Synopsis Fungorum 33: Fungiflora

Synopsis Fungorum 33
Type studies in Polyporaceae 31 Species described by V. Cesati

L. Ryvarden........................................................................................................................... 5
Type studies in Polyporaceae 32 Species described by T. Petch

L. Ryvarden........................................................................................................................... 9
Type studies in Stereum s. lato 5, Species described by M. J. Berkeley

L. Ryvarden......................................................................................................................... 13
Notes on Homobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

L. Ryvarden & K.-H. Larsson............................................................................................. 20
Notes on Heterobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

V. Spirin , L. Ryvarden & O. Miettinen.............................................................................. 25
Studies in Neotropical polypores 39. Trametes alba Ryvarden nov. sp

L. Ryvarden ....................................................................................................................... 32
Studies in Neotropical polypores 40. A note on Grammothele

L. Ryvarden ........................................................................................................................ 36
Studies in Perenniporia s.l. African taxa IX: Perenniporia vanhullii sp. nov. from open
woodlands. C. Decock & L. Ryvarden............................................................................. 43

Notes on basidiomycetes on driftwood in Finnmark, Norway, L. Ryvarden ..................... 50
Fungiflora
1
2
Synopsis Fungorum 32
Type studies in Polyporaceae 31 Species described by V. Cesati
L. Ryvarden........................................................................................................................... 5
Type studies in Polyporaceae 32 Species described by T. Petch

L. Ryvarden........................................................................................................................... 9
Type studies in Stereum s. lato 5, Species described by M. J. Berkeley

L. Ryvarden......................................................................................................................... 13
Notes on Homobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

L. Ryvarden & K.-H. Larsson............................................................................................. 20
Notes on Heterobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

V. Spirin , L. Ryvarden & O. Miettinen.............................................................................. 25
Studies in Neotropical polypores 39. Trametes alba Ryvarden nov. sp

L. Ryvarden ....................................................................................................................... 32
Studies in Neotropical polypores 40. A note on Grammothele

L. Ryvarden ........................................................................................................................ 36
Studies in Perenniporia s.l. African taxa IX: Perenniporia vanhullii sp. nov. from open
woodlands. C. Decock & L. Ryvarden............................................................................. 43

Notes on basidiomycetes on driftwood in Finnmark, Norway, L. Ryvarden ..................... 50
Fungiflora
3
Nomenclaturial novelties proposed in this volume:
New genus
Dendrogloeon (Auriculariales) Spirin & Miettinen............................................................ 26
New species:
Dendrogloeon helenae Spirin Ryvarden & Miettinen......................................................... 26
Saccoblastia media Spirin, Ryvarden & Miettinen............................................................. 28
Trametes albida Ryvarden ................................................................................................. 32
Perenniporia vanhullii Decock & Ryvarden....................................................................... 44
New combinations:
Ganoderma piceus (Cesati) Ryvarden.................................................................................. 7
Ceriporiopsis hypolateritius (Cooke) Ryvarden................................................................... 9
Ceriporia rubescens (Petch) Ryvarden, ............................................................................. 11
Diplomitoporus sulphureus (Petch) Ryvarden.................................................................... 11
Podoscypha pusillum (Berk.) Ryvarden.............................................................................. 17
Trametes psila (Lloyd) Ryvarden........................................................................................ 35
This book can be ordered from:
FUNGIFLORA
P.O. Box 95, Blindern
N-0314 OSLO
NORWAY
E.MAIL: leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no
For information of other volumes of Synopsis Fungorum, see our homepage: http://www.
fungiflora.no
Editors address:
Professor L. Ryvarden, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066,
Blindern, N-0316 OSLO, NORWAY.
Papers are accepted by invitation only.
Printing date 15. March 2015.
4
Type studies in Polyporaceae 31
Species described by V. Cesati
Leif Ryvarden, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066,
Blindern, N-0316 OSLO, Norway. leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no.
Abstract
Of the 25 poroid species described by V. Cesati, the types of 16 were studied, while those
of 9 are apparently lost. Four species are accepted with references to recent descriptions
while 12 are treated as taxonomic synonyms. The following new combination Ganoderma
piceus (Cesati) Ryvarden, is proposed. A description of Trametes aurora (Cesati)
Saccardo is provided.
Introduction
Vincenzo de Cesati was born in Milan in 1806 and studied natural sciences and
humanities at University of Vienna. He was friend and colleague to many mycologists at
his time, and in 1868 became Professor of Botany and Director of Botanical Garden of
Naples. He died in 1883 in Vercelli in Italy.
His main interest was mainly microfungi and in particular the Sphaeriaceae and some
selected genera of Ascomycota. He received numerous collections, among them a
collection of polypores from Borneo collected by H. Beccari. The results were published
in “Mycetum in itinere Borneensi lectorum a. cl. Od. Beccari “(1879).
In the following the place of publication is given by a page number since all species were
described in the publication mentioned above. All collections were made by Beccari in
Sarawak, a part of Borneo, without any detailed location, and this information is not
repeated for each species. The Fungaria in New York, The National Fungal Collection,
Farlow, Kew and Stockholm have been examined to locate the types of Cesati´s species
and when found, the respective acronyms of the fungaria are given.
List of species
auriculaeformis Favolus p. 8, type not found.
aurora, Polyporus p. 5, (S).
= Trametes aurora (Ces.) Sacc., Syll. fung. 6: 353, 1888. - Trametes avellana
Bres. Krypt. Exsicc. Museo Vindob. Cent 20 p. 157, 1910 (S).
Basidiocarps annual to perennial, solitary or in small groups, pileate, applanate, broadly
attached to somewhat tapering, up to 10 cm broad and 8 cm wide, 0.5-2 cm thick near
the base, consistency woody hard when dry, pileus flat to slightly convex, upper surface
first very finely velutinate, soon glabrous, slightly pinkish grey to cork coloured, regularly
to irregularly concentrically zoned and sulcate, pore surface ochraceous to buff-wood
coloured, pores round, 4-5 per mm, dissepiments thick and entire, slightly velvety,
tubes unzoned or with few layers, total length up to 5 mm, each layer up to 2.5mm, pale
5
cinnamon, context ochraceous to cinnamon, fibrous, slightly zoned reflecting different
growth stages, up to 4 mm thick, darkening in KOH.
Hyphal system trimitic, generative hyphae clamped, hyaline and thin walled, 2-3
µm wide, often difficult to find in the tubes, skeletal hyphae abundant in the whole
basidiocarp, yellow, thick-walled to almost solid, 4-6 µm in diameter, binding hyphae
slightly yellow, thin- to thick-walled, 1.5-3 µm wide, with short tapering branches, often
difficult to find in the tubes, context completely dominated by golden skeletal hyphae,
slightly wider than in the tubes, all hyphae negative in Melzer´s reagent.
Cystidia none.
Basidia not seen.
Spores not seen.
Substrate. On dead hardwood.
Distribution. Paleotropical, known from Madagascar and Borneo.
Remarks. The species is characterized by its flat sulcate basidiocarps with a pinkish to
cork coloured glabrous pileus. The pore surface and context are characteristically pale
pinkish-buff to pale cinnamon. All specimens examined have been sterile and a spore
print would be most welcome.
beccarinus, Favolus p. 4 (BPI, K)

= Cyclomyces fuscus Fr.
caesiellus, Polyporus p. 6, type not found.
calignosus, Polyporus p. 6 ( K).
= Abundisporus fuscopurpureus (Pers.) Ryvarden.
confundes, Polystictus p 6 (S, NY).
= Trametes modesta (Fr.) Ryvarden.
cremorinus, Polyporus p. 5, type not found.
eriopus Polyporus p. 4, type not found.
imponens, Daedalea p. 7 (K).
= Gloeophyllum imponens (Ces.) Teng, For a description see Ji-Ding & Xiao-
qing 1992:197.
incomplitus, Polyporus p. 5 (BPI, Lloyd collection).
= Polyporus dictyopus Mont.
inzengae, Polyporus in Rabenhorst Fungi Europaei no. 1508, 1860 (K).
= Fomes fomentarius (L.:Fr.) J. Kickx.
lenzitiformis, Daedalea p. 7, type not found.
luctuosus Polyporus p. 7 (K).
= Phellinus luctuosus (Cesati) Ryvarden, for a description, see Ryvarden
& Johansen 1980:182.
ludificans Trametes p. 7, type not found.
melanoporpoides, Fomes p. 6, type not found.
papulosus, Favolus p. 8 (K).
= Favolaschia sp.
polychrous, Polyporus p. 6 (S).
= Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kunt.
piceus, Polyporus p. 5 (K, BPI).
6
The type is apparently lost, but there is a specimen in the Kew Herbarium with the
following label: “Frozen Hill, Selangor Border “(today this is in Malaysia), Coll. J. W.
Ruihill and R. E. Holtum 16. September 1902. Lloyd Mycol. Coll. Cat. No 23599, “The
only good specimen of this fungus seen”.
As the holotype apparently is lost, the cited collection is selected as neotype, with Lloyds
specimen in the National Fungus Collection (BPI) as isotype.
This is a Ganoderma species and the following combination is proposed:
Ganoderma piceus (Ceasti) Ryvarden comb nov. Basionym: Polyporus piceus Ceasti, Att.
Accad. Sci. Fis. Nat. Napoli 8:5, 1879. Index Fung. No 551122.
Basidiocarps pileate sessile, in the type about 4 cm wide, length not known, 2 cm thick
at the base sulcate, glabrous, with a distinct thin cuticle in section, purplish reddish and
glossy, pore surface dark brown, pores angular to circular, about 4-5 per mm; context dark
brown.
Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, with clamps, 2-5 μm
in diam, skeletal hyphae arboriform abundant, thick-walled, yellowish brown, 3-6 μm in
diam.
Cuticle on pileus surface consists of a vertical palisade of, club-like, thick walled to
almost solid hyphal ends arising from generative hyphae, slightly amyloid, up to 40 m
long from the basic clamp to the apex.
Cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements absent.
Basidia not seen.
Basidiospores 11-12.5 x 6-7, ellipsoid, truncate with an ornamented thick, brown
endosporium.
Substrata. A unidentified hardwood tree.
Remarks. The species belongs in the complex typified by G. resinaceum and should be
taken into account for those who want to clarify the taxonomic chaos around the far too
many laccate Ganoderma species described from East Asia. See Moncalvo & Ryvarden
(1997) for a comprehensive list of relevant names.
pusiolus, Polyporus p. 6 (K)

= Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.) Ryvarden.
subauculeata, Hexagonia p. 8 (S).
= Hexagonia glabra (Fr.) Ryvarden.
transiens, Favolus p. 9 (K).
= Cyclomyces setiporus (Berk.) Pat.
velutina, Daedalea p. 8, type not found.
vilis Polyporus p. 6, type not found.
vitellina, Hexagonia p. 8 (S).
= Oxyporus cervinogilvus (Junghuhn) Ryvarden.
7
References.
Cesati V. 1879: Mycetum in itinere Borneensi Lectorum a cl. O. Beccari. Atti
Accad. Sci. Fis. Nat. Napoli 8 :1-28.
Ji-Ding Z. & Xiao-quing, Z. 1992: The polypores of China. Bibl. Mycol. 145:1-
524.
Moncalvo, J.-M. & Ryvarden, L. 1997. A nomenclaturial study of the
Ganodermataceae Donk. Synopsis Fung. 11:1-114.
Ryvarden, L. & Johansen, I. 1980. A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa,
Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway. 636 pp.
8
Type studies in Polyporaceae 32
Species described by T. Petch
Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no
Abstract.
The types of 19 polypores described by T. Petch have been examined. One type is lost,
one name is illegitimate, 9 species are accepted and their taxonomic disposition is
given with references to relevant descriptions, while 8 names are treated as taxonomic
synonyms. The combinations Ceriporia rubescens (Petch) Ryvarden, Ceriporiopsis
hypolateritius (Cooke) Ryvarden and Diplomitoporus sulphureus (Petch) Ryvarden are
proposed.
Introduction
T. Petch (1870-1948) was mycologist to the government of Ceylon at the Botanic Gardens
at Peradeniya from 1905 to 1928. His main interest was fungal diseases on tropical
crops, but he published also a number of polypores from the island which now have been
examined.
The types of all his species are in the Kew Herbarium (K), thus this information in not
repeated for each species. Further since all species were described in the same journal, the
place of publication is given as a page number and the year of publication while the full
titles of publications are given in the references.
The species are treated alphabetically according to specific epithet with a reference to the
type localities which are all in Sri Lanka and thus, the latter name is not repeated for each
species.
List of species
albobrunnea, Poria, p. 137, 1916, Hakgala.

= Ceriporiopsis hypolateritius (Cooke) Ryvarden, comb. nov.
Basionym Poria hypolateritia Cooke, Grevillea 15:24, 1886. Index Fungorum no.
551123.
For a description see Ryvarden & Johansen 1980: 608 as Tyromyces lateritius.
albocitrina, Poria p. 286, 1922, Kiriwanaketya.
= Hapalopilus albocitrinus (Petch) Ryvarden, For a description, see Ryvarden &
Johansen 1980: 359.
aquosa, Poria p. 138, 1916 Peradenya.

= Ceriporia xylostromatiodes (Berk.) Ryvarden.
9
endoxantha, Poria, p. 285, 1922, Golinda.
= Rigidoporus vinctus (Berk.) Ryvarden.
gilvoides, Poria p. 138, 1916

= Phellinus cesatii Ryvarden.
= Phellinus gilvoides (Petch) Ryvarden, nomen illegit., non Phellinus gilvoides
(Lloyd) Teng 1943 ) ( = Phellius viticola (Schw.) Donk.
For a description of P. cesatii, see Ryvarden & Johansen 1980: 166.
glaucescens. Poria p. 139, 1916, Hakgala.

= Phellinus glaucescens (Petch) Ryvarden, for a description see Ryvarden &
Johansen 1980:169.
hypobrunnea, Poria p. 137, 1916, Peradenya.

= Rigidoporus vinctus (Berk.) Ryvarden.
imitator, Fomes, p. 285, 1922, Hakgala.

