Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 39 PDF

CONTENTS
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 –38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1 – 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1 –38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 –38
VOLUME 1
The Status of Some Fossil Plants.................................................................... 1
ALAN WESLEY
Growth Regulation by Metals and Chelates .................................................... 73

HANS BURSTRÖM
Comparative Anatomy as a Modern Botanical Discipline

With special reference to recent advances in the systematic anatomy
of monocotyledons............................................................................................ 101
C. R. METCALFE
Palynology......................................................................................................... 149
G. ERDTMAN
Metabolism and the Transport of Organic Substances in the Phloem ........... 209
A. L. KURSANOV
Water Relations of Plant Cells ......................................................................... 279

JACK DAINTY
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Photosynthetic Studies ....................... 327

G. M. ANDROES
VOLUME 2
Some Phyletic Implications of Flagellar Structure in Plants............................ 1
I. MANTON
Fundamental Problems in Numerical Taxonomy ............................................ 35

W. T. WILLIAMS and M. B. DALE
Ultrastructure of the Wall in Growing Cells and its Relation

to the Direction of the Growth ......................................................................... 69
P. A. ROELOFSEN
The Protein Component of Primary Cell Walls................................................ 151

DEREK T. A. LAMPORT
2 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1–38
Embryology in Relation to Physiology and Genetics....................................... 219

P. MAHESHWARI and N. S. RANGASWAMY
The Soft Rot Fungi: Their Mode of Action and Significance

in the Degradation of Wood ............................................................................. 323
JOHN LEVY
VOLUME 3
Structural Aspects of Cell Membranes ............................................................ 1
L. ANDREW STAEHELIN and M. C. PROBINE
X-ray Structure Research on the Photosynthetic Membrane ......................... 53

W. KREUTZ
Some Aspects of Water Relations ................................................................... 171

P. E. WEATHERLEY
Monocotyledons—Towards an Understanding of their

Morphology and Anatomy ................................................................................ 207
P. B. TOMLINSON
VOLUME 4
Recognition, Resistance and the Role of Plant Lectins
in Host –Parasite Interactions........................................................................... 1
J. A. CALLOW
Paracoccus denitrificans Davis

(Microscoccus denitrificans Beijerinck) as a Mitochondrion............................ 51
P. JOHN and F. R. WHATLEY
Stomatal Behaviour and Environment ............................................................. 117

I. R. COWAN
Evolutionary Patterns and Processes in Ferns ............................................... 229

J. D. LOVIS
VOLUME 5
The Use of Fluorescence Emission at 778K in the Analysis
of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Higher Plants and Algae ......................... 1
GÖTZ HARNISCHFEGER
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1–38 3
Receptors for Plant Hormones......................................................................... 53

MICHAEL A. VENIS
Plant Cell Wall Synthesis ................................................................................. 89

DAVID G. ROBINSON
The Evolution of Vascular Land Plants in Relation

to Supracellular Transport Processes.............................................................. 153
J. A. RAVEN
VOLUME 6
Ecological Aspects of Nitrogen Assimilation.................................................... 1
J. A. LEE and G. R. STEWART
Physical Aspects of Water Relations of Plant Cells ........................................ 45

U. ZIMMERMANN and E. STEUDLE
Aspects of Chromosome Evolution in Higher Plants....................................... 119

KEITH JONES
Cytogenetics, Biosystematics and Evolution in the Bryophyta ....................... 195

A. J. E. SMITH
Plant Resins—Their Formation, Secretion and Possible Functions ............... 277

B. DELL and A. J. MC COMB
VOLUME 7
Structure and Function of the Plastid Envelope .............................................. 1
ROLAND DOUCE and JACQUES JOYARD
Sodium as an Essential Micronutrient Element for Plants

and its Possible Role in Metabolism ................................................................ 117
P. F. BROWNELL
Aeration in Higher Plants.................................................................................. 225

W. ARMSTRONG
Population and Community Structure and Dynamics of Fungi

in Decaying Wood............................................................................................. 333
A. D. M. RAYNER and N. K. TODD
Aspects of the Physiology of Orchids .............................................................. 421

JOSEPH ARDITTI
VOLUME 8
Picosecond Spectroscopy: Biological Applications ......................................... 1
A. H. REYNOLDS and P. M. RENTZEPIS
The Biochemistry of Lignification ..................................................................... 25

G. G. GROSS
The Measurement of Protein Turnover in Plants ............................................ 65

D. D. DAVIES
Phosphorus Uptake, Storage and Utilization by Fungi.................................... 127

R. E. BEEVER and D. J. W. BURNS
Plants in Relation to Salinity............................................................................. 221

S. J. WAINWRIGHT
VOLUME 9
Biochemistry of Storage Protein Synthesis and Deposition
in the Developing Legume Seed ...................................................................... 1
D. BOULTER
Aspects of the Metabolism and Physiology of Gibberellins ............................ 33

ALAN CROZIER
The Control of the Patterned Differentiation of Vascular Tissues................... 151

TSVI SACHS
VOLUME 10
Light-harvesting Processes in Algae................................................................ 1
A.W.D. LARKUM and JACK BARRETT
Effects of Nutrient Stress on Susceptibility of Plants

to Disease with Particular Reference to the Trace Elements ......................... 221
ROBIN D. GRAHAM
VOLUME 11
Laser Light Scattering in Biological Research ................................................. 1
M. W. STEER , J. M. PICTON and J. C. EARNSHAW
Transport and Fixation of Inorganic Carbon by Marine Algae ........................ 71

N. W. KERBY and J. A. RAVEN
Cell Wall Storage Carbohydrates in Seeds—Biochemistry

of the Seed “Gums” and “Hemicelluloses”....................................................... 125
J. S. GRANT REID
Welwitschia mirabilis—New Aspects in the Biology of an Old Plant .............. 157

D. J. VON WILLERT
VOLUME 12
Light/Dark Modulation of Enzyme Activity in Plants ........................................ 1
LOUISE E. ANDERSON
Algal Toxins ...................................................................................................... 47

WAYNE W. CARMICHAEL
Plant Transposable Elements .......................................................................... 103

PATRICIA NEVERS , NANCY S. SHEPHERD and HEINZ SAEDLER
The Dinoflagellate Chromosome...................................................................... 205

D. C. SIGEE
VOLUME 13
Interactions Between Photosystems................................................................ 1
N. R. BAKER and A. N. WEBBER
Cyanobacterial Water-Blooms.......................................................................... 67
C. S. REYNOLDS
Determinants of Yield of Secondary Products in Plant Tissue Cultures ........ 145

H. A. COLLIN
VOLUME 14
Protein Targeting .............................................................................................. 1
R. J. ELLIS and C. ROBINSON
Control of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Higher Plants ....................................... 27

JOHN C. GRAY
Dunaliella: A Green Alga Adapted to Salt........................................................ 95

M. GINZBURG
VOLUME 15
Perception of Gravity by Plants........................................................................ 1
THOMAS BJÖRKMAN
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: a Re-appraisal of Physiological

Plasticity in Form and Function........................................................................ 43
H. GRIFFITHS
Potassium Transport in Roots.......................................................................... 93

LEON V. KOCHIAN and WILLIAM J. LUCAS
Sporogenesis in Conifers ................................................................................. 179

ROGER I. PENNELL
VOLUME 16
Lipid Metabolism in Algae ................................................................................ 1
JOHN L. HARWOOD and A. LESLEY JONES
The Alternation of Generations ........................................................................ 55

PETER R. BELL
The Formation and Interpretation of Plant Fossil Assemblages ..................... 95

ROBERT A. SPICER
Primary Productivity in the Shelf Seas of North-West Europe........................ 193

P. M. HOLLIGAN
VOLUME 17
Plant Evolution and Ecology During the Early Cainozoic Diversification........ 1
MARGARET E. COLLINSON
Origin and Evolution of Angiosperm Flowers .................................................. 99

ELSE MARIE FRIIS and PETER K. ENDRESS
Bacterial Leaf Nodule Symbiosis ..................................................................... 163

IAIN M. MILLER
Fracture Properties of Plants ........................................................................... 235

J. F. V. VINCENT
VOLUME 18
Photosynthesis and Stomatal Responses to Polluted Air,
and the Use of Physiological and Biochemical Responses
for Early Detection and Diagnostic Tools ........................................................ 1
H. SAXE
Transport and Metabolism of Carbon and Nitrogen in Legume Nodules ....... 129
J. G. STREETER
Plants and Wind................................................................................................ 191

P. VAN GARDINGEN and J. GRACE
Fibre Optic Microprobes and Measurement of the Light

Microenvironment within Plant Tissues ........................................................... 255
T. C. VOGELMANN , G. MARTIN , G. CHEN and D. BUTTRY
VOLUME 19
Oligosaccharins ................................................................................................ 1
S. ALDINGTON and S. C. FRY
Are Plant Hormones Involved in Root to Shoot Communication? .................. 103

M. B. JACKSON
Second-hand Chloroplasts: Evolution of Cryptomonad Algae ........................ 189

G. I. MC FADDEN
The Gametophyte –Sporophyte Junction in Land Plants ................................ 231

R. LIGRONE , J. G. DUCKETT and K. S. RENZAGLIA
VOLUME 20
Global Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance: Modelling
the Controls by Soil and Climate...................................................................... 1
F. I. WOODWARD and T. M. SMITH
In vivo NMR Studies of Higher Plants and Algae............................................ 43

R. G. RATCLIFFE
Vegetative and Gametic Development in the Green Alga

Chlamydomonas ............................................................................................... 125
HERMAN VAN DEN ENDE
Salicylic Acid and its Derivatives in Plants: Medicines,

Metabolites and Messenger Molecules............................................................ 163
W. S. PIERPOINT
VOLUME 21
Defense Responses of Plants to Pathogens ................................................... 1
E. KOMBRINK and I. E. SOMSSICH
On the Nature and Genetic Basis for Resistance

and Tolerance to Fungal Wilt Diseases of Plants ........................................... 35
C. H. BECKMAN and E. M. ROBERTS
Implication of Population Pressure on Agriculture and Ecosystems .............. 79

A. H. EHRLICH
Plant Virus Infection: Another Point of View.................................................... 105

G. A. DE ZOETEN
The Pathogens and Pests of Chestnuts .......................................................... 125

S. L. ANAGNOSTAKIS
Fungal Avirulence Genes and Plant Resistance Genes:

Unraveling the Molecular Basis of Gene-for-Gene Interactions ..................... 147
P. J. G. M. DE WIT
Phytoplasmas: Can Phylogeny Provide the Means

to Understand Pathogenicity? .......................................................................... 187
B. C. KIRKPATRICK and C. D. SMART
Use of Categorical Information and Correspondence

Analysis in Plant Disease Epidemiology.......................................................... 213
S. SAVARY , L. V. MADDEN , J. C. ZADOKS and H. W. KLEIN -GEBBINCK
VOLUME 22
Mutualism and Parasitism: Diversity in Function and Structure
in the “Arbuscular” (VA) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis .............................................. 1
F. A. SMITH and S. E. SMITH
Calcium Ions as Intracellular Second Messengers in Higher Plants .............. 45

ALEX A. R. WEBB , MARTIN R. MC AINSH , JANE E. TAYLOR and ALISTAIR M. HETHERINGTON
The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Plants:

A Molecular Perspective................................................................................... 97
BRIAN R. JORDAN
Rapid, Long-distance Signal Transmission in Higher Plants .......................... 163

M. MALONE
Keeping in Touch: Responses of the Whole Plant to Deficits

in Water and Nitrogen Supply .......................................................................... 227
A. J. S. MC DONALD and W. J. DAVIES
VOLUME 23
The Value of Indexing for Disease Control Strategies .................................... 1
D. E. STEAD , D. L. EBBELS and A. W. PEMBERTON
Detecting Latent Bacterial Infections ............................................................... 27

S. H. DE BOER , D. A. CUPPELS and R. GITAITIS
Sensitivity of Indexing Procedures for Viruses and Viroids ............................ 59

H. HUTTINGA
Detecting Propagules of Plant Pathogenic Fungi............................................ 73

S. A. MILLER
Assessing Plant-Nematode Infestations and Infections .................................. 103

K. R. BARKER and E. L. DAVIS
Potential of Pathogen Detection Technology

for Management of Diseases in Glasshouse Ornamental Crops ................... 137
I. G. DINESEN and A. VAN ZAAYEN
Indexing Seeds for Pathogens ......................................................................... 171

J. LANGERAK , R. W. VAN DEN BULK and A. A. J. M. FRANKEN
A Role for Pathogen Indexing Procedures in Potato Certification .................. 217

S. H. DE BOER , S. A. SLACK , G. VAN DEN BOVENKAMP and I. MASTENBROEK
A Decision Modelling Approach for Quantifying Risk

in Pathogen Indexing........................................................................................ 243
C. A. LÉVESQUE and D. M. EAVES
Quality Control and Cost Effectiveness of Indexing Procedures .................... 279

C. SUTULA
VOLUME 24
Contributions of Population Genetics to Plant Disease Epidemiology
and Management.............................................................................................. 1
M. G. MILGROOM and W. E. FRY
A Molecular View Through the Looking Glass: the Pyrenopeziza

brassicae –Brassica Interaction........................................................................ 31
A. M. ASHBY
The Balance and Interplay Between Asexual and Sexual

Reproduction in Fungi ...................................................................................... 71
M. CHAMBERLAIN and D. S. INGRAM
The Role of Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Plant Defences ....................... 89

D. A. JONES and J. D. G. JONES
Fungal Life-Styles and Ecosystem Dynamics: Biological Aspects

of Plant Pathogens, Plant Endophytes and Saprophytes ............................... 169
R. J. RODRIGUEZ and R. S. REDMAN
Cellular Interactions between Plants and Biotrophic Fungal Parasites .......... 195
M. C. HEATH and D. SKALAMERA
Symbiology of Mouse-Ear Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Oomycetes...... 227

E. B. HOLUB and J. L. BEYNON
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Detect, Quantify

and Visualize Fungi in Soils ............................................................................. 275
F. M. DEWEY , C. R. THORNTON and C. A. GILLIGAN
Function of Fungal Haustoria in Epiphytic and Endophytic Infections............ 309

P. T. N. SPENCER -PHILLIPS
Towards an Understanding of the Population Genetics

of Plant-Colonizing Bacteria ............................................................................. 335
B. HAUBOLD and P. B. RAINEY
Asexual Sporulation in the Oomycetes............................................................ 353

A. R. HARDHAM and G. J. HYDE
Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Rhizosphere: a Curiosity

or a Driving Force in Evolution?....................................................................... 399
J. WÖSTEMEYER , A. WÖSTEMEYER and K. VOIGT
The Origins of Phytophthora Species Attacking Legumes in Australia .......... 431

J. A. G. IRWIN , A. R. CRAWFORD and A. DRENTH
VOLUME 25
The Biogenesis of Vacuoles: Insights from Microscopy.................................. 1
F. MARTY
Molecular Aspects of Vacuole Biogenesis....................................................... 43

D. C. BASSHAM and N. V. RAIKHEL
The Vacuole: a Cost– Benefit Analysis ............................................................ 59

J. A. RAVEN
The Vacuole and Cell Senescence.................................................................. 87

P. MATILE
Protein Bodies: Storage Vacuoles in Seeds.................................................... 113

G. GALILI and E. M. HERMAN
Compartmentation of Secondary Metabolites and Xenobiotics

in Plant Vacuoles .............................................................................................. 141
M. WINK
Solute Composition of Vacuoles ...................................................................... 171

R. A. LEIGH
The Vacuole and Carbohydrate Metabolism ................................................... 195

C. J. POLLOCK and A. KINGSTON -SMITH
Vacuolar Ion Channels of Higher Plants.......................................................... 217

G. J. ALLEN and D. SANDERS
The Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the

Plant Vacuolar ATPase .................................................................................... 253
U. LÜTTGE and R. RATAJCZAK
The Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Pyrophosphate-Energized

Proton Translocation at the Vacuolar Membrane............................................ 297
R.-G. ZHEN , E. J. KIM and P. A. REA
The Bioenergetics of Vacuolar H+ Pumps ....................................................... 339

J. M. DAVIES
Transport of Organic Molecules Across the Tonoplast ................................... 365

E. MARTINOIA and R. RATAJCZAK
Secondary Inorganic Ion Transport at the Tonoplast ...................................... 401

E. BLUMWALD and A. GELLI
Aquaporins and Water Transport Across the Tonoplast ................................. 419

M. J. CHRISPEELS , M. J. DANIELS and A. WEIG
VOLUME 26
Developments in the Biological Control of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens......... 1
J. M. WHIPPS
Plant Proteins that Confer Resistance to Pests and Pathogens .................... 135
PETER R. SHEWRY and JOHN A. LUCAS
The Net Primary Productivity and Water Use of Forests

in the Geological Past ...................................................................................... 193
D. J. BEERLING
Molecular Control of Flower Development in Petunia hybrida........................ 229

LUCIA COLOMBO , ARJEN VAN TUNEN , HANS J. M. DONS
and GERCO C. ANGENENT
The Regulation of C4 Photosynthesis .............................................................. 251

R. C. LEEGOOD
Heterogeneity in Stomatal Characteristics....................................................... 317

JONATHAN D. B. WEYERS and TRACY LAWSON
VOLUME 27
The Structure and Biosynthesis of Legume Seed Storage
Proteins: A Biological Solution to the Storage of
Nitrogen in Seeds ............................................................................................. 1
D. BOULTER and R. R. D. CROY
Inorganic Carbon Acquisition by Marine Autotrophs ....................................... 85

J. A. RAVEN
The Cyanotoxins............................................................................................... 211

W. W. CARMICHAEL
Molecular Aspects of Light-harvesting Processes in Algae ............................ 257

T. LARKUM and C. J. HOWE
Plant Transposable Elements .......................................................................... 331

R. KUNZE , H. SAEDLER and W.-E. LÖNNIG
VOLUME 28
Protein Gradients and Plant Growth: Role of the Plasma
Membrane H+-ATPase ..................................................................................... 1
M. G. PALMGREN
The Plant Invertases: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ........ 71

Z. TYMOWSKA -LALANNE and M. KREIS
Dynamic Pleiomorphic Vacuole Systems: Are They Endosomes

and Transport Compartments in Fungal Hyphae? .......................................... 119
A. E. ASHFORD
Signals in Leaf Development ........................................................................... 161

T. P. BRUTNELL and J. A. LANGDALE
Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Angiosperm Flower Development ........... 197

V. F. IRISH and E. M. KRAMER
Gametes, Fertilization and Early Embryogenesis in Flowering Plants ........... 231

C. DUMAS , F. BERGER , J.-E. FAURE and E. MATTHYS -ROCHON
VOLUME 29
The Calcicole – Calcifuge Problem Revisited ................................................... 1
J. A. LEE
Ozone Impacts on Agriculture: An Issue of Global Concern .......................... 31

M. R. ASHMORE and F. M. MARSHALL
Signal Transduction Networks and the Integration of Responses

to Environmental Stimuli................................................................................... 53
G. I. JENKINS
Mechanisms of Na+ Uptake by Plants ............................................................. 75

A. AMTMANN and D. SANDERS
The NaCl-induced Inhibition of Shoot Growth: The Case

for Disturbed Nutrition with Special Consideration
of Calcium Nutrition .......................................................................................... 115
D. B. LAZOF and N. BERNSTEIN
VOLUME 30
Nitrate and Ammonium Nutrition of Plants: Physiological
and Molecular Perspectives ............................................................................. 1
B. G. FORDE and D. T. CLARKSON
Secondary Metabolites in Plant –Insect Interactions: Dynamic

Systems of Induced and Adaptive Responses................................................ 91
J. A. PICKETT , D. W. M. SMILEY and C. M. WOODCOCK
Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Caffeine and Related Purine

Alkaloids in Plants............................................................................................. 117
H. ASHIHARA and A. CROZIER
Arabinogalactan-proteins in the Multiple Domains

of the Plant Cell Surface .................................................................................. 207
M. D. SERPE and E. A. NOTHNAGEL
Plant Disease Resistance: Progress in Basic Understanding

and Practical Application .................................................................................. 291
N. T. KEEN
VOLUME 31
Trichome Diversity and Development .............................................................. 1
E. WERKER
Structure and Function of Secretory Cells....................................................... 37

A. FAHN
Monoterpenoid Biosynthesis in Glandular Trichomes of Labiate Plants ........ 77

D. L. HALLAHAN
Current and Potential Exploitation of Plant Glandular

Trichome Productivity ....................................................................................... 121
S. O. DUKE , C. CANEL , A. M. RIMANDO , M. R. TELLEZ , M. V. DUKE and R. N. PAUL
Chemotaxonomy Based on Metabolites

from Glandular Trichomes................................................................................ 153
O. SPRING
Anacardic Acids in Trichomes of Pelargonium: Biosynthesis,

Molecular Biology and Ecological Effects ........................................................ 175
D. J. SCHULTZ , J. I. MEDFORD , D. COX -FOSTER , R. A. GRAZZINI , R. CRAIG
and R. O. MUMMA
Specification of Epidermal Cell Morphology .................................................... 193

B. J. GLOVER and C. MARTIN
Trichome Initiation in Arabidopsis .................................................................... 219

A. R. WALKER and M. D. MARKS
Trichome Differentiation and Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis.......................... 237

M. HÜLSKAMP and V. KIRIK
Trichome Plasmodesmata: A Model System for Cell-to-cell Movement ........ 261

E. WAIGMANN and P. ZAMBRYSKI
VOLUME 32
Plant Protein– Serine/Threonine Kinases: Classification into
Subfamilies and Overview of Function ............................................................ 1
D. G. HARDIE
Bioinformatics: Using Phylogenetics and Databases to

Investigate Plant Protein Phosphorylation ....................................................... 45
E. R. INGHAM , T. P. HOLTSFORD and J. C. WALKER
Protein Phosphatases: Structure, Regulation, and Function .......................... 67

SHENG LUAN
Histidine Kinases and the Role of Two-Component

Systems in Plants ............................................................................................. 109
G. ERIC SCHALLER
Light and Protein Kinases ................................................................................ 149

JOHN C. WATSON
Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases and their Relatives ............................... 185

ESTELLE M. HRABAK
Receptor-Like Kinases in Plant Development ................................................. 225

KEIKO U. TORII and STEVEN E. CLARK
A Receptor Kinase and the Self-Incompatibility Response in Brassica ......... 269

J. M. COCK
Plant Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signalling Pathways

in the Limelight.................................................................................................. 299
S. JOUANNIC , A.-S. LEPRINCE , A. HAMAL , A. PICAUD , M. KREIS and Y. HENRY
Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation in Environmental

Stress Responses in Plants ............................................................................. 355
K. ICHIMURA , T. MIZOGUCHI , R. YOSHIDA , T. YUASA and K. SHINOZAKI
Protein Kinases in the Plant Defense Response............................................. 379

GUIDO SESSA and GREGORY B. MARTIN
SNF1-Related Protein Kinases (SnRKs) – Regulators at the Heart

of the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning .................................... 405
N. G. HALFORD , J.-P. BOULY and M. THOMAS
Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism and Reversible

Protein Phosphorylation ................................................................................... 435
D. TOROSER and S. C. HUBER
Protein Phosphorylation and Ion Transport: A Case Study

in Guard Cells ................................................................................................... 459
JIAXU LI and SARAH M. ASSMANN
VOLUME 33
Foliar Endophytes and Their Interactions with Host Plants,
with Specific Reference to the Gymnospermae .............................................. 1
W.-M. KRIEL , W. J. SWART and P. W. CROUS
Plants in Search of Sunlight ............................................................................. 35

D. KOLLER
The Mechanics of Root Anchorage.................................................................. 133

A. R. ENNOS
Molecular Genetics of Sulphate Assimilation .................................................. 159

M. J. HAWKESFORD and J. L. WRAY
Pathogenicity, Host-specificity, and Population Biology

of Tapesia spp., Causal Agents of Eyespot Disease of Cereals .................... 225
J. A. LUCAS , P. S. DYER and T. D. MURRAY
VOLUME 34
Cereal Genomics .............................................................................................. 1
K. J. EDWARDS and D. STEVENSON
Exploiting Cereal Genetic Resources .............................................................. 23

R. J. HENRY
Transformation and Gene Expression ............................................................. 59

P. BARCELO , S. RASCO -GAUNT , C. THORPE and P. A. LAZZERI
Opportunities for the Manipulation of Development

of Temperate Cereals....................................................................................... 127
J. R. LENTON
Manipulating Cereal Endosperm Structure, Development

and Composition to Improve End-use Properties............................................ 165
P. R. SHEWRY and M. MORELL
Resistance to Abiotic Freezing Stress in Cereals ........................................... 237

M. A. DUNN , G. O’BRIEN , A. P. C. BROWN , S. VURAL and M. A. HUGHES
Genetics and Genomics of the Rice Blast Fungus

Magnaporthe grisea: Developing an Experimental Model for Understanding
Fungal Diseases of Cereals ............................................................................. 263
N. J. TALBOT and A. J. FOSTER
Impact of Biotechnology on the Production

of Improved Cereal Varieties............................................................................ 289
R. G. SOLOMON and R. APPELS
Overview and Prospects for Cereal Biotechnology ......................................... 301

P. R. SHEWRY , P. A. LAZZERI and K. J. EDWARDS
VOLUME 35
Recent Advances in the Cell Biology of Chlorophyll Catabolism.................... 1
H. THOMAS , H. OUGHAM and S. HÖRTENSTEINER
The Microspore: A Haploid Multipurpose Cell ................................................. 53

A. TOURAEV , M. PFOSSER and E. HEBERLE -BORS
The Seed Oleosins: Structure, Properties and Biological Role ...................... 111
J. A. NAPIER , F. BEAUDOIN , A. S. TATHAM , L. G. ALEXANDER and P. R. SHEWRY
Compartmentation of Proteins in the Protein Storage Vacuole:

A Compound Organelle in Plant Cells ............................................................. 139
L. JIANG and J. C. ROGERS
Intraspecific Variation in Seaweeds: The Application of New

Tools and Approaches...................................................................................... 171
R. WATTIER and C. A. MAGGS
Glucosinolates and their Degradation Products .............................................. 213

R. F. MITHEN
VOLUME 36
Aphids: Non-persistent Transmission .............................................................. 1
T. P. PIRONE and K. L. PERRY
Persistent Transmission of Luteoviruses by Aphids........................................ 21

B. REAVY and M. A. MAYO
Fungi ................................................................................................................. 47
M. J. ADAMS
Whitefly Transmission of Plant Viruses ........................................................... 65

J. K. BROWN and H. CZOSNEK
Beetles .............................................................................................................. 101

R. C. GERGERICH
Thrips As Vectors of Tospoviruses .................................................................. 113

D. E. ULLMAN , R. MEIDEROS , L. R. CAMPBELL , A. E. WHITFIELD , J. L. SHERWOOD
and T. L. GERMAN
Virus Transmission by Leafhoppers, Planthoppers

and Treehoppers (Auchenorrhyncha, Homoptera).......................................... 141
E. AMMAR and L. R. NAULT
Nematodes........................................................................................................ 169
S. A. MAC FARLANE , R. NEILSON and D. J. F. BROWN
Other Vectors.................................................................................................... 199

R. T. PLUMB
VOLUME 37
Anthocyanins in Leaves and Other Vegetative Organs:
An Introduction.................................................................................................. 1
D. W. LEE and K. S. GOULD
Le Rouge et le Noir: Are Anthocyanins Plant Melanins? ................................ 17

G. S. TIMMINS , N. M. HOLBROOK and T. S. FEILD
Anthocyanins in Leaves: Distribution, Phylogeny

and Development.............................................................................................. 37
D. W. LEE
The Final Steps in Anthocyanin Formation: A Story of Modification

and Sequestration............................................................................................. 55
C. WINEFIELD
Molecular Genetics and Control of Anthocyanin Expression .......................... 75

B. WINKEL -SHIRLEY
Differential Expression and Functional Significance

of Anthocyanins in Relation to Phasic Development
in Hedera helix L............................................................................................... 95
W. P. HACKETT
Do Anthocyanins Function as Osmoregulators in Leaf Tissues? ................... 103

L. CHALKER -SCOTT
The Role of Anthocyanins for Photosynthesis of Alaskan

Arctic Evergreens during Snowmelt................................................................. 129
S. F. OBERBAUER and G. STARR
Anthocyanins in Autumn Leaf Senescence ..................................................... 147

D. W. LEE
A Unified Explanation for Anthocyanins in Leaves?........................................ 167

K. S. GOULD , S. O. NEILL and T. C. VOGELMANN
VOLUME 38
An Epidemiological Framework For Disease Management ............................ 1
CHRISTOPHER A. GILLIGAN
Golgi-independent Trafficking of Macromolecules

to the Plant Vacuole ......................................................................................... 65
DIANE C. BASSHAM
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase: Structure, Function

and Regulation.................................................................................................. 95
R. P. WALKER and Z.-H. CHEN
Developmental Genetics of the Angiosperm Leaf ........................................... 191

CATHERINE A. KIDNER , MARJA C. P. TIMMERMANS , MARY E. BYRNE
and ROBERT A. MARTIENSSEN
A Model for the Evolution and Genesis of the Pseudotetraploid

Arabidopsis thaliana Genome .......................................................................... 235
Y. HENRY , A. CHAMPION , I. GY , A. PICAUD , A. LECHARNY and M. KREIS
Age-related Resistance to Plant Pathogens.................................................... 251

S. N. PANTER and D. A. JONES
The Origin and Evolution of Tertiary Relict Floras .......................................... 281

RICHARD I. MILNE and RICHARD J. ABBOTT
CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1– 38
b-Adaptin 25: 22 A. leptocarpa, effect of sodium on
a-amylase 34: 147, 150, 151, 182, 196, 206 growth 7: 160, 164
b-amylase 34: 182, 205– 207 A. lindleyi, effect of sodium on
a-Amylase inhibitors 26: 140, 141, 159, growth 7: 160– 165
160, 172 A. loddigesii
A. angustifolia, effect of sodium on carbon fixation 7: 522
growth 7: 161, 165 seed morphology 7: 426
A. bambusifolia A. luteola, seed morphology 7: 426
culture 7: 442 A. maculata, seed morphology 7: 426
seed germination 7: 472 A. mediterranea
A. bilobum, seed morphology 7: 425 chlorophyll-protein analysis 10: 106, 108
A. carterae 12: 216, 222, 223, 236 chloroplast movement 10: 29
A. chinensis, vitamin production 7: 468, 494 photosystem reaction centre
A. cv. Deborah "complexes 10: 80, 89
carbon fixation 7: 522 A. nidulans, sodium requirement 7: 144, 168
flowering period 7: 542 A. nitida, aeration 7: 311
A. cv. Wendy Scott A. nummularia
carbon fixation 7: 522, 528 effect of sodium on
flowering period 7: 542 enzyme activity 7: 123
A. cylindrica 12: 19 growth 7: 124, 138, 141, 160, 164,
photosystem reaction centre 190
"complexes 10: 82 nitrogen fraction 7: 197, 198
phycobiliprotein 10: 115 physiology 7: 186– 188, 203, 204
A. eburneum respiration 7: 191, 193– 195
pollination 7: 552 A. odoratum
post-pollination phenomena 7: 570, 582 post-pollination phenomena 7: 593, 600,
A. flavus 603
sensitivity to acidity 6: 15 seed morphology 7: 426
A. flos-aquae 12: 65, 68, 69 A. paludosa, effect of sodium on
buoyancy control 10: 42 growth 7: 160, 164
photosystem reaction centre A. paniculatus, adenosine
complexes 10: 79 triphosphatase 7: 206
A. glabriuscula, effect of sodium on A. pseudoplatanus, enzymes of lignin
growth 7: 161, 165 "biosynthesis 8: 46, 57
A. graminifolia A. quinii, effect of sodium on growth 7: 150,
carbon fixation 7: 522, 528, 529, 533 164
post-pollination phenomena 7: 615 A. retroflexus, chloroplast-adenosine
A. hastata, effect of sodium on growth 7: 121 triphosphatase 7: 67
A. inflata, effect of sodium on growth 7: 124, A. semibaccata, effect of sodium on
138, 141, 160, 164, 190 growth 7: 160, 164
24 CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1– 38
A. semilunalaris, effect of sodium on Abies alba 33: 6, 8, 15, 16, 19

growth 7: 160, 165 Abies balsamea 33: 8, 18
A. sesquipedale Abies concolor
carbon fixation 7: 522, 528 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 75, 80
pollination 7: 555, 557 Abies fraseri (Fraser fir) 18: 54, 66
post-pollination phenomena 7: 570, 582 Abies grandis 31: 98 – 100, 102
A. sewardii, fossil structure 4: 242, 243 Abiotic elicitors 19: 21
A. spongiosa Abrasion and facts/fallacies/mysteries
decarboxylation system 7: 197 18: 237, 238
effect of sodium on growth 7: 160, 165 Abscisic acid (ABA) 19: 105– 107, 145,
A. sylhetense, seed morphology 7: 437 149– 166
A. T71 H+/O ratio 4: 89 Abscisic acid (ABA) 33: 198
A. thomasii Abscisic acid (ABA) 35: 32, 116, 117
fossil record 4: 237– 242 chemical identification 19: 150
fossil structure 4: 237– 239, 247 effect on stomata 4: 138, 139, 141, 143,
A. tricolor, effect of sodium on growth 146, 184
7: 162, 164, 167, 197 evidence against ABA as positive
A. tripolium, sodium content of seeds 7: 143 message from roots
A. variabilis 19: 161– 163
antenna chlorophyll 10: 94 evidence for drying roots as source of
phycobiliproteins 10: 63, 66, 109, 115 apoplastic ABA 19: 155
shading effects 10: 156, 160 evidence supporting ABA as positive
A. vesicaria message from roots 19: 163
sodium in xylem root exudate 19: 158
content 7: 124, 142, 143, 191 mechanisms raising apoplastic ABA
effect at low concentrations 7: 149– 157 in leaves of droughted
effect on yield 7: 151, 152, 165, plants 19: 155
188– 190 miscellaneous stress effects
requirement 7: 125, 126, 135, 138, 168 19: 164– 166
AA, see Ascorbic acid physiological significance of in-shoot
AAtDB database 24: 234, 235 apoplast and xylem
ABA response complexes (ABRCs) 33: 204 sap 19: 151– 155
ABA response element (ABRE) 33: 204 physiological studies 19: 150
ABA responsive gene expression 33: 204, 205 reconciliation of findings 19: 163, 164
ABA, see Absisic acid soil flooding 19: 160– 164
ABC transporter (ATP-binding cassette) synthesis 4: 139
35: 28, 29 water deficiency and leaf
ABC transporters 30: 21 – 23 expansion 19: 159, 160
Aberrant RNA (abRNA) 34: 100 water deficiency and stomatal
ABI3 35: 117 closure 19: 150– 159
Abies 33: 9 Abscisic acid (ABA) in determination of leaf
Abies alba (fir) 18: 13, 14 form 28: 173, 174
air pollutants bioindication 18: 89 Abscisic acid (ABA), and membrane
bioindication 18: 97 binding 5: 71, 84
dieback 18: 102 Abscisic acid 37: 185
O3 fumigations 18: 56, 57 calcium ions 22: 69, 71, 81, 84, 86
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 75 signal transmission 22: 170, 182
SO2 exposure 18: 30 synthesis 6: 303
CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1– 38 25
UV radiation 22: 137 ACC 18: 98

water and nitrogen supply 22: 232, 237, ACC oxidase (ethylene-forming enzyme
240, 254– 256, 263, 268– 288 ACCO) 21: 14
Abscisic acid and potassium transport ACC synthase (ACCS) 21: 14
15: 164 Acceptance angle 18: 258, 266– 268
Abscisic acid signal transduction 29: 68 fibre optic microprobe 18: 267
Abscisic acid signalling 38: 268 light reflection 18: 270
Abscisic acid, and post-pollination measurement tank 18: 267
phenomena in orchids 7: 584, probe sensitivity 18: 269
601, 619, 632 Acceptance widths of microprobes 18: 268
Abscisic acid-dependent/independent Accessory chromosomes (see Micro-
pathway 29: 35 chromosomes)
Abscissic acid Acclimation 34: 237, 238
chromatography 9: 49 Accumulation sites 31: 122– 126
influence on conifer tracheids 9: 240 ACD2 35: 34
Abscission 17: 279, 282 Acer 19: 123; 22: 6, 7, 13; 38: 290, 293
Absidia glauca 24: 412– 415, 423 pseudoplatamus 22: 15
Absidia parricida 24: 412, 415 saccharum 22: 15, 16
Absidia spinosa 24: 414 Acer palmatum 37: 113, 161
Absisic acid (ABA) 18: 59 Acer palmatum var. atropurpureum 37: 150
Absorption spectra 5: 23 Acer pennsylvanicum 37: 155
“Abunda” 18: 37 Acer platanoides 18: 57
Abutilon 31: 15, 53 – 55; 36: 67 Acer platanoides, lignin composition 8: 31
nectary trichomes 31: 265– 267 Acer platanoides, NMR studies,
Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) 36: 67, 81, 86 manganese 20: 78
Abutilon pictum 31: 47 Acer pseudoplanatus 31: 3
Acacia 30: 228, 230; 31: 271; 38: 194 Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore) 33: 10, 26
Acacia erioloba 11: 176 Acer pseudoplatanus 19: 142; 30: 284
Acacia glutinosissima glyphosate effects 20: 90
resin yield 6: 289 NMR studies 20: 69
Acacia harpophylla, leaf conductance and Acer pseudoplatanus L. 25: 4, 7, 18 – 20, 22,
water potentials 4: 147 23, 263, 269, 307, 373, 411
Acacia laetia 30: 228 Acer rubrum 37: 111, 114, 152, 154
Acacia robusta 30: 212, 221 Acer saccharinum (silver maple) 18: 72, 76
Acacia senegal 30: 211– 213, 227, 228 Acer saccharum (sugar maple) 18: 54, 71
Acacia seyal 30: 228 O3/SO2 exposures 18: 78, 81
Acacia, phyllodes 3: 212 SO2 exposure 18: 29
Acalymma trivittatum 36: 102 Acer saccharum 33: 149; 37: 110
Acanthamoeba 19: 201 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 75, 80
apical dominance 3: 264 Acer spp. 37: 112
cell wall 3: 34 Acer, cladistic analysis 17: 47, 48
fixation with OsO4 3: 12 Aceraceae 22: 13; 37: 153
Agavaceae growth 3: 217 Aceraceae, Early Tertiary 17: 44
influorescence 3: 268, 269, 277, 282 Aceras anthropophorum
vascular bundles 3: 246, 257 carbon fixation 7: 522
Acanthophippium bicolor, seed phytoalexins 7: 512
morphology 7: 427 thylakoı̈ds 7: 520
Acaulospora 22: 14 Aceratagallia 36: 153
Aceratagallia constricta 36: 153, 154, 157, Acid loading, dye 22: 56, 58, 59
159 Acid metabolism, see Crassulacean acid
Aceratagallia elimatus 36: 154 metabolism
Aceratagallia sanguinolenta 36: 153, 154 Acid mist 18: 94, 98
Aceria ficus 36: 201 Acid phosphatase 25: 90, 103, 104, 123
Aceria tosichella (tulipae) 36: 201 Acid precipitation (AP) 18: 104
Acetabularia 22: 209, 210; 29: 80, 97, 101 O3 18: 79 –82; 21: 94, 95
chlorophyll-protein analysis 10: 105, 106 Acid rain 18: 97, 99
chloroplast shape and size changes Acid rain, Early Cainozoic 17: 4
10: 30 Acid-growth hypothesis 28: 34
photosystem II reaction centre Acids 25: 144
"complex 10: 89 Aconta 2: 6
thylakoid extraction 10: 104 Acopyle pancheri
Acetabularia acetabulum 38: 196 karyotype 6: 174
Acetabularia mediterranea 11: 100; 20: 82 ACP 31: 203
Acetabularia sp. Acquisition threshold 36: 152
HCO2 3 entry 27: 131 Acremonium 24: 176
pH of vacuole 27: 167, 170 Acremonium spp. 33: 5
Acetate/mevalonate pathway 31: 93 – 95 Acremonium, colonization of wood 7: 416
Acetic anhydride, in measurement of protein Acremonium-Festuca system 24: 175
degradation 8: 104– 106
Acrobolbus 19: 257
Acetobacter suboxydans, cytochrome 4: 76
Acrocarpia paniculata
Acetobacter xylinum, in vitro cellulose
chlorophyll-fucoxanthin
synthesis 5: 138, 140, 141
complex 10: 122, 124
Acetolactate synthase ALS 34: 75
photosystem reaction centre
Acetoxymethyl (AM) esters 22: 59
"complexes 10: 80, 90, 91, 130
Acetyl CoA 35: 226
spectral analysis 10: 97, 98, 100, 101,
Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), properties
123, 125– 127
(table) 27: 95
Acetylcholine 22: 85 Acrolaene punctata, seed
Acetyl-CoA synthesis 14: 55– 57 morphology 7: 427
and chloroplasts 14: 55, 56 Acropera citrina, seed morphology 7: 426
Achillea millefolium 31: 63, 168 Acrosiphonia arcta 35: 198
Achlorophyllous plants 22: 25, 34 Acrostichum preaureum, fossil
Achlya 24: 354, 358, 383, 388 structure 4: 251
Achlya bisexualis 24: 441 Act 1 promoter 34: 87
Acholeplasma 21: 190– 194, 195– 198, 206 Actiniopteris, apomixis 4: 390
granularum 21: 196 Actinocalyx, Late Cretaceous fossils 17: 116
laidlawii 21: 193, 196, 197, 201 Actinomycin D 21: 115; 24: 358
oculi 21: 198 Actinostachys, cytology 4: 290
Achromobacter, effect of sodium on amino Action potentials (AP) 22: 186– 188, 201,
acid uptake 7: 185 202– 209, 212, 213
Achyla, isolation of cytokinin binding Action potentials 15: 8, 9
glycoprotein 5: 71 and gravitropism 15: 9
Acid fog 18: 81 Action spectra for photosynthesis in
Acid hydrolase a-galactosidase 25: 121 algae 10: 68 – 73
Acid invertase 25: 203, 204 Activation energy of gravity perception 15: 5
Acid invertases 28: 76 Active oxygen species (AOS) 21: 164– 166
Active oxygen species 30: 304, 305; Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) 21: 18

31: 231 Adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase
Active regime 38: 32 (SMS) 21: 14
Active transport Adenosyl-L-methionine:xanthotoxol
in vitro 6: 64 – 67 methyltransferase (XMT) 21: 14
salt transport 6: 65, 66 Adenylate cyclase 24: 118
thermodynamic equations 6: 62 – 65 Chlamydomonas 20: 152, 153
Acyclic monoterpenoid Adenylate kinase, effect of sodium 7: 199,
oxidoreductases 31: 106 200
acyl-ACP desaturases 31: 182– 185 Adenylate translocator in chloroplast
Acylcyclohexanediones 34: 137 envelope 7: 56, 64 – 74
Acyltransferases 37: 62 Adenylates 18: 62
Acyltransferases in chloroplast Adiantaceae
envelope 7: 89 base numbers and classification 4: 283
Acyrthosiphon pisum 36: 31 polyploidy 4: 322
Acyrthosiphon solani 31: 176 Adiantum 19: 297; 32: 159, 161, 167; 33: 68,
AcysC1 33: 189 104
Adaptor proteins 32: 311– 313 A. caudatum complex, cytogenetics of
Additive responses and O3/SO2 A. incisum 4: 371– 376
exposures 18: 78 A. indicum 4: 371, 376
Adenine 22: 182 A. malesianum 4: 371– 376
Adenine, metabolism of 30: 140, 157– 161 A. zollingerii 4: 371– 376
Adenosine 50 -diphosphoribose “B396” 4: 371– 376
(cADPR) 22: 74, 78 –80, 88 A. caudatum, genome analysis 4: 333,
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), control of 334, 337
respiration 4: 91 – 97 A. poirettii, polyploidy 4: 329
Adenosine diphosphate 22: 47, 49 A. reniforme, polyploidy 4: 324
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) 21: 10, apomixis 4: 390
110 fossil record 4: 234, 235, 252
Adenosine monophosphate 22: 46, 47, 81, polyploidy 4: 256, 322
85, 107 Adiantum capillus-veneris 32: 159; 33: 72
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Adiantum cuneatum 33: 70, 72
inhibitor 4: 98, 99 Adiantum, polarity of leaf veins 9: 194
location on membranes 4: 84, 85 ADP and O3 exposure 18: 64, 68
stoichiometry 4: 87 Adult Plant Resistance (APR) and the effect
Adenosine triphosphatase of copper 10: 230, 236
activity in chloroplast envelopes Aechmea nudicauis 25: 375
7: 67 –69 Aegiceras corniculatum, salt localization
sodium requirement 7: 205– 207 8: 243
Adenosine triphosphate Aegilops 33: 245
(ATP) 21: 165– 168; 22: 122; Aegilops markgrafii 33: 246
32: 111 Aegilops speltoides 33: 246; 34: 11,
Adenosine triphosphate, transport from 32
chloroplasts 7: 58 Aegilops spp. 34: 32
Adenosine-5-phosphosulphate grain hardness in 34: 209
(APS) 33: 183, 186–188 Aegilops squarrosa 33: 228
Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase Aegilops tauschii 34: 11
(SHH) 21: 14 Aegilops ventricosa 33: 246
Aegopodium podagraria mode of action of the isolated

nitrate reductase activity 6: 23 Pea 5: 66
Aeluropus litoralis, effect of sodium on protein factor 5: 68 – 70
carbon fixation 7: 171 Soybean 5: 70
Aequorin 22: 49 – 60, 65 – 68, 87 applications in gibberellin and cytokinin-
Aequorin victoria 22: 65 binding 5: 70, 71
Aerangis, flowering period 7: 535, 542 Affinity labelling techniques for probing
Aeration hormone active binding sites
in unsaturated soil 7: 313– 324 amino auxin analogues
in wetland condition non-wetland diazo-chloramben (2,5-dichloro-3 ami-
plants 7: 298–305 nobenzoic acid) 5: 81 –84
models 2-chloro-4-aminophenoxyaceticacid
calibration 7: 270 (CAPA)-diazo salt 5: 80– 84
programming 7: 271, 272 photoaffinity labelling with
the basic unit 7: 267– 270 arylazides 5: 80
wetland soil sink 7: 270, 271 Affluence, population pressure 21: 91, 92
trees 7: 305– 313 Aflavonols 37: 184
wetland plants 7: 278– 298 Africa 21: 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 97
Aerenchyma induction and potassium African cassava mosaic virus
uptake 15: 138– 140 (ACMV) 36: 84, 148
Aerenchyma, and aeration 7: 189– 297 aG68 25: 54
Aerides, flowering period 7: 427, 542 Agallia constricta 36: 151, 153
Aerobacter aerogenes Agalliopsis novella 36: 153, 157
P/O ratio 4: 85 Agamous 30: 234
respiratory control 4: 96 Agapanthus 37: 61
Aerodynamic resistance 18: 197 Agaricus bisporus
Aeruginosin 27: 214 phosphate 8: 138, 197
Aesculus 38: 289, 290, 308 phospholipid 8: 139
Affinity chromatography Agathis australis
adsorbents kauri production 6: 278
benzyl adenine coupled to cyanogen Agave
bromide-activated agarose 5: 70 growth 3: 222
IAA-lysine coupled to cyanogen bro- influorescence 3: 268, 277
mide-activated agarose 5: 70 Age, influence of and O3 exposure 18: 65, 66
isopentenyl adenosine coupled to Age-related resistance
epoxy-activated agarose current questions 38: 254, 255
5: 71 definition 38: 252
2,4-D-lysine coupled to cyanogen bro- mechanisms for 38: 265–267
mide-activated agarose 5: 66 model systems for 38: 268– 272
applications in auxin-binding Arabidopsis – bacterial SPECK 38: 268
effect of column eluates on RNA blue mould 38: 269
synthesis 5: 66 – 69 tobacco-black shank 38: 269
effects of rifampicin on isolated factor tomato-leaf mould 38: 269– 272
stimulation 5: 67, 68 multiple resistance pathways 38: 267
isolation of protein factors from novel defence pathways 38: 265– 267
isolation of receptors from onset, control of 38: 260– 262
coconut 5: 70, 85 non-specific 38: 261
Maize 5: 66 race-specific 38: 260, 261
potential value to plant Agrostis stolonifera

breeders 38: 252– 254 enzymes of nitrogen metabolism 6: 26 –28
senescence 38: 263, 264 salt tolerance and
to bacteria 38: 255– 257 anaerobiosis 8: 239, 240
to fungi 38: 259, 260 ion content 8: 233– 239
to viruses 38: 255 leaf-surface properties 8: 227–232
Agglutinins, Chlamydomonas 20: 146– 149 metal cotolerance 8: 256– 258
Aglaia 33: 146 nitrogen metabolism 8: 245, 250, 251,
Aglaomorpha, polarity of leaf veins, 9: 194 253, 254
Aglycone chlorophore 37: 19 plant growth 8: 225– 227
Aglycones sodium chloride content 8: 227– 229,
chemistry 6: 284, 285 245, 248, 249
Agmenellum quadruplicatum, phycobili- ultrastructural damage 8: 224, 246, 247
proteins 10: 66, 68 water relations 8: 233, 235, 237, 241– 243
AGO 38: 205, 206 AHP 32: 135– 137
Agrichemicals 24: 185 AIDS 21: 84
Agricultural crops Ailanathus altissima, vascular ray develop-
air pollutants bioindication 18: 87 ment
bioindication 18: 91 in relation to cambial growth 9: 226
O3 exposure 18: 67 pattern of development 9: 223, 224
SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 49 Air flow and Populus leaf 18: 216
Agricultural systems, fungal biology in Air pollutants bioindication
24: 183, 184 methods 18: 87 – 90
Agriculture, evolution 24: 184– 186 Air pollutants, specific 18: 104
Agrobacterium 32: 384; 34: 61; 35: 33 Air pollution 18: 99
Agrobacterium radiobacter 24: 416 anthropogenic 18: 101
Agrobacterium rhizogenes 24: 417 combinations 18: 82 – 85
Agrobacterium spp. 26: 50, 66, 70, 82 exposure of plants 18: 4 –7
Agrobacterium transformation vector, chamberless exposure 18: 4, 5
structure 34: 70 laboratory exposures 18: 6, 7
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 21: 61, 157; open/closed-top field chambers 18: 5, 6
23: 31, 44; 24: 48 – 51, 234, 401, prediction 18: 84 –104
416– 418, 420; 28: 24, 108; 35: 81, bioindication 18: 85 – 101
83, 84; 36: 75, 83; 32: 384 bioindication and resistant plant
Agrobacterium-based recombinant DNA selection 18: 104
technology 31: 108, 137 early detection bioindications for novel
Agrobacterium-mediated "transforma- forest decline 18: 101– 103
tion 34: 60, 61, 67 – 70, 80 – 83, Airborne signals 22: 167– 170, 216
94, 106, 303 Air-exclusion system 18: 5
Agropyron 29: 132 Ajmalcine production 13: 152, 154, 159,
Agropyron elongatum 29: 159 167, 176
salt tolerance 8: 223 Ajuga reptans 25: 207– 209
Agropyron intermedium 29: 129, 130 AKIN10 genes 32: 406, 407, 409, 410, 414
Agropyron sp. 33: 245 AKIN20 genes 32: 407, 409, 410, 414
Agrostaphyllum sp., seed morphology AKIN30 genes 32: 406, 407, 410
7: 427 Akt protein kinases 32: 32
Agrostis capillaris 29: 7 1AL/1RS translocation 34: 29
Agrostis sp. 33: 245 Alaria 35: 176, 177
Alaria marginata 35: 176, 190 biogeography and

Alaria tenuifolia 35: 176 phylogeography 35: 195
Albian, fossil flowers 17: 107– 111 nuclear markers 35: 196– 198
Albinism 37: 22 plastid "markers 35: 199
Albino cereal plants 35: 75 – 78 molecular approaches
Albizzia 33: 63 physiological approaches 35: 195, 196
Albizzia julibrissin 33: 44, 63 blue-green
Albizzia lophanta 33: 61 air vacuole surface 3: 21
Albugo 24: 205, 322, 354 freeze etching 3: 23
Albugo brassicae 35: 246 evolutionary hypotheses 27: 261, 262
Albugo candida 24: 228, 235– 238, gametogenesis 16: 57 – 59
240– 243, 265 isogamous forms 16: 57, 58
Albumins 27: 28, 32 – 34 oogamous forms 16: 58, 59
primary and subunit structure 27: 32, 33 glycolate metabolism 27: 107, 108
secondary, tertiary and quaternary green, freeze etching 3: 23
"structure 27: 33, 34 hepatotoxins 27: 220– 227
“Alcala SJ-2” 18: 54 life histories and variability 35: 178– 180
Alcaligenes eutrophus 19: 212, 213; 24: 405, light-harvesting proteins 27: 256– 313
407 nodularins 27: 238
Alcaligenes faecalis, phylogeny 35: 172, 173
respiratory control 4: 94 plasma membrane 3: 35 – 39
Alcaligenes sp. 27: 102, 105 population genetics 35: 181– 195
Alcohol 21: 5 (microsatellites) 35: 183– 188
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 28: 178 breeding systems 35: 192– 195
Aldehydes 25: 142 DNA isolation 35: 182, 183
Alder 19: 114 multinuclear markers 35: 188–190
Alditols 25: 371, 372 plastid markers 35: 190– 192
Aldrovanda 22: 164, 186, 213– 216 single-locus nuclear microsatellites
vesiculosa 22: 202, 203 saxitoxins 27: 219, 220
Aldrovanda vesiculose 28: 37 species-level taxonomy 35: 175– 178
ale 1 (abnormal leaf-shape 1) mutant 32: 257 Algae, blue-green see also individually
Aleurain 35: 142, 143; 38: 80 named algae
Aleurain vacuoles 25: 31 Christensen’s survey 2: 3 – 5
Aleyrodidae 36: 66 diversity of flagellar bases 2: 18
Alfalfa 21: 19, 46, 48, 49; 22: 118, 165 growth 2: 98
mosaic virus (AIMV) 21: 113 list of 2: 4
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) 36: 3 membrane system 2: 4
Alfalfa, see Medicago sativa microfibrillar arrangement 2: 92, 98, 103
Alfamovirus 36: 2, 3 microfibrillar components 2: 77
Algae unity with major land plants 2: 7, 9
see also Macrophytes; Marine autotrophs; Algae, brown (Fucophyceae) 27: 89, 99,
Named species 100, 145
adaptations to incident light Algae, brown see also individually named
dissipative processes 27: 263, 264 algae
rapid changes 27: 262 flagellar spines 2: 13
slow changes 27: 263 growth 2: 98
algae 27: 218– 220 microfibrillar arrangement 2: 98, 103,
anatoxins 27: 218 105
microfibrillar components 2: 77 Allantoin, structure of 18: 157

uniflagellate spermatozoid 2: 8 Allegheny Chinquapin 21: 126
Algae, Early Cainozoic 17: 13 Allele-specific oligonucleotides
Algae, NMR studies 20: 69 – 72 (ASOs) 34: 6 – 7
Algae, red see also individually named algae Allelochemicals 22: 165
absence of flagella 2: 4, 20 Allelopathic interactions 25: 144
growth 2: 98 Allenrolfia, salt tolerance 8: 223
list of 2: 4 Allergic reactions 31: 155
microfibrillar arrangement 2: 98, 103, 105 Allergies 1: 150
microfibrillar components 2: 77 Allium 22: 10, 13, 28, 32; 3: 214; 31: 264
Algae, red, down-regulation of A. cepa
RCII 27: 295, 296 centromere misdivision 6: 141
Algae, see Chlorophyceae and Charaphy- DNA analysis 6: 125, 130
ceae A. fistulosum
Algae, see Dunaliella DNA analysis 6: 130
Algal blooms, see Cyanotoxins cepa 22: 4 – 9, 15, 17, 28
Algal toxins 12: 47 – 101 chromosome size differences between
characterization 12: 67 –91 species 6: 130, 189
Chrysophyta 12: 48, 52 – 59 porrum 22: 9, 28
Cyanophyta 12: 48, 64 – 67 stomata 3: 284
dinoflagellate ciguatera toxins 12: 86 – 89 Allium cepa 25: 155, 410; 30: 80
dinoflagellate paralytic shellfish poisons Allium porrum 33: 137
(PSP) 12: 82 – 86 Allium tuberosum 33: 192
dinoflagellate toxins 12: 61, 86 –91 Allium, chemical content of cell walls 2: 79
environmental role of 12: 91 – 93 Allomyces 24: 357
freshwater cyanophyte toxins 12: 68 – 78 Alloploidy in ferns 4: 320, 321
growth 12: 52 – 67 Allopolyploidy 6: 214, 215
isolation 12: 67 – 91 Allosyndesis 4: 355
marine cyanophyte toxins 12: 78 – 82 Allozymes 24: 337, 340
naming 12: 52 Alluring trichomes 31: 15, 16, 18
occurrence 12: 52 – 67 Almond orchard, wind velocity in 18: 203
prymnesium toxins 12: 67, 68 Almond trees 19: 151
Pyrrophyta 12: 48, 59 – 64 Alnus
toxicity 12: 52 – 67 glandular hair anatomy 6: 296, 297
toxinology 12: 67 – 91 Alnus glutinosa 19: 114
Alginates, biocontrol formulation 26: 77 Alnus spp. 33: 6, 8
“Alibis” cv. 18: 55 Aloë
Alisma 19: 306 bud production 3: 264
Alisma brevipes inflorescence 3: 268
karyotype 6: 143 stomata 3: 284
Alismataceae, stomata 3: 284 Alocasia macrorrhiza, stomatal
Alkaloids 30: 93, 94; 31: 155 behaviour 4: 186, 187
see also purine Aloe 31: 54; 38: 144
pyrrolizidine 30: 96, 99, 100 Aloe rabaiensis
Alkenyl glucosinolate 35: 231, 233 chromosome centric fusion 6: 153
Allagoptera, growth 3: 224 Aloineae
Allantodiopsis erosa, fossil record 4: 251 fusion of acrocentric
Allantoic acid, structure of 18: 157 chromosomes 6: 152, 153
Alopecurus myosuroides 33: 245 Amanita muscaria, phosphorus

Alopecurus pratensis content 8: 140
activity of ammonia-assimilating Amanita phalloides 12: 72
enzymes 6: 29 Amaranthaceae, secondary thickening
Alstroemeria, vascular bundles 3: 240, 253 3: 265
“Alsweet” cv. 18: 71 Amaranthus edulis, C4 pathways 26: 296,
Alteneria, effect of copper level on host 297
infection 10: 231 Amaranthus gangeticus, chloroplastadeno-
Alternaria 33: 242 sine triphosphatase 7: 67
Alternaria alternata 33: 13, 22 Amaranthus hypochondriacus 38: 143
Alternaria infection, effects Amaryllidaceae, polyploidy 4: 326
ofsalicylates 20: 210 “Ambassador” cv. 18: 36
Alternaria porn 38: 252, 264 Amber, and palaeoatmosphere 17: 88
Alternaria solani 24: 125 Amblyanthus/Amblyanthopsis 17: 164, 165
Alternation of generations 16: 55 – 93 Amblyopyrum muticum 33: 246
aberrant cycles 16: 70 – 77 Amblysellus grex 36: 145
induced 16: 72 – 77 Amblystegiaceae
natural 16: 70 – 72 cytotaxonomy 6: 243
causal approach to 16: 78 – 87 genetics 6: 246
assumptions 16: 78 polyploidy and micro-evolution 6: 265
gametogenesis, 57 – 64
Amblystegium sp.
algae 16: 57 – 59
A. serpens
bryophytes/homosporous
microchromosomes 6: 226
pteridophytes 16: 59 – 63
Apogamy 6: 252
heterosporous pteridophytes/seed
Ambrosia 31: 162
plants 16: 63, 64
American chestnut tree 21: 125– 143
Alternation of generations and macro-
American wormseed 31: 123
evolution in the Bryophyta 6: 269
Amines 25: 142
Alternation of generations, in evolution of
vascular land plants 5: 199 Amino acid residues 28: 20, 21
Althea rosea, identification of gibberellins, Amino acid sequences from monocotyle-
9: 43 dons and dicotyledons 28: 94
Aluminium Amino acid transport, in
and acidity in soil 29: 4 – 10 chloroplast 7: 71 – 73
effects on plasma membrane and cytosolic Amino acids 22: 274, 275, 279, 280; 25: 46,
processes 29: 22 – 24 97, 144
stimulation of malate synthesis 29: 22, 24 Amino acids
Aluminium kinetics, tea and hydrangea as a source of nitrogen 30: 3, 4
plants 20: 100 compartmentation 25: 382– 386
Aluminium tolerance 29: 6 – 10, 22 feedback inhibition 30: 14 – 18
Aluminium toxicity 22: 264; 29: 5, 6, in phloem 30: 63 –65
18 –20 transport 25: 382– 386
Aluminium toxicity, suppressive soils 26: 6, transporters of 30: 31, 39
7 Amino acids in Dunaliella proteins 14: 129
Aluminium, effect on plant Amino acids, essential 34: 201
disease 10: 264, 265 Amino acids, legume seed storage
Alyxia rubricaulis 29: 11 "proteins 27: 4 – 6, 10, 11, 62, 63
Amanita muscaria, PEPCK in 38: 113 Amino acids, reactions with fixatives 3: 13
7-Amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin efflux 30: 57, 58

(CMAC) 28: 121 extractable, in soil 29: 2, 4
3-aminobenzamide 34: 108 inhibition 30: 13 – 15
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Ammonium acetate, use as a cryoprotective
(ACC) 28: 25 agent 5: 20
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid Ammonium sulphamate, effect on fungal
(ACC) 25: 373, 386 colonization 7: 411, 414, 415
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid Ammonium uptake 30: 40 – 52
(ACC) 19: 30, 144, 145, 147, competitive interaction with
148, 149 potassium 30: 48, 49
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic intracellular, compartmentation of 30: 43,
acid 35: 18 44
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid kinetics of 30: 44 – 49
oxidase 35: 33 physiology of 30: 40 – 44
Aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid regulation by shoots 30: 61 – 67
(ACC) 21: 18 thermodynamic considerations 30: 42
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) 19: 31, Ammonium vs. nitrate for
32, 144, 149 Dunaliella 14: 109, 110
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine, see AVG Ammonium, chemolithotrophism 27: 90
Aminoglycosides 34: 74 Ammophila arenaria
Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylase activity of ammonia assimilating
(AIRC), properties 27: 96 enzymes 6: 30, 33
Aminoisobutyric acid, effect of sodium on Amoeba proteus 11: 6, 10
uptake 7: 184, 185 Amoeba, and bacterial symbiosis 4: 52 – 55,
Aminomethylenediphosphonate 106, 107
(AMDP) 25: 300, 312, 329 Amoeba, loss of lipids 3: 12
Aminomethylenediphosphonate 25: 310 Amoebae, biocontrol 26: 17, 18
Amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA) 19: 149 AMP 18: 64
Aminopeptidase, effect of manganese on AMP-activated protein kinases
enzyme activity 10: 244 (AMPK) 32: 13 – 17
Amino-terminal propeptides 25: 47 Amphidinium carterae 11: 113; 27: 299
Aminotransferases, C4 blue light effects 10: 172
photosynthesis 26: 282– 284 C uptake 27: 143
Ammonia 18: 93; 22: 4, 169, 243 peridinum-chlorophyll-protein
and nitrogen acquistion to "complex 10: 119, 120
ecosystems 6: 12 Amphidium 12: 209
diffusive uptake of 30: 41 – 43 A. lapponicum
in nitrogen metabolism 6: 6– 8, 12, 13 aneuploidy 6: 220
in the soil 6: 7, 18 – 24 cytotaxonomy 6: 242, 243
oxidation by heterotrophs 6: 14 Amphiporthe castanea 33: 19, 25
Ammonia assimilating enzymes amplification fragment length poly"morph-
and plant growth rate 6: 36, 37 ism (AFLP) analysis 34: 4, 42,
distribution in plants 6: 26 – 32 43, 290, 294, 301
kinetic characteristics 6: 32 – 35 Amplification, signals 21: 63
Ammonia lyases, lignin Amplified fragment length polymorphism
biosynthesis 8: 33 – 36 (AFLP) 21: 171
assimilation 29: 22 Amplified fragment length polymorphisms
channel in root nodules 30: 49 (AFLPs) 35: 79, 174, 188– 190
AMPPCP 25: 384 glycolate release 7: 183, 214

AmtA 30: 50 nitrate reductase 7: 126, 170, 174, 175
Amycolatopsis 24: 405 nitrogen metabolism 7: 172– 181
a-Amylase 22: 83, 85 role of sodium 7: 211– 215
a-amylase 38: 85, 86 sodium requirement 7: 125– 127, 138,
Amylase inhibitor 21: 25 145, 146, 168
a-Amylase, induction by gibberellins, 9: 34, Anabaena flos-aquae 27: 214, 216, 235
62 AnTx-a 27: 218
Amylogenin 34: 191 Anabaena flos-aquae 13: 133
Amylograph 34: 179, 180 gas vacuole 13: 81, 83
Amyloids 11: 126, 131, 144, 146 growth rate, temperature and 13: 96
Amyloplast 35: 21 light-dependent growth 13: 98
Amyloplasts, see Statolith gravity sensors nutrients, buoyancy regulation and 13: 86,
Amylose in Dunaliella 14: 130 117
AN11 31: 226 Anabaena solitaria 13: 133
An9 gene (Petunia) 37: 57 shape 13: 73
Anabaena 12: 15, 16, 18, 19, 48, 68 Anabaena spiroides akinetes 13: 126
adaptive migratory behaviour 13: 113 Anabaena spp.
akinete production 13: 125 gene probes 27: 234
bloom formation, historical lists and properties of
aspects 13: 115 microcystins 27: 214, 221–224
buoyancy regulation 13: 85, 86 phycocyanin 27: 288
chlorophyll-protein complex 10: 77 temperature effects 27: 233
conditions favouring dominance 13: 114 Anabaena variabilis 11: 83, 84, 95
density 13: 82 Anabaena, emission spectrum 5: 23
depth of mixing, buoyancy and 13: 118 Anabaenopeptin 27: 214
distribution 13: 69, 70 Anabaenopsis, secondary structure 13: 73
diurnal migratory cycles 13: 84 Anacamptis pyramidalis, synthesis of
fluorescence spectra 10: 100 phytoalexins 7: 512, 513, 516, 517
growth rate, bloom conditions and 13: 125 Anacardic acids 31: 175– 189
nitrogen fixation 13: 106 biochemistry 31: 178– 181
nutrient levels, buoyancy and 13: 118 extraction from Pelargonium trichome
predation 13: 107 exudate 31: 178
secondary structure 13: 73 fatty acid desaturase molecular
stratification 13: 84 genetics 31: 182–185
survival strategies 13: 131, 132 prostaglandin metabolism
Anabaena circinalis 13: 133 inhibition 31: 186
akinete germination 13: 126 structure 31: 179
buoyancy regulation 13: 117 Anacardium occidentale 31: 3
carbon dioxide limitation, buoyancy Anacystis montana, thylakoid structure
and 13: 119 7: 16
flotation rates, aggregation and 13: 89 Anacystis nidulans 12: 23; 13: 133; 19: 206;
Anabaena circinalis, algal bloom 27: 219 24: 403; 30: 21, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33;
Anabaena cylindrica 5: 41
culture medium 7: 144 chromatic adaptation 10: 166, 171, 172
effect of sodium on photosynthetic rate 10: 151
acetylene reduction 7: 181 photosystem reaction centre
carbon metabolism 7: 181–183 "complexes 10: 84, 90
phycobiliproteins 10: 66, 115 geographical distribution 6: 220

shading effects 10: 156 in Drosophila 4: 296
specific growth rate 13: 96 mechanisms 4: 296
Anaectochylus setaceus, seed origin 6: 221
morphology 7: 427 significance in modern ferns 4: 295–307
Anaeorobiosis, signal transmission Aneura 19: 265, 267, 293
22: 164 Aneura pinguis 19: 279
Anaeroplasma 21: 190–192, 195 Aneura pinguis, chloroplast membrane
Ananas 24: 448 structure 7: 4
inflorescence 3: 268 Angiocarpelly in Monimiaceae 17: 105
stomata 3: 284 Angiopteris 22: 13
Ananas comosis 31: 14 Angiopteris neglecta, fossil record 4: 236
Anastomoses 24: 400 Angiosperm flower
Anatomy, comparitive 1: 101 development 28: 197– 230
see also Monocotyledons floral organ identity genes
Anatoxin (AnTx) 27: 216– 219 in 28: 210–217
structure 27: 217 orthologues and paralogues of A class
Anatoxins 12: 68 genes 28: 215, 216
Anchoring proteins 32: 311– 313 orthologues and paralogues of B class
Anchusa officinalis culture 13: 167, 175 genes 28: 216, 217
Ancistrorhynchus, flowering 7: 535, 536, orthologues and paralogues of C class
538, 450, 547 gene 28: 217
and sodium chloride inhibition 14: 141, evolution 28: 200– 203
142 structure 28: 198– 200
Andraeobryum 19: 235 Angiosperm origins 4: 253
Andreaea 19: 235, 247, 263, 285, 287, Angiosperm phylogeny 28: 202
289, 293 Angiosperms
cultivation experiments 6: 254 see also Dicotyledons, at K/T
Andreaea rothii 19: 240 boundary; Flowers;
Andreaeales 19: 287, 293 Monocotyledons, Early Tertiary
Andreaeidae 19: 235 angiospermy advantages 17: 100, 101
Andreaeobryum 19: 241 Early Tertiary 17: 23– 27
Andreaeopsida Eocene/Oligocene 17: 26, 27
chromosome numbers 6: 199, 200, Palaeocene 17: 26
204 gymnosperm relations 17: 135– 144
micro-chromosomes 6: 225– 230 Bennettitales 17: 135– 137
Andreana squalida, orchid Gnetopsida 17: 137– 140
pollination 7: 564 mesozoic pteridosperms 17: 140– 144
Androecium evolution 17: 128– 130, 152 Pentoxylales 17: 136– 138
Androgenesis 2: 300 pollen, survival at K/T boundary 17: 5
Andromeda polifolia Angiosperms 19: 305
nitrate reductase activity 6: 22 transfer cells in 19: 302
Aneimia, polarity of leaf veins 9: 194 Angiosperms and evolution of self-incom-
Anemia, polyploidy 4: 255, 322 patibility (SI) systems 32: 285,
Anemone 22: 13 286
nemorosa 22: 12 Angiosperms, anthocyanins in 37: 42 – 50
Anenome 24: 322 additional influences 37: 49, 50
aneuploidy 6: 220 development 37: 47 – 49
Angiosperms, anthocyanins in (continued) Middle Eocene/End Oligocene 17: 10,

environmental factors 37: 42, 43 12
phylogeny 37: 43 – 47 Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) 28: 184
Angiosperms, in planta fertilization 28: 237, Anther culture 2: 301
238 Allium cepa 2: 302
Angraecum Datura stramonium 2: 301
auxin transport 7: 621 effect of chemicals 2: 303, 304
flowering 7: 535, 540, 541, 547, 569 growth media 2: 302– 304
post-pollination phenomena 7: 574, 575, Lilium longiflorum 2: 301
602, 604, 619, 622 Lycopersicum esculentum 2: 301
Anguillospora longissima 24: 278 male and female potency of pollen
Anguloa ruckeri, seed morphology 7: 437 grains 2: 303
ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN ) 31: 202, 249, 251 meiosis, initiation of 2: 302
Anhydroeschscholtzxanthin 37: 41 Rhoeo discolor 2: 302
Animal cells Tradescantia 2: 301–303
endocytic pathway in 28: 126 Trillium erectum 2: 302
endosomal networks in 28: 124– 128 Antheraxanthin 22: 143
endosomes in 28: 125, 127 Antheraxanthin, structure 27: 293
lysosomes in 28: 125, 127 Anthocercis viscosa
Animal dispersal of fruit/seeds in Early resin yield 6: 289
Tertiary 17: 66 – 68 Anthoceros 19: 275, 279, 281, 295
Animal endosomal – lysosomal Anthoceros
networks 28: 124 A. husnotii
Animal products 21: 96 – 98 sex chromosomes 6: 233
Anion channels 25: 241– 243; 32: 467, 468 A. punctatus
Anions 25: 408– 412 genetics 6: 246
Anions, and linear potassium apospory 6: 252
uptake 15: 121– 123 Anthocerotaceae 19: 295
Anisohydric plants 22: 268 Anthocerotes 19: 275– 283
Anisothecium placental cell walls in 19: 276
cytotaxonomy 6: 243 placental cells in 19: 276
Ankistrodesmus braunii, phosphate Anthocerotopsida
uptake 7: 114 chromosome numbers 6: 199– 201
Annona intra-specific polyploidy 6: 211
karyotype 6: 189 “Anthocorm” theory 17: 147
Annona muricata 11: 131 Anthocyanidin 37: 19, 150
Annonaceae Anthocyanidin synthase 37: 64, 65
chromosome morphology 6: 189 Anthocyanin 5-aromatic
Annonaceae, flowers 17: 101– 103 acyltransferase 37: 68
Annonaceae, prophyll 3: 288 Anthocyanin 22: 108– 110, 114, 116,
Annuals 18: 34 138, 144
Anoxia resistance 37: 114, 115 Anthocyanin accumulation 32: 173, 174
Anoxic stress 37: 114, 115 Anthocyanin marker genes 34: 78
Ansellia, flowering period 7: 536, 541, 547 Anthocyanin methyltransferases 37: 83
ANT 38: 209 Anthocyanin production 13: 157, 158, 172,
Antarctica 173
Early Tertiary vegetation/climate 17: 79 Anthocyanin rhamnosyl transferase 37: 83
Anthocyanin vacuolar inclusions Antirrhinum genes 38: 198, 199

(AVIs)37: 70 cycloidea (cyc) mutations 38: 207
Anthocyanins 25: 102, 142, 157; 31: 139, phan mutation 38: 203, 208
224, 225 Antirrhinum glabrous stem (angus)
effect of NAA 7: 621 31: 206
effect of pollination in orchids 7: 601, Antirrhinum majus 12: 138, 142, 156,
602, 619 185– 188; 24: 126; 28: 198,
Anthocyanoplasts 37: 69 203– 210; 31: 195, 224; 35: 89,
Anthopleura 12: 240 143
Anthopogenic tropospheric ozone, see O3 DNA TE families 27: 351– 354
Anthostomella formosa 33: 4, 5 evolutionary aspects 27: 416– 418, 421,
Anthostomella pedemontana 33: 4 424, 425, 435
Anthostrobilus theory 17: 144– 146 Tam3 transposition 27: 357, 358, 378,
Anthoxanthum odoratum 24: 74; 29: 5, 22 379
Anthroquinone production 13: 152, 156, transposon tagging 27: 395, 399;
157 27: 400
Antibiosis, soil-borne pathogens 26: 20, verification of cloned genes, endogenous
25 –32 transposable elements 27: 401
see also Microbial pathogens, plant Antirrhinum majus, chloroplast 3: 59, 74,
defence proteins 75
Antibiotic selection 34: 74 Antirrhinum majus, flower
Antibiotics 21: 13, 48 development 26: 230
Antibody reaction, negative staining 3: 21 meristem transition 26: 236
Antifeedants 30: 97– 99 mutants 26: 233
Antifungal peptides (AFPs) 26: 151– 153 organ identity genes 26: 237– 240
Antillatoxin 27: 214 ovule development genes 26: 245
Antimicrobial peptides Antisense RNA (asRNA) 34: 100
(AMPs) 26: 151– 153 Antisense technologies 37: 62
Antimicrobial proteins 21: 12, 13 Antisense technology 34: 2, 97
Antimycin 12: 7 Antithamnion 35: 193
Antimycin A, inhibition of bacterial Anti-g-TIP antibodies 35: 157
electron transport 4: 77 Anti-V-PPase 35: 157
Antioxidant behaviour 37: 119 AOP3 25: 423
Antioxidant capacity 37: 27 –29 AP, see Acid precipitation
Antioxidant properties 37: 156, 157 Apatunia senilis, seed morphology 7: 427
Antioxidant protection 37: 10 aPEP12 25: 53
Antioxidant system 18: 94 Apera spica-venti 33: 245
Antioxidants 22: 119– 121, 143 Apglp 38: 83
Antioxidants, anthocyanins as Apg7p 38: 83
37: 178– 184 Apg13p 38: 83
hydrogen peroxide scavenging Aph. flos-aquae 12: 65, 66
in vivo 37: 182– 184 Aphanizomenon 12: 48
mechanisms 37: 178– 180 adaptive migratory behaviour 13: 113
red vs. green leaves 37: 180– 182 akinete production 13: 125, 126
Antiquocarya, Late Cretaceous conditions favouring dominance 13: 114
fossils 17: 116 distribution 13: 69, 70
Antirrhinum 22: 166; 24: 133; 28: 169, 181, diurnal migratory cycles 13: 84
218– 220, 222; 31: 207 extreme diurnal variations and 13: 115
Aphanizomenon (continued) Apogamy 6: 252, 253

nitrogen fixation 13: 106 in gametophyte/sporophyte shift, lower
predation 13: 107 plant 16: 80 – 82
secondary structure 13: 73 induced, and chromosome
shape 13: 73 number 16: 82
survival strategies 13: 131, 132 natural cycles 16: 81, 82
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 13: 133; 27: 216, parthenogenesis 16: 80, 81
219 induced, in pteridophytes
akinete germination 13: 126 heterosporous 16: 77
compensation point 13: 103 homosporous 16: 75
flotation, aggregation and 13: 89 Apomixis in ferns
growth rate, temperature and 13: 96 reproductive apomixis 4: 387–398
overbuoyancy 13: 117 vegitative apomixis 4: 398, 399
temperature effects 27: 233 Apoplastic environment 24: 314– 316
Aphanizomenon spp., RUBISCOs, Kc values Apoplastic fluid (AF) 21: 152
(table) 27: 104 Apoplastic loading, pathway
Aphanocapsa "implications 24: 321, 322
photosystem primary electron Apoplastic water movement
"acceptor 10: 92 and endodermal suberization 5: 175
phycobiliproteins and nitrogen in algal thalli 5: 159
"starvation 10: 41 Apoprotein Bl00 35: 128
Aphanocapsa colonies 13: 73 Apoptosis 21: 25
Aphanomyces 24: 235, 354, 361, 386 Aposematic coloration 30: 99
Aphanomyces euteiches 24: 382, 387; Apospory 6: 252, 253
28: 130 and sporophyte/gametophyte shift, lower
Aphanothece colonies 13: 73 plant 16: 82 – 84
Aphantoxins 12: 69 induced
Aphid transmission factor (ATF) 36: 5, 9 in ferns 16: 75
Aphids 30: 65, 94, 99, 100, 102– 105, in flowering plants 16: 77
300 Apoxogenesis 1: 25
Aphis craccivora 36: 11 Appalachian spleenwort complex,
Aphis gossypii 36: 2, 3, 12 chromosome pairing 4: 330, 331
Apigenin 20: 182 Apple 22: 239
Apiognomonia quercina 33: 26 Apple proliferation disease 21: 191, 193, 194
Apion aestivum 36: 104 Apples, see Fruit: skin fracture properties;
Apion aethiops 36: 104 Parenchyma, fracture property
Apion vorax 36: 104 testing
Apis mellifera 30: 101 Appressoria 22: 30
Apium graveolens, enzymes of lignin Appressorium 21: 5
"biosynthesis 8: 57 Apricot trees 19: 151
Aplectrum hyemale, carbon fixation Aprt mutant 30: 135
7: 522 APS kinase 33: 185, 187
Aplysiatoxins 27: 216 APS reductase 33: 185– 187, 193, 194, 197
Apoaequorin 22: 66 – 68 APS sulphotransferase 33: 186, 195
Apodachlya, phosphorus content 8: 141 APS1 33: 183
Apodinium spp. 12: 233 APS2, APS3 33: 202
Apogamous cycles, homosporous Aqmenellum 13: 72
pteridophytes 16: 70, 71 AQP1 25: 421, 425
Aquaporins 22: 212; 25: 419– 432; 30: 20 201– 205, 207; 34: 129; 35: 25, 33,
activity in plants 25: 428 79, 87, 91, 92, 113, 117, 118, 128,
assay 25: 420– 422 130, 159; 37: 57, 76, 82, 106,
development regulation 25: 427, 428 109– 111, 113; 38: 207
discovery in plants 25: 422, 423 age-related resistance in 38: 255
evolutionary tree 25: 424 Arabido-Brassica ancestor 38: 241, 242
hourglass model 25: 426 AtELP 71
oligomeric structure 25: 423– 425 auxin in 38: 212
role in water transport 25: 428, 429 branching enzymes in 34: 189
seed-specific tonoplast 25: 426, 427 CBF1 gene in 34: 255, 256
Aquaporins (PIP1) 33: 57 cell death in 38: 77, 78
aquatic photosynthetic chromomethylase (CHMET) protein
organisms 38: 144–152 in 34: 98
Aquillapollenites 38: 284 cyclin::GUS reporter 38: 209
Arabidopsis 18: 235; 19: 305, 306; 21: 8, CysEP in 38: 77
16 –18, 23; 22: 105, 111, 116, 118, debranching enzymes 34: 190
119, 126, 129, 135, 136, 140, 146; ER bodies in 38: 80
24: 101, 102, 107, 109, 111, 135, FEY 38: 200
136, 141, 153; 25: 54, 227, 235, founder cells in 38: 197– 199, 209
242, 307, 308, 310– 312, 318, 322, freezing tolerance in 37: 7
325, 327, 407, 412, 422, 427, 428; fusion protein in 38: 73
28: 10, 19 – 22, 30, 44, 45, 97, 104, GA4 gene 34: 139
164– 166, 168, 171, 172, 174– 178, genome 38: 110
180, 181, 184, 214– 222, 249, 250, genome, evolution of 38: 238, 239
252; 29: 56, 65, 67, 68, 81, 84, 100, gibberellin insensitive (GAI)
102; 30: 8, 9, 28 – 34, 38 – 40, 42, genes 34: 135
46, 47, 49, 51, 55, 62, 68, 94, 128, green fluorescent protein (GFP) in 38: 77
130, 131, 134, 135, 215, 233, 245, homologs of yeast autophagy genes
247, 248, 253– 255, 263, 264, 273, in 38: 83 –885
300, 303, 304, 306– 310, 313, 314; induced systemic resistance in 38: 263
31: 220, 221; 32: 2, 4, 5, 9, 12, KNAT2 in 38: 197
15 –19, 21, 22, 24 – 32, 34 – 36, 38, KNAT6 in 38: 197
39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 53, 56, 70, 73, 74, KNATI in 38: 197, 199, 202, 203
79, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88– 91, 110, 116, knox genes in 38: 197, 199
117, 119, 121– 124, 126, 128– 138, leaf in 38: 194
142, 143, 150, 151, 154– 157, 159, leaf trichomes 31: 238– 253
163, 165– 168, 171, 172, 174, 187, leafy cotyledon gene (lec) 34: 79
192, 198, 201, 203, 205, 207, LEP in 38: 208
209– 211, 214, 226, 230, 231, 235, LTR in 34: 251
236, 241, 242, 245, 246, 248, 249, MEDEA (MEA) gene product 34: 146
251, 253, 257, 258, 260, 261, 283, molecular phylogeny 38: 236, 237
284, 286– 288, 313, 314, 320, 323, mutants 37: 80 – 82, 84, 106
324, 356– 358, 366–370, 383, 385, photoinhibitory responses of 37: 25
392, 394, 396, 406, 407, 410, PROLIFERA::GUS genetrap
412– 414, 417–419, 422, 424, 439, reporter 38: 209
443, 452, 468, 471, 473; 33: 51, 67, root hairs 31: 198, 199, 253– 257
104, 164, 175, 180, 183– 185, segmental duplications 38: 240, 241
187– 189, 191– 194, 196, 198, STM in 38: 197, 199
Arabidopsis (continued) genetic analyses 24: 233–235

stomatal cells in 38: 215, 216 genetic analyses of RPP and RAC loci
thaliana 21: 164, 169, 173, 175 24: 243– 246
transposons from maize in 34: 14 genetic map 24: 258
trichome differentiation/morphogenesis genome model 38: 235– 272
31: 237– 257 genome size 27: 44
trichome initiation 31: 219–233 interaction phenotypes 24: 241
trichome number/density 31: 137, 138 MRC regions 24: 265
trichomes 38: 217, 218 MRPs (AtMRPs) 35: 29
vascular patterns 38: 213 mutations 24: 259– 262
veins in 38: 211 RCCR (AtRCCR) 35: 27, 28
YABBY genes in 38: 204–206 rebirth in plant pathology 24: 231, 232
Arabidopsis clavata 32: 233– 235 relevant trends in modern biology 24: 230
Arabidopsis erecta 32: 231– 233 research arena 24: 229– 233
Arabidopsis Genome Initiative retrotransposons 27: 336, 347– 349
(AGI) 38: 238 Athila 27: 350
Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 33: 201 horizontal transmission 27: 350
Arabidopsis genome sequencing mitochondrial 27: 345
project 34: 2 – 3, 48 non-LTR 27: 342, 344
Arabidopsis halleri 38: 237, 239, 241 symbiotic relationships with
Arabidopsis lyrata 38: 237, 239 micro-organisms 24: 228
Arabidopsis mutants 32: 235 Tnt1 LTR 27: 348
Arabidopsis petrea 38: 237, 241 verification of cloned genes, endogenous
Arabidopsis thaliana 24: 126, 227– 273; transposable elements 27: 401
25: 44, 45, 53, 309, 379, 420, 423, Arabidopsis thaliana, flower
424; 28: 11 – 15, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, development 26: 230
45, 89, 92, 93, 97 – 99, 103, 104, MADS box genes 26: 235
198, 203– 210; 30: 7, 94, 128, 130, meristem transition 26: 236
131, 134, 135, 215, 233, 245, 247, mutants 26: 233
254; 31: 82, 106, 137, 138, 196, organ identity genes 26: 237– 240
198, 199; 32: 1, 34 – 41, 43, 44, 86, ovule development genes 26: 244, 245
89 –91, 132, 192, 199, 201, 205, Arabidopsis thaliana, maize transposable
208, 286, 314, 320– 322, 329, 336; elements in 34: 11, 12
33: 57, 71, 164, 176; 35: 16, 24, 26, Arabidopsis transparent testa
29, 30, 214, 222– 228, 230– 238, mutants 37: 85
245, 250; 37: 97; 38: 81 Arabidopsis – bacterial SPECK age-related
accession Columbia 24: 260 resistance model 38: 268
accession Wassilewskija 24: 261– 263 Arabinogalactanprotein (AGP)
DNA transposable elements 27: 352– 354 carbohydrate component 30: 219 –225
Ac transposition 27: 403 cell wall 30: 238– 256
En/Spm (enhancer/suppressor-mutator), culture medium and 30: 236– 238
CACTA superfamily 27: 405, 406 epitopes 30: 245– 251, 265– 270
evolutionary aspects 27: 423 gynoecium and 30: 230– 235
downy mildew 24: 258, 259 in gum 30: 266– 230
extrachromosomal forms of TEs 27: 360 molecular shape 30: 221, 222
future research 24: 262– 268 mucilages and 30: 266
genes cloned by transposon plasma membrane 30: 244, 245, 256– 270
tagging 27: 395 polypeptide component 30: 214– 219
soluble 30: 211– 238 ‘Arbuscular’ mycorrhizal symbiosis

structural characterization of 30: 212, 22: 1 – 35
213 cheating by myco-heterotrophic plants
Arabinogalactans (AGP) 28: 234 22: 25
Arabinose, transport in chloroplast 7: 73 costs and benefits 22: 26 – 29
Arabinosyl transferase 34: 173 development and control of 22: 29 –33
Arabinosyltransferase 19: 12 transfer of solutes 22: 3 – 9
Arabinoxylan AX 34: 174 variations in nutritional
Arabinoxylans 34: 170– 173 efficiency 22: 17 – 25
biosynthetic steps 34: 172 variations in structure 22: 9 – 17
properties and impact on Arbutin 20: 183
processing 34: 171, 17 Arbutus menziesii 37: 114
structure and composition 34: 170, Arbutus unedo 22: 241
171 Archaeanthus, Cretaceous fossils 17: 112
synthesis and manipulation 34: 173 Archegoniates
Arabis alpina gametophyte/sporophyte shift, female
activity of nitrate reductase 6: 23 gamete in 16: 79, 80
Arabis mosaic nepovirus (ArMV) 36: 179, parthenogenesis 16: 81
Archidium 19: 235, 251, 283
183, 185
Archinis, stomatal rhythm 7: 521
Araceae 22: 13; 31: 58
Arctium lappa
inflorescence 3: 266, 274, 276
glandular hair structure 6: 297
stomata 3: 284, 285
Ardisia
Arachidonic acid, oxidation to
leaf nodule symbiosis 17: 168– 200
formprostaglandins 20: 169, 170
reproductive organs 17: 190,
Arachis 24: 319
192– 197
Arachis hypogaea (peanut) 18: 132, 137
bacteria incorporation in
nodules 18: 131, 134, 155
early work 17: 168–172
Arachis hypogea 25: 269
infection of young leaves 17: 177– 180
Arachis hypogea, storage protein 9: 2, 7
microsymbiont isolation 17: 218, 219
Arachnis cv. Maggie Oei
nodule development 17: 180– 186,
carbon fixation 7: 522 187, 188
flowering period 7: 542 shoot tip morphology/role 17: 172– 177
post-pollination 7: 615, 616 symbiont/floral shoot transfer
Aralia 38: 286, 289, 303 17: 189– 191
Araliaceae 22: 12, 34; 37: 45 symbiotic cycle, early speculation
Araliahispida 38: 303 on 17: 189
Aranda transfer to next generation
carbon fixation 7: 532, 549 17: 197– 200
stomatal rhythm 7: 521 occurrence/distribution 17: 164– 167
Aranda deborah 28: 215 Arid environment 18: 228
Aranthera cv. James Storie, carbon temperature differences 18: 232
fixation 7: 522 transpiration rate 18: 232
Araucaria Arisaema 22: 13
resin exudation 6: 281 Aristida digantha
Araucaria araucana, lignin allelopathic control of soil nitrogen 6: 18
composition 8: 31 Aristolochia 31: 56
Araucariaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 17, 19 Aristolochiaceae 22: 13; 31: 58
“Arlington” cv. 18: 54 Ascophyllum nodosum 11: 81, 83, 88, 99,
Armillaria mellea 112, 115, 117; 35: 185, 186,
biological control agents 7: 396 188; 38: 148– 151
competitive ability chlorophyll a/c ratio 10: 121
in culture 7: 389, 390, 394, 396 Ascophyllum nodosum, C4
in nature 7: 400, 401 dicarboxylate 27: 100
decay of sapwood 7: 410, 412, 413 Ascorbate 18: 78; 22: 119
endophyte of orchid 7: 491 see also Ascorbic acid
Armillaria mellea, intercellular gas spaces of Ascorbate peroxidase 18: 77, 95; 37: 180,
rhizomorphs 5: 210 181
Armoracia 25: 373 Ascorbic acid 25: 373, 374; 37: 178, 180
Armoracia rusticana 25: 149, 150 Asexual life cycle
Aroids, inflorescence of Peronosporales 24: 362– 364
maturation 20: 199– 203 of Phytophthora 24: 436, 437
Arrhenatherum elatius 29: 10, 11; of Saprolegniales 24: 366– 369
33: 245 Asexual reproduction in fungi 24: 80, 81
Artemia salina and Dunaliella 14: 100 Asexual sporulation
Artemisia 31: 162, 168 in fungi 24: 72, 73
Artemisia annua 31: 9, 122, 127– 129, 131, of oomycetes 24: 353– 398
133, 135, 137, 140, 165 Ash yellows 21: 193, 194
glandless chemotypes 31: 123– 125 Asia 21: 86, 92, 93
Artemisia campestris ssp. maritima 31: 59 Asian Chestnut 21: 128
Artemisia dracunculus 31: 7, 29 Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA) motif 25: 425
Artemisia vulgaris 18: 69 Asparagine 18: 131, 155, 156
Artemisinin 31: 124, 128, 131, 133, 135, Asparagine residues 25: 132
140 Asparaginyl endopeptidase 35: 147; 38: 75
Arthraerua leubnitziae 11: 172 Asparagus officinalis 11: 129
Arthropods, disease biocontrol 26: 18, 19 Asparate kinase gene 34: 79
Artichoke Italian latent repovirus Aspartate aminotransferase 38: 142
(AlLV) 36: 180 Aspartate kinase (AK) 34: 203
Arum 22: 13 Aspergillus 19: 21; 24: 40, 75, 422;
maculatum 22: 8, 9 –17, 19– 20, 22, 28, 33: 249
31, 32, 34 A. ficuum, phytic acid utilization 8: 185,
Arum maculatum 194
nitrate reductase activity 6: 23 A. nidulans
Arundina phosphatases 8: 184
post-pollination phenomena 7: 580, phosphate 8: 130, 164, 170
581, 607 A. niger
promeristem development 7: 484 culture 8: 194, 196
stomatal rhythm 7: 521 organic phosphorus utilization 8: 180,
Arundinaria, stomata 3: 284 186– 188
Arundo donax, lignin composition 8: 32 phosphate utilization 8: 138, 149– 151,
Aryloxyl radicals 37: 180 176, 179
Asarum 22: 13; 38: 289– 291 phosphorus utilization 8: 130, 140,
Ascaris suum 38: 104, 155, 156 198, 201
Ascocentrum ampullaceum, carbon A. oryzae, phosphorus content 8: 142
fixation 7: 522, 528 nitrate reduction 6: 6
Ascomycetes 33: 7, 8 phosphate efflux 8: 158
Aspergillus nidulans 21: 155; 24: 73, 77, 81, A. multiforme, cytogenetics 4: 374
357, 358, 410, 421; 30: 24 – 26, 28, A. petrarcheae ssp. bivalens,
32, 33, 35; 34: 265, 276 cytogenetics 4: 363
Aspergillus niger 19: 25, 68, 69; A. petrarcheae ssp. petrarcheae
24: 124– 126, 421; 33: 28 cytogenetics 4: 363
Aspidistes beckerii, fossil structure 4: 242, A. rhizophyllum, vegitative
243 apomixis 4: 398
Aspidistra, vascular bundles 3: 239 A. ruta-muraria, genome analysis 4: 335
Aspilia 37: 41 A. ruta-muraria ssp. dolomiticum,
Aspirin see Salicylic acid and derivatives cytogenetics 4: 364, 367
Aspleniaceae, cytogenetics 4: 360–371 A. ruta-muraria ssp. ruta-muraria,
Asplenium 31: 162 cytogenetics 4: 363, 367
A. adiantum-nigrum, parentage 4: 361 A. seelosii, intraspecific
A. adulterinum differentiation 4: 367
cytogenetic analysis 4: 362 A. septentionale, cytogenetics
distribution 4: 363 4: 363– 366, 369– 375
parentage 4: 361 A. splendens ssp. splendens
A. aegaeum, intraspecific cytogenetics 4: 374
differentiation 4: 367 distribution 4: 373
A. aethiopicum A. trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens,
apomixis 4: 390, 391, 396 cytogenetics 4: 364, 365, 367, 368
complex 4: 373, 374 A. trichomanes ssp trichomanes,
A. aethiopicum polyploidy 4: 324 distribution 4: 363, 368
A. anceps A. trichomanes, complex 4: 368– 371
distribution 4: 368 A. trichomanes, cytogenetics 4: 364
hybridisation 4: 369 A. tripteropus
A. balearicum, parentage 4: 361 distribution 4: 368
A. billotii, cytogenetics 4: 363 vegetative apomixis 4: 398
A. bulbiferum, vegitative A. viride, distribution 4: 363
apomixis 4: 398 fossil record 4: 234, 235, 249, 252
A. celtibericum, intraspecific polyploidy 4: 322, 324, 328, 329
differentiation 4: 367 Assays, dot blot 23: 33
A. creticum, parentage 4: 361 AST68 33: 175
A. eberlei, parentage 4: 361, 362 AST77 33: 175
A. flabellifolium, apomixis 4: 391 AST82 33: 175, 180
A. fontanum, intraspecific Astasia sp., glutamate-tRNA gene 27: 297
differentiation 4: 367 Aster tripolium
A. foresiense/macedonicum, enzymes of nitrogen metabolism 6: 23,
parentage 4: 361, 367, 368 25, 27, 28, 30
A. hassknechtii/lepidium Aster tripolium, effect of sodium on
cytogenetics 4: 368, 369 growth 7: 121, 161, 166
parentage 4: 361 Aster yellows 21: 191– 194, 201– 205
A. heteroresiliens, apomixis 4: 394 Aster yellows mycoplasma-like organism
A. majoricum (AY-MLO) 36: 159
cytogenetics 4: 369 Asteraceae 31: 11, 24, 162, 164– 166; 37: 45
genome analysis 4: 322 Asterella 19: 255
parentage 4: 362 Asterias 11: 51
A. monanthes, vegetative apomixis 4: 398 Asteridae 19: 305
Asteroleplasma 21: 190 ATPase 18: 138; 25: 231; 28: 2

anaerobium 21: 191 calcium 22: 49, 80, 81, 82, 83
Asteromella sp. 33: 20 mycorrhizal symbiosis 22: 4, 6 – 9, 10, 15,
Asteroxylon 20, 32, 34
fossil evidence for existence of UV radiation 22: 129, 135
homiohydry 5: 203 ATPase activity 21: 165– 168; 24: 199, 202,
ratio of internal and external areas 203
5: 189 ATPase deficiency coupled transport
ASTI2 33: 175 mechanism 24: 320
Astragalus alpinus 18: 132 ATPase in proton potassium
AtAMT1 transporter 30: 42, 51, 52 transport 15: 105– 111, 117, 118
AtCS-C 33: 189 AtPTR2 30: 31
Atcys-3A 33: 189, 198 Atrichum 19: 247
AtCys-B 33: 189 Atrichum angustatum
Athalmia pusilla cytotaxonomy 6: 252
apospory 6: 252 Atrichum undulatum 19: 246
Athyrium, polyploidy 4: 322, 324 Atriplex 24: 322
Atmosphere, and water relations Atriplex 29: 79, 80, 144; 31: 3, 15, 29
3: 195– 204 salt glands 31: 39, 40, 43
Atmospheric vapour pressure, ozone uptake Atriplex albicans, effect of sodium on
and 29: 33 growth 7: 161, 165
AtNRT2 30: 32 Atriplex amnicola 29: 124, 136, 139, 140
Atomic absorption measurement of Atriplex confertifolia 22: 20
Atriplex gmelini 25: 403
sodium 7: 128– 133
Atriplex halimus
ATP 18: 145
A. hastata
O3 exposure 18: 59, 62, 64, 68
kinetics of glutamine synthetase 6: 33
ATP 19: 144
A. patula
ATP 25: 75, 131, 218, 231, 340– 342, 369,
enzymes of nitrogen metabolism 6: 25,
370, 384– 386, 412; 28: 5
33
and HMG-CoA reductase
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79
inhibition 14: 78
Atriplex hastata, salt tolerance 8: 223
and nucleoplasmin targeting 14: 6
Atriplex sabulosa 18: 11
ATP and proton pump 15: 109
Atriplex spongiosa 25: 176; 29: 136, 140,
ATP hydrolysis 28: 6
148
ATP production in photosynthesis Atriplex triangularis 18: 11
27: 264 Attalea, bracts 3: 276
ATP sulphurylase 33: 183, 185, 187, Attractants 22: 166
193– 195, 197, 205, 206 AtVPS34 25: 54
ATP synthesis Atvsp 38: 263
in evolution 10: 176 Aulacomnium palustre
in photosynthetic bacteria 10: 19, 20, aneuploidy 6: 220
132, 176 Aulacorthum solani 36: 28, 29
in photosynthetic electron Aureobasidium apocryptum 33: 26
transport 10: 19, 38 Aureobasidium pullulans 33: 4, 10
ATP, cation influx across plasma membrane Australia, Early Tertiary
and 29: 102 floras 17: 81 – 85
ATP/GTP 24: 116, 119 vegetation/climate 17: 78
Australopteris coloradica, fossil differentiation, 9: 174, 175, 179,

structure 4: 247 199, 200
Austrobaileya and tissue polarity 9: 188– 192, 197, 198,
chromosome size 6: 189 220, 221, 252
Austrobaileyaceae, flowers 17: 103, 104 and vascular differentiation 9: 158, 161,
Aut1p 38: 83 162, 184, 233
Aut7p 38: 83, 85 auxin production
Autoallopolyploidy in ferns 4: 320, 321 in cambium 9: 220
Autofluorescence, dyes 22: 64 in differentiating cells 9: 178
Autolysis 25: 94 auxin transport
in cell phenotypes 25: 103– 105 canalization 9: 181– 183, 185, 186, 192
Autophagic activity 25: 92, 93 induced by auxin 9: 186
Autophagic internalization 25: 122 polarity 9: 156, 167– 170, 174– 176,
Autophagic pathway 25: 7 – 17 181, 188, 192, 206, 207, 209, 210,
Autophagic sequestration of 244, 247, 251, 252
tonoplast 25: 126 control of parenchyma differentiation
Autophagy 35: 154, 155 9: 243, 244
and vacuole formation 38: 85 effects on potassium flux 6: 108, 109
during seed germination 38: 78 replacing the effect of leaves in
leaf senescence and 38: 86, 87 differentiation 9: 165, 170, 246
pathways during seed germination 38: 78, Auxin and gravitropism
79 polar transport 15: 11, 12
stress-induced 38: 79 – 83 translocation of anion 15: 9
in yeast and mammalian cells 38: 82,
83 Auxin resistant2 (axr2) 31: 254
morphological changes in plant Auxin transport, polar 37: 82
cells 38: 81, 82 Auxins 1: 75; 28: 34, 40 –42, 87
vacuolar protease activity 38: 79, 80 see also IAA, NAA, 2,4-D
Autophosphorylation 32: 11, 27, 31, 58, affinity chromatography 5: 66 – 70
100, 113, 116, 121, 129, 171, 240, anther culture 2: 302
243, 244, 250, 278, 385– 388, 414, benzoylmalate synthesis in pea 5: 55 – 57
419, 460, 471 binding to purified histones 5: 61, 62
Autopolyploidy 4: 320, 321; 6: 213– 215 cycloheximide, effect on auxin induced
Autosyndesis 4: 335 growth 5: 59
Autoxidation of chlorophyll 3: 126 endosperm 2: 241, 244
Autumn leaf senescence 37: 117, 118, flower sex 2: 305– 308
147– 163 fruit development 2: 269
function of anthocyanins in 37: 155– 161 in determination of leaf form 28: 172, 173
history 37: 149 in orchids 7: 569, 570, 602, 619, 621, 622
importance 37: 148, 149 inhibition of root formation 2: 283
pigment distribution 37: 152–155 membrane binding specificity of sites 1
climate 37: 154 and 2 5: 72 – 75
ecological correlates 37: 154, 155 orchid growth 7: 458, 459– 462
phenology 37: 152, 153 ovary culture 2: 266
systemic variation 37: 153 parthenocarpy 2: 279, 308
Auxin 19: 15, 27; 22: 69, 84, 166, 201, 284; pith cells 2: 204
38: 201, 202, 211, 212 rapid cell elongation 5: 58
and pattern of vascular sex expression 2: 305– 308
Auxins (continued) Avr-9B 38: 271, 272

specificity of N-acylaspartate synthetase Avrainvillea 35: 176
of peas 5: 55, 56 Avrainvillea levis 35: 176
stimulation of glucan synthetase 5: 61 AvrPro 38: 253
synthesis in seeds 2: 238 AvrPto 38: 270
wall plasticity 2: 154, 210 AvrXa7 38: 254
Avena 29: 155 AvrXa10 38: 254
Avena byzantina 34: 40 Avrxa5 38: 254
Avena coleoptiles, cell ultrastructure 2: 79, AWJL proteins 24: 131– 133
87, 105, 107– 110, 114, 127 Axel Heiberg Island, Early Tertiary 17: 58
Avena nuda 34: 40 Axis, monocotyledons 3: 238– 266
Avena saliva 30: 186 branching and vascular
Avena sativa (oats) 18: 37, 89, 97 development 3: 260– 265
NOx exposure 18: 35 methods of study 3: 241– 244
O3 exposure 18: 51 “palm-type” vascular
O3 fumigations 18: 52
construction 3: 244– 250
Avena sativa (oats) 33: 245
secondary thickening 3: 265, 266
Avena sativa 22: 12; 25: 259, 267– 269;
vascular bundles, construction 3: 250,
28: 86; 32: 325
251
DNA analysis 6: 125
vascular continuity 3: 258– 260
Avena sativa see oats
vascular development 3: 251– 257
Avena sativa, chloroplast envelope 7: 34,
AXX 19: 33
51, 75
Azadirachia indica 30: 98
Avena sativa, water movement in
Azadirachtin 30: 98, 99
leaves 4: 123
Azimuthal profile 18: 290
Avena strigosa 34: 40
Azolla, microsporogenesis 16: 66
Avena, structure of cellulose 5: 96
Azolla, Tertiary 17: 15, 18
AVG 18: 59, 97, 98
Avicennia germinans 31: 43 Azorhizobium caulinodans 37: 82
Avicennia marina 31: 40, 43 – 45 Azospirillum 29: 9
effect of sodium on growth 7: 121 Azosporillum 24: 293
salt tolerance and adenosine Azotobacter vinelandii
triphosphatase 7: 205 Azotobacter vinelandii 24: 403
Avicennia salt glands 31: 40, 41, 43, 45, 66 cytochromes 4: 75, 76
Avirulence 24: 231 membrane transport 4: 99
Avirulence determinants oxidative phosphorylation 4: 85, 86, 90,
interacting with resistance genes enco- 99
dingproteins containing extracy- respiratory control 4: 94 – 96
toplasmic LRRs 24: 97 – 99
interacting with resistance proteins "con- B. fumosa, competitive ability in
taining cytoplasmic LRRs culture 7: 389, 391, 392, 396
24: 113, 114 B. protein kinases 32: 32
Avirulence genes 30: 297– 302 1B(R) substitution 34: 29
Avirulence (avr) genes 21: 2, 7, 8, 23 – 25 B. alticola, flowering period 7: 542, 551
fungal 21: 65, 148–169, 172– 178 B. chromosomes
AVP 25: 309, 312– 314, 317, 329 isochromosome formation 6: 148, 150
Avr4 38: 254 origin 6: 156– 158, 161
Avr9 38: 270 structure 6: 158
B. cinerea, competitive ability in cyanobacteria 30: 21 – 23, 209

culture 7: 389, 396 freeze-etching 3: 23
B. cowanii, seed morphology 7: 426 H+/O ratios 4: 85 – 90
B. distans, flowering period 7: 547 marine 27: 88
B. finlaysoniana measurement of P/O ratios 4: 83 – 85
carbon fixation 7: 522, 529, 551 nitrifying 30: 3
flowering period 7: 542 number and origins of membranes
B. gibbosum, carbon fixation 7: 522, 528 between cytosol and RUBISCO
B. lobii, flowering period 7: 542 (table) 27: 138, 139
B. nodosa, flowering period 7: 542 plasma membrane 3: 21, 35
B. perrinii, carbon fixation 7: 522 proton translocation 4: 87, 89,92– 93
B. subtilis thylakoid structure 3: 146–149
cytochromes 4: 78, 79, 81 Bacteria and phytoplankton grazing 16: 226
H+/O ratio 4: 88 Bacteria as recipients of foreign DNA
P/O ratio 4: 85 24: 401– 410
respiratory control 4: 96 Bacteria, plant defence
B. verrucosa, flowering period 7: 542 proteins 26: 136– 138, 171
Bacillariophyceae 27: 89 see also Biocontrol of soil-borne
C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97 pathogens
Bacillariophyta (diatoms), PEPCK antimicrobial peptides 26: 151– 153
in 38: 146– 1148 lysozymes 26: 156, 157
Bacillariophyta, LHC proteins 27: 276 phospholipid transfer 26: 155
Bacillariophytes 11: 75 polygalacturonase-inhibiting 26: 157
Bacillus 24: 336, 337; 33: 22 thionins 26: 148
subtilis 21: 193, 201 Bacteria, see Leaf nodule symbiosis
thuringiensis endotoxin 21: 25 Bacteria, sodium requirement 7: 148
Bacillus firmus 28: 13 Bacterial artificial chromosome
Bacillus licheniformis 24: 343 (BAC) 34: 10 – 11, 30
Bacillus megaterium Bacterial parasitism 26: 33, 34
cytochromes 4: 75, 76, 79 Bacterial respiratory chain
H+/O ratio 4: 89 adaptive components 4: 67, 71
respiratory control 4: 99 constitutive components 4: 67
Bacillus sp., thio-template system of toxin cytochromes 4: 74 – 78, 81, 83
genetics 27: 234, 235 dehydrogenases 4: 70, 71
Bacillus spp. quinones 4: 72
biocontrol 26: 50, 51, 56, 66, 68, 70, 78 transhydrogenases 4: 69, 70
Bt toxins 26: 169, 172 Bacterial virulence factors 30: 295, 296
Bacillus stearothermophilus, negative Bacteriochlorophyll, reaction
staining 3: 21 kinetics 8: 21, 22
Bacillus subtilis 24: 403, 407; 30: 23, 24; Bacteriocins, and pathogenicity of "Agro-
38: 128, 132 bacterium tumefaciens 4: 31
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin 34: 30, 65, Bacteriodes succinogenes, sodium
93 requirement 7: 148
Backcross, chestnut trees 21: 140, 141 Bacteriophage P1 cre/lox 34: 106
Bacteria 21: 5 – 7 Bacteriorhodopsin, ATP synthesis 10: 132,
see also Cyanobacteria 176
see also individual species Bacteriorhodopsin, reaction
caffeine-degrading 30: 189, 190 kinetics 8: 20, 21
Bacteroids B and D hordein 34: 89

functions and carbon processing chymotrypsin inhibitor CI-2 34: 203, 204
18: 146– 152 Dwf 2 6A dwarfing insensitive
functions and nitrogen gene 34: 47, 48
processing 18: 153, 154 effects of salicylates 20: 211
nodule anatomy and terminology 18: 139, ESTs in 34: 8
140 functional genomics 34: 14
transport to 18: 146 gibberellin signalling, stature and 34: 132
Bactridae, growth 3: 224 ion uptake, and salicylates 20: 194
Bactris, growth 3: 222 leaf scald 21: 160– 162
Badnaviridae 36: 199 malting quality 34: 204– 207
Baeyer-Villiger reaction, in gibberellin molecular markers 34: 4 – 5
biosynthesis 9: 124– 126 Per1 gene 34: 150
Bafilomycin 25: 354; 28: 26 SnRK1 down-regulation gene 34: 103
Balansia 33: 21 structural genomics 34: 10
Balansia cyperi 33: 20 Barley aleurone bioassay for
Baldulus 21: 201 gibberellins 9: 62 – 65, 67, 94,
Balsamorhiza 33: 245 119, 131– 136, 138, 139
Bamboo, gregarious flowering 3: 268 Barley mesophyll protoplasts 25: 92
Bambusa O-methyl transferase 8: 40, 41 Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) 36: 57,
b-Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) 27: 296
59, 60
Banana 21: 49 – 52, 68
Barley root epidermal cells 25: 180
Banana, growth 3: 220
Barley see Hordeum vulgare
Band-pass filter 18: 208
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)
Bangia fusco-purpurea, chloroplast enve-
BYDV-MAV 36: 25, 28, 33 – 35
lope structure 7: 6
BYDV-PAV 36: 23, 25, 27 – 29, 31, 34,
Banksia 24: 448
35
Banksia, Early Tertiary, in Australia 17: 82,
BYDV-RMV 36: 28
84
BAP 33: 103, 104 BYDV-RPV 36: 25, 26
Baptisia BYDV-SGV 36: 25
flavenoid chemotaxonomy 6: 286 Barley yellow mosaic virus
Barbarea 35: 232 (BaYMV) 36: 56, 59, 60
Barbula Barley, nutrient effects on
B. unguiculata powdery mildew infection 10: 223, 224
microchromosomes 6: 226 yield and ergot 10: 237– 239
micro-evolution 6: 263 Barley, salt tolerance 8: 224, 225, 238, 239,
genetics 6: 247 341
Barium 22: 72, 107 Barley, see Hordeum vulgare
Bark, fracture properties 17: 274– 276 Bartramia pomiformis
see also Wood micro-evolution 6: 263
Bark-based composts 26: 13, 14 Bartsia alpina
Barkeria melanocaulon, seed morphology nitrate reductase activity 6: 23
7: 425 Base numbers, see Basic chromosome
Barley 19: 105, 114; 21: 167; 22: 59,60, numbers
116, 127, 131; 25: 176, 202, 206; Basic chromosome numbers 4: 258, 259,
34: 34 – 36 265– 282, 304
see also entries under Hordeum Basic incompatibility 21: 2
Basic Logical Alignment Search Begomoviruses 36: 67 – 69

Tool 32: 45– 49 determinants of specificity 36: 88, 89
Basidiomycetes 33: 8 persistent transmission 36: 75 – 77
Batrachospermum boryanum 35: 189 vector specificity 36: 84 – 87
Bauhina 38: 194 “Bel W3” cv. 18: 52
b-carotene 31: 95 Bemisia afer 36: 92
BCH1 30: 32 Bemisia berbericola 36: 92
BCH2 30: 32 Bemisia tabaci 36: 30, 31, 33, 66, 68, 69
Beaches, plant debris deposition on 16: 144, anatomy 36: 78 – 80
145 determinants of specificity 36: 88 – 90
Bean 21: 173, 235; 22: 116, 127, 131 in relation to transmission 36: 71 – 75
Bean a-amylase inhibitor 26: 160 tracing begomovirus pathway
Bean cell 19: 54 in 36: 80 –84
Bean crop 18: 194 viral-encoded determinants of
Bean golden mosaic virus 36: 76, 84 transmission 36: 84– 88
Bean leafroll virus 36: 31 Bennettitales 17: 135–137
Bean plants 18: 76 Benson – Calvin cycle 26: 251– 253, 263,
Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) 36: 102, 268– 270, 290; 38: 141, 144, 147,
103, 107, 109 157, 174
Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus 36: 108 Benyvirus 36: 59
Bean, response of mitochondria to Ben-Zioni model 30: 65, 66
anoxia 7: 278 Benzoic acid
Beaucarnea, inflorescence 3: 268, 277 aspartate conjugate formation in peas
Beech, see Fagus sylvatica pre-treated with auxin 5: 55
“Beeson” cv. 18: 13, 90 specificity of sites 1 and 2 of auxin
SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 45 binding 5: 75, 78
Beet curly top virus (BCTV) 36: 84, 147, Benzoylmalate synthetase induction in
148 pea 5: 55, 56
Beet leafhopper transmitted virescence agent 4-benzoylobutyl glucosinolates 35: 228
(BLTVA) 21: 203– 205 3-benzoylopropyl glucosinolates 35: 228
Beet mild yellowing virus 36: 31 Benzoyloxyalkyl glucosinolates 35: 230,
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus 231
(BNYVV) 36: 56 – 60; 38: 29 Benzyl adenine, effect on orchids in
Beet pseudoyellows virus 36: 70, 77 "culture 7: 463
Beet rhizomania 23: 9, 15 Benzyl glucosinolate 35: 221– 224, 232
Beet soil-borne mosaic virus Benzyladenine binding to ribosomes 5: 65
(BSBMV) 36: 59 Benzylamino purine (BAP) 34: 73
Beet soil-borne virus (BSBV) Bepridil 22: 71, 72, 73
36: 58, 60 Berberis 22: 165, 215
Beet virus Q (BVQ) 36: 58 Bermuda grass, nutrient effects on leaf spot
Beet western yellow virus 21: 119 disease 10: 225
Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) 36: 22, Bertholletia excelsa 25: 52
26, 27, 29, 36 Bertholletia excelsa, excelsin 27: 29
Beetles, plant defence Beta 24: 319; 25: 346, 354, 356, 357
proteins 26: 159– 164, 166– 168, Beta vulgaris 19: 114; 25: 183, 268–270,
171, 172 272, 307– 310, 312, 322, 344, 402,
Beetroot 25: 14, 15, 204 405; 28: 75; 29: 124, 132; 32: 213,
Beggiatoa 25: 62, 74 463
Beta vulgaris (continued) Bicarbonate

adenosine triphosphatases 7: 205 in soil 29: 4, 22
DNA analysis 6: 125 toxicity 29: 11 – 13
effect of sodium and potassium on Bicarbonate see carbon, as HCO2 3
enzymes 7: 123 Biddulphia aurita, blue-light effects 10: 172
effect of sodium on growth 7: 158, 160, Bidens 22: 166; 31: 13
164 Bifrenaria harrisoniae, post-pollination
invertase 8: 116, 117 phenomena 7: 587
phenolase 8: 38, 39 Bighorn Basin (USA), Early Tertiary 17: 56,
sodium content of seeds 7: 142, 143 57Bryophytes Early
Beta, apoplastic phloem unloading 5: 197 Tertiary 17: 13
Betacyanin 37: 41, 50, 149 Bignonia 22: 165
beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter Bignoniaceae 37: 45s
gene 29: 61 Bilayers, reactions with OsO4 3: 11, 12,
Betaine see also Lipids
nitrogen storage 6: 10 Biliverdin reductase 35: 28
Betalains 25: 142; 37: 110 Binding protein (BiP) 25: 29, 130, 131
Betanin 37: 40, 41 Bioassay-driven discovery
Betula 2: 61; 37: 97 strategies 31: 134, 135
Betula lutea (yellow birch) 18: 9 Bioassays for gibberellins 9: 60 –68, 128,
Betula papyrifera (paper birch) 18: 15 129, 132– 140
Betula pendula (European white birch) 18: 9, ‘biochemical partitioning of
15, 16, 90, 96 resources’ 33: 20
canopies 18: 101 Biocontrol of soil-borne
SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 45 pathogens 26: 1 – 134
Betula pendula 19: 142; 22: 259; 31: 14, 29; see also Plant defence proteins
37: 108 antagonist applications 26: 50 – 80
Betula populifolia (gray birch) 18: 9 cuttings/roots 26: 66, 67
Betula pubescens var. tortuosa (mountain inoculation 26: 74 –80
birch) 33: 7 screening 26: 69, 74, 80
Betulaceae 37: 47, 153 seed/bulb/tuber 26: 51 – 55
Betulaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 40, 41 selection 26: 68, 70 – 73
Beyeria soil/growing media 26: 56 – 65
B. viscosa commercial antagonists 26: 7, 9, 69,
glandular hairs 6: 291, 295, 296 70 – 73, 81
resin accumulation 6: 302 direct action modes 26: 19 – 38
resin secretion and leaf anatomy 6: 290, antibiotic production 26: 20, 25 – 32
291, 303, 304 infection site competition 26: 20, 21
resin synthesis 6: 304 iron competition 26: 23 – 25
terpenoids 6: 290 nutrient competition 26: 21, 22
resin synthesis in tissue culture 6: 307 parasitism 26: 20, 32 – 38
surface resins and leaf reflectance 6: 308 plant residues competition 26: 22, 23
b-Fructofuranosidase see Plant invertases volatiles competition 26: 22
b-Galactosidase 24: 45 ecological considerations 26: 2, 3 – 19
b-Glucuronidase (GUS) 24: 45, 58; 28: 94, chemical fumigation 26: 16
97; 35: 130 composts 26: 12 –14
b-hydroxyalkenyl glucosinolates 35: 215 crop rotation 26: 14, 15
Bialaphos 34: 75, 265 fauna 26: 17 – 19, 81, 82
fertilizers 26: 15 temperature, irradiance, and water

flooding 26: 15 vapour deficit
fungicides 26: 16, 17 limitations 20: 24 – 33
heat treatment 26: 15, 16 Biometric methods 6: 260, 261
mixed cropping 26: 15 Biopriming 26: 80
monoculture 26: 9– 11 Biosynthesis 31: 126– 128; 37: 55 – 71
organic amendments 26: 11, 12 capacity increase approaches 31: 139, 140
suppressive soils 26: 4 –9, 69 chemotaxonomy 31: 168, 169
future approaches 26: 80 – 84 plastids 31: 127
indirect action modes 26: 20, 38 – 47 Biosynthesis of membranes 3: 45, 46
cross protection and induced Biosynthetic pathway 25: 3
resistance 26: 20, 38 – 41 Biosystematics
growth promotion 26: 20, 24, 25, apogamy 6: 252, 253
41 –47 aspory 6: 252, 253
registration 26: 81 biometric methods 6: 260, 261
rhizosphere competence 26: 47 –49 breeding systems 6: 245– 248
Biodiversity 21: 82, 89 – 91, 95 definition 6: 244
Bioenergetic circuits 28: 5 diplospory 6: 252, 253
Biofin, effect on orchids in culture 7: 468 genetics 6: 245
Biofumigation 35: 246 hybridity 6: 250, 251
Biogenic isoprene rule 31: 93 phyto chemistry 6: 259
Biogeochemistry 24: 179 Biosystematics of ferns
Bioindication introgression 4: 377, 378
air pollution prediction 18: 86 – 101 apomixis 4: 387– 399
anatomical/morphological breeding systems 4: 378– 387
analysis 18: 98, 99 cytogenetics and species inter-
endogenous elements 18: 92, 93 relationships
endogenous enzyme activity 18: 94, 95 in temperate ferns 4: 337– 371
endogenous metabolites 18: 93, 94 in tropical ferns 4: 371– 377
genetic analysis 18: 99 genome analysis 4: 330– 337
resistant plant selection 18: 104 Biotechnology
Bioinformatics impact of 34: 289– 297
definition of 32: 45 overview and prospects 34: 301– 306
Biolog GN Microplate system 23: 11 Biotechnology 21: 87; 35: 55
BIOLOG plate technique 29: 25 Biotechnology, legume seed storage
Biological control 21: 67 – 70, 132–137, 141 "proteins 27: 56 – 69
Biological species concept 35: 176, 177 Biotic elicitors 19: 21
Biomass assimilation, UV radiation 22: 141, Biotic stresses 19: 133– 235
142 Biotoxins 12: 48; 27: 213–227
Biomass estimation 24: 289– 293 microcystins and nodularins 27: 220– 227
Biomass measurement in planta 24: 45 – 47 neurotoxins 27: 216– 220
Biomass retention 25: 60 Biotransformation 13: 160– 164
Biomes Biotrophic fungal parasites 24: 195– 225
Amax (photosynthesis), Biotrophic pathogens 24: 312
predicted/observed 20: 15 Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi, growth
Holdridge classification 20: 10 –14, 24, habits 24: 312
25 Biotroph-invaded cells 24: 210– 218
soil C and N, and Amax, 20: 12, 13 Biotrophs 4: 2,3
Biotrophy, strategy for 24: 311– 313 Bletia sheperdii, seed morphology
BiP 38: 69, 76 7: 426
Birch 22: 264, see Betula pendula Bletilla
Birthrates 21: 83, 84, 92 flowering period 7: 542
Bisulphite 18: 78, 97 post-pollination phenomena 7: 578
Bithorax complex (BX-C) 28: 184 seed germination 7: 424, 442
Bjerkandera adjusta Blight fungus 21: 2
ammonium sulphamate treatment 7: 414 Blindia 19: 251
antagonism Blindia acuta 19: 264
between synthesized dikaryons 7: 365 Bloch equations 20: 54, 57
interspecific 7: 398 Blood flow 11: 60 – 62
intraspecific 7: 351, 354, 356 BLOSUM (BLOCKS substitution
competitive ability in culture 7: 388– 391, matrix) 32: 49, 50
393, 396, 403 Blue blindness 18: 290
di-mon matings 7: 369 Blue light 33: 65 – 67
fungal replacement 7: 400, 401 Blue light signal transduction
sporophore morphology 7: 361 pathway 29: 65 – 67
wood colonization 7: 337, 357, 416, 383, Blue mould, age-related resistance
408 to 38: 269
1BL/1RS wheat rye translocation 34: 29 Blue/UV-a photoreceptor 22: 105– 107, 110
Blue-green algae, sodium
Black oak (Quercus velutina) 18: 71
requirement 7: 144–146
Black rot fungus and phytoalexin
Blue-light effects in algae 10: 172
synthesis 14: 83, 84
Bn-NCC –1 25: 99, 100
“Black Valentine” cv. 18: 9
Bn-NCC-1 and Bn-NCC-2 35: 13, 17
Blackcurrant 19: 121
Bn-NCC –2 25: 99
Blackcurrent associated reversion
Bn-NCC –3 25: 99
virus 36: 200
Bolusiella, flowering period 7: 538
Blackgram mottle virus (BmoV) 36: 107
Bombaceae 37: 43
Bladder cell 31: 39, 40 ‘Bona fide endophytism’ 33: 23
Blasia 19: 265, 267, 293 Bondapak separation of gibberellins, 9: 57,
Blasia pusilla 19: 275 58
Blast 21: 158– 160 Bootstrapping 32: 53
BLAST, see Basic Logical Alignment Borago spp.
Search Tool sites of nitrogen assimilation 6: 8
Blasticidin S 19: 24 Borassoideae, inflorescence 3: 274, 276
Blastocladiella 24: 357 Bordeaux mixture and control of plant
Blastocladiella emersonii, phosphorus disease 10: 229, 238
content 8: 141, 147 Boreal forests 18: 81
Blastodinium 12: 232 Bornane 31: 78, 79, 85, 102
“Blaze” cv. 18: 10 Borneol 31: 130
Bleaching 35: 33, 34 Bornyl diphosphate synthase 31: 100, 102
Blechnum Boron
aneuploidy 4: 301 biochemistry of deficiency 10: 241
fossil record 4: 235 effect on plant infection 10: 238– 243
vegetative apomixis 4: 399 Boron deficiency 37: 110
Blechnum, water content, NMR studies Boron in soil 29: 4, 20, 21
20: 86 Borosilicate glass 18: 259
Borrelia burgdorferi 36: 131 B. velutinum

