Pictorial Atlas of

PLANT DISEASES
Diagnosed in Tasmania

Ziqing Yuan

Biosecurity Tasmania
Plant Biosecurity and Diagnostics Branch

Depar tment of
Pr imar y Industr ies, Par ks, Water and Environment
Pictorial Atlas of Plant Diseases Diagnosed in Tasmania

First edition, 2017

100 printed copies

Printed publication ISBN: 978-1-74380-019-5

Online publication ISBN: 978-1-74380-020-1

Publisher: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment

GPO Box 44, Hobart 7001
www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au

Book design: Land Tasmania Design Unit

Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment

Printer: Foot and Playsted Pty Ltd

Cover photos: Ziqing Yuan

© 2017 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment

Pictorial Atlas of

PLANT DISEASES
Diagnosed in Tasmania

Ziqing Yuan
2017

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

INTRODUCTION 5

LIST OF PLANT PATHOGENS TREATED IN THE ATLAS 7

IMAGE PLATES - FUNGI 11

IMAGE PLATES - NEMATODES 103

HOST PLANT INDEX 112

2
FOREWORD
Tasmania as Australia’s only island State has significant This publication is the result of the significant efforts
biosecurity advantages over mainland Australia with of Biosecurity Tasmania’s plant pathology team and in
relatively low pest and disease pressures, geographical particular its senior plant pathologist, Dr Ziqing Yuan.
borders enhancing the management of a biosecurity The images provided of specimens photographed
status, and a reputation for high quality agricultural during the course of the pathologists work are not
and horticultural produce exported overseas. only informative and constructive they are each very
The importance of biosecurity to Tasmania is fully much an opportunity to look into a fascinating world of
recognised by the Tasmanian Government with interaction between disease organisms and the plants
Biosecurity Tasmania (located in the Department of they attack. I would like to extend my sincere thanks
Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment) to all staff in Biosecurity Tasmania for the work they do
having lead responsibility for managing the biosecurity in ensuring Tasmania’s biosecurity status is maintained,
system in conjunction with a wide range of partners. my own staff located in the plant pathology team and in
With a focus on risk management off-shore, at the particular to the very talented Dr Ziqing Yuan.
border, and post border, activities are undertaken across
the entire biosecurity system.
Andrew Bishop
The Tasmanian Plant Health Laboratories are an
Chief Plant Health Manager (Tasmania)
essential part of the State’s biosecurity system providing
Biosecurity Tasmania
routine diagnostic testing as well as testing for potential
and suspect organisms exotic to Australia and/or  
Tasmania. The Plant Pathology laboratories, located
at New Town, in the south of the State have for
many years provided a critical and at times unnoticed
contribution to protecting the State from disease
incursions through early detection and diagnosis. The
work carried out by the staff in these laboratories
literally maintains critical functions of the State both
protecting our primary industries and our environment.
They really are unsung Tasmanian heroes.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author has worked with the Department of Thanks are also due to Dr Roger Shivas, Principal Plant
Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment for Pathologist, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of
more than ten years, as a senior plant pathologist, Agriculture and Fisheries, and Dr Jacqueline Edwards,
diagnosing a broad range of plant diseases from local Research Leader Plant Pathology, Agriculture Victoria,
and interstate clients as well as quarantine interceptions. Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport
During this time, the Department has provided support and Resources for critical review of the manuscript, and
to undergo research activities, and the laboratory to Dr John Wainer, Nematologist, Agriculture Victoria,
facilities to undertake these activities. My personal Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport
thanks are extended to Andrew Bishop, Manager Plant and Resources for checking the nematode section.
Biosecurity and Diagnostics Branch, Biosecurity Tasmania
The author is very grateful to Changyou Pan, Technical
and Chief Plant Health Manager Tasmania, for his
Officer (Plant Pathology), for her skillful technical
encouragement in preparing this publication, including
assistance in fungal isolation and culturing. It would not
kindly writing the Foreword.
have been possible to complete this atlas without her
Thanks are due to Peter Cross, Team Leader - Plant excellent assistance.
Pathology, for his support in the preparation of this
atlas, and to Dr Alison Dann for conducting molecular
tests to confirm some of the identifications based on Ziqing Yuan, PhD
morphological characters to species level. Senior Plant Pathologist
December 2016, Hobart
 

4
INTRODUCTION
The diagnosis of plant diseases caused by fungi and Acrospeira mirabilis Berk. & Br. on chestnut from Victoria
nematodes, based on disease symptoms and signs, (Shell Mould)
is an essential task for all plant pathologists. It can
Bipolaris hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) J.Y. Uchida & Aragaki on
be challenging. Identification using morphological
sorghum from Queensland (Seed Mould)
characteristics requires sound taxonomic knowledge
of fungi and nematodes together with experience and Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. Ex Fr.) Grove on cotton
good microscopy skills. from New South Wales (Anthracnose)

The plant health services within Biosecurity Tasmania Cylindrocladium pauciramosum CL Schoch & Crous on
provide a written report for all diagnostic tests. In acacia from Victoria (Blight)
many cases, supporting photographic illustrations are Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev extracted from garlic
submitted together with the written diagnostic report. from Victoria (Nematode)
The pathogenic fungi and nematodes illustrated Gabarnaudia betae (Delacr.) Samson & W. Gams on
in this atlas were identified by their morphological onion from New South Wales
characteristics, with the exception of Plate
Hirschmanniella mucronata (Das) Luc & Goodey,
38 (Melampsoridium betulinum) and Plate 42
extracted from rice from North East Asia (Nematode)
(Neofusicoccum luteum) which were confirmed to the
species level by molecular tests completed by Dr Alison Phoma tropica R. Schneid. & Boerema on poinsettia
Dann. from New South Wales (Basal Stem Canker)
In this atlas, 92 species of fungi and 8 nematodes are Puccinia psidii Winter on Chilean guava from New
illustrated. In most cases the disease symptoms are South Wales (Myrtle Rust)
shown from photographs taken in the Plant Pathology
Pythium helicoides Drechsler on strawberry from
Laboratory. Each heading of the image plates consists
Queensland (Crown Rot)
of the botanical name of the pathogen and common
name of the host plant, with the associated disease Rotylenchus robustus (de Man) Filipjev extracted from
name shown in brackets where applicable. lavenders from Victoria (Nematode)

Unless otherwise referenced, all images used in the Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & S. Stekhoven
atlas were taken by the author from diagnostic samples extracted from lily from Victoria (Nematode)
submitted to the Plant Pathology Laboratory from local Thekopsora minima P. Syd. & Syd. on blueberry from
and interstate farmers, horticulturalists and Biosecurity New South Wales (Rust)
Tasmania staff over the past ten years. Several entries
were taken from samples obtained via the Australian Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda on maize from New
National Quality Assurance Program for the National South Wales (Boil Smut)
Plant Health Proficiency Testing Program since its Vizella grevilleae Swart on grevillea from Victoria (Leaf
inception in 2012. The diseases presented in this atlas Spot)
do not necessarily occur in Tasmania. Those from
mainland Australia are indicated as such with their
origins in the “List of plant pathogens treated in the
atlas” and listed below: continued over page

5
 Identifications of the following fungal species by
morphological characters are tentative and require
further confirmation by molecular tests. As they are
likely to be new records for either Tasmania or Australia
if confirmed, they will be officially reported through the
formal channels. These include:
Alternaria aff. capsici-annui Sauvleascu & Sandu. on
angular sea fig
Alternaria aff. longipes (Ellis & Everh.) Mason on tomato
Alternaria aff. putrefaciens (Fuckel) E.G. Simmons on
beetroot
Bipolaris hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) J.Y. Uchida & Aragaki on
sorghum
Caliciopsis sp. on Tasmanian myrtle
Camarosporium sp. on English broom
Chrysomyxa aff. reticulata P.E. Crane on Alpen rose
Cryptosporiopsis aff. tarraconensis Gené & Guarro on
plane tree
Stemphylium aff. callistephi Baker & Davis on sea spurge
Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter on pear

