.n. (MEL n.v.), Australia, Queensland, Cape
York, near Somerset.
Nepenthes echinostoma Hook. f. in A.DC. Prodr. 17 (1873) 95; Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3
(1908) 70. —■ Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook, f.) J.H. Adam & Wilcock, Mai. Na-
ture J. 46 (1992) 81, f. 2; Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 110. —
Type: Beccari 121 (K, FI n.v.), Borneo, Sarawak, Kuching.
macrantha Hook. f. in A.DC. Prodr. 17 (1873) 97. Beccari

Nepenthes phyllamphora var. —
Type:
s.n. (FI n.v.), Borneo, Sarawak.
Nepenthes bernaysii F.M. Bailey, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 5 (1881) 185. —
Type: Haskett s.n. or
Beddome s. n. (BRI n.v.), Australia, Queensland, Cape York at Bowden Park.
Nepenthes obrieniana Linden & Rodrigas, L'Illustration Hort. 38 (1890) 109, t. 66 (as o’brieniana).
Type: not located, ?Borneo.
F.M. J. 1 (1897) 230, Type: Jardine s.n. (BRI n.v.),

Nepenthes jardinei Bailey, Qld.Agric. t. s.n. —
Australia, Queensland, Somerset.
Nepenthes rowanae F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 1 (1897) 231, t. s.n. —
Type: Jardine s.n. (BRI
n.v.), Australia, Queensland, Somerset.
Nepenthes albolineata F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 3 (1898) 355, t. 58 (as albo-lineata). —
Type:
Jardine s.n. (BRI n.v.), Australia, Queensland, Somerset.
Nepenthes moorei F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 3 (1898) 355. —
Type: Jardine s.n. (BRI n.v.), Aus-
tralia, Queensland, Somerset.
Nepenthes alicae F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 3 (1898) 356. —

Type: Jardine s.n. (BRI n.v.), Aus-
tralia, Queensland, Somerset.
Nepenthes cholmondeleyi F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 7 (1900) 441, t. 59. —
Type: Cholmondeley
Jardine s.n. (BRI n.v.), Australia, Queensland, 5 miles S Jardine River.
Nepenthes pascoensis F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 16 (1905) 190, t. 2. —

Type: Carraway s.n. (BRI
n.v.), Australia, Queensland, Head of Pascoe River.
Nepenthes armbrustae F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 16 (1905) 191, t. 3. —
Type: Armbrust s.n.

(BRI
n.v.), Australia, Queensland, Coen.
Nepenthes F.M. Bailey, Qld. Agric. J. 16(1905) 191, t. 4. —
Type: Garraway s.n. (BRI

garrawayae
n.v.), Australia, Queensland, between York Downs & Weipa.
Nepenthes tubulosa Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 60. —

Type: Teijsmann 6759 (BO),
P. 1871.
Moluccas, Gebe, Aug
Nepenthes beccariana Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 67, f. 17. —
Type: Modigliani s.n.

(FI n.v.), Sumatra, Nias Is.
Nepenthes phyllamphora var. pediculata Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indoch. 5 (1910) 52. —
Type: Harmand
47 (P), Laos, Champasak Se-moun basin.

prov.,
Nepenthes mirabilis biflora J. H. Adam & Wilcock, Mai. Nature J. 46 (1992) 80, f. 1.
var. —
Type:
Jumaat Adam 1065 (UKMS), Sarawak, 7th Division, Kp. Bawang, 10 m, 6 Feb 1987.
Non Sims, t. 2629

Nepenthes phyllamphora sensu Bot. Mag. (1826) = N. khasiana Hook. f.
Non Nepenthes phyllamphora sensu Regel, Gartenfl. (1881) 371, t. 372 = N. khasiana Hook.f.
p.p.
Non Nepenthesphyllamphora sensu Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 4 (1894) 217 = N. burbidgeae Hook. f.
ex Burb.
Distribution — Indochina Micronesia (Palau) and Australia. In Malesia:

to
through-
out except northern Philippines (Luzon) the eastern Nusa Tengarras (East Java, Bali
to Lombok).
Ecology —
Found in a remarkable range of habitats, but usually most abundant in
disturbed, swampy or grassland situations. Usually at low altitude up to 200 m, but
up to 1000 m, and more rarely to 1500 m (New Guinea).

Notes —
1. This species was long known under the name N. phyllamphora due to
Willdenow's incorrect combination of Loureiro's Phyllamphora mirabilis. In 1916,

both Druce and Merrill made the correct combination, although the former has priori-
ty by a few months.
2. The peristome of western populations is usually flattened and extends well be-
yond the pitcher wall; in eastern populations it is more rounded (Beccari, 1885).
3. The variety echinostoma is one
of the most striking aberrations, with long hook-
from the inner peristome. of this

like teeth developing Large populations variety are
said to exist in Sarawak, but herbarium material is very scanty.
Ford (K).
CHINA. Macao, s.n. (K); Louitsion, Delavay s.n. —
VIET-
NAM. Thu Due, 6/1867, Pierre s.n. (BO); Din Bonia, 3/1867, Pierre s.n. (BO); Hue and vicinity,
Squires 401 (BO). —

THAILAND. Bau Son, Haniff 4236 (SING); Hat Yai, Kingdon Ward 37512
(BO, SING); Pattani, Yala, Kerr 7265 (BK). —

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Langkawi I., 9/1900
Haniff s.n. (SING); Pinang, Tasek Glugor, 4/1902, Curtis s.n. (SING); Pahang, Telok Bahang
reserve, Ahmad 9822 (KEP, SING); Selangor, Rawang-Kuala Lumpur rd, Yap 253 (KLU); Johore,
Segamat, Holttum 38286 (SING). —

SUMATRA. Siberut I., Iboet 55 (BO, SING); Aceh, Takugan,
Steenis 6046 de Voogd 1140 (BO); East coast, Asahan, Goe-

van (BO, SING); Benkoelen, Lebang,
roeh Batoe, Yates 1628 (BO); S Sumatra, Baturadjah, Sun 9926 (BO); Bangka I., Biinnemeijer 2116
(BO). —
JAVA. Rawa Tembaga, van Steenis 12560 (BO); Danau Moeras, van Steenis 10543 (BO,
SING). —
BORNEO. Sarawak. Kuching, Ridley s.n. (SING); 2nd Div., Lubok Antu, Wang Pandak,
Awa & Paie 44138 (KEP); 3rd Div., Dalat-Oya rd, Jenang 58080 (KEP). -
Sabah. Sapapayau FR,
Amin SAN 113630 (KEP); Sg. Kapis, Kertan, Dewol SAN 55957 (KEP). -
Kalimantan. Pontianak,
Mampawah, Enoh 424b (BO); G. Klam, Hallier 2234 (BO); Sg. Wain, N of Balikpapan, Kostermans
—
4150 (BO); Tarakan, Linghas, Wiriadinata 97 (BO). PHILIPPINES. Mindanao, Camp Kiethley, Lake
Lanao, Clemens s. n. (BO). —

SULAWESI. Menado, Oaafdi Poso, Eyma 3459 (BO); Malili, Kjell-
berg 2003 (BO); Matano Lake, Soroako, Meijer 11074a (BO). —

MOLUCCAS. Halmahera, Ekor, G.
Panjang, de Vogel 3203 (BO); Obi I., Jikodolong, de Vogel 4335 (BO); Ambon, Mangga dua, Kus-
& Soepadmo 305 (BO, SING). Palau I., Volkens 69 (BO). NEW GUINEA. Irian So-
wata —
Jaya.
Stelleman 15 (BO); Kebar valley, Netoti, opposite Andjai, van Royen & Sleumer 6767 (BO,
rong,
K); Cycloop Mts, Gjellerup 493 (BO), lwanggin BW 5225 (LAE, S), Meijer Drees 136 (BO, K). -
Aru Is., P. Tringan, Kp. Ngaibor, Buwalda 5341 (BO, SING). -
Papua New Guinea. Manus, Mt.
Dremsel, Lorengau sub-province, Kerenga LAE 77541 (LAE); West Sepik, Yambi, Hinson 46
(K,
LAE); Western Highlands, Nondugl Mason 79 (K); Western Prov., 1 mile S of Moorhead Patrol
Pullen 7156 Markham Ridsdale & Frodin NGF 30352 Central

Post, (K, LAE); Point, (K, LAE);
Varirata plateau, Frodin UPNG 4378 Brass 25997
Prov., (UPNG); Fergusson I., Aimelele, (K,
LAE); Rossel I., Abaleti, Brass 28365 (LAE). —

AUSTRALIA. Cape York, Jardine s.n. (BRI); Pas-
coe River, Garraway s.n. (BRI).
52. Nepenthes mollis Danser
Nepenthes mollis Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 338, f. 14; Phillipps & A.L.
Pitcher Plants of Borneo f. 60. Endert 4282

Lamb, (1996) 113, —
Type: (holo BO), Borneo,
East Kalimantan, Kemoel (= G. Kongkemul), 1500 m, 12 Nov 1925.
Distribution —
Borneo; only known from the type, a single sheet.
Ecology —
Unknown; 1500 m altitude.
Note —
The lanceolate leaves with decurrent bases, a
dense reddish indumentum
of simple red hairs, the virtual absence of longitudinal veins except for their develop-
66 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
ment from the pennate nerves, and the 2-flowered partial peduncles distinguish it
from all other species. It is possible that the specimen is a

hybrid. Also collected from
the same locality was the type of N. fusca.
53. Nepenthes muluensis M. Hotta
Nepenthes muluensis M. Hotta, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 22 (1966) 7, f. 2.; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb,
Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 115, f. 61, 62. —
Type: Hotta 14791a (KYO holo; iso L), Bor-
neo, Sarawak, Mt. Mulu, western ridge, 1900-2400 m, 18 Mar 1964.
Distribution — Borneo: Sarawak (Mt. Mulu).
Ecology —
Shrub vegetation; 1900-2400m altitude.
Note —
This distinct gracile species is not easily confused with the only other
small highland species in Borneo N. tentaculata. It differs in its cuneate based, ses-
sile leaves, short triangular spur and rounded lid. The lid and peristome are usually a
delicate whitish green or white in colour, contrasting strikingly with the predomi-
nantly purple-coloured pitcher.
Collections —
BORNEO. Sarawak, 4th Div., Bario, Tama Abu Range, Awa & Lee 51169 (K,
KEP, L, SAN n.v.); G. Mulu, Hotta 14791 (Type), Anderson 4542 (K, L), Lewis 354 (K), 1930
m, Martin 37103 (K, KEP, L), 2040 m, Lee 38825 (K, KEP, L, SAN n.v.), 2060 m, Martin 38763
(L), 2370 m, Nielsen 851 (SAR).
54. Nepenthes murudensis Culham ex Jebb & Cheek, nov. Fig. 6

spec.
—
Nepenthes reinwardtiana N.
x, tentaculata?, Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13,4 (1988)
9. murudensis Culham & A.L. Pitcher Plants of Borneo
—
Nepenthes ined., Phillipps Lamb,
(1996) 117, f. 63, nomen.
Nepenthes tentaculata Hook. f. arete affinis sed indumento denso velutino (non glabra), cau-
libus robustis 4-5 mm diametro (non 2-3 mm), ascidiis superioribus magnis 20 cm lon-
gis 4-5 diametro 5-9 1.5-2 cm), pagina superiore operculi glabra (non pilis
cm
(raro x
2-6 mm
longis multicelluribus simplicibus vel ramosis obsita), operculo obovato (non
ovato) differt. —
Typus: Yii Puan Ching S 44623 (holo K; iso SAR), Borneo, Sarawak,
G. Murud National Park, between first and second summits, 2200 m, 13 Sep 1982.
Terrestrial climber. Stem erect, strongly triangular, 4-5 mm wide, length unknown,
internodes 7-8 with rounded buds less than 1 from the
cm axillary projecting mm
stem c. 4 mm above the node; indumentum dense, velutinous. Leaves not petiolate,
adnate; blade oblong-elliptic, 4.5-8.6 x 1.5-3 cm, apex rounded to obtuse, base
decurrent to 2 thickly coriaceous. Longitudinal nerves 4 or 5 on each side of the

cm,
midrib, densest the above and below. Pennate ob-

near margin, conspicuous nerves
scured. Lower pitchers unknown. Upper pitchers subcylindrical; 12-25 x 2-5 cm;
the basal 1 /5 swollen, ellipsoid, in the larger pitchers to 4-5 cm wide, the mouth
about the same diameter, both tapering gradually to 2-2.5 cm at the centre of the
pitcher; with two ridges to 0.1 cm broad lacking fringed elements; the inner pitcher
surface glaucous; the mouth ovate, oblique; peristome not sinuate, cylindrical to
slightly flattened in section, 1.5-2 wide, with very low ribs 0.1-0.2
mm mm
high,
0.4-0.5 mm apart, the inner edge appearing entire; lid ovate to obovate, c. 2.7-5.5
x 2-4 cm, apex rounded, base rounded-truncate, without appendages, lower surface
Fig. 6. Nepenthes murudensis Culham ex Jebb & Cheek, a. Stem with female inflorescence; b. up-
pitcher; surface of lid and spur; d. ripe fruit; detail of peristome viewed from
per c.
upper e.
above;
f. detail of glands on lower lid surface (Yii Puan Ching 44623).

68 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
with crater-like glands small, rounded, with lumina c. 0.15 mm diam., 320-440 per
sq. cm; spur simple, stout, blunt and slightly flattened, to 9 x 1.5 mm, or filiform
with numerous branches, to 9 mm long, puberulent. Male inflorescence a raceme, to
9 cm long; stalk to 2.3 cm long; pedicels 0.4-0.7 mm long, staminal column to 2
mm, anther-head to 0.9 mm across; bracts absent. Infructescence a raceme c. 11 cm
long; stalk 5 cm long; pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm. Sepals oblong, 4-4.5 x 1 mm, inner
surface with raised elliptic glands. Fruits with valves 14-22 x

3-4 mm. Seeds 10 x
1 mm. Indumentum of short, dense, pale, brown, velvety, erect 3-5-branched hairs
c. 0.25-0.5 mm long; persisting on stems, midrib and inflorescence axis; leaf-blade
with scattered white hairs

glabrous; pitcher inconspicuously hairy appressed, simple
0.1-0.3 mm long; lid subglabrous; fruit valves with strongly appressed white or
brown hairs c. 0.5 mm long. Colour of stem and midribs black; pitchers green
with
black streaks on the back side; inner surface pale green, glaucous; peristome green;
fruits brown.
Distribution —
Borneo: Sarawak, known only from Gunung Murud (also known
as Mt. Murut).
Ecology —
Stunted scrub-forest, or moss forest on sandstone; 2200-2500 m alti-
tude.
Notes The the mountain to which this

—
1. specific epithet commemorates species
appears to be endemic and was coined by Alastair Culham who explored Sarawak
and Brunei for in the mid 1980s.

Nepenthes
2. Nepenthes murudensis has been confused with the lower altitude N. reinwardt-
iana which it resembles in the shape of the

upper pitchers,
but differs in lacking the
pitcher eye-spots and visibly perforate inner peristome margin. The stem, leaf-shape
and aspects of the pitcher morphology and the small inflorescence are those of the
variable and widespread N. tentaculata with which N. murudensis has also been con-
fused. Nepenthes tentaculata differs from N. murudensis in being a much more gra-
cile species with multicellular hairs on an ovate lid. Both N. reinwardtiana and N.
tentaculata have glabrous stems unlike the densely velvety hairy stem of N. muru-
densis.
3. As first indicated by Phillipps and Lamb, this species is somewhat intermediate
between N. reinwardtiana and N. tentaculata. With the former it shares a pitcher with
a ventricose base, a narrow

waist and flared mouth. With the latter it shares a broad
adnate leaf, and a fasciculated spur with tentacle-like appendages. The relatively large
pitchers combined with the small oblong leaves which clasp the stem distinguish the
species from others.
Collections studied —
BORNEO. Sarawak, 4th Div., Mt. Murud, Ilias Paie S 26513 (SAR),
2400 m, Nooteboom & Chai 2035 (KEP, SAR), 2200 m, Yii Puan Chang S 44623 (K, SAR).
55. neoguineensis Macfarl.

Nepenthes
Nepenthes neoguineensis Macfarl., Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 340, t, 67; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bui-
9 Science in New Guinea 17 f. 19.

tenzorg III, (1928) 341; Jebb, (1991) 36, —
Type: Versteeg
1746 (BO, K), New Guinea, Lorentz River, Sabang, 25 Sep 1907.
Non Trans. Linn. Soc. II, Bot., 9 (1916) 139, N.

Nepenthes neoguineensis sensu Ridley, quae
=
pa-
puana Danser.
Distribution —
New Guinea mainland and d'Entrecasteaux archipelago.
River edge and river gravel bars, ridge crests, rarely grassland or
Ecology open
—
disturbed forest. From sea level to 900(-1400) m altitude.
Notes —
1. We are not certain that we have seen all the duplicates examined by
since the sheets and Kew do indicate they were used direct-
Macfarlane, at Bogor not
in the production of the plate in Nova Guinea. We have therefore delayed lectotypi-
ly
fying.
2. The fringed wings of the upper and lower pitchers are long decurrent to the ten-
dril, and in combination with the corymbiform partial peduncles these characters are
diagnostic. It has not been collected from many highland areas

of New Guinea, nor
in Province. The type specimen has rather poorly developed inflorescences

Madang
and 3-flowered the base.
in which the partial peduncles are mostly 2-flowered, near
The bract on
the partial peduncles is not always well developed. The upper pitch-
ers
be strongly infundibulate(i.e. Cycloops Mts. near Jayapura), approaching
may
in appearance those of N. paniculata. This latter species may be distinguished by

its infundibuliformupper pitchers (which neither narrowed nor cylindrical
wholly are
towards the and the much reduced wings.

mouth)
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya. Near Jayapura, Meijer Drees 228 (BO, K), Ja-
Brass 8808 first 1746

yapura, (BO); Merauke, Nepenthes hill nr. Sabang, Versteeg (BO, K). -
Papua
New Guinea. Sepik, near Wantipi village on Bliri R. Aitape, Darbyshire & Hoogland8357 (K, LAE),
Prospect creek near Frieda River, Telefomin sub-district, Henty & Foreman NGF 42582 (LAE);
LAE 69103 (BULOLO, LAE); Morobe, SE of Lae

Southern Highlands, Lake Kutubu, Sorotage,
on the coast opposite Lasanga I., Jacobs 9658 (LAE), 10 miles east of Garaina, Wau sub-district,
Womersley NGF 46416 (K, LAE); Northern Prov., Arumu River S of Botue village, Hoogland
3968 (LAE); Fergusson I., mountains between Angimoia and Ailuluai. /ira.w 27194 (LAE).
northiana
56. Nepenthes Hook. f.
Nepenthes northiana Hook. f„ Gard. Chron. 2 (1881) 717, t. 144 & 724 & 725; Danser, Bull. Jard.
Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 342; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 119,
f. 64. Curtis Jambusan.

—
Type: s.n. (K), Borneo, Sarawak,
Wien. 111. Gartenz. 187. not located.

Nepenthes spuria Beck, (1895) —
Type;
Nepenthes nordtiana Boerl., Handl. 3, 1 (1900) 54.
Nepenthes northiana var. pulchra Hort. ex Macfarl., Bail. Std. Cycl. Hort. 4 (1922) 2129.
Nepenthes decurrens Macfarl., Kew Bull. (1925) 35; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928)
282, f. 3. K & iso K
—
Type: Hewitt 100 (lecto, designated here, (pitcher stem); (infl.), BO),
Borneo, Sarawak, Baram.
Distribution —
Borneo: Sarawak (near Bau).
Ecology —
Apparently confined to limestone cliff faces with permanent water
seepages; 300 m altitude.
Notes —
1. This species first came to the attention of botanists through a painting
by Marianne North. Veitch saw the painting and for his collector
Harry arranged
Charles Curtis to obtain the plant.
2. Nepenthes decurrens is certainly this species but the locality from where it was
said to have been collected must be open to question. Nepenthes northiana is only
known from the Bau region near Kuching, whereas N. decurrens was said to have
been collected at Baram. If the Baram referred to is the Baram River, some 500 km
70 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
to the northeast, it seems astonishing the species has not been recollected there since
or found in other limestone areas. Hewitt's numbering system provides no clue, but
it is of note that a specimen of Trevesia burckii Boerl. (Araliaceae) at K also bears
the number Hewitt 100, and was

collected on
Mt. Poi near Kuching. A duplicate of
the type at Bogor is probably the specimen that Danser (1928) cites as the Sarawak
Museum specimen.
3. Beck based his N. spuria on Masters' original publication; he regarded the En-
glish text and fig. 144 to represent another species. There seems no justification for
such a division however.
4. The very large leaves and pitchers, and the remarkably long-pedicelled (up to
12.5 long) flowers On elongated the leaf base is long decur-

cm are
diagnostic. stems
rent, while on shortened stems, the base may form saddle-like bases, with the wing
of the petiole being continuous about the base of the petiole, reminiscent of those of
N. ephippiata. Lower pitchers are often suspended on remarkably long tendrils, and
in recumbent position, with the hooded lid held close to the mouth. The
rest a pitcher
ovate lid bears many small, rimmed glands, which are most dense near the base, and
to each side of the centre line which itselfis virtually free of glands.
5. The species is a limestone specialist, and like N. campanulata and N. mapulu-

ensis has not been collected on any other rock type. The species has been over-col-
lected and exterminated in many areas around Bau (Phillipps & Lamb, 1996).
Selected collections BORNEO. Sarawak. Bau Seburan Anderson 9094

—
Dist., , (K, SAR, SING),

15476 Cahi & S 22862 Clemens
(K, SAR); Bt. Numpang, TaiTon, Seng (K, SAR); Bidi Cave,
20650 (K); Bt. Kapor, Bau Dist., Smythies 15244 (K, L, SING, SAR), Collenette 833 (K, SAR).
57. ovata Nerz & Wistuba

Nepenthes
Nepenthes ovata Nerz & Wistuba, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 23 (1994) 108, f. 4. —
Type: Nerz
1601 (L holo), Sumatra, Sumatera Utara, Prapat, G. Pangulubao, 1800 m, 16 Mar 1989.
Nepenthes sp., Hopkins, Maulder & Salmon, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 19 (1990) 21, 25.
Distribution —
Sumatra: Mt. Pangulubao.
Ecology —
Climber or epiphyte in open, wet
mossy forest at 1800 m altitude.
Note —
A close relative of N. bongso, this species is distinguished by its larger,
often more irregular peristome, and the large glandular crest at the base of the lid.
Nepenthes bongso is only known from the mountains around Padang, further to the
south.
Collections SUMATRA. Sumatera Utara, Prapat, G. 1800 m, Nerz 1601

—
Pangulubao, (Type),
1602
(L n.v.), 1603 (L n.v.).
58. Nepenthes paniculata Danser
Nepenthes paniculata Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 344, f. 15; Jebb, Science in
New Guinea 17 f. 20. Lam 1569 iso U

(1991) 38, —
Type: (lecto, designated here, BO; BO,
n.v.), New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Doorman 1460 m, 9 Oct 1920.

