Black Mountain Symposium Background Paper No.

4
Non-vascular flora of Black Mountain: macrofungi, lichens, hornworts, liverworts
and mosses
Rosemary W Purdie
Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research and Australian National Herbarium, GPO
Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601

Abstract. A list of non-vascular species recorded from Black Mountain was compiled largely from
specimens held in the Australian National Herbarium. Since the first collections in the 1950s, at
least 313 species have been recorded comprising 40% macrofungi, 36% lichens, 8%
hornworts/liverworts and 16% mosses. The majority of species were located in habitats associated
with the dry sclerophyll vegetation that covers most of the study area, and grew predominantly on
soil or rock substrates. The number of species currently present in the area is not known, and the
data do not allow changes in floristic diversity over the last 60 years to be assessed. While the area’s
total number of non-vascular species is much lower than the vascular species count, the numbers
of native non-vascular and vascular species recorded are comparable. However, it appears that the
native species recorded do not represent a comprehensive list of the area’s non-vascular flora for
the five groups. Black Mountain’s native non-vascular species are an unappreciated component of
the area’s flora. Raising knowledge about them to a level comparable with vascular plants would
enable Black Mountain to become a benchmark for assessing future changes in the area’s total
floristic diversity.

1. Introduction
Macrofungi1, lichens, hornworts, liverworts and mosses are cryptogams, i.e. plants that lack flowers
or seeds. Although the first flowering plant was collected from Black Mountain in 1927 (Purdie
2018a), the first of these cryptogams was not collected until 1952. Since then around 740 specimens
have been collected and lodged in the Australian National Herbarium in Canberra (Purdie 2018a)
and underpin current knowledge of the diversity of these plants in the Black Mountain area.
2. Methods
All macrofungi, lichen, hornwort, liverwort and moss records with a collecting locality of “Black
Mountain”, ACT were extracted from the Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information
Register database (ANHSIR, http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/anhsir). Specimens located outside
the Black Mountain area (as defined in Purdie 2018b and hereafter called the study area) were then
removed from the list. Photographic records of these organisms in Canberra Nature Map
(http://canberra.naturemapr.org/) that were taken in the study area were also examined and the list
of species extracted. Additional information on macrofungi was provided by Lepp (2018).
The family and scientific names of all taxa were checked and updated as necessary to reflect current
taxonomy and nomenclature, by searching the sources shown in Table 1. Where discrepancies
arose, advice was sought from Chris Cargill, Curator, Cryptogam Herbarium, Australian National
Herbarium (liverworts and mosses); Jack Elix (via Chris Cargill), Associate, Australian National
Herbarium (lichens); Heino Lepp, Associate, Australian National Herbarium (macrofungi); and
Tom May, Senior Research Scientist (Mycology), Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne (macrofungi).
Habitat and substrate data were summarised for each species, based on herbarium specimen
information and by deducing them from Canberra Nature Map photo records (by checking the photo
for substrate and checking the location in Google Maps in satellite view for habitat). Additional

1 Macrofungi are fungi that produce easily visible fruiting bodies.

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information for some fungal species was sourced from Lepp (2018).

Table 1. Sources of information for cryptogam taxonomy and nomenclature

Type Sources of information

Macro- Atlas of Living Australia (http://www.ala.org.au/)
fungi Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi (ICAF)
(http://data.rbg.vic.gov.au/cat/fungicatalogue)
Species Fungorum (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/names/Fundic.asp)
Lichens Checklist of the Lichens of Australia and its Island Territories
(http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/lichenchecklist_p_r.html)
Hornworts, Checklist of Australian Liverworts and Hornworts, version 6 April 2006
liverworts (http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/liverwortlist/liverworts_a_z.html),
Mosses AusMoss (http://data.rbg.vic.gov.au/cat/mosscatalogue)
Australian Mosses Online
(http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/Mosses_online/00_AMO_all%20GENERA.html)
Flora of Australia Volume 51: Mosses 1, Australian Biological Resources Study

The total number of species present in the study area for each group were extracted from the final
species’ lists. Totals exclude taxa that had only been identified to genus level where specimens
from the same genus had been identified to a species, because it was not known whether the
specimens identified just to genus level were the same or different species from those already
identified. In practice this meant, for example, that Amanita effusa, A. muscari, A. ochrophylla and
Amanita spp. in the fungal list were counted as three (not four) species, while Flavoparmelia
haysomii and Flavoparmelia sp. were counted as one (not two) species in the lichen list. Where
several specimens had only been identified to genus level, and that genus was the only
representative in the species list (e.g. Lepiota spp., Russula spp. and Schizopora spp. in the fungal
list), it was counted as a single species because it was not known how many taxa the specimens
represent. For these reasons, the totals represent the minimum number of species recorded from the
study area.
3. Results
3.1 All species recorded
At least 313 non-vascular species have been recorded in the study area to the end of December
2017, comprising 40% macrofungi, 36% lichens, 8% hornworts and liverworts and 16% mosses.
The species in each group are listed in appendices 1–4 (respectively) and discussed below. All
species are native except seven macrofungi (Amanita muscaria, Astraeus hygrometricus, Lactarius
deliciosus, Rhizopogon luteolus, two Suillus spp. and Tricholoma ‘virgatum group’).
3.1.1 Macrofungi
The first macrofungus specimen from Black Mountain was collected in 1959. Since then, around
125 species have been recorded (Appendix 1), including eight only from photographs in Canberra
Nature Map and 34 only by Lepp (2018). The total number present is probably closer to 150 or
more species2. Of the taxa in the Australian National Herbarium, 92% are represented by only one
or two specimens and all except one species by 1–4 specimens (Table 2). The agaric Cortinarius
globuliformis is represented by 10 herbarium specimens.
Habitat data were available for 117 taxa (Appendix 1)—70% were located in dry sclerophyll forest
and/or Eucalyptus woodland, 9% in grassy areas and 20% in a variety of habitats. The 121 species
for which data were available (Appendix 1) were recorded on four main substrate types (Table 3)—

2
Includes estimated additional species in the genera Amanita (+10 spp.), Cortinarius (+10 spp.), Mycena
(+5 spp.), and Anthracobia, Lactarius and Schizopora (+1 species each); Lepp (2018).

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around 12% grew on live plant material, 57% on dead plant material, and 65% on soils. Some
species were recorded from more than one type of substrate.
Table 2. Number of macrofungi specimens per species in the herbarium; n = 84 species

Number of Number of % of Number of Number of % of

specimens/spp. Species species specimens/spp. Species species
in ANHSIR in ANHSIR
1 67 80 4 3 4
2 10 12 10 1 1
3 3 4

Table 3. Substrate on which macrofungi were growing; n = 121 species

Substrate Substrate No. and (%) of species

type recorded on substrate
Dead plants Burnt eucalypts, burnt logs, charred wood 7 (6)
Dead grass tussocks, twig & leaf litter, woody debris 4 (3)
Dead wood, dead tree stump, decaying bark 42 (35)
Long-dead wood, rotted wood, rotting branch 15 (12)
Pinus radiata log 1 (<1)
Live plants Bark, live wood, tree base, root 12 (10)
Bryophytes (mosses) 1 (<1)
Grassroots and shafts 1 (<1)
Ground Burnt soil 4 (3)
Rocks 1 (<1)
Soil 73 (60)
Other Dung 2 (2)

Fig. 1. Macrofungi from Black Mountain: Laetiporus portentosus on a Red Stringybark

(Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) trunk (left), Mycena sp. in litter (right). Photos: R Purdie.