Bos taurus 28: 13 chromosome lengths 6: 228
Boscia 35: 245 meiotic abnormalities 6: 216
Bostrichia sp., photosynthesis 27: 174 biometric investigation 6: 260
Bostrychia 35: 174, 191, 194 cultivation experiments 6: 253
Bostrychia bispora 35: 180 cytotaxonomy 6: 242
Bostrychia moritziana 35: 180, 194 Brachythecium velutinum 19: 251
Bostrychia radicans 35: 194 Bract 3: 270
Bothrops jararaca 24: 101 reduction in number, palms 3: 274–276
Botrychium, cytology 4: 285 Bracteole 3: 270
Botryosphaeria dothidea 33: 26 Bradyrhizobium 24: 336
Botrytis cinerea 21: 23; 24: 124– 126; Bradyrhizobium japonicum 18: 148, 153,
35: 246 162; 28: 13
Botrytis species 30: 293 Branching 31: 202, 248– 252
Botrytis, effect of calcium on genetic analysis 31: 202, 248– 251
infection 10: 228 molecular analysis 31: 251, 252
Botrytis, wood colonization 7: 416 Branching, monocotyledons
Boundary layer and vascular development 3: 260– 265
conductance 18: 215, 219, 220, 225, axillary 3: 262–264
228, 229 axillary, and apical dominance 3: 264,
convection 18: 211 265
heat flux 18: 214 dichotomous 3: 260– 262
laminar 18: 211, 212, 215, 216 in inflorescence, palms 3: 262
structure 18: 211–213 lateral inflorescence, palms 3: 262
turbulent 18: 211, 212, 216 in inflorescence 3: 269– 273
wind and energy transfer reduction, palm inflorescence 3: 274
18: 210– 215 Brassavola cordata, seed morphology
Boundary layer measurement 4: 154 7: 427
Bovine serum albumin, use as a Brassia, pollination 7: 553
cryo-protective agent 5: 20 Brassica 21: 66; 24: 319, 320, 422; 28: 165,
Bowen ratio method 18: 197 171, 215, 240; 32: 21, 43, 214,
Bowenia 226, 248, 254, 258, 259, 269– 274,
chromosome constitution 6: 172 278, 281– 284, 286– 288, 291;
Bowman-Birk inhibitors 26: 140, 160, 161, 33: 164; 35: 66, 68, 73, 113, 214,
166, 172 232, 233, 236, 237, 243, 245, 246;
Boykinia 38: 293, 296 38: 237
Boyle-Van’t Hoff equation 14: 153, B. napus
154 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79
BP-80 25: 52; 35: 149– 153 development of low-glucosinolate oilseed
b-pinene 31: 99, 100 rape 35: 234, 235
Brachystegia 37: 104, 107, 116 enhancing glycosinolates in
Brachystegia spiciformi 37: 174 broccoli 35: 235
Brachytheciaceae genetic modification of glucosinolates
cytotaxonomy 6: 243 35: 236
Brachythecium 19: 251 gibberellin metabolism 6: 311
B. rivulare glucosinolates in 35: 224, 225
aneuploidy 6: 220 Mendelian genes regulating chain
cultivation experiments 6: 256 "structure 35: 233, 234
Brassica arabidopsis 32: 287 Brassolaelia, post-pollination phenomena

Brassica campestris 28: 234; 30: 247; 7: 583, 585
32: 471, 473; 35: 221, 227, 233 Brassolaeliocattleya cv. Maunalani, carbon
Brassica juncea 33: 184, 205; 35: 221, 224, fixation 7: 522, 528
233 Breeding cycle of fruit trees 2: 258
Brassica MOD gene 32: 284 Breeding systems in ferns
Brassica napus 22: 115; 24: 40, 41, 421; homoeologous pairing 4: 381– 387
25: 405; 29: 58; 30: 31, 94, 216; incompatibility 4: 379– 381
32: 70, 235, 274, 278, 279, 282, Brefeldin A (BFA) 25: 6, 55
283; 34: 249, 251; 35: 61 – 63, 66, Bremia 24: 322, 354
68 –74, 78 –80, 83, 84, 89, 221, Bremia lactucae 24: 18, 80, 172, 266
233, 235, 237, 240, 244; 38: 110, Brevibacterium ammoniogenes, respiratory
263 control 4: 96
LTRE in 34: 249 Brevicoryne brassicae 36: 12
occurrence of circular vessels 9: 208 BRI1 gene 32: 4, 19, 22, 235, 236, 245, 260
vascular differentiation Briggs-Haldane/Michaelis-Menten
induced by auxin 9: 168, 175 relationship 11: 76, 77, 79
polarity changes 9: 196 Brine shimp and Dunaliella 14: 100
Brassica napus (oil seed rape) 31: 229; Broad bean, see Vicia faba
33: 144, 163, 183 Broadbean true mosaic virus 36: 104
Brassica napus L. subsp. oleifera 24: 33, 46 Broadleaved trees 18: 33, 48
Brassica napus, cruciferin 27: 30 Brome mosaic virus (BMV) 36: 28, 106,
Brassica nigra 18: 88, 94, 280; 35: 221, 201
233; 38: 241 Brome mosaic virus 21: 114, 117
Brassica oleracea 24: 38, 262, 265; 28: 13; Bromelia, growth 3: 222
29: 159; 30: 213, 242; 32: 35, 226, Bromeliaceae
230, 272, 282, 286, 288, 392; growth 3: 224, 226
35: 113, 221, 224, 228, 233, 235, inflorescence 3: 267– 270
244 leaf 3: 213
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 25: 16 stomata 3: 284– 286
Brassica oleracea var. italica 35: 221 vascular construction 3: 246
Brassica oleracea, effect of sodium on Bromeliaceae 31: 14, 26
growth 7: 161, 166 Bromeliads, carbon dioxide recycling in
Brassica oleracea, plasmodesmata 5: 196 15: 79 – 81
Brassica rapa 32: 282, 288; 35: 221, 233, Bromheadia
236 promeristem development 7: 484
Brassica S 32: 272 stomatal rhythm 7: 521
Brassica SLG gene 32: 285, 287 Bromoaplysiatoxin 12: 80
Brassica villosa 35: 235 Bromopsis benekenii 29: 9
Brassica, lignin biosynthesis 8: 43 – 45 Bromopsis erecta 29: 18
Brassicaceae 21: 174; 37: 69 Bromoviridae 36: 3
Brassicaceae, see individual species name Bromovirus 36: 101
Brassicae 30: 94, 102, 215, 247, 248 see Bromus 33: 245
also individual species name Bromus diandrus 33: 236
Brassicas 22: 29 – 30 Bromus erecta
Brassinosteroid signaling 32: 235– 237 Bronowski block 35: 234, 235
Brassinosteroids 32: 255; 35: 87 Bronzing 18: 92
Brassocattleya, seed germination 7: 472 Brown algae 19: 210
Brownian motion 11: 14 BSA see bovine serum albumin

Bruchia BTC dye 22: 53, 55
B. drummondii Bubonic plague model dynamics
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 38: 29
B. ravenelii Buchnera 36: 28, 30– 32, 75
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 Buckleya 38: 292
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 Bud break 22: 166
Bryales 19: 249– 253 Buffer coatings 18: 262
Bryidae 19: 243 –245 Bufo marinus 28: 13
Bryoceae Bulbochaete hiloensis,
genetics 6: 246 plasmodesmata 5: 160, 161
micro-chromosomes 6: 225– 230 Bulbophyllum
Bryophyllum daigremontianum, flowering period 7: 536– 541
identification of gibberellins 9: 43 post-pollination phenomena 7: 580
Bryophyllum tubiflorum, effect of sodium Bulbs, disease biocontrol 26: 51 – 55
on carboxylation 7: 200, 202, 208 Bulk elastic modulus determination
on growth 7: 125, 159, 168– 170, 197, pressure bomb method 6: 79, 85 – 87
199, 209 vapour pressure equilibrium
Bryophyta, C3 + C1 carboxylases method 6: 79, 85, 86
27: 97 Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) 34: 45
Bryophytes 1: 8, 13, 153, 156, 157, 167
Buller phenomenon, in wood-decaying
Bryophytes 19: 233, 234– 283
Basidiomycetes 7: 365– 372
gametogenesis 16: 59 – 63
Bumilleriopsis filiformis
oogenesis 16: 59 – 63
fluorescence spectra 10: 100
spermatogenesis 16: 59
photosynthetic electron donor 10: 88
life cycles, aberrant
Bunyaviridae 36: 115, 116, 128
induced 16: 73 – 75
Bunyavirus 36: 116
natural 16: 70
Buoyancy 25: 75 – 78
placenta in 19: 283– 295
sporogenesis 16: 65 Burmanniaceae 22: 13
sporophyte/gametophyte shift, and “Bush Blue Lake 274” cv. 18: 72
apospory 16: 82, 83 3-butenyl glucosinolate 35: 221, 224, 228,
Bryopsida 230, 232– 234, 244, 246
chromosome numbers 6: 199, 200, 204, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate 35: 244
208 Butomopsis 28: 251
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 4-butyl glucosinolates 35: 230
intraspecific polyploidy 6: 211 Buxbaumia 19: 251
Bryopsis maxima 11: 91 Buxbaumia piperi 19: 249
Bryopsis sp., CO2 transport 27: 136 Buxbaumiales 19: 287
Bryopteris 19: 257 Buxus sempervirens 37: 41
Bryum 19: 245, 251, 257, 287 BVP1 25: 309– 311
Bryum bimum BVP2 25: 309– 311
B. capillare Bymovirus 36: 59, 70
interspecific polypoidy 6: 210 Byttneria aculeata 37: 8
B. intermedium bz1 and bz2 mutant genes (maize) 37: 65,
aneuploidy 6: 220 66, 68
genetics 6: 248 Bz1 gene (maize) 37: 65
Bryum capillare 19: 263 Bz2 gene (maize) 37: 57, 59, 65
C. aucale, carbon fixation 7: 524, 528 C. cv. Veitchii, longevity of flowers 7: 542
C. aurantiaca C. discolor
carbohydrate metabolism 7: 450, 453, isolation of fungus 7: 490
454, 456, 457 longevity of flowers 7: 569
chlorophyll level 7: 478, 479 C. ellipsoida, chlorophyll a/b-carotene
development 7: 484 –486 ratio 10: 77
effect of hormones 7: 459, 463 C. fimbriatum, carbon fixation 7: 523,
seed ultrastructure 7: 438, 439, 441 528
C. autumnalis, carbon fixation 7: 523 C. finlaysonianum
C. barbatum, seed morphology 7: 425 post-pollination phenomena 7: 594
C. bicolor, carbon fixation 7: 523 symbiotic specificity 7: 496
C. bicolor, seed morphology 7: 426 C. forbesii, carbon fixation 7: 523
C. blumei, procambium structure 9: 155 C. forbesii, seed morphology 7: 427
C. bowringiana C. fragile
carbohydrate content 7: 605, 606 carotene type 10: 54
carbon fixation 7: 528 morphology and light harvesting 10: 28
leaf anatomy 7: 532 photosystem reaction centre
longevity of flowers 7: 543 complex 10: 89
respiration 7: 612 siphonaxanthin 10: 108
C. cactoides C. fusca
light harvesting by siphonoxanthin 10: 72, chlorophyll-protein complex 10: 106, 107
108 photosystem reaction centre
photosystem complexes 10: 85, 89 "complexes 10: 80, 89
C. calceolus C. gayana
culture 7: 442, 464, 465 decarboxylation system 7: 197
germination 7: 473 response to sodium 7: 162, 163, 171
C. calcitrans 11: 113 C. gigas, carbon fixation 7: 523
C. canaliculatum, protocorm-fungal C. goeringii
interaction 7: 499, 500 germination 7: 472
C. chinense, carbon fixation 7: 524 nitrogen metabolism 7: 447
C. closterium 11: 113 C. hamata, flowering period 7: 535, 539,
C. crispa v. purpurea, seed 541, 547
morphology 7: 427 C. harrissonii, seed morphology 7: 427
C. cv. Bow Bells, carbon fixation 7: 523, C. insigne, effect of hormones 7: 463, 623
528 C. intermedia, carbon fixation 7: 523
C. cv. Chelsea, carbon fixation 7: 534, 549 C. kanran, effect of hormones 7: 459, 464
C. cv. Dupreana, longevity of flowers 7: 543 C. labiata
C. cv. Enid carbohydrate content 7: 604
endogenous auxins 7: 569 carbon fixation 7: 523, 528
longevity of flowers 7: 543 longevity of flowers 7: 543
C. cv. In Memorium, effect of nitrogen content 7: 599, 604
cytokinin 7: 463 C. lobata, seed morphology 7: 425
C. cv. Independence Day, carbon C. loddigesii, carbon fixation 7: 523
fixation 7: 524, 531, 549 C. loddigesii, seed morphology 7: 427
C. cv. Samarkand, effect of ethylene C. lowianum
7: 620 carbohydrates 7: 604– 606, 607
C. cv. “Sicily Grandee”, flowering enzymes 7: 614
period 7: 544 floral respiration 7: 612, 613
C. lowianum cv. “Yorktown”, carbon C. schroederae, longevity of flowers 7: 544

fixation 7: 524 C. sinense
C. lueddemanniana, effect of ethylene 7: 623 carbon fixation 7: 524, 529
C. macrorhizus, phosphorus and cell seed morphology 7: 427
development 8: 197 C. skinneri
C. maculata, interaction with carbon fixation 7: 523
rhizoctonia 7: 498 longevity of flowers 7: 544
C. madidum, effect of auxin 7: 459 C. sp. indet, fungal-protocorm
C. marina interaction 7: 499
effect of potassium on growth 7: 149 C. speciosa, longevity of flowers 7: 569
effect of sodium on growth 7: 148, 149 post-pollination phenomena 7: 593, 604
C. massangeana, carbon fixation 7: 523, 529 C. speciosa, pollination 7: 560
C. mayeriana, carbon fixation 7: 524, 528, seed morphology 7: 435
529 C. sphaerosporum, symbiotic
C. mendelii, longevity of flowers 7: 543 specificity 7: 496
C. mooreana, respiration 7: 612 C. sterigmaticus, orchid endophyte 7: 492
C. mossiae, carbon fixation 7: 523 C. tigrina, seed morphology 7: 426
C. mundana, electron donor to P700 10: 88 C. tracyanum
C. obscurum carbohydrates 7: 605, 606
fungal-protocorm interaction 7: 499 post-pollination phenomena 7: 594, 599,
symbiotic specificity 7: 496 604
C. odontorrhizon, seed morphology 7: 426 C. trianae
C. odoratum carbon fixation 7: 523
enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 23 longevity of flowers 7: 544
C. orobanchoides, seed morphology 7: 426 symbiotic specificity 7: 496
C. pachyrrhizum, carbon fixation 7: 530 C. trianaei, seed morphology 7: 425
C. pepo, see C. maxima C. trifida, ultrastructure 7: 501
C. percivaliana, longevity of flowers 7: 543 C. tropicalis
C. pumilum, nitrogen metabolism 7: 447 phosphate uptake 8: 163, 168, 170, 191
C. punctatum, post-pollination phosphorus content 8: 131, 136
phenomena 7: 593, 594 C. utilis, phosphate 8: 131, 136, 149
C. pyrenoidosa, shading effects 10: 156 C. veratrifolia, seed morphology 7: 426
C. reginae C. versicolor
culture 7: 464, 467, 470 antagonism between synthesized
germination 7: 473 dikaryons 7: 364, 365
C. reinhardtii di-mon matings 7: 365– 372
absorption spectra 10: 97, 100 genetics of intraspecific
analysis of chlorophyll-protein antagonism 7: 359– 372
"complex 10: 105, 106 intraspecific antagonism 7: 356,
chloroplast membrane 360– 362
fractionation 10: 104 population genetics 7: 352– 354
photosystem reaction centre vegetative characteristics 7: 339
"complexes 10: 78, 80, 84, 86, 89, vegetative incompatibility 7: 349– 351
91 –94 C. vestita
C. rochussenii, carbon fixation 7: 524, 528, carbon fixation 7: 522, 528
529 longevity of flowers 7: 543
C. rosea, longevity of flowering 7: 542 C. virescens
C. rufescens, shading effects 10: 157 effect of hormones 7: 459, 464
C. virescens (continued) mesophyll chloroplasts 26: 265, 266,

flowering period 7: 544, 569 268
germination 7: 443 metabolite gradients 26: 261, 262
C. viridi purpurea, seed morphology 7: 427 metabolite transport 26: 259–268
longevity of flowers 7: 569 pathway evolution 26: 254, 255
C. vulgaris pathway subtypes 26: 256–258
fluorescence spectra 10: 100, 137 plasmodesmatal frequency 26: 259
photosynthetic rate 10: 151 suberized lamella 26: 263
quantum efficiency 10: 152 photorespiration 26: 290– 293
reaction centre electron acceptor 10: 93 regulation 26: 268–297
C. walkeriana, carbon fixation 7: 523 aminotransferases 26: 282– 284
C. warneri, carbon fixation 7: 523 carbonic anhydrase 26: 271
C. warscewiczii, flowering period 7: 544 carboxylation in
effect of vitamins in culture 7: 468 mesophyll 26: 271–282
germination 7: 472 decarboxylation in
longevity of flowers 7: 568, 569 bundle-"sheath 26: 285– 293
post-pollination phenomena 7: 572, 622 future studies 26: 295– 297
resupination 7: 554 NAD– malic enzyme 26: 287, 288
stomatal rhythm 7: 521 NADP – malate
C2H2, see Ethylene dehydrogenase 26: 281– 284
C3 photosynthetic pathway, and sodium NADP-malic enzyme 26: 285, 286
requirement 7: 126, 169– 171 PEP carboxylase 26: 271– 276, 297
C4 dicarboxylic acid photosynthetic Phosphoenolpyruvate
chloroplast membranes carboxykinase 26: 288, 289
ATPase activity 7: 67, 68 pyruvate Pi dikinase 26: 277– 281
structure 7: 16 – 18, 97 Rubisco 26: 290, 295, 296
pathway species and sodium starch synthesis 26: 293, 294
effect on growth 7: 157–160, 162, Ca2+ 18: 82
163– 166, 169 Ca2+ channels, depolarization-
effect on physiology and activated 25: 235, 236
metabolism 7: 186– 207 Ca2+ concentration 19: 36, 53, 54
requirement 7: 125, 126 Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) 25: 243
role 7: 207– 212 CAB genes 29: 58, genes 29: 61 – 63
protoplast preparation 7: 55 Cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCV) 36: 81
C4 photosynthesis 38: 119–124 Cabbage, sodium content of seed 7: 142,
C4 plants 38: 141– 143 143
NADP/NAD – malic enzyme type 38: 143 Cabbages, leaf fracture properties 17: 267
PEPCK/NAD – malic enzyme Cacao swollen shoot virus 36: 199
type 38: 141, 142 Cactaceae 33: 58
PEPCK/NADP –malic enzyme a-cadinol 31: 131
type 38: 142, 143 Cadmium 22: 72, 146
C4 plants, photosynthesis 26: 251– 316 Cadmium pollution 33: 197
C4 syndrome 26: 251– 268 Cadmium, effect on plant disease 10: 263,
bundle-sheath and mesophyll 264
co-"operation 26: 254, 259– 265 cADPR
see also regulation below function 25: 240, 241
bundle-sheath organelles 26: 267, 268 ligand and voltage gating 25: 239, 240
CO2 leakage 26: 262– 265 permeation 25: 240
pharmacology 25: 240 induced calcium release 22: 79 – 82

selectivity 25: 240 influx across plasma
Caenorhabditis albicans 32: 337 membrane 29: 97 – 101
Caenorhabditis communis 32: 464 influx factor (CIF) 22: 82, 83
Caenorhabditis elegans 28: 13; 32: 304; ions 21: 62 – 64, 110
32: 2, 34, 55, 60; 34: 101 ions, intracellular second
Caenorhabditis elegans, TEs 27: 360, messengers 22: 45 – 88
407 homeostatic apparatus 22: 69– 83
Caenorhabditis fulvum 32: 258 measurement of stimulus-induced
Caesium 22: 72 changes in calcium 22: 68, 69
Caesium, potential as a probe 20: 106 problem of specificity 22: 84 – 87
Caffeic acid 21: 48 Orange dye 22: 53
Caffeine 22: 75, 78; 30: 118, 119 recirculation in the shoot 29: 155, 156
see also decaflinated beverages, Camellia release activated calcium channel
spp., Coffea spp. (CRAC) 22: 83
biosynthesis salinization, transport and 29: 157, 158
concentrations of intermediates of signal transmission 22: 177, 180, 187
30: 148, 150 ‘signature’ 22: 85 – 87
from purine nucleotides 30: 157– 166 soil management 21: 69, 70
light and its effect on 30: 172, 173 translocation to the shoot 29: 129– 131
methyl group donors in 30: 145– 147 transport in growing shoot tissues 29: 144
routes of 30: 143– 145 UV radiation 22: 107, 108, 109
sequence of methylation 30: 147– 151 water and nitrogen supply 22: 280, 283,
tissue age and 30: 167– 172 284, 287
catabolism of 30: 174, 175 Calcium carbonate precipitation, extra/
variation in mechanisms 30: 175– 185 intracellular, marine
degradation 30: 186– 188 autotrophs 27: 171– 173
plants containing 30: 121– 123 Calcium content, suppressive soils 26: 6
production 30: 186– 188 Calcium ion permeable channels 29: 5
subcellular distribution of 30: 150 Calcium ions
synthase 30: 153– 156, 173, 191 and eye light adaptation 15: 13
Cainozoic, see Early Tertiary in gravity perception 15: 14, 15, 37
Cajanus cajan 29: 45 translocation 15: 9, 10, 11
crop protein yield 9: 2 Calcium ions and Dunaliella growth 14: 108
Calamus, growth 3: 217 Calcium, effect on plant disease 10: 228,
Calanthe amethustina, seed 241
morphology 7: 426 Calcium-dependent protein kinase
Calcineurin 32: 74, 80, 83– 85, 88, 89, 466 (CDPK) 32: 7, 10 – 13, 48, 156,
Calcium 11: 162– 166; 25: 406, 407; 186– 188, 406, 436, 443
32: 10 – 13, 185– 188, 447, 448 activity in plants 32: 188–191
Crimson dye 22: 53 genes 32: 191– 204
disturbed, in young tissues 29: 137, 138 expression regulation 32: 207– 211
effects on plasma membrane and cytosolic related kinases (CRKs) 32: 204– 207
processes 29: 22 – 24 substrates 32: 211– 214
Green dye 22: 53, 54, 55, 56 Calendula officinalis 31: 24, 25
in interactions between signalling California aster yellows (SAY) 21: 191– 193
pathways 29: 68 “California Wonder” cv. 18: 80
in soil 29: 2, 4, 14 – 17 Callistephus chinensis 12: 138, 142
Callithamnion roseum Calyculin, protein phosphatase

phycobiliproteins 10: 65 "inhibition 27: 224, 226
shading effects 10: 161 Calypogeia
Callitriche heterophylla 28: 174 genetics 6: 246
Callose 19: 36; 21: 4, 13 origin of polyploidy 6: 216
fungal 21: 37, 44, 45, 56, 150, 164, 167 Calypogeia granulata culture 13: 166
biological control 21: 67 Calypso bulbosa
molecular aspects 21: 59, 60, 62, 64 culture 7: 470
virus infection 21: 107, 111 seed morphology 7: 434
Callose, staining of phloem 9: 231 Calyptrochilum, flowering period 7: 540
Calluna vulgaris 37: 112 CAM plants, malate synthesis 20: 94
nitrate reductase activity 6: 22 Camalexin 21: 23; 38: 265
Calmodulin 21: 64, 110; 22: 81, 83, 87, 108, Camarosporium 33: 6
109; 32: 3, 8, 10 – 13, 56, 70, 72, Cambium, developmental processes
76, 82 – 84, 88, 151, 159, dyna"mic aspects of cambium
186– 188, 190– 192, 198, 199, conclusions 9: 221, 222
204, 205, 330, 339, 362, 365, 406, introduction 9: 218
436, 443, 460, 464– 471 relations between cambial
Calmodulin and gravity 15: 15, 16 initials 9: 218, 219
Calobryales 19: 255, 269, 289, 293 responses of cambium to inductive
Calobryales signals 9: 219– 221
karyotypes 6: 240 quantitative controls of cambial activity
Calobryum 19: 269 conclusions 9: 215, 216
C. rotundifolium introduction 9: 211– 213
origin of polyploidy 6: 216 magnitude of wound effect
macro-evolution 6: 267 9: 213– 215
Calobryum blumei 19: 253, 269, 285, 286 ray formation
Calobryum indictum Udar et Chandra control 9: 223– 227
19: 253– 255 introduction 9: 222
Calocedrus decurrens 33: 16 pattern of the rays 9: 222, 223
Caloda delevoryana, Cretaceous radial limitations of cambial
fossils 17: 112 grafts 9: 227, 228
Caloglossa 35: 174 summary 9: 210, 211
Caloglossa leprieurii 35: 175, 177, 191, 192 Camellia 30: 118, 120– 122
Calonyction gladiata, presence of Camelina sativa 35: 221
gibberellins 9: 41 Camellia assamica 30: 120, 122
Calopogon, promeristem Camellia irrawadiensis 30: 120, 166, 175,
development 7: 484 186
‘Calorigen’ 20: 199 Camellia ptilophylla 30: 154, 166, 167, 185,
Calothrix gas vacuole 13: 81 187
Calothrix scopulorum, effect of sodium on Camellia sinensis 29: 8; 30: 119, 145, 146,
release of nitrogen 7: 214 150, 154, 158, 167– 171, 176, 177,
Calothrix sp., phycocyanins 27: 305, 306 183– 187, 189, 190
Calreticulin 32: 454 CAMP 24: 78
Calvin cycle enzymes 18: 92 cAMP 25: 427
Calvin cycle, UV radiation 22: 141 C-AMP regulatory element (CRE)
Calycanthaceae 31: 58 38: 112
Calycanthus 38: 293, 296 CREB 112
Campanula Cap cell 31: 40, 41

formation of chromosome iso rings Capacitative calcium entry 22: 82, 83
6: 146 Capillary electrophoresis 31: 163
Camphane 31: 102 Capillary gel electrophoresis 34: 6
Camphene synthase 31: 100 Capitate glandular trichomes 31: 2, 3, 11,
Campholenal 31: 130 13, 58, 59, 85, 89, 165
Camponotus Capparis 35: 245
pennsylvanicus 21: 134 Capparis spinosa 33: 74
pennsylvanicus ferruginia 21: 134, “Capri” 18: 74
135 CAPRICE (CPC) 31: 198, 199, 210, 229
Campsis 38: 295 Caprifoliaceae 37: 47, 153
Campylocentrum fasciola, carbon Capsaicin production 13: 162– 164
fixation 7: 530 Capsella 19: 305, 306; 38: 242
Campylomonas 19: 208 Capsella bursa-pastoris
CaMV 35S promoter 34: 93 DNA analysis 6: 125
“Canadian Wonder” 18: 45 Capsella rubella 38: 237, 239, 241
Canalization 38: 211 Capsicein 21: 164; 22: 174
Canavalia ensiformis Capsicum annuum (green pepper) 18: 80;
see also Legume seed storage proteins; 29: 130, 152; 30: 66; 37: 104, 108
Vicilin C. fruitescence
vicilin 27: 19 – 21 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 78
Canavalia ensiformis, urease storage 9: 4 hydraulic conductivity 6: 96
Candida 12: 73; 33: 28 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 75, 78, 83
Candida albicans 28: 13, 27, 138; 32: 337; Capsicum frutescens cv. annum
33: 28 culture 13: 162– 164
phosphatase 8: 193 Capsicum frutescens, modification of sex
phosphomannan 8: 139 expression by gibberellins 9: 34
Candida lipolytica, effect of phytoalexin on Capsid protein (CP), role in virus
growth 7: 516, 518 transmissibility 36: 2 – 4
Canker 21: 128– 137, 139, 141– 143 Capsid proteins 21: 111
Cannabaceae 31: 11, 58, 157 Capsidiol 21: 167
Cannabinoids 31: 135 Carambola 22: 165
Cannabis Carane 31: 78
secretion of cannabidiol 6: 304 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS),
Cannabis sativa 28: 200; 30: 218; 31: 15, properties (table) 27: 95
16, 18, 26, 59, 135 Carbody-DFFDA 28: 121
Cannabis sativa culture 13: 160 Carbohydrate
Cannabis sativa, edestin 27: 29, 30, 52 binding by lectins 4: 22, 23
Cannaceae elicitors of the hypersensitive
growth 3: 221, 222 response 4: 34, 35, 37, 39
influorescence 3: 278 in storage protein of legume
Canonical correlation 21: 235 seeds 9: 6– 10
Canopy dominant algae and light transport by lectins 4: 28, 29
"harvesting 10: 21, 22, 28 transport in wounded plants 9: 214
Canopy gas exchange, NPP Carbohydrate metabolism 25: 195– 215
model 26: 199– 202, 204– 206, compartmental analysis 25: 197
210, 212, 213, 215, 218 methodological approaches 25: 196–198
Cantharidin, Mylabris sp. 27: 226 preparation of isolated vacuoles 25: 198
Carbohydrate supply to root 30: 66, 67 concentrating mechanisms in gas

Carbohydrates 19: 46; 21: 5, 7, 47, 48, 59, exchange 27: 114–119
60, 71 fixation resistances in biochemical
compartmentation and reactions 5: 186
transport 25: 367– 372 flux and its relationship to water flux in
in seeds 11: 125– 155 plants 5: 170– 181
low-molecular-weight 11: 169 flux in C3 pathway ‘sun’ plants 5: 185,
mutualism and parasitism 22: 8, 9, 24, 186
31 physics and chemistry of inorganic C
subcellular distribution 25: 206, (table) 27: 109, 110
208 primary and secondary active
UV radiation 22: 121, 130, 132, 141 "transport 27: 128–130
water and nitrogen supply 22: 238, 243, role of CO2/HCO2 3 conversion in
252, 259, 263, 264 "vacuole 27: 166– 169
Carbohydrates in Dunaliella signal transmission 22: 171
from photosynthesis 14: 146, 147 transport of inorganic C to
soluble 14: 128, 130 plasmalemma 27: 121– 126
Carbon transport to RUBISCOs from bulk
see also CO2 "medium, marine
see also Marine autotrophs, inorganic autotrophs 27: 120– 140
carbon acquisition
UV radiation 22: 102, 142, 143, 145, 146
as HCO2 3 , conversion in vacuole of
water and nitrogen supply 22: 235– 238,
marine autotrophs 27: 166– 171
240– 245
C:N, Redfield ratio 27: 98
Carbon dioxide as carbon source 14: 106,
C4 plants 27: 157
107
evolution of RUBISCO-based inorganic
Carbon dioxide recycling and acid
carbon acquisition 27: 102, 103,
metabolism
179– 181
and environment
mechanisms of entry into
cells 27: 126– 134 aquatic 15: 82, 83
as CO2 27: 128– 130 terrestrial 15: 79 – 82
as HCO2 and intermediate CAM
3 27: 130– 134, 160– 165
forms 27: 126 variants 15: 74 – 76
HCO2 citric vs. malic acids 15: 83 – 85
3 -selective ion channel 27: 169
lipid solution transport 27: 127, 128 regulation 15: 64 –67
metabolism 18: 149 –152 Carbon dioxide transport, across chloroplast
legume nodules 18: 144 envelope 7: 66 – 70
mutants of rhizobia 18: 150 Carbon dioxide, global warming 21: 95
processing 18: 140– 152 Carbon fixation mechanisms, marine
bacteroid functions 18: 146– 152 "autotrophs 27: 88 – 92
host functions 18: 141– 146 Carbon fluxes and phytoplankton
transport and metabolism 18: 129– 164 productivity 16: 213– 215, 230,
uptake and mutants of rhizobia 234
18: 147 Carbon isotope studies in acid meta-
uptake, mechanisms of 18: 146– 148 bolism 15: 55 –64
Carbon dioxide Carbon isotopes 27: 116, 140– 159
anthropomorphic sources, physics and chemistry of stable
impacts 27: 178, 179 "isotopes 27: 140– 144
values of a (kinetic fractionation) Carboxysomes 27: 159– 166

(table) 27: 142 morophyly 27: 181
13 12
C/ C ratios 27: 144, 145 Carboxy-terminal propeptides 25: 47
Carbon metabolism in marine Cardamine pratense 24: 266
algae 11: 71 – 123 Cardaminopsis 38: 237
Carbon metabolism, in Paracoccus Cardenolide production 13: 158
denitrificans 4: 59, 60 Cardiac glycosides 25: 151
Carbon partitioning 32: 426, 428 Carex nigra
cascades 32: 448, 449 activity of ammonia assimilating
defense response and 32: 379– 386 enzymes 6: 30
effect of light on 32: 151– 153 C. rostrata
prevention by substrates 32: 450, nitrate reductase activity 6: 22
451 Carex pilulifera 29: 13
protein 32: 459– 473 Carica papaya 28: 86
site sequences 32: 335– 338 Carlavirus 36: 2, 3
SPS 32: 449 Carlaviruses 36: 68, 69
Carbon see Mycorrhizal symbiosis, Water non-persistent transmission in 36: 77,
and Nitrogen supply 78
Carbon source and Dunaliella growth Carmovirus 36: 101
carbon dioxide, and sodium Carnation 21: 48, 49, 69
chloride 14: 106, 107 Carnitine and citrate acid metabolism
inorganic 14: 110, 111 15: 84, 85
organic 14: 112 Carnivorous plants 22: 202, 203, 204,
Carbonic anhydrase 213– 216; 31: 13, 15
extracellular, marine autotrophs 27: 125, see also Aldrovanda, Dionaea, Drosera
126 Carotenes 18: 78
Gracilaria tenuistipatata 27: 125 Carotenoid 18: 92
Carbonic anhydrase in Dunaliella 14: 111 Carotenoid-protein complexes chlorophyll c
Carbonic anhydrase, C4 plants 26: 271 and fucoxanthin-containing
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone "complexes 10: 120– 129
(CCCP) 25: 368 peridinin-chlorophylla-
6-Carboxyfluorescein fluorescence 28: 136, protein 10: 118– "120
137 Carotenoids 22: 114; 27: 289– 296
b-Carboxylases 11: 109– 113 in Dunaliella 14: 131, 133
Carboxylate 22: 274, 275 protective role 27: 291, 292
Carboxylates 30: 65, 66 synthesis 14: 44, 45
Carboxylation enzymes synthesis 6: 303
see also RUBISCOs and compartmentation,
marine autotrophs 27: 93 – 109 subcellular 14: 64
range and roles 27: 93 – 101 in ripening fruit 14: 83
properties (table) 27: 94 – 97 vs. chlorophyll, and precursor
various taxa 27: 97 channelling 14: 64
Carboxylation reactions triplet chlorophyll and singlet oxygen
effect of cell composition 27: 98 formation 27: 289– 291
gas exchange 27: 109– 114 xanthophyll cycle 27: 263, 292– 294
Carboxylation, C4 plants 26: 271– 282 Carotenoids in algae
Carboxypeptidase 25: 90 apoprotein binding 10: 59, 60
Carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) 25: 46, 53 chemistry 10: 58
Carotenoids in algae (continued) Castanea 38: 289, 291

configuration and conformation 10: 60, "61 see also Chestnuts
distribution in algae 10: 26, 27, 56, 57 crenata 21: 126, 131, 137– 140
energy transfer 10: 61, 62 dentata 21: 125–137, 139, 141– 143
photoprotective role 10: 62 Henryi 21: 126, 139
spectra 10: 96 japonica 21: 138– 140
structure 10: 55, 58 mollissima 21: 126, 139
Carotenoids, in chloroplast ozarkensis 21: 126
envelopes 7: 45 – 48 pumila 21: 126, 140
Caroteroids, in photosynthetic sativa 21: 126– 128, 132, 137– 139
membrane 3: 125– 128 seguinii 21: 126, 139– 141
Carotinoids 25: 142 Castanea sativa (European chestnut) 33: 6,
Carpenter ants 21: 134, 135 19, 20, 25
Carpenter worms 21: 134 Castanea, lignification 8: 58
Carpodiptera ameliae 37: 45 Castor bean 22: 280; 25: 127
Carrot cells 19: 23 Castor bean cell wall 19: 22
Carrot culture 13: 180 Castor bean, Rhizopus stolonifer
Carrot protoplasts 19: 15 infection 14: 84, 85
Carrots 21: 61 Castor bean, water potential 3: 201
Carrpos 19: 273, 291 Catalase 21: 19; 22: 144; 37: 180, 181
Carrpos monocarpos 19: 291 Catalase degradation
Carrying capacity, population 21: 80 – 82 effect of amino acid recycling 8: 80, 81
Carthamnus tinctorius 29: 152 rate constant 8: 69
Cartonema spicatum, influorescence 3: 280, Catalese, in orchids following
281 pollination 7: 614
Carum carvi 11: 129 Catascopium
Carvacrol 31: 130 cytotaxonomy 6: 242, 243
Carveol 31: 103, 130 Catasetum
Carvone 31: 81, 130 longevity of flowers 7: 543, 551, 552
Carya 37: 97 pollination 7: 558, 563
Carya illinoensis (pecan) 18: 10 post-pollination phenomenon 7: 574
Carya illinoinensis 37: 113 Catechin 21: 51; 21: 18
Caryanthus, Cretaceous fossils 17: 116 Categorical analysis, epidemiology 21: 214
Caryophyllales 37: 40, 41, 50, 110, 149 see also Correspondence analysis
Caryophyllene 31: 131 Categorization, epidemiology 21: 214
Caryota, influorescence 3: 268 Catenularia, colonization of interaction
Caryotoideae, influorescence 3: 267 zones 7: 405, 416
Casbene synthase 19: 21, 22 Catharanthus roseus 25: 377, 380, 402, 411;
Casbene synthetase 14: 84, 85 30: 124, 128, 134, 141, 159, 160,
and mRNA levels 14: 85 173, 186, 196, 200, 204, 205;
Casein protein kinase subfamilies 32: 26 – 28 31: 103, 104, 106; 32: 231; 33: 185
Caspiocarpus, Cretaceous fossils 17: 110 Catharanthus roseus culture 13: 152, 155,
Cassava brown streak virus 36: 69 158, 159, 164, 167, 169, 174– 176
Cassia fasciculata 33: 54, 61 Cation channels 25: 226– 341
Cassiope 37: 137, 139, 140 Cation influx across plasma
Cassiope tetragona 37: 133– 135, 138, 140 membrane 29: 96 – 103
Cassytha ATP 29: 102
chromosome sets 6: 189 cytosolic calcium and pH 29: 101
external and cytosolic sodium 29: 101, membrane, structure 3: 1 – 52

102 discussion 3: 39– 46
external calcium and pH 29: 97 –101 freeze-etching 3: 21 – 39
voltage 29: 97 negative staining 3: 16 – 21
Cations 25: 402– 408 sectioning 3: 8 – 16
Catnip 31: 82 X-ray diffraction 3: 2 – 8
Cattleya middle lamella synthesis 2: 117
carbon fixation 7: 530 migration of wall substances 2: 116
Caulerpa 35: 197, 198 multiplication in darkness 1: 85, 91
Caulerpa racemosa 35: 198 origin of pores and perforations 2: 120
Caulerpa taxifolia 35: 174, 198 pit fields 2: 105, 117
Caulerpa verticillata 11: 97 plasmodesmata 2: 89, 105, 106, 113, 117
Caulerpa, chloroplast movements suspension cultures 2: 155
10: 30 wall, water potential 3: 174, 180, 181
Caulerparacemosa 35: 197 Cell competency 21: 119
Cauliflower 22: 66 Cell composition, effect on carboxylation
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 36: 5, reactions 27: 98
9 Cell culture 31: 83, 109, 136
Caulimoviruses 36: 2 Cell cycle 32: 9
Caulobacter crescentus 32: 130 Cell cycle and vacuole movements 28: 141
Caulome 38: 192 Cell cycle regulation 32: 328, 329
Cavia cobaya 28: 13 Cell death 24: 210– 218; 25: 87, 88, 105,
Cavicularia 19: 265 106
CAX1 25: 407, 413 cellular mechanisms 24: 216– 218
CAX2 25: 407, 413 following cell penetration 24: 211
Caytoniales 17: 140, 141, 142 in host and non-host plants 24: 212– 214
CCCP (carbonylcyanide-m- programmed 24: 214– 216
chlorophenylhydrazone) 33: 95, Cell differentiation 25: 103– 105
106, 107 Cell division 32: 9
CCR4 Cell fractionation studies
ligand molecule 32: 257 analysis of cell wall protein
transcription process 32: 32 fraction 5: 118, 119
CDNA hybridization 34: 48 analysis of polysaccharide-bearing
CDNA libraries 34: 241– 244 fraction 5: 119– 125
cDNA 21: 136; 25: 53, 54; 28: 240 identification of cell fractions 5: 112– 118
CDSPs 35: 24 preparation of cell fractions 5: 111– 118
Ceanothus 37: 62, 63 use of glutaraldehyde 5: 113, 114, 116
Celeriac 21: 39, 48 use of Mg2+, 114, 116, 117
Celery 21: 39, 48 Cell growth see also Microfibrils (which
Celery culture 13: 159, 172 includes references to species)
Cell auxins 2: 154
and water, see water relations collenchyma cells 2: 111
cell walls and calcium 1: 93 cytoplasmic element theories 2: 141
Cell walls, action of boron 1: 94 displacement of microfibrils 2: 114
chelates, effect of 1: 73 et seq. effect on wall structure 2: 114
division in roots 1: 84, 90 epidermal cells of apical meristems 2: 108
elongation 1: 84, 92 – 97 growth velocity 2: 73, 90, 121, 128
membrane systems 2: 4 isodiametric cells 2: 91, 104
Cell growth (continued) Cell surface recognition, varietal

latex vessels 2: 108, 113, 114, 128, 130 specificity in
lengthening 2: 105 bacterial infections 4: 31
middle lamella synthesis 2: 117 fungal infections 4: 31
multinet growth 2: 122, 132 Cell types/tissues in nodule anatomy/
multiplication of plasmodesmata and terminology 18: 131– 134
primary pit fields 2: 117 Cell wall 21: 4 – 6, 8, 13
parenchyma cells of apical amino acid composition 2: 168–171
meristems 2: 105 cellulose content per cent 2: 82
passive growth by tissue tension 2: 128, definitions 2: 69, 152
130 elasticity 6: 72
pectin metabolism 2: 154 enzymes 2: 81, 171, 194, 204– 208
perforation of growing walls 2: 90 form, role of protein 2: 202
pores and perforations, origin 2: 120 fractions, isolation 2: 156, 157
protein, role of 2: 153 fungal infection 21: 164
protoplasm streaming theory 2: 134, 139 motabolism 2: 81, 204
reorientation of microfibrils 2: 120 nitrogen content 2: 160
spiral growth in cells with helically protein 2: 81, 88, 151
crossed lamellate walls 2: 138 for detailed entries see Protein site
spiral growth in cells with multinet of synthesis of primary wall
substances 2: 85, 88, 182
structure 2: 132, 136
structure 6: 72
tearing in conditions of rapid
tensile strength 2: 200
growth 2: 131
transition layer (Uebergangslamelle) 2: 70
tip growth 2: 74, 96, 103, 113, 126
viral infection 21: 113, 119
tubular cells growing both in tip and
water content per cent 2: 82
sidewalls 2: 103
Cell wall components, nutritional
tubular cells growing in sidewalls
properties 34: 174
only 2: 98
Cell wall composition, oligosaccharin-
tubular cells with tipgrowth only 2: 96 induced changes in 19: 28, 29
ultrastructure see Microfibrils Cell wall microfibril intermediates,
wall extensibility 2: 83 pathways of synthesis 5: 136
wall stress 2: 70, 139 Cell wall storage carbohydrates in
widening 2: 112, 127 seeds 11: 125– 155
Cell polarity 28: 34 – 36 biological function 11: 148–151
Cell quota model for phytoplankton structure 11: 126– 132
growth 16: 207, 208 Cell wall, primary, constitution and
Cell senescence 25: 87 – 112 morphology of microfibrils see
functions of vacuoles 25: 88, 89 also Microfibrils
Cell surface antigens and the immune cellulose microfibrils 2: 70
response chitin microfibrils 2: 76
human blood groups 4: 12 microfibrils of other materials 2: 77
lectins 12, 13, see also lectins Cell wall, primary, constitution of
lymphocyte defence systems in amorphous matrix see also
vertebrates 4: 13 Hydroxyproline, Protein
Salmonella anatum infection 4: 14 analysis 2: 78
specificity of protein-carbohydrate meristematic cell walls 2: 78
interaction 4: 13, 14 protein component 2: 81, 88, 151
Cell wall, transport of inorganic C microfibrils 2: 70, 139

through 27: 123– 125 orientation of cellulose 5: 105– 111
Cell walls 31: 12, 38 structure of cellulose in
conical-papillate cell Avena 5: 96
development 31: 208, 209 Cladophora 5: 97
growth 31: 27 Pisum 5: 96
mutant phenotypes 31: 253 Pleurochrysis scherffelii 5: 98
nectar-secreting cells 31: 50, 51 Valonia 5: 97
salt glands 31: 40, 41, 43, 45 synthesis 2: 73, 85, 116, 139
Cell, interrelation between growth and wall Cellulose, fracture properties 17: 252
ultrastructure Cellulysin 19: 32
effect of growth on wall structure 2: 114 Cell-wall analysis see Protein
effect of wall structure on direction of Cell-wall breakdown and degradation
growth 2: 128 see also Fungi
mechanism of orientated initial synthesis Acer pseudoplatanus 2: 197
of cellulose microfibrils 2: 139 attack by fungal cellulase 2: 89
Cell – cell interaction Centaurea cyanus 2: 197
Cell – cell recognition chemical degradation 2: 193
aggregation of embryonic cells 4: 16, 17 enzymic degradation 2: 171, 194, 200
aggregation of slime-mould cells 4: 21, formation of plasmodesmata 2: 89
22 Gingko 2: 196
aggregation of sponge cells 4: 16, 17 Lycopersicon esculentum 2: 197
animal fertilization 4: 19 meristematic cells 2: 89
gamete fusion in algae 4: 19, 20 Nicotinia tabacum 2: 197
phagocytosis by Acanthamoeba 4: 16 perforation of Chaetomorpha cells
pollen-style compatibility 4: 20, 21 2: 89
sexual compatibility in yeasts 4: 20 physiological dissolution 2: 89
Cell-cycle, UV radiation 22: 132, 133, 134 primary walls 2: 89
Cells, infected in nodule anatomy/ sycamore 2: 196, 198
terminology 18: 134–139 yeasts 2: 90
Cell-to-cell molecular movement 31: 261, zygotes of Phyomyces 2: 89
262 Cell-wall degrading enzymes 26: 26
see also plasmodesmata bacterial parasites 26: 33, 34, 171
Cellular differentiation mycoparasites 26: 36 – 38, 171
in leaf development 28: 170, 171 polygalacturonase-inhibiting
role of chloroplasts 28: 181– 183 proteins 26: 157– 159
Cellular interactions thaumatin-related proteins 26: 150
between plants and biotrophic fungal Cell-wall invertases 28: 73, 74, 76, 77, 88,
parasites 24: 195– 225 89, 94, 104– 106
in symbiotic association 24: 233 Cell-wall plasticity
Cellular rearrangements in parasite invasion auxins 2: 154, 204, 210
24: 206– 210 methyl ester content 2: 154
Cellular regulation in plants 32: 300 pectin 2: 154
Cellulase 21: 4 – 6 Cell-wall ultrastructure see also Micra fibrils
Cellulomonas turbata 36: 83 interrelation between growth and wall
Cellulose 21: 57; 22: 251, 258 structure 2: 114
composition of cellulose 5: 96, 97 microfibrillar arrangement in different
demonstration of presence 5: 96 types of growing cells 2: 91
Cell-wall ultrastructure (continued) Ceratium spp. 12: 230

morphological aspects of constition, Ceratobasidium cornigerum
synthesis and breakdown of ethylene production 7: 506
growing wall 2: 70, 177, 193 fungal-protocorm interaction 7: 499
Cell-wall, secondary 2: 69 orchid endophyte 7: 490, 491
Cenangium 33: 7 symbiotic specificity 7: 496
Cenangium ferruginosum 33: 4, 12, 26 Ceratoctystis fimbriata infection and
Centarurea scabiosa 29: 16 phytoalexin synthesis 14: 83, 84
Centaurea cyanus 22: 116; 37: 112 Ceratodon purpureus 32: 158; 37: 39
Centaurium erythraea 22: 23 genetics 6: 247
activity of ammonia assimiliating sex chromosomes 6: 230
enzymes 6: 30 Ceratonia siliqua (carob) 11: 126, 133,
Central America 21: 88 141– 143
Centric fusion Ceratonia siliqua
B chromosome production 6: 157, 158 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79
effects of centric fusion Ceratopteris 38: 206
chiasma formation 6: 156 C. pteridoides, hybridisation 4: 374, 376,
fewer linkage groups 6: 155, 156 384
mechanism 6: 152– 154 C. richardli, hybridisation 4: 374, 376,
new linkage groups 6: 155 384
polyploidy interactions 6: 183– 186 C. thalictroides
Centris geminata, orchid pollination 7: 561 evolution 4: 374
Centrolepidaceae, stomata 3: 283, 284 geneology 4: 384– 386
Centrolepis, stomata 3: 284 cytogenetics 4: 374– 377
Centromere distribution 4: 374
centric fission Ceratopteris richardii 33: 67
misdivision of acrocentrics 6: 142 Cerato-ulmin 21: 70, 71
misdivision of Ceratozamia
metacentrics 6: 140– 142 chromosome constitution 6: 172
evolution 6: 136– 138 Cercidiphyllales, Early Tertiary 17: 32 – 35
structure and position 6: 133– 135 Cercidiphyllum japonicum 35: 13, 18
Centrospermae 37: 40 – 42 Cercis 38: 299
Centrospermae, secondary thickening 3: 265 Cercis siliquastrum (Judas tree) 11: 130
Cephalanthera pallens, seed Cercospora
morphology 7: 437 arachidicola 21: 226– 230, 233– 235
Cephalostemon riedelianus 31: 26 nicotianae 21: 23
Cephalotaxine production 13: 182 Cercospora beticola 22: 147; 28: 27
Cephalotaxus harringtonia culture 13: 182 Cercospora nicotianae 30: 294
response to biotic stress 13: 182 Cercosporella herpotrichoides 33: 227
Cephalozia 19: 263, 265 Cereal fields 18: 239
Cephalozia ambigua Cereal gene pool 34: 24, 25
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210, 215 Cereal genomes, relationships
Cephalozia bicuspidata 19: 271 between 34: 46, 47
Cephaloziella exiliflora 37: 39, 168 Cereal grain 34: 166– 170
Ceramide 32: 84 structure 34: 167
Ceramium virgatum 35: 190 Cereal lipids 34: 212, 213
Cerastium alpinum Cereal superfamily, enzyme
nitrate reductase activity 6: 25 inhibitors 26: 140, 141, 159, 160
Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV(CYDV- Chaetomin, biocontrol activity 26: 27

RPV) 36: 25, 28, 29,34, 35 Chaetomium
Cereals C. funicola, phosphorus content 8: 130
exploitation of genetic C. globosum, phosphomonoester
resources 34: 26 –30 utilization 8: 181
approaches to selecting 34: 26 – 29 phosphorus translocation 8: 201, 202
expanding the cereal gene Chaetomium globosum 19: 35; 24: 80;
pool 34: 29 – 30 26: 27, 58
recombining cereal genomes 34: 29 Chaetomorpha 29: 80
genetic resources 34: 30 – 40 Chaetomorpha crassa 11: 99
importance of 34: 24 – 26 Chaetomorpha linum 12: 63
major types in production 34: 25 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 77
relative sizes of genomes 34: 26, 27 Chaetomorpha melagonium
Cerebrocides 24: 78 orientation of cellulose 5: 105
Ceropegia 31: 56 site of synthesis of cell wall
Cerotoma trifurcata 36: 102, 104, 106 components 5: 102
Certification 23: 21 Chaetomorpha sp.
definition 23: 3 pH of vacuole 27: 167, 168
glasshouse ornamental stilbenes 27: 132
crops 23: 137– 164 Chaetomorpha, freeze-etching 3: 34
potato cyst nematodes 23: 235– 237 Chalara 30: 310
preparation for 23: 41, 42 Chalcogenide glass 18: 260
scheme terminology 23: 2 Chalcone isomerase (CHI) 22: 136; 37: 63,
Certified stock 23: 2 64, 81
Cervical mucus 11: 50, 51 gene 37: 83, 84
Ceterach officinarum, cytogenetics 4: 363 mutant 37: 80
Ceutorhynchus 35: 243 Chalcone reductase 37: 79
Cf genes 21: 20, 149, 150, 165– 178 Chalcone synthase (CHS) 63, 64, 99
CF0 see Intrinsic coupling factor complex gene 37: 83, 84
CF1 see Extrinsic coupling factor complex mutant 37: 80, 81
Cf-2 38: 265 Chalcone synthase (CHS) 22: 136, 137;
Cf-4 38: 265, 269 24: 174
Cf-5 38: 265 Chalcone synthase (CHS) genes 29: 55, 56,
Cf-9 38: 261, 265, 269– 271 60
Cf-9 38: 270, 271 Chalcone synthase (Chs) genes 34: 99;
Cf-9 30: 300, 303, 314 19: 31, 54
Cf-9B 38: 261, 265, 267, 269; 38: 270, 271 Chalcone synthase 31: 128
Cf-9B-mediated resistance to tomato leaf Chalcones 37: 63
mould 38: 259, 260 Chamaecyparis 33: 9
CFCS (chlorofluorocarbons) 21: 95 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 33: 16
cGMP 28: 178 Chamaedorea
Ch b reductase 35: 22 growth 3: 222
Chablis (cha) 31: 253 inflorescence 3: 274, 277
Chaetoceros gracilis, photosynthetic vascular bundles 3: 239
rate 10: 151 Chamaedoreae, growth 3: 224
Chaetoceros sp. 11: 102 Chamaengis, flowering period, 535, 536,
Chaetocladium 24: 415 539, 547
Chaetocladium brefeldii 24: 412 Chamaerops, bracts 3: 276
Chamber input concentration 18: 18 Charales

Chamberless exposure 18: 4, 5 evolution of intercellular gas
“Champion” cv. 18: 72 spaces 5: 192
Channel activation state 25: 222 evolution of land plants 5: 155, 156
Channel deposits zygospores 5: 199
abandoned channels 16: 130 Coleochaete
crevasse splays 16: 129 structure 5: 157, 159
Carboniferous, plant community zygospores 5: 199
reconstruction 16: 180, 181 Klebsormidium, evolution of land
fluvio-marine interdistributory plants 5: 157
embayments 16: 144 Nitella,
floodplains 16: 129, 130 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
lag deposits 16: 126, 127 5: 206
levees 16: 128 structure 156, 159
point bars 16: 127 Zygnemetales, evolution of land
Channel rectification 25: 223 plants 5: 157
Chaperonin 36: 30 – 32, 40 Charophyceae, glycolate
Chara 11: 6, 55; 29: 81, 101; 30: 55, 56 metabolism 27: 107, 108
C. corallina Chauliodon, flowering period 7: 540
hydraulic conductivity 6: 91, 93, Cheilanthes argentea, structure 4: 238
94 Chelates
reflection coefficients for non- aerobiosis, need for 1: 87
electrolytes 6: 951 antagonism to auxins 1: 78, 79
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 76, 77 antagonism, mutual 1: 76 –79
Chara 22: 210 as bactericides 1: 74
corallina 22: 247 as fungicides 1: 74
Chara australis 25: 382, 385 auxins, combined effect 1: 81
Chara australis, chemical content of cell Brassica roots, deformation of 1: 85
walls 2: 79 calcium, removal from cell walls 1: 86
Chara corallina 30: 41 cell multiplication and elongation 1: 84,
Chara fragilis 30: 209 90, 94
Chara inflata 29: 97 cell wall synthesis 1: 84
Chara, water uptake 3: 185 chelation with common cell constituents
Charcoal filtering 18: 62 1: 74
Charcoal, and palaeoatmosphere 17: 88 corn, growth promotion 1: 83
Charcoal, effect on orchid growth in culture, darkness, effect of 1: 84, 85, 90, 91, 95
475, 476 diethyldithiocarbarmate (DIECA) 1: 74,
Charcoalification 16: 176 78, 83
Chardonnay (cdo) 31: 253 duplicity of 1: 74
Charge Coupled Device (CCD) 22: 61, enzyme reactions, inhibition of 1: 75, 83
62, 63 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
“Charger” 18: 53 1: 73 – 83, 86, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95
Charmorchis alpina, phytoalexin fusaric acid action 1: 75
production 7: 512 growth action, description of 1: 82
Charophyceae growth inhibition 1: 76 – 82, 87, 90 – 92
Chaetosphaeridium, evolution of land growth promotion 1: 77, 81, 83
plants 5: 157 IAA, interaction with 1: 76 – 82
Chara, structure 5: 159 iron 1: 73 – 75, 83, 91
iron chlorosis 1: 75 biomolecules 31: 157– 160

light-dependent action see darkness biosynthetic pathways 31: 168, 169
lycomarasmin action 1: 75 problems 31: 167, 168
metabolism by the plant 1: 83 strategies 31: 160– 163
metal traces, removal of 1: 74 trichome exudate analysis 31: 163– 167
metals, identification of 1: 75 Chemotaxonomy, using
mineral nutrient deficiencies 1: 75 flavonoids 6: 268, 287, 288, 307
mode of action 1: 74 surface resins 6: 266– 287, 303
oxin (8-oxyquinoline) 1: 74, 76, 83 terpenoids 6: 187– 288, 307, 308
Pea curvatures 1: 77 Chemotropic responses 21: 42
RNA, destruction of 1: 84 Chemotypes 31: 84
root growth, effect upon 1: 80, 83 – 87, 90 Chenopodiaceae
root respiration, reduction of 1: 83, 84, nitrate reductase 6: 25
95 –97 nitrogen storage 6: 10
shoots, effect upon growth of 1: 75, 77, Chenopodiaceae, secondary
92, 93 thickening 3: 265
similarity to auxins 1: 75, 87 Chenopodium 22: 174; 24: 322; 25: 237;
Soybeans, growth promotion 1: 83 29: 57, 58
tomato epinasty 1: 77 album 22: 112
uptake by the plant 1: 83 quinoa 22: 147
Chelex-isolated DNA 35: 183 Chenopodium album 35: 17, 26, 27
Chelidonium majus 25: 146, 158 nitrate reductase 6: 23, 25
Chemical control 22: 268, 288 Chenopodium album, chlorophyll-protein
Chemical defences 22: 166 complex 10: 103
Chemical energy 28: 3– 5 Chenopodium polyspermum 19: 121
Chemical etching 18: 260– 262 Chenopodium quinoa 36: 183
Chemical fixation 28: 123, 124 Chenopodium rubrum 25: 276, 277, 344;
polyphosphate bodies as artefacts 28: 87, 108
of 28: 145, 146 Chenopodium, sodium requirement 7: 158,
Chemical potential of water ascent of 160, 164
water 6: 56 Chenopods 22: 29 – 30
mathematical expression 6: 54 “Cherry Belle” cv. 18: 16, 56, 57
Chemical protectants 18: 5 Cherry rosette nepovirus (CRV) 36: 180
Chemical relationships in the plant 1: 209 Chestnut Bark Disease see Chestnuts-blight
et seq. Chestnut blight 33: 27; 38: 41
Chemical signals 22: 167– 171 Chestnut oak 18: 99
see also Hydraulic dispersal Chestnuts, pathogens and
Chemiluminescence 23: 38 pests 21: 125– 127, 141– 143
Chemiosmotic hypothesis, phosphate blight 21: 128– 137, 139– 143
uptake 8: 170, 171 gall wasp 21: 141– 143
Chemiosmotic theory 4: 56, 57, 84 –87, 91 germplasm 21: 137–141
Chemolithotrophs ink disease 21: 127, 128
ammonium oxidation 27: 88, 90 Chickpea chlorotic dwarf geminivirus
number and origins of membranes (CCDV) 36: 147
between cytosol and RUBISCO Chikusichloa 34: 34
(table) 27: 138, 139 Chilling injury
Chemostimulants 33: 28 manganese uptake 20: 79
Chemotaxonomy 31: 153– 169 NMR studies 20: 85
Chiloscyphus pallescens cell cycle 20: 127–140

interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 basal body complex 20: 127– 130
Chimaeric genes, tobacco 20: 216, cell division 20: 131– 133
217 cell wall 20: 133, 134
China 21: 88, 94, 97, 98 daughter cell liberation 20: 135– 137
Chinese chestnut tree 21: 126, 131, flagella 20: 134, 135
139– 141 synchronization of cell
Chinese Timber Chinquapin 21: 126 cycle 20: 137– 140
Chino de1 tomate virus 36: 76 characteristics 20: 125– 127
Chiro-inositol 11: 169 classification by
Chironomus 12: 209 chemotaxonomicmarkers 20: 136
Chi-square tests 21: 217– 220, 227 emission spectrum 5: 23
Chitin 19: 73; 21: 22, 60, 62, 150 gametic development 20: 140– 153
oligosaccharides of 19: 34, 35 adenylate cyclase 20: 152, 153
Chitin synthetase, three forms 5: 139 agglutinins 20: 146– 149
Chitin, organic soil amendments 26: 12 cell wall lysin 20: 149– 152
Chitinase 21: 3, 4, 21, 22, 24, 25; 35: 142, gene expression, nitrogen stress
145, 159 20: 146
fungal pathogens 21: 47, 150, 166 induction of gametogenesis
local defence response 21: 12 20: 140– 146
signals 21: 20
gametogenesis 16: 58
systemic defence response 21: 17
life cycle 16: 56, 57
Chitinases 19: 12, 32, 73; 26: 26, 142, 171
lipid metabolism 16: 45 – 47
antifungal properties 26: 143– 146
photosystem structure 10: 137
in mycoparasitism 26: 36 – 38
polarization 5: 34
parasitic pathogens 26: 34, 36
Chlamydomonas eugametos
Chitin-binding proteins, plant
agglutinins 20: 148
defence 26: 146, 147, 166– 168
cell wall lysin 20: 151, 152
see also Lectins
Chitin-derived oligomers 19: 28 induction of gametogenesis 20: 140– 143
Chitosan 19: 28, 73; 21: 60, 62, 63, 65 synchronization of cell cycle 20: 138, 140
Chitosan oligosaccharides 19: 35 – 37; Chlamydomonas monoica
19: 44 cell division 20: 131
Chl a oxygenase 35: 16 induction of gametogenesis 20: 145
Chl b reductase 35: 16, 17 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 28: 181;
Chl cycle 35: 16 30: 24 – 27, 51; 32: 18; 33: 201,
“chl oxidase” 35: 9 202; 35: 76
Chl see entries under chlorophyll ATP production 27: 267
Chl synthase 35: 14, 20 blue light receptor gene 27: 301
CHL1 25: 412 cell wall 20: 133, 134
Chl1 30: 28 – 30, 38 degrading enzymes 20: 136
CHL1 30: 9, 29, 30 growth-limiting PFDs 27: 151
Chl8 30: 29, 39 pioneer1 insertion sequence 27: 342
Chlamydomonas 11: 55; 20: 125– 161; plasmalemma PCO2 value 27: 140
30: 11, 12, 18, 24 – 27, 32, 33, 35, retrotransposons 27: 338, 352
37, 39; 34: 190; 35: 9 RUBISCOs, Kc values (table) 27: 104
Chlamydomonas singlet oxygen 27: 291
31
carotenoid type 10: 54 P NMR studies 20: 103
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, chloroplast Chlorella sp.

membranes 7: 13, 81 number and origins of membranes
Chlamydomonas, cell recognition in gamete between cytosol and RUBISCO
fusion 4: 19 (table) 27: 138, 139
Chlamydospores 21: 37 thylakoids 27: 270
Chlase 35: 20, 31 Chlorella spp. lipid metabolism 16: 42 – 45
Chlide 35: 9 Chlorella, cell walls 3: 34, 35
Chlide a 35: 20 Chloride (VCl) channels 25: 242
Chloramphemical acetyltransferase Chloride 11: 162– 166; 25: 408
(CAT) 21: 117 Chloride ion and potassium
Chloramphenical acetyl transferase (CAT) uptake 15: 121– 123
reporter gene 34: 90 Chloride levels, suppressive soils 26: 7
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase Chloride, soil management 21: 70
(CAT) 25: 49, 50 Chloride, stomatal response 22: 238
Chloranthaceae Chlorine 22: 187, 202, 210, 212
and angiosperm evolution 17: 150 Chloris barbata, effect of sodium on
flowers 17: 105– 107 growth 7: 162, 163
Chloranthistyemon endressii, Late Chloris gayana 38: 144
Cretaceous fossils 17: 114 Chlormequat chloride (CCC) 34: 136
Chlorarachnion 19: 214– 216 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 37: 66
Chlorarachnion reptans 19: 217 Chlorobiaceae 27: 88
Chlorate resistance 30: 25, 28 – 30 Chlorobium, chlorophyll 10: 83, 177
Chlorella 30: 11, 13, 41; 33: 187; 35: 9, Chlorobotrys, shading effects 10: 163
29 Chlorococcales, growth rate 13: 109
chlorophyll 10: 52, 83 Chloroflexaceae 27: 88
difference absorption spectra 10: 98 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 22: 99
emission spectrum 5: 21, 23, 24, 27, 34, Chlorofluorocarbons 21: 95
35, 40 Chlorogenic acid 21: 48
energy fixation 10: 20 Chlorogloea fritschii, photosystem reaction
excitation spectrum 5: 23, 24, 27 centre complexes 10: 79, 87
polarization 5: 34, 36 Chlorogloea fritschii, thylakoı̈d – plasma-
quantum efficiency spectra 10: 73 –75 lemma connections 7: 16
spectral distortions 5: 11, 18, 19, 21 Chlorogonium, cell division 20: 131
spectral modification 10: 14 Chloromercuribenzene sulfonicacid
Chlorella fusca 35: 31 (PCMBS) 22: 189
NMR studies 5-Chloromethylfluorescein diacetate
light-dependent effects 20: 71 (CMEDA) 28: 121
N labelling 20: 96 Chlorophyceae
polyphosphate metabolism 20: 104 Bulbochaete, structure 5: 159
Chlorella fusca, polyphosphate Cladophora,
localization 8: 146 localized growth 5: 159
Chlorella protothecoides 35: 11, 12, orientation of cellulose 5: 105
15, 16, 35 structure of cellulose 5: 97
Chlorella pyrenoidosa Draparnaldia, structure 5: 159
cell size distributions 6: 102 Dunaliella, phenylalanine ammonia-
Chlorella pyrenoidosa, vacuolar chloride lyase 5: 206
pool 20: 105 Fritschiella tuberosa, structure 5: 157,
Chlorella saccharophila 30: 263 159
Chlorophyceae (continued) traffic between membranes and

Schizomeris compartments 35: 23, 24
evolution of intercellular gas Chlorophyll content/fluorescence 18: 92
spaces 5: 192 chlorophyll degradation, evolution 35: 35,
structure 5: 159, 162 36
Staurastrum, cell wall composition 5: 206 Chlorophyll fluorescence decay 37: 6
Stigeoclonium, structure 5: 159 Chlorophyll proteins
Trentepholia, structure 5: 159 curve deconvolution analysis 10: 96 – 98
Chlorophyll a difference absorption spectra 10: 98, 99
conversion of chlorophyll b to 35: 16, 17 fluorescence spectra 10: 99 – 102
conversion to phaeophorbide a 35: 13, 14 Chlorophyll synthesis 14: 46, 47
Chlorophyll and compartmentation, subcellular 14: 64
see also Light-harvesting proteins vs. carotenoid, and precursor
see also Photosynthesis channelling 14: 79
autoxidation 3: 126 Chlorophyll, and sodium requirement 7: 145
bleaching 37: 178 Chlorophyllase (clase) 35: 13, 14, 26, 27
chlorophyll-binding light-harvesting Chlorophyllide (chlide) 35: 9
"proteins 27: 298– 302 Chlorophyllides 22: 126
chlorophyll – protein Chlorophylls
complexes 27: 283– 288 assay and distribution 10: 26, 27, 51,
leaf appearance and 37: 8 52
proteins 27: 272, 276 chiorophylls c and c2 10: 52, 53
stabilization in chloroplast 3: 46 chlorophyll a 10: 49 – 51
synthesis 27: 296– 298 chlorophyll b 10: 51
triplet chlorophyll state 27: 290 chlorophyll d 10: 53, 54
UV radiation 22: 119 evolution 10: 178
water and nitrogen supply 22: 240, Chlorophyta (green algae), PEPCK
241 in 38: 145
Chlorophyll b, conversion to "chlorophyll a Chlorophyta 27: 89
35: 16, 17 C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97
Chlorophyll breakdown 25: 97 – 102 carbon dioxide-concentrating
Chlorophyll breakdown mechanisms 27: 114– 119
biosynthesis and 35: 20, 21 life cycles 16: 57
catabolites 35: 9– 13 parthenogenesis in 16: 80, 81
green pigments 35: 9 Chlorophytes 11: 75, 87, 91
intermediary 35: 10 – 12 Chlorophytum 38: 193
NCCs 35: 13, 18 Chloroplast 19: 208– 213
in aquatic systems 35: 8, 9 chromosome 19: 210, 211
in germination 35: 3, 4 evolution 10: 183, 184
In plant life cycle 35: 3 – 9 gene sequences 19: 211
in reproductive development 35: 5, 6 genome 19: 210– 213
in response to stresses 35: 8 light scattering 10: 48
in seasonal cycles 35: 7, 8 lipids 3: 46
in vegetative growth 35: 4, 5 membranes 19: 208
Chlorophyll catabolism membranes 3: 20, 23, 31, see also
biochemical pathway 35: 12 Photosynthetic membrane
location of substrates and enzymes 35: 22, movement and light harvesting 10: 29, 30
23 photosynthetic pigments 19: 208– 210
rRNA 19: 212, 213 NPP model, leaf gas

second-hand 19: 189– 230 exchange 26: 196–198, 202
storage product 19: 208 of Dunaliella
X-ray diffraction 3: 7 composition of, and
Chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum temperature 14: 132
(CER) 19: 196, 200, 203, 208, under electron microscope 14: 119,
218 120
Chloroplast envelope under light microscope 14: 118
chemical composition prenyl diphosphate synthesis
peptides 7: 49 – 53 in 14: 63, 64
pigments 7: 44 – 49 role in cellular
polar lipids 7: 37 – 44 differentiation 28: 181– 183
enzymes Chloroplasts and gibberellin
lipid synthesis 7: 81 – 95 biosynthesis 9: 110, 111, 129
metabolite transport 7: 54 – 74 Chloroplasts in chlorophyll
protein transport 7: 74 – 81 degradation 35: 21, 22
isolation Chlorosis 18: 92; 35: 8
principles 7: 25 – 32 Chlorosis of oats 1: 92
procedure 7: 32– 37 Chlorosis, lime-induced 29: 12
origin of membranes 7: 95 Chlorosulpholipids 16: 3, 4
Chlorotetracycline 22: 109
relationships with other cell
Chloroxybacteria 27: 261
membranes 7: 12 – 25
Chl-porphyrin 25: 97
structure 7: 3 – 11
Cholecystokinin 22: 85
Chloroplast proteins 22: 108, 110, 111,
Choline-O-sulphate 33: 200
134– 136, 140
Cholodny-Went Theory 22: 166
Chloroplasts
Chondrorhynca discolor £ Lycaste aro-
see also Light-harvesting proteins;
matica, effect of auxin in
"Plastids; Thylakoids
culture 7: 459
and HMG-CoA reductase activity 14: 58 Chondrus 35: 174
and protein targeting 14: 13 – 19 Chondrus crispus 11: 80; 35: 177, 190
binding of precursors 14: 15, 16 carbon dioxide-concentrating
processing of precursors 14: 17 – 19 mechanisms in gas exchange
synthesis of proteins 14: 14, 15 27: 115, 117, 118
transport and energy 14: 16, 17 transport of inorganic C to RUBISCOs
C4 photosynthesis 26: 265, 266, 268 27: 121
evolutionary hypotheses 27: 261, 262 Chondrus crispus, photosynthetic
genetic regulation of rate 10: 168
development 28: 179– 181 Chorda filmum, fucoxanthin/chlorophyll a
in acetyl-CoA synthesis 14: 55, 56 ratio 10: 121
in spinach and prenylation Christensen’s Phyletic scheme 2: 5
catalysis 14: 46 Chromatic adaptation in algae
integration of nuclear and plastid gene historical aspects 10: 165, 166
expression 27: 307, 308 ontogenic complementary
isopentenyl diphosphates, permeability adaptation 10: 166, 167
to 14: 66 phylogenic complementary
isoprenoid formation in 14: 64 adaptation 10: 167– 171
mevalonate kinase activity in 14: 62 Chromenes 31: 162
Chromista 27: 89 Chrysanthemum morifolium, osmotic

number and origins of membranes pressure of guard cells 4: 128
between cytosol and RUBISCO Chrysanthemum parthenium 31: 166
(table) 27: 138, 139 Chrysanthemum segetum, chloroplast
RUBISCOs 27: 101, 102 membrane structure 7: 4
Chromium 18: 263 Chrysochromulina chiton, site of synthesis
evaporated 18: 265, 266 of cell wall components 5: 99
Chromophores 33: 70, 71 Chrysophyta, LHC proteins 27: 276
Chromophyte algae 19: 201– 203 Chrysophytes 11: 75
Chromoplasts in chlorophyll CHS promoter activity 29: 61– 63
degradation 35: 21, 22 Cicadulina arachidis 36: 147
Chromoplasts, prenyl diphosphate synthesis Cicadulina chinai 36: 150
in 14: 63, 64 Cicadulina ghaurii 36: 147
Chromosomal DNA 24: 405 Cicadulina mbila 36: 147
Chromosome (see also centric fusion) Cicer 31: 15
analysis 6: 120– 128, 186– 188 Cicer arietinum 18: 89; 25: 146; 28: 123;
B chromosomes 6: 148, 150, 156– 158 29: 45; 31: 43, 277
evolution Cicer arietinum and crop protein yield
centromere position 6: 135 9: 2
karyotype symmetry 6: 132, 133 Cichorium 35: 64
size differences 6: 130– 132, 188, 189 Cichorium intybus 19: 121, 122
structural mutations 6: 128– 130 Ciguatera 12: 62, 63, 86 – 89
isochromosome derivatives 6: 149–151 Ciguatoxin (CTX) 12: 86 – 89
isochromosome origin 6: 138, 140, Cinchona ledgeriana culture 13: 156, 157,
145– 149 171, 174
nomenclature 6: 135 Cinchona pubescens culture 13: 157
telocentric chromosomes 6: 138– 141 Cincinni 3: 271
Chromosome number 24: 180 Cinclidium
Chromosomes in lower plants, apogamy cytotaxonomy 6: 242
and 16: 82 1,8-cineole 31: 84, 100, 129, 133
Chrondrostereum purpureum 1,8-cineole synthase 31: 100, 102
coloured zone formation 7: 395, 397 Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) 21: 14
competitive ability 7: 388– 392, 396 Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, lignin
wood colonization 7: 386, 400, 401 biosynthesis 8: 37, 38, 58
Chroococcoids Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) 37: 63, 64,
distribution 13: 70, 130 85, 86
size 13: 72 Cinnamic acid 20: 189– 192; 22: 114;
survival strategies 13: 131, 132 37: 63, 85
Chroococcus activation and reduction 8: 41 – 50
quantum efficiency of spectra 10: 73 – 75 enzyme specificity 8: 49, 50
spectral modification 10: 14 hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligases 8: 43 –46
Chroococcus spp., form of colonies 13: 73 nomenclature 8: 28, 29
Chroococcus, sodium requirement 7: 144 reduction of cinnamoyl-CoA
Chroomonas 27: 288 esters 8: 46 – 50
shading effects 10: 157 Cinnamoyl alcohol
thylakoid structure 10: 34 dehydrogenases 8: 47 – 49, 57
Chrysanthemum morifolium 31: 21, 91, 127, Cinnamoyl putrescine
271 production 13: 152– 154, 175
Cinnamoyl-CoA Citrus “polygalacturonic acid” 19: 17

lignin biosynthesis 8: 42 – 46 Citrus reticulata 29: 117
reductases 8: 46, 47, 49, 57, 58 Citrus reticulata, identification of
Cinnamyl alcohol, polymerization to lignin gibberellins 9: 43
enzymes 8: 51 – 57 Citrus sinensis 25: 269, 279
hydrogen peroxide 8: 54 –56 Citrus stubborn 21: 190
polymerization step 8: 51 – 54 Citrus tristeza virus 38: 17
Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase CKI1 32: 27, 125, 138, 324
(CAD) 21: 14 CKII 32: 157
CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 Cladesporium resinae, Baeyer-Villiger
(CCA1) gene 32: 157 reaction 9: 124
Circular dichroism (CD) Cladina rangiferina 18: 80
spectroscopy 35: 119, 122– 124 Cladina stellaris 18: 80
Circulative non-propagative Cladistic studies of Early Tertiary
transmission 36: 21, 22 fossils 17: 45 –49
Circulative viruses 36: 2 Acer 17: 47, 48
Circulifer tenellus 21: 203– 205; 36: 148 Cladophascum 19: 251, 283
‘circumnutation’ 33: 4, 59 Cladophascum gymnomitrioides 19: 264
cis-9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic Cladophora 35: 178, 196, 197
acid 34: 267 Cladophora albida 35: 196
cis-9-octadecen-1-ol 34: 267 Cladophora, chlorophyll a/b ratio 10: 52
Citral 31: 81 Cladophorales, HCO2 3 entry into
Citrate 25: 374, 378 "vacuole 27: 169, 170
Citrate metabolism vs. malate 15: 83 – 85 Cladophoropsis 35: 197
carnitine and 15: 84, 85 Cladophoropsis membranacea 35: 185,
Citrate synthase activation and change in 186, 188
enzyme conformation by Cladorrhinum foecundissimum 26: 50, 58
IAA 5: 60 Cladosporium
Citrobacter freundii 24: 407 cucumerinum 21: 23
Citronellol 31: 81, 98, 104 fulvum 21: 7, 8, 10, 149– 158, 162, 165,
Citrullus vulgaris Sat gene 33: 201 166, 169– 178
Citrus 29: 161; 30: 238; 31: 53, 59, 83; secalis 21: 169
35: 14, 26, 27 Cladosporium cladosporioides 33: 13
C. poncirus Cladosporium cucumerinum 19: 28, 29, 3;
anatomy of oil cavities 6: 300 924: 179
C. sinensis Cladosporium cucumerinum, sterol
essential oil glands 6: 300–303 activity 7: 511
Climacium colonization of interaction zones 7: 405,
C. dendroidesgenetics 6: 247 416
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 Cladosporium fulvum 19: 24, 39, 49, 68, 74;
essential oil synthesis in tissue 24: 91, 97, 172, 196, 213, 217,
culture 6: 306 313, 320, 326, 449; 28: 88, 171;
Citrus 22: 28 30: 295, 301, 303, 312; 32: 213,
Citrus deliciosa 31: 61 230, 365, 392, 395; 34: 278;
Citrus limon 25: 263; 31: 98 38: 254, 269– 271
Citrus limon var. Schaub Rough Cladostephus spongiosus, light-harvesting
Lemon 25: 257 complex 10: 124
Citrus natsudaidai 33: 24 Clarkia breweri 31: 98, 99, 102
Clarkia sp., bicalyx mutant 27: 434 Climate

Clarkia ungulata 24: 421 impact on max 20: 15 – 35
Clark-type oxygen electrode, algal action temperature 20: 15 – 20
spectra 10: 69 Climate, Early Tertiary 17: 8, 9
Clarno plane, Early Tertiary 17: 55 reconstruction 17: 68 – 80
Class, epidemiology 21: 214 leaf physiognomy in 17: 69 – 79
Classification 31: 4 wood anatomy in 17: 79, 80
Classification see also Mathematical models Climate—vegetation data,
in numerical taxonomy Holdridgeclassification 20: 10 –14
basic axioms 2: 37 Climatic change 21: 89, 95
hierarchical and non-hierarchical Clonal populations 24: 340– 343
classifications 2: 42, 61, 62 Cloning 12: 151– 153
maximization 2: 38 Closed-top field chambers 18: 6
monothetic and polythetic Closterium, shading effects 10: 157
classifications 2: 37, 63, 64 Closteroviridae 36: 69
numerical taxonomy 2: 35 Closterovirus 36: 69
phyletic implications of flagellar structure Closteroviruses 36: 69, 70
in plants 2: 1 Clostridium 21: 191
probabalistic and non-probabalistic Clostridium acetobutylicum 24: 407
classifications 2: 43 Clostridium termosulphurogenes 34: 206
“similarity” analyses 2: 64 Clostridium tetranomorphum, evolution of
subjective classification of complex photosynthetic pigments 10: 179
data 2: 59 Clover (Trifolium repens) 18: 54, 130, 132,
“underlying factor” hypotheses 2: 60 141
unmeasured attributes 2: 61 Clover 22: 165
Clathrin 25: 17, 25 Clover proliferation 21: 193, 194
Clathrin 28: 141 Clusia minor 25: 373; 38: 124
Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) 35: 141 Clusia rosea 25: 373; 38: 144
Clathrin-coated vesicles 27: 35 CLUSTAL 32: 50
Clathropteris, fossil record 4: 237 Cluster analysis 21: 236
CLAVATA1 (CLV1) 28: 166 Clusters 24: 254– 256
CLAVATA1 32: 4, 9, 22, 35, 82, 255, 256, CLV1 – receptor complex signaling, model
259 for 32: 250
Clavibacter michiganensis Cnacystis nidulans, photoinhibition of
subsp. michiganensis 23: 28, 29, 35, 43 photosynthesis 10: 164
subsp. sepedonicus 23: 30, 31, 32, Cnicus benedictus 31: 168
33 –35, 43, 44 CO2 18: 5, 23
Claviceps bioindication 18: 86, 91
alkaloid production 8: 196 carbon processing 18: 143
C. purpurea, phosphorus content 8: 130, flux/concentration over forest 18: 200
138, 197 NOx exposure 18: 35, 38, 39, 40
Claviceps purpurea 24: 313, 316 O3 exposure 18: 59, 62, 64, 66, 69
copper and boron effects on host SO2 exposure 18: 18, 19, 32
"infection 10: 239 SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 46, 48
copper fertilizer effects on host CO2 concentrations
"infection 10: 237, 238 C4 photosynthesis 26: 253, 254,
Clear-winged moths 21: 134, 141 262– 265, 268– 271, 290– 293,
Cleome serrulata 35: 244 296, 297
NPP model Codeinone, biotransformation to

canopy gas exchange 26: 204– 206 codeine 13: 162
leaf gas exchange 26: 196–199, Codium cactoides, chlorophyll a/b
202– 204 ratio 10: 52
palaeodimates 26: 193, 194, 207, 208, Codium decorticatum
210, 212, 215, 216 chloride fluxes 6: 111
CO2, atmospheric 25: 81 Codium fragile 11: 79
“CO43” 18: 88 Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides 35: 199
Coal Codium sp., photosynthesis 27: 174
see also Charcoalification; Peats Coelia alba, seed morphology 7: 426
autochthonous formation Coeloglossum viride
coalification 16: 148 effect of hormones in culture 7: 459, 463
environmental conditions 16: 148 phytoalexin production 7: 512
floating mire development 16: 149 protocorm-fungal interaction 7: 499,
quaking bogs 16: 149 500
raised mire development 16: 149– 151 Coelogyne cristata
carbonate nodules 16: 177, 178 carbon fixation 7: 523, 528
Coal balls 16: 177, 178 nitrogen content 7: 599, 604
Coal formation, vegetation Coelomycetes 33: 7
model 26: 217– 219 Coelosphaerium
buoyancy regulation 13: 87
Coat protein (Cp) 21: 25, 105, 107, 109,
form of colonies 13: 73
110, 113, 114, 116– 120, 155
survival strategies 13: 132
Coated pits 28: 131, 132
Coffea 30: 118, 119, 122, 167, 174, 175,
Coated vesicles 28: 131, 132
179, 183, 187– 189, 193, 194, 199,
Coating fibre optic microprobes 18: 265, 266
203, 204; 37: 115
Coating loss 18: 278, 279
low caffeine-containing
Cobalt in soil 29: 4, 20
species 30: 179– 183
Cobalt, substitution for zinc 27: 180
Coffea arabica (coffee) 11: 129, 132
Coccochloris sp. Coffea arabica 30: 119, 154, 171, 172,
C-concentrating mechanisms 174– 179, 187– 190
(table) 27: 118, 119 Coffea bengalensis 30: 179, 181, 183, 185,
RUBISCOs, Kc values (table) 27: 104 188, 189
Coccomyxa sp., RUBISCOs, Kc values Coffea canephora 30: 122, 188
(table) 27: 104 Coffea dewevrei 30: 122, 175, 188
Cochlear 15: 13, 14 Coffea eugenoides 30: 179, 181, 183, 185,
Cochliobolus 187– 189
carbonum 21: 6, 8 Coffea liberica 30: 122, 175, 187, 188
heterostrophus 21: 5 – 7 Coffea racemosa 30: 122, 188
Cochliobolus carbonum 30: 295, 309, 313 Coffea salvatrix 30: 122, 179, 181, 183, 185,
Cochliobolus heterostrophus 24: 52, 206 188, 189
Cocoinae, bracts 3: 276 Coffee 30: 118, 119, 145, 149, 153– 155,
Coconut lethal yellowing 21: 193, 194 188– 190
Coconut, shell fracture properties Coherence time 11: 8
17: 276– 278 Coilodesme
Cocos 3: 211 action spectrum of photosynthesis
Cocos nucifera 19: 124; 31: 18, 19 10: 70
Codeine production 13: 162, 167, 170, 182 photosynthetic rate 10: 168
Cola 30: 120 Colosia esculenta 30: 229

Colaphis castaneae 21: 134 Colpoma quercinum 33: 24, 26
Colchicine 35: 67, 69, 70 Colpomenia sinuosa, light-harvesting
Colchicine and cytoplasmic "complex 10: 124
reorientation 9: 205 Colpomenia sp., photosynthesis 27: 174
Cold stress 37: 112– 114 Colubrina elliptica 37: 41
Coleochaete 19: 291 Colutea brevialata 11: 133
Coleone 37: 41 Combretaceae 37: 45, 153
Coleone-E 37: 40 “Comet” cv. 18: 15
Coleoptera, plant defence Commelina 22: 279; 24: 318
proteins 26: 159– 164, 166– 168, ocmmunis 22: 76
171, 172 Commelina benghalensis 32: 464
Coleotrype, inflorescence 3: 282 Commelina communis 19: 152, 157; 25: 177,
Coleus 37: 10, 40, 41, 104, 170, 174 178, 182; 29: 16; 32: 464
Coleus Commelina communis, prostaglandins caus-
auxins and reversal of polarity 9: 190, ing stomatal closure 20: 193
191 Commelina, stomata 3: 284
vascular differentiation 9: 171, 221, 241 C. diffusa, inflorescence 3: 280, 282
Coleus blumei culture 13: 166, 175 Commelinaceae
Colicinogenic factors 24: 400 growth 3: 224
Colladonus montanus 21: 204– 206 inflorescence 3: 267, 278– 282
Collecting cells 31: 9 prophyll 3: 287
salt glands 31: 41 stomata 3: 284
Collection of trichomes 31: 180 vascular construction 3: 249
Collembolans, biocontrol 26: 17 –19 Commelinaceae, polyploidy 4: 326
Collenchyma, fracture properties 17: 252 Commercial products 31: 129– 135
Colletotrichum 24: 171, 173; 33: 6, 25, 242 Labiate essential oils 31: 82, 83
Colletotrichum coccodes 24: 176, 180 Common plant regulatory factors 22: 138
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 24: 172, Common scab of potato, see Streptomyces
176; 33: 24 scabies
Colletotrichum graminicola 34: 271 Comovirus 36: 101
Colletotrichum lagenarium 19: 29, 46, 73; Compactin and sterol synthesis
24: 127 inhibition 14: 34
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 19: 24, 29, Compartmental analysis by efflux 29: 154,
32, 40, 52, 54, 55, 61, 68, 70; 155, 163
24: 124, 127, 179, 196, 197, Compartmentation
205– 208, 311; 38: 259 amino acids 25: 382– 386
Colletotrichum magna 24: 172, 178, analysis 25: 91
180– 182, 185 and isoprenoid biosynthesis 14: 52– 68
Colletotrichum musae 24: 173, 176 and acetyl CoA formation 14: 55– 57
Colletotrichum phyllachoroides 33: 6 and isopentenyl diphosphate
Colloids and organelles, cytoplasmic, formation 14: 61 – 63
hydration 3: 178 and isoprenoid formation 14: 64, 65
Collybia velutipes, phosphate and membrane permeability 14: 65, 66
translocation 8: 203, 204 and mevalonate formation 14: 57 – 60
Colonization quotient 21: 52 – 59, 61, 62, 71 and prenyl diphosphate
Colonization ratio, disease 21: 46, 47 formation 14: 63, 64
Colony-forming units 24: 293, 296 hypotheses 14: 52 – 55
carbohydrates 25: 367– 372 reproductive cell origin 15: 190, 191
in Dunaliella 14: 169 process of 15: 180
and cell volume regulation 14: 174, Coniferyl alcohol, and lignin
175 composition 8: 28, 29, 31 – 49
metabolic 25: 196 Coniopteris, fossil record 4: 236, 245
organic acids 25: 372– 382 Coniothyrium 33: 7
peptides 25: 386, 387 Coniothyrium spp., biocontrol 26: 58 – 59, 71
polyamines 25: 386, 387 Conjugation 24: 408
secondary metabolites 25: 141– 169 Conocephalum 19: 255, 271, 273
Compositae 31: 58, 59; 33: 58 Conopodium majus
Compositae, polyploidy 4: 326 nitrate reductase 6: 22
Composts, biocontrol 26: 11, 12 Conostomum pusillum
Compression testing of plant interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
material 17: 249– 251 “Conquest” cv. 18: 52
Computer models 18: 33 Consolida ambigua 37: 69
Concentration gradients 18: 196, 197 Constitutive promoters 34: 87, 88
Conditioned medium 30: 236– 238 CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1
Conducive soils 21: 38, 67 – 69 (CTR1 ) 31: 199
Conducting tissues 1: 209 Constitutively photomorphogenic
Confocal scanning laser microscopy (cop) 31: 229
(CSLM) 22: 55, 60, 64, 65 Contact cells 21: 59, 60
Conical-papillate cell Contamination, definition 23: 3
development 31: 207– 209 CONTIN 11: 27, 40
Conidia 21: 40 Continental drift, Early Cainozoic
Conifers Late Cretaceous/Middle Eocene 17: 10
air pollutants bioindication 18: 87 Middle Eocene/End Oligocene
bioindication 18: 91, 93 17: 10 – 12
O3 exposure 18: 67 Contingency table, epidemiology 21: 214,
Conifers, Early Tertiary 17: 16, 17, 19, 20 215, 218– 220
see also Gymnosperms Continuous Plankton Recorder
Araucariaceae 17: 17, 19 (CPR) 16: 198
Pinaceae 17: 20, 21 Continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR)
Podocarpaceae 17: 19, 20 18: 6
Taxodiaceae 17: 16, 17, 21 Contorta £ banksiana 18: 88
Conifers, see Gymnosperms Convallaria majalis
see also Trees, whole, fossil record nitrate reductase 6: 22
Conifers, sporogenesis in 15: 179– 196 Convection
heterospory 15: 180 boundary layer conductance 18: 211
in pollen-bearing cone 15: 181– 190 forced 18: 215
archaesporium development 15: 181, free 18: 215, 216
182 sensible heat transfer 18: 235
exine patterning 15: 185– 190 Convective energy flux 18: 215– 217
meiosis 15: 184, 185 Convicilin in legume seeds 9: 6, 20, 25
sporogenous cells/tapetum 15: 182, Convolvulaceae 33: 58
183 Cooksonia
megasporogenesis 15: 190–194 fossil structure 5: 162, 164, 165
megaspore viability 15: 193, 194 poikilohydry 5: 202
meiosis 15: 191– 193 xylem 5: 177
Copepods grazing phytoplankton 16: 226 Cornus stolonifera 37: 112, 117, 158
Copigmentation 37: 58, 60 – 62 anthocyanins as photoprotectants in
glycosylation as method for 37: 61, 62 37: 24, 25
with flavonoids 37: 62 light-induced radical production in
Copper 22: 72 leaves 37: 28, 29
effect on plant disease 10: 229– 238 Coronatine 35: 26
interaction with other Correspondence analysis,
nutrients 10: 231– "234, 239, 255 epidemiology 21: 214, 215,
involvement in phenol synthesis 10: 236, 235– 238
237 groundnut disease 21: 226–230
Copper deficiency, chlorophyll methodology 21: 215– 226
"synthesis 27: 298 production level and yield
Copper ions and Dunaliella growth 14: 109 losses 21: 233– 235
Copper oxychloride and control of plant rice tungro 21: 230– 233
disease 10: 229 Corsinia 19: 255, 271
Coprinus comatus, vegetative Corticum catonii, thamine production
incompatibility 7: 349 7: 469
Coprinus lagopus 25: 104 Coryanthes rodriguezii, pollination 7: 560
phosphatase production 8: 184 Corycium crispum, seed morphology 7: 426
pyrophosphate utilization 8: 176 Coryleae, Early Tertiary 17: 41
Copro-porphyrins 22: 126 Corylus 38: 287, 289– 291, 299, 300
Coptis japonica 25: 159 Corylus avellana 37: 107
Copy RNA (cRNA) 34: 101 Corymborkis, flowering period 7: 537
Corallina sp., calcification 27: 171 Coryne sarcoides
Corallorhiza innata competitive ability in culture 7: 398, 396
carbon fixation 7: 520 effect of ammonium sulphamate 7: 414
endophyte of orchid 7: 490 replacement of fungi in stumps 7: 400
seed morphology 7: 425 Corynebacterium DHDPS 34: 203
Cordycepin 34: 253, 254 Corynebacterium glutamicum 30: 50
Cordyline Corynebacterium glutamicum 38: 119, 125,
growth 3: 215, 217 128, 132, 133, 156
influorescence 3: 268 Corynebacterium nephridii 12: 19
Cori cycle 38: 155, 169 Corypha, influorescence 3: 267
Coriandrum sativum 35: 116 Coryphoideae
Coridothymus capitatus 31: 2, 6, 84 bracts 3: 276
Coriolus sterquilinus, and the “unit inflorescence 3: 270
mycelium” 7: 350 Corystospermales 17: 140– 142
Cormophyta Coscindiscus 19: 211
cell wall substances 2: 77 Cosmospora robusta 22: 9
structure of growing cells 2: 69, 106 Costaceae
Corn 21: 5; 22: 127, 131 growth 3: 215, 222
stunt disease 21: 190, 201– 203 influorescence 3: 278
Corn root, freeze-etching 3: 34 Cost-benefit analysis 25: 59 –86
Corn stunt spiroplasma 36: 159, 160 allocation of costs among various
Corn, lipids in 34: 213 benefits 25: 78– 81
Corn, see Zea mays vacuolation 25: 78 – 81
Cornacaeae 37: 47 costs of alternative means of
Cornaceae 22: 12, 14, 34 performing 25: 71 – 73
Costus Cowpea, pest resistance 26: 165, 166

growth 3: 221 Coxsackievirus A9 (human) 36: 131
influorescence 3: 269, 278 CpDNA 35: 176
Costus speciosus culture 13: 156 CpDNA-RFLP 35: 190
Co-suppression 34: 92, 97 CR4 gene 32: 230, 237, 257, 259
COT1 (cot1) 31: 202, 229 cr4 mutation 32: 237
Cotinus 37: 107, 108, 112 Crassula stems 18: 276
CotMYBA 31: 226 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
Cotranslational disassembly 21: 9, 108 124– 126, 129, 136, 143, 144, 214
Cotton 21: 39, 44, 49, 50 Crassulacean acid metabolism
root resistance 3: 188 (CAM) 15: 43– 92
transpiration and absorption 3: 194 carbon dioxide recycling 15: 78 – 85
water content 3: 200, 201 aquatic environment 15: 82, 83
Cotton, effect of potassium on yield and citric vs. malic acids 15: 83 –85
wilt infection 10: 225 regulation 15: 64 – 67
Cotton, low sodium culture 7: 137, 139, 142 terrestrial environment 15: 79 – 82
Cotton, see Gossypium hirsutum diel cycle 15: 46 – 50
Cotyledon orbiculata 37: 168, 174 and succulence 15: 49
Coulter counter organic acid fluctuation 15: 49, 50
cell size measurement 6: 100– 104 phases in 15: 46 – 49
4-Coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) 21: 12 – 15 intermediate variants 15: 67 – 69
r-coumaric acid carbon dioxide recycling 15: 74– 76
4 – coumaroyl-CoA 37: 63 occurrence/evolution 15: 70 – 74
4 – coumaroyl CoA ligase 37: 63, 64 physiology of transmission 15: 76 – 78
Coumaroylglycosides 25: 149, 150 isotope ratio analysis 15: 55– 64
Counter-gradient position 18: 200 modification, environmental 15: 51 – 53
Coupling factors for photosynthetic and photosynthetic radiation 15: 52
enzymes 14: 140 and temperature 15: 52, 53
Coupling ratio and water stress 15: 52
deduction 25: 349 occurrence/distribution 15: 45, 46
determination 25: 340– 343 plant water relations 15: 53 – 55
kinetic estimates 25: 340, 341 regulation, biochemical 15: 50, 51
mechanistic implications 25: 357 malic acid accumulation 15: 51
non-integer 25: 356 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
thermodynamic determination 25: 341, in 15: 50, 51
342 research
COW1 31: 255 integration 15: 85, 86
Cowpea 18: 135 interest 15: 44, 45
nitrogen processing 18: 156, 159 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus 22: 171; 27: 99, 100; 29: 22
(CCMV) 36: 14, 104, 106 C3 + C1 carboxylation 27: 100
Cowpea mild mottle virus 36: 69 plants 25: 60, 61, 185, 373, 375, 377, 378,
Cowpea mosaic virus (CpMV) 21: 115 381, 382
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) 36: 28, 104 Crassulacean acid metabolism and sodium
Cowpea pods 19: 25 requirement 7: 125, 126, 159,
Cowpea severe mosaic virus 168, 170, 171
(CSMV) 36: 104, 107 effect of sodium on physiology and
Cowpea, effects of salicylates 20: 211 metabolism 7: 186– 207
Crassulacean acid metabolism and sodium realistic 38: 34 –38

requirement (continued) dual sources of infection 38: 34, 35
in orchids 7: 521– 529 host response to parasite load and non-
role of sodium 7: 207– 212 linear transmission 38: 35 – 38
Craterostigma 37: 106 simple 38: 33, 34
Craterostigma sp., retrotransposons 27: 338, Crithidia 19: 215
345 Crithidia fasciculata, cytochrome 4: 75
Cratoneuron filicinum CrnA 30: 25, 28, 29
intraspecific polyploidy 6: 211 Crocus
Crepidotus variabilis, wood colonization C. minimus
7: 416 chromosome evolution 6: 143
Crepis fusion of acrocentric
macro-evolution 6: 266 chromosomes 6: 152, 153
Cretaceous flowers 17: 122, 123 karyotype variation 6: 129, 188
androecium 17: 130 Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme
Early Cretaceous 17: 107– 111 24: 198
gynoecium 17: 132, 133 Croomia, growth 3: 236– 238
Late Cretaceous 17: 113– 118 C. pauciflora 3: 236
Mid-Cretaceous 17: 111–113 Crop rotation, for biocontrol 26: 14, 15
nectary 17: 134, 135 Cross protection, wilt disease 21: 67
perianth 17: 127, 128 Cross-over theory 38: 118, 119
position of parts 17: 133 Crotalaria 24: 432
sex distribution 17: 125 Crown gall, effect on vascular
size 17: 123 differentiation 9: 157, 234, 249
symmetry 17: 123, 124 Crown gall, surface receptors in gall
Cretaceous period, net primary productivity induction 4: 31
and water use 26: 193– 195, Crozophora tinctoria Cruciferae 24: 238
207– 219 Cruciferin 27: 30; 35: 72; 35: 116
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary 17: 2, 4 – 7 cry1 mutant 32: 169
leaves in climate reconstruction Cryoprotective agents
17: 74, 75 ammonium acetate 5: 20
megafossil evidence 17: 6, 7 bovine serum albumin (BSA) 5: 20
palynological evidence 17: 5, 6 dextran 5: 20
Crevasse splay deposits 16: 129 dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 5: 20, 21
Carboniferous, plant community glycerol 5: 20, 21
reconstruction 16: 180, 181 polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 5: 20
fluvio-marine interdistributory sucrose 5: 20
embayments 16: 144 use in prevention of freezing
Cricetulus griseus 28: 13 damage 5: 19 – 21
Criconemella spp. 23: 113 Cryosophila, bracts 3: 276
Crinivirus 36: 67 – 69 Cryphonectria
semipersistent transmission (fluens) radicalis 21: 136
36: 77 parasitica 21: 128– 137
vector specificity 36: 87 Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut
Crinkly4 (Cr4), 171 blight) 33: 20, 21, 25
CRINKLY4 gene, see CR4 Cryphonectria parasitica 24: 7, 10, 16, 19
Criteria for invasion 38: 33 – 39 Crypthecodinium cohnii 12: 209, 233, 234,
applications 38: 38, 39 237, 238
Cryptochrome 13: 52; 32: 151, 172, 173 CSTR, see Continuously stirred tank
Cryptochromes 33: 72 reactors
Cryptococcus albidus, phosphorus Ctenocephalides felis 28: 13
content 8: 131 C-terminal 25: 46
Cryptogein 21: 162, 165, 167 C-terminal regulatory domain 28: 45
Cryptomeria 37: 41 CTPP-containing vacuolar protein tabacco
Cryptomeria japonica 37: 108 chitinase 25: 52
Cryptomonad algae CTR1/Raf-like protein kinase
see also Chloroplast; Nucleomorph subfamily 32: 30, 122, 123
evolution of 19: 189– 230 CTX, see Ciguatoxin
Cryptomonads Cucumber 21: 16
ancestors of chromophyte effects of salicylates 20: 211
algae 19: 201– 203 as endogenous messenger 20: 212– 214
as endosymbionts 19: 213, 214 ‘plant immunization’ 20: 204
cell layout 19: 192, 193 signal transmission 22: 165
overview of 19: 192 UV radiation 22: 101, 116, 130, 143, 144,
parasites of 19: 213, 214 146, 147
rRNA genes 19: 200, 201 water and nitrogen supply 22: 256
taxonomy 19: 219, 220 water flow studies 20: 76, 77
Cryptomonas 19: 208, 214 Cucumber cell walls 19: 28, 29
Cryptomonas ovata, shading Cucumber hypocotyl bioassay for
effects 10: 157 gibberellins 9: 60, 62– 65, 132,
Cryptophyta 27: 89 134, 136, 138– 140
C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97 Cucumber leafspot virus (CLSV) 36: 51, 55
chlorophyll 10: 52, 53 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 27: 349;
down-regulation of RCII 27: 295, 296 36: 2, 3
number and origins of membranes M-isolate (M-CMV) 36: 2, 3
between cytosol and RUBISCO Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) 36: 50 – 52,
(table) 27: 138, 139 55
RUBISCOs 27: 101, 102 Cucumber plants 24: 179
thylakoid structure 10: 34, 35 Cucumber soil-borne virus (CSBV) 36: 51
thylakoids 27: 270 Cucumber, see Cucumis sativus
xanthrophylls 10: 55 Cucumis 22: 174
Cryptophytes 11: 75 melo 21: 49, 50
Cryptoploidy (see DNA periodicity) sativus 21: 16; 22: 147
Cryptopodium paranaensis, carbon Cucumis sativus (cucumber) 18: 15, 72
"fixation 7: 524 O3/SO2 exposures 18: 76
Cryptosphaeria populina 33: 26 Cucumis sativus 25: 48; 33: 69; 37: 107
Cryptosporiopsis 33: 20, 28 Cucumis sativus, leaf surface
Cryptosporiopsis abietina 33: 20, 23 structure 5: 183
Cryptosporiopsis, interspecific Cucumis sativus, modification of sex
competition 7: 385 expression by gibberellins 9: 34
Cryptothallus 19: 265, 267, 283, 285, Cucumis vulgaris 33: 70
293 Cucumovirus 36: 2
Giemsa C-band staining 6: 199 Cucumovirus capsid protein 36: 12, 13
Cryptothallus mirabilis 19: 279, 281 Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus
Crystallization 25: 157, 159 (CABYV) 36: 22
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus Cuticle, structure chemistry and