Top,
Distribution New Guinea: Irian

Jaya (Doorman Top); only the type collection.
—
Ecology —
Mossy forest on ridge top at 1460 m altitude.
Notes Of the sheets Bogor, the fertile sheet is selected lectotype.

—
1. two at as a
2. This species is closely related to N. neoguineensis and the means of distin-
guishing them are slight: the partial panicles of the inflorescence are not corymbi-
form; the
upper pitchers are wholly infundibulate, and not narrowed at the mouth,
and have much reduced wings; the peristome is larger, more rounded, and has more
widely spaced ribs (0.6-1 mm vs. 0.25-0.35 mm); the numerous, large (0.5 mm),
the surface of the leaf sheaths, and scattered the upper
lipped glands on upper along
surface of the midrib (absent in N. neoguineensis).
59. Nepenthes papuana Danser
Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 346, f. 16; Jebb, Science in
Nepenthes papuana Danser,
New Guinea 17 f. 22. Docters Leeuwen 10341 (lecto, designated here,

(1991) 40, —
Type: van
BO; iso BO, L), New Guinea, Irian Jaya, affluent C of the Rouffaer River, 300 m, Sep 1926.
Nepenthes neoguineensis auct. non Macfarl.: Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 9 (1916) 139.
Distribution —
New Guinea: southern Irian Jaya (Fakfak to Balim valley).
Forest forest white sand soils; 250-900 altitude.

Ecology —
edges, on m
Notes —
1. Ridley identified the first material of this species, collected on the
Wollaston N. Macfarl. Danser (1928) does not nomi-

expedition, as neoguineensis
sheet of Docters Leeuwen 10341 has been annotated
nate a
type. However, one van
'female type' and the single sheet of Docters van Leeuwen 10340 has been annotated
'male type', by Danser in August 1927. The former specimen is designated as the
lectotype, the second sheet, also at Bogor bears the rosette pitcher form of the spe-
cies.
2. The has tubulose with somewhat peristome, and

species pitchers a narrow
while N. mirabilis in it be told by its leath-

resembling general appearance, can more
ery leaf-blades with somewhat indistinct pennate nerves, the blades of lower rosette
pitchers lack the fimbriate margin of this latter species, while the upper pitchers have
blades with a pubescent margin below. The valves of the fruit have a distinctly bifid
apex, with sharply pointed apices. Specimens of this species dry a characteristic red-
dish brown colour.
Collections —
NEW GUINEA. Mimika, Fakfak, road to Tembaga Pura, Widjaya 2199 (BO);
Rouffaer River, affluent 'C\ Docters van Leeuwen 10258 (BO), 10340 (BO), 10341 (Type);
p.p.
Kloss Noord Romer 900

Merauke, Camp Via, 5/1/1913, s.n. (SING); River, von 454, (both BO).
60. Nepenthes pectinata Danser
Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 350, f. d.

Nepenthes pectinata Danser, 17a, b, —
Type:
Biinnemeijer 700 [L lecto (Schlauer & Nerz, 1994); BO iso], Sumatra, Sumatera Barat, G. Ta-
lakmau, 1850 m, 13 May 1917.
Nepenthes gymnamphora auct. non Nees: Miq., PI. Jungh. 2 (1852) 169. —
Nepenthes melam-
phora var. tomentella Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 13. —

Type: Beccari 48 (L, K), Sumatra, Sumate-
ra Barat, Mt. Singgalang, 6-7/1878.
Nepenthes rosulata Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra
(1986) 95, f. 4, nom. nud.
Nepenthes xiphioides B. Salmon & Maulder, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 24 (1995) 78, f. 1 & 2. —
Type: Salmon & Maulder 221720 (AK n.v.), Sumatra, Sumatera Utara, G. Pangulubao, 1900
m, 17 Feb 1995.
72 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Short climber to 4 m. Stems terete to 1 cm.

Leaves elliptic-spathulate to oblong; 15-
27 x 3-6 apex acute to acuminate; base cuneate or broadly winged, decurrent for
cm;
1-3 longitudinal veins 3 or 4, throughout lamina, innermost arising from midrib;

cm;
pennate nerves numerous, arising obtusely and forming a net-like pattern with the
longitudinal veins. Leaves of short-shoots and rosettes sometimes as small as 3 x 0.7
cm, triangular in outline, dilated at the base, and clasping the stem, sometimes form-
sheath, with penninervous venation the with beginning of

ing a only, larger ones a
veins. Lower towards the mouth;

longitudinal pitchers ellipsoid-urceolate narrowing
6-16 x 2-6.5 cm; with 2 fringed wings 2-5 mm wide, with numerous fringe ele-
2-4 mouth oblique, acuminate towards lid, and sometimes

ments mm long; acute to
rounded towards sides and

forward pointing there; peristome at front, expanded nar-
towards lid, 2-12 with prominent, thin ribs 0.5-1.5 mm high

rowing mm across,
and 0.8-2 inner margin with teeth 2-4 mm long, papery; spur filiform or
mm apart,
flattened, rarely many-branched, 1-4 mm long. Lid ovate; 2-7.3 x 1.5-5.3 cm; base
truncate to cordate; glands few, prominently lipped, 0.1-0.5 mm across, near mid-
line and towards base of lid only, absent from margin. Upper pitchers apparently
only produced rarely, or (?) only in some populations (G. Malintang), somewhat
ventricose in lower tubular 7-22 1.5-4.5 with fringed wings

half, above; x cm; two
to 0.5 cm, with fringe elements to 0.6 cm; peristome expanded towards lid, to 2.5
cm across, including teeth to 1 cm or more. Lid broadly ovate; base cordate; glands
numerous near midline, largest in centre of lid, to 0.8 mm across.

Inflorescence a
raceme to 50 cm overall, partial peduncles 2-flowered near base, 1-floweredabove,
with a filiform bract near base, or rarely wholly 1-flowered; to 35 x 6 mm.

ovary
Indumentum dense on young pitchers, stellate, c. 0.1 mm across; margin often with
dense brown indumentum below; inflorescence axis and pedicels densely pubescent,
lower pitchers densely blotched with maroon.

green,
Distribution —
Central Sumatra.
Undisturbed dense forest, hill dipterocarp forest, forest

Ecology —
wet
mossy on
ridge tops; 950-2750 m altitude.
species with the

Notes —
1. Authors prior to Danser usually included the present
Danser described N. he did from

Javanese N. gymnamphora. Although pectinata, so
mixed material, and his original description is based on a

combination of N.
pectinata
and N. singalana. Tamin & Hotta (1986) did not recognise the presence of N. gymn-
in Sumatra, reducing the majority of collections N. singalana, and coining

amphora to
the invalid name N. rosulata for specimens of N.

pectinata from Gunung Gadut and G.
Schlauer & Nerz (1994) the first authors to recognise that N. pectinata
Talang. were
was based on mixed collections involving N. singalana; they lectotypified the species
with a specimen of what they recognised as N. gymnamphora.
2. This species differs from N. gymnamphora in a number of ways. The leaves
are more gradually attenuate to the base, and decurrent to the stem, the margin of the
blade is usually densely pubescent below, and the whole plant is more tomentose.
Upper pitchers are not always produced (G. Malintang), whereas they are regularly
produced in N. gymnamphora. The lower pitchers are distinctly urceolate, with a
slightly narrowed mouth with a broad peristome which has long, papery teeth inter-
nally. In the upper pitchers these teeth may be over 1 cm long. The variation in leaf-
blade size is akin to that seen in N. ampullaria, and material collected from the same
plant can have very different facies.
3. Nepenthes pectinata can

be told from N. bongso and N. singalana by its large
leaf-blades which are decurrent to the stem. Nepenthes spathulata can be dis-
upper
tinguished by its narrowed leaf bases, and square stem.
Collections —
SUMATRA. Sumatera Barat. Bt. Waaen, de Voogd 1385 (BO); Bt. Kapanasan,
Arbain Rimbo
Simarasap, 329 (BO, L); Merapi, Arbain DA 364 (BO, L); G. Ophir (Talakmau),
700 747 (BO), 763a 854 (BO, L), 938 (BO); G. Singgalang, Schiff-
BUnnemeijer (Type), (BO, L),
ner 1990 (Vienna, L, BO?); G. Merapi, Schiffher 1991 (Vienna, L); G. Malintang, BUnnemeijer
3897, 3898, 4113 (all BO), 4114 (BO, L), 4115, 4179 (all BO); G. Sago, Pajakumbuh, Meijer
3111, 5932, 7523 (all L), BUnnemeijer 4027, 4399, 4400 (all BO), Des & Tamin 508 (BO); Puncak
Pato, 32 km N of Batusangkar, Tamin 2304 (BO); G. Gadut, near Solok, Hotta & Tamin 35, 60
G. 5272 (BO); Bt. Gombak, BUnnemeijer 5748, 5488 (BO); Talang

(all BO); Talang, BUnnemeijer
Butyo, Bt. Gadang, 16 km S of Alahan Panjang, Tamin 506 (B), 1265 (BO); Air Sirah, Barisan
2860 de & Vermeulen 7340 Simmur

range, Padang, de Vogel (BO), Vogel (L); Wasos, Battak,
Junghuhn s. n. (L).
61. Nepenthes pervillei Blume
Nepenthes pervillei Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 10; Hook.f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873)
92; Baker, Fl. Mauritius & Seychelles (1877) 299; Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 30;
Robertson, Fl. Plants of Seychelles (1989) 192. —

Type: Perville 98 (L), Seychelles, Mahe.
Anurosperma pervillei (Blume) Hallier f., Bot. Centralbl. 39, Abt. 2, 1 (1921) 162. —
Anourosper-
ma Hook.f., in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 91, as section of genus.
Nepenthes wardii Wright, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. 24 (1869) 576, t. 29, 30. —
Type: Wright s.n.
(BM), Seychelles, Silhouette, Trois Frcres Mts., July 1867.
Distribution —
Seychelles; recorded from Mahe and Silhouette.
granitic mountain summits; 350-500 altitude.

Ecology —
Rocky areas near m
Notes —
1. This species has several unique characters, which led Hooker to place
it in the monotypic section Anourosperma (1873). The fruits are obconic in shape,
and usually have only three valves. The seeds are short and truncate at one end, not
slender and filiform as in other species. The male flowers are 4-petalled, and the an-
thers are borne on a somewhat short column.
2. The habit of this species is unusual in that the tendril of the upper pitchers does
not form a tightly twining region, but instead is short, and bends abruptly at its tip,
into Nor is there any marked
bringing the base of the pitcher an upright position.
separation of pitcher types between rosette and climbing growth forms, although the
form of the pitcher shows considerable variation (Schmid-Hollinger, 1979). Long-

tendriled lower pitchers and short, bent-tendriled upper pitchers can both occur in
rosettes. In climbing stems, only the short-tendrilled upper pitchers are produced,
although it seems that the latter are confined to aerial rosettes as opposed to the ter-
restrial rosettes. Inflorescences only from rosettes bearing pitchers, and

appear upper
these to only be produced one at a time.

appear
3. The scorpioid partial peduncles, which bear up to 16 flowers, are similar to
those of N. bicalcarata, N. madagascariensis and N. masoalensis. With these latter
species, and with N. distillatoria of Sri Lanka, the species shares a similar reticulated
74 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
venation, with the numerous longitudinal veins being produced from the lower part
of the midrib, and forming a network with the equally prominent pennate nerves.
SEYCHELLES. Mahe, Mahe Peak near Morne, 8/9/60, Archer 137 (K);
Delanos, 20/3/37, Vesey-Fitzgerald 5516A (K); Mt. Coton, above Le Niol, 19/1/70, Fosberg &
Mason 51998 (K); Trois Freres, 22/12/61, Jeffrey 559 (K). -

Silhouette. 4/11 /73, Bernardi 14677
(K, Gen); Seychellois ridge, 11//9/1908,Gardiner 107 (K).
62. Nepenthes petiolata Danser
Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 9 f. Sh. Kurata &

Nepenthespetiolata Danser, III, (1928) 353, 18; Toyosh.,
Gard. Bull. 26 (1972) 158. Type: Elmer 13705 iso
Sing. —
p.p. (holo BO, E), Philippines,
Mindanao, Agusan Prov., Mt. Urdaneta, 1700 m, Sep 1912.
Distribution —
Philippines: Mindanao; Agusan & Surigao.
Ecology —
Montane forest including Agathis and Oak, 1500 m altitude.
Notes 1. The of N. surigaoensis (a synonym of N. merrilliana) was dis-

—
type
tributed as a
mixed collection by Merrill (and erroneously published as 12705), and
Danser described the specimen sent to Bogor.

2. Characterised by its thin, deeply flanged peristome ridges, with long flattened
teeth, similar to some of the Sumatran species (i.e. N. singalana).
Collections In addition to the other collection is cited by Kurata (1972), which has
—
type, one
not been seen.
Hybrids -
1. Nepenthes petiolata x
N. alata Sh. Kurata & Toyosh., Gard. Bull.
Sing. 26 (1972) 158. —

Kurata 1113a (Nippon Dental College n.v.), Philippines,
Mindanao, Surigao del Sur, E slope Mt. Legaspi, 270 m, 19 Aug 1965.
2. Nepenthes petiolata x N. truncata Sh. Kurata & Toyosh., Gard. Bull. Sing. 26
(1972) 158.— Kurata 1109a (Nippon Dental College n.v.), Philippines, Mindanao,
Surigao del Sur, E slope Mt. Legaspi, 270 m, 19 Aug 1965.
Note —
We have seen neither of these specimens, but the description appears to
place them intermediate between the parental species which were reportedly present
at the site.
63. Nepenthes pilosa Danser
Nepenthes pilosa Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 355, f. 19; Phillipps & A.L.
Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13, 4 (1988) 25; Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 121, f. 65. —
Type:
Amdjah 491 (holo BO), Borneo, East Kalimantan, G. Lesung, 28 Jan 1899.
Distribution —
Borneo: Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak.
Ecology —
Ridge top forest; 1000-1800 m altitude.
Notes —
1. The pitcher of the type specimen at BO is badly damaged, and the lid
has lost the apex of the basal crest. The illustration in Danser (1928) indicates that the
pitcher was somewhat anomalous in this collection. Usually the pitcher is more
coni-
cal-tubular, and up to 28 cm long.

2. The species is closely related its
to N. stenophylla by sheathing leaf bases, long
indumentum, rounded lid with basal crest and its pattern of glandulation, and the in-
ner margin of the peristome which is likewise scarcely toothed, with prominent glands
lying between the ridges. It is distinguished by its large, rectangular-shaped leaf, its
conical-tubular upper pitchers which gradually broaden towards the mouth, rather
than tubular in colour the

being there, pitchers differ in being pale green throughout,
without any noticeable red colorationother than on the peristome, the indumentumof
this species is also usually longer (5 mm vs. 3 and is brown

mm) a pale golden (vs.
reddish brown) in colour.
Collections —
BORNEO. Sarawak. 4th Div., route to Bt. Law Borio, 1630 m, 24 Aug 1985,
Awa & Lee S 50980 (K, SAR), 1000 m, Ashton S 21114 (K, L, SING, SAR). -
Sabah. Mt. Alab,
Phillipps <6 Lamb 1996. -

Kalimantan. East Kalimantan, G. Lesung, Amdjah 491 (Type), 499
(BO); G. Tibang, Mjoberg 46 (BO).
64. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack
Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack, Mai. Misc. ex Hook, f., Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 (1835) 270; Danser, Bull.
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 357; Shivas, Pitcher plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singa-
(1984) 39; Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Nature Malaysiana 13,4 (1988) 14; Tamin & M. Hotta
pore
in M. and of life in Sumatra & A.L.

Hotta, Diversity dynamics plant (1986) 90; Phillipps Lamb,
Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 123, f. 66, 67, 68. —
Type: Jack s.n.

(lecto, designated here,
SING), Singapore.
Nepenthes hookeriana auct. non Lindl.: Low, Sarawak (1848) 68. —

Nepenthes rafflesiana var.
hookeriana Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20 (1895) 147.
Nepenthes raflesea Hort., Rev. Hortic. (1869) 130.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 97. —
Type: Singapore and
Borneo, not located.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 97. —
Type: Singapore,
Borneo and Sumatra, not located.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast., Gard. Chron. II, 18 (1882) 424, f. 69. —
Type: Borneo,
not located.
Nepenthes rafflesiana nigro-purpurea Mast., Gard. Chron. II, 18 (1882) 424, f. 70 N.

var.
(as nigro-
purpurea, sphalm.). —
Type: Borneo, not located.
Nepenthes hookeriana Low ex Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 3.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 3, 11, t. 1:2. —

Type: Teijsmann 10910
(not located), Borneo, Pontianak, Sintang.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20(1895) 146.
Nepenthes rafflesiana ambigua Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20 (1895) 147. Low
var. —
Type: s.n. (not
located), Borneo, Labuan Is.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort., Kew Bull. (1897) 405. —
Type: not located.
Nepenthes hemsleyana Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 61. —

Type: Burbidge s.n. (K),
Borneo, Sarawak, Lawas River.
Nepenthes rqfflesiana alata• J.H. Adam & Wilcock, Malayan Nat. J. 44 (1990) 32,
var. t. 2; Phillipps
& A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) f. 68. SAN 35792
—-
Type: Meijer (holo SAN),

Borneo, Sabah, Sandakan, Mt. Walker FR, 13 Apr 1963.
Non Nepenthes rafflesiana sensu

Low, Sarawak (1848) 68, = N. hookeriana Lindl.
quae
Non Nepenthes rafflesiana excelsior Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20 (1895) 147.
var. —
Nepenthes x
excelsior Williams, Garden Lond. 28 (1885) 463; = N. hookeriana Lindl.

quae
Non Nepenthes rafflesiana longicirrhosa Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and
var. dynam-
ics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 93, f. 3; = N. sumatrana Beck.
quae
Distribution —
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
Ecology —
A common lowland species in Borneo, rare in Sumatra and Peninsular
Malaysia. Open areas to shady forest; sea level to 1000 m.

76 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Notes —
1. Low created confusion by transposing the names of N. rafflesiana

and N. hookeriana in his book (1848). This confusion was cleared up by Masters
writing in the Gardener's Chronicle (1881: 812).
2. This is often abundant in the sides of

widespread species weedy regrowth at
be its leaves and the in which the

roads. It can
recognised by petiolate manner peri-
stome rises into an extended, and flattened neck, becoming broadest immediately be-
low the lid. The lid is often notched or blunt at its apex, and the glands are confined
towards the edge, and virtually absent from the centre. The indumentumon the inflo-
rescence, petioles and midribs is of a silvery-grey colour.
3. Nepenthes rafflesiana is rather rare in mainland Sumatra and Peninsular Malay-
but abundant offshore islands such the Riau

sia, on as archipelago and Singapore. In
northern Borneo it is of the most abundant where number of

one species, a striking
variants have been described (Phillipps & Lamb, 1996). It has been erroneously re-
ported from New tluinea (Adam et al., 1992).
Selected collections SUMATRA. Sumatera G. Tappiannoeli, der Meer

—
Utara, Dolok, near van
Mohr Pulau Singkep, Kp. Raja, Biinnemeijer 7097 PENINSULAR MA-

s.n. (BO). Lingga, (BO). —
LAYSIA. Pahang, Rompin, G. Lesong, Shah 3105 (KLU); Selangor, Sungei Tenggi, Ahmad 1126
(SING); Terengganu, Sungei Paka, Symington 26803 (KEP); Johore, G. Panti, Jumali & Kuswata
74 (BO). —
SINGAPORE. MacRitchie reservoir, Turner et al. 268 (SINU). —
BORNEO. Sarawak.
4904 Anderson 4180 - Brunei. Sinclair 10543

Bako, Purseglove (K, L); Baram, (SING). Berakas,
(BM, E, K, L, SAR, SING). -

Sabah. Sandakan, Labuk road, Talip SAN 83700 (KEP). -
Kaliman-
tan. Kalimantan Barat, G. Kelam, Hallier 2378 (BO); Kalimantan Tengah, Sampit, Buwalda 7782
(BO); Kalimantan Timur, Sebulu, N of Samarinda, Nuhanara 18 (BO).
65. Nepenthes rajah Hook. f.
Nepenthes rajah Hook, f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 22 (1859) 421, t. 72; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
III, 9 (1928) 361; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 61, t. 19 & 20;
zorg
Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 129, f. 69, 70. —
Type: Low s.n.
(holo K), Borneo, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 1500 m.
Distribution Borneo: Sabah Kinabalu and Mt.

—
(Mt. Tamboyukon).
Ecology —
Open sites in mossy forest, on ridges or landslips, restricted to

serpen-
tine soils, 1500-2650 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Renowned as the largest pitchered of all pitcher plants (though less
well known species such as N. merrilliana and N. truncata

may bear equally volumi-
nous pitchers). The peltate leaf-blade tip, oversized and vaulted lid, as well as its
overall large size, makes this a very distinct species.