= Daedalea incana (Lév.) Ryvarden.
inonoratus Polyporus, p. 315, 1922, Henaralgada.

= Fomitopsis rhodophaeus (Lev.) Imazeki.
introfuscus,, Polyporus p. 119, 1916, Peradeniya.

= Coriolopsis sanguinaria (Kl.) Ryvarden.
mesoleucus, Fomes, p. 315, 1922,Warriapolla.

= Perenniporia mesoleuca (Petch) Ryvarden, for a description see Ryvarden &
Johansen 1980: 467.
obscurus, Polyporus p. 128, 1916, Peradeniya.

= Nomen illegit., non Kalchbr. 1880.
pallidus, Polyporus p. 134, 1916, Colombo.

= Perenniporia tephropora (Mont.) Ryvarden.
pilosus, Polyporus, p. 126, 1916, Peradeniya.

= Albatrellus pilosus (Petch) Ryvarden, for a description see Ryvarden &
Johansen 1980: 237.
purpureogilva, Poria, p. 138, 1916, Peradeniya.

= Phellinus purpureogilvus (Petch) Ryvarden, for a description see Ryvarden &
Johansen 1980:203.
10
rubescens, Poria, p. 286, 1922, Hakgala.
= Ceriporia rubescens (Petch) Ryvarden comb. nov. Basionym: Poria ubescens
Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 7: 286, 1922. Index Fungorum no 551124.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate; pore surface cream chrome yellow to pale reddish
purplish brown, described as more pure sulphur yellow when fresh, pores angular, 3‑5 per
mm, tubes to 2 mm thick, concolorous with pore surface, subiculum thin, almost absent.
Hyphal system monomitic generative hyphae thin ‑walled, simple‑septate, with moderate
branching, often in right angles, 2.5‑6 μm in diam.
Cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements not seen.
Basidia 12‑18 x .5‑5.5 μm, clavate, 4‑sterigmate.
Basidiospores 4‑5 x 1.5-2 μm, cylindrical and negative in Melzer´s reagent.
Substrata. Unknown hard wood.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Sri Lanka.
Remarks. Undoubtedly, this species belongs in the complex around C. viridans (Berk. &
Broome) Donk, typically with the same spores as in that species. The colour is however
strikingly different from the white to dirty greenish colours seen in specimens of C.
viridans. Superficially it is reminiscent of a resupinate Hapalopilus species, but all species
in that genus have generative hyphae with clamps.
rubrochorda, Poria p.: 204,1917, Peradeniya. Type not found.
sulphurea Poria p.286, 1922.

= Diplomitoporus sulphureus (Petch) Ryvarden, comb. nov. Index Fungorum
no 551125.
Basionym: Poria sulphurea Petch, Ann. Roy. bot. Gdns. Peradeniya 7: 286, 1922.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, effused, up to 0.4 mm thick, margin narrow, whitish
and byssoid, pore surface cork coloured to deep ochraceous, described to be sulphur-
yellow when fresh, pores round, 5-6 per mm, tubes concolorous, to 300 µm deep, context
ochraceous very thin to almost absent.
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps, thin‑walled 2-3 µm wide,
skeletal hyphae, 2-4 μm wide, thick‑walled and non‑amyloid.
Basidia not seen.
Cystidia and other hymenial elements not seen.
Basidiospores 4-5 x 2.5-3.5 broadly ellipsoid.
Substrata. Dead hard wood.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Sri Lanka.
Remarks. The sulphur-yellow colour in fresh condition and the dimitic hyphal system
characterize this species.
violaceocinerascens, Polyporus, p. 127, 1916, Peradeniya.

