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Range extension of two poorly known endemic species of the genus Orophea
Blume (Annonaceae)

Article  in  Journal of Threatened Taxa · March 2015

DOI: 10.11609/jott.1896.6996-6999

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4
ĂƌƵŶƌŽĐŬƐŝŶΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ͕ϱimranbaig.dr@gmail.com, ϲƐĂŚĂŶĂͺĂŶƐΛLJĂŚŽŽ͘ĐŽŵ

ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͗Orophea malabarica^ĂƐŝĚŚ͘Θ^ŝǀĂƌ͘ĂŶĚOrophea sivarajanii ŶŶŽŶĂĐĞĂĞ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĂŶĚ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ
^ĂƐŝĚŚ͕͘ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ŶŶŽŶĂĐĞĂĞ ǁĞƌĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŝŶ ĐůŽƐĞ
ƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJĂƐƵŶĚĞƌŐƌŽǁƚŚǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĞǀĞƌŐƌĞĞŶ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŐŶŽůŝĚ ŶŐŝŽƐƉĞƌŵ ŐƌŽƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ ĐĂ͘
ĨŽƌĞƐƚŽĨDĂŬƵƩĂ'ŚĂƚ͕<ŽĚĂŐƵŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ͕<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ^ƚĂƚĞ͕/ŶĚŝĂ͘ĂƌůŝĞƌ ϭϮϯ ŐĞŶĞƌĂ ĂŶĚ ϮϭϬϬ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ǁŽƌůĚ ŽǀĞƌ
ƌĞƉŽƌƚƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƚŽ<ĞƌĂůĂƐƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞtĞƐƚĞƌŶ ;DĂďďĞƌůĞLJ ϮϬϬϴͿ͘  dŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ƐŚŽǁƐ Ă ƉĂŶƚƌŽƉŝĐĂů
'ŚĂƚƐĂŶĚĨŽƵŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚŽŶůLJŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƚLJƉĞůŽĐĂůŝƟĞƐǀŝnj͕͘dŚƌŝƐƐƵƌ
ĂŶĚ tĂLJĂŶĂĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚƐ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ĂƌƟĐůĞ
ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĞŶĚĞŵŝƐŵĂƚƚŚĞ
ƌĞƉŽƌƚƐĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƌĂŶŐĞƚŽŶĞǁůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ<ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂƐƚĂƚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůƐĐĂůĞ;ŽLJůĞΘdŚŽŵĂƐϭϵϵϳͿ͘dŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐ
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŇŽƌĂů ǁĞĂůƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͕ ĂƐ ŽĨƚŚŝƐĨĂŵŝůLJĂƌĞŵŽƐƚůLJƚƌĞĞƐ͕ƐŚƌƵďƐ͕ĐůŝŵďŝŶŐƐŚƌƵďƐ
ƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞŶĞŝƚŚĞƌƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŶŽƌƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘
dŚĞ ƵƉĚĂƚĞĚ ŶŽŵĞŶĐůĂƚƵƌĞ͕ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ͕ ŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐͲĨƌƵŝƟŶŐ ĂŶĚůŝĂŶĂƐ͘/ŶĚŝĂŝƐŚŽŵĞƚŽϮϰŐĞŶĞƌĂǁŝƚŚϭϯϬƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ
ƐĞĂƐŽŶƐ͕ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŵĂƉ͕ ƐĐĂŶŶĞĚ ŚĞƌďĂƌŝƵŵ ƐƉĞĐŝŵĞŶƐ͕ ĮĞůĚ ;<ƵŶĚƵϮϬϬϲͿŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϭϱŐĞŶĞƌĂǁŝƚŚϯϮƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŚĂǀĞ
ƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚƐ͕ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚƵƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚŶŽƚĞƐ ƐŽ ĨĂƌ ďĞĞŶ ĞŶƵŵĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ
ĂƌĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘
(^ĂůĚĂŶŚĂ ϭϵϴϰ͖ ŝŐŝƚĂů &ůŽƌĂ ŽĨ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ ϮϬϭϰͿ͘
<ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͗ ŶĚĞŵŝĐ͕ <ĂƌŶĂƚĂŬĂ͕ DĂŬƵƩĂ 'ŚĂƚ͕ Orophea, range ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶƵƐ Orophea ůƵŵĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ
ĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͕tĞƐƚĞƌŶ'ŚĂƚƐ͘ 'ŚĂƚƐĂƌĞƉŽŽƌůLJƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂŽĨ

Orophea sivarajanii

NOT DATA LEAST NEAR

VULNERABLE ENDANGERED
CRITICALLY EXTINCT
EXTINCT
DEFICIENT CONCERN THREATENED ENDANGERED IN THE WILD
EVALUATED
NE DD LC NT VU EN CR EW EX