2. The inner peristome wall is elaborated to form three layers; these are intercon-
nected by a series of staggered cross-walls, creating two rows of box-like compart-
ments when viewed from below.
Selected collections SABAH. Mt. Collenette 21608

—
Kinabalu, (A, G, K, L, SAR), Pig Hill,
Chew & Corner 4516 (K, SING).
Hybrids —
1. Nepenthes rajah x N. villosa.—Nepenthes x kinabaluensis Sh.Ku-
rata. See N. x kinabaluensis.
2. Nepenthes rajah x
N. burbidgeae. — Nepenthes x alisaputrana J.H. Adam &
Wilcock. See under N. burbidgeae.

66. Nepenthes ramispina Ridl.
Nepenthes ramispina Ridl., J. Fed. Mai. St. Mus. 4 (1909) 59; Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 22. —
Type: Ridley 12064 (lecto, designated here, SING; iso SING x 2), Peninsular Malaysia, Selan-
of Ulu Semangka, Aug 1904.

gor, top
22.
Nepenthes gracillima var. major Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) —
Type: Ridley s.n.

(SING),
Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, G.Telom.
Nepenthes gracillima auct. non Ridl.: Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 296 partim,
f. 7 toto.
Climber to 5 m. Stem terete, 0.3-0.6 cm thick. Leaves obovate-oblong, to 16 x 3.1
cm; apex acute to rounded; base clasping at least half stem, auriculate; longitudinal
veins in half of midrib pubescent
(0—)1—3(—4), outer blade; pennate nerves irregular;
above and below. Lower pitchers short
cylindric, 5-10 x 1-2.5
cm; slightly ventri-
cose in the lower half, cylindric and somewhat narrowed in the upper half; wings
throughout, 0.3 cm across, with fringe segments to 0.5 cm. Upper pitchers long-
cylindric, to 18(—24) x 2.5 cm; base gradually infundibulate to about 1 /2 height, then
gradually narrowing above and broadening again at the mouth, and usually broadest
there; wings usually absent, very much reduced; lid rounded to cordate, to 3.2
or x
3.8 glands unlipped, most numerous near centre of underside, to 0.4 mm there,
cm,
becoming smaller towards margin, 0.1-0.3 mm; spur 3-10 mm, somewhat flattened
at base, with 3-7 branches above. Indumentum on stems and side of midrib,
upper
branched, 0.3-0.5 mm; other parts sub-glabrous. Colour of lower pitchers maroon-
green to deep blackish green, inner surface glaucous pale green; upper pitchers either
purple-green throughout, peristome deep red or pale green, or pale green throughout,
inner surface of pitcher glaucous pale green.
Distribution —
Peninsular Malaysia: the western mountain ranges, Banjaran Titi-
wangsa.
Ecology —
Forest edges, ridgetops; 900-2000 m altitude.
Notes —
1. There are two duplicates at Singapore of Ridley 12064 and a third
sheet which Danser has annotated as 'probably' of this number also. Of these, the
sheet with a
male inflorescence is selected as
the lectotype. This species was syn-
onymised with N. gracillima Ridl. by Danser, and is reinstated here. The illustration
of N. gracillima in Danser (1928) is wholly of this species.

2. From N. gracillima it can be told by its larger size, the broader, oblong-obovate
leaves, the slender and longer upper pitchers with long, fasciculated spurs (vs. simple
and < 3 mm), the glands on the underside of the lid which are numerous, unlipped,
and range from 0.1 mm near the margin to 0.4 mm across near the middle (vs. lipped
and evenly sized from 0.4-0.6 mm), and the pubescence of the stem and midrib (vs.
glabrous to sparsely pubescent). Nepenthes gracillima is confined to the eastern moun-
tain of Peninsular Malaysia (G. Tahan & G. Tapis), while N. is

ranges ramispina re-
stricted to the western

ranges, from Perak to Negri Sembilan.
3. From the other Peninsular Malaysian species it can be told by its cylindrical
pitchers, lack of bristles the underside of the lid, toothed

stem, narrow on scarcely
peristome and branched spur.
Collections —
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Perak: Cameron Highlands, 11/1939, Batten Pooll
s.n. (SING), Castle rock, Wyatt-Smith 63672 (KEP); G. Stong, Nur 12219 (SING), Tanah Rata,
Abdullah 57 (KLU). -
Selangor: Kuala Woh, G. Batu Putih, Chua 39049 (KEP); Pine tree hill, Bt.
78 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Fraser, Strugnell 11130, 12871, 20175 (all KEP), MEDP 1391 (KLU), UM 4782 (KLU), Yap 255
(KLU), Keng 57 (SINU), Addison 37377 (SING), Nur 11057 (SING), 12/1950, Allen s.n. (SING),
6/1933, Banfield .v./i. (SING), Purseglove 4195 (SING), Chin 1220 (KLU); G. Ulu Kali, Ulu Gom-
bak Shah & Ali 2958 (KEP, SING), 2959 (KEP, KLU, S), Soepadmo 9020 (KLU), Stone
FR,
8436 Rao 9578 (SINU), Tan 6 (SING); Ulu Gombak, Shah 3080 (SING); Lebar, Robin-
(KLU), p.p.
son 1/1913 (SING); G, Nuang, Ulu Langat, Symington 51798, 51814 (both KEP); G. Bunga Buah,
Wyatt-Smith 77684, 77685, 77686 (all KEP), Burkill 4339 (SING); Ulu Semangko, Ridley 12064
Bunn G. Chua 34909

(Type), 15563 (SING), 2/1904, Merdock s.n. (SING); Purum, 34906, 34907,
G. Ulu Bakar to G. Rajah, Chua 40515 (KEP); Taman sedia, Ulu Telom, Jaamat 27665
(all KEP);
(KEP); G. Rabang, Ulu Kelantan, Shah 2523 (SING). -
Pahang: G. Paking, Shah 1445 (KEP). -
Negri Sembilan: Ladang Gadis, Bahau, Carrick 670 (KLU).
67. Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.
Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq., PI. Jungh. (1852) 168; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9
(1928) 363; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 65, t. 22; Tamin & M. Hotta
in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 93; J.H. Adam & Wilcock,
Edinb. J. Bot. 50 (1993) 99; Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 132,
f. 71. Syntypes: Junghuhn s.n. (sh. 00274, U n.v.), Sumatra, Batak Pagerutang, 600
—
region,
m, Sep 1840. Or Junghuhn s.n. (sh. 00273, U n.v.), Sumatra, Batak region, Simurwasos, 1350 m.
Nepenthes reinwardtii Hook, f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 22 (1859) 422, sphalm..
Nepenthes reinwardtiana var. samarindaiensis J. H. Adam & Wilcock, Edinb. J. Bot. 50 (1993) 103.
Type: Meijer 1047 (holo L; iso BO, K), Borneo, East Kalimantan, Samarinda, S.Titan Com-
plex, 20 m, 3 Aug 1952.
Distribution —
Sumatra and Borneo.
Ecology —
Lowland peat-swamp forest or high altitude ridges (sandstone or lime-
stone) or more rarely moss forest, occasionally on ultrabasic soils; 0-1450 m alti-
tude. Often growing epiphytically.

Notes —
1. We have seen neither of the syntypes mentioned by Miquel, and have
therefore not lectotypified the species.

2. Adam and Wilcock base their variety samarindaiensis on specimens with round-
ed stems and non-decurrent leaf bases found in East Kalimantan.
3. This species is unique in the glabrous 'eye-spots', which contrast strongly
against the back of the glaucous inner pitcher wall. In some populations there may be
pitchers with three eye-spots (Phillipps & Lamb, 1996). This is

one, or no species
sometimes confused with N. gracilis, with which it shares sharply triangular stems
and decurrent, sessile leaf bases. Nepenthes reinwardtiana can be distinguished by

its leaves with 1-3 (vs. 4-6) veins, the peristome which is exceptionally finely stri-
ate, and lacks teeth, but has a prominent row of glandular pits, the base of the lid is
truncate, not cordate, and has many small glands, unlike the large, prominently-lipped
glands of N. gracilis, and the partial peduncles are 2-flowered (vs. 1-flowered). Phil-
lipps and Lamb that red be found only

(1996) report pitchers seem to on plants grow-
ing on ultrabasic, sandy heath or podsolic soils.
4. As indicated Adam & Wilcock of this in Peninsular

by (1993), reports species
Malaysia are based on

the misidentification of specimens or misinterpretation of lo-
calities from collecting notes. A number of other species otherwise widespread in
Borneo and Sumatra are also surprisingly in Peninsular Malaysia; N.

rare rajflesiana
which is coastal, and N. albomarginata, which is only found on isolated peaks in the
lowlands, and never in the central ranges.

SUMATRA. Siberut Island, Iboet 53 (BO); Sumatera Barat. Pajakumbuh,
Teijsmann 539 (BO); Sumatera Selatan, Ranau, G. Rajau, van Steenis 3530 (BO); Bangka Island,
Bt. Tampang, Bunnemeijer 1724 (BO). —

BORNEO. Sarawak. Bako NP, Tan S 28830 (SAR, SING);
Hose Mts., Asah 21201 (L, SAR); Mt. Dulit, Synge 528 (SING). -
Sabah. Sandakan, Sepilok FR,
Kadir 172754 (KEP, L); Ulu Sg. Lokan, Lamag, SE of Telupid, Aban & Petrus 90659 (K, KEP,
SAN, SAR). -
Kalimantan. Kalimantan Barat, G. Kelam, Hallier 2299 (BO); Kalimantan Tengah,
Sampit, Kostermans 7992 (BO, L); Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Meijer 1035 (BO).
68. Nepenthes rhombicaulis Sh. Kurata
Nepenthes rhombicaulis Sh. Kurata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1973) 229, f. 1; The Heredity, 26 (10)
(1972) 44, nomen. —

Type: Kurata 4300 (Nippon Dental College n.v., SING), Sumatra, near
Prapat, G. Pangulubao, 1700-1900 m, 29 Mar 1972.
Emended description: Stem glabrous, with prominent sunken glands/lenticels. Leaf-
blade apex sub-peltate to emarginate; longitudinal veins running in the outer 1/4 of
the blade, innermost vein arising from 1/3 to 1/2 way along midrib; pennate nerves
numerous, oblique. Peristome ribs c. 0.5 mm apart. Lid broadly ovate, 2.5 x 2.1 cm;
base truncate; glands rimmed, c. 0.15 mm across, evenly scattered throughout. Spur
bifid, fused near base.
Distribution —
North Sumatra: G. Pangulubao.
Ecology —
Unknown.
Notes —
1. We have been unable to view the

type
material at the Nippon Dental
College, and we
hesitate to nominate a lectotype from the Singapore material which
is in full agreement with the description (see emended

not type description above).
Two types are cited in the original publication, Kurata 4300 (male) and Kurata 4301
(female); duplicates of both are deposited at the Singapore herbarium.
2. Although reported by the original author as being 'common' on

the mountains
surrounding Lake Toba we have seen no other herbarium material, other than the
type. The material at Singapore does not exhibit the apical appendage on the under-
side of the lid mentioned by Kurata (1973). Other authors have reported on this spe-
cies (Hopkins et al., 1990; Schmid-Hollinger, but there voucher

1994) are no speci-
mens, and their descriptions and photographs do not to match the known
appear
herbarium material. Although the type is distinct from other Sumatran this
species,
species remains poorly known.
69. Nepenthes sanguinea Lindl.
Nepenthes sanguinea Lindl., Gard. Chron. (1849) 580 cum icon.; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten-
III, 9 (1928) 366, f. 20; Shivas, Pitcher plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore (1984)
zorg
43. —
Type: Griffith 4411 (lecto, designated here, K), Peninsular Malaysia, G. Ledang.
Nepenthespumila Griff., Post. Papers 4 (1854) 349.
Distribution —
Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand.
Ecology —
Mountain ridges amongst scrub of Dacrydium and Rhododendron;

Notes 1. As discussed under N. albomarginata, the protologue comprises a fig-

—
ure legend, and does not cite material, although an accompanying satirical piece men-
tions Mr. Lobb's name in connection with Mt. Ophir. There is a Lobb specimen at
80 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Kew from Malacca, but this lacks a date, and the Lobb material at CGE has not been
seen by us. It appears that Lobb probably did not visit Mt. Ophir until 1854, whilst
Griffith did in 1842 (Van Steenis-Kruseman, 1950). At Kew, Griffith 4411 would
seem to be the most likely material seen by Lindley, even though it does not come
from Mt. Ophir.

2. Distinguished from N. macfarlanei by its sharply 3-angled, glabrous stems, the
lower lid surface either lacking or possessing very few hairs, but then the pitchers
not abruptly contracted below the peristome, and the inner peristome margin lacking
teeth.
3. Four collections from the northeast of Peninsular Malaysia [Shah & Shukor
3168 (KEP, KLU) and Stone & Chin 15238 (KLU), both from Bt. Baka, Machang,
Kelantan; and Shah etal. 3274 (KEP) & 3283 (KLU), from G. Tebu, Jabi, Trengganu]
have larger leaves, with narrowed, almost petiolate bases, which are decurrent down
the stem for some distance. These collections also dry to a paler, straw colour com-
other N. collections. undescribed

pared to sanguinea They may represent an species.
THAILAND. Peninsular, Yala Prov., G. Ina, 20 km E of Betong, Kerr
7548 (TCD). —
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. Perak. G. Hijam, Henderson 11816 (BO); Bt. Larut, Chua
40471 (KEP). -
Pahang. Cameron Highlands, Foster's Hill, Henderson 17841 (BO, SING), Robinson
G. Cockburn 11035
Falls, Henderson 17752 (BO, SING); Tapis, (KEP); G. Tahan, Holttum 20643
(BO, SING). -
Selangor. Fraser's Hill, 8/1966, Keng s.n. (SING), Hose 65 (SING). -
Terengganu.
G. Sembilu, 7/1952, Hislop s.n. (SING). -

Johore. G. Ophir, Derry 644 (SING), 6/1892, Ridley
s.n. (SING).
70. Nepenthes singalana Becc.
Nepenthes singalana Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 4 & 12, 3; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. 9
t. Buitenzorg III,
(1928) 371; Sh. Kurata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 26 (1973) 231; Tamin & M.Hotta in M. Hotta, Diver-
sity and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 98, excl. non f. 5 & 6. Type: Beccari
syn., —
187 (FI, K, L), Sumatra, near Padang, Mt. Singgalang, 2880 m.
Nepenthes sanguinea auct. non Lindl.: Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 185 partim.
Nepenthes junghuhnii Macfarl. ex Ridl., J. Fed. Mai. St. Mus. 8, 4 (1917) 79. —
Type: Robinson
& Kloss s.n.
(BM, BO), Sumatra, G. Kerinci, 2600 m, 27/4/1914.
Non Nepenthes singalana sensu Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 47; quae, pro parte = N.
gracillima; nec
Macfarl., J. As. Soc. Beng. 75, 2 (1914) 282; = N. gracillimai Ridl.
quae
Distribution —
Sumatra.
Ecology —
Montane forest; 2000-2900 m altitude.
Notes The Beccari herbarium has been viewed in relation lectotypifi-

—
1. not to
cation, although it than certain that material there would be

seems more deposited
most suitable unless deficient in any respect. As noted by Danser (1928) the ortho-
graphy of the species is since the type is Mount

name confusing, locality Singgalang,
whereas the name singalana implies 'from Singala' (i.e. Sri Lanka, Singala being its
old name), the would have been singgalangana.

correct
etymology There is no neces-
sity under the code to correct the name, however.
2. This species has been variously misunderstood. Macfarlane (1908, in-

1914)
cluded specimens of N. gracillima which Ridley (1908) had misidentified as N. bong-
so Korth. Tamin and Hotta (1986) reduced N. carunculata, N. pectinata and N.

spa-
thulata to this species, but overlooked the name N. densiflora.

3. Ridley described ‘N. junghuhnii Macfarl.' in relation to collections made on
Mt. Kerinci by Robinson & Kloss. The Junghuhn specimens, which Macfarlane had
intended to use as for the name in Plantae Junghuhnianae (Danser, 1928: 371),
types
were
made in the Batak region of northern Sumatra, probably near Tapanoeli. As
Ridley's description is the only legitimate publication, the identity of N. junghuhnii
is confused, since Macfarlane's name is attached to specimens of N. singalana (see

Little Known Taxa at end of this paper).
4. In its typical form, on mountains around Padang, the species has papery pitch-
ers with only slightly expanded peristomes and ventricose-tubular pitchers, the leaf
with lipped glands of 0.1-0.4

apex is acute, the lid is ovate numerous mm across
throughout the lower surface. Specimens of N. diatas, N. pectinata and N. spathula-
ta can be readily confused with this species. Nepenthes diatas has characteristically
rigid pitchers, the upper part of the ventricose-tubular pitchers broadens towards the
mouth, rather than being somewhat constricted there as in the present species. Ne-
has large lanceolate leaf with decurrent base, and the lid glands
penthes pectinata a a
are usually somewhat sparse and restricted to the basal part of the midline. Nepenthes
spathulata has sharply 4-angled stems in the climbing phase, the peristome is greatly
expanded at the sides, and the lid has glands restricted to the midlineof the lid.
Collections —
SUMATRA. Sumatera Barat. G. Singgalang, 6-7 /1879, Beccari 187 (Type), 1883,
Boerlage s.n. (L), 28/5/18, 2600 m, Biinnemeijer 2692 (BO), 2693 (BO), 1990, Schittner s.n.
5202 (all L), Ichlas 155 (L), Danau Gadang, Meijer 3867 (L); G. Sago,
(BO), Meijer 3841, 3829,
26/7/18, 2000 m, Biinnemeijer 4028 (BO), Des & Tamin 529 (BO), Meijer 3590, 3598, 5158,
G. Borssum Waalkes 2251 3464 Arbain 377

5159, 5160 (all L); Merapi, van (BO), Meijer (L),
Arbain 2600 m, 9997

(BO, L), 9/1983, s.n. (BO, L); G. Kerinci, 4/5/20, Biinnemeijer (BO), 7/5/
20, 2200 m. Biinnemeijer 10270 (BO), 10271 (BO, SING), 27/4/1914, Robinson & Kloss s.n.
(SING), Holttum 26101 (BO), 28101, 28102 (BO, SING), Frey-Wyssling 107 (BO). -
Sumatera
Selatan. G. Dempo, Jacobson 491 (BO). -

Bengkulu. G. Belirang, Rappard 66, 67 (BO).
71. Nepenthes spathulata Danser
Nepenthes spathulata Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1935) 465. —
Type: Lieftinck 11
(lecto, designated here, L; iso BO), Sumatra, Lampongs, Mt. Tanggamus, 2000 m, Jan 1935.
Distribution —
Southern Sumatra.
Ecology —
Forest to mountain top; 1500-2100m altitude.
Notes —
1. Danser described this species some years

after
completing his mono-
The collection is probably that of Lieftinck 11, of which the

graph. most complete
sheet with a female inflorescence at Leiden is selected as the lectotype.
2. Although closely related to N. singalana, this species can be distinguished by
the combination of more sharply angular stems (although collections of N. singalana
overlap in this character), the greatly expanded peristome, in which the ribs are not
as tall and papery, the lid is ovate (vs. orbicular cordate in N. singalana), and the lid
glands fewer, and densest and largest the midlineof the lid dis-
are near (vs. evenly
tributed) in a manner similar those of N. gymnamphora and N. Danser

to pectinata.
considered these latter two species as the most closely allied species to N. spathulata.
3. The lower leaf-blades are strikingly large and spathulate with a winged petiole
and sheathing base.
82 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Collections SUMATRA. Forbes (K), Kaiser's Peak, Forbes (K);

—
Lampung. s.n. s.n. van
8
Steenis 3751 (BO, L), Toxopeus 17 (L), 18 (BO); Gunung Tanggamus, Lieftinck 7, (BO), 9,10
11 (Type), Jacobs 8212, 8261 (K, L).

(L),
72. Nepenthes spectabilis Danser
Nepenthes spectabilis Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 373, f. 21; Tamin & M. Hotta
in M. and of life in Sumatra (1986) 103. Type: Lorzing

Hotta, Diversity dynamics plant —
7308 iso BO 2, L), Sumatra, Sibolangit, Sibajak, 1800 m, 5 June

(lecto, designated here, BO; x
1920.
Distribution —
North Sumatra: Aceh to Lake Toba.
Ecology —
Sub-alpine shrubberies;
Notes —
1. There are three duplicates of Lorzing 7308 at Bogor, of which the
sheet with a
male inflorescence is chosen as a lectotype.
2. Recent collections greatly extend the range of this species since Danser (1928).
The is not easily confused with any other. The lanceolate leaf has a winged,
species
petiolate base and prominently hairy axils; the upper pitchers are long and slender,
with much reduced wings that may be fimbriate immediately below the peristome,
the mouth of the is into acuminate neck, and the peristome be-
pitcher elongated an
comes flattened and broad near the lid; the spur is long (1.2-2.5 cm), undivided and
densely pubescent; the lid is ovate-cordate, with glands more or less confined to the
centre and absent from the margins; the indumentum of reddish brown hairs to 0.6
in is in the axils of the leaves, the

mm length, prominent on stems, particularly on
underside of the midrib, and on

the pitcher and inflorescence, but sparse else-
spur
where.
collections SUMATRA. Aceh. G. Kemiri, 2000 van Steenis 9726 (BO, L); Boer
Selected —
m,
ni Telong, 2000 m, van Steenis 6367, 6368 (BO); G. Ketambe, 8-15 km SW from mouth of Lau
Ketambe, 40 km NW Kutacane, de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 13694 (BO); G. Bandahara, 2000 m,
de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 13103 (BO). -

Sumatera Utara. Sibajak, Liirzing 7308 (Type), 15772
G. 1800 m, 40 Bandar
(BO); Pinto, Lorzing 8260 (BO); Penghulu Bau, Frey-Wyssling (BO); Baru,
Sungai Tepi, Meijer 15840 (BO).
73. Nepenthes stenophylla Mast.
Gard. Chron. 8 11 f. 58; Danser, Bull.

Nepenthes stenophylla Mast., Ill, (1890) 240; III, (1892) 402,
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 376, f. 22; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah
(1976) 68, f. 23; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 136, f. 73. —
Type:
Veitch & Son Borneo.

s. n.
(lecto, designated here, K),
boschiana lowii Hook. f. in A. DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 98. Nepenthes maxima
Nepenthes var. — var.
lowii Malesia 3 10. Low (K), Sarawak.

