Early European Researches Into The Flora of China

JOURNAL
OF THE
NOETH-CHINA BBANCH
OF THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

ARTICLE I.
EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES INTO THE

FLORA OF CHINA*
BY
E. Beetschneider, M.D,
TT is proposed in the following pages to give a sketch of

I early botanical researches in China by European naturalists
and at the same time to rescue from oblivion Some curious
ancient documents showing the early attempts to illustrate the
botanical features of the Middle Kingdom. I have thought
that a critical review of these accounts in the light of modern
science and a republication of some of them, which I found
hidden in ancient periodicals, now little known and difficult
of access, would prove of some interest and be even practically
useful to collectors of Chinese plants and writers on the same
subject.
Although many of the celebrated Chinese vegetable produc¬
tions are mentioned in the book of Marco Polo and by other
European mediaeval travellers in China, I do not intend to trace
our early acquaintance with Chinese plants back as far as the
middle ages. In my investigations I shall start from that
period when these regions became first known to us through
the learned and hard-working Jesuit missionaries, the illustri¬
ous pioneers of Oriental studies in the far East. On the other
side, I shall not extend the area of my researches beyond the
Linnean period. _ . ______
# Bead before the Society on the 19fch November, 1880.
2 EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
I.—BOTANICAL INFORMATION WITH RESPECT
TO CHINA SUPPLIED BY THE JESUITS.
I may premise, although these facts are generally known, that,

after the Portuguese had made their appearance in Chinese
waters in the beginning of the 16th century (Raphael Pestrello
in 1516, Ferd. Andrade 1517), they subsequently established
factories at Ningpo, carrying on trade also with Amoy. Besides
this they settled near Canton and at Macao which latter place
on account of its favourable situation soon became the basis
and the starting point for the commercial enterprises of the
Portuguese in Eastern Asia. It is also well known that
Frcmciscus Xavier was the first Jesuit missionary, who ventured
to visit China in 1552, but he died in the same year on an is¬
land called Santîan in sight of the Chinese coast. Nearly 30.
years elapsed before a new attempt was made by the Jesuits to
gain a footing in China. From 1581 to 1583 they sent suc¬
cessively four missionaries to Macao. One of them was
Matlhaeus Ricci, who holds one of the most conspicuous places
in the history of the Chinese missions. By persevering efforts
he obtained permission to reside at Peking, where he arrived
in A.D. 1600. At the time of Ricci’s death, in 1610, the
number of Jesuit missionaries in China had already considerably
increased and we find them then working in many parts of the
Empire, (besides Pehing), namely at Canton, at Shao choufu
(Kuang tung province), at Nanking, Shanghai, Su cJiou fu,
Sung kiang fu (all in the province of Kiang nan [Kiang su]),
in which they then had altogether 90 churches; at Hang chau
fu (Che kiang prov.) ; at Nan cliang fu (Kiang si prov.). In
the provinces of Hu kuang and Sze ch‘uan they had also built
many churches and it appears, that at that time there were
missionaries also in Fu choufu and in some places of the
province of Shan si. They were not only assiduously labouring
to learn the language and to preach the gospel, bqt they
employed themselves also in acquiring knowledge of the customs
of the people and their literary works and they directed their
attention likewise to the features of the country and its natural
productions etc. The Jesuit missionaries have always had the
well-merited reputation of great learning and of a classical and
scientific education; and it seems that those, who were sent to
convert the Chinese, had been especially trained with the
object of convincing the latter, by means of striking experiments.
INTO THi FLORA; OF CHINA. 3
of the superiority of western science, and of demonstrating

to them the accuracy of Europeans in observing natural
phenomena, and their ingenuity in making the laws of nature
serviceable to the purposes of industry, economy and the
arts. The early success enjoyed by the propaganda of the
Jesuits in China was principally due to the great authority
they had acquired at the Court of Peking on account of their
skill in astronomy, physics, chemistry etc. Many of these
distinguished scholars used to investigate with a strong
inclination objects of natural history, and thus we find in the
collections of the letters and memoirs of the Jesuits in China
a great number of articles treating of mineralogy, zoology, and
botany, supplying a mass of most valuable information. The
circumstances, in which they lived among the natives, becoming
familiar with the language and adopting the native customs,
gave them many more facilities for gathering information than
travellers or naturalists of the present time, who are looked
upon with suspicion, constantly watched, and often molested
by the people. There are still in the interior of China many
common Chinese plants, known to us only from the description
of the Jesuits, as for example the tree, which yields the varnish
for making the well known Chinese lacquered ware, or the
Illicium anisatum of China (Loureiro). No specimens of these,
trees have, as far as I can judge from what has been published
with respect to Chinese plants, come to the notice of-later
botanists.*) I need hardly say, that the accounts left by the
early missionaries, concerning Chinese botany, have for the
greater part no claim to be considered scientific papers in
our modern sense. Their descriptions however of the plants
applied by the natives to economic or other useful purposes,
and also of wild-growing medicinal and other remarkable
plants, are generally quite satisfactory and popularly correct.
The Chinese names are often added. In most of the cases there
can be no doubt what plant they meant and we are thus enabled
to supply the respective scientific names, as far as these plants
are known to botanists.
It does not seem, that any botanical collection was sent from
China to Europe by the Jesuit missionaries previous to the
middle of the 18th century. Father d’Incarville, who resided
• I shall treat at greater length of these and similar botanical questions

relating to China in a more comprehensive treatise on Chinese botany,
which is now in course of preparation.
in Peking between 1740 and 1757, appears to have been the

first who collected plants and seeds for his instructor Bernh.
de Jussieu, as will be shown in a subsequent chapter.
The scope of this paper is not intended to give a full account
of all that has been written bj the Jesuits in China on botanical
matters. That would unduly swell the limits of this chapter,
I shall draw up merely a list of their works or scattered minor
articles dealing with the vegetable productions of the Middle
Kingdom, selecting only a few memoirs, presenting a particular
interest for a more detailed review, reproducing occasionally the
text in the original.
But before proceeding to a chronological survey of these
publications of the ancient Jesuit fathers, one of the earliest
works on China, published before their advent, deserves to be
noticed here. #,
J. GOBTZiLEBZ de MSNBOZA’s 12SSTOB.1T
OF THE GREAT AIBMIGHTY E11GBOM
OF'CBINA was first printed in Spanish, in 1585,in Rome.
An English version of the book (to which I refer) was published
in 1853 by the Hakluyt Soc. Mendoza, an Augustin monk,
had himself never seen China. The material for his book has
been derived from the reports of some friars of the same order,
who had found opportunity to visit China. He depends mainly
upon the accounts furnished by the monk Martin de Herradaf
who had been taken, in 1575, by a Spanish ship from Manilla
to the Chinese port of Tsuan choufu (prov. of Eu kien) where
he was allowed to spend three months. The information given
in this little book with respect to the vegetable productions
of China (I, 14. 15. 82.) are very meagre but not devoid of
interest. The excellence of the Chinese Chestnuts is there
praised and there is noticed also the great abundance of large
Melons. We are further told that “ the Chinese have a kind of
Plum, that they call leechias, of an excellent gallant taste.’*
This is, I think, the first mention made by Europeans of Lichis
(Weplielium laitchi Camb.). We are further more informed
in the same work that the Chinese, besides Wheat, Barley, Millet
(panizo), cultivate also the same Maize, which constitutes the
principal food of the Indians in Mexico. This latter statement
made at so early a date has a peculiar interest for us, for it is
now a well established fact that Maize is not indigenous to
China but has been introduced since the discovery of America.
One of the earliest accounts given of the Chinese Empire by
Jesuit missionaries is that by ALV. S1EMEDO. He was
of Portuguese origin, born 1585, arrived in China in 1613,
INTO THE FLORA OF CHINA., 5
and died in Maeao in 1658.*) As lie himself states in the

preface to his RELATIONE BELLA CrRANEE
MONARCH!A BELLA COTA?he wrote this work
about 1633, but it was first published only in 1643, in Rome.
I quote in the following the French translation of it made by
Coulon 1645, but translate the quoted passages into English.
The following are the remarks of Semedo concerning Chinese
plants :
1. The Reaches of the province of Xensi (Shensi) are of
prodigious size, some of them of a red color outside as well as
inside, others yellow and resembling our peaches. The same
province is also famed for its Grapes*, (p. 8.)
2. The province of Honan produces the best ApricOfSa
(p.22.)
3. The prov. of Xan tung (Shan tung) abounds in large and
excellent IPears (p. 29.)
These large pears are already mentioned by Marco Polo (Yule ed. 2
II 184.
4. There is a kind of fruit grown everywhere in China,
which they call su zu in their language. The Portuguese use
to term it red Fig. It bears however no resemblance to a fig,
for it is of a red color outside, contains a gold-colored pulp and
seeds resembling almond kernels. Its shape is that of an
orange but it varies in size. It has the skin very soft and is of
a delicious flavour. The best are grown in the colder parts of
Chinas viz. in the provinces of Plonan, Xensi (Shensi), Xian si
(Shan si), Xan tung (Shan tung) and especially in the last
named, where they use to dry them and send them off to the
other provinces of the Empire. When dried this fruit
resembles somewhat our figs, but it is superior in flavor,
(P. 7.)
This is without doubt the Diospyros Kaki L. (D. Schitze. Bge.) a very
common frijit tree all over China, where a great many Varieties of it
are cultivated. The Chinese name of the fruit is shi tsz*, in the
Amoy dialect su tsu.
5. The Jesuit Father Ferraris in his .Hesjperides (publ. in
1646) p. 430, describes an Aurantium sinense olivae magnitu*
dine jignr ague olivae, referring to Semedo. This is probably
Citrus japonica Thb., var. fructu elliptico, of which Semedo
seems to have communicated some account to Ferraris.
# The biographical notices given in this paper concerning the Jesuit

missionaries, are for the greater part derived from the pamphlet
published in 1872 by the Jesuits at Shanghai under the title of:
Catalogut Patrum ac Frattum e Soc. Jesn qui in Sinis adlaboraverunt.
6. The province of Han chu (probably Hang chon fu, the

capital of Chekiang, is meant), produces a peculiar fruit called
yam mai by the natives. It is of the size of a plum, of a
globular shape and resembles in color and taste the mulberry.
The tree to which this fruit belongs bears however no resem¬
blance to the mulberry tree. (p. 8.)
The author means the Myrica sapida Wall., a common fruit in Chekiang,
in Chinese yang mei.
7. The province of Peking produces Maize, Wheat and
some Bice for the use of the Emperor’s court, the mandarins
and the soldiers. An excellent kind of rice, which they eat
boiled in water, without other ingredients, comes from Nan¬
king. (p.5,30.)
This is the rice known under the name of glutinous rice. In Peking
it is called a * Kiang mi.
8. The island of Hai nan produces the famous odoriferous
Paglewood and the wood called hud li mo by the natives, Rose-
wood by the Portuguese, (p. 13.) /
According to Loureiro (PI. cochin. 327.) the Aloewood (or Eagle-
wood) of Cochinchina is yielded by Aloexylon Agalloohum, but nobody
after Loureiro has seen this tree. In India Aquilaria Agallocha
Boxb. is said to produce Aloewood.—The wood which the Chinese call
^ yfC hua li mu is well known in this country and sold even at
Peking, but the tree by which it is produced is unknown to botanists.
9. Belle-Isle, (thus Semedo terms Formosa) produces Pepper
which grows in the forests. Cinnamon is found there in the
mountains. The Camphor trees of this island attain an ex¬
traordinary height. China-root and Salsapariglia are also
found there, (p. 15.)
Camphortrees (Cinflamotnum Camphora. Nees) are indeed a prominent
feature of Formosa. Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum, Cassia Bl. and other
species) is known to grow in the provinces of Kuangsi and Kui chon.
I am not aware that modern travellers have noticed it in Formosa.
China-root is Smilax China, L. and other species.
10. The Ehubarb plant is found in the province of Xensi
(Shensi). It grows to a considerable height. Its leaves are
larger than those of cabbage, (p. 23.)
At the time of the Ming dynasty the present department of Si ning fu,
still famed for its Bhubarb, belonged to the province of Shensi.
11. In the province of Liao tung a root is produced which is
sold at the double price of its weight in silver. It is a
marvellous medicine, which is able to increase the strength of
the frame and to restore the exhausted animal powers. The
Chinese call it Gin sem. (p. 31.)
INTO THE FLORA OF CHINA. 7
This is it seems the earliest mention made by a European author of

the celebrated Gin seng Panas Ginseng 0. A. Mey., sin. A# jen
shen.— Liao tung is an ancient name for the present Shin king or Chinese
Manchuria.
12. They have a kind of fragrant flowers, called lajnui,
which appear in winter after the leaves have fallen. They^re
of a yellow color and waxlike appearance.
Chimonanthus fragrans. Lindl. sinice : ^ la mei. It puts forth
its flowers in December, in Peking, (p. 9.)
13. They have also a kind of lily (Lys.) which they term
tiao hoa and keep it in their houses. Tor these plants thrive
and blossom in the air with their imperishable roots out of the
ground (p. 6.)
According to Bridgman’s Chin. Chrestom. (resp. Dr. Williams) p. 452
(5)- fFj it tiao hua (hanging flower) is the Chinese name for the
Airplant. The latter is a general name for several species of Ae'rides
and Vanda, possessing the peculiar property of existing many months
suspended in air.
14. Large boats loaded with Lamp-wicks are frequently
met on the rivers in China. These lamp-wicks are made from
the pith of a rush, which the Chinese know how to take out.
This rush is, as Dr. Hance has first proved, (Journ. of Botany 1875
p. 108) the Juncus effusus. L.
15. Semedo is the first of the missionaries who notices the
Tea plant in China and who gives some account of the prepara-*
tion of the leaves and their use. He states that Gha (^) is
the name of the leaf of a tree, which resembles the Myrtle etc.
(P- 27.)
16. Semedo mentions also (p. 7.) among the, fruits of
Canton and Fukien the Lichi (Nephelium Hsitelli* see
above Mendoza) and first speaks of the Lum yen (Hephelium
ZiUngan. Camb. sin: fH £ij| lung yen.)
17. Finally Semedo reports (p. 4.) that the Chinese have
an excellent Varnish, which they call charam, and which is
yielded by a tree.
There can be no doubt, that S. means the famed Chinese varnish, gin,
jUlj t* si, produced by a kind of Rhus, but I am not prepared to give any
explanation, with respect to charam, which cannot be a Chinese name.
He repeats the same name on p. 12. Constancio in his Dicionario da
lingua Portugueza states that this term, still in use in Portugal to
designate Chinese Varnish, is of Asiatic origin.
We come next to famous ATlaiLS
SI33TBWSES* Martinus Martini was born in 1614 at
Trent (Southern Tyrol, Austria.). He arrived in China 1643,
returned in 1653 to Europe by way of Batavia and landed at
Amsterdam, where he made arrangements for publishing his
work. After this lie proceeded to China again and died at