6
LIST OF PLANT PATHOGENS
TREATED IN THE ATLAS

FUNGI C
Caliciopsis sp. on Tasmanian myrtle (Leaf Spot)
A Camarosporium sp. on English broom (Shoot Blight)
Acrospeira mirabilis Berk. & Br. on chestnut from Victoria Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau on banana
(Shell Mould) (Fruit Rot)
Albugo candida (Pers.) O. Kuntze – on cabbage (White Chrysomyxa aff. reticulata P.E. Crane on Alpen rose (Leaf
Rust) Rust)
Albugo lepidii A.N.S. Rao on springy peppercress (White Cladosporium macrocarpum Preuss on apple (Leaf Spot)
Rust)
Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds on hazelnut
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler on pear (Fruit Rot) (Anthracnose)
Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. on cabbage (Leaf Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. Ex Fr.) Grove on cotton
Spot) from New South Wales (Anthracnose)
Alternaria aff. capsici-annui Sauvleascu & Sandu. on Colletotrichum sp. on blueberry (Seedling Dieback)
angular sea fig (Leaf Spot)
Cryptosporiopsis aff. tarraconensis Gené & Guarro on
Alternaria citri Ellis & Pierce on lemon (Fruit Rot) plane tree (Leaf Spot)
Alternaria embellisia Woudenberg & Crous on garlic Cylindrocladium pauciramosum CL Schoch & Crous on
(Skin Blotch and Bulb Rot) acacia from Victoria (Blight)
Alternaria aff. longipes (Ellis & Everh.) Mason on tomato
(Fruit Rot)
D
Alternaria aff. putrefaciens (Fuckel) E.G. Simmons on
Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sacc. on raspberry (Stem
beetroot (Leaf Spot)
Canker & Spur Blight)
Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze : Pers.) Wiltshire on pear
Diplodia seriata De Not. on grapevine (Internal
(Leaf Spot)
Discoloration)

B F
Bipolaris hawaiiensis (M.B. Ellis) J.Y. Uchida & Aragaki on
Fusarium dimerum Penzig on tomato (Stem Canker)
sorghum from Queensland (Seed Mould)
Fusarium oxysporum Schle. Emend. Snyder & Hansen on
Botrytis allii Munn. on onion (Neck Rot)
broccoli (Basal Stem Rot)
Botrytis cinerea Pers. on cherry and capsicum (Grey
Fusarium spp. on grapevine (Internal Discoloration)
Mould)
Fusicladium radiosum var. letiferum (Peck) Ritschel & U.
Bremia lactucae Regel on lettuce (Downy Mildew)
Braun on aspen (Leaf Spot)

7
 G P
Gabarnaudia betae (Delacr.) Samson & W. Gams on Paraconiothyrium fuckelii (Sacc.) Verkley & Gruyter on
onion from New South Wales loganberry (Cane Blight)
Gabarnaudia betae (Delacr.) Samson & W. Gams on Passalora fulva (Cooke) U. Braun & Crous on tomato
raspberry (Leaf Mould)
Geotrichum candidum Link on squash (Sour Rot) Penicillium digitatum Sacc. on orange (Fruit Rot)
Penicillium hirsutum Dierckx on tulip (Bulb Rot)
I Peronospora destructor (Berk.) Casp. ex Berk. on onion
(Downy Mildew)
Idiocercus aff. australis (Cooke) Swart on birch (Leaf
Blight) Peronospora parasitica (Pers. : Fr.) Fr. on cabbage (Downy
Mildew)
Phloeospora mori (Lev.) Sacc. on mulberry (Leaf Spot)
L
Phoma tropica R. Schneid. & Boerema on poinsettia
Leptosphaerulina sp. on ryegrass (Endophyte)
from New South Wales (Basal Stem Canker)
Phragmidium rubi-idaei (DC.) Karst. on raspberry (Leaf
M Rust)
Melampsora euphorbiae (Ficinus & C Schub.) Castagne Phragmidium violaceum (C F Schultz) Winter. on
on petty spurge (Rust) blackberry (Leaf Rust)
Melampsora laricis-populina Kleb. on white poplar (Rust) Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. on plane tree (Powdery
Melampsoridium betulinium (Pers.) Kleb. on alders (Rust) Mildew)

Microdochium panattonianum (Berl.) Sutton Galea & Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroeter on
Price on lettuce (Anthracnose) horse chestnut (Bleeding Canker)

Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey on apricot and Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker on raspberry (Root Rot)
cherry (Brown Rot) Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler on azalea (Crown
Myxosporium aff. rosae Fuckel on loganberry (Stem Rot)
Canker) Plasmopara obducens (J. Schröt.) J. Schröt. on impatiens
(Downy Mildew)

N Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.) Lev. on hawthorn

(Powdery Mildew)
Neofusicoccum luteum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous,
Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips on golden ash (Stem Canker) Puccinia allii Rud. on onion (Rust)

Neofusicoccum ribis (Slippers, Crous & MJ Wingf.) Crous, Puccinia graminis Pers. subsp. graminicola on grass (Leaf
Slippers & AJL Philllips on blueberry (Twig Blight) Rust)
Puccinia iridis Rabenhorst on iris (Leaf Rust)
Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex. Mont. on hollyhock
(Leaf Rust)

8
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author has worked with the Department of Thanks are also due to Dr Roger Shivas, Principal Plant
Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment for Pathologist, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of
more than ten years, as a senior plant pathologist, Agriculture and Fisheries, and Dr Jacqueline Edwards,
diagnosing a broad range of plant diseases from local Research Leader Plant Pathology, Agriculture Victoria,
and interstate clients as well as quarantine interceptions. Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport
During this time, the Department has provided support and Resources for critical review of the manuscript, and
to undergo research activities, and the laboratory to Dr John Wainer, Nematologist, Agriculture Victoria,
facilities to undertake these activities. My personal Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport
thanks are extended to Andrew Bishop, Manager Plant and Resources for checking the nematode section.
Biosecurity and Diagnostics Branch, Biosecurity Tasmania
The author is very grateful to Changyou Pan, Technical
and Chief Plant Health Manager Tasmania, for his
Officer (Plant Pathology), for her skillful technical
encouragement in preparing this publication, including
assistance in fungal isolation and culturing. It would not
kindly writing the Foreword.
have been possible to complete this atlas without her
Thanks are due to Peter Cross, Team Leader - Plant excellent assistance.
Pathology, for his support in the preparation of this
atlas, and to Dr Alison Dann for conducting molecular
tests to confirm some of the identifications based on Ziqing Yuan, PhD
morphological characters to species level. Senior Plant Pathologist
December 2016, Hobart
 

4
 NEMATODES

Colbranium truncatum (Colbran) Andrassy extracted

from fern bark
Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev extracted from garlic
from Victoria
Dorylaimus sp. extracted from carrot field
Heterodera avenae Wollenweber extracted from soil
Hirschmanniella mucronata (Das) Luc & Goodey,
extracted from rice from North East Asia
Pratylenchoides sp. extracted from peppermint plants
and soil
Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & S. Stekhoven
extracted from lily from Victoria
Rotylenchus robustus (de Man) Filipjev extracted from
lavenders from Victoria