36: 69 evolution 5: 189
Cucurbita 24: 318 Cuticular conductance 18: 220
Cucurbita moschata 12: 91 wind and energy transfer 18: 223, 224
Cucurbita pepo 18: 274, 275; 19: 132; Cuticular resistance
28: 46; 31: 49, 50, 52; 32: 36, 208, to CO2 movement 5: 186
210 to water movement 5: 185
aeration in seedlings 7: 226 Cutin 21: 4, 5
cell-free synthesis of gibberellin 6: 311 Cutinase 21: 4, 5; 24: 41, 47
cotyledons 18: 273, 277, 278, 281 Cutinases 30: 295
etiolated 18: 279 Cuttings, disease biocontrol 26: 40, 66, 67
light travel 18: 280 Cvt (cytoplasm-to-vacuole transport)
phytochrome content of plastid pathway 38: 82
"membranes 7: 49 Cwh6/gpi3 yeast mutant 30: 264
Cucurbita sp. 25: 262 Cyanamide hydratase 34: 75 – 78
Cucurbita texana 35: 89 Cyanidin 37: 60, 70, 178
Cucurbitaccae 22: 13 Cyanidin-3-glycoside 37: 8, 19, 40, 41, 66,
Cucurbitin 27: 29 150, 178
Cucurbito 22: 13 structure 37: 3
“CUF101” 18: 15 Cyanidin-3 – glycoside-glutathione 37: 67
Cultivar resistance 21: 2 Cyanidium caldarium 19: 212
Cultivated plants, origins 27: 435 photosystem structure 10: 137
Cunninghamella echinulata, phosphorus phycobiliprotein evolution 10: 181
content 8: 140, 141 phycobilisomes 10: 66, 142
Cunninghamia lanceolata 37: 110 shading effects 10: 157
Cuphea 31: 9 Cyanidium caldarium, plasma membrane
Cupressaceae 33: 8 3: 35 – 39
Cupressus 33: 9 Cyperaceae, prophyll 3: 287
Cupressus arizonica, gibberellins Cyanidium caldarum, phycobilin
identification 9: 43 "synthesis 27: 297
modification of sex expression 9: 34 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene 35: 247
Curacin 27: 214 Cyanobacteria
Curculigo, growth 3: 222 see also Cyanotoxins; Plastids
Curcurbita maxima, gibberellin affinity-adapted species 13: 105, 112
biosynthesis 9: 85, 88, 90, 92, aggregation, flotation/settling rates
96 –99, 121, 122, 126, 127 and 13: 89
Curcurbitaceae akinete production 13: 125, 126
modification of sex expression by allelopathic metabolite secretion 13: 107
"gibberellins 9: 34 anoxygenic metabolism 13: 97
vascular network formation 9: 199 benthic accumulation 13: 126– 128
Current – voltage (I– V) relationship 25: 223, bloom formation see Water bloom
225, 226, 342, 346, 348, 352, 357 formation
Curtovirus 36: 84 buoyancy behaviour 13: 71, 72
Curtoviruses 36: 148 diurnal variation 13: 84
Cuscuta subinclusa 37: 82 buoyancy regulation 13: 83 – 87
Cuticle 18: 223; 21: 4 – 6, 106 photosynthetically-mediated
development 18: 223, 224 changes 13: 83, 84
wind damage 18: 224 turgor and 13: 83
C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97 population control by other

carbon dioxide, growth rate and 13: 107 organisms 13: 107, 108
cell wall, carbon dioxide respiration rates 13: 102, 103
transport 27: 123– 125 seasonal re-establishment of planktonic
collonial forms 13: 72, 73 population 13: 128, 129
compensation point 13: 102, 103 settling velocities, size range and 13: 73,
conditions favouring 78
dominance 13: 113 –115 size range 13: 73
density 13: 78, 81, 82 specialized environments 13: 70, 71
distribution 13: 69 –71, 130 storage-adapted species 13: 105, 112
down-regulation of RCII 27: 295, 296 stratification 13: 84 – 86
dry mass 13: 78 surface exposure, effects of 13: 123– 125
entrainment in turbulent flow 13: 93 survival strategies 13: 130– 132
fatty acid composition 16: 7, 9 temperature and 13: 96, 71
filamentous forms 13: 73 thylakoids 27: 270
form resistance to intrinsic settling 13: 71, turbulent environments 13: 90 – 93
72 turgor-collapse model of buoyancy
gas vacuoles 13: 68, 72, 79 – 83 regulation 13: 83 – 86
gas vesicle 13: 79, 80 unicellular forms 13: 72, 73
critical pressure 13: 81 values of a (kinetic fractionation) 27: 143
velocity-adapted species 13: 105, 112
production, growth dilution
Cyanobacteria-like organisms (CLOs) 27:
mechanism 13: 83, 86
236
gas vesicle protein 13: 80, 83
Cyanobacterium
glutamate-tRNA gene 27: 297
antenna chlorophyll 10: 94
glycolipids in 16: 9
buoyancy control 10: 42
ideal environment 13: 108, 109
distribution and light quality 10: 23, 24
intrinsic velocities 13: 87 – 90
light, growth rate and 13: 97– 101,
"complexes 10: 82
110– 112 phycobiliproteins 10: 48, 64, 109
limnetic water movements and 13: 90, 91, thylakoid arrangements 10: 33, 35
113 Cyanodictyon
lipid metabolism 16: 13 – 19 distribution 13: 70
and temperature 16: 17 – 19 size 13: 72
fatty acid synthesis 16: 15 – 17 Cyanopeptolin 27: 215
fatty acyl composition 16: 14 Cyanophora paradoxa, phycobiliproteins
membrane composition 16: 13 and associated proteins 27: 279
low-light adaptation 13: 98 – 100 Cyanophyceae, as progenitors of eukaryotic
marine 27: 88 chloroplasts 7: 95 – 97
mixing times, distribution and 13: 93, 94 Cyanophyta, life cycle 16: 56
nutrients Cyanopsis psoraliodes (guar) 11: 134,
buoyancy regulation and 13: 86, 87 139, 143
growth rate and 13: 103– 106, 112, 113 Cyanotoxins 27: 211– 240
overwintering vegetative cells 13: 126, see also Cyanobacteria
127 classification
perennation 13: 125– 128 biotoxins 27: 213– 227
pH range 13: 71, 107 cytotoxins 27: 212
phycobiliproteins, origins 27: 310, 311 detection 27: 228– 233
Cyanotoxins (continued) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii 13: 133

monitoring, control and shape 13: 73
management 27: 239, 240 Cylindrotheca sp. 11: 91, 93
production and genetic Cylindrotheca spp., RUBISCOs, Kc values
regulation 27: 233– 236 (table) 27: 104
risk assessment 27: 236– 238 Cymbidium
screening, summary 27: 230 acid phosphatase production 7: 487
Cyatheaceae carbon fixation 7: 528, 530, 568
cytology and phylogeny 4: 312– 315 culture 7: 443, 446, 470, 481, 634, 635
morphology and cytology 4: 293– 295 Cymbispatha
polyploidy 4: 322 C. commelinoides
Cycads 1: 26, 30, 31, 38 – 41 karyotype constitution 6: 162, 164
Cycads, Early Tertiary 17: 20, 23 karyotype evolution 6: 142, 143, 162
Cycas nombre fundemental 6: 162, 163
chromosome pseudo iso-ring formation 6: 147,
constitution 6: 172 149
evolution 6: 172, 173 chromosome symmetry and
Cycas revoluta, lignin composition 8: 31 evolution 6: 133
Cyclamen eruopaeum 11: 146 isochromosomes 6: 151
Cyclamen persicum 30: 237 karyotype evolution and
Cyclamen persicum, stomatal aperture and centricfusion 6: 161– 167, 190
subsidiary cell turgor 4: 129 polypoidy and centric fusion 6: 183,
Cyclaneusma minus (autumn needle 184
cast) 33: 4, 25 telocentric chromosomes 6: 139
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) 25: 239 Cymodocea sp., d13C values 27: 151
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Cynanchum 31: 51
subfamily 32: 25, 26 Cynodon (Bermuda grass) salt glands 31: 41,
Cyclitols 18: 141; 25: 371, 372 42
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer Cynodon dactylon
(CPD) 22: 116–119 decarboxylation system 7: 197
Cyclohexanoid monoterpenoids effect of sodium on growth 7: 162, 163
biosynthesis 31: 99 – 103 Cynorkis fastigiata, seed morphology 7: 433
Cycloheximide 19: 24; 24: 358; 34: 253, Cynosurus cristatus 33: 245
254 Cyperus
inhibition of nitrogen uptake 6: 3 holocentric chromosomes 6: 136
Cycloheximide, effect on auxin-induced Cyperus rotundus 33: 20
growth 5: 59 Cypripedium
Cycloheximide, flagella regeneration auxin in seeds 7: 462, 506
arrest 20: 135 longevity of flowers 7: 569
Cycnoches post-pollination phenomena 7: 576, 578
flowering period 7: 544, 551, 552 Cyprodinil 33: 248
post-pollination phenomena 7: 574 Cyrtomium falcatum, apomixis 4: 389
Cylindrospermopsin 27: 213– 216 Cyrtomium, polarity of leaf veins 9: 194
structure 27: 217 Cyrtopeltis nicotianae 36: 201, 202
Cylindrospermopsis Cyrtorchis arcuata
distribution 13: 70 flowering period 7: 535
nitrogen fixation 13: 106 seed morphology 7: 436
survival strategies 13: 131, 132 Cys B 33: 199
cys14 33: 163 Cytokines 22: 166, 263, 273, 279, 284,
CYS3 protein 33: 200 285, 287
CysG 30: 24 Cytokinesis 24: 357
CysQ 30: 50 Cytokinin 31: 198
Cyst coat vesicles 24: 375, 376 production by roots 9: 248, 254
Cystatins, plant defence 26: 140, 163– 166 promotion of vascular
Cysteine 21: 152, 153 differentiation 9: 171
Cysteine endopeptidase (CysEP) 38: 76, Cytokinin responses 32: 125, 138
77 Cytokinin responses in plants 32: 125
‘cysteine synthase’ complex 33: 192 Cytokinins 14: 43; 19: 123– 138; 24: 47 – 51;
Cysteine synthesis 33: 188– 191 35: 25
Cystopteris, binding by ribosomes 5: 65
C. fragilis complex, cytogenetics of binding glycoprotein from Achyla 5: 71
C. diaphana 4: 358 biochemical analysis 24: 49
C. dickieana 4: 357– 360 development in unstressed plants
C. fragilis 4: 356– 360 19: 125– 128
C. montana 4: 357, 358 early research 19: 123– 125
C. protrusa 4: 358, 359 fungal-derived 24: 63
C. regia 4: 358, 359 implications for disease control
C. tenuisecta 4: 357 24: 51
polyploidy 4: 324 mediator protein in pea chromatin
Cystoseira mediterranea, fluorescence 5: 65
spectrum 10: 100, 126 miscellaneous stresses applied to
Cystoseira sp. 27: 214 roots 19: 133– 138
Cyst-wall proteins 24: 138 molecular analysis 24: 49 – 51
CytG mutation (soybean) 35: 31 responses to mineral nutrient
Cytochrome 22: 109, 134 shortage 19: 131– 133
Cytochrome b559 13: 8, 9, 46 role in pathogenicity 24: 51
Cytochrome b6 13: 11 root excision studies 19: 128– 131
high/low potential forms 13: 11, 12 Cytokinins in determination of leaf
Cytochrome b6 35: 25 form 28: 171, 172
Cytochrome b6-f complex 13: 5, 10 –13 Cytokinins in leaf nodules 17: 228, 230
cyclic electron transfer 13: 10, 13, 45 Cytokinins, and orchid
electron transport between PSII and seedlings 7: 462– 465
PSI 13: 10 Cytological aspects of light harvesting in
location within thylakoid algae
membrane 13: 11, 15, 48, 49 cell morphology 10: 28, 29
non-cyclic electron transport and 13: 44, chloroplast movement 10: 29, 30
48 chromatophores 10: 30 – 36
Cytochrome f 13: 11, 12 Cytological techniques
location within thylakoid membrane feulgen staining 6: 196– 198
13: 13 Giemsa C-band staining 6: 198, 199
Cytochrome f 35: 25, 77 squash techniques 6: 196– 198
Cytochrome oxidase, affinity for O2 5: 208 Cytology
Cytochrome p450 enzymes 37: 58, 64 and phylogeny in ferns 4: 307– 319
Cytochrome p450 hydroxylases 37: 86 of ancient ferns 4: 283– 292
Cytochrome P450, 106 of modern ferns 4: 282, 283
Cytochrome-P-450 25: 144 of tree-ferns 4: 292 –295
Cytoplasm D. comatum, flowering period 7: 545

colloids and organelles, D. cornuta, seed morphology 7: 427
hydration 3: 178 –181 D. cretaceum, seed morphology 7: 427
water potential 3: 175 D. crumenatum, flowering period 7: 545,
Cytoplasmic invertase 28: 74 550, 551, 568, 569
Cytoplasmic LRRs 24: 155 D. cv. Jaquelyn Thomas, flowering
activation of plant defences by resistance period 7: 545
proteins containing 24: 114– 119 D. cv. Lady Fay, flowering period 7: 545
avirulence determinants interacting with D. cv. Merlin, flowering period 7: 545
resistance proteins containing D. cv. Thwaitesiae, flowering period 7: 545
24: 113, 114 D. dicuphum, symbiotic specificity 7: 496
gene encoding protein of unknown D. draconis, flowering period 7: 545
"function with 24: 137, 138 D. euchlora, photosynthetic rate 10: 151
required for resistance gene to function D. findlayanum, flowering period 7: 545
24: 109– 112 D. flexuosa
resistance genes encoding proteins enzymes of nitrogen metabolism 6: 23,
with 24: 101– 119 25, 29
Cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein nitrate utilization in the presence of
kinase 32: 386 ammonium 6: 16
Cytoplasmic streaming 11: 6, 7, 38, 57 – 60; D. formosum, flowering period 7: 545
28: 121 D. glaucescens, seed morphology 7: 426
D. incarnate, symbiotic specifity 7: 496
Cytoplasmic streaming, in giant cells of
D. infundibulum, flowering period 7: 545
Algae 5: 159
D. majus
Cytoplasmic streaming, lateral movement of
microchromosomes 6: 225, 226
respiratory gases 7: 239–242
sex chromosomes 6: 235
Cytoskeleton
D. nobile
displacement and gravity 15: 27, 28
effect of hormones in culture 7: 460, 465
shear and statolith motion 15: 21 – 24
flowering period 7: 545
Cytoskeleton role in vacuole and endosome
symbiotic specificity 7: 496
movements 28: 141– 143
D. parva, photosystem reaction centre 10: 87
Cytoskeleton, changes in 24: 210 D. phalaenopsis
Cytoskeleton, UV radiation 22: 133, 134 flowering period 7: 545
Cytosolic invertase 28: 73 nitrogen metabolism 7: 446
Cytosolic nitrates 30: 18, 19 D. plicatile, seed morphology 7: 427
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate D. pulchella, seed morphology 7: 427
carboxylase 25: 377 D. purpurella
Cytospora chrysosperma 33: 26 carbon transport 7: 504, 505
Cytotaxonomy 6: 242– 244 culture 7: 442, 459, 460, 464, 470
Cytotoxins, list 27: 213–215 protocorm-fungal interaction 7: 499, 500
2,4-D 19: 14, 15, 63 symbiotic specifity 7: 496
ultrastructure of mycorrhiza 7: 501, 504
D values, typical 18: 195, 196 vitamin production 7: 494, 495
D. antennatum, seed morphology 7: 437 D. quercina
D. appecdiculatum, longevity of coloured zone formation 7: 395, 397
flowers 7: 568 competitive ability in culture 7: 354,
D. bronkearti effects of pollination on 389– 391, 396
ovaries 7: 630 D. scabrilingue, flowering period 7: 545
D. subulata Dalbulus 36: 155, 160

interspecific aneuploidy 6: 212 elimatus 21: 196
D. superbum, longevity of flowers 7: 569 maids 21: 201– 203
D. tauricum Dalbulus elimatus 36: 154
heterochromatin 6: 238 Dalbulus maidis 36: 146, 151
D. taurinum, carbon fixation 7: 524 Damping-off disease of radish (Rhizoctonia
D. tenella, seed morphology 7: 426 solani) 38: 7, 10, 25, 26
D. tertiolecta 11: 98, 100, 113 Danaus plexippus 25: 151
antenna chlorophyll 10: 94 Daphne pseudomezereum 38: 211
photosynthetic rate 10: 151 Dark intrinsic protein 35: 143
shading effects 10: 156, 160, 162 Dark respiration 18: 42, 67
thylakoid structure 10: 34 absolute 18: 68
D. thrysifolium, post-pollination SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 47
phenomena 7: 607 Darkness and chelation 1: 84, 85, 90, 91,
Dacrydium 95
chromosome constitution 6: 173 DAS-ELISA 62
D. bidivillii Dasineura brassica 35: 243
karyotype morphology 6: 174 Dasya ocellata 35: 180
D. laxifolum Dasypyrum villosum 33: 245– 247
karyotype morphology 6: 174, Datura 35: 63
175 isochromosomes 6: 145
karyotype evolution and Datura innoxia 30: 143; 35: 59, 74, 84
centricfusion 6: 173 Datura innoxia, DNA transposable
Dacrydium cupressinum 37: 170 elements, Ac transposition
Dactylis 33: 245 27: 403
Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) 33: 245; Datura metel 35: 63
29: 130, 131 Datura meteloides 35: 74
Dactylis glomerata 30: 57 Datura stramonium 22: 165
enzymes of nitrogen metabolism 6: 23, Datura wrightii 31: 206
25, 27, 29 Daucus carota 22: 60; 25: 270, 272; 28: 75;
Dactylis glomerata, evolutionary 29: 159; 30: 275; 32: 191, 205;
pattern 4: 369 37: 110
Dactylococcopsis DNA analysis 6: 125
buoyancy regulation 13: 86 hydraulic conductivity 6: 97
form of colonies 13: 73 Daucus carota culture 13: 157, 160, 162
stratification 13: 85 Davallia
Dactylococcopsis salina 13: 133 fossil record 4: 234, 235
distribution 13: 70 fossil structure 4: 245, 246
Dactylorhiza, vitamin production Dawsonia
7: 468 macro-evolution 6: 269
Dactynotus gobonis 36: 11 Dawsonia superba, leaf surface 5: 200
Daedalea confragosa Dawsonia, lignin content 8: 29
coloured zone formation 7: 395, 397 Daylength 22: 166
competitive ability in culture 7: 389, 390, Dbf2 protein kinases 32: 32
394, 396 DCMU [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N0
pseudosclerotial plate formation 7: 395, dimethylurea] 33: 95, 105– 107
397 Dead Sea, Dunaliella in 14: 98, 99
DAG 22: 74, 85, 88 Deamination 30: 135
Debromoaplysiatoxin 12: 78 – 80 Delia floralis 35: 243

Decaffeinated beverages 30: 188–190 Delila (del) 31: 224, 225
Decarbomethoxylase 35: 17 Delphinidin 37: 60 – 62, 70
De-etiolation 32: 150 Delphinium ajacis 12: 184
Defence Delphinium sp. 33: 245
mechanisms in plants 30: 294, 295 Deltas
similarities with animals 30: 308, 311 fluvio-lacustrine 16: 133– 140
response genes 30: 309– 311 formation model 16: 133– 135
Defence genes 21: 11, 20, 21 Gilbert-type profile 16: 133
Defence genes, regulation of 29: 64, 65 high-energy systems 16: 138– 140
Defence genes, UV radiation 22: 135– 138 in volcanic terrain lateral lakes 16: 170,
Defence reactions 22: 165 171
Defence response 21: 2, 3, 24, 25 low-energy system 16: 135– 138
see also Fungi, Gene for generelation- fluvio-marine 16: 140– 147
ships, Virus infection beaches 16: 144, 145
classes of 21: 8 – 17 distributory mouth bars 16: 142
pathogen ingress and plant interdistributory embayments 16: 144
resistance 21: 3 –8 lower plain marshes 16: 145, 146
regulation of defence gene pro-delta slope 16: 141, 142
expression 21: 18 – 24 tidal flats 16: 143, 144
Defence responses 29: 59 – 61 upper plain marshes 16: 146, 147
Defence tissues 38: 171, 172 Demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) 33: 248
Defence-related (DR) proteins 38: 263 Demethyl-oFCC-1 35: 18
Defense pathways 32: 391 Demographic stochasticity 38: 10, 11, 14
Defense signal transduction 32: 392– 397 Dendranthema grandiflora 37: 110
Defensins 26: 151– 153 Dendrobium cv. Anne Marie, flowering
Defensins 30: 308, 309, 311 period 7: 544
Defensive Signal Hypothesis 37: 160, Dendroceros 19: 275, 279, 281, 295
161 Dendroceros tubercularis 19: 298
Deficiency and plant adaptation 10: 222, 223 Dendrocerotaceae 19: 295
involvement in plant disease 10: 224, 225 Dendroligotrichum, lignin content 8: 29, 30
DEFICIENS 24: 133 Dendrophylax funalis, carbon fixation 7: 530
Definitions 31: 1, 3, 199 Dennstaedtia, fossil record and
Deforestation 21: 87 – 89, 91, 95 structure 4: 246, 247
Degradation of wood see Fungi Dennstaedtiaceae
Dehiscence 17: 280– 282 aneuploidy 4: 301– 307
and size of pod 17: 284 polyploidy 4: 322
Dehydrins 22: 277 Dennstaedtiaceae, Early Cainozoic 17: 14
Dehydroascorbate (DHA) 18: 95 Dense vesicles 35: 148, 149
“Delaware” cv. 18: 70 Density labelling, measurement of protein
Delayed light emission (DLE) 18: 100 turnover 8: 93 – 95
Delesseria sanguinea, photosynthetic Density of trichomes 31: 137, 138, 209, 210
rate 10: 168 3-deoxy anthocyanidin 37: 39 – 41
Delesseria sp. 3-deoxy anthocyanin 37: 8, 76, 84, 186
d13C values 27: 150 Dephosphorylation 21: 168; 30: 135, 136;
growth rate 27: 156 32: 17, 25, 31, 69, 70, 76, 92, 207,
Deleterious cytoplasmic genomes 251, 340, 356– 359, 445, 448
(DCGs) 24: 74 Deplasmolysis 25: 26
Depolarization 21: 62, 63 initiation 31: 219– 233

Depolymerization 21: 46 timing 31: 27 –29
Deriphat 160, solubilization of chlorophyll- Development, UV radiation 22: 102, 139
protein complexes 10: 104 Developmental pathways 32: 9
Dermocystidium, phosphate uptake 8: 157, Developmentally regulated
172 promoters 34: 88 – 90
Deschampsia alpina Devonian land plants 5: 162, 163
nitrate reductase 6: 23 Dextran gel, separation of gibberellins 9: 58,
Deschampsia caespitosa, metal 59
cotolerance 8: 257, 258 Dextran, use as a cryoprotective agent 5: 20
Deschampsia flexuosa 29: 10, 11, 18; 30: 57 Dextran-charcoal techniques in IAA
Desert shrubs 18: 20 binding 5: 64
Desertification 21: 87 D-Galacturonic acid 19: 21
Desmarestia spp., pH of vacuole 27: 167, D -glucuronic acid 34: 173
170 DHA, see Dehydroascorbate
Desmarestia viridis (D willii) 35: 196 Dhurrin 30: 97, 98; 35: 223
Desmatodon cernuus Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
breeding systems 6: 246 (Spotted cucumber
D. randii beetle) 36: 102– 104
apogamy 6: 252 Diacylglycerol 21: 64; 22: 46 – 49
Desmodium 24: 432 Diacylglycerol acyltransferase
Desmodium intortum 24: 440 (DAGAT) 35: 118, 128
Desmotubule 31: 262, 263, 276, 277 Diaeretiella rapae 35: 244
Desoxyhemigossypol 21: 48 Diagnosis, definition 23: 3
Desoxymethoxyhemigossypol 21: 48 Diagnostic methods 23: 9, 10
Destabilization, viruses 21: 106– 114 Diagnostic techniques
Desulphoglucosinolate genetic 23: 8
sulphotransferase 35: 224 phenetic 23: 8
Desulphoglucosinolates 35: 215 bioassay 23: 8
Desulphovibrio, cytochrome 4: 79 biochemical 23: 8
Detection bioindications, early 18: 101– 103 morphological 23: 8
Detection, definition 23: 3 serological 23: 8
Detection, early parameter 18: 93 Diagnostic values 23: 180– 182
Detergents for fractionation of chlorophyll- Diaheliotropic movements
protein complexes 10: 104, 105 Dialytic (dl) 31: 206
Determination, definition 23: 3 Dianthalexin production 13: 179
Determinative phase, disease 21: 36, 38 – 51 Dianthramides 21: 49
Deterministic models 38: 41, 45 Dianthus caryophyllus 28: 75; 37: 68;
Deterministic thresholds 38: 39, 40 13: 179
Detoxifying response 18: 95 Diaphananthe, flowering period 7: 535,
Detrimental associations 33: 22 – 27 538, 541, 547
Detritivores Diaphototropic movement
and plant fossil record 16: 105, 106 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
phytoplankton consumption 16: 210 (DSP) 12: 89 – 91
Deuteromycotina 24: 78 Diaspores, aquatic mechanical
Development 31: 20 – 29, 89 – 91, 201– 209 degradation 16: 124, 125
see also epidermal cell specification Diatoms see Named species
cell wall growth 31: 27 Diatoxanthin 27: 292, 294
Dicarboxylate translocator in chloroplast Dictyophyllum, fossil record 4: 237

membrane 7: 56, 62 – 64 Dictyostelium 35: 63
Dicarboxylic acids 18: 136, 146, 148, 149, Dictyostelium discoideum 25: 270
151, 163 Dictyostelium discoideum, polyphosphate
transport 18: 140 localization 8: 146
2,4-dichloroacetic acid (2,4-D) 34: 73 Dictyostelium discoidum 28: 13, 14
Dichlorofluorescein 37: 183 Dictyota dichotoma 11: 111; 12: 63;
2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic acid 21: 17 19: 211
Dichloromethylenediphosphonate 25: 300 Dictyota dichotoma, chloroplast
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) "movement 10: 29, 30
induction of aspartate conjugates of Dictyuchus 24: 354
NAA 5: 55, 56 Dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) 28: 23
inhibition of 3-MO reduction 5: 60 Dicyma parasitica 24: 412
protein mediators Didymoplexis pallens, flowering
in stimulation cf chromatin-bound period 7: 437
RNA polymerase in Dieback zone 18: 237
soybean 5: 62, 63 Diel cycle in Crassulacean acid
in stimulation of RNA synthesis by metabolism 15: 46 – 50
tobacco and soybean nuclei 5: 62 and organic acid fluctuation 15: 49, 50
stimulation of glucan synthetase activity and succulence 15: 49
of onion plasma membrane 5: 61 phases in 15: 46 – 49
2,6-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,6-D), Diethylstilbestrol (DES) 22: 7; 25: 377
induction of aspartate in conjugates of Diethylstilbestrol and ion flux in
NAA 5: 55, 56 roots 15: 104
Dicksonia antarctica, fossil record 4: 236 Differential scanning calorimetry
Dicksoniaceae, structure and fossil (DSC) 34: 179
record 4: 236, 245 Differential senescence in tissues and
Dicksoniales, see Cyatheaceae organelles 25: 89, 90
Dicotyledonous plants 25: 116–120 Differential temperature treatment
Dicotyledons, at K/T boundary, fossil (DTT) 21: 118
evidence 17: 7 Differential-display reverse-transcriptase
Dicranella (DDRT-PCR) 35: 79, 80
cytotaxonomy 6: 243 polymerase chain reaction
D. palustris Diffusion 11: 3 – 6, 14
interspecific aneuploidy 6: 212 definition 7: 242
Dicranoloma sp. diffusivities of atmospheric gases 7: 232,
chromosome numbers 6: 206 233
Dicranoweissia Fick’s Law 7: 243, 244
cytotaxonomy 6: 243 movement of respiratory gases in
D. cirrata plants 7: 227, 228
aneuploidy 6: 220 movement of respiratory gases in the
Dicranum 19: 249, 251 gas-space 7: 228– 234, 239
cultivation experiments 6: 253 Ohm’s law and the diffusion
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 analogy 7: 247, 248
Dicranum majus 19: 263, 287 planar diffusion 7: 244– 247, 253– 256
Dicrypta bauerii, seed morphology 7: 427 pore-space resistance 7: 248, 249
Dictamnus 31: 9, 26 radial diffusion 7: 250, 251, 256– 260
anatomy of essential oil cavities 6: 300 Diffusion boundary layers 27: 121, 122
Diffusive resistance 18: 197 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene 34: 267

air pollution combinations, other 18: 84 Diindolylmethane 35: 239
NO2/SO2 mixtures 18: 43 – 49 3,30 -diinodolylmethane 35: 249
NOx exposure 18: 34 – 42 4,40 -Diisothiocyano-2,20 -stilbene disulfonic
long-term 18: 40 – 42 acid (DIDS) 25: 379
short-term 18: 38, 39 Dikaryotic rust infections 24: 319
O3 18: 49 – 69 Dill culture 13: 158
O3/acid precipitation 18: 79 – 82 Diltiazem 22: 72
SO2 exposure 18: 7 –34 Dilution plating 23: 181, 196
long-term 18: 30 – 32 Dimerization 32: 122, 123, 128, 236, 244,
SO2/NO2 exposure, 390
long-term 18: 48, 49 modules 32: 247, 248
short-term 18: 47 Dimethyl sulphate (DMS) 22: 137
SO2/O3 mixtures 18: 69 – 78 9,10-dimethyl-1,2,-benzanthracene
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) 22: 131 35: 248
Digenea simplex 35: 197 Dimethylsulfoxide, use as a cryoprotective
Digital image analysis 18: 92 agent 5: 20, 21
Digitalis lanata 25: 151 Dinoflagellate chromosome 12: 205– 264
Digitalis lanata culture 13: 158, 172 central axial structures 12: 214
biotransformation 13: 162, 164 chromatin stabilization 12: 248 –250
Digitalis purpurea 31: 50, 271 chromosome changes during cell
Digitalis purpurea culture 13: 148, 150, cycle 12: 222– 236
151, 156, 157, 166, 171 chromosome numbers 12: 209
Digitalis ssp. culture 13: 174 DNA fibrils 12: 251, 252
Digitaria 21: 159 DNA levels 12: 209–211
Digitaria exilis 34: 41 DNA transcription 12: 220– 222
Digitaria iburua 34: 41 electron microscopy 12: 212– 220
Digitaria sanguinalis, PEPCK in 38: 117 eukaryote affinities 12: 257, 258
Digitonin 21: 62 fine structure 12: 211– 220
Digitonin permeabilization, dyes 22: 56, 60 intermediate status and phylogeny
Digitonin, fractionation of reaction 12: 258– 260
centres 10: 104 ionic composition 12: 241– 250
Digitoxin production 13: 148, 150, 151, light microscopy 12: 211, 212
156, 157, 166, 171, 172, 174 macromolecular
biotransformation to digoxin 13: 162, 164 composition 12: 236– 241
Digitoxin sensitivity 21: 190 models 12: 251– 254
Digoxin production 13: 162, 164 prokaryote affinities 12: 254– 257
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase synthesis of nuclear DNA 12: 222– 225
(DHDPS) 34: 203 Dinoflagellates 25: 76
Dihydroflavonol reductase (DER) 59, 64, 65, Dinomastigota dinoflagellates, PEPCK
99 in 38: 145, 146
genes 37: 83, 84 Dinophyceae 12: 207, 208
Dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) 22: 136 Dinophyta 27: 89
Dihydroflavonols 37: 65, 184 C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97
1,4-Dihydropyridines 22: 71, 73, 78 number and origins of membranes
Dihydroxyacetone kinase 14: 136 between cytosol and RUBISCO
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, transport in (table) 27: 138, 139
chloroplasts 7: 54, 57 – 60, 62 Dinophytes 11: 75
Dinosaurs Dipteridaceae
extinctions 17: 4 cytology and phylogeny 4: 310– 312, 314
Palaeocene 17: 6 fossil record 4: 237
Dinosterol 12: 208 Direct gene transfer (DGT)
Diode 18: 271 techniques 34: 61, 62 – 67, 80, 81
Diodia vein chorosis virus 36: 70 Direct gene transformation vector,
Dionaea 22: 164, 165, 213– 216; 28: 36 structure 34: 63
muscipula 22: 186, 202, 203 Directionality of growth 31: 252, 253
Dionaea muscipula 28: 37 Disa cernua, seed morphology 7: 427
Dioon DISCRETE 11: 33, 34, 36, 40
chromosome constitution 6: 172 Discula quercina 33: 26
Dioscoraceae 22: 13 Discula umbrinella 33: 8
Dioscorea deltoidea culture 13: 150, 151, Disease management 38: 1 – 56
166, 167 Disease resistance genes 30: 300, 303, 304,
response to biotic stress 13: 181 306
Dioscoreaceae 17: 164, 168 Dispersal kernels 38: 41
leaf gland symbiosis 17: 168, 213– 217 Dispersal – vicariance analysis
external infection 17: 223 (DIVA) 38: 282
microsymbiont isolation from 17: 220 Distichium hagenii
Diosgenin production 13: 150, 151, 156, auto polyploidy 6: 214
166, 167, 181, 182 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
DIP organelles 35: 153 Distichlis 31: 41
Diphenylbutylpiperidines 22: 71 DISTORTED1 (DIS1) 31: 252
1,1-Diphosphonates 25: 299– 300 DISTORTED2 (DIS2) 31: 252
Diphyscium 19: 249, 251, 253, 283, 287 Distribution of trichomes 31: 19, 20
Diphyscium foliosum 19: 264 genetic control 31: 138, 229
Diphyscum 19: 257 Diuris pedunculata, symbiotic specificity
Diplacus aurantiacus 18: 12, 20, 25 7: 496
Diplaziopsis javanica, fossil record Diversity
4: 250 among fungal species 33: 7, 8
Diplazium interspecific 33: 3, 4
apomixis 4: 390 intraspecific 33: 5– 7
polyploidy 4: 322 of associations 33: 3 – 8
Diplodia maydis, phosphorus content ecology 33: 10 – 19
8: 140 geographic and climatic
Diplodina castaneae 33: 25 factors 33: 17 –19
Diplodina salicorniae 33: 5 growth promotion 33: 22
Diploid nucleomorph 19: 207 Gymnspermae as host plants 33: 9, 10
Diplopeltis petiularis host interactions 33: 20 – 38
glandular hair structure 6: 294 host plant phenology 33: 10
resin yield 6: 289 indirect enhancement of insect
Diplophyllum 19: 263, 265 colonization 33: 26, 27
Diplophyllum albicans 19: 273 inhibition of host plant growth 33: 26, 27
Diplospory 6: 253 latent pathogens 33: 22– 26
Diplotaxis 35: 221 mutualistic associations 33: 20– 22
Dip-stick assays 24: 282, 283 physiology 33: 9
Dipstick assays 23: 10 protection from insect herbivory 33: 21,
Diptera, plant defence proteins 26: 172 22
resistance to diseases 33: 20, 21 Ac superfamily in maize 27: 364–380

sporulation, dispersal and as genetic tools 27: 394– 409
infection 33: 11, 12 reverse genetics 27: 407–409
substrate utilization 33: 20 transposon tagging 27: 394– 407
utilization and manipulation of dominant inhibition of
associations 33: 27, 28 transposition 27: 363, 364
DLE, see Delayed light emission En/Spm (enhancer/suppressor-mutator),
Dm11 resistance gene 24: 18 CACTA superfamily in maize 27: 352,
DMSO, see dimethylsulfoxide 353, 380– 387, 405, 406
DNA endogenous, verification of cloned
content per genome in genes 27: 401
differentorganisms 6: 121– 123 epigenetic silencing of TEs and reactiva-
palindromic sequences 6: 126 tion by genomic
periodicity in organisms of stress 27: 360– 363
differentcomplexity 6: 122, 123 evolution 27: 409– 436
quality 6: 123– 128 and ecotypes 27: 434
recombination technology 22: 66 – 68 and origin of cultivated plants 27: 434,
UV radiation 22: 103, 104, 113, 435
117– 119, 132, 133, 139 exon shuffling 27: 429
DNA amplification fingerprinting gene duplication 27: 423– 429
(DAF) 34: 43 parasites and pacemakers of
DNA encoding protein kinases 32: 3, 4 "evolution 27: 433– 435
DNA fingerprinting 24: 337, 438; 34: 43, silent genes 27: 429, 430
44 two groups of hypotheses 27: 414– 433
DNA fragments 24: 400, 423 extrachromosomal forms of TEs 27: 359,
DNA genetic markers 35: 174 360
DNA genotyping chips 34: 6, 7, 9 heterologous elements, gene
DNA markers 35: 176 tagging 27: 406, 407
DNA melting temperature (Tm) alteration by induced sequence variation,
hormones 5: 62 types 27: 410
DNA modification 24: 415 mechanism of transposition 27: 350– 360
DNA molecules 24: 400, 411 models 27: 356– 358
DNA oligonucleotide probes 34: 6 mutation potential 27: 422
DNA restriction fragment polymorphisms Mutator elements in maize 27: 351– 356,
(RFLPs) 24: 337 387– 394
DNA sequence 24: 180, 450 PDR-based identification of transposon
DNA sequence analysis 24: 186, 337 insertion 27: 408
DNA synthesis 7: 488; 28: 244, 245 recombination signal sequences
effect of hormones 7: 459, 462, 624, 625, (RSSs) 27: 359
629, 631 selfish DNA 27: 411, 412
longevity of flowers 7: 568 structures 27: 355
pollination 7: 553 DNA, dot blot hybridisation 23: 11
post-pollination phenomena 7: 572, 573, DNA, in developing legume seeds 9: 18, 19,
583, 584, 595, 596, 598, 600– 611, 24
619, 630 DNA:DNA hybridization 21: 188, 189, 192,
DNA transfer 24: 405, 410, 416 199, 201, 205
DNA transposable elements 27: 350– 394 DNAase 25: 90, 94, 95
see also Zea mays DNA-degrading bacteria 24: 402
DNA-degrading enzymes 24: 402 doubled haploids in plant breeding 35: 56, 57
DNA-DNA hybridization 24: 342 anther/microspore cultures 35: 59 – 61
Dnd1 mutant 30: 304 haploid parthenogenesis 35: 57, 58
Documentary procedures 23: 20, 21 hybridization 35: 58
Dodeca-a-(1 ! 4)D-galacturonide 19: 22 microspore or male gametophyte
Dodonaea viscos "origin 35: 58, 59
resin yield 6: 289 pollination with irradiated pollen 35: 58
Dogger Bank phytoplankton production methods 35: 57 – 59
productivity 16: 232 spontaneous origin 35: 57
Dolichol phosphate, involvement in glyco- Double-stranded DNA 24: 403
protein formation 9: 9 Douglas fir 19: 135
Dolichos lablab 33: 98 Down-regulation of gene
Domain expression 34: 96 – 105
databases 32: 59 application in cereals 34: 101– 103
ethylene-binding 32: 119– 121 increasing efficiency in 34: 103– 105
examination 32: 58, 59 mechanisms 34: 97 –101
extracellular receptor 32: 230, 245– 248 Downstream target proteins 32: 251– 254
fork-head associated (FHA) 32: 58 Downy mildew infections 24: 258, 259, 319
GAF 32: 121, 122 interception strategy 24: 322, 323
histidine kinase 32: 121, 130, 158 Dracaena 3: 214
LOV 32: 159, 166, 167 branching 3: 264
LRR domain 32: 230, 236, 239, 246, 247, growth 3: 215
383 influorescence 3: 268, 277
protein kinase 32: 242–245 vascular system construction 3: 246
S 32: 226, 248 development 3: 257
swapping 32: 56 secondary 3: 265
targeting 32: 81, 82 Drag coefficients 18: 205
transmembrane 32: 117– 119 Drag force 18: 196, 198
Dombeya perrine 37: 45 Drechslera sp. 33: 13
Donax spp., growth 3: 230, 231 Drepanocladus exannulatus
Donnan free space (DFS) 33: 50 aneuploidy 6: 220
Donnan pressure of cell proteins 14: 153 cultivation experiments 6: 210
DOPA production 13: 156– 158 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
Dopamine 21: 51 Drepanosiphum platanoides 33: 27
Doppler shift 11: 2, 13, 15, 19, 21 “Driselase” 19: 26
Dormancy 2: 254, 259 Drosera 28: 37; 31: 26
Dorsal vesicles 24: 375, 376 filiformis 22: 169
Dosage 18: 7 further research 22: 201, 202, 203, 214, 216
Dose-response functions 18: 8 rotundifolia 22: 169
Dose-response relationship 29: 56 signal transmission 22: 164, 168, 169,
Dose-response, linear 18: 35 186, 187
Dot immunobinding assay (DIA) 23: 155 Drosera binata 28: 123
Dot-blot assays 24: 282, 283 Drosera intermedia
Dothiorella gregaria 24: 125 nitrate reductase 6: 22
Double antibody sandwich (DAS) 23: 33 Drosophila 24: 115; 28: 165, 183, 184;
Double-antibody-sandwich (DAS) 30: 308; 32: 29, 72, 74, 83, 85, 90,
assays 24: 281 249, 250, 258, 284, 309, 332, 339,
Doubled haploids (DHs) 34: 45 383– 385, 391; 35: 196
Drosophila discoideum 32: 304, 337 Duboisia myoporoides 12: 88

Drosophila melanogaster 12: 158; 24: 423; Dumortiera 19: 271
28: 13; 32: 9, 28, 304 Dumortiera hirsuta
DNA per genome 6: 126 intraspecific polyploidy 6: 211, 215
TEs 27: 360, 407, 422 Dunaliella 14: 93 – 183
Drosophila shaggy 32: 29 adaptation to high irradiance 10: 22
Drosophila Toll protein 24: 108, 109 anatomy 14: 118– 126
Drosophyllum and light and temperature 14: 125, 126
DNA per genome 6: 122 and salt 14: 123, 125
Drought 18: 48; 19: 133– 135 differences, intergeneric 14: 123, 124
stress 18: 66 differences, interspecific 14: 123
Drought and Crassulacean acid meta- microscopy 14: 118– 122
bolism 15: 52 cell volume regulation 14: 153– 175
Drought resistance 37: 9, 10, 106– 108 and compartmentation 14: 174, 175
Drought stress 37: 105–108 and glycerol metabolism 14: 173, 174
DRT100 gene 24: 126, 127 and ion concentrations 14: 167– 173
Dryas integrifolia 33: 112 and osmotic pressure
Dryas octopetala 33: 6, 19, 113 change 14: 153– 160
Dryocosmus kuriphilus 21: 141– 143 recovery after osmotic
Dryopteris borreri, chloroplast envelope shock 14: 160– 167
7: 20 chlorophyll a/b ratio 10: 52
Dryopteris filix-mas, lignin composition 14: 126–134
composition 8: 31 carbohydrates, soluble 14: 128, 130
Dryopteris, lipids and carotenoids 14: 131– 133
D. atrata, apomixis 4: 388 nucleic acids 14: 133
D. borrerii, apomixis 4: 388, 389, 393, organic compounds 14: 126, 127
395 proteins 14: 128, 129
D. felix-mass complex, cytogenetic starch 14: 130
relationships in distribution and ecology 14: 98 – 101
D. abbreviata 4: 338– 342 enzymes 14: 134– 143
D. caucasia 4: 338– 342 and sodium chloride 14: 141– 143
D. marginalis 4: 338– 342 glycerol metabolism 14: 134– 137
D. villarii 4: 338– 342 glycerol, effects of 14: 143, 144
D. meeteecseana, fossil record 4: 251 nitrate reduction 14: 137–139
D. remota, apomixis 4: 388 phosphofructokinase 14: 140, 141
D. spinulosa complex, cytogenetic photosynthetic 14: 139, 140
relationships starch metabolism 14: 140
D. clintoniana group 4: 345 structural modifications 14: 143
D. dilatata group 4: 346–349 growth 14: 101–118
fossil record 4: 235 and artificial medium
genome analysis 333, 334, 337 composition 14: 101, 102
polyploidy 4: 322 and carbon source 14: 110–112
Dryopteris, natural aberrant cycles 16: 71 and cations, divalent 14: 108
Drypetes 35: 219 and cations, monovalent 14: 106, 107
DSP, see Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and copper 14: 109
DsRHA formation 34: 99 – 101 and interactions of parameters 14: 116,
DsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase 117
(dsRdRP) 34: 100, 101 and light 14: 112– 115
Dunaliella (continued) Dwarf pea bioassay for

and nitrogen source 14: 109, 110 gibberellins 9: 62 – 65, 132,
and phosphorous 14: 108 134– 136, 138
and salinity, total 14: 101, 103 Dwarf rice bioassay for gibberellins 9: 67,
and sodium chloride 14: 103– 107 132, 134– 139
and sulphate 14: 108 Dwarfing genes 34: 47, 48
and temperature 14: 115, 116 D-xylose 19: 21
photosynthesis 14: 143, 144– 153 “Dylan” cv. 18: 9, 10
and electron flow 14: 148 O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 71
and light intensity 14: 148 Dynamic pleiomorphic
and sodium chloride 14: 149– 153 networks 28: 120– 123
products 14: 146– 148 Dynamical landscapes 38: 50 – 52
rate, and sodium chloride Dysmicoccus brevipes 36: 200
concentration 14: 144
taxonomy 14: 95 – 98 E value 32: 47
Dunaliella acidophila 28: 13, 14, 27 E. alatum, carbon fixation 7: 524, 528
Dunaliella bioculata 28: 13, 14 E. atropurpurea, stigmatic closure 7: 601
Dunaliella lipid metabolism E. axyrioides
and temperature 16: 22 – 24 effect of sodium on growth 7: 161, 165
galactosylation 16: 27 sodium in seeds 7: 143
halotolerance 16: 20, 22 E. cinnabarinum, seed morphology 7: 426
labelling studies 16: 24 – 26 E. cochleatum, seed morphology 7: 426
microsomal phospholipid retailoring E. crassifolium, seed morphology 7: 427
16: 26, 27 E. ellipticum, carbon fixation 7: 524
Dunaliella parva E. erecta, longevity of flowers 7: 569
hydraulic conductivity 6: 91, 99 – 103 E. euglossa, flowering period 7: 541
Dunaliella parva, NMR studies 20: 69 E. falcata, longevity of flowers 7: 569
Dunaliella salina 11: 83, 84 E. flabellifera, carbon fixation 7: 524
NMR studies E. floribundum, carbon fixation 7: 525
immobilization 20: 69 E. gracilis
light-dependent effects 20: 71 electrophoresis of chloroplast
31
P NMR 20: 104 proteins 7: 51
sodium uptake 20: 99 galactolipid synthesis 7: 87
Dunaliella tertiolecta 28: 180 isolation of chloroplast envelopes 7: 34
Dunaliella tertiolecta, sodium protein synthesis in chloroplasts 7: 53
requirement 7: 147 E. gracilis, flowering period 7: 536
Dunaniella sp. E. graminis
C-concentrating mechanisms lithium deficiency and disease 10: 264
(table) 27: 118, 119, 125 silicon/manganese in disease 10: 262
CO2 transport 27: 136 E. graminis DC var. hordii
redox regulation of mRNA 27: 301 macronutrient effects on host
Durio 37: 115 "infection 10: 223, 224
Duripartic preservation 16: 176 micronutrient effects on host
Dutch elm disease 21: 71 "infection 10: 230– 232, 240
Dutch elm disease 38: 40, 41 phenol synthesis and infection 10: 236
Dwarf maize leaf sheath bioassay for E. horsfallii, flowering period 7: 540
gibberellins 9: 64 E. hybridum, polyploidy 4: 329
E. indica, effect of sodium on growth 7: 162, Australian floras 17: 81 – 85

163 cladistic studies 17: 45 – 49
E. keithii, carbon fixation 7: 525, 528, 529 climate 17: 8, 9
E. lancifolium, seed morphology 7: 426 climate reconstruction 17: 68 – 80
E. linza 11: 99 leaf physiognomy in 17: 69 – 79
E. nigriabris, orchid pollination 7: 563 wood anatomy in 17: 79, 80
E. nocturnum, protocorm-fungal community reconstructions 17: 53 –59
interaction 7: 499, 500 ecological anatomy 17: 59 – 61
E. nutans, isolation of hymenomycetous family level reviews 17: 49
fungus 7: 490 floral composition 17: 13 – 27
E. obrienianum, protocorm-fungal angiosperms 17: 23 – 27
interaction 7: 499, 500 conifers 17: 16, 17, 19– 22
E. obrienii, interaction with cycads 17: 20, 23
rhizoctonia 7: 498 Ginkgo 17: 23
E. odoratissima, carbon fixation 7: 524 lower plants/fungi 17: 13
E. oppositifolia pteridophytes 17: 13 – 16, 18
oil cavities 6: 300, 301 floristics 17: 12, 13
E. oraniensis, orchid pollination 7: 565 flowers 17: 62 – 66, 118, 119
E. papillosa, longevity of flowers 7: 569 geography 17: 9 – 12
E. papillosum, seed morphology 7: 427 late Cretaceous/Middle Eocene 17: 10
E. prolifera, properties of Middle Eocene/End Oligocene
plastocyanin 10: 87 17: 10 – 12
E. quatiniana, flowering period 7: 537 geological setting 17: 2, 3
E. radicans major events 17: 3 – 8
carbon fixation 7: 525, 528 Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary 17: 4 – 7
flowering 7: 545 Eocene/Oligocene boundary 17: 4, 8
protocorm-fungal interaction 7: 499, 500 morphological systematics 17: 52, 53
seed morphology 7: 437 Northern Palaeocene floras 17: 85, 86
E. ramosum, seed morphology 7: 427 numerical taxonomy 17: 53
E. rubiginosa, carbon fixation 7: 520 plant physiology and the
E. schomburgkii, carbon fixation 7: 525 atmosphere 17: 86 – 88
E. serrulata geochemical studies 17: 88
resin occurrence in arid conditions 6: 289 isotope studies 17: 86 – 88
E. stamfortianum, seed morphology 7: 425 plant reconstructions 17: 31 – 44
E. streptopetala, seed morphology 7: 426 Aceraceae 17: 44
E. superba, orchid pollination 7: 560 Betulaceae 17: 40, 41
E. thunbergii, longevity of flowers 7: 569 Ebenaceae 17: 43
E. tubulosa 11: 86 Fagaceae 17: 36 – 40
E. viridissima, orchid pollination 7: 559 Juglandaceae 17: 41, 42
E. xanthinum, carbon fixation 7: 525, 531 monocotyledons 17: 31, 32
Ear, signal transduction in 15: 13, 14 Platanaceae 17: 35, 36
Early leaf spot 21: 224, 226–230, 233–235 Salicaceae 17: 42, 43
Early Tertiary 17: 1 – 98 Trochodendrales/Cercidiphyllales
animal-plant interactions 17: 61 – 68 17: 32 – 35
flowers/pollination 17: 62 – 66 Ulmaceae 17: 41
fruit/seed dispersal, and vertebrate seed assemblages, image analysis
diet 17: 66 –68 17: 49 – 52
insect (other than pollination) 17: 68 study methods 17: 28 –30
Earthworms, biocontrol 26: 17, 18 EDS-1 gene 30: 306

Eastern hemlock 18: 99 EDTA see Chelates
Eastern white pine, see Pinus strobus EDU 29: 34, 41, 42
Ebelactones A and B 24: 41 EFE 18: 97
Ebenaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 43 Effective dose 18: 7
E-b-ocimene 31: 129 Eichhornia crassipes 37: 61
Eboracia, fossil record 4: 236 Eight stranded antiparallel b Barrels
EC Schemes 23: 2 (ESABs) 21: 111
Eccrine secretion 31: 38, 39 El Chichón (Mexico) 1982 eruptions
nectar 31: 53 lateral lakes 16: 170, 171
ECD, see Electrical conductivity taphonomic considerations 16: 159, 160
Echelon method in picosecond vegetation preservation in tephra 16: 167,
spectroscopy 8: 8, 9 168
Echinochloa crusgalli 33: 245; 34: 41 vegetation recovery 16: 174, 175
Echinochloa frumentacea 34: 41 Elaeis, influorescence 3: 277
Echinochloa utilis 34: 41 Elaeocarpus edulis 31: 24 – 26
effect of sodium on enzymes 7: 170, 177, Elaphoglossum, polyploidy 4: 322
200, 201 Elatostema repens 22: 241
effect of sodium on growth 7: 162, 163, Elatostema rugosum 37: 176, 180– 182, 186
167 ELCH (ELC ) 31: 248
sodium uptake 7: 190, 197 Electric potentials 28: 34 – 37
Echinocystis macrocarpa, see Marah Electrical conductivity (ECD) 18: 100
macrocarpus Electrical energy 28: 3 – 5
Ecklonia radiata Electrical penetration graph (EPG)
chlorophyll-fucoxanthin-protein technique 36: 6
"complex 10: 124 Electrical signalling 22: 167, 171, 186– 188
photosystem reaction centre case studies 22: 190, 194, 196, 198
"complexes 10: 78 further research 22: 201– 216
thylakoid structure 10: 34 Electrical signalling system 28: 36, 37
Ecklonia sp., d13C values 27: 150 Electrochemical potential
ECM (embryogenic cell mass) 35: 72 differences 25: 219– 221
Ecological aspects of light harvesting in Electrolyte leakage 21: 12
algae 10: 21 – 23 Electromorphs (ETs) 24: 338, 344
Ecological effects and O3, long-term 18: 69 Electron diffraction, membrane
Ecological effects and SO2, long-term 18: 34 structure 3: 43
Ecological phenomena 18: 237– 240 Electron flow in Dunaliella
Ecosystem dynamics 24: 182, 183 photosynthesis 14: 148
Ecosystems, agriculture 21: 89 – 91, 99 Electron microscope studies
Ecotype 24: 229 cell membrane 3: 8 – 39
ECP2 38: 254 freeze-etching 3: 21 – 39
Ectocarpus siliculosus 35: 179 negative staining 3: 16 – 21
Ectodesmata 21: 110 sectioning 3: 8 – 16
Ectomycorrhizas 22: 5 cross-section 3: 136– 140
Ectoparasites 23: 105, 114 photosynthetic membrane 3: 135– 151
ECTOPIC ROOT HAIR1 (ERH1) 31: 199 surface 3: 140– 151
ECTOPIC ROOT HAIR3 (ERH3) 31: 245, Electron microscopy 25: 2, 94
246, 253, 257 V-ATPase 25: 270– 276
Edestin 27: 29, 30, 52 Electron microscopy grid 18: 264
Electron paramagnetic resonance Elicitors 21: 2, 4, 7 – 10; 30: 300– 304

(EPR) 37: 28 abiotic 19: 21
Electron paramagnetic resonance biotic 19: 21
spectroscopy (EPR) 25: 380 formation of pectic oligosaccharides
Electron probe X-ray microanalysis as 19: 68 – 72
(EPXMA) 29: 163, 167, 168 fungal pathogens 21: 59 – 65, 71, 164– 168
Electron spin-conservation rule 5: 3 of phytoalexin synthesis 19: 20 – 23
Electron transfer, cyclic 13: 45, 46 receptor model 21: 2, 148
Electron transfer, non-cyclic 13: 43, 44 transport of 19: 76, 77
light-limited activities and 13: 47 viral infection 21: 110
light-saturated activities and 13: 48, see Gene for gene relationships
49 ELISA 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 31 – 34, 62, 81,
oxygen as terminal electron 109, 154, 155–157, 176, 190, 193
acceptor 13: 44, 45 sensivity 23: 33, 34
pseudocyclic electron transfer 13: 45 specificity 23: 33, 34
rate limiting steps 13: 48, 49 ELISA 33: 244, 246
Electron transfer, photosynthetic Elm 21: 48, 49
membrane 3: 152, 153 yellows 21: 193, 194
Electronic entrance indicator 18: 271 Elodea 11: 6, 55, 60; 29: 81
Electropermeabilization, dyes 22: 56, Elodea canadensis 33: 95
59 –60 Elymus arenaria
Electrophoresis 23: 30, 63, 66, 68, 119, 159, nitrate reductase 6: 25, 30
222 Elymus repens 33: 245, 228
Electrophoresis in gravitropism 15: 9, 10 EMBL database 32: 1, 2
Electrophoresis of chloroplast Embryo
proteins 7: 49 – 51 dependence on the endosperm 2: 239, 262
Electrophoretic markers 24: 337 “embryo factor” in coconut milk 2: 241
Electro-physiological methods 1: 269 embryo-endosperm
Electroporation 21: 198 transplantations 2: 240
Electroporation 35: 81 growth in relation to seed
Electroporation, dyes 22: 56, 59 – 60 development 2: 237
Electrostatic (ACCELL) gun 34: 65 growth-regulating substances 2: 241
Elemental deposition rates 29: 163– 166 relationships 28: 252, 253
Eleusine coracana (finger millet) 34: 40, 41, specificity of the endosperm 2: 239
279 substitutes for the endosperm 2: 239, 246,
Eleusine coracana, nitrate reductase in 262
chloroplast envelope 7: 70 versus endosperm 28: 251, 252
Eleusine indica 34: 265 Embryo callus cultures 34: 72, 73
Elicitins 21: 162–164 Embryo culture
Elicitor secretion by applications of embryo culture 2: 255
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 4: 34 breeding cycle 2: 258– 260
Phytophthora megasperma var cultural conditions 2: 247
sorjae 4: 34 dormancy, breaking of 2: 254, 259
Elicitor treatment excision 2: 247
enzymatic activation 32: 362, 363 growth media 2: 247, 250, 258, 259, 262
gene expression response 32: 363– 366 hybridization 2: 220, 238, 256 et seq.
Elicitor-activated ERM kinase 32: 393, incompatibility with endosperm 2: 257
394 limitations of embryo culture 2: 262
Embryo culture (continued) Encyclia atropurpurea, carbon

osmotic shock 2: 247 fixation 7: 524, 528
oxygen concentration 2: 250 Encystment vesicles 24: 375, 376
post-germinal development 2: 250 End sequencing 34: 48
pregerminal development 2: 247, 250 Endochitinase 34: 196
specific growth factors 2: 249 Endocytic pathway
tumorous growths 2: 250 in animal cells 28: 126
Embryo sac in filamentous fungi 28: 128– 131
in vivo 28: 235– 237 in fungal cells 28: 131– 135
isolation and manipulation 28: 244 in yeast 28: 139– 141
Embryo, formation of 19: 233 Endocytic pathways 25: 13, 17 – 27
Embryology in relation to physiology and Endocytic tracers 28: 129, 130
genetics 2: 219 Endocytic-like plasma membrane resorption
see also detailed individual entries, e.g. after secretion 25: 25
Anther, Pollen, etc. Endocytosis 21: 63
androgenesis 2: 300 Endocytosis 28: 137–141
anther culture 2: 301 in plant protoplasts 28: 130, 131
embryo 2: 237 Endodermis 21: 39
embryo culture 2: 246 Endodermis, water movement 3: 184–186
endosperm 2: 240 Endodermoid layer 22: 214
fertilization 2: 231
‘end-of-day’ (EOD) light 33: 37
ovaries and flowers, culture 2: 266
Endohydrolases, antifungal
ovules, culture 2: 263
properties 26: 143– 146
parthenocarpy 2: 273
see also b-Glucans; Chitinases
parthenogenesis 2: 295
Endomembrane system, parasite-induced
pollen 2: 221
changes in 24: 207– 209
polyembryony 2: 280
Endomycorrhizas 22: 9
sex expression, control of 2: 304
Endoparasites 23: 108, 114
Embryonic phase 19: 232
Embryophytes 19: 233 Endopeptidases 25: 90
Emco5 24: 250 Endophytes
Emergences 31: 1 – 3 as bio-indicators of air pollution 33: 3,
Emiliania huxleyi 14, 15
C-concentrating mechanisms (table) authenticity of endophytic
27: 118, 119, 125 character 33: 10, 11
Emission spectrum 5: 18, 19, 21 – 27, 34 – 40 biocontrol of weeds 33: 27, 28
Emoy2 24: 246– 248 colonization 33: 12 – 19
Empetrum hermaphroditum characteristics 33: 16, 17
E. nigrum environmental factors
nitrate reductase 6: 22, 23 affecting 33: 14 – 16
nitrate reductase 6: 23 species composition and canopy
Empetrum nigrum 37: 133 Endophytic pathogens 24: 313
Encalypta 19: 245 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 24: 199,
Encalypta ciiata 208– 210, 321; 25: 2 – 7, 12, 13,
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 29, 30, 43 – 45, 114, 120, 123, 129,
Encephalartos 130– 132
chromosome constitution 6: 172 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and auxin
Encheiridion, flowering period 7: 535 binding 5: 78
Endoplasmic reticulum (RER), protein Endosperm cell walls,

"synthesis 27: 36 composition 34: 170– 174
Endoplasmic reticulum Endosperm development
compartmentation and potassium and double fertilization 28: 246, 247
transport 15: 141– 143 and fertilization of central
displacement and gravity 15: 28, 29 cell 28: 245– 248
Endoplasmic reticulum in approaches towards a better
Dunaliella 14: 121 understanding 28: 250, 251
Endoplasmic reticulum, freeze-etching 3: 28 early 28: 249, 250
Endoplasmic reticulum, in legume seeds Endosperm development in
and origin of protein bodies 9: 11 – 17 cereals 34: 168– 170, 169
and storage protein synthesis 9: 8, 9 Endosperm, fracture properties
Endoplasmic reticulum-derived protein 17: 278, 279
bodies 38: 67 – 69 Endosymbionts, cryptomonads as 19: 213,
induction of 38: 72, 73 214
Endopolygalacturonase (Endo-PG) 24: 41 Endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial
Endopolygalacturonase 21: 6 evolution 4: 105–107
Endopolygalacturonases (PGs) 24: 120 Endothia parasitica 21: 128– 137
Endoreduplication 31: 202, 222, 246– 248 Endothia parasitica, heterokaryon
Endosomal networks in animal incompatibility 7: 347, 379
cells 28: 124– 128 Endria inimica 36: 151
Endosomal – lysosomal Endymion nutans 11: 129
systems 28: 135– 137 Energy 21: 80 – 82, 91, 92, 95, 99
Endosomes 21: 112, 113; 28: 132, 133 Energy balance equation 18: 208, 224– 232
in animal cells 28: 125, 127 Energy costs 25: 74, 76
movements and fungal vacuolar Energy-transducing membranes 28: 4
networks 28: 141–143 Engelhardieae, Early Tertiary 17: 42
role in intracellular transport 28: 144 Engineering 21: 72
Endosperm English Mechanic and World of
abortion of seeds 2: 242 Science 18: 232
chemical analyses 2: 242 Ensete, growth 3: 220, 221
constituents 2: 240 Entamoeba histolytica 24: 421; 28: 13
culture 2: 243 Enterobacter cloacae 36: 83
degeneration 2: 243 Enterobacter faecalis 24: 407, 409
dependence of the embryo 2: 239, 262 Enterobacter spp., biocontrol 26: 51, 56,
embryo-endosperm 68, 79
transplantations 2: 240 Enterococcus 12: 73
“embryo-factor” in coconut milk 2: 241 Enterococcus hirae 28: 13
formation 28: 245– 253 Enteromorpha 35: 174, 191, 197, 198
growth-regulating substances 2: 241, Enteromorpha compressa 35: 198
242, 244 Enteromorpha intestinalis 11: 99; 35: 198
hormonal influence on plant metabo- Enteromorpha muscoides 35: 198
lism 2: 243 Enteromorpha sp.
role in seed development 2: 242, 262 C influx 27: 133
versus embryo 28: 251, 252 HCO2 3 entry 27: 131
Endosperm cell number, manipulation stilbenes 27: 132
of 34: 143–146 tracer effect of Cl2 27: 133, 134
Enteromorpha, morphology and light glycan chain biosynthesis 30: 224, 225,
"harvesting 10: 28 234
ent-kaurene, involvement in gibberellin hydrolytic enzymes 21: 7, 56, 57, 150, 152
biosynthesis 9: 85 – 87, 109, 110, nutrient assimilatory 30: 2, 11
127, 128 pectinase 21: 4, 6
Entner-Doudoroff pathway 18: 149 protease 21: 4, 6, 111, 152, 153, 160
Entomoplasma 21: 190, 191 purine metabolism-related 30: 118, 124,
Entosthondon 127– 132, 135– 139, 146,
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 151– 153, 155, 159– 161, 165,
Environment 167, 169, 173, 176, 177, 189
NOx exposure 18: 38 role in soft rot 2: 329, 352, 354
O3 exposure 18: 61, 66, 67 salvage 30: 125, 126, 133– 135,
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 74, 75, 78 141– 143, 157
parameters 18: 222 stroma 30: 155
SO2, 20, 21, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31 subcellular distribution 25: 206, 208
SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 47 viral infection 21: 115
stresses 18: 87 – 90 wall-bound enzymes 2: 81, 204, 206
Environment, chemistry and 37: 62, 63 xylanase 21: 4, 6, 7
Environment, population pressure 21: 80, Enzymes, and cell membrane 3: 44, 45, 47
81, 94 – 96, 98 Enzymes, inhibition by chelates 1: 75, 83
Environmental conditions, effects of 32: 8
Eocene
Environmental factors 24: 179
angiosperms 17: 26, 27
Environmental stochasticity 38: 10
climate 17: 9
Enzyme degradation, measurement
Oligocene boundary 17: 4, 8
affinity chromatography 8: 109– 113
EOD (‘end-of-day’) irradiation 33: 53
density labelling 8: 118– 121
Eohostimella, sporophyte structure 5: 200
immunology 8: 109– 113
EP-B 34: 212
rate constant determination 8: 113–118
Ephedra 28: 248
Enzyme-linked immunoassays see ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays Ephedra equisetina, lignin
(ELISA) 24: 277, 280– 282, composition 8: 31
290– 293, 296 Ephemeraceae
Enzymes 21: 3– 6, 8; 25: 151, 205 cytotaxonomy 6: 242
see also Chitinase 21: 1 – 3, b-Glucanase Ephemerum 19: 235
see also individual enzyme names cytotaxonomy 6: 242
acting on chitin and chitosan 19: 73 Epi isomer 30: 94, 95
biosynthesis-related 30: 97 Epicoccum 33: 6
cell wall degrading 30: 248, 249 Epicoccum nigrum 33: 4
cellulose 21: 57 Epidemics
composition of PSVs 25: 127, 128 spatial structure 38: 41 – 56
copper-containing 30: 93, 94 variability in 38: 8 – 14
cutinase 21: 4, 5 Epidemiological models
degradation of cell walls 2: 171, 194, 200 biological and dynamical issues 38: 4, 5
direct effects of biological complexity in 38: 14 –25
oligosaccharides 19: 56 – 58 generalising between-season
disease resistance and 30: 294– 297, 302, dynamics 38: 24, 25
305, 312, 314 host growth and dynamics of
fungal infection 21: 47, 48, 60, 164 disease 38: 17 – 21
host growth, primary and secondary Epiphyte water absorption 31: 14, 15
infection 38: 15, 16 Epiphytes 21: 190
linking dynamical cascade from inoculum Epiphytes, carbon dioxide recycling
to disease 38: 25 –27 in 15: 75, 76, 79 – 81
primary infection and soil-borne/aerial Epiphytes, definition 33: 2
epidemics 38: 16, 17 Epipogum aphyllum, endophyte of
simple model 38: 5 – 7, 56 orchid 7: 490
simplification of complicated Epistephium parviflorum, seed
models 38: 27 –33 morphology 7: 426
variability and 38: 7– 14, 56 Epithelial tissue, plasma membrane 3: 39
within-season dynamics and between- Epithionitriles 35: 240, 242
season dynamics 38: 21 –24 Epithiospecifier protein (ESP) 35: 240
Epidemiology and population E-pollen (embryogenic pollen) 35: 65
genetics 24: 13 – 24 Epoxidation 22: 143
Epidemiology see Correspondence analysis EPPO 23: 2, 20, 118, 142, 144
Epidendrum EPS (exopolysaccharide) 24: 418, 419
effect of vitamins in culture 7: 468 EPSPS/GIX 34: 75
post-pollination phenomena 7: 574 EPXMA (electron probe X-ray
vitamin production 7: 468 microanalysis) 29: 163, 167, 168
Epidermal cell specification 31: 193– 213 Equisetum 19: 297; 31: 167
Arabidopsis trichomes 31: 201, 202 Eradication campaigns 23: 15, 16
cell types 31: 196 Eragrostis curvula 34: 265, 279
conical-papillate cells 31: 207– 209 Eragrostis tef 34: 41
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) ERECTA gene 32: 9, 22, 231– 233, 245, 259
fibres 31: 203, 204 Eremolactone
environmental entrainment 31: 209, 210 structure 6: 283
interactions 31: 209 –212 Eremophila
multicellular trichomes 31: 204– 207 accumulation of resin components 6: 302
pavement cells 31: 195, 196 E. fraseri
root hairs 31: 198, 199 glandular hairs and resin
stomatal guard cells 31: 197, 198 production 6: 291– 293, 306
Epidermal cells 25: 26 ontogeny 6: 295
Epidermal focussing 18: 286 structure 6: 295– 297, 299
Medicago sativa 18: 285 E. georgii
Oxalis 18: 285 resin occurrence in arid
Epidermal glands 31: 3 conditions 6: 189
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 32: 230, resin
231 gland cells 6: 301, 302
Epidermis specification, role of RLk secretion 6: 304
in 32: 237, 238 synthesis 6: 304– 307
Epigeal germination 35: 3 resins
Epihybridity associated with hybrid and leaf expansion 6: 290– 295
vigour 28: 251 and leaf reflectance 6: 308
Epilachna varivestis (Mexican bean chemotaxonomy 6: 287, 288
beetle) 36: 102– 106 structure 6: 283
Epipactis yield 6: 289–291
post-pollination phenomena 7: 574 Eremosphaera 25: 221
Epiphyte 23: 3 Eremosphaera viridis 11: 93
Ergastic substances 1: 121 Erysiphe graminis 24: 50, 202, 321; 34: 263
Ergot, see Claviceps purpurea Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei 24: 11, 13,
Eria 17, 217
flowering period 7: 545 Erysiphe pisi 24: 315
post-pollination phenomena 7: 578 Erysiphe spp. 38: 21
Eria ornata 31: 14 Erythrocytes
Erica tetralix freeze-etching 3: 23
nitrate reductase 6: 22 negative staining 3: 19
Ericaceae 29: 18, 24; 37: 132, 153 proteins, fixatives 3: 13, 14
Ericales 22: 5, 10, 15 X-ray diffraction 3: 6
Eriocaulaceae, stomata 3: 283, 284 Erythronium 22: 13
Eriophorum angustifolium ESAG4 gene 24: 118
aerenchyma characteristics 7: 291, 292, Escherichia coli 11: 51, 112; 12: 18, 19;
296 19: 206; 21: 6, 199, 200, 203;
effect of aeration on occlusion of 22: 118, 120; 24: 40, 126, 337,
stomata 7: 265 341, 342, 400, 401, 406, 407, 421,
gas-space characteristics 7: 230, 291 422; 25: 306, 330, 331, 421, 422;
photosynthesis and aeration 7: 298 28: 13; 30: 13, 23, 24, 33 – 35, 50,
Eriophorum angustifolium 32: 132, 136, 156, 167, 205, 244,
nitrate reductase 6: 22, 30 275, 419, 422, 445; 33: 180,
Eriophorum angustifolium, lignin 185– 187, 195, 198, 201; 34: 139,
composition 8: 31 203, 204; 35: 27, 77, 123, 124;
Eriophorum vaginatum 37: 133– 135, 137, 36: 30; 38: 105, 128, 132
143 cytochromes 4: 63 – 66, 69, 70, 74, 75, 77,
Eriophyidae 36: 200 79
Eriosorus DNA analysis 6: 124, 125
E. cheilanthoides, polyploidy 4: 329 growth rate and substrate 8: 194
E. hybridum, polyploidy 4: 329 membrane transport 4: 100
polyploidy 4: 322 mutants 30: 130
ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) oxidative phosphorylation 4: 86, 89
pathway 32: 308 PEPCK-ATP from 38: 102
Erodium 31: 13 phosphatase 8: 185
Erosion, soil 21: 87, 88 protein degradation 8: 105
Eruca 35: 221 pyrophosphate uptake 8: 177
Erwinia 21: 6; 30: 297 respiratory control 4: 94, 96
amylovora 21: 6, 10 Escherichia coli K-12, sodium-dependent
Erwinia amylovora 30: 298, 299 glutamate transport 7: 185
Erwinia carotovora 19: 22, 68, 69; 28: 88; Eschscholtzia 19: 31
29: 60, 61 Essential oil cavities 31: 56
Erwinia chrysanthemi 19: 49; 30: 297, 299, Essential oils 31: 59
311 sites of synthesis 31: 60
Erwinia rubrifaciens 19: 24 terpenes 31: 56
Erwinia, spp. 23: 28 – 32, 34 – 36, 43, 44 “Essex” cv. 18: 12
Erysiphe 24: 198– 202 air pollutants bioindication 18: 88
Erysiphe cichoracearum 24: 216 O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 71
Erysiphe cochoracearum, boron deficiency Ester loading, dye 22: 56, 59
and host infection 10: 240 Etching, chemical 18: 260– 262
Erysiphe cruciferarum 24: 265 Ethanol 22: 75
Ethers 31: 81 Euasteridae II 37: 45

Ethionine, effect on orchid flowers 7: 625 Eucalyptus 24: 448; 37: 115
Ethmodiscus rex 25: 77 essential oil production 6: 279
1-Ethyl – 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- oil cavities 6: 300
carbodiimide (EDC) 25: 304 Eucalyptus citriodora 31: 130, 131
Ethylene (C2H4) 18: 59, 98 Eucalyptus frandis 37: 110
see also Stress ethylene Eucalyptus globulus 37: 110
emission 18: 103 Eucalyptus marginata 19: 135; 37: 110
formation from methionine 18: 97 Eucalyptus spp. 33: 26
Ethylene 19: 144– 149; 21: 14, 18; 22: 168, Eucalyptus urnigera 37: 106, 113, 117
189; 31: 198, 199; 35: 14, 27 Eucaryota 2: 3
Ethylene 37: 185 Eucaryotes
effect of flooding 19: 145– 149 see also individual species name
effect on flowering 7: 551, 583, 584, ammonium transport and 30: 50, 51
622– 631 nitrate transport in 30: 24 – 28
effect on seed germination 7: 477, 506 Eucera longicornis, orchid
fungal pathogens 21: 10, 49, 67, 70, pollination 7: 565
165– 167 Euchuma 11: 99
post-pollination phenomena in Eucomis, influorescence 3: 268
orchids 7: 600, 604, 619, 624, 625 Euglena 38: 98, 153, 156
synthesis 19: 12
PEPCK in 38: 113
induction by pectic oligosaccharides
Euglena gracilis 11: 53 – 55; 22: 109;
19: 30 – 32
38: 146
Ethylene biosynthesis 13: 180
absorption spectra analysis 10: 96
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
antenna chlorophyll 10: 95
(EDTA) 25: 377
chloroplast evolution 10: 183
Ethylene in intercellular gas spaces 5: 207
electron donor to P700, 88
Ethylene receptor-like genes 32: 123, 124
fluorescence spectra 10: 100– 102
Ethylene receptors, interaction with CTR1:
122, 123 LHCI and II 27: 299
Ethylene resistant1, (etr1) 31: 254 PSII site 27: 264
Ethylene responses in plants 32: 117– 124 RUBISCOs 27: 104
Ethylene signal transduction 29: 68 Euglena, chloroplast envelope structure 7: 6
Ethylene signalling cascade 32: 322– 325 Euglena, porphyrin-ring layer 3: 121, 122
Ethylene, effect on lignification 8: 58 Euglenophyta 27: 88
Ethylene, production inhibited glycolate metabolism 27: 107, 108
bysalicylates 20: 194 LHC proteins 27: 276
“Ethylene-forming enzyme” (EFE) 19: 144 number and origins of membranes
Ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) 19: 32, 33 between cytosol and RUBISCO
Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) 35: 61 (table) 27: 138, 139
Etiolation 32: 149, 150 RUBISCOs 27: 101, 102, 104
Etioplast permeability and Euglenophyta, PEPCK in 38: 146
gibberellins 9: 129– 131 Euglossa dodsoni, orchid pollination 7: 559
Etioplasts 35: 21 Eukaryotes, evolution of LRR proteins
Etr 1 – 1 gene 30: 310 24: 138– 141
Etythrina herbacea 33: 98 Eukaryotic cell structure 14: 2
Euanthium Theory 17: 144– 146 Eukaryotic ribosomes around
see also Pseudanthium Theory nucleomorph 19: 196– 200
Eulaema cingulata, orchid plant material fate 16: 238– 240

pollination 7: 558 biogeochemistry 16: 239, 240
Eulophia cuculata, flowering period 7: 545 sedimentation 16: 239
Eulophidium, flowering period 7: 541 productivity estimation 16: 194– 196,
Eumelanin 37: 20 212– 217
Euonymous japonica biomass distributions 16: 215– 217
O3/NO2 exposures 18: 84 future approaches 16: 242
O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 71 lack of advance 16: 241
SO2 fumigation 18: 9 models 16: 217
SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 44 nutrient budgets 16: 212, 213
Euonymus 37: 112, 117 oxygen/carbon fluxes 16: 213–221
Euonymus atropurpureus 37: 160 problems 16: 194
Eupatorium 38: 290 Evaporated chromium 18: 265, 266
Eupatorium/Uncasia 38: 293 Evaporated metal coating 18: 263– 266
Eupenicillium 24: 75 Evapotranspiration, reduction of 37: 119
Euphausia pacific 35: 9 Evolution
Euphorbia characias L. 25: 10, 11 see also DNA transposable elements
Euphorbiaceae 37: 45 algae, hypotheses 27: 261, 262
Euploidy (see Polyploidy) CAB production light-harvesting
Eupomatiaceae, flowers 17: 103, 104 "proteins 27: 260– 264
Eurhynchium model 27: 274
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 DNA transposable elements 27: 409– 436
European and Mediterranean Plant Protec- plastids 27: 261, 262, 311, 312
tion Organisation see EPPO regressive 27: 433– 435
European chestnut trees 21: 126– 128, 132, RUBISCO-based inorganic carbon
137– 139 "acquisition 27: 102, 103,
European Crop Loss Assessment 179– 181
Network 29: 35, 36 transposable elements 27: 409– 436
European wheat striate mosaic virus and gene duplications 27: 425– 429
(EWSMV) 36: 158, 160 revision of
European white birch, see Betula pendula neo-Darwinism 27: 430– 433
Eurychone, flowering period 7: 535 selfish DNA 27: 411, 412
Eustigmatophyceae 27: 89 two groups of hypotheses 27: 414– 433
Eustoma grandiflorum (lisianthus)37: 62, 68, transposons 27: 409– 436
70 as pacemakers 27: 412– 414, 424
Euteleaceae Evolution of
chromosome size 6: 189 early photosynthetic
Euterpe oleracea 33: 8 prokaryotes 10: 180– 183
Evaluation of productivity eukaryotic algae 10: 183– 187
estimates 16: 227– 238 photosynthesis 10: 174– 177
see also Algae; Lipid metabolism in algae photosynthetic pigments 10: 177– 180
carbon fixation 16: 230 thylakoid stacking 10: 187, 188
frontal regions 16: 235– 237 Evolution of vascular land plants, an
mixed waters 16: 231– 233 hypothesis 5: 199– 205
nutrient budgets 16: 228–230 Evolution, mycorrhizal symbiosis 22: 24,
spatial/temporal variations 16: 237, 25, 27
238 Evolutionary aspects 25: 81, 82
stratified waters 16: 233– 235 Evolutionary perspectives 37: 10 – 12
Evolvulus pilosus cv. Blue Daze 37: 61 External dose 18: 7

Excelsin 27: 29 Extinction times 38: 46, 49
Excess resistance 18: 197 Extinction, biotic 21: 81, 89, 90
Excitation energy transfer Extracellular DNA 24: 402, 403
coherent energy transfer 13: 23 Extracellular fungal enzymes 24: 180
incoherent energy transfer 13: 24 Extracellular matrix (ECM) 24: 120,
intersystem 13: 23, 24, 27, 28 126
intrasystem 13: 23, 24, 27 Extracellular proteins (ECPs) 24: 326
PSII complex interactions 13: 24 – 30 Extrachromosomal DNA 21: 199
PSIIb intersystem 13: 27, 28 Extraction 31: 97, 98, 128
PSIIa/PSIIb intrasystem 13: 27 Extracytoplasmic LRRs
spatial distribution of pigment-protein avirulence determinants interacting with
complexes and 13: 23, 24 resistance genes encoding proteins
Excitation spectrum 5: 23, 24, 27, 28 containing 24: 97 – 99
Exine patterning in defence-related genes encoding proteins
sporogenesis 15: 185– 190 with 24: 119– 131
mechanism 15: 187– 190 genes encoding proteins of unknown
the process 15: 185– 187 function with 24: 131– 137
Exodermes 22: 28 potential patterns of
Exomis glycosylation 24: 147– 150
sodium requirement 7: 158 resistance genes encoding proteins
Exotleia pinifoliella
with 24: 91 – 101
resin ducts 6: 309
structure and interactions 24: 147– 150
Expansins 22: 256
Extrahaustorial matrix 24: 319
Experimental apparatus for fibre optic
Extrahaustorial membrane
microprobes 18: 270– 272
(EHM) 24: 198– 202, 207– 209,
Experimental measurements
213, 321
fibre optic microprobes 18: 273– 289
maintenance 24: 199– 202
signal interpretation 18: 283– 289
Extrinsic coupling factor complex
tissue effects 18: 283
(CF1) 13: 5
Exposure 18: 65, 66
chamber 18: 18 location in thylakoid membranes 13: 13,
long-term 18: 39 – 42 15
short term 18: 35– 39 Exuviella 12: 240
Exposure – response studies to ozone Eyes, signal transduction in 15: 13
29: 34 – 36
Expressed meiotic prophase repeat (EMPR) F. assyrioca
sequence 24: 131, 133 DNA per genome 6: 121
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) 34: 2, 7 – 9, F. cristatus
30, 302 aneuploidy 6: 220
arrays 34: 9 F. diplosiphon
in Magnaporthe grisea 34: 280 phycobilisome structure
Expression analysis 32: 123; 34: 48 10: 110
Expression patterns 21: 22 synthesis of light-harvesting
Expressive phase, disease 21: 36, 37, proteins 10: 174
38 –51, 70, 71 F. hygrometrica
Extended ISIS-M camera 22: 61 hybridity 6: 251
Extensin see Hydroxypoline, Protein intraspecific polyploidy 6: 208, 211, 213
F. martii var. pisi, effect of False-negative results 24: 298, 299

micro"nutrients 10: 265 False-positive results 24: 298
F. minutulus Family planning 21: 83, 84
biometric investigation 6: 261 Famine 21: 93
F. nigra Far field 18: 201
karyotype evolution by centric Far red light 18: 290
fusion 6: 182 Farnesene 31: 131
F. oxysporum var. lini Farnesyl diphosphate formation 14: 38 – 42
effect of boron deficiency 10: 240 FASS (FS ) 31: 252
effect of zinc on host infection Fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy
10: 258 (MS) 35: 11
F. oxysporum var. lycopersici, nutrient Fast vacuolar (FV) channels 25: 230
effects on lycomarismin functions 25: 231
"toxicity 10: 255 gating 25: 230
F. serratus 11: 89, 99 permeation 25: 230
F. solani, infection and phytoalexins 7: 517 selectivity 25: 230
F. udum, manganese deficiency and F-ATPase 25: 254
"infection 10: 243 phylogeny 25: 255– 257
F. vesiculosus Fats secretion 31: 56
chlorophyll a/c ratio 10: 121 Fatty acids 18: 94
chloroplast in algae 16: 5– 9
arrangement 10: 36 marine 16: 28, 34, 35
morphology 10: 30 in chloroplast envelope 7: 39, 42, 82, 92
movement 10: 30 in cyanobacteria 16: 7, 9
Fabavirus 36: 2, 3 synthesis 16: 15– 17
a-Factor 28: 139, 140 in Dunaliella 14: 132
Facts/fallacies/mysteries 18: 231– 240 in Dunaliella spp. 16: 22
abrasion 18: 237, 238 in thylakoı̈d 7: 39, 42, 92
ecological phenomena 18: 238– 240 long-chain, synthesis, mevalonate in
thigmomorphogenesis 18: 233–236 14: 50 – 52
Fagaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 36 – 40 metabolism 16: 12
Fagoideae 37: 153 Fatty acid desaturases 31: 182– 185
Fagonia 31: 24, 56, 63, 66 Fatty acids, reactions with OsO4 3: 10, 11
Fagonia glutinosa 31: 63 – 65 Fauna
Fagonia mollis 31: 10, 11, 62, 63 biocontrol 26: 17 – 19, 81, 82
Fagopyrum esculentum 33: 103 plant defence proteins 26: 137, 139, 146,
Fagus 38: 290, 293, 296, 298 147, 159– 168, 171, 172
Fagus grandiflora (American beech) 33: 7 FAXX 19: 33
Fagus grandifolia 37: 152 Fayum of Egypt, Early Tertiary 17: 55
Fagus sylvatica (beech) 18: 87, 91 Feedback control theory of vascular
air pollutants bioindication 18: 89 differentiation 9: 247– 249, 250,
bioindication 18: 93, 103 254
Fagus sylvatica 30: 64; 33: 28; 35: 23 “Feltham First” cv. 18: 61
lignin composition 8: 31 O3 fumigations 18: 52
mycorrhizal—phosphorus content 8: 132 Female gametes, 235– 237
Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea 37: 150 Fen gene 30: 301, 302
Fallacies, see Facts/fallacies/mysteries Fenton reaction 37: 180, 185
False lens effects 18: 286, 287 Fermentation, biocontrol agents 26: 74 – 76
Fern 22: 60 Ferulic acid 20: 194; 21: 48; 34: 173
Fern leaves, polarity of veins 9: 193, 194, Festuca 22: 259; 24: 176; 35: 25, 75
195 ovina 22: 23
“Fern spike”, at Cretaceous/Tertiary Festuca arundinacea (grass) 18: 237
boundary 17: 5 Festuca idahoensis 33: 245
Ferns Festuca ovina
see also Pteridophytes, Early Tertiary enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 27
at Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, “fern Festuca pratensis 25: 97; 35: 9, 11, 14, 20,
spike” 17: 5 30, 31, 34
fossil evidence 17: 7 Festuca rubra 29: 130, 131
Early Cainozoic 17: 14, 15, 18 Festuca rubra, salt tolerance 8: 222
Ferns 19: 297, 299 Festuca – Lolium genome 35: 31
see also Pteridophytes F-factor 24: 400
sporophyte/gametophyte shift FHC (frozen hydrated cryofractured)
and apospory 16: 82, 83 EPXMA 29: 167, 168
apogamous cycles and 16: 81, 82 Fibre differentiation
Ferns, legumin 27: 6 effect of gibberellin 9: 240
Ferralterin 12: 15, 21 in phloem 9: 240, 241
Ferredoxin 12: 8, 12, 13; 37: 23 in xylem 9: 237– 240
cyclic electron transfer 13: 45 Fibre optic microprobes
non-cyclic electron transport 13: 44 acceptance angle 18: 267
superoxide formation 13: 45 cleaning 18: 265
Ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase 13: 11, coating 18: 265, 266
13, 44 experimental apparatus 18: 270– 272
location on thylakoid membranes 13: 13, experimental measurements 18: 273– 289
15 fabrication 18: 261
Ferredoxin – NADP + reductase 27: 281 grinding and polishing 18: 263– 265
Ferredoxin – thioredoxin light measurement 18: 287
reductase 12: 14 – 16 measurement 18: 256– 271
Ferricytochrome c, binding to chloroplast probe sensitivity and acceptance
envelopes 7: 7, 10 angle 18: 266– 268
Ferritin 25: 24, 25 probes and optical
Ferruginol production 13: 166 properties 18: 268– 270
Fertilization 28: 237–241 prognosis/future
central cell 28: 248, 249 applications 18: 289–292
double, 245– 247 system 18: 270
in planta 28: 237, 238 terminology 18: 272, 273
in vitro 28: 238– 241 Fibre optic sensor, spherical 18: 281
Fertilization, control of diploid/tetraploid Fibrillins 35: 24
incompatibility 2: 234 Fick’s law
hybrids 2: 233, 236 applied to membrane transport 6: 54
in vitro fertilization 2: 237 Ficus 37: 115
intraovarian fertilization 2: 234 Ficus benhalensis 37: 42
treatment of the stigma 2: 232 Ficus pumila 37: 49
treatment of the style 2: 232 Field chambers 18: 27
Fertilizers 21: 85, 86, 95, 98 Field reaction, epidemiology 21: 215– 226
Fertilizers, and biocontrol 26: 15 Fiji disease virus (FDV) 36: 153, 155
Ferulate 19: 33 Fijivirus 36: 150
FIL2 gene 24: 126, 133 Flagellate cells

Filamentous fungi, endocytic pathway Allomyces 2: 8
in 28: 128– 131 Chaetomorpha 2: 19
Filicopsida, revised Chilomonas 2: 16
classification 4: 261– 263 Chlamydomonas 2: 9, 21, 26
Filipendula, isosalicin 20: 174, 184 Chlorochitridion tuberculata Vis-
Filuloporia vaillantii, moisture levels and cher 2: 15
growth 7: 407 Chlorogonium rosae 2: 27
Fir, see Abies alba Chlorophyceae 2: 7, 8, 19, 21
Fireblight 23: 13, 14, 16, 17 Chlorophyta 2: 6 – 8, 15, 16, 21
Fischerella ambigua 27: 215 Chordaria 2: 11
Fischerindole 27: 215 Chromophyta 2: 6, 7, 10, 18, 19, 21
FISH 34: 48 Chrysochromulina 2: 8
Fish, population pressure 21: 90 Chrysophyceae 2: 18; 2: 6 – 8, 14
Fissidens 19: 251 Cladophorales 2: 9
Fissidens adianthoides Coccolithophoridae 2: 8
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210, 215 Contophora 2: 6, 8, 21
Fissidens crassipes 19: 251 Cryptomonads 2: 16
Fistulina hepatica, competitive ability in Cystoseira 2: 20
culture 7: 389, 390, 396 Dictyota 2: 8, 13, 19
Flacca mutant of tomato 18: 39 Draparnaldia 2: 9, 19
Flacourtiaceae 37: 45 Dryopteris 2: 10
Flagella euglenoids 2: 7, 8, 16, 21, 23
abnormalities 2: 11 Fucus serratus 2: 11, 19 – 21
acronematic 2: 10, 12, 14 Haematococcus pluvialis 2: 16, 28
artifacts 2: 10, 14 Halidrys 2: 20
bases 2: 17 Halosphaera 2: 16, 17, 29
distribution of 2: 9 + 2 type 2: 3 Haptophyceae 2: 8, 18, 21
Flimmergeissel 2: 12, 14 – 16 Heteromastix 2: 16, 17, 19, 29, 31
“hairs”, 10, 14 Himanthalia 2: 13, 14
heterokont and isokont conditions 2: 6 Isochrysis 2: 8
mastigoneme 2: 14 Loxophyceae 2: 8, 12, 15, 17, 19, 21
multiple 2: 9 Mallomonas 2: 8
pantonematic 2: 14 Marchantia 2: 10
Peitschengeissel 2: 12, 14 Micromonas pusilla 2: 3, 8, 10, 12, 17, 25
phylectic implications 2: 1 Micromonas squamata 2: 11, 15 – 17, 29
roots 2: 19 Monomastix 2: 8, 12, 25
scales 2: 17 Nephroselmis gilva 2: 17
shape 2: 10 Oedogonium 2: 9, 10, 19, 30
spines 2: 13 Olpidium 2: 8
stichonematic 2: 14 Pedinomonas 2: 8, 10, 15, 19, 24
structure 2: 1 Phaeophyceae 2: 6, 14
symmetry 2: 13 Platymonas 2: 9
tomentum 2: 16 Polytoma 2: 18
uniflagellation 2: 8 Prasinophyceae 2: 8, 16, 17, 19, 21
Flagella of Dunaliella 14: 121, 122 Prosinoclaele platymonas 2: 17
Flagellar axonemes 24: 385, 386 Prymnesium 2: 8
Flagellar motility 25: 76 Prymnesium parvum 2: 18, 31
Pteromonas 2: 17 transport in endoplasmic reticulum 7: 19

Pyramimonas 2: 9, 11, 17 types of 37: 76
Scytosiphon 2: 15, 22 UV-absorbing properties 37: 6 – 80
Spermatozoopis 2: 9, 12, 26 Flavonoids, UV radiation 22: 106, 112
Sphagnum 2: 9, 10 effects on cellular processes 22: 122
Stigeoclonium 2: 9, 19, 31 effects on gene expression 22: 135, 136,
Thalassomonas 2: 14, 15 138
Ulothrix 2: 9, 19 interactions with other stresses 22: 143,
Vaucheria 2: 6, 7, 10 144, 146, 147
Xanthophyceae 2: 6, 7, 14 protective mechanisms against 22: 110,
Xiphophora 2: 13, 14 114– 117, 120
Flame photometer, measurement of Flavonol aglycones 37: 81, 82
sodium 7: 128, 129, 131 Flavonol glycosidase 37: 81
Flavanoids 21: 51; 37: 99 Flavonol synthase (ELS) 37: 62, 64, 83
Flavanone 3-hydroxylase 37: 83 Flavonols 22: 114; 35: 86; 37: 61, 62, 76,
Flavanones 37: 39, 59 – 61, 63, 65, 76 83, 85, 184
Flaveria bidentis 38: 143, 144 Flavoprotein 22: 105
Flavillium ion form 37: 63 Flax hypocotyls 19: 15
Flavin 22: 105 Flax rust 21: 8, 148, 149, 169, 174
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 33: 72 Flax see Linum spp.
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) 32: 166, 167 Flooding 19: 145– 149, 160– 164
Flavone synthase 37: 64 Floodplain deposits 16: 129, 130
Flavone-3-hydroxylase (F3H) 37: 59, 64 Floral development
Flavones 22: 110, 114 molecular genetic basis 28: 203– 210
Flavonoid 3-hydroxylase 37: 83 molecular mechanisms in 28: 217– 222
Flavonoid aglycones 31: 56, 59 Floral envelopes and fruit
microsampling 31: 123 development 2: 268
Flavonoid biosynthesis Floral meristem, establishment
multi-enzyme complex 37: 86, 87 of 28: 203– 207
regulation of flux by Floral organ identities
pathwayintermediates 37: 84, 85 establishment of 28: 207– 210
transcriptional regulation 37: 82 – 84 in angiosperm flower
Flavonoid biosynthetic genes, genetic loci development 28: 210– 217
for 37: 78 “Florin” (wheat) 35: 57
Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway 29: 59 – 61 Flower development 26: 229– 250
Flavonoid pathway 37: 39 ABC model 26: 238– 241, 244
Flavonoid signal 37: 82 ABCD model 26: 244, 245
Flavonoid synthesis 13: 158 function 26: 234, 235
flavonoid-30 50 -hydroxylase 37: 60, 61, 64, 65 MADS box genes 26: 234– 245
Flavonoid-30 -hydroxylase 37: 60, 64, 65 meristem transition 26: 235– 237
Flavonoids 25: 142; 31: 160, 162, 163, 166 morphology 26: 230– 232
as antioxidants 37: 6 mutants 26: 233, 234
biosynthesis 6: 284, 285; 31: 128 organ identity genes 26: 237– 241
chemistry 6: 284, 285 ovule development genes 26: 241– 244
chemotaxonomy 6: 286– 288 structure 26: 234, 235
enzymes 37: 86 transposon system 26: 232, 233
in defence against herbivores 37: 7 Flower trichomes 31: 15 – 18
suppression of fungal growth 7: 410 Flowering 19: 120, 121
Flowering plants, PEPCK in 38: 114– 126 Eupomatiaceae/Austrobaileyaceae

effects of phosphorylation 17: 103, 104
in vitro 38: 115–11117 Magnoliaceae/Annonaceae
effects of phosphorylation on catalytic 17: 101– 103
activity 38: 118– 126 Monimiaceae/Lauraceae 17: 105, 106
PEPC-kinase 38: 117, 118 Winteraceae 17: 104, 105
Flowering plants, RUBISCOs 27: 105 primitive organization/appearance
Flowering plants, see Seed plants 17: 151, 152
Flowering, effect of salicylates Flows, nature of near plants 18: 201– 205
20: 195– 203 Fluence rate 18: 272, 273
floral initiation in internal 18: 268, 272, 274, 289
Lemnaceae 20: 197–199 Fluid-phase endocytosis 28: 130
influorescence maturation in aroids Fluo-3 dye 22: 53, 54, 55, 59, 60
20: 199– 203 Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) 25: 24
Flowering, monocotyledons 3: 267 Fluoresceine-conjugated
Flowering, UV radiation 22: 132 glucuronidase 35: 83
Flowering-induced resistance Fluorescence 29: 170
(FIR) 38: 266–268 basic features 5: 34
Flowers 17: 99 – 162 definition, 5: 3
see also Angiosperms determination of structure and compo-
sition of photosynthetic
derivation of organs 17: 144– 149
apparatus 5: 22 – 31
Euanthium Theory 17: 144–146
Fluorescence emission and photosynthesis in
mixed theories 17: 146, 147
Dunaliella 14: 52
partial theories 17: 147– 149
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Pseudanthium Theory 17: 146
(FISH) 28: 240
Early Tertiary 17: 62 – 66, 118, 119
Fluorescence ratio imaging 22: 61 – 64
pollination 17: 63 – 66
Fluorescence ratio photometry 22: 61
evolution 17: 119– 135
Fluorescence spectra
androecium 17: 128– 130 of chlorophylls 10: 99 – 102
gynoecium 17: 130– 133 of phycobiliproteins 10: 112– 115
nectary 17: 133– 135 Fluorescent chl catabolites (FCCs) 35: 11
number of parts 17: 121– 123 Hv-FCC-1 –4 35: 11
origin 17: 149– 151 modification to 35: 17, 18
perianth 17: 125– 128 PFCC-1 and PFCC-2 35: 11
phyllotaxis 17: 119– 121 Fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites
position of parts 17: 133 (FCCs) 25: 99
sex distribution 17: 124, 125 Fluorescent dyes, calcium 22: 49 – 56, 68
size 17: 123 Fluorescent probes 28: 138
steps in 17: 152, 153 Fluoride 18: 260
symmetry 17: 123, 124 Fluorochromatic reaction (FCR) 28: 233
fossil 17: 107– 119 Fluorometers 37: 6
Early Cretaceous 17: 107– 111 Fluorometry for phytoplankton
Early Tertiary 17: 118, 119 productivity 16: 197, 198, 216,
Late Cretaceous 17: 113– 118 217
Mid-Cretaceous 17: 111– 113 Fluphenazine 22: 109
primitive extant 17: 101–107 Fluridone 22: 254, 256; 34: 150
Chloranthaceae 17: 105– 107 Fluspirilene 22: 71
Flux gradient analysis 18: 197, 198, 200, fluvial transport 16: 125–130
201 channel deposits 16: 126– 130
failure 18: 199 fluvio-marine
one-dimensional 18: 240 deltas/estuaries 16: 140– 147
Fog events 18: 81, 82, 102 beaches 16: 144, 145
Folioceros 19: 275, 279, 281, 295 deltaic environments and assemblage
Folioceros fuciformis 19: 305 composition 16: 147
Fomes annosus, manganese deficiency and distributory mouth bars 16: 142
infection 10: 243 interdistributory embayments 16: 144
Fomes cajanderi marshes, lower plain 16: 145, 146
di-mon matings 7: 370 marshes, upper plain 16: 146, 147
intraspecific antagonism 7: 348, 349 peats, detrital 16: 147
Fomes pinicola, phosphorus content 8: 132 pro-delta slopes 16: 141, 142
Food and Agriculture Organisation 23: 4 tidal flats 16: 143, 144
Food safety 34: 305, 306 forest floor litter degradation
Food supplies see Population pressure 16: 112– 114
Foot and mouth virus 36: 131 heterogeneity 16: 100, 101, 102
Foot-and-mouth disease 38: 17, 56 assemblage complexity 16: 101, 102
‘Force fields’ 21: 60 stability, evolutionary/spatial 16: 100
Foreign DNA integrated approach 16: 97, 98
bacteria as recipients of 24: 401– 410 lacustrine environments 16: 130– 140
fungi as recipients of 24: 410– 416 fluvio-lacustrine deltas 16: 133– 140
plants as recipients of 24: 416– 420 isolated lakes 16: 132
‘foreign’ molecules 32: 8 montane lakes 16: 131, 132
Forest 18: 239 ox-bow lakes 16: 133
see also Boreal forest; novel forest plant representation 16: 131
decline; replanting forest leaf abscission 16: 104– 106
Forest productivity and water use see Net peat/coal assemblages 16: 147– 151
primary productivity and water coalification 16: 148
use model environmental conditions 16: 148
Forrestia, inflorescence 3: 282 floating mire development 16: 149
Förster resonance in algal photosynthetic quaking bogs 16: 149
systems 10: 131, 133– 135 raised mire development 16: 149– 151
Forsythia preservation/diagenesis 16: 175–179
hydrogen peroxide occurrence 8: 54 casts/moulds 16: 178, 179
lignin biosynthesis 8: 43 – 48 compression/impressions 16: 175,
lignin composition 8: 50 176
Fossil assemblage formation/ duripartic preservation 16: 176
interpretation 16: 95 – 191 mineralization 16: 176– 178
aquatic processing 16: 114– 125 quality of record 16: 98 – 100
floating 16: 115– 119 and deposition 16: 99
leaf degradation 16: 122– 124 and organ isolation 16: 99
water column transport 16: 119– 122 and time-averaging 16: 98, 99
dispersal by wind 16: 106– 112 assemblages 16: 99, 100
air fall 16: 108, 109 sedimentary 16: 101, 103, 104
fall velocity 16: 106– 108 allochthonous/autochthonous
post-descent 16: 109, 110 assemblages 16: 101, 103
storm effects 16: 110– 112 settling velocity 16: 103, 104
Fossil assemblage formation/ dichotomous branching 1: 6, 17, 18, 27,

interpretation (continued) 43, 45, 52, 59
taphonomy 16: 98, 179–183 Dicroidium flora 1: 66
community reconstruction 16: 180, early vascular plants 1: 6
181 epidogenesis 1: 25
community-suite/regional Euramican flora 1: 62 – 65
reconstruction 16: 181– 183 fructifications of Glossopteris 1: 53
defined 16: 97 gametophyte 1: 12
fossils in sedimentology 16: 183 ginkgophytes 1: 66, 68
morphology and taxonomy 16: 180 Glossopteris flora 1: 52, 53, 62, 64, 65
potential of 16: 184, 185 Gondwana flora 1: 52, 64– 66
trees, whole, preservation of 16: 114 gonophyll theory 1: 58
vulcanism 16: 151–175 gymnosperms 1: 58, 201
and magma viscosity 16: 151, 152 Hermit Shale flora of Arizona 1: 65
debris flow 16: 160– 166 Homologous Theory of sporophyte
explosive, case studies 16: 152– 160 origin 1: 13
lateral lakes 16: 168– 171 Jurassic flora 1: 3, 6, 37, 49, 67, 180, 201
tephra, preservation in 16: 166– 168 Kusnezk flora see Angara flora
vegetation recovery 16: 172– 175 lamina 1: 39
Fossil fuel 21: 80 – 82, 85, 99 Late Glacial flora 1: 192, 197
Fossil monocotyledons 3: 214 leaves 1: 13, 15, 16, 18 – 21, 23, 25 – 29, 33,
Fossil plants 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 52
see also Cone lepidodrendra 1: 22, 25
air-pores 1: 3 – 5 Lepidopteris flora 1: 66
androgynophyll 1: 60 Liassic flora 1: 3, 5, 66
Angara flora 1: 62, 64 – 66 Lower Cretaceous flora 1: 5
angiosperms 1: 58, 59, 201, 202 lycopsids 1: 6, 7, 9, 18, 22, 61, 64
apocrats 1: 196– 198, 202 medulla 1: 22 – 25
apoxogenesis 1: 25 medullosan leaves 1: 28
Brachyblast theory 1: 44 megaphyllous plants 1: 20
Cambrian flora 1: 9, 60, 61, 198 meristems 1: 25
Carboniferous flora 1: 9, 18, 19, 21, 29, Mesozoic flora 1: 3 – 6, 35, 36, 39, 64, 66,
30, 44, 60, 61, 63 – 67 201
Cathaysian flora 1: 62 – 66 microfossils, contamination 1: 8, 9, 11
catkins 1: 37 microphylls 1: 10, 20
Coal-Measure flora 1: 63, 68 Middle Old Red Sandstone flora 1: 6
cones see also strobilus 1: 31 – 34, 37 – 41, Namurian flora 1: 63
43 –45, 47, 50 –52 Noeggerathiales 1: 31
coniferophytes, reproductive organs of nucellus 1: 39, 40, 42, 45 – 49, 51, 59
1: 41 ontogenesis 1: 6 – 8, 11, 21, 41, 43, 45, 47,
conifers 1: 43, 63, 64, 66– 68 49, 58
Continental drift 1: 65, 67 ontogenetic variability 1: 22
Cretaceous flora 1: 164, 180, 184, 192 ovule see nucellus
cupules 1: 53 – 55, 57 palaeobotanical techniques 1: 35
cuticle 1: 35, 36, 39, 40 Palaeozoic flora 1: 9, 11, 18, 25, 31, 49, 60
cycadophytes 1: 26, 30, 31, 33, 36, 67, 68 palynology 1: 3, 8, 11, 17, 33, 36, 38, 40,
Devonian flora 1: 6 – 9, 13, 16, 18, 19, 30, 52, 58, 61, 150, 175, 180, 184,
61 195, 198
periderm 1: 24 Westphalian flora 1: 63, 64

Permian flora 1: 29, 33, 44, 47, 49, 63 – 67 xylem 1: 22 – 29, 31, 43, 50
pollen see palynology Fossil record of ferns,
polyphylesis 1: 7, 9, 10 Mesozoic era 4: 235– 249
pre-Cambrian flora 1: 9 Tertiary period 4: 249– 253
pre-Carboniferous flora 1: 18 Fossils
pre-Devonian flora 1: 8 Cretaceous flowers
pre-Tertiary flora 1: 2, 59 Early 17: 107– 111
protostele 1: 22– 24, 31 Late 17: 113– 118
psilophytes 1: 6, 7, 11 – 13, 20, 30, 61 Mid 17: 111–113
pteridophytes 1: 61 Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary 17: 6, 7
pteridosperms 1: 25, 57, 63, 64 study methods 17: 28 –30
Quaternary deposits 1: 150, 195 Tertiary flowers 17: 118, 119
rachis 1: 39 cladistic studies 17: 45 – 49
reproductive organs of coniferophytes 1: 41 Fossombronia 19: 265, 267, 293
reproductive organs of Cordaitales 1: 41 Fossombronia echinata 19: 273, 283
reproductive organs of Glossopteridae 1: 53 Founder cells 38: 197– 200
reproductive organs of Pentoxyleae 1: 51 FOUR LIPS (FLP) 31: 197, 211
Rhaetic flora 1: 66 Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR)
rhizoids 1: 2 – 5, 11, 12 spectroscopy 35: 121, 122, 124
rhizome 1: 12, 13, 15, 16, 19 Fourier transformation 18: 207
scales of conifers 1: 41 – 49 Fracture properties of plants 17: 235– 287
seeds 1: 36, 38 – 40, 43, 46 – 49, 57, 64 abscission mechanism 17: 279, 282
Silurian flora 1: 7, 60 bark 17: 274– 276
siphonostele 1: 22 – 24 cellulose 17: 252
sporangia 1: 6, 7, 12, 14 – 21, 32 – 34, 37, crack initiation/propagation 17: 237
40 –44, 47, 52, 57 – 59 definitions 17: 236, 237
spores see palynology dehiscence mechanism 17: 280– 282
sporophylls 1: 19, 20, 32 – 34, 37 – 39, and size of pod 17: 284
41 –49, 52, 57 endosperm 17: 278, 279
sporophyte 1: 12 interaction with environment 17: 283
stelar morphology 1: 22, 23, 25, 50 leaves 17: 266–270
stem see stelar morphology grasses 17: 267– 269
Stephanian flora 1: 44, 63, 65 in bending 17: 269, 270
stomata 1: 36, 39, 50 legumes, and bloat 17: 267
strobilus 1: 17, 34, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 57 levels of fracture,
taxonomy 1: 2, 22, 26, 34, 36, 52, 53, 56 cell/tissue/organ 17: 282, 283
telome systems 1: 20, 27, 29, 30, 43 measurement 17: 239– 251
Telome theory 1: 6, 20, 30 and imperfections 17: 242
Tertiary flora 1: 164, 180, 188, 191, 198 comprehension difficulties 17: 239
Thaumatopteris flora 1: 66 compression/bending 17: 249– 251
Thinnfeldia flora 1: 66 cutting 17: 246– 249
tracheids 1: 9, 10, 39, 50, 61 graphical approach 17: 240– 242
tracheophytes 1: 61 machinery 17: 242, 243
Triassic flora 1: 49, 63, 66 tensile tests 17: 243– 246
trichotomous branching 1: 17, 18 uniformity of tests 17: 240
vascular plants 1: 6, 60 wedging 17: 246, 247
ventral scales 1: 3 – 5 nuts 17: 276– 278
Fracture properties of plants (continued) ice-crystal formation 5: 14 – 17

parenchymatous tissue 17: 252– 261 use of cryoprotective agents 5: 19 – 21
and cell damage 17: 260, 261 Freezing resistance 37: 112– 114
and turgor 17: 258– 260 Fremyella sp. see Calothrix sp.
compression 17: 255– 260 Fremyella, difference absorption
crack opening tests 17: 253– 255 spectra 10: 98
reasons for study 17: 236 Freshwater habitats, productivity 27: 92
scaling effects 17: 283, 284 Freycinetia
seaweeds 17: 271– 273 growth 3: 217
skins 17: 261– 266 influorescence 3: 277
stems 17: 270, 271 vascular construction 3: 246
toughness 17: 237, 238 Friabilin 34: 209
wood 17: 273, 274 Fritillaria 28: 251
Fragaria £ anannassa 34: 253 isochromosomes 6: 145, 146
Fragaria ananassa 28: 78 Fritschiella, drought survival 5: 199
Fragilaria sp., number and origins of Frost damge 20: 79, 85
membranes between cytosol and Frost injury 18: 67
RUBISCO (table) 27: 138, 139 Frost tolerance
Fragilin 20: 180, 183 gene expression control 34: 246– 254
Fragrance production 31: 56 analysis by nuclear run-on
Fragrances 25: 142
transcription 34: 246, 247
Frankliniella occidentalis 36: 117, 118,
post-transcriptional control 34: 253,
124– 135
254
Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) 18: 54, 66
transcriptional control 34: 247– 253
Fraxinus americana (white ash)
genes isolated from cDNA
18: 71
libraries 34: 241–244
O3/AP 18: 81
genetic analysis 34: 239, 240
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 78
low-temperature perception and signal
SO2 exposure 18: 29
Fraxinus excelsior 18: 13 transduction 34: 254, 255
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 37: 110 LTR gene products, function
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 80 of 34: 244– 246
Frazier River upper delta 16: 146 late embryogenesis abundant
Free DNA 24: 402, 403 proteins 34: 244, 245
Free oxygen radicals 22: 119 lipid transfer proteins 34: 244, 245
Free proline 18: 93 RNA-binding protein BLT801 34: 245,
Free radicals 18: 78, 94, 95 246
Freeze avoidance 37: 120 prospects for manipulating frost tolerance
Freeze-etching of chloroplast in crop plants 34: 255, 256
envelope 7: 6 – 8, 13, 18 vernalization and interactions 34: 238,
Freeze-etching, cell membranes 3: 45 239
appearance 3: 33 – 39 Frozen hydrated cryofractured (FHC)
interpretation 3: 23 – 33 EPXMA 29: 167, 168
photosynthetic membrane 3: 135– 142 Fructan exohydrolase (FEH) 25: 205
technique 3: 21 – 23 Fructan:fructan fructosyltransferase
Freezing process and spectral distortion (FFT) 25: 205, 207
artefacts caused by freezing 5: 17 – 19 Fructans 25: 204–206
freezing of water 5: 14 Fructose 6-phosphate 25: 199
Fructose 25: 199, 201, 202, 370, fluorescence spectrum 10: 100, 125,
371; 28: 72 126, 128
Fructose bisphosphatase and stromal Fucus spiralis, photosynthesis 27: 174
magnesium ion concentration Fucus vesiculosus 38: 149, 150
7: 66 Fucus zygote 28: 164
Fructose, UV radiation 22: 130 Fuerstia africana 37: 41
Fructose-biphosphatase 12: 4, 6, 23, 25, 26 Fuerstione 37: 41
Fruit Fulgoroidea 36: 142
abscission 17: 279 Fulvic acid (FA) 24: 285
dehiscence 17: 280 Fumigation, soils 26: 15, 16
Early Tertiary Funaria 19: 245, 251; 33: 67
evolution 17: 60 cytotaxonomy 6: 243
vertebrate dispersal 17: 66 – 68 Funaria hygrometrica, chloroplast
size, and toughness 17: 284 envelope 7: 22, 81
skin fracture properties 17: 261– 266 Function in leaves 37: 6 – 10
Fruit Flag Hypothesis 37: 159, 160 Functional genomics 34: 2, 11 – 15
Fruit ripening 32: 124 Functions of trichomes 31: 13 – 19, 79, 81,
Fruit ripening and isoprenoid metabolism 83 82, 132, 133
Fruit set location-dependent 31: 15 – 19
auxins 2: 238, 273– 279 Fungal antigens, extraction from soil
24: 283– 286
chemical agents 2: 273– 279
Fungal cell walls 19: 12
parthenocarpy 2: 273– 279
components of 19: 8
Fruit trichomes 31: 18, 19
Fungal cells, endocytic pathway
Frullania 19: 257
in 28: 131–135
karyotype analysis 6: 240
Fungal community structure
sex chromosomes 6: 232
factors influencing fungal growth
“FS-51” cv. 18: 51, 53
host resistance 7: 410
F-type H+ – ATPases 28: 7, 8
interactions with other
Fucophyceae 27: 89 organisms 7: 413, 414
C3 + C1 carboxylation 27: 99, 100 method of entry 7: 410– 413
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), moisture and aeration 7: 406, 407
C3’+ C1 carboxylation 27: 100 nitrogen content 7: 408
20 -Fucosyl-lactose 19: 15 nutrition 7: 404–406
Fucoxanthin 27: 299 pH 7: 409
absorption of light 10: 59, 72 temperature 7: 407, 408
distribution in algal groups 10: 56, 57 toxic substances 7: 410
energy transfer 10: 60 wood anatomy 7: 409, 410
evolution in prokaryotes 10: 181 interspecific antagonism
structure 10: 55, 59 interactions and their significance
Fucus 22: 86; 28: 164, 165, 239; 35: 74, 7: 384– 388
193, 194, 197; 38: 148 interactions in nature 7: 399– 403
serratus 22: 58 laboratory studies 7: 388– 399
Fucus evanescens 35: 188 succession and community
Fucus gardneii 11: 99 development 7: 380– 384
Fucus serratus 35: 185, 188; intraspecific antagonism
38: 150 genetics 7: 359– 372
chloroplast isolation 10: 123 physiology 7: 372, 373
Fungal community structure (continued) transport of stored phosphorus and

unit mycelium concept 7: 349– 352, nitrogen 28: 147– 149
376 Fungal vacuoles 28: 120– 123
schema for fungal community and animal endosomes in 28: 128, 129
development 7: 415– 417 larger 28: 135
Fungal infection 19: 20 Fungi 18: 290; 30: 24, see also individual
Fungal infections, salicylates and 20: 210 species name
Fungal life cycle 36: 48, 49 A. oryzae, cytochrome 4: 79
Fungal life-styles 24: 169– 193 asexual and sexual reproduction
crossroads 24: 179– 183 24: 71 – 87
Fungal oligo-b-glucans 19: 7 – 12 Aspergillus nidulans, genetic
Fungal pathogen analysis 4: 397
detecting propagules 23: 73 – 93 Botrytis cinerea, phytoalexin
dot-blot 23: 83, 87 production 4: 6
nucleic acid probes 23: 83 – 87 Ceratocystis fimbriata, specificity 4: 10
antibodies 23: 76 – 81 chitin 2: 76, 77
monoclonal 23: 78 – 81 Cladosporium cucumerinum, mechanical
polyclonal 23: 76 – 78 resistance 4: 5
immunoassays 23: 81 – 83 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, secretion
ELISA 23: 81 of glucanase inhibitor 4: 5
comparisons of genetic variation, "phys-
immunofluorescence 23: 82
iological costs and fitness between
immunoassay 23: 74
asexual and sexual
nucleic acid-based
"systems 24: 73, 74
techniquesz 23: 83 – 92
density and competition 24: 77, 78
serological techniques 23: 75 – 83
effect of mycelial extracts and specific
importation of 23: 73
morphogens 24: 78 – 80
traditional methods 23: 74, 75
Erysiphe graminis, specificity 4: 9
bait tests 23: 75
flagella 2: 8
blotter method 23: 74 freeze-etching 3: 23
culture indexing 23: 75 genotype-determined equilibria 24: 76
direct plating on agar media 23: 74 Helminthosporium sacchari, phytotoxin
growing-on test 23: 75 production 4: 4
visual inspection 23: 74 in soils 24: 275– 308
Fungal pathogens, defence against initiation of asexual sporulation and
37: 7, 8 sexual development 24: 72, 73
Fungal plant endophytes 24: 174, 175 maintaining and changing balance
Fungal plant pathogens 24: 171– 174 between reproductive
Fungal tubular vacuole systems "processes 24: 74 – 80
as transport compartments 28: 143– 149 microfibrillar arrangement 2: 91, 98
role in intracellular transport physical and nutritional factors 24: 77
28: 144 plasma membrane 3: 35
Fungal vacuolar networks and endosome seasonally maintained equilibria 24: 77
movements 28: 141– 143 species-determined equilibria 24: 75
Fungal vacuolar systems trade-off between asexual and sexual
nitrogen storage 28: 144 reproduction 24: 80
phosphorus storage 28: 144 Ustilago sphaerogena, cytochrome 4: 79
storage in 28: 147 Fungi, Early Cainozoic 17: 13
Fungi, pathogens 21: 2, 6, 7, 10, 36, 71, 72, Caryota urens 2: 324, 342
148, 149, 177, 178 cellulose 2: 327, 329
models 21: 36 – 51 Cephalosporium sp. 2: 346, 347
see also Gene for gene relationships Chaetomium globosum 2: 325– 329,
biological control 21: 66 – 70 338– 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 350,
colonization 21: 54 – 58 353, 354
expressive phase of disease 21: 70, 71 chemical analysis of degraded
molecular aspects 21: 58 –66 wood 2: 329
relationship between vascular coloni- chemical nature of degradation
zation and foliar process 2: 327, 354
symptoms 21: 51 – 54 coniferous woods 2: 325, 326, 328, 338
Fungi, plant defence proteins 26: 26, Coniophora cerebella 2: 327
136– 138 Coniothyrium fuckelii 2: 344, 346
see also Biocontrol of soil-borne patho- definition 2: 325
gens Dracaena draco 2: 324
antifungal peptides 26: 151–153 enzymes, role of 2: 329, 352, 354
chitin-binding 26: 146, 147 Epicoccum nigrum 2: 346
endohydrolases 26: 143– 146 Fungi Imperfecti 2: 325
manipulation 26: 171 hardwoods 2: 328, 338
phospholipid transfer 26: 155 Hernandia sonora 2: 324
polygalacturonase-inhibiting 26: 157– 159 histology 2: 325
PR – 1 26: 148, 149 history 2: 323
proteinase inhibitors 26: 157 leaching 2: 338, 350
ribosome-inactivating 26: 155, 156 lignin 2: 327– 329, 353
thaumatin-related 26: 149, 150 marine fungi 2: 325, 326
thionins 26: 148 microscopic examination 2: 328
2S albumins 26: 153, 154 mode of action 2: 339
Fungi, roles of tubular vacuolar natural durability of timber 2: 326
systems 28: 149, 150 penetration of medullary rays 2: 339, 350,
Fungi, soft rot 353
alkali solubility of decaying wood 2: 327 penetration, decay 2: 339, 349, 351
anatomical characteristics of penetration, passive 2: 339, 342, 350
timber 2: 328, 344, 349 pentosans 2: 327
Anona laevigata 2: 324, 325 Phoma sp. 2: 346
Ascomycetes 2: 324, 325 Pinus sylvestris 2: 338– 340, 348, 350,
attack, chemicals favouring 2: 326 351, 353
attack, rate of 2: 328, 329, 340, 350, 352 Poria monticola 2: 327
attack, variation in mode of according to posts in ground contact 2: 348
species of wood 2: 340 Pyrenomycetes 2: 325
attack, variations according to species of Sabal umbracilifera 2: 325
fungus 2: 344 Scots pine 2: 338–340, 348, 350, 351, 353
Basidiomycetes 2: 324, 326, 348, 353, Sequoia sempervirens 2: 327
355 species, list 2: 348
beech 2: 325– 327, 338– 340, 342, 349, species, variation in attack 2: 344
352 Sphaeronema sp. 2: 344, 347
birch 2: 342, 344, 348, 353 Stachybotrys sp. 2: 328
brown rots 2: 324, 327, 354 Stysanus stemonitis 2: 344, 347
Camarosporium ambiens 2: 344, 347 Taxodium distichum 2: 325
Fungi, soft rot (continued) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum

technique for study 2: 337 phosphate uptake 8: 156
water cooling towers 2: 324– 326 phosphorus content 8: 131
white rots 2: 324, 327 Fusarium oxysporum, effect of
wood-preserving substances 2: 326, 354 phytoalexin 7: 512, 517
Fungi, soft rot, histology 2: 329 Fusarium solani 19: 36
decomposition stages 2: 333– 337 Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi 24: 41
fibres 2: 333, 337 Fusarium spp.
geometric figures 2: 333, 336 biocontrol
hyphae penetration of cell wall 2: 329, 337 antagonist applications 26: 50, 59, 60,
irregularly developed forms 2: 333, 337 67, 71
parenchyma cells 2: 336 inoculum formulation 26: 76, 77
tracheids 2: 333, 337 suppressive soils 26: 4 – 9, 69
vessel walls 2: 336 plant defence proteins
Fungicide resistance 24: 19 –21 defensins 26: 152, 153
Fungicides, with biocontrol agents 26: 16, endohydrolases 26: 144, 145
17 hevein 26: 146
Fungitoxic and fungistatic compounds in phospholipid transfer 26: 155
disease resistance 4: 4 proteinase inhibitors 26: 157
Fura Red dye 22: 53, 55 thaumatin-related 26: 149
Fura-2 dye 22: 53, 54, 55, 57 thionins 26: 148
Fura-BSA dye 22: 56 Fusarium wilt 21: 36
Fura-C18 dye 22: 56 Fusca ( fus) 31: 229
Furanocoumarin 21: 13; 22: 110, 147 Fused silica fibre 18: 259
Furovirus 36: 59 Fusicoccin 18: 74; 21: 166; 28: 34, 42 –45
Fusaclean 26: 9, 69 Fusicoccin and ion flux in roots 15: 104,
Fusarium 19: 21; 23: 6; 24: 74, 75, 181, 281, 111, 112
283; 33: 6, 25 Fusicoccum amygdali 28: 25
micronutrient effects on infection 10: 225, Fusicoccum quercus 33: 24
227, 240, 255 Fusion biotrophs 24: 401
oxysporum 21: 36 – 38, 68, 69, 150 FV (fast vacuolar) channels 33: 56
f. sp. cubense 21: 52, 55
f. sp. dianthi 21: 48 G protein
f. sp. lycopersici 21: 43, 45, 53 calcium ions 22: 48, 74, 83, 84
f. sp. pisi 21: 52, 53, 55, 63 UV radiation 22: 107– 110
f. sp. radicis-lycopersica 21: 47 G proteins 21: 64, 168
f. sp. vasinfectum 21: 44 G. bufonia, seed morphology 7: 426
pectinases 10: 241, 255 G. catenatum 12: 52
solani 21: 69 G. conopea
f. sp. phaseoli 21: 65 phytoalexin production 7: 512
f. sp. pisi 21: 5 seed morphology 7: 425, 437
vasinfectum 21: 44 G. cucullata, longevity of flowers 7: 569
Fusarium graminearum 24: 76 G. horichiana, orchid pollination 7: 559
Fusarium moniliforme 24: 124, 125 G. indicum, 12: 209
Fusarium oxysporum 19: 61; 24: 7, 12, 125; G. javanka, isolation of hymenomycetous
28: 107; 33: 20 fungus 7: 490
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici G. longifolia, seed morphology 7: 425
24: 107, 125 G. lubiniensiforme 12: 234
G. maculata v. pallida, seed Gal – 3 31: 230, 231

morphology 7: 426 GalA12 19: 44
G. monilis Galactan 11: 131, 132, 146– 148, 152
action spectra for Galactolipids 22: 131
photosynthesis 10: 71 Galactolipids, origin in the
phycobilisomes 10: 113, 118 chloroplast 7: 86 – 95
photosystem reaction centre Galactomannan 11: 129– 131, 133– 143,
"complexes 10: 84, 85, 89 149, 153
G. nelsoni 12: 236, 237 hydrolysis 11: 143
G. odoratissima, phytoalexin production Galactose 11: 126; 25: 312
7: 512 Galactose, effect on orchid seedlings 7: 440,
G. pacifica 447, 449, 450
phycobilisome structure 10: 111, 142 Galactosylation in Dunaliella lipid meta-
shading effects 10: 156 bolism 16: 27
G. pulvisculus 12: 230 Galactosyltransferase, activity in chloroplast
G. repens envelope 7: 37
carbon fixation 7: 520 a-(1 ! 4)-D-galacturonic acid 19: 22
effect of hormones in culture 7: 460, 464 Galacturonic acid residues 19: 20
floral respiration 7: 612 a-D-galacturonidase 19: 31
protocorm-fungal interaction 7: 499, 500 Galbulimima 31: 18, 19
seed morphology 7: 426, 437 chromosome sets 6: 189
G. repens var. ophioides, interaction with Galeola hydra, isolation of hymenomy-
rhizoctonias 7: 498 cetous fungus 7: 490
G. saxatile “Gales County” Prov. 18: 80
nitrate reductase 6: 22 Galium aparine
G. semipellucida, seed morphology 7: 427 enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 23,
G. septentrionalis, isolation of hymenomy- 29
cetous fungus 7: 490 Galium saxatile 29: 2, 13
seed germination 7: 443, 477, 478 Galium sterneri 29: 2
G. tamarensis 12: 225 Gall wasp 21: 141– 143
G. toxicus 12: 63, 86 Gallium mollugo culture 13: 152, 156
G-6-PDH 18: 100 Gallocatechin 21: 51
GA 20-oxidase 34: 137– 139 Gambierdiscus 12: 52
GA 2-oxidase 34: 137, 139, 140 Gamete fusion 28: 240
GA 3a-hydroxylase 34: 137, 139, 140 Gamete, female, and alternation of
GacA gene, antibiosis 26: 29, 32 generations 16: 78 – 80
Gadolinium 22: 72, 73, 74, 81 Gametic disequilibrium 24: 11, 17, 18
Gaeumannomyces 33: 242 Gametic phase disequilibrium 24: 11
Gaeumannomyces graminis 24: 278; 26: 14, Gametogenesis 16: 57 – 64
15, 60, 71; 30: 294; 38: 15 algae 16: 57 –59
chloride action mechanism 10: 265 isogamous forms 16: 57, 58
host infection and concentration of oogamous forms 16: 58, 59
copper 10: 231 bryophytes/homosporous
lime 10: 227 pteridophytes 16: 59 – 63
manganese 10: 249– 254 oogenesis 16: 59 – 63
manganese/iron 10: 256, 257 spermatogenesis 16: 59
phosphorus 10: 225 heterosporous pteridophytes/seed
GAF domain 32: 118, 131, 132, 139 plants 16: 63 – 64
Gametophyte/sporophyte shift, female general considerations 5: 182– 184

gamete in 16: 78 – 80 intercellular air spaces 5: 186– 189,
Gametophyte/sporophyte shift, lower plants 190, 191
apogamy in 16: 80 – 82 resistance imposed by stomata and
female gamete in 16: 78 –80 cuticle 5: 184– 186
life cycles, universality of 16: 56, 57 stomata 5: 190, 191
sporogenesis 16: 65 – 70 poikilohydry 5: 181
algae 16: 65 Gas/heat exchange resistances 18: 220
bryophytes 16: 65 Gas-space system
heterosporous pteridophytes/seed characteristics 7: 228– 230
plants 16: 66 –70 lateral movement of respiratory
homosporous pteridophytes 16: 65, 66 gases 7: 239
sporophyte/gametophyte shift 16: 82 – 87 longitudinal diffusion of gases 7: 228,
and apospory in lower plants 16: 83, 84 229
megasporogenesis 16: 84 – 87 longitudinal mass-flow movement 7: 229,
phase change and meiosis 16: 82, 83 231
sporogenesis theory 16: 84 Gasteria 31: 53
Gametophyte-sporophyte junction in land Gasteria trigona 31: 51
plants 19: 231–317 Gating 25: 222
Gametophytic systems 32: 270 FV channels 25: 230
Gamma-radiation 31: 231 InsP3-dependent currents 25: 237, 238
Gamoplexis orobanchoides, seed ryanodine receptor
morphology 7: 427 homologues 25: 239– 241
Ganoderma adspersum SV channels 25: 226, 227
competitive ability in culture 7: 389, 390, VK channels 25: 231
396 VMAL channels 25: 241
pseudosclerotial plate formation 7: 393, VVCa channels 25: 233, 234
398 GATT 23: 12, 59
zone-line formation 7: 345 Gattonia, stomata 3: 284
GARNET database 38: 219 Gaultheria procumbens, cinnamic acid
Gas chromatography 31: 154, 163 20: 190
Gas chromatography/mass spectometry Gaussian distribution 18: 268
(GC-MS) 19: 123, 125 gca calculation 18: 213– 215
Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry Gcn4p 33: 199, 200
(GC– MS) 35: 215 GDH, see Glutamate dehydrogenase
Gas exchange GDP 24: 116
carbon dioxide-concentrating Gel electophoresis 18: 138
"mechanisms 27: 114– 119 Gel filtration studies of solubilized organelle
carboxylation reactions 27: 109– 114 fractions 5: 121
Gas exchange, NPP model 26: 196– 206, Gelasinospora reticulospora 24: 80
210, 212, 213, 215, 218 Gelidium sesquipedale 35: 189
see also Stomatal heterogeneity Gel-permeation chromatography 19: 19,
Gas liquid chromatography-mass 25, 31
spectro-metry 21: 46 Gels 21: 49 – 51, 56 – 58, 67
Gas phase transport in vascular land plants GenBank database 35: 113
homiohydry and the intercellular Gene banks 21: 89
space-cuticle-stomata complex Gene deployment 24: 17
cuticle 5: 189 Gene duplication 32: 55, 56, 329
Gene expression 32: 9 Genetic markers 24: 10 –13

drought-induced 32: 209, 210 predicting variation among individuals
hormone-induced 32: 209 24: 11
light-intensity induced 32: 210 restrictions on using 24: 12
organ-specific induced 32: 207– 209 Genetic modification (GM)
salt stress-induced 32: 209, 210 technology 34: 302, 305, 306
tissue-specific induced 32: 207– 209 Genetic modifications 24: 180
transcription factors and regulation Genetic structure 24: 340– 342
of 32: 254 Genetic variation, analysis of 34: 44, 45
Gene expression responses 29: 54, 55, Geneticin G418 34: 74
57 –59 Genetics 6: 247
control by metabolites 29: 57 – 59
see also Avirulence genes, Gene for gene
Gene expression studies 28: 29
relationships, Phylogeny, Resist-
Gene flow 24: 15, 16
ance genes
Gene for gene relationships, fungi 21: 2, 65,
defence genes 21: 11, 20, 21
148, 149, 177, 178
fungal wilt disease 21: 58, 59
avirulence genes 21: 149–164
single-dominant genes 21: 54 – 56, 65, 66,
defense response induced by race-specific
71
elicitors 21: 164– 167
Genetics and embryology 2: 219
receptors for race-specific elicitors
Genetics of host-parasite interactions gene-
21: 167, 168
for-gene relationship 4: 3, 7, 8, 30
resistance genes 21: 169– 176
Gene transfer quadratic check 4: 7, 8
by free DNA 24: 402 Geniculosporium serpens 33: 5
conjugational 24: 401, 407 Genomes 21: 120
horizontal 24: 399– 401, 408, 409 Genomic clones 32: 406
interkingdom 24: 420– 422 Genomic sequencing 34: 48
lateral 24: 399– 401, 422, 423 Genomics
Gene trees, see phylogenetic trees definition 34: 2
Gene-for-gene interaction 4: 30, 33 – 41 funding 34: 3
experimental approach 4: 42 – 44 Genotypes 21: 46
model of gene control of Genotypes, direct tracking 24: 13 –15
resistance 4: 35 –41 Genotypic sensitivity to salinization 29: 131,
Gene-for-gene resistance (GFGR) 38: 254, 132
264, 265 Genotypic variation 24: 181
General adaptation syndrome 37: 185 Gentamicin 21: 197
General Agreement on Tariffs and Gentiana 22: 13, 14
Trade see GATT Gentiana lutea 25: 208, 367
General circulation models (GCMs), Gentiana triflora 37: 68
palaeoclimates 26: 194, 195, 215 Gentianaceae 22: 13, 23, 25
General concepts of interaction between Gentianaceae, Early Eocene flowers 17: 64
light and matter 5: 3 – 5 Gentianose 25: 208
General influence of low temperature on Genyorchis, flowering period 7: 536
fluorescence 5: 5 Geochemistry in palaeoenvironmental
Genes, UV radiation 22: 110, 111, 134– 141 analysis 17: 88
Genetic engineering 21: 3; 35: 55 Geoflora concept 17: 13
Genetic engineering and protein Geological past, NPP and water
targeting 14: 21, 22 use 26: 193– 219
Geonoma Gibasis
influorescence 3: 275 G. consobrina
G. pinnatifrons 3: 275 polyploidy and centric fusion 6: 185
vascular construction 3: 249 G. schiedeana
Geonomeae karyotype evolution by centric
growth 3: 224 fusion 6: 160
influorescence 3: 274 polyploidy and centric fusion 6: 185
Geotropism 22: 166 karyotype evolution by centric
Geraniaceae 31: 11, 58, 177 fusion 6: 160, 161
Geraniol 31: 81, 94, 98, 103, 104, 106 polyploidy and centric fusion 6: 183
Geranium 24: 322 Gibberelins 31: 230, 248
Geranium carolinianum 18: 10, 16, 21 Gibberella fujikuroi 33: 235; 34: 130, 137
SO2 exposure 18: 18, 25, 28 effect on growth of rice 9: 62
Geranium robertianum 31: 63, 177 gibberellin
nitrate reductase 6: 23 biosynthesis 9: 42, 85, 88 – 90, 92 – 96,
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) synthase 99, 122– 127
31: 95 production 9: 35, 36, 46
Geranyl diphosphate synthesis 14: 38 – 42 phosphate starvation 8: 149
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate availability and phosphorus changes in culture 8: 196,
isoprenoid synthesis 197
14: 79, 80 Gibberella pulicaris 21: 23
Gerbera 37: 109 Gibberellic acid (GA) 22: 83, 132
GERL 25: 3 in determination of leaf form 28: 173,
Germacrene D 31: 131 174
Germany 21: 84 in invertase activity 28: 87
Germination see also Fertilization, Pollen Gibberellic acid 19: 130
ambient humidity 2: 224– 227 Gibberellin synthesis 14: 47, 48
dicarboxylic acids 2: 225 Gibberellin, effect on lignification 8: 58
mass effect 2: 225, 230 Gibberellins (GAs) 34: 130
metals 2: 224, 231 production, blocking of 34: 136– 141
stored pollen 2: 223 signalling 34: 131– 136
Germination, isoprenoid metabolism Gibberellins 19: 138– 144; 22: 284
in 14: 80, 81 analytical methods
Germination, UV radiation 22: 132, 133 bioassays 9: 62 – 68
Germplasm 21: 137– 141, 217, 218 physicochemical methods 9: 68– 79
Gerontoplasts in chlorophyll radioimmunological assays 9: 68
degradation 35: 21, 22 high performance liquid
Gesneriaceae 37: 41 "chromatography 9: 52– 58
Geum montanum 37: 135 silica gel chromatography 9: 51, 52
Geum urbarum extraction and partitioning 9: 46– 48
nitrate reductase 6: 23 general observations 9: 44 – 46
Giant algal cells group purification procedures
hydraulic conductivity 6: 88 – 95, 100 identification procedures
phenomenological coefficients 6: 70 ion-exchange 9: 49, 50
solute transport 6: 61 reverse-phase 9: 50
volumetric elastic moduli 6: 76, 77, 83, separatory techniques
84 steric-exclusion 9: 48 – 50
Giardia lamblia 24: 138 verification of accuracy 9: 79 – 85
and vascular differentiation GLABRA1 (GL1) 31: 137, 138, 201– 203,
differentiation of fibres 9: 240– 242, 210, 223, 224, 228, 229, 232, 246
254 TTG1 interaction 31: 225, 226
differentiation of sieve tubes 9: 233, GLABRA2 (GL2) 31: 137, 196, 198, 199, 201,
234, 236 202, 210, 211, 227, 245, 246, 253
enhancement of cambial activity 9: 233 GLABRA3 (GL3) 31: 137, 248
production by roots 9: 248 Gland cells
promotion of differentiation 9: 171, similarities in glandular hairs and resin
179, 230, 234 ducts 6: 301, 302
biosynthesis Gland head cell isolation techniques 31: 97
ent-kaurene to GA12aldehyde 9: 88 – 92 Glandless chemotypes 31: 123– 125
mevalonic acid to ent-kaurene Glandular hairs
9: 85 –88 and resin secretion 6: 290, 291, 296, 305
pathways beyond GA12aldehyde, development 6: 295
9: 92 –121 essential oil secretion 6: 294
sites of biosynthesis and polysaccharide secretion 6: 297
"compartmentation 9: 127– 132 structure 6: 291, 294– 296
discovery 9: 34, 35 Glandular trichomes 31: 4, 6
distribution in tissue 9: 41 – 43 classification 31: 6 – 12
effect on plant growth 9: 33, 34 development 31: 20, 204, 205
effects of root excision and environmental exploitation of productivity 31: 121– 141
stresses applied to roots 19: 142, functions 31: 13
143 head cell isolation techniques 31: 97
in orchid seedlings 7: 465, 466 Labiatae 31: 85, 89 – 93
in post-pollination phenomena 7: 584, lipophilic substances secretion 31: 56, 58
601, 619, 632 morphology 31: 8, 9
structure 9: 35 – 41 plasmodesmata 31: 264, 265
structure – activity secretory materials classification 31: 11, 12
relationships 9: 132– 140 Glasshouse ornamental crops 23: 137–164
studies of unstressed plants 19: 139– 142 certification 23: 142, 143– 147
Gigartina latissima 11: 99 candidate material 23: 143
Gigartina papillata, chlorophyll d 10: 53 Danish 23: 146, 147
Gigaspora Dutch 23: 146, 147
calospora 22: 20 in France 23: 150
margarita 22: 14, 31 in Holland 23: 151
Gingko 22: 13 in Italy 23: 148
Gingkoacaeae 22: 13 nuclear stock 23: 143, 144
Ginkgo propagation stock 23: 144
G. biloba, lignin composition 8: 31 national certification 23: 144– 147
lignin composition 8: 50 OEPP/EPPO 23: 143, 144
O-methyl transferase 8: 41 sampling 23: 147– 152
Ginkgo biloba 25: 102, 103 sampling for detection
Ginkgo biloba, legumin 27: 6, 45 elimination of plant
Ginkgo plant 18: 22 pathogens 23: 161– 164
Ginkgo, Early Tertiary 17: 23 meristem culture 23: 161, 162
Giraudyopsis stellifera 27: 294 other treatments 23: 162, 163
GISH 34: 48 re-infection 23: 164
Gjffordia mitchellae 11: 91 EPPO 23: 142, 144
Glasshouse ornamental crops (continued) photosynthetic rate 10: 151

foliage 23: 139 shading effects 10: 157
healthy plant material 23: 138– 140 Glenodinium 11: 97
plant quality 23: 140– 143 Glenodinium foliaceum 12: 212, 214, 216,
clonal selection 23: 140 217, 238, 242, 243, 246–249
quality control 23: 140– 143 Gleotinia temulenta 24: 76
varietal purity 23: 141 Gleotulasnella calospora, orchid
sampling for detection, of MLO’s 23: 151, endophyte 7: 490
152 a-gliadins 33: 162
testing for pathogens 23: 152– 161 g-gliadins 33: 162
broth method 23: 152 v-gliadins 33: 162
isolation method 23: 153 Gliadins 34: 197, 199
shaking method 23: 153 Glinkgo biloba
bacterial diseases 23: 152– 155 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79
dot immunobinding assay (DIA) 23: 155 Gliocladium deliquescens 22: 67
ELISA 23: 154 Gliocladium spp. 26: 50, 54, 60, 61, 68, 71,
immunofluorescence staining 75, 77
(IF) 23: 154 Gliotoxin, antibiosis 26: 26, 27
testing for viroids 23: 159, 160 Global warming 21: 94, 95
electrophoresis 23: 159 Globba, growth 3: 221
pathogenic fungi 23: 161
Globodera spp. 23: 235– 238
viroids and MLO’s 23: 161
Globoid crystal 35: 144
testing for viruses 23: 155– 159
Globulin storage proteins 25: 128, 129
immunosorbent (ISEM) 23: 159
Globulins, 2S 27: 32 – 34
incubation time 23: 157
phytohaemagglutinins (PHA) 27: 5, 6
Pollähne roller press 23: 156
primary and subunit structure 27: 32, 33
bioassay 23: 158
secondary, tertiary and quaternary
electron microscopy 23: 158, 159
"structure 27: 33, 34
ELISA 23: 155– 157
tospoviruses 23: 139 Gloeocapsa 13: 72
vegetative propagation 23: 139, 140 Gloeocapsa NS4, thylakoid structure 10: 33
Gleditsea 38: 290, 293, 296 Gloeomonas kupfferi, cell division 20: 131,
Gleichenia, vegitative apomixis 4: 399 132
Gleicheniaceae Gloeothece 13: 72
cytology and phylogeny 4: 311, 314 Gloeotrichia
polyploidy 4: 322 akinete production 13: 125
Gleicheniales, cytology 4: 288, 289 distribution 13: 70
Gleicheniopsis gas vacuole, buoyancy and 13: 81
fossil record 4: 243– 245 nitrogen fixation 13: 106
G. fecunda, sporangia 4: 243 secondary structure 13: 73
G. sewardii, sporangia 4: 243 survival strategies 13: 131, 132
Gleichenites, fossil record 4: 244 Gloeotrichia echinulata
Glenodinium akinete germination 13: 126
action spectrum of photosynthesis 10: 71 akinete production 13: 125
chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin 10: 121, Glomalean fungi 22: 2, 10, 14, 25
122 Glomerella cingulata 24: 76
peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein 10: 71, Glomerella cingulata, effect of
119, 136 orchinol 7: 517
Glomerella cingulata, phosphorus and spore Glucose as Dunaliella carbon source 14: 112
germination 8: 198 Glucose oxidase, antibiosis 26: 27, 28
Glomerella magna 24: 172 Glucose transport in chloroplasts 7: 73, 74
Glomerella musae 24: 173 Glucose, UV radiation 22: 130, 141
Glomus 22: 32 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 12: 27
etunicatum 22: 16 a-glucosidase 34: 182, 206
fasciculatus 22: 9, 20 b-glucosidase 25: 146, 150
macrocarpum 22: 27, 28 Glucosidase 21: 47
mosseae 22: 4, 5, 6 –9, 31 Glucosidases 30: 104
Glomus mosseae Glucosinolates 31: 82
nucleic acid utilization 8: 187 anticarcinogenic activity 35: 247–250
polyphosphate granules 8: 148 antinutritional effects in livestock and
Glomus occultum 24: 283 humans 35: 247
Glomus spp., biocontrol 26: 61, 62, 68 biosynthesis 35: 222– 232
Glosslingia breconensis, fossil xylem cellular and subcellular location 35: 238
structure 5: 168 chain elongation:
Glossodia minor, seed morphology 7: 425 biochemistry 35: 225–227
Glossopterid fructifications, molecular genetics and identification
Carboniferous 16: 180 of MAM synthases 35: 227– 230
Glossopteridales 17: 140, 142– 144 degradation 35: 237– 239
Glossy15 31: 206 diversity in cruciferous crops 35: 221
b-glucan 34: 173, 174 environmental factors affecting expression
Glucan synthetase stimulation by 35: 236– 242
auxins 5: 61 flavour 35: 246
b-glucanase 19: 32; 34: 196 metabolic pathways 35: 222
b-D-glucanase 19: 73, 74 plant – animal interactions 35: 242– 245
b-(1 ! 3)-D-glucanase 19: 22 plant – pathogen interactions 35: 245, 246
Glucanase 35: 142, 145, 159 products 35: 238– 241
b-Glucans 26: 26, 142, 171 side-chain modification 35: 230– 232
antifungal properties 26: 143– 146 sites of biosynthesis 35: 232
in mycoparasitism 26: 36, 37 structure and biochemical
parasitic bacteria 26: 34 diversity 35: 215– 221
Glucans 21: 22, 150 distribution and evolution 35: 219– 221
Glucomannan 11: 129–131, 149 side chains 35: 216– 218
Glucone biosynthesis 35: 222– 225 variation in chain structure
Gluconeogenesis 38: 130– 139 35: 215– 219
CAM 38: 136 b-glucuronidase marker gene 34: 78
flowering plants 38: 133– 139 Glufosinate 34: 75
fruit 38: 136– 139 Glutamate 18: 152
germinating seeds 38: 118, 119, 133, 134 dehydrogenase (GDH) 18: 93, 96, 99, 155
micro-organisms 38: 132, 133 oxaloacetate transminase (GOT) 18: 99,
senescence 38: 134– 136 100
vertebrates 38: 130– 132 synthase activity 18: 155
b-D-glucopyranose 19: 9 Glutamate dehydrogenase 38: 153
Glucosamine 19: 9 distribution in higher plants 6: 8, 27 – 32
Glucose 6-phosphate 25: 199 kinetic characteristics 6: 32, 33, 35
Glucose 11: 126; 25: 198, 199, 201, 202, regulation of activity 6: 12
370, 371; 28: 72 role in ammonia assimilation 6: 7, 32 –35
Glutamate synthase 22: 131 Glycerol in Dunaliella 14: 126–128