Hang chou fn (Che kiang) in 1661.
The first edition of Martini's Novus Atlas Sinensis, published
in Latin, bears no date but the concession for printing is dated
Vienna January 7. 1655. This work is a short geographical
description of the provinces of China, translated it seems from
a Chinese work, but the author has added also many of his
personal observations. I shall extract those passages relating
to the vegetable productions of the different provinces.
1. Territorium urbis Peking producit optima Poma, Pyra,
Pruna, Frumenti ac Milii non parum, Leguminum omnia fere
genera. Nuces adhaec habet et Castaneas, nec non Ficus et TJvas,
ex quibus tamen vinum non coficiunt. (p. 32.)
2. Provineia Xantung, (Shan tung) producit optima Yarii
generis Pyra, Castaneas, nueesque alias, Prunorum verum vim
tantam, ut siccata ea sicuti et pyra recentia, cum reliquis com-
municet provinciis : ad haec pomi ibi genus est, su cu vocant
incolae, quod licet in aliis reperiatur provinciis, illic tamen
abundat magis. (I omit the detailed description of the fruit.)
(p. 53.)
By Martini’s Plums we have probably to understand Jujubes for which
the province of Shantung is famed as well as for the shi jsz (su tsu,
comp, above Sernedo 4.). The description Martini gives of the Diospyrot
TTaTri is in accordance with Semedo’s acoount of the same fruit.
3. Urbs Tung chuen (Sz’ch'uan prov.). Magnus Castanea-
rum ac Prunorum ubique proventus, sed et Saccari cannas fert.
(p 70.)
4. TJrbs Quei te (Honan prov.). Granata hie sunt praestan-
tissima a quorum copia ac praestantia ultima civitas Xe ching
nomen habet, quasi dicas pomorum granatorum moenia. (p. 60.)
The Chinese name of the Pomegranate is U® shi liu, but the name
of the city to which M. evidently alludes is ® M che cbtetyg Hen and
this name has nothing to do with the pomegranate.
5. Urbs Tali (prov. lunnan). In hoc tractu.Ficus nascuntur
Europeae, quas Sinae va hoa quo dicunt, ex eo indito no¬
mine, quod nullo praevio flore ut reliqui fructus solent crescat.
Vu hoa enim “ sine flore ” significat, “ quo ” vere fructum.
(p. 158.)
The common Pig, Ficus Carica L., sin. wu hua Tcuo (fruit
without previous flower) is cultivated throughout China, but is not indigen.
ous there.
6. Martini speaks of the superior quality of the Grapes. in
the prov. of Shansi. The natives do not use them for making
wine, as the missionaries do, but only dry them in order to sell
these raisins all over China, (p. 37.)
INTO THE FEORA Of CHINA, 9
7. Urbs Focbeu (proy. Fo kien). ^laxima est in australibns

hujus provinciae partibus et praecipue in hujus urbis territorio
copia fructus illius qnem Lichi vocant, Lusitani Macaenses
Lichias dicunt. Uaseitur in magnis procerisque arboribus,
qua,rum folia Lauri imitantur, e ramorum summitatibus racemi
prodeunt, in bis ut in uvis fructus est, sed rarior ac longioribus
pedunculis dependet. Fructus figura omnino croculum refert,
magnitudine nucem aequat juglandem, parvum strobulum sen
nucem pineam repraesentat, squamoso sed non adeo crasso cortice,
nam ad membranae tantum crassitiem accedit, adeoque vel sola
matin facile detrahitur. Intus succulentus est nucleus albi
colorfs saporis ac odoris rosacei suavissimi, cum maturus est
fructus purpurei est coloris, videaturqup ipsae arbores purpureis
circumquaque quasi cordibus ornatae, amoenissimo adspectu
astantium oculis arridere. Qs seu calculum caro intus ambit,
ac circumdat, qui quo mole minor est, po censetur fructus melior
ac praestantior. Ilecte bunc fructum regem fructuum dici
posse, sptepe ego mecum cogitavi, qui quasi esui ac spectantium
voluptati natus tantum esset, ita delectat, ut numquam satiet.
(p. 122.)
Urbs Ping lo (prov. Quang si). Xdcbiarum fructus magna
ubique copia, cujus arbores Li pu civitati nomen dederunt.
(p. 145.) .
Alter etiam fructus quidam rotundus est, cortice supenori
baud absimilis, lung yen, boc est draconis oculum, yocant;
superiori mole non aequalis est, paulo minor ac rotundior, ut
cerasa fere nostra majora, pelle tamen aliquantulum licbi
duriori magisque squamosa constat. Utrumque etiam Sinae
exsiccant et ex bac provincia (Fo kien) per totum imperium
ad delicias etiam siccus distrabitur, nullo tamen modo cum
recentibus comparari potest, cum suavissimus ille succus totus
fere exhalarit. Fx licbia etiam exprimitur liquor, quern yinum
Sinenses vocant, suave satis sed rarius (p. 122.)
Est et fructus in boc territorio quern Sinae Mui gin li vocant,
i. e. pulchrae mulieris pruna eaque magna sunt ac praeclara
quae Damascena ilia magnitudine ac praestantia superant,
figura rotunda magis sunt quam elliptica aut ovali. (p. 122.)
The fruits here mentioned Nephelium Litchi. Camb and Nephelium
Lung an-Camb. The mei jin li is evidently a Plum.
8. Urbs Chang cheu (prov. Fo kien). In hujus ac superioris
urbis (Ts'iian chou fu) territorio uberrime proveniunt Poma
aurea nobilissima, mole ac magnitudine Europaeis majoribus
paria, odore, suavitate atque amoenitate ea omnia longissimo
superant intervallo; nec arboris figura aut modus a nostratibua
multum discrepat, sed fe*e par est, fructus vero in eo differt,

quod comestus uvam omnino referat, quam mnschatam vocant,
ejusdem enim plane odoris ac saporis est, adeo nt suavius
quidqnam in hoc genere nec Italia hactenns, nec Hispania
viderit ant gustarifc. Ita vero hie fructus a natnra est rom-
paratns ut anreum suum densioremque corticem facile diraittat,
pnlpa vero intra pelliculas, quibus vestitnr ac distinguitur,
eadem. facilitate in particulas snas dividitnr. Eundem fructum
simul cum cortice inter asseres pressum saccaro condiunt,
totoqne anno adservant neqne Sinas snos tantum, sed et exteros
his deliciis pascunt ac recreant, (p. 125.)
Urbs Chang te. (prov. Hu quang). Poma aurea oranis
generis profert, inter quae ilia sunt quae hyberna a Sinis
vocantur. Cura enim jam cessanh reliqua, haec primura hyerae
maturescunt et suavissimi sunt saporis. (p. 80.)
The first of the Orange here descibed is that known among European
residents in China under the name of Mandarin-orange, the rind of which
separates spontaneously from the pulp. The other may be the so-called
Coolie-orange known by its closely adhering skin.
9. Provincia Quang tung. Poma aurea hie ac Citria oranis
generis sunt, etiam praestantissima ilia quae supra in prov.
Fo kien descripsimus. Unum praeterea genus est particulare,
Yeu gu Sinae vocant, Lusitani Jamboa, Hollandi Pamjiehnoes.
In spinosis arboribus ut lirnonia poma solent nascuntur, arbores
tamen illis majores sunt, flores etiam similes omnino albosque
proferunt suavissimi odoris ex quibus aqua etiam fragrantissima
destillatoria arte elicitur; fructus autem citria omnia etiam
ilia maxima longe superat magnitudine, quippe qui capitis
humani molem aut aequet aut excedat. Cortex reliquis
pomis aureis similis est colore, pulpa interna rubescit,
dulcedinem aliqua aciditate permixtam obtinet uvamqne sapore
refert non omnino maturam, proptereaque ex eo etiam liquor
pro potu exprimi solet, uti in Europa ex cerasis, pyris
ac pomis pro sicera : suspensus do mi fructus ad annum perdu rat.
O'- 131)
This is the Citrus decumana. L. sin: yu tsz\
10. Urbs Chang te (prov. Hu quang). Habent etiam Cedros
illas, quas IdoU manwm vocant, extremitates enim illarum in
caudulas aliquas ceg in digitos ac pedunculos desinunt. Esui
apti non sunt, at domi intra cubiculum suspensi suavissimum
exhalant odorem, quam obrem sacculos reticulato opere ex serico
artificiose contexunt. (p. 80.)
Citru& medics, var. chirocarpa. Lour, sin: ^ -^/o shou (Buddha’g
land.)
INTO THE FLORA OE CHINA. 11
11. Urbs ETiun cheu in insula Hai nan. Crescunt bic

nbique Nuces Indicae majores ac minores, fructusque ille vulgo
habitus totius orbis maximus, quem Jaca in India vocare sole-
mus, qui ob eximiam magnitudinem non in ramis arborura,
quamvis illi quoque ingehtes sint, sed ipsi trunco adnascitur,
quasi' ex metu, ne tan turn onus rami ferre detrectent quan-
tumvis firmi aut robust! fuerint. Fructu cortex adeo durus
crassusque est, ut securi aperiendua sit. Innumerae intua
domunculae seu folliculi sunt, in quibus pulpa est flavi coloris,
quae nucem veluti castaneam ambit; ilia ubi maturuit suavis-
sima est; liaec igne tostas castaneas nostrates refert. (p. 140)
1. Cocos nucifera L.—2. Areca catechu. L—3. Artocarpus integrifolius L.
12. Prov. Quang tung. Pructus quoque bic ubique plurimi
sunt et pimestantissimi, Buropaei non pauci : Pnma granata.
Uvae, Pyra, Nuces, Gastaneae, at hisce terris proprii ac
singulares : Musae, Nuces indicae, Ananas, Lichia, Limg yen,,
Poma aurea etc. (p. 131.)
13. Urbs Gu cbeu (Martini means Wu chou fu in Kuang si.)
Hascitur arbor Quang lang, vocata, haec pro medulla modern
pulpam obtinet farinae simillimam, quin et farinae usum
praestat, saporisque non ingrati est, ad quaevis esculenta
adbibetur. (p. 145.)
Sin: % $$ Jcuang lang. Caryota.
14. Urbs Kia bing (prov. Che kiang). Nascitur per totam
banc regionem in stagnantibus aquis fructus figura rotundus,
Peci Sinae vocant, cujus magnitudo castaneam nucem baud
multum excedit, pellis subtilissima pulli coloris nucleum vestit,
cujus intus candidissima caro est plena sued, gratique saporis,
durior est quam pomorum vulgarium, ac parumper acida. Si
simul cum hoc fructu cupream monetam ori immiseris, dentibus
<eadem facilitate qua fructum comminues, ac in pulpam comes-
tibilem rediges, mira naturae vi, mihique alias ipso exper¬
iment saepe comperta. (p. 113.)
This is Eleocharis tuherosa. Schult. sin: j$if pi ts’i cultivated
throughout China.
15. Urbs Xun te (Shun te fu, prov. Chili). Talo lacus
snagnus fructu aquatioo Lin kio dicto Celebris. Hie fructus
tribuli fere habet figuram, ad instar triangularis pyramidis
undequaque prominens, cortice viridi crassiorique est, ad apices
rubescente, dum siccatur nigrescit, interior substantia albis-
sima est, sapore castaneae nucis, magnitudine tres quatuorve
castaneas aequat. In stagnantibus aquis per totam Sinam
«eritur. Planta foliis est exilibus longissimo tractu per aquae
sum mam superficiem proserpentibus, fruetus multiplies sub

aquis latitant. (p. 34.)
Trapa bispinosa. Roxb., extensively cultivated in the lakes and rivers of
Northern China. Sin : ^ ling fcio—The marsh of Ta lu ^ ^ M
is situated ip the southern part of Chili.
16. Prov. Kiang si. On p. 87 Martini gives a detailed
description of tbe Lien, a waterplant found in all parts of
China. The roots and the seeds of it are eaten. This is
Nelumbium speciosuin. W. sin : jjf.
17. Prov. Quang tung. Non tamen hie praetereUnda Rosa
sinica est, ilia nimirum, quae diebus singulis bis colorem mutat,
purpureaque modo tota, modo rut'sus omnino alba evadit.
Caret suavitate odoris, in arbore nascitur. (p. 132.)
Hibiscus mutabilis. L.
18. Urbs Iengan (Yen an fu in Shensi). Plorera profert
Meutan dictum maximeque estimatum a Sinis, quasi florum
regem diceres, rosa nostrat'e major est, hujus tamen figuram
imitatur, sed folia magis expandit, odore quidem cedit, at
pulcliritudine superat, spinis caret, colons est magis albicantis
quasi expurpureo et albo misti. Rubri etiam et flavi reperiuntur.
In virgulto nascitur Sambuco nostrati haud absimili. , Per
totam Sinam hie flos in divitum viridariis colitur, idque magi s a
arte et diligentia in calidioribus quippe locis aestate contra
solis ardores regi debet. (p. 51.)
According to Chinese authors the fyh J3* mu ân> or Pêonia moutan
Sims., is found in a wild state in the mountains of the southwestern part
of Shensi. Martini is the first European who notices this handsome
Chinese flower introduced into-EuropaeaU. gardens only in 1789.
19. Urbs Kin hoa (prov. Che kiang.). Nascitur hie flos ille
qhem in India Lusitani Mogorin vocant. (Latinum illius nomen
nusquam reperio.). In parva nascitur arbuscula, flos albis-
simus Gensemino non absimilis nisi quod plura habet folia.
Odorem exhalat suavissimum Grensernino multo nobiliorem.
Est apud Sinas in magna aestimatione. (p. 114.)
This is Jasminum Sambac. Ait., .the nto li hiia of the
Chinese.
20. Urbs Quei lin (prov. Quang si). Maxima ex parte no¬
men habet a Quei floribus, qui licet per totam reperiantur
regionem Sinarum, nullibi tamen copiosiores sunt quam in hac
provincia, maximeque in hujus urbis territorio unde urbi Quei*
lin nomen inditum, quod Quei florum sylvam sonat. Nascitur
autem Quei flos in procera arbore, quae folia habet lauri, aufc
Cinnamomi. Flos minimus est, ac flavi col oris, in racemulos
dispergitur, suavissimi plane odoris; flos apertus in ipsa
IHTO THE FLORA Of CHlfrA, 13
arbore longo adrnodum tempore perstat integer, minimeque

flaccescit, ubi, decidit, interjecto mensis unius spatio deuuo arbor
repnllnlat, novumque florem gignit autumnali tempore; tarn
fragrantem gratumque exhalat odorem, ut regionem totarn
cui arbor vieina est, a suavitate recreet atque perfundat.
Latinum illius nomen nusquam reperio : is ipse autem flos est,
quem Turcae limonum succo maceratum ad erines equorum
tingendos adhibent. Ex eodern Sinae multa bellaria ori ac
naribus gratissima adornant. (p. 143.)
The tree here described is the leui hua of tbe Chinese, the Olea
fagrans Thb. of botanists. M. is wrong in supposing it to be the Henna of
the Mohammedans, which is Lawsonia alba Lam., also cultivated in
Southern China.
21. XJrbs Cin cbeu (prov. Quang si). Ginnamomum profert

praestantissimum, a Ceilani cinnamomo in eo tantum differt
quod odoris sit fragrantioris, majorisque mordacitatis, dam
linguae imponitur. (p 146.)
Ginnamomum Cassia Bl., C Burmanni Bl. and perhaps other species
furnish the Cassia bark of China.—By Cin eheu M. means
Bin chou fu. In the same prefecture near the town of Tai wu, according
to Mr. Moss (Nairrative of an exploration of the West river. 1870.) the best
Cassia bark is produced.
22. Provincia Inn nUn (Yunnan), Mo pang munimentura

maxime australem ac occidentalem hujus provinciae partem
occupat. Piper profert. (p. 165.)
23. Provincia Kiang nan. Gha folium (p. 106). A good
description of tbe Tea plant, its cultivation) preparation of the
leaves etc. The best quality is said to be that of Sung lo.—On
p. 158 M. notices the tea of the prefecture of Ta li in Yiin nan.
I have omitted Martini’s treatise on tea (Jf| dia in Chinese)
for the subject 1s too well known and M. not the first European
who mentions tea. The ^ sung lo mountains separating
the provinces of Che kiang and An hui, are still famed for their
superior quality of tea.
24. The province ,of Kiang nan (Kiang sn and An hui)
famed for its Cotton and manufacture of cotton cloths, especially
the cities of Sung kiang and Shanghai, (p. 94. 101. I omit
the details.)
25. Urbs Kan kang (prov. Kiang si). Producit haee nrbs
Gannabmv ex qua vestes aestivas contra calorem ao sudorem
aptissimas texunt. (p.88.)-—UrbsXao (Shao) wu (prov. Eo kien).
Texit hujus urbis plebs pannos praestantissimos ex crudo
Cannabe, qui aestati tempore ob frigiditatem et quia sudor©
madefacti non sordescunt, citoque siccantur, vulgo expetuntur