10
IMAGE PLATES
FUNGI

11
 Plate 1: Acrospeira mirabilis on chestnut (Shell Mould)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Chestnuts showing shell moulds due to a range of fungal species; Fig. 2: 5-day old colony of A. mirabilis on PDA
(Top and reverse view); Fig. 3: Three to four-celled conidia of A. mirabilis from specimen; Fig. 4: Conidia produced in
cultures (Scale Bars = 20 µm)

12
Plate 2: Albugo candida on cabbage (White Rust)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Symptoms; Fig. 2: Close-up view of sori; Fig. 3: Longitudinal section of a partial sorus; Fig. 4: sporangia in chain;
Fig. 5: Sporangia (Scale bar = 50 µm for Fig. 3; = 10 µm for Figs 4-5)

13
 Plate 3: Albugo lepidii on springy peppercress (White Rust)

1 3

4 6

Fig.1: Leaves of springy peppercress infected with A. lepidii; Figs 2-3: Close-up view of white patches of fungal fruiting
bodies (sori); Fig. 4: Sporangia in chain; Fig. 5: Partial section of a sorus showing sporangiophores with developing
sporangia; Fig. 6: Sporangia (Scale bars = 10 µm)

14
Plate 4: Alternaria alternata on pear (Fruit Rot)

1 2

3 4

Figs 1-2: Pears infected by A. alternata with rots starting from the stem-ends; Fig. 3: Conidiophores arising from hyphae;
Fig. 4: Conidia germinating to form conidiophores or/and new conidia; Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bars = 20 µm)

15
 Plate 5: Alternaria brassicae on cabbage (Leaf Spot)

1 2

3 4

Figs 1-2: Irregular-shaped black spots caused by A. brassicae on cabbage leaves with the lesions of sporulation circled;
Figs 3-4: Short unbranched conidiophores forming in clusters; Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar = 50 µm)

16
Plate 6: Alternaria aff. capsici-annui on angular sea fig (Leaf Spot)

1 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Infected leaves of angular sea fig with purple lesions by A. aff. capsici-annui; Fig. 2: Dead leaf covered with moulds
of A. aff. capsici-annui; Fig. 3: Conidiophores with distinctive apical swellings; Fig. 4: Conidiophores in cluster with
developing conidium; Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar = 30 µm)

17
 Plate 7: Alternaria citri on lemon (Fruit Rot)

1 2

3 4

Figs 1-2: Lemons infected with A. citri; Fig. 3: Conidiophores in cluster; Fig. 4: Conidia in chain; Fig. 5: Conidia
(Scale bars = 20 µm)

18
Plate 8: Alternaria embellisia on garlic (Skin Blotch and Bulb Rot)

1 2

3 4 5 6

Fig. 1: Infected garlic cloves with characteristic symptoms of clove tip infection under the scales; Fig. 2: Lesion covered
with black mould (conidial masses) as seen when the scales are removed; Figs 3-4: Conidiophores arising from hyphae;
Figs 5-6: Conidiophores arising directly from conidial bodies; Fig. 7: Conidia with transverse septa (up to 10) and
occasionally 1-2 oblique or longitudinal septa (Scale bars = 30 µm)

19
 Plate 9: Alternaria aff. longipes on tomato (Fruit Rot)

1 2

3 4 5 6

Figs 1-2: A large lesion on fruit covered with dark greenish moulds of A. aff. longipes; Figs 3-4: Unbranched
conidiophores; Figs 5-6: Conidia with developing conidia from apical beaks; Fig. 7: Conidia (Scale bar = 30 µm)

20
Plate 10: Alternaria aff. putrefaciens on beetroot (Leaf Spot)

1 2

3
5

4 6

Fig. 1: Leaves with spots/lesions infected with A aff. putrefaciens; Fig. 2: Close-up view of a leaf lesion;
Fig. 3: Sporulation of A. aff. putrefaciens on the surfaces of lesions; Fig. 4: A conidium with a developing conidium;
Figs 5-6: Conidiophores; Fig. 7: Conidia (Scale bars = 20 µm)

21
 Plate 11: Alternaria tenuissima on pear (Leaf Spot)

1 3

4 6

Fig. 1: Pear leaves with spots occurring mainly at margin areas, Fig. 2: A leaf with large irregularly-shaped lesion;
Fig 3: Conidiophores and conidia in clusters on the surface of lesions; Fig. 4: Conidiophores with pores;
Figs 5-6: Conidia with short to long beaks (Scale bar = 30 µm)

22
Plate 12: Bipolaris hawaiiensis on sorghum (Seed Mould)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Sorghum seeds colonised by B. hawaiiensis; Fig. 2: Colonies of subcultures of B. hawaiiensis on PDA;
Figs 3-4: Conidiophores; Fig. 5: Conidia with 2-7 (8) distosepta (Scale bars = 10 µm)

23
 Plate 13: Botrytis allii on onion (Neck Rot)

1 2

3 4

5 6 7

Figs 1-3: Grey mould and black sclerotia developing on brown and white onions; Fig. 4: Internal infections of neck rot-
initial symptoms; Figs 5-6: Laterally branched conidiophores; Fig. 7: Conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

24
Plate 14: Botrytis cinerea on cherry and capsicum (Grey Mould)

1 2

3 4

Figs 1-2: Grey mould symptoms on cherries and capsicum; Figs 3-4: Conidiophores with developing conidia of
B. cinerea (images taken with dark field and normal light); Fig. 5: Mature conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

25
 Plate 15: Bremia lactucae on lettuce (Downy Mildew)

2 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Sporulation of B. lactucae on the underside of a diseased leaf; Fig. 2: Sporangia (conidia);
Figs 3-5: Sporangiophores (Scale bar = 20 µm)

26
Plate 16: Caliciopsis sp. on Tasmanian myrtle (Leaf Spot)

1 3

4 5 6

Fig. 1: Leaves with necrotic lesions; Figs 2-3: Ascomata on lesions; Fig. 4: Close-up view of ascomata;
Fig. 5: Terminal ascigerous loculus; Fig. 6: Small one-celled ascospores (Scale bar = 10 µm)

27
 Plate 17: Camarosporium sp. on English broom (Shoot Blight)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Infected broom plant with symptoms of shoot blight; Fig. 2: Close-up view of pycnidia of Camarosporium sp. on
shoots; Fig. 3: An longitudinal section of pycnidium; Fig. 4: Partial section of pycnidium showing wall cells and developing
conidia; Fig. 5: Mature conidia (Scale bar = 20 µm)

28
Plate 18: Ceratocystis paradoxa on banana (Fruit Rot)

1 2

3 4 6

Fig. 1: Affected fruits; Fig. 2: Close-up view of rotting area covered with white fungal growth; Figs 3-4: Conidiophores of
C. paradoxa; Fig. 5: Conidia; Fig. 6: Chlamydospores (Scale Bars = 10 µm)

29
 Plate 19: Chrysomyxa aff. reticulata on Alpen rose (Leaf Rust)

1 3 4

5 6

7 8

Figs 1-2: Infected leaves of alpenrose (upper and under side view); Figs 3-4: Lesions covered with orange-coloured
pustules (uredia); Fig. 5: Vertical section of an uredium; Fig. 6: Urediniospores; Figs 7-8: Urediniospores showing wall
surface ornamentations (warts). (Scale bar = 50 µm for Fig. 5, 15 µm for Fig. 6; 10 µm for Figs 7-8)

30
Plate 20: Cladosporium macrocarpum on apple (Leaf Spot)

1 2

3 5 6

7 8

Figs 1-3: Symptoms of leaf spots; Fig. 4: Close-up view of a lesion surface covered with conidiophores and conidial
masses; Figs 5-6: Sympodial conidiophores; Figs 7-8: 1-3-septate conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