DOI͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘ŽϰϬϱϲ͘ϲϵϵϲͲϵ

ĚŝƚŽƌ͗E͘W͘ĂůĂŬƌŝƐŚŶĂŶ͕ZĞƚĚ͘:ŽŝŶƚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͕^/͕ŽŝŵďĂƚŽƌĞ͕/ŶĚŝĂ͘ ĂƚĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͗ϮϲDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϱ;ŽŶůŝŶĞΘƉƌŝŶƚͿ

DĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗DƐηŽϰϬϱϲͮZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϬϳ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰͮ&ŝŶĂůƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϬϴDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϱͮ&ŝŶĂůůLJĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚϬϵDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϱ

ŝƚĂƟŽŶ͗^ĂŶŬĂƌĂƌĂŽ͕<͕͘E͘s͘WĂŐĞ͕͘E͘^ƌŝŶŐĞƐǁĂƌĂ͕Z͘͘^ŝŶŐŚ͕/͘ĂŝŐΘ^͘sŝƐŚǁĂŶĂƚŚ;ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ZĂŶŐĞĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶŽĨƚǁŽƉŽŽƌůLJŬŶŽǁŶĞŶĚĞŵŝĐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ
genus OropheaůƵŵĞ;ŶŶŽŶĂĐĞĂĞ. Journal of Threatened Taxaϳ;ϯͿ͗ϲϵϵϲʹϲϵϵϵ; ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘ŽϰϬϱϲ͘ϲϵϵϲͲϵ

ŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͗ ©^ĂŶŬĂƌĂƌĂŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϱ͘ƌĞĂƟǀĞŽŵŵŽŶƐƩƌŝďƵƟŽŶϰ͘Ϭ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů>ŝĐĞŶƐĞ͘:ŽddĂůůŽǁƐƵŶƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞŝŶĂŶLJŵĞĚŝƵŵ͕ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ƟŽŶĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶďLJƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĐƌĞĚŝƚƚŽƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘

&ƵŶĚŝŶŐ͗/ŶͲŚŽƵƐĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ĞŶŐĂůƵƌƵ͖ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͕EĞǁĞůŚŝ͕&͘EŽ͘^Zͬ^Zͬ^KͬW^ͬϭϱϴͬϮϬϭϬ͕ĚĂƚĞĚ
ϭϬͲϬϱͲϮϬϭϮ

ŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͗dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĚĞĐůĂƌĞŶŽĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͘

ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐƚŚĂŶŬƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕/ŶĚŝĂŶ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ĂŶŐĂůŽƌĞĨŽƌĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐĂŶĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞZĂŶŐĞ
&ŽƌĞƐƚKĸĐĞƌ͕ŚƌĂŵĂŐŝƌŝtŝůĚůŝĨĞ^ĂŶĐƚƵĂƌLJ͕<ŽĚĂŐƵŝƐĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚĨŽƌŚĞůƉŝŶĐĂƌƌLJŝŶŐŽƵƚĮĞůĚĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶDĂŬƵƩĂ'ŚĂƚĨŽƌĞƐƚ͘EĂǀĞŶĚƵWĂŐĞĂĐŬŶŽǁůͲ
ĞĚŐĞƐZƵīŽƌĚƐŵĂůůŐƌĂŶƚĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĮĞůĚǁŽƌŬĂŶĚĚĂƚĂĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ͘͘E͘^ƌŝŶŐĞƐǁĂƌĂĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƐƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͕
'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͕EĞǁĞůŚŝ͘

ϲϵϵϲ
Range extension of Orophea malabarica and O. sivarajanii Sankararao et al.

this family. The genus comprises 50 species distributed Sasidh. & Sivar. and Orophea sivarajanii Sasidh.
world over (Mabberley 2008; The Plant List 2013) out of
which 12 species occur in India and five of them have Orophea malabarica Sasidh. & Sivar., Blumea 35: 269
been reported as endemic to the Western Ghats (Kundu 1990; Fl. Pl. Thrissur: 29. 1996
2006; Karthikeyan et al. 2009). (Image 1 A,B & E).

Study area Moderate-sized shrubs with young shoots pilose.