et in pretio sunt. (p. 128.)
Boehmeria nivea. Hook, et Arn., from the fibre of which the so called
Chinese Qrassclotk is manufactured.
26. Urbs Li ping (prov. Quei cheu). Pannos conficiunt
incolae ex cruda Cannabe, seu herba Cannabi prorsus simili. Oo
Sinae vocant. Ex bis vest.es pro tempore aestivo eximiae
plane sunt, ac commodissimae. (p. 152.)
Pueraria Thunbergiana Benth. (Paohyrhizus T hunbergianus S et Z.)
Sin: K<>. P. trilobus D.C. has the same Chinese name. It seems
that both of them are textile plants.
27. Urbs Ping lo. (prov. Quang si) Conficitur bic pannus
ex foliis Musarum rubrarum. (p. 145.)
In the Yi t'ung chi, the great geography of the Ch. Empire, the
& *# hung tsiao pu (cloth made from the red Musa.) is mentioned
as manufactured in the prefecture of Ping to. Perhaps the Mtisa coocinea.
Andr., introduced into European gardens from China in 1792, is meant.
I am not aware whether the appellation of red Musa could be applied
to Musa textilis Nees. .
28. Urbs Cin cbeu (prov. Quang si). Incolae ex herba Yu
conficiunt pannos, quorum praestantia sericum ipsum superat,
majorique quam istud in pretium sunt. (p. 146.)
The plant yu and the fabric manufactured from its fibres seem to be
unknown to Europeans. In the Yi t'ung chi I find under Sin chou fu
(vide supra 21) a cloth mentioned there produced which they call St#
chu pu or m $*# yu lin pu.
29. Provincia Xan tung (Shan tung). Rarum est, et omnino
nimium quantum beneficae in earn gentem naturae argumentum,
filum sericum ibidem in arboribns ac campis sponte sua nasci,
quod non a domesticis bombycibus, sed a vermibus contexitur
erucishaud absimilibus, non in globurn aut ovum ductum, sed in
Iongissimum filum paulatim ex ore emissum, albi coloris, quae
arbusculis dumisque adhaerentia, atque a vento hue illucque
agitata colliguntur, atque ex illis, uti ex vera bysso, panni
conficiuntur serici qui licet rudiores nonnihil sint serico
domestico, firmitate tamen ac robore superant. (p. 53.)
Martini alludes here to the wild silkworms feeding on the leaves of
different oaks and producing the silk from which the so called Shan tung
Pongee is woven (|||jj j||rJ hien chou in Chinese.) Comp. Dr. Hance’s
interesting article on Northern Chinese silk worm oaks, Journ. Linn, Soc.
X, XIII. and Du Halde, la Chine II 207.
30. Martini explains (p. 39) the method adopted by the
Chinese in the production of Weeping Willows by bending down
large branches of the lieu or Willow tree, which generally has
upright branches, and causing them to take root in the ground.
I may observe, that Salix babylonica L. in Europe and Western

Asia is generally seen with its branches hanging down, whilst in China
(in Northern China a,t least) where this tree, f|(I tin shu in Chinese,
is very common, its branches shoot originally upwards. In a similar way
the Chinese produce artificially the tree known in Europe as 8 phora
pendula, in causing two young trees of 8. japonica. L., growing close to¬
gether, to join by grafting, and then turning upwards the roots of one
of them.
31. Urbs Chao king (prov. Quang tung). Multa odorifera
ligna produeit: Aquilam nimirum et illud quod Lusitani Pao
de Rosa sen rosaceum vocant, quo ad capsulas, raensas, sedes,
similiaque conficienda frequentissime utuntur, quoque vix aliud
est praestantius, colons ex nigro rubicantis, venis quibusdara
intercisum et artificiosa benigne obstetricantis naturae quasi
manu depictura. (p. 137.)
Urbs Kiun cheu in insula Hai nan. Aquila lignum crescit in
montibus, uti et Bbenum, lignum Rosae; et illud quod Brasilum
vnlgo vocant, quod ad tincturam per totam Sinam passim
adhibent fullones. (p. 140.)
With respect to Eaglewood and Hose wood compare Semedo 8, note.
The Ebony of China is probably yielded by the tree described in Loureiro’s
El. cochin, under the name of Ebenoxylon verum, but it seems that after
Loureiro no botanist has had opportunity of observing it.—Brazil wood is
Caesalpinia Sappan. L. (Comp. Yule’s M. Polo 2d edition II 260.)
32. Urbs Cin cheu (prov. Quang si). Ibidem arbor ilia ferri
cst, buxo nostrate multo durior. (p. 146)—-Urbs Chao king
(prov. Quang tung). Gao leang mons prope Te king ex eo
Celebris, quod ingentes arbores, quae ferreas seu lignum ferreum
vocant profert.
The mountain kao Hang in the district Te king chou. The tree
pi’oducing the Chinese Iron ivood, gin: t’ie li mu seems to be
unknown to botanists. Comp. Loureiro El. cochin. 326. Baryxylum rufum.
There are probably several trees going under the same Chinese name. I
have myself seen in Canton a red and a grayish green wood, both of them
termed tie li mu and extremely hard.
33. Urbs Chu cheu (prov. Chekiang). Luyeu (?) rivus prope
King ning (Sf) magnis Arundinarum sylvis virescens. Sinae
eas communi nomine Oho dicunt, licet quam plurimae earum sunt
species, Lusitani in India Bambu vocant, aliae aliis majores
sunt. Harum omnium durities prope ferrea est, adeoque saepe
crassae sunt, ut duabus tribusve maribus stringere nequeas :
quamvis autem intus vacuae sint, suisque nodis articulisque
distinctae, firmissimae taraen sunt, ac securissime imposita
onera sustiDent. Altitudo saepe trium aut plurium cannarum
est, minores aliae mediam perticam haud excedunt, aliae sunt
trunco ac ligno viridi, aliae nigerrimo, atque hae plerumque
n I5ABLY KUROBBAN. RESEARCHES.
solidae quales in India Bambu raarem vocant. Amoenissimum

adspe- turn praebent turn folia oblonga forma gladioli, sum-
mifcatibus nonnihil inflexis atque incur vis: turn quia toto anni
tempore virides sunt. Licet autem adeo durae siut arundines
facile tamen in licia tenuissima, ac veluti membranulas ab artis
peritis dissecantur, exquibus storeas, capsulas, pyxides, pectines
aliaque simili utensilia minutissima subtilissime coutexunt.
Ex eisdem domos suas facile construunt eisque par aedium
minorum postibus utuntur; ex tenuioribus hastilia fiunt cuspide
praeferrata atque ad sexcentos alios usus, quorum nirais prolixa
esset narratio adbibentur. Ad aquarum canales ductusve
struendos, cum a natura perforatae sint, aptissimae sunt: ac pro
tubis opticis longioribus ob levitatem, rectitudinem, orassitiem
ac firmitatem excellentes prorsus ac singulares. Cum recens
haec canna absecta comburitur, aquam emittit, uti ligna omnia,
plurimura a medicis expetitam : epota namque putrescentem
sanguinem locoque motum vel casu, vel percussione, e corpore
expellit. Tenera ac primum nata, priusquam folia emittafc
cum carne adhibetur pro cibo veluti rapae, aut cocti cardui, quin
et aceto macerata toto anno shrvatur tamquam condimentum,
seu obsonium ad delicias, non secus ac minores apud nos
cueumeres, aut foeniculum. (p. 116.)
Urbs Hoai gan (prov. Kiang nan). Ad urbis orientum est
Hung, lacus (§! S') pal as ingens. In eo nascuntur Cannae
illae palustres altissimae, quibus lignorum loco tota utitur
regio. (p. 104.)
Urbs Hoei cheu (prov. Quan tung). In monte Lo fou
(»t? lU) longissimae Arundines nascuntur eaedem erassissi-
mae, quae reliquas fere omnes superant, trunci circumferentia
decern subinde aut plures palmos aequat aut etiam superat,
(p. 136.)
chu is the general term for Bamboo in Chinese. Mnnro in Transact,
of Linn. Soc XXVI (1868) enumerates 12 species of Barnbusa, known
from China. It is not certain1 whether B. arunclinaoea Beta (Arundo
Bambus L.) occurs in China.
34. Urbs Lui cheu (prov. Quang tung). Iu omnibus hisce
terris. vimen illud mirabile nascitur quod Sinae Teng, Lusitani
Rota vocant, funem a natura contortion esse credas, in maximam
Cnim longitudinpra extenditur, ac veluti funis per terram ac
montes proi*epit; spinis horridum est, foliisquo oblongioribus
viret, crassitie vix digitum aequat, et tamen saepe ad integrum
stadium diifunditur, tan tuque per montes copia ut inter sc
intricatae stirpes etiam cervis iter impervium reddant. Len-
tissimura prorsus, vimcu est, maximeque fraction; resiatit,
quamobrem ex eo rudentes, funesque pro navibus confieri

solent; irao illud in licia vittulasque tenuissimas minutissime
partiri solent, ex iisque corhes, crates, sedilia aliaqne similia
contexere, maxim e vero subtilissimas ae molissimas illct,s storeas,
in quibus Sinenses plerique ad ipsem Regem nndi, dum somnum
capiunt, decumbere consueverunt, quae res mundissima est et
aestate perfrigida, et Sinensibus, tametsi eae storeae vel nudis
asseribus instratae sint, sat commoda videtur ob longam ita
decumbendi assuetudinem. Ex iisdem viminibus ipsos lectnlos
efformant, ac pulvinaria, quae rebus quibusdam odoratis
infarciunt ad delicias. (p. 139.) Yimen etiam seu Rotarn tota
itisula Haiuan profert. (p. 140.)
Calamus Bo tang. L., C. rudentum. Lour., C. verus. W. C. viminalis W.
and probably several other species, growing in India, the Archipelago and
Cochinchina furnish the Rattans so commonly employed for different
purposes. As to the species of Southern China they are very imperfectly
known, but some of the above mentioned species may occur also in China.
The Chinese character Jj|f t’eng denotes not only Rattans, but is also
applied to other climbing plants.
35. Urbs Rien cheu (M. means Yen cbou fu, prov. Chekiang.)
Plurimum colligitur Gummi illius seu glutinis Ch'e, quod stiilat
ex arboribus, persimileque est lachrymae terebinthi. Aestate
colligitur, purgaturque a Sinis, et quo volunt colore infieitur :
optimum est quod aureo flavescit, proximum quod nigerrimum.
Cum nondum siccatum est, venenatam quandam emittit exhala-
tionem, cui non adsueti intumescunt ac pallent vultu, sed
facilis est curatip. Cum tinguntur arculae tardius siccatur,
nisi in humido sit loco, semel autem exsiccatum numquam
amplius liquefit. Quam vero res fit elegans munda ac splendida
jam pridem didicit Europa ex capsulis quae e Japonia atque
ipsa Sina plurimae fuerunt advectae (p. 113.)
fj|y ts'i, the famous Chinese Lacquer, yielded by a species of Rhus. The
plant however has not yet been examined by botanists, with the exception
of Loureiro, who has named it Augia sinensis. See also above Semedo 17.
36. Urbs Kin hoa-(prov. Chekiang). Quod mihi hie saepe
admirationem movit pinguedo quaedam est ex arboribus nata,
ex qua veluti ac sebo optimae atque albae fiunt candelae, quae
manus non inficiunt etsi tangantur, nec foetorem exhalant dum
extinguuntur. A Sinis Kieu yeu vocari solet. Arbor sat
magna est, pyros nostrates et foliis et forma refert, florem album
emittit, ut cerasi, florem excipit bacca rotunda omnino, ceraso
mole aequalis; tegit hanc subniger et tenuis cortex, alba intus
caro est, quae, cum bacca matura est, disrupto cortice apparet.
Has baccas colligunt ac aqua calida excoquunt, turn caro
liquefit, at frigida iterum omnino ut sebum solet, spissatur.
Nucleus dein remanet, hunc oleo plenum, ut olivas nos,

macerant et oleum non ad cibos, sed ad lucernas aptum
exprimunt. Hyberno tempore folia, quasi cuprea essent, omnino
rubescunt; amoenus mihi horum foliorurn saepe visus est
conspectus, cum quasi integrae sylvae rubrae appareant: demuin
folia decidunt, et quia pinguedine quadam praedita sunt,
gratissimum ovibus ac vaccis cibum praestant, ex quorum
v esitatione egregie pinguescunt. (p. 114.)
Martini’s account of the Tallow tree, Stillingia sebifera. Mich., in Chin.
m Taw (the vegetable tallow is called hiu yu), is correct, with the
exception of the description of the flowers. The tree is very common in
Central and Southern China.
37. IJrbs Tegan (prov. Hu quang). Est in hac region©
rarum quid, Alba Cera, quae a vermiculis elaboratur eo fere
artificio quo apes favos suos struunt. Sunt autem hi favi
multo minores ac candidissimi, nec vermiculi culti sunt, aut
domestici, sed inculti atque agrestes. Ex collectis favis candelas
ut ex communi nostrate cera conficiunt, at longe magis albae
sunt, a magnatibus, quod majori constent pretio, fere tantum
adhiberi solent: nam praeter candorem odorem etiam suavem
emittunt cum comburuntur, nihilque sordibus inficiunt aut
foedant, licet guttae liquefactae in vestes incidant. Lumen
etiam clarissimum, maximeque temperatum reddunt. (p. 76.)
IJrbs Ping lo (prov. Quang si). In hujus urbis territorio
reperitur cera ilia aTba ab animalculis illis insectis elaborata,
de quibus supra dixi, (p. 145.)
This is it seems the earliest notice given by an European observer with
respect to Chinese Insect Wax produced, as is well known now, by the
'Coccus pda Westw. living upon the branches of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.
and other species, and also on Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (See Hanbury’s
scient. pap. p. 60.) '
38. On p. 108 and 88 of Martini’s Atlas înensis an account
is found of the breeding of silkworms and the planting of
Mulberry trees in the provinces of Chekiang and Eukien.
39.. Urbs lung ping (prov. Chili). Magna ibi copia est
nobilissimae radicis tota Sina celebratissimae Ginseng, Japonibus
Nis%.' .Nomen sinicum illi a figura divaricatis quippe cruribus
hominis formam refert {gin porro hominem signiticat.), Mandra-
goram nostratem credas, nisi quod ea multo minor sit, quin
illius tamen species sit aliqua, nullus dubito, quippe quae et
formam et vim habeat. Eolia ejus mihi hactenus videre not
contigit. Siccata radix flavescit, libras seu capillos vix aut n©
vix quidem habet. Cum manditur dulcedine ingrata est
nonnulla admista amaritie, sed tenui. Auget plurimum vitales
spiritus, suavem corporis calorem excitat. Fortioris calidiorisqu©
naturae qui sunt ejus sumptione vitae periculum ad ire solent