(Hook, f.) Becc., (1886) 3, —
Type: s.n.
Nepenthes fallax Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. 20 (1895) 191. —
Type: Low s.n. (W), Borneo.
Nepenthes boschiana auct. non Korth.: Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 71.
Nepenthes faizaliana J.H. Adam & Wilcock, Blumea 36 (1991) 123. —

Type: Lai & Jugah S 44163
(L), Borneo, Sarawak, G. Mulu Bt. Panjang, 10 Nov 1981.

park,
J.H. Adam & Kew Bull. ined. Type: Chai S 35939
Nepenthes fusca var. apoensis Wilcock, —
(holo K), Borneo, Sarawak, Baram dist., Kelabit highlands, Apo Dari, 1550 m, 17 Nov 1974.
Nepenthes sandakanensis J. H. Adam & Wilcock, in sched.
Nepenthes sandakanensis var. eglandulosa J.H. Adam & Wilcock, in sched.
Nepenthes sandakanensis vttv.ferruginea J.H. Adam & Wilcock, in sched.

Distribution —
Northern Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Wet sandy soils, abundant in ridge tops; 1000-2600

Ecology areas or on
—
open
m
altitude.
Notes —
1. The type is a specimen from a cultivated plant, donated to Kew by

Veitch & Son and annotated in Masters' handwriting “N. stenophylla Masters Type
Presented 1890." This specimen is somewhat atypical of the species, and
specimen!
some
workers are of the opinion that the specimen represents what we interpret as
N.
fusca Danser. The leaf is more or less glabrous, lacking the typical reddish hairs of
N. stenophylla. Unfortunately the petiole base and stem insertion, important charac-
ters, have not been preserved. However, the lid is cordate at the base, with scattered
and unlike the lid of N. the material lacks

glands, ovate fusca. Unfortunately, type
discernible The and later illustration

any crest. plant was clearly young, two
years an
based H.J. Veitch published in the Gardeners' Chronicle

on a photograph by was
that shows the sheathing leaf bases and rounded lids typical of N. stenophylla.
clearly
2. The of N. faizaliana differs from N. stenophylla in its 1-flowered pedi-
type
cels, but in all other respects the specimen matches other material of this species from
G. Mulu.
3. The species is characterised by its sheathing leaf bases, and the hairiness (rare-
ly absent) of the stems and leaf margins. The lid is more or less orbicular, with a cor-
date base, and with a more or less prominent crest near the base, which varies some-
what in size and glandulation. The majority of the lid glands are
small (0.1-0.15 mm)
and dispersed throughout the lid underside, scattered these are fewer, larger
among
(0.2-0.4 mm), prominently lipped glands, which are present near the margin and on
the basal crest, and often in a small aggregation near the apex. The peristome lacks
teeth along its inner margin, although a conspicuous gland is present between each
rib.
4. Nepenthes pilosa is apparently closely related to N. stenophylla (for differences
see there).
Selected collections BORNEO. Sarawak. 4° 07' S 114° 53' Mt. Mt. Mulu
—
E, Api, NP, Argent
& Jermy 998 (KEP, L); Bt. Pajang, Mt. Mulu NP, Lai & Jugah S 44163, 10/11/81 (K, L, SAR);
Mt. Haviland & Hose Masia in Kota La-

Baram, Dulit, 3304, 3/1894 (BO, SAR, L); Ulu, Sg. FR,
was, 5th Div., Tong & Jugah S 33055, 13/3/73 (BO, L). -
Brunei. Mt. Retak, N face of N ridge,
Temburong Dist., Wong WKM 900, 30/1/89 (K). -

Sabah. 5° 33' S 117° 05* E, G.Tawai, Sanda-
kan, Vermeulen & Lamb 712, 11/1986 (L); Bembanyan River, Kinabalu, Chew & Corner RSNB
4552 (L); Mt. Kinabalu, Rickards 101 (K); Trus Madi FR, near Sinua, Leopold SAN 71915 (L).-
Kalimantan. Amai Hallier B 3390 (BO, L); Bt. Batoe Jaheri 1662
Ambit, Ajoh, 4/1897, (BO);
3° 52' S 115° 42' E, between Long Bawan & Panado, 23/7/81, Geesink 9203 (L).
Hybrids hybrid with Nepenthes lowii

A (see there) has been reported from
—
Sabah and Brunei.
74. Nepenthes sumatrana (Miq.) Beck
Nepenthes sumatrana (Miq.) Beck, Wien. III. Gartenz. (1895) 149; Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta,
Diversity and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 103. —

Nepenthes boschiana var. suma-
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 6 (1858) 1074; 111. Fl. l'Arch. Ind. (1870) 7; Hook.f. in Prodr.
trana A.DC.,
17 (1873) 98. Nepenthes maxima (Miq) Becc., Malesia 3 3.
— var. sumatrana (1886) —
Type:
Teijsmann 535 (BO x 3, L, U), Sumatra, Sibolga, Feb 1856.

84 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
auct. non Korth.: Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. (1860) 151.
Nepenthes boschiana
Nepenthes treubiana auct. non Warb.: Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 69; Danser, Bull.
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 387, partim, f. 25 toto.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of
life in Sumatra (1986) 93; nud.

plant nom.
of life in Sumatra
Nepenthes spinosa Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics plant
(1986) 103, f. 7, 8; nom. nud.
Nepenthes longifolia Nerz & Wistuba, Carnivorous Plant Newsl. (1995) 23 (1994) 105, f. 3. —
Nerz 2801 (holo L), Sumatra, West Sumatera, Taram, Tjampo Mts., 1000 m, 25 Sep
Type:
1992.
Climber to several metres; intemodes to 16 x 0.8 cm, with a pair of prominent ridges
or
decurrent leaf margins, the stem more or less D-shaped in section. Leaf blade peti-
olate, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate; 39-54 x 5-9 cm; the apex acute to rounded-
base the veins 6-8, in 3/5

emarginate; attenuate to winged petiole; longitudinal outer
of more or less 60-70° to mar-

blade; pennate nerves numerous, parallel, running at
5-9 amplexicaul to 1 /2 of stem, the winged margins long decurrent,

gin; petiole cm;
almost to previous node. Lower pitchers globose throughout, or ventricose in lower
half, tubular above and narrowing to mouth; up to 23 x 6 cm; with fimbriate wings to
4 cm broad, with fringe elements to 6 mm; mouth oblique. Upper pitchers wholly in-
fundibulate, or tubular, scarcely ventricose below; 18-30 x 4-6 cm; without wings;
the mouth oblique, and often raised at front; peristome rounded at front, to 1.2 cm
across, flattened towards lid, or flattened and irregular throughout, then 0.5-1.5 cm
inner margin without teeth, but with conspicuous glands between the ribs;
across,
0.8-1.4 lid circular elliptic, 6-9.5 3.5-7.5, rounded,

spur simple, cm; to x apex
base cordate, densely glandular throughout, glands largest towards midline (0.4-0.9
mm), smaller towards the sides (0.2-0.4 mm). Inflorescence to 28 cm, a raceme of
2-flowered partial 1 1.6 cm,

peduncles; partial peduncles to branching at midpoint,
upper partial peduncles often simple, and then rarely with simple bract; sepals 5-6 x
3 mm, glandular throughout; male similar; capsule valves 44-56 x 3.5 mm, seeds 26
x 0.75 mm. Indumentum of simple and branched hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long, brown; on
all parts, especially on stems, in leaf axils and tendrils; dense below leaf margin and
on all new parts; sparse with age. Colour of lower pitchers brownish red, peristome
green or red-streaked, pitchers of the climbing stem pale green throughout.

Distribution — Sumatra.
Ecology —
Forest(?), sea level to 1000 m.
Notes 1. We have this since the material used

not lectotypified species, original
—
by Miquel for his description is probably deposited at Utrecht, which we

have not
seen.
2. Both Macfarlane (1908) and Danser (1928) were prepared to admit the most
astonishing distribution for N. treubiana, by including Teijsmann's collection from
Sumatra with this latter species. Beck (1895) followed Beccari (1886) in placing
Miquel's var. sumatrana of N. boschiana under N. maxima; however, whether by
design or omission, he published this as N. sumatrana Miq. To the present the spe-
cies has not been properly circumscribed. Tamin and Hotta's N. rafjlesiana var.
longicirrhosa n.n. and N. spinosa n.n. probably match this species also, although
we
have seen no
authentic material.
3. The decurrent leaf base of this species is virtually identical to that of N. bur-
bidgeae of Borneo, which differs markedly in pitcher appearance. Nepenthes raffle-
siana, the only Sumatran species with which it can

be confused, never
has the decur-
rent leaf base, its leaf glandulation is quite different, and the peristome is prominently
toothed on its inner margin.
Collections —
SUMATRA. Sumatera Utara. Sibolga, Teijsmann 535 (Type of N. sumatrana),
Surbeck 288 (K); Sibolga to Taroetoeng, 21 Apr 1930, van der Meer Mohr s. n. (BO). -
Sumatera
Barat. Taram, E of Pajakumbuh, 24 Aug 1957, Meijer 6913 (K); Taram, Tjampo Mts., Nerz 2801
(Type of N. longifolia); Air Putih, E of Pajakumbuh, 22 Feb 1954 Alston 13831 (BO, K); G. Sing-
,
G. E of Lubuk 17 June Borssum

galang, 1878, Beccari s.n. (K); Gadang, Sikapiang, 1953, van
Waalkes 1985 (BO).
75. tentaculata Hook. f.

Nepenthes
tentaculata Hook.f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 101; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
Nepenthes
III, 9 (1928) 379; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 69; Phillipps & A.L.
Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 138, f. 74. —
Type: Lobb 83 (lecto, designated here, K;
iso W), Borneo, Sarawak, 2500-3000 ft, 1857.
Nepenthes tentaculata var. imberbis Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 13. —

Type: Beccari 2930 (FI n.v.),
Borneo, Sarawak, Kuching, Mt. Matang.
Nepenthes tentaculata var. tomentosa Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 43. —

Type: Bur-
bidge s. n. (K), Borneo, Sabah, Kinabalu.
Distribution —
Borneo, Sulawesi.
Ecology soils of forest; 1200-2550 altitude.

Peaty m
—
mossy
Notes —
1. Hooker's protologue cites a Lobb and a Beccari specimen from Sara-
wak. Lobb 83 was collected at 2700 ft in Sarawak; this matches the altitude given by
and is selected here the
Hooker (2500-3000 ft) as lectotype.
2. The Sulawesi specimens have longer, more lanceolate leaves; in addition the
lids tend to be less frequently tentaculate, and the inflorescence is longer (17.5 cm
vs.
13 cm).
BORNEO. Sarawak. Bako NP, Telok Asam, Purseglove 5063 (K, SAR);
4th Div., Bario, Bt. Lawi, Awa & Lee 50880 (KEP); summit of G. Mulu, Martin S 38784 (K, L,
SAR, SAN). -
Sabah. S slope of Kinabalu, Collenette 21562, 5/9/63 (A, BO, K, L, G, CANB,
SAR, US). -
Kalimantan. Kalimantan Tengah, Bukit Raya, 10 km NNW of Tumbang Tosah, Up-
Katingan, Mogea & de Wilde 3958 (BO, K, L); Kalimantan Timur, G.

per Njapa, Krubung, Berau,
Kato et al. 6001 (BO); W. Kutei, Endert 3954 (BO). SULAWESI. B. Waroe
—
Meoesa, Kjellberg
2314 (BO); G. Sinadji, Rachmat 900 (BO); G. Lokai-Taboenan, Loewoek S/D, Menado, Eyma
3778 (BO, K, SING); Soroako, Hennipman 5759 (K, KEP, L).
76. Nepenthes thorelii Lecomte
Nepenthes thorelii Lecomte, Not. Syst. 1,2 (1909) 63. —Type: Thorel 1032 (lecto, designated here,
iso P, BO), Vietnam, Guia-Toan, Lo-thieu, Ti-tinh.
P;
Terrestrial shrub with large perennial rootstock producing annual shoots in the wet
season. Rootstock irregularly branched to 2 cm thick. Stem erect, to 40 cm high,
terete, 0.4-0.8 cm in diameter. Leaves linear lanceolate to narrowly obovate; 12-26
x 1.8-3 cm; apex acute to acuminate; base amplexicaul inserted at an acute angle, and
86 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
decurrent to stem for 1-2.5 cm, ultimately rounded, these basal wings almost meet-
opposite side of stem; longitudinal veins 2-4 on each side of midrib, arising
ing on
from the midrib; pennate nerves numerous curving towards the apex. Lower
along
pitchers ovoid; to 11.5 x 4.5 cm; wings broad, 5-8 mm, with fringe elements 2-5
mm, c. 2 mm apart; the mouth ovate-triangular, oblique, concave; peristome rounded
at front, 2-4 mm across, towards lid to 7 mm across, ribs 0.25-0.4 mm apart, the
inner with rounded teeth 0.2-0.5 simple, 2-4 lid

margin mm long; spur mm; ovate
to rounded, 2-3.5 x 2-2.8 cm, the glands prominently lipped, dense and numerous
near base of midline, 0.3-0.7 mm across there, c. 0.15 mm across towards

margin
and not so dense. Upper pitcher borne on
uncoiled tendril; obovate, narrowed to-
wards 12.5 4.5 wings 1-1.5 mm broad, with very sparse

mouth; to x cm; narrow,
apart) acuminate fringe elements 1—1.5 mm long; mouth oblique, concave;

(3-7 mm
peristome rounded, 3-5 mm across, outer margin regularly sinuate; lid as in lower
Inflorescence a raceme; 8-18 cm long; borne on a tall erect rhachis 50-70

pitcher.
cm long; partial peduncles 1-flowered pedicels 3-6 mm long, with or without a short
bract. Indumentum of simple or branched hairs 0.3-0.4 mm long. Colour of pitchers
light green with reddish markings, lid reddish, indumentum white.
Distribution —
Vietnam.
Seasonally dry savannah grassland; sea level 200 m.

Ecology —
to
Notes 1. The male Paris, with lower pitchers, is selected the lec-
—
specimen at as
is female plant with

totype. The Paris isotype a upper pitchers.
2. There are problems with the delimitationof this species, N. anamensis and N.
smilesii Little Known All three species share narrow linear leaves with
(see Taxa).
leaf bases. The limits of variation of these two species is not yet understood,
clasping
and N. anamensis may occupy similar habitats to N. thorelii. Nepenthes thorelii ap-
to be a plant of seasonally dry grassland, surviving as a dormant rootstock

pears
during the dry season when fires burn out the above ground vegetation. Besides its
perennating habit, N. thorelii is characterised by the non-coiling tendrils of the upper
inflorescence, which above the

pitchers, and its tall rises over a metre ground.
Collection —
VIETNAM. Guia-Toan, Lo-thieu, Ti-tinh, Thorel 1032 (Type).
77. Nepenthes tobaica Danser
Nepenthes tobaica Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 382, f. 23; Sh. Kurata in Gard.
Danser,
life
Bull. Sing. 26 (1973) 232; Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity and dynamics of plant
in Sumatra (1986) 107. —
Type: Lorzing 6573 (lecto, designated here, BO; iso BO x

3, L), Su-
matra, Habinsaran plateau, ESE of Lake Toba, 1200-1300 m, 11 May 1919.
Distribution —
Northern Sumatra.
Ecology —
Forest edges, with Leptospermum/Rhodomyrtus. Scrub of old clear-
ings; 950-2750 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Of the three dried duplicates of Lorzing 6573, the sheet with both male
'
and female inflorescences is selected as the lectotype. The Lorzing number 680T in
Danser (1928: 384) is an error for 8602, as on fig. 23.
2. This species is chiefly to be found in the Lake Toba area of Sumatra. It can be
distinguished from N. reinwardtiana by the absence of pitcher 'eye-spots', the pres-
ence of tufts of white hairs in the leaf-axils, and the rounded stem with non-decurrent
leaf bases. Nepenthes mikei can be distinguished by its fasciculated spurs on the
pitcher, the 0.5-1 and the short inflorescence

larger peristome (2.5 mm vs. mm) (7-
15 cm vs. 15-35 cm) with 1-flowered partial peduncles.
SUMATRA. Aceh. G. Kemiri, van Steenis 9127 (BO); Lemboeh, van
Steenis 9170 (BO); Poetjoek Angasan, Penosa, van Steenis 8271 (BO). -
Sumatera Utara. Habin-
15454 (BO); Toba, Lorzing 16733 (BO); Tapiannoeli, der Meer Mohr 126 (BO,
saran, Lorzing van
SING); Sidulang, Balige, N. Tapiannoeli, Yoshida 2063 (BO); Toba, SE of Prapat, Iwatsuki 151
(BO); G. Pangulubas, 2/4/1972, Kurata s.n. (SING).
78. tomoriana Danser

Nepenthes
24.
Nepenthes tomoriana Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 384, f. —
Type: Rachmat
645 (lecto, designated here, BO; iso BO, L), Sulawesi, Gulf of Tomori, G. Kolonodale, Sep 1913.
Distribution —
Central Sulawesi.
in and ultrabasic
Ecology —
Open scrub-land, mangrove swamps on soils; sea
level to 400 m.
Notes —
1. A duplicate of the type is kept in alcohol at Bogor, the herbarium sheet
at Bogor is selected as the lectotype.

2. The only paniculate species known from Sulawesi. Distinguished from the sim-
the and smaller lid and the

ilar N. danseri (see there), by more numerous glands,
presence of a bract on the partial peduncle, which is absent in the latter species.
Collections —
SULAWESI. 2° 15' S 121° 30' E, Lake Matano, Soroako, 10/6/79, van Balgooy
3643 2° 27' S 121° 22' N shore of Lake de Vogel 5811 (BO, L); 2° 35'S 121° 20'E,
(K, L); E, Mata,
Matano Lake, NE of Malili, near Soroako, Meijer 11074a (L), 11200 (BO); 2° 45' S 121° 33' E,
Lake Towuti, Luha Is., 18/7/79, de Vogel 6370 (BO, K, L); Malili S/D, near Doongi, 9/8/38,
Eyma 3327 (BO, K); 1 50 S 121 30 E, Morowali Prov., Mangroves at mouth of Ranu River,
16/2/80, Grimes 1176 (K); Gulf of Tomori, G. Kolonodale, Rachmat 645 (Type); Lampea, Malili,
Kjellberg 2056 (BO); 2421 (BO); Noeha, Kjellberg 2795 (BO).

Waroe Waroe, Kjellberg
79. Nepenthes treubiana Warb.
Nepenthes treubiana Warb. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 318; Boerl., Handl. 3, 1 (1900) 54; Jebb,
Science in New Guinea 17 (1991) 43, f. 25. Type: Warburg 20581 New
—
(B n.v.), Guinea,
McCluer Gulf, Sigar, 1889.
Non treubiana Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 69; Bull. Jard.