3.1.2 Lichens
The first lichen specimen was collected in 1952. At least 114 species have been recorded since then
(Appendix 2), all based on herbarium specimens except two taxa recorded only from Canberra
Nature Map photos; the latter are not included in the species count. Seventy per cent of species are
represented by only one or two herbarium specimens and 85% by 1–4 specimens (Table 4). Only

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five species are represented by >10 herbarium specimens: Cladia aggregata, Cladonia capitellata
var. squamatica and Usnea scabrida subsp. elegans each by 11 specimens, and Cladonia
merochlorophaea and Hypogymnia billardierei by 14 specimens each.

Table 4. Number of lichen specimens per species in the herbarium; n = 114 species

Number of Number of % of Number of Number of % of

specimens/spp. Species species specimens/spp. Species species
in ANHSIR in ANHSIR
1 52 46 6 3 3
2 27 24 7 0 -
3 9 8 8 5 4
4 8 7 11 3 3
5 5 4 14 2 2

Of the 97 taxa whose habitat was recorded (Appendix 2), 92% were located in dry sclerophyll
forest, 8% in Eucalyptus woodland and 3% in gullies. Substrate data were available for 111 taxa
(Appendix 2). These lichens were recorded on four main types of substrate (Table 5), 33% growing
on dead plant material, 28% on live plants, 56% on rocks, and 25% on soil. Of the 61 taxa with two
or more specimens or photographic records, 24 (39%) were recorded growing on more than one
substrate type.

Table 5. Substrate on which lichens were growing; n = 111 species

Substrate Substrate No. and (%) of species

type recorded on substrate
Dead plant Dead eucalypts (stem, trunk, stump), dead wood, 16 (14)
material logs/fallen logs
Rotting log, rotting wood 7 (6)
Charred stump, burnt bark 2 (2)
Dead sticks on ground 1 (1)
Dead shrubs, dead shrub branches 5 (5)
Debris, debris in gully 3 (3)
Moist decaying vegetation 2 (2)
Live plants Tree: Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (bark & trunk) 9 (8)
Tree: Exocarpos cupressiformis (bark, branches) 11 (10)
Shrub: Brachyloma daphnoides 3 (3)
Shrub: Grevillea alpina 1 (1)
Shrub: Acacia trunk 1 (1)
Shrub: Leptospermum branches 2 (2)
Shrubs (twigs) 2 (2)
Damp bark 1 (1)
Rocks Boulders 9 (8)
Rocks, stones & pebbles 51 (46)
Mossy rock 2 (2)
Soil Rocky ground, ground, soil 27 (24)
Decaying termite mound 1 (1)

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 Fig. 2. Lichens from Black Mountain: Parmotrema reticulatum (left) and Parmeliaceae (right).
Photos: R Purdie.

3.1.3 Hornworts and liverworts

The first hornwort/liverwort specimen was collected in 1961, and since then at least 24 species have
been recorded, comprising two hornworts and 22 liverworts (Appendix 3). All records are based on
herbarium specimens; 71% of species are represented by only one or two specimens and 83% by
1–4 specimens (Table 6). Only one species is represented by >10 herbarium specimens, viz. the
liverwort Asterella drummondii (16 specimens).

Table 6. Number of hornwort and liverwort specimens per species in the herbarium; n = 24 species

Number of Number of % of Number of Number of % of

specimens/spp. Species species specimens/spp. Species species
in ANHSIR in ANHSIR
1 11 46 6 0 -
2 6 25 7 0 -
3 2 8 8 2 8
4 1 4 16 1 4
5 1 4

Of the 21 taxa whose habitat was recorded (Appendix 3) 20 were located in dry sclerophyll forest,
with three species also recorded in grassy woodland. The 24 species were recorded on four main
types of substrate (Appendix 3), 21% growing on dead plant material, 8% on live plants, 29% on
rocks and 67% on soil (Table 7). Four of the 13 taxa with two or more specimens or photographic
records were recorded growing on more than one substrate type.

Table 7. Substrate on which hornworts and liverworts were growing; n = 24 species

Substrate type Substrate No. and (%) of species

recorded on substrate
Dead plant Dead wood, rotting wood, burnt log/wood, 5 (21)
material leaf litter
Live plants Exocarpos cupressiformis trunk, tree trunk 2 (8)
Rocks Humus-covered rocks, rocks 7 (29)
Soil Soil, stony ground 16 (67)

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 Fig. 3. Liverwort Riccia duplex var. megaspora (left) and mosses (bright green) growing on rock
with lichens (right) on Black Mountain. Photos: R Purdie.

3.1.4 Mosses
The first moss specimen was collected in 1955. Since then at least 50 species have been recorded
(Appendix 4), all based on herbarium records except two taxa recorded only from Canberra Nature
Map photos; the latter are not included in the species count. Seventy-two per cent of species are
represented by only one or two herbarium specimens and 86% by 1–4 specimens (Table 8). Only
one species is represented by >10 herbarium specimens, viz. Dawsonia longiseta (11 specimens).

Table 8. Number of moss specimens per species in the herbarium; n = 50 species

Number of Number of % of Number of Number of % of

specimens/spp. Species species specimens/spp. Species species
in ANHSIR in ANHSIR
1 27 54 6 0 -
2 9 18 7 1 2
3 6 12 8 1 2
4 1 2 9 1 2
5 3 6 11 1 2

Of the 38 taxa whose habitat was recorded (Appendix 4) 92% were located in dry sclerophyll forest,
and 13% also recorded in Eucalyptus woodland, some growing in both habitats. The 45 species
whose substrate was recorded (Appendix 4) grew on four main types (Table 9), 7% on dead wood,
4% on bark, 22% on rocks, and 84% on soil. Seven of the 23 taxa with two or more specimens or
photographic records were recorded growing on more than one type of substrate.

Table 9. Substrate on which mosses were growing; n = 45 species

Substrate type Substrate No. and (%) of species

recorded on substrate
Dead wood Rotting log/wood, burnt log 3 (7)
Bark Bark, tree trunk 2 (4)
Rocks Rocks 10 (22)
Soil Soil, mud 38 (84)

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3.2 Species records over time
Of the 313 taxa from the study area with herbarium or Canberra Nature Map records, only four
macrofungi, eight lichen, seven liverwort and one moss species have a record from the period 2007
to April 2017. Based on the most recent collection date of taxa with herbarium specimens, 84% of
macrofungi and 63% of liverworts species have been recorded in the last 30 years but only 30% of
lichens and 40% of mosses (Table 10). Twenty per cent of lichen and 32% of moss species have
not been recorded for 40 or more years. Around 77% of the 272 taxa in the herbarium are
represented by only one or two specimens each (tables 2, 4, 6, 8), and an average of three
macrofungi, three lichen, one hornwort/liverwort and two moss specimens have been collected each
year since the first collections. These data are insufficient to track changes in species diversity over
time.

Table 10. Total number of species and % last recorded

Macro- Lichens Hornworts/ Mosses

fungi liverworts
Total number of species 83a 114 24 50
Time interval (number of years ago) % last recorded
 2017–1988 (<30) 84 30 63 40
 1987–1978 (30–39) 13 50 25 28
 1977–1964 (40–53) 3 20% - -
 1977–1962 (40–55) - - 12 -
 1977–1955 (40–62) - - - 32
a
Includes only species with herbarium specimens and known collecting dates.