nimium auctis exhindantibusque spjritibiis; debilibus, fatigatis,
vel morbo diuturniori, aliave de causa exhaustis ad miraculum
prodest. Moribundis ita vitales quandoque vires reddit. (p. 35).
Panax Ginesng, O.A. Mey., a plant now confined to Manchuria, not met
with in the prefecture of Yung ping, as M. asserts. Yung ping fu is
situated near the Manchurian frontier. It appears however from the
ancient Chinese records that in former times Ginseng was gathered even
in the mountains of North China. Comp, also Semedo ii.
40. Provincia Xensi (Shensi) multa praeclara suppeditat
, medicamenta, FJieubarbarum imprimis, quod non sylvestre est,
ut putant quidam, sed diligenti culturae arte indiget. Sinae
vulgo Tai Jioang vocant. Radix est sat solida,tuberibus hinc inde
prominentibus, foliorum forma haud ita procul abest a caulibus
nostratibus, quos tamen magnitudine superant. Radices uno
pertusas foramine in umbra suspendunt at siccaiih: nam in
sole suspensae vim amittunt. Ex hac et Suchuen altera
provincia, est magna ex parte Rheubarbarum, quod ad nos in
Europam defertnr, nimirum per mare indicum vel Cascar,
Astracaniam et Russiam vel per Tebet, Mogor et Persidem :
nemo enim est magnopere rerum peritus (quod equidem sciam)
qui in illis regionibus nasci Rheubarbarum velit, sed inde nos
habere asserunt, quia ab illis affertur emiturque nationibus, et
ex Sina allatum esse ignoratur (p. 4,3. 45).
M. is correct in Btating, that Rhubarb in its native country is cultivated.
Prczewalsky reports the same. But it seems that the greater part of the
drug collected for sale grows wild in the mountains of Si ning fu and those
surrounding lake* Kukonor. Comp, also above Semedo 10, note.—There is
in ICircher’s China illustrata (French ed. 1667) p. 249 an engraving re¬
presenting the “Rheubarbarum verum.” Kircher states, that this drawing
has been made from a plant grown in the garden of Mr. Juste Nobelar in
Leyden at the time when Father Martini, in June 1654 passed through
this city. He then had declared, that it was the true Rhubarb of China.
But at the time here spoken of lib. rhaponticum L. was the only Rhubarb
known and cultivated in European gardens, and Kircher’s drawing seems
indeed to represent this species.—Dapper in his Description of China 1670
(see further on) gives a good drawing of a Rhubarb plant, which he terms
Rhabarlarum Witsoniarum. I know nothing about this name, but the
plant represented seems also to be Rh. rhaponticum.—The Chinese name
of Rhubarb is ^ ^ t'ai huang.
41. Prov. {Suchuen. Vera Radix Sina in hac provincia sola
reperitur, sylvestris ubique, Folin utramqne Sinae vocant, ac
fere sola sylvestris ad nos affertur, cujus medulla rubicundiori
colore quodammodo tincta est, ad verae autem magnitudinem
non accedit, neque efficaces adeo habet vires, quamvis non
omnino illius effectu eareat. Vera autem u.ti dixi radix in hac
sola nascitur provincia, idque sub ipsa terra, uti fere phalli
Hollandiei -(an ancient name for Phallus impudiens. L.) ant

apud Indos Patatas nasci propagarique sol'ent, maxime in
annosis pinorum sylvis, nnd earn ex glutine sen pice pinea
produci scribunt, quae in terram delapsa radices agat, atque
berba fiat longo tractu per terrae superficiem serpens,
continuoque tuberosas radices sub ipsa terra emittens subinde
ad capitis puerilis magnitudinem, figura ac mole rnagnas puces
indicas, qnas Cocos vocamus aequat, nec cortex colore abludit,
quamvis non adeo durus crassusve sit, sed roollior omnino ac
tenuior. Corticem replet nucleus seu caro alba ac spongiosa,
hanc Sinae magni faciunt et in suis medicinis adhibent, tametsi
cum hac carent, sylvestrem illam non respuant, at effectu non
aeque bono. (p. 65.)
Martini’s Radix Sina vera is a fungus which has been described under
the botan. napie Pachyma Cocos Fries. (Hanbury scient. pap 201, 267) in
Chinese iff* fu ling or & 1 1 joe fu ling, i.e. white fu ling; whilst
his Rad. Sina sylvestris is to be referred to Smilax China L. and other
species yielding the drug we call China root and the Chinese | ]
tu fu ling i.e. common fu ling. Martini at first distinguishes the two
plants but in the discription confounds them.
42. Urbs Hang cheu (prov.-Che kiang). Ex monte Tien
mo infinita vis Fimgormn per totam Sinara defertur, quos sale
conditos exsiccant (p. iii).
The 5c 0 ill 1'ien mu mountain is situated 2ST. W. of Lin an hien.
43. Urbs Kiun cbeu in insula Hainan. , Est berba quam
Chi fnng, seu ostendentem ventum nominant. JSTautae enim ex
ilia quo mense, et quot toto anno futurae sint tempestates,
colligere se posse asserunt, idque ex nodulis seu geniculis
ipsius; quo enim nodi pauciores sunt, eo pauciores illo anno
futurae sunt tempestates, ex distantia autem nodorum a radice
scire, aut colligere posse se autumnant, quo mense accidere
tempestas debeat. (p. 140)
The plant ijff JH, chi feng is noticed in the Chinese Botany Kuang kun
fang p'u XCtl fob 24.
44. Urbs King ebon (prov. Hu quang). Hie reperitur
JECerbd quam mille annoritm vocanfc quin et immortalem esse
scribunt. Haec aqua macerata, ac epota albos crines in nigros
commutat atque ad vitam producendam conducit. (p. 77.)
"f* Ji M M See the great geography Yi t'ung chi sub King chou.
45. Urbs Cung ebang (prov. Xen si). Ad Cin oivitbtem in
Po chung i monte berbam nasci scribunt Hoa co, quae comesta
steriles ’ reddit. (p. 50.)
The Yi t'ung chi notices the plant ^^ hua leu on the mountain
ft! iHi
46. ITrbs. Ching yang (f|f) {^, prov. Hu quang.) Stirps

quaedatn hie nascitur quae ut Hedera nostra in alturn serpit,
fiores producit luteos et nonnihil albicantes. Extremitates
ramorum subtilissimae sunt, velut fila seriea : ajunt ramusculum
nudae Garni allegatum somnum suavissimum conciliare, ideoque
Mung hoa dicitur i.e. somnii flos (p. 82.)
I have not been able to find th ej$£^jj£meng hua noticed in Chinese works.
In the year 1656 a treatise was published at Vienna under
the pretentious title of PSORA SIWKNSJS, the author
of which was Father MICHAEL B0YM, a Pole, born
in 1612. He left Europe as a Jesuit missionary for China in
1643, returned to Europe (Lisbon) in 1652, reembarked for
China in 1656 and died in the province of Kuang si in 1^59.
The. original work of Boym’s Flora sinensis published in
Latin is a very rare book. I have seen it in the great Vienna
library. It is issued in folio, Viennae Austriae, typis Matthaei
Rictij, 75 pages with 23 engravings. Several prefaces, dedica¬
tions and. poetical essays occupy a considerable part of the
book, which has no claim to research into Chinese botany, as
the name of the treatise would seem to indicate. Boym gives
an account of 22 plants, of which more than one half are rather
plants of the Indian Archipelago. 21 of them are represented
by tolerably well executed engravings and the Chinese
characters added to the names. The Flora sinensis is followed
by an account of some Chinese mammals, birds, reptiles etc with
2 engravings. The book concludes with an appendix on the
Inscription of Si an fu. Boym’s Flora sinensis has been
translated into French by Bayer and appeared also in Thevenot’s
Relation des Voyages. 1696 sec. partiep. 15—30. The greater
part of. the engravings have been reproduced in Kircher’s
China illustrata and in Dapper’s Description of China (see
further on.)
I shall give in the following pages a list of the plants
described by Boym, reproducing occasionally the original text
or a part of it.
1. Yay cu $Jj ~jp. Palma persica et indica seu sinensis, vulgo
COCO vel Mux !ndoruma (no engraving.)
2. Pim lam ^ |J$. Fructus iLreca et Bethel folium,
(no engraving.)
Drawings representing the Areca palm and Betel pepper are found in
J. Bontius, Historia natur. et med. Indiae orient. (1629.) p. 90. 91.
3. Pan yay xu ^ HJ. Arbor Papaya in India dicitur,
copiose in Sinarum Haynan insula progignitur nec non in
Iunnam, Quamsy, Quamtum, Focien, australibus provinciis.
The first character in the Chinese name is evidently .wrong. In the

Chin. Botany Chi ivu ming shi t'u k'ao XXXI, fol. 54, Carica Papaya L.
is represented in a drawing and termed ^ /H fff fan hua shu (foreign
melon tree). A drawing of it is also found in Bontius 1. c. 96.
4. Pa cyao xu -Emm- Ficus indica et sinica. Integra
anno fructus iste reperitur in Indiis efc apud Sinas in regnis
australibus. In Brasilia fructus vocatur Banana*
5. Kia giu (sen Ka gin) xu |ff $0 Frnctus indicus, apud
Sinas non reperitur, verum in regnis quae Sinarum olim
fuerant abnndanter provenit et crediderim allatum in Iunnam
et Quamsi posse produci. Arbor est magna foliis pulcherrimis
et semper virentibus. Frnctus imitatur pomum flavum vel
rubicundum, nbi maturescit oddriferum, verum pomi succus
agrestis est, et earo si comedatur guttur mordet. Fructus
nullum semen habet, sed in vertice illius ad instar nuclei
prominet, quem cortex glaucus, albarn carnem et solidam
recondens, instar castaneae vel amygdalae nucis cooperit,
saporem earumdem si elixetur referens. Indi et Lusitani
nucleis dictis loco amygdalarum utuntur;
The above description and the accompanying drawing of the fruit leave
no doubt that Anacardium occidentale L. is meant. The Chinese characters
render, it seems, the Indian name of it, being Caju (Watson names of
Indian plants etc.). Comp, also Loureiro 304, Bontius l.c. 193.
6. 7. Lici ^ ^ et Lum yen ff§ 0j| frnctus. W8jjKelIli.na

iLitSChi. Gam band W- Bimgail. Camb. (V. supra Martini 7.)
8. Giambo fj§ Fructus du.plicein babet speciem, nam et
rubri et albi colons in India, subflavi rosarura fragrantium
reddens odore in Malacca, Macao et Sinarum insula Hiam-xan
reperitur. Prior species florem purpureum, posterior alboflavum
babet. Folia pulcberrima laevia ac uno palmo longa triumque
digitorum lata. Frutus ipse magnus plane sicut pomum,
frigidissimae qualitatis.
Boym describes two species of the Bose-Apple, Jamhu in India, viz:
Eugenia malaccensis. L. (purple flowers) and E. Jarahos. L. (yellowish
white flowers). The fruit is well represented by the drawing.—The island
Hiang shan is situated north of Macao. E. Jambos is naturalized in Hong,
kong (Bth. fl. hong. 120.)
9. Fan po lo mie Jjg $£. JLnanas fructus in australibus
regnis Quamtum, Quamsi, Iunnam, Focien et insula Hainan
provenit abunde. Ad Indias orientales ex Brasilia dicitur
fuisse appertains,
The first Chinese character is again wrong and is to be read
•an (foreign).
10. Manco '(Chinese characters illegible). In australibus
terris prodqcitur uberrima.
A good description and drawing of Mangifera indica. L. Compare

also Bontius l.c. 95.
11. Pi pa Jjfc fc.
Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.
12. Cieu ho Jf; Jf^ sen Goyava fructus. In provinciis austra-
libus apud Sin as.
The Chinese characters mean: stinking fruit. Indeed the scent of the
fruit of Psidium Guyava L. when too ripe is unpleasantly powerful.
According to Dr. Williams in Bridged. Chrest. 443 (18) the Chinese name
of the Goava is lip; Ki shi huo, meaning: fowls dung -fruit.
Under the latter name it is represented in the Chi ,wu tying etc. XXXI 49.
13. Po lomie fH ^ sea Gi/ua ab Indis dictus fructus.
Artocarpus integrifolia. L. Jack fruit, Compare above Martini ii. The
Chinese name po lo mi, under which it is also represented in the Chi wu
ming, XXXI 44. is apparently a transcription of the Sanscrit paramita
(excellence).
14 # Su pim. Fructus sinicus. Arbor et fructus apud
Sinas tanturn nascitur, est aurei et purpurei boloris mag-
uus, pomum excedit, caruem mollem ac rubeam cum simili
pelliccula refert, osîcula liinc iude interius abscoudit. Cum
siccatur ficubus Europaeis simillimus est et per multos annos
conservatur. In Quamtum et Fokien regionibus Januario,
I ebruario, sed in Xensi et Honan aliisque septentrionalibus
Junio, Julio et Augusto maturescit.
Diospyros Xaki, L. v. supra Semedo 4. The Chinese name given by Boym
properly denotes the dried fruit, for the second character means cake.
15. Ya ta xu ^§f. Fructus ya ta in Indiis et popotis-
simum agro Malacensi reperitur, qui Sinis olim tributum
pendebat, ideoque sinicus fructus optime dici potest et quod
etiam in sinense solum translatus uberrime germinet. Viridem
corticem et piniferum habet, sed interius carnem liquidam
nivis ad instar albam, sapore superat dulciai'iurn, quod Lusitani
appellant mangiar reale. In multis Cellulis ossicula nigrd solida
recludit. Alicabi Octobre et Novembre, alicubi Februario et
Martio mensibus maturescit.
The drawing given by Boym of this fruit represents Anona spuamosa
!*• By Va ta (a to in the Southern dialect) the Singhalese name of it,
being atta (Watson l.c.), is rendered. At Canton the Chinese call it fan
li chi, foreign Li chi (Bridg. l.c. 443 (10).
16. Du li am P Fructus hie in Java, Malaca, Macaca
(vulgo Celebe.) et Siam regnis ac insulis olim tributariis
Sinarum reperitur. Caro illius alba. Sicca caro fructus instar
lactis coagulati in alias partes deportatur venalis, quae nucleum
interius ad modum albuminis ovi cooperit.
This is the famed Durian, Durio Zibethinus. L. a tree of the Indian
Archipelago and Siam. I do not think that it is cultivated in Macao as
Grosier (la Chine II. 539.) reports. It BeemB to me that Grosier, who
refers to Boym, look Macaca mentioned by tbe latter to be Macao. But

Macacas is an ancient name for Macassar (Crawfurd Diet. Ind. isl. 90.).
Bontius 1. c. 118 seems to confound the Durian with tbe Jack fruit, at
least he gives Durian and Jaca as synonyms. His drawing of the fruit
could be referred to the Jack as well as to the Durian, it does not
represent leaves.
17. Innominatus Fructus. Illius nominis sinici non memini.
Vidi ilium primum in insula Hainan et postea in provineia
Quamtum. Arbor procera, folia maxima,' quae medium
bominem contegere possunt, producit. Hoc admirabile habet,
quod media radice telluri inhei’eat, ex alia autem parte radicis
patente fiores rubros et sinful fructus, similes Buropaeis ficubus
progenerat, qui cum maturescunt, rubent paululum ; sed in¬
terior caro et sapor illorum figuram et saporem ficuum
repraesentat. Julio et Augusto maturescunt.
It would seem from this description and the drawing accompanying it,
that Cynometra eauliflora L. is meant, a tree of the Malayan Archipelago,
which I have seen myself in Java. The fruits of it grow on the Stem or
about the roots.
18. Hu cyao ^ !Piper flignim. L. (v. supra Martini 22.)
19. Fo lim ^ Radix Sina© (v. supra Martini 41.)
20. Tay hoam ^ ^ $Lhafoarbarum (v. s. Martini 40.)
21. Quel pi ^ $ Cinnamomum (v. s. Martini 21.)
22. Bern hiam Bfc H Zingiber,.
A good drawing of Chinese Ginger is found also in Bontius l.o. 189.
As tbe late D. Hanbury has proved in tbe introduction to
his Notes on Chin. Materia medica, the treatise, which is
generally quoted under the name of dLBITBIi’S 32PB©2»
MSI MEBX€IIAE SIWS€JLB9 published in 1682,
consists of translations from Chinese medical works by Father
Boym. They were only edited by Andreas Oleyer, a physician
in the service of the Dutch B.I. Comp., well known as the first
European botanist, who studied the Flora of Japan. One
section of the specimen medicinae sin. of 30 pages, is entitled :
Medicamenta simplicia quae a Ghlnensibus'ad usum medicum
adhibenlur. It is nothing more than an enumeration of 289
Chinese drugs, for the most part of vegetable origin, giving the
Chinese name of each written according to the Portuguese
orthography, without the Chinese characters. The medical
properties of each drug according to the Chinese ideas, are1
explained. In some cases the author adds the European name.,
Although the greatest part of these drugs can now be ascer¬
tained from the Chinese names added, the treatise is altogether
devoid of interest and may be quoted only as a bibliographical
curiosity^
In tie same year, 1655, when Martini’s Novus Atlas Sinensis

was published in Europe, the Dutch E. I. Company sent an
embassy to Peking and appointed Goyer and Keyser, two
merchants of Batavia, as envoys. SfJCEUH©^ who
accompanied them as steward of the mission, published
ten years later a work under the title: LEGATI0
BATAVXCA AB MAGNUM TAETAE1AE
CHAM1J1 SUNG TEIUM?* SUAE IM-
FEEATOREM. A'mst. 1665, It is illustrated by a
great number of engravings representing views, plants, animals
and other things relating to China, and has been translated into
several European languages. This book may well stand as a
model of the most impudent plagiarism and imposture in the
literature of travels in the 17th century. As 1ST. quotes no
previous books on China, Ihe reader cannot but suppose that
all the rich information he furnishes with respect to that
Empire, had been gathered by himself in China. But in
reality it is only the diary of the embassy’s journey from
Canton to Peking, partly by land and partly by river and the
Grand Canal, which 1ST. can claim as his property, and there is
nothing in it to boast of, for the whole narrative abounds in
errors and intentional misrepresentations. As far as I can
judge the drawings in this work, representing Chinese scenery,
are all pure creations of fancy. The cities and villages of
North China, through which they passed, appear there as
overshadowed by lofty Cocoanut trees, and even Peking, of
which a large view is given, with the great wall close behind
the city, has not been exempted by the artist in this respect.
As to the rest of the accounts found in this work, they are a
reproduction of Martini’s valuable Atlas sinensis, and that is
precisely the case regarding the chapter dealing with Chinese
plants, animals, etc. The engravings representing plants have
been borrowed from Bon tins and Boym. Some of them seem
to be the production of the artist’s imagination.
In 1670 Dr. 35 AFP Eli, published in Dutch a H.I3S-
CHIPTIOM OF THE CHIIE'SE EMFlftE,
appended to his narratives of the second and the third Dutch
embassy to the Chinese Court, in 1662 and 1666-1668. This
is also nothing more than a translation of the Atlas sinensis,
often misunderstood, undigested and indigestible. Nearly
twenty pages in it are devoted to the Botany of China. The
greater part of the drawings of Boymls Flora sinensis are here
reproduced and, of course, no sources are adduced.
* Emperor Shun chi 1644--62.