31
 Plate 21: Colletotrichum acutatum on hazelnut (Anthracnose)

1 2

5
3

4 6

Figs 1-2: Infected hazelnut fruits with lesions on covering bracts and nuts; Fig. 3: 7-day old colonies on PDA;
Fig. 4: 7-day old colonies on PA; Fig. 5: Appresoria formed from hyphae; Fig. 6: Appressoria formed from germination
of conidia; Fig. 7: Conidia (Scale bar = 15 µm)

32
IMAGE PLATES
FUNGI

11
 Plate 23: Colletotrichum sp. on blueberry (Seedling Dieback)

1 3 4

7
5

6 8 9

Fig. 1: A seedling infected with Colletotrichum sp.; Figs 2 & 3: Longitudinal sections of ascomata with single and multiloci;
Fig. 4: An ascus containing ascospores; Fig. 5: Ascospores; Fig. 6: Colonies of Colletotrichum sp. recovered from infected
twigs; Fig. 7: Conidia of Colletotrichum sp.; Fig. 8: Appressoria from conidia; Fig. 9: Appressoria from hyphae
(Scale bars = 10 µm)

34
Plate 24: Cryptosporiopsis aff. tarraconensis on plane tree (Leaf Spot)

2 3

Figs 1-2: A leaf of plane tree infected with C. aff. tarraconensis; Fig. 3: Close-up view of fungal fruiting bodies (acervuli)
on the leaf lesions; Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of an acervulus; Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

35
 Plate 25: Cylindrocladium pauciramosum on acacia (Blight)

1
3

2 4 5

6 8 9

Figs 1-2: 12-day-old colony on PDA (top and reverse view); Figs 3-4: Formation of conidia on PDA;
Fig.5: Conidiophores terminating in vesicles and conidia formatted in bundles; Fig. 6: A conidiophore with densely
branched phialides and terminal vesicle; Fig. 7: 0-1-septate conidia; Figs 8-9: Chlamydospores produced in aerial hyphae
in chains (Fig. 8) or single (Fig. 9). (Scale bar = 20 µm)

36
Plate 26: Didymella applanata on raspberry (Stem Canker & Spur Blight)

1 2

3 4

7
5
9

6 8 10

Figs 1-2: Symptoms of infected stems; Figs 3-4: Fruiting bodies (black dots) of D. applanata and its anamorph Phoma sp.;
Figs 5-8: Ascospores, asoci and a longitudinal section of ascoma of D. applanata; Figs 9-10: Conidia and a longitudinal
section of conioma of Phoma sp. (Scale bars = 10 µm)

37
 Plate 27: Diplodia seriata on grapevine (Internal Discoloration)

2 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Infected grapevine fragments; Fig. 2: D. seriata recovered from vine fragments on PDA;
Fig. 3: Subculture of D. seriata (reverse view); Fig. 4: Sporulation in culture on PA (pycnidia);
Fig. 5: Pigmented 1 (-2)-celled conidia (Scale bar = 20 µm)

38
Plate 28: Fusarium dimerum on tomato (Stem Canker)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Tomato stem infected with F. dimerum; Fig. 2: Canker lesions on stem covered with yellowish sporulation;
Fig. 3: Conidiophores with developing conidia; Fig. 4: Macroconidia (under dark field); Fig. 5: Two-celled macroconidia
(Scale bar = 10 µm)

39
 Plate 29: Fusarium oxysporum on broccoli (Basal Stem Rot)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Broccoli seedlings infected with F. oxysporum at the basal stems; Fig. 2: Infected plants with leaf and flower turning
purple in colour; Fig. 3: Close-up view of basal stem rot; Fig. 4: Macroconidia (Scale bar = 20 µm)

40
Plate 30: Fusarium spp. on grapevine (Internal Discoloration)

1 2

3 4

5 6

Figs 1-2: Internal symptoms of infected grapevine; Fig. 3: Fusarium sp recovered from vine fragments on PA;
Fig. 4: F. solani recovered from root fragments; Figs 5-6: 7-day-old cultures of Fusarium sp. on PDA (reverse, and top
view); Fig. 7: Macro and micro-conidia of Fusarium sp. (Scale bar = 30 µm)

41
 Plate 31: Fusicladium radiosum var. letiferum on aspen (Leaf Spot)

1 3

4 5 6 7 8

Figs 1-2: Leaves of aspen infected with F. radiosum var. letiferum; Fig. 3: conidial masses covering the lesion surface;
Fig. 4: Vertical section of a sporodochial conidioma; Figs 5-8: Conidia attaching to conidiophores (conidiogenous cells);
Fig. 9: (1-) 2 (-3)-septate conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

42
Plate 32: Gabarnaudia betae on onion and raspberry

1 2

3 4 5 6

8 9 10

Figs 1-6: Gabarnaudia betae isolated from raspberry roots (1. 12-day-old colony on PDA; 2. A conidiogenous phialide
bearing two developing conidia; 3. Aerial broom-like conidiophores in situ; 4 & 5. Branched conidiophores; 6. Conidia);
Figs 7-10: G. betae isolated from onion seeds (7. Colony from onion seeds on LPDA; 8. Conidia; 9. Conidia in chains;
10. Broom-like, repeatedly branched conidiophores) (Scale bars = 10 µm)

43
 Plate 33: Geotrichum candidum on squash (Sour Rot)

1 2

Fig. 1: Sour rot of squash infected by G. candidum via stem-end; Fig. 2: Cut squash showing internal soft rot;
Fig. 3: Hyphal conidiophores (anthric) of G. candidum; Fig. 4: Conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

44
Plate 34: Idiocercus aff. australis on birch (Leaf Blight)

1 3

Figs 1-2: Birch leaves with large necrotic lesions developing from the tip; Fig. 3: Close-up view of the fungal fruiting
bodies (pycnidia) on the surface of the lesion; Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of a pycnidium; Fig. 5: Conidia
(Scale bar = 10 µm)

45
 Plate 35: Leptosphaerulina sp. on ryegrass (Endophyte)

1 2

4 5 6

Fig. 1-2: Heavily pigmented colonies of Leptosphaerulina sp. isolated from leaf segments on PDA;
Fig. 3: Ascomata (black dots) producing on leaf segments; Fig. 4: An ascoma with asci erupted;
Fig. 5: Asci containing ascospores; Fig. 6: Hyaline ascospores (with gel-coating) (Scale bar = 30 µm)

46
Plate 36: Melampsora euphorbiae on petty spurge (Rust)

1 2

4 5

Fig. 1: Plant infected with M. euphorbiae; Fig. 2: Uredinia of M. euphorbiae; Fig. 3: A longitudinal section of uredinia;
Fig. 4: Partial uredinia showing developing urediniospores and paraphyses; Fig. 5: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 20 µm)

47
 Plate 37: Melampsora laricis-populina on white poplar (Rust)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Symptoms of rust on both upper and lower sides of the leaves; Fig. 2: Close-up view of uredinia;
Fig. 3: Longitudinal section of an uredinium; Fig. 4: Partial section of uredinium with non-pigmented paraphyses;
Fig. 5: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 30 µm)

48
Plate 38: Melampsoridium betulinum on alders (Rust)

1 3 4

5 6

Figs 1-2: Symptoms on stems (stem blisters) of Mexican alder (photo in Fig.1, courtesy of Deborah Combes);
Figs 3-4: An infected leaf of common alder (Upper and lower side view); Figs 5-6: Close-up view of rust pustules
(uredinia) on the leaf; Fig. 7: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 20 µm)

49
 Plate 39: Microdochium panattonianum on lettuce (Anthracnose)

2 3

Fig. 1: Infected seedlings of lettuce with M. panattonianum; Fig. 2: Water-soaked spots (later appearing as “shot-hole”);
Fig. 3: Sporulation on the surfaces of lesions; Fig. 4: Slightly curved, 1-2-celled conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