Glutamate synthetase and enzymes 14: 143, 144
distribution in higher plants 6: 7, 8, 27 – 32 dehydrogenase 14: 136, 137
kinetic characteristics 6: 34, 35 nitrate reductase inhibition 14: 138,
Glutamate transport in chloroplasts 7: 56, 62 139
Glutamine 18: 93 and sodium chloride 14: 130, 131
Glutamine and infection of potassium as photosynthetic product 14: 146, 147
deficient plants 10: 226 metabolism
Glutamine synthetase (GS) 30: 19, 41, 43, and osmoregulation 14: 173– 175
44, 49 enzymes for 14: 134– 137
Glutamine synthetase 22: 131; 38: 158 synthesis, and osmotic shock
distribution in higher plants 6: 27 – 32 recovery 14: 162– 166, 167
kinetic characteristics 6: 32, 33 – 35 Glycerol, use as a cryoprotective agent 5: 20,
regulation by energy charge 6: 12 21
Glutamine synthetase/synthase(GS/GO- Glyceroneogenesis 38: 139, 140
GAT) cycle 20: 96 3 – glycerophosphate 38: 140
Glutaraldehyde 28: 123, 146 Glycerophosphatidylinositol 22: 76
as EM fixative 3: 13 – 16 Glycerophosphatidylinositol
in freeze-etching 3: 26 phosphate 22: 76
Glutaredoxin (CPFC) 33: 186 Glycine 19: 305; 22: 13, 174; 24: 319, 432;
glutathione S-transferase (OST) 37: 59, 64, 29: 139, 140, 161
65 cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 8: 47
classification 37: 66 cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases 8: 48
gene family 37: 57 hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligases 8: 44, 45
Glutathione (GSH) 18: 78, 95 Glycine max 37: 111
levels 18: 95 Glycine max (soybean) 18: 13, 15
reductase (GR) 18: 94, 95 air pollutants bioindication 18: 88, 89, 90
Glutathione (GSH) 22: 109, 119 bioindication 18: 94, 97, 101
Glutathione 19: 50; 21: 165; 25: 144, carbon processing 18: 141, 142, 143, 152
155– 157; 33: 197, 198 carbon/nitrogen transport 18: 130, 131,
Glutathione peroxidase 19: 50 134
Glutathione reductase (GR) 22: 119, 120, infected cells 18: 136
138 legume nodule structure 18: 131
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) 34: 90 nitrogen oxides fumigations 18: 37
Glutathione transferases 35: 248 nitrogen processing 18: 154, 156, 158,
Glutathione-S-transferase 35: 225, 249 159
Glutelin see Legumin nodule, cross-section 18: 133
Glutelins 34: 195, 196, 197 nodule, infected/uninfected cell 18: 135
Glutenins 34: 197 NOx exposure 18: 38, 42
Glyceollin 19: 50 O3 exposure 18: 58, 60, 65, 66, 68
Glyceollin production 13: 180 O3 fumigations 18: 54, 56, 57
Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase 12: 6, 27 O3/NO2 exposures 18: 84
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate O3/SO2 exposures 18: 70, 76, 79
dehydrogenase 38: 172 O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 71, 72, 73
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, transport in SO2 exposure 18: 18, 25
chloroplasts 7: 56, 69 SO2 fumigation 18: 9, 10, 12
Glyceria fluitans SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 43, 44, 45, 47
nitrate reductase 6: 22 strain, T219, 9
Glycine max 19: 126, 142; 28: 46, 78; 29: 42, Glycosides 30: 94, 97, 98, 301
120, 126, 136, 137, 141, 152, 159; Yariv phenylglycoside 30: 214, 215, 225,
30: 17, 130; 33: 92, 97, 111, 112 226, 228, 238, 239, 242–244, 249,
see also Legume seed storage proteins 251, 253, 256, 272
crop yield 9: 2 Glycosidic bond cleavage 30: 135, 136
DNA TEs 27: 353 Glycosmis pentaphylla salicyl alcohol
DNA transposable elements, Ac derivatives 20: 183, 184
transposition 27: 403 Glycosyl transferases, products of parasite
glycinin storage protein 9: 6, 7 avirulence genes 4: 34, 39
urease-rich mutants 9: 26 Glycosyl transfers in vitro, substrate
vicilin 27: 22 concentration and glucan-
Glycine max, leaf water potential and formation 5: 136, 137
evaporation rate 4: 149 Glycosylation and protein synthesis in
Glycine max, nitrate reduction inhibited by legumes 9: 8, 9, 18, 26
salicylates 20: 195 Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol 30: 260
Glycine tomentella 29: 136, 159 lipid anchors 30: 260– 265
Glycine wightii 29: 136, 159, 161 5-glycosyltransferase 37: 68
Glycine, total resistance to water flux 5: 173 Glycosyltransferases 37: 60
Glycine-rich proteins (GRP) 21: 5, 12 Glyoxylate cycle 38: 135
Glycogen metabolism 22: 47 Glyphosate 34: 75
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) effects on sycamore (Acer) 20: 90
subfamily 32: 28, 29 shikimate accumulation 20: 90
Glycolate Gnetopsida 17: 137– 140
metabolism 27: 106 –109 and gymnosperm to angiosperm
phylogenetic distribution of evolution 17: 150, 151
mechanisms (table) 27: 107 Goebelobryum 19: 257
Glycolate, release in sodium deficient algal Gold 18: 263
cells 7: 214, 215 “Golden Cross Bantam” cv. 18: 12
Glycolipids 16: 2 Goldman – Hodgkin– Katz (GHK)
in cyanobacteria 16: 9 equation 29: 83, 92
Glycolipids as intermediates in cell wall Golgi apparatus 25: 2 – 4, 7 – 9, 23, 24, 29,
polysaccharide 31, 116– 121
synthesis 5: 140– 142 Golgi apparatus 27: 34, 35; 28: 122, 126,
Glycolipids, in chloroplast envelope 133, 141
7: 38 –41, 43, 81 identification from cell fractionation
Glycolytic enzymes 18: 148 studies 5: 112– 114
Glycophytes, salt tolerance 8: 222– 224 polysaccharide content 5: 119
Glycoprotein particles, negative synthesis of cell wall components 5: 99,
staining 3: 20 100, 111, 119
Glycoprotein, carbohydrate binding various secretory functions 5: 101
(see lectins) Golgi apparatus and formation of protein
Glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharins bodies 9: 11, 16
19: 61, 62 Golgi apparatus in Dunaliella 14: 121
Glycoproteins 19: 20, 38; 21: 7, 10, 57, 59, Golgi complex 28: 125
71; 25: 118 Golgi elements, freeze-etching 3: 28
synthesis 19: 12 Golgi membranes and auxin binding 5: 78
Glycosidases 25: 90 Golgi networks 28: 121, 132
Glycosidated substances 31: 155 Golgi processing 18: 137
Golgi-mediated transport pathways Gossypium hirsutum, concentration of

38: 66 – 73 sodium in leaves 7: 191
Gomesa crispa, carbon fixation 7: 525 Gossypium spp., retrotransposons 27: 337
Gompertz model 38: 5 Gossypium, water stress 3: 203
Gomphosphaeria Gossypol 31: 124, 125
buoyancy regulation 13: 87 Gossypol production 13: 181
form of colonies 13: 73 Gossyrubilone 31: 125
perennation 13: 127 GOT, see Glutamate oxaloacetate transmi-
survival strategies 13: 132 nase
Gomphrena globosa 38: 144 “GR3” cv. 18: 88
Gongora armeniaca, orchid Gracilaria 35: 174
pollination 7: 559 Gracilaria gracilis 35: 180, 183, 185– 188,
Goniomonas 19: 192 193, 194
“Gonophyll” theory 17: 147 Gracilaria tenuistipatata 27: 125
Gonyaulax 12: 209, see also Protogonyaulax Gracilaria tikvahiae 35: 194
Gonyaulax polyedra Gracilariopsis 35: 188
chloroplast movement 10: 29 Graded index 18: 258, 259
peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein 10: 119, Gradmann-Van den Honert catenary
120 formation
photosynthetic rate 10: 151 applied to CO2 flux 5: 185, 186
photosystem reaction centre applied to water flux 5: 170, 171, 184, 185
"complexes 10: 78 Grafting 23: 8, 9
shading effects 10: 157, 158 Gragaria 37: 106
Gonyaulux tamarensis 11: 100 Grain 21: 85, 86, 96 – 98
Gonyautoxin 12: 83 Gram negative bacteria 23: 31
Goodyera discolor, seed morphology 7: 426 Graminae
Gorse 19: 43 stomata 3: 283, 284
Gorytes campestris, orchid pollination 7: 563 vascular construction 3: 249
Gossypium 33: 111 Gramineae 22: 12, 13
Gossypium arboreum culture 13: 181 karyotype analysis 6: 239
Gossypium barbadense Gramineae 35: 72
G. hirsutum Gramineae salt glands 31: 40, 41, 65
hydraulic conductivity 6: 96 Graminella nigrifrons 36: 144– 146
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 78 Graminella sonora 36: 158
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79 Grammatophyllum speciosum,
Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) 18: 54 seedmorphology 7: 437
O3 exposure 18: 56, 66 Gram-negative bacteria 18: 140; 24: 400,
SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 47 403– 405
Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) 31: 27, 199 Granal stacking, and trans-D3-hexadeca-
fibre development 31: 203, 204 noate 16: 7
glandless varieties 31: 125 Grant stain test 23: 231
nectary trichomes 31: 266, 269, 270 Granularity, see Speckle
terpenes 31: 122– 125 Granule-bound starch synthase
Gossypium hirsutum 19: 107, 133; 21: 50; (GBSS) 34: 89, 102, 180, 291
25: 257, 259, 282; 29: 129, 139, Granulocrine secretion 31: 38, 39
140, 159; 32: 192; 37: 45 nectar 31: 53
assimilation rate 4: 185 Grape 21: 23; 22: 165
water relations 4: 152, 153, 158, 159 Grape vine 19: 115
Grape, Pierce’s disease 23: 10 Green revolution 21: 85 – 87, 89, 93 – 95, 97,
Grape-fan-leaf virus 23: 109, 110 98
Grapes, see Fruit: skin fracture properties Greenflesh (tomato mutant) 35: 31
Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (GFLV) Greenhouse effect 17: 86; 22: 146, 147
36: 179, 180, 183, 188 Greenhouse gases 21: 91, 94, 95, 99
Grapevine, see Vitis vinefera Greenhouse warming,
Graphorkis lurida palaeoclimates 26: 194, 208, 210
flowering period 7: 536, 547 Grevillea arenaria 37: 109
seed morphology 7: 434 Grevillea ilicifolia 37: 109
Graptopetalum 25: 242 Greymold fungus 21: 23
Graptopetalum paraguayense 25: 241, 380 Griffin cracks 17: 237
Grashof number 18: 214 Griffithsia flosculosa,
Grass 22: 252 phycobilisomes 10: 109
Grasses 18: 235 Grinding and polishing holder 18: 264
influorescence 3: 273 Grinding and polishing of fibre optic
panicles 3: 270 microprobes 18: 263– 265
SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 48, 49 Griselinia 22: 14
Grasses, leaf fracture properties Gross-Gerau bait plant technique 23: 15
17: 267– 269 Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)
see also Monocotyledons, Early Tertiary 36: 129
and fibre content 17: 267, 268 Groundnut ring spot virus (GRSV) 36: 129
and grazing 17: 268, 269 Groundnut rust 21: 224, 226– 230,
Grasslands, fossil, Early Tertiary 17: 58, 59 233– 235, 237
Graveolone production 13: 179 Groundwater 21: 82
Gravitropic root response 28: 34 Growth dilution 29: 164
Gravitropism 15: 1 – 41 Growth directionality 31: 252, 253
definitions 15: 2 Growth habits, monocotyledons 3: 214– 238
perception 15: 12 –37 organization 3: 229– 238
multiple systems 15: 16, 17 palms 3: 222– 224
non-statolith 15: 32 –36 Scitaminae 3: 220– 222
signal transduction 15: 1, 2, 12 – 16 “Spanish moss” 3: 224– 229
statolith sensors 15: 16, 18 – 32, 37 tree 3: 215– 220
susception 15: 3 – 7 Growth kinetics analysis
and thermal noise 15: 4– 7 (GKA) 29: 163– 166
mechanism of sensing 15: 3, 4 Growth promoting organisms 26: 20, 24, 25,
transmission 15: 7 – 12 41 – 47
chemical 15: 10 – 12 and hormones 26: 41, 47
electrical 15: 8 – 10 and nitrogen fixation 26: 47
Gravity and wind in tree crown 18: 207 Growth regulation, and leaf nodule
Gray birch (Betula populifolia) 18: 9 microsymbionts 17: 226– 228
“Great Green Longpod” cv. 18: 9 Growth regulators 19: 12 – 17; 21: 3
Green fluorescence protein (GFP) 34: 78, see also Phytohormones and potassium
93, 94 transport
Green fluorescent protein (GF) 35: 90, 91 auxin anion translocation 15: 9
“Green islands” 24: 48, 50 pumping in gravitropism 15: 11, 12
Green liver concept 25: 144 Growth rings, see Tree rings and Early
Green pepper (Capsicum annuum) 18: 80 Tertiary studies
Growth, regulation by metals and chelates Gymnadenia albida,

1: 73 phytoalexinproduction 7: 512
inhibition 1: 76 – 82, 87, 90 – 92 Gymnocolea inflata 30: 252
promotion 1: 77, 81, 83 Gymnodinium sp. 11: 113
Growth, signal transmission 22: 176, 177 Gymnodium breve 12: 237
see also Water and Nitrogen supply Gymnospermae 33: 3, 9, 10, 28
Growth-related movements 33: 40 Gymnosperms
GS-GOGAT cycle 30: 41, 49 megasporogenesis 16: 68, 69
GSH, see Glutathione microsporogenesis 16: 66, 67
GSSH 18: 94 oogenesis 16: 64
GTP utilization 32: 27 spermatogenesis 16: 63
GTPase 24: 115, 116 Gymnosperms, angiosperm
GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) 24: 116 relations 17: 135– 144
GTPases see also Conifers, Early Tertiary
Rho-type (Rops) 32: 253 Bennettitales 17: 135– 137
GTP-binding proteins 25: 54 Gnetopsida 17: 137– 140
Guanidine triphosphate (GTP) 21: 10, 168 mesozoic pteridosperms 17: 140– 144
Guanine diphosphate (GDP) 21: 168 Pentoxylales 17: 136– 138
Guanine nucleotide 21: 168 Gynoecium 30: 230– 235
Guanine, metabolism of 30: 141, 161 Gynoecium evolution 17: 130– 133, 152
Guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitors Gyrodinium 12: 218, 232
(GDIs) 24: 116 Gyrodinium aureolum productivity in frontal
Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors regions 16: 236, 237
(GEFs) 24: 116 Gyrodinium, chlorophyll
Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) 22: 74, 108 c-fucoxanthin 10: 121
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) 22: 47,
79, 85, 88, 109 H. discolor £ H. rubrovenia, seed
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 22: 74, 108, morphology 7: 437
109 H. distichon, sodium and potassium in
Guanosine, metabolism of 30: 141, 161 roots 7: 131, 132
Guaraná 30: 123 H. fasciculare
Guard cell metabolism competition in culture 7: 388, 390, 391,
malate synthesis 4: 140, 141 396, 399
malic dehydrogenase 4: 141 formation of zone lines 7: 341
phospho-enol pyruvate (PEP) interspecific antagonism 7: 384
carboxylase 4: 140, 141 mycelial cord formation 7: 390, 391
Guard cells 32: 462, 463, 471– 475 vegetative characteristics 7: 339
modulated by H. filipendendula
phosphorylation 32: 465– 471 inhibitor of nitrification 6: 18
Guard mother cell (GMC) 38: 215, 216 H. gracilis
Guignardia philoprina 33: 13 karyotype evolution by centric
Gum and mucilage fusion 6: 179
definition 6: 280 H. hispidula, seed morphology 7: 426
Gum arabic 30: 227, 228, 230 H. javaricum, apomixis 4: 391
Gums 30: 266 H. luridum
Gums, disease 21: 49 – 51 microchromosomes 6: 226
GUS seedling test 33: 246 H. macrandra, flowering period 7: 539
H. mollis Haemococcus 11: 55

nitrate reductase 6: 22 Haemodoraceae, influorescence 3: 267
H. obtusata, interaction with rhizoctonias Haemoglobin
7: 498 degradation kinetics 8: 114
H. oryzae picosecond spectroscopy 8: 12, 13
host infection and Haemophilus 24: 337
manganese level 10: 243 Haemophilus influenzae 24: 341, 342; 28: 13
silica level 10: 261 Haemophilus parainfluenzae,
H. platyphylla, carbon fixation 7: 525 cytochromes 4: 75
H. psycodes, interaction with Hagen-Poiseuille ‘law’ 22: 172, 182, 183
rhizoctonias 7: 498 Hairless (hl) 31: 206
H. ravenii HAL genes 33: 206, 207
karyotype evolution by centric Halgania lavendulaceae
fusion 6: 179 resin yield 6: 289
H. serpens, effect of ASM treatment 7: 414 Halimeda cylindricea 11: 79, 91, 93
H. tridentata, seed morphology 7: 426 Halimeda sp.
H. turcicum, nitrogen supply and host d13C values 27: 151
infection 10: 228 calcification 27: 171
H. victoriae Halimeda tuna, chloroplast
toxin production 4: 32 movements 10: 30
toxin-host specificity 4: 32 Halimione portuacoides
H. vulgare cv. Pallidium, effect of sodium on enzymes of nitrogen assimilation 6: 30, 33
growth 7: 158, 160 Haliption cuvieri, thylakoid structure 10: 34
H. vulgare, gibberellin biosynthesis Halobacterium holobium, photoreaction
9: 110, 111, 128– 131 cycle 8: 20, 21
H+ 18: 79 Halobacterium rubrum, bacteriorhodopsin
H+ extrusion 28: 23, 24 10: 132, 176
H+ gradients 28: 3 Halodule sp., d13C values 27: 151
H+ pumps 25: 339– 363 Halogeton glomeratus
H+-ATPase 25: 126, 156, 219, 254; 35: 158; sodium and growth 7: 127, 134, 138, 165,
28: 6, 9 190
H+-PPase 25: 297–337 sodium uptake 7: 190
identification of catalytic subunit 25: 307, Halogeton glomeratus, salt
308 requirement 8: 222
molecular identity and Halophytes
sequence 25: 307– 311 and nitrogen accumulation 6: 4, 10, 38, 39
reaction mechanism 25: 299– 306 salt
H+-pyrophosphatase 25: 126 cellular localization 8: 243
H2O flux over forest 18: 200 uptake 8: 223, 224
H2O2 18: 19, 94 salt tolerance
H2S 18: 94 and nitrogen metabolism 8: 245, 250
Habenaria englerana mechanisms of tolerance 8: 224– 241
flowering period 7: 535 Halophytes, NaCl excretion 5: 198, 199
Habenaria, stomata 3: 284 Halosaccion sp., photosynthesis 27: 174
Haematorchis altissima, seed morphology Halotolerance in Dunaliella spp. and lipid
7: 426 metabolism 16: 20, 22
Haeme proteins, picosecond Halycistis parvula
spectroscopy 8: 12 –14 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 77, 83
Halymenia durvillaei 11: 103 Nicotiana 2: 296, 298, 300

Hamamelididae Oenothera scabra 2: 300
Late Cretaceous fossils 17: 114, 115 Oryza sp. 2: 296
Lower Petunia violacea 2: 298
androecium 17: 128 Pharbitis nil 2: 296
perianth 17: 127 Rhoeo discolor 2: 299
Hamamelis 38: 286, 289, 291, 296 role of genotype 2: 299
Hamamelis virginiana 37: 155 somatic reduction 2: 298, 299
Hammada scoparia, stomatal response to Taxus 2: 301
humidity 4: 169– 173 Torreya nucifera 2: 301
Hansenula Tradescantia reflexa 2: 301
H. holstii, phosphate starvation 8: 149 Trillium sp. 2: 299
phosphate starvation 8: 149 Triticale 2: 298
phosphomannan release 8: 139 Triticum sp. 2: 296, 298, 299
Hansenula polymorpha 30: 24, 27, 28, 32, 37 wheat 2: 298
Hantavirus 36: 116 Zea mays 2: 298, 300
Hapalosiphon Haplomitrium 19: 269, 289
nitrogen fixation 6: 13 Haplomitrium
Hapalosiphon sp. macro-evolution 6: 267
hapalosin 27: 215 Haplomitrium gibbsiae Steph. 19: 253
lists and properties of Haplomitrium hookeri 19: 285
microcystins 27: 221– 224 Haplopappus
Haploid parthenogenesis 35: 57, 58 macro-evolution 6: 267
Haploids Hapten inhibition technique, for lectin
Aegilops caudata x Triticum specificity 4: 26
aestivum 2: 298 Haptophytes
androgenesis 2: 300 defined 27: 87
angiosperms 2: 296 number and origins of membranes
Antirrhinum majus 2: 296, 300 between cytosol and RUBISCO
Beta vulgaris 2: 298 (table) 27: 138, 139
Capsicum frutescens 2: 300 RUBISCOs 27: 101, 102
Citrullus vulgaris 2: 299 Hardwoods
Crepis tectorum 2: 300 air pollutants bioindication 18: 87
cucumber 2: 296 bioindication 18: 91
Datura stramonium 2: 295 O3 exposure 18: 67
Ephedra foliata 2: 301 “Hark” cv. 18: 13
Ginko biloba 2: 301 “Harosoy 63” cv. 18: 72
Haplopappus 2: 299 Harpin 21: 6
Hordeum sp., 299, 300 Harrisela porrecta, carbon fixation by
in roots 2: 299 roots 7: 530
induction by abortive pollen 2: 296 Hatch-Slack pathway plants
induction by chemical treatment 2: 298 Amaranthus viridis, assimilation
induction by delayed pollination 2: 298 rate 4: 178
induction by radioisotopes 2: 298 Atriplex hymenelytra, assimilation
induction by X-ray treatment 2: 296, (at high temperature and
299 "irradiance) 4: 208
maize 2: 298, 300 Atriplex rosea, assimilation rate
male sterility, avoidance 2: 300 4: 178
Atriplex spongiosa, assimilation Hedera 33: 65, 68

rate 4: 178 Hedera helix 19: 142; 28: 173; 33: 65;
Pennisetum purpureum, leaf 37: 50, 109, 112, 113, 116, 117
conductance 4: 183 functional significance
Pennisetum typhoides, leaf ofaccumulation 37: 100, 101
conductance 4: 183 in juvenile/mature phase tissues 37: 99,
Sorghum sudanense, CO2 feedback loop 100
4: 180, 181 “super-conductivity” juvenile lamina tissue 37: 99, 100
4: 205– 209 organ and tissue localization 37: 98, 99
Tidestromia oblongifolia, assimilation phasic accumulation 37: 95 – 101
rate 4: 178, 206– 208 Hedera helix, vascular tissue 4: 122
Water use efficiency in C3 and C4 Helianthemum chamaecistus
plants 4: 195–198 nitrate reductase 6: 22, 26, 36, 37
Zea mays 4: 132, 133, 141, 142, 149, 180, Helianthin 35: 116
184, 208 Helianthinae 31: 163, 165
Haussmannia, fossil record 4: 237 Helianthus 19: 305; 22: 174, 187, 206, 239;
Haustoria 24: 309– 333 24: 319; 33: 69, 78
alternative functions 24: 325, 326 annuus 22: 259, 260– 263
evolutionary aspects 24: 324, 325 Helianthus annuus (sunflower) 18: 10, 11,
research priorities 24: 327, 328 15, 276, 282; 33: 69, 72, 146
roles of 24: 204, 205 nitrogen oxides fumigations 18: 36
in transfer intercept 24: 316– 325 NOx exposure 18: 39, 40, 41
Haustorium 19: 253 O3 exposure 18: 50, 58
Haworthia icosiphylla O3 fumigations 18: 53
pseudoisochromosomes 6: 148 O3/NO2 exposures 18: 84
Hay fever 1: 150 scattered light 18: 283, 284
Haynaldia villosa 33: 245, 246 SO2 fumigations 18: 10, 11, 12
HC toxin 30: 295, 296, 313 Helianthus annuus 19: 131, 132, 135, 140,
HCN, biocontrol activity 26: 28 – 30, 32 155, 158, 160; 28: 37, 46; 29: 126;
HC-Pro 36: 13 31: 163
Hcr 9 – 4E 38: 265 Helianthus annuus
Heart, cell membrane 3: 19 DNA analysis 6: 125
Heat flux and boundary layer gibberellin synthesis 9: 128
conductance 18: 214 vascular differentiation 9: 157
Heat flux over forest 18: 200 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 78
Heat shock proteins 22: 148; 37: 185 Helianthus annuus, helianthinin 27: 30
Heat transfer estimation 18: 196, 197 Helianthus annuus, leaf water potential and
Heat transfer, sensible 18: 235 evaporation rate 4: 148– 150
Heat treatment, soils 26: 15, 16 Helianthus tuberosum, invertase
Heat/gas exchange resistances 18: 220 activity 8: 116, 117
Heating and probes 18: 261 Helianthus tuberosus 25: 205; 28: 75
Heating and stretching versus chemical Helianthus, oxygen movement in
etching 18: 260–262 proto-xylem 7: 237
Heavy metal chelation 37: 120 Helianthus, total resistance to water
Heavy metals 25: 408 flux 5: 173
Heavy metals, and lipid metabolism in Helianthus, water stress 3: 203
algae 16: 40 – 42 Helical roll vortices, hypothetical 18: 239
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) 28: 27 Helicobacter pylori 28: 13
Heliconia, growth 3: 221 Heracleum mantegazzianum, enzymes of

Heliconiaceae lignin biosynthesis 8: 57
growth 3: 222 Heracleum mantegazzianum, measurement
influorescence 3: 267, 270, 278 of specific conductance 5: 174
Helicteres hirsuta 31: 26 Herberta 19: 263, 265, 269, 271, 291
Heliobacteriaceae 27: 88 Herbicide antidotes 25: 157
Heliothis viridis 37: 8 Herbicide resistance genes 34: 75
Heliothis viriscens 31: 177 Herbicide selection 34: 75 – 78
Heliotropic movements Herbicides 21: 67, 86, 87
(heliotropism) 33: 42 Herbivores, defence against 37: 7 – 9
pulvinar 33: 110, 111 Herrania 30: 123
solar tracking by 33: 72 – 89 Heterobasidion annosum 33: 20
Helium-driven particle gun (PDS- biological control 7: 403
1000/He) 34: 65 colonization of living wood 7: 412
Helminthosporium maydis 21: 7 competitive ability in culture 7: 389, 391,
Helminthosporium sacchari 4: 32 395, 396
Helminthosporium, nickel stimulation of decay of sapwood 7: 410
host fungitoxins 10: 261 hyphal interference 7: 394
Helminthosporoside 4: 32, 33 interspecific amount in nature 7: 400, 403
Helper component 36: 4, 5 moisture level and growth 7: 407
Heteroblasty 38: 207
Hematinic acid 35: 19
Heterochromatin
Hemerocallis 37: 116; 38: 77
behaviour 6: 238
Hemibiotrophs 24: 196, 197, 205, 207, 311
distribution 6: 237, 238
Hemicellulose 21: 5, 57; 22: 251;
Giemsa C-band staining 6: 198, 237, 238
11: 125– 155
Heterodera 30: 300
Hemigossypol 31: 124, 125
Heterodera avenae 24: 102
Hemionites, apomixis 4: 390
Heterodera, copper level and host
Hemiptera, plant defence proteins 26: 163,
infection 10: 231
167, 171 Heterodyne systems 11: 19, 21
Hemiselmis virescens, sodium Heterokont flagellation 2: 6, 21
tolerance 7: 147 Heterologous systems 28: 18, 19
Hemiselmis, phycobiliproteins 10: 65 Heteromeles arbutifolia 18: 12, 20
Heparin 22: 75, 77, 81 Heteroporus biennis, interspecific antagon-
Hepaticopsida ism in nature 7: 400
chromosomes numbers 6: 199, 200, trans-D3-Hexadecanoic acid, in
201– 203 chloroplasts 7: 44
distribution of polyploids 6: 218 Heterosigma akashiwo 28: 13, 14, 33
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210; 6: 211 Heterospory in conifers 15: 180
micro-chromosomes 6: 224, 225 Heterostyly evolution 17: 153
Hepatoenteritis 12: 74 Hevea 22: 177
Hepatotoxins, algal 27: 220– 227 Hevea brasiliensis 25: 148, 373, 377, 379,
microcystins 27: 221 386, 407
Hepaxanthic flowering 3: 267– 269 Hevea brasiliensis
Heptaglucoside 21: 10 latex 6: 282
Heptasaccharide 19: 9 Hevein, plant defence 26: 146
Heptelidic acid 33: 21 Hexadecadienoic acid 19: 37
Heptelidic acid chlorohydrin 33: 21 1,16-hexadecanediol 34: 267
Hexadecanoic acid 22: 131 Histidine 21: 153

Hexasaccharide 19: 9 Histidine kinase
Hexokinase, sugar signalling pathway cytokinin responses 32: 125
and 29: 58, 59 ethylene responses and 32: 117– 124
Hexokinases PI and PII 38: 135 hybrid 32: 130
Hexosamine, in chloroplast envelope 7: 52 osmosensing and 32: 114– 116, 125, 126
Hexose monophosphate, uptake by phytochromes 32: 128– 130
chloroplasts 7: 59 plants and 32: 116– 130
Hexoses 25: 200 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases 32: 126,
Hibiscus 22: 133; 29: 144, 145; 31: 270, 271 127
Hibiscus cannabinus 29: 45, 124, 136, 138, related domain (HKRD) 32: 121, 130,
140, 141 158
Hibiscus esculentes 31: 5, 18 response regulators and 32: 130– 135
Hicoreae, Early Tertiary 17: 42 role of 32: 110, 111
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) 32: 57 signaling pathway integration 32: 139
High molecular weight (HMW) two-component system and 32: 111– 114,
prolamins 25: 129 134, 141
High molecular weight glutenin subunit Histidine-containing phosphotransfer (HPt)
(HMW-GS) 34: 294– 296 proteins 32: 135– 137
High performance liquid chromatography of Histoplasma capsulatum 28: 13
gibberellins History 37: 2 – 6, 38, 39
detection of derivatives early 37: 2, 3
benzyl esters 9: 72, 73 last fifty years 37: 5
methoxycoumaryl esters 9: 73 – 78 late 19th and early 20th century 37: 3– 5
methyl esters 9: 76 HKT1 25: 412
p-bromophenacyl esters 9: 73, 74 HMG-CoA reductase 32: 439–441
normal phase 9: 52 – 57 HMMER program 32: 57
reverse phase 9: 57, 58 HNO3
High pressure liquid chromatography NOx exposure 18: 42
(HPLC) 37: 150 O3/SO2 exposures 18: 79
Higher plants, ammonium uptake in 30: 51, SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 48, 51
52 “Hodgson” cv. 18: 54, 56
High-performance liquid chromatography HOG (high osmolarity) pathway in
(HPLC) 31: 162– 164, 167; yeast 32: 307, 308
12: 69; Holarctic kingdom 17: 12, 13
High-performance liquid chromatography Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire fog) 33: 236, 245
reverse-phase 35: 11 Holcus lanatus 29: 18, 130, 131
(HPLC) 35: 215, 235 Holcus lanatus
Himantoglossum hircinum, seed ammonia assimilating enzymes 6: 29
morphology 7: 425 Holdridge classification,
HIR 33: 103, 104 climate – vegetation 20: 10 – 14
Hircinol Holoenzyme subunit 25: 267– 269
isolation 7: 510 Holoinemum, salt tolerance 8: 223
specificity 7: 512, 516, 517 Holttum, growth 3: 231
structure 7: 511 Homalothecium sericeum
Hirschioporus abietinus, moisture level and chromosome lengths 6: 228
wood colonization 7: 407 intraspecific aneuploidy 6: 212, 220
Hirsute (Hr) 31: 212 meiotic abnormalities 6: 222, 223
Homalothecium sericeum (continued) Hordeum distichon, gibberellin

microchromosomes 6: 228, 230 "biosynthesis 9: 88, 110
micro-evolution 6: 263 Hordeum erectifolium 34: 35
Homeostasis, calcium 22: 46, 69 – 83, 87 Hordeum euclaston 34: 35
Homeotic genes, UV radiation 22: 132 Hordeum flexuosum 34: 35
Homiohydry 5: 182– 184, 201– 203 Hordeum fuegianum 34: 35
Homo sapiens 28: 13 Hordeum guatemalense 34: 35
Homocysteine methyltransferase Hordeum halophilum 34: 35
(HMT) 21: 14 Hordeum intercedens 34: 35
Homogentisate prenylation and plasto- Hordeum jubatum 34: 35
quinone 14: 48 Hordeum lechleri 34: 35
Homoharringtonine production 13: 182 Hordeum leporium (barley grass) 33: 236,
Homologous 245
genes 32: 46 Hordeum marinum 34: 35
receptors 32: 55 Hordeum murinum 34: 35
Homologous DNA 24: 403 Hordeum muticum 34: 35
Homology-dependent gene silencing Hordeum parodii 34: 35
(HDGS) 34: 97 Hordeum patagonicum 34: 35
Homophilic interaction 32: 91 Hordeum procerum 34: 35
Homosporous Hordeum pubiflorum 34: 35
see also Ferns Hordeum pusillum 34: 35
aberrant cycles, induced 16: 75, 76 Hordeum roshevitzii 34: 35
aberrant cycles, natural 16: 70, 71 Hordeum secalinum 34: 35
gametogenesis 16: 59 – 63 Hordeum spontaneum 34: 34, 36
sporogenesis 16: 65, 66 Hordeum stenostachys 34: 35
Honey, pollen grains in 1: 150 Hordeum tetraploidum 34: 35
Honeybee, see Apis mellifera Hordeum valgare
Honkenya peploides 11: 169 DNA analysis 6: 125
Honkenya peploides Hordeum vulgare (barley) 18: 10, 13
ammonia assimilating enzymes 6: 27, NOx exposure 18: 41
28, 30 O3/SO2 exposures 18: 75
Hookeria lucens Hordeum vulgare (barley) 33: 245
meiotic abnormalities 6: 216, 224 Hordeum vulgare (cultivated barley) 34: 34,
Hordeins 34: 197, 204– 207 35, 197
Hordeum 28: 240; 29: 121, 144, 145; 34: 35 Hordeum vulgare 19: 114, 137; 22: 259;
Hordeum 25: 48, 267, 269, 275, 308, 309,
invagination of inner membrane of 322, 375; 28: 75 29: 123– 125,
plastid envelope 7: 80 129– 132, 137, 138, 141, 152, 153,
Hordeum arizonicum 34: 35 156, 161, 162; 32: 325; 35: 75
Hordeum bogdanni 34: 35 retrotransposons 27: 336
Hordeum brachyantherum 34: 35 BARE-1, 348
Hordeum brevisubulatum 34: 35 Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Midas 19: 105
Hordeum bulbosum 34: 35, 36 Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (wild
Hordeum capense 34: 35 barley) 34: 34
Hordeum chilense 34: 29, 35 Hordeum, stomata 3: 284
Hordeum comosum 34: 35 Hordeurn depressum 34: 35
Hordeum cordobense 34: 35 Horizontal stepping motor 18: 270
Hormonal alteration of DNA melting tem- quantifying messages in transpiration

perature (Tm) 5: 62 stream 19: 107– 111
Hormonal control of enzyme signals 22: 168, 169, 171, 201
synthesis 5: 54 – 59 water and nitrogen supply 22: 276– 279
Hormonal regulation of cyclic AMP 5: 61 Hormones and potassium transport 15: 164
Hormone action sites Hormones, and growth promotion
effects on macromolecular organisms 26: 41, 47
synthesis 5: 54 – 56 Hormones, effect on lignification 8: 58
evidence for two sites of auxin Hormosira banksii, light-harvesting
action 5: 58, 59 "complex 10: 124
rapid effects of hormones 5: 56 – 58 Hormothamnion sp., hormothamnin
Hormone receptors 27: 214
direct interaction with enzymes 5: 60, 61 Hornworts 19: 275
in animals 5: 54 Horseradish brittleroot 21: 190
membrane-bound receptors binding of Host functions and carbon
naphthylphthalamic acid processing 18: 141– 146
(NPA) 5: 71, 72 Host-neutral endophytes 33: 4
model systems 5: 59, 60 Host-plant resistance 31: 176 –189
recognition process 5: 54 Host-specific toxins 21: 3
‘soluble’ nuclear/cytoplasmic receptors Hoya 38: 144
applications of affinity HPLC 19: 125
chromatography 5: 66 – 71 HPLC, see High-performance liquid
auxin mediator proteins 5: 62, 63 chromatography
auxin-binding proteins 5: 63, 64 HRGP 19: 29 – 31
binding of gibberellins and Hrp gene 30: 298, 299, 301, 302
cytokinins 5: 65, 66 Härtel-turbidity 18: 100
early studies 5: 61 HsI prol 38: 260
histones and DNA, 5: 61, 62 HSP – 70, 130
Hormone response 32: 322– 325 Human immunodeficiency virus
Hormonema dematioides 33: 22 (HIV) 36: 132
Hormones 19: 74 – 77 Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor
Hormones (HRI) 24: 150, 151
see also Abscisic acid Humic acid (HA) 24: 285
assessing developmental impact of Humic substances 24: 285
messages 19: 111, 112 Humin 24: 285
criteria for implicating regulation of Humulus lupulus 30: 99
naturally occurring Humulus lupulus, identification of
developmental phenomenon gibberellins 9: 43
19: 111 Huntleya violacea, seed morphology
effect on solute and water 7: 427
fluxes 6: 108– 111 Hv-FCC-2 25: 100
evidence for regulation of root:shoot Hv-NCC(RP14) 25: 100
ratio by roots 19: 112–116 Hv-NCC-1 (RP14) 35: 13
hormone-like action of roots on HvNRT2 30: 32
shoots 19: 117– 123 hvst1 33: 163
in root to shoot communication Hyacinthus orientalis
19: 103– 187 DNA analysis 6: 125
message concept 19: 106– 112 Hyacinthus, stomata 3: 284
Hybridization 2: 255; 21: 139– 141, 158 Hybridoma technology 24: 277, 301
androgenesis 2: 300 Hydathodes 21: 5
Argamone mexicana 2: 236, 237 Hydrangea, aluminium kinetics 20: 100
Argamone ochroleuca 2: 236, 237 Hydraulic conductance 30: 19, 20
barriers to 2: 220 Hydraulic conductivity 22: 273
Brassica/Raphanus 2: 238 cell suspensions 6: 99 – 104
by embryo culture 2: 220, 238, 255 giant algal cells 6: 88 – 95
Cassytha filiformis 2: 261 higher plant cells 6: 95 – 99
Cattleya 2: 262, 263 Hydraulic dispersal signals 22: 167,
Chrysanthemum 2: 260 177– 188
Corchorus 2: 260 case studies 22: 190– 200
cotton 2: 260 further research 22: 200, 201, 204, 206,
Cucurbita 2: 261 207, 209– 216
Cuscuta reflexa 2: 261 Hydraulic pressure signals 22: 167,
Datura 2: 233, 234, 242, 261, 290 171– 177, 190, 194, 216
Dendrophthoe falcata 2: 261 Hydrilla verticillata 38: 141, 148
Elymus/Triticum 2: 255 Hydrocharitaceae, growth 3: 215, 231, 236
Gossypium 2: 260 Hydrocolloids 35: 173
Hordeum hexapodium/Helminthosporium Hydrocotyle vulgaris
sativum 2: 256 ammonia assimilating enzymes 6: 30
Hordeum jubatum/Secale cereale Hydrodictyon africanum, phosphate
2: 256 uptake 8: 191
Hordeum vulgare/Erysiphe Hydrodictyon, chemical content of cell
graminis 2: 256 walls 2: 79
Iris 2: 259 Hydrofluoric acid 18: 260, 262
jute 2: 260 Hydrogen
Lathyrus 2: 233, 258 NMR properties 20: 47
1
legumes 2: 257 H NMR 20: 88, 89
Lilium 2: 260 Hydrogen cyanide 30: 97
Linum 2: 246, 247 Hydrogen ion/potassium transport in
Lupinus 2: 265 roots 15: 99 – 119
Lycopersicum 2: 259 see also Potassium channels; Proton pump
Nicotiana 2: 233, 234 charge balance maintenance 15: 100,
Oryza 2: 257 101
ovule culture 2: 265 co-transport 15: 115– 119
Phaseolus 2: 258 and hydrogen ATPase 15: 117, 118
pollen tube, growth 2: 227 and PH 15: 119
pollen, germination 2: 223 hydrogen/potassium
pollen, longevity 2: 221 independence 15: 115, 116
potato 2: 232 membrane potential and potassium
Prunus 2: 258 flux 15: 116, 117
Santalum album 2: 261 dependence, inter-ion 15: 99
Solanum 2: 234 direct coupling 15: 101– 111
style, length of 2: 233 active system 15: 104
Trifolium 2: 232 and ATPase activity 15: 105– 111
Vanda 2: 263 and pH 15: 102
Hybridoma cell lines secreting specific electrogenic system 15: 104, 105
antibodies 24: 279 passive system 15: 103
indirect coupling 15: 111– 115 13-hydroxylation gibberellin (GA)

and fusicoccin stimulation 15: 111, pathway 34: 138, 139
112 6-Hydroxymellein 19: 21
and potassium channels 15: 114, 115 Hydroxymethylenediphosphonate 25: 300
‘apparent’/’true’ proton flux, 15: 113 Hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
charge balance constraints 15: 114 formation 14: 28 – 30
Hydrogen peroxide 18: 77; 21: 11, 12, 19, mevalonate formation from 14: 30 – 34
165, 166; 22: 109; 37: 27, 177 Hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
Hydrogen peroxide, involvement in reductase activity
lignification 8: 51 – 56 and cycloheximide/mercuric chloride
Hydrogenomonas eutropha treatment 14: 84
H+/O ratio 4: 88 and light exposure 14: 81, 82
respiratory control 4: 96 and location, subcellular 14: 57 – 60
Hydroheptelidic acid 33: 21 and chloroplasts 14: 58
Hydrolases 35: 148 and mevinolin inhibition 14: 59, 60
Hydrolytic enzymes 21: 7, 56, 57, and microsomal membranes 14: 57
150, 152 and mitochondrial membranes 14: 58,
see also Chitinase, 1,3-b-Glucanase 59
Hydropassive effects, stomata 22: 175, 176 modulation 14: 76
Hydrophilic amino terminus 24: 137 by protein factors 14: 77 – 79
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure (HOP)- Hydroxynitrile lyase 25: 148
activated channels 25: 233 Hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins
Hydrostatic pressure (see Turger pressure) (HRGP) 21: 5, 12 – 14, 17
Hydrothermal vents, vestimentiferan Hydroxyproline see also Protein
worm 27: 137 chemical characterization 2: 167
132-hydroxy chl a 35: 9 distribution in the plant kingdom 2: 174
3-hydroxy flavanones 37: 39 in cell walls 2: 151
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinazolin-4-"one variation of cell-wall content 2: 188
34: 108 Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins
2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate (HPRGPs) 24: 127
35: 234, 244, 246, 247 Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. See
Hydroxyalkenyl glucosinolate 35: 233 HRGP
Hydroxyalkyl glucosinolates 35: 231 3-hydroxypropyl glucosinolate 35: 228,
Hydroxybenzyl glucosinolates 35: 222, 230, 231
232 Hygrohypnum eugyrium
4-hydroxybutyl glucosinolates 35: 230 Aneuploidy 6: 200
Hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligases, Hygromycin 34: 74, 265
specificity 8: 44, 45, 57 Hygromycin-mediated selection 34: 74
Hydroxycinnamates 19: 29 Hygroryza 34: 34
Hydroxycinnamic acid 25: 150 Hymenanthes 38: 289
Hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates 37: 7 Hymenochaete rubiginosa
Hydroxycinnamic acids 22: 120; 37: 181, competitive ability in culture 7: 390,
184 396
Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tyramine hyphal interference 7: 394
hydroxycinnamoyltrafisferase Hymenophyllales, cytology 4: 285
(HTH) 21: 14 Hymenophyllum
Hydroxyl radicals 37: 177 aneuploidy 4: 295
Hydroxylation 37: 59 – 60 fossil record 4: 286– 288
Hyoscyamus niger 22: 132 interspecific antagonism 7: 384, 390

Hyoscyamus spp. 33: 68 mode of nutrition 7: 404
Hyparrhenia Hypselodelphis violacea, growth 3: 230
effect of roots on nitrification 6: 17, 18 Hyptis 31: 4
Hyperforin 31: 132 Hyrcantha karatcheensis, Cretaceous
Hypericin 31: 125, 126, 129, 132 fossils 17: 110
Hypericum 31: 125, 129, 132
Hypericum perforatum 31: 132 I. myosuroides
Hypericum punctatum 31: 126 genetics 6: 247
Hypersensitive response (HR) 24: 99, 174, I. sibirica 11: 129
211, 214– 218, 448; 29: 65; “I-214” cv. 18: 51
30: 292, 299, 300, 308; 32: 380; IAA 21: 70
38: 262, 264, 265 IAA metabolism and nickel
Hypersensitive response 4: 30, 33 – 35, 39; concentration 10: 261
21: 3, 7, 8, 12 – 16, 22, 25 Iberis amara
fungal 21: 172 ammonia assimilating enzymes 6: 27
avirulence genes 21: 148– 158, 160 Identification, definition 23: 3
model 21: 43 – 45 Idioblasts
race-specific elicitors 21: 164, 166
and resins 6: 279
resistance genes 21: 169, 172, 174
Idioblasts 31: 56
Hypersensitivity, response and pathogenicity
‘Idling’ in Crassulacean acid meta-
(hrp) genes 21: 6, 8
bolism 15: 52
Hyphae coils, mycorrhiza 22: 2, 10, 14,
Idriella bolleyi 26: 54, 75
15 –17, 32, 34
I-gene 21: 42, 43, 55, 58, 71
see also Paris quadrifolia
foliar symptoms 21: 51, 53
Hyphaene, branching 3: 260
molecular aspects 21: 59, 65, 66
Hyphal growth, disease 21: 39, 40
Ilex 30: 118, 120, 122, 123, 166, 167;
Hyphal tips 28: 130, 131, 137,
148, 149 37: 108
Hypholoma capnoides Ilex paraguariensis 30: 171
moisture level and wood Illicium
colonization 7: 407 chromosome size 6: 189
Hypnaceae L floridanum
cytotaxonomy 6: 243 karyotype evolution 6: 190
Hypnum cupressiforme Imagene Green 35: 83
Hypogeal germination 35: 3 Imidazolinone herbicides 35: 61
Hypogymnia physodes, phosphate uptake Imidodiphosphate 25: 300
kinetics 8: 175 immediatepigmentdarkeningreaction 37:22
Hypolepis, polyploidy 4: 322 Immunoblotting technique 24: 301, 302
Hypovirulence (H), chestnut Immunocyctochemistry 25: 31
blight 21: 132– 137, 141 Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) 23: 62
Hypoxanthine 30: 136– 139, 142 Immunofluorescence (IMF) assays 24: 280
Hypoxylon atropunctatum 33: 25 Immunofluorescence 23: 30, 34 – 37
Hypoxylon mammatum 33: 26 Immunofluorescence staining 23: 154, 181
Hypoxylon multiforme Immunofluorescent light microscopy of
effect of ASM treatment 7: 407 protein bodies 9: 8
formation of zone lines 7: 345, 355, 357, Immunogens, selection and
406 preparations 24: 278, 279
Immunoglobulins, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and polymerase chain reaction 23: 9
IgM 24: 279, 280 profiling techniques 23: 9
Immunolocalization studies 28: 28 – 31 ELISA 23: 6
Immunoprecipitation analysis 32: 26, 253, eradication campaigns 23: 15, 16
284, 361, 369, 415, 416 Chenopodium foetidum 23: 15
Immunosorbent electron microscopy import regulations 23: 15
(ISEM) 15 Nicotiana clevelandii 23: 15
IMP synthesis 18: 159 plum pox virus 23: 15
Impatiens 31: 54 exclusion 23: 1
Impatiens balsamina 11: 131, 144 healthy stock schemes 23: 17, 18
Impatiens capensis 24: 81 back-up tests 23: 17
Impatiens glandulifera 19: 140; 33: 146 certification schemes 23: 17, 18, 19
impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) ELISA 23: 18
36: 114 nuclear stock 23: 17
Impatiens valeriana 22: 241 nucleic acid tests 23: 18
Importation of fungal pathogens nudear stock production 23: 18, 19
23: 73 PCR 23: 18
In shoot apoplast 19: 151– 155 slide agglutination test 23: 17
In vitro synthesis immunofluorescence 23: 6
bacterial cellulase 5: 136, 137 in advisory work 23: 19, 20
chitin 5: 138, 139 international co-operation 23: 20
higher plant cellulose 5: 136, 137 laboratory testing 23: 2
lipid intermediates 5: 140– 142 molecular methods 23: 6
non-cellulose polymers 5: 139, 140 pathogen eradication 23: 4
Inbred sets 24: 235 pest free areas 23: 16, 17
Incarvillea 22: 165 International Standard 23: 16
Increased chalcone synthase expression polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 23: 6
(icx) 31: 229 possible test outcomes 23: 280, 281
Index of association 24: 341 quality control 23: 279– 292
Indexing 23: 1 – 21 selection of threshold 23: 285, 286
accurate diagnosis 23: 5 – 9 tracking of control samples 23: 286
sensitivity 23: 6 –8 validation of
specificity 23: 6 parameters 23: 283– 285
time frame and cost 23: 8, 9 auditing 23: 287
automated kits 23: 10, 11 documentation of material
biochemical methods 23: 6 tranfers 23: 283
cost analysis 23: 288, 289 documentation of procedures 23: 287
cost effectiveness 23: 5, 279– 292, test optimization 23: 283, 283– 286
289– 292 training of personnel 23: 282
business objectives 23: 289, 290 work environment 23: 286, 287
cost benefits 23: 291, 292 value of 23: 4, 5
pathogen avoidance 23: 290, 291 visual inspection 23: 2
definition 23: 3 Indexing procedures
diagnostic methods 23: 9, 10 detection limits 23: 65 – 68
antisera 23: 9 absorbance values 23: 65
antiserum specificity 23: 9 nonspecific reactions 23: 65
DNA probes 23: 9 immunoassays 23: 65
ELISA formats 23: 9, 10 signal to noise ratio 23: 65
Indexing procedures (continued) blotter test 23: 189

increasing signal 23: 66, 67 inspection 23: 183
amplification product 23: 66 seed washing 23: 189
Pollähne-press 23: 67 staining techniques 23: 189
signal to noise ratio 23: 66 dot immunobinding test 23: 193
selection of method 23: 67, 68 ELFA 23: 193
bi-directional electrophoresis 23: 68 ELISA 23: 193
hybridization dot blot test 23: 67 ISEM 23: 193
sensitivity 23: 59 –68 latex agglutination test 23: 193
ELISA 23: 62 ODD test 23: 193
immunoelectron microscopy RISA 23: 193
(IEM) 23: 62 SSEM 23: 193
monoclonal antibodies 23: 62 comparison of diagnostic values
nucleic acid-based tests 23: 63 23: 180– 182
polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis diagnostic sensitivity 23: 173
test 23: 63 diagnostic specificity 23: 173
polyclonal antibodies 23: 62 dilution plating 23: 181
serology 23: 61, 62 IF test 23: 181
expense 23: 60 interpretation of results 23: 179, 180
time-consuming 23: 60 ISEM 23: 174
bioassay detection 23: 61
relevance of disease 23: 178, 179
biological agents 23: 60
sample size 23: 176, 177
inoculation 23: 60
seed-borne bacteria 23: 190– 192
intrinsic properties 23: 61, 62
seed-borne fungi 23: 183– 190
latent pathogens 23: 61
seed-borne viruses 23: 193– 196
molecular hybridization 23: 63, 66
standardization 23: 178
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 23: 63
technology 23: 177, 178
propagating material 23: 59
Indexing techniques
silver staining 23: 63
test plants 23: 60 bacteria 23: 7
virus detection 23: 60 fungi 23: 7
virus identification 23: 59 nematodes 23: 7
viruses and viroids 23: 59 phytoplasms 23: 7
sensitivity v. specificity 23: 64 viruses 23: 7
diagnostic 23: 64 India 21: 88
Indexing seeds 23: 171–201 Indicator plants 18: 85
health testing in practice 23: 198 Indigofera 24: 432
new detection methods 23: 196– 198 Indirect-magnetic microsphere-enzyme-
conductimetric assays 23: 198 immunoassay (MM-EIA) 24: 282
dilution plating 23: 196 Indo-1 dye 22: 53, 54, 55
DNA probes 23: 196 Indole acetic acid 24: 78
image analysis 23: 198 and vascular differentiation 9: 161
purpose of testing 23: 174– 176 column chromatography 9: 51
ELISA 23: 176 Indole-3-acetaldoxime 35: 224
testing methods 23: 173, 174, 176– 190 Indole-3-acetonitrile 35: 247
ELISA 23: 190 Indoleacetic acid (IAA) 19: 27, 28, 50, 51,
plating 23: 190 57, 58, 72, 130
agar tests 23: 189, 190 Indoleacetic acid 21: 51
Indoleacetic acid, effect on orchids in Infra-red light, far 18: 274, 275
culture 7: 459– 461 Ingestion – egestion hypothesis 36: 10
Indolebutyric acid Inherent life history of the target species
and peroxidase activity in orchids 7: 487 38: 51
effect on orchids in culture 7: 460 Inheritance, laws of 37: 3
transport in orchid flowers 7: 621, 622 Inhibition agents 23: 28
Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole 35: 249 Inhibitors, chemical 32: 274
Indolyl glucosinolate 35: 232, 239, 240, Initiation 31: 219 –233
243, 246 active oxygen species 31: 231
biosynthesis 35: 224 gamma-radiation effects 31: 231
degradation 35: 240 inhibitors 31: 229
Indolyl-3-acetonitrile 35: 240 leaf trichomes 31: 220– 223
Indolyl-3-carbinol 35: 247 light responses 31: 231
Indolyl-acetic acid (IAA) 28: 87 plant growth factors 31: 230, 231
3-Indolylacetic acid (IAA) position of trichomes 31: 222, 223
citrate synthase activation 5: 60 relative humidity response 31: 232
complexes with protein in pea 5: 61 root hairs 31: 223
glucan synthetase stimulation in pea 5: 61 transcription factors 31: 223– 229
plasma membrane ATPase trichome spacing mutants 31: 227, 228
activation 5: 60 Injuries, plant 18: 87– 90
protein mediator of stimulated RNA Ink disease 21: 127, 128, 137, 143
polymerase 5: 63 Inoculation process 36: 10, l1
reactive intermediate, 3-methylene- Inoculation, biocontrol agents 26: 38 – 41,
oxindole (3-MO) 5: 60 74 – 81
receptor protein (IRP) and enhanced RNA Inoculum dynamics 38: 26
synthesis 5: 63, 64 Inoculum sources 24: 14, 15
regulation of cellulase activity 5: 55 Inorganic carbon system 11: 72 – 75
Indolylmethyl glucosinolate 35: 232, 249 Inorganic solutes 24: 315, 316
Induced resistance to pathogens 26: 38 – 41 Inosine 30: 142
Induced resistance, wilt disease 21: 67 Inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate 22: 70,
see also Systemic acquired resistance 75, 76
Induced systemic resistance (ISR) 26: 38, Inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate
40; 38: 255, 262, 263 (Ins(1,4,5)P3) 22: 47, 48, 70, 74 – 82, 85,
Inducible promoters 34: 90 108
Industrialization 21: 92 – 94 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) 25: 236
Inernational Sporotheca 1: 153 binding and specificity 25: 236, 237
Infected cells organization 18: 134– 139 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependentcur-
Infection efficiency 21: 215– 226 rents, gating 25: 237, 238
Infection site competition 26: 20, 21 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated
Infection, definition 23: 3 Ca2+channels 25: 236– 239
Inflourescence, monocotyledons function 25: 238, 239
3: 266– 282 permeation 25: 238
branching 3: 269– 273 pharmacology 25: 238
Commelinaceae 3: 278– 282 selectivity 25: 238
other monocotyledons 3: 277, 278 Inositol 22: 130
palms 3: 273– 277 Inositol phosphate receptor (IPR)
Scitaminae 3: 278 22: 75, 76
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy 35: 119, 123 Inositol phosphate, UV radiation 22: 107
Inositol phosphates 21: 10 International Plant Protection

Inositol phospholipids 21: 64 Convention of 1951 23: 12
Inositol triphosphate 21: 64 International Seed Testing Association
Inositol, effect on orchids in culture 7: 448, (ISTA) 23: 4, 20
450, 460 International trade
Insect bananas 23: 12
adaptability 30: 102 export measures 23: 13, 14
pheromone systems 30: 105 diagnostic testing 23: 13
Insect repellant properties 31: 79, 81 visual inspection 23: 13
Insect transmission (IT genes) 21: 200, import measures 23: 14
202– 205 Plant Health Inspectors 23: 14
Insectivorous plants prohibition 23: 12
adaptation to nitrogen supply 6: 37 spread of pathogens 23: 11 – 14
Insect-plant interactions, Early Intersimple sequence repeats
Tertiary 17: 68 (ISSRs) 35: 174, 188– 190
pollination 17: 63 – 66 Inter-simple sequences repeat (ISSR)
Insects see Invertebrate pests amplification 34: 42
Inside-out patch mode 25: 222 Interspecific diversity 33: 3, 4
Instron apparatus 22: 248 Intestinal epithelial cells, membrane 3: 19,
Instrumentation for measurement of 34
fluorescence emission 5: 7 –9
Intracellular structures 24: 198– 206
Instrumentation-driven discovery strategies
associations with plant nucleus 24: 209,
31: 134, 135
210
Integrin 21: 61
Intracellular transduction 22: 164
Intensity fluctuation spectroscopy 11: 21
Intracellular transport via tubules 28: 143,
Interaction mechanisms and O3/SO2
144
exposures 18: 77
Intraspecific diversity 33: 5 – 7
Interactions
Intraspecific variation 35: 174– 178
between’photosystems 5: 37 –47
Intercellular gas spaces Intrathylakoid spaces 13: 4
in evolution of homiohydry 5: 202, 203 Intrinsic coupling factor complex
in respiratory gas exchange 5: 207– 210 (CF0) 13: 5
in subterranean organs 5: 208, 209 distribution in thylakoid membrane 13: 15
Intercellular hyphae Introgression in ferns 4: 377, 378
role in transfer intercept 24: 316– 325 Introgression of genomes 34: 50
vascular association 24: 317, 318 Intron arrangements 24: 141– 143
Interfacial apoplast 18: 136 Intron – exon splice junctions 34: 43
Intergenic spacer (IGS) region 35: 176, 177 Inula graveolens 31: 7
Interleukin –1 receptor (IL– 1R) 24: 108, Inula helenium 31: 165, 166
109, 115 Inula viscosa 31: 9, 11, 20, 23, 29, 56, 59
Intermediate resistance 21: 52 Invasion 21: 105, 106
Internal fluence rate 18: 268, 272, Invasion thresholds 38: 33, 47
274, 289 Invasion, probability of 38: 45, 46
Internal targeting signals 25: 49, 50 Invertase
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) demonstration of active
sequences 35: 175, 178 transport 6: 64 – 66
‘Internal winds’ 22: 167, 168 Invertase see Plant invertases; Vacuolar
Internalization process 25: 21, 25, 27 invertases
Invertase, activity in storage tissue 8: 116, Ions, water and nitrogen supply 22: 279,
117 280, 283
Invertebrate pests Ion-selective microelectrodes 25: 177– 180
biocontrol 26: 17 –19, 81, 82 Iontophoretic injection 22: 57, 58
plant defence proteins 26: 137, 159– 168, Ipomea 24: 318
171, 172 Ipomeamarone synthesis and black rot
a-amylase 26: 159, 160, 172 fungus 14: 84
Bowman-Birk inhibitors 26: 160, 161, Ipomoea 24: 76
166, 172 Ipomoea batalus 37: 69, 70;
Bt toxin 26: 169, 172 Ipomoea batatas 25: 46; 28: 89
chitin-binding 26: 146, 147 Ipomoea purpurea 37: 11, 108
cowpea 26: 165, 166 Ipomoea spp. culture 13: 160
cystatins 26: 163–166 Ipomoea tricolor 25: 94, 95
defence types 26: 139 Ipomovirus 36: 70, 71
defensins 26: 152 Iranian maize mosaic virus (IMMV)
Kunitz inhibitors 26: 160– 162, 172 36: 152, 160
lectins 26: 166–168, 171, 172 Iridaceae, stomata 3: 284
lipoxygenases 26: 168 Iridaea cordata 11: 99
patatin 26: 168 Iridane 31: 79
potato inhibitors 26: 162, 163, 172 Iridodial 31: 104, 107
tomato inhibitors 26: 162, 163 Iridoid glycosides 31: 82
Invisible injury, see Bioindication Iridophyccus flaccidum 11: 86
Inward-rectifying channels Iris 35: 190; 3: 211
(IRCs) 29: 84 –88 stomata 3: 284
Ion channel, mycorrhizal symbiosis 22: 6 Iris ochroleuca 11: 129
Ion channels 25: 217 –247 Iris pseudacorus, effect on metabolism in
definitions 25: 221, 222 anaerobic conditions 7: 280
experimental Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) 36: 117, 129
characterization 25: 222– 226 Irish potato famine 21: 2
general properties 25: 221, 222 Iron 22: 264
summary of properties 25: 243 acquisition 29: 22
Ion currents 28: 34 – 37 extractable, in soil 29: 4
Ion excess hypothesis 29: 119, 133, 173, Iron availability, biocontrol 26: 6, 23 – 25,
174 32
Ion fluxes 21: 9– 11, 63, 64 Iron deficiency 29: 11 –13
Ion pumps, see Osmosis and Dunaliella Iron level and plant disease 10: 254– 257,
Ion stores 25: 218, 219 267
‘Ion trapping’ 22: 59 Iron toxicity 29: 10, 11
Ion traps 25: 157 Irradiance 18: 272
Ionic currents 25: 221 Irradiance and phytoplankton
Ionophores 21: 11 photosynthesis 16: 203
Ions Irrigation 21: 87, 88
see also Electrophoresis in gravitropism Irritability 22: 163, 164
anions, and potassium Isochilus linearis, seed morphology 7: 427
uptake 15: 121– 123 Isochromosomes
channels, tension sensitive, and evolutionary significance 6: 151, 152
gravity 15: 33, 34 occurrence and origin 6: 138, 140,
pumping in gravitropism 15: 10, 11 145– 152
Isochrysis galbana and membrane permeability 14: 65, 66

EM of thylakoids 10: 141 and mevalonate formation 14: 58 – 61
photosynthetic rate 10: 151 and prenyl diphosphate
Isoenzymes 34: 3 formation 14: 63, 64
Isoetales, Early Tertiary 17: 15, 16 hypotheses 14: 52 – 55
Isoeteaceae, chromosome number and control 14: 68 – 86
heterospory 4: 378 competition for substrates 14: 79,
Isoetids, carbon dioxide recycling 15: 83 80
Isoflavone methyltransferase 37: 86 enzyme activity 14: 70, 72, 73
Isoflavone synthase 37: 79 enzyme activity modulation 14: 74 –79
Isoflavonoid signal 37: 81 flux of metabolites 14: 69 – 71
Isoflavonoids 22: 114; 37: 76, 79 in fruit ripening 14: 83
Isohydric plants 22: 268 in germination 14: 80, 81
Isokont flagellation 2: 6, 21 in leaf greening 14: 81 – 83
Isolated membrane vesicles, transportfunc- phytoalexin synthesis
tions in 25: 198 induction 14: 83 –85
Isolated vacuoles, preparations 25: 198 substrate concentration 14: 73, 74
Isolation, definition 23: 3 metabolic pathways 14: 27 – 52
Isoleucine 21: 153 carotenoids 14: 44, 45
Isoleucine, recycling 8: 89 chlorophyll 14: 46, 47
Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP)
cytokinins 14: 43
biosynthesis 31: 93 – 95
gibberellins 14: 47, 48
terpenoids derivation 31: 95, 96
HMG-CoA formation 14: 28 – 30
Isopentenyl diphosphate
isopentenyl diphosphate
chloroplasts, permeability to 14: 66
formation 14: 34 – 38
enzymes utilizing, and
mevalonate formation 14: 30 – 34
compartment"ation 14: 63, 64
mevalonate shunt 14: 50 – 52
phylloquinone and tocopherols 14: 45,
and compartmentation 14: 61 – 63
in prenyl diphosphate 46
formation 14: 38 –42 plastoquinone 14: 48, 49
mevalonate kinase inhibition 14: 36 prenols, long-chain 14: 50
in isoprenoid metabolism 14: 27, 28 prenyl diphosphate
isomerase modulation 14: 75, 76 formation 14: 38 – 42
phenyl lipids, incorporation into 14: 77 sterols 14: 43, 44
Isopentenyl diphosphate ubiquinone 14: 48 – 50
isomerase 14: 38 – 40 structure 14: 26
Isopentenyl transferase 34: 79 Isoprenoids biosynthesis 31: 127, 128,
Isopentenyl transferase (ipt) marker 34: 106 139
Isoprene 22: 166 acetate/mevalonate pathway 31: 93 – 95
biogenic isoprene rule 31: 93 plastids 31: 95
structural aspects 31: 78 pyruvate/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Isoprenoid biosynthesis 14: 25 – 91 pathway 31: 95
compartmentation, subcellular 14: 52 – 68 Isopropylmalate synthase 35: 230
and acetyl CoA formation 14: 55 – 57 Isoquinolonone 34: 108
and isopentenyl diphosphate Isosalicin, lipendula 20: 184
formation 14: 60 –63 Isothecium
and isoprenoid formation 14: 64, 65 cytotaxonomy 6: 242
Isothiocyanates 30: 94, 100, 102, 105; Juncaceae

35: 214, 241– 246, 248 stomata 3: 284
metabolism and detoxification 35: 241, vascular construction 3: 246
242 Juncus 33: 13
Isotope studies in Crassulacean acid Juncus bufonius 33: 13
metabolism 15: 55 – 64 Juncus effusus, lignin composition 8: 31
lipid metabolism 15: 63, 64 Juncus squarrosus 29: 16
Isotope studies, and Early Tertiary Juncus squarrosus
climate 17: 86 – 88 nitrate reductase 6: 22, 36
Isotopically labelled hormones Juncus, stomata 3: 284
auxin transport 9: 185, 186, 247, Jungermaniidae 19: 289
248, 253 Jungermanniales
gibberellin detection 9: 54, 55, 56, 61, karyotypes 6: 240
69, 71 Jungermanniales 19: 253, 257– 265, 267,
Isozymes 32: 55, 57; 35: 176 273, 285, 289, 293, 299
“Ives” cv. 18: 70 Juniperus 37: 108
Ixora 37: 110 Juniperus communis, lignin
composition 8: 31
J. gerardii, salt uptake 8: 224 Juniperus occidentalis 33: 16
Jablonski diagram 5: 4 Juniperus scopulorum, identification of
Jack pine, see Pinus banksiana gibberellins 9: 43
Jackbean 25: 127 Juvenile anthocyanins, functional roles
Jackiella 19: 257 37: 116, 117
Jackknife test 32: 54 Juvenile leaf reddening 37: 115– 117
Jamesoniella Juvenile nematodes, assessing 23: 113
microchromosomes 6: 226
phytochemistry 6: 259 K. childsii
Jania sp. 12: 52, 83 effect of sodium on growth 7: 162, 165,
Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs) 32: 311 167
‘Japan Giant’, chestnut 21: 138– 140 effect of sodium on phosphoenolpyruvate
Japanese chestnut tree 21: 126, 131, carboxylase 7: 200
137– 140 effect of sodium on respiration 7: 195, 197
Japonicum 18: 147 sodium concentration in leaves 7: 191,
Jasmonates 21: 63; 35: 243; 37: 185 192
Jasmonic acid (JA) 21: 19; 29: 55; sodium content of seeds 7: 143
35: 116 sodium requirement 7: 197
Jasmonic acid signalling 38: 265 K. falcata
Java 21: 86 chromosome numbers 6: 206
‘Javart’ disease of European chestnut 33: 25 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
Javesella pellucida 36: 158, 160 K. pneumonia, H+/O ratio 4: 89
Jerusalem artichoke 25: 205, 206 K. pyramidata, effect of sodium on
Jubula 19: 257 growth 7: 161
Jubulaceae 19: 291 K+ activity 25: 179, 180
Juglandaceae K+ channels. See VK channels
Early Tertiary 17: 41, 42 K+ concentration 25: 221
family level review 17: 49 K+ efflux 18: 31
Juglans 38: 290, 299 K+ flux 18: 236
K+-selective microelectrodes 25: 179 Kinetin 35: 14

Kaempferol 22: 116; 35: 86; 37: 85, 99 effect on orchids in culture 7: 463, 464
KAKTUS (KAK ) 31: 247, 248, 251 in post-pollination phenomena 7: 619,
Kalanchoë 12: 15, 16, 18 631, 632
Kalanchoë blossfeldiana 25: 276 Kinetin, effect on lignification 8: 58
Kalanchoë blossfeldiana cv. Tom Kirchoff’s law 18: 210
Thumb 25: 275 Kiseria
Kalanchoë calycinum 25: 373, 375 cytotaxonomy 6: 242
Kalanchoë daigremontiana 25: 185, 241, Klebsiella aerogenes, cytochromes 4: 78
266, 269, 274– 277, 375– 378, Klebsiella pneumoniae 18: 153; 24: 419
380, 381 Kloeckera apiculata, phosphate efflux 8: 157
Kalancho daigremontiana 38: 126 Klukia exilis, fossil record 4: 236
Kalancho tubiflora, malate synthesis Kluyveromyces lactis 28: 13
20: 91 – 2 Knotted – 1 (Kn1) 28: 165– 167, 170– 172
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, CAM Knotted1 (kn1)gene of maize 38: 196, 197
metabolism 7: 168 knox gene 34: 143
Kalanchoe daigremontiana 28: 162 Knox genes 38: 196– 198, 202
KANADI 38: 206 Knudson medium, in culture of
Kanamycin 34: 74 orchids 7: 478– 481, 484– 486
KAP1 21: 21 Kochia
KAP2 21: 21 sodium requirement 7: 158
KAPP (kinase-associated
Koeleria cristata
proteinphosphatase) 32: 251– 253
nitrate reductase 6: 22
Karyotype, analysis 6: 238– 242
Koeleria macrantha 29: 11
Kaurene synthesis 14: 47, 48
Koeleria nitida 33: 245
and compartmentation 14: 64
Komma caudata 19: 194, 197, 199
and energy charge 14: 76
Kor A 24: 406
KCBP 31: 249, 252
Kor B 24: 406
KCN 18: 145
Krebs cycle 18: 93
KDEL-containing protein 38: 73, 74
Kubelka-Munk equations 18: 277, 278, 280,
KDEL-tailed cysteine proteinase-
accumulating vesicles 281, 292
(KVs) 38: 74, 75 Kunitz inhibitors 26: 140, 160– 162, 172
“Kennebec” cv. 18: 36 Kurthia zopfii, H+/O ratio 4: 89
Kennedy pathway 35: 128, 129 Kurzia 19: 263, 265
Kerr Gapon equation 29: 128 Kurzia trichoclados 19: 267, 271
2-keto-3-methylbutanoic acid Kylikipteris, fossil record 4: 236
35: 226 Kyllinga brevifolia, effect of sodium on
a-ketoglutarate 38: 122, 126, 127, 129, 153, growth 7: 162, 163
158, 159, 164– 1167, 170
in vertebrates 38: 131 L. anceps, seed morphology 7: 427
a-Ketoglutarate, transport across chloroplast L. angustifolius 11: 131, 146– 148
envelope 7: 62, 63 L. campestris vallesiaca
Khaya 22: 13 compound polyploidy 6: 180
Kidney bean, see Phaseolus vulgaris L. cinnabarina, carbon fixation 7: 525
Kinase associated protein phosphatase L. crispa, carbon fixation 7: 525
(KAPP) 24: 135 L. divaricata
Kinematic growth analysis 29: 163– 166 resin chemotaxonomy 6: 288
L. esculentum cv. “Grosse Lisse” effect of L. virginicum, chlorophyll-protein

sodium on growth 7: 158, 161 "complex 10: 103
sodium content of seeds 7: 143 L. xanthina, carbon fixation 7: 525
L. esculentum cv. “Marglobe” L6 gene 21: 170, 173
concentration of sodium in leaves La Brosse virus (LACV) 36: 134
7: 191 Labaria pulmonaria 18: 80
effect of sodium on growth 7: 166 Labiatae (Lamiaceae) 31: 4, 11, 12, 16, 27,
sodium content of seeds 7: 142, 143 157
L. esculentum Pollen Receptor chemotypes 31: 84
Kinase 32: 240 glandular trichomes 31: 13, 77, 85,
L. flava, carbon fixation 7: 525 89 – 93
L. galeottiana, seed morphology 7: 427 lipophilic substances secretion 31: 58
L. hyperborea 11: 111, 114 monoterpenoid biosynthesis 31: 93 – 99
L. lobata, symbiotic specificity 7: 496 monoterpenoids 31: 84, 85, 91 – 93
L. longibracteatum, phytoalexin transgenic approaches 31: 109
production 7: 512 trichomes development 31: 20, 21
L. luteus 11: 131, 146, 148 Labiatae (Lamiaceae) essential oils 31: 84,
L. majuscula 12: 78 – 80 85
L. millerii, carbon fixation 7: 525 biological variability 31: 84, 85
L. perenne commercial products 31: 82, 83
composition 31: 84 –88
DNA content 6: 130
monoterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes
L. perrinii v. major, seed morphology 7: 427
31: 98 – 107
L. perrinii, carbon fixation 7: 525
Labiateae, polyploidy 4: 326
L. peruvianum, relationship between endo-
Laboratory exposures 18: 6, 7
plasmic reticulum and
Lachnocaulon, stomata 3: 284
plastids 7: 20
Lactalbumine hydrolysate 35: 86
L. pratensis
Lactate 18: 152
activity of ammonia assimilating
Lactifer
enzymes 6: 31, 32 structure 6: 300, 301
L. purpurata, flowering period 7: 545 Lactuca 24: 319; 29: 144, 145
L. purpurea Lactuca sativa (lettuce) 18: 36, 290
chromosome constitution 6: 179, 181 NOx exposure 18: 38, 40
L. purpureum Lactuca sativa (lettuce) 11: 132
DNA analysis 6: 125 Lactuca sativa 29: 120, 124, 125, 129– 131,
L. saccharina 136, 139– 143, 154, 159;
action spectrum for photosynthesis 10: 70 37: 179
photosynthetic rate 10: 168 Lactuca serriola 33: 69
pigment levels and nitrogen 10: 42 Lactuca sp., DNA transposable elements,
L. sudetica Ac transposition 27: 403
chromosome constitution 6: 181 Lacustrine environments and fossil
L. temulentum record 16: 130– 140
DNA content 6: 130 fluvio-lacustrine deltas 16: 133– 140
L. tigrinus, phosphorus formation model 16: 133– 135
translocation 8: 202, 203 Gilbert-type profile 16: 133
L. tridentata high-energy systems 16: 138– 140
resin chemotaxonomy 6: 288 low-energy systems 16: 135– 138
L. verecundum, seed germination 7: 424 isolated lakes 16: 132
Lacustrine environments and fossil record Laplace transfer function

(continued) mathematical theory 4: 217– 223
montane lakes 16: 131, 132 relating leaf conductance to evaporation
ox-bow lakes 16: 133 rate 4: 159– 164
plant representation 16: 131 Larch plantation turbulence 18: 204
Laelia albida Lardizabalaceae
flowering period 7: 545 chromosome size 6: 189
Laetiporus sulphureus Larger vacuoles of fungi 28: 135
competitive ability in culture 7: 389, Larix 30: 229; 33: 9
390 Larix laricina (eastern larch) 33: 7
growth in acid medium 7: 409 Larrea spp.
Laetisaria arvalis, biocontrol 26: 54, 62, 77, resin
78 chemotaxonomy 6: 288
Lag deposits 16: 126, 127 production 6: 288
Lagenidiales, zoospore components Larrea tridentata (shrub) 18: 12, 15, 20
throughout asexual life Laser beams, properties of 11: 7, 8
cycle 24: 368, 369 Laser Doppler microscopy 11: 3, 28 – 37
Lagenidium 24: 386, 387 instrument design 11: 28 – 33
Lagenidium callinectes 24: 385 Laser light scattering 11: 1 – 69
Lagenisma coscinodisci 24: 376, 377 biological applications 11: 37 – 62
Lagrangian specification 18: 201 blood flow 11: 60 – 62
Lakes, lateral, in volcanic conventional 11: 10 – 12
terrains 16: 168– 171 dynamic 11: 12 – 15
see also Lacustrine environments and membranes 11: 45 – 48
fossil record optical mixing spectroscopy 11: 2, 3,
Laminar boundary layer 18: 211, 212, 215, 16 – 25
216 particle characterization 11: 37 – 42
Laminar phototropism 33: 89, 99 – 101 particle interaction 11: 42 – 45
Laminaria cichorioides, fucoxanthin/ principles of 11: 7 –28
"chlorophyll a ratio 10: 121 Laser spectroscopy, picosecond 18: 280
Laminaria digitata 11: 89; Lasers, in picosecond spectroscopy 8: 2– 5
35: 185– 188, 194; 38: 149 Lasiodiplodia theobromae 33: 25
Laminaria hyperborea 38: 148– 151 LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY)
Laminaria saccharina 38: 149, 150 gene 32: 157
Laminaria sp., d13C values 27: 150 Late embryogenesis abundant
Lamium album proteins 34: 244
nitrate reductase 6: 23 Late leaf spot 21: 224, 226– 230,
Lamium purpureum 24: 322 233– 235
LAMMER gene 32: 30 Latent bacterial infections 23: 27– 46
Land degradation 21: 97, 98 antibodies, gold-labelled 23: 33
Land plants antigens 23: 30
gametophyte-sporophyte junction enterobacterial 23: 30
in 19: 231– 317 canker of tomato 23: 29
life-cycle of 19: 232 controlled circumstances 23: 29
Lanium avicula, carbon fixation 7: 525 agar medium 23: 29
Lanthanum 22: 72, 73, 74, 82, 107, sample size 23: 29
109 definitions 23: 27
Laodelphax striatellus 36: 148, 156 detection systems 23: 40
DNA labelling 23: 40 Lathyrus 12: 184; 24: 322; 31: 15

nucleotides 23: 40 DNA content of different species 6: 127,
radioisotopes 23: 40 189
hybridization formats 23: 39 Lathyrus chrysanthus 37: 68
colony blot 23: 39 Latin America 21: 86, 92, 97
dot/slot blot 23: 39 Lattice systems 38: 42
Gen-Probe kits 23: 39 Lauraceae 31: 58
Southern blot 23: 39 heterochromatin content of
immunofluorescence 23: 34 – 37 chromosomes 6: 189
acetone fixation 23: 34 Leaf physiology and resin
phytobacteriology 23: 34 production 6: 308
isolation 23: 28, 29 Lauraceae, flowers 17: 105, 106
monoclonal antibodies 23: 31, 33 Laurales, petals 17: 127
nucleic acid-based methods 23: 37 – 45 Laurencia nipponica 35: 193
autoradiography 23: 38 Laurencia sp., d13C values 27: 151
chemiluminescence 23: 38 Laurus 31: 56
colorimetry 23: 38 Lauryldimethylamine oxide, fractionation of
definition 23: 38 cytochrome oxidase 10: 104
hybridization protocols 23: 38 Lavatera 33: 44, 78, 80, 85, 86, 89, 109, 111
PCR 23: 38 Lavatera cretica 33: 76, 77, 79, 81, 82,
PCR-based methods 23: 40, 41 85 – 88
primer pairs 23: 40, 41 Lavendula 31: 78
probe detection limit 23: 41 Lavendula angustifolia 31: 84
target DNA 23: 41 Lavendula intermedia 31: 84
polyclonal antibodies 23: 33 Lavendula latifolia 31: 84
polyclonal antisera 23: 30 Lavendula officinalis 31: 16, 17
monospecific 23: 30 Lavendula vera culture 13: 160
probe selection 23: 38, 39 Lavetera cretica 31: 8
genes 23: 38, 39 Laxaphysin 27: 215
probe-based methods 23: 42 – 45 Lc 31: 201
biotinylated probes 23: 42 Leaf
dot blot hybridization 23: 42 and root resistance 3: 187, 188
mycoplasma like organisms 23: 42 and water uptake 3: 182– 184
PCR technology 23: 42 axis specification 38: 202– 207
restriction fragment length poly- cell division and expansion, control
morphism (RFLP) 23: 42 of 38: 208– 210
sample preparation 23: 41 comparative anatomy 38: 193–195
CTAB extraction 23: 42 conductance 18: 219
detection methods 23: 41 water vapour 18: 222
hybridization 23: 41 cross-sections 18: 279
inhibitors 23: 42 determination and initiation 38: 196– 210
serological procedures 23: 29, 30 –37 founder cells 38: 197– 200
antiserum 23: 30 leaf initiation and phyllotaxy
serological test results 23: 37 38: 200– 202
PCR 23: 37 shoot apical meristem (SAM)
Latent infection 23: 3, 8 38: 196, 197
definition 23: 3 development and cambial activity 9: 177
Latent period 21: 215– 226 differentiation 38: 210–218
Leaf (continued) Leaf expansion and water deficiency

epidermis 38: 215– 218 19: 159
ground tissues 38: 210–218 Leaf form
photosynthetic tissues 38: 213–215 determination 28: 168– 170
stomata, patterning and 38: 215– 217 role of light in determination
trichomes, patterning and 38: 217, 218 of 28: 174– 179
vasculature, development of 38: role of phytohormones in determination
210– 21213 of 28: 171– 174
dorsoventral patterning 38: 203– 207 Leaf gas exchange, NPP
abaxial determinants 38: 204, 205; model 26: 196– 199, 202– 204,
38: 203, 204 210, 212
meristem connection 38: 205, 206 see also Stomatal heterogeneity
origin of polarity 38: 206, 207 Leaf greening, isoprenoid metabolism in
effect of vascular tissues on leaf 14: 81 – 83
initiation 9: 179, 180 Leaf initiation 28: 163– 166
effect on vascular Leaf nitrogen
differentiation 9: 158– 161, as function of root N uptake 20: 9
163– 170, 230, 242, 246, 252 as measure of photosynthesis 20: 3, 4
form, control of 38: 207– 210 Leaf nodule symbiosis 17: 163– 234
freeze-etching 3: 34 see also Leaf physiognomy and Early
influence in ring porous trees 9: 238, 240 Tertiary climate; Leaves
initiation and phyllotaxy 38: 200– 202 cyclic nature 17: 164
lamina, mediolateral expansion of 38: 208 functions 17: 224– 228
monocotyledons 3: 212, 213 nitrogen fixation controversy
pigments 18: 92 17: 224– 226
polarity of veins 9: 193, 194 plant growth regulators 17: 226– 228
primordia, effect on host plant occurrence/distribution
location of phloem fibres 9: 240, 241 17: 164– 168
parenchyma formation 9: 242, 243, Dioscoreaceae 17: 164, 168
254 Myrsinaceae 17: 164– 167
stem differentiation 9: 160, 163, 164, Rubiaceae 17: 167, 168
242, 243 in Ardisia 17: 168– 200
proximal – distal axis 38: 202, 203 early work 17: 168–172
reflectance 18: 101 infection of young leaves 17: 177– 180
temperature 18: 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 nodule development 17: 180– 188
Leaf ageing, reversibility of 35: 5 shoot tip morphology/role 17: 172– 177
Leaf anatomy, C4 plants 26: 254– 256, 258, symbiotic cycle 17: 186, 189– 200
260, 263 in Dioscorea 17: 213– 217
Leaf area index (LAI), NPP in Psychotria 17: 200– 213
model 26: 199– 203, 215 bacteria distribution in
Leaf base model 38: 195 flowering 17: 208– 211
Leaf base temperature 30: 61, 62 early studies 17: 200, 201, 207, 208
Leaf conductance units 4: 154,212 – 217 microsymbiont isolation 17: 220
Leaf development 28: 161– 195 nodule development 17: 204– 206
cellular differentiation in 28: 170, 171 nodule initiation 17: 201, 204, 205
nuclear – chloroplast interactions nodule structure 17: 205, 207
in 28: 179– 183 seed in symbiotic cycle 17: 211– 213
organogenesis in 28: 166– 171 shoot tip morphology/role 17: 201– 203
microsymbiont identity 17: 217– 224 Leaves

and bacteria-free plant see also Leaf nodule symbiosis: Leaf
availability 17: 223, 224 physiognomy and Early Tertiary
and close cyclic relationship 17: 223 climate
criticism of results 17: 220, 221 fracture properties 17: 266– 270
Dioscorea isolates 17: 220 grasses 17: 267– 269
Myrsinaceous isolates 17: 218, 219 in bending 17: 269, 270
Rubiaceous isolates 17: 219, 220 legumes, and bloat 17: 267
research mining by insects, Early Tertiary 17: 68
difficulties 17: 229 Leaves
directions 17: 229– 231 abscission 16: 104– 106
Leaf physiognomy and Early Tertiary degradation, aquatic 16: 122–125
climate 17: 69 – 79 biological 16: 122–124
application of method 17: 71, 72 mechanical 16: 124
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary 17: 74, delta deposition 16: 135– 138
75 and plant origins 16: 136– 138
global vegetational/climate patterns dispersal by wind and fossil record
northern high latitudes 17: 75, 76 air fall 16: 108, 109
northern lower latitudes 17: 76 –78 post-descent 16: 109, 110
southern hemisphere 17: 78, 79 storm effects 16: 110– 112
methodology 17: 69, 70 floating 16: 115– 117
requirements for reliability 17: 72– 74 fluvial transport 16: 125, 126
Leaf resistances settling velocity
boundary layer resistance 7: 260, 261 and water transport 16: 119, 120
gas-space resistance 7: 262, 263 calculation 16: 103, 104
leaf-wall resistance 7: 261, 262 factors in 16: 106– 108
ventilation of higher plants 7: 260– 263 Leaves, anthocyanins in 37: 37 – 50
Leaf senescence 19: 117– 119, 126; coloration in defence against
25: 89 – 102 herbivores 37: 8, 9
Leaf spot 21: 224, 226– 230, 233– 235 function effects of anthocyanins on 37: 4
Leaf trichome morphogenesis senescence, protective function in
31: 238– 253 37: 12
branching 31: 248– 252 undersurface coloration 37: 43
differentiation regulation 31: 245, 246 Lecithin
endoreduplication 31: 246– 248 bilayers 3: 22, 26 – 28
genetic analysis 31: 239– 245 egg, reaction with OsO4 3: 11 – 13
growth directionality 31: 252, 253 membranes, negative staining 3: 18
initiation 31: 220– 223 Lectin 35: 142
maturation 31: 253 Lectin domain group 32: 21, 231
mutant phenotypes 31: 240– 244 Lectin-gold conjugates 25: 24
wild-type 31: 238, 239 Lectins 19: 43; 21: 21; 25: 151
Leaf trichome plasmodesmata 31: 271– 277 Lectins
Leaf warming 37: 7 detection and assay 4: 23 – 25
Leaf, boundary layer conductance to CO2 distribution 4: 24 – 26
20: 20 – 22 effects on animal cells 4: 23
Leafhopper 21: 196 plant defence 26: 142, 146, 147,
Leafy cotyledon (lec) 31: 229 166– 168, 171
LeAMT1 30: 45, 46, 51, 52 plant pathogen parasitism 26: 35, 36
Lectins (continued) Legumin storage protein

role in plants 4: 27 –30 deposition 9: 8
specificity of binding 4: 26, 27 structure 9: 4– 7, 25
Ledum 37: 137, 140 synthesis 9: 8, 20, 23
Ledum palustre 37: 133– 135, 138, 139 Leguminosae 31: 19; 33: 43, 58
Leersia 34: 34 Leguminosarum 18: 150
LeETR1 gene 32: 124 carbon uptake 18: 147
Legume nodules 18: 132, 164 Leguminoseae 22: 13, 177
carbon/nitrogen metabolism 18: 144 Legumins 27: 25– 32
infected cells 18: 136 biotechnology 27: 56 – 69
Legume seed storage proteins 27: 1 – 70 sequence alterations 27: 62, 63
see also Albumins; Globulins; Legumins; conserved structures 27: 49 – 51
Vicilins genetics 27: 40 – 45
biotechnology 27: 56 – 69 hydration and packing 27: 51 –54
characterisation and nutritional non-legume 27: 29
role 27: 4 – 7 primary and subunit structure 27: 25 – 29
deamidation and nitrogen mobilization secondary, tertiary and quaternary
27: 54 – 56 "structure 27: 29 – 32
genetics 27: 40 – 45 structural similarities with vicilin 27: 44,
nomenclature 27: 10, 11 45
number of proteins 27: 4 Lehmannia marginata 21: 134
nutritional role 27: 5, 59 – 69 Leishmania 38: 152
seed formation 27: 36 – 40 Leishmania chagasi 32: 337
structural features and constraints related Leishmania donovani 28: 11, 13, 14
to function 27: 45 – 56 Leishmania major 24: 141
sulphur content (table) 27: 7 –10 Lejeunaceae 19: 291
synthesis, processing targeting and Lejeunea 19: 257
"deposition 27: 34– 36 LEM (light effect modulation)
2S albumins and globulins 27: 32 – 34 system 12: 8 – 13
Legume seeds lemA gene, antibiosis 26: 29, 32
biology 9: 3, 4 Lemmer manniella colonies 13: 73
storage proteins Lemna 30: 41, 54; 33: 67
biochemistry 9: 17 – 27 amino acid compartmentation 8: 70, 71
intracellular sites 9: 7, 8 amino acid recycling 8: 89
post-translational amino acyl t-RNA charging 8: 77, 78
modifications 9: 8 – 10 L. minor
protein bodies 9: 7, 8, 10 – 17 protein turnover 8: 96 – 99, 102, 107, 118,
convicilin 9: 6, 20, 25 121, 122
legumin 9: 4 – 8, 20, 23, 25 protein turnover measurement 8: 89 –91,
separation techniques 9: 5 94, 95
synthesis and deposition Lemna gibba 30: 6
vicilin 9: 4 – 8, 20, 23, 25, 26 Lemnaceae, flowering, effect
Legumes 24: 431–456 ofsalicylates 20: 196, 197– 199
in Australia 24: 432, 433 LeNRT1 30: 31
Rhizobium interactions with Lens
24: 418 effects, false 18: 286, 287
Legumes, leaf fracture properties, and plano-convex 18: 286, 287
bloat 17: 267 signatures 18: 284– 286
Lens culinaris 29: 45, 118 Leucine, transport across chloroplast

Lens culinaris and storage protein yield 9: 2 envelope 7: 72
Lentinus lepideus, O-methyl Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) groups 32: 19,
transferase 8: 40 230, 246, see also domains
Leonotis 31: 20 Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. See
Leonotis leonurus 31: 16, 18, 20, 24, 59, 63, LRR proteins
92, 125, 127, 165 Leucine-rich repeat 21: 172–176, 178
Leontodon hispidus 29: 16 Leucine-rich repeat proteins (LRP) 24: 131
Lepidium 35: 224 Leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) domains 30: 292,
Lepidium sativa 35: 221 300, 303, 312
Lepidium sativum 29: 130 Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX)
Lepidium, absorption spectrum 37: 65, 83
analysis 10: 97 Leucoanthocyanin 37: 99
Lepidocaryoideae, influorescence 3: 267 Leucobryum albidium
Lepidodendrids, Carboniferous, chromosome number 6: 206
morphology 16: 180 sex chromosomes 6: 235
Lepidodinium viridae 19: 215, 216 Levees 16: 128
Lepidoptera 30: 94, 99 – 101, 103, 104 Leveillula 24: 312
Lepidoptera, plant defence Levins model for
proteins 26: 160– 162, 164, 167, metapopulations 38: 49 – 51
L-Fucose-containing oligosaccharide 19: 15
168, 171, 172
LHCII proteins 37: 100, 101
Lepidozamia
LHCPII (light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b
chromosome constitution 6: 172
protein complex of photosystem
Leptinotarsa decemlineata 30: 99
II) 32: 469
Leptochloa fusca 29: 152, 154
Lichens 18: 61
Leptodontium orchidicola 33: 22
O3/AP 18: 81
Leptosphaeria maculans 35: 246
phosphate uptake 8: 175
Leptostroma 33: 8, 12, 16, 21, 22
phosphorus content 8: 132, 146
Leptotes bicolor, seed morphology 7: 426 Lichens, metabolism, NMR studies 20: 92,
Les22 mutant (maize) 35: 333 93
Lessonia 35: 188 Life cycles
Lessoniopsis 35: 177 aberrant 16: 70 – 77
Lettuce 22: 179 algae 16: 70
Lettuce big vein virus (LBVV) 36: 56, 57 induced 16: 72 – 77
Lettuce chlorosis virus 36: 69, 77 natural 16: 70 – 72
Lettuce hypocotyl bioassay for universality of 16: 56, 57
"gibberellins 9: 61 – 63, 67, 132, Life cycles, aberrant 16: 56, 57
134– 136, 138, 139 induced 16: 72, 73
Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) natural 16: 70
36: 69 Lifespan (fate) of trichomes 31: 29, 90
Lettuce mosaic virus, case Ligand binding in statolith location 15: 30
study 23: 252– 256 LIGAND domain database 32: 59
Lettuce, see Lactuca sativa Light
Leucine, in protein-turnover see also Photosynthesis
measurement 8: 70 – 75, 78 – 82, adaptation index 18: 93
86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 95, 99, and lipid metabolism in algae 16: 35, 36,
100, 121 37
Light (continued) nitrogen level 10: 41, 42

and phytoplankton growth 16: 202– 204 photosynthetic unit 10: 38
North West Europe shelf pigments 10: 36, 37
seas 16: 220– 223 spatial constraints in
nutrient interaction 16: 208, 209 chloroplasts 10: 40, 41
distribution curves 18: 273, 277, 278 cytological aspects 10: 28– 36
effects on plant invertases 28: 89 ecological aspects 10: 21, 22
energy 28: 3 – 5 morphological aspects 10: 24 –28
gradients 18: 290 physical strategies
Spinacia oleracea 18: 282 energy migration 10: 42 – 44
irradiance, impact on Amax light scattering 10: 47 – 49
(photosynthesis) 20: 20 – 22 package effect 10: 44 – 47
measurement Light intensity and Dunaliella
fibre optic probe 18: 287 anatomy and temperature 14: 125, 126
probe acceptance width 18: 277 and carbon, organic, uptake 14: 112
terminology 18: 272, 273 and b-carotene synthesis 14: 133
thick samples 18: 273– 277 and nitrogen uptake 14: 110
migration 18: 292 and photosynthesis 14: 148
mutualism and parasitism 22: 17, 18, 32 growth 14: 112–115
reflection acceptance angle 18: 270 and sodium chloride 14: 106, 107
regulation of plasma membrane
and temperature 14: 116, 117
H+ – ATPase 28: 47
Light regulation 32: 242
role in determination of leaf
Light responses 31: 231
form 28: 174– 179
Light screen hypothesis 37: 133, 138– 140,
signal transmission 22: 167
142
supply in NMR studies 20: 70 – 72
Light/dark modulation 12: 1 – 46
travel and Cucurbita pepo 18: 280
CF1 – CF0 Mg ATPase 12: 37
travel and Spinacia oleracea 18: 281
changes in target enzyme 12: 30– 36
UV radiation 22: 103, 110, 132, 139,
141– 143 as result of dithioreitol
wavelengths 18: 277, 278 treatment 12: 32 – 34
Light absorption 37: 8, 20, 171– 173 as result of light modulation 12: 30 –32
Light backscattering 37: 10 as result of thioredoxin – DTT-cata-
Light climate for algae lyzed modulation 12: 32
air-water interface 10: 8 kinetic parameters 12: 34 – 36
effect of algae on light cytosolic enzymes 12: 23, 24
attenuation 10: 12 – 14 dark modulation 12: 28 – 30
light attenuation in water 10: 9 – 11 dark reversal of light modulation 12: 28,
sunlight composition 10: 6 – 8 29
ultraviolet-B irradiance 10: 12 enzyme activity 12: 4 – 6
underwater light climates 10: 14 – 16 ferralterin 12: 15, 21
Light effects on gibberellins 9: 120, 121, ferredoxin – thioredoxin reductase, thio-
130, 131 redoxin system 12: 14– 20
Light harvesting strategies in algae fructose – biphosphatase 12: 4, 6, 23, 25,
biochemical strategies 26
buoyancy control 10: 42 function of light modulation 12: 36 – 38
electron transport 10: 38 – 40 glucose-6-phosphate
membrane structure 10: 38 dehydrogenase 12: 27
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate PSI interaction and 13: 41, 42

dehydrogenase 12: 27 State 1: State 2 transition and 13: 40
inhibitor experiments 12: 6, 7 stromal adenylate status and 13: 54
LEM system 12: 8 – 13 Light-harvesting proteins 27: 256– 313
mechanisms 12: 6 – 24 CAB production, evolutionary
NADP-linked malic model 27: 274
dehydrogenase 12: 24 CAB/CAC genes and
occurrence of 12: 3 – 6 proteins 27: 271– 275
osmotic stress 12: 38 control of gene expression 27: 300, 301
photosynthetic carbon dioxide 12: 36, 37 efficiency 27: 281– 283
pyruvic, Pi dikinase 12: 4, 21, 22 evolutionary aspects 27: 260– 264
regulation of dark modulation 12: 30 integration with growth 27: 308, 309
regulation of light modulation 12: 24 – 27 LHCII, 3D model 27: 273
ribulose-5-phosphate kinase 12: 27 model 27: 309
sedoheptulose-biphosphatase 12: 6, 26, peridinin chlorophyll-proteins
27 (PCPs) 27: 277– 279
sulfur dioxide 12: 38 phycobiliproteins 27: 279, 280
thioredoxin in 12: 8, 17 –20, 28, 29 phylogenetic implications 27: 310– 313
Light-harvesting chl a/b binding protein Prochlorophyte LHCs 27: 275– 277
(LHCP II) 35: 20, 25 role 27: 262
Light-harvesting chlorophyll, binding 14: 15 supramolecular chlorophyll – protein
Light-harvesting complex PSII complexes 27: 283– 288
(LHCII) 13: 5, 9, 10 synthesis and control 27: 296– 309
cation-induced changes 13: 38, 42 chlorophyll-binding 27: 298– 302
distribution in thylakoid pigment synthesis 27: 296– 298
membrane 13: 14, 15 Light-regulated genes 32: 157
excitation energy transfer and 13: 9, 10, Light-Repressible Receptor Protein Kinase
23, 35, 36 (LRRPK) gene 32: 242
LHCIIa 13: 9, 35 Lignification 19: 20, 28, 34; 21: 4, 5, 13, 17,
LHCIIb 13: 9, 10, 35 22
phosphorylation see Light-harvesting Lignification
complex PSII (LHCII) phos- evolution 5: 201, 206, 207
phorylation fungal 21: 164, 166
phytochrome, light regulated control model 21: 39, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 57,
and 13: 52 58
PSI in early vascular plants 5: 179, 180
energy transfer to 13: 35, 36 mechanical support 5: 177– 181
heterogeneity and 13: 36 tensile forces generated during
PSII transpiration 5: 180, 181
heterogeneity and 13: 17 –19, 35 Lignification, involvement of
interaction 13: 29, 30, 38, 39 boron 10: 241, 267
shade plants 13: 51 iron 10: 254, 255, 267
State 1-State 2 transitions 13: 37, 38, 40 manganese 10: 247–249, 267
Light-harvesting complex PSII (LHCII) Lignin 19: 29
phosphorylation 13: 40 – 43, 53 activation and reduction of cinnamic
cation effects 13: 42 acids 8: 41 – 50
control of kinase activity 13: 40, 53, 54 biosynthesis 5: 206; 8: 27, 28
photoinhibitory damage and 13: 55 composition 8: 29– 32
Lignin (continued) Limonum vulgare, arrangement of

phenylalanine—cinnamic acid aerenchyma 7: 291
pathway 8: 27, 33 – 41 Limulus 11: 45
polymerization of cinnamyl alcohols to Linalool 31: 81, 99
lignin 8: 51 – 56 Linalyl diphosphate (LPP) 31: 99
synthesis in chlorophytes and land Linanthus parryae 37: 107
plants 5: 155 Linanthus parviflorus 37: 107, 111
Lignitubers 21: 39 Lindsaea
Ligustrum lucidum cytology and polyploidy 4: 322
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79 fossil record and structure 4: 245– 247
Liliaceae 22: 13 Linear dose-response 18: 35
apical dominance 3: 264 Linear variable differential transformers
stomata 3: 284, 286 (LVDTs) 29: 116
Liliaceae, polyploidy 4: 326 Linkage analysis 34: 45
Liliflorae b-(1 ! 3)-linked D-glucan 19: 42
branching 3: 264 b-(1 ! 3)-linked D-glucose residues 19: 36
influorescence 3: 268 Linoleic acid 24: 78
Lilium 12: 209; 3: 214 2-Linolenic acid, occurrence in
Lilium auratum 28: 75 chloroplasts 7: 42, 82, 84
Lilium longiflorum 28: 75, 78, 79, 234; Linolenic acid 21: 19; 22: 131
Linum spp.
30: 248; 32: 13; 35: 67
DNA transposable elements, Ac
Lilium longiflorum, alkali-insoluble b-l,3
transposition 27: 403
glucan in pollen tubes 5: 125
genes cloned by transposon
Lilium sppl.
tagging 27: 396
retrotransposons 27: 337, 338
Linum usitatissimum 21: 169; 24: 108
non-LTR 27: 342
Lipaphis erysimi 36: 12
Lilium superbum, lignin composition 8: 31
Liparis, flowering period 7: 535, 537, 540
Lillum, microsporogenesis 16: 67, 68
Lipid anchors 30: 260
Lilum 25: 104 Lipid composition of chloroplast envelope
Lime-induced chlorosis 29: 12 membranes 7: 38 – 44
Limit-dextrinase 34: 182 Lipid metabolism in algae 16: 1 – 53
Limnanthemum 33: 68 see also Algae; Phytoplankton, North
Limnanthes 35: 221 West Europe shelf seas
Limnobium stoloniferum 30: 6 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 16: 45 – 47
Limnodorum abortivum Chlorella spp. 16: 42 – 45
carbon dioxide fixation 7: 520, 525 complex lipids 16: 13
chlorophyll content 7: 520 composition in algae 16: 5 – 12
seed morphology 7: 435, 437 classes 16: 9 – 12
Limodorum abortivum 31: 51 fatty acids 16: 5 – 9
Limonene 31: 84, 99, 103 cyanobacteria 16: 13 – 19
Limonene cyclase 31: 97 and temperature 16: 17 – 19
Limonene hydroxylase 31: 97, 102, 103 fatty acid synthesis 16: 15 – 17
Limonene synthase 31: 99, 100, 102 fatty acyl composition 16: 14
Limonium 31: 3, 41 membrane composition 16: 13
and drought protection 6: 39 Dunaliella spp.
Limonium, salt tolerance 8: 223 galactosylation 16: 27
Limonoids 30: 98, 99 halotolerance 16: 20, 22
labelling studies 16: 24 – 26 reaction with OsO4 3: 13

microsomal phospholipid X-ray diffraction 3: 2, 5
retailoring 16: 26, 27 Lipoxygenase 19: 52; 21: 9, 12, 17, 19, 165;
phospholipids and 22: 120; 34: 214
temperature 16: 22 – 24 Lipoxygenases, plant defence 26: 168
fatty acid metabolism 16: 12 Liquid chromatography (LC) 31: 154, 163,
lipid structures 16: 2 – 5 167
marine 16: 28 – 42 Liquid fermentation, biocontrol
and heavy metals 16: 40 – 42 agens 26: 74, 75
and light 16: 35, 36, 37 Liquidambar 22: 14; 35: 13, 18; 38: 290,
and temperature 16: 36, 38 – 40 291, 295, 302, 303
fatty acid positions 16: 33 –35 Liquidambar styraciflua 37: 115
labelling chacteristics 16: 28 – 33 Liquidamber plants 18: 234
Lipid metabolism, isotope ratio studies Liriodendron 22: 13, 14; 38: 286, 299, 303
of 15: 63, 64 Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)
Lipid peroxidation 18: 68; 19: 52 18: 72
Lipid solution transport, mechanisms of O3/AP 18: 80, 82
carbon entry into cells 27: 127, 128 O3/SO2 exposures 18: 78
Lipid transfer proteins (LPTs) 31: 204 Listera, post-pollination phenomena 7: 578
Lipid transfer proteins 34: 244, 245 Listeria 30: 302
Lipids 18: 68; 21: 7, 12, 46 –48, 165, 166 Listeria monocytogenes 28: 13
bilayers Listrostachys, flowering period 7: 539
freeze-etching 3: 26 –28 Literature review 1: 75
reaction with OsO4 3: 11, 12 Lithium and plant disease 10: 264
bimolecular lipid leaflet 3: 8, 14, 45, 46, Lithium ions and Dunaliella growth 14: 107,
32, 33, 42 108
in thylakoid membrane 3: 87 –96 Lithium, UV radiation 22: 108
gross distribution 3: 133 Lithospermum erythrorhizon culture 13: 146,
inner structure 3: 122– 125 148, 152, 156, 178
lipid-pigment distribution 3: 128– 130 Lithospermum ruderale 33: 245
layers, artificial, and gamma globulin Lithothamnion sp., calcification 27: 171
3: 44 Litsea cubeba 31: 130, 131
membranes Litter degradation, and fossil
negative staining 3: 17, 18 record 16: 112– 114
reactions with fixatives 3: 10, 12 “Little Marvel” cv. 18: 12, 13
phospho-, reactions with OsO4 3: 10, 12 Littorella uniflora, carbon dioxide
Lipids in Dunaliella 14: 131– 133 recycling 15: 82, 83
Lipids, UV radiation 22: 104, 116, 119, 131, Liver tumours
141, 147 and microcystins 27: 237, 238
Lipophilic materials secretion 31: 11, 13, cyanotoxin-induced 27: 236– 238
56, 58 – 65 Liver, cell membrane 3: 19, 20, 34
cell compartments 31: 60 –65 Liverworts 19: 233, 253– 275
intracellular transport 31: 61 anacrogynous 19: 265
secretory structures 31: 56, 58 placenta in 19: 258
Lipopolysaccharide 18: 137 placental cells in 19: 260
Lipopolysaccharides 21: 57; 23: 30 Liverworts, induced aberrant cycles 16: 75
Lipoproteins 21: 57 Living standards 21: 81
in membrane models 3: 40 – 42 Loblolly pine see Pinus taeda
“Local” cv. 18: 88 Loofah witches’ broom 21: 193