4. Discussion
Macrofungi, lichens, hornworts, liverworts and mosses are an important part of the floristic
diversity of Black Mountain, with at least 313 of these non-vascular species recorded, of which
98% are native. The majority of species were located in habitats associated with the dry sclerophyll
vegetation (open forest and woodland) that covers most of the study area. Hornworts and liverworts
had the most restricted distribution, most species occurring only in seepage/drainage areas or creek
lines. Species grew on a variety of substrates (tables 3, 5, 7, 9). Sixty-five per cent of macrofungi,
67% of hornwort/liverwort and 84% of moss species were recorded on soil, with 46% of lichen,
22% of moss and 29% of hornwort/liverwort species growing on rocks. Around eight species (seven
macrofungi; one moss) were only recorded from burnt soil or burnt/charred wood; while such
species often may be more obvious after fire, they are not restricted to these substrates (Cargill
2018; Lepp 2018).
4.1 Comparison of non-vascular and vascular flora
Based on the number of specimens not determined to species level (appendices 1–4) and estimates
of additional macrofungi that are probably present (Lepp 2018), the total number of species for the
non-vascular groups examined in this study could be as high as 400. This is much lower than the
705 vascular species present in the study area (Purdie 2018b), but probably reflects the much larger
number of exotic taxa that are part of the ACT’s vascular flora (Lepschi et al. 2017) and possibly
the lower search effort on Black Mountain for non-vascular plants. The Australian National
Herbarium holds around 725 non-vascular specimens from the study area compared with 3300
vascular specimens. These figures reflect the activity of seven people who have specialised in
collecting macrofungi, lichens, hornworts, liverworts and mosses compared with over 200 people
making vascular plant collections (Purdie 2018a).

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The number of native non-vascular taxa (from 306 known species to a potential 400 species) is
comparable with the 392 native vascular species recorded in the study area (Purdie 2018b).
Although the latter are considered to reflect the vascular flora comprehensively (because of high
search effort), the comprehensiveness of the non-vascular lists (appendices 1–4) is not known. Of
the seven collectors specialising in cryptogams, Lepp (2018) targeted particular groups of
macrofungi, while the hornwort/liverwort collecting of Cargill (2018) and lichen collecting of Elix
(2018) has been opportunistic. Elix (2018) estimates that less than half the lichen species on Black
Mountain have been collected. It thus seems highly likely that the total number of species recorded
for all five non-vascular groups is far from comprehensive.
4.2 Species richness
It is difficult to compare the floristic richness of Black Mountain’s macrofungi, lichens, hornworts,
liverworts and mosses with similar areas elsewhere. The nearby Mt Ainslie – Mt Majura area has
similar vegetation and shares 88% of its native vascular species with Black Mountain (Purdie
2018b). Of the 47 herbarium specimens of non-vascular taxa from Ainslie–Majura identified to
species level, 66% have also been recorded on Black Mountain; the comparable figure for Canberra
Nature Map records is 85% (Table 11). While the total number of species and number of species
per hectare on Ainslie– Majura are substantially lower than on Black Mountain (Table 11), this
most likely reflects lower collecting effort, with 724 herbarium specimens from Black Mountain
(Purdie 2018a) compared with only 73 specimens from Ainslie–Majura (ANHSIR records January
2018). Photographic records from Canberra Nature Map provide a more detailed record of
macrofungi on Ainslie–Majura than herbarium specimens (Table 11) but are still likely to reflect
much lower search effort there compared with Black Mountain.

Table 11. Comparison of species richness on Black Mountain and Mt Ainslie – Mt Majura

Black Mtn Mt Ainslie – Mt Majura

(this study) Herbarium recordsa CNM recordsb
All species All taxa Species level All taxa Species level
taxa: no. on taxa: no. on
BM/total no. c BM/total no.d
Macrofungi 125 5 0/2 23 6/8
Lichens 114 32 19/30 14 4/4
Hornworts–Liverworts 24 5 3/4 0 -
Mosses 50 15 9/11 2 1/1
Total no. of species 313 57 31/47 39 11/13
Species/hae 0.626 0.051 0.035
a
Data from ANHSIR records, 23 January 2018.
b
Data from Canberra Nature Map, 23 January 2018.
c
Of the specimens identified to species level, number of species shared with Black Mountain/total number
of species identified.
d
Of the photographs identified to species level, number of species shared with Black Mountain/total
number of species identified.
e
Based on Black Mountain study area = 500 ha and Mt Ainslie – Mt Majura = 1121 ha (Purdie 2018b).

4.3 Managing over the next 50 years

Non-vascular plants are usually a very much under-valued part of an area’s total floristic diversity,
and management practices based on vascular species are assumed to be appropriate for the non-
vascular flora (if the latter are thought about at all). The fact that the total number of native
macrofungi, lichen, hornwort, liverwort and moss species currently recorded in the study area is

50
comparable with (and may well be higher than) the total number of recorded native vascular species,
suggests that the non-vascular groups warrant more attention.
It is not known how many of the 313 non-vascular species recorded on Black Mountain can be
counted as part of the area’s current flora (i.e. collected or observed in the last decade; Purdie
2018b). There is neither a benchmark (e.g. comparable to that of Gray and McKee (1969) for
vascular plants) nor sufficient records of species’ presence to assess how long the species have been
in the area or how many (and which) species are still present. Given the value of Black Mountain
for tracking changes in vascular species diversity from 1969 to the present and as a benchmark for
assessing changes in the future (Purdie 2018b), perhaps it is time to raise knowledge of the area’s
non-vascular flora to a comparable level.
5. Acknowledgements
My thanks to Patrick McCarthy for initial advice on the most appropriate data sources for lichen,
liverwort and moss names; to Tom May, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne and Heino Lepp,
Australian National Herbarium, for advice on fungal nomenclature; and Chris Cargill, Australian
National Herbarium, for advice on hornwort/liverwort and moss names. Thanks also to Heino, Chris
and Brendan Lepschi for useful comments on a draft of the paper.
6. References
Cargill, DC (2017a) Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Version 4.0 (13
September 2017) Hornworts and liverworts. Available at http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-
census-2017/hornliverworts-2017.html, last updated 13 September 2017, accessed November-
December 2017.
Cargill, DC (2017b) Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Version 4.0 (13
September 2017) Mosses. Available at http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-census-
2017/mosses-2017.html, last updated 13 September 2017, accessed November-December
2017.
Cargill, DC (2018) Australian National Herbarium, personal communication, 5 February 2018.
Elix, J (2017) Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Version 4.0 (13 September
2017) Lichens. Available at http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-census-2017/lichens-
2017.html, last updated 13 September 2017, accessed November-December 2017.
Elix, J (2018) Australian National Herbarium, personal communication, 9 February 2018.
Gray, M & McKee, HS (1969) A list of vascular plants occurring on Black Mountain and environs,
Canberra, ACT. Division of Plant Industry Technical Paper No. 26. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Lepp, H (2017) Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Version 4.0 (13
September 2017) Fungi. Available at http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-census-2017/fungi-
2017.html, last updated 13 September 2017, accessed November-December 2017.
Lepp, H (2018) Australian National Herbarium, personal communications, February 2018.
Lepschi, BJ, Mallinson, DJ, Cargill, DC & Albrecht, DE (eds) (2017) Census of the flora of the
Australian Capital Territory Version 4.0, 13 September 2017. Available at
www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-census-2017/index.html, accessed September 2017.
Purdie, RW (2018a) Black Mountain plant collections and collectors, 1927–2017. Black Mountain
Symposium 2018 Background Paper No. 14. Friends of Black Mountain, Canberra.
Purdie, RW (2018b) Vascular plants of Black Mountain, 1969–2017. Black Mountain Symposium
2018 Background Paper No. 5. Friends of Black Mountain, Canberra.