50
Plate 40: Monilinia laxa on apricot and cherry (Brown Rot)

1 2

3 5 6

7 8

Fig. 1: Symptoms of twig blight of apricot; Figs 2-3: Symptoms of fruit rot on apricots and cherries;
Figs 4-5: 5-day-old colony of M. laxa on PDA (Top and reverse view); Figs 6-7: Conidiophores with developing conidia
of chains; Fig. 8: Mature and budding conidia (Scale bar = 20 µm)

51
 Plate 41: Myxosporium aff. rosae on loganberry (Stem Canker)

Fig. 1: Stem of loganberry with superficial acervuli of M. aff. rosae; Fig. 2: Longitudinal section of an acervulus;
Fig. 3: Slightly curved, one-celled conidia (Scale bar = 5 µm)

52
Plate 42: Neofusicoccum luteum on golden ash (Stem Canker)

1 2 3

5 6

Fig. 1: Branches of ash infected with N. luteum.; Fig. 2: Sunken canker developing downwards to healthy tissue;
Fig. 3: Close-up view of stromata embedded in the canker area; Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of a stroma with three
locule; Fig. 5: Partial section of a stroma with the loculus containing young asci; Fig. 6: Ascospores (Scale bar = 10 µm)

53
 Plate 43: Neofusicoccum ribis on blueberry (Twig Blight)

1 3

4 52

6 7

Fig. 1: Branch blight caused by N. ribis; Figs 2-3: Infected branch showing internal discolouration and ascomata;
Fig. 4: Longitudinal sections of ascomata; Fig. 5: Partial ascomata with ascospores; Fig. 6: Ascospores;
Fig. 7: 4-day old cultures of N. ribis recovered from infected branch fragments on PDA (Scale bar = 20 µm)

54
Plate 44: Paraconiothyrium fuckelii on loganberry (Cane Blight)

1 2

Fig. 1: Cane of loganberry infected with P. fuckelii; Fig. 2: Fruiting bodies of P. fuckelii imbedded in the bark;
Fig. 3: Longitudinal sections of pycnidia; Fig. 4: Conidia (Scale bar = 5 µm)

55
 Plate 45: Passalora fulva on tomato (Leaf Mould)

1 2

3 4

5 6

Figs 1-2: Tomato leaves infected by P. fulva with light yellow blotches on the upper surface and with growth of P. fulva on
the lower surface of the leaves; Fig. 3: Close up view of the lesion in Fig. 2 covered with conidial masses;
Fig. 4: A conidiostroma; Fig. 5: Variations of conidiophores; Fig. 6: Conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

56
Plate 46: Penicillium digitatum on orange (Fruit Rot)

1 2

3 4

Fig. 1: Orange infected with P. digitatum; Figs 2-3: Conidiophores; Fig. 4: Hyaline to slightly pigmented conidia in chains
(Scale bar = 10 µm)

57
 Plate 47: Penicillium hirsutum on tulip (Bulb Rot)

1 2

4 5

6 7

Fig. 1-2: Tulip bulb infected with P. hirsutum; Fig. 3: Coremiform conidiophores developing on rotting bulb scale;
Fig. 4: Conidia; Fig. 5: Coremiform conidiophores; Figs 6-7: Conidiophores with developing conidia (Scale bar = 5 µm)

58
Plate 48: Peronospora destructor on onion (Downy Mildew)

1 3

4 6

Fig. 1: Onion leaves infected with P. destructor; Figs 2-3: Close-up view of lesions and white fungal sporulation covering
on the lesion surfaces; Fig. 4: Sporangiophore; Fig. 5: Apical part of sporangiophore; Fig. 6: Sporangia
(Scale bar = 30 µm)

59
 Plate 49: Peronospora parasitica on cabbage (Downy Mildew)

1 3

5 6

4 7

Fig. 1: Yellow patches of downy mildew on upper and lower leaf surfaces; Figs 2-3: White fungal sporulation
(sporangiophores and sporangia) on lower leaf surfaces; Fig. 4: A sporangiophore with developing sporangia;
Figs 5-6: Monopodially branched sporangiophores; Fig. 7: Slightly pigmented sporangia (Scale bar = 20 µm)

60
Plate 50: Phloeospora mori on mulberry (Leaf Spot)

1 2

3 5

6 7

Figs 1-2: Mulberry leaf infected with P. mori (upper and lower surface view); Figs 3-5: Close-up view of lesions with
fungal fruiting bodies (acervuli); Fig. 6: Partial longitudinal section of an acervulus; Fig. 7: Conidia (Scale bar = 20 µm)

61
 Plate 51: Phoma tropica on poinsettia (Basal Stem Canker)

1 2

3 5

4 6

7 8

Figs 1-2: Infected plants with healthy root systems and basal sunken, splinting stem cankers;
Figs 3-4: P. tropica recovered from infected stem segments on PA; Fig. 5: Pycnidia produced in culture with sticky spore
masses oozing out; Fig. 6: 5-day old subculture; Fig. 7: Pycnidia with thin walls; Fig. 8: Small, one-celled, hyaline conidia
produced in culture (Scale bar = 10 µm)

62
Plate 52: Phragmidium rubi-idaei on raspberry (Leaf Rust)

1 3

4 5

6 7

Fig. 1: Symptoms of raspberry leaves infected with P. rubi-idaei; Fig. 2: Infected leaves with brown necrotic lesions on
upper surfaces; Figs 3-4: Lower leaf surface view of rusty and black mould-like sporulation; Fig. 5: A longitudinal section
of an uredinium/telium; Fig. 6: Urediniospores; Fig. 7: Teliospores (Scale bar = 20 µm for Fig. 6; 50 µm for Fig. 7)

63
 Plate 53: Phragmidium violaceum on blackberry (Leaf Rust)

1 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Blackberry leaves infected by P. violaceum, with brown necrotic lesions on upper surfaces;
Fig. 2: Lower leaf surface view of black mould-like sporulation; Fig. 3: Close-up view of black fungal sporulation
(teliospores); Fig. 4: Urediniospores; Fig. 5: Teliospores (Scale bar = 20 µm for Fig.4; 30 µm for Fig. 5)

64
Plate 54: Phyllactinia corylea on plane tree (Powdery Mildew)

1 2

4 5 6

Figs 1-2: Symptoms of Infected leaves and buds; Fig. 3: Conidia; Fig. 4: Conidiophores; Fig. 5: Germinated conidia;
Fig. 6: Conidia in chain (Scale bars = 20 µm)

65
 Plate 55: Phytophthora cactorum on horse chestnut (Bleeding Canker)

2 3

1 4

7 8

6 9 10

Figs 1-4: Symptoms of bleeding canker showing rusty discolouration developing from the base upward to upper
branches (1), with black gummy liquid (2) or dried crust (3) oozing from bark, and the red-coloured tissue of the inner
bark under the bleeding patches (4). Figs 5-6: 7-day-old colony on PDA (top and reverse view).
Fig. 7: Chlamydospores. Fig. 8: Sporangia. Fig. 9: hypha. Fig. 10: Oogonia (Scale bars = 10 µm)

66
Plate 56: Phytophthora drechsleri on raspberry (Root Rot)

1 2

3 4

5 6

Fig. 1: Infected Root segments; Fig. 2: P. drechsleri recovered from roots; Figs 3-4: A 5-day old colony on PDA (reverse
and top view): Fig. 5: Sporangia; Fig. 6: Hyphal swellings (Scale bar = 20 µm)