In our recent field explorations in the Makutta Ghat Leaves 5.5–9x2–3.5 cm, oblong or elliptic-oblong,
and adjoining areas in Kodagu District of Karnataka acute, acuminate or obtuse at apex, base obtuse or
State, the two Orophea species were found growing cuneate, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs. Petiole short, 2mm
in close proximity to each other as undergrowth with long, adpressed tomentose. Flowers white, often
distribution restricted to the evergreen forests of the with pinkish tinge, in 2–3 flowered axillary or extra-
Makutta Ghat. The taxa were first detected during axillary, pilose peduncles, bracts ovate-acuminate,
January–February 2014 when they were found in flower. densely pilose outside. Pedicels slender, up to 1.5cm
During the subsequent visit to other locations in the long, densely pilose. Sepals ovate-rounded, minutely
Makutta Ghat during March–April 2014, these species tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Outer petals ovate-
were observed in the fruiting stage (Fig. 1) orbicular, tomentose along margin, 3mm across, inner
petals glabrous, distinctly clawed, up to 4mm long with
Material and Methods two narrowly oblong and protruding nectaries. Stamens
Herbarium specimens in both flowering and fruiting 6, all fertile. Carpels 3, glabrous, ovules 2; style hairy;
stages of the taxa were deposited in Herbarium JCB Fruitlets sessile, 1–3, globose, 8–10 mm across, creamy
(Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of yellow with pink shades.
Science, Bangalore) and digitized. Also, photographs of
live specimens and geographical coordinates (using hand
held Garmin GPS) along with field notes were recorded.
After careful examination of the collection with
reference to the available taxonomic literature, digital
herbaria and consultation with herbarium UASB (Lead
Botanic Garden, University of Agricultural Sciences),
the specimens were identified as Orophea malabarica

A B

C D

E F

Image 1. Field photographs of live specimens.

A & B - Flowering and fruiting twigs of Orophea malabarica Sasidh.
& Sivar.; C & D - Flowering and fruiting twigs of Orophea sivarajanii
Sasidh.; E - Single flower showing 3-carpellary gynoecium and
2-oblong protruding nectarines on the inner petals of O.malabarica;
F - Single flower showing 6-carpellary gynoecium and 2-pouched
nectarines on the inner petals of O.zeylanica.
Figure 1. Kodagu District showing the species distribution © A–D: R. Arun Singh; E–F: Navendu Page

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2015 | 7(3): 6996–6999 6997

Range extension of Orophea malabarica and O. sivarajanii Sankararao et al.

Image 2. Scanned herbarium specimens of A. Orophea malabarica Sasidh. & Sivar. and B. Orophea sivarajanii Sasidh.

Specimens examined: HJCB-N 117, 02.ii.2014, described by Sasidharan & Sivarajan (1990) from
Kodagu District, Makutta Ghat (12007’04.69”N & evergreen forests of Peechi, central part of Kerala.
75047’24.51”E), deposited at the JCB Herbarium, IISc, Subsequently, Mitra (1993) synonymized it under
Bangalore (Image 2A). Orophea zeylanica Hook. f. & Thomson without giving
Flowers and Fruits: December–September. any justification and same treatment was followed by
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats, India. This Mohanan (2005). However, Kundu (2006), Nayar et al.
species was so far known only from the state of Kerala (2006) and Karthikeyan et al. (2009) treated this as a
(Keshavamurthy & Yoganarasimhan 1990; Sasidharan & distinct species. We also consider this taxon as a distinct
Sivarajan 1990; Sasidharan 2004; Nayar et al. 2006). The species based on the following distinguishing characters:
recent collection of this species from Kodagu District is a leaves having 4–5 lateral veins, 3-carpels in gynoecium
new record of its extended distribution and occurrence and two oblong and protruding nectaries on the inner
in Karnataka. petals in Orophea malabarica, as opposed to leaves
Note: There are two specimens of this species having 6–8 lateral veins, 6–12 carpels in gynoecium and
collected and deposited at the KFRI (Kerala Forest two oblong pouched nectaries with large cavities on the
Research Institute) Herbarium (www.kfriherbarium. inner petals in Orophea zeylanica (Image 1 E & F).
org/) from parts of Kerala. (a) Accession No. 5785 KFRI,
Kerala (Pothiyadippara, Peechi, Thrissur), (b) Accession Orophea sivarajanii Sasidh. in Nordic J. Bot. 19: 341.
No. 5710 KFRI, Kerala (Valiyamedu, Peechi, Thrissur). 1999; Mohanan in Fl. Kerala: 159. 2005
However, there were no specimens of this species (Image 1 C & D)
deposited at the HIFP (Herbarium Institut Français de
Pondichéry) and other regional herbaria. Shrubs, 2–3 m tall with young shoots glabrous.
Orophea malabarica Sasidh. & Sivar. was first Leaves 7–15 x 3–6 cm, oblong or elliptic-oblong,

6998 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2015 | 7(3): 6996–6999

 Range extension of Orophea malabarica and O. sivarajanii Sankararao et al.