There is another well known ancient work on China,

OECHEK’S CHINA IZ.Z.USTZL/LTA, published
in 1667. This has also little claim to originality. The author,
who had never been in China, draws from Martini (who had
been his pupil,) Boym, and the writings of other missionaries,
but he quotes honestly his sources and compiles with criticism,
displaying a great knowledge of the subject he treats of.
Athanasius Kirclier\ a German, born in 1601 + 1680, was also a
Jesuit, at first Professor at Wurzburg'; he subsequently resided
in Avignon and in Rome.
After Boym the next Jesuit missionary in China I have to
notice as a Writer on matters of natural science is CrABEIEL
EE BHAGALHAES) a Portuguese. He was born in
1609, arrived in China in 1640, died at Peking in 1677. He is the
author of a work entitled: NOWEIIE RUXsiLTIOH
BE ILA CHINEa The original M.S. was in Portuguese.
It was translated into French and published in 1668. On p.
173 we find an interesting account of the Chinese, White
Wax, ye la ( |jt), produced by insects in the provinces of
Shan tung and Hu kuang, and of the trees on which these
insects use to live. Compare above Martini 37.
Some remarks on Chinese plants are found also in LE
COMTE’S NOUVEAUS MEMOIEES SUE
L’ETAT BE Z.A CHINE. Paris 1696. 2 vol.
Louis Le Gomte, a Frenchman, born in 1656, joined the Jesuit
mission in China in 1687. He died in Bordeaux, in 1729.
1. We learn from Le Comte (I. 173.) that the first Orange
tree, which had been introduced by the Portuguese from China,
then (i.e. at the end of the 17th cent.) still existed in the
garden of Count St. Laurent in Lisbon.
It is known, that the sweet Orange, now extensively cultivated in
Southern Europe, was unknown there before the middle of the 16th cent.,
when it was introduced by Juan de Castro. It is in allusion to its Chinese
origin, that the orange in Dutch is styled Sinaas appel, and Apfelsine in
German.
2. Le Comte saw in the province of Shensi a kind of small

yellow Melon, which, the Chinese eat, without peeling off the
skin. He notices also Melons the same in size as those
cultivated in Europe and large Watermelons with red or white
pulp (I. 132.)
An excellent globular Melon of the size of a small fist with a thin skin
is also seen in Peking and known there under the name of m is t*ien
Tcua or # JR hiang kua. The peel is yellow, or in another variety green.
Loureiro, FI. cochin. 726, speaks of Melons of large size in Southern
China* I have not seen large Melons in Peking.
INTO THE FLORA QF CHINA. 27
3. A good description of tlie Tea 'plant, its culture, etc., in the

Province of Fokien is found I. 368. The author explains that
the Chinese call the plant properly Gha, and that only in the
dialect of Fokien the name sounds Te.
4. Le Comte reports that Tobacco is cultivated near Peking
and in the provinces of Shansi, Shensi, Sz’ch'uan. (I. 168.)
Le Comte seems to be the first European, who notices Tobacco in China.
It is now a well established fact, that Tobacco was first introduced into
China through the seaports of Fukien at the end of the 16th or the
beginning of the 17th cent.
5. Le Comte speaks (I. 178) of a peculiar Chinese Onion in
the following terms: J’y ai vu une espece d’oignon qui ne
vient point de graine comme ceux d’Europe, mais a la fin de la
saison on voit sortir de petits filamens sur la pointe ou sur la
tige des feuilles, au milieu desquelles se forme un oignon blanc
semblable a celui qui germe dans la terre. Ce petit oignon
pousse avec le temps des feuilles comme celles qui le soutiennent,
lesquelles a leur tour portent un troisieme oignon sur leur
pointe, de maniere neanmoins que leur grosseur et leur hauteur
diminuent a mesure qu’ils s’eloignent de la terre.
This seems to be the same onion as that described under the name of
■8 lou tz’ ts'ung (onion growing in stories) in the ^ ^
Iciu huang pen ts'ao, published at the end of the 14th cent; a good drawing
of it is also given there. The description states that at the top of the
leaves grow from 4 to 5 little onions and on these again, other onions are
produced constituting thus from 3 to 4 stories. These onion plants do not
bear seeds.—We have here probably to do with a so-called viviparous
variety of an Onion. Allium Cepa, A. scorodoprasum and other species
show sometimes the peculiarity of their flowerstems being surmounted by
small bulbs, instead of bearing flowers and seeds. These bulbs produce
new plants.
6. The blade and yellow Peas, to wdiich Le C. refers (I. 168)
as used in North China for feeding horses, are : the yellow,
Soja hispida Moench. (Glycine Soja), the black, a variety
of it.
7. Le C. speaking of the Peci (Eleocliaris tlTberOSa*
Scliult. v. supra Martini 14.) refers to Martini’s statement,
that when chewed together with a copper coin, the latter is
easily bruised by the teeth, a story we met also in Chinese
books. But Le C. refutes this assertion, appealing to his own
experience. (I. 179.)
8. The tree is described which yields the Chinese Pepper or
hoa tsiao. (I. 177.)
Several species of Zanthoxylon are included under the name of 46 q*
hua tsiao in China. In Peking this name is applied to Z. Bunge*. Planch.
9. Description of the tree ou tom chu, a large tree of the

appearance of the Sycamore. It has large leaves with long
leafstalks, the seeds of it are produced on the edges of leaves,
different however in shape from the true leaves. (I. 268). There
is also a good drawing of this tree.
This is Sterculia platanifolia. Cav. a common tree in China, sin:
»»» wu t'ung shu. Its carpel opens into green follicles indeed
much resembling leaves, with the seeds attached to the edges of
the follicles.
10. Le 0. states that besides Cotton, the Chinese use to wear
in summer clothes made from Nettles and another kind, they
call Qo $auy,.which is much esteemed by them. The latter is
obtained in Fokien from a plant called Oo, a shrub-like creeper,
which they allow to grow over the fields, often extremely long.
It has roundish leaves larger than those of the Ivy. They are
soft, green on the upper side but covered on the under side
with a coating of white down. The stem attains the thickness
of a finger. To obtain the textile fibres they soak the stems in
water, as we do in preparing flax, and after having removed
the outer skin, they use the fibres of the inner bark for making
linen, which is very fine, transparent and cool. (I. 242.)
Pueraria Thunbergiana. Benth. already noticed by Martini (v. supra
M. 26). ~ko in Chinese.
11. Le C. devotes also some pages to the celebrated Ginseng,
describing the plant and the mode of its use as a medicine
(I. 377).
A great amount of useful information with respect to China
is stored up in the Lettres edieiantes et curieuses icRiTES
des Missions ETRANokRES, a collection of letters written by the
ancient Jesuit missionaries to their superiors or friends in
Europe, There are several editions of this collection. The
most convenient for reference is that published in the Pantheon
litter air e, of which the letters received from the Chinese and
Indo-Chinese Missions constitute vol. Ill and IV.
The following names'of Jesuit missionaries appear there in
connection with reports on botanical matters in China.
_ JOANNES X.AUREATX, an Italian, born 1666,
joined the Chinese mission 1697, died 1727 at sea.
He wrote a letter, dated Fokien, July 26, 1714, to the Baron
of Zea, in which he gives some accounts of the vegetable
productions of China, especially of Tea. (Panth. lit. III. 226.)
In the same letter he notices, that the Chinese use the fibres
of a Nettle lor making clothes and speaks also of Tobacco which
in the beginning of the 18th cent, was largely 'cultivated in
Fukien, (l.c. 228.)
INTO THIS FLORA OF CHINA. 29
FE4TC1S XA¥ISR B’EITRECOIIES, a

Frenchman, born 1662, joined the Chinese mission 1698, -f- in
Peking 1741. Many interesting notes on China from his pen
have been preserved. The following relate to Chinese plants :
Letter to Father Du Halde, dated Peking 7 Jul. 1727 (l.c.
Ill 544.) This letter contains an interesting treatise on the
manufacture by the Chinese of artificial flowers made from the
marrow of a Chinese plant, called tong tsao, of which the author
gives a description translated from a Chinese work.
This ia the jj§. j|t t'ung ts'ao of the Chinese, a'plant which is not only
used in making artificial flowers, but is also the source of the Iiice paper,
erroneously so called. It was only in 1852 that European botanists
became acquainted with this plant, a native of Formosa. Sir W. Hooker
described it in his Journ. of Bot., 1852 and 1853 as Aralia papyrifera. It
has been introduced subsequently into many tropical countries. When
I visited Java, in 1872, I saw it already, escaped from cultivation,
growing luxuriantly in the forest surrounding the botanical garden of
Tjibodas.
In the same letter (l.c. 547) d’Entr. says a few words on the
large Citron, called Fo shou or Buddha’s hand by the Chinese
(v. supra Martini 10.) -
In another letter, dated Peking 6 Oct. 1736 (l.c. Ill 713.)
he treats of several other famed Chinese plants and begins
first with some interesting and correct accounts of the tree and
fruit, which the Chinese call si tze or chi tze. (BiospyrOS
Kaki as has already been stated, v, supra Semedo 4, Boym 14.)
He had observed the tree at Peking and sent also seeds of it
to Paris. He states that the provinces of Shan tung, Ho-nan
and Che-kiang are famed for their excellent sitze fruits, which
are of various sizes, colors and shapes in different parts of
China. They are generally of an orange or red color, but those
of Chekiang are green even when ripe. Some varieties of this
fruit have the appearance of two apples joined together or a
fruit of two stories. The fruits on grafted trees are devoid
of seeds.
. The author here refers to the Peking variety of the Kaki, the largest
in size, which near the basis of the fruit is provided with a circular
depression and contains rarely seeds.
E. further states that the Chinese claim to graft successfully
peaclitrees on the sitze.
I have found the same statement in ancient Chinese works but cannot
confirm it.
After this E. speaks of the Lichi fruits (v. supra Martini
and then proceeds to describe a kind of Acacia, called hoai shu
by the Chinese. Its fruit is used as medicine, the flowers for
This is the Sophora japoniea. L., a very common tree all over China, sin s
^ huai shu.
E. next translates from a Chinese book some notes with
respect to Willows, explaining the use of willow wool instead
of cotton.
The author means Salix babylonica. L., also a very common tree in
China. This reminds me of a statement of Professor Bunge, who, in
his Enum. plant. Chinae bor., writes that the female tree of S. babylonica
is very rare at Peking. This is an error. The female tree is met here
much more frequently than the male and in May or June, when the
willow seeds ripen, the air in the neighborhood of some places, where the
trees abound, is full of this white wool (cottony down, which envelopes
the seeds.) and d’Entrecolles reports the same. If I am not mistaken, in
Europe the female tree only of S. babylonica is known. At Peking both
male and female are met with.
In tbe same letter (l.c. 721) E. recommends, on the authority
of Chinese authors, the roots of the Belvedere, sao tcheou ts ao,
termed Jciue in Chinese books, as substitute for food in times
of famine.
The author commits an error. What the French call Belvedere is
Kochia scoparia. Schrad., a salsolaceous plant in North China as common
as in Europe. The Pen tsao kang mu, XYI. 44. calls it vjP ti fu
tsz’ or fH Jjl sao chon ts'ao (meaning broom plant.) But the m
Me (Pen tsao XXVII. 25.) is not the same, this name being applied to a
Fern, Pteris aquilina. L., the farinaceous rhizoms of which are used in
China as food as is also the case in some parts of Europe.
Finally (l.c. 722) E. gives an account of the Chinese
Camphor tree and the method used by the Chinese to obtain
Camphor from it.
BOMINICUS FAEENNIN, a Frenchman, born
1665, came to China 1698, + in Peking, 1741.
In 1723 Parennin sent a few Chinese drugs to the Academy
of Sciences in Paris, furnishing some explanatory remarks on
them in an accompanying letter, (l.c. Ill 341.)
The first of these drugs he calls hia tsao turn ehom, meaning
as he explains: a plant in summer, and in winter an insect.
It is produced in Tibet and also in the province of Sz’ ch'uan,
and considered among the Chinese a very powerful medicine.
The Father had himself experienced the medical virtues of
this drug.
It is known now, that the drug in question is a Fungus, Cordyceps
sinensis, which grows upon the head of a caterpillar.
The plant next described, the san tsi, is said to grow in the
mountains of the provinces of Yfin nan, Kui chon and Sz’
ch'uan. This is still unknown to botanists. The plant
san ts i is treated of in the Pen ts'ao XII b, 41. The name
INTO TH1 FLORA OF CHINA. 31
means: three and seven, and is explained by the distribution

of the leaves.
After this P. gives some account of Rhubarb, and concludes
by noticing an aromatic root, called tain cone, brought from
Sz’ ch'uan and much valued by the Chinese.
This is, it seems, the tang Tcui of the Pen ts'ao, XIV. a 1. which
is referred by Tatarinov with ? to Radio) Levistid chinensis. I do not find
this name in D.C. Prodr. It seems, that the Chinese plant yielding the
drug tang kui is unknown to botanists.
In the same letter (l.c. Ill 345.) P. states, that during 18
years he had accompanied the Emperor Kanghi on all his
frequent travels. As is known, Kanghi was an enthusiastic
sportsman. His hunting expeditions were generally directed
to Southern Mongolia and Manchuria. There were also other
missionaries, who were associated with Parennin in these
excursions. He mentions especially Dr. Bourghese and Baudin.
The latter, a clever apothecary and botanist, had been ordered
by Kanghi to search in the mountains for Gentian and
Imperatoria (Masterwort.) in order to prepare the celebrated
Tlieriaca Andromachi. But Baudin did not succeed in finding
these plants.
There is no Masterwort in North China or in Southern Mongolia, but
as to Oentiana, there are 5 species of it growing in the Peking mountains,
some of them even employed as medicine by the Chinese. The Chinese
name for Gentiana is f|f[ j}§f Jjl lung tan ts'ao (dragon’s gall plant.)
P. gives finally in the same letter a slight sketch of the