67
 Plate 57: Phytophthora megasperma on azalea (Crown Rot)

1 2

3 4

5 6 7

Fig. 1: A dying azalea plant; Figs 2-3: Sections of basal stems showing internal discolouration;
Fig. 4: Isolation of Phytophthora megasperma from infected stem tissue (segments) on P10ARP;
Figs 5-7: Oogonia of P. megasperma with amphigynous (Fig. 5) and paragynous (Figs 6-7) antheridia
(Scale bar = 30 µm)

68
Plate 58: Plasmopara obducens on impatiens (Downy Mildew)

1 3

4 5

6 7

Fig. 1: Symptoms of downy mildew on upper leaf surfaces; Figs 2-4: Symptoms of downy mildew on lower leaf surfaces;
Fig. 5: A lateral branch of sporangiophore bearing one sporangium; Fig. 6: A sporangiophore with lateral branches
diverging at right angles; Fig. 7: Sporangia (Scale bars = 10 µm)

69
 Plate 59: Podosphaera clandestina on hawthorn (Powdery Mildew)

1 2

3 4

5 6

Figs 1-2: Hawthorn powdery mildew on fruits, early stage with anamorphic Oidium sp.only (Fig. 1) and late stage with
both anamorph and teleomorhphic P. clandestina (Fig. 2) Figs 3: Cleistothecium of P. clandestine with appendages and
asci; Fig. 4: Appendages with dichotomously branched tips; Fig. 5: Conidia of Oidium sp.; Fig. 6: An ascus containing eight
one-celled ascospores (Scale bars = 20 µm)

70
Plate 60: Puccinia allii on onion (Rust)

1 4 5

7 8

Fig. 1: Onion plant infected with P. allii on leaf and stem; Fig. 2: Close-up view of uredinia on leaves;
Fig. 3: Close-up view of telia on stems; Fig. 4: Urediniospores; Fig. 5: Teliospores developing within a telium;
Fig. 6: Longitudinal section of telia; Fig. 7: Partial longitudinal section of a leaf with stromatic telia covered by epidermis;
Fig. 8: Immature and mature teliospores (Scale bars = 20 µm)

71
 Plate 61: Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola on grass (Leaf Rust)

2 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Symptoms; Fig. 2: Close-up view of rust pustules (uredinia); Fig. 3: Urediniospores; Fig. 4: Teliospores;
Fig. 5: Telia (Scale bars = 20 µm)

72
Plate 62: Puccinia iridis on iris (Leaf Rust)

1 3

4
6

5 7

Fig. 1: Infections on leaves of iris; Fig. 2: Close-up view of telia; Figs 3-4: Longitudinal section of a telium;
Fig. 5: Teliospores with round and slightly acute apex; Fig. 6: Teliospores with thicker and flater apex;
Fig. 7: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 100 µm for Fig. 3; 50 µm for Fig. 4; 20 µm for Figs 5-7)

73
 Plate 63: Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex. Mont. on hollyhock (Leaf Rust)

1 2

4 5

6 7

Figs 1-2: Hollyhock leaf infected with P. malvacearum; Fig. 3: Close-up view of telia on the lower leaf surface;
Figs 4-5: longitudinal section of a telium; Figs 6-7: Teliospores (Scale bars = 40 µm)

74
Plate 64: Puccinia psidii on Chilean guava (Myrtle Rust)

1 3

Figs 1-2: Plants infected with P. psidii on twigs, leaves and fruits; Fig. 3: Uredinia (pustules) of P. psidii;
Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of partial uredinia of P. psidii (with urediniospores and teliospores);
Fig. 5: Urediniospores of P. psidii (Scale bar = 25 µm)

75
 Plate 65: Puccinia rhei-undulati on rhubarb (Leaf Rust)

1 2

3 4

Figs 1-2: Rhubarb leaf infected with P. rhei-undulati (upper and lower surface view); Fig. 3: Lesions on the upper leaf
surface; Fig. 4: Lesions with fungal fruiting bodies (uredinia) on lower leaf surface; Fig. 5: Partial longitudinal section of an
uredinium; Fig. 6: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 20 µm)

76
Plate 66: Puccinia saccardoi on goodenia (Rust)

1 3

5 6

Figs 1-2: A plant infected with P. saccardoi on leaves and stems; Fig. 3: Aecia of P. saccardoi; Fig. 4: A longitudinal section
of an aecium; Fig. 5: One-celled aeciospores in chains; Fig. 6: Two-celled teliospores (Scale bars = 20 µm)

77
 Plate 67: Pythium helicoides on strawberry (Crown Rot)

2 4 5

6 7 8

Fig. 1: Strawberry plants with crown rot (photo courtesy of Dr Hoong Pung); Fig. 2: Five-day old colony on PDA (top
and reverse view); Figs 3-4: Appressoria produced in cultures; Fig. 5: An oogonium with diclinous antheridium;
Figs 6-8: Oogonia showing antheridia with helical turns (Scale bars = 20 µm)

78
Plate 68: Ramularia collo-cygni on barley (Leaf Spot)

2 3

4 5 6

Figs 1-3: Symptoms; Fig. 4: White conidial masses of R. collo-cygni on the surfaces of leaf lesions; Fig. 5: A “swan-neck”
like conidiophore with a developing conidium attached; Fig. 6: Apex of conidiogenous cell; Fig. 7: Conidia
(Scale bar = 10 µm)

79
 Plate 69: Rhizoctonia sp. on beardtongue (Crown Rot)

1 2

3 5

Fig. 1: Infected plants; Fig. 2: Symptoms of root & crown rot; Fig. 3: Rhizoctonia sp on PA producing initial sclerotia;
Fig.4: Stunt hyphae of sclerotia; Fig. 5: Characteristically branched hyphae.

80
Plate 70: Seimatosporium lichenicola on raspberry (Spur Blight)

1 3 4

5 6

Figs 1-3: Symptoms of raspberry spur blight with dying budding leaves and stems; Fig. 4: Close-up view of conidiomata
imbedded in the bark of stems infected with S. lichenicola (black conidial masses); Fig. 5: Reverse view of colonies of
S. lichenicola recovered from infected raspberry bud tissues on PDA; Fig. 6: Longitudinal section of a conidioma;
Fig. 7: Mature conidia with periclinal walls collapsed (Scale bar = 10 µm)

81
 Plate 71: Seiridium cupressi on cedar (Stem Canker)

1 2 3

4 6

7 8

Figs 1-3: Characterised symptoms of cankers; Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of cankered stem; Fig. 5: Conidia masses (black
dots) of S. cupressi; Fig. 6: Longitudinal section of conidiomata; Fig. 7: Conidia; Fig.8: A conidium with the conidiophore
attached (Scale bar = 20 µm)

82
Plate 72: Septoria citri on lemon (Septoria Spot)

2 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Lemons infected with S. citri; Fig. 2: Close-up view of the lesions (pits): Figs 3-4: Longitudinal sections of pycnidia;
Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

83
 Plate 73: Septoria hydrocotylicola on arthritis herb (Leaf Spot)

1 3

5 6

Fig. 1: A potted plant of arthritis herb; Fig. 2: Leaves with spots infected with S. hydrocotylicola; Fig. 3: Close-up view of a
lesion with fruiting bodies (pycnidia); Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of a pycnidium; Fig. 5: pycnidium of top view;
Fig. 6: conidia with indistinct septa (Scale bar = 20 µm)

84
Plate 74: Septoria slaptonensis on gorse (Leaf Blight)

1 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Symptoms of needle infections; Fig. 2: Close-up view of needles with apical infections; Fig. 3: Infected needle with
embedded pycnidia of S. slaptonensis; Fig 4: Longitudinal-sections of pycnidia; Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar =10 µm)