Nepenthes sensu nec
Danser,
Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 387, f. 25, quae pro = N. sumatrana (Miq.) Beck.
parte
Stem climbing, angular to 1.3 cm in diameter. Leaf blade lanceolate, to 35 x 7 cm;
gradually base, petiole short, or to 7 winged, these

apex acute; attenuate to cm, wings
running down stem, to 0.3 cm broad. Longitudinal veins 3 to 7, some arising from
midrib, running in outer 2/3 of blade. Pennate nerves numerous, running obliquely
towards margin, reticulate in outer part of blade. Lower pitchers urceolate-globose,
to 20 x 10 cm, with fringed wings to 1 cm broad, with very numerous, short fringing
elements (0.3-0.5 cm); peristome rounded 1.5 lid orbicular, 8
to cm; to cm, slight-
ly cordate; spur simple. Upper pitchers not known. Inflorescence a dense raceme to
40 cm long, 0.7 cm thick, partial peduncles nearly all 2-flowered, to 2.5 cm long. In-
dumentumgenerally sparse, but dense beneath the blade margin. Colour not known.
88 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
—
Distribution West New Guinea (Sorong, Misool Is.).
Forest edge.
Ecology
—
Notes —
1. The original type material at Berlin is still extant (Rischer, 1995) but
we have not seen it.
2. Macfarlane and Danser united N. sumatrana with this species. They share large
urceolate pitchers, and 2-flowered partial peduncles, but their geographical disjunc-
tion makes such a

union highly improbable. Nepenthes treubiana has short teeth on
margin of the absent in N. the leaf is

the inner peristome (vs. sumatrana), margin
densely hairy (vs. glabrous), the lid glands are uniform, 0.2 to 0.4 mm across (vs.
0.2-0.7 the lid surface and slightly rimmed
mm), evenly spread throughout (vs.
largest along midline and smaller elsewhere). The wings of the lower pitchers have
much shorter and more numerous fringe elements than those illustrated in Jebb (1991).
(BO, K), 976 (BO); Sigar, McCluer Gulf,

Collections —
IRIAN JAYA. Misool Is., Pleyte 813
Warburg 20581 (B).
80. Nepenthes x
trichocarpa Miq.
Nepenthes x trichocarpa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. I, 1 (1858) 1072; J. Bot. Neerl. 1, 3 (1862) 275, t. 1;
Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 389; Tamin & M. Hotta in M. Hotta, Diversity
and dynamics of plant life in Sumatra (1986) 108; Phillipps & A.L.Lamb, Pitcher Plants of
Borneo (1996) 140, f. 75. Type: Teijsmann 532 (BO, L U n.v.), Sumatra, Sibolga,
—
p.p. n.v.,
Feb 1856.
Nepenthes trichocarpa var. erythrosticta Miq., J. Bot. Neerl. 1, 3 (1862) 276. —
Type: Teijsmann
533 (BO, L n.v., U n.v.), Sumatra, Sibolga, Feb 1856.

p.p.
Distribution —
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo.
but nearly always in mixed populations of N. ampul-

Ecology —
Widespread rare;
laria and N. gracilis, its putative parents; sea level to 800 m.
Notes 1. At several duplicates of Teijsmann's Sibolga collections exist;

Bogor
—
of these duplicate of 532 N. trichocarpa, the remaining two sheets

one represents x
N. Of 533, fragmented sheet may be N. gracilis, while the two other

are gracilis. one
sheets are annotated N. trichocarpa var. erythrosticta, characterised by its larger size.
Danser (1928) states that the number 532 represents authentic specimens of the var.
erythrosticta however. Without viewing the Utrecht specimens it is impossible to be
certain of Miquel's designation, since Teijsmann's collections at Utrecht have be-
come muddled (Danser, 1928), and Miquel refers to no numbers.
2. Holttum was
the first to suggest
that this species was a hybrid between N. am-
pullaria and N. gracilis. As with N. hookeriana this supposition is based upon its ap-
fact that it only

parent rarity but widespread distribution, and the occurs sporadically
in mixed populations of the
parent species.
3. This hybrid has sessile leaves which exhibit N. ampullaria-like venation, tex-
ture and hairiness, whilst the angular stem, with sub-decurrent leaf bases and the lid
with its few, large-lipped glands are similar to those of N. gracilis; the pitchers are
characteristically barrel-shaped, and somewhat constricted at the mouth.
SUMATRA. Sibolga, 2/1856, Teijsmann 532 (Type), 533 (BO, U); Da-
Jambi & 517

nau Padang, Kerinci, 23/8/72, Morley Karadin (BO, HULL, K); Hitean Haloban, La-
boehan Batoe, Bila 17-24/5/33, Rahmat si Boeea 4311 (L, MICH). —

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA.
36551 SINGAPORE. The Holttum

Selangor, Sepang, 21/6/39, Fugh (L, SING). —
Gap 16/7/39
1603 BORNEO. Sarawak. Kuch-
36983 (L, SING); Changi, 25/11/1889, Goodenough (SING). —
8064 Coomans de
ing, Quarry Hill, Brooke 8040, (L). -
Kalimantan Barat. Koelor, Singkawag,
Ruiter 9 (BO). -
Sabah. Phillipps & Lamb (1996).
81. Nepenthes truncata Macfarl.
Nepenthes truncata Macfarl., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Pennsylv. 3 (1911) 209, t. 2. —
Type; Allen
600 1907.
191 (?PENN n.v.), Philippines, Mindanao, Surigao prov., near Samsolang, m,
Distribution —
Philippines: Mindanao (Surigao & Agusan Prov.).
Ecology —
Open mountainside, 230-600 m altitude.
Notes —
1. Macfarlane cites two collections in the protologue, one (,Bolster 270)
comprising a small, juvenile leaf, the other (Allen 191), which is illustrated, a large
mature leaf. While we have not been able to see the Pennsylvania material, this latter
specimen seems
the most appropriate for lectotypification.
2. The strikingly truncate, to deeply notched, leaf apex, large size and lid with a
basal glandular crest distinguish this species from all others. The species appears to
be very restricted in distribution, a pattern matched by other species endemic to the
northeastern comer of Mindanao (N. bellii, N. merrillianaand N. petiolata). This spe-
cies shows close affinities to N. maxima both in the texture and venation of the leaf
blade, and in its lid.
Collections —
PHILIPPINES. Mindanao. Surigao Prov., near Cansuram, Bolster 270 (VPENN
n.v.); Camp David, Kurata 1105, 1106, 1107 (?Nippon Dental College n.v.); Ramos 34541 (BO);
Elmer 13483
Agusan Prov., Mt. Urdanetta, (BO, W).
82. Nepenthes veitchii Hook. f.
Nepenthes veitchii Hook, f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 22 (1859) 421; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg
III, 9 (1928) 391; Phillipps & A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 144, f. 77, 78. —
Type: Lobb s.n. (lecto, designated here, K), Borneo.
Nepenthes lanata Hort. ex

Linden, Illustr. Hortic. 23 (1876) 192, t. 261; Mast., Gard. Chron. (1872)
542, nomen. —
Type: not located.
Nepenthes villosa auct non Hook, f.: Hook., Bot. Mag. (1858) t. 5080.
Nepenthes sanguinea auct. non Macfarl.: Mast., Gard. Chron. 2 (1882) 808, f. 143.
Nepenthes veitchii var. striata Veitch, Gard. Chron. Ill, 12 (1892) 561, nomen.
Distribution —
Borneo: Central Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, rare in Kalimantan.
Ecology —
Lowland Dipterocarp forest especially near rivers, ridgetops in mossy
forest; rarely epiphytic; 55-1200 m altitude.
Notes —
1. William Hooker published what he took to be a more complete collec-
tion of N. villosa Hook, f., which had been published by his son 6 previously,
years
when no pitchers had been available. William Hooker cites a Thomas Lobb collection
from Sarawak. The following year Joseph Hooker applied a new name to this taxon,
citing a Lobb specimen from 1000 ft and a Low specimen from G. Mulu at 3000 ft.
The former specimen, at Kew, was previously identified as N. villosa in pencil, and
this has been rubbed out. This specimen is selected as

the lectotype. Nepenthes la-
nata was a horticultural name and placed as a synonym of the species at the time of
publication.
90 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
the broad, flattened

2. Immediately recognisable by peristome, the sheathing leaf
bases, and the dense, hispid hairs. There appear to be two distinct forms of this spe-
cies: one, a lowland form, with long, narrow, spathulate leaves, a narrow lid, and a
golden yellow peristome, which is often found near streams or rivers, and a highland
form, with abruptly rectangular-elliptic blades, rounded lid, and green and red streak-
ed peristome, which is commonly found on ridgetops. Both climb by means of dis-
tichous leaf-blades (Burbidge, 1882, Phillipps & Lamb, 1988).

clasping
collections BORNEO. Sarawak. G. Santibong, Hewitt 458 2° 06' N

Selected —
Kuching, (SAR);
113° 42' E, Hose Mts., above Ulu Melinau falls, Bum & Martin 4990 (SAR); 4th Div., G. Mulu
NP, G. Api, Yii Puan Ching 55956 (K, L, SAR); Ulu Sg. Masia, Kota FR, Lawas, Tang & Jugah
33081 (KEP). -
Sabah. Telupid, Heluran, Sg. Meliau, Rahim 95000 (KEP, SAR); Long Samado,
de 8470 Kalimantan. Kalimantan Timur. W. Kutei, Belajan River, Mt. Palima-

Vogel (KEP, L). -
san, near Tabang, Kostermans 12972 (BO, KEP). Kalimantan Tengah. Bt. Raya, Nooteboom 4083
(BO, KEP).
83. Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco
Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 1 (1837) 807; Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852)
10; Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 100; Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 4; Beck, Wien. 111. Gar-
tenz. (1895) 149; Burbidge, Flora & Sylva II, 12 (1904) 114; Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3
(1908) 54. —
Type: Not located; Blanco s.n. (PNH t?), Philippines, Luzon, Ilocos Province,
Piddig.
Distribution —
Philippines: Luzon.
Ecology —Low mossy oak forest, 1200-1500 m altitude.
Notes 1. Blanco's are presumed destroyed at PNH, but duplicates may

types
—
exist elsewhere (see notes under N. alata).

2. Closely related to N. burkei Mast, of Mindoro q.v. This pair of species both
have strongly waisted pitchers, which lack fringed wings at

any stage.
PHILIPPINES. Luzon. Quezon Prov., Lucban, Tayabas, Elmer 7441 (BO);
Rizal Prov., Loher 14055 14058 (BO).

(KEP),
84. Nepenthes vieillardii Hook. f.
Nepenthes vieillardii Hook. f. in A.DC., Prodr. 17 (1873) 104; Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 5; Beck,
Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 190; Burbidge, Flora & 2 (12) (1904) 114
Sylva (as veillardii); Mac-
farl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 48; Guillaumin, Ann. Mus. Col. Mars.II, 9 (1911) 211;
Moore, J. Linn. Soc. 45 (1920) 380. —

Type: Vieillard 1121 (lecto, designated here K; iso P
n.v., TCD, W), New Caledonia.
Nepenthes neocaledonica Mull, ex Heckel, Ann. Fac. Sc. Mars. (1892) 9.
Nepenthes ampullaria auct. non Jack: Jeanneney, Nouv. Caled. Agric. (1894) 92.
Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Jeanneney, Nouv. Caled. Agric. (1894) 92.
Nepenthes vieillardii deplanchei Dubard, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12 66. Herb.
var. (1906) —
Type:
Deplanche 100 (P), New Caledonia.
Nepenthes montrouzierii Dubard, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12 (1906) 66. —
Nepenthes vieillardii var.
montrouzieri (Dubard) Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 49. —

Type: Pancher 423 (P
n.v.), New Caledonia, Isle of Pines, 1858.
Nepenthes bongso auct. non Korth.: Guillaumin, Ann. Mus. Col. Mars. II, 9 (1911) 211.
M. Jebb & M. Cheek: Skeletal revision 91
of Nepenthes
Nepenthes humilis S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45 (1921) 380. —
Nepenthes vieillardii var. hu-
milis (S. Moore) Guillaumin, Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. N.S. Ser. B, 15 (1964) 24. —
Type:
not located, Mont Mou.
Nepenthes vieillardii var. minima Guillaumin, Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. N.S. S6r. B, 4 (1953) 61.
Non vieillardii Bull. Jard. Bot. 9 (1928) 393, f. 26;

Nepenthes sensu
Danser, Buitenzorg III, nec
Jebb, Science in New Guinea 17 (1991) 45, f. 27, = N. lamii Jebb & Cheek
quae pro parte
partim.
Distribution —
New Caledonia.
Ecology —
Scrub, forest by streams; 30-800 m altitude.
Notes —
1. The Kew specimen of Vieillard 1121 is lectotypified, being the sheet
on
which Hooker is most likely to have worked.
2. Nepenthes lamii, described as new in this paper, was formerly included in N.
vieillardiiby Danser (1927) and Jebb (1991). The present species is characterised by
the indumentum of white hairs all parts, with the exception of the leaf-
prominent on
blades, where it is somewhat sparse (vs. almost glabrous in N. lamii). The leaf-blade
of the species is somewhat spathulate at its base, being narrowed into

present a more
or less parallel-sided base, which is abruptly amplexicaul to the stem (vs. broadly at-
tenuate and decurrent). The lid glands are sparse, scattered throughout the underside
of the lid, and large (0.25-0.4 mm) with prominent rims, which may be somewhat
thickened [in N. lamii they are somewhat variable (0.1-3 mm) but dense].
NEW CALEDONIA. Prony, Franc 19 (SING), 1909 (BO, SING); Germain
s. n. (BO). —
ISLE DES PINS. Macgillivray s. n. (K), Milne s. n. (K, TCD).
85. Nepenthes villosa Hook. f.
Nepenthes villosa Hook.f. in Hook., Ic. (1852) t. 888; Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 183, p.p.,
excl. N. edwardsiana; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 396, excl. N. ed-
p.p.,
wardsiana; Sh. Kurata, Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (1976) 73, t. 25 & 26; Phillipps &
A.L. Lamb, Pitcher Plants of Borneo (1996) 149, f. 79. —

Type: Low s.n. (K), Borneo, Sabah,
Mt. Kinabalu.
villosa 5080,
Non Nepenthes auct. Hook., Bot. Mag. (1858) t.
quae = N. veitchii.
Distribution —
Borneo: Mt. Kinabalu only.
Ecology —
Mossy forest with Dacrydium and Leptospermum, or amongst boul-
ders, shrubs and grass in open conditions, on ultrabasic soils only; 2400-3200 m
altitude.
Notes 1. Nepenthes edwardsiana and villosa first united

Nepenthes were by
—
Beck (1895), and this was followed by Danser (1928). Macfarlane maintained them
separately (1908).
2. Closely related to N. edwardsiana and N. macrophylla. With the former spe-
cies it overlaps at the lower end of its altitudinal range. Intermediate taxa can be as-
cribed to the hybrid N. x harryana. Nepenthes villosa differs from both these species
in its emarginate leaf-blade, long villose tendril, and its ellipsoid villose pitcher which
lacks any narrowing at its middle. The peristome has a double inner layer, linked by
cross walls, and forming a series of rectangular partitions between the front peristome
and an inner layer which lies close to the pitcher wall.
92 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
BORNEO. Sabah. Mt. Kinabalu,Anderson 27100 (SAR), Clemens 29340
(BO), Holttum 25516 (SING), Low s.n. (Type), Poore 303 (KLU).
Hybrids —
1. Nepenthes villosa x N. edwardsiana = N. x harryana Burb. (see un-
der N. edwardsiana).
2. villosa N. N. kinabaluensis Sh. Kurata N. kina-
Nepenthes x rajah = x
(see x
baluensis).
LITTLE KNOWN TAXA
deaniana Macfarl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3 (1908) 57. Type: Cur-

1. Nepenthes —
ran
3891 (PNH t), Philippines, Palawan, Mt. Pulgar.
Note —
The Manila type is presumed destroyed with the Philippine herbarium
during World War II. Duplicates of the type may be extant elsewhere, although Mac-
farlane (1908) mentions Manila alone. The description suggests that the species may
be a form of N. alata.
2. Nepenthes junghuhnii sensu Macfarl. in sched. —
?Nepenthes sanguinedx N.
Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg

singalana III, 9 (1928) 371.
Non Nepenthes junghuhnii Macfarl. ex Ridl., J. Fed. Mai. St. Mus. 8, 4 (1917) 79,
quae = N. singalana Becc.
Note —
Macfarlane determined sheets of Junghuhn 275 collected in the Batak re-
gion of Sumatra (?Tapanoelli) at Kew as ‘N. Junghuhnii Macfarl.'; however, he
never published the name. Ridley cites the collections made by Robinson & Boden
Kloss on Mt. Kerinci as belonging to this species, and thus inadvertently described
the species using specimens we include in N. singalana Becc. (see there). The speci-
mens originally determined by Macfarlane are not readily assigned to a taxon. They
have narrow lanceolate and petiolate leaves with decurrent bases and large ellipsoid
pitchers with an expanded peristome. The pitchers are somewhat intermediatebe-
tween
upper and lower forms and the specimens could belong to N. bongso Korth.
3. Nepenthes melamphora var. lucida Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 8;
Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 5; Beck, Wien. 111. Gartenz. (1895) 186. —
Type: Muller
s. n. (L), Borneo, E of Bandjermasin.

Note — Blume describes the specimen as having very shiny leaves; however, this
is from the typical gymnamphora, this variety dif-

not apparent specimens. From N.
fers in its narrowly lid (3.5 2.3 but in other features it falls within the
ovate x cm),
variation shown by the species in Java. The Muratus mountainsof southern Borneo
are poorly collected. Two species, known only from their have been collected
types,
there: N. borneensis and N. boschiana. With no other collections available from S
Borneo, this specimen stands alone.
4. Macfarl. Icon. Beccarii) in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 3

Nepenthes neglecta (ex (1908)
58; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 9 (1928) 29. —
Syntypes: Icon. Bec-
carii
(not located); Low s.n. (not located), Burbidge s.n. (not located), Borneo,
Sabah, Labuan Island.

Note Macfarlane based the and

name on a drawing by Beccari, on two speci-
—
one
of Low, the other of Burbidge, both from Labuan Island. It has not been
mens,
possible to identify these latter two specimens. One specimen at Kew (Burbidge s. n.
from Labuan, a specimen of N. hirsuta) has long been annotated as the type of N.
neglecta, and in Macfarlane's "this is the only fertile

a note
handwriting states: ma-
terial of this species that I have seen." In his original publication, Macfarlane (1908)
ends his description thus "... Flores et fructus ignoti." Probably the herbarium note
has been written after publication of the species and the specimen cannot be consid-
ered original material. Without material, and there being no populations of Nepenthes
remaining on Labuan (Anthea Phillipps, pers. comm.), the description is the sole ref-
erence. There are several important characters in the description: "caulis ...
trigonus,
anguli marginibus folii superioris continui, ...", and the lid "... glandulis
a being
paucis magnis irregulariter dispersis,..."; these characters are

matched by N. gracilis
and quite unlike the stems or glandulation of N. hirsuta. The drawing of Beccari's,
which we have not seen,
may shed further light on this species.
5. Nepenthes smilesii Hemsl., Kew Bull. (1895) 116. —
Type: Smiles s.n. (K),
Thailand, Baw Saw, Nam Kawng.

Note Danser this with N. mirabilis. Whilst the
—
(1928) synonymised species
margin of the specimen at Kew does have a sparsely fimbriate margin, the venation
is atypical for N. mirabilis. In some characters this specimen demonstrates links

very
to N. anamensis and N. thorelii, and without further material its inclusion with N.
mirabilis seems premature.
EXCLUDED SPECIES
1. Nepenthes cincta Mast., Gard. Chron. 21 (1884) 576. J. Veitch & Sons
—
Type:
s. n. (K), cultivated from material collected by David Burke in Borneo.
Note —
Described from material grown from seed collected by David Burke in
Sarawak, a collector for J. Veitch and Co. As Masters states in the original descrip-
tion, it is in all likelihood a natural hybrid between N. albomarginata and N. northi-
ana.
2. Nepenthes cristata Brongn., Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 (1824) 48. —
Type: Commerson
s.n. (lecto, nominatedhere, P n.v.), Madagascar.

Note —
Based on mixed types, comprising N. alata [Noe s.n. (P n.v.), Philip-
pines, Mauban] and N. madagascariensis (Commerson n.)\ this N.

s. name pre-dates
alata Blanco. By lectotypifying the Madagascan element, the name can be excluded
from use in the case of N. alata.
3. Nepenthes lindleyana Low ex W. Baxt. Loudon, Hort. Brit. Suppl. 3 (1850) 593.
Type: not located.
Note —
We have been unable to identify this taxon.
94 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to Holly Nixon for her beautiful illustrations and to Mark Coode for his Latin
go
translations.
We have been helped in diverse ways by George Argent, Sarah Ball, John Beaman, Lilian Chua,
Saw Leng Guan, Helen Fortune Hopkins, Dr. Noorma Wati Haron, Paul Harwood, Ali Ibrahim,
Daniel Kelly, The Kong family, James Menzies, David Middleton, Johannis Mogea, Grace Pasley,
Colin Pendry, Mrs. Runi Sylvester Pungga, Berni Shine, Tan Wee Kiat, Hugh Tan, Stephen Teo,
Elizabeth -
Ian Turner, Widjaya and Mr. Wong Thank you all very much.
Anthea Phillipps' detailed knowledge of the North Borneo species has helped greatly in solving
some problems there. Jan Schlauer's World Carnivorous Plant List has been of immense assistance
in making sure that no nomenclatural stone was left unturned.
Many of our ideas have been aired on the Internet, and we should like to thank Alistair Culham,
Johannes Marabini, Josef Mullins, Joe Nerz, Jan Schlauer and Andreas Wistuba for their comments
and suggestions and sharing their unpublished work with us.
At Leiden, Prof. Pieter Baas, Frits Adema, Max van Balgooy, Marco Roos, Ed de Vogel and
Willem and Brigitta de Wilde have been amiable and helpful hosts. At Kew have been
we
greatly as-
sisted Prof. G.T. Prof. G. Dr. S. Owens, Eimear Nic

by Prance, Lucas, Lughadha, and Brian Stannard,
Atkins and Yvette have been hosts of

Sandy Harvey, patient our
many visits to the Nepenthes cup-
boards at Kew. At Trinity College, Prof. Mike Jones, Dr. John Parnell and Mrs. Marcella Campbell
have generously supplied facilities and for the project. At Glasnevin Donal Synnott has been
support
most supportive in finalising the manuscript.
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Reinwardtia 11: 35-40.
Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine. 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepen-
thes. J. Trop. For. Sci. 5: 13-25.
Burbidge, F.W. 1880. Nepenthes bicalcarata. Gardeners' Chronicle II, 13: 264-265.
Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new

Nepenthes. Gardeners' Chronicle II, 17: 56.
Clarke, C.M., & R.L. Kitching. 1993. The metazoan food-webs from six Bornean Nepenthes spe-
cies. Ecol. Entomology 18: 7-16.
Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bull. Jard. Bot. 9:
Buitenzorg III,
249-438.
Hooker, J.D. 1859. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes. Trans. Linn. Soc.
22: 415 -424, t. 69-74.
Hooker, J.D. 1873. In: A. de Candolle, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis

Nepenthaceae. regni Vege-
talis 17: 90-105.
Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B. Salmon. 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia. Carnivorous Plant
Newsl. 19: 19-28.
Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. A review of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17 (2): 7-54
Joel, D. 1988. Mimicry and mutualism in carnivorous pitcher-plants (Sarraceniaceae, Nepenthaceae,
Cephalotaceae, Bromeliaceae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 35: 185-197.
Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino. 1993. Inter- and Intra-specific variation in
prey assem-
blages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra.

Trop. Ecol. 6: 11-25.
Kiew, R.G. 1990. Pitcher of Tahan. J. Wildlife and National Parks 10:
plants Gunong (Malaysia)
34-37.
Kurata, Sh. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. Gard. Bull. Sing. 26: 227-232.
Kurata, Sh. 1976. Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu. Sabah National Park Trustees, Kota Sabah.
Kinabalu,
Kurata, Sh. 1984a (Preprinted on February 6, 1984). New species of Nepenthes from Sulawesi, In-
donesia. J. Insectiv. PI. Soc. (Japan) 35: 41-45.