botany of the mountains of Southern Mongolia. Among the
trees and shrubs there he mentions Oalts of a dwarf size, Fines,
the Aspen, Rim trees, Hazelnuts, wild Boses.
The Tartars and Mongols, who inhabit these regions, do not
cultivate any fruit. There are also very few wild fruits.
Two of them are worthy of notice.
The fruit oulana, as the Tartars call it, is of the size of a
great red cherry and is produced on a little stem, 3 or 4 inches
high. The other fruit has the appearance of small raisins. It
is produced in clusters on a fine tree, 25 and more feet in
height. After the first frost these berries become red and are
then of an acidulated sweet taste.
O'olana is the Mongol and Manchurian name for Prunus humilis. Bge ,
frequent in the mountains of North-China and Southern Mongolia. As
to the other fruit mentioned, it is difficult to say, what is meant, for P.
gives no native name. Perhaps he saw Sorbus auccuparia. L.
P. mentions further the following herbaceous plants he met

with in these mountains; a fine Angelica, JDictamus albus,
32 EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES'
Parsnip, Asparagus, GJielidonium, Potent ilia, Agrimonium, Pim¬

pernel (Poterium sanguisorba.), Pouliot (Mentha.), Joubarbe
(Sedura.), Artemisia, Absinilmim.
I have adduced the preceding particulars merely on account
of the length of time that has elapsed since their publication,
for the botanical features of the regions Parennin traversed
about 180 years ago, are well known now. We can therefore
account for the plants he speaks of.
Finally I may mention, that Parennin was the first European,
who notices the elegant Wisteria chinexxsis D.C., well
known now also in our gardens. The climbing plant ten lo hoa
he speaks of (see Grosier: la Chine III. 66.) in a letter to
Father Du Halde, with violet flowers hanging down in large
bunches, is without doubt W. cliinensis, sin : III M 1& len9 lo
hua, growing wild and also much cultivated in North-China.
PETRUS JARTOUX, a Frenchman, born 1668,
joined the Chinese mission 1701, in Peking 1720.
We owe to this missionary a very valuable article on the
Ginseng plant (Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey.) contained in a letter
addressed to the Procureur general des Missions des Indes et
de la Chine, and dated Peking, 12 April, 1711. (l.c. III. 183.)
The Fathers Jartoux and Begis had been intrusted by the
Emperor Kanghi with the survey of Manchuria and the eastern
part of the Great Wall, and on this occasion Jartoux had
opportunity to visit the very country where the finest specimens
of this famous plant grow, near the frontier of Corea. Jartoux
describes the plant and the mode of its collection and prepara¬
tion for the Emperor’s use, and adds also a drawing of it made
by himself from nature. Du Halde in his great work on
China reproduces this drawing. Jartoux here gives the first
authentic account of Chinese Ginseng. Lamarck in his
Encvclop. Botan. II. 714 gives an abstract of this memoir.
G JkSPAE CHAWSBAUMB, a Frenchman, born
1711, joined the Chinese mission 1746, -j- in the province of
Kiangsi in 1761. He has left an interesting memoir, written
about 1760, and published in the Panth. lit. III. 830, on
Chinese Xnseetwax. 4Cli. who speaks from his own
observation made in the province of Hu kuang, gives some
very valuable information regarding the insects which produce
the wax, as well as with respect to the trees upon which they
use to live. (Comp, above Martini 37, Maghellaes.)
Father J. B. BU XX ADDS, in his admirable and com¬
prehensive work : DESCEZPTX0W BEX’EMPIES
DE DA CIXXWB, published 1735 in French, and
IN;TO THE FLORA OF CHINA. 33
translated into many other languages, devotes several chapters

to Chinese Botany, viz: I 16-27 Fruits, trees, flowers, economic
/ plants ; II. 64. On Chinese Agriculture and the Cereals of
China; II. p. 143-153. On the abundance of several produc¬
tions in China. Finally, there is in vol. Ill 378-509 a long
treatise on Chinese medicine, all translations from Chinese
medical works, especially from the Pen tscao hang .mu, the well
known Chinese book on Natural History and Materia medica.
We find there several descriptions of Chinese medicinal plants.
According to Le Comte (I 368.) these translations are due to
Father Visdelou, one of the most distinguished sinologues.
(Born 1656 in France, joined the Chinese mission 1687, -f» in
India 1737.)
As Du Halde has drawn all the information, brought
together in his work, from the letters of the Jesuit missionaries,
we meet in it most of the matter preserved in the Lettres
edifiantes. He never quotes his sources, but gives in the
preface a list of the names of the missionaries, who have con¬
tributed to the compilation of the work. I need not mention
that Du Halde had never visited China. He was himself a
Jesuit and it seems that he made use of many letters, which
s the missionaries in China addressed to him and which are
not included in the collection of the Lettres edifiantes.
In the sequel I give a list of the Chinese plants spoken of in
Du Halde’s work, supplying the botanical names as far as
these plants are known to me. I quote from the original
French edition.
The fruit Tsetse (I. 16.) is Diospyros KaJei. (v. Semedo 4,
Boym 14.) Oranges, Citrons, Lemons (I. 16 and II. 143.)
Litchi and Long yen (I. 16.) Nephelium Litchi and N. Lungan
(v. Martini 7.)
Pampelmoose. yeoutse (I. 16. 17). Citrus decumana. L.
(v. Martini 9.)
The fruits Tcin lan and Quang lan, resembling our olives
(I. 16. 17.) are Canarium Pimela. Koen. sin: ^ HI tsHng
lan, and 0. album. Rhush. sin: ^ | Jean lan.
The lioa tsiao, Chinese Pepper (I. 17.) is Zanthoxylum.
(v. supra Le Comte 8.) I do not know what is meant by “arbre
qui produit des pois ” (I. 17.) perhaps Bobinia or Caragana.
Some interesting particulars with respect to the Chinese Var-
* nish tree, Tsi ohu (I. 17, II. 174.) Comp, also above Martini 35.
In the Plnl. Trans, vol. XXII. p. 525. (1700) is an article:
On the way of making China Varnishes sent by the Jesuits
in China to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, communicated by
34 EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES.
Dr. W. Sherard, the well known botanist, who is said to hay©

gained this information whilst in Rome with his pupil, the
Duke of Beaufort.
The tree tong chit, with fruit resembling walnuts and con¬
taining a poisonous oil, used for painting, (I. 18.) is the
Aleurites cordata. Miill. (Flaeococca verrucosa Adr. Juss.,
Vernicia montana. Lour.) sin : #3 Hf tuny shu.
The Tallow tree (I. 18, II. 143.) v. supra Martini 36.
The pe la chu or Wax-insect tree. (1.18.) Martini 37. sin •
^ II M loe shu.
The tchou tze or Bamboo (1.19.) sin: ff ~jp cliu tsz\ Martini 33.
The cha mou, yielding an excellent timber wood (I. 19.) ds
the Cunninghamia sinensis. R. Br. sin: sha mu.
The nan mou, a precious timber wood, much used for build¬
ing the Imperial palaces (1.19.) is, as my friend, Father David,
kindly informed me, a species of Laurus. He saw the tree in
Sz’chhian.
The tse tan or Bose wood, the tie by mou or Iron wood (I. 19.)
Ht lsz' tan, a heavy precious wood, much used for furniture.
The tree which produces it seems to be unknown to botanists.
With respect to Iron wood comp, above Martini 32.
The Tea plant (I. 20.)
The tree tcha yeou, the fruit of which yields an oil (I. 22.)
is the Camellia Sesanqua. Thbg. (0; oleifera. Abel.) The oil,
styled Tea oil by Europeans, is ^ ^ cFa yu in Chinese.
The flower mo ly hoa (I. 23) is Jasminum Sambac L. v. supra
Martini 19.
The tree Tcuey hoa, with fragrant flowers (I. 22.) is Olea
fragrans. Thbg. v. supra Martini 20.
The flower lan hoa or Ian wei hoa with unornamental yellowish
but very fragrant flowers (I. 23.) is Cymbidium ensifolium Sw.,
in Chin : If lan or MM $ lan wei hua.
A tree called ouen Jcoang chu in Peking, with white flowers,
and fruits with the appearance of a peach, but containing large
black and hard seeds. (I. 23.). This is Xanthoceras sorbifolia.
Bge. sin : % MM wen Teuan shu.
Lien hoa (I. 24.) Nelumbium speciosum. W. (Martini 16.).
Betsi (I. 24.) Fleocharis iuberosus. Schult. (Martini 14.)
A peculiarity of the Chinesh Cabbage, pe tsai is noticed,
(I. 24.) which does not form heads like European Cabbage.
This is Brassica chinensis L. sin : £j 3jjj| pe tsai.
Rhubarb, the Fou ling and the JPe fou ling (I. 25.) v. supra
Martini 40, 41.
I suppose, that by the medicinal herb Fen si described on

the same page, the j$3| £* fang hi, Pen ts'ao XVIII b. 23, is
/ meant. The Chinese plant of this name is however unknown
to botanists. In Japan these characters denote Menispermum
acutum. Thbg.
Another medicinal plant Ti hoang, of the province of Honan,
is mentioned on p. 26. This is Befimannia glntinosa. Lib. very
common in the neighborhood of Peking, sin : fjfj ti huang.
According to Cibot: Mem. cone. Chin. V. 498 the root of it
yields a yellow dye.
With respect to san tsi (p. 26.) see above the account given
by Pather Parennin of this plant.
The tree with long pods, tehang ho tse chu, Gassia fistula, in
the province of Yunnan (I. 26.) J| HI -p |§f.
Cannelle Ghinoise (Cassia bark) in the province of Quang si
(I. 27.) v. supra Martini 21.
The plant Tien, used as a blue dye (I. 27.) is Indigofera
tinctoria. L. sin: ||/£ lien. But Isatis indigotica has the same name.
The Cotton plant (II. 147.)
The hou chon is a tree, which has much the appear-
0 ance of a fig tree. It contains a milky juice. Its leaves are
divided into irregular lobes. The juice is used by gilders
(II. 148.)
This is Broussonetia papyrifera. Vent, in Chinese fit
hu shu or ffj cJiu. Hu Halde does not mention the principal
use of this tree in China, a very strong paper being manufac¬
tured from its bark.
On the same page a much detailed but very obscure desrip-
tion is given of a tree called lung ju gu, the fruit of which has
a peculiar stone containing an almond-like kernel. It seems to
me that the first syllable of the name is wrong and we should
read hia ju tsz', which according to Boym is the Chinese name
for Anacardium occidentale.
Mo lien, a large tree with large deciduous leaves. It puts
forth its conspicuous lily-like flowers before the leaves; some
trees have red, others white or yellow flowers (II. 149.)
*51 mu lien or *w mu lan is the Chinese name for
Magnolia obovata. Thbg.
Lamoe, a tree with opposite leaves and yellow, very fragrant
0 flowers, which the tree puts forth in winter (II. 149.)
Chlmonanthns fragrans. Lindl. v. supra Semedo. 12.
Ou tong chu (II. 149). Sterculiaplatanifolia. Cav. v. supra
Le Comte 9,
The tcha hoa (II. 149.) is Camellia, japonica. L. sin; ^

cFo hoa.
Description of a peculiar tree called tse song or yuen pe.
Some of its leaves are prickly and resemble those of the
Juniper tree, whilst other branches of the same tree present
Cypress leaves. (II. ISO).
This is Juniperus chinensis L. a large tree, which shows indeed
the above mentioned peculiarity. Scale-like closely appressed
leaves or linear spreading ones occur in different parts of the
same tree. Its Chinese name is in Peking $]J tsz’ sung
(prickly pine). The name 0 fjf yuan'po is applied to a
different coniferous tree, according to Chinese books.
On the same page begins a long treatise on Ginseng, for the
greater part a reproduction of Jartoux’s memoir. It is
accompanied with the drawing of the plant made by Jartoux.
Among the Chinese medicinal plants noticed in the 3d vol.
of Du Halae’s work, there is only one the name of which
appears for the first time in the records of the Jesuits. On
p. 496 is an account of certain Galls call ou poey tse and
produced upon a tree yen fou tse. These galls are used by
dyers to produce a black color.
Asis known now,—these galls constitute a regular article of
commerce—the tree or shrub on which they are, found is Rhus
semialata. Murr. Sin : §§[ ~jp yen fu tsz. The galls are
termed 55 wu pei tsz’.
Du Halde’s work is illustrated by eleven engravings repre¬
senting Chinese plants. He does hot quote the sources of
these drawings but from comparison I have been able to
trace them.
1. The Bamboo, (taken from Niewhoff, resp. Bontius.)
2. The Sugar cane. (Niewhoff.)
3. The Lichi tree. (Boym’s Flora sin.)
4. ArtocarpUs incisa. L. (Niewhoff, resp Bontius 119.)
5. Betdpepper (Niewhoff, resp. Bontius. 91.) /
6. The Cotton plant. (Niewhoff.)
7. The Ginseng, (reproduced from Jartoux’s original de¬
lineation.)
8. Fouling, Radix China. (Boym’s Flora sin.)
9. The Rhubarb plant. (Kireher’s China illust.)
10. Ou tong chou, Sterculia (Le Comte.)
11. The Ten plant (Niewhoff.)
Having brought down thus far my review of the observations
made by the ancient Jesuit missionaries with respect to
Chinese plants, I must in the meantime leave the learned

Fathers, and, to lay down in the order of time my material for
a history of botanical discoveries in China, devote a chapter
to an English naturalist, who in the very beginning of the
18th century visited China. In another chapter I shall have
to speak of some Swedish travellers and naturalists, who half
a century and more later, collected plants in the neighborhood
of Canton or left accounts of their botanical observations
in China.
II JAMES CUNNING-HAM 1702.
Eleven years after E. Kaempfer had studied the Flora of
Japan and brought home from that country about 500 plants,
JAMES CnramGHAM, an Englishman, had the
opportunity of investigating the Flora of China at several
points in the Empire. He has the merit of having been the
first European, who made botanical collections in China and
whose rich herbarium safely arrived home, where it was
described by several distinguished botanists of that time.
The only biographical particulars I have been able to gather
with respect to Cunningham are : that in 1698 he was sent to
China as a physician to the English factory at Amoy. He
visited also the island of Chusan and was subsequently
transferred to the island of Pulu Condore, where the English
had also established a factory. The publisher of the Philoso¬
phical Transactions styles him F. R. S. Besides his botanical
collections made in China, he had sent also to England a few
plants from the island of Ascension, gathered on his way to
China. Comp. Pultney’s historical and biographical sketches
of the progress of Botany (1790) II. 58—and •Sprengel’s
Geschichte der Botanik, II. 79.
In the Philosophical Transactions of the year 1702, vol.
XXIII. p. 1201. sqq. two of Cunningham’s letters treating of
China and addressed to the editor of that Journal, have been
published. As they are not very long, I shall reproduce them
here, adding occasionally some explanatory notes. An abstract
of these letters has already been given in vol. ix. p. 133 of the
Chin. Repository.
It appears from the first of these letters that the ship in
which Cunningham came out to China proceeded directly from
England to Chusan. He does not allude in his letters, both
written in 1701, to his stay at Amoy. But as among his
Chusan plants described by Petiver we find also several noted
as having been gathered on the island of Emuy, we can
conclude, that C. went from Chusan to Amoy in 1703,. We

know from the “ New account of the Bast Indies” published
in 1723 by Capt. Hamilton, that the factory at Chusan was
commenced by the E. I. Company in 1700 and abandoned
by the chief supercargo Mr. Catchpole in 1703 by reason of
the exactions of the Chinese government and the Company’s
neglecting to send money.
Cunningham’s let.ters on china.
The first of these letters bears no date. It seems to have been