acuminate at apex, obtuse or rounded at base, glabrous, explorations and previous reports and as per the criteria
lateral nerves 7–11 pairs, prominent below and faint of IUCN Red List (IUCN 2013), the authors suggest
above. Petiole 2–3 mm long, glabrous. Flowers in categorization of Orophea malabarica Sasidh. & Sivar.
axillary or lateral, solitary or 2 or 3 flowered 1.5–2 cm and Orophea sivarajanii Sasidh. as threatened species.
long racemes. Pedicels 8–12 mm long, glabrous. Bract Anthropogenic factors such as habitat disturbance, land
0.5mm long, ovate-acute, towards the upper half of the encroachment, deforestation might lead to depletion of
pedicel. Sepals 3, 2x2.5 mm, jointed at base, ovate- their numbers.
deltoid, acute, ciliolate along the margins, otherwise
glabrous. Petals 6, in two series, outer petals 4mm References
across, ovate-orbicular, inner petals 7mm long (with
claw), greenish towards the upper half and white in the Digital Flora of Karnataka (2014). An Online Database of Native and
Naturalized Vascular Plants of Karnataka <florakarnataka.ces.iisc.
lower half, tomentose along the margins. Stamens 12 in ernet.in>
two rows of six each. Carpels 6, glabrous, ovules 2, style Doyle, J.A. & A.L. Thomas (1997). Phylogeny and geographic history
of Annonaceae. Peographie Physique et Quaternaire 51: 353–361;
hairy. Fruitlets globose.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033135ar
Specimens examined: HJCB-N 118, 02.ii.2014, IUCN (2013). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version. 2013.2.
Kodagu District, Makutta Ghat (12007’04.69”N & <www.iucnredlist.org>
Karthikeyan, S., M. Sanjappa & S. Moorthy (eds.) (2009). Flowering
75047’24.51”E), with collection number, deposited at Plants of India - Vol. 1. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
the JCB Herbarium, IISc, Bangalore (Image 2B). li+365pp.
Flowers and Fruits: December–February. Keshavamurthy, K.R. & S.N. Yoganarasimhan (1990). Flora of Coorg
(Kodagu), Karnataka, India. Vimsat Publications, Bangalore,
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats, India. xv+711pp.
This species was so far known only from the Wayanad Kundu, S.R. (2006). A synopsis of Annonaceae in Indian subcontinent:
District of Kerala (Nayar et al. 2006; Karthikeyan et al. Its distribution and endemism. Thaiszia Journal of Botany 16: 63–85.
Mabberley, D.J. (2008). The Plant Book. A Portable Dictionary of
2009). The recent collection of this species from Kodagu Plants, their Classifications, and Uses. 3rd Edition. Cambridge
District is a new record of its extended distribution and University Press, Cambridge, xviii+1021.
occurrence in Karnataka. Mitra, D. (1993). Annonanceae, pp. 202–307. In: Sharma, B.D., N.P.
Balakrishnan, R.R. Rao & P.K. Hajra (eds.). Flora of India - Vol. 1.
Note: There is one specimen of this species Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
collected and deposited at the KFRI Herbarium (www. Mohanan, N. (2005). Annonaceae, pp. 31–175. In: Daniel, P. (ed.). The
kfriherbarium.org) from Kerala, Accession No. 10844 Flora of Kerala - Vol. 1. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
Nayar, T.S., A.R. Beegam, N. Mohanan & J. Rajkumar (2006).
KFRI, (dated, December 20, 1994) from Kerala (Periyar Flowering Plants of Kerala - A Hand Book. Tropical Botanical Garden
Reserve Forest, Idukki). There are, however, no Research Institute Publication, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala, India, x+1069pp.
specimens of this species collected and deposited at the
Saldanha, C.J. (1984). Flora of Karnataka - Vol. 1. Oxford & IBH
HIFP, Pondicherry and other regional herbaria. Publishing Company, New Delhi, India, 535pp.
Sasidharan, N. (1999). A new species of Orophea (Annonaceae) from
Western Ghats, India Nordic Journal of Botany 19(3): 301–304.
Conservation status Sasidharan, N. (2004). Biodiversity Documentation of Flowering Plants
The two species of Orophea reported in the present for Kerala (Part 6). Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala,
article are poorly known endemics restricted to a narrow India, 702pp.
Sasidharan, N. & V.V. Sivarajan (1990). Orophea malabarica
stretch of the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats (Annonaceae): a new species from Peninsular India. Blumea 35:
starting from Thrissur District of Kerala and extending 269–271.
into Kodagu District of Karnataka. The population Sasidharan, N. & V.V. Sivarajan (1996). Flowering Plants of Thrissur
Forest (Western Ghats, Kerala). Scientific Publications, Jodhpur,
studies and their distribution reports in future need fresh India, 579pp.
assessment in order to assign it an IUCN conservation The Plant List (2013). A working list of all plant species <www.
status. Based on the data collected from our field theplantlist.org>.

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