Local response 21: 9, 12 – 16 Lophocolea 19: 263, 265
Localisation, infection 21: 51, 52 Lophocolea heterophylla 19: 269
Lockhart’s equation 22: 176, 246– 252 biometric investigation 6: 260
Lodgepole Pine, aeration under different cultivation experiments 6: 253, 257, 258
conditions 7: 309– 312 micro-evolution 6: 263
Lodging 33: 141 population differentiation 6: 249
Loganin 31: 94, 103, 104 Lophodermium 33: 7, 15
Loganin production 13: 174 Lophodermium piceae 33: 13
Logistic model 38: 5 Lophodermium pinastri 33: 4, 8, 16
Lolium 35: 31, 75 Lophodermium seditiosum 33: 4
chromosome size in different Lophopyrum elongatum 29: 131, 132;
species 6: 130, 189 34: 253
Lolium multiflorum 30: 56, 212, 218, 221, Loroglossol
222 antifungal activity 7: 516
Lolium perenne (ryegrass) 18: 10, 13, 15 effect on germination of Monilia
nitrite reductase activity 18: 47 fructicola, 514, 518
SO2 exposure 18: 27, 31, 32 isolation 7: 510
Lolium perenne 19: 131; 29: 130, 131; structure 7: 512
30: 15, 99 Loroglossum hircinum
Lolium sp. 33: 245 phytoalexin production 7: 510, 512
Lolium temulentum 25: 203; 28: 79; 35: 25 Loss-of-function analysis 32: 123, 124
Lomariopsis, aneuploidy 4: 295– 299 Lotus 24: 432
Lomatium triternatum 33: 245 Lotus corniculatus 22: 23
Lomentaria sp. volumetric elastic modulus 6: 78
d13C values 27: 151 Lotus japonicus 30: 6, 12, 13, 17, 32
photosynthesis 27: 174 Lotus pedunculatus 18: 131, 132
London Clay, Early Tertiary Low molecular weight (LMW)
community 17: 54, 55 glutenins 25: 129
Longevity of orchid flowers 7: 568, 569 Low molecular weight antioxidants
Longidorae 36: 173– 175 (LMWAs) 37: 180, 181
Longidorus 36: l70, l73, 175, 178, 186, 190 Low-temperature response
Longidorus acrosoma 36: 180 enzymatic activation 32: 369
Longidorus apulus 36: 180 gene expression response 32: 368, 369
Longidorus arthensis 36: 180 Low-temperature-responsive (LTR) gene
Longidorus attentuatus 36: 180, 187 family wcs 120 34: 239, 241– 243
Longidorus breviannulatus 36: 179 gene products, function of 34: 244– 246
Longidorus elongatus 36: 179, 180, 185, Loxsomaceae, cytology 4: 292
187 LPS 24: 419
Longidorus fasciculus 36: 180 LPS formation 24: 416
Longidorus macrosoma 36: 186 L-Rhamnose 19: 21
Longidorus striatellus 36: 159, 160 LRR extensins 24: 127–130
Long-term recirculation of LRR proteins 24: 89 – 167
nutrients 29: 151– 154 see also Cytoplastic LRRs; "Extracyto-
Lonicera 31: 53, 54 plasmic LRRs
Lonicera japonica 31: 48, 49, 51 activation of plant defences by resistance
Lonicera sp., leaf, freeze-etching 3: 34 proteins containing
Lonicera tatarica culture 13: 174 cytoplasmic 24: 114–119
consensus amino acid sequences 24: 139 circulation of particles in the

evolution 24: 138– 145 haemocoel 36: 30– 33
evolution of different plasmalemma 36: 35 – 38
specificities 24: 143, 144 specificity in the transmission process
interactions with ligands 24: 150– 153 36: 24, 25
resistance genes encoding proteins with vector factors 36: 27, 28
cytoplasmic 24: 101– 119 virus factors in transmission 36: 25 – 27
resistance genes encoding proteins with Luziola 34: 34
extracytoplasmic 24: 91 – 101 Luzula
and molecular specificity 24: 144– 153 evolution of apparent polyploidy 6: 136
lti gene 32: 366 karyotype evolution by centric
Lubimin 21: 23 fusion 6: 179– 181
Lubium production 13: 179 Lycaste harrissonii, seed morphology 7: 427
Lucerne 18: 30 Lycine, recycling 8: 89
Lucifer Yellow CH 25: 27 Lycomarismin toxicity, effect of iron and
Luciferae 35: 90 copper 10: 255
Luciferase 24: 45 Lycopene 37: 39
Luciferase marker genes 34: 78 Lycoperdon lilacinum, phosphorus
Luffa 22: 13 content 8: 132
Luisia teretifolia, seed morphology 7: 426 Lycopersicon 22: 174, 187; 28: 215
Lunularia 19: 271 Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) 18: 36
Lupanine 25: 159 Lycopersicon esculentum 19: 123, 137,
Lupinus 22: 206; 29: 144, 145; 33: 44, 89, 139, 161; 24: 320; 28: 13, 75, 98,
102, 110 99, 123, 203, 220
Lupinus albus 11: 131, 132, 146, 148; Lycopersicon esculentum 32: 192, 213
19: 140, 157; 29: 131, 136, volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79
138– 140, 152– 154, 156, 157, 161 Lycopersicon esculentum see Tomato
phloem structure 5: 195 Lycopersicon esculentum, genes cloned by
sieve plate structure 5: 196 transposon tagging 27: 396
Lupinus alpinus, see also Legume seed Lycopersicon lycopersicum (tomato)
storage proteins 18: 37
Lupinus angustifolia, protein ratio 27: 43 Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium 28: 98;
Lupinus angustifolius 24: 440 32: 384
Lupinus arizonicus 33: 102, 110 Lycopersicum 31: 26
Lupinus luteus 25: 176; 29: 16, 130, 139, Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) 31: 201
159 cell-to-cell transport mechanisms
Lupinus palaestinus 31: 7; 33: 85, 99, 100 31: 277
Lupinus polyphyllus 25: 152 recombinant DNA technology 31: 136
Lupinus spp., storage protein 9: 6, 7 trichome mutants 31: 205, 206, 212
Lupinus succulentus 33: 99 Lycopersicum esculentum, modification of
Lutein 31: 95; 34: 214 sex expression by
Luteolin 20: 182 gibberellins 9: 34
Luteovirus 21: 116 Lycopersicum exulentum
Luteoviruses 36: 22, 23 relationship between endoplasmic
accessory salivary gland reticulum and plastids 7: 20
barrier 36: 33 – 38 Lycopodium 19: 297
acquisition by vector aphids 36: 28 – 30 Lycopodium appressum 19: 299
basal lamina 36: 34, 35 Lycopodium cernuum L. 19: 299
Lycopodium clavatum, lignin M. oreades, vegetative incompatibility

composition 8: 31 7: 349
Lycopsids, Early Tertiary 17: 15, 16 M. pardina, seed morphology 7: 425
Lycoris M. piperita
karyotype evolution by centric glandular hairs 6: 297
fusion 6: 176, 177 M. polymorpha
Lygodium japonicum, presence of enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 27
gibberellin, GA9 9: 42 micro-evolution 6: 263
Lygodium, cytology and polyploidy 4: 290, population differentiation 6: 249
309, 322 M. ramannianus, phosphorus content 8: 141
Lygodium, Early Tertiary 17: 14 M. spectabilis var. moreliana, effect of
Lyngbya 12: 48 auxins, in culture 7: 460
buoyancy regulation 13: 86 M. spectabilis, flowering period 7: 546
shape 13: 73 M. viridiflora, seed morphology 7: 425
stratification 13: 85 M13-fingerprinting 35: 174, 188– 190
Lyngbya majuscula 27: 214 Macadamia nut fracture properties
Lyngbya wollei 27: 220 17: 276, 277
Lyngbya, thylakoid structure 10: 34 versus coconut 17: 278
Lyngbyatoxin 12: 78 MACC 18: 97
Lyso lipids 22: 46 Macerase 19: 30
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 33: 53 Macfedyena unguis-cati 37: 49
“Macginitiea plant”, Early Tertiary 17: 36
Lysophosphatidylcholine 34: 176
Macroautophagy 38: 79
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine 34: 176
Macrocystis 11: 103
Lysophosphatidylglycerol 34: 176
Macrocystis pyrifera 35: 189
Lysophospholipids 34: 176
Macrocystis pyrifera, photosynthetic
Lysosomal proteins 25: 46
pigments 10: 122
Lysosomes 25: 3
Macrocystis sp. 27: 266
Lysosomes in animal cells 28: 125, 127
Macro-evolution
Lysozyme 19: 12; 21: 25; 26: 156, 157, 171
alternation of generations 6: 269
Lythraceae 37: 45, 153
in liverworts 6: 268
Lytic enzymes see Cell-wall degrading in mosses 6: 168, 169
enzymes Macromitrium
sex chromosomes 6: 233, 235
M. aeruginosa 12: 64, 69 Macromolecular ligands 25: 23
M. anceps, flowering period 7: 545 Macrophoma piceae 33: 20
M. aquatica Macrophytes
nitrate reductase 6: 22 emersed, inorganic carbon
M. buccinator, seed morphology 7: 425 acquisition 27: 173– 175
M. crocea, seed morphology, 425 transport of inorganic C to 27: 120, 121
M. ioezlii, flowering period 7: 546 13 12
C/ C ratio 27: 145
M. lutea, cytochromes 4: 75, 78 Macrophytes, aquatic, acid metabolism
M. lysodeikticus in 15: 69
ATPase activity 4: 99 Macroptilium 33: 99
membrane composition 4: 63, 65 Macroptilium atropurpureum 33: 94
respiratory control 4: 94 Macrosiphum euphorbiae 36: 29
M. megalosporum Macrosteles fascifrons 21: 191, 196,
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 202– 204
Macrosteles quadralineatus salinization and transport of 29: 139, 140,

(=furcifera) 36: 159 158
Macrothelypteris, structure 4: 239 translocation to the shoot 29: 130, 131
Macrozamia transport in growing shoot tissues 29: 144
chromosome constitution 6: 172 UV radiation 22: 107, 129
MADS box domain 28: 216, 217 water and nitrogen supply 22: 259– 260,
MADS box genes 26: 234–245 280
FBP1 26: 235, 236, 238– 240 Magnesium deficiency 37: 110
FBP11 26: 236, 241– 244 Magnesium ions and Dunaliella growth
FBP2 26: 235– 237 14: 108
FBP6 26: 236, 240, 241 Magnetic bead assays 24: 281, 282
FBP7 26: 236, 241– 244 Magnetic resonance experiments
function 26: 234, 235 1: 330, 347
meristem transition 26: 235– 237 area under curve 1: 331
organ identity 26: 237– 241 control of external factors 1: 348
ovule development 26: 241 –244 electron-nuclear double resonance
pMADS1, 26: 236, 238– 240 (ENDOR), 345
pMADS3 (FBP14) 26: 235, 236, 240, 241 g-values 1: 341
structure 26: 234, 235 line shapes 1: 335
MADS box-containing genes 28: 210– 215 resonant energy absorption 1: 331
thermal relaxation 1: 343
Maerua 35: 245
Zeeman energy 1: 330
Magnaporthe 33: 242
Magnetic resonance experiments, methods
Magnaporthe grisea (rice blast fungus)
1: 366
34: 263– 281
Magnetic resonance experiments, results of
appressorium formation, genes involved
crystals 1: 350
in 34: 272– 276
extracts 1: 349
appressorium-mediated plant infection,
large fragments 1: 354
genes involved in 34: 276, 277
very small fragments 1: 351
classical and molecular whole systems 1: 354
genetics 34: 264– 266 Magnolia 38: 290, 299, 303
colonization of plant tissues, genes Magnolia sect. Rytidospermum 38: 293, 296
required for 34: 277, 278 Magnoliacae 22: 13; 31: 58
durable control mechanisms 34: 281 Magnoliaceae flowers 17: 101, 102
gene-for-gene resistance to 34: 278, 279 Magnoliales petals 17: 127
genomic approaches 34: 279– 281 Magnoliidae
life history and androecium 17: 128
epidemiology 34: 266– 272 Late Cretaceous fossils 17: 114
pathogenicity, genes involved in 34: 274 perianth 17: 127
Magnaporthe grisea 19: 25, 26, 33; 21: 149, Magnoliophyta 27: 28, 89
150, 158– 160; 24: 12, 19, 61, 76, Mahonia 22: 165; 37: 107, 113
172, 196, 206; 30: 293; 33: 237, Mahonia repens 37: 112, 113
240 Maitotoxin (MTX) 12: 86 – 89
Magnesium 18: 93; 25: 407, 408 Maize 12: 16, 18; 19: 26, 114, 153, 154;
see also Mg2+ 21: 8, 171; 34: 36, 197; 3: 208
deficiency 18: 102 bushy stunt (MBS) 21: 199, 201– 203,
extractable, in soil 29: 2 205
Green dye 22: 56 calcium ions 22: 59, 72
Maize (continued) Majorana syriatica 31: 16 – 18, 84

domestication of 34: 36 Malate (VMAL) channels 25: 241, 242
Dwarf-8 gene 34: 135 Malate 18: 143; 22: 238, 274; 25: 374– 378,
ESTs in 34: 8 – 9 383
functional genomics 34: 14 –15 dehydrogenase 18: 149
genes, introduced 34: 30 synthesis 18: 31
globulin (Glb1) promoter 34: 89 Malate dehydrogenase 38: 142, 151
GST-27 gene 34: 90 and decarboxylate translocator of
high lysine mutants 34: 212, 213 chloroplast envelope 7: 62
lipid-binding proteins 34: 211, 212 in orchid flowers, following
molecular markers 34: 5 – 6 pollinaition 7: 614
Mutator (Mu) transposons 34: 13, 15 Malate dehydrogenase, in lignin
mutualism and parasitism 22: 14, 15 biosynthesis 8: 54 – 57
nitrate reductase 6: 11 Malate synthesis
opaque-2 gene 34: 203 CAM plants 20: 94
quality protein maize (QPM) 34: 203 via PEP carboxylase 20: 91
root, water uptake 3: 186 Malate, effect of aluminium on 29: 33
signal transmission 22: 165, 175, 183 Malate, transport across chloroplast
starch mutations 34: 194 envelope 7: 56, 62, 63
structural genomics 34: 11 Malate/citrate aluminium detoxification
sugary-1 mutation 34: 189, 190 mechanisms 29: 25
tapetum-specific promoters 34: 89 Malaxia lilifolia, seed morphology 7: 427
transposable elements 34: 11 – 12, 48, 49 Malaxis, flowering period 7: 535, 537, 541
UV radiation 22: 116, 138, 146 Male gametes 28: 233– 235, 240
VP1 transcription factor 34: 151 Male germ line transformation
water and nitrogen supply 22: 232, (MAGELITR) 35: 87 – 91
254– 256, 268, 276, 282, 285, 286 Male germ unit (MGU) 28: 233, 234
Maize anthocyanins 31: 224 Maleimide-reactive cysteine
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) residue 25: 321– 324
36: 144– 146 Malic acid 25: 374
Maize fine stripe virus 36: 151 Malic acid, see Crassulacean acid
Maize mosaic virus (MMV) 36: 152, 153, metabolism
155– 160 Malic enzyme (ME), properties
Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) 36: 152, (table) 27: 95
155 Mallinckrodt CC-4, chromatography of
Maize see Zea mays gibberellins 9: 51 – 53
Maize streak virus (MSV) 36: 146, 147 Mallotus philipinensis 31: 9
Maize stripe virus (MStV) 36: 151, 153, Mallotus wrayi 33: 153
155, 158– 160 Malnutrition 21: 93
Maize yellow stripe virus (MYSV) Malonate 18: 141, 149
36: 150, 151 Malonyltransferase 35: 17
Maize, NMR studies, mnganese 20: 78 Malpighiaceae 37: 45
Maize, see Zea mays Maltebrunia 34: 34
Major Facilitator Superfamily Malus 22: 174; 37: 97, 114
(MFS) 30: 33 – 38 Malus cv. ‘Braeburn’ 107
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Malus domestica 37: 112
class II transcriptional activator Malus fruits 18: 236
(CIITA) 24: 114 Malva 33: 78, 89, 109, 111
Malva neglecta 33: 46, 77, 89 Marantaceae

Malvaceae 33: 43 growth 3: 221, 222, 229– 231
Malvaceae, anthocyanin distribution in influorescence 3: 278
37: 43 – 45 paired flowers 3: 262
Malvastrum rotundifolium prophyll 3: 287
33: 110 stomata 3: 284
Malyngamide 27: 214 vascular construction 3: 249
MAM synthases (methylthioalkylmalate Marantochloa, growth 3: 221
synthases) 35: 228, 229, 232 M. cuspidata 3: 230
Mamestra configurata 35: 243 M. oligantha 3: 230, 231
Mammalian mitogen-response Marasmius coniatus var. didymoplexis,
32: 308– 311 endophyte of orchid 7: 490
Mandarin leaf stomata 18: 51 Marattia anglica, fossil record 4: 236
Manduca sexta 21: 20 Marattiaceae 22: 13
Manganese 22: 264, 280 fossil record 4: 236
chilling injury 20: 79 polyploidy 4: 322
NMR studies in wheat 20: 78 Marattiales, cytology 4: 285
Manganese level Marchantia 19: 255, 271; 32: 208
and plant disease 10: 243– 254 apospory 6: 252
in lignin biosynthesis 10: 247– 249 origin of polyploidy 6: 216
Manganese toxicity 29: 10, 11 Marchantia polymorpha, structure of
Mangifera 37: 115 thallus 5: 190
Mangifera indica 31: 60 Marchantiales 19: 255, 271, 273,
Mangrove 16: 143 289, 291
Mannan 11: 129– 131, 144, 149 karyotypes 6: 240
Mannia 19: 271 Marchantiidae 19: 271– 275, 285, 291,
Manningia, Late Cretaceous fossils 293, 305
17: 116 Marchesta 19: 255
Mannitol 35: 117 Marfey’s reagent 27: 222
Mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR) Margarinomyces, colonization of
35: 161 interaction zones in wood 7: 405
Mannose 11: 126, 129 Margravia rectiflora 37: 49
Mannose selection system 34: 79 Marine algae 11: 71 – 123
Mannose, transport across the chloroplast carbon fixation 11: 85 – 88
envelope 7: 73 carbon isotope discrimination
a-mannosidase 18: 139 11: 101– 108
Mansonones 21: 48 carbon metabolism in 11: 71 – 123
Mantoniella sp. Marine autotrophs
chlorophyll sequence 27: 298 a’ values (table) 27: 141
thylakoids 27: 268, 270 calcification, extra/intracellular
Map-based cloning, resistance genes 27: 171– 173
21: 169– 171 carbon fixation mechanisms
Mapping 34: 301, 302 27: 88 – 92
Marafivirus (MRFV) 36: 149 carbon isotope
Marah macrocarpus, gibberellin discrimination 27: 144 –159
biosynthesis 9: 85, 88, 90, 127, carboxylation enzymes 27: 93 – 109
129 C-concentrating mechanisms
Maranta, stomata 3: 284 (table) 27: 118, 119
Marine autotrophs (continued) Mathiola

evolution of RUBISCO-based inorganic isochromosomes 6: 145
carbon acquisition 27: 179–181 Mating pheromone pathway 32: 304– 307,
genera, d13C values (table) 311
genotypic differences 27: 150, 151 Matoniaceae, fossil record 4: 237, 242
higher than 210% 27: 148, 149 Matoniales, cytology 4: 290
lower than 2 30% 27: 146, 147 Matonidium, fossil record 4: 237, 242
influence of supply on assimilation matrix attachment regions (MARs) 34: 95,
rates 27: 175–179 96
inorganic carbon acquisition 27: 85 – 183 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization –
intertidal macrophytes 27: 173– 175 time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass
models, 13C/12C ratios 27: 153– 159 spectrometry-based
Marine habitats, productivity 27: 92 genotyping 34: 6, 7
Marker genes, eliminating 34: 105, 108 Matteuccia orientalis, facultative
Marker-assisted selection 34: 45, 46 apomixis 4: 293
Marker-free transgenics 34: 105– 108 Matthiola incana 31: 227; 37: 69, 84
Marshes, delta plain Maturation schedule hypothesis 38: 202
see also Mires; Quaking bogs Maxillaria aromatica, carbon fixation
lower 16: 145, 146 7: 525
upper 16: 146, 147 Maximum likelihood estimation 38: 10
Marsileaceae, chromosome number Maytenus bureaviana 29: 11
and heterospory 4: 378 MBC fungicides 33: 226, 227, 248, 249
Marsupella 19: 263, 265 “McCall” cv. 18: 71
Marsupella funckii 19: 267 Mean-field models 38: 51
Mascarena, aecervulus 3: 276 Mechanical impedance, soil 22: 233
Masculostrobus clathratus 17: 139, 140 Mechanical wounding in plants
Mass spectrometry of gibberellins 9: 68 – 71, enzymatic activation 32: 359– 362
76 –78 gene expression response 32: 356– 359
Mass spectroscopy 31: 154, 167 Medicago 28: 216, 237
Mass transfer estimation 18: 196, 197 Medicago lupulina
Master genes 21: 65 enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 29,
Mastigocladus laminosus, phycobili 31
proteins 10: 65, 66, 109, 181 Medicago sativa (alfalfa) 18: 10, 15, 58, 130,
Mastigocladus sp. 27: 288 280, 281
Mastigonemes 24: 377 air pollutants bioindication 18: 87
Mastocarpus 35: 174 coating loss 18: 289
Mastocarpus stellatus 35: 177, 179 epidermal focussing 18: 285
Mastreviruses 36: 148 legume nodule structure 18: 132
MATDB database 38: 219 nitrogen oxides fumigations 18: 36
Maté, see Ilex nodules 18: 136, 155
Mathematical models in numerical NOx exposure 18: 35
taxonomy O3 exposure 18: 66
choice of model 2: 48 SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 43, 44
Euclidean model 2: 54 surging 18: 288
metric properties of pair-functions 2: 49 Medicago sativa 29: 45, 129, 171; 37: 87
metrics 2: 48 Medicago sativa, retrotransposons 27: 337
non-Euclidean systems 2: 52 Megaceros 19: 275, 279, 281, 295
non-metric systems 2: 51 Megaclinium, longevity of flowers 7: 569
Megasporogenesis Membrane binding of

and sporophyte/gametophyte shift abscisic acid 5: 71, 84
causal aspects 16: 85 – 87 auxins 5: 71
features of 16: 84, 85 gibberellic acid 5: 71
gymnosperms 16: 68, 69 morphactins 5: 71, 72
seed plants 16: 69, 70 naphthylphthalamic acid 5: 71, 72, 75
Meiosis 2: 302; 24: 180 Membrane depolarization 19: 46; 28: 36
in conifers 15: 180 Membrane potential 25: 221; 28: 23, 24, 36
female 15: 191– 193 Membrane proteins, 28: 5
male 15: 184, 185 Membrane proteins, transport to
in flowering plants 15: 183 tonoplast 25: 54, 55
Melampsora lini 21: 148, 149, 174; 24: 108, Membrane reception of effectors
213, 216, 448 hormones 4: 15
Melampsora, boron deficiency 10: 240 toxins 4: 15
Melanconiales, gibberellins 9: 42 Membrane structure
Melanin 34: 267 lipid-globular protein mosaic model 7: 6
in appressorium function 34: 270, 271 unit membrane 7: 3, 4, 6
Melanins 37: 18 – 30 Membrane tension and gravity sensing
anthocyanins as plant equivalent of 15: 33 – 35
37: 29, 30 Membrane transport 32: 9
semiquinone radicals in 37: 28 active water transport 6: 62 – 66
Melanocytes 37: 21, 22 description 6: 47, 48
Melanogenic hormones 37: 22 energy conversion 6: 66 –69
Melanomma pulvispyrius folded membranes 6: 59 – 62
in wood decay 7: 337 half-time of water exchange 6: 69, 71, 88
mode of nutrition 7: 404 homogeneous planar
Melanosomes 37: 21 membranes 6: 48 – 54
Melanospora destruens, phosphomonoester incongruent transport 6: 52
utilization 8: 181 mathematical expression 6: 48 – 71
Meliaceae 22: 13; 30: 97 planar composite membranes 6: 57 – 59
Meliloti 18: 147, 150 Membrane transport, of phosphate in
Melilotus alba 25: 150; 33: 97 fungi 8: 169– 172
Melissa 31: 78 Membranes 1: 209 et seq., 279 et seq.
Melissa officinalis 31: 8, 84, 85, 92 bacterial membrane chemical
Meloidogyne incognita 33: 20 composition 4: 63 – 66
Meloidogyne spp., assessing 23: 113 biological, construction 3: 157, 158
Melon 21: 17, 49, 50 cell, structure 3: 1 – 52
Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) discussion 3: 39– 46
36: 51, 55 freeze-etching 3: 21 – 39
Melons, HRGP biosynthesis in 19: 30 negative staining 3: 16 – 21
Membrane assays 24: 282, 283 sectioning 3: 8 – 16
Membrane binding at sites 1 and 2 X-ray diffraction 3: 2 – 8
function of site 1, 5: 78 concepts, models 3: 32, 39 –42, 46, 47
localization 5: 78 micellar 3: 9, 25, 31
negative co-operativity 5: 85 photosynthetic membrane 3: 61 – 63,
resolution 5: 75 – 79 77, 145, 157, 158
specificity of auxin binding unit 3: 8, 23
5: 72 –75 X-ray diffraction 3: 8
Membranes (continued) 3 – mercaptopicolinic acid 38: 118, 122,

evolutionary development of 134, 145, 174
cristae 4: 106, 107 Mercenaria mercenaria 12: 62
mitochondrial Merckogel, chromatographic efficiency 9:53
ATP-ase 3: 33 Mercurialis perennis
freeze-etching 3: 31 nitrate reductase 6: 23
negative staining 3: 18, 19, 45 Meria parkeri 33: 5, 8, 13, 22
reaction with OsO4 3: 13 Meriandra 31: 4
X-ray diffraction 3: 4 – 7 Merismopedia 13: 72
mitochondrial membrane Meristem culture 23: 161, 162
origin 4: 52 Meristem identity functions,
structure and function 4: 61, 63 conservation 28: 218, 219
Paracoccus denitrificans, Meristem temperature 18: 218
composition 4: 63 – 66 Meristemoid mother cell (MMC) 38: 215
photosynthetic, X-ray structure 3: 53 – 159 Meristemoids, origin 3: 286
electron microscopy 3: 135– 151 Meristems 1: 25
gross structure 3: 130– 135 Mesembryanthemum 25: 356
layer structure, interpretation 3: 81 – 96 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 37: 110;
layer structure, thylakoid membrane 12: 34, 35; 25: 266, 268– 271,
3: 64 –81 273– 277, 279– 282, 372, 404;
layers, inner structure 3: 96 – 130 28: 32; 29: 79
structure and function 3: 151– 157 acid metabolism in 15: 68
MEMSAT program 25: 317, 319, 320 and carbon dioxide recycling 15: 75
Menadenium, post-pollination hydraulic conductivity 6: 96, 98, 104, 111
phenomena 7: 576, 587, 588 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 74, 75,
Menispermum 38: 295, 296 78, 83
Mentha £ gracilis 31: 108 water exchange in bladder cells 6: 71,
Mentha £ piperita 31: 58, 84, 85, 89, 90, 91, 74, 75
95, 97, 100, 102, 103, 108, 123, 155 Mesembryanthenum crystallinum, induction
transgenic approaches 31: 109 of CAM habit by sodium 7: 171
Mentha (mint) 31: 78, 83, 91, 97, 99, 102, Mesophyll 1: 209
127, 129, 137, 168 Mesophyll cells 24: 318; 25: 101
transgenic technology 31: 108, 109 Mesophyll protoplasts 25: 97
Mentha Mesophyll senescence 25: 98
resin synthesis in tissues culture 6: 307 Mesophyll, water and nitrogen
Mentha aquatica 31: 102 supply 22: 240– 245
Mentha arvensis 31: 102 Mesoplasma 21: 190, 191
Mentha candicans 31: 100 Mesotaenium caldariorum 32: 171
Mentha culture 13: 162 Mesotaenium, chloroplast movements 10: 30
Mentha pulegium 31: 95, 102 Mesozoic – Cenozoic palaeosimulation
Mentha spicata 31: 100, 102, 103, 108 26: 193– 195, 207– 219
Menthaceae 37: 41 Messenger molecules 32: 7, 8
Menthane 31: 78, 85, 100, 102, 103; 31: 84, Messenger RNA (mRNA) 19: 21, 29, 41,
95 54, 55
Menthone, biotransformation to Messengers see Calcium
neomenthol 13: 162 MET genes 33: 199, 200, 202
Menyanthes trifoliata 31: 94 Metabolic compartmentation 25: 196
MEP genes 30: 46, 50, 51 Metabolic enzymes 32: 470
Metabolism and transport of Metasequoia glyptostroboides, lignin

carbon 18: 129– 164 composition 8: 31
Metabolism and transport of Metazoa 2: 6
nitrogen 18: 129 –164 Meteoritic theory in Early Tertiary 17: 4
Metabolism and transport of organic Methane 21: 95
substances in the phloem 1: 209 Methanoccous jannaschii 35: 230; 28: 11,
absorbing capacity of conducting tissues 13, 14
1: 228 Methanosarcina thermophilia 27: 226
mass flow theory 1: 233 Methenyltetrahydrofolate 33: 72
mechanism of transport 1: 223 Methionine 18: 96
metabolism of conducting tissues 1: 254 Methods of investigating cell wall
rate of transport 1: 250 synthesis 5: 90
substances transported 1: 209 6-Methoxymellein 19: 21
theory of active transport 1: 237 6-Methoxymellein production 13: 180
transport of assimilates from mesophyll to Methyl benzimidazole (MBC) fungicides
phloem 1: 213 33: 226, 227, 248, 249
transport of assimilates in the whole plant Methyl esterase activity 24: 41
1: 263 Methyl ethyl maleimide 35: 19
uptake of assimilates from the phloem by Methyl hydroxy maleimide 35: 19
growing and storing tissues 1: 224 Methyl jasmonate (MeJ) 22: 120, 168, 170,
Metabolism changes due to protein 189
kinases 32: 8, 9 Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) 21: 19
Metabolism, regulation of 1: 209 Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) signalling
Metabolite transport, C4 photosynthesis pathway 29: 63, 64
26: 259– 268 Methyl jasmonate 35: 26, 27
metabolites, secondary 30: 91 – 106, 123, 150 Methyl salicylate 30: 96, 102, 103
structure of 30: 95 –97 Methyl t-RNA, in measurement of protein
Metal toxicity 37: 111, 112 turnover 8: 89 – 91, 121
Metals 22: 146 Methyl vinyl maleimide dialdehyde 35: 19
boron 1: 94 Methyl viologen as nitrate/nitrite
calcium 1: 73, 84 – 86, 92, 97, 98 cofactor 14: 138
chromium 1: 92 Methylation analysis 11: 128, 129
cobalt 1: 73, 92, 96– 98 Methylation enzymes 30: 150– 157
copper 1: 73, 86, 90, 92 Methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (MCCC),
identification 1: 86, 88 properties (table) 27: 96
iron 1: 73, 75, 82, 83, 89 – 91, 95, 97, 98 Methylenediphosphonate 25: 300
magnesium 1: 73, 84, 85 8-methylsulphinoctyl glucosinolates 35: 228
manganese 1: 73, 92 Methylsulphinylalkyl glucosinolate
nickel 1: 73, 92, 97 35: 230, 231, 233
oats, chlorosis of 1: 92 Methylsulphinylalkyl isothiocyanates
position in the growth mechanism 1: 73 35: 215, 248
zinc 1: 73, 91, 92 Methylsulphinylalkyls 35: 240
Metals, see Heavy metals, and lipid 4-methylsulphinylbutenyl glucosinolate
metabolism in algae 35: 230
Metapopulation concept 24: 345– 347 4-methylsulphinylbutyl glucosinolate
Metapopulations 38: 42, 43 35: 221, 228, 231, 244, 249
invasion and persistence in 38: 43 – 50 4-methylsulphinylbutyl isothiocyanate
Metasequoia 33: 9 (sulphoraphane) 35: 248
10-methylsulphinyldecyl 35: 221 and light exposure 14: 82, 83

7-methylsulphinylheptyl glucosinolate and location 14: 60 – 63
35: 228 in chloroplasts 14: 61
7-methylsulphinylheptyl isothiocyanate in mitochondria 14: 63
35: 248 Mevalonic acid
9-methylsulphinylnonyl 35: 221 and resin synthesis 6: 290, 304, 305,
8-methylsulphinyloctyl isothiocyanate 307, 311
35: 248 Mevalonic acid and gibberellin biosynthesis
3-methylsulphinylpropyl glucosinolate 9: 85 – 87, 94, 96, 109, 110, 127,
35: 221, 228 129
Methylsulphinyltransferase 35: 230 Mevalonic acid pathway 31: 93, 94
11-methylsulphinylundecyl glucosinolates Mevinolin inhibition of HMG-CoA
35: 221 reductase 14: 34, 59, 60
Methylsulphonylalkyl glucosinolates Mexico 21: 88, 92
35: 230 Mg dechelatase 35: 13, 14, 23, 31
50 -Methylthioadenosine 19: 144 Mg2+ 18: 82
Methylthioalkyl glucosinolate 35: 221, Mi gen 30: 300
230, 233 Michaelis Menton model 24: 297
Methylthioalkylmalate synthases Michaelis – Menten relation and phyto-
(MAM synthases) 35: 228, 229, plankton nutrient uptake 16: 208
232 Michigan aster yellows (O-MLO)
4-methylthiobutyl glucosinolate 35: 221, 21: 191– 193
244 Microaerobic conditions restrictions
Methylviologen 12: 7 18: 161– 163
Metopolophinum dirhodum 36: 28 O2 and metabolism impact 18: 161– 163
Metroxylon, influorescence 3: 267, 269 O2 regulation system 18: 160, 161
M. amicarum 3: 269 Microautophagy 35: 154; 38: 79
M. sagu 3: 269 Microautoradiography 29: 170, 171
Metzgeriales 19: 257, 265–267, 273, 289, Microbial pathogens, plant defence
291, 293 proteins 26: 26, 143– 159, 171
karyotypes 6: 240 see also Biocontrol of soil-borne
Mevalonate pathogens
concentration in vivo 14: 73, 74 antifungal peptides 26: 151– 153
formation antimicrobial peptides 26: 151– 153
and compartmentation, subcellular defensins 26: 151– 153
14: 57 – 60 endohydrolases 26: 143–146
and HMG-CoA reductase 14: 30 – 34 hevein 26: 146
and isopentenyl diphosphate formation lectins 26: 146, 147
14: 34 – 38 lysozyme 26: 156, 157
incorporation inhibition 14: 75 phospholipid transfer 26: 154, 155
Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase polygalacturonase-inhibiting
activity 14: 84 26: 157– 159
shunt 14: 50 – 52 PR – 1 26: 148, 149
translocation and plastid permeability proteinase inhibitors 26: 157
14: 65, 66 ribosome-inactivating 26: 155, 156
Mevalonate kinase activity 14: 78 thaumatin-related 26: 149– 151
and isopentenyl diphosphate thionins 26: 147, 148, 154, 155
formation 14: 36 2S albumins 26: 148, 153, 154
Microchaete loktakensis 27: 214 survival strategies 13: 132

Micro-chromosomes temperature, growth rate and 13: 96
behaviour during meiosis 6: 225, 226 wind stress at surface, vertical distribution
in liverworts 6: 224, 225 and 13: 121– 123
in mosses 6: 225– 230 Microcystis aeruginosa 13: 133; 27: 214,
Micrococcus denitrificans, see Paracoccus 215, 234, 235
denitrificans form of colonies 13: 73
Microcosm experiments 38: 27 gas vesicle pressure 13: 81
Microcycas surface exposure 13: 123
chromosome constitution 6: 172 Microcystis sp.
chromosome evolution 6: 172, 173 algal blooms 27: 222
Microcystilide 27: 215 lists and properties of microcystins
Microcystins 27: 220– 227 27: 221– 224
antibodies 27: 231 Microcystis wesenbergii 13: 133
as tumour promoters 27: 237 form of colonies 13: 73
control 27: 239, 240 Microcystitis 12: 48, 69 – 72, 75
genetics 27: 234, 235 Microdissection 29: 166
inhibition of protein phosphatase (PP) Microelements
27: 225, 226 in soil 29: 20, 21
isolation, detection and analysis salinization, transport and 29: 162
27: 228– 233 Micro-evolution
mechanism of action 27: 222– 226, 232 in liverworts 6: 262, 263
structure 27: 224 in mosses 6: 263– 265
Microcystis Microfibrils
adaptive migratory behaviour 13: 113 Acetobacter xylinum 2: 143, 144
bloom formation, mathematical Acrosiphonia 2: 92
model 13: 116 algae, brown 2: 98
buoyancy regulation 13: 87 see also individually named algae
compensation point 13: 102 algae, green 2: 92, 93, 98, 103
conditions favouring dominance 13: 114 see also individually named algae
consumption by Thermocyclops spp. algae, red 2: 93, 98, 103, 105
13: 107 see also individually named algae
depth of mixing, buoyancy increase and Allomyces 2: 92, 98
13: 118 apical meristems, epidermal cells 2: 108,
distribution 13: 70 130
extreme diurnal variations and 13: 115 apical meristems, parenchyma
flotation rates 13: 88, 89, 94 cells 2: 105
gas vacuole 13: 82, 83 apical meristems, pit fields 2: 117
growth rate, bloom conditions and 13: 125 Apium petioles, collenchyma cells 2: 111
light-dependent growth and 13: 98, 111 apple, parenchyma cells 2: 104
mucilage layer 13: 78, 87 arrangement in different types of growing
perennation 13: 127– 129 cells 2: 91
photic conditions, buoyancy and 13: 117 Asclepias cornuti 2: 103
photosynthetic rate, light intensity and Asparagus, cortical fibres 2: 108
13: 100 Asparagus, parenchyma cells 2: 104
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate deposits 13: 105 Asparagus, wood fibre tips 2: 114
respiration rate 13: 102 Avena coleoptile, epidermal cells
surface exposure and 13: 124, 125 2: 108– 110, 114, 127, 130, 131
Microfibrils (continued) Heracleum petioles, collenchyma

Avena coleoptile, older walls 2: 110 cells 2: 111, 112
Avena coleoptile, parenchyma cells Hydrodictyon africanum 2: 92, 100
2: 105, 109 in freely-growing more or less
Avena coleoptile, phloem cells 2: 107, isodiametric cells 2: 91
114 in freely-growing tubular cells or parts of
Avena coleoptile, tracheary elements cells 2: 96
2: 107, 114 in tissue cells that predominantly widen
avocado, parenchyma cells 2: 104 2: 112
Brassica 2: 97 in tissue cells with isodiametric growth
breakdown 2: 89 2: 104
Bryopsis 2: 93, 103, 104 in tissue cells with predominant growth in
cambium initials 2: 107, 113, 116 length 2: 105
Caulerpa 2: 93 Juncus effusus 2: 100, 104, 123, 131
Ceiba pentandra 2: 103 Kallan`choë leaves 2: 130
Chaetomorpha 2: 92, 98, 101, 102, latex vessels during lengthening 2: 108,
138– 140, 142, 144 113, 114, 128, 130
Chara 2: 100, 142 maize, phloem cells and tracheary
chitin microfibrils 2: 76 elements 2: 107
Chlorella pyrenoidosa 2: 92 microfibrils of sundry materials 2: 77
Cladophora 2: 92, 98, 101–103, 138, 139 microtubules, role in microfibril synthesis
coherence 2: 72, 80 – 82, 120 2: 142
collenchyma cells 2: 111, 112, 116, 130 morphology 2: 70
constitution and morphology 2: 70 multinet structure 2: 100, 104, 106,
cortical fibres 2: 116 108– 110, 113, 122, 129, 132
cotton hair 2: 125, 126, 139 Nitella 2: 93, 98, 100, 101, 104, 114,
crystallinity 2: 72, 77 123– 127, 134– 143
Cucurbita 2: 97 onion root, epidermal cells 2: 109, 110,
cytoplasmic element theories 2: 141 127
Dahlia tuber, parenchyma cells 2: 104 onion root, parenchyma cells 2: 105
Dictyosphaeria 2: 92, 94, 95 orientation 2: 83, 90 – 144
displacement by growth 2: 114, 115 Papuodendron, wood fibre 2: 108,
elementary fibrils 2: 72 114, 126
epidermal cells 2: 108– 110, 114– 116, parenchyma cells 2: 104, 105, 109, 115
127, 130, 131 Pellia, seta 2: 114, 121, 130
Euphorbia, latex vessels 2: 108, 114 Petasites, collenchyma cells 2: 111, 112
fibres of cortex, phloem and wood 2: 107, Philodendron leaf cells 2: 113
108, 113 phloem cells 2: 107, 114
Fraxinus, phloem and wood fibres 2: 108, Phycomyces sporangiophores 2: 93, 100,
113, 114, 130 103, 127– 129, 132, 133, 135, 136,
Funaria hygrometrica 2: 97, 103 138, 139
fungal hyphae 2: 98 Pinus, tracheid 2: 114
Griffithsia flosculosa 2: 93 pollen tubes 2: 98
growth in thickness 2: 76 Polystictus 2: 94, 98
growth velocity 2: 73, 90, 121, 128 potato, parenchyma cells 2: 104
Halicystis 2: 93 protoplasm streaming theory 2: 139
Helianthus hypocotyls 2: 114, 130 Raphanus 2: 97
Helminthocladia californica 2: 93 Rhizoclonium 2: 101
Rhizophydium 2: 92 iron 10: 254– 257

Rhodymenia palmata 2: 93 manganese 10: 243–254
rib thickenings 2: 115, 117 nickel 10: 260, 261
Ricinus, primary xylem 2: 107 silicon 10: 261– 263
root hairs 2: 97 zinc 10: 257– 260
Secale, perivascular fibres 2: 108 Micropeptins 27: 215
Secale, staminal filaments 2: 121 Micropipette selective extraction/
Sinapsis 2: 97 microsampling 31: 123
Siphonocladales 2: 101 Microplot experiments 38: 27
spiral orientation 2: 132 Microprobe
Spirogyra 2: 100, 139 acceptance widths 18: 268
Spongomorpha 2: 92 fabrication 18: 260– 270
synthesis 2: 85, 139 fibre optic 18: 261
tip-growth 2: 74, 96, 103, 113, 126 heating and stretching versus chemical
Tollypellopsis 2: 100 etching 18: 260– 262
Tolypella 2: 100 grinding and polishing 18: 263– 266
Tradescantia virginica 2: 100, 101, 103, sputter coating and probe tip
114, 121, 122, 132, 139 truncation 18: 262, 263
Trianea bogotensis 2: 97, 139 Micropropagation 23: 4
Triticum 2: 97 Microsatellites 34: 3, 44, 301; 35: 174
turgor pressure and orientation 2: 120, 140 Microscopy for Dunaliella
Valonia 2: 92, 94, 95, 101, 102, 115, 139 electron microscope 14: 119–122
vascular elements 2: 107, 113, 115 light microscope 14: 118, 119
wall stress theory 2: 139 Microsome membrane fractions
yeasts 2: 91, 94, 117 3: 19, 20
Microfluorometry and conifer Microspore embryogenesis 35: 61 – 81
sporogenesis 15: 182, 183 for plant transformation 35: 82 – 84
Microginin 27: 215 gene expression during 35: 78 –81
Microgonium, cytology 4: 285 identification 35: 63 – 66
Microheterotrophic organisms pattern formation 35: 73, 74
grazing phytoplankton 16: 226 stress as trigger 35: 62, 23
plant carbon utilization 16: 211, 212 Microspore-based transformation
Microinjection studies 31: 262, 271– 274 35: 81 – 94
Microinjection, dye 22: 56 – 58, 66, 71 genetic transformation
Microlepia, polyploidy 4: 322 technologies 35: 81, 82
Micrometeorology limitations 18: 199– 208 maturation-based
Micrometeorology, classical 18: 193– 198 transformation 35: 85 – 94
Micrometeorology, limitations dependence of male germ line
18: 199– 208 transformation on reproductive
Micromitrium strategies 35: 91, 92
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 fertile pollen in vitro 35: 85 – 87
Micromonadophyta 27: 275, 276 gene targeting using
Micromonas pusilla, LHC 27: 275 microspores 35: 92 – 94
Micromonas squamata 11: 93 male germ line transformation
Micromonospora 24: 405 (MAGELITR) 35: 87 – 91
Micronutrients and plant disease pollen selection 35: 89 – 91
boron 10: 238– 243 mature pollen-based
copper 10: 229– 238 transformation 35: 84
Microspores Miocene, see Early Tertiary

albino plants 35: 75– 78 Mirabilis jalapa 12: 137, 185
diploidization 35: 66, 67 Mircrocoelia, flowering period 7: 540, 541,
“star-like” 35: 64, 65 547
Microspores, embryogenic Mires
cell-cycle events and cytoskeletal see also Marshes; Quaking bogs
changes 35: 66 – 69 floating 16: 149
embryogenesis 35: 72 raised 16: 149– 151
fate of 35: 71 – 73 Mitchellia 38: 296
fate of daughter cells 35: 69 – 71 Mitochondria 18: 134–137
indirect embryogenesis 35: 72 and protein targeting 14: 6 – 13
Microsporogenesis binding of precursors 14: 9, 10
pteridophytes 16: 66, 67 cleavage of precursors 14: 12, 13
see plants 16: 67, 68 synthesis of proteins 14: 6, 8, 9
Microsporum gypseum translocation 14: 10 – 12
phosphodiesterase 8: 188, 198 genome, retrotransposons 27: 345
phosphorus content 8: 142 HMG-CoA reductase activity in 14: 58, 59
Microtubules, UV radiation 22: 133 integration of nuclear and plastid gene
Microviridin 27: 215 expression 27: 307, 308
Micrutalis malleifera 36: 148 isopentenyl diphosphate utilizing
Middle East 21: 88 enzymes in 14: 63
Miersia chilensis mevalonate kinase activity in 14: 63
karyotype evolution by centric of Dunaliella 14: 120
fusion 6: 143, 181 permeability to isoprenoid
Migration 21: 94 intermediates 14: 66
Millet 34: 41 ubiquinone synthesis in 14: 64
Miltonia Mitochondria sedimentation 15: 20
culture 7: 451 Mitochondrial membranes
flowering period 7: 545 ATP-ase 3: 33
Mimicry 21: 57, 59, 71 freeze-etching 3: 31
Mimics 22: 21 negative staining 3: 18, 19, 45
Mimosa 18: 235 reaction with OsO4 3: 13
Mimosa pudica 28: 36, 37; 33: 42, 44 X-ray diffraction 3: 4 – 7
Mimosa, signal transmission 22: 165, 182, Mitochondrion
185, 186, 187, 202 adenine nucleotide translocation 7: 64
case studies 22: 192, 196– 200, 202 and chloroplast membrane
further research 22: 212– 216 continuity 7: 21, 22
pudica 22: 167, 177, 196 bursting in low osmolarity medium 7: 26
spegazzinii 22: 179, 196 carbon sources 4: 62
Mimulus 22: 165 carotenoid content 7: 48
Mineral nutrient shortage 19: 131–133 evolution hypothesis 4: 51, 52, 102– 107
Mineral nutrient uptake in roots 28: 30 H+/O ratios 4: 87 – 90
Mineralization of tissue 16: 176– 178 lipid composition 7: 41, 43
Minimal pollen 35: 86 measurement of P/O ratio 4: 83– 85, 91
Minimedusa polyspora 26: 50, 54 membrane
Minor vein caniers 4: 63, 84, 106
closed type 24: 319, 320 composition 4: 63, 66
open type 24: 318 transport 4: 100– 102
morphological response to changing Molecular aspects of vacuole

osmolarity 7: 56 biogenesis 25: 43 – 58
oxidative phosphorylation 4: 61, 62, 67 Molecular aspects, wilt disease 21: 58 – 66
phosphate transport 7: 60 Molecular biology 24: 32
phospholipid synthesis 7: 84 Molecular chaperones 25: 130– 132
proton translocation 4: 87, 89, 92, 93 Molecular control, flower
respiratory chain 4: 61, 62, 67 – 83 development 26: 229– 250
structure and function 4: 60, 61, 63 ABC model 26: 238– 241, 244
Mitogen-aciivated protein kinase ABCD model 26: 244, 245
(MAPK) 32: 7, 23 –25, 30, 54, 92, MADS box genes 26: 234– 245
93, 300– 341 meristem transition 26: 235– 237
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase morphology 26: 230– 232
(MAPKK) 32: 7, 23 – 25, 30, 337 mutants 26: 233, 234
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase organ identity 26: 237– 241
kinase (MAPKKK) 32: 7, 23 – 25, ovule development 26: 241– 244
30, 114– 116, 337, 369 transposon system 26: 232, 233
Mitosis and spaceflight 15: 35 Molecular genetics of natural
Mitosis, UV radiation 22: 133 variation 24: 243– 259
Mixed cropping 21: 98 Molecular markers 34: 2, 3 – 7, 27, 41 –43
Mixed cropping, biocontrol 26: 15 Molecular mechanisms in floral
MIXTA 31: 195, 201, 205, 207– 212, 226 development 28: 217– 222
MIXTA-LIKE1 (ML1) 31: 207 Molinia 22: 13
MMK4 gene 32: 327, 361, 367, 394 Molinia caerulea
Mniaceae nitrate reductase 6: 22, 25, 30
distribution of polyploids 6: 218 Mollicutes 21: 189– 195
Mnium 19: 251 Molluscs, cysteine proteinases 26: 164, 165
M. cinclidioides Molybdate 22: 7
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 Molybdenum deficiency 29: 20, 21
M. maximowiczii Monarda fistulosa 31: 15
sex chromosomes 6: 233 Monensin 25: 55
M. menziesii “Money Maker” cv. 18: 36
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 Mongeotia
M. pseudopunctatum chlorophyll a/b ratio 10: 52
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 chloroplast movements 10: 30
M. punctatum Monilia fructicola, effect of photoalexins on
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 spore germination 7: 512, 514, 517
M. undulatum Monilinia fructicola, phosphorus trans
chromosome investigation 6: 198 location 8: 200
polyploidy 6: 213, 214 Monilinia fructigena, phosphorus
Mnium hornum 19: 251, 263 content 8: 130
“Moapa” cv. 18: 87 Monimiaceae flowers 17: 105, 106
Mobile Delta (Alabama) 16: 146 Monochromator 18: 270
MOD gene 32: 284 Monochrysis lutheri, sodium
Models see Fungi tolerance 7: 147
Moh hardness scale 18: 263 Monoclea 19: 255, 289
Molecular analysis of Pyrenopeziza Monoclea forsteri Hook 19: 257
"brassicae cytokinins 24: 49 – 51 Monocleales 19: 253, 271, 291
Monoclonal antibodies 18: 138; 23: 31; silica deposits 1: 109, 111, 114, 121, 131,
24: 275– 308 137, 142
assay formats 24: 280–283 stability 1: 115
choice of subclasses 24: 279, 280 starch 1: 127
immunological estimation of colony- stomata 1: 113, 119– 121, 131, 137,
forming units 24: 293– 295 140– 142
interference from soil components structure in relation to size 1: 115
24: 286 tannin 1: 127, 132, 134
production of species-specific and taxonomy 1: 101– 116, 127– 129, 142
genus-specific 24: 278– 280 tracheids 1: 116, 118, 141, 143
sample preparation 24: 283 –287 vascular bundles 1: 131, 132, 134, 137,
thresholds for detection and quantal assay 138, 142, 143
systems 24: 296– 298 xerophytic grasses 1: 113
use for biomass determination Monocotyledons, Early Tertiary 17: 31, 32
24: 289– 293 see also Grasses, leaf fracture properties;
use in detection of fungi in Palms, Early Tertiary
soils 24: 287– 289 Monocotyledons, morphology and
use in quantification of fungi in anatomy 3: 207– 292
soil 24: 289– 300 axis 3: 238– 266
visualization of temporal and spatial growth habits 3: 214– 238
influorescence 3: 266– 282
growth characteristics of soil-
prophyll 3: 286– 288
borne fungi 24: 300– 302
stomata 3: 282– 286
Monoclonal anticalmodulin 22: 109
Monoculture 21: 86
Monocotyledonous plants, transport of
Monoculture decline, biocontrol 26: 9 – 11
storage proteins to vacuoles
Monod equation 16: 207
25: 120– 123
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
Monocotyledons, anatomy of 1: 104
(MGDG) 22: 131
air-spaces 1: 131
Monogramma trichoida, polyploidy 4: 322
bulliform cells 1: 131, 132, 134 Monolayers, reaction with OsO4 3: 11,
crystals see also raphides 1: 127, 142 12
ecology 1: 112 Monomolecular model 38: 5
epidermis cells 1: 121, 122, 131, 137, 141 “Monosa” cv. 18: 13
hairs, capacity to produce 1: 113, 120 Monostroma sp., stilbenes 27: 132
hairs, taxonomic significance 1: 120, 140 Monoterpene alcohols 31: 80
heredity, delimitation of structural Monoterpene aldehydes 31: 80
variation by 1: 110 Monoterpene ketones 31: 81
historical background 1: 104 Monoterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes
laticifers 1: 127 31: 98 – 107
leaves 1: 113, 127, 129– 144 cyclohexanoid monoterpenoids
oil-cells 1: 127 31: 99 – 103
ontogenesis 1: 116, 118 cyclopentanoid (iridoid) monoterpenoids
papillae 1: 120, 137 31: 103– 107
physical support 1: 115 genetic manipulation 31: 107– 110
physiology 1: 114 trichomes isolation techniques 31: 97,
pollen morphology see Palynology 98
raphides see also crystals 1: 127 Monoterpenoid cyclases 31: 99
sclerenchyma 1: 132, 134, 137 Monoterpenoid synthases 31: 98
Monoterpenoids 31: 84, 85 mechanism 16: 152, 153

biosynthesis in Labiates 31: 93 – 97 vegetation recovery 16: 172– 174
compounds in essential oils 31: 79 – 81 Mountainous needle yellowing 18: 102
peltate glandular trichome accumulation Mouse-ear cress 24: 227– 273
31: 91 – 93 Movement proteins (MPs) 31: 271, 272
structural aspects 31: 78, 79 MP73 38: 70
Monstera 33: 65, 68 MRC regions 24: 256, 264, 265
Monstera gigantea 33: 65 mRNA 25: 12, 30
Montane environment 18: 224, 225 MS 34: 73
temperature differences 18: 226 MTX, see Maitotoxin
transpiration rates 18: 227 Mucilagenous substances 31: 11, 12, 14
Montane lakes, and fossil record 16: 131, seeds 31: 19
132 Mucilages 30: 266
Moricandia arvensis 25: 375 Mucor 24: 415
Morinda citrifolia culture 13: 156 Mucor racemosus
Mormodes phosphorus content 8: 130, 134, 135, 142
flowering period 7: 546, 551 polyphosphate utilization 8: 138, 178
post-pollination phenomena 7: 580, 581 Mucor rouxii, in vitro chitin synthesis 5: 139
Morphactins, effect on growth of cultures of Mucor-like zygomycetes 24: 412
Cymbidium, 7: 481 Mul alleles 32: 237
Morphine production 13: 167, 170, 182 Mäule test, for lignin 8: 32
Morphogenesis 31: 237– 257 Multi-auto-transformation (MAT)
see also epidermal cell specification system 34: 106
leaf trichomes 31: 238– 253 multidrug and toxic compound extrusion
root hairs 31: 253– 257 (MATE) family of transporters
Morphological aspects of light harvesting 37: 67
in algae Multidrug resistance (MDG) 35: 28
macroalgae 10: 24, 25, 28 Multidrug resistance-associated protein
unicellular algae 10: 24 (MRP) related ATP-binding
Morphological markers 24: 337 cassette (ABC) liketransporters
Morphological species concept 35: 175– 177 37: 58, 66, 67
Morus alba 37: 110 Multidrug resistance-associated protein
Mosses 19: 233, 235– 253 (MRP1) 25: 156
acrocarpous 19: 245 Multidrug resistance-associated proteins
arthrodontous 19: 243 (MRP) 35: 28
nematodontous 19: 243 Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis
placenta in 19: 236 (MLEE) 24: 337, 340– 342, 344
placental cells in 19: 238 Multilocus population structure 24: 17, 19
Motility 11: 6, 7, 48 – 62 Multimode step index 18: 258, 259, 260,
algal 11: 53 – 55 268
spermatozoal 11: 49 – 53 Multiple transcripts, encoding 32: 275
Motor activity 22: 203, 212 Multipolypeptide chain proteins 25: 127
Mougeotia 33: 62 Multi-protein complexes 32: 313
Mount Saint Helens 1980 Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) 35: 149
eruptions 16: 152– 158 Multivesicular bodies 25: 23; 28: 133– 135
blast effects 16: 153–158 Mung bean, mitochondria 3: 19
debris flow 16: 160– 163, 164– 165 Mung-bean, see Vigna radiata
lakes, effects on 16: 171 Muntjac deer, chromosome number 27: 431
Murdannia spp., influorescence 3: 279, 281 Mycoherbicides 33: 27

Mus musculus 28: 13 Mycoparasitism 26: 34 –38; 7: 402
Musa plant-pathogenic 26: 136– 138
growth 3: 220– 222 Mycoplasma 21: 190, 192, 194, 198
M. itinerans 3: 220 gallisepticum 21: 197, 198
vascular development 3: 264 hominis 21: 191
Musa acuminata 21: 49, 50 iowae 21: 191
Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum 31: 54 mycoides 21: 191
Musaceae pneumoniae 21: 191
growth 3: 220 pulmonis 21: 196
influorescence 3: 278 Mycoplasma genitalium 28: 13
Mussels Mycoplasma like organisms (MLOs) 23: 42
fw, saxitoxin accumulation 27: 219 Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) see
marine, hepatoxin accumulation 27: 225 Phylogeny
Mustard oil bomb 35: 238 Mycoplasmas 23: 32, 43
Mustard oils 35: 214 Mycorrhiza
Mutable alleles 12: 109 series of host-plants 20: 9
Mutants 30: 11, 18, 25, 27 – 30, 51, 130, soil nitrogen supply to photosynthesising
264, 273, 292, 294, 301, 305– 307, plants 20: 4 – 15
309, 310, 312 Mycorrhiza, effect of zinc on
C4 photosynthesis 26: 295– 297 development 10: 259
Petunia hybrida 26: 233, 234 Mycorrhizal symbiosis see ‘Arbuscular’
meristem transition 26: 236, 237 mycorrhizal symbiosis
organ identity genes 26: 237– 240 Mycorrhizas
ovule development 26: 243 phosphatase 8: 184
transposon system 26: 232, 233 phosphate uptake 8: 172– 175
siderophore production 26: 23, 24 phosphorus
Mutations due to transposable translocation 8: 202
elements 12: 109– 151 utilization 8: 189– 192
Mutator elements, maize 27: 351– 356, 362, phytase 8: 186
387– 394 Mycosphaerella 21: 5
Mutualism see ‘Arbuscular’ mycorrhizal Mycosphaerella graminicola 24: 16, 345;
symbiosis 34: 263
Mya arenaria 12: 62 Mycosporines 24: 78
MYB 33: 205 Mycostop 26: 7, 9, 69
MYC 33: 205 Myelin, nerve
Mycelial cord formation and nutrient freeze-etching 3: 28, 34
level 7: 391 reaction with OsO4 3: 13
Mycena galericulata, competitive ability in X-ray diffraction 3: 3 – 6, 11, 12, 34, 42,
culture 7: 389, 396 43
Mycobacterium leprae 28: 13 Mylabris sp., cantharidin 27: 226
Mycobacterium phlei Myoglobin, picosecond spectroscopy 8: 12,
ATP synthesis 4: 90 14
ATPase activity 4: 99 Myoporum beckeri
cytochromes 4: 75, 76, 78 resin production 6: 285, 286
respiratory control 4: 94 Myrcene 31: 98 – 100
transhydrogenase activity 4: 69 Myrcene synthase 31: 100
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 28: 13 Myricetin 35: 86
Myrionecta rubra 19: 213 N. insecta

Myristaceae interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
chromosome size 6: 189 N. nidusavis
Myrmecocystus, methyl salicylate carbon dioxide fixation 7: 520, 525
secretion 20: 178 respiration by flowers 7: 612
Myrmeleotettix seed germination 7: 424
isochromosome derivatives 6: 150 symbiosis 7: 489
Myrogenospora atramentosa 24: 312 N. nigra, phytoalexin production 7: 512
Myrosinase-associated proteins N. opaca 11: 56
(MyAP) 35: 237 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 76
Myrosinase-binding proteins N. orchioides, seed morphology 7: 427
(MBPs) 35: 237, 238 N. pseudonarcissus
Myrosinases 35: 214, 237, 238 chloroplast envelope 7: 51
cellular and subcellular location 35: 238 chromoplast envelope isolation 7: 34
Myrothamnus 37: 106 electrophoresis of polypeptides of
Myrothamnus flabellifolia (resurrection galactolipid synthesis of chromoplast
plant) 12: 2 envelope 7: 57
Myrsinaceae, as leaf nodule lipid composition of chloroplast
host 17: 164– 167 envelope 7: 38
microsymbiont isolation from 17: 218, N. pubescens, seed morphology 7: 427
219 N. scalaris
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
Myrtaceae 37: 45
N. speciosa, seed morphology 7: 426
Myrtaceae, influorescence 3: 268
N. sylvatica, effect on metabolism of
Myrtales 37: 45
anaerobic conditions 7: 280
Myrtenal 31: 130
N. tabacum
Mysteries, see Facts/fallacies/mysteries
difference absorption spectra 10: 98
Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) 12: 61, 62
Myxoma virus 24: 10
complexes 10: 77
Myxomycetes, spherulins 27: 7
N. translucens
Myzus antirrhinii 36: 28
hydraulic conductivity 6: 91, 94
Myzus ascalonicus 36: 12 reflection coefficients for non-
Myzus dirhodum 36: 35 electrolytes 6: 95
Myzus nicotianae 36: 28 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 76
Myzus persicae 36: 2, 8, 11 – 13, 22, 26 – 33, N. vitalis, seed morphology 7: 427
36, 38, 39 N2O5 18: 51
NA, see Numerical aperture
N gene 32: 79, 364, 365, 383, 391, 395, 396 Na+/K+ – ATPase 28: 3
N,N 0 -Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) N-Acetyglucosaminidase 21: 47
25: 325, 326, 328, 329, 377 N-Acetylation 21: 62
N. flexilis 11: 55 N-acetylcysteine 35: 215
elastic extensibility 6: 81 N-Acetylglucosamine 19: 9
hydraulic conductivity 6: 90, 93, 94 N-acetylglucosamine and glycoprotein
reflection coefficients for formation 9: 9
non-electrolytes 6: 95 N-acetylserine 33: 199
turgor pressure relaxation process 6: 92 N-acylaspartate synthetase induction by
N. inodorum auxins in pea 5: 55, 56
chromosome evolution 6: 144, 177 NAD 18: 151
NAD(P)H:quinone reductase 35: 248 post-pollination effects on orchids 7: 584,

NAD-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 592, 596– 599, 603, 607, 609, 611,
dehydrogenase in chloroplast 617, 619– 621, 625, 631, 632
envelope 7: 58 Napin 35: 116
NADH and potassium transport NAR1 30: 24, 26
and wound response 15: 131, 132 Nar2 protein 30: 26
exogenous, and potassium ion influx Narbonin 27: 33
15: 130, 131 Narcissus poeticus, chromoplast
integrated model 15: 132– 136 structure 7: 15
NADH GOGAT 38: 166 Nardia geoscyphus
NADH/NAD ratios 18: 162 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
NAD – malic enzyme 38: 141, 142 Nardus stricta
NAD-malic enzyme, C4 photosynthesis nitrate reductase 6: 23, 26, 27
26: 252, 253, 257, 287, 288, 296 Naringenin 20: 182
NADP 18: 68, 145, 151 NarK genes 30: 23, 24
NADP+ 37: 23 Narthecium ossifragum
NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate nitrate reductase 6: 22
dehydrogenase in chloroplast Nastic movements 33: 42, 45
envelope 7: 58 Nastic movements, in orchid flowers 7: 602
NADPH 18: 68, 78 National Crop Loss Assessment Network
NADPH oxidase 24: 118 (NCLAN) (US) 29: 34, 35
NADPH2 production in “National Pickling” cv. 18: 72
photosynthesis 27: 264 Natural ecosystems, fungal biology
NADPH-dependent polyhydroxy-naphtha- in 24: 183, 184
lene reductase 34: 270 Natural variation, molecular genetics
NADPH-protochlorophyllide of 24: 243– 259
oxidoreductase (POR) 35: 20 Navicula minima, quantum efficiency
NADP-malate dehydrogenase, C4 spectra 10: 74
photosynthesis 26: 281– 284 N -Benzyladenosine, effect on orchids in
NADP-malic enzyme, C4 culture 7: 463
photosynthesis 26: 252, 253, 256, Near field 18: 201
257, 268, 285, 286 Near infra-red wavelength 18: 101
Nadsonia see Yeast Necrosis 18: 92; 21: 70, 157, 160– 162;
NahG gene 30: 307 35: 8, 33, 34
Nairovirus 36: 116 Necrosis-inducing peptides (NIPs)
NAK subfamily 32: 31 21: 160– 162, 164, 166, 167
Nakienones 27: 214 Necrotrophs 4: 2, 3, 32, 38
Nannochloris atomus, spectral Nectar 31: 46, 49, 50
modification 10: 14 Nectar secretion 1: 216
Nannochloris oculata, sodium Nectaries 31: 15, 18, 46 – 56, 65
tolerance 7: 147 Abutilon plasmodesmata 31: 265– 267
Nannochloropsis sp., HCO2 3 influx 27: 132 floral/extrafloral 31: 46
Nannorrhops 3: 214 Gossypium hirsutum plasmodesmata
influorescence 3: 267, 270, 273 31: 266, 269, 270
N. ritchieana 3: 270– 272 Hibiscus plasmodesmata 31: 270, 271
Naphthaleneacetic acid structure 31: 46
effect on orchids in culture 7: 458, 459, Nectariferous tissue 31: 46
461 nectar secretion 31: 53 – 56, 267
pre-nectar modification 31: 49, 266 North Carolina Differential Host

pre-nectar transport processes 31: 49, potato cyst nematode 23: 117, 118
51 –53 quarantines 23: 117, 118
Nectar-secreting cells 31: 50 – 52 reliability 23: 112
Nectary evolution 17: 133–135 resistance 23: 107
Nectria haematococca 21: 5, 6, 23; 24: 172; root galls 23: 115
30: 310; 33: 235, 237 secondary pathogen 23: 108
Negative phototropism 33: 65 Seinhorst mist 23: 114
Negative staining, cell stimulation 23: 107
membranes 3: 16 – 21, 44 Test 23: 115
Neisseria 24: 337 bacterial wilt 23: 109
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 24: 341, 343, 405 biotechnology 23: 118– 126
Neisseria meningitidis 24: 341 characteristics 23: 104
Nematode infections defining 23: 117
assessing 23: 103– 127 dispersal patterns 23: 107, 108
Bursaphelenchus spp. 23: 123 ELISA 23: 109
Ditylenchus spp. 23: 123 etiology 23: 108– 110
DNA technology 23: 121– 124 Heterodera schachtii 23: 104
nematology 23: 122 identification 23: 115– 117
RFLP 23: 122 information transfer 23: 127
Globodera spp. 23: 123 light microscopy 23: 103, 104
Heterodera spp. 23: 123 Meloidogyne incognita 23: 104
Meloidogyne spp. 23: 123 molecular diagnostic probes 23: 127
molecular methods 23: 118 morphology 23: 103
PCR 23: 124 opportunities 23: 126, 127
phenomes 23: 124, 125 parasitism 23: 105– 107
Pratylenchus spp. 23: 123 regulatory issues 23: 117, 118
protein and isozyme analyses 23: 119 RT-PCR 109, 110
gel electrophoresis 23: 119 sampling 23: 103, 112
Radopholus spp. 23: 123 signs and symptoms 23: 111, 112
serology 23: 120, 121 soil extraction 23: 112– 114
immunization 23: 121 systematics 23: 105
monoclonal antibodies 23: 120, tissue extraction 23: 114
121 traditional procedures 23: 110– 118
polyclonal antibodies 23: 120, virus-vectoring 23: 109
121 Nematodes, biocontrol 26: 17 – 19, 137,
Xiphinema spp. 23: 123 146, 164
Baermann funnel 23: 112–114 Neocallimastix frontalis 38: 98
below ground 23: 111, 112 Neodymium 22: 72
determinant 23: 108 Neomenthol 13: 162
EPPO 23: 118 Neomycin 22: 108
extraction 23: 111 Neorosea 17: 168
GFLV 23: 109 Neoteny
habitats 23: 105 palms 3: 224
horizontal migration 23: 107, 108 “Spanish moss” 3: 229
hyperplasia 23: 107 Neottia aestivalis, seed morphology 7: 426
hypertrophy 23: 107 Neottia nidus-avis, green light
necrosis 23: 107 harvesting 10: 59
Neotyphodium lolii 30: 99 vegetation types 26: 203, 206

Nepenthes 37: 110 water availability 26: 195, 219
Nepenthes spp. 38: 193 N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) 25: 304, 307,
Nepeta 31: 12, 91, 92, 99, 107 308, 321– 324, 379
cyclopentanoid (iridoid) monoterpenes N -Ethylmaleimide, in measurement of
31: 82 protein degradation 8: 106, 107,
Nepeta cataria 31: 85, 92, 94, 104, 106 121, 122
Nepeta racemosa 31: 59, 60, 83, 85, 89, 90, N-ethylmaleimide – GS 35: 28
92, 105– 107, 123, 140 Neuronal membranes, negative
Nepetalactone 31: 82, 85, 92, 94, 106, 107 staining 3: 19
Nephilium 33: 146 Neurospora 25: 412
Nephotettix cincticeps 36: 142, 154, 155, amino acid pools 8: 76
160 N. crassa
Nephotettix nigropictus 36: 152 nucleic acid utilization 8: 187
Nephotettix virescens 21: 230; phosphatases 8: 151, 184
36: 144– 146 phosphate content 8: 135, 136, 142,
Nepovirus 36: 170, 178– 180– 182, 186, 146, 149, 178
187, 189, 190 phosphate efflux 8: 157, 195
Nerium 22: 238 phosphate uptake 8: 156, 160– 162,
Nerium oleander 31: 20 164– 166, 168, 170– 172, 191
Nernst equation 28: 28 phosphorus and spore germination
Nerol 31: 81, 94, 98, 103, 104, 106 8: 197, 198
Nerve phosphorus content 8: 130, 135, 140
bundles, X-ray diffraction 3: 2 nitrate reduction 6: 6
myelin reduction of benzoic and cinnamic
freeze-etching 3: 28, 34 acids 8: 42
reaction with OsO4 3: 13 Neurospora crassa 21: 155; 24: 56; 25: 270,
X-ray diffraction 3: 3 – 6, 11, 12, 34, 272, 381; 28: 13; 30: 7; 32: 159;
42, 43 33: 163, 200, 202; 34: 264
Nervilia, flowering period 7: 537 Neurospora crassa, nitrogen assimilation
Net primary production (NPP) 21: 90, 91 20: 96
Net primary productivity and water use Neurotoxins 27: 216– 220
model 26: 193– 227 Neutral theory 24: 338– 340
canopy gas exchange 26: 199– 202, Neutron activation analysis of
204– 206, 210, 212, 213, 215, 218 sodium 7: 129, 130
description 26: 195– 203 Nevado del Ruiz eruption 1985 16: 165
leaf area index 26: 199– 203, 215 Newcastelia viscida
leaf gas exchange 26: 196– 199, glandular hairs
202– 204, 210, 212 anatomy 6: 295 –297
palaeosimulations 26: 207– 219 occurrence 6: 291, 294
coal formation 26: 217– 219 resin
model tests 26: 216–219 accumulation 6: 302
productivity 26: 208– 210 in arid conditions 6: 289
tree ring studies 26: 216, 217, 219 secretion 6: 290, 291, 304
water use efficiency 26: 210– 214 structure 6: 283
respiration function 26: 202 synthesis 6: 290, 304
soil nutrient effects 26: 219 terpenoid composition 6: 282
tests 26: 203– 207, 216, 217 yield 6: 289, 291
NFD, see Novel forest decline LTR retrotransposons

NH3 assimilation 18: 145 Tnt1 element 27: 336, 340, 341
NH4, 138 Tto1 element 27: 341
assimilation 18: 154, 155 retrotransposons 27: 336, 337
Nia2 seedlings 30: 29 Nicotiana sylvestris 32: 450
Niacin, effect on orchids in Nicotiana tabacum £ N. otophora
culture 7: 467– 469 megachromosomes 6: 131
Niacinamide 34: 107 Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) 31: 4, 109,
NiaD 30: 25 122, 123, 127, 200, 269,
Nicandra physalodes 273, 274
isochromosomes 6: 148 recombinant DNA technology 31: 136
Nickel 22: 72 trichome development 31: 205, 212
Nickel, effect on plant disease 10: 260, Nicotiana tabacum 18: 52; 19: 50;
261 25: 46, 308– 310, 322;
Nicotiana 12: 138; 19: 119; 22: 133, 174; 28: 75, 94, 97, 99, 198, 203, 218,
28: 215; 30: 215, 218; 31: 9, 21; 239; 29: 126; 30: 216,
32: 451 231– 233, 242, 243, 263;
debneyi 21: 18 32: 44, 209– 211; 33: 202;
glutinosa 21: 18 35: 26, 62, 74, 81, 84
leaf trichome chimaeric genes 20: 216, 217
plasmodesmata 31: 271– 277
fungal infections, effects of salicylates
tabacum 21: 16, 50
20: 210
Nicotiana alata 30: 212– 216, 221, 222,
O3 exposure 18: 58, 59
231– 233, 240, 241, 268
pathogenesis-related proteins
Nicotiana benthamiana 31: 274; 32: 467,
20: 205– 207
468; 38: 271
prostaglandins causing stomatal closure
Nicotiana clevelandi 31: 269, 272–276
20: 193
Nicotiana edwardsoniia 30: 254
salicylate-binding protein 20: 215
Nicotiana glutinosa 30: 213, 257, 260, 266;
31: 127 TMV infection
Nicotiana glutinosa N 24: 101, 108 and disease resistance 20: 205
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia 28: 11– 13, 21, effects of salicylates 20: 210
29, 94 salicylate conjugates 20: 214, 215
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia 30: 17, 32, salicylates as endogenousmessengers
35 20: 212– 214
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia mitochondrial vacuolar chloride pool 20: 105
protein 14: 8 Nicotiana tabacum, chloroplast envelope
Nicotiana rustica 19: 117, 124, 129, 131; pores 7: 81
35: 20, 81 Nicotiana tabacum, gibberellins
Nicotiana spp. biosynthesis 9: 86
DNA transposable elements 27: 352, identification 9: 43
353 Nicotiana tomentosa 31: 200
Ac superfamily 27: 402–405 Nicotiana, chlorophyll content 10: 83
Ac transposition 27: 403 Nicotianum 18: 59
genes cloned by transposon Nicotinamide 34: 108
tagging 27: 396 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Slide 27: 380 (b-NAD) 22: 78, 79
transposon trapping 27: 400 Nicotine 31: 9, 200
Nicotine production 13: 150– 152, 156, 166, Nitrate for Dunaliella
176 metabolism 14: 137– 139
Nifedipine 22: 71, 72, 81, 82, 109 vs. ammonium 14: 109, 110
Nigella doerfleri Nitrate induction 30: 11 – 13
centromere misdivision 6: 142 Nitrate receptors 30: 11 – 13
telecentric chromosomes 6: 138, 142 Nitrate reductase 22: 130, 131, 244;
Nigritella angustifolia, seed 32: 441– 444
morphology 7: 425 and nitrate uptake 6: 3
NiiA 30: 25 and plant yield 6: 35 – 37
Nilaparvata lugens 36: 150 as a measure of nitrate
NIP1 38: 253 utilization 6: 19 –22
Nir genes 30: 21, 24 kinetics 6: 24, 25
NiRC– FocA – FdhC family 30: 24 turnover rates in different species 6: 26
Nit1 gene 30: 26 Nitrate reductase activity and sodium
Nitella 11: 6, 55 – 57; 22: 202, 210; 25: 420; requirement 7: 126
29: 81 Nitrate reductase, inactivation 8: 111– 113
cell-wall synthesis 2: 85, 87 Nitrate respiration in Paracoccus
chemical content of cell walls 2: 79 denitrificans 4: 57, 59, 67, 74, 75,
microfibrillar arrangements 2: 93, 98, 77, 81
100, 101, 104, 114, 123– 127, Nitrate transport 30: 11, 12, 16, 21 – 28,
134– 143 30 – 40
Nitella translucens, phosphate uptake 8: 191 genes 30: 30 – 38
Nitella, freeze-etching 3: 34 mutants 30: 28 – 30
Nitella, orientation of cellulose 5: 110, 111 Nitrate uptake
Nitellopsis 25: 178; 29: 97, 101 energetics of 30: 5
Nitellopsis obtusa 30: 53 inhibition by ammonium 30: 13 – 15
elastic extensibility 6: 81 kinetics of 30: 5 – 10
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 75, 77 modelling 30: 60, 61
Nitrate 18: 41; 22: 243– 245, 264– 266, regulation 30: 11 –19
273– 275, 280, 284, 285; see also transporter genes, uptake
25: 409– 411 systems
as a nitrogen source 6: 14 – 24 shoots 30: 61 – 67
assimilation 29: 22 Nitrate, cytosolic 30: 18, 19
control of nitrogen assimilation 6: 10 – 12 Nitrate –Nitrite Porter (NNP) family 30: 27,
in soil 29: 4 33 – 38
in the soil 6: 14, 16 – 19 Nitrendipine 22: 71
nitrogen acquisition by Nitric oxide (NO) 29: 42
ecosystems 6: 12 – 14 Nitric oxide, see NO
utilization 29: 17, 18 Nitrifiers, ammonium in
Nitrate efflux 30: 52 – 57 chemolithotrophism 27: 90, 91
effect on physical perturbation 30: 52 – 54 Nitrite 22: 243
measurement of 30: 54 Nitrite ions 18: 41
metabolic cost of nitrate Nitrite reductase 18: 47, 84; 22: 244
absorption 30: 56, 57 Nitrite reductase in Dunaliella 14: 137, 138
role in uptake control 30: 55, 56 sodium chloride inhibition 14: 138, 139
xylem loading and 30: 57 Nitrite transport 30: 21 – 24, 34, 35
Nitrate fluxes and phytoplankton Nitrobacter
production 16: 235 oxidation of nitrate 6: 14
Nitrobacter, ATP synthesis 4: 90 the uptake of nitrogen and

Nitrogen 25: 77; 28: 147 ammonia 6: 2 – 4
see also Water and Nitrogen supply UV radiation 22: 130, 131
concentration and host susceptibility Nitrogen assimilation and pH
10: 224, 226, 228, 231, 233, 262 regulation 5: 193, 198
content 18: 40 Nitrogen content of orchid flowers after
deficiency 30: 19 pollination 7: 599
deficiency and plant adaptation Nitrogen deficiency 37: 110
10: 222, 223 Nitrogen dioxide as air pollutant 29: 39, 41,
deficiency in algae, and lipid 45, 46
metabolism 16: 47 Nitrogen fixation 13: 70, 105, 106
fixation 18: 148; 30: 49 Nitrogen fixation controversy in leaf
for phytoplankton 16: 206, 207 nodules 17: 224–226
excretion and grazing rate 16: 211 Nitrogen fixation, and growth promotion
nutrient budgets 16: 212, 213 organisms 26: 47
in soil 29: 17 – 20 Nitrogen metabolism 33: 195, 196
in the environment Nitrogen oxide emissions 29: 32, 46 – 48
acquisition of nitrogen by Nitrogen source and Dunaliella, see also
ecosystems 6: 12 – 14 carbon metabolism 14: 146, 148
assimilation 6: 35 – 39 growth 14: 109, 110
ecological adaptations of nitrogen Amino acids in Dunaliella
mineralization and Dunaliella
nutrification 6: 14– 18 for Dunaliella; Nitrate
nitrogen source for plants 6: 12 – 24 for Dunaliella; Nitrite reductase in
metabolism 18: 144 proteins; Ammonium vs. nitrate
mutualism and parasitism 22: 8, 23 Nitrogenase 18: 151, 152
North West Europe shelf sea and nitrogen fixation 6: 4, 5
availability 16: 223, 224 Nitrogenase activity 13: 105, 106
nutrition 30: 3, 4 Nitrogenous compounds 18: 41
oxide, see NO; NO2 Nitrogenous gases 18: 34
processing 18: 153– 160 Nitrosomonas
bacteroid functions 18: 153, 154 oxidation of ammonium to nitrate 6: 14
salinization, transport and 29: 160, Nitrosomonas europaea, transhydrogenase
161 activity 4: 69
storage in fungal vacuoles 28: 144 Nitrous oxide 21: 95
supply and RuBPc’ase 10: 41 NLT1 30: 39
supply, manipulation of 30: 62, 63 N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol 35: 249
transport and metabolism 18: 129– 164 N-methoxyindolyl glucosinolate 35: 249
transport in fungal vacuolar N-methyl nucleosidase 30: 156, 157
systems 28: 147– 149 N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 22: 73
uptake and assimilation N-methyltransferases 30: 150– 153
ammonia assimilation 6: 6 –8, 26– 35 NMR 22: 87
control of nitrogen NMR spectroscopy 31: 154, 162, 167, 168
assimilation 6: 8 – 10 NO 18: 34
nitrate reduction 6: 5, 6, 24 – 26, 35 – 37 bioindication 18: 91, 92, 97
nitrogen fixation 6: 4, 5, 12 – 14, 37, fumigations, short and long-term 18: 36,
38 37
sites of nitrogen assimilation 6: 10 – 12 NOx exposure 18: 35, 38, 40, 42
NO2, 34 enzymic fractionation of cells 5: 92, 93

see also O3/NO2 exposures; SO2+NO2+ O3 extraction from whole cells 5: 92, 93
bioindication 18: 91, 97, 101, 104 structure of primary wall of
NOx exposure 18: 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 sycamore 5: 94, 95
O3 exposure 18: 61, 62, 68 Non-circulative viruses 36: 2
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 70, 79 Noncoding sequences 32: 63
SO2 exposure 18: 43 –49 Non-fluorescent chl catabolites
diffusive resistance 18: 47 (NCCs) 35: 13, 18
long-term 18: 48, 49 fragmentation 35: 18, 19
respiration responses 18: 47, 48 malonyltransferase 35: 17
short/long-term 18: 44, 45 modification to 35: 17, 18
SO2 fumigation 18: 46 Non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites
sunflower leaves 18: 83 (NCCs) 25: 99
NO3 and O3/SO2 exposures 18: 79 Non-glandular trichomes 31: 4
NOD26 25: 423 classification 31: 6
Nodularia 12: 48 functions 31: 13
akinete production 13: 125, 126 Non-host resistance 21: 2
distribution 13: 70 Non-persistent viruses, definition 36: 1,
nitrogen fixation 13: 106 47
survival strategies 13: 131, 132 Non-radiometric dyes, calcium 22: 49 – 56,
Nodularia spumigena 27: 224, 235, 238 68
Nodularia spumigenea 13: 133 Non-renewable resources 21: 82
distribution 13: 70 Non-specific lipid transfer proteins
shape 13: 73 (nsLTPs) 34: 211, 212
Nodularins 27: 220– 227 Non-transport molecules 32: 469
antibodies 27: 231 Non-wetland plants
as tumour promoters 27: 237 adaptability 7: 299, 300
isolation, detection and analogue data 7: 300– 302
analysis 27: 228– 233 critical oxygen pressures 7: 298, 299
list and properties 27: 223 oxygen transport in pea 7: 302–305
mechanism of action 27: 222– 226, 232 Nopaline synthase down-regulation
structure 27: 224 34: 97
Nodulation of legumes by Rhizobium Norbornadien 21: 18
involving lectins 4: 31 Norflurazone 34: 254
Nodule anatomy and terminology Normalization, data 21: 236
18: 131– 140 Normapolles 38: 284
bacteroids 18: 139, 140 North American Plant Protection
infected cells organization 18: 134– 139 Organisation (NAPPO) 23: 20
tissues and cell types 18: 131– 134 North Carolina Differential Host
Nodule, cross-section 18: 133 Test 23: 115
Nodule, infected/uninfected cell 18: 135 Northern blot 35: 80
Nodules, see Leaf nodule symbiosis Northern blot analysis 21: 46
NOECK (NOK ) 31: 202, 249 Northern red oak 18: 81
Nonallelism 24: 248– 254 Northoscordum
Non-aqueous fractionation 25: 197 karyotype evolution by centric
Non-cellulosic components of cell walls fusion 6: 177, 178
composition of primary wall in Norway spruce, see Picea abies
sycamore 5: 93, 118 Nos terminator 34: 94
Nostoc 30: 209 NR gene 32: 124, 324

photosystem reaction centre NrDNA-ITS 35: 176
complexes 10: 79, 81 Nrg mutants 30: 18
phycobiliproteins 10: 67, 68, 115 Nrt genes 30: 22, 23
Nostoc commune 27: 235 NRT1, see transporter genes
Nostoc muscorum 27: 215 NRT2, see transporter genes
Nostoc spp., lists and properties of NTPP-binding protein 25: 51, 52
microcystins 27: 221– 224 NuCaGreen dye 22: 56
Nostoc, emission spectrum 5: 23 Nuclear DNA cleavage 24: 214, 215
Nostoc, gas vacuole 13: 81 Nuclear DNA, separation of 19: 203– 206
Nostoc, life cycle 16: 56 Nuclear envelope membranes,
Nostocales freeze-etching 3: 28
distribution 13: 70 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
nitrogen fixation 13: 70, 105, 106 11: 4, 5
perennation 13: 125 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
renewed growth following bloom spectroscopy 25: 17, 173, 174,
dispersal 13: 125 402; 35: 11
secondary structures 13: 73 Nuclear magnetic resonance 20: 43 – 123
survival strategies 13: 131, 132 Bloch equations 20: 54, 57
Nostocyclamide 27: 215 chemical-shift imaging 20: 84
Nothofagus betuloides CP—MAS NMR 20: 53
bulk modulus 6: 79 experimental considerations 20: 60 – 72
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 75 high-resolution NMR spectroscopy
Nothofagus, Early Tertiary see also Radioisotopes
27
cladistic analysis 17: 48, 49 Al NMR 20: 100
35
in Australia 17: 82 – 84 Cl and 37Cl NMR 20: 105
133
Notothyladaceae 19: 295 Cs NMR 20: 106
19
Notothylas 19: 275, 279, 281, 295 F NMR 20: 97, 98
1
Notothylas orbicularis 19: 305 H NMR 20: 88, 89
2
Novel forest decline (NFD) 18: 69, 86, 92, H NMR 20: 51
39
93, 97 K NMR 20: 105, 106
14
air pollutants, specific 18: 104 N and 15N NMR 20: 94 – 97
23
bioindication 18: 99 Na NMR 20: 98, 99
13
Novel genes 34: 49 – 50 NMR 20: 89 –94
31
Novel spruce decline 18: 91 P NMR 20: 88, 89, 100–105
NOx 18: 2, 3 information
bioindication 18: 97, 102 analytical 20: 80 – 84
detoxification 18: 84 dynamic 20: 84 –86
exposure, long-term 18: 40 – 42 high-resolution NMR spectroscopy
exposure, short-term 18: 38, 39 20: 87 – 106
O3/SO2 mixtures 18: 70 NMR imaging 20: 79 – 86
photosynthesis response and diffusive solid-state NMR, 20: 106, 107
resistance 18: 34 –42 water signals 20: 72 – 79
SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 43 literature reviews 20: 45
stomatal uptake 18: 38, 39, 41, 42 physiological requirements of the tissue
nph1 mutant 32: 169 20: 65 – 72
NPP see Net primary productivity principle of NMR 20: 45 – 48
NPR1 signalling protein 38: 264, 265 radioisotopes 20: 52
Nuclear magnetic resonance (continued) origin of 19: 200– 203

see also—, high-resolution NMR role of 19: 216– 218
spectroscopy structure 19: 192
signals 20: 53 – 60 Nucleomorph DNA 19: 216
frequency 20: 56 separation of 19: 203– 206
intensity 20: 54 – 56 Nucleoplasmin targeting 14: 4, 7
line-shape and line-width 20: 57 – 59 and ATP 14: 6
relaxation times 20: 59, 60 Nucleotide sugar donors
water signals 20: 72 – 79 in cellulose synthesis 5: 136, 137
spectrometer design and sample in chitin synthesis 5: 138, 139
choice 20: 60 – 65 in synthesis of non-cellulosic
techniques 20: 48 – 53 materials 5: 139
detection of water signal 20: 49, 50 orientation of cellulose 5: 105– 111
high-resolution NMR spectroscopy site of synthesis of cell wall
20: 51 – 53 components 5: 102, 103
imaging 20: 50, 51 Nucleus
solid-state NMR spectroscopy 20: 53 and protein targeting 14: 4 – 6
typical parameters, parts of plant 20: 81 of Dunaliella 14: 120
water signals 20: 72 – 79 “Nugget” cv. 18: 11, 53
paramagnetic ions 20: 77 – 79 Null alleles 35: 186, 187
water content and compartmentation Null hypothesis 21: 218
20: 72 – 76 number and origins of membranes between
water flow 20: 76, 77 cytosol and RUBISCO
Nuclear-run-on transcription assays 37: 99 (table) 27: 138, 139
Nuclear stock production, definition 23: 3 see also Phytoplankton, marine
Nuclear – chloroplast interactions in leaf Number of trichomes 31: 137, 138
development 28: 179– 183 Numerical aperture (NA) 18: 257,
Nucleic acid-based techniques 23: 37 – 45, 258
83 –92 Nuphar advenum, photosynthesis and
Nucleic acids 25: 96 aeration 7: 297
Nucleic acids bacterial and mitochondrial Nuphar lutea 22: 168
homology 4: 52 Nusselt number 18: 213, 214
Nucleic acids in Dunaliella 14: 133, see Nutricline 25: 77
also ATP Nutrient competition, biocontrol 26: 21,
Nucleic acids in legume seeds 22
changes during seed development, Nutrient control theory 19: 112– 116
9: 18 – 21 shortcomings of 19: 113– 116
control of protein synthesis 9: 21 – 24 Nutrient status and transport, microscale
Nucleic acids, UV radiation 22: 104 study 29: 162– 171
see also DNA, RNA Nutrient stress and plant disease
Nucleomorph 19: 192– 207 guidelines for experimentation
derived from red algal nucleus 19: 201 10: 268, 269
DNA content 19: 195, 196 macronutrients
electrophoretic karyotype of 19: 207 nitrogen 10: 226– 228
eukaryotic ribosomes around phosphorus 10: 224, 225
19: 196– 200 potassium 10: 225, 226
isolation of 19: 203– 207 sulphur, magnesium and
nucleus-like characteristics 19: 192– 195 calcium 10: 228
micronutrients O. aristata, symbiotic specificity 7: 497

boron 10: 238– 243 O. bertolonii, labellum ultrastructure 7: 636
copper 10: 229– 238 O. bictonense, flowering period 7: 546
iron 10: 254, 255 O. bifolia, carbon fixation 7: 520
manganese 10: 243– 254 O. brevicornu, seed morphology 7: 425
nickel 10: 260, 261 O. citrosmum, flowering period 7: 546
silicon 10: 261– 263 O. coriophora
zinc 10: 257– 260 phytoalexin production 7: 512
Nutrient transport 28: 28 seed morphology 7: 425
Nutrients 18: 92, 102 O. dispar
Nutrients for phytoplankton, 16: 204– 209 chromosome evolution 6: 144, 145, 155
growth models 16: 207 O. flexuosum, carbon fixation 7: 526, 529
light interaction 16: 208, 209 O. fragrans, seed morphology 7: 425
nitrogen 16: 206, 207 O. funerea, seed morphology 7: 427
limitation 16: 206 O. fusca, pseudocopulation 7: 562, 565
North West Europe shelf sea O. grande, effect of auxin in culture 7: 460
availability 16: 223– 225 O. insectifera
nutrient budgets 16: 212, 213 pseudocopulation 7: 563
and productivity estimates ultrastructure 7: 501
16: 228– 230 O. lactifolia
sources 16: 205 carbon fixation 7: 520
phytoalexin production 7: 512
steady state conditions 16: 208
seed morphology 7: 425
Nutrients, biotrophic accumulation
UV flower image 7: 634
24: 313– 316
O. lanceanum, carbon fixation 7: 526, 528
Nutrition, strategy for 24: 311– 313
O. limosa, photosystem reaction centre
Nutritional security 21: 92 – 94
complexes 10: 78, 81, 85
Nutritional status 18: 82
O. longicornu, seed morphology 7: 425
Nuts, fracture properties 17: 276– 278
O. lutea, pseudocopulation 7: 562
Nyctaginaceae 37: 50
O. maculata
Nymphaea 37: 42
phytoalexin production 7: 512
Nymphoides 31: 19 seed morphology 7: 425
Nymphoides peltata 22: 168, 170 O. mascula
Nypa carbon fixation 7: 520
growth 3: 222, 224 phytoalexin production 7: 512
influoresence 3: 277 O. militaris, phytoalexin production
Nyssa 38: 286 7: 510– 513, 517, 519
Nyssa aquatica, effect on metabolism in O. morio
anaerobic conditions 7: 280 carbon fixation 7: 520
Nyssacaeae 37: 153 phytoalexin production 7: 508, 509, 512
seed germination 7: 424
o-(a-L -rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzyl symbiotic specificity 7: 496
glucosinolate 35: 219 O. pescatorei, seed morphology 7: 425
O. acuminata, seed morphology 7: 426 O. planilabre, pollination 7: 561, 566
O. apifera, pseudocopulation 7: 565 O. pulvinatum, seed morphology 7: 426
O. arachniformis, pseudocopulation 7: 564 O. pumilum, carbon fixation 7: 526
O. arachnites, phytoalexin O. rupestre
production 7: 512 intraspecific polyploidy 6: 211
O. schlieperianum, effect of auxin in short-term 18: 50, 62

culture 7: 460 SO2 mixtures 18: 69 – 78
O. speculum, pseudocopulation 7: 562 soybean 18: 60
O. sphacelatum stomatal uptake and plant
carbon fixation 7: 526 response 18: 59 – 61
flowering period 7: 546 sunflower leaves 18: 83
O. sphacelatum, seed morphology 7: 425 tropospheric 18: 102
post-pollination phenomena 7: 576, 593, O-acetylserine (OAS) 33: 188, 192, 195,
600 196, 199
O. sphecodes provincialis, pseudocopulation O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL)
7: 565 33: 188, 189, 191– 194, 196, 197,
self-pollination 7: 566 206
O. splendida, photosystem reaction centre Oak 19: 131; 21: 49
complexes 10: 79, 81, 85 Oak wilt 33: 27
O. splendidum, flowering period 7: 546 Oat blue dwarf Marafivirus (OBDV) 36: 159
O. tenellum Oat golden stripe virus (OGSV) 36: 56, 58
micro-chromosomes 6: 229 Oat mosaic virus (OMV) 36: 56
O. wahlenbergii Oats (Avena sativa) 34: 40
chromosome number 6: 206 lipids 34: 213
O2 uptake, C4 photorespiration 26: 290– 292 Oats 22: 59, 121, 146
O2, 51 Oats, chlorosis of 1: 92
see also Superoxide Oats, see Avena sativa
carbon processing 18: 145 Occurrence
infected cells 18: 135, 136 anthocyanins 37: 18 – 20, 38, 39
microaerobic conditions restrictions melanins 37: 20 – 22
18: 161– 163 Oceans, population pressure 21: 90
O3 exposure 18: 64 Ochromonas dancia 19: 211
O3 18: 2, 3, 5 Ochromonas danica, porphyrin-ring
see also SO2+NO2+O3 layer 3: 122
acid precipitation 18: 79 – 82 Ochromonas malhamensis
bioindication 18: 91, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, osmoregulation 6: 99, 100
101, 104 Ochromonas malhamensis, myelinic
ecological effects, long-term 18: 69 stabilization 3: 12
endogenous metabolites 18: 94 Ochromonas sp., state transitions 27: 266
fumigations 18: 71 – 73 Ocimum (basil) 31: 78
long-term 18: 75 – 79 Ocimum basilicum 31: 7, 28, 29, 89
short-term 18: 70 – 75 Octadecylsilane, separation of
fumigations short and long- gibberellins 9: 57
term 18: 52 – 57 Octomeria lancifolia, seed
leaf pigments 18: 92 morphology 7: 425
long-term response 18: 68 Octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside, thylakoid
NO2 exposure 18: 84 extraction 10: 104
NOx exposure 18: 39, 42 Odontella 19: 211
photosynthesis response 18: 49 – 69 Odonthalia sp., d13C values 27: 150
long-term 18: 62 – 69 Odontoglossum
short-term 18: 51 – 62 culture 7: 451, 468
poplar, hybrid 18: 67 longevity of flowers 7: 569
respiration response 18: 67, 68 Odontosoria, fossil record 4: 245, 248
Oedogonium gametogenesis 16: 58, 59 Oligo-b-(1 ! 3),(1 ! 6)-glucans 19: 58

Oenocarpus disticha, distichy 3: 224 Oligocene
Oenothera 28: 237 see also Early Tertiary
Oenothera hookeri, chloroplast envelope angiosperms 17: 27
plastid membranes 7: 20 climate 17: 9
structure 7: 12 Eocene boundary 17: 4, 8
Oenotheraceae 33: 58 Oligogalacturonides 19: 19, 22, 23, 27, 28,
Ogallala Aquifer 21: 88 44, 50, 51, 70
“Ogle” cv. 18: 89 Oligogalacturonides 21: 7, 10, 20
OH 18: 77 Oligo-b-glucans 19: 7 – 12, 22, 42, 43
3-OH-anthocyanidins 37: 65 receptors for 19: 41 – 43
Ohms’ law 18: 210 Oligo-b-glucosides 19: 9, 10
Oil body 35: 112 Oligopeptides 21: 10
formation, ER insertion and 35: 131– 133 Oligosaccharides 19: 2; 21: 7, 47, 59, 60,
maize, structure 35: 126 71; 22: 171; 25: 202
Oil cells 31: 58 direct effects on enzymes 19: 56– 58
Oil-seed rape, see Brassica napus evidence for receptors 19: 41 – 46
Okadaic acid 28: 45; 32: 87 fucose-free 19: 14
pathway, tumours 27: 236 of chitin 19: 34, 35
protein phosphatase inhibition 27: 224, of chitosan 19: 35– 37
226 of pectin 19: 17 – 32
Oleanolic acid purification and chemical
structure 6: 283 characterization 19: 6, 7
Olearia meulleri raffinose-series 25: 207, 208
resin yield 6: 289 sequencing 19: 7
Oleoresins structure-activity relationships 19: 9
occurrence 6: 281 xyloglucan-derived 19: 12 – 17
resistance to insect attack 6: 309, 310 Oligosaccharin-induced changes in cell wall
Oleosin distribution 35: 113, 114 composition 19: 28, 29
abundance and polymorphism of Oligosaccharins 19: 1 –101
seed 35: 114, 115 artificial 19: 3
breakdown during germination 35: 118 bioassays 19: 5, 6
breakdown in developing seeds 35: 118, diversity of 19: 38
119 from N-linked glycoproteins
sequences 35: 119 19: 37, 38
spectroscopic and predictive glycoprotein-derived 19: 61, 62
studies 35: 119–125 mechanism of formation and
synthesis in developing degradation 19: 62 – 74
seeds 35: 116– 118 membrane depolarization 19: 46
Oleosin-b-glucuronidase 35: 123 mode of action 19: 41 – 58
Oleosins movement within plant 19: 74 – 77
insertion into ER membrane 35: 131 natural occurrence 19: 58 – 62
organization at oil body oligo-b-xylans as 19: 32 – 34
surface 35: 125– 127 origin of concept 19: 2, 3
targeting in vitro and in vivo oxidative metabolism 19: 49– 52
35: 127– 129 physiology of effects 19: 7 –41
targeting information 35: 130 preparation 19: 3 –5
Oleosomes see oil bodies method 1: 19: 3
Oligosaccharins (continued) O. inquirenda, fossil record 4: 247

method 2: 19: 3, 4 O. sensiblis, heterozygosity 4: 379
method 3: 19: 4 Onsager reciprocity relation in membrane
method 4: 19: 4, 5 transport 6: 51, 53, 58
protein phosphorylation 19: 52, 53 Ontogenesis
rapid effects of 19: 46 – 56 fossil plants 1: 6 – 8, 11, 21, 41, 43, 45, 47,
receptors for 19: 43 –46 49, 58
second messengers 19: 53, 54 monocotyledons 1: 116, 118
successful host or successful Onychiopsis psilotoides, fossil
pathogen? 19: 39 record 4: 234, 235, 248
synergism between 19: 40, 41 Onychium japonicum, structure 4: 234,
xylan-derived 19: 34 235, 248
Oligotrichum 19: 247 Oodinium dogieli 12: 233
Oligotrichum hercynicum 19: 249 Oogenesis
meiotic abnormalities 6: 222 bryophytes/homosporous
origin of polyploidy 6: 216 pteridophytes 16: 59 – 63
Oligo-b-xylans as heterosporous pteridophytes/seed
oligosaccharins 19: 32 – 34 plants 16: 63, 64
Olisthodiscus luteus 19: 211 Oomycetes 24: 227–273
Olisthodiscus spp., RUBISCOs, Kc values see also Sporangiogenesis;
(table) 27: 104 Zoosporogenesis
Oliveonia pauxilla, symbiotic specificity asexual sporulation 24: 353– 398
7: 496 flagellar apparatus 24: 354
Olpidium 24: 313; 36: 48 pathogenicity 24: 354
Olpidium bornovanus 36: 51, 52, 55 taxonomy 24: 354
Olpidium brassicae 36: 48, 50 – 52, 55 –57 zoospores 24: 354– 357
Olpidium brassicae, iron and host Oömycetes 2: 70, 76
resistance 10: 255 Oomycetous parasites 24: 198– 206
Olpidium radicale 36: 50 Oomycin A, biocontrol activity 26: 29, 31
Olson scheme 35: 7 Oospores 24: 23
Omeprazole 28: 27 formation 24: 16, 17
4-O-methyl D -glucuronic acid 34: 173 Open reading frame (ORF) 21: 153, 154,
4-O-Methyl ether 19: 32 157, 177
O-Methyl transferases, in lignin biosynthesis Open-reading frames (ORFs) 24: 42, 131,
8: 39 –41, 49, 50, 58 132
Onchophorus virens Open-top chambers 18: 27, 62, 63
chromosome number 6: 206 Open-top field chambers 18: 5, 6
Oncidium Ophiobolus graminis, see Gaeumannomyces
longevity of flowers 7: 569 graminis
Oncogene 32: 88 Ophioglossales, cytology 4: 284, 285
Onion Ophioglossum, cytology 4: 284, 285
root, freeze-etching 3: 24, 34 Ophiognomonia sp. 33: 13
stem, negative staining 3: 20 Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 24: 14, 19
Onion see Allium Ophrys
Onobrychis viciifolia 18: 130 self-pollination 7: 566
Onochlea Optical fibre 18: 257–260
fossil record 4: 234, 235 acceptance angle 18: 258
O. hesperia, fossil record 4: 251 buffer coatings 18: 262
general characteristics 18: 257, 258 longevity 7: 441

guiding of light 18: 257 structure and ultrastructure
transmission characteristics 18: 259, 7: 438– 441
260 symbiotic germination 7: 489–506
types 18: 258, 259 tissue culture 7: 634, 635
Optical mixing spectroscopy 11: 2, 3, Orchidaceae, stomata 3: 284
16 –25 Orchidantha, growth 3: 221
Optical properties and probes Orchids 22: 5, 10, 15
18: 268– 270 Orchids, Crassulacean acid metabolism
Opuntia 33: 44 in 15: 69
Orchidaceae Orchis 3: 214
carbon fixation nitrogen metabolism 7: 447
C3 photosynthesis 7: 522– 527, 529 stomata 3: 284
C4 photosynthesis 7: 529, 530 Oregon Green 28: 121
Crassulacean acid metabolism Oreina 30: 100
7: 521– 529 Organ identity functions,
fixation by different plant conservation 28: 219– 222
organs 7: 530-532 Organ shape regulation 32: 231– 233
history 7: 519– 521 Organelles and colloids, cytoplasmic,
flowers hydration 3: 178
history 7: 534 Organelles of endocytic
introduction 7: 534– 552 pathway 28: 131– 135
pollination 7: 552– 566 Organic acids 18: 140–145
post-pollination phenomena Organic acids, compartmentation and
7: 566– 617 transport 25: 372– 382
induction of post-pollination phenomena Organic amendments biocontrol
abscisic acid 7: 632 26: 11, 12
auxin 7: 621, 622 Organic solutes 24: 114, 115
cytokinins 7: 631, 632 Organic substances in the plant 1: 209
emasculation 7: 619 Organogenesis in leaf development
ethylene 7: 622– 631 28: 166– 171
gibberellins 7: 632 Orientation of cellulose
hormone interactions 7: 623, 633 colchicine experiments 5: 105, 106,
pollination 7: 619 108– 110
photorespiration 7: 532 in Chaetomorpha 5: 105
stomatal rhythms 7: 521 in Cladophora 5: 105
phytoalexins in Nitella 5: 110, 111
action spectrum and activity in Oocystis solitaria 5: 105– 111
7: 512– 517 in Porteriochromonas stipitata 5: 105,
biological role 7: 517– 519 106
chemistry production and Orientation of pigments within photo-
distribution 7: 510– 512 synthetic apparatus
history 7: 508– 510 determination of orientation using
seeds polarized light 5: 31 – 37
asymbiotic germination in Chlamydomonas 5: 33
7: 441– 489 in Chlorella 5: 34
external morphology 7: 438 in Mesotaenium 5: 33
history 7: 423– 437 Origanum £ intercedens 31: 19, 22
Origanum 31: 78 Oryza sativa