= Microporellus violaceocinerascens (Petch) A. David & Rajchenb. For a
description, see Ryvarden & Johansen 1980:301.
11
References
Petch, T. 1916: A preliminary list of Ceylon Polypori, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
Peradeniya 6:87-144.
Petch, T. 1917. Additions to Ceylon fungi Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya,
6:195-256.
Petch, T. 1922: Additions to Ceylon Fungi II, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya
7:279-328.
Ryvarden, L. & Johansen, I. 1980: A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa.
Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway.
12
Type studies in Stereum s. lato 5
Species described by M. J. Berkeley
Leif Ryvarden, Biological Institute, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316
OSLO, Norway. leif.ryvarden@bio.uio.no
Abstract
98 species described or transferred by M.J. Berkeley (either alone or with other
mycologists) in Stereum have been studied based on available types. One species is
accepted in Stereum, 45 are redistrubuted to other genera, three names are illegitimate,
and 50 are treated as taxonomic synonyms or the types are indterminate.
The combination Podoscypha pusillum (Berk.) Ryvarden is proposed.
Introduction
M. Berkeley was a prolific mycologist who described a vast number of fungi, some of
them in the genus Stereum.
His generic concept was that which was current in his time, i.e. all pileate to effused
reflexed fungi with a smooth hymenium were described in Stereum.
This and the fact that he never ventured outside England (he was a clergyman, and so
could not leave his parishioners) and never saw the majority of his own species in the
field, accounts for the many synonyms, as is evident from the following list.
The following list includes all species described by Berkeley in Stereum besides species
he described in other genera, but which he or other mycologist later transferred to
Stereum.
All types for Berkeley’s species are in the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Garden,
London (K), and this information is not repeated for each species. In cases where types
were found in addition in other herbaria, this is indicated with the well-known acronyms
for those herbaria ( see http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp ).
My studies in the Kew herbarium were facilitated by the many notes left with the types by
the late Dr. D. A. Reid, previously the senior mycologist and curator of the mycological
herbarium. His] monograph of the stipitate Stereum (Reid 1965) was a landmark in the
effort to sort out the many synonyms and confused species concepts among the 534 names
currently known to be originally described in Stereum or later combined in the genus.
Further J. Bresadola also left notes as to synonymy on many type sheets, which have also
been most valuable and time saving.
The staff at the Kew Herbarium, currently represented by Dr’s B. Dentinger and M.
Ainsworth are warmly thanked for their help, and for making my many visits to the
herbarium both mycologically profitable and enjoyable.
13
Dr. Peter Roberts and Dr. David Pegler, both previously connected to the herbarium have
both contributed considerably to my mycological competence and I thank them also for
their efforts and enthusiasm.
Nick Legon and Alick Henrici who compiled the British checklist of Basidiomycetes,
have always been kind and patient in helping with my somewhat primitive and not always
accurate use of the English language. Their support is deeply acknowledged.
The species are arranged alphabetically, according to the specific epithet.
List of species
aculeatum, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 4:32, 1913.
= Podoscypha aculeata (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Boidin.
affine, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Henn., Hedwigia 43:198,1904.
= Nomen illegit., non Leveille 1844.
albo-cinctum, Stereum Berk. & Broome,. Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14:66, 1875.
= Scytinostroma albo-cinctum (Berk. & Broome) Boidin & Lanq.
alliciens, Stereum Berk. & Cooke, Jour. Linn. Soc. 15:389. 1876.
= Eichleriella alliciens (Berk. & Cooke) Burt.
alutaceum, Stereum Berk.. & Cooke, Jour. Linn. Soc. 15:388. 1877.
= Cotylidia aurantica (Pers.) Welden.
annosum, Stereum Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14, 67. 1874.
= Xylobolus princeps (Jungh.) Boidin.
archeri, Stereum Berk., Fl. Tasm. 2:259, 1860.
= Stereum illudens Berk.
bizonatum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:163, 1873.
= Dendrophoira albobadia (Schw. ex Fr.) Chamuris.
cacao, Stereum Berk. Hook., J. Bot. 6:169. 1854.
= Hymenochaete cacao (Berk.) Berk.
calyculus, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Bot.1:238, 1849.
= Pseudocraterellus calyculus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid.
caperatum, Stereum (Berk.& Mont.) Berk., J.Linn.Soc.18:385, 1881.
= Cymatoderma caperatum (Berk. & Mont.) D. A. Reid.
coffearum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:164. 1873.
= Laxitextum bicolor (Schw. : Fr.) Lentz.
coffearum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:332. 1869.
= Dendrothele albobadium (Schw. : Fr.) Chanuris.
concolor, Stereum Berk., Fl. Tas. 2:259. 1860.
= Nomen illegit. non Mont. 1841 (= Stereum versicolor (Swartz) Fr.).
= name changed to Stereum tasmanicum Sacc.
contrarium, Stereum Berk., Jour. Linn. Soc. 16:52. 1878.
coriaceum, Stereum (Berk. & Broome) Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Perad.
9:138,1924.
= Stereum versicolor (Sw.) Fr.
14
cristatum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:163, 1873.
= Podoscypha cristata (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid.
curtisii, Stereum Berk., Grevillea 1:164, 1873.
= Hymenochaete curtisii (Berk.) Morgan.
cyphelloides, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10:331, 1869.
= Cyphellostereum pusiolum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid.
dissitum, Stereum Berk., Grevillea 1:164, 1873.
= Lopharia cinerascens (Schw.) G. Cunn.
duriusculum, Stereum Berk. & Broome J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14:66, 1873.
= Scytinostroma duriusculum (Berk. & Bres.) Donk.
effusum, Stereum Berk., J. Linn. Soc. 16:44. 1876.
= Insect eaten old polypore, teste Bresadola in K.
elevatum, Stereum Berk. & Cooke, J. Linn. Soc. 15:388. 1877.
= Amauroderma partitium (Berk.) Wakef.
endocrocinum, Stereum Berk. Hooker Journ. Bot.. 1854, p. 169.
= Perplexostereum endocrocinum (Berk.) Tutka & Ryvarden,
See Synopsis Fungorum 32:75, 2014 for a description and colour pictures of
fresh specimen from Nepal.
ferreum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc. 10:332, 1869.
= Amylostereum ferreum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Boidin & Lanq.
fissum, Stereum Berk., Hooker Jour. Bot.8:273, 1856.
= Inflatostereum glabrum (Lév.) D. A. Reid.
fulvo-nitens, Stereum Berk., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 9:198. 1852.
= Podoscypha fulvo-nitens (Berk.) D. A. Reid.
galeottii, Stereum Berk., Jour. Bot. 3:15, 1851.
= Stereum versicolor (Sw..Fr.) Fr.
glabrescens, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:330. 1869.
=Podoscypha glabrescens (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid.
hispidulum, Stereum (Berk.) G. Cunn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. South Wales 77:284.
1953.
= Punctularia strigoso-zonatum (Schw.) Talbot.
hydrophorum, Stereum Berk., Hooker London Jour. Bot. 8:273, 1856.
= Aquaschypha hydrophora (Berk.) D. A. Reid.
illudens, Stereum Berk., Lond. Jour. Bot. 4:59, 1845.
= accepted in Stereum s. str.
induratum, Stereum Berk., Jour. Linn. Soc. 16:44, 1878.
= Scytinostroma albo-cinctum (Berk. & Broome) Boidin.
insulare, Stereum Berk. & Broome, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.14: 66, 1875.
= Vararia sp. The type is old and sterile.
kunzei, Stereum Berk., Jour. Linn. Soc. 15:51. 1877.
= Hymenochaete sp. The type is sterile and in bad condition.
laetum, Stereum Berk., Jour. Acad. Phila. Ser. 2, 2:279, 1853.
= Hymenochaete luteo-badia (Fr.) Höhnel & Litschauer, see Leger
1998:185.
15
lamellatum, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Wakef. in Sarasin & Roux
„Nova Caldonia“ Botany, 1: 100, 1920.
= Cymatoderma elegans Jungh.
latissimum, Stereum Berk., Flora N. Z. 2:183, 1855.
= Type not found.
lepra, Stereum Berk. & Broome Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14:67. 1875.
= Dendrothele lepra (Berk. & Broome) Lemke.
leveilleanum, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Ravenel, Grevillea 1:163, 1873
= Eichleriella leveilleana (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Burt.
lilacino-fuscum, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Lloyd, Lloyd Mycol. Writ. 5: L
68:8, 1918.
= Corticium lilacino-fuscum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:180,1873.
= Dendrocorticium roseocarnum (Schw.) Larsen & Gilbn.
micheneri, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:162, 1873.
= Chondrostereum purpurem (Pers.) Pouzar.
minimum, Stereum (Berk. & Broome) Lloyd, Lloyd Mycol. Writ. 4:36, 1913.
= Cylindrobasidium evolvens (Fr.) Jül.
moricola, Stereum Berk., Grevillea 1:162, 1873.
= Lopharia cinerascens (Schw.) G. Cunn.
moselei, Stereum Berk., Jour. Linn. Soc. 16:48. 1878.
= Podoscypha moselei (Berk.) D. A. Reid.
multizonatum, Stereum (Berk. & Broome) Massee, J. Linn. Soc. 27:167,1890.
= Podoscypha multizonata (Berk. & Broome) Pat.
murrayii, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.
7:131,1920.
= Cystostereum murrayii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Pouzar.
nicaraguense, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Proc. Am. Acad. 4:123. 1860.
= Porostereum crassum (Lev.) Hjorst. & Ryvarden.
nitidulum, Stereum Berk. Lond. Jour. Bot. 2:638, 1843.
= Podoscypha nitidula (Berk.) Pat.
obliquum, Stereum Mont. & Berk .Hooker Lond. J. Bot. 3:334,1844.
= Podoscypha pusillum (Berk.) Ryvarden, see next page.
partitum, Stereum Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14:65, 1873.
= Inflatostereum glabrum (Lev.) D. A. Reid.
percome, Stereum Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc. 14:65, 1873.
= Porostereum friesii (Lev.) Hjorstst. & Ryvarden.
pergameneum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:161,1873.
= Podoscypha ravenelii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Pat.
perlatum, Stereum Berk., Lond. Jour. Bot. 1:153. 1842.
petalodes, Stereum Berk. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 9:198, 1852.
= Podoscypha petalodes (Berk.) Pat.
phaeum, Stereum Berk., Flora N. Z. 2:183. 1855.
= Hymenochaete villosa (Lev.) Bres.
16
pictum, Stereum Berk. ex Massee, J. Linn. Soc. 27:185. 1890.
portentosum, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Cooke.
= Scytinostroma portentosum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Donk.
proliferum, Stereum (Berk.) Lloyd, Lloyd Myc. Writ. 4:554,1913.
= Scytinopogon scaber (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid.
prolificans, Stereum Berk., Jour. Linn. Soc. 16:41. 1878.
= Podoscypha involuta (Kl.) Imazeki.
pruinatum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:332. 1869.
= Peniophora pruinata (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Burt.
pusillum, Stereum Berk. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10:381,1842.
= Podoscypha pusillum (Berk.) Ryvarden, comb nov. basionym as cited on the
line above. Type examined in herb. K. Index Fung. No 551121
Reid (1965:268) admits that Stereum pusillum has priority over a number of
other names he lists, but argues that ” this name is based on an abnormal specimen which
is not typical of the taxon as a whole, although it undoubtedly belongs to it”.
I agree with Reid after having examined the type in Kew, it is beyond doubt
that what he has described as Podoscypha venustula (Speg.) D. A. Reid is the same thing.
Since the taxonomy is clear, it is not acceptable according to the International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants.(Melbourne Code) 2012, reject a name because
the type specimen does not conform to the general shape of basidiocarps in the taxon.
pusiolum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:330,1869.
= Cyphellostereum pusiolum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid.
quisquiliare, Stereum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Lloyd Mycol. Writ. 4:36,1913.
= Cotylidia aurantiaca (Pers.) Welden.
radiatofissum, Stereum Berk. & Bres., Trans. Linn. Soc., II, 2:63. 1883.
radicans, Stereum (Berk.) Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 7:108, 1920.
= Stereopsis radicans (Berk.) D. A. Reid.
rameale, Stereum (Berk.) Mass. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27:187, 1890.
= Stereum ochraceo-flavum (Schw.) Ellis.
ravenelii, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:162. May 1873.
= Podoscypha ravenelii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Pat.
rhabarbarinum, Stereum (Berk. & Broome) Wakef. , Kew. Bull.1915, p. 370,
1915.
= Xylobolus princeps (Jungh.) Boidin, teste Bres. in K.
rimosum, Stereum Berk. Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. 3:169,1851.
rivulorum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:330. 1869.
= Cyphellostereum rivulorum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. A. Reid.
ruberrimum, Stereum Berk. &. Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 67, 1873.
= old dead lichen sp.
rugosiusculum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:162, 1873.
= Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.:Fr.) Pouzar
schomburgkii, Stereum Berk. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 13:168, 1873.
17
= Porostereum spadiceum (Pers.:Fr.) Hjortst. & Ryvarden.
scriblitum, Stereum Berk. & Cooke, Grevillea 7:102, 1879.
= Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) Fr.
scytale, Stereum Berk,. Hook. Jour. 1854: 170, 1854.
= Xylobolus semipileatus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Boidin.
seriatum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:332, 1869.
= Dendrothele seriata (Berk. & M. A. M. A. Curtis) Lemke.
simulans, Stereum Berk. & Broome, Trans. Linn. Soc., II 2:64. 1883.
sowerbyii, Stereum Berk., Flora Nov. Zeland. 2:182,1855.
= Cotylidia pannosa (Sow.:Fr.) D. A. Reid.
sparsum, Stereum Berk., J. Linn. Soc. 13:169, 1873.
= Aleurodiscus sparsus (Berk) Hõhn. & Litsch., for a description, see Nunez &
Ryvarden 1997:127.
spathulatum, Stereum Berk., Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc 8:274. 1856.
= Microporellus obovatus (Jungh.) Ryvarden.
spongiaepes, Stereum Berk., J. Linn. Soc. 18:385, 1881.
= Cymatoderma elegans Jungh.
stratosum, Stereum Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 5. 12:374. 1883.
= Stereum rugosum Pers.
subcruentatum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Proc. Am. Acad. 4:123. 1860.
= Aleurocystidiellum subcruentatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Lemke.
subpileatum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Hookers J. Bot. 1:238, 1849.,
= Xylobolus subpileatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Boidin.
subpurpurascens, Stereum Berk. & Broome, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 14: 66, 1875.
= Hymenochaete subpurpurascens (Berk. & Broome) Massee, for a description,
see Leger 1998:268.
sulphuratum, Stereum Berk. & Ravenel, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:331,1869.
tenerrimum, Stereum Berk. & Ravenel, Grevillea 1:162,1873.
= Cotylidia undulata (Fr.) P. Karst.
tenuissimum, Stereum Berk., Lond. Jour. Bot. 6:510-511. 1847.
= Hymenochaete rheicolor Mont.
thozetii, Stereum Berk. J. Linn. Soc. 18:385, 1881.
= Podoscypha thozetii (Berk) Boidin.
thwaitesii, Stereum (Berk. & Broome) Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya
9:134 1924.
= Stereopsis radicans (Berk) D. A. Reid.
triste, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:332. 1869.
= Ustulina sp. teste Bres. in K.
tuba, Stereum Berk. & Broome, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 14: 65, 1873.
= Calyptella sp. (Cyphellaceae), teste D. A. Reid 1962:140.
umbrinum, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:164, 1873.
= Nomen illegit, non Fr. 1846.
vellereum, Stereum Berk. Fl. Nov.Zeal. 2:183, 1855.
18
versiforme, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 1:164, 1873.
= Dendrophora versiforme (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Chamuris.
vespilloneum, Stereum B., Bot. Jour. Linn. Soc. 16:44. 1878.
= Podoscypha involuta (Kl.) Imazeki.
vibrans, Stereum Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:332. 1869.
= Porostereum vibrans (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Ryvarden.
References
Leger, J.-C. 1998: Le genere Hymenochaete Leveille. Bibl. Mycol. 171:1-319.
Nunez, M. & Ryvarden, L. 1997: The genus Aleurodiscus (Basidiomycotina) Synopsis
Fung. 12:1-164.
Reid, D. A. 1965: A monograph of the stipitate stereoid fungi. Beiheft Nova Hedw. 18:1-
382.
Ryvarden, L. & Tutka 2014: Perplexostereum, nov. gen. Synopsis Fung. 32. 72-75.
19
Notes on Homobasidiomycetes from
St. Helena
Leif Ryvarden
Institute of biological sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316
Oslo, Norway. leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no.
&
Karl-Henrik Larsson
Museum of Natural History, University of Oslo, P. O Box 1172, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo,
Norway. k.h.Larsson@nhm.uio.no
Abstract
4Ascomycetes, 39 Homobasidiomycetes and 6 Myxomycetes are reported from St.
Helena including the two only species previously reported form the island.
Introduction
St. Helena is one of the most isolated islands in the world with a distance of 1800 km
to the African mainland in Angola and 3260 km to the eastern coast of Brazil in South
America. The island is of volcanic organ and arose on the mid-Atlantic ridge some 14
million years ago. In contrast to many other islands along the same rift which still are
active, Iceland being the most prominent example, it soon became extinct and drifted
eastwards towards Africa on the African tectonic plate (P. & M. Ashmole 2000).
Over millions of years it was invaded by plants, birds and insets, and when the Portuguese
discovered the island in 1502, it was lush green and more or less covered with forests. The
history from then is the familiar one with continuous destruction of the natural vegetation
and introduction of foreign trees and plants and the inevitable rats. Today there are only
tiny spots remaining of the original vegetation, especially around Dianna Peak, 725 m,
the highest point on the island, where ferns and some low bushes still may give the visitor
a glimpse of the former vegetation. It took over 250 years with colonization before a
botanist came the island and started collecting and registration of what was left of the
original flora. We do not know of course how many epiphytes and smaller plants went
extinct when the forest were cut down for timber or to open grasslands. Those interested
in the natural history of the island are referred to the excellent “St Helena and Ascension
Island: A natural history” by P. & M. Ashmole (2000).
The only report of fungi from the island is that of Mellis (1875) who during his
stay on the island collected a single polypore and a Xylaria sp. They were handed over
to M. J. Berkeley at Kew, who named them Polyporus induratus Berk. and Hypoxylon
mellissii Berk., respectively. The polypore was later named Antrodiella induratus (Berk.)
Ryvarden) while the Hypoxylon today is known as Xylaria mellissii (Berk.) Cooke. After
having seen the type of Polyporus induratus in the Kew Fungarium, one of us (LR) felt it
could be interesting to visit St. Helena to see whether Melliss polypore still was present
20
on the island. An investigation into the mycota could well shed light on how fungi are
able to invade remote islands.
In February 2014 one of us (LR) visited the island for a week and made 217 collections.
Back home the specimens where sorted according to systematic groups, and those
different from polypores and corticoid specimens were sent to specialists who are
indicated in the following.
St. Helena is a small island and collecting sites are given by name only, as they will easily
be found on the map of the island: St. Helena, Series G 891, 1: 25 000.
The following localities were visited with dates and collections numbers:
Boers graveyard, 1. February 49387- 401.
Diana´s Peak, 2. February 49402 - 428.
Scotland Agriculture Station 3. February 49429 - 508.
Peak Dale, 4. February 49504 - 440.
Plantation House 5. February 49541 - 575.
Thomson´s wood 6. February 49576 - 602.
In citing the collections numbers, only the three last digits are given since they all are of
the 49 000 series.
Determinations not done by the authors, are acknowledged with names and their
affiliation. Unless otherwise indicated, all collections were made on unidentified hard
woods. All collections are deposited in the Kew Herbarium, London (K), while some
duplicates are retained in the Oslo University Herbarium (O).
Ascomycetes
Determined by Dr. Thomas Læssøe, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Xylaria globosa (Spreng.:Fr.) Mont., 420, 489, 586.
X. mellissii (Berk.) Cooke, Melliss 1875.
Kretzchmaria sp. 429, 516.
Rosellinia cfr subiculata Schwein.) Sacc., 581.
Basidiomycetes
Agaricales
Determined by Dr. Thomas Læssøe, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
At arrival at St. Helena it had not rained for about 10 days and did not so during the
stay. Thus, the conditions for development of agarics where not the best, and only a few
collections were made.
Hohenbuehelia sp. 447.
Hypholoma fasciculare (Hudson) Kunner, 472, rather common and observed in most of
the visited localities.
Flammulaster siparius (Fr.) Watling, 449.
Marasmiellus sp. On Bambusa, 390.
21
Cyphellaceae
Henningsomcyes puber (W. B. Cooke) D. A. Reid, 396, on hard wood, 528, on
Commelidendron robustum,
Determined by Dr. R. Agerer, Botanische Samlung, Münic, Germany.
Favolaschia calocera P. Henn., 407, 467, 585, on Erythrina caffra.
Polyporaceae
Antrodiella induratus (Berk.) Ryvarden, Mellis 1875.
Physisporinus sanguinolentus (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Pilat, 466 on Pinus sp., 505 on
Commelidendron robustum.
Trametes pavonia (Hooker) Ryvarden, 410.
T. vespacea (Pers.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov., 488.
Corticiaceae s.lato
Amyloxenasma allantospora (Oberw.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, 579, on Lachanodes
arbórea.
Asterostroma muscicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Massee, 444, 587, on Erythrina caffra..
Athelopsis lembospora (Bourdot) Oberw., on Dicksoniasp.
Gloeocystidiellum sp. 540.
Hypochnicium rickii Hjortst. & Ryvarden, 430, 582.
Hyphoderma eucalyptii Dumas & Telleria, 519.
H. praetermissum (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Strid, 389, on Bambusa sp..
H. puberum (Fr.) Wallroth, 435.
H. setigerum (fr.) Donk, 388, 425, 473, on Bambusa sp., 512 on Erythrina caffra, 549.
Hyphodonta alutaria (Burt) J. Erikss., 484.
H. pallidula (Bres.) J. Erikss., 518, 596 on Erythrina caffra.
H. sambuci (Pers.) J. Erikss., 421, 493.
Leptosporomyces fuscostratus (Bourd & Galzin) Jülich 399, on Pinus sp.
Leuocogyrophana romellii Ginns, 453.
Phlebia radiata Fr., 415.
P. rufa (Pers.) M.P.Christ., 432, 527.
P. subochracea (Alb. & Schwein.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden, 462.
Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich 392, on Pinus sp., 492, 569, on Bambusa sp.
Resinicium friabile Hjortstam & Melo, 393, on Pinus sp., 500, on fern, 571, on Dicksonia
sp.
Schizopora flavipora (Cooke) Ryvarden, 387.
S. trichiliae (Van der Byl) Ryvarden, 49441, 49490, 49498, 49551 and 49558.
The specimens of this taxon were first assumed to represent a new species because of
their distinct pileate shape not seen in the mainland African specimens. However, a
DNA sequencing showed them however to represent the species given above, which was
originally described from South Africa.
Scopuloides hydnoides ( Cooke & Massee) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, 479, 524.
Subulicystidium longisporum (Pat.) Parmasto, 521.
Trechispora farinacea (Pers.) Liberta, s. lato, 507, 589, on Erythrina caffra.
22
T. nívea (Pers.) T. H. Larss. 508.
Tubulicrinis calothrix (Pat.) Donk, 398, 462, on Pinus sp.
Coniophoraceae
Coniophora puteana (Fr.) P. Karst. 451, on Pinus sp.
Hymenochaetaceae
Hymenochaete opaca Burt, 395, on Pinus sp., 515, on Commelidendron robustum, 558.
Myxomycetes
Determined by E. Johannessen, Research Administration, Medical Faculty, Univerity of
Oslo.
Lycogala epidendron (L.) Fr., 439.
Cribraria cancellata (Batsch) Nann.-Bremek., 443.
Arcyria obvelata (Oeder) Onsberg, 476.
Stemonitis splendens Rostaf., 535.
Hemitrichia calyculata (Speg.) M. L. Farr., 591.
Reticularia jurana Meyl., 602.
Discussion
It is obvious from the list that the human activity with import of goods over 400 years
has made an impact on the mycota of the island. Especially among the corticoid species
there are many with a worldwide distribution, this being especially true for those
registered on Pinus spp, a tree that is extensively planted on the island. Since the genus is
ectomycorhizzal it is necessary to bring in the plants in soil to secure that the mycological
companions are present. Probably a number of the Pinus- connected species have arrived
in this way. The same situation is present in Zimbabwe, where it a number of Pinus
connected species were registered, over 8000 km from the nearest natural Pinus forest (
Masuka & Ryvarden 1992).
A striking point in the list is the small number of polypores, and the total lack of poroid
representatives from the Hymenochaetaceae. From this family only the resupinate
Hymenochaete opaca was found. Further, no Stereum sp. were found. This is remarkable
since the genus is so widespread in both South America and Africa and where the
basidiocarps are very well adapted to withstand adverse climatic conditions, especially
fairly long dry periods.
Only two species, i.e. Hymenochaete opaca and Hypochnicium rickii have a specific
American tropical distribution. The former was described from Jamaica (Leger 1998:205),
the latter from Brazil (Hjortstam & Ryvarden 1982) S. trichilae is the only species with an
exclusive tropical African distribution that was registered on the island.
23
Acknowledgements
LR deeply acknowledge valuable support from Terrestrial Conservation Officer Lourens
Malan from the government of St. Helena. He showed and drove me to suitable places for
collecting. Without his enthusiasm the list of species would have been much shorter.
Drs. Thomas Læssøe, Copenhagen University, R. Agerer, Botanische Staatssamlung,
Münic and Edwin Johanessen, University of Oslo have kindly determined specimens from
their own specialist groups, and we are grateful for their help.
References
Ashmole P. & A. 2000: St. Helena and Ascension Island: a natural history.
Anthony Nelson, England, 350 pp.
Hjortstam, K. & Ryvarden, L. 1982: Studies in tropical Corticiaceae
(Basidiomycetes) IV. Type studies in taxa described by J. Rick. Mycotaxon 15:261-276.
Langer, E. 1994: Die Gattung Hyphodontia John Eriksson. Biblio. Mycologia
154:1-298.
Leger, J.-C. 1998: Le genre Hymenochaete Léveillé. Biblio. Mycologia 171 :1-
319. Masuka, A. & Ryvarden, L. 1992: Aphyllophorales on Pinus and Eucalyptus in
Zimbabwe. Mycotaxon 44: 243-250.
Mellis, J. C. 1875: St. Helena, A physical, Historical and Topographical
description of the island, including Geology, Fauna, Flora and Meteorology, L. Reeve &
Co, London, 380 pp.
24
Notes on heterobasidiomycetes of
St. Helena
Viacheslav Spirin*, Leif Ryvarden1 & Otto Miettinen*
*Botanical Museum, , P. O. Box 7, Fin-00014 Helsinki University, Finland,
1
Leif Ryvarden, Institute Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 OSLO,
Norway
Abstract
In total, 7 species of heterobasidiomycetes are reported for the first time from St. Helena.
A new genus Dendrogloeon (Auricularilaes) is introduced for the new species D. helenae
based on both DNA and morphological data. Saccoblastia media, sp. nova, is the sole
representative of the Pucciniomycotina, so far found in the study area.
Introduction
This paper summarizes the first data on heterobasidiomycetes of St. Helena.
Material and methods