written in October 1701 (but perhaps in 1700). It reads
as follows :
Sir ! My last to you was from the island of Borneo, in which
I gave you an account of our arrival there the 17th July,
where we staid but two days, the season of the year being so
far past, and from thence made the best of our way through
the Strait of Banca with favourable winds and weather, till
we came on the coast of China the 13th of August. There
we had variable winds which carried us abreast of JEJmuy the
19th following, at which time the north east winds setting
in fresh, put us in, great fears of losing ottr passage: where¬
upon we were forced to turn it up against wind and current
all the way, the weather so favouring us, that we were never
but by our topsails, else we should have lost more ground in
one day, than we could have gained in eight. The last of
August we came to an anchor under the Crocodile islands both
to shelter us from the bad weather and also to look for fresh
water, not having recruited since we came from the Cape of
Gr. H. There are three small islands lying in the latitude of
26 degrees, about 6 leagues from the river of Hochsieu; on
two whereof we found very good fresh water with a convenient
watering place on the south west side of the innermost of the
three*. By, the assistance of a few Chinese fishermen we
procured some fresh provisions from the mainland, because
we did not reckon it safe to adventure ourselves thither, lest
we should have been brought into trouble by the government
there. While we lay here, on the 6th of September, we had a
sudden short shift of the monsoon to south-west, the fnry
whereof others felt, in coming jipon the coast of China at the
* There can be no doubt, that C.’s Crocodile islands are the Bogs
islands of modern maps, south east of the mouth of the Min river on
which Fu chon (or Hok chiu in the local dialect) ig situated.
INTO THE FLOEA OF CHINA. 39
same time. Tbe*8tfi of September we put to sea again, turning

to windward night and day without all the islands, which
are very numerous along this coast, to which we were all
together strangers beyond Emuy, and the hydrography thereof
is hitherto so imperfect, that there was no trusting to our
drafts, which made our navigation somewhat more dangerous.
However on the first of October we got into the latitude
of 30°, where we came to an anchor near the land, until
we found the way by boat to Chusan,* about 12 leagues
within the islands, from whence we had a pilot, who-
carried us safely thither on the 11th of October. Upon
this island the Chinese have granted us a settlement and
liberty of trade, but not to Ningpo, which is 6 or 8 hours
sail to the westward, all the way amongst islands; this being
the largest, is 8 or 9 leagues iu length from E. to W. and 4 to
5 in breadth, about 3 leagues from that point of the mainland
called Cape Liampo by the Portuguese, but Khi tuf by the
Chinese. At the westend of this island is the harbour, very
safe and convenient, where the ships ride within call of the
factory, which is built close by the shore on a low plain valley,
with near 200 houses about it for the benefit of trade, inhabited
by men, whose jealousy has not as yet permitted them to let
their wives dwell here ; for the town where they are, is f of a
mile further from the shore, environed with a fine stone wall,
about 3 miles in circumference, mounted with 22 square
bastions placed at irregular distances, besides 4 great gates,
on which are planted a few old iron guns, seldom or never
used ; the houses within are very meanly built. Here the
GhumpeenJ or governor of the island lives and betwixt,3 or
4000 beggarly inhabitants, most part souldiers and fishermen;
for, the trade of this place being newly granted, has not as
yet brought any considerable merchants hither. The island
* The island of Chusan, the largest of the group marked as Ohusan

Archipelago ou our maps, is immediately opposite the mouth of the river
on which Ningpo is situated. The Chinese call it Ting hai, which
is properly the name of a district city on this island. & m Chou shan
(Chiu san in the local dialect) is an ancient name of it not found on
modern Chinese maps. The island of Chusan is not to be confounded
with Port Chusan, on the south-eastern coast of Corea, where Ch.
Wilford collected plants about a quarter of a century ago.
t A long projecting promontory opposite Chusan, tt M K’i t'ou
of Chinese, Ke tou point of English maps.
X Hi ^ Tsung ping, a general.
in general abounds with all sort of provision, such as cows,

buffaloes, goats, deer, hogs wild and tame, geese, ducks, hens ;
rice, wheat, cala vances,* * * § cole worts, turnips, potatoes, carrots,
beets, and spinach; but for merchandize there is none but
what comes from Ningpo, Hangcheu, Nankin and the island
towns, some of which I hope to see, when I have acquired
a little of the Chinese language.
Here also the Tea grows in great plenty on the tops of the
hills, but it is not in that esteem which what grows on more
mountainous islands. Although this island is pretty well stored
with people, yet it is far from what it was in Father Martini’s
time, when he describes Cheuxam, and this puts me in mind,
that the superstitious pilgrimages thereto, mentioned by him,
must be meant of the island Pou tof, which lies 9 leagues
from hence and 3 miles to the eastward of this island, whither
(they say) the Emperor designs in the month of May next
(being his birthday and the 40th of his age) to come to
worship in an ancient pagod there, famous for sanctity, having
sent one of his bonzes already thither, to get all things in order.
Chusan. November 22. 1701.
Sir ! I formerly told you that the Emperor designed to
have come to the island of Pou ho to worship in the month of
May last, being the 40th year of his age, I should have said of
his reign. But all things being prepared there for his reception,
he was dissuaded from his purpose by some of his mandarins,
who made him believe that the terrible thunder there was very
dangerous. This Pou to is a small island about 5 leagues
round at the east end of this island, famous for the supersti¬
tious pilgrimages made thither for the space of 1100 years.
It is inhabited only by bonzes, to the number of 3000, all of
the sect called Ho shang$, or unmarried bonzes, who live a
Pythagorean life; and there they have built 400 pagodas, two
whereof are considerable for their greatness and finery, being
lately covered with green and yellow tiles brought from the
emperors pallace at Nankin, and inwardly adorned with stately
idols finely graved and gilded, the chief whereof is the idol
Quori em§. To these two great pagodas belong two chief
* Doiichos sinensis L.
11 pe m. P'u to share. This island is indeed exclusively occupied
by Buddhist priests. It has 72 Buddhist temples. In the description
of his Chinese plants Cunningham mentions some other islands of the
Chusan Archipelago viz : Thoiv whey scon Wtt m —Pum si scon,
t fa ft Ho shang, a Buddhist priest.
§ Kuan yin, |H T? —the Goddess of Mercy. ,
IHTO THE FLORA OF QHINA, 41
priests, who govern all the rest. They have several ways and
avenues cut through the island, some of which are paved with
flagstones and overshaded with trees planted on each side.
Their dwellings are the best I have yet seen in these parts ;
all of which are maintained by charitable devotions And the
junks which go from Ningpo and this place to Japan touch
there both going and coming, to make their offerings for their
good success. There is another island called Kimtong5
leagues hence in the way to Ningpo, whither, they say, a great
many mandarins retire, to live a quiet life after they have
given over their employments. On that island also are said to
be silver mines, but prohibited to be opened. The rest of the
circumjacent islands are either desert or meanly inhabited by
a few fishing people, but all of them stored with abundance of
deer. For it is not long, since this island of Cliusan began to
be peopled. It is true in Martini’s daj^s, about fifty years ago,
it was very populous for the space of 3 to 4 years, at which
time the fury of the Tartarian conquest Was so great, that they
left it desolate, not sparing so much as the Mulberry trees,
for then they made a great deal of raw silk here, and in this
condition it continued till about 18 years ago, that tlje walls
of the fort or town, which now is, were built by the governor
of Ting hai, for a garrison to expell some pirates, who had
taken shelter here. About 14 years ago the island beginning
to be peopled, there was a chumpeen or general sent to govern
it for 3 years, to whom succeeded the late chumpeen, who
procured the opening of this port to strangers and whose
government continued till April last, being translated to the
Chumpeen of Tien cing weif, near to Pekin, and was succeeded
by the present chumpeen, who is son to the old Chun hoon £
of Emuy.
They have got no arts or manufactories here, but making of
lackered ware, a particular account whereof I cannot as yet
send you. They begin to plant the mulberry trees, to breed
up worms for the production of raw silk and they make some
Tea, but chiefly for their own use. The three sorts of Tea
commonly carried to England are all from the same plant,
only the season of the year and the soil makes the difference.
The Bohe, or Voii} || so called after some mountains in the
* ^ 111 ill iTirtfang shan.

f Now T*ien tsinfu.
t *4* Chung Ttun.
u Wu yi, in Amoy bo lit.
province of Eokien, where it is chiefly made, is the very first

but gathered in the beginning of March, and dried in the
shade. The Bing * * * § tea is the second growth in April, and
Sing lo f the last, in May and June, both dried a little in
pans over the fire. The Teashrub being an evergreen is in
flower from October to January and the seed is ripe in
September and October following, so that one may gather both
flowers and seed at the same time, but for one fresh and full
seed there are a hundred nought. These make up the two
sorts of f ruit in Le Comte’s description of tea: as for his other
sort, which he calls flymic pease, they were nothing but the
young buds of the flowers not yet opened. Its seed vessels are
really 3 capsular, each capsule containing one nut or seed, and,
although two or one capsule only come to perfection, yet the
vestiges of the rest may be discerned. It grows in a dry gravelly
soil, on the sides of hills, in several places of the island without
any cultivation.
Le Comte is mistaken in saying: (p. 96) that the Chinese are
wholly strangers to the art of grafting, for I have seen a great
many of his paradoxical Tallow trees ingrafted here, besides
some other trees. When they ingraft, they do not slit the
stock as we do, but cut a small slice off the outside of the
stock, to which they apply the graft, bringing up the bark
of the slice upon the outside of the graft, they tye all together
covering with straw and mud as we do.
Martini says he could never find a Latin name for the Fula
Mogorin of the Portuguese (v. supra Martini i9). I am sure it
is the same with the Syringa arabica flore pleno albo in
Parkinsone. J
He says also, that the Kieu yen or Tallow tree bears a white
flower like a Cherry tree, but all that I have seen here bears
a spike of small yellow flowers like the julus of a Salix. jj
The Bean or Mandarin Broth, so frequently mentioned in
the Dutch Embassy and by other authors is only an emulsion
made of the seed of Sesamum and hot water.§
* Ming, in Amoy beng>

t fe IS Sung lo, name of a mountain, see above Martini 23.
t Cunningham is right. Lamarck Enc. bot. IV 210 quotes the Syringa
arabica (already known to Clusius) as a synonym of Jasminum Sambac. Ait.
II Cunningham’s statement is correct. See above Martini 36. note.
§ In the narrative of the third Dutch Embassy a Bean soup is
mentioned which they believed to be prepared with milk and Peking
butter (sic!). But it seems to me that the above statements of Cunning¬
ham and the Dutch are to be referred to the Chinese condiment commonly
called Bean curd by Europeans. (Williams’ Middle Kingdom, II, 43.)
(I omit the particulars given with respect to fishing, tillage,

and obtaining of salt.)
0 Had I not found the printed Newspapers last year take
notice of a singular root brought from China by F. Fontaney, *
I should not have told you that I have seen one since I came
here, called Hu chu wu (which I take to be the same), whereto
they ascribe wonderful properties of prolonging life and turning
gray hairs into black, by drinking its infusion for some time,
in so much that they say it is to be had in value from 10
taels to 1000 or 2000 a single root, for the larger it is, the
more is its value and efficacy: which is too much money her©
to try the experiment. You have it mentioned in Cleyer’s
Medicina siniea, 84, under the name of Ho xeu u. It is like¬
wise painted in the 27 table of those plauts Mr. Petiver has
of me.f
After this 0. relates a Chinese legend with respect to this
root. A man fell down from a precipice and found himself in
a valley from which he was not able to come out. He lived
there for a hundred years feeding on the above-mentioned root.
He was finally delivered by an earthquake, which destroyed
the valley.
* Cunningham distributed his Chinese botanical collection,
made in Chusan, at Amoy and on the Dogs islands near Fu
chon, among his friends in England. Pluhenet and Petiver
seem to have received the greatest part of it. I may be
allowed to say here a few words with respect to these ardent
and able botanists and their works, in which they described
and depicted Cunningham’s plants, soon after they had received
them.
James Petiver, Apothecary of the Charterhouse, London, and
secretary to the Royal Society, an active collector of objects of
natural history, born about 1658 -p 1718. He had corres¬
pondents in most parts of the world, who sent him productions,
plants, animals, etc. He was a friend of the botanist Iiay and
of Sir Hans S'loane, the celebrated promotor of science and
President of the Royal Society (born 1660 -p 1752), who offered
* Joannes de Fontaney, Jesuit Missionary iu China, end of the 17th cent,

t What C. tells with respect to the plant jhj 'll* ho show wu is
found also in Chinese works. A good drawing of it is given in the Chin.
4 Botauy Chi wu ming shi t‘u k'ao XX. 16, a climbing plant with a large
tuberous root, and this agrees with the engraving under the same Chinese
name in the Japanese Botany So mo kou etc VII. 80, which according to.
Franchet and -Savatier (Enum. pi. Japou. I 402.) is Polygonum, multi-
fiorunu Thbg, and has in fact tuberous roQts>
him £4000 for his collections of specimens. As the Sloanian

collection subsequently gave origin to the British Museum
(Hanbury’s Science pap. 384) Petiver’s specimens may also be
stored there.
In a paper published in the XXIII. vol. of the Philosophi¬
cal Transactions (1703) Petiver describes about 70 Chinese
plants supplied principally by Cunningham. But previously
he had published in his Muse\um (1692-1703) short charac¬
teristics of 1000 exotic plants, amongst which we find scattered
about 100 from China, the greatest part of them not mentioned
in the Philosoph. Trans. Besides this he issued his Gazophy-
lacii Naturae Decades decern, 1702-1709, short descriptions and
engravings of 100 exotic plants, about 20 of which were
selected from Cunningham’s Chin, collection.
It appears from Cunningham’s letters and from Petiver’s
quotations that the latter had also received from C. a collection
of Chinese drawings representing Chinese plants. Petiver
frequently speaks of “ Herbarium nostrum sinense pictum.”
Leonard Plukenet, born 1642+1705, alearned English botanist,
educated at Oxford. He was in war with Sloane and Petiver.
Plukenet has published many botanical works and described
and depicted a great number of new plants especially from
America, the East Indies and China. Almost all Chinese
plants he mentions had been handed to him by Cunningham,
and it seems that the latter hhd entrusted the greatest part of
his herbarium to Plukenet, who described about 400 Chinese
specimens in his Amaltheum hotanicum sen Stirpium Indicarum
alterum copiae cornu 1705, intermixed with American and
Indian plants. Nearly one half of the Chinese plants Plukenet
faithfully figured in vol. Ill of his Phytographia*. These
figures are small and often much reduced from the natural
sige, but are generally very characteristic.
In 1779 Dr. P. D. Gieseke added an Index Linneanus in
Plukenetii opera botanica, in which he ascertained a great
number of the plants there described and figured, but with
respect to the Chinese specimens in the Phytographia he has
only in a few cases been able to identify them.
Perhaps the botanist Ray (1628-1705.) disposed also of
a part of Cunningham’s plants. In his JElistoria plantarurn, in
the 3d vol. (1704) he describes some of them. It may be
* The 3rd yol. of Plukenetii Phytographia bears the date 1692. But
this is evidently an error for each engraving in it is referred to the text
in the Amaltheum, published 1705. PL published also an Almagestum
Botanicum, 1696, in which a few Chinese plants appear.
INTO THE FLORA OF CHINA, 45
however, that he copied from Petiver and Plukenet. I have

seen the Hist, plant, but had then no opportunity of comparing
it with the Amaltheum and Petiver’s works. As appears from
Petiver’s statements, C. had given also to Sloane some of his
specimens.
On the whole, nearly 600 Chinese plants have been
described by Petiver and Plukenet from Cunningham’s
specimens. It would be interesting to know what has become
of this herbarium. Petiver’s botanical collections as well as
those of Plukenet had been acquired by Sloane and were
finally incorporated into the British Museum, where they may
still exist, or at least some “rudera” of them.
After Cunningham, botanical collections have been made
twice at Chusan, as far as I know. Dr. Th, Cantor visited
the island in 1840 and in an account of Cantor’s botanical
collections in the Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XXIII. 1854, Mr.
Griffith enumerates 133 plants gathered at Chusan, but he
gives generally nothing more but the genus names. There is
only one plant of the collection he describes as new, viz.
Actinostemma tenerum. I am not aware whether Cantor’s her-
barium is now in England or in India.
The well known traveller and botanical collector R. Fortune
(who died in April 1880) investigated the Flora of Chusan
some years later. He first came to that island in 1843 and
visited it again in 1850. His plants, distributed by the R.
Hort. Soc., are found in all the more important herbarium’s
of Europe. It seems that only a small part of Fortune’s
Chinese plants have been described.
Concerning the Crocodile islands (Dogs islands near Fu
chou) where Cunningham gathered some specimens, the
botanical features of these islands are probably the same as
those of the adjacent mainland. The Flora of that part of
China, and I must say the same with respect to Amoy, is very
imperfectly known. But all plants gathered at those places
may, I believe, be found in Dr. Hance’s magnificent herbarium,
and lie is probably the only botanist who would be able to
identify Cunningham’s plants from the ancient descriptions
and drawings left.
A great part of Cunningham’s plants, described and depicted
by Petiver and Plukenet, are probably included in the later
collections alluded to. I therefore have thought it would
be useful to bring under the notice of modern botanists
and to place together the scattered remarks and diagnoses
referring to Cunningham’s plants, as found in the Amaltheurri
m EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
and in Petiver’s writings. But as the descriptions there

are often long and detailed, I cannot venture to reproduce
the whole and shall often confine myself to quoting only the
short diagnoses, which generally precede the descriptions,
referring the reader to the original works and the drawings.
The latter of course will he more serviceable to identify the
plants in question, than the descriptions given.
MtJSEI PETIVERfANI CENTURIAE DECEM RARIORA NATURAE CON^NENS
London 1692b-*1703. 2 tab.