Kurata, Sh. 1984b (Volume dated 1983; Effective-publication date: March 7,1984). Gard. Bull. Sing.
36: 197-200.
Lanjouw, J., & F.A. Stafleu. 1954. Index Herbariorum

part II. IBPTN, Utrecht.
Low, H. 1848. Sarawak: its inhabitants and productions. New ed. 1968. Frank Cass & Co., London.
Lowrey, T.K. 1991. Chromosome and isozyme number in the Nepenthaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 200-
201.
Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler, Das Pflanzenreich 4, 3: 1-92.
Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Nepenthaceae. J. As. Soc. Beng. 75: 279-288
Phillipps, A., & A.L. Lamb. 1988. Pitcher-Plants of East Malaysia and Brunei. Nature Malaysiana
13, 4: 8-27.
Phillipps, A. & A.L. Lamb. 1996. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo),
Kota Kinabalu.
Ridley, H.N. 1908. On a collection of plants from Gunong Tahan. J. Linn. Soc. 38: 320.
Rischer, H. 1995. Concerning Nepenthes treubiana. Carnivorous Plant Newsl. 24: 94.
Schlauer, J. 1994. World Carnivorous Plant List. 'CP' Bulletin board:
LISTPROC@OPUS.HPL.HP.COM, archived as JANS.DB.
Schlauer, J., & J. Nerz. 1994. Notes on Nepenthes I. Contributions to the flora of Sumatra. Blumea
39: 139-142.
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Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Singapore.
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(Preprinted on February 10, 1984). Three new
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as
part [41/55],
of Exsiccatae
Index
Only specimens with an identifiable collector and collection number are listed. The bracketed num-
ber refers to the species number as used in this and listed as follows:
paper
1. adnata Tamin & M. Hotta ex Schlauer 10. bongso Korth.
2. alata Blanco 11. borneensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock
3. albomarginata T. Lobb ex Lindl. 12. boschiana Korth.
4. ampullaria Jack 13. burbidgeae Hook. f. ex Burb.
5. anamensis Macfarl. 14. burkei Mast.
6. argentii Jebb & Cheek 15. campanulata Sh. Kurata
7. aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek 16. clipeata Danser
8. bellii K. Kondo 17. danseri Jebb & Cheek
9. bicalcarata Hook. f. 18. densiflora Danser

96 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
19. diatas Jebb & Cheek 52. mollis Danser
20,idistillatoria L. 53. muluensis M. Hotta
21. dubia Danser 54. murudensis Culham ex Jebb & Cheek
22. edwardsiana Low ex Hook. f. 55. neoguineensis

Macfarl.
23. ephippiata Danser 56. northiana Hook. f.
24. eustachya
< Miq. 57. ovata Nerz & Wistuba
25. Sh. Kurata 58. paniculata Danser

eymae
26 J 59. Danser
fusca Danser papuana
27. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton

glabrata J.R. 60. pectinata Danser
28. gracilis Korth. 61. pervillei Blume
29. gracillima Ridl. 62. petiolata Danser
30. Nees 63. pilosa Danser

gymnamphora
31. hamata J.R. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton 64. rafflesiana Jack
32. hirsuta Hook. f. 65. rajah Hook. f.
33. hispida Beck 66. ramispina Ridl.
34.x hookeriana Lindl. 67. reinwardtiana Miq.

35. inermis Danser 68. rhombicaulis Sh. Kurata
36. insignis Danser 69. sanguinea Lindl.

37. khasiana Hook, f 70. singalana Becc.
38.x kinabaluensis Sh. Kurata 71. spathulata Danser
39. klossii Ridl. 72. spectabilis Danser
40. lamii Jebb & Cheek 73. stenophylla Mast.
41. lowii Hook. f. 74. sumatrana (Miq.) Beck
42. macfarlanei Hemsl. 75. tentaculata Hook. f.
43. macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek 76. thorelii Lecomte.
44. macrovulgaris J.R. Turnbull & 77. tobaica Danser
A.T. Middleton 78. tomoriana Danser
45. madagascariensis Poir. 79. treubiana Warb.
46. mapuluensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock 80 x trichocarpa Miq.

47. masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger 81. truncata Macfarl.
48. maxima Reinw. ex Nees 82. veitchii Hook. f.
49. merrilliana Macfarl. 83. ventricosa Blanco
50. mikei B. Salmon & Maulder 84. vieillardii Hook. f.
51. mirabilis (Lour.) Druce 85. villosa Hook. f.
Aban 95220 (41), 81867 (4), 91184, 91185 (26), 95220 (41), 82897 (64) —
Aban & Kodoh SAN
81867 (4), 81871, 81872 (9) —

Aban & Petrus 90659 (67) —
Abang Mohtar 48076 (82) —
Abas 85812 (41) —

Abdullah 57 (66), 70 (69) —
Addison 37377 (66), 37379 (42) —
Aet 644,
731 (51) —
Aet & Idjan 258, 489, 831 (4) —
Afriastini 993, 994 (64) —
Ahmad 39 (28), 158
(4), 266, 266, 269, 303 (3), 321, 322 (4), 575 (28), 719 (4), 740 (28), 741, 773 (4), 805 (28),
1001 (3), 1055 (28), 1056 (4), 1097 (69), 1126 (64), 1133 (3), 1414 (28), 1415 (4), 9822 (51)
—
Ahmat 10/1932 (80) —
Ajoeh (Jacobson) 16 (51) —
Alang s.n. (64) —
Ali Ibrahim 174 (3)
—
Allen 2/1948 (42), 8/1948 (28), 12/1950(66), 1/1963 (51), 6/1963 (64) —
Alphonso 11 /
1968 42 & Samsuri A 255 Alston 13148 13399

(64), (28) —
Alphonso (4) —
(64), 13397,
(67), 13793 (24), 13800, 13803 (3), 13831 (74), 14343 (51), 14384 (24), 14385 (28), 14421
(24), 14773, 14874, 15081, 15254, 15288 (77), 15697, 15698, 16069, 16117 (48) —
Alvins
677, 863, 3292 (28) —

Amdjah 321 (67), 434, 457, 460, 470, 471, 473 488 (75), 491 (63),
,
494 497 499 730 1078 1651 Amin SAN 113630

(75), (23), (63), (32), 1074, (64), (75) —
(51),
115066 116000 (28), 117279 118221 Amin 106143 Amin &

(64), (75), (67) —
Sigun (64) —
Ismail 60381 (75) —

Amin & Mansus 115655 (64) —
Amin & Suin 121586 (28) —
Amin &
Tyuk SAN 60361 (75) —

Anderson 8/1912 (75), 62 (69), 77 (82), 217 (75), 218 (26), 236
(64), 237 (3), 1995 (9), 2006 (28), 2008 (9), 2011, 2027, 2034, 2035, 2078, 2090 (28), 2820a
(9), 2860, 2861 (64), 2977 (28), 3056 3061 3064 (9), 3076 3077
(64), (4), (64), (9), 3078,
4180 (64), 4262 (75), 4265 (73), 4709 4740 8059 8533 9094
3079, (26), (75), (4), (9), (56),
12877 (82), 13027 (51), 13693 (75), 15085 (41), 15476 (56), 20073, 20214 (73), 25600 (41),
27100 (85), 28729 (75), 30900 (73), 39390, 39396 (82) —

Anderson & Chai 29923 (3) —
Anderson & Paie 16393 (75) —

Angian 36767 (64) —
Anonymous LAE 69103 (55) —
Anta
[Wentholt] 29 (51) —
Arabain 169 (28) —
Arbain DA 329 (60), 332 (10), 364 (60), 377 (70)
—
Archer 137 (61) —
Argent 953 (4), 87169, 92419 (48), 93155 (67) —
Argent & Jermy 998
(73), 1009 (75), 1012 (41) Argent & 89119 Arsin 19714 (30) Asah ak
—
Reynoso (6) — —
Unyong S 21144 (75), 21217 (82), 21227 (75) —

Asah Unyong 21201 (67) —
Asdat 17 (51),
18 (28), 24 (51), 27 (51) —

Ashton A 210 (75), 318 (9), 415 (4), 425, 452 (75), S 19609 (26),
S 21114 (73) —
Assent 23 (51) —
Atasrip (51) —
Atjeh 64 (51) —
Atsumi & Komatsu 102a
(25) —
Awa & Lee 50879 (73), 50880 (75), 50980 (73), 50990 (41), 51141 (73), 51149
(41), 51169 (53) —

Awa & Paie 44138 (51), 47033 (64), 47331 (75) —
Awa& Yai SAN 46831
(32).
van Baak 1935 (48) —

Backer 294, 315, 420, 5539, 10606, 10799, 12319, 13692, 14498, 15768,
21847, 25927, 30301, 33375 (30) —

Bakhuizen van den Brink 2092, 2378, 2551, 2613, 4486,
4492, 4601 (30) — van Balgooy 3335 (31), 3643 (78), 5569 (4), 5836 (67) —
Bamber 372 (4)
Bangeng 45048 (32) —
Banying 19417 (75) —
Banying & Nyudango 19023 (41) —

Barenda
25 (51) —
Barker LAE 66820,67625 (48) —
Barker & Lelean LAE 66811 (48) —
Barnes 10912
(69) —
Baron 1707, 2735, 5979 (45) —
Barrett NGF 4181 (51) —
Bartlett 8030 (10), 8405 (4)
—
Beaman 11633 (44) —
Beamish 3 (51) —
Beccari 183 (10), 187 (70), 222, 268 (10), 451 (9)
—
Beguin 231, 232 (4), 2313 (48) —
Belitoeng 6 (67) —
Bell UPNG 20 (51) —
den Berger 62,
178 (30), 617 (30) —
Berkley (61) —
Berlehout 33 (67) —
Bernardi 14677 (61) —
Besse 2113
(61) —
Beum6e A 448/438 (77), A468 (51) —
Bianchi 36 (64) — Bibin 84551 (4) —
Bidim
SAN 84551 (4) —
Bijhouwer 97, 255, 282 (30) —

Binideh 65186 (41) —
Blackburn 146 (61)
—
Blackwood 204 (51) —
Blicher & Jawa 57910 (41) —
Bloembergen 1 /1941 (30) —
B.N. P. A.
834 (4) —
Boedijn s. n. (77) —
de Boer 11 (24) —
Boerlage 908,155-7 (70), 165, 463 (48), 687
(51) Borssum Waalkes 1200 (30), 1985 (74), 2087 (67), 2251 (70), 2509 (67), 2680
— van
(4
+ 67), 2754, 2896 (67) —

Botter s.n. (51) —
Bouton (61) —
Boyce 293 (82) —
Brand SAN
25255 (4) —
Branderhorst 94 (51) —
Brass 558, 1208, 3667, 5749 (51), 6618, 6802 (4), 7798,
8481, 8573, 8725 (51), 8808, 8890 (55), 8942 (4), 11494, 11833, 11836, 11900 (48), 12189
(40), 12430, 13232 (48), 13379, 13669 (36), 25662, 25663 (48), 25689, 25997, 25998 (51),
27057 (48), 27194 (55), 27352, 27753, 28365, 28765 (51) —

Brooke 8040, 8064 (80), 8302
(28), 8375 (64), 8556 (75), 10538 (28) —

Bruinier 283 (28) —
Brunig 2300 (64), 7032, 7632
(75), 8674 (9), 8777, 9504 (75), 2456, 7030, 9513 (3) —
BUnnemeijer 29 (4), 763a, 700, 747,
854 (60), 938 (21 60), 1049 (24), 1363 (28), 1723 (4), 1724, 1761 (67), 1782 1782a
+ (4),
(67), 1922 (28), 2116 (51), 2320 (67), 2692, 2693 (70), 3054, 3209, 3366 (24), 3897, 3898,
4027 (60), 4028 (70), 4113, 4114, 4115, 4179 (60), 4230 (10), 4400, 5272 (60), 5397, 5398
(10), 5488 (60), 5521 (10), 5522 (35), 5747, 5747 (10), 5748 (60), 5748 (10), 5749 (35), 5772
(67), 6204 (28), 6254 (4), 6266, 6361, 6393, 6394 (28), 6431 (4), 6432, 6455 (28), 6603, 6604
(67), 6605 (4), 6606 (64), 6607 (67), 6608 (28), 6609 (4), 6610, 6611 (67), 6612 6715
(64), (4
28), 6717 (4), 6719, 6720 (64), 6721 (4), 6722 (64), 6789 6790 6879 6880
+
(4), (67), (4),
6881 (4), 6882, 6884 (64), 6885 (67), 6886 (4), 6947 (28), 7081 7098
(64), (4), 7097, (64),
7558 7560
7246, 7311 (28), 7494 (4), 7554 (64), (28), 7559, (4), 7561 (64), 7594, 7648, 7871
(28), 7872 (64), 7873 (4), 9695 (35), 9696 (10), 9997, 10270, 10271 (70) —
Burck 3 (4), 36
(30) —
Burger 6 (67), 18 (28), 19 (64), 20 (4 + 64) —

Burkill 25 (4), 137, 242 (28), 275 (64),
316, 574 (28), 731, 762, 763 (69), 787 (42), 1827, 1917 (4), 1918 (64), 1919 1920
(28), (64),
1962 (4), 2054, 2054 (69), 2382 (42), 2612 (3), 2886 (69), 3321 (28), 3328 (3), 4339 (66),
16362, 17261 17348 (28) Burkill & Haniff 16362 Burkill & Holttum 81630
(64), —
(64) —
(69) Burkill & Shah 782 Burkout 45 (64) 847 1572 + 51

—
(4) — —
Burley (67), (28 + 64) —
Burley & Ismail 4507 (48) —

Burn-Murdoch 2/1904 (66) —
Burtt 11672 (33), 12821 (75) —
Burtt & Martin 4990 (82), 5418 (41) —

Burtt & Woods 1914 (56), 1981 (82), 2141 (75), 2144
(41), 2154 (82), 2380 (33), 2792 (75) —

Button (61) —
Buwalda 3641 (30), 5105, 5341 (51),
5780, 6168, 6216 (48), 6227 (28), 6250, 6251 (4 + 64), 6369 (4), 7776, 7782 (64).
98 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
Camber 4008 (4) —
Cantley 651 (64) —

Carr 12278 (51), 27527 (85), 27579 (75), 27594 (41),
27993 (26) —
Carrick 67 (4), 670 (66), 841 (28) —
Carrick & Enoch 8 (28), 63 (3 + 64), 67
(4), 109 (3), 308 (67), 378 (28) —

Carrick & Kassim 510 (64), 513 (3) —
Celestino 4416 (2)
—
Chai 33945 (26), 33949 (75), 35308, 35939 (73), 36461 (41), 39901 (73) —
Chai & Seng
22862 (56) —
Chan 41 (28), 1513 (4 + 28), FRI 17513 (4), 17515 (4 + 64), 21771 (3) —
Chang 1488 (64), 1489 (4) —

Charig 1490 (28) —
Charrington SAN 17829 (64), SAN 17830
C.H.B.B. 12(51) Chermsirivathana Chew & Corner RSNB 4335

(4) — —
1317, 1318(51) —
4514 (13), 4516 (65), 4552 7144 Chin 202 802 1219
(73), (73), 4553, 4776, (75) —
(69), (28),
(42), 1220 (66), 2565 (4), 8104, 8105, 8110 (69) —

Chin see Chung 2664 (67) —
Ching42173
(28) —
Chua 34906, 34907, 34909 (66), 38751 (4), 38751, 38810, 38811 (64), 38815, 38825
39048 39049
(42), 38987(3), 39027, 39045, (42), (66), 40471 (69), 40508 (3), 40515 (66),
40516 (42), 40520 (66) Church 2412 (67) CI 262, 290 (20) Clayton 5703
— — —
(20) —
Clemens 3294 (4), 3604 (48), 7456 (56), 10627 (85), 10871 (22), 10883 (75), 11073 (65),
20232 (75), 20650 (56), 29340, 30045 (85), 30048 (75), 30610, 30787, 30915 (13), 30916
(26), 30917 (13), 30981 (75), 31689 (85), 31926(75), 32224(65), 32330, 32348(75), 32349
(65), 32501 (13), 32586, 32589, 32687 (75), 32917 (13 + 75), 34317 (75), 34494 (13), 35033
(75) —
Co 3039, 3567 (2) —
Cockburn 7615 (28), 7840 (4), 10657 (28), 11021 (29), 11022,
11035 (69), 82496, 83145, 83183, 83145 (82), 84881 (44), 84882 (67), 84888 Cock-
(82) —
burn & Richards SAN 82496 (82), 82497 (4) —
Codrington 1 (45) —
Coert 945 (30), 1467
(28), 1633 (28), 1647 (28) —

Collenette 21562 (75), 755 (41), 833 (56), 877 (56), 21562 (75),
21608 (65) —
Coomans de Ruiter 1 (64), 2c (82), 5 (9), 9 (80), 10 (67), 11 (9), 13 (3), 15 (9),
16 (51), 18, 19, 19c, 20c (67) —

Cox 254 (4) —
Cramer 5201 (20) —
Croft LAE 71205, NGF
49907 (51) —
Cruttwell 108 (51) —
Cuming 2279 (4), 2310 (28) —
Curtis 5 (30), 1202 (51),
1314 (69), 2044 (69), 2586 (28), 3050 (28), 3362 (69).
Danser 6542, 6543 (30) —

Darbyshire 1212 (51) —
Darbyshire & Hoogland 8347, 8357 (55) —
100 (60) 10731 (45) 85 645

Darnaedi —
Decary 3983, —
Derry 64, (28), 631, 644, (69) —

Des
& Tamin 508 523 529 Dewol 55957 (51), SAN 89584 92403
506, (60), (10), (70) —
(4), (3),
96682, 108799 (44), 124620 (4) —
Dewol & Jumarafiah 124143 (64) —
Dewol & Petrus SAN
89584 (4) —
Dewry 265 (4) — van Dillewiju 10/1928 (30) —
Dilmy 551 (4) —
Dirks s.n.
(51) —
Docters van Leeuwen 338 (28), 340 (30), 9814, 9822, 9974 (4), 10258 (4 + 36 + 59),
10282, 10340, 10341 (59), 10292, 10293 (4), 10834 (40), 10995 (48) —
Docters van Leeuwen-
Reijnvann 192, 1256, 2093 (30), 3966 (67), 12890 (77) —

Dorr & Cheek 4051 (45) —
Drees
503 Dunselman 27 Duran 2253 D.V.Fb. 5516A

(4) —
(67) —
(47) —
(61).
Edano 174, 259, 1050 1430 (2) —

EJS KEP 29456 (4) —
Elliot 2302 (45) —
Elmer 7441 (83),
,
9725, 10073, 11523, 12465 (2), 13483 (81), 13705 (62), 14248, 15847, 17766, 21990 (2) —
308, 605, 1122 3573 3954

Endert (4), 1579, (67), (75), 3955 (26), 4282 (52) —
Enoh 350 (4),
362 362 424 424 p.p. 424b Ericho UPNG 18243
p.p. (4), p.p. (64), p.p. (51), (64), (51) —
(4), UPNG 18244 (55) —

Evans 38 (4), 986, 1104 (3) —
Everett 5568 (64) —
Eyma 400 (48),
573 (75), 1109, 1110 (48), 1604 (27), 1644 (48), 3327 (78), 3459 (51), 3571 (25), 3572, 3573
(31), 3585 (27), 3643 (31), 3778 (75), 3812 (48), 3968 (25), 3969, 3970 (31), 4019, 4266,4393,
4435, 4592, 4819, 4826 (48), 4893 (39), 4894, 5276, 5391, 5393 (48).
Faden Fallen 622 Fenix 26726 Feuilletau de 112 Fidilis

76/445 (20) —
(51) —
(2) —
Bruyn (4) —
119380 127727 29 36 Flenwich 48155 NGF

(67), (26) —
Flenley (42), (28) —
(64) —
Floyd
5564, 5671 (51) —
Foenandoe KEP 34197 (4) —
Forbes 1137 (30) —
Foreman 368 (48), LAE
52313 (55), 60338 (51) —

Forester 71848 (51) —
Forman 94 (30), 843 (51), 852, 853 (28) —
Fosberg & Mason 51998 (61) —

Fox 182, 183, 184 (69) —
Franc 19, 1909 (84) —
Fraser 109
(20) 13 (18), (72), (50), 19

—
Frey-Wyssling 17 18 (51), 23, 24 (50), 40 (72), 43 (18), 107 (70)
—
Frodin UPNG 4073, 4378, 7043 (51) —
Fuchs 21053 (75) —
Fugh 36551 (80) —

Furtado
2/1939(4).
Galore & Gray NGF 8685 (51) Gambio & Loloh SAN 60107 (32) Gan 1093 1102 (28)
— —
(64),
Gardiner 107 Garret & Jones ANU 21076 (51) Garrick & Enoch 8 Gaudet
—
(61) — —
(28) —
223 241 (64), 287 Gebo UPNG 416 Geesink

(51), 224,235 (4), (34) —
(51) —
9203,9314 (46) —
Geh 919 (32) —

Geoffray 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 191 (5) —
Gianno 411, 412
(64) —
Gibbs 4300 (38), 5502, 5937 (48) —
Gibot SAN 64372 (4) —
Gillison NGF 25260
Gillison & Kairo NGF 25723, 25724 (51) Gillison & Seruvatu NGF 25742 (55)
(51) — — —
Giuilianetti & English 25 (4) —

Gjellerup 122 (55), 172, 493 (51), 1130 (48) —
Goodenough
406 1601 (34), 1603 (80), 4692 (64) Grashoff 9/1914 (4) Green 9/1962 (34),
(28), — —
11 /1963 (64 + 28) —

Griffith 4439/2 (4) —
Grimes 1176 (78) —
Gutierrez PNH 117527 (2).
Haan 21 (64) —
de Haan 7 (4), 9 (30), 21 (28), 21a (4), 79 (64), 1718 (17) —
Hagen s.n.
(24) —
Hain 1734, 1776 (51) —

Hallier 239 (64), 606 (75), 642, 644, 713 (32), 1275, 1320 (51), 1453
(28), 1454 (4), 1455 (3), 1457, 1458, 1459, 1596 (64), 1716 (26), 1893 (30), 2142 (64), 2234
2298 (64), 2299 (67), 2300 (3), 2344 (16), 2378 (64), 2438 (9), 2709, 2710 (32), 3389
(51),
3390 Hamel & Rahmat si Boeea 733 (67) Hamid 1848 (51) Hancock 299
(75), (73) — — —
(30) —
Handial 544 (4) —
Haniff 611 (3), 1269, 4236 (51), 7890, 7891 (29), 8306 (42), 8310
(69), 13126 (28), 17890 (29) —