Eighteen specimens of heterobasidiomycetes were collected by one of us ( LR) in
February 2014. They are preserved in herbarium K, with some duplicates in H. Collecting
localities are listed in Ryvarden (2015). DNA and morphological methods follow
Miettinen et al. (2012).
Species list
Calocera furcata (Fr.) Fr.,

Specimens: LR 49525, 49573, 49457, 49478, 49509.
C. furcata is characterized by sparsely branched, orange basidiocarps and 1–3-septate
spores; hyphae are clampless. It is distributed in Europe and Asia (McNabb 1965a, Reid
1974) and evidently prefers gymnosperm hosts. Its presence on St. Helena may be a result
of the human-induced introduction.
Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein.) Martin,

Specimens: LR 49584, 49430, 49456.
D. spathularia is considered as a widely distributed species with spathulate basidiocarps,
clampless hyphae and 2-celled mature spores (McNabb 1965b). However, it is possible
that it represents a species complex; McNabb (1965b) and Lowy (1971) listed many
species names currently regarded as synonyms of D. spathularia.
25
Dendrogloeon Spirin & Miettinen, gen. nov.
Ab genero simile Basidiodenron basidiae magniori et ovoidei differt. Index Fung. No
551113.
Basidiocarps corticioid, arid. Hyphal structure monomitic. Hymenium consists of
gloeocystidia, dendrohyphidia and ovoid, four-celled basidia. Basidiospores broadly
ellipsoid to subglobose, thin-walled, repetitive. On hardwood; presumably causes a white
rot.
Type species: Dendrogloeon helenae Spirin, Ryvarden & Miettinen.
The genus is described to encompass the single species, Dendrogloeon helenae (see
description and discussion below).
Dendrogloeon helenae Spirin, Ryvarden & Miettinen, sp. nova – Fig. 1
Effusus, corticioideus. Systema hypharum monomiticum; hyphae fibulatae.

Dendrohyphidia and gloeocystidia adsunt. Basidia ovoideae, 18–27 × 10–13 μm.
Basidiosporae lato ellipsoideae vel subglobosae, 8–10.5 × 6.5–8.5 μm. Index Fung. No
551114.
Holotype. St. Helena. Plantation House, on hardwood, 5.II.2014 Ryvarden 49580 (K,
isotype H).
Basidiocarps resupinate, grayish white, tough ceraceous, 0.03–0.05 mm thick, margin
indistinct. Hymenial surface smooth, margin not differentiated. Hyphal structure
monomitic, hyphae clamped. Subicular hyphae very densely arranged and partly
glued together, slightly thick-walled, faintly cyanophilous, 3–4 μm in diam. Tramal
/ subhymenial hyphae densely arranged, thin-walled, 2–3 μm in diam. Gloeocystidia
abundant, narrowly clavate, 22–28 × 5–8 μm (n = 10/1), with brownish, strongly
cyanophilous content. Dendrohyphidia abundant, richly dichotomously branched, 1–2.5
μm in diam., embedded or slightly projecting, in some parts apically encrusted by
rosette-like or stellate crystals. Basidia obovate, four-celled, (18.3–) 18.4–26.2 (–26.9) ×
(9.7–) 9.8–12.7 (–13.0) μm, slightly thick-walled (wall 0.3–0.5 μm thick), guttulate, with
rather thick and straight, mostly blunt sterigmata up to 11 × 5 μm. Basidiospores broadly
ellipsoid to subglobose, thin-walled, (8.1–) 8.3–10.3 (–10.4) × (6.2–) 6.5–8.3 (–9.2) μm,
L = 9.23, W = 7.53, Q’ = (1.1–) 1.2–1.4 (–1.5), Q = 1.23 (n = 20/1), with large central oil
drop, inamyloid, acyanophilous.
D. helenae is so far known only from the type locality. Both nLSU and ITS sequences
of this species give no close matches in GenBank. D. helenae is undoubtedly a member
of the Auriculariales but it is very distant from other genera possessing similar
morphological characters. The presence of gloeocystidia and almost subglobose spores
brings Basidiodendron to mind, but species of the latter genus have thin-walled, shorter,
broadly urniform or subglobose basidia, which collapse and form involucre-like structures
in older basidiocarps (Luck-Allen 1963, Wells & Raitviir 1975). The sole representative
of Bourdotia, B. galzinii, has stalked (petiolate) basidia and a well-developed epihymenial
layer consisting of densely arranged hyphidia (Wells & Raitviir 1975, Weiss &
Oberwinkler 2001). No gloeocystidiate species are known in Exidiopsis; however, the
latter genus is highly artificial in morphological terms and certainly polyphyletic.
26
Fig. 1. Dendrogloeon helenae (from the holotype): hymenial cells and basidiospores.
Scale bar = 10 μm.
Heterochaete inconspicua P. Roberts coll.

Specimens: LR 49514, 49583
Resupinate, grayish, semitranslucent, ceraceous, up to 0.05 mm thick, margin indistinct.
Hymenial surface covered by dense, irregularly arranger hyphal pegs (“spines”) up to
70 × 60 μm, 8–9 per mm. Hyphal structure monomitic, hyphae clamped, 2.5–3.5 μm in
diam., thin- or slightly thick-walled, very densely arranged and abundantly encrusted
(mineralized) in hyphal pegs. Cystidia rare, thin- or slightly thick-walled, clavate, up to
30 × 7 μm. Hyphidia present, richly branched, not encrusted, 1–2 μm in diam., embedded
or slightly projecting. Basidia globose to obovate, four-celled, 11–13.5 × 9–11 μm (n =
10/1), guttulate, with straight sterigmata up to 10 × 2 μm. Basidiospores thick cylindrical,
germinating, (8.8–) 9.5–12.4 (–12.9) × (4.2–) 4.3–5.3 (–5.7) μm, L = 10.99, W = 4.75, Q’
= (2.0–) 2.1–2.6 (–2.7), Q = 2.32 (n = 20/1), with oily content, evenly curved (ventral side
concave).
27
H. inconspicua was described from the British Virgin Islands based on a single collection
(Roberts 2008). Two of our collections correspond with the original description in all
essential details although their spores are slightly longer and wider (9–11 × 3.5–4 μm in
the type, Roberts 2008). Further studies are needed for clarifying their conspecificy with
H. inconspiqua sensu typi.
Heterochaete shearii (Burt) Burt,

Specimens: LR 49412, 49469.
Resupinate, light brownish-gray, arid, up to 0.2 mm thick, margin abrupt. Hymenial

surface covered by dense, irregularly arranger hyphal pegs (“spines”) 90–120 × 30–50
μm, 6–7 per mm. Hyphal structure monomitic, hyphae clamped, 2–3.5 μm in diam., thick-
walled and brownish in subiculum, thin- or only slightly thick-walled and hyaline in trama
and subhymenium, densely arranged and glued by brownish substance in hyphal pegs.
Crystals occasionally present on hyphal pegs. Cystidia abundant, thin- or slightly thick-
walled, clavate, 26–46 × 6.7–8.4 μm. Hyphidia present, sparsely to richly dichotomously
branched, 1.5–3 μm in diam., embedded or slightly projecting. Basidia subglobose to
broadly ovoid, constantly two-celled, 10–16 × 9–11 μm (n = 10/1), guttulate, with long,
straight sterigmata up to 30 × 2–3.5 μm; a few basidia stalked-clavate, up to 30 μm long
from the basal clamp. Basidiospores thick cylindrical, germinating, (11.8–) 12.2–16.1
(–16.2) × (5.0–) 5.3–6.5 (–6.6) μm, L = 14.40, W = 5.91, Q’ = (2.0–) 2.1–2.7 (–2.8), Q =
2.44 (n = 30/1), with oily content, ventral side concave or rarely almost flat.
H. shearii is recognizable due to arid (non-gelatinized) brownish basidiocarps and two-
celled basidia. Our specimens fit well with its descriptions given by Bodman (1952),
Lowy (1971) and Roberts (2001). H. shearii is a tropical species; it was earlier reported
from both North and South America, the Pacific (Bodman 1952, Lowy 1971, Roberts
2003, 2006, 2008), Africa (Cameroon – Roberts 2001) and Azores (Roberts & Spooner
2004).
Saccoblastia media Spirin, Ryvarden & Miettinen, sp. nova – Fig. 2

S. sphaerosporae similis, sed cystidiis hyphoideis obtusis vel acutatis et sporis ellipsoideis
8.2–11 × 6.3–8.2 μm. Index Fung.. No 551115.
Holotype. St. Helena. Scotland Research Station, on hardwood, 3.II.2014 Ryvarden 49436
(K, isotype H).
Basidiocarps resupinate, cream-colored, hypochnoid, covering several cm, up to 0.3 mm
thick, margin pruinose. Hymenial surface smooth. Hyphal structure monomitic, hyphae
clamped. Subicular hyphae loosely arranged, slightly thick-walled (wall up to 1 μm),
fainly cyanophilous, (5.8–) 6.8–8.7 (–9.0) μm in diam. (n = 10/1). Tramal / subhymenial
hyphae thin-walled, easily collapsing, 4–7 μm in diam. Cystidia long, hyphoid with
obtuse or sharpened apex, 52–113 × 6.3–7.9 μm (n = 10/1), slightly thick-walled (wall up
to 0.5 μm thick). Basidia with oil droplets; probasidia bladder-shaped, 16–23 × 7.2–10.7
μm (n = 10/1), metabasidia narrowly cylindrical, 4-celled, 41–76 × 5.3–7.0 μm (n = 10/1),
with short and rather sharp sterigmata 4.5–6 × 1.5–2 μm; sterigmata of the last cell almost
apical. Basidiospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, some clearly tapering to the apiculus,
28
Fig. 2. Saccoblastia media (from the holotype): basidia, basidiospores, cystidia.
Scale bar = 10 μm.
(8.1–) 8.2–11.0 (–11.1) × (6.2–) 6.3–8.2 (–9.0) μm, L = 9.66, W = 7.28, Q’ = (1.2–) 1.3–
1.5 (–1.6), Q = 1.33 (n = 30/1), with oily content, apiculus thick and blunt, up to 1 × 3 μm.
S. media is so far known from the type locality. Morphologically, the most similar species
is the lectotype of Saccoblastia, S. sphaerospora A. Möller (selected by Kisimova-
Horovitz et al. 2000). The latter species lacks cystidia and its spores are globose and
smaller (6–8 μm in diam. – Lowy 1971). Helicogloea variabilis from Brazil (Wells 1990)
and H. globispora from Taiwan (Wu & Chen 2000) have spores of the same size as S.
media but they both are acystidiate species; moreover, H. variablis possesses no clamps.
Donk (1966) and Jülich (1976) considered Saccoblastia as a genus different from
Helicogloea (the opposite view was presented by Baker 1936 and, partly, by Lowy 1971);
however, the morphological differences are rather subtle (see Kirschner 2004 for further
29
comments). We address our new species to Saccoblastia based on such morphological
characters as floccose basidiocarps and a presence of clamps. However, recent DNA-
based studies of the Atractiellomycetes (Pucciniomycotina) (Bauer et al. 2006, Aime et
al. 2006) revealed that the generic division in this group is much more complicated and
should be completely reconsidered.
Stypella glaira (Lloyd) Roberts coll.