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 Appendix 1
Macrofungi recorded in the Black Mountain study area
Compiled by RW Purdie and H Lepp

Family name: family names are from the Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (Lepp 2017) except those marked with * that are from Species
Fungorum (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/).
Scientific name: nomenclature follows the ACT Census (Lepp 2017) except for names marked with ^ that are not yet included in it and sourced from Species
Fungorum (as above). For a genus where there is more than one record of an undetermined species, it is listed as Genus spp. (rather than Genus sp.) as the
specimens may represent more than one species. An (E) after the name indicates the species has been introduced to Australia by humans (i.e. it is exotic).
Growth form
Agaric Fleshy, cap (usually atop a stem) with gills on its Leathery shelf Leathery shelf-like outgrowth from wood, smooth on
underside. the underside.
Birds nest Small, cone-like cup, inside which sit tiny ‘eggs’. Polypore Leathery to woody, with pores on the underside of a
Black lips Pair of parallel black lines (1-5 mm long and the cap (that sits atop a stem) or on the underside of a
pairs usually in large numbers). shelf-like outgrowth from wood; in a few species, the
Bolete Fleshy, cap atop a stem, spongy pored layer on the pores may be elongated or broken and so appear
52

underside of the cap. maze-like.

Club fungus Fleshy to corky, either only a simple stem or with Puffball Roughly spherical bag of powdery spores with a
slight apical branching, apices blunt or pointed. persistent, well-defined apical opening through
Cobblestone crust Black, brittle, bumpy sheet (a bit like cobblestone which the spores can puff out.
paving). Puffball kin Variously-shaped, powdery-spored (like a puffball,
Coral fungus Fleshy and much- branched. but without a persistent apical opening).
Corticioid Flat, skin-like covering (usually on wood), smooth or Stinkhorn Variously shaped, with a smelly, khaki-brown spore
rough but not brittle. slime on its surface.
Cup Fleshy to rubbery, saucer to cup-shaped. Toothed fungus Fleshy, cap atop a stem, teeth or spines on the
Disk-like Flat, circular disk. underside of the cap.
Earthstar Roughly spherical bag of spores that sits on a star- Truffle Roughly spherical, usually more-or-less buried in the
like base. soil (but occasionally atop a short stem).
Jelly fungus Gelatinous, lobed or with brain-like folds.
 No. of records ANHSIR/CNM: a single number shows the number of specimens present in the Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information
Register (ANHSIR) at the end of December 2017. Entries with a forward slash (/) show the number of specimens in ANSHIR on the left and the number of
photo records in Canberra Nature Map (CNM) on the right. Entries lacking a number are from Lepp (2018).
Last recorded ANHSIR/CNM: a single date shows the year of the most recent specimen in the Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information
Register (ANHSIR). Entries with a forward slash (/) show the year of the most recent specimen in ANHSIR on the left and the year of the most recent
photograph in Canberra Nature Map (CNM) on the right. A hyphen (-) indicates no specimen held is in ANHSIR. Entries lacking a date are from Lepp
(2018).
Habitat: this column indicates the habitat recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced from a photo record in CNM and/or from Lepp (2018).
Dry sclerophyll forest includes habitat recorded on herbarium labels as forest or woodland dominated by one or more of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, E. rossii
and/or E. mannifera, forest, open forest, dry sclerophyll woodland and dry Eucalyptus woodland.
Substrate: this column indicates the substrate on which the macrofungus was growing as recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced from
photo records in CNM and/or from Lepp (2018).
Family Scientific name Growth No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
form ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Agaricacaeae Arachnion drummondii Puffball kin 1 1999 Grassland? Soil
53

Agaricaceae Agaricus sp. Agaric 1 1992 ? Soil

Agaricaceae Bovista pulyuggeodes Puffball 1 1988 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Agaricaceae Calvatia cyathiformis^ Puffball kin 1 1992 Grassland with scattered Soil
shrubs and trees
Agaricaceae Disciseda australis^ Puffball 1 2005 Grassland with scattered Soil
shrubs
Agaricaceae Lepiota spp. Agaric 1/1 2004/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest; Soil
Eucalyptus woodland
Agaricaceae Macrolepiota dolichaula Agaric 1 2000 Grassland? Soil
Agaricaceae Nidula emodensis Birds nest 1 1987 Eucalyptus woodland Soil?
Agaricaceae Nidula niveotomentosa Birds nest 1 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Decaying bark on
dead tree
Agaricaceae Tulostoma^ sp. Stalked
puffball
Amanitaceae Amanita effusa Agaric 2 ? Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Amanitaceae Amanita muscaria (E) Agaric With Pinus radiata Soil
 Family Scientific name Growth No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
form ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Amanitaceae Amanita ochrophylla Agaric 1 1995 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Amanitaceae Amanita spp. Agaric 3 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest; Soil
grassland?
Amanitaceae Amanita umbrinella Agaric 2 1995 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Amanitaceae Amanita xanthocephala Agaric 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Atheliaceae Athelia aff. epiphylla^ Corticioid 1 1991 ? Burnt log
Bolbitiaceae Bolbitius titubans Agaric Damp, sheltered, Soil
disturbed habitats with
weedy grasses
Boletaceae Boletellus cf. dissiliens^ Bolete 1 1989 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Boletaceae Boletus^ sp. Bolete 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Boletaceae Phylloporus^ sp. Agaric 1 1995 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Boletinellaceae Phlebopus marginatus Bolete 1 2005 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Boletinellaceae Phlebopus sp. Bolete 1 1959 Dry sclerophyll forest? Soil
54

Botryobasidiaceae Botryobasidium vagum^ Corticioid 1 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood

Botryobasidiaceae Haplotrichum pulchrum Corticioid 2 2000 Grassland Charred wood,

rotted wood
Calostomataceae* Calostoma fuscum Stalked 1 1990 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
puffball
Clavariaceae Clavaria ?sulcata^ Club (fleshy) Mixed Eucalyptus Soil
woodland
Clavariaceae Clavaria amoena^ Club (fleshy) 0/1 -/2014 Dry sclerophyll forest ?
Claviciptaceae Cordyceps sp. Club (corky) 1 1990 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Cortinariaceae Cortinarius archeri sens. Agaric Various habitats with Soil
lat.3 eucalypts
Cortinariaceae Cortinarius australiensis Agaric Various habitats with Soil
eucalypts
Cortinariaceae Cortinarius austrovenetus^ Agaric 1/1 1990/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil

3
Name allows for the visually similar C. microarcheri and C. subarcheri.
 Family Scientific name Growth No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
form ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Cortinariaceae Cortinarius globuliformis^ Agaric 10 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Cortinariaceae Cortinarius spp. Agaric 3/1 2000/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Cortinariaceae Thaxterogaster levisporus Truffle 1 1990 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Dacrymycetaceae* Calocera^ sp. Club (fleshy) 0/1 -/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
Diplocystaceae Astraeus hygrometricus (E) Earthstar 1 2003 Dry sclerophyll forest Leaf litter
Entolomataceae Entoloma spp. Agaric Various habitats Soil
Fomitopsidaceae Laetiporus portentosus Polypore 4/1 1987/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest; Live eucalypts
Eucalyptus woodland
Fomitopsidaceae Postia pelliculosa Polypore 0/1 -/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
Geastraceae Geastrum spp. Earthstar 1/2 2000/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Geastraceae Geastrum tenuipes Earthstar Various habitats Soil
Gloeophyllaceae* Gloeophyllum sepiarium^ Polypore 1 1987 Eucalyptus woodland Pinus radiata log
Gloniaceae* Glonium circumserpens^ Black lips 3 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, rocks,
decayed bark
Helotiaceae Chlorociboria sp. Cup fungus 0/1 -/2010 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
55