Hansen 1134 (75) —
Hansen & Smitinand 11877 (51) —Han-
zah 10/1989 (48) —

Hardial 686 (28) —
Hardy 2864 (45) —
Harno 595A (61) —
Hartley 9757,
10608 (51) —
Hasseveld 3132 (30) —
Haviland 1253 (22), 1352 (65), 1659 (41) —
Haviland &
Hose 3638 Palmer HB 529 (24) Helford & Cox 338 (75)
3304, (73) —
Hayes s.n.
(28) — —
Henderson 2938 10347 10984 11070 (42), 11217 (69), 11356

—
(51), 10050, (28), (42 + 69),
17841 17878 20379 20440 (4), 20457

(42), 11816, 17752, (69), 17874, (42), 20311, (67), (64),
23282 (69), 23329 (42), 24039 (28), 36624 (4) —

Hennipman 5759 (75) —
Henty NGF 27010
(51) —
Henty & Foreman NGF 42582 (55), 49409 (51) —
Henty & Katik NGF 38672 (51) —
Herb. Drake 64 (4) —

Herb. Hooker 302 (4) —
Herb. Wight 2508 (20) —
Hewitt 7, 50 (75),
100 396 458 751 752 Hildebrand 234 Hinson 46 (51)

(56), (75), (82), (75), (82) —
(30) — —
Hirano & Hotta 995 (82) —

Hobbs 10 (4), 15, 21a (75), 27, 28, 30 (4), 38 (75), 44 (4), 83 (75)
Hochreutiner 2067 282 Holttum 3655 (80), 10731 (4

—
2059, (30) —
Holstvoogd (30) — +
64), 10733 (4), 15102 (64), 17373 (28), 18063, 19860 (64), 19940 (4), 20643 (69), 20644 (42
+ gracillima), 20644a (42), 20666 (29), 21546 (29 X 69), 21554 (42), 23151 (75), 23404 (42),
24939 (4), 24987 (69), 25446 (75), 25516 (85), 26101, 28101, 28102 (70), 28107 (60), 28122
31275 (42), 36510 (69), 36511, 36512 (42), 36983 (80), 38286 (51) Hoogland
(24), 31274, —
3968 (55), 9299 (48) —

Hoogland & Craven 10550 (4) —
Hooker & Thompson s.n. (37) —
Home 576 (61) Horsfield 136 (4) Hose 65 (69) Hotta 12881, 13518 (33),
546, 575, — — —
14610, 15070 (73), 31301 (1) —

Hotta & Okada 1670 (24), 1676 (67) —
Hotta & Tamin 35
42 60 110 (10) How 73008 (51) Howcroft LAE 64024, 64052

(60), (10), (60), — —
(4) —
Huitema 50 (28), 113, 114 (77) —

Hullett 354 (75), 874 (64), 5693 (28) —
Humbolt 400 (45)
—
Hutton NGF 49980 (48) —
Hyn 173 (48).
Ibali UPNG 3 (51) —

Iboet 53 (67), 55 (51) —
Ingemann 10 (48) —
Iwanggin BW 5225 (51) —
Iwatsuki 151, 213 (77), 243 (4), 244 (77), 247 (4).
Jaamat 27026 (42), 27665 (66) Jacobs 915 (48), 5686 7664 8261
25948, —
(4 +
9), (2), 8212, (71),
8964 (4), 9651, 9658 (55) —
Jacobson 4 (3), 147 (4), 203 (30), 491 (70), 2135, 2136 (3), 2415
(28), 2805 (67) —

Jaheri 1662 (73) —
James 36561 (41) —
Janowsky 43 (4) —
Jayasuriya &
Kostermans 2335 (26) —

Jebb 238 (48), 391, 404 (51), 414 (48), 421, 434 (55), 783 (4), 784
(55), 989 (17) —

Jeffrey 463,559 (61) —
Jenang 58080 (51) —

Jensen s. n. (4) —
Jermy 13363
(4), 13364 (9), 13980 (75) Jochens 23 (67) Jochim 3369 (67) JSWS 127 Ju-
— — —
(4) —
mali 115 (28), 712 (3), 4320 (64), 4322, 4324, 6324 (4) Jumali & Kuswata 74 115
—
(64),
(28) —
Junghuhn 1157(30) —
JWL 71132 (28).
Kadim & Noor K 279, 289 (4), 370 (64) —

Kadir 172754 (67) —
Kairo NGF 27565 (51) —
Kairo
& Streimann NGF 30714 (51) —

Kalkman BW 3568,4019 (4), 5323 (48) —
Kanehira & Hatu-
sima 12174, 12175 (4), 13011 (51), 13736 (48) —
Kang & Wyatt-Smith 59 (69) —

Kanis 1348
(51) —
Karim SAN 80309 (4) —
Kartawinata 1153, 1473a (67) —
Kasim 543 (69) —
Kassim
198 448 Okamoto & Walujo 5987, 6001 (75), 9424, 9434 10973
(51), (3) —
Kato, (73), (82),

10975 11373 Keers 22 (24) Keith 6716 (64), 48915 Kelsall
(75), (73) — —
(28) —
1/1891
(69) —
Keng 7 (69), 39 (3), 51 (28), 57 (66), 868 (64), 3979 (30), 8057, 8237 (69), KEP
77952, 79325 (4) —
Kerenga LAE 76421, 77541 (51) —

Kerenga & Croft LAE 77366 (51) —
Kerenga & Lelean LAE 73971 (4) —

Kerkhoven 19 (30) —
Khaleue 41 (4) —
Khoo 73 (69) —
Kiah 37 (41), 45 (85), 46 (75), 66 (64), 68 (28), 402 (3), 7801 (4) —
King's colls. 1941 (28),
100 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
1943 (4), 1948 (28), 3316 (69), 4026,4084 (28), 4087,4089,4148,6222 (4), 7395 (42), 10631
(51) —
Kingdon Ward 37512 (51) —
Kjellberg 1483, 1484 (48), 1492 (31), 2314 (75), 2003,
2794 (51) —
Kleinhoonte 476, 517 (24), 666 (67) —
Kloss 12122 (42 + 69), 12134 (29 + 42),
12211, 12212, 12227 (29), 12258, 12259 (42), 12286 (51), 12288 (67), 12297 (29) —
KLU 22
(3) —
Kochnmmen 18074 (3), 18395 (42), 18409 (28), 19070, 93132, 93136,93137(69), 94887
Kodoh SAN 87501 (4) Koers 120 (30) Kokawa & Hotta 1152, 5272, 5821
(64) — — —
(73)
Kondo 11514 Koorders 274 (10), 18330, 18331, 18332, 18333, 18334 (48), 22358,
—
(8) —
22359 (28), 22360, 22361, 22362, 22363 (4), 26014, 26077, 26077b, 26622, 26758, 26800,
27875, 27876, 31662, 35861, 36714 (30) —
Koppel 18a (77) —

Kornasi 1176 (51) —
Koster-
mans 272 (30), 351 (4), 355 (34), 361 (4), 372 (28), 472, 766 (67), 1202 (48), 1261 (28), 1271
(4), 2123, 2165, 2178, 2295, 2345, 2383 (48), 4150, BW 4313 (51), 7603 (26), 7923, 7925
9006 9254 9268 9288 9604 10751

(64), 7992, (67), (64), (4), 9277, 9280, (64), (28), (64),
12961 (75 + 82), 12972 (82), 13099 (32), 13450 (67), 13764 (15), 13821, 14017 (46), 14056
(67), 24747, 25378, 25515 (20) —

Kostermans & Anta 355 (4 +
64), 372 (28), 766 (67), 1271
(4) —
Kostermans & Soegeng 133 (55), 610, 781 (48), 936 (36) —
Kreke 3/1927 (30) —
Kudi
& Sangat S 32714 (4) —

Kunstler 1236 (4), 1720 (3), 4019 (28), 4025 (28) —
Kurata 4002 (2),
4300, 4301 (68) —

Kurata & Toyoshima 1128 (8) —
Kurz 1460 (4) —
Kuswata & Soepadmo
305 (51) —
Kwapena WLL 169 (51).
Lack & Grimes 1783 (31), 1785 (27) —

Lai & Jugah S 44163 (73) —
Lak Shnakara 766 (4) —
Lam
80, 152, 1518 (30), 1569 (58), 1637, 1654 (40), 2156, 3745 (48) —
Lam & Meeuse 6032 (45)
—
Lamb ACSAR 212 (75) —
Lamin 153 (30) —
Lan s.n. (28) —
Landow 45159 (42) —
Lan-
toh 82759 (26) —

Latif 12 (24) —
L.B. 14677 (61) —
Ledermann 6869 (51) —
Lee 38825 (53),
38829 (41), 44290, 45355 (82) —

de Leeuw 20 (28), 21 (4), 22 (67), 1927 (4 + 64) —
Lelean
& Streimann LAE 52526 (51) —

Leopold SAN 71915 (73) —
Lieftinck 11, 78 (71) —
Liew
281, 333 (28) —

Lisowski 53164 (48) —
Lo & Mahmud 6, 47, 72, 73, 76 (3) —
Loher 1906,
5466, 5467, 13988 (2), 14055, 14058 (83) —

Longuet s.n. (28) —
Lorzing 189, 1172, 1416
(30), 2840, 2840 (51), 6342 (4), 6343 (28), 6573 (77), 7308 (72), 7612 (77), 8260, 8297 (72),
9443 9590 9889 (77), 11443 (51), 11507 (67), 11530 (4), 11603 (24), 13874
8602, (77), (4),
(72), 14183 (28), 15137, 15454 (77), 15772 (72), 15991, 16085 (77), 16233 (72), 16428 (28),
16633 (4), 16733 (77), 16897 (34), 16898 (28), 16998 (67), 17103 (72) —
Low KEP 98414 (4)
—
Lowrey s.n. (69) —
Luang S 22692 (73).
Macrae s.n. (20) —

Mad 1459 (28) —
Madani 89205 (67) —
Madani & Ismail SAN 111459 (75)
Madius SAN 50092 Main 1784 (9) Maingay 1322, 1326 (4) Mann NGF 43351
—
(4) — — —
(51) —
Mannit 32704 (51) —
Mansus 117478 (67) —
Mantor 121850 (28) —
Map 26045 (80)
—
Marabini 2167/48 (43) —
Marshall 23160, 25891 (3) —
Martan s.n. (4) —
Martin 37103
(53), 38784 (75) —

Maskuri 351 (77) —
Mason 79 (51) —
Maxwell 967, 968 (20) —
Mayr
10, 58, 268, 518 (48) —
McDonald & Ismail 3578 (41), 4166, 4170 (48) —
McGregor 32313
(not 2?) —
MEDP 1303, 1780 (28), 1384 (51), 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1398 (66),
1399 (42), 1400, 1402, 1437, 1479 (51), 8101, 8103 (42) — van der Meer Mohr 2 (30), 5 (51),
110, 126, 139, 5054 (77) —

Meerdonck 338 (4) —
Mees Kooke s.n. (3) —
Meeter 89 (51) —
Meijer 2486a, 2489a (32), 2870a (30), 617 (64), 909 (26), 1034, 1035, 1047 (67), 2480 (32),
2535 (4), 2550 (32), 2560 (4), 2603 (64), 3111 (60), 4571, 5145 (10), 5932 (60), 6542 (7),
6913 (74), 6941 (1), 6949 (21), 7246 (7), 7523 (60), 9840 (48), 11074a (51), 11200 (78), 15840
(72), 33509, 41210 (9), 51564 (44), 122317 (9) —

Meijer Drees 136 (51), 228 (55), 503 (4) —
Merrill 259 (2), Sp. Bl. 507 (2) —

Metcalfe 43 (64) —
Micholitz s.n. (5) —
Millar NGF 9721,
22690, 23005 (51) —

Mjoberg 46 (63), 49 (75) —
Mochtar 47185 (3) —
Mogea & de Wilde
3958 (75) —
Moi & Inu NGF 25984 (51) —
Molengraaff 3466 (75) —
de Monchy s.n. (30) —
Mondi 190 (3), 244, 245 (9), 246 247 Monod de Froideville 117 &
(4), (64) —
(75) —
Morley
Karadin 517 (80) —

Morshidi 24068 (33) —
Moudi 189 (28) —
Moulton 118 (73), 192 (75),
356 (41), 512 (82) —

Moxon s.n. (64) —
Muller s.n.
(30?) —
Murata 1754 (32) —
Murata,
Kato & Mogea 3455 (11) —

Murdoch 2/1904 (42).
Nagamasu 3454, 3460 (10), 4254 (21) —

Nauen 35821 (28) —
Neethius (67) —
Nerz 1602 (57),
2801 1478 (29), FRI5709 (4), 5869 (28), 5981 (69), 10009
(74)—Ng 1448, (4), 20915,20954
(29), 20961 (42), 27099 (3), 27476 (4), 27477 (28), 27478, 118167 (64) —
Ngadiman SING
36624 36631 (64), 36624 (4) Nielsen 851 (53) Ninick Rahayu 240, 241, 242 (4)
(4), — — —
Nitta 15187 (30) —

Noerkas 505 (48) —
Noor 1015a (4), 1017a (34), 1016 (28) —
Nooteboom
4083 4593 4617 Nooteboom & Chai 1962 (41), 2035 (54) Nordin Abas
(82), (75), (23) — —
85812 (64) —
Nuhanara 18 (64), 19 (64) —
Nur 7342 (72), 11057, 12219 (66), 12221 (42),
18937, 20036 (4) —
Nyawa 2101 (67).
Ogata 110297 (69) —

Okada 13 (60) —
Okada & Rusdi 40 (35) —
Ooster 38 (30) —
Oppenhout
11/1929 (18) —
Orolfo 3819, 3820 (64) —
Othman & Munting 54400 (51) —
Ouwehand 79
(77) _
Oxford Univ. Exp. 537 (32), 538 (64).
Paie S 8482 (4), 16393 (75), 19865 (82), 26511, 26512 (41), 26513 (54), 33028 (73), 40704 (75),
42749 46073 47030 1436 Palmer 1159 (30) Percival
(4 + 32), (4), (64) —
Paijmans (4) — —
Pickles 2905 der 707A 718 (51) Pleyte 813, 976 (79) Pod-
(61) —
(82) —
van Pijl (48), — —
zorski 2114 (2) —

Polak 112 (77), 125, 126, 127, 128 (4), 129 (28), 138 (51), 164, 168, 204,
213, 216 (64), 217 (3), 243 (34), 282 (64), 283 (67), 471 (51), 605 (4), 617 (64), 632 (51) —
Poli s.n. (20) —

Poore 303 (85), 752, 758, 1300 (42), 1301, 1302, 1303 (69), 1304, 1305 (42),
1404 5105 5106 Posthumous 391, 1815, 1834, 1861, 1867 (30), 24526 (48),
(3), (64), (4) —
2146 (67) —
Powell UPNG 2448 (48) —
Prasa-Angian 3993 (28) —
Pringgo Atmodjo 94 (51),
176 36771 (28) Pulle 277 (36), 659, 710 (48), 802, 803 (40), 843 (40
(18) —
Puasa-Angian —
+ 48), 1137(48) —Pullen 1491 (55), 3464, 5920,7156 (51), 7256 (4) —
Purseglove 4121 (69),
4195 (66), 4225 (?66 + 69), 4384 (4), 4441 (28), 4504 (4), 4733 (32), 4852 (51), 4903 (28),
4904 (64), 4905 (3), 4941, 5035 (64), 5063 (67), 5092, 5093, 5094 (64), 5611 (4) —
Purse-
glove & Shah P 4504 (4).
590 (28) Rachmat 80 (28), 513, 514 (48), 645 (78), 900 (75), 936 (48) Raefs 545, 622
Raap — —
(67) —
Rahayu 239 (64), 240, 242 (4) —
Rahim SAN 93291 (4), 95000 (82) —
Rahmat si
7806 7945 7946

Boeea 30 (4 +
51), 337, 2134 (4), 4306, 4311 (80), 7491, (28), (4), (64) —
541 Ramlanto 194 (51) Ramos 5372, 14650 (2), 34503 (49), 34541
Rajab (69) —
132, 134, —
(81), 41301 (2) —

Rant 67, 293, 293, 729 (51), 730 (48) —
Rao 15 (41), 18 (28), 121 (41),
138 (75), 143 (4), 4600 (75), 4611, 4638 (85), 4673, 4679, 4685 (75), 9193 (3), 9578 (66 +
9580 (42) Rappard 58 (51), 66, 67 (70), 82 (4), 120 (51), 210 (67) Rau 571 (55)
42), — — —
666 (69) Reksodihardjo 26 (51), 83 (30), 388 (4) Richards 2491 (75), 2655 (9)
Rayab — — —
Rickards 15 99 (75), 101 (73), 107 (85), 150 (75) Ridley 79 (4), 873 (69), 1068, 1372
(75), —
1617 2869 3041 3371 3380 9790 11023, 11026

(64), 1473, (28), (4), (28), (64), (28), (69),
11672 12064 12286 13235 13704 15562 15563

(28), 11668, (51), (66), (51), (4), (29), (42),
(66), 16096 (42), 16097, 16098 (29), 16174 (42 + 69) —

Ridsdale 74, NGF 31726 (4), 33567
(51) —
Ridsdale & Frodin NGF 30352 (51) —
Ridsdale & Galore NGF 31757 (4) —
Ridsdale
& Henty NGF 33105 (48) —

Riedel s.n. (49?) —
Rifai 6533, 6705 (48) —
Rijkebusch 3 (48)
— van Rijckevorsel 9, 46 (30) —

Robinson 1/1913 (66) —
Robinson 1903 (48) —
Robinson
& Kloss 5969 6050 11 1898

(28), (4), s.n.
(7) —
Roepke (48) — van

Romburgh (51) — von
Romer 46, 47, 449 (4), 454, 900 (59), 1037, 1038, 1052 (40), 1156, 1192 (48) —
Rooney
UPNG 29 (51) —
Rostado 2/1905 (28) —
Rouppert 8/1926 (30) —
van Royen 3809 (51),
3864 (48), 3968,3968,4515,4897(51), 5417, 5423, 5541, 5563 (17), NGF 11480 (48), 20082
(51) —
van Royen & Sleumer 5644 (51), 5928 (48), 6461 (4), 6493 (55), 6767 (51), 6887,
8235 Ruffner 188

7719, 7934, 7952, 8027, 8234, (48) —
(4) —
Rutgers 1 (77) —
Rutter
2041, 2218 (48) —

Ruttner 188 (4), 189 (28), 190, 191 (51), 192 (77), 271 (67).
Salmon & Maulder 221719 221720 Samsuri 4 719 772

(50), (60) —
(4 +
64), 321, 322, (4), (64)
—
SAN 17830 (4), 27665 (75) —
Sands 986 (51), 3565 (9), 3645 (75), 3731, 3763 (4), 3988
(75) —
Santos 31877 (2) —
Sapiin 8 /1896 (30) —
Sarawak Museum colls. 337, 355 (75), 691
(41), 834 (75), 12859 (63), 13153 (75), 15085 (41), 19024, 19417,19697,21227,22737,33949,
38763, 38784, 44623, 47331, 50880 (75), 52820 (9) —

Sato 23 (28) —
Saw 39867 (28) —
Scheffer 21 (30) Schiffner 1989 (30), 1990,

Sayers 21639 (51) — —
1991 (70), 1995, 1996,
1997, 1999 (30), 2002,2003 (20) —

Schlechter 20337 (48) —
Schlieben 11731 (61) —
Schodde
1658 (48), 2815 (51) —

Schram BW 13380, 13400 (48), 14964 (51) —
Schuitemaker P5 (64)
—
Seidenfaden 2466, 2467, 2469, 2470, 2486 (51) —
Seimund 12/1925 (28) —
Shah 338
102 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
(85), 781, 1008 (28), 1445 (66), 2040 (4), 2083 (28), 2213, 2382 (4), 2400 (28), 2403 (4),
2523 (66), 2523 (42), 2811 (69), 2958, 2959, 3080 (66), 3102, 3105 (64), 3168 (69?), 3279
(28), 3283 (69?), 3296, 3573 (4), 3574 (3), 4178 (4), 4928 (69) —
Shah & Ali 2961 (42), 4124
Shah & Noor 655 (69), 782 (4) Shah & Samsuri 2213 (4), 2714 (64) Shah &
(64) — — —
Shukar 2401, 3105, 3102 (64) —

Shah & Sidek 1060, 1101 (69), 4041 (28) —
Shea 27871
(51), 27992 (3) —

Shukar 94 (51) —
Shukoi 159 (28) —
Shulker 105 (28) —
Sienund 11 /1925
(28) —
Sigin SAN 56811 (4) —
Sim 118 (64), 126 (28) —
Sinclair 9043 (41), 9044 (75),
9080 (85), 10432 (9), 10543 (64), 39101 (3) — Sinclair & Kadim bin Tassim 10408 (3), 10432
(9) —
Singh 1004 (28), 1051 (28), 1077 (64) —
SINU 8/1966 (69), 6515 (69)— SK 194 (82),
345 (75) _
Sleumer & Vink BW 14011, 14189 (48) —
van Slooten 461, 724, 2710 (30) —
Smith 1906 Smythies 7878 (69), 12640 (32), 12645 13142 13153
(30) —
(26), (75), (75),
14413 14422 15244 (56), 15326 15327 15652 So 47175

(22), (41), (75), (82), (32) —
(42) —
Soepadmo 123 (4), 9020 (66), 9021 (42), 9070 (28), 15499 (69) —
Soepadmo & Muchtar 78
Soetisna 89 (4) Sohmer 9025 (42) Soo 5/1988 (64) Spore 794 (4), 826 (28)
(28) — — — —
401 (51) Sremian 1 (4) Steenis 16 (4), 196 (30), 1462 (4), 1479 (64),
—
Squires — — van
1480 (28), 1885, 2088, 2127, 2623 (30), 3530 (67), 3751, 3752, 3753 (71), 5169, 5624 (30),
6046 (51), 6367, 6368 (72), 6826, 6867, 7402 (30), 8271 (77), 8271a, 8331, 8377, 8422 (18),
8488a (50), 8489, 8491 (18), 8753, 8774, 8920 (72), 8975 (18), 8976 (50), 9081, 9130
8488,
9170 (50), 9171, 9242, 9242 (72), 9725 (18), 9726 (72), 9727 (77), 9820 (72), 9933,
(18),
9968 10543 (51), 12388 (30), 12560 17624 (30) Stefels