Specimens: LR 49417, 49418, 49594.
Resupinate, semitranslucent, very thin (ca. 0.02 – 0.03 mm thick) and almost invisible
by the naked eye. Hymenial surface smooth or covered by scattered tubercles or
spines. Hyphal structure monomitic, hyphae clamped, 1.5–2 μm in diam., thin-walled.
Cystidia absent. Hyphidia few, simple or scarcely branched, 1–1.5 μm in diam. Basidia
pedunculate (myxarioid), 4-celled, basal part stalk-shaped, 3–8 μm long, apical part ovoid
to subglobose, 8–11 × 7–9 μm (n = 10/1), guttulate, with short sterigmata up to 7 × 2.5
μm. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, (5.1–) 5.2–7.1 (–7.2) × (4.1–) 4.2–5.5
(–5.8) μm, L = 5.97, W = 4.82, Q’ = (1.1–) 1.2–1.4 (–1.5), Q = 1.24 (n = 30/1), with a
large central oil drop, ventral side more or less disctinctly convex.
The three specimens citec above possess identical morphological features which put them
in the vicinity of S. glaira from the northern hemisphere. The latter species has a long list
of synonyms and its spore variation is wide (Roberts 1998).
References
Aime C.M., Matheny P.B., Henk D.A., Frieders E.M., Nilsson R.H., Piepenbring M.,
McLaughlin D.J., Szabo L.J., Begerow D., Sampaio J.P., Bauer R., Weiss M., Oberwinkler
F. & Hibbett D.
2006: An overview of the higher-level classification of Pucciniomycotina based on
combined analyses of nuclear large and small subunit rDNA sequences. – Mycologia 98:
896–905.
Baker G.E. 1936: A study of genus Helicogloea. – Ann. Missouri Bot. Gdn. 23: 69–129.
Bauer R., Begerow D., Sampaio J.P., Weiss M. & Oberwinkler F. 2006: The simple-
septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis. – Mycol. Progress 5: 41–66.
Bodman M.C. 1952: A taxonomic study of the genus Heterochaete. – Lloydia 15:
193–233.
Donk M.A. 1966: Check list of European Hymenomycetous Heterobasidiae. – Persoonia
4: 145–335.
Jülich W. 1976: Zur Morphologie von Saccoblastia pinicola and S. sebacea. – Persoonia
9: 39–48.
Kirschner R. 2004: Sporodochial anamorphs of species of Helicogloea. – In: Agerer R. et
al. (eds.).
Frontiers in Basidiomycote Mycology. Eching, IHW-Verlag. P. 165–178.
Kisimova-Horovitz L., Oberwinkler F. & Gómez L.D. 2000: Basidiomicetos resupinados
de Costa
Rica. Especies nuevas o raras de Atractiellales (Auriculariales s.l.), Exidiaceae,
Sirobasidiaceae y Tremellaceae. – Revista de Biología Tropical 48: 539–554.
Lowy B. 1971: Tremellales. – Flora Neotropica 6: 1–154.
30
Luck-Allen E.R. 1963: The genus Basidiodendron. – Canadian J. Bot. 41: 1025–1052.
McNabb R.F.R. 1965a: Taxonomic studies in Dacrymycetaceae. 2. Calocera (Fries) Fries.
New Zealand J. Bot. 3: 31–58.
McNabb R.F.R. 1965b: Taxonomic studies in Dacrymycetaceae. 3. Dacryopinax Martin. –
New Zealand J. Bot. 3: 59–72.
Miettinen O., Spirin V. & Niemelä T. 2012. Notes on the genus Aporpium (Auriculariales,
Basidiomycota), with a new species from temperate Europe. – Ann. Bot. Fennici 49:
359–368.
Reid D.A. 1974: A monograph of the British Dacrymycetales. – Trans. British Mycol.
Soc. 62: 433–494.
Roberts P. 1998: A revision of the genera Heterochaetella, Myxarium, Protodontia, and
Stypella (Heterobasidiomycetes). – Mycotaxon 69: 209–248.
Roberts P. 2001: Heterobasidiomycetes from Korup National Park, Cameroon. – Kew
Bull. 56: 163–187.
Roberts P. 2003: Caribbean Heterobasidiomycetes. 1. Dominican Republic. – Mycotaxon
87: 187–201.
Roberts P. 2006: Caribbean Heterobasidiomycetes. 2. Jamaica. – Mycotaxon 96: 83–107.
Roberts P. 2008: Caribbean Heterobasidiomycetes. 3. British Virgin Islands. – Mycotaxon
105: 137–147.
Roberts P. & Spooner B.M. 2004: Heterobasidiomycetes from the Azores. – Kew Bull. 59:
95–101.
Ryvarden L. 2015: Some basidiomycetes from St. Helena. –Synopsis Fung. 33:
Weiss M. & Oberwinkler F. 2001: Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related
groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. – Mycol. Res. 105:
403–415.
Wells K. 1990: An undescribed species of Helicogloea from Brazil. – Mycol. Res. 94:
835–839.
Wells K. & Raitviir A. 1975: The species of Bourdotia and Basidiodendron
(Tremellaceae) of the USSR. – Mycologia 67: 904–922.
Wu S.H. & Chen Z.C. 2000: Helicogloea globispora sp. nova from Taiwan. – Karstenia
40: 195–196.
31
Studies in Neotropical polypores 39
Trametes alba nova species
Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway, leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no
Abstract
Trametes alba nova species is described and a key to the genus in the Neotropics is
provided. The combination Trametes psila (Lloyd) Ryvarden is proposed.
Introduction
For many years an unknown polypore from Brazil has rested on my desk hoping that one
day I should be able to unravel its identity. Even if several people with experience from
the South American forests have examined it, nobody had a name to suggest. Thus, I
felt that 10 years dormancy was sufficient, and to bring the taxon into circulation, a new
species is described.
Trametes alba Ryvarden nov. sp.

Holotype: Brazil, State of Alagoas, Pilar municipality, Reserva Fazenda Sao Pedro, 11
February 2004, Ryvarden 46462 in the Fungarium at O, isotype in the Fungarium at URM
Index Fungorum 551112.
Basidiocarps annual dimidiate with contracted base approximately 1 cm in diameter,
or almost circular in outline, 8 cm wide and 11 cm long and 1 cm thick at base, dense
and hard, pileus pure white, glabrous, slightly sulcate, margin sharp, pore surface
deep cinnamon with a 2-3 mm wide sterile cinnamon coloured margin, pores sinuous-
daedaleoid, 1-2 per mm measured tangentially, tubes slightly paler than pore surface, up
to 3 mm deep, context deep cinnamon, dense and without zonation.
Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, with clamps, 2-4 µm
wide; skeletal hyphae dominating, yellow to golden, thick-walled to solid, 3-7 µm
in diameter; binding hyphae hyaline to pale yellow, thick-walled, up to 5 µm wide,
irregularly branched.
Cystidia not present, but binding hyphae project into the hymenium and may easily be
interpreted as acute cystidia until a section is squashed and their hyphal nature is revealed.
Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 8-15 x 4-6 µm, with a basal clamp.
Basidiospores 5-7 x 2-3 µm, cylindrical al oblong ellipsoid, hyaline, IKI-,
Substrata. Unknown hard wood tree.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality.
Remarks. This is a striking species with the pure white, sulcate and glabrous upper
surface, the cinnamon colour of the pore surface and context, besides the irregular sinuous
to daedaleoid pores. In the latter aspect it is identical with the pore surface in many
specimens of the widespread and common Trametes elegans. This species has however,
much lighter coloured pore surface, tubes and context.
32
Key to Neotropical Trametes species
Main key
1.Context white, cream to pale olivaceous Key A
1.Context cinnamon to deep brown Key B
Key A
1. Pores 1-3 per mm or larger, regular, lamellate, daedaleoid, semi-labyrinthine or lacerate
to almost hydnoid ................................................................................................................. 2
1. Pores 3-8 per mm, round to angular, more or less entire ................................................. 6
2. Upper surface more or less glabrous ................................................................................ 3

2. Upper surface hirsute to hispid ........................................................................................ 4
3. Hymenophore often lamellate or pores sinuous to daedaleoid in parts, cystidia absent

........................................................................................................................... T. elegans
3. Pores angular 1-4 mm wide, finely encrusted cystidia present ..................... T. cystidiata
4. Basidiocarps thin and flexible, rarely above 3 mm thick ....................................T. villosa

4. Basidiocarps hard and rigid, up to 15 mm thick .............................................................. 5
5. Context duplex with a distinct black zone, at least close to the base; hymenophore split
and almost hydnoid, spores 4.5-5.5 um long .......................................................T. maxima
5. Context homogenous to duplex, but lacking a black zone; hymenophore regular, to
slightly daedaleoid, about 1 mm wide spores 7-9 um long ................................... T. cervina
6. Pileus hirsute to tomentose; context duplex, often with a black line between tomentum
and context, at least close to the base .................................................................................. 7
6. Pileus adpressed velutinate and dull to subshiny or soon becoming glabrous except for
margin; context homogeneous although a cuticle may develop from the base with age.... 10
7. Pileus multizonate, often in different colours as tomentose and glabrous zones are
alternating; pore surface white becoming pale tan with age..............................T. versicolor
7. Pileus azonate or with zones in different colours of white to ochraceous........................ 8
8. Basidiocarps up to 1 cm wide and long, pores tiny, regular, spores cylindrical 6-8 x 2.8-
3.5 µm ................................................................................................................... T. minuta
8. Basidiocarps usually larger, spores ellipsoid to short cylindrical al, up to 6 µm long.... 9
9. Pileus hirsute to tomentose, pores angular, often slightly elongated radially; spores
ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 µm ......................................................................................... T. pavonia
9. Pileus finely adpressed velutinate, becoming almost glabrous with age, white, pale tan
or pale cinnamon; pores round to regular; spores cylindrical 4.5-6 x 2-2.5 µm
............................................................................................................... T. membranacea
33
10. Pores 1-3 per mm ......................................................................................................... 11
10. Pores 4-7 per mm ......................................................................................................... 12
11. Spores 10-15 µm long, skeletal hyphae dextrinoid ...................................... T. frustrata

11. Spores 4-7 µm long, skeletal hyphae non dextrinoid ..................................... T. lactinea
12. Dark reddish, brown or blackish cuticle spreading from the base ............................... 13
12. No cuticle spreading form the base, upper surface white, ochraceous becoming
unevenly pale brown with age ........................................................................................... 15
13. Upper surface becoming greyish and black from base ................................T. cingulata
13. Upper surface becoming tan, brown to reddish from base or in zones ........................ 14
14. Upper surface usually zonate with variable colours in brown shades, not pointed
hyphal ends in the hymenium ...............................................................................T. ectypus
14. Upper surface azonate, becoming reddish from the base, sharply pointed hyphal ends
in the hymenium ................................................................................................. T. cubensis
15. Context pale pinkish to cafe au lait, red to brownish with KOH fading to dark spot 16
16. Context white to ochraceous or cork coloured ............................................................ 17
16. Basidiome flat and flexible, upper surface soft velvety to glabrous in zones spores 1.5-
2 µm wide ........................................................................................................... T. modesta
16. Basidiome elongated semicircular, 5-20 mm thick, upper surface azonate and
glabrous, spores 2.5-3 µm wide ............................................................................ T. roseola
17. Pores 3-4 per mm, often slightly irregular, spores cylindrical ..................................... 18
17. Pores 4-5 per mm, more or less round, spores ellipsoid .............................................. 19
18. Basidiome effused reflexed, pileus flexible and papery thin, spores 7-10 µm long
...........................................................................................................................T. cotonea
18. Basidiome single, sessile to dimidiate, tough, up to 6 mm thick, spores 6-7 µm long
....................................................................................................................... T. marianna
19. Pore surface even, spores 3-4 x 2.5-3 µm................................................ T. ellipsospora

19. Pore surface uneven, rigid and crested, spores not known ........................T. ochroflava
Key B
1. Basidiocarps thin and pliable, individual pilei rarely above 3 mm thick, upper surface
ochraceous to pale cinnamon ............................................................................................... 2
1. Basidiocarps thicker, coriaceous to tough, usually thicker than 3 mm, upper surface
white reddish, yellowish to greyish brown........................................................................... 3
34
2. Pores 5-6 mm, upper surface soft velutinate adpressed, spores 4.5-6 μm wide
...........................................................................................................................T. byrsina
2. Pores 2-4 per mm, upper surface tomentose to hirsute, spores 2.5-4 μm wide ...T. rigida
3. Upper surface reddish brown, glabrous to finely scrupose or with scattered erect often
forked hairs, basidiocarp stiff and hard................................................................................. 4
3. Upper surface pale brown to greyish brown, tomentose to hirsute, basidiocarp
coriaceous, pores angular to round, basidiocarp rarely above 1 cm thick............................ 6
4. Pileus white, sulcate and glabrous, context cinnamon, pores irregular................. T. alba.
4. Pileus reddish to umber brown, glabrous to scrupose or unevenly tomentose................. 5
5. Upper surface glabrous, usually smooth with exception of the base, reddish brown in
narrow zones, often subshiny, pores 6-7 per mm, almost invisible to the naked eye
.....................................................................................................................T. hostmannii
5. Upper surface scrupose to tomentose, often in tufts , reddish brown to umber brown,
dull, pores 3-4 per mm............................................................................................ T. aspera
6 Pileus covered with a dense mat of intertwined brown hairs, up to 1 cm thick......T. psila
Ryvarden comb nov. Basionym Fomes psila Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 4 (Syn. gen. Fomes):
p.233, 1915, Index Fung. No 551117
6. Pileus tomentose to hirsute in yellowish to umber brown colours................................... 7
7. Pileus greydark brown, context dark brown, pore surface mostly pale brown and with a
distinct bluish pruina............................................................................................. T. floccosa
7. Pileus, tubes and context golden brown to dark ochraceous, pore surface evenly
yellowish brown to pale brown........................................................................... T. polyzona
35
Studies in Neotropical polypores 40
A note on the genus Grammothele
Blindern, N-0316, OSLO, Norway. leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no
Abstract
The genus Grammothele is revised for tropical America, and G. brasilense Ryvarden, G.
lacticolor Ryvarden and G. venezuelica Ryvarden are described as new species. A key to the
genus in America is provided.
Introduction
Grammothele, typified by G. lineata Berk. & M. A. Curtis, includes resupinate wood-
inhabiting basidiomycetes, out of which have very thin and strongly adherent basidiocarps
with shallow pores. On sight, they remind one of corticoid species except for the poroid
hymenophore, and in most examined specimens, the hymenium is restricted to the bottom of
the pores. Thus, they give an impression of having evolved from corticoid species where the
pore walls more function as a protection for the hymenium in the bottom, more than being
a place for spore production. DNA sequencing has shown that, at least the type species, is
related to Epithele, a corticoid genus characterized by sterile hyphal pegs. One may suggest
that they act as defense against grazing by mites and insects in the same way as the sterile
pore walls in Grammothele.
The genus slept in oblivion for a long time until Lowe (1961) revised the genus with
emphasis on the North American species. Ryvarden ( 1979) provided a general survey of
Porogramme and related genera based on type studies in an effort to clarify the relationship
between them. Reck, M, Silveira, A, & Borges, R. M (2009) reported three species of
Grammothele, all well known, from Southern Brazil. Zhou, L. W & Dai, Y. C. (2012)
revised the genus based on Chinese collections besides provided a worldwide key based on
literature studies.
Recently Karasiński (2015) described a new species from Bolivia related to G. fuligo.
Over years I have accumulated a number of Grammothele species from tropical America,
and an recent examination of them revealed the presence of three new species which are
described in the following.
Grammothele Berk. & M. A. Curtis,