Origanum dictamnus 31: 60, 89, 90 DNA transposable elements, Ac
Origanum vulgare 29: 16; 31: 8, 16, 17, 22 "transposition 27: 403
Oritrophium limnophilum 33: 112 effect of gibberellins on growth 9: 35
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) 33: 249 identification of gibberellins 9: 43
Orobanche 37: 82 OsMuDR elements 34: 13
Orobanche crenata 24: 313 retrotransposons 27: 336 –338
Orosius orientalis 36: 147 DNA TEs 27: 353
Orthiopteris dominguensis, SINE-like retrotransposons 27: 344, 345
polyploidy 4: 322 Tos17 in 34: 13
Orthodicranum Oryza schlechteri 34: 33
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 Oryza schweinfurthiana 34: 33
Orthologous genes 32: 46, 47 Oryzeae 34: 34
Orthophosphate 18: 68 Osborne fractions 34: 195, 196
Orthophosphate dikinase 38: 150 Oscillapeptin 27: 215
Orthophosphate, in fungal cells 8: 135, 136 Oscillatoria 12: 48
Orthotrichum sp. buoyancy regulation 13: 85, 86
distribution of polyploids 6: 218 conditions favouring dominance 13: 114
Oryza (rice) 34: 29, 33, 34 distribution 13: 70, 130
Oryza 29: 144 flotation rates 13: 89, 94
Oryza alta 34: 33 gas vesicle pressure 13: 81
Oryza australiensis 34: 33 in metalimnetic layers 13: 70, 113
Oryza barthii 34: 33 low light adaptation 13: 112
Oryza brachyantha 34: 33 overwintering vegetative cells 13: 126,
Oryza breviligulata 34: 33 127
Oryza eichingeri 34: 33 shape 13: 73, 89
Oryza glaberrima 34: 33, 34 stratification 13: 84 – 86
Oryza grandiglumis 34: 33 survival strategies 13: 131
Oryza latifolia 34: 33 Oscillatoria agardhii 13: 133; 27: 215, 216
Oryza longiglumis 34: 33 buoyancy regulation 13: 85, 86
Oryza longistaminata 34: 33 compensation point 13: 102, 103
Oryza meridionalis 34: 33 flotation rate, aggregation and 13: 89
Oryza meyeriana 34: 33 gas vacuole, buoyancy and 13: 82
Oryza minuta 34: 33 growth rate, temperature and 13: 96
Oryza nivara 34: 33 light-dependent growth 13: 98
Oryza O2 dependence in angiosperms low-light adaptation 13: 100
5: 207 photic conditions, buoyancy and 13: 117
Oryza officinalis 34: 33 stratification 13: 86
Oryza perennis 34: 33 Oscillatoria agardhii var. isothrix 13: 133
Oryza punctata 34: 33 carbon dioxide limitation, buoyancy
Oryza rhizomatis 34: 33 and 13: 119
Oryza ridleyi 34: 33 decreasing light, growth rate and
Oryza rufipogon 34: 33 13: 111
Oryza sativa (rice) 18: 11, 88 grazing by Daphnia 13: 107
Oryza sativa 25: 308– 311, 322; 28: 13, 14; growth rate, bloom conditions and
29: 117, 124, 130, 151; 32: 192, 13: 125
204, 208, 210, 211, 320; 34: 33, nutrients, buoyancy regulation and
34; 35: 75 13: 86, 118
overwintering vegetative cells 13: 127 Osmosis see Water and Nitrogen supply
stratification 13: 84, 113 Osmotic adaptation 28: 32
Oscillatoria agardhii, phycobiliprotein Osmotic energy 28: 3 – 5
structure 10: 66 Osmotic pressure
Oscillatoria formosa 27: 218 mathemetical expression 6: 55
Oscillatoria limnetica 13: 134 Osmotic pressure and Crassulacean acid
anoxygenic metabolism 13: 97 metabolism 15: 53, 54
Oscillatoria redekei 13: 134 Osmotic regulation 37: 119
compensation point 13: 102 Osmotic regulation, and salt
growth rate, temperature and 13: 96 tolerance 8: 251, 254, 256
light-dependent growth 13: 98 Osmotic resistance 37: 109– 112
overwintering vegetative cells 13: 127 Osmotic stress 28: 32; 32: 241; 37: 108– 112
Oscillatoria rubescens 13: 134 enzymatic activation 32: 369
bloom formation, historical gene expression response 32: 368, 369
aspects 13: 115 Osmotica, signal transmission 22: 164
nutrients, buoyancy regulation and 13: 86 Osmotin 29: 64
stratification 13: 84, 113 Osmotin 21: 21, 24, 25
Oscillatoria spp., lists and properties of Osmotins 26: 149, 150
microcystins 27: 221– 224 OsMuDR elements 34: 13
Osmiophilic 21: 44 Osmunda
Osmium tetroxide 28: 146 base number 4: 285
reactions with phospholipids 3: 43 O. regalis
reactions, and EM fixation 3: 9 –16 heterozygosity 4: 379
Osmophores 31: 56 incompatibility 4: 381
Osmoregulation 22: 210 structure 4: 236
Osmoregulatory/turgor hypothesis of salt Osmunda regalis
tolerance 29: 117, 118, 173 ammonia assimilating enzymes 6: 27
Osmorhiza 38: 303 Osmundaceae
Osmosensing systems 32: 111, 114– 116, cytology 4: 285
138 fossil record 4: 236
Osmosis 1: 279 et seq. polyploidy 4: 322
mechanism of 1: 291 Osmundaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 14
Osmosis 3: 173 Osmundopsis, structure 4: 236
osmotic potential 3: 173 Osterobium, effects of shading 10: 163
osmotic pressure 3: 172, 173 Ostrinia nubilalis 30: 94
Osmosis and Dunaliella OTC, see Open-top field chambers
and compartmentation 14: 174, 175 Ouabain 28: 26
and glycerol metabolism 14: 173, 174 Ouchterlony double diffusion test
and thylakoid membranes 14: 152, 153 (ODD) 23: 193
Boyle-Van’t Hoff equation 14: 153, 154 Oudemansiella radicata
ion concentrations 14: 167– 173 competitive ability in culture 7: 389, 391,
and hypertonic shock 14: 171– 173 396
constant salinity 14: 167– 169 effect of ammonium sulphamate 7: 414
regulation 14: 169– 171, 173 intraspecific antagonism 7: 348
membrane permeability 14: 159, 160 pseudosclerotial plate formation 7: 393
recovery after shock 14: 160– 167 Outside-out patch mode 25: 223
glycerol synthesis 14: 162– 166 Outward-rectifying channels (ORCs) 29: 88
water/ion movement 14: 157– 159 Ovaries 22: 132
Ovary and flower culture in artificial Oxalis acetosella

media 2: 266 nitrate reductase 6: 23
Allium cepa 2: 271 Oxalis oregana 33: 59, 63, 112
Anethum graveolens 2: 271 Oxalis regnelii 33: 101
apomictic plants 2: 271 Oxalis, epidermal cells on 18: 285
Aquilegia formosa 2: 272 Oxaloacetate, transport in chloroplast
barley 2: 269 envelope 7: 56, 62, 63
Cucumis anguria 2: 266 Oxazolidine-2-thiones 35: 239
Dendrobrium nobile 2: 272 Oxazolidinethiones 35: 215
Fragaria sp. 2: 260 Ox-bow lakes
growth media 2: 268 et seq. formation 16: 130
growth promoters 2: 271 plant deposition 16: 133
Iberis amara 2: 269 Oxidant stress 18: 94
Linaria maroccana 2: 271 Oxidative burst 21: 9 – 12, 165,167
Lycopersicum esculentum 2: 266 Oxidative bursts by plants 30: 93, 94
Nicotiana 2: 266, 271 “oxidative chl bleaching” 35: 20
partial sterile culture method Oxidative phosphorylation,
2: 272 stoichiometry 4: 84 – 90
Phaseolus vulgaris 2: 266 Oxidative stress 22: 113, 129, 130, 141;
Phlox drummondii 2: 268 37: 184, 185
polyembryony 2: 271, 294 Oxides 18: 259; 31: 81
Ranunculus sceleratus 2: 271 Oxygen
Triticum 2: 268 NMR properties 20: 47, 47, 48
Tropaeolum majus 2: 269 supply NMR studies 20: 66 – 70
Overgrazing 21: 88, 89 Oxygen exchange reactions 25: 304– 306
OVP2 25: 311 Oxygen fluxes and phytoplankton
Ovule 28: 235– 237 productivity 16: 213, 214, 215
Ovule culture 2: 263 Oxygen isotope studies of respiration
angiospermic parasites 2: 264 15: 64
artificial induction of parthogenisis Oxygen regulation system 18: 160, 161
2: 265 Oxygen source
Cattleya 2: 263 atmospheric diffusion 7: 260– 265
Dendrobium phalaenopsis 2: 265 photosynthesis 7: 263– 265
Epindrum 2: 263 Oxygen, singlet 27: 290, 291
growth media 2: 263 Oxygen-hydrogen torch 18: 262
growth promoters 2: 264 Oxyradicals 18: 58
Gynandropsis gynandra 2: 265 O3/SO2 exposures 18: 77
hybrids 2: 265 Oxyria digyna
Impatiens balsamina 2: 265 nitrate reductase 6: 23
Opuntia dillenii 2: 265 Oxyrrhis 12: 208
orchids 2: 263, 264 Oxytropis arctobia 18: 32
Orobanche 2: 264, 265 Oxytropis maydelliana 18: 132
Papaver somniferum 2: 264 Ozark Chinquapin 21: 126
Striga 2: 264, 265 Ozone 18: 103; 22: 98 – 101, 110, 120, 132,
Vanda tricolor 2: 263 146; 37: 27, 106
Oxalic acid 22: 165 see also O3
Oxalidaceae 33: 43, 58 adverse effects on crops 29: 39 – 42
Oxalis 22: 165 bronzing 18: 92
exposure 18: 95 P. chiorantha, floral respiration 7: 612

exposure –response studies 29: 34 – 36 P. cinnamoni, effect of micronutrients on
field chamber studies 29: 34, 39 –41 infectivity 10: 258
formation reactions 29: 32 P. coccineus, gibberellin
future concentrations 29: 46, 47 biosynthesis 9: 111– 121
impacts on agricultural crops effect of light 9: 120, 121
29: 33 – 36 identification 9: 35, 41, 43, 62, 66, 67
ozone protection chemicals P. comosa
studies 29: 34, 41, 42 light-harvesting complex 10: 124
response of tropical crops and photosystem reaction centre
cultivars 29: 43 –46 complex 10: 90
experimental studies 29: 43 – 45 P. concavum 12: 63
field studies 29: 45, 46 P. cruda
rural levels in developing population differentiation 6: 249,
countries 29: 36 – 39 250
soybean 18: 65 P. cruentum 11: 113
Ozone depletion 21: 91, 94, 95 antenna chlorophyll 10: 94
Ozone-induced drought 37: 108 chromatic adaptation 10: 171
fluorescence from
phycobiliproteins 10: 114, 117,
P 680 13: 26
133
P 700 13: 5, 22, 23, 30, 31
phycobilisomes 10: 109, 111, 112
P. (Gonyaulax) catenella 12: 59
quantum efficiency spectra 10: 74, 75
P. affine
shading effects 10: 156
genetics 6: 248
spillover 10: 146
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
P. cultriformis, flowering period 7: 546
P. albus, seed morphology 7: 425
P. curtisii, seed morphology 7: 425
P. amabilis
P. cuspidatum
carbon fixation 7: 526, 528 nitrate, reductase 6: 23
flowering period 7: 546, 569 P. cv. Mildred Hunter, carbon
post-pollination phenomena 7: 593, 600, fixation 7: 526
614, 615 P. denitrificans, respiratory control 4: 94
P. amarus P. denticulatum
karyotype 6: 174 aneuploidy 6: 220
P. annua sex chromosomes 6: 233
DNA analysis 6: 125 P. drechsleria, effect of micronutrients on
P. aureus, see Vigna radiata infectivity 10: 258
P. balsamifera P. endiwifolia
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 80 heretochromatin 6: 236
P. barbatum, carbon fixation 7: 526, sex chromosomes 6: 232
528 P. esmeralda, carbon fixation 7: 528
P. bicolor, seed morphology 7: 426 P. excavata 12: 60
P. bifolia P. fabbroniana
culture 7: 461, 464 sex chromosomes 6: 232
phytoalexin production 7: 512 P. graminis, iron concentration and host
P. carringtonii resistance 10: 255
phytochemistry 6: 259 P. grandifolius, seed morphology 7: 426
P. catholicum, seed morphology 7: 427 P. inconspicuum 12: 234
P. insigne P. peisonis, salt tolerance 8: 239

carbon fixation 7: 526 P. polycephalum 11: 58
effect of ethylene 7: 623 P. polyedra 12: 59
flowering period 7: 546 P. ponderosa
P. inversum, seed morphology 7: 427 resins and resistance to insect
P. laminosum, photosystem reaction centre attack 6: 309
complexes 10: 82, 87, P. praemorsa
89 –91 sex chromosomes 6: 232
P. laurocerasus, water movement in P. princeps, tracheids 5: 169
leaves 4: 123 P. proligera
P. legumin, genetics of storage protein biometric analysis 6: 260
formation in seeds 9: 25 cultivation experiments 6: 255– 257
P. luridium, photosystem reaction centre P. pyriforme
complexes 10: 77, 79, 82 intraspecific polyploidy 6: 208, 211, 213
P. maculatus, seed morphology 7: 426 P. racemiflora, seed morphology 7: 432
P. maritima P. saccharophila, ATP synthesis 4: 90
nitrate reductase 6: 23, 26 P. sativum
sorbitol accumulation 6: 39 gibberellins
P. medium and growth 9: 34
genetics 6: 248 biosynthesis 9: 85, 88, 90, 99 – 111
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 effect of light 9: 106, 108, 109
P. merismoides extraction 9: 46, 109
antagonism 7: 356, 386, 388– 390, 396, function in seeds 9: 42
398– 400, 416 identification 9: 43, 102, 103, 138
mating behaviour 7: 379 sites of biosynthesis 9: 127, 129
zone line formation 7: 345, 395, 396 storage protein in seeds
P. mexicanum 12: 63 convicilin 9: 6, 20
P. microstomum legumin 9: 5, 7, 19, 20
sex chromosomes 6: 236 nucleic acid changes during
P. milioides, effect of sodium on development 9: 18 – 20
growth 7: 159, 162, 163 protein body formation 9: 10 – 13
P. neesiana structure 9: 5, 6
sex chromosomes 6: 232 synthesis 9: 18 – 20, 22
P. nigra P. schilleriana
essential oil production 6: 280 carbon fixation 7: 526, 528
P. nivalis £ P. halli flowering period 7: 546
chromosome constitution 6: 173, 174 P. sessiliflorum, seed morphology
P. nutans 7: 427
interspecific polyploidy 6: 208, 211, P. sordidum, phycobilisomes 10: 112
213, 215 P. specierum, seed morphology 7: 425
population differentiation 6: 249, 250 P. subulatum £ Ditrichum pallidum
P. obovata hybridity 6: 250
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 P. tabulatum 12: 209
P. oleracea, effect of sodium on carbon P. tankervilliae
fixation 7: 171 effect of ethylene 7: 623
P. palustre flowering period 7: 546
enzymes of nitrogen metabolism 6: 30 post-pollination phenomena 7: 583,
P. parishii, seed morphology 7: 425 585
P. tricornutum PAL gene 32: 364; 37: 85

chlorophyll-fucoxanthin-protein Palaeocene
10: 123 see also Early Tertiary
nitrogen starvation and angiosperms 17: 26
fucoxanthin 10: 42 climate 17: 9
spectral modification 10: 14 floras, northern hemisphere 17: 85, 86
P. triestinum 12: 225 Palaeosimulation, net primary productivity
P. triticina and water use 26: 193– 219
copper concentration and host Paleozoic, atmospheric O2 concentration
infection 10: 231 5: 208
lithium concentration and host Pallavicinia 19: 265, 267, 293
infection 10: 264 origin of polyploidy 6: 216
P. trivialis Pallavicinia indica 19: 275, 283
DNA analysis 6: 125 Palm
P. trochoideum 12: 233, 237 Arecoid 3: 274, 276
P. undulatum Borassoid 3: 262, 276, 277
sex chromosomes 6: 234, 235 Caryotoid 3: 276
P. ustus Chamaedoroid 3: 276
karyotype 6: 174 Cocoid 3: 262, 274, 276, 277
P. venustum coconut 3: 217, 218, 267, 269
anatomy 7: 532 Coryphoid 3: 262, 276
carbon fixation 7: 526, 528 date 3: 217, 269
effect of ethylene 7: 623 Geonomid 3: 274, 276
P. viliosum Iriartoid 3: 276
carbon fixation 7: 526, 529 Lepidocaryoid 3: 276
pollination 7: 554 Phoenicoid 3: 277
P. violacea, flowering period 7: 569 Phytelephantoid 3: 277
P. viviparum reduction in bract number
nitrate reductase 6: 23 3: 274– 276
P. voluere, seed morphology 7: 427 reduction in branching 3: 274
P. vulgaris sexual segregation 3: 277
gibberellin biosynthesis 9: 111–121 specialization 3: 276, 277
storage protein in seeds 9: 6, 9, 17 branching 3: 262, 264
P. wallichii, seed morphology 7: 427 growth habits 3: 215– 220, 222– 224
P. willei 12: 230 influorescence 3: 266– 268, 270, 271,
P. yatabei, longevity of flowers 7: 569 273– 277, 281, 289
P72 35: 150 Palmae, stomata 3: 284, 286
P82 35: 150 Palmaria mollis 35: 197
PAC (dense) vesicles 35: 149, 150, Palmaria palmata 11: 99; 35: 185
154– 156 Palmoxylon 3: 214
PAC1 gene 37: 84 Palms, Early Tertiary 17: 31, 32
Pachysandra 38: 293, 296 Palynology see also Fossil plants
PAD4 38: 263 absolute number of pollen grains 1: 164
Padina commersonnii, photosystem reaction allergies 1: 150
centre complex 10: 90 angiosperms 1: 153, 175, 201
Paecilomyces lilacinus 26: 55, 67 apertures 1: 156, 170– 194
Paeonia 35: 65; 38: 293, 306 apocrats 1: 196–198, 202
Paired cysteines 32: 247 bryophytes 1: 8, 13, 153, 156, 157, 167
Palynology (continued) Pandanaceae

chemical characteristics 1: 169 branching 3: 264
collections 1: 152 growth 3: 217
copropalynology 1: 151, 203 influorescence 3: 268, 269, 282
cryocrats 1: 196 leaf 3: 213
dicotyledons 1: 157, 160, 164, 169, 173 stomata 3: 284– 286
ferns 1: 156, 157, 167 vascular construction 3: 246
forensic palynology 1: 151, 203 Pandanus
gymnosperms 1: 153, 156, 165, 194 branching 3: 264
history 1: 151 growth 3: 215, 217
iatropalynology 1: 150 P. utilis 3: 219
International Rules of Nomenclature influorescence 3: 277
1: 200 stomata 3: 284, 285
International Sporotheca 1: 153 vascular construction 3: 246
literature 1: 154 Pangola stunt virus (PaSV) 36: 150
mellitopalynology 1: 150, 202 Panicum maximum 38: 96, 109, 144, 150,
mesocrats 1: 196 213
microscopy 1: 154, 155 PEPCK in 38: 115, 116
monocotyledons 1: 140– 142, 156, 184 Panicum maximum, effect of sodium on
morphology 1: 140– 142, 154, growth 7: 162, 163
156, 170 Panicum miliaceum 34: 41; 38: 144
nomenclature 1: 200 Pantothenic acid, effect on orchids in
orbicules 1: 165, 166 culture 7: 467, 468
palaeopalynology 1: 3, 8, 11, 17, 33, 36, Papaver bracteatum culture 13: 159, 171
38, 40, 52, 58, 61, 150– 164, 175, Papaver radicatum 33: 112
180, 184, 188, 191, 192, 195, 198 Papaver rhoeas 32: 258
pectic substances 1: 169 Papaver somniferum 25: 146, 155, 158
pharmacopalynology 1: 150, 203 Papaver somniferum culture 13: 162, 167,
polarity and symmetry 1: 156 170
pollen output per stamen 1: 165 response to biotic stress 13: 181, 182
protocrats 1: 196 Papaya 21: 5
Pteridophyta 1: 153, 156, 157 Paper birch (Betula papyrifera ) 18: 15
research centres 1: 152 Paphiopedilum
shape and size 1: 164 carbon fixation 7: 528, 529
sporoderm classification 1: 165 culture 7: 468, 471
statocrats 1: 196 flowering period 7: 546, 568, 569
taxonomy 1: 150, 165, 166, 170 germination 7: 473, 475
telocrats 1: 196 Papillae 21: 39; 31: 2, 3
topocrats 1: 196 PAPS reductase 33: 185– 187
PAM (point-accepted-mutation) PAR 18: 281
model 32: 49 par genes 21: 151, 163
pAN7– 1 24: 45 Paracoccus denitrificans
Panax 38: 291 anaerobic ‘nitrate’ respiration 4: 57, 59,
Panax ginseng 38: 289 67, 74, 77, 81
Panax ginseng culture 13: 156 ATP synthesis 4: 90
Panax japonicus 38: 289 ATPase 4: 98, 99
Panax quinquefolius 38: 289 effects of antibiotics and cations
Pandan, growth 3: 217 on respiration 4: 92 – 94
membrane composition 4: 63 – 66 Parasitism 21: 37, 38; 23: 105– 107;

membrane transport 4: 99, 105, 106 26: 137, 138
nutrition see also Viruses
b-hydroxyaspartate cycle 4: 60 of plant pathogens 26: 20, 32 –38
carbon metabolism 4: 59 60, 62 Parasitism see ‘Arbuscular’ mycorrhizal
Entner-Doudoroff pathway 4: 59, 60 symbiosis
glyoxylate cycle 4: 60 Parasitoids 22: 165; 30: 103, 104
pentose-phosphate pathway 4: 59, 60 Paratrichodorus 36: 170, 181, 182
tricarboxylic acid cycle 4: 60 Paratrichodorus allius 36: 176
oxidative phosphorylation 4: 85, 86, 88, Paratrichodorus anemones 36: 177, 182, 191
92 Paratrichodorus pachydermus 36: 181, 185,
respiratory chain 187, 191
cytochromes 4: 67, 68, 72, 74 – 79, Paratrichodorus porosus 36: 176
81 –883, 90 Parenchyma fracture property
dehydrogenases 4: 70, 71 testing 17: 252– 261
quinone UQ-10 4: 72 and cell damage 17: 260, 261
stoichiometry 4: 88, 89 and turgor 17: 258– 260
transhydrogenase 4: 69, 88 compression 17: 255– 260
respiratory control 4: 92 – 97 crack opening tests 17: 253– 255
structure 4: 57, 58 Parenchyma, control of formation
effect of leaf primordia 9: 242, 243, 254
Paraffin wax 18: 264, 265
relation between procambium and
Paragalaktan 11: 131, 146
cambium 9: 244, 245
‘Paragon’, chestnut 21: 138, 140
relative polarity of different parenchyma
Paraheliotropic movements
cells 9: 243, 244
(paraheliotropism) 33: 42, 102
timing of parenchyma formation and
Paralogous genes 32: 46, 47
growth 9: 244, 245
Paralongidorus 36: 170
Parenchymatous tissue, measurement of
Paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) 12: 52, 59,
specific conductance 5: 175,
82 –86 176
Paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) Paris 22: 13
see Saxitoxins quadrifolia 22: 8, 9 – 17, 19, 20, 22, 25,
Paramecium tetraurelia 28: 15; 32: 12, 43 31, 32, 34
Paramutation 12: 185 Paris
Paraquat 22: 120 heterochromatin 6: 123
Parasite invasion, defensive Paris quadrifolia, inversion
responses 24: 206, 207 heterozygosity 4: 384
Parasite-induced changes in endomembrane “Park” cv. 18: 37, 52
system 24: 207–209 Parnassia 22: 13
Parasitella 24: 415 Paromomycin 34: 74
Parasitella parasitica. See Parasitella Parsley 21: 10, 13 –16; 22: 110, 114, 137,
simplex 147, 148
Parasitella simplex 24: 412, 413 Parsley culture 13: 179, 180
Parasitic plants Parsley ERM kinase 32: 394
nitrogen supply 6: 38 Parthenium argentatum culture 13: 158
Parasitic symbiosis, Copernican-like Parthenocarpy 2: 273
perspective 24: 232, 233 auxin 2: 279, 308
Parasiticein 21: 162– 164, 166, 167 Cactaceae 2: 278
Parthenocarpy (continued) Paspalum scrobiculatum 34: 41

chemically induced parthenocarpy 2: 273 Passioura-type pressure chamber 22: 233,
et seq. 234
cherry 2: 276 Patatin, plant defence 26: 168
Citrus 2: 277 Patch clamp studies 25: 342– 358
Cucurbitaceae 2: 272, 278 V-ATPase 25: 352– 358
currants, red- and black- 2: 276 V-PPase 25: 343– 352
environmental parthenocarpy 2: 279 Patch clamp technique 29: 24, 25
figs 2: 278 Patch dynamics 38: 51
genetical parthenocarpy 2: 279 Patch occupancy model 38: 51
gooseberry 2: 276 Patch-clamp studies 22: 57, 71 –74, 84, 87
Nicotiana 2: 279 Path coefficient analysis 21: 235
orchids 2: 273 Pathogen
pollen extracts 2: 273 entry and infection 30: 23, 24
Prunus 2: 276 genes in plants 30: 313, 314
Psidium guajava 2: 278 resistance mechanisms to 30: 294, 295
Rosa 2: 276 Pathogen avoidance 23: 290, 291
Solanaceae 2: 273, 278, 279 Pathogen indexing
strawberries 2: 276 bulk sampling 23: 256– 261
tomato 2: 277 Bayesian analysis 23: 258– 260
Vicia faba 2: 278 sample size 23: 256– 258
Vitis vinifera 2: 277 contamination 23: 261– 268
Zea mays 2: 279 Bayesian analysis 23: 266– 268
Zephyranthes 2: 279 detection 23: 261– 263
Parthenocissus 33: 65 modelling costs 23: 268
Parthenogenesis 2: 295 number of samples 23: 263– 265
see also Haploids cost modelling 23: 261
abortive pollen 2: 296 risks in 23: 243– 269
androgenesis 2: 300 sample size 23: 244
delayed pollination 2: 298 assays 23: 244
haploid sporophytes 2: 296 bulk sampling 23: 244
haploids, induction of 2: 296– 299 simple direct binomial sampling 23: 244,
radioisotopes 2: 298 245, 246
role of genotype 2: 299 Bayesian analysis 23: 246– 250
somatic reduction 2: 298, 299 costs 23: 250– 256
X-ray treatment 2: 296, 299 Pathogen infection
Parthenogenesis, and gametophyte/ enzymatic activation 32: 362, 363
sporophyte shift 16: 80, 81 gene expression response 32: 363– 366
Partially coated reticulum (PCR) 25: 22, 24 Pathogenesis-related (PR) genes 24: 119
Particle bombardment (biolistic Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins 26: 142,
transformation) 34: 62, 65 – 67, 69 143
Particle bombardment-mediated gene Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins 29: 60
transfer 35: 81 antifungal peptides 26: 151– 153
Particle inflow gun (PIG) 34: 65 chitin-binding 26: 146, 147
Particulates 18: 84 endohydrolases 26: 143–146
Partisil, chromatographic efficiency manipulation 26: 169
9: 53, 54 PR protein 1 26: 148, 149
Paspalum commersoni 34: 41 thaumatin-related 26: 149– 151
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins 21: 3, 4, PCR 23: 6, 18, 38, 63

7, 21, 22, 24, 150, 152, 157 detecting fungal pathogens 23: 87 – 92
local defence responses 21: 12, 13, 15 application 23: 90, 91
regulation of defence 21: 18, 19 cost 23: 91
systemic defence response 21: 16, 17 specific primers 23: 88 –90
Pathogenesis-related proteins 30: 311; randomly primed (RAPD) 23: 91, 92
20: 205– 207; 32: 380 PCR assay 33: 231, 244, 249
induction by exogenous chemicals 20: 207 PCR assays 34: 43
induction by salicylates 20: 207– 209 PCR markers 34: 43
PR-la promoter sequence 20: 215– 217 PCRC, see Photosynthetic carbon reduction
Pathogens cycle
mutualism and parasitism 22: 22 PCR-SSCP 35: 191
signal transmission 22: 166, 216 P-cymen-8-ol 31: 130
UV radiation 22: 102, 110, 139, 147, PDK1 32
148 Pea 21: 5, 23, 52, 63, 49, 50, 235
Pathogens, hypersensitive response, and calcium ions 22: 59
salicylates 20: 203– 217 effects on cellular processes 22: 122, 123,
Pathos, stomata 3: 284 126, 127– 129
Pathosystem see Correspondence analysis effects on gene expression 22: 135, 140,
Pathozone assays 38: 26 141
P-ATPase 25: 254 enation mosaic virus (PEMV) 21: 115, 119
Paullinia 30: 118, 120, 123 protective mechanisms against 22: 119
Paullinia cupana 30: 123 UV radiation 22: 101, 113
PAUP bootstrap analysis 21: 193, Pea early-browning tobravirus (PEBV)
201 36: 187, 188
Pavement cells 31: 195, 196 Pea root, freeze-etching 3: 34
Pavetta 17: 168 Pea seedborne mosaic virus 36: 4
microsymbiont isolation from Pea stem segments 19: 16, 27
17: 219, 220 Pea, see Pisum sativum
Pavlova lutheri 11: 113 “Peace” cv. 18: 51, 53
Pavlova lutheri, chlorophyll/fucoxanthin Peach 19: 130
complex 10: 122 Peach rosette mosaic nepovirus (PRMV)
Paxillus panuoides, humidity and growth 36: 179
7: 406 Peach yellow leaf roll system 21: 205, 206
p-Chloromercuribenzene sulfonate Peak starch viscosity (PV) 34: 292
(pCMBS) 25: 368, 370, 379 Peanut clump virus (PCV) 36: 56
p-Chloromercuribenzene sulphonate Peanut mottle virus 36: 4
(PCMBS) 24: 323, 324 Peanut witches’ broom 21: 193, 194
PCMBS 24: 323, 324 Peanut, see Arachis hypogaea
PCOC see Photorespiratory carbon oxidation Pear 21: 173
cycle Peat-based composts 26: 13
PCOC, see Photosynthetic carbon oxidation Peats
cycle see also Coal
p-Coumarate 3-hydroxylase, in lignin autochthonous formation 16: 147– 151
biosynthesis 8: 38, 39 environmental conditions 16: 148
p-coumaric acid 34: 173 floating mire development 16: 149
p-Coumaryl alcohol, and lignin quaking bogs 16: 149
composition 8: 28, 29 raised mire development 16: 149– 151
Peats (continued) Pelargonium £ hortorum 18: 11;

carbonate nodule formation 16: 177, 31: 188
178 Pelargonium 18: 22, 23, 24; 28: 237; 31: 97,
deltaic, 177, 188
detrital 16: 147 Pelargonium acetosum 31: 188
lower marshes 16: 145, 146 Pelargonium blight 23: 10
upper marshes 16: 146 Pelargonium crispum 31: 108
mangrove 16: 143 Pelargonium frutetorum 31: 188
Pecan (Carya illinoensis ) 18: 10 Pelargonium graveolens 31: 177
Pecluvirus 36: 59 Pelargonium hortorum, osmotic pressure of
Pectates 21: 6, 57 guard cells 4: 128
Pectic oligosaccharides 19: 17 – 32 Pelargonium inquinans 31: 188, 189
as elicitors of phytoalexin synthesis Pelargonium peltatum 31: 188
19: 20 – 23 Pelargonium scabrum 31: 21, 24, 27
as growth regulators 19: 18 Pelargonium spider mite
degradation in plant tissue 19: 72 resistance 31: 176– 189
formation as elicitors 19: 68 – 72 anacardic acids 31: 178–185
formation as wound signals 19: 66 – 68 arthropod fecundity effects 31: 186
formation in ripening fruit 19: 72 classical genetics 31: 181, 182
induction of ethylene synthesis ecological effects 31: 187, 188
evolutionary aspects 31: 188
19: 30 – 32
glandular trichomes 31: 177, 178
morphogenesis-regulating activity 19: 27,
mechanism 31: 186, 187
28
molecular genetics 31: 182– 185
natural occurrence 19: 59 – 61
morphological investigations 31: 177
Pectic oligosaccharins
trichome collection method 31: 180
hypersensitive response by 19: 23 –26
trichome exudate biochemistry 31: 178,
transcription of protease inhibitor
179
genes 19: 48
Pelargonium zonale, water uptake 3: 183
Pectin lyase 19: 26 Pelargonium, water content, NMR
Pectin methyl esterase (PME) 24: 41 studies 20: 86
Pectin methyl esterase, effect of nutrient Pelexia adnata, seed morphology 7: 427
stress on activity 10: 243, 244, Pellaea, polyploidy 4: 322
255, 266 Pellia 19: 265, 267, 283, 293
Pectinase 21: 4, 6 discovery of heterochromatin 6: 196
Pectinase-inhibiting proteins Giemsa C-band staining 6: 199
(PGIPs) 19: 61, 70, 71 intraspecific polyploidy 6: 211, 251
Pectinases 19: 17, 20, 25, 33 micro-evolution 6: 262
Pectinmethylesterase 19: 26 Pellia epiphylla 19: 273, 279
Pectins 21: 5, 57 Peltaspermales 17: 140, 142, 143
“Pectolyase” 19: 23 Peltate glandular trichomes 31: 11, 13, 58,
PEG 35: 81 59, 85, 165
Peganum harmala culture 13: 178 Labiate plants 31: 89– 93
Pelagophyceae 27: 89 monoterpenoids accumulation 31: 91 –93
Pelagophycus porra 35: 176 Pelvetia canaliculata 11: 99
Pelagophycus £ Macrocystis hybrid PEmu promoter 34: 88
35: 177 Penaeus stylirostris (blue shrimp) 12: 79
Pelargonidin 37: 60, 70 PENDANT database 32: 2
Penduletin, structure 6: 283 PEP carboxylase, C4 plants 26: 271– 276,

Penicillia 24: 75 297
Penicillium PEP12 25: 52, 53, 55
P. chrysogenum, polyphosphate PEPC 18: 142, 143; 38: 96, 108, 135, 136
metabolism 8: 150 PEPC, see Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
P. digitatum, ethylene and phosphorus PEPCK 38: 93 – 174
concentration 8: 196 abundance, changes in 38: 111– 113
P. expansum flowering plants 38: 113
phosphorus content 8: 131 micro-organisms 38: 112, 113
polyphosphate content 8: 142, 143 pH and 38: 157– 159
P. filamentosa, phosphorus vertebrates 38: 111, 112
translocation 8: 200 activity, rapid change in 38: 114– 129
P. megasporum, phosphorus flowering plants 38: 114– 126
content 8: 146 micro-organisms 38: 128
P. notatum, phosphorus content 8: 142 vertebrates 38: 126, 127
P. urticae, phosphorus amino acids importation 38: 152– 154
translocation 8: 201 cells in multicellular
phosphate efflux 8: 158 organisms 38: 153, 154
phosphorus content 8: 131 kinetoplastid protozoa 38: 152, 153
polyphosphate content 8: 142 anaerobic metabolism 38: 154– 157
Penicillium expansum 24: 125 distribution 38: 98
Penicillium megasporum, plasma in flowering plants 38: 157
membrane 3: 35 genes 38: 110, 111
Penicillium spp., biocontrol 26: 50, 55, 62, historical perspective 38: 95 – 98
77 pH, metabolic regulation 38: 157– 174
Penicillium verruculosum, b-1,2 glucanase- photosynthetic carbon dioxide-concen-
hydrolysis of cell organelle trating mechanisms 38: 140–152
fractions 5: 123, 124 physiological role 38: 129– 174
Penman– Monteith equation 26: 201; reactions catalysed 38: 103–109
18: 217 affinity for carbon dioxide 38: 107
Pennisetum 21: 159 carboxylation of PEP to OAA 38: 104
Pennisetum americanum 34: 41 decarboxylation of OAA to PEP
Pennisetum glaucum (pearl) 34: 40, 41 38: 104
Pennisetum typhoides 34: 41 decarboxylation of OAA to
Pennisetum typhoides, midday closure of pyruvate 38: 104, 105
stomata 4: 151 effectors 38: 107
P-enolpyruvate carboxylase 12: 4 metal requirements 38: 105, 106
Pentasaccharide 19: 36 nucleoside phosphate
4-pentenyl glucosinolate 35: 221, 224, specificity 38: 105
230, 233 pH optima 38: 107, 108
4-pentenyl isothiocyanate 35: 244 problems in studying 38: 108, 109
Pentoxylales 17: 136–138 specific activity 38: 105
PEP 18: 145 substrate affinities 38: 106
concentration 18: 143 regulation 38: 111–129
microaerobic conditions 18: 162 structure 38: 98 –103
PEP 38: 104, 135 catalytic mechanism 38: 103
PEP carboxykinase (PCK) 26: 253, 257, quaternary 38: 102, 103
258, 288, 289 tertiary 38: 102
PEPCK (continued) Peripheral cisternae 24: 384, 385

subcellular location 38: 109, 110 Periphyllus acericola 33: 27
PEPCK-ATP 38: 96 – 98, 156, 157 Periplasmic space 18: 140
amino acid sequence 38: 99 – 101 Peristeria elata, longevity of flowers 7: 569
carboxylase activity 38: 107 Periwinkle 21: 189, 190
catalytic mechanism 38: 103 Perkinsiella saccharicida 36: 153
relationship between PEPCK-GTP Permatins 21: 4, 21, 22
and 38: 98 – 102 Permeability, biological membranes 3: 158
specific activity 38: 105 Permineralization 16: 177
structure 38: 102, 103 Peronospora 38: 258; 24: 311, 322, 354
PEPCK-GTP 38: 97, 98, 152, 157 Peronospora destructor 24: 80
amino acid sequence 38: 99 – 101 Peronospora effusa 24: 322
carboxylase activity 38: 107 Peronospora infection, effects of salicylates
catalytic mechanism 38: 103 20: 210
N-terminal extensions in 38: 101, 102 Peronospora parasitica 24: 80, 109, 111,
relationship between PEPCK-ATP 228, 235– 238, 240– 245, 247,
and 38: 98 – 102 250, 252, 254, 255, 258, 260, 262,
specific activity 38: 105 266, 267, 412– 415, 423; 30: 309;
structure 38: 102, 103 38: 264
PEPC-kinase 38: 117, 118 Peronospora pisi 24: 200
PEPO 18: 145 Peronospora schleideniana 24: 80
Pepper ripening and phytoene synthetase Peronospora tabacina 24: 14, 266; 38: 258
activity 14: 83 Peronospora viciae 24: 204, 317, 322– 324
Peptide growth factors in plants 32: 259 Peronosporales, occurrence of zoospore
Peptides, cornpartmentation and components throughout asexual
transport 25: 386, 387 life cycle 24: 362– 364
Peptides, reaction with fixatives 3: 13 Peroxidase (PO) 18: 95
Percolation 38: 42, 44, 52 – 56 Peroxidase (POX) 21: 9, 12, 14, 17, 39, 46,
Peregrinus maidis 36: 146, 151– 153, 155, 48, 51
158– 160 Peroxidase 22: 263
Perennial shrub (Salvia mellifera ) 18: 16, 34 Peroxidase in lignin synthesis 10: 248, 251,
Perennials 18: 49 255
Pereskia spp., carbon dioxide recyling Peroxidase, in lignin biosynthesis 8: 51 –57
in 15: 75 Peroxidase, in orchid flowers 7: 614, 615
Perianth evolution 17: 125– 128 “peroxidase – hydrogen peroxide”
Peribacteriod membrane (PBM) 30: 49 pathway 35: 20
Peridinin Peroxidation 21: 19; 22: 131
absorption 10: 59 Peroxide 21: 166
distribution in algal groups 10: 56, 57 Peroxides 22: 119
evolution in prokaryotes 10: 181 Peroxynitrite 37: 180
Peridinin chlorophyll-proteins (PCPs), Peroxysomes, association with
277– 279 chloroplasts 7: 21 – 23
Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein Persea americana (avocado) 31: 106
complex 10: 118, 120, 135, 136 Persea americana 29: 130–132
Peridinium cinctum 12: 223, 228, 237 Persistence, probability of 38: 45, 46
Perilla frutescens 19: 128; 31: 84, 100, 102; Persistent viruses, definition 36: 1, 47
37: 68 Pestalotia spp. 33: 6
Perilla ocimoides 19: 121 Pestalotiopsis 33: 22
Pestalotiopsis funerea 33: 7, 9, 23 Petunia inflata 24: 136; 32: 238, 239, 244
Pests and pesticides 21: 85, 86, 89, 95, 96, 99 Petunia rhoeas 32: 258, 259
Petal epidermal cells 31: 207– 209 Petunia syringae 32: 383
Petchia virginiana 21: 134 Petunia, enzymes of lignin
Petioles 25: 371 biosynthesis 8: 44, 45, 50
Petroselinum crispum Pezicula cinnamomea 33: 20, 24, 25
DNA retrotransposons 27: 352 Pezicula sp. 33: 28
DNA transposable elements, Ac Pezizella ericae
transposition 27: 403 phosphorus translocation 8: 202
Petroselinum hortense culture 13: 158 phytic acid utilization 8: 186
Petroselinum hortense, enzyme Pfam database 32: 59
degradation 8: 117 PFCC 35: 14 – 16
Pettandra virginica, photosynthesis and PFCC hydroxylation 35: 17
aeration 7: 197 PFCC-1 dcmethylation 35: 18
Petunia 18: 75; 19: 12; 28: 210, 215– 217, P-grains (anomalous pollen grains) 35: 65,
221; 31: 208, 224, 226; 32: 241 66
cultivars 18: 74 pH 25: 340, 341, 354, 359, 368, 401
Petunia 22: 107 calcium 22: 46, 56, 58, 59, 84
Petunia chalcone synthase (Chs) soil management 21: 69, 70
genes 34: 98, 99 viral infection 21: 112, 113
Petunia hybrida 12: 139, 140, 142, 167; water and nitrogen supply 22: 264, 279,
18: 71; 22: 132, 133; 28: 198, 203; 280, 283
31: 201; 32: 35; 34: 98 pH and proton/potassium transport
DNA transposable elements, Ac co-transport 15: 119
transposition 27: 403 direct coupling 15: 102
genes cloned by transposon tagging 27: 396 pH compensation value 27: 113
retrotransposons 27: 337 pH drift 11: 99
DNA TEs 27: 352, 353 pH effects 24: 316, 320, 321
reverse genetics 27: 408 pH regulation
transgenic 27: 53 extracellular 28: 34
transposon tagging 27: 395 intracellular 28: 33
verification of cloned genes endogenous pH, and soil suppressiveness 26: 6, 7
transposable elements 27: 401 pH, intracellular, 31P NMR studies 20: 101,
Petunia hybrida pollen tubes, X-ray diffra- 102
ction studies of cellulose 5: 125 PH, metabolic regulation by
Petunia hybrida, flower PEPCK 38: 157– 15173
development 26: 229– 250 consumption and production of
ABC model 26: 238– 241, 244 protons 38: 161– 165
ABCD model 26: 244, 245 defence tissues 38: 171, 172
MADS box genes 26: 234– 245 homeostasis in maize roots fed
meristem transition 26: 235– 237 ammonium 38: 165– 167
morphology 26: 230– 232 imported amino acids metabolism
mutants 26: 233, 234 38: 168– 171
organ identity genes 26: 237–241 developing seeds and other
ovule development genes 26: 241– 244 sinks 38: 169, 170
transposon system 26: 232, 233 transport tissues 38: 170, 171
Petunia hybrida, RNA synthesis in malate production from glucose 38: 162,
flowers 7: 617 163
PH, metabolic regulation by PEPCK Phaeophorbide a, conversion of chlorophyll

(continued) a to 35: 13, 14
pH homeostasis in plants 38: 159– 161 Phaeophyceae, gas bladders 5: 191
proton consumption in roots and Phaeophyta (brown algae), PEPCK
kidney 38: 167, 168 in 38: 148–151
pyruvate synthesis from Phaeophyta
glucose 38: 163– 165 C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97
pyruvate synthesis from malate light harvesting 10: 23
using malic enzyme 38: 163 photoprotective system 10: 62
pyruvate synthesis from malate using photosynthesis rates 27: 174, 175
PEPCK 38: 163 pyrenoids 27: 159
PHAB 38: 206 Phaeophyta, life cycles 16: 57
Phaeide (phaeophorbide) 35: 9 Phaeophytes 11: 75, 87, 88, 91, 117
Phaeide a 35: 11, 20, 31 C4 metabolism 11: 114, 115
Phaeide a oxygenase 35: 23 Phaeophytin 35: 9, 13
Phaeide b 35: 15, 31 Phaeoplasts, relationship with endoplasmic
Phaeoceros 19: 275, 279, 281, 283, 295; reticulum 7: 18, 19
22: 14 Phaeosphaeria junicola 33: 13
Phaeoceros carolinianus 19: 279 Phajus
Phaeoceros laevis 19: 298, 305 post-pollination phenomena 7: 574, 575
Phaeodactylon tricornutum, sodium Phalaenopsis
tolerance 7: 147 carbon fixation 7: 526, 531
Phaeodactylum extracellular enzyme production 7: 451,
light absorption by fucoxanthin 455
10: 72 germination 7: 473, 475
shading effects 10: 157 longevity of flowers 7: 546, 568, 569
Phaeodactylum tricornutum 11: 87, 89, 93, metabolism 7: 446, 450
113, 114; 35: 27 post-pollination phenomena 7: 569, 572,
d13C values 27: 151 573, 586, 587, 619
C uptake 27: 132 Phalaris 32: 285
C-concentrating mechanisms (table) Phalaris arundinacea
27: 118, 119 nitrate reductase 6: 22
fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein 27: 299, Phalaris canariensis 33: 245
301 Phalloidin 12: 72
plastid origins 27: 311, 312 Phallus impudicus
thylakoids 27: 268 antagonism 7: 398– 400
transport from plasmalemma to effect of ammonium sulphamate 7: 414,
RUBISCO 27: 135– 140 415
Phaeoisariopsis personata 21: 226– 230 mycelial cord production 7: 411, 412
Phaeolus schweinitzii, intraspecific vegetative characteristics 7: 339, 341
antagonism 7: 348, 359, 373 Phanerochaete velutina
Phaeophorbidase 35: 17, 18 culture 7: 396, 402
Phaeophorbide (phaeide) 35: 9 effect of ammonium sulphamate 7: 414,
Phaeophorbide a oxygenase 415
(PaO) 35: 14 – 16, 29, 30 mycelial cord formation 7: 391, 392
mutations affecting expression wood colonization 7: 409, 412, 416
35: 30, 31 Phanerogams 33: 3
pathway 35: 3, 4 Pharbitis nil 12: 184
Pharbitis nil, gibberellins O3 exposure 18: 58, 59, 61, 68

chromatography 9: 57, 58 O3 fumigations 18: 52, 53, 54
function in seeds 9: 42 O3/NO2 exposures 18: 84
Pharbitis nil, verification of cloned genes, O3/SO2 exposures 18: 77
endogenous transposable O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 71, 73
elements 27: 401 SO2 exposure 18: 23
Pharmacological agents 32: 85 SO2 fumigation 18: 9
Phasaeolus vulgaris 28: 13, 14 SO2 long-term effects 18: 28
Phascum 19: 283 SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 45, 48
Phascum cuspidatum Phaseolus vulgaris 11: 89; 19: 54, 70, 117,
aneuploidy 6: 220 123, 130, 134, 136, 137, 139, 146,
apogamy 6: 252 147, 161, 162, 164, 165; 24: 179,
Phaseoli bacteroids 18: 153 321, 414; 25: 28, 152, 426; 29: 7,
Phaseolin 35: 142, 145 36, 42, 58, 124, 125, 130, 131,
Phaseolus 19: 61, 306; 22: 174, 187, 277, 151; 32: 30, 214, 417; 33: 48, 59,
282; 24: 319, 320; 29: 155; 90 – 92, 98, 104; 35: 20; 37: 84
30: 310; 31: 15; 33: 46, 53, see also Legume seed storage proteins
54, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101, 103, 107; carotenoid content of chloroplast
37: 179 envelopes 7: 47
auxin transport 9: 186 chloroplast envelope isolation 7: 35
carbohydrate transport in wounded
legumin 27: 26 – 29
plants 9: 214
polypeptides of chloroplast
effects of salicylates 20: 211
envelope 7: 51
gibberellin extraction 9: 46
RuBPCase synthesis 7: 74
prostaglandins causing stomatal closure
vicilin 27: 16 – 19, 24
20: 193
Phaseolus vulgaris, effect of ABA on
vascular system
stomata 4: 138
circular vessels 9: 208
Phaseolus vulgaris, salt localization 8: 243
differentiation 9: 160, 162, 163, 190,
239, 240 Phaseolus, emission spectrum 5: 23
regeneration 9: 156 Phasic development 37: 95– 101
structure 9: 155 PHAST protein markers 24: 59
volatile salicylates 20: 188 PHB 38: 206
Phaseolus coccineus 19: 142; 33: 52 Phegopteris polypodiodes, apomixis
Phaseolus multiflorus 33: 91 4: 388
Phaseolus mungo 30: 140 ‘phellophytes’ 33: 2, 5
Phaseolus radiatus 18: 94 Phenakospermum
Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) 12: 17 growth 3: 220, 221
Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) 18: 11, 12, influorescence 3: 269, 278
13, 14, 276 Phenanthrenes, antifungal activity 7: 511,
air pollutants bioindication 18: 88, 89 514, 515
bacteroid functions 18: 151 Phenazine-carboxylic acid (PCA),
bioindication 18: 94 biocontrol 26: 28, 29, 31, 32
carbon processing 18: 146 Phenol esters 31: 81
legume nodule structure 18: 132 Phenol, chromatography 9: 53
nitrogen oxides fumigations 18: 36 Phenolase, in lignin biosynthesis 8: 37
nitrogen processing 18: 155 Phenolic compounds 22: 113
NOx exposure 18: 35, 39 Phenolic esters 21: 5, 13
Phenolics 21: 3 – 5, 39, 48, 49, 51; 31: 155, Pheomelanins 37: 20, 21
157, 162 Pheromones 22: 165, 166
biosynthesis 31: 128 Phialocephala 33: 7, 12, 16, 17, 22
commercial uses 31: 131 Phialocephala fortinii 33: 22
Phenolics synthesis and resistance to Phialocephala scopiformis 33: 5
infection 10: 233, 235– 237, 242, Phialophora cinerescens 21: 48
247– 249, 261 Phialophora sp., 26: 63, 72
Phenolics, excretion 5: 207 Phialophora, colonization of wood 7: 405,
Phenoloxidase 21: 111 416
Phenols 18: 95; 31: 81 Phiebopteris, fossil record 4: 237
Phenomena, ecological 18: 238–240 Philadelphus
Phenomena, wind-speed dependent 18: 234 isochromosomes 6: 148, 149, 151
Phenotypic variation 24: 181 Phillyrea latifolia 31: 15
Phenotypic variation among incompatible Philomycus carolinianus 21: 134
interactions 24: 240– 243 Phlebia gigantea, colonization of
Phenylacetaldoxime 35: 224 wood 7: 402, 403, 407
Phenylalanine 22: 127; 37: 63 Phleomycin 34: 265
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) 37: 63, Phleum alpinum
64, 84 – 86 nitrate reductase 6: 23
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) Phleum pratense (Timothy grass) 18: 16, 30
24: 174; 19: 23, 31, 32, 48, 54, 70; SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 45, 48
21: 12 – 15, 22, 23, 49; 22: 120, 136, Phleum pratense 33: 245
148 Phlobovirus 36: 116
density labelling 8: 118, 120 Phloem 1: 209
inactivation 8: 108, 110– 113 Phloem 19: 106
lignin biosynthesis 8: 33 – 36, 58 auxin transport 9: 213
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase 31: 128 development and leaf formation 9: 159,
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) 230, 232, 233
gene 29: 55, 60 differentiation 9: 165, 171– 173, 230, 233
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, in lignin regeneration and cambial activity 9: 213,
biosynthesis 5: 206 214
Phenylalanine, incorporation into relation between phloem and xylem
protein 8: 71, 72 development 9: 213– 237
Phenylalanine—cinnamic acid pathway, in Phloem delivery of amino acids 30: 63 – 65
lignin biosynthesis 8: 27, 33 – 41 Phloem import 18: 134, 164
Phenylalkylamines 22: 71, 72 Phloem loading 28: 30
Phenylethyl glucosinolate 35: 221, 224, 229 Phloem loading and interception strategy
Phenylethyl isothiocyanate 35: 247– 249 24: 318– 325
Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic Phloem translocation 22: 167, 170, 171, 216
pathway 29: 59 – 61 Phloem transport under
Phenylpropanoid enzyme 37: 86 salinity 29: 150– 157
Phenylpropanoid intermediates 37: 84 adding tracer to mature shoot
Phenylpropanoid metabolism 21: 9, 12, 13, tissue 29: 152
23 calcium recirculation in the
Phenylpropanoid pathway 37: 67, 77, 85, 86 shoot 29: 155, 156
Phenylpropanoids 22: 102, 114, 135, 136, net fluxes and contents of xylem and
138, 140, 147, 148; 37: 98 phloem 29: 152– 154
Phenyltransferases 14: 40 – 42 pulsed/ labelling of roots 29: 151, 152
remobilization of nutrients from ageing Phosphatidylglycerol 22: 131

shoot tissues 29: 151– 154 Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 22: 74, 76, 108
xylem/phloem transfer 29: 154, 155 Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate
Phloem unloading 28: 105, 106 (PTdlns(4)P) 22: 74, 76
Phloem, potassium recirculation in Phosphatidylinositol diphosphate 21: 64
15: 165– 167 Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate
Phlomis 31: 4, 5 (PTDIns(4,5)P2), 22: 48, 74 –78
Phlomobacter fragariae 36: 83 Phosphatindylinositol-3-phosphate
Phlonotis fontana 5-kinase 35: 155
cultivation experiments 6: 256 Phosphinothricin (PPT) 34: 75
Phloroglucinol derivatives in rhizomes of 30 -phosphoadenosine 50 -phospho sulphate
D. spinulosa 4: 347, 348 (PAPS) 35: 224
Dryopteris felix-mas 4: 338, 340– 342 30 -phosphoadenosine-50 -phosphosulphate
PHMYB1 31: 208 (PAPS) 33: 185– 188, 207
Pho84 mutant 30: 33 Phosphodiesterase 25: 90
Phoca vitulina 38: 49 Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
Phocine distemper virus 38: 49 (PEPCK), properties (table)
Phoenix 27: 94
prophyll 3: 276 Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC),
seedling growth 3: 218 properties (table) 27: 94
Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) 11: 129, 144 Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase in acid
Phoenix dayctlifera L 19: 305 metabolism 15: 50, 51
Phomopsis 33: 19, 22 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 25: 374
Phomopsis occulta 33: 23 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Phorbol 12-myristate 22: 108 (PCK) 26: 253, 257, 258, 288, 289
Phormidium 13: 73 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Phormidium hypolimneticum 13: 134 (PEPC) 25: 375; 11: 87, 102, 111,
anoxygenic metabolism 13: 97 117, 179, 185, 187, 188
distribution 13: 71 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,
Phormidium, photosynthetic rate 10: 168 see PEPC
Phormium 13: 71 Phosphofructokinase in Dunaliella 14: 140,
Phosphatase in legume protein bodies 9: 17 141
Phosphatase inhibitors 21: 11 Phosphoglucomutase(PGM) proteins 32: 57
Phosphatases, dark respiration 27: 116 3 – phosphoglycerate 38: 147
Phosphatases, in fungi 8: 151, 152, 181– 185 Phosphoglycolate phosphatase 27: 180
Phosphate 22: 280 Phosphoinositide cycle 22: 48
see also Mycorrhizal symbiosis Phosphoinositides 21: 63
NMR studies 20: 100–105 Phosphoinositides in gravitropism 15: 15, 16
polyphosphate metabolism 20: 103, 104 Phospholipase 2 (PLA2) 33: 53
Phosphate in soil 29: 4, 13, 14, 25 Phospholipase A2 21: 164
Phosphate shelf sea distributions 16: 233, Phospholipase A2, 46
234 Phospholipase 22: 121
Phosphate uptake Phospholipase C (PLC) 22: 48, 74, 77, 108
characteristics 8: 155– 159 Phospholipase C 21: 64
control 8: 166, 169 Phospholipase C activity, inhibition of
kinetics 8: 159– 166, 172– 175 29: 5, 6
mechanisms 8: 169– 172 Phospholipid modulation of enzyme
Phosphatidylcholine 22: 131 activity 14: 77
Phospholipid transfer proteins 26: 154, 155 Phosphorylation 21: 10, 11, 178; 25: 426,
Phospholipids 16: 2; 21: 62; 22: 131 427; 32: 68, 81, 459– 473
Phosphomannose isomerase gene 34: 79 blue-light-induced 32: 163– 165
Phosphomolybdate, in negative Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of
staining 3: 16 H+-ATPase 28: 46
Phosphonenolpyruvate carboxykinase see Phosphosynthate 22: 3, 23, 24
PEPCK Phosphotransferase 24: 409
Phosphonenolpyruvate carboxylase see Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) 18: 137
PEPC Phosphotungstic acid, in negative
Phosphorelays 32: 110, 112– 115, 127, staining 3: 16, 17
131– 133, 135, 137– 140 Photinia 37: 108, 116, 117
Phosphorus 22: 144 Photoactive stomatal movement 4: 141, 142
as phytoplankton nutrient 16: 206 Photoassimilate partitioning 28: 108, 109
nutrient budgets 16: 212 Photodynamic bleaching 35: 8
deficiency 29: 25 Photoinhibition 22: 241; 37: 158, 176
deficiency and plant Photoinhibition and carbon dioxide
adaptation 10: 222, 223 recycling 15: 81
extractable, in soil 29: 4 Photoinhibition of
involvement in plant disease 10: 224, 225 photosynthesis 10: 163–"165
North West Europe shelf sea Photolyase 22: 105, 118
availability 16: 223, 224 Photomorphogenesis 18: 290; 22: 105, 106;
salinization and transport of 29: 139, 140, 32: 150; 33: 37
158– 160 Photon correlation 11: 21 – 25
short-term recirculation of 29: 154, 155 Photon migration 18: 280
storage as polyphosphate 28: 145 Photon transfer, photosynthetic
storage in fungal vacuoles 28: 144 membrane 3: 151, 152
transport in fungal vacuolar Photonastic pulvinar responses 33: 96, 97
systems 28: 147– 149 Photo-organotrophy 27: 90
transport in growing shoot tissues Photooxidation 37: 176– 178
29: 144 Photoperception in determination of leaf
uptake from soil 29: 22, 25 form 28: 174– 176
Phosphorus and Dunaliella growth Photoperiodism 22: 105, 132
14: 108 Photophosphorylation 22: 121– 123, 129
Phosphorus deficiency 37: 110 Photoprotection 37: 22 – 27, 134– 142,
Phosphorus in fungi 156– 158
analysis 8: 133, 134 by anthocyanins 37: 4, 10, 23 – 25
chemical distribution 8: 133– 139 effects of leaf age 37: 140– 142
development 8: 196 –199 melanins 37: 25 – 27
economy 8: 149– 153 microsites 37: 139, 140
growth yield 8: 193–195 photosynthesis and pigmentation
metabolic products 8: 195, 196 37: 138, 139
soil-phosphorus utilization 8: 189– 192 photosynthesis during snow melt
sources 37: 134– 137
inorganic 8: 176– 179 seasonal changes in pigment
organic 8: 179– 189 concentrations 37: 137, 138
spatial distribution 8: 139– 149 subnivian microclimate 37: 134
total content 8: 129– 132 Photoproteins see Aequorin
translocation 8: 199 –205 Photoreceptor kinases 32: 157– 162
Photoreceptors 32: 150, 151 mechanisms 18: 58, 64

Photoreceptors, UV radiation 22: 104– 107 NOx exposure 18: 34 – 42
Photoregulated protein kinase O3 18: 49 – 69
genes 32: 153– 156 O3 and acid precipitation 18: 79 – 84
Photorespiration 18: 42 O3/SO2 mixtures 18: 69 – 78
O3 exposure 18: 68 SO2 18: 7 – 34
SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 47 SO2 and NO2 mixtures 18: 43 – 49
Photorespiration and carbon reversibility and visible symptoms 18: 21
dioxide-concentrating mechanisms stomatal heterogeneity 26: 332
27: 116 stomatal responses 18: 2 – 105
RUBISCOs 27: 106– 109 Water and Nitrogen supply
Photorespiration, C4 plants 26: 290– 293 Photosynthesis by
Photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle phytoplankton 16: 202– 204
(PCOC) 27: 99, 181 see also Light
Photosynthesis 1: 213 et seq.; 11: 179– 188; carbon fixation, and productivity
19: 120, 121; 21: 90; 37: 174, 175 estimates 16: 230
see also Ultraviolet-B radiation, estimation, and oxygen/carbon
Amax prediction fluxes 16: 213– 215
biomes 20: 12 – 15 in frontal regions 16: 237
model 20: 22 – 28 light availability, North West
anthocyanins in photoprotection of 37: 4
Europe 16: 220– 223
as leaf nitrogen 20: 3, 4
Photosynthesis of Dunaliella 14: 143,
C4 plants see C4 plants, photosynthesis
144– 153
CAM plants, malate synthesis 20: 94
and electron flow 14: 148
climate, impact on Amax 20: 15 – 35
and light intensity 14: 148
diffusive resistance 18: 86, 91
and sodium chloride 14: 149– 153
during snow melt 37: 134– 137
fluorescence studies 14: 152
global mapping 20: 35, 36
enzymes in 14: 139, 140
mutualism and parasitism 22: 17
NPP model osmotic stress and thylakoid
canopy gas exchange 26: 199, 201, membranes 14: 152, 153
204– 206, 210 products 14: 146– 148
leaf gas exchange 26: 196–199, 203, rate, and sodium chloride
204 concentration 14: 144
net primary productivity 26: 202, 203 Photosynthesis, electron paramagnetic
pigmentation and 37: 138, 139 resonance studies 1: 327
predicting influence of soil N 20: 3 – 15 Photosynthetic apparatus, similarities
response between chlorophytes and land
long-term 18: 39 – 42 plants 5: 155
short-term 18: 35 – 39 Photosynthetic carbon oxidation cycle
long-term 18: 76 – 78 (PCOC) 11: 94 – 100, 117
short and long-term 18: 78 Photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR)
short-term 18: 70 – 75 cycle 22: 242
short-term 18: 17 – 26 Photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle
long-term 18: 48, 49 (PCRC) 11: 85, 86
short-term 18: 43 – 48 Photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle 10: 17
air pollution combinations 18: 82 – 84 Photosynthetic electron transport
curves, dorsiventral 18: 292 chain 10: 17
Photosynthetic membrane chlorophylls

structure 10: 17 – 20 chlorophyll a 10: 49 –51
Photosynthetic membrane, X-ray structure chlorophyll b 10: 51
3: 53 –159 chlorophyll c1 and c2 10: 52, 53
interpretation 3: 81 – 96 chlorophyll d 10: 53, 54
construction, membranes in general distribution in algal groups 10: 26, 27
3: 157, 158 phycobiliproteins 10: 63 – 68
electron microscopy 3: 135– 151 quantum efficiency 10: 73 – 75
gross structure, membrane 3: 130– 135 Photosynthetic pigments of higher Algae and
layer structure, thylakoid membrane plants
3: 64 –81 % sugar radio composition of cell and cell
membrane layers, inner structure wall fractions after 14C glucose
3: 96 –130 labelling 5: 120, 121
structure and function 3: 151– 157 cell fractionation studies 5: 114– 117,
Photosynthetic photon flux (PPFD) 119, 120
37: 98 conversion of radiation 5: 6, 7
Photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes fluorescence spectra 5: 22 – 29
carotenoid-protein complexes hypothetical model of distribution of
fucoxanthin-containing chlorophyll species 5: 30
complexes 10: 120– 129 orientation of pigments within
peridinin-chlorophyll photosyntheticapparatus 5:31 –37
a –protein 10: 118– 120 special features of the chloroplast
chlorophyll-protein complexes system 5: 5 – 7
chlorophyll a/b-protein 10: 105– 107 Pisum
chlorophyll a/b- structure of cellulose 5: 96
siphonaxanthin 10: 108, 109 symplastic phloem unloading 5: 197
LHCP and adjuvant lipids 10: 107 transport of synthesized materials 5: 129,
solubilization and fractionation 132, 133
10: 104, 105 Photosynthetic reflectivity index (PRI)
types of complex 10: 103, 104 37: 143
phycobilisomes and biliprotein aggregates Photosynthetically active radiation
discovery 10: 109 (PAR) 33: 37, 38
fluorescence 10: 112– 115 Photosynthetically active radiation
interactions with (PAR) 22: 102, 104, 112, 141– 143, 145
thylakoids 10: 115– 118 effects of cellular process 22: 121
structure 10: 109–112 effects of gene expression 22: 134, 139
Photosynthetic pigments 19: 208– 210 protective mechanisms 22: 120
action spectra and quantum Photosystem I (PSI) 13: 5 – 7
yields 10: 68 –73 cation-induced changes 13: 38
carotenoids components 13: 5, 6
apoprotein binding 10: 59, 60 distribution in thylakoid
chemistry 10: 58 membranes 13: 6, 14, 15
configuration and electron transfer 13: 6, 7, 44, 45, 48
conformation 10: 60, 61 excitation energy transfer 13: 6, 23, 30, 31
distribution 10: 54 – 58 heterogeneity 13: 21 – 23
energy transfer 10: 61, 62 interactions between PSI
photoprotection 10: 62 complexes 13: 23, 30, 31
principle function 10: 58, 59 intrasystem energy transfer 13: 23, 30, 31
LHCII interaction 13: 10, 23, 35, 36 Photosystem reaction centre complexes
PSII interaction 13: 23, 31 – 35, 50 – 53 analysis of chlorophyll proteins
see also Photosystem II (PSII) curve deconvolution 10: 96 – 98
superoxide formation 13: 44, 45 difference absorption
Photosystem II (PSII) 13: 5, 7 –9; 22: 240, spectra 10: 98, 99
241; 37: 23, 26, 100 fluorescence spectra 10: 99 – 102
cation effects, PSI interaction distribution of excitation
and 13: 38 – 40 energy 10: 143–149
composition 13: 7, 8 Photosystems I and II
distribution on thylakoid algal adaptations to incident light 27: 262,
membranes 13: 15 263
electron transfer 13: 8, 9, 46 control of energy transfer 27: 267
environmental fluctuation, PSI interaction molecular model 27: 284, 285
and 13: 49, 50 motorcycle model 27: 283
excitation energy transfer to PSI 13: 23, PSI, major polypeptides,
31 –35, 38 arrangement 27: 286
regulatory aspects 13: 38 – 43 PSII, major polypeptides of thylakoid
heterogeneity 13: 16 – 21 membranes 27: 285
intrasystem excitation energy Phototransduction in determination of leaf
transfer 13: 23 form 28: 176– 179
kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence Phototrophic symbioses 25: 81
emission 13: 25 – 27 Phototropic movements, growth-
lateral segregation, PSI interaction mediated 33: 63 – 72
and 13: 34, 39, 40 direct control 33: 64 – 68
LHCII association, heterogeneity indirect control 33: 68 –70
and 13: 17 – 19 leaf movements 33: 90 – 107
LHCII in PSI interactions 13: 23, 34 – 36, photoreceptors for 33: 70 –72
40 –43, 53, 54 Phototropin (NPH1) 151, 159, 162– 169
LHCII, intrasystem energy Phototropin 33: 71
transfer 13: 29, 30 Phototropism 18: 290, 291; 22: 105, 166;
long term changes, PSI interactions 32: 162, 163
and 13: 50 – 53 Phrynium capitatum, growth 3: 230
membrane appression PHYA – E genes 32: 150, 155, 242
heterogeneity and 13: 19 –21 Phycobilins
intrasystem energy transfer and 13: 28, evolution 10: 178
29, 35 structure 10: 63
non-cyclic electron transport and 13: 44, Phycobilins, synthesis 27: 297
48 Phycobiliprotein 19: 209; 27: 310, 311
photo-inhibitory damage 13: 55 and associated proteins 27: 279, 280
PSIIa to PSIIb conversions 13: 19, 21, Phycobilisomes
35 and biliprotein aggregates 10: 109– 118
quantum efficiency, intrasystem energy assembly 27: 304
transfer and 13: 29, 30 control of gene expression 27: 304– 307
shade plants 13: 51, 52 mechanism of excitation
spillover to PSI 13: 31, 37, 38, 41, 42 transfer 10: 133, 134
State 1-State 2 transitions 13: 37, 38, 40, occurrence in
53, 55, 56 Cryptophyta 10: 35
superoxide formation 13: 44, 45 Cyanobacteria 10: 32
Phycobilisomes (continued) Phyllosticta multicorniculata 33: 20

Rhodophyta 10: 35 Phyllosticta pseudotsugae 33: 20
protein synthesis 27: 302– 304 Phyllotaxis 22: 178
shading effects 10: 160, 161 Phyllotaxis and pattern of vascular
structure 10: 134, 139; 27: 286– 288 tissue 9: 158
Phycobilosome particles 3: 26 Phyllotaxis evolution 17: 152, 153
Phycocyanibilin, distribution 10: 63, 64 floral 17: 119– 121
Phycocyanins Phylogenetic
allophycocyanin genes 27: 306 profiles 32: 58
and phycoerythrins 27: 305 sequence analysis 32: 51, 54, 290
polypeptides 27: 304 trees 32: 51 – 54
Phycodrys rubens 35: 175 Phylogenetic inertia 37: 47
Phycodrys sp., d13C values 27: 150 Phylogenetic relationships 30: 33 – 37
b-Phycoerythrin 19: 209, 210 Phylogenetic species concept 35: 177
Phycoerythrobilin, distribution 10: 63, 64 Phylogenetic structure 24: 342, 343
Phycomyces Phylogenetic tree
P. blakesleeanus, phosphorus P-type ATPases, cloned full-length 28: 13
content 8: 130 P-type H+-ATPases, cloned
phosphorus translocation 8: 201 full-length 28: 14
polyphosphate content 8: 147 Phylogeny, and pathogenicity, MLOs
Phycomyces sporangiophore 18: 286, 290 21: 188– 190, 206
p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate 35: 221, 232 candidate model systems for identifying
p-hydroxyphenyl-acetaldoxime 35: 223, phytoplasma plant pathogenicity,
224 host range and insect transmission
Phylectic implications of flagellar structure genes 21: 199– 206
in plants Mollicutes and MLOS 21: 190– 195
bases 2: 17 prospects for characterizing and
distribution of th 2: 9 + 2 type 2: 3 expressing phytoplasma genes
hairs 2: 14 21: 195– 199
heterokont, isokont conditions 2: 6 Phymatotrichum omnivorum, phosphate and
multiple condition 2: 9 cell development 8: 197
roots 2: 19 Phyoalexins 37: 7
scales 2: 17 Phyrma 38: 295
shape 2: 10 Physarum 11: 4, 6, 55, 58 – 60
spines 2: 13 Physcomitrella 35: 93
uniflagellation 2: 8 Physcomitrella patens 38: 206
Phyllactinia 24: 312 breeding systems 6: 246
Phyllactinia guttata 24: 312 genetics 6: 245
Phyllome 38: 192 hybridity 6: 251
Phylloquinone synthesis 14: 45, 46 Physcomitrium 19: 251, 297
and compartmentation 14: 64 Physcomitrium eurystomum
Phyllosporum, chlorophyll a/c ratio 10: 121 hybridity 6: 251
Phyllostachys edulis, identification of Physical mapping 34: 48
gibberellins 9: 43 Physiological races 21: 148
Phyllostachys, stomata 3: 284 Physiology and embryology 2: 219
Phyllosticta 33: 20, 21 Physopella zeae 24: 204
Phyllosticta abietis 33: 20 Phytelephas macrocarpa (ivory nut)
Phyllosticta cryptomeriae 33: 20 11: 126, 129
Phytelephas, growth 3: 224 biological species and speciation 24: 442,

Phytic acid and mineral availability 34: 213, 443
214 cambivora 21: 128
Phytoalexin production 33: 20 capsici 21: 164
Phytoalexin synthesis 14: 83 – 85 cinnamomi 21: 128, 136
Phytoalexins 13: 179– 183; 19: 8 – 10, copper and iron effects on
20 –23, 26, 36, 40, 42, 48, 50, 53; germination 10: 255
21: 3, 4, 6, 8, 25; 30: 106, 304, cryptogea 21: 162
306, 309, 310 evolution of host specificity 24: 443– 448
fungal pathogens 21: 47, 48, 57, 62, 150, evolution of species 24: 442, 443
164 evolutionary relationships between species
immediate responses 21: 9 – 11 attacking legumes 24: 440– 442
in gene-for-gene systems 4: 30, 33, 35, genetic variation and possible origins of
39, 40 species attacking
local defence response 21: 13, 15 legumes 24: 437– 440
phytuberin 4: 10 infestans 21: 2
resistance 21: 21 – 23 megasperma 21: 10, 13
rishitin 4: 10, 37 molybdenum and zoosporangia
wyrone acid 4: 6 formation 10: 265
Phytoalexins and nutrient status 10: 242, organic phosphorus utilization 8: 180,
186, 187
261, 266, 267
P. cinnamomi, phosphorus content
Phytochrome 13: 52; 18: 290; 22: 105– 107,
8: 141
110; 37: 5, 6
P. erythroseptica, pyrophosphate
Phytochrome and gibberellins 9: 130, 131
utilization 8: 176
Phytochrome genes 34: 141– 143
P. heveae, phosphorus content 8: 141
Phytochrome signal transduction 29: 55, 56,
P. infestans, pyrophosphate
61 –63
utilization 8: 176
Phytochromes 27: 306; 32: 128– 130, 150,
P. megasperma var. sojae, phosphorus
158, 159, 169– 175 content 8: 141
Phytoene in carotenoid synthesis 14: 44, 45 P. palmivora
Phytoene synthetase activity and pepper phosphoglucan content 8: 139
ripening 14: 83 phosphorus content 8: 141, 149
Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) 25: 6, 7, 49, 55 P. parasitica
Phytohaemogglutinins (see lectins) phosphorus content 8: 141
Phytohemagglutinin 35: 145 pyrophosphate utilization 8: 176
Phytohormone 18: 96 parasitica 21: 149, 150, 162– 164, 169
Phytohormones and potassium transport potassium and host infection 10: 225
15: 164 sexual life cycle 24: 437
Phytohormones in determination of leaf taxonomy 24: 433– 436
form 28: 171– 174 Phytophthora cactorum 24: 370; 33: 20
Phytol 35: 23 Phytophthora capsici 24: 447
Phytomer, delimitation 28: 167– 178 Phytophthora cinnamomi 19: 135; 24: 282,
Phytophthora 19: 35, 39; 21: 163– 165; 284, 287, 355– 357, 360, 365, 370,
24: 78, 217, 279, 288, 311, 358, 372, 373, 375– 377, 379– 381,
361, 370, 372, 375– 377, 379, 380, 383, 386, 388, 441, 442, 444– 448
386– 389, 431– 456; 32: 363 Phytophthora cryptogea 24: 442, 444, 447;
asexual life cycle 24: 436, 437 32: 381
Phytophthora drechsleri 24: 442, 444, 445, Phytoplankton

447, 448 blooms and irradiance 10: 14, 15
Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi 23: 8 buoyancy control 10: 42
Phytophthora heveae 24: 447 light attenuation 10: 12 – 14
Phytophthora infection, effects of salicylates package effect 10: 46
20: 210 thylakoid structure 10: 33, 35
Phytophthora infestans 19: 24, 40, 48, 51; Phytoplankton, marine 27: 85 – 183
24: 12, 15 – 17, 19, 199, 200, 207, major taxa 27: 88, 89
210, 211, 216– 218, 235, 266, 311, planktophytes, defined 27: 87
353, 385, 444, 446, 447; 32: 363; taxonomy, phylogeny and
34: 278; 38: 17, 252, 258 ecology 27: 87 – 92
13 12
epidemiology and populations genetics C/ C ratios 27: 145
24: 21 – 24 Phytoplankton, North-West Europe shelf
genotypic diversity 24: 23 seas 16: 193–252
late blight management 24: 22 – 24 control of production 16: 202– 212, 241
lineages 24: 23 grazing 16: 209– 212
population structure 24: 21, 22 light 16: 202– 204
Phytophthora nutrients 16: 202, 204– 209
macrochlamydospora 24: 440, temperature 16: 209
442, 446 distributions 16: 196– 202
Phytophthora meadii 24: 447 descriptive accounts 16: 196, 197
Phytophthora medicaginis 24: 439, 444, quantitative methods 16: 197, 198
446, 447, 449, 450 temporal/spatial 16: 198– 202
Phytophthora megakarya 24: 440, 447 variability 16: 241, 242
Phytophthora megasperma 19: 40, 42, 50, environmental conditions, NW
52, 74; 24: 172, 370, 441, 442, Europe 16: 217– 227
444, 447; 29: 60 annual production cycle 16: 226, 227
Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. grazing 16: 225, 226
glycinea 19: 46, 54 light availability 16: 220– 223
Phytophthora mirabilis 24: 447 mixing processes/seasonal
Phytophthora nicotianae 24: 365, 448 stratification 16: 217– 221
Phytophthora palmivora 24: 359, 370, 379, nutrient availability 16: 223– 225
381, 388, 440, 447 Phytoplasma 21: 192
Phytophthora parasitica 19: 32; 24: 385; see also Phylogeny
38: 258 Phytoporphyria 35: 33, 34
Phytophthora parasitica var. Phytoreovirus (WTV) 36: 150– 154, 157,
nicotianae 19: 46 159, 161
Phytophthora sojae 24: 438– 444, 449, 450; Phytotoxic root exudates 22: 166
32: 393; 38: 252, 258 Phytotoxic secondary metabolites 31: 79
age-related resistance in 38: 259 Phytotoxic terpenes 31: 133
evolution of cultivar accumulation in trichomes 31: 124
specificity 24: 448– 450 Phytotoxins 25: 144
life cycle 24: 436 Phytotrons 18: 6, 7
Phytophthora spp., biocontrol 26: 63, Phytyl diphosphate
147– 150 and mevalonate incorporation 14: 75
Phytophthora trifolii 24: 447 concentration in vivo 14: 74
Phytophthora vignae 24: 439– 442, 444, PI 3-kinase 25: 53, 54
450 Pib 38: 260
Picea 33: 9 Pieris brassicae 30: 99

Picea abies (Norway spruce) 18: 13, 15, 16 Pieris rapae 35: 243
air pollutants bioindication 18: 87, 88, 89, Pigeon pea witches’ broom 21: 193, 194
90 Pigment determinations of phytoplankton
bioindication 18: 98, 99, 100, 103, 105 16: 197, 198
nitrogen oxides fumigations 18: 37 Pigmentation, UV radiation 22: 102, 103,
NOx exposure 18: 38 104, 112, 113, 114
O3 exposure 18: 58, 66 effects on cellular processes 22: 122– 124,
O3 fumigations 18: 52, 57 132
SO2 exposure 18: 30 effects on gene expression 22: 138– 140
SO2 fumigation 18: 11 interactions with other stresses 22: 141,
SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 45 142, 143, 144, 147
Picea abies 30: 64; 33: 5, 8, 15, 20, 142; protective mechanisms
37: 108 against 22: 114– 117
Picea abies, lignin composition 8: 31 Pigments 21: 13
Picea abies, volatile salicylates 20: 188 Pigments, photosynthetic membrane
Picea excelsa (spruce) 18: 14, 88, 92 gross distribution 3: 133
air pollutants bioindication 18: 90 lipid-pigment distribution 3: 128– 130,
bioindication 18: 93 150
needles, bioindication 18: 94, 97 position in thylakoid 3: 87 – 96
O3 exposure 18: 63 Pilayella littoralis 11: 89, 91, 93
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 75 Pilea 38: 207
SO2 exposure 18: 27, 30 Pimpinella anisum 35: 113
stressed 18: 100 Pinaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 20, 21
tree acceleration, longitudinal 18: 209 Pinane 31: 78, 79, 102
wind, u/v/w components of 18: 209 Pine 18: 19, 81
Picea glauca 30: 4 grafts 18: 76
Picea pungens 22: 112 O3 exposure 18: 66
Picea sitchensis 18: 236; 33: 15, 20 SO2 exposure 18: 28, 29
Picea sitchensis, identification of species 18: 93
gibberellins 9: 43 Pine blister rust 33: 27
Picea spp. 18: 82, 104 Pineapple closterovirus 36: 200
Pichia pastoris 32: 171 a-pinene 31: 99, 100
Picorna virus 21: 111– 113 Pinene synthases 31: 100
Picosecond laser spectroscopy 18: 280 Pinguicula 25: 104
Picosecond spectroscopy Pink Lake, Dunaliella in 14: 100
applications Pinocarveol 31: 130
(bacteriorhodopsin) 8: 20 – 22 Pinocarvone 31: 130
(rhodopsin) 8: 20 – 22 Pinocytosis 21: 112, 113
haeme proteins 8: 12– 14 Pinto beans 18: 62
porphyrins 8: 14 –20 “Pinto” cv. 18: 11, 12
vision (bacteriochlorophyll) 8: 22, 23 O3 fumigations 18: 53, 54
experimental Pinus 19: 306; 22: 102; 31: 56;
absorption spectroscopy 8: 7 – 10 33: 4, 8, 9, 17, 25;
emission spectroscopy 8: 10, 11 37: 97, 112
pulse generation 8: 2– 5 lignin composition 8: 50
wavelength conversion 8: 5 – 7 oleoresin production 6: 281
Pieris 35: 243, 244 O-methyl transferase 8: 40, 41
Pinus (continued) Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) 18: 55, 65

resin ducts 6: 300, 305 NOx exposure 18: 38
resin secretion 6: 303 O3/AP exposures 18: 80
resin synthesis 6: 302 Pinus taeda 19: 118; 30: 246; 32: 192;
Pinus attenuata, gibberellin 37: 107
extraction 9: 49, 50 Pinus thunbergii 33: 4, 7,8, 12, 16
identification 9: 43 PIP 25: 423
Pinus banksiana (Jack pine) 18: 13, 15 Piperaceae 31: 58
SO2 fumigation 18: 9 Piptocephalis 24: 415
Pinus banksiana 30: 4; 33: 4, 16; 37: 41, Piricularia oryzae
101, 112, 113, 158 copper effect on infection 10: 231
Pinus brutia 33: 22 glutamine and spore germination 10: 226
Pinus contorta 37: 113 silica and infection 10: 261
Pinus densiflora 33: 4, 7, 8, 12, 16, 22 Pisatin 21: 6, 23
Pinus elliottii 18: 55, 65 Pisatin production and nickel 10: 261
Pinus elliottii var. elliotti 37: 108 Pisolithus tinctorius 28: 120, 122, 136, 141,
Pinus halepenis 31: 60, 61 142, 146, 148, 212
Pinus longaeva 35: 4 Pistil, recognition of self-pollen 32: 277,
Pinus muricata 29: 20, 21 278, 285
Pinus nigra 18: 11 Pisum 19: 306; 22: 9, 174, 187; 24: 319,
Pinus pinaster (maritime pine) 33: 148 320; 28: 218; 29: 101; 35: 9;
Pinus pinea 18: 11 37: 107
Pinus ponderosa 18: 16, 69; 35: 114 seed morphology 9: 3
SO2 exposure 18: 30 vascular differentiation
Pinus radiata 33: 10 cytoplasmic strands 9: 204, 205
Pinus resinosa 33: 4, 8, 16 phloem fibres 9: 240, 241
Pinus serotina 19: 118 sieve tubes 9: 233
Pinus spp. 18: 90 xylem 9: 215, 216
hybrid 18: 88 anatomy of vascular system 9: 154
populations 18: 105 differentiation from parenchyma 9: 166
Pinus spp., retrotransposons 27: 337 effect of auxin 9: 166, 183, 198, 243
Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) 18: 53, 54, influence of leaf primordia 9: 164,
55, 65, 69, 99 240, 241
air pollutants bioindication 18: 89 interaction with seedling organs 9: 160
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 81 polarity of leaf veins 9: 194
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) 18: 13, 15, 16 wound production of
air pollutants bioindication 18: 87, 88, Pisum arvense 18: 132
89 Pisum sativum 37: 85
bioindication 18: 96, 99, 103 Pisum sativum (pea) 18: 13, 15, 130, 138
nitrogen oxides fumigations bioindication 18: 97
18: 37 carbon processing 18: 144
NOx exposure 18: 41, 42 frost injury 18: 67
O3 exposure 18: 67 legume nodule structure 18: 132
O3 fumigations 18: 53, 56 O3 exposure 18: 61
SO2 exposure 18: 27, 29, 31, 32 O3 fumigations 18: 52, 53
SO2 fumigations 18: 11, 12 O3/SO2 exposures 18: 70, 74, 75
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) 33: 4, 15, 26, O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 71
28 SO2 exposure 18: 25, 31, 32
SO2 fumigation 18: 11, 12 Plagiotheciaceae

SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 44 cytotaxonomy 6: 243
Pisum sativum (pea) 12: 3, 4 Plagiothecium
Pisum sativum 19: 138, 140, 161, 163, genetics 6: 246
164, 210; 21: 49, 50; 24: 323, 324; Planktonic algae 25: 78
25: 259, 325; 29: 126; 32: 42, 214, Planktonic diatoms 25: 77
396, 464, 474; 33: 134 Plano-convex lens 18: 286, 287
see also Legume seed storage proteins Plant breeding for crop improvement 35: 54
chloroplast envelope 7: 51, 57, 67, 68 genetic engineering, biotechnology
DNA analysis 6: 125 and 35: 55
DNA TEs 27: 352, 353 Plant cell 28: 3– 13
DNA transposable elements, evolutionary Plant defence activation signal 24: 120
aspects 27: 423 Plant defence proteins 26: 26, 135– 192
glutamine synthetase 6: 7 defence types 26: 139, 140
oxygen transport 7: 302– 305, 308 enzyme inhibitor families 26: 140– 142
retrotransposons 27: 337 general properties 26: 140– 143
RFLPs 27: 43, 44 invertebrate pests 26: 139, 146, 159– 168,
root growth and oxygen pressure 7: 288 171, 172
vicilin 27: 21, 22 manipulation 26: 169– 172
Pisum sativum, curve deconvolution microbial pathogens 26: 143– 159, 171
analysis 10: 96 potential pathogens 26: 136– 138
Pisum, chemical content of cell walls 2: 79 Plant defense strategies 32: 379, 380
Pitch pine 18: 99 Plant enzymes 32: 73 – 76
Pithomyces chartarum, phosphorus Plant growth 28: 1 – 70
content 8: 142 invertase role 28: 106, 107
Pithomyces chartarum, plasma Plant growth factors 31: 230, 231
membrane 3: 35 Plant growth retardants 34: 136– 141
Placenta 19: 233 Plant growth-promoting rhizo-bacteria
in bryophytes 19: 283–295 (PGPR) 26: 41, 42
in liverworts 19: 258 Plant Health Inspectors 23: 14
in mosses 19: 236 Plant hormones. See Hormones
Placental cell walls in anthocerotes Plant host range (PHR genes) 21: 200, 202,
19: 276 203, 205
Placental cells Plant invertases 28: 71 – 117
in anthocerotes 19: 276 cellular localization 28: 73
in liverworts 19: 260 comparison of amino acid sequences
in mosses 19: 238 dicotyledons 28: 94
Placopecten magellanicus 12: 62 from monocotyledons and
Plagiochasma 19: 271 differential gene expression 28: 97 –99
Plagiochila asplenioides diversity within gene family 28: 89 – 92
phytochemistry 6: 259 factors modulating activity 28: 83
sex chromosomes 6: 232 gene evolution 28: 102– 104
Plagiogyriaceae, cytology 4: 292 gene expression in different organs during
Plagioheliotropic movement plant development 28: 80 –82
(plagioheliotropism) 33: 42, 75 genes and cDNAs 28: 90, 91
Plagiomnium genes characterized to date 28: 89
cultivation experiments 6: 253, 254, 256 gibberellic acid in 28: 87
Plagioselmis palustris 19: 195 gravity effects 28: 88
Plant invertases (continued) stress and 33: 101, 102, 111, 112
in pathogen infection and structural features 33: 43 – 45, 97
wounding 28: 87, 88 Plant nucleus 24: 209, 210
inhibitors 28: 89 Plant protoplasts, endocytosis in 28: 130,
isoenzymes 28: 74 – 78 131
light effects on 28: 89 Plant Quarantine Act 21: 128, 129
manipulation of gene expression in Plant resistance 32: 314
transgenic plants 28: 99 – 102 Plant resistance genes 30: 17, 28 – 30, 106,
matrix of clustal scores 28: 96 292– 300, 312, 313
molecular biology 28: 89 – 104 Plant storage vacuoles
molecular masses 28: 76 compartment biogenesis 38: 72
N-terminal amino acid sequences 28: 77 ER-derived protein bodies, induction
promoter analysis of genes 28: 92 – 97 of 38: 72, 73
reactions catalysed by 28: 78 protein transport during seed
response to pathogen infection 28: 107 development 38: 66 – 73
role at tissue and organism seed storage protein transport by vacuolar
levels 28: 105– 109 autophagy 38: 67 – 69
role in plant growth 28: 106 storage protein transport in precursor-
temperature effects 28: 88, 108 accumulating vesicles 38: 69 – 72
tissue and cell type distribution 28: 79 – 83 transport during seed germination
types 28: 72, 74 – 78 38: 73 – 78
Plant movements Plant symptomatology (PS genes) 21: 200,
adaptations to terrestrial 204, 205
environment 33: 107 Plant transposable elements 12: 103– 203
adaptive strategies 33: 107– 113 at molecular level 12: 151– 170
biological clock and 33: 59 chromosomal anomalies 12: 141
circadian control of ion fluxes 33: 52, 53 cloning 12: 151–153
concept 33: 38 definition of 12: 105
control of 33: 41 – 43 dosage effects 12: 181– 183
de-etiolated seedlings 33: 69, 70 excision of 12: 171, 172
diurnal control of ion fluxes 33: 53 – 55 gene expression 12: 161– 164
diurnal movements 33: 107, 108 genomic instabilities 12: 188– 193
flowers and influorescences 33: 58 integration of 12: 172
functional analysis 33: 106 interaction between 12: 177– 188
generation 33: 38, 39 large-scale rearrangements 12: 176, 177
gravity and light 33: 63, 64 multiple copies of 12: 159, 160
leaves 33: 58 – 63, 68, 69, 73 – 77 mutable alleles 12: 109
morphological constraints 33: 97, 98 mutations 12: 109– 151
motor for turgor-mediated movements origin of receptor elements 12: 137
43 –58 proteins encoded by 12: 164
nocturnal phase 33: 77, 78 reversion events 12: 137– 139
of seedlings 33: 64, 65 segregation ratios 12: 109, 133– 137
operational aspects 33: 46 – 52 specificity of integration 12: 177
perception of directional light 33: 90 – 94 structural features 12: 153– 159
photoreceptor genes 33: 71, 72 transposition 12: 144– 151
role of cytoskeleton 33: 67, 68 variegation 12: 104– 108
shoot apices 33: 72, 73 Planta 18: 233
solar signal perception 33: 78 – 89 Plantaginales 19: 305
Plantago 19: 116 role for phospholipases in

Plantago coronopus activation 28: 46
enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 27, solubilization 28: 17, 18
28 stimuli activating/inhibiting 28: 41
Plantago major 19: 132 tools used to increase activity in vivo
Plantago major, water movement in 28: 25, 26
leaves 4: 123 tools used to inhibit activity in
Plantago maritima 25: 403 vivo 28: 26, 27
Plantago maritima, salt tolerance 8: 251 transcriptional regulation 28: 40
Plantago media 25: 403 transport coupling ratio 28: 22
Plantago sp. 11: 169 Plasma membrane H+-ATPase-based
Plant – animal reactions 37: 81 electrical signalling system
Plant – haustorium interfaces 24: 198, 199 in plants 28: 36, 37
Plant – insect interaction 30: 91 – 106 Plasma membrane internalization in water-
Plant – microbe interactions 37: 81, 82 stressed cells 25: 25 – 27
Plant – parasite interface, solute Plasma membrane vesicles 28: 16
transport 24: 202– 204 Plasma membrane, structure and recognition
Plant – plant interactions 37: 82 phenomena 4: 11, 12
Plants and wind 18: 189– 240 Plasma membranes 28: 6
Plants, waving 18: 205– 208 purification 28: 15 – 17
Plasma bridges 24: 401 Plasma membranes, cyanobacteria, lipid
Plasma membrane ATPase activation by composition 16: 13
IAA, 58, 60 Plasma(endo)membrane 28: 15
Plasma membrane H+-ATPase 31: 203 Plasmalemma
C-terminal regulatory domain 28: 19, 20 identification from cell fractionation
electrochemical H+ gradient 28: 37, 38 studies 5: 112, 117
extrapolating from in vitro to in vivo synthesis of cell wall components 5: 99,
28: 27, 28 100, 102– 105
generation of plants with altered transport of inorganic C
amounts 28: 24, 25 through 27: 121–126, 166–170
identification of single amino acid transport of inorganic C to active site of
residues involved in RUBISCO 27: 134–140
regulation 28: 20, 21 Plasmalemma in root potassium
in the living plant 28: 23 – 27 transport 15: 94 – 129
in vitro and in model systems 28: 15 – 23 and hydrogen ion transport 15: 99 – 119
isoforms 28: 19 charge balance maintenance 15: 100,
proposed physiological roles 28: 27 – 37 101
purification 28: 17, 18 co-transport 15: 115– 119
reconstitution 28: 17, 18 dependence, inter-ion 15: 99
regulation by 14 – 3 – 3 proteins 28: 44 direct coupling 15: 101– 111
regulation by changing amount of indirect coupling 15: 111– 115
H+-ATPase 28: 38 – 41 carrier-kinetic approach 15: 94 – 99
regulation by changing H+-ATPase dual isotherm hypothesis 15: 95, 96
activity 28: 41 – 47 limitations 15: 98, 99
regulation by light 28: 47 ‘low-salt’ roots 15: 94, 95
regulation by protein linear uptake
kinases/phosphatases 28: 45, 46 and anions 15: 121–123
regulation of activity 28: 37 and potassium channels 15: 123, 124
Plasmalemma in root potassium transport Plasmodesmata, structure and function in

(continued) multicellular chlorophyta 5: 158,
and root salt status 15: 124, 125 160, 161
physiological role 15: 127, 128 Pleurochrysis scherffelii
reaction kinetic model 15: 125– 127 site of synthesis of cell wall
redox-coupled 15: 129– 136 components 5: 99
and exogenous NADH 15: 130, 131 structure of cellulose 5: 98
and wound response and NADH Plasmodiophora 24: 313
15: 131, 132 Plasmodiophora brassicae 24: 279, 421;
integrated NADH model 15: 132– 136 35: 246
Plasmalemma, freeze-etching 3: 28 Plasmodiophora brassicae, effect of boron
Plasmalemma, viral infection 21: 106, 108, and calcium on host
117 infection 10: 241
Plasmid pAHC25 34: 94 Plasmodiophoromycetes 36: 56
Plasmid vectors, phytoplasmas 21: 196, Plasmodium 32: 201
198, 199 Plasmodium falciparum 28: 13; 32: 12, 198
Plasmodesmata 21: 106, 107, 111, 115, 116, Plasmodium yoelii 28: 13
118; 22: 202; 31: 261– 278 Plasmopara 24: 322, 354, 375
Abutilon nectary trichomes 31: 265– 267 Plasticity, cell wall 22: 248– 251
cell-to-cell molecular transport 31: 261, Plastid membrane permeability 14: 65, 66
262 Plastids 18: 164; 31: 60, 61, 127
Cicer arietinum trichomes 31: 277 see also Chloroplasts
desmotubule 31: 262, 263, 276, 277 defined 27: 261
fixation artefacts 31: 263, 264 evolutionary hypotheses 27: 261, 262,
formation of 2: 89 311, 312
glandular trichomes 31: 264, 265 integration of nuclear and plastid gene
Gossypium hirsutum nectaries expression 27: 307, 308
31: 269, 270 parasites and pacemakers of
Hibiscus nectaries 31: 270, 271 evolution 27: 433–435
in parenchyma cells of apical Plastocyanin 13: 13, 44, 45, 48
meristems 2: 105, 106, 117 Plastocyanin precursor processing 14: 18
in tip cells 2: 113 Plastocyanin, electron donor
microinjection studies of molecular to P700 10: 87, 88
transport 31: 272– 274 Plastoglobuli 35: 21 – 24
movement protein (MP)-mediated Plastoglobuli, in chloroplast stroma 7: 28,
transport 31: 271 29, 32, 34, 35, 46, 47
Nicotiana leaf trichomes 31: 271– 277 Plastoquinol 13: 44, 48, 49
routes of molecular transport 31: 264, Plastoquinone 13: 8, 9, 15, 44, 45, 48, 53;
267 22: 125, 126, 143
size exclusion limit (SEL) Plastoquinone synthesis 14: 48, 49
31: 267– 269 and compartmentation 14: 64
structure 31: 262– 264 Plastoquinones, in photosynthetic
tomato trichomes 31: 277 membrane 3: 125– 128
trichome/mesophyll comparison Plastoquinones, redox state 27: 301
31: 272– 277 Platanaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 35, 36
virus interaction 31: 272 Platanids, Cretaceous fossils
Plasmodesmata and root potassium 17: 108, 109
uptake 15: 140, 141 Platanoids, Early Tertiary 17: 119
Platanthera p-Nitrophenylbutyrate 24: 41

post-pollination phenomena 7: 578 PO, see Peroxidase
Plate-trapped-antigen (PTA) assays 24: 281 Poa 33: 245
Platinum 18: 263 Poa alpina
Platycaryeae, Early Tertiary 17: 41, 42 nitrate reductase 6: 23
Platymonas subcordiformis Poa annua (couch) 33: 245
osmoregulation 6: 99, 100 Poa pratensis, effect of sodium on growth
Platyzoma, morphology and cytology 4: 291 7: 159, 162, 163
Platyzoma, sporogenesis 16: 66 Poaceae 29: 123, 136, 137, 149, 150; 34: 2,
Plectocolea hyalina 129
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 evolution of 34: 31
Plectonema boryanum, RUBISCOs, Kc Podangis, flowering period 7: 536
values (table) 27: 104 Podocarpaceae 22: 13
Plectonema, phosphorus content 8: 146 chromosome evolution by centric
Plectophomella sp. 33: 20 fusion 6: 173– 176
Pleiotropic Regulatory Locus Protein 1 Podocarpaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 19, 20
(PRL1) 32: 452 Podocarps 1: 67
Pleonanthic flowering 3: 261– 269 Podocarpus 22: 13; 33: 9
Pleopeltis, polyploidy 4: 322 chromosome constitution 6: 173
Pleospora bjorlingii 33: 5 chromosome evolution 6: 173
Pleospora salicorniae 33: 5 Podocarpus macrophyllus, lignin
Pleuridium composition 8: 31
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 Podophyllotoxin production 13: 165, 166
Pleurochloris sp., state transitions 27: 266, Podophyllum peltatum culture 13: 166
268 Pogonatum 19: 247
Pleurococcus sp., thylakoids 27: 270 Pogonatum aloides
Pleuroplaconema sp. 33: 7, 9 apospory 6: 252
Pleurothalis ophiocephalus, carbon karyotype formula 6: 241
fixation 7: 526 meiotic abnormalities 6: 223
Pleurotus ostreatus Pogonatum neesii 19: 246
competitive ability in culture 7: 389, 391, Pogostemon (patchouli) 31: 78, 89, 91
396 Pohlia
zone formation 7: 395, 396 cultivation experiments 6: 253, 254
Pleurozium schreberi phytochemistry 6: 259
aneuploidy 6: 220 Poikilohydry
centromere evolution 6: 136, 137 and production of dessication-resistant
Plocamium sp., d13C values 27: 150 spores 5: 199
Plum pox virus 23: 15; 36: 4 in evolution of vascular land plants
Plumaria sp., d13C values 27: 150 5: 199
Plumbago 28: 234, 237 Poinsettia cultivars 18: 32
Plumbago capensis 31: 2, 26, 58– 60 Point bars 16: 127
Plumbago zeylanica 28: 239, 240, 248 Polarity convention 25: 343
Plums, see Fruit: skin fracture properties Polarity of tissue in relation to vascular
Pluronic F-l27 22: 59 differentiation 9: 187– 199
Plutella xylosa 35: 243 Polarization
PMSF 24: 41 of Chlamydomonas 5: 33
Pneumocystis carinii 28: 13 of Chlorella 5: 34, 36
PNH 38: 206 of Mesotaenium 5: 33
Polarization (continued) mode of 2: 96, 98

use of plane polarized light in relation to structure 2: 228
determination of orientation of Pollen tubes, microflbrils 2: 98
pigments 5: 31 – 37 Pollen, see Meiosis
Polhausen relationship 18: 213 Pollen, survival at Cretaceous/Tertiary
Polio virus 21: 112, 113 boundary 17: 5
Polishing and fibre optic Pollen-coat protein 32: 258
microprobes 18: 263– 265 Pollen – pistil interaction 32: 240, 241
Pollen 22: 132, 133 Pollen-style compatibility, cell-cell
androgenic haploidy 2: 300 recognition 4: 20, 21
anther culture 2: 301 Pollähne-press 23: 67
bud pollinations 2: 227 Pollination 31: 18, 49; 32: 270, 271
formation of embryo sacs 2: 303, 304 Pollination, Early Tertiary
germination, ambient humidity 2: 224, vectors 17: 63 – 66
226, 227 Pollution 21: 86, 88 – 90, 94, 95
germination, boron, calcium, magnesium Pollution, see Heavy metals, and lipid
and potassium 2: 224, 231 metabolism in algae
germination, dicarboxylic acids 2: 225 Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)
germination, mass effect 2: 225, 230 inhibitors 34: 107, 108
germination, stored pollen 2: 223 Polyacetylene 21: 13
induction of sterility 2: 308 Polyacetylenes 31: 162
irradiated pollen 2: 296, 300 Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
longevity 2: 221 test 23: 63, 66
male and female potency 2: 303 Polyamines 18: 93; 22: 120, 121, 143
methods of prolonging vitality 2: 221 Polyamines, compartmentation
mutual stimulation of pollens 2: 225 andtransport 25: 386, 387
pantothenic acid (coenzyme A) Polycarpicae
content 2: 223 karyotype evolution 6: 189, 190
parthenogenesis 2: 296, 298, 299 POLYCHOME (PYM) 31: 247, 248, 251
Paspalum dilatatum 2: 221 Polychromatic action spectrum 22: 103
pectin synthesis 2: 225 Polyembryony
pollen growth factor 2: 230 adventive embryony 2: 280
self-sterility 2: 226, 230 Anethum graveolens 2: 271, 294
sexual incompatibility 2: 229 angiospermic parasites 2: 292
storage, humidity 2: 221– 223 avocado 2: 286
storage, nutrients 2: 223 carrot 2: 283, 294
storage, temperature 2: 221 chemical promoters 2: 280 et seq., 287
stored pollen, field use 2: 223 Citrus 2: 281
Pollen and male gametes in situ 28: 233 cultivation of excised nucellar
Pollen development 32: 238, 239 tissue 2: 281
Pollen dimorphism 35: 65 Cuscuta reflexa 2: 292
Pollen see Palynology, Fossil plants, Cymbidium 2: 292
Monocotyledons Datura 2: 290
Pollen tubes, growth Daucus carota 2: 281
influence of chemicals and natural Dendropthoe falcata 2: 294
abstracts 2: 229, 231 embryonal budding 2: 286
influence of temperature 2: 229 Eranthis hiemalis 2: 286
inhibition of 2: 229– 231 Foeniculum vulgare 2: 271, 295
Hordeum vulgare 2: 290 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan, differential

irradiation of developing caryopses 2: 290 solubilization of thylakoids
Kalanchoe pinnata 2: 285 10: 104
Nicotiana 2: 285 Polypeptides 25: 124, 128
orchids 2: 290, 292 Polyphenol oxidase 30: 93, 94
Orobanche aegyptiaca 2: 294 Polyphenol oxidase and nutrient status
ovary and flower culture 2: 271, 294 10: 233, 236, 238, 239, 241, 261
Persea grattisima 2: 286 Polyphenol oxidase, in orchids, following
pseudobulbils 2: 281 pollination 7: 615, 617
Pteris vittata 2: 286 Polyphenoloxidase 21: 39, 51
Ranunculus scleratus 2: 271, 294 Polyphenols 21: 48, 51; 37: 27
somatic fertilization 2: 280 Polyphenols, effect on nitrification 29: 20
somatic tissues, differentiation-dediffer- Polyphosphate bodies as artefacts of
entiation-redifferentiation 2: 286 chemical fixation 28: 145, 146
totipotency of carrot root Polyphosphate kinase, in fungi 8: 150
cells 2: 283– 285, 294 Polyphosphate, in fungi 8: 136– 138,
Vanda tricolor 2: 290 142– 144, 146– 153, 157, 173,
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 21: 196– 198 177, 178, 198, 199, 201, 204, 205
Polygalacturonase 34: 129 Polyphosphate, phosphorus storage
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins as 28: 145
(PGIPs) 21: 4, 12, 20, 173, 174; Polyploidy
24: 90, 120– 127, 150, 151; and centric fusion 6: 18 – 186
26: 157– 159 buffering influence 6: 182, 183
Polygalacturonases (PGs) 24: 150, 151 distribution 6: 216– 218
Polygalacturonic acid 19: 28 interspecific polyploidy 6: 208, 210,
Polygenic resistance 21: 51 –56, 58, 71, 72 212– 218
Polygonaceae 37: 45 intraspecific polyploidy 6: 208, 211– 218
Polygonum aviculare micro-evolution mosses 6: 264
nitrate reductase 6: 23 origins 6: 215, 216
Polygonum cuspudatum 37: 69 Polyploidy in ferns 4: 255
Polygonum viviparum 24: 81 first discovery 4: 256
Polyhydric alcohol, accumulation and water geographical distribution of
stress 8: 255 polyploids 4: 323– 330
Polyhydroxynaphthalene reductase 34: 267 levels of polyploidy 4: 265– 281
Polyketide synthases 34: 270 Polypodiaceae, polyploidy 4: 322
Polykrikos spp. 12: 233 systematic distribution of
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 21: 110, polyploids 4: 319– 323
168, 177, 189, 193, 194; 24: 11, “Polypodiaceous” fern origins 4: 253– 255
41, 337, 400; 25: 257; 34: 29 Polypodium 19: 297
Polymerase chain reaction see PCR fossil record 4: 234, 249
Polymerization 21: 48, 51 P. dispersum
Polymorphism 32: 280, 281 apomixis 4: 391, 392
Polymyxa betae 36: 57, 58; 38: 29, 30, 32, cytogenetics 4: 350
43 vegitative apomixis 4: 399
Polymyxa graminis 36: 57, 59, 70 P. vulgare complex, cytogenetic
life cycle 36: 50 relationships in
Polyneura lastissima 11: 99 P. australe 4: 350, 352, 353
Polyols 25: 371 P. calafornicum 4: 351– 353
Polypodium (continued) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 24: 284– 286

P. glycyrrhiza 4: 350– 353 Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) 24: 282,
P. hesperium 4: 350– 353 283
P. interjectum 4: 351– 353 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, use as a
P. virginianum 4: 350– 353 cryo-protective agent 5: 20
P. vulgare, stomatal movement 4: 122, Pommier organism (PPAV) 21: 191
169 Pomovirus 36: 59
polyploidy 4: 322 Pomoviruses, vector specificity 36: 89, 90
Polysaccharide 18: 139 Poncirus trifoliata 37: 112, 113
Polysaccharides monoterpene production in plastids
distribution 11: 128– 132 6: 303
hydrolysis 11: 127, 128 Poplar 22: 165
types 11: 128– 132 Poplar, see Populus euramericana
Polysaccharides 21: 59; 25: 202 Population
Polysaccharides, extracellular 30: 296, 297 characteristics varying among 24: 18, 19
Polysiphonia harveyi 35: 199 concept of 24: 5 – 8
Polysiphonia japonica 35: 177 definition of 24: 6
Polysiphonia, gametogenesis 16: 59 genetic variation 24: 8– 10
Polysomes 22: 166 predicting variation among 24: 13
Polystachya, flowering period 7: 535– 541, Population genetics
547 and epidemiology 24: 13 – 24
Polystichum bacterial 24: 335– 351
apomixis 4: 390 contribution to epidemiology and plant
cytogenetics and species inter- disease management 24: 5 – 19
relationships in evolutionary inferences 24: 15 – 18
P. acrostichoides 4: 355 fundamental concepts 24: 5 – 19
P. aculeatum 4: 353– 356 historical background 24: 338– 340
P. braunii 4: 353– 356 history 24: 4
P. calafornicum 4: 355, 356 neutral theory 24: 338– 340
P. dudleyi 4: 356 use of term 24: 3, 4
P. falcinellum, polyploidy 4: 324 variation in 24: 337, 338
P. kruckebergii 4: 356 Population pressure, agriculture 21: 79, 80
P. lonchitis 4: 353– 355 agriculture’s resource base 21: 87 – 89
P. mohriodes 4: 356 carrying capacity, technology
P. setiferum 4: 353– 355 andsustainability 21: 80 –82
P. setiferum, structure 4: 237, 243 ecosystems and agriculture 21: 89 – 91
polyploidy 4: 322, 324 feeding the billions 21: 84 – 87
Polystictus, reduction of aromatic measuring impacts 21: 91, 92
acids 8: 42 nutritional security 21: 92– 94
Polystyrene latex microspheres 11: 33 – 37, outlook 21: 95 – 100
57 population growth 21: 82 –84
Polytrichales 19: 245– 247, 263, 285, rich-poor gap, global change 21: 94, 95
287, 293 Population structure 24: 340– 345
Polytrichum 19: 245, 247, 285 multilocus 24: 17, 19
karyotype formula 6: 241 Population time bomb 34: 2
Polytrichum formosum 19: 249 Populus 19: 143, 162; 31: 56
Polytrichum, lignin content 8: 29 glandular hairs 6: 296, 297
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (FPFA) 33: 53 hydrogen peroxide and lignification 8: 54
O-methyl transferase 8: 41 RUBISCOs, Kc values (table) 27: 104

P. tremula, enzymes of lignification 8: 57 thylakoid membrane area 27: 163
Populus X euramericana 37: 108 Porphyrin-ring layer, photosynthetic
Populus candicans, water uptake 3: 183 membrane 3: 114– 122
Populus deltoides £ trichocarpa 18: 16, 72 Porphyrins, energy relaxation
Populus deltoides 19: 136 mechanisms 8: 15 – 19
Populus euramericana (poplar) 18: 11, 87 Porteresia 34: 34
air flow 18: 216 Porteriochromonas stipitata, orientation of
air pollutants bioindication 18: 88 cellulose 5: 105, 106
bioindication 18: 9, 95 Portulaca grandiflora, effect of sodium on
hybrid 18: 54, 55 growth 7: 162, 166, 197
clone 18: 76 Positive selection 34: 78 – 80
O3 18: 67 Postelsia palmaeformis 35: 189
O3 fumigations 18: 57 Post-transcriptional gene silencing
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 81 (PTGS) 34: 97, 98 – 101
O3 exposure 18: 50, 51, 58 Post-translational modification of
O3 fumigations 18: 53 proteins 32: 81
SO2 exposure 18: 19 Potamogeton 37: 41
Populus maximowizii 18: 16 Potamogeton lucens 28: 36
Populus spp. 37: 106, 107, 110 Potamogetonaceae, stipules 3: 211
Populus tremuloides (aspen) 33: 7
Potamophila 34: 34
Populus tremuloides 18: 12; 25: 102;
Potamophila parviflora 34: 34
37: 152
Potassium 11: 162– 167; 25: 343, 344,
Populus trichocarpa 19: 136; 37: 113
404, 405
Populus, Early Tertiary 17: 42, 43
accumulation 25: 359
POR 35: 26
calcium ions 22: 72, 73, 77, 81
Porcine ribonuclease inhibitor
in soil 29: 4
(PRI) 24: 144–147
mutualism and parasitism 22: 4
Porellaceae 19: 291
Porphyra 35: 174, 176, 191 salinization, transport and 29: 157
Porphyra leucosticta 35: 179 shoot accumulation 29: 129
Porphyra perforata signal transmission 22: 180, 187, 210, 212
action spectra for photosynthesis 10: 71 translocation to the shoot 29: 129, 130
fluorescence spectra 10: 101 transport in growing shoot tissues 29: 144
Porphyra perforata, state III, PSI and transport in young tissue 29: 133– 137
II 27: 266 UV radiation 22: 107, 109
Porphyra umbicalis 11: 99 vectorial activation 25: 344– 346
Porphyra yezoensis 33: 186 water and nitrogen supply 22: 238, 258,
Porphyridium 259, 274, 280, 283
chlorophyll of P700 10: 83 Potassium channels 15: 114, 115; 32: 466,
difference absorption spectra 10: 98 467
Porphyridium aerugineum 19: 212 and linear uptake 15: 123, 124
Porphyridium cruentum, chloroplast and medium concentration 15: 124
membrane 3: 26 and tetraethylammonium
Porphyridium sp. 11: 98 chloride 15: 123, 124
Porphyridium spp. Potassium ion channels 29: 5
C-concentrating mechanisms Potassium ions and Dunaliella
(table) 27: 118, 119 growth 14: 107
Potassium permanganate, reactions amino Potato aucuba mosaic potexvirus 36: 2

acids, peptides, proteins 3: 13 Potato certification 23: 217– 238
lipids 3: 12 bacterial ring rot 23: 226 –232
proteins, erythrocytes 3: 13, 14 Canada 23: 231, 232
Potassium transport in roots 15: 93 – 178 ELISA 23: 228
plasmalemma in 15: 94 – 129 Gram stain test 23: 231
and hydrogen ion transport 15: 99 – 119 immunofluorescence 23: 228,
carrier-kinetic approach 15: 94 – 99 231
linear uptake component 15: 120– 128 monoclonal antibody 9A1 23: 228,
redox-coupled 15: 129– 136 231
and exogenous NADH 15: 130, 131 recent developments 23: 232
and wound response 15: 131, 132 success of 23: 232
integrated NADH model 15: 132– 136 biology of 23: 227
regulation 15: 151, 152 certification program 23: 226
‘bulk’ levels 15: 151, 152 detection 23: 229
by transport to xylem 15: 161– 163 indexing 23: 227– 232
hierarchy of 15: 152 blackleg 23: 233– 235
reaction kinetic model 15: 161 growing conditions 23: 233
sites 15: 152 indexing results 23: 234, 235
regulation, allosteric 15: 152– 161 Netherlands 23: 233, 234
carrier synthesis/degradation 15: 154,
potato cyst nematodes
155
certification 23: 235
criticism of 15: 156– 161
identification of 23: 237
feedback 15: 152– 154
indexing 23: 235– 238
tonoplast fluxes 15: 155, 156
Netherlands 23: 235
regulation, multicomponent 15: 163– 168
sampling techniques 23: 235– 237
and environmental factors 15: 164
test results 23: 237, 238
and growth factors 15: 165
viruses in USA 23: 218–226
and transpiration 15: 165
feedback control in 15: 164 gel electrophoresis 23: 222
phloem recirculation 15: 165– 167 limited generation 23: 221, 222
research directions 15: 169, 170 alfalfa mosaic virus 23: 218
to xylem 15: 136– 151 contamination 23: 224
electrogenic mechanisms 15: 145– 151 curly top virus 23: 219
lag phase in 15: 143– 145 indexing 23: 221– 225
radial pathway 15: 140– 143 leafroll virus 23: 218– 225
site of entry 15: 137– 140 outlook 23: 225
Potassium, interactions with tobacco rattle virus 23: 219
ammonium 30: 48, 49 Virus A 23: 218– 225
Potassium, soil management 21: 70 virus biology 23: 220, 221
Potato Virus M 23: 218– 225
brown rot 23: 10, 15 Virus S 23: 218– 225
ring rot 23: 5, 9, 10, 20, 43 Virus X 23: 218– 225
spindle tuber 23: 61 Virus Y 23: 218– 225
spindle tuber viroid 23: 5, 15 Potato cyst nematodes 23: 117, 118,
Potato 18: 36; 21: 2, 17, 235; 22: 165, 188, 235– 237
189; 24: 211, 216, 217 Potato inhibitors I and II 26: 143, 162, 163,
virus X (PVX) 21: 155 172
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) 36: 22, 23, 36, Prasinophyceae, ancestors of land
88 plants 5: 155
PLRV-PAT 36: 28, 29 Prasium majus 31: 89
Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) 36: 56, 58, 60 Prasophyllum, post-pollination
Potato protoplasts 19: 12 phenomena 7: 580
Potato see Solanum tuberosum Pratylenchus penetrans 21: 235
Potato tuber disks 19: 51 Pratylenchus spp. 23: 113
Potato virus 22: 147 Precision, epidemiology 21: 237
Potato virus C (PVC) 36: 4 Precursor-accumulating vesicles 38: 69 –72
Potato virus Y (PVY) 36: 4, 5 Predators 22: 165
Potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV) 36: 153, Pre-harvest sprouting 34: 147– 152
154, 159, 161 Preinoculation 21: 67
Potato yellow vein virus 36: 70 Preissia 19: 255, 271
Potatoes, see Parenchyma, fracture property Pre-maturity a-amylase (PMAA) 34: 151
testing Pre-nectar
Potential modification 31: 49, 266
matric, and bound water 3: 174– 178 transport processes 31: 49, 51 –53, 265
solute 3: 173, 179– 181 Prenols, long-chain, synthesis 14: 50
Potential leucine zippers 24: 102– 108 Prenyl diphosphate formation 14: 38 –42
Potentilla erecta and compartmentation 14: 63, 64
and isopentenyl diphosphate
enzymes of ammonia assimilation
isomerase 14: 38 – 40
6: 23, 30
and prenyltransferases 14: 40 – 42
Potentilla fruticosa 33: 22
Prenylquinones 35: 24
Poterium sanguisorba
Prenyltransferases
enzymes of ammonia assimilation
and prenyl diphosphate
6: 27, 28
nitrate reductase 6: 22, 26
location, subcellular 14: 63
Potting mixes, biocontrol 26: 12 –14
Pressure chambers 22: 233, 234, 247, 276
POTY virus 21: 132 Pressure injection 22: 57, 58, 66
Potyviridae 36: 70, 201 Pressure signals 22: 175– 179
Potyvirus 36: 2, 70 Pre-transformation proof of concept
Potyvirus helper component 36: 11, 12 34: 294– 297
Potyviruses 36: 68, 70, 7l, 89, 90 Prf 38: 270
non-persistent transmission in 36: 3, 4, PRH proteins 33: 186
77, 78 Primary productivity
vector specificity 36: 87, 88 geological past, C limitation 27: 176– 179
Poverty 21: 92 –95, 99 various habitats 27: 92
PP1/2A 32: 86 – 88 Primary response to salinization 29: 115
PP2B, see calcineurin Primeveroside 20: 179
PP2C 32: 89 – 91 Primula
PPBs 35: 71, 72 glandular hairs 6: 296
PPM family 32: 70, 72, 73 Primula acaulis, cinnamic acid 20: 190
PPP family 32: 69– 72 Primula kewensis 31: 128
pPROT1 24: 42 – 45 Primula obconica 31: 155, 156
PR protein 1, plant defence 26: 148, 149 Principal component analysis 21: 235
PR proteins see Pathogenesis-related Principal Control Point Hypothesis 35: 68
proteins Prionoxystus robiniae 21: 134
Prionum 3: 214 Prochlorophytes

vascular system 3: 246, 257, 265 chlorophylls and relationships to
Prisca reynoldsii, Cretaceous chloroplasts 27: 312, 313
fossils 17: 111, 112 LHCs 27: 275– 277
PRK1 (pollen receptor-like kinase1) number and origins of membranes
clone 32: 238, 239 between cytosol and RUBISCO
Pro25 32: 21 (table) 27: 138, 139
Proanthocyanidins 37: 76, 83 Prochlorothrix hollandica 27: 312
Probability of invasion 38: 45, 46 LHCs 27: 275– 277
Probability of persistence 38: 45, 46 ProCysEP 38: 76
Probability theory 38: 44 Production level, correspondence analysis
Probable amylase/proteinase inhibitor 21: 233– 235
(PAPI) 34: 211 Productivity improvement 31: 83, 135– 141
Probe biosynthetic capacity increase 31: 139,
acceptance width 18: 269 140
light measurements 18: 277 cell/tissue culture 31: 136
etching/stretching/heating 18: 261 heterologous production
optical properties 18: 268– 270 ofmetabolites 31: 140, 141
orientation 18: 273– 277 monoterpenoid biosynthetic enzymege-
sensitivity and acceptance netic manipulation 31: 108
angle 18: 266– 269 selective breeding 31: 135
tip transgenic approaches 31: 136, 137
coating loss 18: 278, 279 trichomes number/density 31: 137, 138
grinding/polishing, microprobe Proendoproteinase B (proEP-B) 25: 48
fabrication 18: 263– 266 Profiling techniques 23: 9
light reflection 18: 270 Progenitors of vascular land
truncation and sputter plants 5: 155– 162
coating 18: 262, 263 Proglobulin 25: 131
Probe-based methods 23: 42 – 45 Progoitrin 35: 239
Procaryota 2: 3 Programmed cell death 31: 90, 91
Procaryotes Programmed cell death, plant storage
see also individual species name vacuoles and 38: 76, 77
ammonium transport and 30: 49, “Progress” 18: 11
50 Prokaryotes 12: 153, 170, 171; 25: 60, 62
nitrate transport in 30: 21 – 24 Prolamin
Procentrum 12: 52 protease-containing vesicles 38: 74 – 78
Procentrum micans, thylakoid protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) 38: 76
structure 10: 34 pseudo-mass-action transmission 38: 41
“Processor” cv. 18: 13, 15 Pseudomonas cichorü 38: 252, 264
Prochloraz 33: 237 Pseudomonas syringae pathovars 38: 256,
Prochlorococcus marinus 269
and plastid origins 27: 312 Pseudomonas syringae pv.
LHCs 27: 275– 277 maculicola 38: 256
Prochloron Pseudomonas syringae pv.
algal evolution 10: 183– 185, 188 tomato 38: 256
thylakoid membrane 10: 32, 33 Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici 38: 260
Prochloron didemni, LHCs 27: 275– 277, Puccinio striiformis 38: 17, 264
312 PV72 38: 71
pyramiding 38: 254 P700 complexes 10: 84

pyrrhophyta, PEPCK in 38: 145, 146 Protease 21: 4, 6, 111, 152, 153, 160;
pyruvate carboxylase 38: 96 24: 42 – 45, 47
transport by autophagy 38: 67, 69 Protease inhibitor 18: 139
transport in precursor-accumulating “Protease inhibitor inducing factor”
vesicles 38: 69 – 72 (PIIF) 19: 19, 48, 75
Prolamins 25: 29, 30, 128– 131; 34: 195, Protease inhibitors 19: 19, 20; 25: 151
196, 197 Protease production 24: 41
Prolegumin 35: 148 Protective functions 31: 13, 14, 16, 79, 81,
Prolegumines, proteolytic 82, 131, 133, 134, 155, 201, 220
processing 25: 132, 133 Pelargonium spider mite resistance
Proline 11: 170– 172; 22: 144, 254, 258 31: 186
accumulation and water stress 8: 255 Protein 30K 21: 116
incorporation into protein 8: 72 factor, and enzyme modulation 14: 77 –79
Proline knot 35: 119 in Dunaliella 14: 128
Prolyl hydroxylase 19: 12 amino acid composition 14: 129
Promenaea stapelioides, seed lamella, thylakoid membrane 3: 81 – 87
morphology 7: 426 gross distribution 3: 133
Pronase E 19: 23 inner structure 3: 96 – 114
Propagative transmission 36: 21 reaction with fixatives 3: 13, 14
2-propenyl 4-methylsulphinylbutyl synthesis, mitochondrial 14: 6, 8, 9
isothiocyanate 35: 249 Protein biosynthesis, UV radiation 22: 132
2-propenyl glucosinolate 35: 221, 224, 228, Protein bodies 25: 113– 140
233, 238 Protein bodies in legume seeds
2-propenyl isothiocyanate 35: 244, 247, 249 formation 9: 10 – 16
Propeptides 25: 46 occurrence 9: 7, 8
C-terminal (CTPP) 25: 48, 49 proteolysis 9: 16, 17
N-terminal, (NTPP) 25: 46 – 48 Protein BP-80 35: 141
Prophyll, monocotyledons 3: 210, 211, 270, Protein component of cell walls 2: 151
276, 286– 288 Acer pseudoplatanus 2: 175, 190
Propionyl CoA carboxylase (PCC) amino acids 2: 168– 171
properties (table) 27: 96 analytical techniques 2: 158
Proplastids 35: 21 Apium graveolens 2: 175
3-propyl glucosinolates 35: 230 ascorbic acid oxidase 2: 204
Prorocentrum lima 27: 235 Avena sativa 2: 175
Prorocentrum micans 12: 211, 212, 218, biosynthesis 2: 177
220– 223, 225– 237 Camellia sinensis 2: 175, 190
cell division 12: 230– 236 cell extension 2: 193, 210
interphase cells 12: 227–230 cell suspension cultures 2: 155
Prosphytochloa 34: 34 Centauria cyanus 2: 175, 189
prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 31: 186 chemical degradation 2: 193
Prostaglandin metabolism 31: 186 chromatography 2: 158
Prostaglandins, causing stomatal Citrus paradisi 2: 175
closure 20: 193 collagen 2: 169
Prostanthera grylloana cysteine 2: 169
resin yield 6: 289 Daucus carota 2: 175
Prosthecochloris aestuarii degradation of sycamore primary cell
chlorophyll-protein structure 10: 132, 133 wall 2: 171, 193
Protein component of cell walls (continued) Protein in cell walls, biosynthesis 2: 88, 177
disulphide bridges 2: 172, 211 changes of 14C distribution with
electrophoresis 2: 158 time 2: 181
enzymic degradation and chick-embryo system 2: 186
characterization 2: 171, 194, 200 collagen 2: 187
enzymic wall protein 2: 204 elastin 2: 187
Eruca sativa 2: 175 inhibition by proline analogues 2: 180
experimental materials and oxygen fixation 2: 184
methods 2: 155 oxygen tension, effect of 2: 184
Festuca sp. 2: 175 proline hydroxylation 2: 184
Galega officinalis 2: 175 site of synthesis 2: 88, 182
Ginkgo biloba 2: 175, 176, 188, 190, 191 sycamore cell cultures 2: 178
14
Helianthus annuus 2: 175 C-proline, uptake and incorporation by
history 2: 152 intact cells 2: 177
hydrolyases 2: 205 Protein in cell walls, variation of
hydrolysis 2: 158 content 2: 188
hydroxyproline 2: 160, 172, 174, 177 arabinose/galactose ratio 2: 199
Lepidium sativum 2: 175 arabinose/xylose ratio 2: 190
Lupinus albus 2: 176, 177 cambial cultures 2: 189
Lycopersicon esculentum 2: 175 control by the plant 2: 191
Malus sylvestris 2: 190 control over cell extension 2: 193, 210
Nicotiana tabacum 2: 175, 190 correlation with general growth
Oryza sativa 2: 175, 190 form 2: 192
Phaseolus vulgaris 2: 175, 188 cultural conditions, influence of 2: 189
Pisum sativum 2: 175 effect of disturbed biosynthesis 2: 191
Populus tremula 2: 190 effect on leaf morphogenesis 2: 191
proline hydroxylation 2: 184 Gramineae 2: 192
Pyrus communis 2: 175 in different regions of the same
resistance to proteolytic attack 2: 172 plant 2: 188
Rosa 2: 175 Juncus 2: 193
Santalum album 2: 176 list of species 2: 175
Solanum tuberosum 2: 175 maize 2: 192
sulphur amino acids 2: 169 peas 2: 191, 192
sycamore cells 2: 157, 171, 173, 174, pollen cultures 2: 189
178, 179, 191, 193, 196, 198 secondary wall, contamination by
tensile strength 2: 200 2: 190
variations in composition between seeds 2: 191
species 2: 168 soybean 2: 192
wall form 2: 202 sugar molar ratios 2: 190
wall-bound enzymes 2: 204– 208 sycamore cambial tissues 2: 191
Zea mais 2: 175 Protein kinase 21: 11, 64, 110, 167, 173, 178
14
C-proline, uptake and activity
incorporation 2: 177 regulation 32: 447
Protein Data Bank (PDB) 32: 63 classification of 32: 4, 5, 49
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) 25: 130, cloning 32: 3, 4
131 EMBL database of 32: 2
Protein factors 21: 21 functions of 32: 5 – 9, 48
Protein gene phylogeny 19: 212, 213 inhibitors 32: 27
light signals and 32: 149– 175 in wheat endosperm 35: 150. 151
phylogenetic tree (phenogram) of 32: 6, 7 precursor-accumulating
regulation of 32: 451–453 vesicles 35: 149, 150
Protein kinase C 22: 49, 108 to dense vesicles 35: 148, 149
Protein kinase C 28: 45 Protein synthesis 24: 358
Protein kinases/phosphatases 28: 45, 46 Protein synthesis by chloroplast in vitro
Protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitors 7: 52, 53
assay (PPIA) 27: 232, 233 Protein synthesis in developing legume seed
effect of microcystins/nodularins 27: 232 biochemical mechanism 9: 17 – 21
list and properties 27: 227 control 9: 21 – 24
microcystins 27: 225, 226 Protein targeting 14: 1 –24
Protein phosphatases and conformation during transport
activators 32: 84, 85 14: 19
catalysis 32: 69 – 79 and genetic engineering 14: 21, 22
distribution of 32: 68 chloroplasts 14: 13 – 18
function 32: 69, 85 – 94 binding of precursors 14: 15, 16
inhibition of 32: 84, 85 processing of precursors 14: 17, 18
regulation of 32: 79– 85 synthesis of proteins 14: 14, 15
structure 32: 69 – 79 transport and energy 14: 16, 17
Protein phosphorylation 19: 52, 53 mitochondrial 14: 6 –13
Protein profile analysis of developmentally binding of precursors 14: 9, 10
regulated genes 24: 57, 58 cleavage of precursors 14: 12, 13
Protein storage 25: 27 – 31 synthesis of proteins 14: 6, 8, 9
Protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) translocation 14: 10 – 12
Protein storage vacuoles nuclear 14: 4 – 6
(PSVs) 35: 159– 162 presequence origin 14: 20, 21
deposition of constituents in dicotyledo- principles 14: 3, 4
nous plants 25: 116– 120 receptor origin 14: 20
environment within 35: 147, 148 review, historical 14: 2, 3
enzyme composition 25: 127, 128 structural setting 14: 2
functional implications 35: 162– 164 Protein three-dimensional structures
general organization 35: 141– 144 32: 63
globoid cavity 35: 156– 159 Protein transport 25: 46, 50 – 54
in dicotyledonous seeds 25: 132 Protein turnover
in seeds 25: 113– 140 measurement (methods)
morphology 35: 145 amino acid incorporation 8: 83 –89
ontogeny 25: 114– 116 amino acyl t-RNA 8: 89 –91
structural organization in chemical modification 8: 104– 107
seeds 35: 144– 147 density labelling 8: 118– 121
tonoplast developmental double isotope method 8: 99 – 102
regulation 25: 123– 126 enzyme degradation 8: 107– 118
traffic of integral membrane heavy water 8: 93, 94
proteins 35: 151– 154 secreted protein 8: 91 – 93
receptor-like proteins that traffic tritiated water 8: 94 – 98
via the Golgi measurement (problems)
complex 35: 152–154 amino acid recycling 8: 78 – 83
to PSV crystalloid 35: 152 compartmentation 8: 69 – 80
traffic of storage proteins 35: 148–151 terminology 8: 67 – 69
Protein, analysis of primary cell wall Protein – tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases)

ascorbic acid oxidase 2: 204 32: 76 – 80, 91 – 95
cellulase 2: 195 Proteobacteria 27: 88
enzymic degradation 2: 194 Proteolipids, pigment-binding 35: 24, 25
Ginkgo 2: 196 Proteolysis 30: 3; 32: 257
hemicellulase 2: 195 Proteolytic processing of prolegumins
hydrolase 2: 205 25: 132, 133
pectinase 2: 195 Proteromonas steinii 19: 214
sugar molar ratios 2: 193, 195 Proteus mirabilis, P/O ratio 4: 85
sycamore 2: 196 Protochlorophyllide a 35: 20; 35: 21
uridine diphosphoglucose Protogonyaulax 12: 52, 59
pyrophosphorylase 2: 205 Proton circuits 28: 3 – 13
Proteinase 22: 165 Proton gradients 28: 1 – 70
Proteinase inhibitor 22: 188– 196, 197 Proton pump 15: 10
proteinase inhibitor II 32: 359 ATP dependent 15: 109
Proteinase inhibitors (PI) 21: 4, 8, 12, 17, ‘Proton pump’ hypothesis in rapid cell
19, 20, 25, 62 elongation 5: 58, 60
Proteinase inhibitors Proton pumps 28: 3, 5
in mycoparasitism 26: 36 Proton transport, photosynthetic
parasitic bacteria 26: 34 membrane 3: 153– 157
Protoplasm weight and gravity sensing
plant defence 26: 26, 140–142, 143, 157,
15: 32
160– 166, 169, 171, 172
Protoplast fusion, biocontrol agents 26: 82
Proteinase-inhibitor inducing factor
Protoplast transformation 34: 62, 63
(PIIF) 22: 188, 191, 196
Protoplasts 21: 110; 30: 57, 249, 255, 256,
Proteinases 34: 196
298, 302
Protein – carbohydrate link 2: 198
Protoplasts, UV radiation 22: 107, 108
Protein – protein interaction 33: 192, 193
Protoporphyrin 22: 126
Proteins 18: 20, 68, 94; 34: 194– 212
Protozoa 2: 6
see also Coat protein Protozoan proteins, LRR consensus
defensive proteins 34: 195, 196 sequences 24: 140
fungal pathogens 21: 48, 57, 59, 71, Provacuoles 25: 8, 9, 12, 122, 123
149, 150 Provicilin 35: 148
G protein 21: 64, 168 Prunin 35: 116
gluten proteins 34: 198, 199 Prunus 32: 313
high-lysine protein and nutritional Prunus amygdalus 35: 116
quality 34: 201– 204 Prunus armeniaca
HMW subunits and breadmaking mid-day closure of stomata 4: 151, 203
quality 34: 199– 201 stomatal behaviour and
manipulation of HMW subunits 34: 201 environment 4: 203– 205
storage proteins 34: 196 stomatal response to
structural and metabolic humidity 4: 169– 173
proteins 34: 195 Prunus armenica 19: 151
types and properties 34: 194– 196 Prunus dulcis 19: 151
viral infection 21: 118 Prunus persica 19: 130; 37: 112
Proteins, resistance conferring see Plant Prunus serotina 37: 155
defence proteins Prymnesiophyceae, C3 + C1
Proteins, UV radiation 22: 104 carboxylases 27: 97
Prymnesium parvum 12: 48, 52, 58, 59, Pseudomonas stutzeri, effect of sodium, on
67, 68 growth 7: 148, 185
Prymnesophytes 11: 75 Pseudomonas syringae 19: 49, 69; 24: 110,
Psathyrella 24: 77 113, 153, 260, 265, 342; 30: 296,
Pseudanthium Theory 17: 146 298, 299, 308, 309, 312; 32: 21,
see also Euanthium Theory 383, 386
Pseudoanabaena Pseudomonas syringae pv. Glycinea 29: 65
chromatic adaptation 10: 166 Pseudomonas syringae pv.
phycobilisomes 10: 112 maculicola 24: 102, 111
Pseudocercosporella (Ramulispora) 33: 230 Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato 24: 91,
anamorphs 33: 234 101, 102, 109, 111, 342
Pseudocercosporella aestiva 33: 228– 230 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 28: 26
Pseudocercosporella Pseudomonas syringae, host infection and
anguioides 33: 228– 230 nitrogen supply 10: 227, 228
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides Pseudomonas tabaci 12: 255
24: 287; 33: 226, 227, 229– 232, Pseudopanax crassifolius 37: 50
243 Pseudoparmelia caperata 18: 53, 54
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var. Pseudoperonospora 24: 354, 379
acuformis 33: 228, 229 Pseudophegopteris, structure 4: 239, 240
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var. Pseudosclerotial plate formation 7: 364,
388, 389, 393, 398
herpotrichoides 33: 228, 229
Pseudotrametes gibbosa
Pseudococcidae 36: 199
competitive ability in culture 7: 389– 391,
Pseudococcus calcolariae 36: 200
394– 396, 398, 399, 403
Pseudococcus longispinus 36: 200
mycoparasitism 7: 383, 392, 396
Pseudogenes 32: 56
Pseudotsuga 18: 90
Pseudomonads 21: 67 – 69
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) 33: 4,
Pseudomonas 21: 6; 24: 344, 345; 30: 297
8, 13, 19
syringae 21: 8, 23, 65, 66, 174, 175
Pseudotsuga menziesii 19: 135
syringae pv. tomato 21: 66 Pseudotsuga menziesii, identification of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gibberellins 9: 43
cytochromes 4: 79, 82, 83 Pseudowintera colorata 37: 183
Pseudomonas cepacia 30: 189, 190 PSI
Pseudomonas fluorescens 24: 346 antenna cells 10: 84, 85
Pseudomonas putida 30: 175, 189, 307 chlorophyll of P700 10: 83, 84
Pseudomonas savastanoi 24: 48, 49 molecular weight 10: 85, 86
Pseudomonas sp., control of micro primary electron acceptor 10: 86 – 88
cystins 27: 239, 240 properties 10: 76 – 82
Pseudomonas spp. 23: 5, 6, 8, 15, 30 – 32, PSII
35, 36, 43 – 45 general properties 10: 88 – 90
Pseudomonas spp. polypeptides 10: 90, 91
antagonist applications 26: 50, 51 – 53, primary electron donor and
57, 58, 66 – 68, 70, 71, 80 acceptors 10: 91 –94
antibiotic production 26: 28 – 32 size of antenna and reaction
inoculation 26: 75, 77, 78, 80 centres 10: 94, 95
plant defence proteins 26: 148, 152, Psilophyton, ratio of water movement
153, 155 through xylem and
suppressive soils 26: 5, 7 parenchyma 5: 176, 177
Psilotaceae 22: 13 megasporogenesis 16: 68, 69