(50), 10543, 10543, (51), 12784, —
BW 3160 (51) — Stelleman 15 (51) —
Steup 28 (48) —
Stevens 203 (56), 317 (82), LAE
50396 (51) —
Stone 1298 (51), 5671 (42), 6833 (3), 6860 (64), 6869 (28), 7185, 8396, 8422
(42), 8436 (66), 8562, 8604 (3), 8803 (28), 13433 (4), 13434 (64), 13437 (28), 14562 (4),
14600 (64), 87089 (28) —

Stone & Anderson 85561 (64), 85562 (51) —
Stone & Chin 15238
Stone & Sidek 12294 33081 (82) Streimann NGF

(69?) —
(28) —
Stong Ajugah —
24461,
24463 (55), 27875 (51) —

Streimann & Kairo NGF 39297 (51) —
Streimann & Lelian NGF
34149 (4) —
Streimann & Womersley LAE 51839 (4) —
Strugnell 11130 (66), 11131 (42),
12871, 20428 (66), 22311,22311 (69), 29456 (4), 42878 (29), 45891 (42) —
Suethlage4/1932
(28) —
Sukoi 63, 64 (3) — Sumbing Jimpin 128281 (28) — Sun 9733, 9926 (51) —
Sunda-
ling SAN 84063 (4), 96682 (44) —
Suppiah 17842 (64 + 4) —
Symington 102 (28), KEP
20175 (66), 20820, 20927 (42), 20966, 21099 22984 23039 (28), 23885, 23896 (42),
(69), (4),
25802, 26720 (28), 26803 (64), 26873 (4), 28877 (29), 28895 (69), 30848, 32123, 32137,
32220, 32221 (42), 35651 (9), 36096 (69), 36226, 36546, 37699, 37772 (42), 37904 (51),
43122 (4), 46873, 46890 (28), 46905 (3), 51798, 51814 (66) —
Symington & Kiah 28877
(29), 28895 (69) —

Synge 511 (75), 528 (67), 530 (73).
T & P 643 (28) —
Talip SAN 83700 (64) —
Talip & Ejan SAN 87011 (75) —

Tambunan 60341
(41) —
Tamin 1262 (1), 1265 p.p. (60), 1265 1267, 1268 (10), 1623 (1), 2304 (60), 2326,
p.p.,
2327 (10) —
Tan 6 (66), 7 (69), 8 (42), 17 (28), 345 (4), 28805, 28811 (3), 28830 (67) —
Tang
1631, 1632(28), 1646, 1664 (64) —
Tang & Jugah 33055 (73), 33081 (82) —Tanis UPNG 63
(51) TCW & Jara 8421 (82) 6 8 (28), 14, 376, 379
— —
Teijsmann (51), (64), 528 (51), 530,
531 (28), 532, 533 (28 + 80), 535 (74), 536 (4), 537, 538 (3), 539, 540 (67), 3510 (28), 3512,
3516 (34), 6759 (51), 7894 (82), 10892, 10953, 10953 (4), 10954 (51), 10961 (64), 10962 (9),
10965 (4), 10966 (51), 10968 (51 + 64), 10969 (4), 11082 (28) —
Tengwall 9/1924 (28) —
Teo 3144, 3242 (64) Teruya 296 (28), 297 (4), 1706 (48), 1940 (67), 2509, 2549 3145
—
(28),
(64) —
Teuscher 336 (9), 1882 (51), 1882 (9), 1882 (64) —
Thorel 1039 (76) —
Thwaites s.n.
(20) —
Tirvengadum 173, 649 (20) —
Tong & Jugah S 33055 (73) —
Toxopeus 18 (71), 143
(48) —
Treub 559 (51) —
Turnbull & Middleton 81161 (44), 83080-93 (27), 83121a, 83122-32
(31), 83142-47 (25), 83166-78, 83185-97 (31), 83113, 83114 83148 Turner
(27), (25) —
268,
601 (64), 603 (28).
Ueda & Darnaedy 8654 (75) —

UM 22 (3), 1396 (42), 4782 (66), 8019 (42), 8104 (42) —
Unkau
WLL 4 (4) —
Usteri 179 (30).
Vermeulen 833 (4) Vermeulen & Lamb 712 (73) Versteeg 1047 1214 1226 1229
— —
(4), (4), (4),
(4), 1268 (55), 1746 (55), BW 12719 (48) —

Vethevelu FRI 25253 (4), 25254 (64), 25256 (28)
M. Jebb & M. Cheek: Skeletal revision
of Nepenthes 103
—
Viets 1/1930 (30) —
Vink BW 11288 (4), 15326 (51) —
de Vogel 3203, 4335 (51), 2826
(10), 2827 (77), 2860 (60), 3203 (51), 3384, 3591, 3604, 4048, 4285, 4286, 4287 (48), 4335
(51), 5811, 6370 (78), 8470 (82) —

de Vogel & Vermeulen 7340 (60) —
Volkens 69 (51) —
de Voogd 400 (51), 1140 (51), 1159 (67), 1255 (51), 1273 1385 (60), 1429 (60) Vor-
(51), —
derman 10 (30) —
de Vries (30).
Waas 28 (20), 1431 (20) Walker 14162 (4), 14162 (28) Wan Yuen 83 4549
— —
Heng (41), (85),
4550 (75) —
Wang 453 (41) —
Wang & Wyatt-Smith 58 (29), 60 (42), 61, 62, 63 (29) —
Warburg 20581 (79) —

Watson 1339 (28), 11541 (42) —
Watt 31 (55) —
Wenthold 199 (51)
—
Wheeler ANU 6204 (51) —
White 363 (51) —
Whitmore 3295 (69), 12395 (4) —
Whitters
7 (28) —
Widjaya 740, 2139 (48), 2199 (59), 2200 (4), 2985 (48), 6128 (4) —
de Wilde & de
Wilde-Duyfjes 13103 (18 +

72), 13104 (72), 13190 (50), 13694 (18 +
72), 14011 (72), 13172,
14927, 15285 (19), 15849 (72), 15974 (18), 18636 (72) —

Winckel 13, 347, 1653 (30) —
Winkler 1004 (75), 1023 (23), 3276 (64) —

Winterbottom (30) —
Wiriadinata 97, 695 (51) —
Wisse 958 (30) —

Womersley NGF 3085, 3231, 3264 (51), 9386 (48), 12518, 17740 (51),
37301 (48), 46416 (55) —

Womersley & Millar NGF 7635 (48) —
Womersley & Thorne NGF
12518 (51), 12696 (48) 453 454 (75), 686 (3), 750 (82), 819 900
—
Wong (41), (67), (73),
1044 (3), 1447 (32), 1574 (9) —

Wood SAN 4480 (75), 4482 (85), 4508 (4), 15476 (75) —
Woods 1705 (28) 339 (29 3105 & Robinson 5309, 5411
—
Wray +
42), (4) —
Wray (29) —
Wright (61) —
Wyatt-Smith 63671 (69), 63672 (66), 66582 (42), 71132 (28), 77683 (69),
77684, 77685, 77686 (66), 79152 (42), 79233 (69), 94563 (42), 94568 (66), 94569 (42), 95091
(4) —
Wyers 2 (64).
Yap 157 (28), 253 (51), 255 (66), 256 (42) —

Yates 1070 (51), 1392 (28), 1393 (34), 1393 (4),
1394 (34), 1628 (51), 2013 (77) —

Yeob 1172 (69) —
Yii Puan Ching 44420 (41), 44623 (54),
50394, 51217 (56), 51310, 55956 (82) Yong 422 (28) Yoshida 358 1089 1528
— —
(4), (48),
(30), 2063 (77) —

Yusuf & Wahyano 97 (48).
Zainudin 1872 (28), 1873 Zarucchi
(51) —
Zakahosy s.n. (47) —
7509(45)
Index of specific epithets
The numbers refer to the numbers of the species under which each name can be found; accepted
in in italics, combinations and in bold.

names are roman
type, synonyms new names are n.n. =
nomina nuda; (n.s.c.) = little known taxa; (s. excl.) = excluded species.
Anurosperma pervillei (Blume) Hallier f. 61 (Nepenthes)

Bandura zeylanica Burm. 20 alicae F. M. 51
Bailey
Cantharifera Rumph. 51 x alisaputrana J.H. Adam & Wilcock
alba Rumph. 48 13 x65
Nepenthes L. ampullaceae Low 4
adnata Tamin & M. Hotta J. Schlauer 1 Jack 4

ex
ampullaria
alata Blanco 2 var. geelvinkiana Becc. 4
var. biflora Macfarl. 2 var. guttata D. Moore 4
var. ecristata Macfarl. 2 var. longicarpa Becc. 4
alata Sh. Kurata 73 var. microsepala Macfarl. 4
alata Tamin & M. Hotta 24 var. racemosa J. H. Adam & Wilcock 4
alba Ridl. 29 var. vittata Beck 4
albocincta Hort. Macfarl. 3 vittata Andre 4

ex var. major
var. rubra Hort. ex Macfarl. 3 ampullaria Jeann. 84
albolineata F.M. Bailey 51 anamensis Macfarl. 5
albomarginata T. Lobb ex. Lindl. 3 angustifolia Mast. 28
var. rubra Macfarl. 3 argentii Jebb & Cheek 6
var. tomentella Beck 3 aristolochioides Jebb & Cheek 7
Beck 3 armbrustae F.M. 51

var.
typica Bailey
var. villosa Hook. f. 3 beccariana Macfarl. 51
104 BLUMEA Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
(Nepenthes) (Nepenthes)
bellii K.Kondo 8 edwardsiana Low ex Hook. f. 22
bernaysii F.M. Bailey 51 subsp. macrophylla Marabini 43
bicalcarata Hook. f. 9 ephippiata Danser 23
blancoi Blume 2 eustachya Miq. 24
Guillaum. 84 Sh. Kurata 25

bongso eymae
bongso Korth. 10 faizaliana J.H. Adam & Wilcock 73
Ridl. 29 fallax Beck 73

bongso
bongso Tamin & M. Hotta 10/21/35 fimbriate Blume 51
bongso x pectinata Danser 18 var. leptostachya Blume 51
borneensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock 11 fusca Danser 26
boschiana Korth. 12 subsp. apoensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock
var. lowii Hook. f. 73 ined. 73
74 subsp. kostermansiana J. H. Adam &

var. sumatrana Miq.
boschiana Macfarl. 12/73 Wilcock ined. 26
boschiana Miq. 12/74 F. M. Bailey 51

garrawayae
geoffrayi Lecomte 5
brachycarpa Merr. 2
burbidgeae Hook. f. ex Burb. 13 glabrata J.R. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton 27
burbidgei Burb. 13 globamphora Sh. Kurata & Toyosh. 8
burkei Mast. 14 graciliflora Elmer 2
var. excellens H.J. Veitch 14 gracilis Korth. 28
var. prolifica Mast. 14 var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macfarl. 28
elongate Bl. 28
campanulataSh. Kurata 15 var.
carunculata Danser 10 var. longinodis Beck 28
var. robusta Nerz & Wistuba 10 var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck 28
celebica Hook. f. 48 gracillima Ridl. 299
chapmanii Balakr. 20 var. major Ridl. 66
30
cholmondeleyi F.M. Bailey 51 gymnamphora Nees
cincta Mast. (s. excl.) var. haematamphoraMiq. 30
clipeata Danser 16 hamata J.R. Turnbull & A.T. Middleton 31
copelandii Merr. ex Macfarl. 2 x harryana Burb. 22 x 85
cristate Brongn. (s. excl.) hemsleyana Macfarl. 64
curtisii Mast. 48 hirsuta Hook. f. 32
var. superba Hort. Veitch ex Marshall 48 var. glabrata Macfarl. 32
danseri Jebb & Cheek 17 var. glabrescens W. G. Sm. 20
deaniana Macfarl. (n.s.c.) var. typica Macfarl. 32
decurrens Macfarl. 56 hispida Beck 33
dempoensis n.n. Hopkins, Maulder & hookeri Alphand ex Hook. f. 34
B. Salmon 71 x hookeriana Lindl. 34
densiflora Danser 18 hookeriana Low 64
dentata Sh. Kurata 31 humilis S. Moore 84
diatas Jebb & Cheek 19 indica Poir. 20
distillatoria Brion 45 inermis Danser 35
distillatoria Jack 28 infundibuliformis J.R. Turnbull &
distillatoria Jeann. 84 A.T. Middleton 25
distillatoria L. 20 insignis Danser 36
rubra Macfarl. 20 jardinei F. M. Bailey 51

var.
(G. Nicholson)
distillatoria R. Grah.37 junghuhnii Macfarl. in sched. (n.s.c.)
distillatoria Steud. 51 junghuhnii Macfarl. ex Ridl. 70
dubia Danser 21 kampotiana Lecomte 5
dyak S. Moore 9 kennedyana F.Muell. 51
echinostoma Hook. f. 51 kennedyi Benth. 51
edgeworthii Rchb. f. ex Beck 22 khasiana Hook. f. 37

x kinabaluensis Sh. Kurata 38 neglecta Macfarl. ex Icon. Becc. (n.s.c.)
klossii Ridl. 39 neocaledonka Mull, ex Heckel 84
korthalsiana Miq. 28 neoguineensis Macfarl. 55
laevis C. Morr. 3 Ridl. 59

neoguineensis
laevis Korth. Hook. f. 28 Mast. 64
ex
nigropurpurea Hort. ex
laevis Lindl. 28 nordtiana Boerl. 56
lamii Jebb & Cheek 40 northiana Hook. f. 56
lanata Hort. ex Linden 82 var. pulchra Hort. ex Macfarl. 56
lanata Mast. 82 oblanceolata Ridl. 48
leptochila Danser 32 ovata Nerz & Wistuba 57
lindleyana Low ex W. Baxter (s. excl.) obrieniana Linden & Rodrigas 51
loddigesii W. Baxter 34 paniculata Danser 58
longifolia Nerz & Wistuba 74 Danser 59

papuana
longinodis Beck 28 pascoensis F.M. Bailey 51
lowii Hook. f. 41 pectinata Danser 60
macfarlanei Hemsl. 42 Blume 61

pervillei
macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek 43 petiolata Danser 62
macrostachya Blume 51 philippinensis Macfarl. 2
macrovulgaris J.R. Turnbull & phyllamphora Hook. f. & Thorns, ex Hook,
A.T. Middleton 44 f. 37
madagascariensis Poir. 45 phyllamphora Regel 37
cylindrica Dubard 45 phyllamphora Reinw. 30

var. ex
Miq.
var. Scott-Elliott 45 phyllamphora Sims 37
macrocarpa
mapuluensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock 46 phyllamphora Stapf. 13
masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger 47 phyllamphora Willd. 51
maxima Becc. 12/48/73/74 var. macrantha Hook. f. 51
maxima Reinw. ex Nees 48 var. pediculata Lecomte 51
var. lowii Becc. 73 var. platyphylla Blume 51
var. minor Macfarl. 48 pilosa Danser 63
var. swnatrana (Miq.) Becc. 74 pumila Griff. 69
var. superba Mast. 48 rafflesiana Haberl. 30
melamphora Fern.-Vill. 2 rafflesiana Hook. f. 34/64
melamphora Reinw. ex Blume 30 rafflesiana Jack 64
var. haematamphora (Miq.) Miq. 30 var. alata J. H. Adam & Wilcock 64
var. lucida Blume (n.s.c.) var. ambigua Beck 64
var. pubescens Kuntze 30 var. elongata Hort. 64
var. tomentella Becc. 60 var. excelsior Beck 64
merrilliana Macfarl. 49 var. glaberrima Hook. f. 64
merrillii Elmer 49 var. insignis Mast. 64
micholitzii Bonst. 5 var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M. Hotta n.n
mikei B. Salmon & Maulder 50 74
mirabilis (Lour.) Druce var. minor Becc. 64
var. biflora J. H. Adam & Wilcock 51 var.

nigro-purpurea Mast. 64
var. echinostoma (Hook, f.) J.H. Adam & var. nivea Hook. f. 64
Wilcock 51 var. typica Beck 64
mirabilis Merr. 51 Low 34

(Lour.) rafflesiana
mollis Danser 52 var. hookeriana Beck 34
moluccensis Oken 51 raflesea Hort. 64
montrouzieriDubard 84 rajah Hook. f. 65
moorei F.M. Bailey 51 ramispina Ridl. 66
muluensis M. Hotta 53 reinwardtiana 67

Miq.
murudensis Culham ex Jebb & Cheek 54 var. samarindaiensis Adam & Wilcock 67
106 BLUMEA —Vol. 42, No. 1, 1997
reinwardtii Hook. f. 67 tentaculata Hook. f. 75
rhombicaulis Sh. Kurata 68 var. imberbis Becc. 75
rosulata Tamin & M. Hotta n.n. 60 var. lomentosa Macfarl. 75
rowanae F.M. Bailey 51 tenuis Nerz & Wistuba 21
rubra G. Nicholson 20 teysmanniana Miq. 28
rubra Hort. ex Rafarin 37 thorelii Lecomte 76
rubromaculata Sh. Kurata 27 tobaica Danser 77
rubromaculata Hort.Veitch ex Wilson 28 x tomentella Miq. 3
37, x 82 tomoriana Danser 78
sandakanensis J.H. Adam & Wilcock treubiana Danser 74/79
in sched. 73 treubiana Macfarl. 74/79
var. eglandulosa J.H. Adam & Wilcock treubiana Warb. 79
in sched. 73 x trichocarpa Miq. 80
var. ferruginea J. H. Adam & Wilcock var. erythrosticta Miq. 80
in sched. 73 truncata Macfarl. 81
sanderiana Burb. 64 x trusraadiensis Marabini 41 x 43
Beck 69/70 tubulosa Macfarl. 51

sanguinea
Lindl. 69
sanguinea tupmannianaBonst. 28
sanguinea Mast. 82 veitchii Hook. f. 82
singalana Becc. 70 var. striata Hort.Veitch 82
singalana Macfarl. 29 ventricosa Blanco 83
singalana Tamin & M. Hotta 10/18/50/ vieillardii Danser 40
60/70/72 vieillardii Hook. f. 84
smilesii Hemsl. (n.s.c.) var. deplanchei Dub. 84
smithii Beck 20 var. humilis (S. Moore) Guillaum. 84
spathulata Danser 71 var. minima Guillaum. 84
Hoit. Beck 20 montrouzieri Macfarl. 84

speciosa ex var.
(Dub.)
spectabilis Danser 72 villosa Hook. 82
spinosa Tamin & M. Hotta n. n. 74 villosa Hook. f. 85
spuria Beck 56 wardii Wright 61
stenophylla Mast. 73 xiphioides B. Salmon & Maulder 60
sumatrana (Miq.) Beck 74 zeylanica (Burm.) Rafin. 20
surigaoensis Elmer 49 var. rubra (G. Nicholson) Beck 20
talagensis Nerz & Wistuba 10 Phyllamphora mirabilis Lour. 51
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)

Article in Blumea journal of plant taxonomy and plant geography · January 1997

Matthew Jebb Martin Cheek

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Nepenthes monographic revision View project

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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)

A world revision of last undertaken Macfarlane and

thorough and accurate reference to all earlier literature.

within populations, their widespread distribution necessitates their inclusion in the

x kinabaluensis, which forms a discrete hybrid swarm on Mt Kinabalu.

Cheek from Sarawak. One new combination is made; N. macrophylla (Marabini)

ber of names are relegated to

1) Department of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.

2) Herbarium, National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.

3) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, U.K.

Like Danser we recognise no subspecies or varieties. Collections remain few,

mountain and 10 of the

extend beyond a single island.

of Nepenthes do not occur in the Flora Malesiana region: Nepenthes

madagascariensis Poir. and N. masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger in Madagascar, N. per-

N. khasiana Hook. f. and in Indochina N. anamensis Macfarl. and N. thorelii Le-

comte. Nepenthes vieillardii Hook. f. is found in New Caledonia (specimens from

There have been three the genus.

bered 33 species. He placed the Seychelles species N. pervillei in a monotypic sec-

Clapton nurseries in London.

as well as unsatisfactory information on provenance (N. burkei Mast., N. curtisii

TAXONOMY SINCE DANSER

invalidly published for number of adnata Tamin & M. Hotta

dleton (1984) published N. glabrata (a valid name for N. rubromaculata), N. hamata

and N. infundibuliformis (= N. On the 7th March, Kurata (1984b) published

tributed before either of Kurata's publications.

ecological paper (Adam et al., 1992).

HORTICULTURE AND HYBRIDS

served by Listproc@opus.hpl.hp.com) are dedicated to the cultivation and descrip-

both conserving species and developing new hybrids.

ple crosses of up to six species (Schlauer, 1994).

white podsolic soils, leached

A number of taxa are restricted to ultrabasic, serpentine soils (N. argentii, N.

burbidgeae, N. danseri, N. x kinabaluensis, N. macrovulgaris, N. rajah and N. vil-

losa), whilst others appear to be restricted to limestone rocks ( N. campanulata, N.

disturbed habitats mirabilis and N. gracilis). A few species capable of surviv-

as epiphytes (N. inermis, N. insignis, N. reinwardtiana, and N. veitchii).

are larger, and begin to acquire their specific characters.

life low The condensed

prominent, fringed wings. As the plant grows the stem

they have been observed.

viduals and populations. Variation in pitcher structure and colouration can be

to the level of the the is and often markedly

longing to quite separate species.

A distinctive architecture is found in N. ampullaria and N. pectinata, where the

duced to the tendril

either smaller leaves there (N.

bears a finely ribbed structure -

flat hooks. In few species the inner of the has become

shallow depressions or have a narrow rim or a prominent swollen around their

duced. The inflorescence ranges from a raceme of 1- or 2-flowered partial peduncles,

(racemes). Sometimes inflorescences with partial peduncles entirely 1- and 2-flower-

ed occur the plant (N. spectabilis). Filiform bracts the

peduncles of species, but this feature again be variable between

a relationship to Polygonaceae/Plumbaginaceae on the one hand, and with Drosera-