85
 Plate 75: Sordaria fimicola on ryegrass (Endophyte)

1 2

4 5

Figs 1-2: Colonies of S. fimicola isolated from leaf/stem segments of ryegrass; Fig. 3: Ascomata (black dots) of S. fimicola
producing on leaf segments; Fig. 4: An ascoma; Fig. 5: Matured and immatured asci containing one-celled ascospores
(Scale bar = 20 µm)

86
Plate 76: Spilocaea photiniicola on photinia (Scab)

1 3 4

5 6

Figs 1-4: Symptoms of leaf scab; Fig. 5: Close-up view of conidiophores and conidia masses on the surface of scab
lesions; Fig. 6: Annellidic conidiophores (conidiogenous cells) with rings and developing conidia;
Fig. 7: 0-1-septate conidia (Scale bars = 10 µm)

87
 Plate 79: Teratosphaeria eucalypti on eucalypt (Leaf Spot)

1 3

4 5

Figs 1-2: Leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis with spots infected by T. eucalypti; Fig. 3: Close-up view of a leaf spot with
embedded pycnidia (black dots); Fig. 4: A longitudinal section of a pycnidium; Fig. 5: 1-(2)-septate conidia
(Scale bar = 20 µm)

88
Plate 80: Thekopsora minima on blueberry (Rust)

1 2 3

4 5 6

Fig. 1: Blueberry fruits infected with T. minima on crown scar areas; Figs 2-3: Close-up view of rust pustules on crown
scar areas; Figs 4-5: Blueberry leaves infected with T. minima; Fig. 6: Close-up view of rust pustules on leaves;
Fig. 7: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 15 µm)

89
 Plate 81: Thielaviopsis basicola on carrot (Black Root Rot)

2 4

5 6

Figs 1-2: Symptoms on carrots; Figs 3-4: Chains of chlamydospores; Fig. 5: Conidiophores (phialides) and
chlamydospores developing from the same hypha; Fig. 6: conidia from cultures on carrot agar (Scale Bars = 20 µm)

90
Plate 82: Tranzschelia discolor on apricot (Leaf Rust)

1 2

3 4

Figs 1-2: Apricot leaves infected with T. discolor (lower and upper surface view); Fig. 3: Uredinia at lower leaf surface; Fig.
4: Longitudinal section of an uredinium; Fig. 5: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 20 µm)

91
 Plate 83: Trichothecium roseum on hazelnut (Mould)

1 2

3 4 5

Figs 1-2: Hazelnuts covered with Trichothecium moulds; Figs 3-5: Conidiophores with conidia developing apically;
Fig. 6: Mature conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

92
Plate 84: Ulocladium atrum on wheat (Grain Mould)

2 3

4 5

Figs 1-3: Wheat grains infected with U. atrum; Fig. 4: Conidiophores; Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

93
 Plate 85: Uromyces beticola on beetroot (Leaf Rust)

1 3

4 5

6 7

Fig. 1: Beetroot leaf infected with U. betae; Figs 2-3: Close-up view of uredinia and telia with mycoparasitic fungus
Sphaerolopsis filum (black dots embedded within the uredinia/telia); Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of uredinium and
pycnidium of S.filum; Fig. 5: Partial section of uredinium/telium; Fig. 6: Urediniospores; Fig. 7: Teliospores
(Scale bars = 20 µm)

94
Plate 86: Uromyces dianthi on carnation (Rust)

1 3

4 5

Figs 1-2: Infected leaves with rust pustules (uredinia); Fig. 3: Longitudinal section of an uredinium; Fig. 4: Close-up view
of partial uredinium with developing urediniospores; Fig. 5: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 30 µm)

95
 Plate 87: Uromyces viciae-fabae on broad bean (Leaf Rust)

1 3

5 6

Fig. 1: Leaves of broad bean infected with U. vicae-fabae; Figs 2-3: Close-up view of rust pustules (uredinia); Figs 4-5:
Whole and partial longitudinal sections of uredinia: Fig. 6: Urediniospores (Scale bar = 20 µm)

96
Plate 88: Ustilago bullata on grass (Ear Smut)

1 2

3 4

Figs 1-2: Grass heads infected with ear smut; Fig. 3: Germinating teliospores with spindle-shaped promycelia;
Fig. 4: Teliospores in optical section; Fig. 5: Teliospores in surface view (Scale bars = 5 µm)

97
 Plate 89: Ustilago maydis on maize (Boil Smut)

1 2

Figs 1-2: Boil smut symptoms on ear with seeds replaced by smut galls; Figs 3-4: Teliospores in surface view and optical
sections (Scale bar = 10 µm)

98
Plate 90:Venturia inaequalis on apple and pear (Scab)

1 2

3 5

4 6 7

Figs 1-2: Symptoms on an apple fruit and leaves; Figs 3-4: Symptoms on pear leaves; Fig. 5: Conidial masses on a lesion
surface of pear leaves; Figs 6-7: Conidiophores (annellophores) having annellated appearance (rings) (from pears);
Fig. 8: 0-1-septate conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

99
 Plate 91: Venturia pirina on pear (Scab)

1 3 4

Fig. 1: Infected fruits with scab lesions and cracks; Fig. 2: Vertical section of lesion tissue showing subcuticular
conidiophores (solitary or in loose fascicles); Fig. 3: Close-up view of scab lesions covered with dark brown to black
mould (conidial masses); Fig. 4: Geniculate-subnodulose conidiophores with pores (porosporic rings or scars);
Fig. 5: 0-1-septate conidia (Scale bars = 20 µm)

100
Plate 92: Vizella grevilleae on grevillea (Leaf Spot)

1 4

5 8

Figs 1-2: Symptoms; Fig. 3: Longitudinal sections of ascocarps; Fig. 4: Top-view of an ascocarp with asci arranged radially;
Fig. 5: Asci; Fig. 6: Ribbon-like hyphae; Fig. 7: Ascospores; Fig. 8: Ascospores with germination tubes.
(Scale bar = 20 µm for Fig. 4; 10 µm for Figs 5 & 7; 5 µm for Fig. 8)

101
102
IMAGE PLATES
NEMATODES

103
 Plate 71: Seiridium cupressi on cedar (Stem Canker)

1 2 3

4 6

7 8

Figs 1-3: Characterised symptoms of cankers; Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of cankered stem; Fig. 5: Conidia masses (black
dots) of S. cupressi; Fig. 6: Longitudinal section of conidiomata; Fig. 7: Conidia; Fig.8: A conidium with the conidiophore
attached (Scale bar = 20 µm)

82
Plate 72: Septoria citri on lemon (Septoria Spot)

2 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Lemons infected with S. citri; Fig. 2: Close-up view of the lesions (pits): Figs 3-4: Longitudinal sections of pycnidia;
Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar = 10 µm)

83
 Plate 73: Septoria hydrocotylicola on arthritis herb (Leaf Spot)

1 3

5 6

Fig. 1: A potted plant of arthritis herb; Fig. 2: Leaves with spots infected with S. hydrocotylicola; Fig. 3: Close-up view of a
lesion with fruiting bodies (pycnidia); Fig. 4: Longitudinal section of a pycnidium; Fig. 5: pycnidium of top view;
Fig. 6: conidia with indistinct septa (Scale bar = 20 µm)

84
Plate 74: Septoria slaptonensis on gorse (Leaf Blight)

1 3

4 5

Fig. 1: Symptoms of needle infections; Fig. 2: Close-up view of needles with apical infections; Fig. 3: Infected needle with
embedded pycnidia of S. slaptonensis; Fig 4: Longitudinal-sections of pycnidia; Fig. 5: Conidia (Scale bar =10 µm)