Helotiaceae Phaeohelotium undulatum Cup fungus Dry sclerophyll forest Soil

Hydnaceae Hydnum sp. Toothed 1 1990 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
fungus
Hydnangiaceae Hydnangium carneum Truffle Various habitats with Soil
eucalypts
Hydnangiaceae Hydnangium Intermediate 1 2002 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
sublamellatum between
agaric and
truffle
Hydnangiaceae Laccaria spp. Agaric 1/4 1984/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Base of eucalypt,
soil
Hydnodontaceae* Subulicystidium^ sp. Corticioid 1 1997 Eucalyptus woodland Dead wood
Hygrophoraceae Hygrocybe spp. Agaric Various habitats Soil
Hymenochaetaceae Coltricia sp. Polypore Various habitats Soil
Hymenochaetaceae Coltriciella sp. Polypore 1 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Long-dead wood
 Family Scientific name Growth No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
form ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Hymenochaetaceae Hymenochaete spp. Corticioid 3 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest; Wood
Eucalyptus woodland
Hymenochaetaceae Phellinus sp. Polypore 1 1982 ? Wood
Hymenogastraceae* Galerina^ spp. Agaric Various habitats Wood,
bryophytes or soil
Hymenogastraceae* Gymnopilus junonius Agaric Various habitats On dead wood or
at the bases of
live tree trunk
Hymenogastraceae* Hypholoma fasciculare Agaric Various habitats Dead wood
Hypoxylaceae* Hypoxylon spp. Cobble-stone Various habitats Dead wood
crust
Hysteriaceae Hysterium angustatum Black lips 1 1997 Dry sclerophyll forest Wood
Hysteriaceae Hysterobrevium smilacis^ Black lips 1 1992 Open woodland Dead stump
Hysteriaceae (Heino Hysterobrevium mori^ Black lips 0/1 -/2017 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
56

Lepp det)
Inocybaceae* Crepidotus^ spp. Agaric Various habitats Dead or live
(stemless) wood
Inocybaceae* Inocybe sp. Agaric 1 1992 ? Burnt soil
Lachnocladiaceae Vararia sp. Corticioid 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotted wood
Marasmiaceae Campanella^ sp. Agaric Dry sclerophyll forest On bases of dead
(stemless) grass tussocks
Marasmiaceae Crinipellis australis Agaric 1 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest Grass roots and
shafts
Marasmiaceae Marasmius oreades Agaric Grassy areas Soil
Marasmiaceae Marasmius sp. Agaric 1 1999 Eucalyptus woodland Rock crevice
Meruliaceae Hyphoderma setigerum Corticioid 2 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotted wood
Meruliaceae Hyphoderma sp. Corticioid 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotted wood
Meruliaceae Phlebia^ sp. Corticioid 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotted wood
Mesophelliaceae Nothocastoreum cretaceum Puffball kin 2 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Mycenaceae Mycena spp. Agaric 0/3 -/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, litter
 Family Scientific name Growth No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
form ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Omphalotaceae Omphalotus nidiformis Agaric Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
(stemless)
Peniophoraceae Peniophora cinerea^ Corticioid 1 2000 Grassland? Long-dead wood
Pezizaceae Hydnoplicata convoluta Truffle 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Pezizaceae Plicaria endocarpoides Cup fungus 1 1991 Eucalyptus woodland Burnt soil
Phallaceae Clathrus archeri Stinkhorn Various habitats Soil
Phallaceae Ileodictyon gracile Stinkhorn 1 1988 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil?
Phanerochaetaceae Byssomerulius corium Corticioid 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotting branches
Phanerochaetaceae Phanerochaete sordida Corticioid 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotted wood
Phanerochaetaceae Phanerochaete spp. Corticioid 2 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Fallen twig
with Callitris;
Eucalyptus woodland
Physalacriaceae Oudemansiella gigaspora Agaric 1 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Pluteaceae Volvopluteus Agaric 1 1989 Exotic grasses in Soil
gloiocephalus^ disturbed clearing
57

Polyporaceae Hexagonia vesparia^ Polypore 1 1987 Eucalyptus woodland. Eucalypts

Polyporaceae Laccocephalum spp. Polypore 2/1 2006/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest; Soil
Eucalyptus woodland
Polyporaceae Macrohyporia^ sp. Polypore 1 1991 Eucalyptus woodland Burnt eucalypt
Polyporaceae Panus fasciatus^ Agaric 1 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
(leathery)
Polyporaceae Perenniporia ochroleuca Polypore 2 1984 Eucalyptus woodland Dead wood
Polyporaceae Polyporus arcularius Polypore 1 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
Polyporaceae Pycnoporus coccineus Polypore 4/1 1987/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest; Live wood, dead
Eucalyptus woodland wood
Polyporaceae Trametes versicolor Polypore Various habitats Dead wood
Pterulaceae Radulomyces ?confluens Corticioid Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
Pyronemataceae Aleurina ferruginea Cup fungus 1 1989 Callitris grove Soil
Pyronemataceae Anthracobia^ spp. Cup fungus 3 1991 Eucalyptus woodland Burnt soil
Pyronemataceae Cheilymenia coprinaria Cup fungus 1 1990 Eucalyptus woodland Dung
Pyronemataceae Pyronema domesticum Cup fungus 1 1991 ? Burnt soil
 Family Scientific name Growth No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
form ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Ramariaceae* Ramaria^ sp. Coral fungus 0/1 -/2016 Eucalyptus woodland Soil?
Rhizopogonaceae Rhizopogon luteolus (E) Truffle 1 1990 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil.
Russulaceae Arcangeliella daucina Truffle 1 1990 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Russulaceae Cystangium sp. Truffle 1 1990 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Russulaceae Gymnomyces sp. Truffle 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Russulaceae Lactarius deliciosus (E) Agaric With Pinus radiata Soil
Russulaceae Lactarius spp. Agaric Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Russulaceae Russula^ spp. Agaric 2 1993 Dry sclerophyll forest; Soil
Eucalyptus woodland
Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum commune Agaric Various habitats Dead wood
(leathery,
stemless)
Schizoporaceae Schizopora^ spp. Polypore 2 1997 Dry sclerophyll forest; Burnt log, wood
Eucalyptus woodland
58

Schizoporaceae Hyphodontia ?nespori^ Corticioid 1 1998 Open area Rotted wood

Schizoporaceae Xylodon australis Corticioid Dry sclerophyll forest On a fallen, long-
dead eucalypt
branch
Sclerodermataceae Pisolithus marmoratus Puffball kin 1/1 1982/2017 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Sclerodermataceae Pisolithus microcarpus Puffball kin 1 2002 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Sclerodermataceae Pisolithus sp. Puffball kin 1 1964 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil?
Sclerodermataceae Scleroderma sp. Puffball kin 1/1 1975/2014 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocky soil
Sclerodermataceae Scleroderma verrucosum Puffball kin 1 1983 ? Soil
Serpulaceae Austropaxillus^ Agaric Various habitats with Soil
'infundibuliformis group' eucalypts
Stereaceae Stereum hirsutum Leathery Eucalyptus woodland Well-rotted
shelf stump
Stereaceae Stereum illudens Leathery 1 1975 Eucalyptus woodland Rotting wood
shelf
Stereaceae Stereum ochraceoflavum^ Leathery
shelf
 Family Scientific name Growth No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
form ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Stereaceae Stereum spp. Leathery 3 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest; Bark, trunk of
shelf Eucalyptus woodland burnt tree, rotted
wood
Strobilomycetaceae* Austroboletus cf. dictyotus^ Bolete 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Strophariaceae Psilocybe^ spp. Agaric Various habitats Twig litter or
other woody
debris
Suillaceae Suillus grevillea^ and/or Bolete With Pinus radiata
Suillus granulatus (E)
Suillaceae Suillus luteus (E) Bolete With Pinus radiata Soil
Thelephoraceae Tomentella^ sp. Corticioid 1 2000 Grassland? Charred wood
Thelephoraceae Tomentellopsis Corticioid 1 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Charred wood
echinospora
Thelephoraceae Amaurodon aquicoeruleus Corticioid 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Well-rotted wood
Tremellaceae Tremella mesenterica Jelly fungus 0/1 -/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Bark
59