J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10:327, 1868.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adnate, effused, up to 2 mm thick, but usually thinner,
hymenial surface irregularly irpicoid to poroid and then partly labyrinthine to sinuous,
pore surface variable white, pinkish white grey, bluish‑grey to almost black with age or
time pale brownish pinkish to pale umber brown as the skeletal hyphae becomes coloured,
in some species the skeletal hyphae are agglutinated as bundles and then the pore surface
becomes dotted with darker spots on an otherwise lighter surface, hymenium restricted to
36
the horizontal basal parts of the pores and slightly down the vertical walls, context light
and thin.
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps, skeletal hyphae thick‑walled
to solid, dextrinoid at least in the outer parts, in some species more or less hyaline
throughout the life span of the basidiocarps, in other species first hyaline and then darker
with age and in some species coloured from the very beginning. Dendrohyphidia absent
or present, both in the hymenium and in the dissepiments and the sterile tube walls,
spores ellipsoid to cylindrical, thin ‑walled, smooth and non‑amyloid. On hard woods and
monocotyledons. Tropical genus.
Type species: Grammothele lineata Berk. & M. A. Curtis.
Remarks. The genus is related to Porogramme which is separated by being monomitic.
Key to species
1. Pore surface bluish to black, on monocotyledons, spores 7‑11 µm long......................... 2

1. Pore surface cream to pale umber brown, spores shorter than 7 µm ............................... 3
2. Pores 7‑9 per mm or less, spores 7-9 x 2.5-3.5 µm ............................................ G. fuligo

2. Pores (3)4-5 per mm, spores 8.4-11 x 6-7.5 µm ......................................... G. bolivianus
3, Spores cylindrical............................................................................................................. 4
3. Spores ellipsoid ................................................................................................................ 5
4. Pore surface whitish silvery to pink or pale violet, pores 8-10 per mm, skeletal hyphae
dextrinoid ..................................................................................................... G. subargentea
4. Pore surface white to cream, pores 2-4 per mm, slightly irregular, skeletal hyphae non
dextrinoid ................................................................................................... G. honduerensis
5. Pores tiny, 8-10 per mm, skeletal hyphae not in bundles .......................... G. venezuelica
5. Pores irregular 2-4 per mm, skeletal hyphae often agglutinated in bundles .................... 6
6. Pore surface white with numerous hyphal pegs along the dissepiments ...... G. lacticolor
6. Pore surface grey to isabelline, hyphal pegs few or absent along the dissepiments ........ 7
7. Pore surface almost hydnoid, pores 2-4 per mm, bundles of skeletal hyphae almost
smooth, spores subcylindrical 4-6 x 1.5-2.5 µm................................................... G. lineata
7. Pore surface slightly irregular, 5-6 per mm, bundles of skeletal hyphae strongly
encrusted simulating large metuloid cystidia, spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 2.5-3 µm
......................................................................................................................G. brasilense
37
Description of species
Grammothele bolivianus Karasiński,

Nova Hedwigia 17 Feb. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova hedwigia/2015/0251.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, closely adnate, inseparable, at first as small, circular
or irregular patches, becoming confluent with age in linear areas up to 10 × 2.5 cm, up
to 250 µm thick. Pore surface gray, bluish gray to light reddish gray, margin white, 2–6
mm wide, pores shallow, up to 200 µm thick, dissepiments entirely covered with white
tiny white crystal (3–) 4–5 per 1 mm, angular, often pentagonal or hexagonal, trama and
subiculum brownish, bottom of pores white, taste mild.
Hyphal system trimitic, generative hyphae with clamps, 1.5–2.5 µm wide. skeletal
hyphae 1.5–3.5 µm wide, thick-walled with narrow lumen to almost solid, yellowish,
yellow brown to brown in KOH, dextrinoid, dominant in subiculum and trama of tubes;
binding hyphae abundant at sterile margin and often present in subhymenium, and also in
substrate under basidiocarps, delicate, frequently branched, especially at right angles, up
to 1.5 µm wide without reaction in Melzer’s reagent.
Dendrohyphidia present and easy to observe in young hymenia, in old basidiocarps
present almost only on the dissepiment edges and not numerous, up to 45 µm long,
sparsely branched at apex, thin-walled, with a stalk up to 3 µm wide, hyaline, with basal
clamp, hymenium present only at the bottom of the tubes.
Basidia 22–33 × 8–10 µm, clavate to subcylindrical, sometimes with a slight median
constriction, tetrasterigmatic.
Basidiospores 8.4–11 x 6–7.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to ovate, slightly tapering towards
distinct apiculus, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, no reaction in Melzer´s reagent.
Substrate. On dead, still attached frond midrib of spiny palm.
Distribution. Known only from type locality.
Remarks. This species is separated from the similar G. fuligo, also frequently occurring
on palms, by larger pores and spores.
Grammothele brasilensis Ryvarden nov. sp.

Holotype: Brazil, Sao Paulo State, Parque Estado Fontes de Ipiranga, 16. February 1987,
L. Ryvarden 24115 (O), isotype in K and SP. Index Fung. No 551109.
Basidiocarps resupinate widely effused, strongly adnate, hard and brittle, margin narrow
and white, pore surface dark grey, pores round and entire with a few exceptions, 5‑6 per
mm, dissepiments with white irregular crystals (lens), tubes shallow, up to 200 µm deep,
tube walls greyish under a lens, hymenium restricted to the bases of the tubes, context
white, very thin to invisible.
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae hyaline and with clamps, 2‑4 µm wide, clamps
difficult to observe due to numerous crystals and agglutinated hyphae, skeletal hyphae
present as brown bundles of strongly agglutinated hyphae, these bundles easily seen in
microscopical sections as pointed bodies scattered through the section, in many cases
covered with crystals and thus simulating very large metuloide cystidia dextrinoid in
Melzer’s reagent, 3‑6 µm in diameter.
Dendrohyphidia not seen, but their presences should be looked for in the dissepiments.
38
Cystidia none, but sterile hyphal ends occur in the hymenium, simulating narrow and
cylindrical cystidiols.
Basidia 15-17 x 4-6 µm, clavate, tetrasterigmatic.
Basidiospores 5-6 x 2.5-3 µm cylindrical, hyaline, thin‑walled, smooth and non‑amyloid.
Substrata. On dead hardwood.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality.
Remarks. The even grey colour and he entire and regular round pores make his to a
distinct species.
Grammothele fuligo (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden,

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 73:15, 1979. ‑ Polyporus fuligo Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 14:53, 1875.
Basidiocarps resupinate widely effused, strongly adnate, hard and brittle, margin wide to
narrow, bluish white when fresh, pore surface bluish white, grey or glaucous, darkening
with age to almost black, pores angular, thin‑walled and entire, 8‑16 per mm, tubes
shallow, up to 400 µm deep, variable from specimen to specimen, tube walls whitish
under a lens, but trama dark brown, hymenium restricted to the bases of the tubes, context
dark brown and very thin.
Hyphal system trimitic, generative hyphae hyaline and with clamps, 2‑4 µm wide,
skeletal hyphae dominating in context and sterile tube‑walls, thick‑walled to solid,
olivaceous light brown in KOH, dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent, 3‑6 µm in diameter,
unbranched or rarely with short side branches.
Dendrohyphidia present, especially along the pore edges, arising from generative
hyphae, moderately to strongly branched towards the apices, also observed along the
sterile walls of the pores.
Cystidia none, but sterile hyphal ends often occur in the hymenium, simulating narrow
and cylindrical cystidia.
Basidia clavate, 20‑25 x 4‑7 µm, tetrasterigmatic with large curved sterigmata, up to 6
µm long.
Basidiospores 7‑9 x 2.5‑3.5 µm, cylindrical to slightly allantoid, hyaline, thin‑walled,
smooth and non‑amyloid.
Substrata. Restricted to monocotyledons and especially common on palms, but also
registered on bamboo.
Distribution. Pantropical species and quite common when the right habitats are
examined, such as old palm leaves etc.
Remarks. The species is usually easy to recognize in the field because of the special
habitat and the glaucous to blackish colour. It does not redden the substrate as
Porogramme albocincta with which it has often been confused and which grows on hard
wood.
Grammotele hondurensis (Murrill) Ryvarden,

Mycotaxon 23:185, 1985 , 2000. - Poria hondurensis Murrill, Mycologia 12:303, 1920.
Basidiocarps resupinate, up to 2 mm thick, adnate, brittle when dry, margin narrow, white
to cream, pore surface white, pores angular, in parts irregular and slightly incised, 2-4
per mm, in parts with hyphal pegs, some as hydnoid protuberances, others as an initial
39
development of partition walls, tube layer concolorous with pores, up to 2 mm thick,
subiculum very thin and white.
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae hyaline, with clamps, 2-3 μm wide, skeletal
hyphae predominant, solid to thick-walled, hyaline, negative in Melzer’s reagent, 2-3 μm
in diam. often mixed with coarse crystalline matter.
Cystidia and other sterile hymenial elements absent.
Dendrohyphidia present, both along the dissepiments where they are abundant
and prominent, and among the basidia where they are smaller and with fewer apical
protuberances.
Basidia 10-15 x 5-6 μm with basal clamps and 4 sterigmata, in the type also observed
with 2 sterigmata.
Basidiospores 5-8 x 3-3.5 μm, oblong ellipsoid to cylindrical.
Substrate. On dead hardwoods.
Distribution. Puerto Rico, French Guyana and Honduras (type locality), but has certainly
a wider distribution in Central and South America.
Remarks. The species is microscopically separated by having larger spores than the other
species in the genus.
Grammothele lacticolor Ryvarden nov. sp.

Holotype: Puerto Rico, Municipio Isabella, Quebradillas, near Parador Guajataca, 27 June
1996, on dead hard wood, Ryvarden 39129, in Fungarium Oslo University (O), isotype in
NY. Index Fung. No 551110.
Basidiocarps resupinate, effused, strongly adnate, hard and brittle, margin narrow and
white, pore surface pure white, pores slightly irregular, some pores sinuous and split to
plates, other more or less round, 3-4 per mm, densely covered with white hyphal pegs,
especially along the dissepiments, tubes white, up to 2 mm deep, context very thin, white,
substrate with distinct reddish line or zones.
Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae hyaline and with clamps, 2‑5 µm wide, skeletal
hyphae present as hyaline, pointed bundles of strongly agglutinated hyphae in the trama
ending in the dissepiments, up to 100 µm long, weakly dextrinoid.
Dendrohyphidia numerous along the dissepiments, up to 40 µm long.
Cystidia none, although a superficial examination take the agglutinated bundles of skeletal
hyphae as cystidia.
Basidia 15-20 x 5-6 µm, clavate, tetrasterigmatic.
Basidiospores 3-4 x 2-2.5 µm ellipsoid, hyaline, thin‑walled, smooth and non‑amyloid.
Substrata. On dead hardwood.
Distribution. Puerto Rica, Costa Rica and Jamaica.
Remarks. The pure white colour, the numerous white hyphal pegs covering the
dissepiments and the small spores characterize this species. G. lineata usually has more
distinct hydnoid hymenophore and becomes often distinctly greyish by age and its spores
are longer.
Grammothele lineata Berk. & M. A. Curtis,

Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:327, 1868.
40
Basidiocarps adnate, effused, up to 1 mm thick, but frequently only 200‑400 µm thick,
margin white to pale pinkish, pore surface first white to greyish, later pinkish, pale cocoa
or sordid grey, the colour change occurs as the skeletal hyphae become tinted or coloured
especially those in hyphal pegs and then the pore surface becomes dotted with dark spots
with age, especially along the dissepiments, more scattered on the vertical, sterile tube
walls where these bundles often project as hyphal pegs, tubes shallow, angular (1)2‑4 per
mm, often irregular and the walls first occur as irregular plates or teeth which later merge
to a more or less poroid pattern where, however, there usually are numerous pores which
are incomplete as there are narrow passages from one pore to another, hymenium whitish
and restricted to the base of the pores, subiculum very thin, whitish to pinkish, with age
becoming dark and resinous.
Hyphal system trimitic, generative hyphae thin‑walled and with clamps, 1.5‑2.5 µm wide,
skeletal hyphae thick‑walled to solid, 1.0‑2.5 µm wide, first hyaline, with age becoming
tinted in shades of brown, darkening in KOH and with a distinct dextrinoid reaction.
Dendrohyphidia richly present, hyaline and irregularly branched at the top, difficult to find
in old specimens, in the hymenium up to 35 µm long, in the dissepiments and on the vertical
walls apparently arising at the end of branched generative hyphae.
Basidia 12‑18 µm long clavate and tetrasterigmatic.
Basidiospores 4.5‑6 x 1.5‑2.5 µm, ellipsoid, hyaline, thin‑walled and non‑amyloid.
Substrata. On hard wood of many kinds.
Distribution. Described form Cuba and has a wide distribution in the Caribbean area.
Previously the name was used for almost all dimitic specimens with a Grammothele- like
appearance. Thus, the names cited in the literature should be treated with caution.
Remarks. The partly hydnoid surface with dots of numerous dark bundles of skeletal
hyphae is distinct in this species.
Grammothele subargentea (Speg.) Rachjenb.,