Psilotales, cytology 4: 283, 284 microsporogenesis 16: 66, 67
Psilotum 22: 13 Pteridophytes, Early Tertiary 17: 13 – 16
P. triquetrum see also Ferns
chromosome counts 4: 255 Pteridosperms, Mesozoic 17: 140– 144
cytology 4: 284 Pteris
polyploidy 4: 320 fossil record 4: 249, 253
Psilotum triquetrum, lignin introgression 4: 377, 378
composition 8: 31 P. biaurita, apomixis 4: 395
Psilotum, sporogenesis 16: 66 P. confusa, apomixis 4: 394
PSO1130 33: 164 P. cretica, apomixis 4: 388
Psoralea 24: 432 P. multiaurita, introgression 4: 377,378
Psoralen production 13: 179 P. otaria, introgression 4: 377
PSP, see Paralytic shellfish poisons P. quadriaurita, introgression 4: 377,
PsPK gene 32: 154– 156, 162 378
Psychotria polyploidy 4: 256, 291, 322
leaf nodule symbiosis in 17: 200– 213 Pteris vittata, chloroplast envelope 7: 20
bacteria distribution in Pterocarpans 21: 48
flowering 17: 208– 211 Pterostylis nutans, symbiotic
early studies 17: 200, 201, 207, 208 specificity 7: 496
microsymbiont isolation 17: 220 Pterygodium caffrum, seed
nodule development 17: 204– 206 morphology 7: 426
nodule initiation 17: 201, 204, 205 PthA gene 30: 296
nodule structure 17: 205, 207 Ptil 32: 386
seed in symbiotic cycle 17: 211– 213 Ptilota sp., d13C values 27: 150
shoot tip morphology/role Pto 32: 4, 22, 42, 383, 384, 388, 391
17: 201– 203 Pto gene 21: 65, 66
occurrence/distribution 17: 167, 168 Pto protein kinase 32: 383– 386
Psychotria bacteriophila 31: 12 downstream effectors 32: 386
Psychotria ulviformis 37: 8 PTR family 30: 31 – 37
Psychrometer 22: 247 Ptychodiscus 12: 89
Psylliodes 35: 243 Ptychomitrium
Psylliodes chrysocephala 35: 243 cytotaxonomy 6: 243
PTA, see Phosphotungstic acid P-type ATPases 28: 8 – 11, 13
Ptd 30: 299– 301, 303, 304, 306, 312 P-type plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene
Pteridaceae 22: 13 family 28: 11 – 14
Pteridaceae, base numbers and Puccinellia graminis, salt tolerance 8: 223
classification 4: 283 Puccinellia maritima
Pteridium 19: 297; 22: 13 enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 28
Pteridium aquilinum complex, nitrate reductase 6: 23, 25
incompatibility 4: 379–381 Puccinia 19: 61; 24: 208
Pteridium aquilinum, lignin arachidis 21: 226– 230, 233–235
composition 8: 31, 32 graminis f. sp. tritici 21: 148
Pteridophytes 19: 233, 295– 301; 33: 3 Puccinia coronata, zinc concentration and
heterosporous vesicle formation 10: 258
aberrant cycles, induced 16: 76, 77 Puccinia graminis 19: 38, 45; 24: 317
aberrant cycles, natural 16: 71, 72 Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici 24: 6, 14, 17,
gametogenesis 16: 63, 64 19, 74
Puccinia graminis tritici 24: 213 Pyoluteorin (Plt), biocontrol 26: 28, 29,
Puccinia graminis tritici, phosphorus and 31, 32
spore germination 8: 199 Pyracantha 37: 108
Puccinia hordei 24: 315, 317, 320 Pyrenoid-nucleomorph complexes 19: 206
Puccinia poarum 24: 200 Pyrenoids 27: 159– 166
Puccinia recondita 24: 326 absence 27: 159
Pulegone 31: 81, 95 CO2/HCO2 3 ratio 27: 163, 164
Pullularia pullulans, phospholipid function in supply of C to
content 8: 139 RUBISCO 27: 165, 166
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis thylakoids in matrix 27: 161
(PFGE) 21: 202, 204 Pyrenopeziza brassicae 24: 32, 33, 77, 78
Pulvinar chloroplasts, role in plant analysis of sexual
movement 33: 106, 107 morphogenesis 24: 51 –60
Pulvinar phototropism biochemical analysis of cytokinin
in trifoliate leguminous leaves 33: 97 – 99 production 24: 49
spectral independence 33: 102– 107 biochemical analysis of sexual
Pulvinus 28: 32, 37 morphogenesis 24: 52, 53
Pumpkin 25: 125, 262 cloning of mating-type loci 24: 56
Pumpkin yellow mosaic virus 36: 69 complementation of developmental
Pumpkin, response of mitochondria to mutants 24: 53 – 56
anoxia 7: 278
disease dissemination 24: 38
“Pure Gold Wax” cv. 18: 36
disease epidemiology 24: 34 – 38
Purine 30: 118, 119
heterogeneity of resistance 24: 38
see also caffeine, theobromine
life cyde in planta 24: 61
bases, metabolism of 30: 140– 143
mating-type loci and pathogenicity
catabolism of nucleotides 30: 135–140
24: 56, 57
de novo nucleotide biosynthetic
molecular analysis of
pathway 30: 126– 131, 143
cytokinins 24: 49– 51
interconversion of nucleotides 30: 131,
132 molecular analysis of sexual morpho
nucleosides, metabolism of 30: 140– 143 genesis 24: 53 – 60
nucleotide metabolism in higher molecular life cycle 24: 61
plants 30: 123–126 pathogenesis 24: 33
occurrence in plants 30: 120– 123 pathways of development 24: 36
ring 30: 126 protein profile analysis of developmen-
methylation of 30: 143– 150 tally regulated genes 24: 57, 58
salvage 30: 131– 135 sexual morphogenesis in 24: 36, 58 – 60,
specialized 30: 143 63, 64
Purines, synthesis of 18: 158 Pyrenopeziza brassicae-Brassica
Puroindolines (pins) 34: 208, 209 interaction 24: 31 – 70
Purpurein 20: 183 analysis of hemibiotrophic
Puya, vascular construction 3: 246 phase 24: 47 – 51
PVDF 24: 302 implications for disease control 24: 47
PVP see polyvinylpyrrolidone molecular analysis of pathogenesis 24: 40,
PVPK1 protein kinase subfamily 32: 30, 31 41
PWL gene 21: 151, 158– 160, 164 molecular techniques in analysis 24: 38,
Pylaiella littoralis 19: 210 39
Pyocyanin 12: 7 molecular view 24: 60 – 64
Pyrenopeziza brassicae-Brassica interaction Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, effect of

(continued) sodium 7: 199, 200
proposed role of extracellular protease in Pyruvate Pi dikinase (PPDK), C4
pathogenicity 24: 47 photosynthesis 26: 277–281
role of cutinase 24: 41 Pyruvate Pi dikinase 12: 4, 21, 22
role of cytokinins 24: 47– 51 Pyruvate/glyceraldehyde-3-
role of protease 24: 42 – 45 phosphatepathway 31: 95
sexual morphogenesis 24: 33, 34 Pythium 24: 267, 288, 311, 353, 361, 370,
subcuticular growth 24: 42 –45 372, 375– 377, 379, 386, 387,
surface growth and penetration 24: 41 389, 442
Pyrenophora teres 24: 19 – 21 Pythium aphanidermatum 24: 279, 370
Pyricularia oryzae 34: 264 Pythium butleri, phosphorus content 8: 141
Pyricularia oryzae, phosphorus Pythium mastophorum 30: 310
content 8: 131 Pythium middletoni 24: 381, 382
Pyridoxine, effect on orchids in Pythium proliferum 24: 381
culture 7: 467, 468 Pythium spp. 23: 10
Pyrimidine dimer 22: 104, 116, 140 antagonist applications 26: 50, 55, 63, 72
Pyrimidine-(6-40 )-pyrimidone inoculation 26: 74, 75, 77 –79
photoproducts 22: 117– 119 Pythium sulcatum 24: 281
Pyritization 16: 178 Pythium ultimum 24: 279; 33: 20
Pyro pigments 35: 17 Pythium ultimum, effect of orchinol on
Pyrocystis 25: 77
germination and growth 7: 517
Pyrocystis, chloroplast movement 10: 29
Pythium violae 24: 281
Pyrodinium bahamense var.
compressa 12: 52
QTLs (quantitative trait loci) 35: 32, 33,
Pyrola rotundifolia, seed morphology 7: 425
234, 235
Pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy 21: 48
Quaking bogs 16: 149
Pyro-phaeide a 35: 19
Pyro-phaeides 35: 17 see also Marshes; Mires
Pyrophaeophorbide 35: 9 Quality assurance 34: 294
Pyrophaeophytin 35: 9 Quality protein maize (QPM) 34: 203
Pyrophosphatase 22: 80, 81 Quantasomes 3: 141
Pyrophosphatases (PPases) 25: 219, 298 negative staining 3: 21
Pyrophosphate 25: 298 Quantitative trait loci (OTLs) 34: 46, 128,
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis 28: 6 186
Pyrophosphate, utilization by Quantum 35: 57
fungi 8: 176, 177 Quantum efficiency spectra in
Pyrrolnitrin (Pln), biocontrol 26: 28 –31 algae 10: 73 – 75
Pyrrophyta, LHC proteins 27: 276 Quantum flux density 18: 20, 26, 29
Pyrrosia, polyploidy 4: 322 Quarantine 21: 143
Pyrus 37: 114, 115 Quenching 38: 7
Pyrus communis 25: 267, 269 Quercetin 35: 86; 37: 85, 99
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC), properties Quercetin-3 – p-coumarolytriglucoside
(table) 27: 95 37: 85
Pyruvate dehydrogenase in acetyl-CoA Quercoideae 37: 153
synthesis 14: 55, 56 Quercus (oak) 31: 200
Pyruvate dehydrogenase Quercus 33: 24; 37: 107; 38: 290, 296, 298
kinases 32: 126– 128 Quercus coccifera 37: 107
Quercus emoryi 33: 13 R. graveolens

Quercus garryana 33: 22 volatile oil synthesis in culture 6: 306
Quercus ilex (holly oak) 33: 4 R. Gwynne-Vaughanii, reconstruction from
Quercus ilex 37: 107 fossil evidence 5: 167
Quercus marilandica 37: 116, 117 R. languinosa, isolated from orchids 7: 490
Quercus palustris 37: 110 R. major
Quercus petraea (sessile oak) 33: 7 O2 supply to subterranean organs 5: 209
Quercus robur 37: 107 ratio of internal and external areas
Quercus rubra (red oak) 33: 25; 19: 131; 5: 189
37: 7, 153 structure of axis 5: 167
Quercus velutina (black oak) 18: 72 structure of phloem 5: 169
Quercus, Oligocene 17: 38, 40 structure of tracheids 5: 180
Quiescent regime 38: 32 R. oryzae, phosphorus translocation 8: 200
Quin-2 dye 22: 53, 59 R. punctatum
Quinidine production 13: 171 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
Quinine production 13: 171, 174 R. repens
Quinnoidal base forms 37: 63 isolated from orchids 7: 490
Quinoline production 13: 157 nitrogen source 7: 491
Quinones, UV radiation 22: 104 phytoalexins 7: 509, 511
Quintinia serrata 37: 169, 171– 175, 181, R. retusa
182, 186 effects of pollination and auxin on
ovaries 7: 603
Quorum sensing 38: 257
flowering period 7: 546
longevity of flowers 7: 569
R protein 34: 191
R. ripanoides
R. acetosa
aneuploidy 6: 220
ammonia assimilating enzymes 6: 27
R. robrum, configuration of carotenoid
R. communis
component 10: 60, 61
sieve plate structure 5: 194, 195 R. sanguineus
stem structure 5: 178 nitrate reductase 6: 23
xylem structure 5: 172, 173 R. solani
R. communis, gibberellin biosynthesis fungal-protocorm interactions 7: 500
9: 85, 129 isolated from orchids 7: 490, 493
R. confertum R. spheroides, sodium requirement 7: 148
aneuploidy 6: 220 R. squarrosus
R. crispus interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
nitrate reductase 6: 23 R. stolonifer
R. duplex phosphorus translocation 8: 200– 203
autopolyploidy 6: 214 uptake of phosphomonoesters 8: 180
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 Race-specific elicitors 21: 164– 167, 177,
sex chromosomes 6: 236 178
R. fluitans receptors for 21: 167, 168
autopolyploidy 6: 214 Rachilla, monocotyledons 3: 270
genetics 6: 248 Radioisotopes
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 NMR properties 20: 52
R. gigantea, flowering period 7: 546 see also Nuclear magnetic resonance,
R. goodyerae repentis, isolated from high-resolution NMR
orchids 7: 491 spectroscopy
Radiometric dyes, calcium 22: 49 – 56, 68 Raphidophyta

Radish 21: 49, 50, 162; 22: 126, 130, 143, C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97
144 LHC proteins 27: 276
Radish and isoprenoid metabolism 14: 34 Rapid visco-analyser (RVA) 34: 28, 179,
Radish root 180
freeze-etching 3: 34 Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV) 36: 179,
membrane surface 3: 30 180, 187
Radish, see Raphanus sativus Raspberry ringspot virus 23: 13, 14
Radula 19: 257, 263, 265, 291 Raspberry, abscission 17: 279
aneuploidy 6: 219 RASTAFARI (RFI) 31: 247, 248, 251
Radula complanata 19: 273 Rattus norvegicus 28: 13
Radulaceae 19: 291 Rauwolfia serpentina 31: 104, 107
Raffinose-series oligosaccharides 25: 207, Ravenala
208 growth 3: 217, 220, 221
Ralstonia solanacearum 30: 297 influorescence 3: 269, 278
Ramalina menziesii 18: 53, 54 Rayleigh criterion 11: 11
Raman scattering, in picosecond Rayleigh scattering 18: 259
spectroscopy 8: 5– 7 RCC 35: 11, 35
Rana 11: 5 RCC reductase (RCCR) 35: 7, 14 – 16,
Random amplified polymorphic DNA 23, 27, 28
(RAPD) 21: 171; 24: 10, 11, 13,
RD21 protease 38: 77
20, 438
RD294 33: 203
Random amplified polymorphic DNA
Reaction type 21: 216– 226
(RAPD) markers 34: 4, 43
Reaction/diffusion model 38: 212
Random amplified polymorphic DNA
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 37: 22, 27,
(RAPDs) 33: 8, 230, 243
157, 176– 178, 180, 182– 184
Random amplified polymorphic DNAs
Readthrough (RT) protein 36: 22, 23
(RAPDs) 35: 174, 176, 188– 190
Reb1-1 mutant 30: 255
“Ranger” cv. 18: 10
nitrogen oxides fumigations 18: 36 Reboulia 19: 255, 271, 273
SO2/NO2 exposures 18: 44 Reboulia hemisphaerica 19: 291, 293
Ranunculaceae Reboulia hemisphaerica var. macrocarpa
chromosome size differences 6: 130 Zodda 19: 273
karyotype analysis 6: 239 Receptor kinase complex 32: 278–280
Ranunculaceae 22: 13 Receptor serine/threonine kinases 24: 90
Ranunculus 22: 13 Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in
Raphanus 35: 230 plants 32: 226
Raphanus sativus (radish) 18: 15, 16, 56 classification of 32: 226– 231
bioindication 18: 101 structural topology of 32: 227
O3 fumigations 18: 56, 57 Receptor-like kinase (RLK) 32: 18 – 23,
O3/SO2 exposures 18: 76 289, 290
O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 72 flower-specific 32: 241
Raphanus sativus 21: 49, 50; 28: 45, 75; involvement in development 32: 239– 241
31: 82; 35: 219 ligands for 32: 254– 259
circular vessels in storage root 9: 208 mode of action 32: 248– 250
effect of wounding on xylem properties of 32: 442– 448
formation 9: 215 response to environmental cues 32: 241,
Raphia, influorescence 3: 267 242
role in regulating plant Regulators 21: 20, 21

development 32: 231– 239 Regulatory domains 30: 37, 38
signaling 32: 250– 259 Regulatory proteins 32: 451– 455
Receptor-like kinases 32: 391, 392 Regulatory subunits 32: 82 – 84
Receptor-like protein kinases (RLPKs) Relative growth rate (RGR) 22: 235, 260,
21: 173 265, 266
Receptor-like protein kinases 24: 135 Relative humidity 31: 232
Receptor-operated channels 22: 48, 69, 71, ReMembR-H2 proteins 35: 153
73 Remote sensing bioindication 18: 101
Recilia dorsalis 36: 142 Renanthera imschootiana, flowering
Recognition specificities 24: 239, 240, 242 period 7: 546
Recognition, pathogens 21: 2, 3, 9 – 12, 57, Renealmia, influorescence 3: 278
71 Renewable resources 21: 82
Recombinant aequorin 22: 66 – 68 Reoviridae 36: 150
Recombinant antifreeze protein Repellants 31: 13
(rAP) 34: 296, 297 Replanting forest 18: 86
Recombinant DNA technology 31: 136 Replicating DNA 24: 416
Recombinant DNA technology, Replication, viral infection 21: 105– 107,
calcium 22: 66 – 68 114, 115, 117, 119
Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) 34: 45 Reporter gene 28: 28 – 31
Recombinant sets of inbred lines 24: 235 Reporter gene/promoter fusion studies 28: 29
Recombination 24: 16 – 18, 20 Reporter genes 24: 45
in bacterial populations 24: 340 Repressor of gal-3 (rga) 31: 230
within and between populations 24: 342 Reproductive biology, UV
Red algae 19: 201, 202, 217, 219, 233 radiation 22: 131– 133
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus Reseda odorata 35: 219
(RCNMV) 36: 55 Resinous substances 31: 14, 59, 133, 157
“Red Kidney” cv. 18: 11 sites of synthesis 31: 60
Red light 18: 290 terpenes 31: 56
Red spruce 18: 98 Resins
Red tides 12: 59, 206 Chemistry
Red:far red effects 37: 6 flavenoids 6: 284, 285
Redfield ratio, C:N 27: 98 other components 6: 285
Redfield ratios 16: 206, 212 terpenoids 6: 281– 283
Redox energy 28: 5, 6 internal resins
REDUCED TRICHOME NUMBER accumulation 6: 302, 303
(RTN) 31: 202, 228 function 6: 309, 310
Reductase 21: 8 secretion physiology 6: 290, 291
Reeds, bending failure 17: 269, 270 sites of synthesis
Re-F-B-a 35: 153, 158, 159 glandular hairs 6: 305
Re-F-B-B 35: 157– 159 in tissue cultures 6: 306, 307
Refractive index 18: 258, 283, 284 internal secretory structures 6: 305,
Re-F-R-R 35: 153 306
Refugees 21: 94 surface resins
Regnellidium diphyllum 22: 169 chemotaxonomy 6: 286– 288, 303
Regreening 35: 5, 7, 25, 26 function 6: 307– 309
Regression analysis 21: 235 secretion 6: 302, 303
Regulated expression 32: 79, 80 yields 6: 288– 291
Resin-secreting glands Resources 21: 80 – 82

structure of glands secreting internal Respiration
resins 6: 300, 301 and the ventilation process in higher
structure of glands secreting surface plants 7: 251– 260
resins 6: 291– 299 control 4: 91 – 97
Resistance (R) genes 21: 2, 7, 8, 24, 25 in orchid flowers 7: 611–613
fungal pathogens 21: 148, 149, 169– 178 stoichiometry 4: 84 – 90
Resistance genes 24: 232 Respiration by phytoplankton 16: 204
Resistance genes 32: 382, 383 and carbon fixation estimates 16: 230
concept of 24: 231 Respiration inhibitors 21: 56
encoding protein with cytoplasmic LRRs Respiration of conducting tissues 1: 255
required for resistance gene to et seq.
function 24: 109 –112 Respiration response
encoding proteins containing extracyto- NOx exposure, long-term 18: 42
plasmic LRRs 24: 99 – 101 NOx exposure, short-term 18: 39
encoding proteins with cytoplasmic O3 exposure, long-term 18: 67, 68
LRRs 24: 101– 119 O3 exposure, short-term 18: 61
encoding proteins with cytoplasmic LRRs SO2 exposure 18: 25, 26
and homology to the cytoplasmic SO2 exposure, long-term 18: 32, 33
domains of Toll and interleukin – 1 SO2/NO2 exposure 18: 47, 48
receptor 24: 108, 109 Respiration response, see Dark respiration;
encoding proteins with extracytoplasmic photorespiration
LRRs 24: 91 – 101 Response regulators 32: 56
Resistance mechanisms in host-parasite Response regulators in plants 32: 130– 135
interactions Response, long term to SO2 and NO2
defence mixtures 18: 48, 49
phytotoxin production 4: 4 Resting studies, parasites 21: 36 – 38
polygalacturonase inhibition 4: 4 Restrepia 31: 63
ethylene production 4: 5 Restriction analysis 34: 48
hypersensitivity 4: 5 – 7, see also Restriction enzyme-mediated insertional
phytoalexins mutagenesis (REMI) 34: 265
protection Restriction fragment length
Resistance proteins containing cytoplasmic polymorphism (RFLP) 21: 65, 153, 171,
LRRs 188– 190, 194, 202
activation of plant defences Restriction fragment length polymorphism
by 24: 114– 119 (RFLP) 23: 42, 122
avirulence determinants interacting Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
with 24: 113, 114 (RFLPs) 24: 12, 14, 342, 438;
Resistance transfer factors (RTFs) 24: 400 34: 3, 35, 42, 43, 290, 301
Resistance, acquired Resveratrol 21: 23
see also Pathogenesis-related proteins Reticulate fungal vacuole
induction by exogenous systems 28: 135– 137
chemicals 20: 207 Reticulate networks 28: 121
induction by salicylates 20: 207– 209 Reticulate vacuolar networks 28: 123
Resistance, dual nature 24: 231, 232 Retina, cell membrane 3: 7, 8, 20
Resistance, pests 21: 85 – 87, 89 Retrotransposons 27: 333– 350
Resonance 5: 6 horizontal transmission 27: 350
Resorption efficiency 37: 156 in mitochondrial genome 27: 345
LINE-like 27: 334, 335, 338, 339 vascular system

model for transposition 27: 342, 343 construction 3: 243– 250
LTR 27: 334– 342 continuity 3: 258– 260, 263
and MITEs 27: 419, 420 development 3: 251– 257
tobacco Tnt1 element 27: 340, 341 primary 3: 265
tobacco Tto1 element 27: 337, 341 Rhinocladiella spp.
Ty3/gypsy group 27: 337, 341, 342 colonization of interaction zones 7: 405,
Tyl/copia group 27: 336, 340, 341 406, 416
mechanism of effect of ASM 7: 414
retrotransposition 27: 347– 349 Rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic
non-LTR (LINE-like) 27: 334, 335, resistance (ISR) 38: 262, 263
342– 344 Rhizobia 18: 140, 148
SINE-like 27: 334, 335, 338, 339, 344, carbon metabolism mutants 18: 150
345 carbon uptake mutants 18: 147
species, size and cultured 18: 149
characteristics 27: 336– 338 genotype 18: 143
virus-like (VLPs) 27: 334– 339 infected cells 18: 136
Retroviruses, gene transduction 27: 349, microaerobic conditions 18: 162
350 nitrogen fixation in culture 6: 5
Retsina (rts) 31: 253 nitrogen processing 18: 153
REV 38: 205 Rhizobitoxine, and longevity of orchid
Reversal potential (Erev) 25: 223 flowers 7: 623
Reverse Northern blotting 35: 80 Rhizobium 18: 146; 19: 43; 24: 336, 337,
Reverse photonastic movements 33: 42 341, 343, 432; 29: 20; 35: 64
Reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR 132 interactions with legumes 24: 418– 420
Reverse variegation 12: 139– 141 mutants 18: 139, 164
Reverse-genetic experiments 32: 248 strains 18: 160
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid Rhizobium leguminosarum 18: 146, 153;
chromatography (HPLC) 24: 344, 406
35: 11 Rhizobium meliloti 18: 153; 19: 37; 24: 343,
Reversion events 12: 137– 139 406; 28: 13
at molecular level 12: 165– 167 Rhizobium spp., biocontrol 26: 58, 75
Reynold’s number 18: 212 Rhizobium trifolii 24: 420
RFLP 35: 181, 235 Rhizobium, binding to legume roots 4: 25, 29
RFLPs 33: 229, 247 Rhizoctonia 24: 276, 288, 411
R-genes 24: 263, 264 niacin production in culture 7: 469
Rhabdocline parkeri 33: 4, 8, 13, 14, 26 potassium concentration and
Rhabdocline-Pseudotsuga system 24: 175 "infection 10: 225
Rhabdoviridae 36: 149, 150 resistance mechanism 10: 253
Rhacomitrium heterostichum thiamine production 7: 469
cultivation experiments 6: 255 Rhizoctonia oryzae 33: 20
Rhamnogalacturonan I 22: 182 Rhizoctonia solani 23: 10; 24: 280– 282,
Rhamnogalacturonans I and II 286, 291, 292, 294, 296–298,
(RG-I and RG-II) 19: 17, 20, 26 300– 303; 33: 20; 34: 49; 38: 7,
Rhapis excelsa 3: 214 9 – 11, 13, 17 – 21, 42, 259
branching 3: 262, 264 percolation in 38: 54, 55
growth 3: 217, 222– 224 phosphorus and cell development 8: 197
influorescence 3: 274, 276 phosphorus translocation 8: 201, 202
Rhizoctonia, biocontrol 26: 55, 63, 145, Rhodophyta 2: 5, 7; 27: 89

146, 156 action spectra 10: 69
Rhizomania disease 38: 17, 18, 29, 43 C3 + C1 carboxylases 27: 97
Rhizome 38: 192 distribution and light quality 10: 23,
Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum 24
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 phycobiliproteins 10: 64
Rhizomorphs pyrenoids 27: 159
and translocation 8: 200, 201, 203 RUBISCOs 27: 101, 102
phosphorus content 8: 132 thylakoid arrangement 10: 34, 35
Rhizomorphs, and the colonization of Rhodophyta, life cycles 16: 57
wood 7: 410, 412, 413 aberrant, induced 16: 72, 73
Rhizophera mucranata, identification of Rhodophytes 11: 75, 87, 88
gibberellins 9: 43 Rhodopseudomonas
Rhizophora 19: 306 sodium requirement 7: 148
Rhizophora mangle 37: 110 Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides
Rhizophytes, defined 27: 90 12: 19
Rhizopogon luteolus, phytase activity Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides,
8: 186 "RUBISCOs, Kc values (table)
Rhizopus 30: 310 27: 104
Rhizopus arrhizus, b-l,3 glucanase- Rhodopseudomonas spheroides,
hydrolysis of cell organell configuration of carotenoid
fractions 5: 123, 124 component 10: 61
Rhizopus nigrans, phosphorus Rhodopseudomonas spheroides,
content 8: 130 cytochrome 4: 75
Rhizopus stolonifer 19: 68 Rhodopsin activation 15: 5, 13
Rhizopus stolonifer infection and Rhodopsin, proton translocation 8: 20,
phytoalexin 14: 83 – 85 21
Rhizosolenia 25: 77 Rhodospirillum molischianum, thylakoid
Rhizosphaera kalkhoffi 33: 15 membrane 10: 31
Rhizosphere competence, biocontrol Rhodospirillum rubrum 11: 90; 25: 298,
agents 26: 47 – 49 301, 309, 310, 325, 329
Rhizosphere, horizontal gene amino acid sequence of cytochrome c
transfer 24: 399– 429 4: 82, 83
Rhod-2 AM dye 22: 53, 56 cytochromes 4: 75, 79
Rhodella 19: 217 Rhodospirillum rubrum, RUBISCOs, Kc
Rhodella violacea, state transitions values (table) 27:104
27: 267 Rhodotorula rubra
Rhododendron 37: 98, 107, 108, 113; phosphate balance 8: 157– 159, 163
38: 289, 290, 296, 303 phosphorus and growth 8: 194– 196
Rhododendron maximum 38: 296 Rhodoxanthin 37: 39 – 41
Rhododendron, leaf, matric potential Rhodymenia palmata 11: 99
3: 178 Rhopalosiphum maidis 36: 25, 26, 28, 34
Rhodomonas lens, action spectrum of Rhopalosiphum padi 36: 25, 26, 28, 29, 31,
photosynthesis 10: 70 34, 35
Rhodomonas salina 19: 204– 207 Rhus glabra
Rhodophysema elegans 35: 180 resin ducts 6: 302
Rhodophyta (red algae), PEPCK in Rhus spp. 37: 112, 117, 159
38: 145 Rhynchoryza 34: 34
Rhynchosporium secalis 21: 10, 149, 150, Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase,

160– 162, 166, 167; 24: 13, 111; in cultured orchid seedlings 7: 479, 480,
28: 26; 34: 278 487
Rhynchostegium Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 (Rubisco)
Rhynchostylis UV radiation 22: 109, 146
post-pollination phenomena 7: 580, effect on cellular processes 22: 121,
581 122, 126– 130
Rhynia effect on gene expression 22: 135, 137,
fossil evidence for existence of 141
homiohydry 5: 203 water and nitrogen supply 22: 242, 243
ratio of water movement through xylem Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/
and parenchyma 5: 176 oxygenase (RuBisCO) 38: 86, 87,
Rhytidiadelphus loreus 107, 149, 213
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 22: 146,
Rhytidospermum 38: 303 242, 243
Rhytisma acerinum 33: 26 Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
Ribautodelphax notabilis 36: 152 "oxygenases see RUBISCOs
Ribes nigrum 19: 121 Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
Ribes nigrum, identification of effect of magnesium ions 7: 66
"gibberellins 9: 43 transport across chloroplast envelope
Ribes sanguineum 7: 74 – 75, 78, 79
glandular hairs 6: 297 Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in
Ribes sanguineum, water uptake 3: 183 Dunaliella 14: 139, 140
Riboflavin, effect on orchids in culture Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, affinity
7: 467, 468 for CO2, 208
Ribonuclease A (RNase A) 24: 151, 152 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/
Ribonuclease A 19: 21; 21: 25 oxygenase (Rubisco) 25: 90
Ribonuclease inhibitors (RI) 24: 150– 153 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxy-
Ribonucleases 24: 150– 153 genase (rubisco) 35: 77
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) 21: 119 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
Ribosomal gene markers 34: 43 carboxylase/oxygenase 19: 211
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 19: 196, 200, 212, Ribulose-5-phosphate kinase 12: 27
213, 216, 219 Ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase 12: 3, 4
Ribosome cycle in meiosis 15: 183 Riccardia 19: 265, 267, 285, 293, 295
Ribosome-inactivating proteins 21: 21, 22; chromosome numbers 6: 203
26: 142, 155, 156 Giemsa C-band staining 6: 199
Ribosomes polyploidy 6: 215
attachment 3: 20 Riccardia multifida 19: 275, 279, 281, 283
binding of benzyladenine 5: 65 Ricca’s factor 22: 198, 212
binding of cytokinins 5: 65 Riccia 19: 255, 271, 273, 291
freeze-etching 3: 23, 26 Riccia
Ribulase bisphosphate carboxylase chromosome number 6: 203
(RuBPc’ase) Riccia sorocarpa 19: 293
nitrogen level 10: 41 Ricciocarpos natans 37: 39
photosynthetic bacteria 10: 31 Riccionidin A 37: 39, 40
radiation level 10: 40, 41 Riccionidin B 37: 39
shading effect 10: 154, 155 Rice (Oryza sativa) 18: 11, 88
Rice 21: 10, 85 –87, 158 –160; 22: 101, 102, Rice Xa21 receptor-like kinase 32: 389,
113, 145, 146; 34: 34 390
see also entries under Oryza Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) 36: 110
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase Ricinosomes 38: 76
(AGP) 34: 89 Ricinus 31: 271
aerenchymatous structure 7: 292– 295 emission spectrum 5: 13
Daikoku dwarfs 34: 135 leaf, matric potential 3: 178
effect on mitochondria of anoxic R. communis, water potential 3: 202, 203
culture 7: 278, 279 root resistance 3: 187
En/Spm elements in 34: 13 spectral distortions 5: 13
ESTs in 34: 8 Ricinus communis 25: 259; 28: 75;
functional genomics 34: 12 –13 29: 155, 159, 161; 31: 49,
gas-space characteristics 7: 230 50, 184; 35: 149;
glutelin 34: 89 38: 76, 169
knox genes 34: 143 Ricinus, vascular tissue in seedling
lacuna production in roots 7: 290 quantitative aspects of xylem 9: 212
molecular markers 34: 4 wound formation of cambium 9: 245
Osg6B gene 34: 89 Rieske iron-sulphur centre 13: 11 – 13
root growth in relation to oxygen Riftia 25: 74
pressure 7: 288 Riftia sp., CO2 transport 27: 137
Rime ice 18: 238
structural genomics 34: 10
Ring porous trees, control of vessel and fibre
sucrose synthase 34: 89
distribution 9: 237– 240
tapetum-specific promoters 34: 89
Rishitin 21: 23, 48, 56
tungro 21: 230– 233, 236
Rishitin production 13: 179
yellow dwarf 21: 193, 194
Rivers
Rice bacterial blight, ARR to 38: 267
see also Deltas
Rice blast pathogen 19: 25
aquatic processing of plant
Rice dwarf virus (RDV) 36: 142, 150, 160
debris 16: 114– 125
Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) 36: 152, 155, floating 16: 115– 119
158, 160, 161 leaf degradation 16: 122– 124
Rice grassy stunt virus 36: 150 water column transport 16: 119– 122
Rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) 36: 153, 158 channel deposits 16: 126– 130
Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) 36: 150 abandoned channels 16: 130
Rice see Oryza sativa crevasse splays 16: 129
Rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV) 36: 56 floodplains 16: 129, 130
Rice stripe virus (RStV) 36: 148, 156– 158, lag deposits 16: 126, 127
160 levees 16: 128
Rice transitory yellowing virus (RTYV) point bars 16: 127
36: 149, 150, 155 nutrient discharge 16: 242
Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and phytoplankton productivity
36: 144– 146 16: 232, 233
Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) transport of plant debris 16: 125, 126
sequences 34: 89 RKF1 – 3 clones 32: 241
Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) RLK3 group 32: 22
36: 144– 146 RMR proteins 35: 153, 154
Rice tungro virus disease 38: 48 RNA 19: 54, 196
Rice wilted stunt virus 36: 150 RNA 22: 111, 113, 115, 117, 134, 136
RNA blot analysis 37: 99, 100 root branching 33: 249
RNA in conifer sporogenesis single root extraction 33: 135– 137
cell development 15: 183 soil properties and 33: 151, 152
meiosis 15: 184 strengthening only basal areas 33: 138
RNA in legume seeds tap roots 33: 144– 146
changes during germination 9: 18 – 21 theory 33: 141, 142
control of storage protein using basal root hairs 33: 138
synthesis 9: 21 – 24 ‘Root collar’, chestnuts 21: 128, 131
RNA polymerase 21: 109, 114, 115 Root crops 21: 85
RNA synthesis 24: 358 ROOT EPIDERMAL BULGER1 (REB1)
RNA synthesis and zinc deficiency 10: 259 31: 199
RNA transcription 18: 234 Root excision studies 19: 128– 131
RNA viruses see Virus Root hair defective1 (rhd1) 31: 255
RNAase 25: 90, 94, 95 ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE2 (RHD2) 31: 255
RNA-binding protein BLT801 34: 245, 246 ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE3 (RHD3)
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 31: 255– 257
(RdRP) 34: 100 Root hair defective4 (rhd4) 31: 255
RNases 21: 111 Root hair defective6 (rhd6) 31: 254, 255
Robinia 33: 61 ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT1
Robinia pseudoacacia 33: 50, 91 (RHD1) 31: 199
“Robusta” cv. 18: 88 Root hair morphogenesis 31: 253– 257
Root genetic analysis 31: 253, 254
absorption, transpiration and molecular analysis 31: 255– 257
deficits 3: 189–195 wild-type 31: 253
and soil-plant-atmosphere system ROOT HAIRLESS1 (RHL1) 31: 228, 245,
3: 195– 204 246, 253, 257
cortex, water uptake 3: 184– 186 ROOT HAIRLESS2 (RHL2) 31: 245, 246,
freeze-etching 3: 23, 24, 34 253, 257
resistance, variable 3: 186– 189 ROOT HAIRLESS3 (RHL3) 31: 245, 246,
Root aeration in the unsaturated 253, 257
soil 7: 313– 324 Root hairs 31: 4, 14, 196, 220
Root anchorage epidermal cell specification 31: 198, 199,
adventitious roots 33: 139 211
coronal and prop root systems 33: 146 initiation 31: 223
costs of 33: 138, 139 Root hairs, mode of growth 2: 96, 97
experimental study methods 33: 137, Root nodules
138, 142, 143 adaptation to nitrogen supply 6: 37
in crop plants 33: 150, 151 enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 31,
intermediate systems 33: 146, 147 32, 34
mature plants 33: 140, 141 Root pavement cells 31: 196
mechanics 33: 143– 147 Root pressure, transport of solutes in
misconceptions 33: 134, 135 xylem 5: 192
models, use of 33: 147– 151 Root signal hypothesis 29: 118, 119
morphology 33: 147, 148 Root systems, maximization of nitrogen
numerical models 33: 152, 153 capture 30: 62
plate systems 33: 143, 144 Root zone temperature 30: 61, 62
resistance to overturning 33: 141– 147 Root, signal transmission 22: 164
resistance to uproots 33: 135– 141 Root:shoot ratio of plants 19: 112– 116
Roots Rubiaceae
auxins and chelates, combined effect 1: 81 as leaf nodule host 17: 167, 168
auxins, inhibition of roots 1: 80 microsymbiont isolation from 17: 219,
auxins, inhibition of seminal roots 1: 81, 82 220
auxins, promotion of adventitious roots RUBISCO (ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carbo-
1: 81, 82 xylase/oxygenase) 11: 72, 79, 80,
calcium, effect of 1: 92, 98 85, 87, 88 – 94, 116, 117, 179, 187
chelates, antagonism with auxins 1: 77 – 79 Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
chelates, destruction of RNA 1: 84 carboxy"lase/oxygenase) 33: 194
chelates, effect of darkness 1: 84, 85, 90, Rubisco phylogeny 19: 211, 212
91, 95 Rubisco see Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
chelates, effect on respiration 1: 83, 84, carboxylase
95 –97 Rubisco spacer sequences 35: 175
chelates, inhibiting effect of 1: 76 – 82, 87, Rubisco turnover 37: 23
90 –92 Rubisco, C4 photosynthesis 26: 290, 295,
chelates, promotion of growth 1: 77, 81, 83 296
cobalt, effect of 1: 97, 98 Rubisco, measured as leaf nitrogen 20: 3, 4
cytokinin production 9: 248 RUBISCOs
deformation of Brassica roots by chelates, and HCO2 3 entry into
oxalates and auxinic compounds vacuole 27: 166– 170
1: 85 carbon dioxide concentration at active
effect on vascular site 27: 111
differentiation 9: 170– 172, 246 carbon fixation in marine
iron, effect of 1: 95, 98 autotrophs 27: 91
sugar synthesis by sugar beet 1: 244 carboxysomes 27: 159– 166
transport of assimilates to the roots 1: 264 CO2/HCO2 3 ratio 27: 163
Roots, disease biocontrol 26: 40, 41, 66, 67, evolution 27: 102, 103, 179– 181
77, 78 excess activity 27: 93 – 98
Roots, gravity sensing by 15: 36 Kc values (table) 27: 104
see also Potassium transport in roots origins 27: 179
Rosa damascena culture 13: 179 oxygenase activity and
Rosa rugosa 31: 168 photorespiration 27: 106– 109
Rosa, effect of ABA on stomata 4: 138 phylogeny and range of kinetic
Rosaceae 37: 47 properties 27: 101– 106
Rosaceae, salicylates 180Flavonoids 20: 182 properties (table) 27: 94
Rosimarinus 31: 78 transport of inorganic C to
Rosimarinus officinalis 31: 2, 4, 52 27: 120– 140
13 12
Rosmarinic acid production 13: 166, 167, C/ C ratio 27: 155–159
175 RuBPC
Rot see Fungi alfalfa foliage 18: 58
Roughness length 18: 195 bioindication 18: 103
Rozella allomycis, polyphosphate carboxylation activity 18: 64
content 8: 147, 199 NOx exposure 18: 40
RP14 (Hv-NCC-1) 35: 13 O3 exposure 18: 62
RPKI gene 32: 241, 242 SO2 exposure 18: 19, 20, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33
Rrs gene 21: 160– 162 RuBPo (ribulose biphosphate oxygenase)
RSIP 38: 80 11: 72, 94 – 100, 116, 117
Rubber production 13: 158, 159 Rubus 19: 15
Rubus chamaemous S. crispa, carbon fixation 7: 527, 528

nitrate reductase 6: 21, 22 S. cytalidium
Rudbeckia tricolour 19: 121 biological control of wood decay 7: 384,
Ruderal algae and light harvesting 10: 21, 22 385, 404
Rumex wood colonization 7: 416
Rumex acetosa 22: 23 S. donnellii
Rumex leaf senescence bioassay for genetics, sex chromosomes 6: 230,
"gibberellins 9: 64 231
Rumex palustris 19: 146 S. furcata, phosphorus content 8: 147
Rumex, salicylates, pregerminator effects S. glutinosa
20: 188 glandular hairs 6: 297
Ruscus 22: 13 S. hirsutum
Rush, influorescence 3: 273 antagonism
Russia 21: 84, 98 interspecific 7: 386, 400, 401
“Russian Mammoth” cv. 18: 10, 11, 12, 15 intraspecific 7: 354– 356
nitrogen oxides fumigations 18: 36 colonization of wood 7: 410, 416
O3 exposure 18: 58 competitive ability in culture 7: 389, 390,
O3 fumigations 18: 53 396, 398, 399
Ruta hyphal interference 7: 394
essential oil cavities 6: 300 population structure 7: 352, 353,
Ruta graveolens culture 357– 359
zone-line formation 7: 345, 355, 360,
response to biotic stress 13: 183
395, 397
Rutacridine epoxide production 13: 182
S. insignis, seed morphology 7: 426
Ryanodine 22: 78 – 82
S. lacrymans
Ryanodine receptor homologues
mycelial cord formation 7: 413
25: 239– 241
temperature requirement 7: 408
Ryanodine receptor isoform (RYR2)
S. lostatus 11: 87
25: 239
S. maxima, isolation of caroteno-
Rye (Secale cereale) 34: 40, 197
protein 10: 60
Rye 22: 146
S. neglecta, phytoalexin production
Ryegrass, see Lolium perenne 7: 512
Rymovirus 36: 70, 200 S. nepalense, seed morphology 7: 427
S. obliquus
2S albumins, plant defence 26: 148, 153, caroteno-polypeptide 10: 59
154, 171 photosynthetic rate 10: 151
S alleles 32: 270 photosystem reaction centre
S locus genes 32: 23, 272– 275, 277, 278, complexes 10: 78, 87, 90, 95
280– 283, 285– 288, 291, 292 shading effects 10: 156, 158, 160
S. aurea, seed morphology 7: 425 S. oculata, seed morphology 7: 426,
S. auriculatum 437
autopolyploidy 6: 214 S. orientalis
biometric investigation 6: 260 culture 7: 467, 470
S. bicallosum, seed morphology 7: 427 seed germination and development
S. calcicola 12: 80 7: 473
S. carneum, seed morphology 7: 427 S. pannonicus, site of synthesis of cell wall
S. cerevisiae cak1 32: 26 components 5: 104
S. cerna, symbiotic specificity 7: 496 S. parviflora, culture 7: 470
S. plicata phosphorus content 8: 130, 134, 135,

carbon fixation 7: 527– 529, 533 140
hormones in culture 7: 461, 464 polyphosphate kinase 8: 150
protocorm-fungal interactions 7: 499, 500 utilization of organic P 8: 180, 181,
S. rolfsii, boron nutrition and disease 186
"resistance 10: 240 S. chevalieri, phosphatases 8: 177, 182
S. sinensis, symbiotic specificity 7: 496 S. rouxii, phosphatase 8: 182
S. speciosa, carbon fixation 7: 527–529 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 24: 118, 135,
S. subsecundum 407, 422; 25: 301, 306, 312, 313,
autopolyploidy 6: 214 317, 322, 323, 327, 407; 28: 2, 11,
biometric investigation 6: 260 13, 18, 20, 23, 27, 38, 122, 138,
S. tibicinis, post-pollination 140; 29: 78; 30: 27, 33, 46, 50, 51,
phenomena 7: 583, 585 68, 263; 32: 3, 6, 8, 13, 23 – 25, 27,
S. tigrina var. superba, seed 43, 44, 114, 171, 187, 304, 307,
morphology 7: 425 320, 332, 337, 356, 415, 420;
S. undulata, seed morphology 7: 437 33: 202, 207; 35: 130; 38: 135
S. violacea, seed morphology 7: 427 genome 38: 240
S. vomeracea, phytoalexin production PEPCK 38: 112
7: 512 Saccharomyces cerevisiae budding 31: 208
S. warczewitzii, seed morphology 7: 425 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, freeze-
“S23” cv. 18: 10, 13, 15 etching 3: 23, 35
S6 kinase homologues 32: 31 Saccharopolyspora 24: 405
Sabal Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) 11: 86
growth 3: 218 Saccharum officinarum 28: 75; 38: 144
S. minor 3: 218 Saccharum spp. hybrid 19: 128
S. palmetto 3: 218 Saccharum, stomata 3: 284
influorescence 3: 273 S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase
S. minor 3: 281 (samdc) gene 34: 103
Sabarlis 35: 65 S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:bergaptol
Sabinene 31: 129 O-methyltransferase (BMT)
Sabinene hydrate 31: 129 21: 13 – 15
Sabinene synthase 31: 100, 102 S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMET) 33: 199
SAC3 protein 33: 203 S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) 19: 144
Saccharomyces 32: 425 Safener-induced promoters 34: 90
amino acid pools 8: 76 Saffronin production 13: 173
phosphorus content 8: 141 SAG-13, 264
S. bisporus var. mellis Sage scrub 18: 34
phosphatase 8: 182, 185 Sagebrush 31: 123
phosphate content 8: 136– 138 Sagittaria
phosphate uptake 8: 157 karyotype 6: 144
S. carlsbergensis, phosphate efflux 8: 157, Sagittaria, stomata 3: 284
158 Sainfoin 18: 130
S. cerevisiae Salicaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 42, 43
phosphatases 8: 177, 181– 184, 195 Salicin 20: 180– 183
phosphate content 8: 135– 138, Salicornia europaea
142– 145, 151, 152 enzymes of nitrogen
phosphate uptake 8: 149, 156– 158, metabolism 6: 23 – 25, 30
160, 162, 168, 171, 172, 191 Salicornia perennis 33: 5
Salicortin 20: 180, 183 nutrient transport to growing shoot

herbivory, generation of tissue 29: 132– 146
unpalatablesubstances 20: 185 phloem transport and 29: 150– 157
Salicylate hydroxylase 21: 18 reassessment of current
Salicylic acid (SA) 21: 17 – 19, 165; 29: 55, status 29: 171– 173
61 shoot growth inhibition 29: 115– 121
Salicylic acid 22: 170 shoot meristems 29: 146– 150
Salicylic acid and derivatives 20: 163– 235 Salinity and growth
biosynthesis and biotransformations ion toxicity and cotolerance 8: 256– 258
20: 189– 192 salt
ecological effects 20: 184– 188 localization 8: 243–256
allelopathic interactions 20: 187, 188 tolerance mechanisms 8: 224– 241
volatiles 20: 188 uptake 8: 223, 224
effects on other plants 20: 211 water relations 8: 241– 243
esters 20: 177, 178 Salinity tolerance 29: 76, 77
glycosides of esters 20: 179 Salinity toxicity 29: 76, 77
flowering 20: 195– 203 Salinity, defence against 28: 32
floral initiation 20: 197– 199 Salinization
influorescence maturation in aroids cell division in leaves 29: 125, 126
20: 199– 203 cell extension 29: 123
free and bound forms 20: 174– 177 in dicots and monocots 29: 121– 126
historical aspects 20: 165, 166, 174, 179, nutrient transport
180 disruptions 29: 126– 132
human diets 20: 188, 189 primordium formation and leaf
hypersensitive responses to pathogens emergence 29: 123–125
20: 203– 217 timing of growth inhibition 29: 121– 123
occurrence in plants 20: 174– 184 whole shoot nutrient
pharmacology 20: 166– 174 accumulation 29: 128–132
mechanism 20: 168–171 Salix 31: 19
prostaglandin synthase and its Salix and Populus, salicylates 20: 179– 183
inhibition by salicylates Salix glauca 33: 22
20: 171– 174 Salix viminalis 19: 120; 22: 259; 28: 37
plant physiological and metabolic effects Salix, lignin biosynthesis 8: 42, 43, 48
20: 192– 195 S-alkylthiohydroximate 35: 224
pregerminator effects 20: 188 Salmonella 24: 337, 341, 342
salicaceous plants 20: 179– 183 Salmonella typhimurium 12: 73; 28: 13;
salicyl alcohol derivatives 20: 183, 184 33: 198
salicylate-activated genes, molecular Salpa 16: 55, 56
control 20: 215– 217 Salpichlaena anceps, see Allantodiopsis
toxic and unpalatable substances erosa
20: 184– 188 Salsola kali
Salicylic-acid-induced protein (SIP) ammonia assimilating enzymes 6: 30
kinase 32: 396, 397 Salsola soda 12: 34
Salidroside 20: 183 Salt glands 31: 3, 9, 15, 65
Salinity 19: 133– 135 accumulation of salt in vacuole 31: 39, 40
in situ elemental and isotopic Atriplex 31: 39, 40, 43
analysis 29: 174, 175 dicotyledonous plants 31: 41 – 45
model systems 29: 173, 174 distribution 31: 39
Salt glands (continued) Sararanga 3: 214

elimination of salt outside cells 31: 40 – 45 influorescence 3: 277, 278
Gramineae 31: 40, 41 Sarcanthus rostratus, seed
ion transport from xylem 31: 45 morphology 7: 426
membrane transport processes 31: 43 Sarco(endo)plasmatic reticulum 28: 15
secretory processes 31: 39 – 45 Sarcochilus luniferus, carbon fixation 7: 530
Salt stress 37: 109 Sargassum
Salt tolerance 29: 103, 117, 118, 171– 174 Light-harvesting complex 10: 124
Salt, see Dunaliella; Sodium chloride and photosystem centre complexes 10: 80
Dunaliella Sargassum muticum 11: 79, 81, 99, 100
Salt, signal transmission 22: 164 Sarracenia 31: 13
Salt-sensitive genotypes/cell lines 29: 103 SAT1 33: 188
Salvia (sage) 31: 16, 78, 99, 123, 133 Sat-52 33: 188
Salvia SAT-A 33: 188
terpenoid chemotaxonomy 6: 287 Satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV)
Salvia aurea 31: 92 36: 48, 50, 51
Salvia dominica 31: 9, 16 Saturation vapour pressure deficit (SVPD)
Salvia fruticosa 31: 8 18: 224, 225, 226, 227
Salvia mellifera (shrub) 18: 16, 34 stomatal conductance 18: 221, 222
Salvia miltiorrhiza culture 13: 166 temperature 18: 218
Salvia officinalis 31: 85, 95, 97, 100, 102 transpiration 18: 219
Salvia sclarea 31: 2, 9, 16, 17 Satureja thymbra 31: 8, 18, 84
Salviniaceae, chromosome number and Sauromatum guttatum 31: 63
heterospory 4: 378 Sauromatum, floral development
Salyrium 20: 199– 203
caproic acid content 7: 423 Saurunus cernuus
pollination 7: 552 oil cell development 6: 300
Samanea 28: 36; 33: 46, 52, 54, 60, Saururaceae 31: 58
95 “Saxa” cv. 18: 52
Samanea saman 33: 47, 54 Saxidomus gigentus 12: 82
Sambucus 31: 46 Saxifraga sarmentosa, oxygen movement in
Sanguinarine production 13: 181 phloem 7: 235
“Sanilac” cv. 18: 14, 71 Saxifragaceae 22: 13
Saponin production 13: 156 Saxitoxin (STX) 12: 82 – 86
Saprolegnia 24: 354, 356, 361, 370, 373, Saxitoxins
375, 376, 383, 386, 388 antibodies 27: 230, 231
Saprolegnia diclina-parasitica 24: 370 properties 27: 213, 219, 220
Saprolegnia ferax 24: 370, 381 structure 27: 217
Saprolegnia ferax, phosphorus SBM, see Symbiosome membrane
content 8: 141 SBS, see Symbiosome space
Saprolegnia parasitica 24: 370 Scabiosa columbaria 29: 5
Saprolegniales, occurrence of zoospore enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 27
components throughout asexual nitrate reductase 6: 22
life cycle 24: 366– 369 Scaffold attachment region (SAR)
Saprophytes 24: 176–178 elements 34: 95
Saprophytic bacteria 23: 28 Scaffolding proteins 32: 311– 313
Saprophytism 21: 37, 38 Scalar irradiance and phytoplankton
SAR-52 33: 201 photosynthesis 16: 203
Scaling up 18: 231, 232, 240 Schizothyrium sp. 33: 14

Scapania 19: 263, 265 Schizotrix sp., schizotrin 27: 215
cultivation experiments 6: 254 Schombocattleya, carbon fixation 7: 526,
phytochemistry 6: 259 529
Scapania gracilis 19: 271 Schomburgkia
Scaphyglotis vestita, seed carbon fixation 7: 526
morphology 7: 425 post-pollination phenomena 7: 576,
Scaritoxin 12: 87 577
Scatchard analysis of auxin binding Sciarid larvae, biocontrol 26: 19
data 5: 71, 72 Scilla maritima 30: 120
Scattered light isotropy 18: 278– 282, 283 Scilla nonscripta 11: 129
thick samples 18: 278– 280 Scirpus validus, photosynthesis and
thin samples 18: 280– 282 aeration 7: 297
Scenedemus 12: 18 Scitaminae
Scenedesmus growth 3: 220–222
b-carotene 10: 58, 59 influorescence 3: 268, 269, 278
chlorophyll 10: 52, 83 stomata 3: 285
electron donor to P700 10: 88 sympodial rhizomes 3: 262
light attenuation and the package Sclerenchyma cells 18: 131, 132
effect 10: 46, 47 Sclerenchyma, fracture properties
photosystem reaction centre 17: 252
complex 10: 77 Sclerophoma pythiophila 33: 4
quantum efficiency 10: 152 Sclerospora 24: 354
RuBPc’ase 10: 41 Sclerotinia 24: 288
Scenedesmus obliquus, RUBISCOs, Kc Sclerotinia minor 38: 21 – 24, 32, 46
values (table) 27: 104 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 24: 9, 11,
Scenedesmus obliquus, site of synthesis of 12, 126
cell wall components 5: 104 Sclerotinia, copper level and infection of
Scenedesmus sp., light regulation 27: 301 peanuts 10: 231
Schefflera arboricola 38: 252, 264 Sclerotium rolfsii, phosphorus
Schistosoma mansonii 28: 13 utilization 8: 179, 187
Schizaea, polyploidy 4: 322 Sclerotium, calcium level and host
Schizaeales, cytology 4: 290– 292 "infection 10: 227
Schizaphis graminum 36: 25, 28, 34, 35 SCON1, SCON2 protein 33: 200
Schizeaceae Scopelin production 13: 148, 152,
cytology 4: 290, 309, 310, 314 155– 157
fossil record 4: 236 Scopoletin 37: 183
Schizeaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 14 Scopoletin production 13: 148, 152,
Schizoloma, fossil record 4: 245 155– 157
Schizophyllum commune 34: 92 Scorable gene-mediated selection
Schizophyllum commune, pioneer wood 34: 78
colonization 7: 46 Scots pine, see Pinus sylvestris
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 24: 135, 407, Scrofularia arguta 19: 121
422; 28: 11, 13; 29: 78; 31: 208; Scrophularia aquatica
32: 6, 25, 26, 425 nitrate reductase 6: 22
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, induction of Scrophulariales 19: 305
gametogenesis 20: 144 Scutellospora calospora 22: 20, 21
Schizothrix 12: 48 Scytalone dehydratase 34: 270
Scytosiphon as defence and signal

light-harvesting complex 10: 124 compounds 25: 141– 143
photosystem reaction centre chemotaxonomy 31: 153– 169
"complexes 10: 80 compartmentation 25: 141– 169
S-domain group 32: 21 defence hypothesis 25: 143
SDS-PAGE 34: 186, 188 functional aspects 31: 79, 81, 82
SDS-polyacrylamide gel mechanisms for uptake and
electrophoresis 23: 30 sequestration 25: 158
Sea level, Early Tertiary 17: 9, 10 signal functions 25: 143
Sea, see Phytoplankton, North-West Europe transport 25: 388– 390
shelf seas use in plants 25: 142
Seagrasses 27: 89, 173– 175 Secondary plant products
d13C values 27: 150 excretion 5: 198
Seal distemper virus 38: 49 in relation to vascular plant
Seas and seawater evolution 5: 206, 207
anthropomorphic sources of CO2, Secondary thickening, monocotyledons
impacts 27: 178, 179 3: 265– 266
physics and chemistry of inorganic C Second-hand chloroplasts 19: 189– 230
(table) 27: 109, 110 Secretory canals 31: 59
primary productivity, geological past, C Secretory cells 22: 177; 31: 37 – 66
limitation 27: 176– 179 pathways of secretion 31: 38, 39
transfer of carbon dioxide 27: 144 Secretory materials
13 12
C/ C ratios 27: 144, 145 see also secondary metabolites
Season, and lipid metabolism in biosynthesis 31: 126– 128
algae 16: 38, 39 classification 31: 11, 12
Seaweeds, fracture properties 17: commercial uses 31: 129– 135
271– 273 discovery strategies 31: 134, 135
Secale cereale (rye) 33: 245 exploitation 31: 121– 141
Secale cereale 34: 40, 197; 37: 85 production improvement
DNA analysis 6: 125 strategies 31: 135–141
Secale vavilovii 34: 40 storage/accumulation 31: 85, 89,
Secalins 34: 197 122– 126
Secchi disc 16: 221 Secretory tissues 31: 38
Secologanin production 13: 174 Sectioning, EM studies, membrane 3: 8 –39
Second messenger operated channels 22: 48, Sedges, influorescence 3: 273
69, 71, 74, 75 Sedimentation of plant debris from water
see also Calcium ions flow 16: 121, 122
Second messengers 19: 53, 54 Sedoheptulose-biphosphatase 12: 6, 26, 27
Second messengers, signals 21: 63 – 65 Sedum album 18: 88, 94, 95
Secondary biosynthesis 12: 47, 48 Sedum praealtum 12: 34
Secondary compounds, vacuolar Sedum spp., carbon dioxide recycling
storage 25: 145– 151 in 15: 76
Secondary inorganic ion Sedum telephium, Crassulacean acid meta-
transport 25: 401– 417 bolism in 15: 76 –78
Secondary ion mass spectrometry See also Lipid metabolism in algae; Phyto-
(SIMS) 29: 163, 167– 170 plankton, North-West Europe
Secondary metabolites 25: 102; 31: 79 shelf seas
see also secretory materials See Coffea spp.
Seed dispersal 31: 19 Selaginella martensii, lignin

Seed gums 11: 125– 155 composition 8: 31, 32
Seed plants 19: 301– 306 Selaginella, Early Tertiary 17: 15
aberrant cycles Selaginella, megasporogenesis 16: 68
induced 16: 77 Selaginellaceae, chromosome number and
natural 16: 72 heterospory 4: 378
gametogenesis 16: 63, 64 Selected ion current monitoring for analysis
megasporogenesis 16: 69, 70 of gibberellins 9: 69
microsporogenesis 16: 67, 68 Selection system 34: 74 – 80
Seed proteins see Legume seed storage Selective breeding 31: 135
proteins Selective extraction 31: 122, 123
Seed trichomes 31: 18, 19 Selectivity hypothesis 29: 119
Seed washing 23: 189 Selenipedium schlimmii, seed
Seed-borne morphology 7: 427
bacteria 23: 190– 192 Self-incompatibility (SI)
fungi 23: 183– 190 systems 32: 270– 292
Seeds Selfish DNA
cell wall storage carbohydrates hypotheses 27: 414
in 11: 125– 155 transposable elements 27: 411, 412
Early Tertiary Self-pollen rejection, genetic control
evolution 17: 60, 61 of 32: 272, 273
image analysis 17: 49 – 52 Semiochemicals 30: 103, 104, 106
vertebrate dispersal 17: 66 – 68 Semi-permeable membrane solute and
in leaf nodule symbiotic cycle water flow 6: 69
Ardisia 17: 197–200 Semiquinone radicals in melanin
Psychotria 17: 211– 213 andanthocyanin 37: 28
leguminous 11: 130, 133– 143 Sempervivum spp., carbon dioxide recycling
toughness 17: 283, 284 in 15: 76
Vitaceae, Early Tertiary, dispersal 17: 66, Senecio 24: 319, 320
67 Senecio jacobaea 30: 99
Seeds and lectins 4: 25, 28 – 30 Senecio umbrosus 31: 24, 25
Seeds germination, isoprenoid metabolism Senecio vulgaris 24: 74
in 14: 80, 81 DNA analysis 6: 125
Seeds, disease biocontrol 26: 40, 51 – 55, Senecionine 30: 96, 99
77 –80 Senescence in cell phenotypes 25: 103– 105
enzyme inhibitors 26: 141, 142, 144, 152 Senescence of orchid flowers 7: 587– 600
Seeds, floating times 16: 117, 118 Senescence, foliar 35: 5, 6
Seeds, indexing 23: 171– 201 Senescence-induced resistance 38: 266
Seeds, protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) Sense suppression 34: 92
in 25: 113– 140 Sensible heat transfer 18: 235
SEF4 33: 201, 202 Sensitivity variation 22: 280– 286, 288
Segmental alloploidy in ferns 4: 320, 321 Sepia 37: 20
Segregation ratios 12: 109, 133– 137 Septoria tritici 33: 247
SEIR model 38: 14, 42, 49 Sequence
Seiridium juniperi 33: 23 analysis 32: 45, 48, 54, 58
SEIRX models 38: 40 see also noncoding sequences,
Selaginella 19: 301; 35: 35; 33: 65, 67 phylogenetic sequence analysis
Selaginella erythropus 37: 39 programs for 32: 59– 61
Sequence (continued) Setaria italica 34: 41

comparison 32: 46 – 54 Setcreasea purpurea 31: 269
databases 32: 46, 47, 57, 61, 62, see also Settling velocity of plant debris
Basic Logical Alignment Search calculation 16: 103, 104
Tool, EMBL factors in 16: 106– 108
Sequence data 35: 181 in water 16: 119, 120
Sequestration proteins 37: 69 Sewage sludge, composted 26: 13
Sequoia 22: 13; 33: 6 Sex chromosomes
Sequoia sempervirens (coastal in liverworts 6: 231– 233
redwood) 33: 7, 9 in mosses 6: 233– 235
Serapias lingua, phytoalexin Sex expression, control of 2: 304
production 7: 512 Antirrhinum majus 2: 308
Seratia italica 31: 10, 11 auxins 2: 305– 308
Serenoa, growth 3: 224 Cannabis sativa 2: 305
Serine acetyltransferase (SAT) 33: 188, chemical control 2: 306 et seq.
192, 193 Citrullus vulgaris 2: 307
Serine/threonine phosphatases 32: 67 – 76, cotton 2: 307
79, 80, 86 – 91 Cucumis 2: 305– 308
Serine/threonine protein kinase 24: 109 Cucurbita pepo 2: 305
Serine/threonine protein foliar spray 2: 308
phosphatase 24: 135 gametocides 2: 307
Serine/threonine protein phosphatases growth substances, role of 2: 304 et seq.
inhibitors of 32: 461 Luffa acutangula 2: 306
Serine-theonine kinase 21: 66 Lycopersicum esculentum 2: 307
SERK gene 32: 240 maize 2: 307
SERK-promoter::Luciferase-reporter male sterility, induction of 2: 307, 308
transgene 32: 240 Melandrium dioicium 2: 304
Serological techniques 23: 8, 29, 30 – 37, Mercurialis ambigua 2: 308
75 –83, 120, 121 photoperiodic control 2: 306
Serologically specific electron plant hormones 2: 304
microscopy (SSEM) 21: 114 pollen sterility, induction 2: 308
Serotonin production 13: 178 sex reversal 2: 305, 308
Serpentine production 13: 152, 154, 158, Silene pendula 2: 308
159, 167, 169, 175, 176 Soft rot see Fungi
Serpula himantoides, moisture level and Solanum melongena 2: 308
wood colonization 7: 407 soybeans 2: 308
Serpula lacrymans, phosphorus tissue and organ culture 2: 307
translocation 8: 202– 204 tomato 2: 307
Serratia marcescens 24: 400, 409; 30: 189 Sexual development in fungi 24: 72, 73
Serratia marcescens, respiratory Sexual life cycle, Phytophthora 24: 437
control 4: 96 Sexual morphogenesis
Sesbania rostrata 18: 132, 152 analysis of 24: 51 – 60
Sesleria albicans GUS as tool to study 24: 58
nitrate reductase 6: 22, 26 MAT genes in 24: 60
Sesquiterpene lactones 31: 160, 162, 163, P. brassicae 24: 36, 51 – 64
165, 166, 168 P. brassicae-Brassica interaction 24: 33,
Sesquiterpenoid production 13: 166 34
Sesquiterpenoids 21: 48 Sexual reproduction 24: 16, 23, 80, 81
SF17 24: 137 Siderophores, biocontrol 26: 23 – 25, 32

S-H mixture, organic amendments 26: 12 Siegert relation 11: 18
Shade algae and light harvesting 10: 21, 22, Sieglingia decumbens
155, 165 nitrate reductase 6: 23
Shade plants Sieve cells 1: 209 et seq.
chloroplast characteristics 13: 51 Sieve elements 38: 171
light capture for PSII reaction Sieve tube differentiation
centres 13: 29, 30 and auxins 9: 167, 168, 175, 210, 233, 252
photo-inhibitory damage to PSII 13: 55 and gibberellins 9: 233, 234, 236
PSI to PSII stoichiometric ratio 13: 51, 52 formation of closed rings 9: 207
Shaggy-related protein kinase 32: 28, 29 polarity 9: 192, 196
Shaker class of ion channel 29: 84 regeneration 9: 213
Shape descriptors 31: 4, 5 Siganus fuscescens (rabbitfish) 12: 79
Shelter 18: 218 Signal interpretation and experimental
SH-EP 74 –76 measurements 18: 283–289
Sherwood number 18: 213 Signal recognition 32: 383– 386
Shigella flexneri 12: 73 Signal recognition particle (SRP) 35: 127,
Shikimate pathway 38: 172 128
Shikimate, accumulation triggered Signal to noise ratio 23: 65, 66
byglyphosate 20: 90 Signal transduction 15: 1, 2, 12 – 16;
Shikimic acid 21: 49 30: 305– 307; 32: 67
Shikonin production 13: 146, 148, 152, 156, in ears 15: 13, 14
178 in gravitropism,
Shistosoma mansoni 25: 133 calcium ions in 15: 9, 14, 15, 37
Shoot apical meristem (SAM) 28: 163, 164, phosphoinositides in 15: 15, 16
186; 32: 233– 235; 38: 196, 197 Signal transduction networks
and leaf initiation 28: 165, 166 ‘appropriate’ response 29: 56, 57
maintenance 28: 166 gene expression control by
Shoot base temperature 30: 61, 62 metabolites 29: 57 – 59
Shoot extension 19: 120, 121 gene expression responses and 29: 54,
Shoot growth, manipulation of 30: 61, 62 55
Shoot response 22: 164 interactions within 29: 57 – 67
Shoot:root ratios 30: 6, 61, 62, 67 mechanisms in interactions
Shoot-derived signals 30: 63 – 67 between 29: 67 – 69
Shoots negative regulation 29: 57 –63
auxin effect upon growth 1: 76, 77, 83, 97 networks vs. pathways 29: 55, 56
chelate effect upon growth 1: 75, 77, 92, 93 phytochrome signal transduction
Short-term recirculation of pathways 29: 61 – 63
nutrients 29: 151– 154 plant defence responses 29: 59 – 61
Shrub (Larrea tridentata) 18: 12, 15, 20 synergism 29: 63 – 67
Shrub (Salvia mellifera) 18: 16, 34 Signal transmission
SHST1, SHST2 and SHST3 rapid, long-distance 22: 163–216
transporter 33: 163, 164 case studies 22: 188– 200
SHST3 25: 413 further research 22: 200– 216
shstl, shst2, shst3 33: 163 mechanisms of 22: 167– 188
Sida golden mosaic virus 36: 84 UV radiation 22: 107– 111, 140, 141
Siderophore production and iron con- water and nitrogen supply 22: 267– 275,
centration 10: 256, 257, 266, 267 276, 287, 288
Signaling 21: 3, 8 – 13, 16 – 20, 24, 25 Single-cell sampling and analysis

fungal infection 21: 58 –65, 71, 148, 149, (SiCSA) 25: 175, 180– 182
169, 173, 174, 178 Single-dominant genes 21: 54 – 56, 65, 66,
viral infection 21: 110 71
Signal-to-noise ratio, dyes 22: 64 Single-strand conformational polymorphism
Silene 19: 61, 121 (SSCP) 35: 174, 182, 191
Silene dioica Singlet oxygen (1O2) 23, 27, 177
nitrate reductase 6: 23 Sink strength 22: 263, 264
Silene latifolia 28: 215, 218, 220 Siphonaxanthin
Silica 18: 259 chlorophyll-protein complex 10: 108,
Silica gel chromatography of 109
hormones 9: 51 distribution in algal groups 10: 56, 57
Silica in monocotyledons 1: 109, 111, 114, light absorption 10: 59, 72
121, 131, 137, 142 structure 10: 55
Silicon carbon fibre (whisker) Siphonochlamys 38: 287, 291
vortexing 34: 62, 64, 65 Siphonocladales, HCO2 3 entry into
Silicon concentration and "vacuole 27: 169, 170
disease 10: 261– "263 SIPK gene 32: 326, 361, 364, 365, 396
Silicon deficiency in algae and lipid meta- SIR model 38: 5, 6
bolism 16: 47 Sitanion hystrix 33: 245
Silification 16: 177 Sites of synthesis of cell wall components
Silphium spp. 33: 69 golgi apparatus 5: 99 – 101, 119
Silurian in Chaetomorpha melagonium 5: 102
algal fossil record 5: 162 in Chrysochromulina chiton 5: 99
land plant fossil record 5: 162, 163 in Oocystis apiculata 5: 102, 103
Silver conductance paint 18: 270 in Pleurochrysis scherffelii 5: 99
Silver fir, see Abies alba in S. obliquus 5: 104
Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) 18: 72, 76 in Scenedesmus pannonicus 5: 104
Silver staining 23: 63 in Zea mays 5: 104
Simmondsia chinensis, effect of stomatal plasmalemma 5: 99, 100, 102– 105
aperture on assimilation Sitobion (Macrosiphum) avenae 36: 25, 27,
rate 4: 185 28, 31, 33 – 35
Simple sequence repeat (SSR) Sitona lineatus 36: 104
analysis 34: 42 Size exclusion limit (SEL) 21: 106, 107, 116
Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus 36: 76 Skeletonema costatum 11: 99
Sinapate esters 22: 114; 37: 80, 85 d13C values 27: 151, 152
Sinapate pathway 37: 85 antenna chlorophyll 10: 94
Sinapis 35: 232, 237 C-concentrating mechanisms
Sinapis alba (white mustard) 31: 229, 231 (table) 27: 118, 119
Sinapis alba 24: 421; 33: 66; 35: 221, 232 chlorophyll c 10: 122
Sinapsis alba, chlorophyll-protein photosynthetic rate 10: 151
"complex 10: 107 shading effect 10: 157, 160, 162
Sinapyl alcohol, and lignin Skotonastic movements 33: 42
composition 8: 28, 29, 31, 32, 50 Skototropism 33: 65
SINGED (SNE) 31: 255, 257 SLA gene 32: 282, 283
Single mode fibre 18: 258, 259, 262, 268 Slave genes 21: 65
Single nucleotide polymorphisms SLG gene 32: 274, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281,
(SNPs) 34: 43 283, 285– 289
SLG/SRK (S-Locus Specific endogenous elements 18: 93, 94

Glycoprotein/S-locus Receptor exposure 18: 8
Kinase) 21: 174, 175 diffusive resistance 18: 30 – 32
Slime-moulds cell aggregation respiration response 18: 32, 33
in Dictyastelium discoideum 4: 21, 22 responses 18: 33
in Polysphondiluim pallidum 4: 21, 22 bioindication 18: 96
S-linalool synthase 31: 98, 99 diffusive resistance 18: 22 – 25
Slow vacuolar (SY) channel 22: 80 long-term 18: 26 –33
Slowly activating vacuolar (SV) respiration response 18: 25, 26
channels 25: 223 short term 18: 17 – 26
function 25: 229, 230 transpiration response 18: 8
gating 25: 226, 227 fumigations, short and long-term 18: 9 –16
pharmacology 25: 229 NO2 exposure
selectivity 25: 227– 229 long-term 18: 48, 49
SLR1 gene 32: 287– 289, 291 respiration responses 18: 47, 48
SLR2 gene 32: 287, 288 short/long-term 18: 44, 45
Slugs, cysteine proteinases 26: 164, 165 short-term 18: 47
SMART domain database 32: 59 NO2 fumigation 18: 46
‘smart plant’ technology 33: 161 NO2 mixtures 18: 43 – 49
Smilacina 22: 13 interaction mechanisms 18: 47
stellata 22: 113 short term 18: 43 – 48
Smilax, growth 3: 217 NOx exposure 18: 39, 42
Snap bean 18: 47 O3 exposure 18: 58, 62, 63, 68
SNF1 gene 32: 14, 16, 33, 406, 412, 417, photosynthesis response 18: 69 – 79
423, 425, 426 O3/NO2 exposures 18: 84
SNF1-related kinase (SnRK) Phaseolus vulgaris 18: 28
subfamily 32: 13 – 18 response of photosynthesis 18: 7 – 34
SNF1-related protein kinase long-term SO2 exposures 18: 26 – 34
(SnRK) 32: 406–413 stomatal uptake 18: 24, 25, 31, 32
activity regulation 32: 414, 415 sunflower leaves 18: 83
complex 32: 417 toxicity 18: 96
functions of 32: 419– 426 Vicia faba photosynthesis 18: 21
gene expression regulation 32: 423– 425 SO2+NO2+O3 exposure 18: 84
immunodetection and measurement SO3 18: 79
of 32: 412, 413 SO24 18: 79
interacting proteins 32: 417– 421 Sobemovirus 36: 101
substrate identification 32: 421 Social constraints, population
sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis 7: 91 pressure 21: 81
Snow melt Socratea, growth 3: 217, 218
challenges to plants during 37: 130– 132 SOD, see Superoxide dismutase
photosynthesis 37: 134– 137 Sodium : calcium ratios 29: 127, 128
tundra evergreen plants 37: 132, 133 Sodium 11: 162– 166; 22: 202, 264, 280,
SnRK1 gene 32: 15, 407, 410, 414, 418, 423, 287; 25: 402– 404
425, 426 carrier-mediated entry 29: 80 – 82
SO2 18: 2, 3, 92 channel-mediated entry 29: 82 – 91
see also O3/SO2 mixtures control levels of ions 29: 127
bioindication 18: 100, 104 co-residency of different channel
chlorophyll fluorescence 18: 93 types 29: 89 – 91
Sodium (continued) Sodium, and plant metabolism

effect of different channel types on rate of metabolic and physiological effects of low
uptake 29: 95, 96 sodium
electrochemical potential Anabaena cylindrica 7: 172–183
differences 29: 78 – 80 C4 and CAM plants 7: 184– 207
exclusion and genotypic responses to low sodium
tolerance 29: 120, 121 Atriplex vesicaria 7: 149– 157
exclusion, uptake and sequestration C4 pathway species 7: 157– 159,
of 29: 77 163– 167
influx across plasma membrane 29: 101, CAM species 7: 159– 168
102 lower plants 7: 144– 149
ion selectivity of ion channels 29: 82 – 84 schemes for the role of
semiquantitative dissection of sodium 7: 207– 212
fluxes 29: 91 – 95 Soft globoid region 35: 144
shoot accumulation 29: 120 Sogatella furcifera 36: 150
transport in growing shoot tissues Sogatella vibix 36: 152
29: 144 Sogatodes orizicola 36: 153
transport in young tissue 29: 133–137 Soil
Sodium absorption ratios (SARs) 29: 128 acidic 30: 3
Sodium chloride conducive soil 21: 38, 67 – 69
disturbed photosynthesis 29: 117 effect on uptake 30: 60, 61
inhibition of shoot growth management 21: 67, 69, 70, 72
by 29: 116– 119, 173, 174 population pressure 21: 82, 85 – 88, 99
nutritional effect on shoot solarization 21: 67, 69
growth 29: 119– 121 suppressive soil 21: 38, 67 – 70, 71, 72
Sodium chloride and Dunaliella Soil acidification 18: 102
and glycerol 14: 130, 131 Soil and water relations 3: 195– 204
and growth Soil C and N, and Amax 20: 24 –33
and carbon dioxide as carbon predicting influence on photosynthesis
source 14: 106, 107 20: 3 – 15
and light 14: 106, 107, 116, 117 Soil extraction 23: 112– 114
and temperature 14: 106 Soil flooding 19: 145– 149, 160– 164
and photosynthesis 14: 149– 153 Soil flooding, biocontrol 26: 15
fluorescence studies 14: 152 Soil moisture stress 18: 75
and starch vs. glycerol synthesis 14: 131 Soil organisms, relationships
concentration between 24: 400
and cell anatomy 14: 123, 125 Soil sterilization, biocontrol 26: 15, 16
and growth 14: 103– 107 Soil substrates, inoculum production 26: 76
and photosynthesis rate 14: 144 Soil water stress, ozone uptake and 29: 33
enzyme inhibition 14: 141–143 Soil waterlogging 19: 135– 138
nitrate reductase 14: 138, 139 Soil(s)
Sodium dodecyl sulphate, solubilization of acidic 29: 4
chlorophyll-protein calcareous 29: 4
complex 10: 104 extractable elements 29: 2 – 4
Sodium pump 28: 3 Soil-borne plant pathogens see Biocontrol of
Sodium tungstate, use in negative soil-borne pathogens
staining 3: 16 Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus
Sodium uptake, NMR studies 20: 98, 99 (SBWMV) 36: 56, 58 – 60
Soils Sophronitis cerna, carbon fixation 7: 527

extraction of antigens 24: 283– 286 Sorbitol 25: 371
fungi in 24: 275– 308 Sordaria brevicollis 24: 80
Soils, disease-suppressive 26: 4 – 9, 69 Sorghum £ almum 34: 39
Solanaceae 35: 72 Sorghum £ drummondii 34: 39
Solanaceae 31: 11, 58, 157; 37: 45 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 18: 12
Solanum 31: 26, 131 Sorghum 25: 146, 149; 29: 144, 145; 31: 14,
Solanum andigena 19: 130, 131 133; 32: 192; 34: 37 – 39
Solanum carolinense 35: 73 Sorghum amplum 34: 37
Solanum jasminoides culture 13: 166 Sorghum angustum 34: 37
Solanum melongena, modification of sex Sorghum arundinaceum 34: 37
expression by gibberellins 9: 34 Sorghum australiense 34: 38
Solanum nigrum culture 13: 152 Sorghum basutorum 34: 37
Solanum pennelli 19: 134 Sorghum bicolor 29: 124, 132, 137– 141,
Solanum spp. 23: l6 149, 164
Solanum tuberosum 19: 132; 21: 2; 22: 273; Sorghum bicolor 34: 39, 37
28: 75, 89, 220; 29: 41 Sorghum bicolor ssp. arundinaceum
DNA transposable elements 34: 37
Ac transposition 27: 403 Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii 34: 38
En/Spm (enhancer/suppressor-mutator), Sorghum bicolor, see Sorghum
CACTA superfamily 27: 405, Sorghum brachypodum 34: 37
406 Sorghum brevicallosum 34: 38
retrotransposons 27: 337, 346 Sorghum bulbosum 34: 38
DNA TEs 27: 352, 353 Sorghum caffrorum 34: 37
Solanum tuberosum, endoplasmic Sorghum caudatum 34: 37
reticulum 7: 20 Sorghum cernuum 34: 37
Solar energy 21: 81 Sorghum conspicuum 34: 37
Solar protection 37: 120 Sorghum controversum 34: 38
Solar timekeeping 33: 58 –63 Sorghum coriaceum 34: 37
pulvinar photoreceptors for 33: 62, 63 Sorghum dimidiatum 34: 38
‘solar tracking’ 33: 42, 98, 99 Sorghum dochna 34: 37
by heliotropism 33: 72 – 89 Sorghum durra 34: 38
Solarization 21: 67, 69 Sorghum ecarinatum 34: 38
Solarization, soil heat treatment 26: 16 Sorghum elegans 34: 37
Solasodine production 13: 152, 166 Sorghum exstans 34: 38
Solavetivone production 13: 179 Sorghum fulvum 34: 38
Solid matrix priming (SMP) 26: 79, 80 Sorghum gambicum 34: 37
Solidago canadensis 18: 69 Sorghum grande 34: 38
Solidago virgaurea Sorghum guineense 34: 37
nitrate reductase 6: 23 Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) 34: 38,
Soluble vacuolar proteins 25: 45 – 50 39
Solutes, accumulation and export 25: 96, 97 Sorghum hewisonii 34: 38
Somaclonal variation 27: 349 Sorghum interjectum 34: 38
Somatic embryogenesis 32: 239, 240 Sorghum intrans 34: 38
Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase Sorghum japonicum 34: 37
(SERK) clone 32: 240 Sorghum lanceolatum 34: 37
“Sonja” cv. 18: 10 Sorghum laxiflorum 34: 38
Sonneratia apetala, gibberellins 9: 43 Sorghum leiocladum 34: 38
Sorghum macrochaeta 34: 37 South America, Early Tertiary

Sorghum macrospermum 34: 38 vegetation/climate 17: 78
Sorghum malaleucum 34: 37 Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV)
Sorghum margaritiferum 34: 37 36: 102– 104, 107– 110
Sorghum matarankense 34: 38 CP-SBMV 36: 108
Sorghum mellitum 34: 37 Southern blot analysis 21: 192, 197, 202
Sorghum membranaceum 34: 37 Soviet Union 21: 84, 98
Sorghum miliaceum 34: 38 Soya bean 25: 25, 116, 119, 121, 126,
Sorghum miliforme 34: 37 127, 130
Sorghum nervosum 34: 37 Soya bean
Sorghum nigricans 34: 37 dehiscence 17: 280– 282
Sorghum niloticum 34: 38 toughness 17: 283, 284
Sorghum nitidum 34: 38 Soyabean culture 13: 180
Sorghum notabile 34: 37 Soybean 19: 21, 36, 44, 126, 128; 21: 10;
Sorghum plumosum 34: 38 22: 101, 127, 142, 144, 145,
Sorghum propinquum 34: 39, 38 166, 258; 30: 17, 32, 49, 65– 67,
Sorghum pugionifolium 34: 37 127, 128, 130, 138, 298, 303, 306
Sorghum purpureosericeum 34: 38 Soybean
Sorghum roxburghii 34: 37 effects of salicylates 20: 211
Sorghum saccharatum 34: 37 nitrate reduction inhibited
Sorghum saccharum 19: 121 bysalicylates 20: 195
Sorghum simulans 34: 37 standing osmotic gradient
Sorghum splendidum 34: 37 hypothesis 6: 60 – 62
Sorghum stapfii 34: 37 transfer cells 6: 60
Sorghum stipoideum 34: 39 Space irradiance 18: 272
Sorghum stripe virus 36: 152 Spaceflight and mitosis 15: 35
Sorghum stunt mosaic virus (SSMV) Spacer region 21: 194, 195, 201
36: 158 Spacing of trichomes 31: 222, 223
Sorghum subglabrescens 34: 37 mutants 31: 227, 228
Sorghum sudanense 34: 38 Spaeropsis malorum, iron concentration and
Sorghum technicum 34: 37 host infection 10: 255
Sorghum timorense 34: 39 “Spanish moss”, evolutionary
Sorghum tricolor 25: 388 history 3: 224– 229
Sorghum usambarense 34: 37 Sparmania 22: 165
Sorghum versicolor 34: 39 Sparmannia africana 33: 68
Sorghum verticilliflorum 34: 37 Spartina 31: 40, 41, 43
Sorghum virgatum 34: 37 Spartina alterniflora, chlorophyll a/b
Sorghum vogelianum 34: 37 ratio 10: 52
Sorghum vulgare 19: 135; 32: 174; Spartina anglica
34: 37; 38: 108, 126, 144 enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 30,
PEPC in 38: 118 34
Sorghum vulgare var. drummondii nitrate reductase 6: 23
34: 38 Spartina townsendii, gas-space
Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense 34: 38 characteristics 7: 291
Sorghum, lignin content 8: 29, 30 Spartocytisus filipes 31: 15
Sorghum, salicylates, pregerminator effects Spathoglottis
20: 188 promeristem development 7: 484
Source –sink transition 28: 108 stomatal rhythm 7: 521
Spatial heterogeneity 38: 44 Sphagnum 19: 235, 241, 263, 283, 285, 287,
Spatial resolution degradation 18: 289 295, 299; 37: 39
Spatial structure 24: 343– 345 cultivation experiments 6: 254
Spatially explicit models 38: 51 Sphagnum cuspidatum 19: 241, 243, 245
Spatoglossum pacificum 11: 91 Sphagnum fallax 19: 241
Spearmint 31: 123 Sphagnum fimbriatum 19: 241, 243
Species concepts 35: 174– 178 Sphagnum subnitens 19: 241
Specificity 21: 3, 6, 7; 22: 21, 22, 46, 84 – 87 Sphenomeris, polyploidy 4: 322
Specificity of host-parasite interactions Sphenopsids, Tertiary 17: 16
induced susceptibility 4: 10 Sphenopteris, fossil record 4: 235
non-host resistance 4: 9, 10 Spherical sensor 18: 272
Speckle 11: 8, 9 Spherulins, mycomycetes 27: 7
Spectral analysis 33: 102– 104 Spider mite resistance see Pelargonium
Spectral distortions spider mite resistance
chlorophyll concentration 5: 10 – 12 Spinacea oleracea, gibberellins 9: 43
destruction of organelles 5: 12, 13 Spinach 12: 14, 22, 23; 18: 92, 281; 25: 202
freezing techniques 5: 10, 13 – 21 chloroplasts and prenylation catalysis
the effect of scatter 5: 10, 11 14: 46
Spectrometer, design and sample choice, photosynthetic products and nitrogen
NMR 20: 60 – 65 source 14: 146, 148
Spectrum analysis 11: 3, 21 Spinach, emission spectrum 5: 12, 23, 25, 39
Spergularia 29: 80 Spinach, potential regulatoryphosphoryl-
Spergularia media 11: 169 ation sites 32: 437
nitrate reductase 6: 23, 25 Spinacia 22: 174
Sperm cell isolation and Spinacia oleracea 18: 13, 279, 280; 25: 375;
characterization 28: 234 30: 54; 32: 36
Sperm head, plasma membrane 3: 35,39 chloroplast envelope
Spermatogenesis ATPase activity 7: 67
bryophytes 16: 59 lipid composition 7: 38 – 40, 44
heterosporous pteridophytes/seed phosphate translocator 7: 57
plants 16: 63 pigment composition 7: 47
Spermatozoa 11: 15, 49 – 53 preparation 7: 29 – 37
Sphacelaria, shading effects 10: 157 proteins 7: 29, 50, 51
Sphaceloma manihoticola, gibberellins 9: 42 RuBPCase transport 7: 79
Sphaerocarpales 19: 255, 271, 289, 291 structure 7: 5, 6, 24
karyotypes 6: 240 sulphate transport 7: 71, 72
Sphaerocarpos 19: 271 light gradients 18: 282
origins of polyploidy 6: 216 light travel 18: 281
sex chromosomes 6: 193, 233 phosphatidylcholine synthesis 7: 82
Sphaeropsis sapinea 33: 25 SPINDLY (SPY )/spindly 31: 230, 247, 248
Sphaerotheca fuliginea 24: 311 Spiraea filipendula
Sphaerotrichia divaricata 35: 175 chromosome evolution by centric
Sphagnidae 19: 241– 243 fusion 6: 144
Sphagnopsida Spiranthes australis, longevity of flowers
chromosome numbers 6: 199, 200, 203 7: 569
interspecific polyploidy 6: 210 Spirillum itersonii, cytochrome 4: 79
intraspecific polyploidy 6: 211 Spirodela 22: 263
Sphagnorubin 37: 39, 40 polyrhiza 22: 130
Spirodela oligorrhiza 30: 263 Sporobolomyces, phosphogalactan release

Spirodela oligorrhiza, photosystem electron 8: 139
acceptor 10: 91 Sporobolus 33: 175
Spirogyra 33: 67 Sporobolus stapfiana 33: 164
holocentric chromosomes 6: 136 Sporogenesis 16: 65; 16: 65 – 70
Spiroplasma 21: 190, 191, 194 algae 16: 65
citri 21: 190, 196, 203– 205 and sporophyte/gametophyte shift
kunkelii 21: 190, 201– 203 16: 84
melliferum 21: 196 bryophytes 16: 65
phoenicium 21: 190 pteridophytes, heterosporous
Spiroplasma citri 23: 10, 32 megasporogenesis 16: 68, 69
Spiroplasma virus (SpV4) 21: 196 microsporogenesis 16: 66, 67
Spirulina pteridophytes, homosporous 16: 65, 66
distribution 13: 70 seed plants
shape 13: 73 megasporogenesis 16: 69, 70
stratification 13: 85 microsporogenesis 16: 67, 68
Spirulina platensis Sporophyte. See Gametophyte-sporophyte
photosystem reaction centre junction
complexes 10: 81 Sporophytic systems 32: 270, 281
phycobiliprotein structure 10: 66 Sporopollenin
in Wenlockian aerial spores 5: 199
shading effects 10: 163
synthesis in chlorophytes and land
Spirulina, difference absorption
plants 5: 155
spectra 10: 98
Sporormiella 33: 6
Splus language functions 23: 271– 277
Sporulation intensity 21: 215– 226
Spodoptera 22: 184
Spread of disease 23: 2
Spongospora subterranea 24: 279, 287;
international 23: 2
36: 48, 57
national 23: 2
Sporamin 35: 142
Spring barley 18: 31
Sporangial development in apomictic see also Hordeum vulgare
ferns 4: 388 Spring sap in woody plants 19: 125, 126
Sporangiogenesis Spruce budworm 33: 21
cyst coat vesicles 24: 375, 376 Spruce, lignin structure 8: 29, 30
dorsal vesicles 24: 375, 376 Spruce, see Picea excelsa
encystment vesicles 24: 375, 376 Sputter coating and probe tip
induction 24: 357– 359 truncation 18: 262, 263
K-bodies or ventral vesicles 24: 373– 375 Squalene synthesis 14: 43, 44
large peripheral vesicles or fibrillar Squash 21: 49
vesicles 24: 365– 373 Squash 22: 165
mastigonemes 24: 377 Squash hybridization 23: 87
morphological development Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) 36: 76, 81, 82
24: 359– 361 Squash mosaic virus 36: 102
synthesis of zoospore-specific com- Squash necrosis virus (SqNV) 36: 51
ponents during 24: 361– 377 Squash yellow leaf curl virus 36: 70
Sporangioles 22: 12 Sr2 – mediated resistance to wheat stem
Spores see Palynology, Fossil plants rust 38: 260
Sporidesmium sclerotivorum 26: 63, 75; SRK gene 32: 274, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281,
38: 2, 1 –3, 24, 34, 46 285– 289, 291, 292
STACHEL (STA) 31: 202, 249, 251 synthesis and manipulation 34: 183–194
Stachypteris spicans, fossil record 4: 237 ADP glucose
Stachys 25: 367, 368 pyrophosphorylase 34: 185
Stachys sieboldii 25: 207, 208, 367, 369 branching enzymes (BE) 34: 188, 189
Stachys sylvatica 33: 75 debranching enzymes 34: 189, 190
nitrate reductase 6: 23 enzyme activities in starch
Stagnospora innumerosa 33: 13 biosynthesis 34: 190, 191
Stagonospora 33: 5 genetic engineering approaches 34: 194
Stagonospora nodorum 24: 14 granule proteins 34: 185, 186
Staining, negative, cell membranes granule-bound starch synthase
3: 16 –21, 44 34: 186– 189
Stangeria localization of starch biosynthetic
chromosome constitution 6: 172 enzymes 34: 183– 185
Stangeria eriopus, lignin composition 8: 32 manipulation of starch
Stanhopea properties 34: 193
longevity of flowers 7: 569 mutant identification 34: 193, 194
post-pollination phenomena 7: 576 precursors of starch
Staphylococcal a-toxin, negative biosynthesis 34: 183
staining 3: 21 starch granule initiation and
Staphylococcal transposon 21: 197 development 34: 191– 193
Staphylococcus 35: 124 starch synthases (SS) 34: 187, 188
Staphylococcus aureus 12: 73; 24: 409; sucrose delivery to endosperm 34: 183
28: 13; 33: 28 sucrose, transformation to direct
amino acid uptake 4: 100 Starch degradation 38: 85, 86
cytochromes 4: 75, 78 Starch depletion and gravity sensing 15: 16
Staphylococcus carnosus 30: 24 see also Statolith gravity sensors
Starch 22: 130, 141, 242; 34: 175– 194 Starch in Dunaliella 14: 126, 130
breakdown during malting 34: 182 metabolism, enzymes for 14: 140
content 34: 177, 178 vs. glycerol and sodium chloride 14: 131
environment and synthesis and physico- Starch swelling power (SWP) 34: 292
chemical" properties 34: 182, 183 Starch synthesis, C4 plants 26: 293, 294
functional properties 34: 178– 182 Starch synthesis, control by phosphate
chemical modification 34: 181 translocator, 7: 59, 60
foods and nutritional Starvation 21: 93
properties 34: 181, 182 Starvation-induced cellular
gelatinization and melting 34: 179 autophagy 25: 13– 17
gel-forming ability 34: 181 Statistical evaluation methods 32: 53, 54
pasting and viscosity, and impact of Statolith gravity sensors 15: 16, 18 – 32, 37
a-amylases 34: 179, 180 action 15: 21
retrogradation and staling 34: 181 displacement 15: 26 – 29
starch damage and its cytoskeleton stretching 15: 27, 28
consequences 34: 178, 179 of endoplasmic reticulum 15: 28, 29
swelling 34: 180 identifying
granule size, shape and structure 34: 177 intracellular 15: 19 – 21
structure and physical intramembrane 15: 18, 19
properties 34: 175– 177 in multiple systems 15: 17
amylose:amylopectin ratio 34: 175, 176 motion 15: 21 – 25
lipids and phosphate 34: 176, 177 cytoskeletal shear 15: 21 – 24
Statolith gravity sensors (continued) Stochastic thresholds 38: 39, 40

electrical field 15: 25 Stochasticity 38: 43, 45, 46
kinetic energy 15: 25 Stolbur 21: 193, 194
position 15: 29 – 32 Stomata 1: 36, 39, 50, 113, 120, 131; 21: 5
and electrostatic attraction 15: 30 see also Water and Nitrogen supply
and ligand binding 15: 30, 31 and transpiration 3: 196, 198
chemical/electrostatic control of water loss 5: 182– 186
interactions 15: 31 evolution 5: 190
Staurosporine 32: 27, 359, 363, 366, guard cell osmotic pressure
381 5: 191
Stay-greens 35: 30 – 33 gymnosperms 3: 282, 283
Steam treatment, soils 26: 15, 16 homiohydry 5: 202, 203
Stelar tissue, movement of respiratory gases monocotyledons 3: 282– 286
in phloem 7: 234, 235 signal transmission 22: 164, 166, 175,
in xylem 7: 236– 238 176, 178, 179
Stellaria 19: 306 UV radiation 22: 141, 143, 144
Stellaria media Stomatal
DNA analysis 6: 125 conductance 18: 220
Stemonaceae, growth 3: 236 changing 18: 228, 229
Stems, fracture properties 17: 270, 271 variation 18: 221
Sterculia 35: 118
wind and energy transfer 18: 221– 223
Sterculiaceae 37: 43
density 18: 32
Stereological analysis 25: 197
pollutant uptake 18: 75
Stereum gausapatum, competitive
resistance 18: 70 – 75
ability 7: 389, 396
response and photosynthesis 18: 2 – 105
Steric energy flux, relative 18: 273, 276, 281
response mechanisms 18: 59, 64, 65
Steric exclusion chromatography of
uptake 18: 67
Stomatal aperture changes 32: 464
Sternbergia clusiana 31: 10, 11, 18
Steroids 35: 86, 87 Stomatal behaviour in the intact plant direct
Sterol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides response to humidity
(SBIs) 24: 19– 21 dynamic behaviour and the hydraulic
Sterol synthesis 14: 43, 44 loop
inhibition and conpactin 14: 34 feed-back hypothesis of control 4: 162,
rate of, radiolabelling studies 14: 69, 70 163, 211
Stevia rebaudiana, gibberellins 9: 43, model for oscillation 4: 155, 156
81 –83, 95, 96 oscillation 4: 152– 155
STICHEL (ST1) 31: 249 transfer function 4: 164, 165
Stigmas expressing encoded dynamic response to light and
proteins 32: 275– 277 CO2 4: 187– 194
Stilbene promoter 34: 90 feed-back hypothesis of
Stilbene synthase 21: 23 control 4: 170– 173
Stimulatory– inhibitory response 38: 35 peristomal transpiration 4: 170 –173
Stimulus-induced changes in quasisteady behaviour and plant – water
calcium 22: 68, 69 relations
Stimulus– response pathways 29: 56, 57 evaporation rate 4: 147
Stipules, Potamogetonaceae 3: 211 midday stomatal closure 4: 151, 152
Stizolobium hassjoo culture 13: 156– 158 rhizosphere resistance 4: 150, 151
threshold level of water future research 26: 345, 346

potential 4: 145– 147 history 26: 321, 322
quasisteady response to light and macro-variation 26: 323– 325, 337– 339
CO2 4: 174– 187 micro-variation 26: 322, 323, 336, 337
the concept of environmental noise 26: 322, 323
gain 4: 166– 169 patches 26: 323–325
Stomatal closure and water relevance 26: 344, 345
deficiency 19: 150– 159 terminology 26: 322– 325
Stomatal closure, prostaglandins 20: 193 trends 26: 323– 325
Stomatal complex 25: 27 Stomatal indices, and Early Tertiary
Stomatal conductance model atmosphere 17: 86
global mapping 20: 36 Stomatal mechanism
testing 20: 28, 29 active movement 4: 139– 143
testing against remotely sensed epidermal water relationships 4: 121– 126
information 20: 29 – 34 hydroactivated movement 4: 126– 139
Stomatal conductance, NPP model Stomatal movement 32: 461– 467
canopy gas exchange 26: 199, 201, 212, Stomatal resistance in vascular plants
213, 215, 216 5: 184
leaf gas exchange 26: 198, 199, Stomatal response 22: 238– 240
202, 203 carbon dioxide uptake 22: 235– 238
Stomatal control, feed-back Stomatal vapour diffusion, electrical
hypothesis 4: 162, 163, 170– 173, analogue 4: 123– 126
211 Storage of secondary products 31: 122– 126
Stomatal development and vascular Storage protein genes, expression intrans-
differentiation 9: 197 genic plants 25: 133–135
Stomatal guard cells 31: 197, 198, 211, 222 Storage proteins
Stomatal heterogeneity 26: 317– 352 assembly and processing 25: 129– 133
assessment methods 26: 325– 333 transport 25: 120– 123
anatomy 26: 326– 328 Storing tissues 1: 209
aperture measurement 26: 330 Storms and plant dispersal, and fossil
conductance measurement 26: 330, 331 record 16: 110– 112
infiltration 26: 331 Stratiotes, Palaeocene, seed image
leaf temperature 26: 331, 332 analysis 17: 50 –52
photosynthesis rates 26: 332 Strawberry 22: 165
stomatal behaviour 26: 328– 332 Strawberry latent ringspot nepoviruses
causes 26: 341– 344 (SLRSV) 36: 180, 183, 185
frequency 26: 342 Streaming, see Cytoplasmic streaming
index 26: 342 Strelitzia
size 26: 342 growth 3: 220, 221
spacing 26: 341, 342 influorescence 3: 269, 278
stomatal behaviour 26: 342– 344 S. resinae 3: 220, 221
data analysis 26: 332, 333 vascular construction 3: 246
evidence 26: 333– 341 Strelitziaceae
anatomical 26: 333– 346 aerenchyma 3: 212
leaf surface differences 26: 339 growth 3: 220, 222, 224
leaf temperature 26: 340 influorescence 3: 269, 271, 278
stomata behaviour 26: 336– 341 vascular construction 3: 246
stomatal conductance 26: 339, 340 Streptococcal transposon 21: 197
Streptococcus 24: 403 Stresses, environmental 18: 87 – 90

Streptococcus faecalis, ATPase Stress-response pathways 32: 308– 311
activity 4: 99 Stretch activated channels (SAC) 22: 73, 74
Streptococcus lactis 24: 407 Stretching in microprobe
Streptococcus pneumoniae 24: 403 fabrication 18: 260–262
Streptolirion, influorescence 3: 281 Striga hermonthica 19: 106, 135
Streptomyces 24: 402, 405, 406 Stromathe, growth 3: 231
Streptomyces fradiae 24: 409 Stromatopteris, cytology 4: 288, 289
Streptomyces lipmanii 24: 421 Strong Ion Difference 30: 7
Streptomyces lividans 24: 282 Strongylodon macrobotrys 37: 45
Streptomyces mediocidicus 12: 80 Structural genomics 32: 63; 34: 2, 9 –11
Streptomyces QMB814 sp, -1,4 glucanase- Structure
hydrolysis of cell organelle anthocyanins 37: 18 – 20, 59
fractions 5: 123, 124 melanins 37: 20 – 22
Streptomyces scabies Structured metapopulation 38: 49
lime and host infection 10: 227 Stunt disease 22: 27, 28
manganese and disease Sturmia loeselii, seed morphology 7: 425
development 10: 243– 247, 251, STX, see Saxitoxin
252 Stylidium 22: 165
Streptomyces spp. Stylocheilus longicauda (sea hare) 12: 79
antagonist applications 26: 50, 53, 54, 58, Stylosanthes 33: 175, 194
67, 68, 71 Stylosanthes hamata 25: 411; 33: 163
monoculture decline 26: 10 Styrax 38: 286, 289, 299, 300
suppressive soils 26: 7– 9, 69 Suaeda fruticosa 33: 6
Streptomyces, phenylalanine ammonia lyase Suaeda maritima 25: 183; 29: 152
structure 8: 36 enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 27,
Streptomycetes 24: 400, 405 30
Streptothricins 34: 74 nitrate reductase 6: 19, 20, 23, 25, 26
Stress 37: 19, 24 Suberin 21: 4, 5, 13
anoxic 37: 114, 115 fungal pathogens 21: 43, 46 – 48, 50, 51,
cold 37: 112– 114 58
drought 37: 105– 108 Subnivian microclimate 37: 134
osmotic 37: 108– 112 Subsidiary mother cells (SMC) 38: 216
oxidative 37: 184, 185 Substitution models 32: 49 – 51
responses, plant 37: 184, 185 Subtracted hybridization 35: 79, 80
salt 37: 109 Succinate dehydrogenase 18: 144
sugar 37: 109 Sucrose 11: 169; 18: 145; 22: 130, 141, 182,
water 37: 9, 10 242, 264; 25: 196, 198– 204, 369,
Stress ethylene 18: 59, 78 370; 28: 72
formation 18: 104 component hexoses 25: 198– 204
production 18: 96, 97 gradient centrifugation 18: 134
Stress injury, diagnostic methods hydrolysis and cleavage 28: 72 – 74
for 18: 85 – 104 metabolism 25: 199
Stress responses in plants 32: 325– 328, synthesis 25: 198
367– 369 Sucrose in Dunaliella 14: 128, 130
Stress responses, plant storage vacuoles Sucrose synthase (SuSy) 32: 212, 444–447
and 38: 77, 78 Sucrose synthase 25: 203; 28: 73, 74, 108,
Stress see Water and Nitrogen supply 109; 34: 183
Sucrose, effect on phloem Sulphite 18: 78, 94, 96

differentiation 9: 234– 236 SO2 exposure 18: 20
Sucrose, use as a cryoprotective agent Sulphite reductase 33: 185, 187
5: 20 Sulpholipid 22: 131
Sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase Sulpholipid, location in chloroplast
(SSFT) 28: 78 envelope 7: 7, 9, 43
Sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase 1-sulphonate-3-indolylmethyl
(SST) 25: 205 glucosinolate 35: 232
Sucrose-metabolizing Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol
enzymes 25: 202– 204 22: 131
Sucrose-phosphate synthase 25: 198; Sulphoraphane (4-methylsulphinylbutyl
32: 436– 439 isothiocyanate) 35: 248
Suction force 3: 172, 173 Sulphotransferases 35: 248
Sugar 22: 6 Sulphur 18: 93
Sugar beet 19: 114 see also SO3; SO4
Sugar beet 22: 147 crop quality and yield 33: 161, 162
Sugar cane 19: 128 status 33: 198– 200
Sugar maple 22: 15,16 in agriculture 33: 160, 161
Sugar maple, see Acer saccharum Sulphur containing lipids 16: 3
Sugar sensing in plant cells 32: 424 Sulphur deficiency 33: 161, 207
Sugar stress 37: 109 Sulphur dioxide emissions 29: 32, 41, 48
Sugar transport 37: 120 Sulphur dioxide, see SO2
Sugars 18: 141– 145; 25: 144, 210 Sulphur fertilization 33: 161
Sugars in gene expression 28: 83 –87 Sulphur level and disease 10: 228, 244
Sulfite 12: 8, 38 Sulphur metabolism
Sulfonylurea 34: 265 salt tolerance and 33: 206, 207
Sulfonylurea compounds 34: 75 studies on 33: 160– 162
Sulfur deficiency 37: 110 Sulphur pollution 33: 161
Sulfur dioxide 12: 38 Sulphur sinks 33: 162
Sulphate 18: 97; 22: 243 Sulphur supply 33: 193– 195
activation 33: 183– 185 Sulphur, chemolithotrophism 27: 90
control of flux 33: 191, 192 Sundew see Drosera
environment sensing 33: 198– 207 Sunflower 22: 146, 238, 264, 280
environmental regulation and matric potential 3: 178
interaction 33: 191– 207 root resistance 3: 188
in transgenic plants 33: 200– 204 water potential 3: 201
long distance transport 33: 182, 183 Sunflower, see Helianthus annuus
reduction of 33: 185– 188 Sunhemp 21: 193, 194
reductive pathway of Sunn hemp mosaic virus 36: 105
assimiliation 33: 183– 191 ‘sun-tracking’ 33: 42
regulation of expression 33: 180– 182 Superoxide (O2– ) 23, 177, 178, 180
sites of expression 33: 175–179 Superoxide 18: 78; 21: 11, 12, 165
subcellular transport 33: 179, 180 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 18: 78, 95, 96
uptake and translocation 33: 163– 183 Superoxide dismutase 22: 119, 120, 138,
Sulphate and Dunaliella growth 14: 108 144; 37: 180, 181
Sulphate transporters 33: 163– 175 Superoxide dismutase in the evolution of
Sulphate, transport across chloroplast photosynthesis 10: 176
envelope 7: 70 – 72 Supply-limitation 22: 231
Suppressive soils 21: 38, 67 – 70,71, 72; Symbiosomes 18: 134– 137
26: 4 –9 terminology/definitions 18: 136
Suppressors 21: 4, 6, 7 Symbiotic organisms, growth
Surface temperature calculation 18: 217, promotion 26: 47
218 Symphonia clusioides 31: 3
Surface temperature energy balance Symphytum officinale
equation 18: 224–232 leaf, freeze-etching 3: 34
Surging 18: 287, 288 membrane surface 3: 29, 30
Susception in gravitropism 15: 3 – 7 Symplastic water movement, specific
and thermal motion 15: 4 –7 conductivity 5: 176
mechanism of sensing 15: 3, 4 Symplocarpus 38: 293, 296
Sustainability, population pressure Symplocarpus foetidus, metabolic regulation
21: 80 – 82 of tissue temperature 4: 120
‘Sustainable’ development 21: 81, 82 ‘symptomless endophytes’ 33: 3
SV (slow vacuolar) channel 33: 56 Synanthedon castaneae 21: 134, 141
SV40 large T antigen and nuclear Synchytrium endobioticum, boron nutrition
targeting 14: 4, 5 and disease resistance 10: 240
SVPD, see Saturation vapour pressure deficit Synechococcus 12: 18; 25: 76; 30: 21 – 24;
Swaying 18: 207, 208 33: 180
Sweet corn, see Zea mays distribution 13: 70, 130
Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus 36: 69 glutamate pathway 10: 183
Sweet potato mild mottle virus photosystem reaction centre
(SPMMV) 36: 70 complex 10: 79, 81, 90
Sweet potato sunken vein virus 36: 69 phycobiliprotein 10: 41, 66
Sweet potato, black rot infection 14: 83, 84 phycobilisome structure 10: 111, 112,
Swimmer’s itch 12: 48, 66, 78 181
Sycamore cells 19: 25 size 13: 72
Sycamore see Acer survival strategies 13: 131
Sycamore. See Acer pseudoplatanus L. Synechococcus elongatus 27: 284
Syctothamnus australis, light harvesting Synechococcus PCC7942 28: 13
complex 10: 124 Synechococcus spp. 11: 80, 83, 84, 91,
Symbiodinum sp. 11: 99 93 – 96
Symbionidium sp. Synechococcus spp.
C uptake 27: 132, 176 C-concentrating mechanisms
CO2 transport 27: 137, 139, 140 (table) 27: 118, 119
symbiosis with clam 27: 140 cpcE, cpcF genes 27: 304
Symbionin 36: 30 – 33, 39, 40 down-regulation of RCII 27: 296
Symbiosis 22: 1, 2; 24: 230 ferredoxin – NADP+ reductase 27: 281
three Rs (recognition, response and nblA gene 27: 304
reproduction) 24: 238– 240 phycobilisome structure 27: 286– 288
Symbiosis theory of chloroplast RUBISCOs, Kc values (table) 27: 104
evolution 7: 95 – 97 Synechocystic 13: 72
Symbiosis, see Leaf nodule symbiosis Synechocystis 32: 120, 121, 129, 130, 141,
Symbiosome membrane (SBM) 18: 136, 171
137– 139, 146, 155, 164 chromatic adaptation 10: 166
microaerobic conditions 18: 161 phycobilisome structure 10: 110
Symbiosome space (SBS) 18: 136, 139, 141, Synechocystis PCC 6830 24: 407
146 Synechocystis PCC6803 28: 13
Synechocystis sp. 27: 214, 298 T. intermedia

phycocyanins 27: 305 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
Synergism 29: 63 – 67 T. ixioides, seed morphology 7: 426
Synergism and the ventilation of higher T. lepidozioides
plants 7: 251–260 karyotype formula 6: 239
Synomones 30: 103, 104 T. lorbeeriana
Synteny 34: 10, 46 – 48 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
Syringodium sp., d13C values 27: 151 T. micrantha
Syringolides 30: 301, 303, 304 chromosome evolution 6: 145, 169
Syringomycin 28: 46 telocentric chromosomes 6: 139, 140
Systematic acquired resistance (SAR) to T. momoccun
pathogen infection 28: 102 DNA analysis 6: 125
Systematics see Taxonomy T. muralis
Systemic acquired (induced) resistance biometric investigation 6: 260
(SAR, SIR) 26: 38 – 41, 81, 82 cultivation experiments 6: 255
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) 21: 8, polyploidy 6: 213
9, 15 –19, 25; 22: 165, 200, 201; T. orchidicola, fungal-protocorm
32: 380; 38: 255, 262 interaction 7: 499
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) T. pseudonama 11: 98, 113
genes 24: 119 T. roseum
systemic acquired resistance 30: 94, 307, effect of sodium on physiology 7: 186
sodium requirement 7: 148
308
T. sterigmaticus
Systemic infection 21: 70
fungal-protocorm interaction 7: 499
Systemic response 21: 15 – 17
specificity 7: 496
Systemin 21: 17, 20; 22: 170, 180, 189, 191
T. texpoxtlana £ Setcreasea pallida pseudo
Systems analysis 21: 214
iso-ring formation 6: 147, 150
Syzygium 37: 174
T. tonalamonticola (see Cymbispatha
plusiantha)
T toxin 21: 7 T. violea, symbiotic specificity 7: 496
T. andreuxii T. vulgare
telocentric chromosomes 6: 138, 142 nitrate efflux,
T. asymmetrica, symbiotic specificity 7: 496 T. zebrina, stomatal aperture and subsidiary
T. calaspora cell turgor 4: 129
ethylene production 7: 506 T. zollingen, carbon fixation 7: 530
fungal-protocorm interaction 7: 500 “T3” cv. 18: 89
nitrogen source 7: 491 TAA, see Ascorbic acid
symbiotic specificity 7: 496 Taeniophyllum
vitamin requirement 7: 494 promeristem development 7: 484
T. commelinoides TAG synthesis 35: 128, 129
chromosome evolution by centric Tail currents 25: 225
fusion 6: 144, 156 Tainia penangiana, carbon
T. cruciata fixation 7: 527– 529
fungal-protocorm interaction 7: 500 TAIR database 38: 219
specificity 7: 496 Takakia 19: 235, 241, 263, 269,
T. filiforme, carbon fixation 7: 532 285, 289
T. fluviatilis 11: 100 macro-evolution 6: 266, 267
T. grandiflora, symbiotic specificity 7: 496 micro-evolution 6: 262
Takakia ceratophylla 19: 243 Taphrina 24: 313