Tricholomataceae Tricholoma sp. Agaric 1 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil

Tricholomataceae Tricholoma 'virgatum Agaric With Pinus radiata. Soil
group' (E)
Tubulicrinaceae Tubulicrinis calothrix Corticioid 4 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest; Charred or long-
Eucalyptus woodland; dead wood
grassland
Tulasnellaceae Tulasnella sp. Corticioid 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Long-dead wood
Xylariaceae Poronia erici Disk-like 1 2003 Dry sclerophyll forest Dung
Xylariaceae Xylaria^ sp. Club (corky) 2 2005 Dry sclerophyll forest Buried ?root,
buried wood
 Appendix 2
Lichens recorded in the Black Mountain study area

Family name: family names are from the Checklist of the Lichens of Australia and its Island Territories (http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/
introduction.html, updated 12 April 2017), accessed 24 November 2017 except for those marked with an asterisk (*). The latter indicates the more recent family
to which the species is assigned compared with family names in the Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (Elix 2017) as at 26 November 2017.
Scientific name: nomenclature follows the ACT Census (Elix 2017) except for names marked with ^ that are more recent names for the taxon from the Checklist
of the Lichens of Australia and its Island Territories (see above). The names in brackets (synonyms) are the names shown in the ACT Census at 26 November
2017. For a genus where there is more than one record of an undetermined species, it is listed as Genus spp. (rather than Genus sp.) as the specimens may
represent more than one species.
No. of records ANHSIR/CNM: a single number shows the number of specimens present in the Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information Register
(ANHSIR) at the end of December 2017. Entries with a forward slash (/) show the number of specimens in ANSHIR on the left and the number of photo records
in Canberra Nature Map (CNM) on the right.
Last recorded ANHSIR/CNM: a single date shows the year of the most recent specimen in Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information Register
60

(ANHSIR). Entries with a forward slash (/) show the year of the most recent specimen in ANHSIR on the left and the year of the most recent photograph in
Canberra Nature Map (CNM) on the right; a hyphen (-) indicates no specimen is held in ANHSIR.
Habitat: this column indicates the habitat recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced from a photo record in CNM. Dry sclerophyll forest includes
habitat recorded on herbarium labels as forest or woodland dominated by one or more of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, E. rossii and/or E. mannifera, Eucalypt
forest, open forest, open Eucalyptus forest or dry Eucalyptus woodland.
Substrate: this column indicates the substrate on which the lichen was growing as recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced from photo records
in CNM.
Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Caliciaceae Calicium abietinum 1 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Shaded side of dead
Eucalyptus
Caliciaceae Calicium victorianum subsp. 5 1986 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead Eucalyptus stumps;
victorianum felled trunk; dead
Eucalyptus stem
Caliciaceae Cyphelium trachylioides 1 1986 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead Eucalyptus stem
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Candelariaceae Candelariella xanthostigmoides 1 1997 Dry sclerophyll forest Exocarpos branches
Carbonicolaceae Carbonicola foveata 2 1986 Dry sclerophyll forest Base and lower trunk of
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha
Chrysothricaceae Chrysothrix xanthina 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock outcrop
Cladoniaceae* Cladia aggregata 11/1 1999/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock, moist decaying
vegetation, rotting wood,
soil surface
Cladoniaceae* Cladia beaugleholei^ 3 2009 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocky ground, soil
(Heterodea beaugleholei)
Cladoniaceae* Cladia muelleri^ 8 2009 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil and debris
(Heterodea muelleri)
Cladoniaceae* Cladia schizopora 1 1981 ? Base of Eucalypt
Cladoniaceae Cladonia capitellata var. 11 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
squamatica
Cladoniaceae Cladonia celata 2 1981 ? Soil and debris
61

Cladoniaceae Cladonia cervicornis subsp. 8 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, moist decaying
verticillata vegetation and mossy rock,
stony clay
Cladoniaceae Cladonia chlorophaea 1 1964 Dry sclerophyll forest Damp ground
Cladoniaceae Cladonia corniculata 1 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Shaded soil?
Cladoniaceae Cladonia enantia^ 1 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
(C. tesselata)
Cladoniaceae Cladonia floerkeana 5 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotting log, soil surface
and mossy rock
Cladoniaceae Cladonia humilis 1 1975 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotting wood
Cladoniaceae Cladonia macilenta 2 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
Cladoniaceae Cladonia merochlorophaea 14 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, debris, rock
Cladoniaceae Cladonia neozelandica var. 1 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
wilsonii^
(C. sulcata var. wilsonii)
Cladoniaceae Cladonia nudicaulis 1 1975 Gully ?
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Cladoniaceae Cladonia ochrochlora 6 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil.
Cladoniaceae Cladonia pleurota 3 1975 ? Soil bank
Cladoniaceae Cladonia ramulosa 3 1983 Eucalyptus woodland Soil and rock
Cladoniaceae Cladonia rei 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Ground
Cladoniaceae Cladonia rigida var. rigida 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotting wood
Cladoniaceae Cladonia spp. 10/3 2016/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest; Slate, bank of moist gully,
Eucalyptus forest soil
Cladoniaceae Cladonia subsquamosa 1 1983 Eucalyptus woodland. ?
Cladoniaceae Thysanothecium scutellatum 8 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Old decaying termite
mound, soil; burnt and dead
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha
bark; dead wood
Cladoniaceae Thysanothecium sp. 1 2016 Eucalypt bushland Burnt, charcoal covered
and rotting log
62

Graphidaceae* Diploschistes muscorum subsp. 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil

bartlettii
Graphidaceae* Diploschistes thunbergianus 1 1975 ? Soil
Icmadophilaceae Dibaeis arcuata 1 1996 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Lecanoraceae Lecanora farinacea 3 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks.
Lecanoraceae Lecanora pseudogangaleoides 1 1977 ? Sandstone rocks
Lecanoraceae Lecanora sp. 1 1998 ? Soil
Lecanoraceae Lecidella xylogena 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Well-rotted wood
Lecideaceae Lecidea fuscoatrula 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Lecideaceae Lecidea ochroleuca 4 1985 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil and rocky ground
Lecideaceae Lecidea spp. 2 1984 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks and soil surface
Lecideaceae Lecidea terrena 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Stones and rocks
Lecideaceae* Paraporpidia leptocarpa 3 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock and stones
Lecideaceae* Ramboldia laeta 2 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Branches of Exocarpos
cupressiformis
Lecideaceae* Ramboldia sp. 1 1975 ? Brachyloma daphnoides
Lecideaceae* Ramboldia stuartii 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Log
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Lobariaceae Pseudocyphellaria neglecta 1 2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Vertical rock surfaces with
mosses and other lichens
Micareaceae Micarea spp. 2 1984 Dry sclerophyll forest; Eucalyptus trunk
Eucalyptus woodland
Mycoblastaceae* Tephromela alectoronica 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Fallen log
Mycocaliciaceae Mycocalicium subtile 1 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead Eucalyptus
Ochrolechiaceae* Ochrolechia africana 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Eucalyptus macrorhyncha
and fallen log
Ophioparmaceae* Hypocenomyce scalaris 2 1984 Dry sclerophyll forest E. macrorhyncha trunk
Parmeliaceae 0/2 -/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock, wood
Parmeliaceae Austroparmelina conlabrosa 2 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock and branches of
Exocarpos cupressiformis
Parmeliaceae Austroparmelina endoleuca 1 1975 ? Brachyloma
Parmeliaceae Austroparmelina labrosa 1 1977 Sheltered gully Rocks
Parmeliaceae Austroparmelina pseudorelicina 4 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest; Bark of Exocarpos; rocks;
63