Mycotaxon 17:280, 1973. - Poria subargentea Speg. Rev. Arg. Hist. Nat. 1:104, 1891. -
Poria pavonia Bres., Hedwigia 35:282, 1896.
Basidiocarps resupinate widely effused, strongly adnate, hard and brittle, margin wide to
narrow, pale violet, pore surface very pale violet to pale buff, pores angular, thin‑walled and
entire, 8‑16 per mm, tubes shallow, up to 400 µm deep, variable from specimen to specimen,
tube walls whitish under a lens, hymenium restricted to the bases of the tubes, context dark
brown and very thin.
hyphae dominating in context and sterile tube‑walls, thick‑walled to solid, olivaceous light
brown in KOH, dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent, 3‑6 µm in diameter.
Dendrohyphidia present, especially along the pore edges, arising from generative hyphae,
moderately to strongly branched towards the apices, also observed along the sterile walls of
the pores.
Cystidia none, but sterile hyphal ends often occur in the hymenium, simulating narrow and
cylindrical cystidia.
Basidia clavate, 20‑25 x 4‑7 µm with four large curved sterigmata, up to 6 µm long.
Basidiospores 5.2-8.3 x 2.6-3.1 µm cylindrical, hyaline, thin‑walled, smooth and
non‑amyloid.
41
Substrata. On different hardwoods.
Distribution. From Costa Rica to Argentina, but not common.
Remarks. The species is usually easy to recognize in the field because of the silvery whitish
to pale pinkish pore surface. In a few specimens there is a very thin reddish line in the
substrate, but this is not visible or present in all specimens seen by me.
Grammothele venezuelica Ryvarden nov. sp.

Holotype: Venezuela, Eastado Aruga, Choroni, on dead hard wood, 5. February 2006.
Ryvarden 47370 (O ) (isotype in NY). Index Fung. No 551111.
Basidiocarps resupinate widely effused, strongly adnate, hard and brittle, up to 250 mm
thick, margin narrow to almost lacking, pale isabelline, pore surface, grey to deep isabelline
reflecting he colour of the pore bottoms, pores angular, thin‑walled and entire, 8‑10 per mm
and with a white edge (lens), tubes shallow, up to 100 µm deep, hymenial surface at bottom
grey, context whitish almost invisible in parts. Distinct red zones in the substrate.
hyphae dominating in context and sterile tube‑walls, thick‑walled to solid and strongly
encrusted in agglutinated structures, hyaline and without reaction in Melzer’s reagent, 3‑6
µm in diameter.
Dendrohyphidia present but not common along the pore edges, arising from generative
hyphae, moderately to strongly branched towards the apices.
Cystidia none, but sterile hyphal ends strongly encrusted are present along the dissepiments
and in places they simulate narrow and cylindrical cystidia.
Basidia clavate, 20‑25 x 4‑7 µm, tetrasterigmatic.
Basidiospores 3-3.5 x 5-5.5 µm, ellipsoid, hyaline, thin‑walled, smooth and non‑amyloid.
Substrata. On dead hard woods.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality
Remarks. The strongly encrusted non dextrinoid skeletal hyphae characterize this species. It
may remind one of Porogramme albocincta which also grows on hard wood and develop a
distinct red zone in the substrate. However, this species has an almost black basidiocarp and
a monomitic hyphal structure.
References
Karasiński D., 2015: A new species of plam-associated Grammothele
(Basidiocmycota, Polyporales) from Bolivia. publ. on line 17. February 2015.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2015/0251
Lowe, J. L. 1961: The genera Grammothele and Porogramme. Papers Michigan
Acad. Scienc. Arts, Letters. 49:27-40.
Reck, Mateus A.; da Silveira, A & Borges, R. 2009: Grammothele species
from southern Brazil, Mycotaxon 109: 361-372.
Ryvarden, L. 1979: Porogramme and related genera. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 73:
9-19.
Zhou, L.-W. & Dai, Y.-C. 2012 : Wood-inhabiting fungi in southern China 5.
New species of Theleporus and Grammothele (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), Mycologia
104:915-24.
42
Studies in Perenniporia s.l. African taxa
IX: Perenniporia vanhullii sp. nov. from
open woodlands.
Cony Decock
Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain (BCCM/MUCL), Earth and Life
Institute – Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06,
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. cony.decock@uclouvain.be
&
Leif Ryvarden
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0371
Oslo, Norway, leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no
Abstract
Perenniporia vanhullii Decock & Ryvarden sp. nov. is described based on specimens
originating from open forests in Zimbabwe, Namibia, an Senegal.
Introduction
As a part of an ongoing survey of Perenniporia Murrill (Basidiomycota) in tropical Africa
(Decock 2001, 2007, 2011, Decock and Masuka 2003, Decock and Mossebo 2001, 2002,
Decock et al. 2011), several specimens gathered from Zimbabwe, Namibia and Senegal
were found to represent an undescribed taxa (Decock et al. 2011, Ryvarden and Johansen
1980). This species is described below as Perenniporia vanhullii sp. nov.
Materials and methods

Material and Collection localities. The type specimen of the new species was collected
in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. The local vegetation is mostly composed of
dry deciduous forest, dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga (Fabaceae) on Kalahari sands.
Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC (Combretaceae) shrubs and Mopane (Colophospermum
mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) Kirk ex J.L. Leonard (Fabaceae) woodlands are also found in
Hwange ((White 1983). The area belongs to the Zambesian regional center of endemism
(White 1983).
The type or authentic specimens are preserved at MUCL and O (herbarium acronyms are
from Thiers B. [continuously updated]).
MUCL original strains were isolated from basidiome tissues during field works, on malt
extract agar supplemented with 2 ppm benomyl (benlate) and 50 ppm chloramphenicol,
and later purified in the laboratory. Living cultures are preserved at MUCL, with a
duplicate of ex-type strain at the CBS.
43
Specimen’s description. Colors are described according to Kornerup and Wanscher
(1981). Section were carefully dissected under a stereomicroscope in hot (40°C) NaOH
3% solution, and later examined in NaOH 3% solution at room temperature (Decock
et al. 2010). Sections were also examined in Melzer’s reagent and lactic acid cotton
blue to evidence staining reaction. All the microscopic measurements were done in
Melzer’s reagent. In presenting the size range of several microscopic elements, 5% of the
measurements at each end of the range are given in parentheses when relevant. In the text,
the following abbreviations are used: ave = arithmetic mean, R = the ratio of length/width
of basidiospores, and aveR = arithmetic mean of the ratio R.
Taxonomy
Perenniporia vanhullii Decock & Ryvarden sp. nov. Figs. 1–2

Etymology: “vanhullii”, dedicated to my late friend and distinguished colleague, Sophie
Vanhulle; she had collected the specimen from Senegal. Mycobank no 811 013.
Basidiomes resupinate, effused, adnate, seasonal to bi-seasonal, extending from 10–90

mm long × 10–25 mm wide, up to 1 mm thick; margin well delimited, 0.5–2 mm wide,
white; pore surface even, cracking on drying, homogeneously grayish orange (5B3) (then
contrasting with the margin), with a corky consistency; pores even, round to slightly
ellipsoid, (5–)6(–7)/mm, 100–175 µm wide (8 = 144 µm), elongated pores up to 200
× 125 µm; dissepiments thin to thick, 45–100 µm thick (8 = 60 µm), entire, smooth to
slightly lanose under the lens; tube layer unique, 05–1 mm thick, concolorous with the
pore surface (grayish orange),with a corky consistency; subiculum absent or extremely
reduced to a very thin line pale, concolorous with the tube layer (grayish orange).
Hyphal system dimitic, both in the context and the trama of the tubes, with generative
and skeleto-binding hyphae; generative hyphae scarce, hyaline, sparsely branched,
clamped, (2.0–)2.5–3.0 µm diam; vegetative hyphae hyaline, non- to faintly dextrinoid
, cyanophilous, of a similar construction in the context and the trama of the tubes,
mostly shortly arboriform, with the branching denser from the subiculum towards the
hymenophoral, made of an unbranched basal part, arising from a generative hyphae,
clamped at the basal septum, 55–95 (–110) µm long (ave = 78 µm), 2.0–2.5 µm diam at
the basal septa to 2.5–3.0 µm diam. at the branching point, thick-walled but not solid,
straight to more often geniculate then frequently with short, lateral aborted processes,
and several either lateral or apical branches, once or twice branched, of variable length,
measured up to 150 µm long, then skeletal-like, straight to sinuous, thick-walled but not
solid, and ending thin-walled (very occasionally with secondary septa), 2.0–2.5 µm diam.
in the main part down to 1.5 µm diam; at apices.
Hymenium. Basidia hyaline, clavate to pedunculate, clamped, with four sterigmata, 13–17
´ 6.5–7.5 µm; cystidia or other sterile structure absent; basidiospores broadly ellipsoid
to subglobose, apically truncate, thick-walled but with an apical germ pore, with a small
apiculus, hyaline, dextrinoid, cyanophilous, 5.5–6.0 ´ 4.5–5.5 µm (ave = 5.7 ´ 4.9 µm), R
= 1.05–1.30 (aveR = 1.16); chlamydospores absent.
44
Figs 1 & 2. Perenniporia vanhullii, from the type. 1. Vegetative hyphae from the
hymenophoral trama (scale bar = 50 µm); 2. Basidiospores (scale bar = 5 µm).
45
Type of rot: white rot (presence of laccases positive when tested with syringaldazine
[Harkin and Obst 1974] on culture (MUCL 46315) grown on malt extract agar).
Substrate: on dead wood on the ground, Fabaceae (?) and unidentified angiosperms.
Distribution: known from north-western Zimbabwe, northern Namibia, and Southern
Senegal.
Phylogenetic affinities: the species is related to Perenniporia aridula B.K. Cui & C.L.
Zhao, Perenniporia centrali-africana Decock & Mossebo, Perenniporia alboferruginea
Decock, and several still undescribed taxa originating from Meso-America and the
Caribbean (data not shown).
Holotype. Zimbabwe, Matabeleland North, Hwange National Park (approx. 18°30’-

19°50’ S, 25°45’-27°30’ E), on dead wood on the ground, unidentified angiosperm, 15
Apr. 1993, C. Decock, ZW/93-H-28, in herbarium MUCL (MUCL 38450) and O. ITS
reference sequence Genbank # KP217810.
Other specimens examined: Namibia, Otjozondjupa Region, Otjiwarango (approx.