Takakiales 19: 293 Taraxacum officinale 31: 5
Take-all disease in wheat 38: 15, 16 nitrate reductase 6: 23
Take-all, see Gaeumannomyces graminis Taraxacurn seeds 18: 290
Talaromyces spp. 26: 64, 75 Target enzymes 32: 436– 447
Tamarindus indica 11: 131 Targets for SnRK1, targets for 32: 427
Tamarix 31: 3, 19, 41, 43, 66 Targioina hypophylla
Tamarix aphyhlla 31: 40, 41, 44 interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
Tamus 22: 13 Targionia 19: 255, 271
Tanacetum vulgare 31: 166 Targionia hypophylla 19: 271
Tanginbozu dwarf rice bioassay for Tasmania, Early Tertiary
gibberellins 9: 60, 62 – 64, 66, floras 17: 82 – 84
133, 135 vegetation/climate 17: 78
Tannins 11: 89 Tautomycin, inhibition of protein phospha-
Tannins, condensed 37: 76 tase (PP) 27: 225, 226
Tannins, restriction of fungal growth 7: 410 Taxaceae 22: 13
Tansy 31: 123 Taxodiaceae 22: 13
Tapeinochilus, influorescence 3: 269 Taxodiaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 16, 17, 21
Tapesia Taxonomic classification 23: 11
breeding system 33: 232 Taxonomic relationships 18: 136
geographic variation 33: 238 Taxonomy 2: 1, 35, 168; 31: 154
host range 33: 244, 245 based on tropical plants 1: 107
host resistance 33: 245– 247 epidermal cells 1: 121
infection plaques 33: 240– 242 fossil plants 1: 2, 22, 26, 34, 36, 52, 53, 56
infection process 33: 239– 440 hairs 1: 120, 140
isolate variation 33: 227, 228 histology 1: 107
molecular analysis 33: 229– 231 leaf-sections 1: 108
pathogenicity 33: 238– 244 methods of investigation 1: 107
pathogens 33: 227– 231 monocotyledons 1: 101– 116, 127–129,
population biology 33: 234, 235 142
sexual stage 33: 231– 238 palynotaxonomy 1: 150, 165, 166, 170
spore dispersal and adhesion 33: 238, 239 papillae 1: 120
taxonomy 33: 234, 235 roots 1: 110
tissue colonization 33: 242, 243 selection of material 1: 108
Tapesia acuformis 33: 226, 234, 235, stems 1: 109
237– 245, 247, 248 stomata 1: 120
Tapesia livido-fusca 33: 5 vascular bundles 1: 116
Tapesia yallundae 33: 226, 231, 232, Taxonomy, numerical see also
235– 240, 242– 249 Mathematical models in numerical
Tapetum-specific promoter 34: 89 taxonomy
Taphonomy and fosil record 16: 98, classifications, nature and properties
179– 183, 184, 185 of 2: 37
community reconstruction 16: 180, 181 Euclidean model 2: 54
community-suite/regional mathematical model, choice of 2: 48
reconstruction 16: 181– 183 statistical approach 2: 35
defined 16: 97 strategy of analysis 2: 59
fossils in sedimentology 16: 183 Taxus 22: 13 33: 13
morphology and taxonomy 16: 180 Taxus baccata, lignin composition 8: 31
Taxus species 30: 94 and nutrient supply 14: 117

TCA cycle 18: 145, 149 and sodium chloride 14: 106
microaerobic conditions 18: 162 Temperature regulation 37: 4, 42, 43
T-DNA 24: 417 Temperature, impact on Amax
T-DNA transfer 34: 67, 68, 94 (photosynthesis) 20: 15 – 20
TE 31: 205 Temporal structure 24: 343–345
Tea 30: 118, 122, 125, 138, 143, 145– 149, Tensile testing of plant material 17: 243– 246
151– 157, 160– 166, 190, see also Tension theory of xylem transport 6: 55, 56
Camellia spp. Tenuivirus 36: 150, 151, 158
Tea plant, aluminium kinetics 20: 100 Teosinte tb1 gene 34: 142
Technology, population pressure 21: 80 – 82, Tephra, vegetation preservation
87, 91, 92, 98, 99 in 16: 166–168
Tecteria, polyploidy 4: 322 Terminalia catappa 37: 109, 111, 112, 117,
Teleocidin 12: 80 153
Telome 38: 207 Terminology in fibre optic
Temperate environment 18: 225, 226 microprobes 18: 272, 273
temperature difference 18: 228, 236 Terpenes 25: 142; 31: 56, 160
transpiration rate 18: 229, 230, 237 accumulation 31: 122, 123
Temperature biosynthetic sites 31: 126, 127
and lipid metabolism commercial uses 31: 129– 131
in algae 16: 36, 38– 40 fragrance production 31: 56
in cyanobacteria 16: 17 – 19 synthesis from turpentine/citrus oil
in Dunaliella spp. 16: 22 – 24 31: 130, 131
and phytoplankton growth 16: 209 Terpenoid 21: 13
calculation, surface 18: 217, 218 Terpenoid pathway 37: 39
differences Terpenoids
arid environment 18: 232 chemistry 6: 281– 283
montane environment 18: 226 chemotaxonomy 6: 286, 287
temperate environment 18: 228, 236 production in tissue cultures 6: 306, 307
tropical environment 18: 230 synthesis in plastids 6: 303
energy balance equation 18: 224– 232 Terpenoids 31: 155; 33: 23
flux over forest 18: 200 see also monoterpenoids
meristem 18: 218 Labiate genera 31: 78
mutualism and parasitism 22: 17, 18, protective functions 31: 79, 81
32 structural aspects 31: 78
signal transmission 22: 164 Terpenoids production 13: 159, 172
UV radiation 22: 146, 147 Terpenoids, see Isoprenoid biosynthesis
vapour pressure 18: 220 Terpin-4-ol 31: 130
water and nitrogen supply 22: 264, a-terpinene 31: 129
285, 286 a-terpineol 31: 81, 130
wind and energy transfer 18: 217– 220 Terpinolene 31: 130
Temperature and Crassulacean acid Tertiary period, net primary productivity and
metabolism 15: 52, 53 water use 26: 193–195, 207– 219
Temperature and Dunaliella Tertiary relict floras 38: 281– 309
anatomy and light intensity 14: 125, 126 disjunction of evergreen and deciduous
chloroplast composition 14: 132 taxa 38: 295– 298
growth 14: 115, 116 causes of different rimes of disjunction
and light 14: 116, 117 38: 296– 298
Tertiary relict floras (continued) Tetranortriterpenoids 30: 97

differences in time of Tetranychus urticae 31: 176
disjunction 38: 295, 296 Tetranychus urticae 36: 200
disjunction of taxa between East Asia and Tetraphidales 19: 247– 249
America 38: 292–295 Tetraphis 19: 287
accuracy of molecular estimates of Tetraphis pellucida 19: 247, 249, 251
divergence times 38: 294, 295 Tetraplodon mnioides
causes of variation 38: 293, 294 aneuploidy 6: 220
floristic similarities and differences Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway 27: 297
38: 285, 286 Teucrium marum 31: 104
morphological stasis, causes Teucrium scorodonia
of 38: 302–309 nitrate reductase 6: 23
genetic constraints and stabilising Texas red dye 22: 53, 54, 55
selection 38: 302– 304 Thalassia 3: 214
mode of speciation 38: 305, 306 branching of rhizome 3: 262
stasis and mode of migration 38: 307, growth 3: 231–236
308 T. testudinum 3: 232– 234
North Atlantic land bridge, Thalassia sp., d13C values 27: 152
lifespan 38: 298– 302 Thalassiosira pseudonana, d13C
alternative migration values 27: 151
routes 38: 300– 302 Thalictrum rugosum 19: 12
divergence times of transatlantic Thallassiosira 11: 97
disjuncts 38: 299, 300 Thallophyta, structure of growing cells 2: 69
geological evidence 38: 298, 299 Thanatephorus cucumeris
origin 38: 284, 285 fungal-protocorm interaction 7: 499
phytogeographic divides within infection of Dactylorhiza
refugia 38: 286– 292 purpurella 7: 502
divide between ‘Japan’ and ‘China’ specificity 7: 491, 496
regions 38: 287 Thapsigargin 28: 26
East Asia 38: 287– 292 Thaumatin-like, proteins 21: 4, 17, 21
molecular phylogenetic Thaumatin-related proteins 26: 142,
evidence 38: 287– 28290 149– 151
North America and Southwest Thaumatococcus danielli, growth 3: 230
Eurasia 38: 286, 287 Thaumetopoea pityocampa (pine
Pacific and Atlantic track processionary moth) 33: 22
relationships 38: 290– 292 Thebaine production 13: 159, 167, 170, 171
variation in times of Thecodiplosis japonensis (pine needle gall
disjunction 38: 292, 293 midge) 33: 22
Tertiary, see Early Tertiary Thelymitra aristata, symbiotic
Tetraclinis articulata, lignin specificity 7: 496
composition 8: 31, 32 Thelypteridaceae
Tetracycline 21: 197– 199, 206 aneuploidy 4: 301
Tetragamestus modestus, seed base numbers and classification 4: 282
morphology 7: 425 Thelypteris
Tetragoniomyces uliginosus 24: 411 T. grandis, introgression 4: 378
Tetragonolobus purpureus 11: 133 T. serra, introgression 4: 378
Tetramerae 17: 167 T. tomentosa, polyploidy 4: 329
Tetramethylethylenediamine 12: 7 T. viscosus, structure 4: 238, 239
Theobroma bicolor 30: 123 Thioplaca 25: 62, 74

Theobroma cacao 30: 123, 166, 187; 31: 18, Thioredoxin (CGPC) 33: 186
19 Thioredoxin 12: 8, 17 – 20, 28, 29
Theobroma grandiflorum 30: 123 Thioredoxin family 32: 253, 254
Theobromine 30: 118, 120, 122, 123, Thiosulphonate reductase 33: 185, 187
143– 148, 150, 151, 153– 155, Thio-template system of toxin genetics,
158– 160, 163– 167, 169– 177, Bacillus 27: 234, 235
179, 184– 190 Thismia 22: 13
Theophylline 30: 118, 120, 122, 123, 154, “Thompson Seedless” cv. 18: 53
166, 167, l74– 183 Thraustochytrium globosum, sodium
Thermal motion and gravity sensing 15: 4 – 7 requirement 7: 148
activation energy 15: 5 Thraustochytrium roseum, phosphate
presentation time 15: 6, 7 uptake 8: 157, 172
threshold response 15: 7 Thraustotheca 24: 375
Thermodynamics “Three Fold White” cv. 18: 10
description of membrane Threonine 21: 153
processes 6: 47 – 49 Threshold population densities 38: 35 – 38
Thermodynamics of irreversible processes Thresholds, data 21: 237
1: 286 Thrips palmi 36: 129
Thermoplasma 21: 190 Thrips setosus 36: 127, 130
Thermonospora 24: 405 Thrips tabaci 36: 127–129
Thiamine, effect of orchids in Thrips –tospovirus
culture 7: 467– 469 pathosystem 36: 115– 131
Thiarubrin-A 37: 40, 41 Thrixspermum, flowering period 7: 546
Thick samples and scattered light Thuja 33: 9
isotropy 18: 278– 280 Thuja plicata 33: 16
Thick samples, light measurements Thujane 31: 78, 79, 85, 102
in 18: 273– 277 a-thujene 31: 129
Thielaviopsis basicola 24: 280 Thunia marshalliana, carbon fixation
Thielaviopsis basicola, effect of orchinol 7: 527
7: 517 Thylakoı̈d
Thigmonastic movements 33: 42 association with
Thigmorphogenic responses 33: 148, 149 chloroplast envelope 7: 12 – 18
Thigomorphogenesis 18: 232– 235 plastoglobuli 7: 28, 29
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 31: 162, carotenoid composition 7: 45, 47
163 lipid composition 7: 39, 42, 43
Thin samples and scattered light polypeptide composition 7: 49, 50
isotropy 18: 280– 282 Thylakoid
Thiobacillus intermedius 11: 90 arrangement of pigment-proteins 10: 135,
Thiobacillus novellus, transhydrogenase 136, 138– 143
activity 4: 69 evolution of stacking 10: 187, 188
Thioglucosidases 35: 214 in algal groups 10: 26, 27, 32, 34, 35
Thiohydroximate 35: 224 in photosynthetic bacteria 10: 31 – 33, 34
Thiohydroximate-O-sulphonate 35: 238, membrane
240 electron transport 10: 19, 38 – 40
Thionins 21: 4, 21, 22 fractionation 10: 104
Thionins, plant defence 26: 142, 147, 148, light harvesting 10: 20, 21
154, 155, 171 light scattering 10: 48
Thylakoid (continued) T. circinnata 3: 226– 229

phycobilisomes 10: 109– 112, T. fasciculata 3: 226– 228
115– 118 T. recurvata 3: 226– 228
PSU 10: 38 T. usneoides 3: 224– 229
Thylakoid electron transport 18: 92 T. utriculata 3: 226– 228
Thylakoid membrane 22: 119– 121, growth 3: 220
123– 126, 131, 142, 143, 242 Time-response functions 18: 8
Thylakoid membrane 28: 5, 6 Time-space model, disease 21: 40 – 51
Thylakoid membrane see Photosynthetic Timmiella 19: 251
membrane Timothy grass, see Phleum pratense
Thylakoid membranes 13: 2, 4 a-TIP 25: 6, 7, 30, 31, 54, 55, 116,
appression 13: 4 124– 126, 426, 427
lipid: protein ratios and 13: 15, 16 b-TIP 25: 425
protein heterogeneity and 13: 13 – 15 g-TIP 25: 9, 12, 116, 124– 126, 421, 422,
light regulated control 13: 52, 53 425, 427
lipid 13: 4, 13, 15 TIP 25: 5, 423
protein 13: 5, 13 – 15 TIP1 31: 255
Thylakoid membranes TlP-Ma27, 31
appression 27: 268– 271 Ti-plasmid 24: 416, 418, 420
CO2/HCO2 3 ratio 27: 163, 164 Tipogandra disgrega, influorescence 3: 280
in matrix of pyrenoids 27: 161 Tissue culture 31: 136
molecular model 27: 285 biotransformation 13: 160– 164
PSI/PSII separation and energy callus 13: 165– 170
distribution 27: 270 cell immobilization 13: 160– 164
scheme for carbon dioxide cell suspension 13: 165– 170
generation 27: 162 clone stability 13: 176–179
state transitions and absorption differentiation, secondary product pro-
cross-section 27: 265– 268 duction and 13: 170– 173
structure and function 27: 264, 265 greening 13: 171, 172
Thylakoid membranes in Dunaliella growth, secondary product formation
and osmotic stress and and 13: 164, 165
photosynthesis 14: 152, 153 light 13: 157– 159
chloroplasts 14: 119, 120 media see Tissue culture media
in endoplasmic reticulum 14: 121 response to biotic stress 13: 181– 183
Thylakoid membranes, cyanobacteria, lipid selection methods 13: 173– 176
composition 16: 13 temperature 13: 159, 160
Thylakoids 21: 51 Tissue culture media 13: 147– 157
Thymol 31: 95 carbon 13: 150– 152
Thymus (thyme) 31: 78, 123 growth regulators 13: 156, 157
Thymus vulgaris 31: 95, 100, 168 nitrogen 13: 147– 150
TIA, see Total included acceptance angle phosphate 13: 152– 156
Tidal flats, plant debris deposition 16: 143, two-phase 13: 169
144 Tissue culture methodology 34: 70 – 73
TIGR database 38: 219 Tissue culture of orchids 7: 634, 635
Tiliaceae 37: 43 Tissue effects 18: 283
Tillandsia 31: 14, 50 Tissue/cell electroporation 34: 62, 64
evolutionary history Tissues and cell types 18: 131– 134
T. balbisiana 3: 228 Tissue-specific promoters 34: 88 –90
“Titus” cv. 18: 52 Tolerance, disease 21: 52, 55, 56

“TKM9” cv. 18: 88 Tolypothrix gas vacuole 13: 81
Tmesipteris 19: 301 Tolypothrix tenuis. chromatic
Tobacco 21: 17 – 19, 23, 24, 50, 162, 174; adaptation 10: 166, 174
22: 27, 28, 117, 120, 165; 30: 20, Tolytoxin 27: 212
67, 125, 134, 222, 234, 247, 252, Tomatin 21: 62
257, 294, 296, 302–310, 312, 314 Tomatine 21: 48; 30: 295
see also Nicotiana Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 18: 36
budworm 30: 105, 248 Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) 18: 37
mosaic virus (TMV) 21: 8, 17, 110, 111, Tomato 19: 19, 36, 109; 21: 8, 10, 17, 19,
113, 115– 119 20, 235
necrosis virus 21: 111 case studies 22: 188– 196, 197, 198
pollen tubes 30: 248 chlorine requirement 7: 124, 149
rattle virus (TRV) 21: 117 chromoplast structure 7: 15
Tobacco black shank disease, ARR fungal pathogens 21: 36, 46, 49, 50, 65
to 38: 267, 269 avirulence genes 21: 150
Tobacco callus 18: 62 resistance genes 21: 169, 171, 173,174
Tobacco culture 13: 148, 150– 157, 166, future research 22: 204, 205, 207, 209, 211
175, 176 low sodium culture 7: 136– 139,141– 143
Tobacco etch virus (TEV) 36: 9, 12 mechanisms of 22: 180, 182, 183, 185,
Tobacco leaf 19: 27 186
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 31: 272, 274; mitochondrial response to anoxia 7: 278
36: 107, 189 signal transmission 22: 165, 166, 180,
CP-TMV 36: 108 183, 184, 185
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), age-related silicon requirement 7: 136
resistance to 38: 255 sodium requirement 7: 130, 136, 138,
Tobacco mosaic virus 24: 108 149, 159
Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein UV radiation 22: 108, 127
(TMV-MP) 31: 272, 274, 275 water and nitrogen supply 22: 276
Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) 36: 48 Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) 36: 2
Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) 31: 274 Tomato black ring nepoviruses (TBRVs)
Tobacco RB7 MAR 34: 95, 96 36: 179, 180, 187
Tobacco ringspot nepovirus 36: 108 Tomato bushy stunt virus cherry strain
Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) 36: 105, (TBSV-Ch) 36: 52
107, 109, 180, 181 Tomato canker 23: 29
Tobacco see Nicotiana spp. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) 36: 69, 70,
Tobravirus 36: 170, 180– 182, 186, 187, 77
189, 190 Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) 36: 129
Tobravirus primitivus 36: 187, 191 Tomato disease-resistant proteins 32: 258
Tobravirus similis 36: 181 Tomato epinasty 1: 77
Tobravirus tobacco rattle Tomato infectious chlorosis virus
(TRV) 36: 180– 182, 187– 189 (TICV) 36: 70
a-tocopherol 18: 78 Tomato inhibitors I and II 26: 162, 163
Tocopherol 18: 94 Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV-In) 36: 76
Tocopherol synthesis 14: 45, 46 Tomato leaf mould, ARR to 38: 267,
and compartmentation 14: 64 269– 272
Todea, structure 4: 236 Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) 36: 81
Todites, fossil structure 4: 236 Tomato mutant 18: 25, 39
Tomato plants 24: 180 Tortula

Tomato pseudo-curly top virus (TPCTV) cultivation experiments 6: 254
36: 146, 148 Tospoviruses 36: 113– 135
Tomato ripening and carotenoid Total fertility rate 21: 83, 84
synthesis 14: 83 Total included acceptance angle (TIA)
Tomato see Lycopersicon esculentum 18: 258
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) 36: 113, Total ozone mapping spectrometer
114, 116, 118, 124, 125, 129– 131, (TOMS) 22: 98
133– 135 Touch stimulation in plants 32: 362
Tomato vein mottling virus (TVMV) Toxalbumins 25: 151
36: 3, 4 toxic mechanisms of plant
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) defence 30: 93 – 97
36: 81 – 84, 88, 89 Toxic phytochemicals 31: 155, 156
– Israel (TYLCV-IS) 36: 75 – 77, 89 Toxicant sequestration 30: 99, 100
– Sardinia (TYLCV-Sar) 36: 76, 77 Toxins 21: 3, 4, 6, 7, 21, 71
– Spain (TYLCV-ES) 36: 74 Toya propinqua 36: 152
Tombusviridae 36: 48, 52, 55 Tracheid structure, in fossil vascular
Tombusvirus 36: 52 plants 5: 180
Tonicity 3: 173 Tracheophyta, C3 + C1 carboxylases
Tonoplast 27: 97
autophagic sequestration 25: 126
Trachycarpus, bracts 3: 276
membrane protein transport to 25: 54, 55
Tradescantia 22: 22, 166; 31: 197
PSV 25: 123–126
Tradescantia ambigua £ T. crassifolia
secondary inorganic ion
pseudoisochromosomes 6: 147
transport 25: 401– 417
Tradescantia virginiana 11: 6, 39; 32: 205
transport of organic molecules
stomatal movement by turgor
across 25: 365– 400
manipulation 4: 128, 129
uptake across 25: 154
vascular tissue 4: 122
water transport across 25: 419– 432
Tonoplast developmental regulation, pro- Tradescantia, stomata 3: 284
teinstorage vacuoles (PSVs) Tradescantia, stomata development
25: 123– 126 in 38: 216
Tonoplast in potassium regulation 15: 155, Trans-auto-phosphorylation 32: 278
156 trans-cinnamic acid 37: 84, 85
Tonoplast intrinsic protein. See TIP Transcription factors 34: 141– 143
tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) 35: 142, regulation 31: 225
143 trichome initiation 31: 223– 229
d-TIP 35: 143, 157 Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) 34: 97,
a-TIP 35: 142, 143, 151 98
g-TIP 35: 143, 156, 157 Transduction 24: 408
TIP-Ma27 35: 142, 143 Transfer cells
Tonoplast membrane, role in nitrate folded membranes 6: 59, 60
adsorption 30: 10, 18 solute and water transport 6: 60 – 51
Tonoplast, role in plant Transfer cells in angiosperms 19: 302
movements 33: 55 – 57 Transfer cells, for symplast-apoplast solute
TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM ) 31: 197, 211 exchanges 5: 197, 198
Tor 38: 83 Transfer coefficients 18: 196
Torreya 38: 290, 292, 296 Transfer functions 18: 208
Transfer intercept infections Trans-Golgi network (TGN) 25: 3 – 9, 12

24: 316– 325 Translation flow 11: 30 – 32
Transferred DNA (T-DNA) 28: 24 Translocation in fungi 8: 199– 204
Transformation 24: 408 Transmission characteristics 18: 259, 260
Transforming DNA 24: 403 Transmission of gravity perception
Transfusion areas 31: 41 15: 7 – 12
Transgene delivery 34: 61 –70 chemical 15: 10 – 12
Transgene expression 34: 83, 86 – 96 growth regulator pumping 15: 11, 12
improving 34: 93 – 96 ion pumping 15: 10, 11
promoters 34: 86 –90 electrical 15: 8 – 10
stability 34: 63, 90 –96 action potentials 15: 8, 9
Transgene integration 34: 80 –86 electrophoresis 15: 9, 10
factors affecting patterns 34: 83 – 86 gradient 15: 9
locus and insertion number 34: 82, 83 Transmission spectra of optical fibre
pattern 34: 82 – 86 18: 260
via Agrobacterium and DGT TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA
methods 34: 80, 81 (TTG) 31: 137, 138, 196, 198,
Transgene silencing 34: 63, 83, 91 199, 201, 210, 211
Transgenes 21: 115, 116; 32: 239, 240, 248, Transparent testa glabra (ttg1 – 10) 31: 228
252, 365 TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1
Transgenic (TTG1) 31: 225, 228, 229, 232
plants 32: 16, 32, 89, 90, 95, 157, 171, GL1 interaction 31: 225, 226
172, 174, 239, 241, 248, 249, 253, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2),
274, 277– 279, 329, 340, 360, 365, trans-p-coumaric acid 37: 85
370, 383, 386, 392, 395, 410, 419, Transpiration
422– 424, 426, 437, 468, 469 and absorption and deficits 3: 189– 195
yeast systems 32: 119, 121, 122, 129 and pathway of water 3: 181– 186
Transgenic approaches 31: 136– 137 and soil-plant-atmosphere 3: 195 –204
monoterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes and variable root resistance 3: 186– 189
31: 107, 108 energy balance equation 18: 224– 232
Transgenic plants 25: 133– 135; 30: 67, 68, fluxes 18: 218– 220
118, 189– 191, 210, 234, 273, 292, rate
294– 296, 302, 303, 305, 307, arid environment 18: 232
309– 315 calculation 18: 219
biocontrol agents 26: 36, 37, 82 – 84 montane environment 18: 227
C4 photosynthesis 26: 295, 297 temperate environment 18: 229,
defence proteins 26: 169– 172 230, 237
Bowman-Birk inhibitor 26: 161 wind and energy transfer 18: 218– 220
endohydrolases 26: 145, 146 Transpiration and potassium flux 15: 165
lysozymes 26: 156, 157 Transplant studies 35: 176
polygalacturonase-inhibiting 26: 159 Transport
ribosome-inactivating 26: 156 amino acids 25: 381– 386
thaumatin-related 26: 150, 151 carbohydrates 25: 367– 372
flower development 26: 236, 237, 239 organic acids 25: 372– 382
invertase gene expression 28: 99 – 102 peptides 25: 386, 387
yeast-derived invertase gene polyamines 25: 386, 387
expression 28: 100, 101 secondary metabolites 25: 388– 390
Trans-Golgi network (TGN) 38: 67 Transport coupling ratio 28: 22
Transport functions in isolated membrane Transport role and wind

vesicles 25: 198 regimes 18: 193– 208
Transport molecules 32: 465 Transport vesicles 25: 2
Transport of carbon 18: 129– 164 Transport, viral infection 21: 115– 120
Transport of dissolved solutes Transportation 37: 66, 67
excretion 5: 198, 199 Transporter genes 30: 68
phloem 5: 193– 197 ammonium 30: 45, 46, 49 – 52
symplast and apoplast 5: 197, 198 NarK 30: 21, 23, 24, 33 – 35
xylem 5: 192, 193 nitrite reductase (NiR) 30: 11, 21, 24, 25,
Transport of nitrogen 18: 129–164 28
Transport of organic substances in the nrt genes 30: 21, 22
phloem 1: 209 NRT1 30: 9, 12, 29 – 32, 37 – 40
absorbing capacity of conducting tissues NRT2 30: 12, 13, 17, 24 – 26, 29, 32, 33,
1: 228 37 – 40
mass flow theory 1: 233 YNT1 28, 32
mechanism of transport 1: 223 Transposable elements 27: 331– 436
metabolism of conducting tissues 1: 254 see also DNA transposable elements
rate of transport 1: 250 classes and families 27: 333
substances transported 1: 209 evolution 27: 409– 436
theory of active transport 1: 237 parasites and pacemakers of
transport of assimilates from mesophyll to evolution 27: 433–435
phloem 1: 213 two groups of hypotheses 27: 414– 433
transport of assimilates in the whole plant MITEs (miniature inverted-repeat
1: 263 TEs) 27: 419, 420
uptake of assimilates from the phloem by mutation potential 27: 422
growing and storing tissues 1: 224 retrotransposons 27: 333 –350
Transport of respiratory gases Transposable elements/transposons 34: 2,
lateral transport 7: 239–242 12, 48, 49
longitudinal transport Transposition 12: 144– 151; 24: 408
through gas-space system 7: 228–234 at molecular level 12: 160, 161
through stele 7: 234– 238 model 12: 170–177
Transport of synthesised cell wall materials of Mp(Ac) in detail 12: 148– 151
determination of site of of receptor element 12: 145, 146
synthesis 5: 125– 127 of regulatory element 12: 146–148
effect of cyclohexamide on transport in replicative 12: 144
animal tissue 5: 128 Transposon system, Petunia
effect of glycolytic inhibitors 5: 129 hybrida 26: 232, 233
effect of inhibitors of oxidative Transposons 21: 150, 169, 171–176,
phosphorylation on 196– 200
transport 5: 129 Trap systems 22: 214– 216
effect of respiratory inhibitors on Trapaeolum majus
transport 5: 129– 131 DNA analysis 6: 125, 126
physiology of secretion in animal Trapping reactions 25: 157
cells 5: 128, 135 ‘Traumatin’ 22: 187
physiology of secretion in plant “Trebi” cv. 18: 10
cells 5: 129– 135 Tree
rate of transport 5: 126– 128 acceleration, longitudinal 18: 209
Transport of water in the plant 1: 279 broadleaved, see Broadleaved trees
crown 18: 207 flotation rate, aggregation and 13: 89

SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 49 shape 13: 73
vibrations, spectral method of Trichodesmium spp. 27: 219
analysis 18: 208 Trichodesmium thiebautii 13: 134
wind tunnel 18: 206 gas vesicle pressure 13: 81
Tree bark composts 26: 13, 14 Trichodorus 36: 170, 181
Tree rings and Early Tertiary studies Tricholomopsis platyphylla, wood
atmosphere 17: 86 colonization 7: 412
climate 17: 80 Trichomanes
Tree, monocotyledonous, cytology 4: 286, 287
growth 3: 215– 220 T. holopterum, vegetative apomixis
Trees, whole, fossil record 16: 114 4: 399
Trehalose 18: 139, 142 T. insigne apomixis 4: 391, 396
Trematodon T. pinnatum, apomixis 4: 389
cytotaxonomy 6: 242 T. proliferum, apomixis 4: 391
Tremulacin 20: 180, 183 Trichome birefringence (tbr) 31: 253
herbivory, generation of unpalatable Trichome density 18: 32
substances 20: 185 Trichomonas 19: 218
Triacylglycerol 35: 128 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 33: 28
Trialeurodes 36: 92 Trichopilia albida, seed morphology 7: 426
Trialeurodes abutilonea 36: 66, 70, 77, 92 Trichoridae 36: 175, 176
Trialeurodes vaporariorum 36: 66, 70, 75, Tricyclazole 34: 267, 271
77, 81, 89, 91, 92 Tricyclene 31: 129
Tribophyceae 27: 89 Tridacna spp., C-concentrating mechanisms
Triceratella drummondii, influorescence (table) 27: 118, 119
3: 280, 281 Tridactyle, flowering period 7: 536– 538,
Trichoderma 24: 77, 276 541
biological control of wood decay 7: 384, Trifluoroethanol (TFE) 35: 123
404 Trifolieae, storage proteins 9: 5
colonization of wood 7: 416 Trifolium 22: 13, 31; 38: 211
phosphorus content 8: 131 subterraneum 22: 14, 20, 21
T. harzianum, phosphorus content Trifolium alexandrinum 29: 129
8: 131 Trifolium parviflorum 24: 420
Trichoderma harzianum 24: 278, 279 Trifolium pratense 18: 130; 29: 129– 131
Trichoderma spp. Trifolium repens (clover) 18: 54, 130,
biocontrol 132, 141
antagonist applications 26: 50, 55, 64, Trifolium repens 30: 56
65, 68, 72, 73 enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 31,
inoculation 26: 75, 77 – 80 32
protoplast fusion 26: 82 Trifolium repens cv. ‘Palestine’, effect of
plant defence proteins, 144– 147, 149, sodium on growth 7: 161, 166
150, 156 Trifolium spp. 18: 147, 150, 236
Trichoderma viride 19: 33; 32: 363, 381; Trifolium subterraneum 37: 110
38: 6, 9 –11 Triglochin maritima
pathozone dynamics 38: 10, 13 enzymes of ammonia assimilation
Trichodesmium 6: 27, 28, 30, 32
buoyancy regulation 13: 86 nitrate reductase 6: 23, 25
extreme diurnal variation and 13: 115 Triglochin maritimum 11: 170
Trigonella 24: 432 Triticum aestivum, water movement in

Trigonella foenumgraecum (fenugreek) leaves 4: 123
11: 133– 141, 149– 151, 153 Triticum dicoccoides 33: 246
Trigonia 31: 19 Triticum durum 33: 246; 34: 31, 32; 35: 75;
Trigonobalanus 38: 296, 298, 300 37: 111
Trigonopsis variabilis, phosphorus Triticum monococcum 33: 246; 34: 11,
content 8: 142 187
Triiodobenzoic acid, inhibition of Triticum sativum
auxin transport 9: 174 isolation of etioplast envelopes 7: 34
cambial activity 9: 178, 220 lipid composition of chloroplast
closed vascular ring formation 9: 207 envelopes 7: 38, 44
vessel induction 9: 191 Triticum tauschii 34: 188
Trillium 22: 13 Triticum turgidum 33: 246
heterochromatin 6: 123 Triticum urartu 34: 11
Trimenia Triticum X Lophopyrum 29: 120
chromosome size 6: 189 Triticum, sucrose flux in the symplast during
Trimerophytales, fossil record and phloem loading 5: 193
structure 5: 162, 163 Triton X-100
Trimmatostroma salicis 33: 5 isolation of phycobilisomes 10: 109
Trinexapac ethyl 34: 137 solubilization of chlorophyll-
Trinity Lake (California) delta protein 10: 104, 106, 124, 126
deposition 16: 138– 140 Trochodendrales, Early Tertiary 17: 32 – 35
Triosteum 38: 289, 292 Trochodendron araloides, lignin
Triphora pendula, seed morphology 7: 426 composition 8: 31, 32
Triphysaria versicolor 37: 82 Trolox 37: 178
Triple-barrelled microelectrodes 25: 179 Tropaeolum 19: 306
TRIPTYCHON (TRY ) 31: 137, 138, 201, Tropaeolum major 31: 54, 56, 57
202, 227– 229, 232, 246– 248 Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium) 11: 126,
Trisporic acid 24: 78 131, 144, 146
Triticale 34: 40 Tropaeolum spp. 33: 68, 80
Triticum (Aegilops) tauschii 33: 164, 246, Tropic movements 33: 42
247 Tropical environment 18: 226– 228, 230
Triticum 22: 174; 25: 359; 28: 240; 29: 117, Tropics, agriculture 21: 86, 87
132; 33: 245 Trouser tear test 17: 245, 246
Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) 33: 146, Truffles, phosphorus content 8: 130
245 Tryblidiopsis pinastri 33: 5, 13
Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) 18: 14, 54, Trypanasoma mega, cytochrome 4: 75
55, 72, 88 Trypanosoma brucei 24: 141
Triticum aestivum 19: 142, 152, 155; 28: 75; Trypanosoma brucei 28: 13
29: 8, 131, 137, 139, 161; 34: 31, Trypanosoma brucei 38: 152, 153
32; 35: 73, 75 genes 38: 110
Triticum aestivum PEPCK genes 38: 110
DNA analysis 6: 125 PEPCK in the kinetoplastids 38: 109
DNA transposable elements, Ac PEPCK-ATP from 38: 106
transposition 27: 403 subcellular location of PEPCK 38: 109
retrotransposons 27: 336 Trypanosoma cruzi 38: 103, 150, 153
Triticum aestivum, gibberellins 9: 46, 131 PEPCK genes 38: 110
Triticum aestivum, lignin composition 8: 31 PEPCK in the kinetoplastids 38: 109
PEPCK-ATP in 38: 102 Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) 36: 5, 12

subcellular location of PEPCKJ 38: 109 Turnip, vascular differentiation 9: 215, 233
Trypanosoma equiperdum 24: 141 Tussilago farfara 24: 74
Tryptophan 21: 51, 194; 22: 127 TVP31 25: 310
TST, see Turban shell toxin TVP5 25: 310
ttst1, ttst2 33: 164 TVP9 25: 310
Tubers, disease biocontrol 26: 51– 55 Tween, see polyoxyethylene sorbitan
Tubular provacuoles 25: 10, 11 Two-component systems 32: 111–114, 134,
Tubular vacuolar systems, role in 141
fungi 28: 149, 150 Tyl/copia group retrotransposons,
Tubular vacuole networks 28: 123, 124 "heterogeneity 27: 345– 347
Tubules, intracellular transport via 28: 143, Tylose 21: 49 – 51, 56, 57, 67
144 Tymovirus 36: 101
Tubulin 22: 133 Type II error 24: 298
Tulasnella allantospora, symbiotic Typha latifolia 30: 41
specificity 7: 496, 497 Typha latifolia, photosynthesis and
Tulip tree 22: 13, 14 aeration 7: 297
Tulipa 25: 385 Typhaceae, stomata 3: 285
Tulipa gesneriana 28: 89 Typhonium
Tulipa Kaufmannia membrane secretion of resins 6: 303
DNA analysis 6: 125 Tyria jacobaeae 30: 99
Tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor
Tyrosinase 37: 22
(TNF/TGF) 32: 55
Tyrosine 21: 153; 22: 127
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) 28: 171
Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), in lignin
Tumour necrosis factor receptors
biosynthesis 8: 33 – 36
(TNFR) 28: 171
Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyrDC) 21: 14, 15
Tungro 21: 230– 233, 236
Tyrosine kinase 22: 74
Turban shell toxin (TST) 12: 83
Tyrosine phosphatases 32: 68
Turbinaria turbinata 12: 63
Turbulence 18: 204
measured 18: 202– 204 U. acrisp £ U. drummondii
statistics 18: 202 hybridity 6: 250
Turbulent boundary layer 18: 211, 212, 216 U. crispa
Turgor biometric analysis 6: 261
signal transmission 22: 166, 172, 176, cultivation experiments 6: 255
177, 179, 182, 211– 213 population differentiation 6: 249
water and nitrogen supply 22: 237, 238, U. lactuca 11: 99
246– 263 chloroplasts and light harvesting
Turgor dependent processes 6: 104– 111 change in morphology 10: 30
Turgor establishment 28: 30, 31 movement 10: 29
Turgor pressure photosynthetic rate 10: 168
existence of negative pressures 6: 55, 56 U. taeniata
Turgor pressure 3: 172 action spectrum for photosynthesis
Turgor pressure sensing 15: 32, 33 10: 70
‘Turgorin’ 22: 187 photosynthetic rate 10: 168
Turgor-related movements 33: 40 U. urens
Turnip 21: 162 DNA per genome 6: 121
yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) 21: 115 u/v/w components 18: 240
Ubiquinone production 13: 150 Umbilicariaceae 31: 162

Ubiquinone synthesis 14: 48 – 50 Umbravirus 21: 116
in mitochondria 14: 64 Umezakia natans 27: 213
Ubiquitin (Ubi 1) promoter 34: 87, 88, 94 Uncoating, protein 21: 105, 107– 114, 117,
Udotea flabellum 38: 145, 148 119
C3 + C1 carboxylation 27: 99, 100 Uncoupling agents, effect on respiration
CO2 transport 27: 135 rates 4: 92, 94
Udotea petiolatum, CO2 transport 27: 135 Underdeveloped trichome (udt) 31: 253
Udotea sp., calcification 27: 171 Unguicularia cfr. raripila 24: 56
UDP-dependent 3-O-glycosyltransferase Uniflagellation 2: 8
37: 64, 65 Unilateral excitation 33: 42
UDP-galactose Unit membrane 7: 3, 4, 6
incorporation into galactolipids 7: 86 United States 21: 84, 87, 88, 91
synthesis 7: 91 Unmasking hypothesis 37: 150, 151
UDPglucose 25: 199, 302 Uptake activity along root system 30: 58 –61
UDP-glucuronylsyltransferases 35: 248 Uptake systems 30: 4
Ulex europaeus 19: 43 high-affinity 30: 5, 39, 40, 44 – 47
Ulmaceae, Early Tertiary 17: 41 constitutive 30: 5, 9, 10
Ulota bruchii inducible 30: 5 – 8
population differentiation 6: 249 low-affinity 30: 5, 8, 9, 39, 40, 46, 47
Ultraviolet irradiance and algal role of tonoplast membrane 30: 10
photosynthesis 10: 12, 36 Uranyl acetate, in negative staining 3: 16
Ultraviolet light spectroscopy 31: 154, 167 Uranyl formate, in negative staining 3: 16
Ultraviolet signal transduction Uranyl versene chelate, in negative
pathway 29: 65 – 67 staining 3: 16
Ultraviolet-B radiation 22: 97 – 149 Urbanization 21: 87, 94
effect on cellular processes 22: 121– 134 Urea amido-lyase (UAL), properties 27: 96
effect on gene expression 22: 134– 141 Ureaplasma 21: 190, 191, 194
interaction with other Urease
stresses 22: 141– 148 in Canavalia ensiformis 9: 4
perception of 22: 103– 114 in Glycine max 9: 26
protective mechanisms Uredinales 33: 3
against 22: 114– 121 Ureide exporting nodules 18: 143
Ulva 35: 174, 176 Ureide synthesis 18: 134, 157– 159
Ulva expansa 11: 99 Urginea maritima, pattern and size of root
Ulva japonica, light harvesting by xylem 9: 235
siphonaxanthin 10: 72 Uricate 30: 139
Ulva lactuca, 31P NMR studies 20: 104 Urochloa panicoides genes 38: 110, 111,
Ulva mutabilis 35: 192 121
Ulva sp. Uromyces appendiculatus 24: 204, 213
C influx 27: 133 Uromyces phaseoli 30: 293
carbon dioxide-concentrating mechan- Uromyces phaseoli, phosphorus and spore
isms in gas exchange 27: 114– 119 germination 8: 198, 199
C-concentrating mechanisms Uromyces vicae-fabae 24: 205, 320;
(table) 27: 118, 119 28: 132
HCO2 3 entry 27: 131 Uromyces vignae 24: 199, 207– 209, 213,
tracer effect of C12 27: 133, 134 217– 219
Ulvophyceae, C assimilation 27: 99 Uronic acids 11: 127, 128, 131
Uroporphyrin 35: 33 Vaccinium 37: 137, 139, 140

Uro-porphyrins 22: 126 Vaccinium angustifolium
Urtica 31: 7, 24 nitrate reductase 6: 21
Urtica dioica 19: 132; 28: 75; 31: 24, 25, Vaccinium corymbosum 37: 7
155 Vaccinium myrtillus 33: 28
nitrate reductase 6: 23 Vaccinium myrtillus 37: 107, 108
Urtica spp. 33: 68 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 37: 133– 135, 138,
Ustacystis waldsteiniae 24: 208 139
Ustilago maydis 24: 172 Vaccinium witches’ broom 21: 199
Utetheisa ornatrix 30: 99 Vacuolar biogenesis 25: 1 – 42
Utricularia 22: 164, 202 molecular aspects of 25: 43 – 58
UV protectants 21: 13 Vacuolar channel activity
UV-B protection 37: 6, 7 integration 25: 243–246
UV-B region 18: 259 Vacuolar costs. See Cost-benefit analysis
Vacuolar functions 25: 60, 61
V. aromatica, carbon fixation 7: 527 and alternative means of performing these
V. coerulea, seed morphology 7: 427 functions 25: 62 – 70
V. cracca Vacuolar H+-ATPase 31: 203
Vacuolar hydrolases 25: 90 – 92
karyotype evolution by centric
Vacuolar invertase 38: 80
fusion 6: 181
Vacuolar invertases 28: 73, 74, 76, 77, 94
V. faba
Vacuolar pathways 25: 13
DNA analysis 6: 125
Vacuolar precursors 25: 3 – 7
karyotype evolution by centric
Vacuolar processing enzyme 38: 80
fusion 6: 181, 182
Vacuolar pyrophosphate (V-Ppase) 35: 156,
V. faba, leaf structure 5: 182
158
V. fragrans, carbon fixation 7: 527, 528
Vacuolar sap, direct sampling 25: 197, 198
V. myrtillus
Vacuolar sequestration
nitrate reductase 6: 23 against concentration
V. planifolia gradient 25: 155–159
carbon fixation 7: 527 mechanisms underlying 25: 154– 159
culture 7: 442, 446 of defence and signal compounds 25: 147,
seed morphology 7: 426, 432 148
V. suavis, carbon dioxide fixation 7: 531 Vacuolar solute composition 25: 171– 194
V. tesselata, carbon fixation 7: 527 ion-selective
V. tricolor, leaf anatomy 7: 532 microelectrodes 25: 177– 180
V. unguiculata, storage protein 9: 2, 6, 10, model 25: 187–189
11 single-cell sampling and analysis
V. urticularis (SiCSA) 25: 180–182
chloride fluxes 6: 111 variability 25: 172– 182
hydraulic conductivity 6: 91 – 94, 104 X-ray microanalysis 25: 175– 177
potassium fluxes 6: 105, 106, 108 Vacuolar solute pools,
reflection coefficients for non- regulation 25: 182– 187
electrolytes 6: 95 Vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR) protein
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 74, 75, family 35: 141, 150
77, 108 Vacuolar storage proteins, diversity 25: 128,
V. vulgaris 129
glandular hair structure 6: 297 Vacuolar storage, xenobiotics 25: 152
Vacuolar targeting signals 25: 47 Vanilla

Vacuolar transport 25: 51 – 54 effect of b-naphthoxyacetic acid on
Vacuolar voltage-gated Ca2þ (VVCa) flowers 7: 621
channels. See VVCa channels seed morphology 7: 425
Vacuolate (EU) bacteria 25: 62 – 74 Vanillic acid 21: 48
Vacuolation 25: 60, 61 Vapour pressure 18: 220
cost-benefit analysis 25: 78 – 81 Vapour pressure deficit (VPD) 18: 82, 222,
Vacuole 229, 230
membrane 3: 28, 45 Vapour pressure deficit, impact on Amax
water potential 3: 174 (photosynthesis) 20: 20 – 22, 23
Vacuole motility in yeasts 28: 138 Variability of trichomes 31: 4 – 20, 199– 201
Vacuole movements and events in cell Variability, persistence and 38: 39 – 41
cycle 28: 141 Variable number of tandem repeat
Vacuole storage 31: 125 (VNTR) 35: 182
Vacuole, role of CO2/HCO2 3 Variables, epidemiology 21: 237
conversion 27: 166– 169 Variation potential (VP) 22: 187, 188,
Vacuole, sequestration in 37: 67 –71 203– 209
Vacuole-attached mode 25: 222 Variegation 12: 104– 108; 37: 9
Vacuoles 25: 2 chloroplast mutations 12: 107, 108
definition 25: 2 chromosomal anomalies 12: 141
specialized in protein storage 25: 27 – 31 mitochondrial mutations 12: 107, 108
Vacuoles in Dunaliella 14: 121 reverse 12: 139– 141
Vacuoles, see Tonoplast in potassium Variovorax paradoxus 24: 405
regulation Vascular infection 24: 319
Vacuole-to-cytoplasm ratio 25: 75 Vascular loops, occurrence 9: 193, 195,
Valeriana locusta, stomatal 197, 253
movement 4: 122, 169 Vascular plants, fossil structures 5: 162– 169
Valerianella 25: 385 Vascular rays
Valine, and protein synthesis 8: 76, 77 control of formation 9: 211, 225– 227
Vallisneria 29: 81 control of ray distance and
Valonia 25: 420 initiation 9: 223– 225
turgor pressure –dependent pattern 9: 225, 254
processes 6: 105– 111 radial limitations of cambial grafts 9: 227,
Valonia, structure of cellulose 5: 97 228
Vanada radial polarity of cambium 9: 222
carbon fixative 7: 527 Vascular strands
culture 7: 446, 471 control of tissue differentiation 9: 229,
development 7: 487 230
effect of auxin in culture 7: 461 “sink effect” 9: 182– 185
effect of cytokinin in culture 7: 464 Vascular tissue differentiation
gibberellic acid 7: 465 cambial developmental processes
peroxidase activity 7: 487 dynamic changes 9: 218–222
Vanadate 22: 7; 28: 26; 37: 67 quantitative controls 9: 211– 218
Vanda ray formation 9: 222–228
DNA synthesis 7: 487, 488 summary 9: 210, 211
effect of ethylene 7: 623 cell polarization by a flux of signals
flowering period 7: 546, 569 stability of polarity 9: 187– 192
resupination 7: 554 strand formation 9: 182– 187
summary 9: 180, 181 continuity 3: 258–260

vascular networks 9: 192– 199 development 3: 251– 257
cellular complexity of the vascular system methods of study 3: 241– 244
control of fibre “palm-type” construction 3: 244– 250
differentiation 9: 237– 242 root resistance 3: 189
control of parenchyma secondary thickening 3: 265, 266
formation 9: 242–245 Vicia faba
relation between xylem and water uptake 3: 185
phloem 9: 231– 237 V-ATPase 25: 5, 253–296, 340, 341
summary 9: 228– 230 acidification by 25: 358
cellular responses involved in orientation cell physiological regulation 25: 281– 284
of differentiation complexes 25: 6
determination and ecophysiological responses 25: 276– 281
differentiation 9: 200– 205 electron microscopy 25: 270– 276
signal flux 9: 205– 210 holoenzyme subunit 25: 267– 269
summary 9: 199, 200 ontogeny 25: 257– 262
control by flux from leaves to roots patch clamp studies 25: 352– 358
additional controls 9: 176– 180 phylogeny 25: 255– 258
induction by leaves and physiological functions 25: 276–281
auxin 9: 158– 170 properties 25: 262– 267
orientation of signal flux by pump current isolation 25: 352– 354
roots 9: 170– 172 reversal voltage 25: 354
signal flux 9: 172– 176 subunit sequences 25: 256
summary 9: 155, 158 Vaucheria 19: 211; 33: 67
problems 9: 152, 153, 155 Vaucheria sessilis 33: 67
relation to other aspects of plant morpho- Vaucheria, chlorophyll c 10: 52, 120
genesis VCl channels 25: 242
effects of leaves and auxins 9: 246, 247 Vectorial excitation 33: 42
hormonal feedback 9: 247– 249 after-effects 33: 86
the problem 9: 246 in laminar heliotropism of pulvinated
summary 9: 251– 255 leaves 33: 78 – 86
Vascular tissue regeneration remote phototropic control by 33: 86 –89
cambium 9: 213, 227, 228 Vegetative compatibility genes (v-c)
effect of auxin 9: 165, 167, 201– 203, 205 21: 132, 133, 135
effect of leaves 9: 163, 165, 167, 178, 233 Velvet tobacco mottle virus 36: 201
parenchyma differentiation 9: 159, 243 Venturia inaequalis 24: 7, 50
polarity 9: 188 Venturia inaequalis, effect of
relation between xylem and orchinol 7: 517
phloem 9: 232– 237 Venus flytrap 22: 186, 202, 203
signal flux 9: 153, 173– 176, 182, Verapamil 22: 71 – 73, 82, 107
183 Verbascum thapsus 38: 307
xylem regeneration 9: 156, 214– 216 Verbenaceae 37: 45
Vascular tissue, intercellular hyphae in Verbenone 31: 130
association with 24: 317, 318 Vernalization 34: 238, 239
Vascular tissue, monocotyledons 3: 209, Vernonia 31: 162
212, 238– 266 Veronica officinalis 29: 13
branching in relation to 3: 260– 265 Veronica persica
bundles, construction 3: 250, 251 DNA analysis 6: 125
Verticillium 21: 36 – 39 structure of proplastid in root tip cell 7: 13

albo-atrum 21: 39, 46 synthesis of amino acids 7: 72, 73
dahliae 21: 48, 68, 69, 235 water movement in leaves 4: 123
Verticillium dahliae 19: 44, 50 Vicia faba minor 36: 104
Verticillium spp., 26: 65, 67 Vicia faba seeds
Verticillum dahliae, effect of orchinol 7: 517 protein bodies
Vesicles 11: 37, 38, 41, 42 formation 9: 10, 11, 14, 15
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza proteolysis 9: 16, 17
phosphatases 8: 184 protein synthesis during development
phosphate uptake 8: 173, 174, 190 DNA 9: 24
phosphorus protein changes 9: 18
content 8: 130, 140, 146, 147, 205 RNA 9: 23
translocation 8: 202, 203 storage protein
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas see legumin 9: 5 – 7
‘Arbuscular’ mycorrhizal vicilin 9: 5
symbiosis Vicia faba, protein turnover 8: 104
Vibrations, tree and spectral method of Vicia narbonensis 24: 313; 33: 162
analysis 18: 208 Vicia narbonensis, narbonin 27: 33
Viburnum 37: 107, 113 Vicia pannonica 27: 33
Viburnum opulus 37: 107 Vicia sativa 24: 323; 27: 33
Vicia 12: 209; 22: 13, 174, 187; 24: 319, Vicia, sucrose flux in the symplast during
320, 322; 25: 227, 359; 33: 101 phloem loading 5: 193
chromosome size differences 6: 130 Viciae bacteroids 18: 153
DNA and plant development 6: 131 Vicieae, storage protein 9: 5, 6
faba 22: 73, 81 Vicilin 25: 29; 38: 73
Vicia faba (broad bean) 18: 10, 13 Vicilin, storage protein
air pollutants bioindication 18: 88 deposition 9: 8
O3/SO2 fumigations 18: 71 structure 9: 4 –7, 10, 25
O3/SO2 mixtures 18: 70 synthesis 9: 8, 20, 23, 26
SO2 exposure 18: 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31 Vicilins 27: 11 – 25
SO2 fumigation 18: 9, 12 biotechnology 27: 56 – 69
SO2 inhibition 18: 21 sequence alterations 27: 62, 63
Vicia faba 19: 210; 25: 49, 225; 28: 13, 89; conserved structures 27: 45 – 49
29: 45; 31: 26, 47, 51; 32: 41, 78, genetics 27: 40 – 45
210, 214, 464– 468, 470– 474; hydration and packing 27: 51 –54
33: 53, 63; 37: 184 primary and subunit structure 27: 11 – 16
see also Legume seed storage proteins; secondary, tertiary and quaternary
vicilin structure 27: 16 – 25
galactolipid content of mitochondria 7: 43 structural similarities with
hydraulic pressure in guard cells 4: 127, legumin 27: 44, 45
128, 140 Vicinal dithiol 12: 8
isolation of envelope enriched Video microscopy 25: 26
fraction 7: 25, 26, 35 Vidicon camera, in picosecond
nodulin 27: 34 spectroscopy 8: 3, 7, 9 – 11
photoactive stomata movement 4: 142 Vigna 19: 25; 24: 432; 30: 130; 31: 271
retrotransposons 27: 334, 337, 346 Vigna aconifolia 30: 130
stomatal aperture and leaf water Vigna mungo 29: 45; 30: 186; 38: 86
potential 4: 130, 131, 133 storage protein mobilization in 38: 74 –76
Vigna radiata (Mung-bean) 18: 132 Viruses, plant defence proteins 26: 137, 138
SO2/NO2 mixtures 18: 45, 48 PR – 1 26: 148
Vigna radiata 25: 259, 263, 301, 303, 305, ribosome-inactivating 26: 155, 156
307– 309, 311, 312; 28: 75; 29: 45; thaumatin-related 26: 150, 151
32: 209– 211 Viruses, testing for 23: 155– 159
Vigna radiata, storage protein 9: 6, 9, 17 Virus-like particles (VLP) 36: 36 – 38, 39,
Vigna sinensis 22: 148 145, 146
Vigna unguiculata 18: 132, 146; 25: 232; Virus-specific informosome-like ribo-
29: 45 nucleoprotein (vRNP) 21: 119,
Vigna, effects of salicylates 20: 211 120
Viguiera 31: 162 Viscaria alpina
Viguiera robusta 31: 166 nitrate reductase 6: 23
Viloxanthin Viscosity 11: 4, 41, 42
distribution in algal groups 10: 56, 57, 59 Visible injury, see Indicator plants
structure 10: 55 Visual inspection 23: 2, 3
Vinca 31: 53 Visual light spectroscopy 31: 154, 167
Vinca rosea 30: 256 Vitaceae, Early Tertiary, seed
Vines 18: 70 dispersal 17: 66, 67
see also Vitis vinefera Vitamin D synthesis 37: 22
5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione 35: 234, 247 Vitamin D3, synthesis of 37: 25 – 27
Viola 22: 13 Vitamins
Violacacae 22: 13 effect on orchids in culture 7: 466– 469
Violaxanthin 22: 143; 27: 294; 37: 39 orchid endophyte requirements 7: 494
structure 27: 293 Vitis 22: 14
Violaxanthin-to-antheraxanthin ratio 18: 92 Vitis labruscana 18: 70
Violutin 20: 179 Vitis labrussa, ABA levels in leaves
Viral coat protein 21: 25 4: 146
Viral infections, salicylates and Vitis vinifera (grapevine) 18: 51, 53, 63
20: 209– 10 Vitis vinifera 19: 115, 130, 140, 151;
Viral movement proteins (MPs) 31: 271, 25: 350, 405; 37: 110
272 Vitis vinifera, ABA concentration in excised
Viridiplantae 27: 89 leaves 4: 138
glycolate metabolism 27: 107, 108 Vitreousness of cereals 34: 207– 211
Rubisco 27: 101, 102 Vitronectin 21: 60, 61
Viroid-induced LRR protein 24: 131 VK channels 25: 231– 241; 33: 56
Viroids, testing for 23: 159, 160 distribution 25: 232
Viropexis 21: 112 function 25: 232
Virulence genes 24: 337 gating 25: 231
Virulence, function, pathogens 21: 3 – 7 inward-rectifying 25: 232, 233
Virus acquisition 36: 5, 6 permeation 25: 231, 232
Virus infection 21: 5, 105, 106, 119, selectivity 25: 231, 232
120 VMAL channels
level I interactions 21: 107– 114 function 25: 242
level II interactions 21: 114, 115 gating 25: 241
level III interactions 21: 115– 119 permeation 25: 242
replication 21: 106, 107 selectivity 25: 242
Virus retention 36: 6 – 9 VmVSR 38: 75
Viruses 11: 38 Vochysia 31: 19
Voigt model in leaf fracture testing 17: 267 Vulcanism and plant fossil
Volatiles produced by plants 30: 100– 103 record 16: 151– 175
Voltage operated calcium channels and magma viscosity 16: 151, 152
(VOC) 22: 48, 69 – 73 debris flow 16: 160– 166
Voltage-independent Ca sensitive K influx El Chichón 16: 163, 164
channel (VK) 22: 80, 81 Mount Saint Helens 16: 160– 163, 164,
Voltage-independent channels 165
(VICs) 29: 88, 89 Nevado del Ruiz 1985 16: 165
Volumetric elastic modulus as a function of explosive, case studies 16: 152– 160
turgor and volume 6: 75 –83 El Chichón 16: 159, 160
definition 6: 71 – 73 Mount Saint Helens 16: 152– 158
determination by indirect methods 6: 83, lateral lakes 16: 168– 171
84 tephra, preservation in 16: 166–168
determination in single cells 6: 73 – 83 vegetation recovery 16: 172– 175
Volvocales 2: 16 El Chichón 16: 174, 175
Von Karman’s constant 18: 193 Mount Saint Helens 16: 172– 174
“Vona” cv. 18: 54, 72 Vulcanism, at Cretaceous/Tertiary
Vorlüferspitzer 38: 195 boundary 17: 4
Voucher procedures 23: 20, 21 VVCa channels 25: 233– 236
VP24 70 function 25: 235
VPD, see Vapour pressure deficit gating 25: 233, 234
gVPE protease 38: 77
permeation 25: 234, 235
V-PPase 25: 340, 341, 343, 344
pharmacology 25: 235
and K+ accumulation 25: 359
selectivity 25: 234, 235
biochemical validation 25: 350– 352
coupling ratio 25: 349
W. controversa
future research 25: 329– 331
genetics 6: 246, 247
homomultimeric structure 25: 314– 317
in vivo studies 25: 300– 302 microchromosomes 6: 226, 227, 229
isoforms of substrate-binding sex chromosomes 6: 233
subunit 25: 310, 311 W. crispa
maleimide-reactive cysteine interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
residue 25: 321– 324 W. exserta
modelling as (Kþ/Hþ) symporter interspecific polyploidy 6: 210
25: 346 W. micra 12: 233
molecular cloning of cDNAs W. rutilans
encoding 25: 308– 310 intraspecific polyploidy 6: 211
observed reversal voltage 25: 346– 349 Wak genes 32: 21
oxygen exchange reactions 25: 304– 306 Wakes of individual plants 18: 204, 205
patch clamp studies 25: 343– 352 Wall-associated protein kinase 32: 21
potential coupling sites 25: 324– 329 Wallichia disticha, distichy 3: 224
revised topological model 25: 317– 321 Walnut witches’ broom 21: 199, 205
steady state kinetics of substrate Warburg effect 11: 98
hydrolysis 25: 302– 304 Water absorptive function 31: 14
structure-function relations Water and Nitrogen supply 22: 230– 288
25: 311– 329 acclimation of extension
VPS34 25: 54 growth 22: 246– 263
V-type ATPases 28: 8 acclimation of uptake 22: 235– 245
implications 22: 263– 267 swelling and shrinking of plant cells 1: 279
information transfer 22: 267– 275 unstirred layers 1: 279
manipulating supply 22: 231– 235 Water stress 18: 61; 37: 9, 10
xylem sap 22: 275–286 Water stress and Crassulacean acid
Water bloom formation 13: 115– 125 metabolism 15: 52
carbon limitation of photosynthesis Water stress, UV radiation 22: 102,
and 13: 119 143– 145
climatic factors and 13: 69 Water transport
depth of mixing and 13: 118 in homogeneous systems 6: 48 – 54
disentrainment and 13: 120 –123 in inhomogeneous systems 6: 56, 57
gas vesicle content, light-dependent Water transport across
fluctuation and 13: 117, 118 tonoplast 25: 419– 432
historical aspects 13: 115, 116 Water transport energy provision 28: 31 –33
latitude and 13: 69 Water transport in plants
nutrient levels and 13: 118– 120 apoplastic movement 5: 175
photic conditions and 13: 116, 117 cell to cell movement 5: 175
population senescence and 13: 119 hydraulic conductivity 5: 174
size of individual units and 13: 120 pathway and resistances 5: 172– 174
sporulation and 13: 126 symplastic movement 5: 176
wind-mixing of surface layers Water use efficiency (WUE) 18: 64, 221, 222
and 13: 122, 123 Water use, forests see Net primary pro-
Water channel proteins, assay 25: 420– 422 ductivity and water use model
Water channels 32: 468, 469 Water vapour 18: 222; 22: 167
Water channels, role in plant Water, population pressure 21: 85, 87,88, 89
movements 33: 57, 58 Water, wilt disease 21: 70, 71
Water deficiency Watermelon mosaic virus 36: 2
and leaf expansion 19: 159, 160 (WMV2) 36: 11
and stomatal closure 19: 150– 159 Watermelon silver mottle virus
Water expulsion vacuoles 24: 384 (WSMV) 36: 129
Water free space (WFS) 33: 47, 51 Water-use efficiency 4: 118– 120, 195– 198;
Water movement 25: 419, 420 22: 267
Water potential Wavelength extinction coefficients 37: 8
(see chemical potential of water) Wavelengths of light, strongly/weakly
Water relations 3: 171– 206 absorbed 18: 277, 278
intra-cellular heterogeneity 3: 174– 181 Wave-regeneration forests 18: 239
movement through cells 3: 181–189 Wave-regeneration pattern 18: 237
soil-plant-atmosphere 3: 195– 204 Wax 21: 4, 5; 22: 102, 112, 116, 117
terminology 3: 172– 174 Waxes secretion 31: 56
transpiration, absorption and “Wayne” cv. 18: 10
deficits 3: 189–195 Websites 32: 61, 62
Water relations of plant cells 1: 279 Wedge testing of plant material 17: 246, 247
basic theory of transport processes 1: 285 Weeping lovegrass 21: 158, 159
electro-osmosis 1: 313 Weigela 38: 290
equilibrium water relations of plant cells Weigela/Diervilla 38: 293, 296, 303
1: 282 Weinmannia trichosperma
mechanism of osmosis 1: 291 volumetric elastic modulus 6: 80
polarity of water movement 1: 320 Weissia sp.
reflection coefficient of membranes 1: 279 hybridity 6: 250
Welfia, growth 3: 224 structural genomics 34: 11

“Wells” cv. 18: 10 TaVp1 transcripts 34: 151, 152
Welwitschia 38: 196 UV radiation 22: 116, 145
Welwitschia mirabilis 11: 157– 191; 35: 4 vitreousness 34: 210, 211
carbon balance 11: 179– 188 water and nitrogen supply 22: 277
chemical composition 11: 162– 172 Wheat American striate mosaic rhabdovirus
distribution 11: 157– 159 (WASMV) 36: 149– 151
life cycle 11: 159– 162 Wheat endosperm cells 25: 118
osmoregulation 11: 162– 172 Wheat see Triticum aestivum
photosynthesis 11: 179– 188 Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus
transpiration 11: 173– 179, 189 (WSSMV) 36: 56
water economy 11: 172– 179 Wheat storage proteins 25: 122
WEREWOLF 31: 199 Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) 36: 201
Western X-disease (WX) 21: 191– 194, White ash, see Fraxinus americana
199, 202, 205, 206 “White Cascade” cv. 18: 71, 74
Western X-diseased mycoplasma-like White oak 18: 38
organisms (MLO) 36: 159 White pine, see Pinus strobus
Westiellopsis sp. 27: 215 Whitefly see Bemisia tabaci
Wetland plants in the wetland condition Whole-vacuole currents 25: 225
aerenchyma and aeration 7: 289– 297 Whole-vacuole mode 25: 222
critical oxygen pressure 7: 284– 288 Wild rice (Zizania palustris) 34: 34, 50
oxygen pressure and root growth 7: 288, Wild tomato 22: 165; 31: 123
289 “Williams” cv. 18: 37, 56
photosynthesis and aeration 7: 297, 298 Willow 19: 120
radial oxygen loss and Willow, transpiration and absorption 3: 193,
phytotoxins 7: 281–284 194
responses to anoxia 7: 278– 281 Wind
Wheat 18: 93; 21: 148, 235; 24: 131– 133; and energy transfer 18: 208– 232
34: 31 – 34 boundary layer conductance 18:
see also entries under Triticum 210– 215
see also Winter wheat convective energy flux 18: 215– 217
Akakomugi 34: 131 cuticular conductance 18: 223, 224
calcium ions 22: 60 energy balance equation 18: 208– 210,
ESTs in 34: 8 224– 232
functional genomics 34: 14 stomatal conductance 18: 221– 223
gibberellin signalling, stature temperature 18: 217– 220
and 34: 131– 136 transpiration 18: 218– 220
grain hardness in 34: 207– 210 and gravity 18: 207
growth, effect of auxins and chelates and plants 18: 189– 240
1: 76 –82 damage 18: 224
molecular markers 34: 5 patterns 18: 237
Norin 10 34: 131 plants, waving 18: 205–208
quality testing 34: 28 profiles
relationships between above vegetation 18: 193– 195
cultivated/wild 34: 32 heat/mass transfer estimation 18: 196,
RFLPs 34: 7 197
signal transmission 22: 173, 175, 178, within canopy 18: 198
181, 187, 207, 208 regimes and transport role 18: 193– 208
speed 18: 196 Wound signals 19: 18 – 20, 66 – 68

dependent phenomena 18: 234 non-transport of 19: 75 – 77
mean 18: 193 Wound-induced promoters 34: 90
stomatal conductance 18: 222, 223 Wounding
throw 18: 206 fungal pathogens 21: 37 –39, 68
tunnel 18: 200, 205, 206 viral infection 21: 105, 107– 111, 115
u/v/w components 18: 209 Wounding-activated MAP
velocity 18: 203 kinases 32: 394– 5
Wind dispersal of plant organs 16:106– 112 Wounds, signal transmission 22: 165,
air fall 16: 108, 109 166
fall velocity 16: 106– 108 hydraulic dispersal 22: 179– 186, 188,
post-descent 16: 109, 110 206– 209, 213
storm effects 16: 110–112 WUE, see Water use efficiency
Windthrow 33: 141
“Winsor Harlington” cv. 18: 12, 13 X. polymorpha
Winter anthocyanins 37: 118 interspecific amount in nature 7: 400, 401
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) 18: 14, zone line-formation in decaying
54, 55, 76 wood 7: 344
Winteraceae
Xa1 38: 260
chromosome size 6: 189
Xa21 38: 261, 267
Winteraceae, flowers 17: 104, 105
Xanthine 30: 136– 139, 142
Within-patch dynamics 38: 51
Xanthium pennsylvanicum
Woelm silica gel chromatography of
nitrogen uptake 6: 3
sites of nitrogen assimilation 6: 8
Woloszynskia hiemale 12: 209
Xanthium stromarium 19: 128, 156
Wood
Xanthium strumarium 33: 73, 75
see also Bark, fracture properties;
Xanthium strumarium, effect of CO2 and
Tree rings and Early Tertiary studies
anatomy in Early Tertiary ecology 17: 61, ABA on stomatal aperture 4: 141
79, 80 Xanthomonas 21: 6; 24: 98; 30: 301; 38: 255
climate reconstruction 17: 80 campestris pv. amoraciae 21: 162
fracture properties 17: 273, 274 Xanthomonas campestris 30: 298
Wood decay Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
analysis 7: 337– 345 24: 98, 111
hyphal interactions, 7: 339– 345 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Wood degradation see Fungi 24: 98, 111
Woodsia Xanthomonas campetris 24: 265
aneuploidy 4: 299– 301 Xanthomonas citri 24: 98, 111
fossil record 4: 235, 282 Xanthomonas citri 30: 296
Woodwardia Xanthomonas lryzae 32: 22, 230, 249, 389,
fossil record 4: 235, 248 390
W. arctica, fossil record 4: 251 Xanthomonas malevacearum 19: 24
Woody rose 22: 166 Xanthomonas oryzae 24: 137; 30: 300
Woolly (Wom) 31: 205, 212, 213 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae 38: 257
World Food Programme 21: 93 Xanthomonas spp. 23: 5, 6, 29, 31 – 36, 43,
Wound hormones 19: 18 – 20 44
Wound response, membrane transport Xanthopan morganii praedicta, orchid
and 15: 131– 133 pollination 7: 557
Xanthophyll 22: 143 Xiphinema americanum 36: 178, 180, 181,

Xanthophyll cycle 27: 263, 292– 294 189
down-regulation of RCII 27: 295, 296 Xiphinema americanum sensu lato 36: 180
Xanthophyll de-epoxidation cycle 33: 38 Xiphinema americanum sensu stricto
Xanthophylls 37: 149 36: 181
carotenoids 37: 24 Xiphinema diversicaudatum 36: 180, 183,
cycle 37: 24 185, 189, 190
in gymnosperms 37: 41 Xiphinema index 36: 169, 183, 185
light absorbances in 37: 39 Xiphinema spp. 23: 113
loss 37: 161 X-ray crystallography 22: 87
Xanthophylls in algae 10: 55, 59 X-ray diffraction, cell membrane 3: 2 – 8,
Xanthoria, metabolism, NMR studies 11, 42, 43
20: 92 – 3 X-ray microanalysis 25: 175– 177
Xanthorrhoea X-ray microprobe for potassium in
resin production 6: 278, 285 roots 15: 141, 142
Xanthorrhoea gracilis 31: 20 X-ray structure
Xanthorrhoeaceae, influorescence 3: 277 of cytochrome C2 of Rhodospirillium
Xanthosine 30: 142, 148, 157 rubrum 4: 82, 83
Xanthotoxin production 13: 179 of cytochrome C550 of Paracoccus
Xanthoxin 33: 64 denitrificans 4: 82, 83
Xenobiotic detoxification 37: 59
of cytochrome C551 of Pseudomonas
Xenobiotics 25: 141– 169
aeruginosa 4: 82, 83
fate in plants 25: 143– 145
X-ray studies, photosynthetic membrane, see
mechanisms for uptake and
Photosynthetic membrane
sequestration 25: 158
Xylan synthase 34: 173
Phase 1 25: 144
Xylanase 19: 26, 32, 33; 21: 4, 6, 7
Phase 2 25: 144
b-(1 ! 4)-D-xylanases 19: 32
Phase 3 25: 145
Xylan-derived oligosaccharins 19: 34
vacuolar storage 25: 152
Xenon arc lamp 18: 271 Xylaria hypoxylon
Xenopus 21: 110; 25: 412, 420– 422, 427, effect of ASM 7: 414, 415
428; 28: 143; 30: 25, 26, 30 – 32, Xylaria spp. 33: 8
39, 47; 32: 80, 88, 466, 468, 469 Xylariaceae 33: 13, 19
Xenopus laevis 28: 13; 32: 25 Xylella fastidiosa 23: 32
Xerophyta 37: 106 Xylem 19: 107, 119; 30: 19, 57, 61, 63, 64,
Xerophytes 245, 246, 268, 269
and resin production 6: 307 see also Water and Nitrogen supply
Xerophytes, cuticular resistance 5: 185 signal transmission 22: 171– 186
Xerotus javanicus, orchid endophyte 7: 490 Xylem and liquid-phase water transport
XET 19: 65, 66 as a low resistance pathway for mass
XG5 19: 15 flow 5: 171– 177
XG7 19: 16 significance of lignification 5: 177– 181
XG8 19: 14, 16 transpirational flux of water 5: 170– 172
XG9 19: 14 – 16, 33, 44, 45, 63, 64, 66, 73, Xylem development
75 differentiation 9: 153, 156, 165– 167, 172
XG9n 19: 16 maturation pattern 9: 173, 174
Xiphinema 36: 170, 173, 175, 178, 179, 181, quantitative aspects 9: 211, 212,
182, 185, 186 214– 216
relation between xylem and glucan microfibrils 2: 78

phloem 9: 231– 237 microfibrillar arrangement 2: 91, 94
Xylem export 18: 134, 164 pheromones 28: 139
Xylem sap 19: 106– 112, 123– 126, 128, protein content of cell wall 2: 82
133, 135, 148, 151–155, 158, 162 vacuole motility in 28: 138
Xylem, disease 21: 38– 51 vacuoles 28: 137– 141
Xylem, root, potassium transport Yeast ARS1 MAR 34: 95
to 15: 136– 151 Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
and potassium regulation 15: 161–163 library 34: 10 – 11, 30
electrogenic mechanisms 15: 145– 151 Yeast cadmium factor protein
lag phase in 15: 143– 145 (YCF1) 25: 156
radial pathway 15: 140– 143 Yeast channel 25: 229
and endoplasmic reticulum Yeast Flp/Frt recombinase 34: 106
compartmentation 15: 141– 143 Yeast invertase 25: 204
symplasmic 15: 140, 141 Yeast vacuole 25: 50
site of entry 15: 137– 140 Yeast, 58, see also individual species name
and aerenchyma Yeast, plant protein toxicity to 26: 148
induction 15: 138– 140 Yeast, plasma membrane 3: 34, 35
epidermis/cortex 15: 137, 138. branching 3: 262, 264
Xylem/phloem transfer 29: 154, 155 influorescence 3: 268, 277
Xylem-to-xylem contacts 24: 313 Yucca
Xylobium squalens, seed morphology 7: 427 Yeasts 24: 401
Xyloglucan 11: 131, 144, 146, 149, 152; “Yecora Rojo” 18: 88
19: 41; 22: 259, 264 Yellow birch (Betula lutea) 18: 9
sugar residues in 19: 13, 14 Yellow poplar, see Liriodendron tulipifera
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 19: 56, Yellow rust 21: 148
57, 64 Yellowing in reproductive
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase development 35: 6
(XET) 22: 256– 258, 263 Yellows disease 21: 188
Xyloglucan oligosaccharides Yellowstone National Park (USA), Early
degradation of 19: 66 Tertiary 17: 56, 58, 59
natural occurrence 19: 58, 59 Yersinia 32: 91
synthesis of 19: 62 – 66 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 30: 298
transport of 19: 75 Yield losses, correspondence
Xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides analysis 21: 233– 235
19: 12 – 17 Yield threshold, cell 22: 246
Xylose 11: 126 YNT1 gene 30: 28, 32
Xylose isomerase gene 34: 79 “Young” cv. 18: 57
Xylose, transport across chloroplast Young modulus of stems 17: 271
envelope 7: 73 Young’s modulus 18: 206
‘xylotropic endophytes’ 33: 2 Yucca 11: 132
Xyridaceae, stomata 3: 283
“Z” scheme of photosynthetic electron
Yeast 22: 60; 25: 259 transport 10: 17, 18, 36
cell wall breakdown 2: 90 Z. flocculosa
chemical content of cell walls 2: 77, 79 karyotype 6: 168
endocytic pathway in 28: 139– 141 karyotype evolution 6: 170, 171
Z. intermedium, seed morphology 7: 426 Ac transposon structure 27: 371

Z. mackaii, seed morphology 7: 426 Bg transposon 27: 380
Z. mays, gibberellin Ds elements 27: 364, 366
biosynthesis 9: 86 –88 En/Spm (enhancer/suppressor-mutator),
effect on growth 9: 34, 109 CACTA superfamily 27: 352,
Z. pendula 353, 380– 387, 405, 406
karyotype evolution 6: 170, 171 host factors involved 27: 377, 378
Z. purpusii linked sites 27: 374– 377
karyotype 6: 168 Mutator elements 27: 351– 356, 362,
Zamia 387– 394
chromosome constitution 6: 172 effect of ABA on stomata 4: 138
chromosome evolution 6: 172, 173 effect of assimilation rate on stomatal
Zannichelliaceae, growth 3: 215Zea aperture 4: 184
prophyll 3: 287 effect of humidity, light and CO2 on
stomata 3: 284 stomatal aperture 4: 208
ZAPS 18: 4, 5 effect of sodium 7: 171
Zea 29: 144, 145 endosperm and aleurone
polarity of leaf veins 9: 194 development 27: 393
root size and sugar concentration 9: 234 etiochloroplast membrane structure 7: 14
Zea 22: 13 evolutionary aspects 27: 419, 421
mays 22: 72, 122 germ cell development 27: 393, 394
Zea mays (maize) 33: 146, 194, 195 hydraulic conductivity 6: 97
Zea mays (maize/corn) 18: 15 intercellular CO2 concentration 4: 180
air pollutants bioindication 18: 88, 89 leaf water potential and evaporation
bioindication 18: 94 rate 4: 149
coleoptile 18: 283, 290 percentage radiocomposition of cell and
NOx exposure 18: 38 cell wall fractions 5: 120, 121
O3/NO2 exposures 18: 84 photoactive stomatal movement
SO2 exposure 18: 9, 32 4: 142
SO2 fumigation 18: 9, 11, 12 polysaccharide content of golgi
Zea mays 12: 132, 133, 156; 19: 114, 121, bodies 5: 119, 120
124, 153, 154, 159, 160; 24: 321; polysaccharide production of extracellular
25: 259, 260, 263, 268, 269, 307; slime 5: 119– 121
28: 13, 14, 89, 221; 29: 117, 120, retrotransposons 27: 336 –338
121, 127, 130, 132, 138– 141, 159, Bs1 27: 349
161; 30: 221; 32: 41, 42, 192, 204, non-LTR 27: 342
205, 210, 211, 214, 321; 37: 97, Zeon-1 27: 348
109, 113; 38: 144; 3: 208, 211, 214 reverse genetics 27: 408, 409
Agamous-like MADS-box 27: 429 R-r complex, gene duplications 27: 428,
cell fractionation studies 5: 118–120 429
chloroplast structure 7: 16, 38 site of synthesis of cell wall
DNA analysis 6: 125 components 5: 99, 100, 126
DNA transposable elements 27: 352– 354 stomatal aperture and CO2
Ac and Ds, chromosome concentration 4: 141
breakage 27: 373, 374 stomatal response to water
Ac superfamily 27: 364–380, 402– 405 potential 4: 132, 133
Ac Tpase 27: 366– 371 subsp. teosinte 27: 354
Ac transposition 27: 403–405 transport of synthesized materials 5: 133
transposon tagging 27: 395 Zo values, typical 18: 195, 196

Tourist elements 27: 398 Zone lines
Verification of cloned genes, endogenous in decaying wood 7: 341, 343– 345
transposable elements 27: 401 pseudosclerotial plate formation 7: 344,
volumetric elastic modulus 6: 79 345
Zea mays see maize resulting from a single mycelium 7: 344
Zea mays, endosperm fracture resulting from mycelial interaction 7: 345
properties 17: 278, 279 Zonocerus variegatus 30: 100
Zea mays, rate of protein degradation 8: 69, Zoopsis 19: 263, 265, 291
105, 106 Zoospore discharge 24: 386–389
Zearalenone 24: 78 Zoosporogenesis 24: 357
Zeatin 19: 131; 34: 73 cortical cleavage vacuole 24: 381, 382
Zeatin riboside (ZR) 24: 49; 19: 126, 127, flagellar axonemes 24: 385, 386
131, 136 induction 24: 377, 378
Zeaxanthin 22: 143; 27: 294 involvement of large central vacuole
structure 27: 293 24: 381
Zebrina involvement of sporangial plasma
chromosome evolution 6: 145, 146 membrane 24: 381
karyotype evolution and centric patterns of cleavage membrane
fusion 6: 183 formation 24: 378– 383
polyploidy and centric fusion 6: 183 peripheral cisternae 24: 384, 385
telecentric chromosomes 6: 139 polarization of zoosporic organelles
Zebrina pendula, influorescence 3: 280 24: 386
a-zein 35: 155 progressive extension of cleavage
g-zein 34: 210, 211 vacuoles around or between
g-zein sequences 34: 89 nuclei 24: 382, 383
Zeins 34: 197 spatial regulation of cleavage 24: 383, 384
Zelkova 37: 108 synthesis of zoospore-specific
Zerna erecta components during 24: 384– 386
enzymes of ammonia assimilation 6: 27, vesicles 24: 379– 381
28 water expulsion vacuoles 24: 384
Zero plane displacement length 18: 195 Zooxanthellae, photosynthetic rate 10: 151
Zero-current voltage 25: 223 Zostera 27: 89, 150, 173– 175
Zeuxine elongata, flowering period 7: 537 Zostera marina 28: 13, 14, 29, 32
Zinc 22: 4, 72, 81 Zosterophyllum
Zinc deficiency 37: 110 fossil structure 5: 162
Zinc, effect on plant disease 10: 257– 260 ratio of water movement through xylem
Zingiber, influorescence 3: 269 and parenchyma 5: 176, 177
Zingiberaceae 22: 22 stomatal structure 5: 166
growth 3: 215, 221, 222 Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus 36: 117
influorescence 3: 267 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)
Zingiberales, aerenchyma 3: 212 36: 8, 9
Zinnia 25: 103, 104; 30: 246 ZWITCHEL (ZWI) 31: 202, 248, 249, 251,
Zinnia elegans 25: 94, 96 252
Zizania 34: 34 Zwittergen, solubilization of
Zizania latifolia 34: 50 chlorophyllprotein
Zizania palustris 34: 34, 50 complexes 10: 104
Zizaniopsis 34: 34 Zwittergent 12: 9
Zygogynum Zygophyllum stapfi 11: 172, 173

karyotype 6: 189, 190 Zygosaccharomyces rouxii 28: 13, 40
Zygopetalum Zygote
flowering period 7: 546 development 28: 241– 245
post-pollination phenomena 7: 572, 578 isolation 28: 241, 242
Zygophyllum dumosum, stomatal response to manipulation 28: 242– 245
humidity 4: 170 produced in planta 28: 241, 242
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1 –38
R. J. Abbott Harold Mitchell Building, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary
Biology, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9TH, Scotland, UK 38: 287
M. J. Adams Plant Pathogen Interactions Division, IACR – Rothamsted, Harpenden,
Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK 36: 47
S. Aldington Centre for Plant Science, University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford
Building, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Scotland,
UK 19: 1
L. Alexander IACR – Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS4I 9AF, UK 35: 111
G. J. Allen The Plant Laboratory, Biology Department, University of York, PO Box
373, York YO1 5YW, UK 25: 217
E. Ammar Department of Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo
University, Giza, Egypt 36: 141
A. Amtmann The Plant Laboratory, Biology Department, PO Box 373, University
of York, York YO1 5YW, UK 29: 75
S. L. Anagnostakis The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven,
Connecticut 06504-1106, USA 21: 125
Louise E. Anderson Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60680, USA 12: 1
G. M. Androes Physics Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut,
Lebanon 1: 327
G. C. Angenent Department of Developmental Biology, DLO-Centre for Plant
Breeding and Reproduction Research, CPRO-DLO, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA
Wageningen, The Netherlands 26: 229
R. Appels CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia 34: 289
J. Arditti Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of
Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92717,
USA 7: 421
W. Armstrong Department of Plant Biology, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX,
England, UK 7: 225
A. M. Ashby Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing
Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK 24: 31
A. E. Ashford School of Biological Science, The University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 28: 119
H. Ashihara Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University,
Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan 30: 117
M. R. Ashmore Department of Environmental Science, University of Bradford,
West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK 29: 31
S. M. Assmann Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 32: 459
308 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1 –38
N. R. Baker Department of Biology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park,

Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK 13: 1
P. Barcelo DuPont Wheat Transformation Laboratory, c/o Rothamsted
Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK 34: 59
K. R. Barker Plant Pathology Department, North Carolina State University,
Box 7616, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7616, USA 23: 103
J. Barrett Department of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia 10: 1
D. C. Bassham MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA 25: 43
D. C. Bassham Department of Botany and Centre for Plant Responses to
Environmental Stresses, 353 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
50011, USA 38: 65
F. Beaudoin IACR – Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS41 9AF, UK 35: 111
C. H. Beckman Department of Plant Sciences, University of Rhode Island,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA 21: 35
D. J. Beerling Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield S10 2TN, UK 26: 193
R. E. Beever Plant Diseases Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Auckland, New Zealand 8: 127
P. R. Bell Department of Botany and Microbiology, University College, London
WC1E 6BT, UK 16: 55
F. Berger Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR 9938CNRS-Inra-ENS, 46 Allée
d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France 28: 231
N. Bernstein Institute of Soil Water, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan
50250, Israel 29: 115
J. L. Beynon Department of Biological Sciences, Wye College, University of
London, Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK 24: 227
Thomas Björkman Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA 15: 1
E. Blumwald Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada 25: 401
D. Boulter Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, South Road,
Durham DH1 3LE, UK 9: 1; 27: 1
J.-P. Bouly Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de
Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Bâtiment 630, Université de
Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France 32: 405
G. W. van den Bovenkamp General Inspection Service for Agricultural Seeds and
Seed Potatoes (NAK), P.O. Box 51, 6710 BB Ede, The Netherlands 23: 217
A. P. C. Brown School of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon
Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK 34: 237
D. J. F. Brown Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA,
UK 36: 169
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMES 1 –38 309
J. K. Brown Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

85721, USA 36: 65
P. F. Brownell Department of Botany, James Cook University of North
Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 7: 117
T. P. Brutnell Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK 28: 161
R. W. van den Bulk Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research
(CPRO-DLO), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen,
The Netherlands 23: 171
D. J. W. Burns Plant Diseases Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Auckland, New Zealand 8: 127
Hans Burström Institute of Plant Physiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1: 73
D. Buttry Chemistry Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071,
USA 18: 255
M. E. Byrne Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring
Harbor, NY 11724, USA 38: 191
J. A. Callow Department of Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, England, UK 4: 1
L. R. Campbell Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
KS 53602, USA 36: 113
C. Canel USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box 8048,
University, Mississippi 38776, USA 31: 121
W. W. Carmichael Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University,
Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA 12: 47; 27: 211
L. Chalker-Scott Division of Ecosystem Sciences, College of Forest Resources,
Box 354115, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 37: 103
M. Chamberlain (previously known as M. Jurand) Royal Botanic Garden, 20A
Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK 24: 71
A. Champion Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Laboratoire de Biologie
du Développement des Plantes (BDP), Bâtiment 630, UMR, CNRS/UPS 8618,
Université de Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France 38: 235
G. Chen Chemistry Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071,
USA 18: 255
Z.-H. Chen Plant Molecular Sciences Group, Division of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 38: 95
M. J. Chrispeels Department of Biology 0116, University of California at San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA 25: 419
S. E. Clark Department of Biology, University of Michigan, 830 N. University,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA 32: 226
D. T. Clarkson Department of Plant Sciences, IACR-Long Ashton, University of
Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, UK 30: 1
J. M. Cock Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 9938 CNRS-INRA-
ENSL, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex
07, France 32: 270
H. A. Collin Department of Botany, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147,

Liverpool L69 3BX, UK 13: 145
M. E. Collinson Division of Biosphere Sciences, King’s College London,
Kensington Campus, Campden Hill Road, London W8 7AH, UK 17: 1
L. Colombo Department of Developmental Biology, DLO-Centre for Plant
I. R. Cowan Department of Environmental Biology, Research School of Biological
Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 4: 117
D. Cox-Foster Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Science, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 31: 175
R. Craig Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802, USA 31: 175
A. R. Crawford CRC for Tropical Plant Pathology, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane 4072, Australia 24: 431
P. W. Crous Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private
Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa 33: 1
R. R. D. Croy Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, South
Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK 27: 1
A. Crozier Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Division of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 9: 33; 30: 117
D. A. Cuppels Pest Management Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada 23: 27
H. Czosnek Department of Field Crops and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel 36: 65
Jack Dainty Biophysics Department, University of Edinburgh, Scotland 1: 279
M. B. Dale Department of Botany, The University, Southampton, England, UK
2: 35
M. J. Daniels Department of Biology 0116, University of California at San Diego,
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA 25: 419
D. D. Davies School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich
NR4 7TJ, England, UK 8: 65
J. M. Davies Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing
W. J. Davies Division of Biological Sciences, IEBS, Lancaster University, Bailrigg,
Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK 22: 227
E. L. Davis Plant Pathology Department, North Carolina State University, Box
7616, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7616, USA 23: 103
S. H. De Boer Pacific Agriculture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, 6660 N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1X2,
Canada 23: 27
B. Dell School of Environment and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch,
Western Australia 6153, Australia 6: 277
F. M. Dewey Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks

Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK 24: 275
I. G. Dinesen The Danish Plant Directorate, Skovbrynet 20, Lyngby, DK-2800,
Denmark 23: 137
H. J. M. Dons Department of Developmental Biology, DLO-Centre for Plant
R. Douce Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,
Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble, 85 X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex,
France 7: 1
A. Drenth CRC for Tropical Plant Pathology, The University of Queensland,
J. G. Duckett School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College,
University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK 19: 231
M. V. Duke USDA, ARS, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, P.O. Box 350,
Stoneville, MS 38776, USA 31: 121
S. O. Duke USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box
8048, University, Mississippi 38776, USA 31: 121
C. Dumas Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR 9938CNRS-Inra-ENS, 46 Allée
d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France 28: 231
M. A. Dunn School of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon
P. S. Dyer Microbiology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of
Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK 33: 225
J. C. Earnshaw Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Queen’s University
of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK 11: 1
D. M. Eaves Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada 23: 243
D. L. Ebbels Central Science Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food, Hatching Green, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2BD, UK 23: 1
K. J. Edwards IACR – Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricul-
tural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS41 9AF, UK
34: 301
A. H. Ehrlich Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford,
California 94305, USA 21: 79
R. J. Ellis Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry
CV4 7AL, UK 14: 1
H. van den Ende Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam,
University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
20: 125
P. K. Endress Department of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland 17: 99
A. R. Ennos School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, 3.614
Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK 33: 133
G. Erdtman Palynological Laboratory, Nybodagatan, Stockholm-Solna, Sweden

1: 149
A. Fahn Department of Plant Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat
Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel 31: 37
J.-E. Faure Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR 9938CNRS-Inra-ENS, 46
Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France 28: 231
T. S. Feild Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley,
CA 94720-3140, USA 37: 17
B. G. Forde Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted,
Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK 30: 1
A. J. Foster School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington
Singer Laboratories, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK 34: 263
A. A. J. M. Franken Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research
(CPRO-DLO), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen,
The Netherlands 23: 171
E. M. Friis Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Stockholm, Sweden 17: 99
S. C. Fry Centre for Plant Science, University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford
Building, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Scotland,
UK 19: 1
W. E. Fry Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853,
USA 24: 1
G. Galili Department of Plant Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot 76100, Israel 25: 113
P. van Gardingen University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource
Management, Darwin Building, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road,
Edinburgh EH9 3JU, UK 18: 191
A. Gelli Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Ontario
M5S 3B2, Canada 25: 401
R. C. Gergerich Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA 36: 101
T. L. German Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
WI 53706, USA 36: 113
C. A. Gilligan Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing
Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK 24: 275; 38: 1
M. Ginzburg Botany Department, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Israel 14: 95
R. D. Gitaitis Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Coastal Plain
Station, Tifton, Georgia 31793, USA 23: 27
B. J. Glover Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing
K. S. Gould School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag
92019, Auckland, New Zealand 37: 1
J. Grace University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management,

Darwin Buildings, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU,
UK 18: 191
R. D. Graham Department of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute,
The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 10: 221
John C. Gray Botany School, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK 14: 27
R. A. Grazzini Center Analytical Laboratories, State College, 487 Nimitz Avenue
State College, PA 00016, USA 31: 175
H. Griffiths Department of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon
Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK 15: 43
G. G. Gross Universität Ulm, Abteilung Allgemeine Botanik, D – 7900 Ulm,
Germany 8: 25
I. Gy Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Laboratoire de Biologie du
Développement des Plantes (BDP), Bâtiment 630, UMR, CNRS/UPS 8618,
W. P. Hackett Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of
California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 37: 95
N. G. Halford IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
D. L. Hallahan Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and
Development, The Dupont Company, P.O. Box 80328, Wilmington, DE 19880-
0328, USA 31: 77
A. Hamal Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie du
Développement des Plantes, Bátiment 630, UMR/CNRS 8618, Université de
Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France 32: 299
A. R. Hardham Plant Cell Biology Group, The Research School of Biological
Sciences, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, Canberra 2601,
Australia 24: 353
D. G. Hardie Biochemistry Department, Dundee University, MSI/WTB Complex,
Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK 32: 1
Götz Harnischfeger Lehrstuhl für Biochemie der Pflanze der Universität
Göttingen, 34 Göttingen, Germany 5: 1
J. L. Harwood Department of Biochemistry, University College, Cardiff CF1 1XL,
UK 16: 1
B. Haubold Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks
M. J. Hawkesford IARC-Rothamsted, Biochemistry and Physiology Department,
M. C. Heath Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S
1A1, Canada 24: 195
E. Heberle-Bors Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna
University, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030, Vienna, Austria 35: 53
R. J. Henry Cooperative Research Centre for Molecular Plant Breeding, Centre for
Plant Conservation Genetics, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore,
NSW 2480, Australia 34: 24
Y. Henry Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Laboratoire de Biologie du
Université de Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France 32: 299; 38: 235
E. M. Herman Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, United States Department
of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705,
USA 25: 113
A. M. Hetherington Division of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster,
Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK 22: 45
N. M. Holbrook Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 37: 17
P. M. Holligan Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth
PL1 2PB, UK 16: 193
T. P. Holtsford Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia,
MO 65211, USA 32: 45
E. B. Holub Plant Pathology and Weed Science Department, Horticulture Research
International –Wellesbourne, Warwickshire CV35 9EF, UK 24: 227
S. Hörtensteiner Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse
107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland 35: 1
C. J. Howe Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Centre for
Molecular Recognition, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW,
UK 27: 257
E. M. Hrabak Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH 03824, USA 32: 185
S. C. Huber United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service and Departments of Crop Science and Botany, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC 26795, USA 32: 435
M. A. Hughes School of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon
M. Hülskamp Institut für Entwicklungsgenetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076
Tübingen, Germany 31: 237
H. Huttinga Research Institute for Plant Protection (IPO-DLO), Binnenhaven 5,
P.O. Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands 23: 59
G. J. Hyde School of Biological Science, University of New South Wales,
Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia 24: 353
K. Ichimura Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Tsukuba Life Science Center,
The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1, Koyadai,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan 32: 355
E. R. Ingham Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia,
MO 65211, USA 32: 45
D. S. Ingram Royal Botanic Garden, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR,
UK 24: 71
V. F. Irish Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520,

USA 28: 197
J. A. G. Irwin CRC for Tropical Plant Pathology, The University of Queensland,
M. B. Jackson Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, AFRC
Institute of Arable Crops Research, Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol BS18
9AF, UK 19: 103
G. I. Jenkins Plant Molecular Science Group, Division of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Bower Building,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 29: 51
L. Jiang Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories, Hong Kong, China 35: 139
P. John Botany School, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford,
England 4: 51
A. L. Jones Department of Biochemistry, University College, Cardiff CF1 1XL,
UK 16: 1
D. A. Jones The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich
NR4 7UH, UK 24: 89
D. A. Jones Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 38: 251
J. D. G. Jones The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich
NR4 7UH, UK 24: 89
K. Jones Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey
TW9 3DS, England, UK 6: 119
B. R. Jordan New Zealand Institute of Crop and Food Research Limited, Levin
Research Centre, Kimberley Road, Private Bag 4005, Levin, New Zealand 22: 97
S. Jouannic Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de
Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR/CNRS 8618, Bâtiment 630, Université de
J. Joyard Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,
Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble, 85 X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex,
France 7: 1
N. T. Keen Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA
92521, USA 30: 291
N. W. Kerby A. F. R. C. Research Group on Cyanobacteria, Department of
Biological Sciences, The University, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK 11: 71
C. A. Kidner Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring
Harbor, NY 11724, USA 38: 191
E. J. Kim Plant Science Institute, Department of Biology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA 25: 297
A. H. Kingston-Smith Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas
Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EB, UK 25: 195
V. Kirik Institut für Entwicklungsgenetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076
Tübingen, Germany 31: 237
B. C. Kirkpatrick Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis,

H. W. Klein –Gebbinck IRRI, Department of Plant Pathology, PO Box 933, 1099
Manila, Philippines. Present address: Department of Plant Science,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada 21: 213
Leon V. Kochian US Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, USDAARS, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, USA 15: 93
D. Koller Plant Biophysics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew
University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel 33: 35
E. Kombrink Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie,
Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany 21: 1
E. M. Kramer Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520,
USA 28: 197
M. Kreis Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Laboratoire de Biologie du
Université de Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France 28: 71; 32: 299; 38: 235
W. Kreutz Max-Volmer-Institut, I. Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Technische
Universität, Berlin, Germany 3: 53
W.-M. Kriel Department of Plant Pathology, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa 33: 1
R. Kunze Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institut für Genetik und
Mikrobiologie, Maria-Ward-Str. 1A, 80638 München, Germany 27: 331
A. L. Kursanov Institute of Plant Physiology, K. A. Timiriasev, Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, USSR 1: 209
Derek T. A. Lamport Now at the Michigan State University Atomic Energy
Commission Plant Research Laboratory, RIAS, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2: 151
J. A. Langdale Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks
C. J. Langerak Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research (CPRO-
DLO), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands 23: 171
A. W. D. Larkum School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006,
Australia 10: 1
T. Larkum School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006,
Australia 27: 257
T. Lawson Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1
4HN, UK 26: 317
D. B. Lazof Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA 29: 115
P. A. Lazzeri DuPont Wheat Transformation Laboratory, c/o Rothamsted
A. Lecharny Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Laboratoire de Biologie
du Développement des Plantes (BDP), Bâtiment 630, UMR, CNRS/UPS 8618,
D. W. Lee Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University,

Miami, FL 33199, USA, and Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, FL 33156,
USA 37: 37
J. A. Lee Department of Botany, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL,
England, UK 6: 1
J. A. Lee Department of Animal and Plant Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield
S10 2TN, UK 29: 1
R. C. Leegood Robert Hill Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK 26: 251
R. A. Leigh Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted,
J. R. Lenton IACR –Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
A.-S. Leprince Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie du
Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, UMR/CNRS 8618, Université de
C. A. Lévesque Pacific Agriculture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, 6660 N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1X2,
Canada 23: 243
John Levy Botany Department, Imperial College, University of London, SW7
2: 323
Jiaxu Li Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 32: 459
R. Ligrone Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Napoli, Via Forla
223, I-80139 Napoli, Italy 19: 231
W.-E. Lönnig Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg
10, 50829 Köln, Germany 27: 331
J. D. Lovis Department of Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, England, UK 4: 231
Sheng Luan Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California
at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 32: 67
J. A. Lucas IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, UK 26: 135;
33: 226
William J. Lucas Department of Botany, University of California, Davis,
California, USA 15: 93
U. Lüttge Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut für Botanik, Schnittspahn-
strasse 3-5, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany 25: 253
S. A. MacFarlane Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2
5DA, UK 36: 169
L. V. Madden Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691 –4096,
USA 21: 213
C. Maggs School of Biology and Biochemistry, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s
University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK 35: 171
P. Maheshwari Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 2: 219

M. Malone Horticultural Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwicks CV35
9EF, UK 22: 163
I. Manton Botany Department, University of Leeds, England, UK 2: 1
M. D. Marks Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota,
St Paul, MN 55108, USA 31: 219
F. M. Marshall Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science,
Technology and Medicine, 48 Princes Gardens, London SW7 2PE, UK 29: 31
R. A. Martienssen Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold
Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA 38: 191
C. Martin Department of Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park,
Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK 31: 193
G. Martin Botany Department, P.O. Box 3165, University of Wyoming, Laramie,
WY 82071, USA 18: 255
G. B. Martin Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and Department of
Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 32: 379
E. Martinoia Génétique Physiologique et Moléculaire, Bâtiment de Botanique, 40,
Avenue du Recteur Pineau, F-86022, Poitiers, France 25: 365
F. Marty Laboratoire de Phytobiologie Cellulaire, Université de Bourgogne, BP
138, 210 Dijon Cedex, France 25: 1
I. Mastenbroek General Inspection Service for Agricultural Seeds and Seed
Potatoes (NAK), P.O. Box 51, 6710 BB Ede, The Netherlands 23: 217
P. Matile Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Universität Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107,
CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland 25: 87
E. Matthys-Rochon Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR 9938CNRS-Inra-
ENS, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France 28: 231
M. A. Mayo Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA,
UK 36: 21
M. R. McAinsh Division of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster
LA1 4YQ, UK 22: 45
A. J. McComb Botany Department, University of Western Australia, Nedlands,
Western Australia 6009, Australia 6: 277
A. J. S. McDonald Department of Plant and Soil Science, Aberdeen Uni-
versity, Cruick Shank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB9 2UD,
UK 22: 227
G. I. McFadden Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University
of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia 19: 189
J. I. Medford Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
80523, USA 31: 175
R. Meideros Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
53706, USA, and Department Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasilia,
Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil 36: 113
C. R. Metcalfe The Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England,
UK 1: 101
M. G. Milgroom Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

14853, USA 24: 1
I. M. Miller Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton,
OH 45435, USA 17: 163
S.A. Miller Plant Pathology Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
44691, USA 23: 73
R. I. Milne Harold Mitchell Building, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary
Biology, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews Fife KY16
9TH, Scotland, UK 38: 281
R. F. Mithen School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington
Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK 35: 213
T. Mizoguchi Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Tsukuba Life Science
Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1,
Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan 32: 355
M. Morell CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Institute of Plant Production and
Processing PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 34: 165
R. O. Mumma Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Science, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 31: 175
T. D. Murray Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA 33: 225
J. A. Napier IACR – Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
L. R. Nault Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State
University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA 36: 141
S. O. Neill School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag
92019, Auckland, New Zealand 37: 167
R. Neilson Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dunde, DD2 5DA,
UK 36: 169
Patricia Nevers Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Egelspfad, D-5000
Köln 30, Germany 12: 103
E. A. Nothnagel Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 30: 207
S. F. Oberbauer Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International
University, Miami, FL 33199, USA 37: 129
G. O’brien School of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon
H. Ougham Cell Biology Department, Institute of Grassland and Environmental
Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, UK 35: 1
M. G. Palmgren Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricul-
tural University, Thorvaldsensveg 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark 28: 1
S. N. Panter Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National
University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia 38: 251
R. N. Paul USDA, ARS, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, P.O. Box 350,
Stoneville, MS 38776, USA 31: 121
A. W. Pemberton Central Science Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries

and Food, Hatching Green, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2BD, UK 23: 1
Roger I. Pennell John Innes Institute and AFRC Institute of Plant Science
Research, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK 15: 179
K. L. Perry Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 36: 1
M. Pfosser Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna
University, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030, Vienna, Austria 35: 53
A. Picaud Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Laboratoire de Biologie du
Université de Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France 32: 299; 38: 235
J. A. Pickett Department of Biological and Ecological Chemistry, IACR-
Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK 30: 91
J. M. Picton Department of Botany, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7
1NN, Northern Ireland, UK 11: 1
W. S. Pierpoint Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, AFRC Institute of
Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts
AL5 2JQ, UK 20: 163
T. P. Pirone Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY 40502, USA 36: 1
R. T. Plumb IACR– Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK 36: 199
C. J. Pollock Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan,
Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EB, UK 25: 195
M. C. Probine Biophysics Section, Physics and Engineering Laboratory, D.S.I.R.,
Lower Hutt, New Zealand 3: 1
N. S. Rangaswamy Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 2: 219
S. Rasco – Gaunt DuPont Wheat Transformation Laboratory, c/o Rothamsted
R. G. Ratcliffe Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks
J. A. Raven Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1
4HN, Scotland, UK 5: 153; 11: 71; 27: 85
A. D. M. Rayner School of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, England, UK 7: 333
B. Reavy Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA,
UK 36: 21
J. S. Grant Reid Department of Biological Science, University of Stirling, Stirling
FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK 11: 125
P. M. Rentzepis Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA 8: 1
K. S. Renzaglia School of Biological Sciences, Box 23590A, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA 19: 231
A. H. Reynolds Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA 8: 1
C. S. Reynolds The Freshwater Biological Association, Windermere Laboratory,
Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK 13: 67
A. M. Rimando USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box
E. M. Roberts Department of Plant Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston,
Rhode Island 02881, USA 21: 35
C. Robinson Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry
CV4 7AL, UK 14: 1
David G. Robinson Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universität Untere
Karspäle 2, D-34 Göttingen, Germany 5: 89
P. A. Roelofsen Laboratory of General and Technical Biology, Technological
University, Delft, The Netherlands 2: 69
J. C. Rogers Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA 99164 – 6340, USA 35: 139
T. Sachs Department of Botany, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem,
Israel 9: 151
Heinz Saedler Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Egelspfad, D-5000
Köln 30, Germany 12: 103
H. Saedler Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Köln, Germany 27: 331
D. Sanders The Plant Laboratory, Biology Department, PO Box 373, University of
York, York YO1 5YW, UK 29: 75
S. Savary ORSTOM Visiting Scientist at International Rice Research Institute,
Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, PO Box 933, 1099 Manila,
Philippines 21: 213
H. Saxe Ministry of the Environment, National Environmental Research Institute,
Division of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 11, DK-8600 Silkeborg,
Denmark 18: 1
G. E. Schaller Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA 32: 109
D. J. Schultz Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 166 Plant Biology
Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
31: 175
M. D. Serpe Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725,
USA 30: 207
G. Sessa Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Sciences, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY
14853, USA 32: 379
Nancy S. Shepherd Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Egelspfad,
D-5000 Köln 30, Germany, Present address: E. I. DuPont de Nemours &
Company. Inc., Central Research and Development Department, Wilmington,
Delaware 19898, USA 12: 103
J. L. Sherwood Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
30602-7274, USA 36: 113
P. R. Shewry IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, UK 26: 135;
34: 301; 35: 111
K. Shinozaki Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, The Institute of Physical and

Chemical Research (RIKEN), Tsukuba Life Science Center, 3-1-1, Koyadai,
D. C. Sigee Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of Manchester,
Manchester M13 9PL, England, UK 12: 205
S. A. Slack Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science
Building, Ithaca, New York 14853-4203, USA 23: 217
C. D. Smart Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis,
D. W. M. Smiley Department of Biological and Ecological Chemistry, IACR-
A. J. E. Smith School of Plant Biology, University College of North Wales, Bangor
LLS7 2UW, Gwynedd, North Wales, UK 6: 195
F. A. Smith Department of Botany, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005,
Australia 22: 1
S. E. Smith Department of Soil Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005,
Australia 22: 1
T. M. Smith Department of Environmental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA 20: 1
R. G. Solomon CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia 34: 289
I. E. Somssich Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie,
Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany 21: 1
R. A. Spicer Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road,
Oxford OX1 3PR, UK 16: 95
O. Spring Institut für Botanik, Universität Hohenheim (210), Postfach 70593,
Stuttgart, Germany 31: 153
G. Starr School of Forestry Resources and Conservation, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida
International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA 37: 129
L. Andrew Staehelin Biophysics Section, Physics and Engineering Laboratory,
D.S.I.R., Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Present address: Biological Laboratories,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 3: 1
D. E. Stead Central Science Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food, Hatching Green, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2BD, UK 23: 1
M. W. Steer Department of Botany, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7
1NN, Northern Ireland, UK 11: 1
E. Steudle Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Nuclear Research Centre, Jülich,
Germany 6: 45
D. Stevenson IACR –Long Ashton Research Station, Department of
Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS41 9AF,
UK 34: 1
G. R. Stewart Department of Botany, University of Manchester, Manchester M13
9PL, England, UK 6: 1
J. G. Streeter Department of Agronomy, Ohio State University and Ohio Agri-

cultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA 18: 129
C. Sutula Agdia Inc., 30380 County Road 6, Elkhart, Indiana 46514, USA
23: 279
W. J. Swart Department of Plant Pathology, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa 33: 1
N. J. Talbot School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington
Singer Laboratories, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK 34: 263
A. S. Tatham IACR – Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural
J. E. Taylor Division of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster
LA1 4YQ, UK 22: 45
M. R. Tellez USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box
H. Thomas Cell Biology Department, Institute of Grassland and Environmental
Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, UK 35: 1
M. Thomas Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de
Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Bâtiment 630, Université de
Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France 32: 405
C. Thorpe DuPont Wheat Transformation Laboratory, c/o Rothamsted Exper-
imental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK 34: 59
M. C. P. Timmermans Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold
Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA 38: 191
G. S. Timmins College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
87131, USA 37: 17
N. K. Todd Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter,
Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, England,
UK 7: 333
P. B. Tomlinson Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Florida 33156, USA 3: 207
K. U. Torii Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195,
USA 32: 226
D. Toroser United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, and Departments of Crop Science and Botany, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC 26795-7631, USA 32: 435
A. J. van Tunen Department of Developmental Biology, DLO-Centre for Plant
Z. Tymowska-Lalanne Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes,
Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, CNRS, URA 1128, Université de Paris-
Sud, Bâtiment 630, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France, and Laboratory of Plant
Molecular Biology, Warsaw University/IBB PAN, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106,
Poland 28: 71
D. E. Ullman Department of Entomology, University of California at Davis, Davis,
CA 95616, USA 36: 113
Michael A. Venis Shell Research Ltd., Woodstock Laboratory, Sittingbourne

Research Centre, Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 8AG, England, UK 5: 53
J. F. V. Vincent Biomechanics Group, Departments of Zoology and
Engineering, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading,
UK 17: 235
T. C. Vogelmann Botany Department, P.O. Box 3165, University of Wyoming,
Laramie, WY 82071, USA 18: 255
T. C. Vogelmann Department of Botany and Agricultural Biochemistry, The
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA 37: 167
S. Vural School of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK 34: 237
E. Waigmann Department of Biochemistry, University of Vienna, Dr Bohrg. 9,
A-1030, Austria 31: 261
S. J. Wainwright Department of Botany and Microbiology, University College
Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK 8: 221
A. R. Walker Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing
J. C. Walker Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 308 Tucker
Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA 32: 45
R. P. Walker Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, University of
Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN,
UK 38: 95
J. C. Watson Department of Biology, Indiana University – Purdue University
Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5132,
USA 32: 149
P. E. Weatherley Department of Botany, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
3: 171
A. A. R. Webb Division of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster
LA1 4YQ, UK 22: 45
A. N. Webber Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California,
Riverside, CA 92521, USA 13: 1
E. Werker Department of Botany, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram,
91904 Jerusalem, Israel 31: 1
Alan Wesley Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, England, UK 1: 1
J. D. B. Weyers Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee
DD1 4HN, UK 26: 317
F. R. Whatley Botany School, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford,
England, UK 4: 51
J. M. Whipps Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Horticulture
Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK 26: 1
D. J. von Willert Institut für Angewandte Botanik, Universität Münster, D-4400
Münster, Germany 11: 157
W. T. Williams Department of Botany, The University, Southampton, England,
UK 2: 35
C. Winefield New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag
11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand and current address: Biology
Department, University of York, P.O. Box 373, Heslington Road, York
YO10 5YW, UK 37: 55
B. Winkel-Shirley Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
24061-0406, USA 37: 75
P. J. G. M. de Wit Department of Phytopathology, Wageningen Agricultural
University, PO Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands 21: 147
C. M. Woodcock Department of Biological and Ecological Chemistry, IACR-
F. I. Woodward Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield,
PO Box 601, Sheffield S10 2UQ, UK 20: 1
J. L. Wray Plant Sciences Laboratory, Sir Harold Macmillan Building, Division
of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of St Andrews,
St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK 33: 159
R. Yoshida Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Tsukuba Life Science Center,
The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1, Koyadai,
T. Yuasa Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Tsukuba Life Science Center, The
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 3-1-1, Koyadai,
A. van Zaayen Inspection Service for Floriculture and Arboriculture (NAKB),
Johan de Wittlaan 12, 2517 JR Den Haag, The Netherlands 23: 137
J. C. Zadoks Department of Phytopathology, Wageningen Agricultural University,
PO Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands 21: 213
P. Zambryski Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall,
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 31: 261
U. Zimmermann Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Nuclear Research Centre,
Jülich, Germany 6: 45
G. A. de Zoeten Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA 21: 105

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 1 –38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEXES FOR VOLUMES 1 – 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Growth Regulation by Metals and Chelates .................................................... 73

Comparative Anatomy as a Modern Botanical Discipline

Water Relations of Plant Cells ......................................................................... 279

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Photosynthetic Studies ....................... 327

Fundamental Problems in Numerical Taxonomy ............................................ 35

Ultrastructure of the Wall in Growing Cells and its Relation

The Protein Component of Primary Cell Walls................................................ 151

Embryology in Relation to Physiology and Genetics....................................... 219

The Soft Rot Fungi: Their Mode of Action and Significance

X-ray Structure Research on the Photosynthetic Membrane ......................... 53

Some Aspects of Water Relations ................................................................... 171

Monocotyledons—Towards an Understanding of their

Paracoccus denitrificans Davis

Stomatal Behaviour and Environment ............................................................. 117

Evolutionary Patterns and Processes in Ferns ............................................... 229

Receptors for Plant Hormones......................................................................... 53

Plant Cell Wall Synthesis ................................................................................. 89

The Evolution of Vascular Land Plants in Relation

Physical Aspects of Water Relations of Plant Cells ........................................ 45

Aspects of Chromosome Evolution in Higher Plants....................................... 119

Cytogenetics, Biosystematics and Evolution in the Bryophyta ....................... 195

Plant Resins—Their Formation, Secretion and Possible Functions ............... 277

Sodium as an Essential Micronutrient Element for Plants

Aeration in Higher Plants.................................................................................. 225

Population and Community Structure and Dynamics of Fungi

Aspects of the Physiology of Orchids .............................................................. 421

The Biochemistry of Lignification ..................................................................... 25

The Measurement of Protein Turnover in Plants ............................................ 65

Phosphorus Uptake, Storage and Utilization by Fungi.................................... 127

Plants in Relation to Salinity............................................................................. 221

Aspects of the Metabolism and Physiology of Gibberellins ............................ 33

The Control of the Patterned Differentiation of Vascular Tissues................... 151

Effects of Nutrient Stress on Susceptibility of Plants

Transport and Fixation of Inorganic Carbon by Marine Algae ........................ 71

Cell Wall Storage Carbohydrates in Seeds—Biochemistry

Welwitschia mirabilis—New Aspects in the Biology of an Old Plant .............. 157

Algal Toxins ...................................................................................................... 47

Plant Transposable Elements .......................................................................... 103

The Dinoflagellate Chromosome...................................................................... 205

Determinants of Yield of Secondary Products in Plant Tissue Cultures ........ 145

Control of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Higher Plants ....................................... 27

Dunaliella: A Green Alga Adapted to Salt........................................................ 95

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: a Re-appraisal of Physiological

Potassium Transport in Roots.......................................................................... 93

Sporogenesis in Conifers ................................................................................. 179

The Alternation of Generations ........................................................................ 55

The Formation and Interpretation of Plant Fossil Assemblages ..................... 95

Primary Productivity in the Shelf Seas of North-West Europe........................ 193

Origin and Evolution of Angiosperm Flowers .................................................. 99

Bacterial Leaf Nodule Symbiosis ..................................................................... 163

Fracture Properties of Plants ........................................................................... 235

Plants and Wind................................................................................................ 191

Fibre Optic Microprobes and Measurement of the Light

Are Plant Hormones Involved in Root to Shoot Communication? .................. 103

Second-hand Chloroplasts: Evolution of Cryptomonad Algae ........................ 189

The Gametophyte –Sporophyte Junction in Land Plants ................................ 231

In vivo NMR Studies of Higher Plants and Algae............................................ 43

Vegetative and Gametic Development in the Green Alga

Salicylic Acid and its Derivatives in Plants: Medicines,