Eucalyptus woodland dead branches of small

shrubs
Parmeliaceae Flavoparmelia haysomii 2 1975 ? Boulders.
Parmeliaceae Flavoparmelia rutidota 8 1998 Dry sclerophyll forest Branches of Exocarpos
cupressiformis,
Brachyloma daphnoides,
Grevillea alpina twig, rock
Parmeliaceae Flavoparmelia sp. 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Branches of Exocarpos
cupressiformis
Parmeliaceae* Hypogymnia billardierei 14 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Live and dead twigs of
shrubs; Brachyloma
daphnoides; dead eucalypt
trunk; rotting log; rock
Parmeliaceae* Hypogymnia mundata 1 1964 ? Dead sticks on ground
Parmeliaceae* Hypogymnia pulverata 1 1975 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood
Parmeliaceae* Hypogymnia sp. 1 2016 Eucalypt bushland Top of a rotten log
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Parmeliaceae* Hypogymnia subphysodes var. 1 1975 Moist, sheltered gully Sandstone boulders
austerodioides
Parmeliaceae* Hypogymnia subphysodes var. 2 1975 ? Bark of Eucalyptus
subphysodes macrorhyncha
Parmeliaceae* Hypogymnia tubularis 4 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Sandstone rocks and dead
shrubs
Parmeliaceae Hypotrachyna immaculata 1 1977 ? Rocks
Parmeliaceae Notoparmelia erumpens 2 2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Boulders
Parmeliaceae Notoparmelia signifera 4 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest; Rock, logs and charred
Eucalyptus woodland stumps
Parmeliaceae Notoparmelia tenuirima 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Acacia trunk
Parmeliaceae Parmelia sp. 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Branches of Exocarpos
cupressiformis
Parmeliaceae Parmotrema perlatum 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Branches of Exocarpos
64

cupressiformis
Parmeliaceae Parmotrema reticulatum 5 2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Boulders and branches of
Exocarpos cupressiformis
Parmeliaceae Parmotrema spp. 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Exocarpos trunk, Acacia
trunk
Parmeliaceae Punctelia pseudocoralloidea 6 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock; ground below rock
outcrop; dead shrub and
branches of Exocarpos
cupressiformis
Parmeliaceae Relicina subnigra 1 1977 ? Rocks
Parmeliaceae* Usnea inermis 4 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Shrub twigs; eucalypt twigs
and branches;
Leptospermum branches
Parmeliaceae* Usnea scabrida subsp. elegans 11 1989 Dry sclerophyll forest Leptospermum shrubs;
Exocarpos bark and
branches; dead shrub
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
branches; rotting Acacia
trunk
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia atrocapnodes 2 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks and fallen logs
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia australasica 1 1975 ? Boulders
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia barbellata 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia cheelii 3 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia congesta 1 1975 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia consociata 2 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia digitiformis 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia filarszkyana 1 1976 ? Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia 3 1985 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil and rocky ground
flavescentireagens
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia furcata 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia glabrans 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia 5 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks and boulders
65

hypoprotocetrarica
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia metaclystoides 2 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia mougeotina 4 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest; Rocks and pebbles
Eucalyptus woodland
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia neorimalis 4 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia neotinctina 2 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood and rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia norcapnodes 2 1975 ? Boulders
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia notata 2 1998 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia parviloba 2 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia rimalis 5 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia spp. (including 9 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest; Rock, rocky ground and
Neofuscelia spp.) Eucalyptus woodland ground
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia subprolixa 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia subspodochroa 2 1999 Eucalyptus woodland ?
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia substrigosa 1 1985 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocky ground
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia tasmanica 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Parmeliaceae Xanthoparmelia xanthomelaena 1 1976 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks
Pertusariaceae Pertusaria subventosa 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Pertusariaceae Pertusaria xanthoplaca 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock and boulders
Physciaceae Buellia homophylia 8 2009 Dry sclerophyll forest Rocks and boulders
Physciaceae Buellia procellarum 2 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Physciaceae Buellia spp. 2 1981 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Physciaceae Dimelaena australiensis 1 1986 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Physciaceae Physcia austrostellaris 1 1974 ? Base of Exocarpos
cupressiformis
Physciaceae Physcia tribacia 3 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Pilocarpaceae (?)* Leiomonis erratica^ 1 1985 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead Eucalyptus
(Micraria erratica, in
Micareaceae)
Ramalinaceae Ramalina sp. 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Exocarpos cupressiformis
66

Rhizocarpaceae* Rhizocarpon adarense 2 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock

Rhizocarpaceae* Rhizocarpon geographicum 1 1964 ? Rock
Sphaerophoraceae* Neophyllis melacarpa 1 1983 Eucalyptus woodland Ground and base of
Eucalyptus
Stereocaulaceae Hertelidea pseudobotryosa 3 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood and lower
portion of Eucalyptus
macrorhyncha
Stereocaulaceae Lepraria finkii^ 1 1999 Eucalyptus woodland Soil layer on rock
(L. lobificans)
Stereocaulaceae Lepraria spp. 5 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Ground, rocks, damp bark
Teloschistaceae Caloplaca aequata 2 2009 Eucalyptus woodland Rock
Teloschistaceae Caloplaca cinnabarina 2 2008 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Teloschistaceae Caloplaca sp. 0/1 - /2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Teloschistaceae Teloschistes sieberianus 1 1975 ? Shrub
Trapeliaceae* Rimularia exigua 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Tricholomataceae Lichenomphalia chromacea 2/8 2009/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
 Appendix 3
Hornworts and liverworts recorded in the Black Mountain study area

Family name: family names are from the Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (Cargill 2017a).
Scientific name: nomenclature follows the ACT Census (Cargill 2017a) except for names marked with ^ that are more recent names not yet added to or changed
in the Census. The names in brackets (synonyms) are the names shown in the ACT Census at 19 December 2017.
No. of records ANHSIR/CNM: a single number shows the number of specimens present in the Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information Register
(ANHSIR) at the end of December 2017. Entries with a forward slash (/) show the number of specimens in ANSHIR on the left and the number of photo records
in Canberra Nature Map (CNM) on the right.
Last recorded ANHSIR/CNM: a single date shows the year of the most recent specimen in the Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information Register
(ANHSIR). Entries with a forward slash (/) show the year of the most recent specimen in ANHSIR on the left and the year of the most recent photograph in
Canberra Nature Map (CNM) on the right. A hyphen (-) indicates no specimen is held in ANHSIR.
Habitat: this column indicates the habitat recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced from a photo record in CNM. Dry sclerophyll forest includes
habitat recorded on herbarium labels as forest or woodland dominated by two or three of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, E. rossii, E. mannifera and/or E.
67

polyanthemos, forest, open forest, dry sclerophyll woodland or Eucalyptus woodland near the summit. Grassy woodland includes habitat recorded as woodland
dominated by Eucalyptus melliodora and E. polyanthemos, woodland near the former Rani Road, or in creek lines originally associated with grassy woodland.
Substrate: this column indicates the substrate on which the hornwort or liverwort was growing as recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced
from photo records in CNM.
Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Hornworts
Anthocerotaceae Anthoceros punctatus 1 1962 ? Damp ground
Notothyladaceae Phaeoceros carolinianus 1 1964 ? Stony ground
Liverworts
Acrobolbaceae Enigmella thallina 1 2001 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Acrobolbaceae Lethocolea pansa 3 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil; leaf litter