20°28’S, 16°39’E) on dead wood on the ground, unidentified angiosperm, 19 Jan 2014,
L. Ryvarden 49349, in O and MUCL; Senegal, Sine-Saloum area, garden, on dead wood
on the ground, unidentified angiosperm, Mar 2005, S. Vanhulle, in MUCL (MUCL 46315;
culture ex. MUCL 46315, ITS sequence Genbank # KP217811).
Discussion
The combination of thin, resupinate basidiomata, about 6 pores / mm, a cork-colored pore
surface (Fig. 1) contrasting with a white margin, non- to faintly dextrinoid vegetative
hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose (Fig. 2), and dextrinoid basidiospores,
averaging 5.7 ´ 5.0 µm, make the species distinct. The trama of the tubes is composed of
variously branched vegetative hyphae, of the arboriform skeleto-binding type (Fig. 1),
comparable to those found in several other African species such as P. centrali-africana or
P. mundula. Perenniporia vanhullii is known from open habitat, with contrasted, alternate
dry and rainy seasons. This includes the dry, deciduous forest dominated by Baikiaea
plurijuga (Fabaceae) in Zimbabwe that belongs to the Zambesian regional center of
endemism (White 1983).
Perenniporia vanhullii should be compared to P. mundula and, at a lesser degree, to
P. tephropora; these species are likely to be found in the same environment. They are
sympatric in the western / south-western corner of Zimbabwe.
Perenniporia mundula differs from P. vanhullii in forming effused to pseudopileate
basidiomata, the pseudopileus turning dark brown to black with age, and in having a
whitish pore surface and tube layer. Perenniporia mundula is a very little know species,
and its taxonomic status could be debated. Morphologically, it is in many respects very
similar to P. centrali-africana (Decock and Mossebo 2001) but also to P. malvena (Lloyd)
Ryvarden (Ryvarden 1989). When more specimens and DNA sequence data will become
available, these three species might reveal to be closely related, if not representing a
single taxon.
Perenniporia tephropora differs from P. vanhullii in having perennial basidiomata,
occasionally with a black pseudopileus, a distinctly grayish pore surface, brown to dark
46
brown tube layers, unbranched, yellowish and dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, and ellipsoid,
slightly narrower basidiospores (3.5–4.5 µm wide, Ryvarden and Johansen 1980).
Perenniporia vanhullii should be compared also to P. centrali-africana (Decock &
Mossebo 2001) and P. alboferruginea (Decock et al. 2011); both latter are the closest
relatives of P. vanhullii present in Africa.
Perenniporia centrali-africana also develops dark brown to black pseudo-pileus, has a
whitish pore surface, and pale grayish brown tube layer. Perenniporia alboferruginea
has a white pore surface and oxide red marginal area. Perenniporia centrali-africana and
P. alboferruginea are known for the time being from the western edge of central Africa
or, in a biogeographically perspective, from the western edge of the Guineo-Congolian
rainforest.
Perenniporia djaensis Decock & Mossebo has a comparable basidiomata, resupinate,
effused, with a cork colored pore surface (Decock and Mossebo 2002, Decock et al.
2011). It differs from P. vanhullii in its larger pores (3–4/mm, 200–300 µm wide)
and distinctly ellipsoid basidiospores, 5.0–6.0 ´ 3.6–4.2 µm wide with R = 1.3–1.5.
Furthermore, the species is known exclusively from the humid rainforest of southeastern
Cameroon and Gabon (the western edge of the Guineo-Congolian rainforest).
Considering non-African species, P. vanhullii should be compared also to P. aridula B.K.
Cui & C.L. Zhao, a species known for the time being only from southwestern China,
in the Yunnan Province (Zhao et al. 2013). Both species are also, phylogenetically,
very closely related (data not shown). Perenniporia aridula differs in having slightly
larger basidiospores, 6.0–7.0 ´ 5.0–6.0 µm (average 6.7 ´ 5.6 µm, Zhao et al. 2013).
Perenniporia aridula also is described as trimitic (Zhao et al. 2013). However, the exact
hyphal system and the differentiation of the vegetative hyphae in this species are difficult
to figure out based on the original description of this species.
Acknowledgment
Cony Decock gratefully acknowledges the financial support received from the Belgian
State – Belgian Federal Science Policy and the FNRS through a FRFC (Fonds de la
Recherche Fondamentale Collective) project (FRFC # 2.4515.06). The Dr Anxious
Masuka, Tobacco Research Board, Zimbabwe, is also warmly thanked for his help during
field trips in Zimbabwe.
References
Zhao C.L., Cui B.K. & Dai Y.C. 2013. New species and phylogeny of Perenniporia based
on morphological and molecular characters. Fungal Diversity 58: 47–60, doi 10.1007/
s13225-012-0177-6.
Decock C. 2001. Studies in Perenniporia (Basidiomycetes, Polypores): African taxa
I. Perenniporia dendrohyphidia and Perenniporia subdendrohyphidia. Systematic and
Geography of Plants 71: 45–51.
Decock C. 2011. Studies in Perenniporia s.l. (Polyporaceae): African taxa VII.
Truncospora oboensis sp. nov., an undescribed species from cloud forest in São Tome.
Cryptogamie Mycologie 32: 383–390.
47
Decock C. & Mossebo D. 2001. Studies in Perenniporia (Basidiomycetes, Polypores):
African taxa II. Perenniporia centrali-africana sp. nov. from Cameroon. Systematic and
Geography of Plants 71: 607–612.
Decock C. & Mossebo D. 2002. Studies in Perenniporia (Basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae):
African taxa. III. The new species Perenniporia djaensis and some records of
Perenniporia for the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon. Systematic and Geography of
Plants 72: 55–62.
Decock C. & Masuka A.J. 2003. Studies in Perenniporia (Basidiomycetes,
Aphyllophorales): African taxa IV. Perenniporia mundula and its presumed taxonomic
synonym, Vanderbylia ungulata. Systematic and Geography of Plants 73: 161–170.
Decock C., Mossebo D. & Yombiyeni P. 2011. The genus Perenniporia s.l. (Polyporaceae)
in Africa V. Perenniporia alboferruginea sp. nov. from Cameroon. Plant Ecology and
Evolution, 144: 226–232, doi: 10.5091/plecevo.2011.509.
Decock C., Valenzuela R. & Castillo G. 2010. Studies in Perenniporia s.l.:
Perenniporiella tepeitensis comb. nov., an addition to Perenniporiella. Cryptogamie
Mycologie 31: 419–429.
Kornerup A. & Wanscher J.H. 1981. Methuen handbook of colour, Ed. 3, London,
Methuen.
Ryvarden L. 1989. Type studies in the Polyporaceae. 21. Species described by C.G. Lloyd
in Cyclomyces, Daedalea, Favolus, Fomes and Hexagonia. Mycotaxon 352: 229–236.
Ryvarden L. & Johansen I. 1980. A Preliminary Polypore Flora of East Africa. Fungiflora:
1–455.
Thiers, B. [continuously updated]. Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public
herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://
sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/
White F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa, a descriptive memoir to accompany the
UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Unesco, Paris.
48
In memory of Sophie Vanhulle, here collecting specimens in Senegal.
49
Notes on basidiomycetes on driftwood in
Finnmark, Norway
Leif Ryvarden
Institute of biological sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316
OSLO, Norway. leif.ryvarden@ibv.uio.no.
Abstract
26 Homobasidiomycetes and 2 Heterobasidiomycetes are reported from coniferous
driftwood on the coast of Finnmark, Northern Norway. The driftwood comes from
Siberia and it is assumed that the fungi followed the wood and survived the transport
over the Polar basin. Besides common species, also three species, Melzericium udicola,
Litschauerella abietis and Paullicorticium pearsonii, were recorded, approximately 1200
km north of their previous northernmost localities.
Introduction
On the outermost beaches of Finnmark, approximately at 70 o N, there are numerous logs
of coniferous driftwood. They originate in Siberia where flooding carries them down
rivers, into the Polar Sea where they are transported by the drift ice across the Polar basin
and down along the east coast of Greenland.
When the ice melts and releases the logs, they are taken by the Gulf current and ultimately
land upon the coasts of Iceland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard and Northern Norway. It is
estimated that this round trip takes at least 5 years, based (among other things) that it took
Nansen´s famous ship “Fram” over three years in 1903 to cross the polar basin locked in
the drift ice.
After being stranded, for fungal growth to occur, it is necessary for the logs to be removed
from normal sea water level which happens under heavy storms and then to slowly be
depleted of the salt content on the outer surfaces. This is done by rain and melting snow
and nobody knows the time scale here. Nevertheless, after a while fungi start to appear
on the lower side of the logs. As shown in previous reports (Ryvarden 1994, 2010) based
on collections made at Varanger Peninsula, a surprising high number of species have
been reported, many of them very far from the closest locality in which they are known.
Inspired by these results, more collecting were done in August 2014 at two different
beaches on the peninsula. Further, as it may useful to compile a list of all these species
currently known from this harsh and unusual environment and complete results from all
three excursions are reported below.
To make the list easier to read, the species are indicated with numbers where 1 indicates
those from 1994, 2 those from 2010, while 3 and 4 indicate those from 2014 with details
as outlined below. All collections were made on coniferous driftwood and are deposited in
the Oslo Herbarium (O).
50
Results
The following two localities were visited in 2014:

3. Finnmark, Vardø, Hamningberg, UTM 36W VD 085-280, 4. August 2014.
4. Finnmark, Berlevåg, Moldjord, UTM 35 W NU 615 565, 5. August 2014.
List of species
Homobasidiomycetes
Polyporaceae
Antrodia serialis (Fr.) Donk, 3.
A.sinuosa (Fr.) P.Karst. , 3.
A. xantha (Fr.) Ryvarden, 2, 3.
Neolentinus lepidus (Fr.:Fr.) Redhead & Ginns, 2, 4.
Oligoporus rennyii (Berk.) Ryvarden, 3.
Coniophoraceae
Coniophora arida (Fr.) P. Karst. 2, 3.
Corticiaceae
Amylocorticium cebennense (Bourdot) Pouzar, 3.
Botryobasidium intertextum (Schweinitz) Jülich & Stalpers, 2.
B. subcoronatum (Höhn.) Litsch.) Donk, 4.
Chaetoderma luna (Romell ex D.P. Rogers & H.S. Jacks.) Parmasto, 3.
Dacryobolus sudans (Bres. )Oberw., 2.
Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk, 2. 3.
H. setigerum (Fr.) Donk,2
Kneiffiella subalutacea (P. Karst.) Jülich & Stalpers, 2. 3,4.
Litschauerella abietis (Bourdot & Galzin) Oberw., 2. 3.
Melzericium udicola (Bourdot) Hauerslev, 2. 3.
Paullicorticium pearsonii (Bourdot) J. Erikss., 3.
Peniophorella pallida (Bres.) K.H. Larss., 2, 4.
P. praetermissa (P. Karst.) K.H. Larss., 2, 3, 4.
Radulomyces confluens (Fr.) M.P. Christ., 2.
Sistotrema coroniferum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Donk, 2.
Tubulicrinis borealis J. Erikss., 4.
T. medius (Bourdot & Galzin) Oberw., 2
T. sororius (Bourdot & Galzin) Oberw., 4.
T. subulatus (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk, 1,2,3,4.
Veluticeps abietina (Pers.:Fr.) Hjortstam & Telleria, 2, 4.
51
Heterobasidiomycetes
Basidiodendron caesiocinereum (Höhm. & Litsch.) Luck-Allen, 2.
Ditiola radicata (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Fr. 2.
Discussion
The first immediate question is: How did the reported species arrive at the arctic coast of
Finnmark?
The nearest natural pine forest is in Pasvikdalen, close to the Russian border, some 100
km to the south east as the crow flies. Some of the species reported from the coast occur
there also, but it is rather improbable that spores should be dispersed from there to the
logs on the beaches.
Personally I feel convinced that most of the species arrived from Siberia and that the logs
were infected there, and that the fungi survived the long transport, partly deep frozen and
partly in salt water. We know from other investigations (Berglund & Jonsson 2001) that
even fresh logs may be infected in their core wood by basidiomycetes without any trace of
the infection on the surface of the log.
One additional argument is the occurrence of some very rare species, previously in
Norway only known up to 1500 km south of the localities on the Varanger coast.
Examples are Melzericium udicola, Litschauerella abietis and Paullicorticium pearsonii.
It is quite improbable that spores of these species should have been dispersed from such
remote localities.
It would have been desirable to take core samples from recently arrived drift logs and to
do DNA sequencing of species occurring when such samples are cultured. This may shed
light on the question whether logs really can act as agents for long distance dispersal of
fungi, not only along the Arctic coast, but elsewhere in the world.
Acknowledgements
Dr. Karl-Henrik Larsson, University of Oslo has kindly confirmed some of my
determinations of corticoid species. N. Legon, England has as always ready suggested
improvements to the English text.
References
Berglund, H. & Jonson B. G. 2001: Predictability of plant and fungal richness of old
growth boreal forests island. J. Vegetation Science 12:857-866.
Ryvarden, L. 1994. Notes on some corticoid fungi from Finnmark, Northern Norway,
Agarica 13:49-51.
Ryvarden, L. 2010. Basidiomycetes on driftwood in Finnmark, Norway. Agarica 29:2-4.
52
53

Synopsis Fungorum 33: Fungiflora

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Synopsis Fungorum 33

Type studies in Polyporaceae 31 Species described by V. Cesati

Type studies in Polyporaceae 32 Species described by T. Petch

Type studies in Stereum s. lato 5, Species described by M. J. Berkeley

Notes on Homobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

Notes on Heterobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

Studies in Neotropical polypores 39. Trametes alba Ryvarden nov. sp

Studies in Neotropical polypores 40. A note on Grammothele

Type studies in Polyporaceae 32 Species described by T. Petch

Type studies in Stereum s. lato 5, Species described by M. J. Berkeley

Notes on Homobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

Notes on Heterobasidiomycetes from St. Helena

Studies in Neotropical polypores 39. Trametes alba Ryvarden nov. sp

Studies in Neotropical polypores 40. A note on Grammothele

This book can be ordered from:

Printing date 15. March 2015.

beccarinus, Favolus p. 4 (BPI, K)

pusiolus, Polyporus p. 6 (K)

albobrunnea, Poria, p. 137, 1916, Hakgala.

aquosa, Poria p. 138, 1916 Peradenya.

gilvoides, Poria p. 138, 1916

glaucescens. Poria p. 139, 1916, Hakgala.

hypobrunnea, Poria p. 137, 1916, Peradenya.

imitator, Fomes, p. 285, 1922, Hakgala.

inonoratus Polyporus, p. 315, 1922, Henaralgada.

introfuscus,, Polyporus p. 119, 1916, Peradeniya.

mesoleucus, Fomes, p. 315, 1922,Warriapolla.

obscurus, Polyporus p. 128, 1916, Peradeniya.

pallidus, Polyporus p. 134, 1916, Colombo.

pilosus, Polyporus, p. 126, 1916, Peradeniya.

purpureogilva, Poria, p. 138, 1916, Peradeniya.

rubrochorda, Poria p.: 204,1917, Peradeniya. Type not found.

sulphurea Poria p.286, 1922.

violaceocinerascens, Polyporus, p. 127, 1916, Peradeniya.

Material and methods

Calocera furcata (Fr.) Fr.,

Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein.) Martin,

Dendrogloeon helenae Spirin, Ryvarden & Miettinen, sp. nova – Fig. 1

Effusus, corticioideus. Systema hypharum monomiticum; hyphae fibulatae.

Heterochaete inconspicua P. Roberts coll.

Heterochaete shearii (Burt) Burt,

Resupinate, light brownish-gray, arid, up to 0.2 mm thick, margin abrupt. Hymenial

Saccoblastia media Spirin, Ryvarden & Miettinen, sp. nova – Fig. 2

Stypella glaira (Lloyd) Roberts coll.

Trametes alba Ryvarden nov. sp.

2. Upper surface more or less glabrous ................................................................................ 3

3. Hymenophore often lamellate or pores sinuous to daedaleoid in parts, cystidia absent

4. Basidiocarps thin and flexible, rarely above 3 mm thick ....................................T. villosa

11. Spores 10-15 µm long, skeletal hyphae dextrinoid ...................................... T. frustrata

19. Pore surface even, spores 3-4 x 2.5-3 µm................................................ T. ellipsospora

Grammothele Berk. & M. A. Curtis,

1. Pore surface bluish to black, on monocotyledons, spores 7‑11 µm long......................... 2

2. Pores 7‑9 per mm or less, spores 7-9 x 2.5-3.5 µm ............................................ G. fuligo

Grammothele bolivianus Karasiński,

Grammothele brasilensis Ryvarden nov. sp.

Grammothele fuligo (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden,

Grammotele hondurensis (Murrill) Ryvarden,

Grammothele lacticolor Ryvarden nov. sp.

Grammothele lineata Berk. & M. A. Curtis,

Grammothele subargentea (Speg.) Rachjenb.,

Grammothele venezuelica Ryvarden nov. sp.

Materials and methods