85
 Plate 75: Sordaria fimicola on ryegrass (Endophyte)

1 2

4 5

Figs 1-2: Colonies of S. fimicola isolated from leaf/stem segments of ryegrass; Fig. 3: Ascomata (black dots) of S. fimicola
producing on leaf segments; Fig. 4: An ascoma; Fig. 5: Matured and immatured asci containing one-celled ascospores
(Scale bar = 20 µm)

86
Plate 98: Pratylenchoides sp. extracted from peppermint plants and soil

2 3

5 6 7

Fig. 1: Peppermint plant infected with Pratylenchoides sp.; Fig. 2: One extraction of Pratylenchoides sp. extracted from
soil/plant of peppermint; Fig. 3: Female body; Fig. 4: Anterior region; Fig. 5: Female tail; Figs 6-7: Male tails
(Scale bar = 0.1mm for Fig. 3; 10 µm for Fig. 4)

109
 Plate 99: Pratylenchus penetrans extracted from lily from Victoria

1 2 3

Fig. 1: Female oesophageal region; Fig. 2: Head of female; Fig. 3: Female tail; Fig. 4: Anterior part of female showing
oesophageal bulb, excretory pore and oesophageal gland; Fig. 5: Female reproductive system (Scale bar = 10 µm)

110
Plate 100: Rotylenchus robustus extracted from lavenders from Victoria

1 2 3

4 5 7

8 9
Fig. 1: Single-spiralled female bodies; Fig. 2: C-shaped male bodies; Fig. 3: Head of male; Fig. 4: Anterior part of male
showing oesophageal bulb, excretory pore and oesophageal gland; Fig. 5: Tail end of male showing tail shape, spiculum,
gubernaculum and bursa; Figs 6-7: Female tail showing anus and pore-like phasmid; Fig. 8: Near-tail end of male showing
partially areolated lateral field; Fig. 9: Female vulval region (Scale Bar = 150 µm for Figs 1-2; 10 µm for Fig. 3)

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 HOST PLANT INDEX
Alphabetic in common names Blueberry - Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Neofusicoccum ribis
Acacia - Acacia sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
Cylindrocladium pauciramosum
Thekopsora minima
Alder - Alnus spp.
Broad Bean - Vicia faba L.
Melampsoridium betulinum
Uromyces viciae-fabae
Alpen rose - Rhododendron ferrugineum L.
Broccoli - Brassica oleracea L. var. italic Plenck
Chrysomyxa aff. reticulata
Fusarium oxysporum
Angular Sea-Fig - Carpobrotus glaucescens (Haw.)
Brussels Sprouts - Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmmifera
Schwantes
Stemphylium vesicarium
Alternaria aff. capsici-annui
Cabbage - Brassica oleracea L.
Apple - Malus domestica Borkh.
Albugo candida
Cladosporium macrocarpum
Alternaria brassicae
Venturia inaequalis
Peronospora parasitica
Apricot - Prunus armeniaca L.
Carnation - Dianthus caryophyllus L.
Monilinia laxa
Uromyces dianthi
Tranzschelia discolor
Carrot - Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus
Arthritis Herb - Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
(Hoffm.) Arcan.
Septoria hydrocotylicola
Dorylaimus sp.(nematode)
Aspen - Populus tremula L. Thielaviopsis basicola
Fusicladium radiosum var. letiferum
Cedar - Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin
Azalea - Azaleastrum sect. tsutsusi Seiridium cupressi
Phytophthora megasperma
Cherry - Prunus avium L.
Banana - Musa spp. Botrytis cinerea
Ceratocystis paradoxa Monilinia laxa
Barley - Hordeum vulgare L. Chestnut - Castanea sativa Mill.
Ramularia collo-cygni Acrospeira mirabilis
Beardtongue - Penstemon sp. Chilean Guava - Ugni molinae Turcz.
Rhizoctonia sp. Puccinia psidii
Beetroot - Beta vulgaris L. Cotton - Gossypium sp.
Alternaria aff. putrefaciens Colletotrichum dematium
Uromyces beticola
English Broom - Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.
Birch - Betula sp. Camarosporium sp.
Idiocercus aff. australis
Eucalypt – Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.
Blackberry - Rubus allegheniensis Porter Teratosphaeria eucalypti
Phragmidium violaceum
Fern – Dicksonia sp.
Colbranium truncatum (nematode)

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Garlic - Allium sativum L. Lavender - Lavandula spp.
Alternaria embellisia Rotylenchus robustus (nematode)
Ditylenchus dipsaci (nematode)
Lily - Lilium sp.
Golden Ash - Fraxinus excelsior L. “Aurea” Pratylenchus penetrans (nematode)
Neofusicoccum luteum
Loganberry - Rubus × loganobaccus L.H. Bailey
Goodenia - Goodenia sp Paraconiothyrium fuckelii
Puccinia saccardoi Myxosporium aff. rosae
Gorse - Ulex europaeus L. Maize - Zea mays L.
Septoria slaptonensis Ustilago maydis
Grapevine - Vitis vinifera L. Mulberry - Morus sp.
Diplodia seriata Phloeospora mori
Fusarium spp.
Onion - Allium cepa L.
Grass - Poa spp. Botrytis allii Munn.
Puccinia graminis Pers. subsp. Gabarnaudia betae
graminicola Peronospora destructor
Ustilago bullata Puccinia allii
Grevillea - Grevillea sp. Orange - Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck
Vizella grevilleae Penicillium digitatum
Hawthorn - Crataegus sp. Pear - Pyrus spp.
Podosphaera clandestina Alternaria alternata
Alternaria tenuissima
Hazelnut - Corylus avellana L.
Venturia inaequalis
Colletotrichum acutatum
Venturia pirina
Trichothecium roseum
Pepper - Capsicum annuum L.
Hollyhock - Alcea rosea L.
Botrytis cinerea
Puccinia malvacearum
Peppermint - Mentha × piperita L.
Horse Chestnut - Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Pratylenchoides sp. (nematode)
Phytophthora cactorum
Petty Spurge - Euphorbia peplus L.
Impatiens - Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.
Melampsora euphorbiae
Plasmopara obducens
Photinia - Photinia spp.
Iris - Iris sp.
Spilocaea photiniicola
Puccinia iridis
Plane tree - Platanus x acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.
Lemon - Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.
Cryptosporiopsis aff. tarraconensis
Alternaria citri
Phyllactinia corylea
Septoria citri
Poinsettia - Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex
Lettuce - Lactuca sativa L.
Klotzsch
Bremia lactucae
Phoma tropica
Microdochium panattonianum

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 Raspberry - Rubus spp. Springy Peppercress - Lepidium flexicaule Kirk
Didymella applanata Albugo lepidii
Gabarnaudia betae
Squash - Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
Phragmidium rubi-idaei
Geotrichum candidum
Phytophthora drechsleri
Seimatosporium lichenicola Strawberry - Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne
Pythium helicoides
Rhubarb - Rheum rhaponticum L.
Puccinia rhei-undulati Tasmanian Myrtle - Nothofagus cunninghamii Hook.f.
Caliciopsis sp.
Rice - Oryza sativa L.
Hirschmanniella mucronata Tomato - Solanum lycopersicum L.
(nematode) Alternaria aff. longipes
Fusarium dimerum
Ryegrass - Lolium spp.
Passalora fulva
Leptosphaerulina sp.
Sordaria fimicola Tulip - Tulipa sp.
Penicillium hirsutum
Sea Spurge - Euphorbia paralias L.
Stemphylium aff. callistephi Wheat - Triticum spp.
Ulocladium atrum
Sorghum - Sorghum bicolor (L.) Conrad
Moench White Poplar - Populus alba L.
Bipolaris hawaiiensis Melampsora laricis-populina

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