Aytoniaceae Asterella drummondii 16 2016 Dry sclerophyll forest; Soil; stony ground; rock
grassy woodland
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Cephaloziellaceae Cephaloziella exiliflora 5 2002 Dry sclerophyll forest Dead wood; rotting wood;
burnt log/wood; soil
Cephaloziellaceae Cephaloziella hirta 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotting wood
Chaetophyllopsidaceae Chaetophyllopsis whiteleggei 2 1994 Dry sclerophyll forest Leaf litter
Fossombroniaceae Fossombronia maritima^ (some 4 2008 Eucalyptus woodland; Soil
as F. pusilla) grassy woodland
Fossombroniaceae Fossombronia spp. 11 2008 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil; rock
Geocalycaceae Chiloscyphus latifolius 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Geocalycaceae Chiloscyphus minor 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rotting wood
Geocalycaceae Chiloscyphus semiteres 8 2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Humus-covered rock; soil
Jubulaceae Frullania pentapleura 8 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock; Exocarpos tunk; tree
trunk
Jubulaceae Frullania probosciphora 1 1975 ? Soil
Lejeuneaceae Lepidozia obtusiloba 1 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
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Marchantiaceae Lunularia cruciata 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil

Marchantiaceae Marchantia berteroana 2 1993 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Pseudolepicoleaceae Temnoma palmatum 1 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Ricciaceae Riccia cartilaginosa^ 1 2008 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock.
(R. marginata)
Ricciaceae Riccia duplex var. megaspora^ 3/1 2014/2017 Dry sclerophyll forest; Soil
(R. multifida) grassy woodland
Ricciaceae Riccia nigrella 2 2008 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil; rock
Ricciaceae Riccia sorocarpa 1 2008 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Ricciaceae Riccia subbifurca 2 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Targioniaceae Targionia lorbeeriana 1/2 1980/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
 Appendix 4
Mosses recorded in the Black Mountain study area

Family name: family names are from the Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory (Cargill 2017b) except those marked with * that are more
recently accepted names not yet include in the Census, and those marked with # that are from AusMoss (http://data.rbg.vic.gov.au/cat/mosscatalogue, accessed
20 December 2017).
Scientific name: nomenclature follows the ACT Census (Cargill 2017b) except for names marked with ^ that are names not yet added to or changed in the
Census, and with # that are from AusMoss (as above). For a genus where there is more than one record of an undetermined species, it is listed as Genus spp.
(rather than Genus sp.) as the specimens may represent more than one species.
No. of records ANHSIR/CNM: a single number shows the number of specimens present in the Australian National Herbarium Specimen Information Register
(ANHSIR) at the end of December 2017. Entries with a forward slash (/) show the number of specimens in ANSHIR on the left and the number of photo records
in Canberra Nature Map (CNM) on the right.
Last recorded ANHSIR/CNM: a single date shows the year of the most recent specimen in ANHSIR. Entries with a forward slash (/) show the year of the
most recent specimen in ANHSIR on the left and the year of the most recent photograph in CNM on the right. A hyphen (-) indicates no specimen is held in
69

ANHSIR
Habitat: this column indicates the habitat recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced from a photo record in CNM. Dry sclerophyll forest includes
habitat recorded on herbarium labels as forest or woodland dominated by one or two of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, E. rossii and/or E. mannifera, Eucalyptus
forest and dry sclerophyll woodland.
Substrate: this column indicates the substrate on which the moss was growing as recorded on specimen labels in ANHSIR and/or deduced from photo records
in CNM.
Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Bartramiaceae Bartramia hampeana 1 1961 ? ?
Bartramiaceae Bartramia robusta 3 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest, Soil
Eucalyptus woodland
Bartramiaceae Breutelia affinis 9 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest; Stone, soil
Eucalyptus woodland
Bartramiaceae Breutelia pendula 1 1961 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Bartramiaceae Breutelia pseudophilonotis 1 1999 Eucalyptus woodland ?
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Bartramiaceae Philonotis scabrifolia 3 1965 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Bartramiaceae Philonotis spp. 2 1991 Eucalyptus woodland Soil
Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium mildeanum 1 1993 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium plumosum 2 1993 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium rivulare 1 1993 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Brachytheciaceae Brachythecium rutabulum 5 1993 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Brachytheciaceae Rhynchostegium sp. 1 1992 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Brachytheciaceae Rhynchostegium tenuifolium 2 1993 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Bryaceae Bryum spp. 3 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Bryaceae Gemmabryum apiculatum^ 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Bryaceae Gemmabryum dichotomum 3 1997 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock, mud
Bryaceae Imbribryum clavatum^ (as 1 1988 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Gemmabryum clavatum)
Bryaceae Rosulabryum billarderi 1 1979 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
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Bryaceae Rosulabryum capillare 1 1960 ? Soil

Bryaceae Rosulabryum wightii 1 1964 ? Mud
Ditrichaceae Ceratodon purpureus 1 1960 ? Soil
Ditrichaceae Ditrichum difficile 3 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, rock
Ditrichaceae Eccremidium spp. 2 2005 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Fabroniaceae Fabronia australis 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Fissidentaceae# Fissidens asplenioides^ 4 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Fissidentaceae# Fissidens curvatus var. 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
curvatus#
Fissidentaceae# Fissidens linearis var. linearis# 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Fissidentaceae# Fissidens taylorii^ 5 1991 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Funariaceae Entosthodon apophysatus 2 2000 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Funariaceae Entosthodon sp. 1 2000 Eucalyptus woodland. Soil
Funariaceae Entosthodon subnudus var. 2 1964 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
gracilis
Funariaceae Funaria hygrometrica 1 1963 ? Burnt log
Grimmiaceae Grimmia pulvinata var. africana 1 1961 ? ?
 Family Scientific name No. of records Last recorded Habitat Substrate
ANHSIR/CNM ANHSIR/CNM
Grimmiaceae Schistidium apocarpum 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock
Hypnaceae Hypnum cupressiforme 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Tree trunk
Hypopterygiaceae* Hypopterygium tamarisci 1 1961 ? ?
Leucobryaceae* Campylopus appressifolius 1 1960 ? Rock
Leucobryaceae* Campylopus clavatus 0/1 -/2016 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Leucobryaceae* Campylopus introflexus 5 1999 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, bark
Mniaceae Pohlia nutans 2 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, rock
Mniaceae* Schizymenium bryoides 8 1996 Dry sclerophyll forest Rock, soil
Polytrichaceae Dawsonia longiseta 11 1996 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil, stony soil; rotting
wood
Polytrichaceae Dawsonia sp. 0/1 -/2015 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Polytrichaceae Polytrichaceae 0/1 -/2017 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Polytrichaceae Polytrichum commune 1 1975 ? Soil
Polytrichaceae Polytrichum juniperinum 7 1996 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil; rock
Pottiaceae Acaulon integrifolium 1 1983 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
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Pottiaceae Barbula calycina 3 1991 Eucalyptus woodland Soil

Pottiaceae Didymodon torquatus 1 1960 ? Soil
Pottiaceae Tortula atrovirens 1 1955 ? ?
Pottiaceae Triquetrella papillata 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Pottiaceae# Weissia controversa^ 1 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil
Rhacocarpaceae Rhacocarpus purpurascens 1 1973 ? Rotting log
Thuidiaceae Thuidiopsis sparsa var. sparsa 1 1961 ? ?
Thuidiaceae Thuidium spp. 2 1980 Dry sclerophyll forest Soil