This is an enumeration of exotic plants, from Asia, the Cape
of Gr. H. and America. I extract the following notes on
Chinese plants found there. These Chinese specimens were
gathered, as Petiver states, chiefly by Cunningham, a few of
them also by ICeir and\Barhlay, surgeons, and Sam. Brown.
The latter visited Chusan before Cunningham.
The first century mentions three Chinese Ferns.
Adiantum nigrum chinense, tenuiter di visum, pinnulis-
minimis obtusis bifidis. Pluk. Aim. 29. tab. 4, 1. Raii. h. pi.
1854. Chinese black Maidenhair with blunt forked leaves.
Eamoy in China.
Adiantura tenuifolium. Lamarck Enc. Bot. I. 44. Gathered by Son-,
tier at in India.
Adiantum nigrum lannginosum Chinense *. Pluk. Aim. 30.
tab 4, 2.—Dryopteris lanuginosa chinensis Raii. h. pi. 1854.
Hoary black Chinese Maidenhair JlUmoy in Chin.
Filmj- pyrarnidalis chinensis. Filix e China mollis, auricula
ad pinnulae basim superne producta, siimrno folio longius
mucronato. Pluk. Aim. 30. fig 2.—Fil. spec, e China delata
nobis. Raii. h. pi. 1853. Our China Steeple Fern.
352. Argentina Emuyaca, foliis ramosis, altius incisis. From
Emuy, a Chinese island.
400 Fagopyrum chinense Bistortae folio.
402. Filix Emuyaca pinnis proliferis mire ornatis.
403. Filix Emuyaca pinnis singulis integris et divisis, mar-
ginibus seminiferis.
425. Kadah Emuyaca, Tuberariae angustiore folio. ,
498. Uni lei Chinensibus. Frutex Cynosbaty fructu alato
tinctorio, barbulis Iongioribus coronatis.—The fruit supplies a
famed ingredient used by the Chinese for dying scarlet.
* Adiantum Chinense perelegans ramosnm, folio flabelliformi cum
rubedine p,erfuso. Pluk. Aim. ii. tab 4, 3. is diantunj, flabellatum L.
Linneus describes yet another Chinese species : A. chusanum, which has
been referred t,o Davailia chinensis Sw. by Sprengel.
INTO THE FBOEA OF CHINA, 47
This is Gardenia florida. L. See further on Pluk. Amalth. 29.

536. Muscus denticulatus Emuyacus minor erectus. Cun-
ningh.
537. Filix Emuyaca Plaiitaginis aq. folio, caule nigricante.
Cunningh.
541 Phyllitis Emuyaca iH'ajor ramosa. Cunningh.
544. Filix Emuydca pinnis longissimis integris margine
pulverulento. Camiingli.
545. Filix Enmyaca pinnis majoribus denticulatis. Cuhningh
547. Filix Emuyaca pinnis pyramidalibus serratis maculis
in nervum oppositis. Canningli.
554. Filix chinensis Lonchitidis facie, cujus lanago radicis
Poco sempie vocatnr. Kim how jd (i.e. canis aurei crines). Herb,
nostr. Chin. pict. tab. 10, fig. 8. Poco sempie. Mus. H. S. 386.
Probably Polypodium Earometz l. sin : ijq) ^ Icon tsi.
640. Fagara Emuyaca Cardamomi sapore, ramulis et medio
nervo foliorum ufcrinqne spinosis.—Heems to agree with the
Eagara minor from the Philippine islands, where it is called
Cayutana..
The Cayutana is Zanthox tlum helerophyltum Sm., but Petiver’s plant
is probably Z. nitidum. D. d. •
682. Tamarisci folio arbor chinensis, e cujus ligno fiunt
sagittae. Hose Dm. Herbar. nostr. Chin. pict. tab. 9, 4.
•757. Gajpillaris chinensis pinnulis rotundioribus. Pern from
China.
857. Amelanchier chusanensis folio parvo subrotundo rigido,
from China.
858. Androsace chusanensis Cortusae Matthioli folio (v. infra
Philos. Trans. 52.)
859. Angola chusanensis Pruni folio, calice amplo.
860. Anonymus cJmsan. floribus spicatis, petalis tribus
angustis.
861. Apios et insulis Grocodilorum.
864. Arbor chusan. Laurocerasi folio serrato.
865. Arbor chusan. Laurifolio serrato subtus molli, vii’gulis
verrucosis.
867. Arbor Emuyaca} flore minimo stamineo, albente, Ilicis
folio.
875 Aster chitsan. foliis superioribus integris, inferioribus
Coronopi.
876. Baccifera chusan. racemifera, Loti arboris folio.
877. jBacciferd chusan. racemosa, Arbuti folio.
878. Baccifera chusan. Theae folio.
879. Baccifera ins. Crocodyl,. Celastri folio.
880. Baccifera Emuyaca dispermos, scandens, Flammulae

facie.
886. Galamintha chinensis, Teucrii folio, flore staminoso.
887. Gamphorosmos chusan, flore piloso.
888. Garambu Emuyaca, Persicariae foliis hirsutis.
The Caramba of Rheede is a Jussieua.
891. Gerasus chusan. floribus minoribus plenis.
892. Ghamaerhododendron chusan. flore albo, Myrti romanae
folio.
893. Ghamaerhododendron chusan. flore eoeruleo, foliis efc
calycibus birtis.
895. Ghristophoriana forte Emuyaca, spinosa, Mori folio
molli.
896. Ghusanicus seu Planta capreolata, Arb. Judae folio,
flore spicato.
897. Clematis chusan. folio cordato umbilicato.
898. Coccifera Grocodyi. Pimentae Jamaicensis folio.
899. Cocculus reniformis scandens Emuyacus, Cotini folio
subtus molli. .
902. Gonyza chusan pilosa folio Sonchi integro.
Probably Emilia sonchifolia
904. Gynoglossum chusan. sumrno late ramoso.
905. Gytisus Grocodyi. foliis parvis subtus villosis.
909. Euonymus chinensis, Glycyrrhizae folio.
910. Euonymus forte chusan. Berberidis folio.
911. Euonymus Grocodyi. Laurocerasi folio.
912. Euonymus Emuyacus, Pervincae majoris folio, bacca
solitari, vasculo biparti to vel tripartite inclusa.
913. Eupatorium Grocodyi. Leonuri folio.
916. 'Eicus chusanensis, Mori folio.
917. Ficus chusanensis minima, nigrescens, folio integro,
superne scabro, subtus molli.—It bears fruit in Sept.
918. Ficus forte chusan. folio vulgaris facie sed molliori.
925. Frutex Grocodyi. foliis alatis subrotundis glaucis, subtus
albidis.
926. Frutex Grocodyi. Pagi foliis parvis, venis subtus
purpureis.
930. Hai ho a Chinensibus, flore albo, giliquis gummosis
articulatis.
Probably Sophofa japonica L. sin: ^ huai hua. Pod contracted
between the seeds, containing a viscid matter*
931. Sam shaw Chinensibus. Arbor flore albo, calyce hirsute.

935. Jacoboea elmsan. folio lato.
936. Jujubae folio minore, plant a repens chinensis.
Ilf TO THE ILOEA op china. 49
937. La hoe Chinensibns. Arbor flore luteo, foliis acntis

binis deenssatis.
0 Chimonanthus fragrans Lindl. sin : fjf, $$ la mei or la lai in some
Southern dialects.
938. Lactuca Emuyaca perfoliata, Sonchi folio.
943. Lotus arbor Emuyaca, Betulae folio.
944, Lupulus chusan. minor, Rubi folio.
Humulus japonicus S. et Z, gathered also by Cantor in Chusan.
948. Oxycanthus chusan. Pyracanthae folio.
250. Persicaria chinensis, folio snbtus albido, Y. infra Phil,
Trans. 28.
951. Periclymeni flore frntex Emuyaca, Pervincae majoris
folio.
953. Phaseolus chusan. siliqna hirta folio angnstissimo.
954. Phaseolus chusan. siliqna hirta folio latiore.
956. Phyllitis chusan. ramosa, pinnis alternis basi superiore
auriculatis.
957. Pimenta chusan. Buxi folio, floribns filamentosis.
958. Pimenta chusan. Melissae folio, flore petaloso.
962. Pruni sylvestris facie frutex Emuyacus, spinis fere
^ foliosis.
964. Quinquefolium chusan. folio snbtns incano, albo.
965. Ricinus chinensis sebifera, Popnli nigrae folio.
Stillingia sebifera Michx. V. supra Martini 36.
966. Ricinus Emuyacus Yerbasci folio, fructu farinaceo.
968. Ros Solis chusan. perelegans, canle folioso. Y. infra
Phil. Trans. 55.
969. Rosa forte chusan. Trichomanis folio.
970. Rubiae facie planta Grocodyl. cordato folio.
Perhaps Rubia cordifolia. L.
972. Samolus Emuyacus, Rorismarini folio.
974. Scandens Emuyaca capreolata planta, foliis cordatis
serratis.
975. Serratula chusan. folio hastato.
976. Serratula chusan. folio snbtns incano albo.
977. Siliguifera chusan. Fraxini folio fructn sericeo.
978. Shew how chinensibns, folio oblongo serrato nervoso.
979. Shuran chinensibns. Arbor trifoliata, floribns minimis
racemiferis.
980. Stoechadis spica Planta chusan. Galeopsis folio.
981. Styrax liquida, folio minore ex ins. Emuy.
983. Thea chusan. floribns majoribns, folio Alaterni serrato.
Y. infra Philos. Trans. 59.
984. Theet chusan. floribns minoribus, folio Alaterni cuspidato.

985. Thea chusan. sylvestris non potabilis.—The flowers
much the same with the common, but the leaves less and thicker.
987. Vaccinia chusan. flore tubuloso, Pruni folio.
989. Viburnum chusan. spinosum, folio digitato.
990. Vitex Crocodyl. foliis oppositis Arbuti.
991. Vitis facie frutex JEmuyaca, foliis serratis integris et
tripartite.
992. Vitis forte JEmuyaca folio trifido dentato.
993. TJlmi folio minore frutex chusan.
994. TJlmi folio minore splendente JEmuyaca.
995. Volubilis chinensis Laurocerasi folio minore.
997. Yang diu chinensibus. Arbor Salicis folio ramulis
pendulis. Frequently painted on Japan work. Of the wood
they make arrows.
Yang liu is Salix bdbylonica. L.
998. Ya hap chinensibus. Arbor flore albo, folio Anohae
venosae.
999. Zizyphus chusan. foliis subtus argenteis, floribns
minoribus.
1000. Zizyphus chusan. suberis folio, subtus punctato.
J. PETIVERI GAZOPHYLACIUM NATURAE ET ARTIS, 1702-1709.

Two volumes, each consisting of 50 plates. The following
Chinese plants are represented by the drawings :
Tab. 6, fig. 3 Gupressus chusanensis, Abictis folio, from
Chusan. The leaves are triangular, carinated, stiff and stand
off from the stalk; its seed is brown and small, not much unlike
Buck wheat but not so regular.
The drawing seems to represent Cryptomeria japonica. Don. Fortune
observed this tree in Chekiang,
Tab. 12, fig. 3. Tagetes chinensis, foliis undulatis, radice
cordiali. Herbar, nost. Chin. tab. 27, fig. 3. This is the
wonderful plant Hu chu u of which Cunningham speaks in
his letter.
As we have seen, the Chinese plant, C. alludes to, seems to be
Polygonum mulUfiorum. Thbg. Petiver seems to reproduce the Chinese
drawing of his Herbarium Chinense, which is not correct.
Tab. 19, fig. 5. Sagittaria chinensis foliis terms longissimis.
Herbar. nost. Chin. tab. 12, fig. 3. Sa heo chaw indigenis.
According to Lam. Enc. Bot. II. 504, this is Sagittaria trifolia L. Kth,
enum. III. 157 thinks that g. chinensis. Sims, may be the same.
Tab. 19. fig. 6. Hanunculus globosus chinensis, flore pleno
aurantiaco. Wi tuny te hoa chinensibus. Herb, nostr. Chin.
INTO THE FLORA. OF CHINA, SI
tab. 18, fig. 18. This beautiful plant would be a fine ornament
to our gardens.
Tab. 21, fig. 10, The Tea shrub is here figured with its leaf,
flower and fruit.
Tab. 24, fig. 8. Ninzin and Ginsing officinarum. Dale Pharm.
840. 11. Raii hist, plant. 1338. Plukenet 101.7. Copied from
a painting of the Roy. Soc. Grows in China and Japan.
The root of Ginseng is correctly represented, but not the leaves.
Tab. 26. Fimenta chusan. folio Alaterni. Vide infra Phil.
Trans. 85.
Tab. 27. Ou turn chu.
Vide infra Phil. Trans. 82 Sterculia platamfolia.
Tab. 33, fig. 4. Thea chinensis, Pimentae jamaieensis folio,
flore rosaceo simplici.,
This is Camellia japonica. L< See Lam. Enc. Bot. I, 572.
Tab. 33, fig. 8. Androsace chusan. Cortusae Matthioli folio.
Museum nostr. 965. I take this elegant plant to come next
in kind to Linum umbilicatum, which Tournefort calls
Omphalodes.
The drawing seems to represent Androsace saxifragae folia. Bge.
Tab. 34, fig. 3. Bicinus chinensis sebifera, Populi nigrae folio
Mus. nost. 965. Chinese Tallow tree. Philos. Trans. 90.
Stillingia sebifera Michx<
Tab. 34, fig. 11. Teucrium Grocodyl. V. infra Philos.
Trans. 41.
Tab. 35, fig. 7J Vaccinia forte chusan., Laurocerasi folio flore
tubuloso.
The drawing seems to represent Vaccinium bracteatum Thbg. or V.
ckinense. Benth. FI. hongk. 200.
Tab. 35, fig. 11. Rosa chusan. glabra, Juniperi fructu. This
Rose I have received both from Chusan and China.
Linneus identifies this Eose with his Eosa indica, but Lindley with
his E. microcarpa.
Tab. 36. fig. 1. Gramen Lagopoides chusan. spicis cristatis
palescentibus. Phil. Trans. 24.
Pennisetum ?
Tab. 36, fig. 7. Goccifera chusan. Coryli folio, floribus exiguis
racemiferis. Phil Trans. 67.
' Symplocos ?
Tab. 36, fig. 8. Fugard chusan. Rhois virginianae folio,
caule alato.
The drawing seems to represent Zanthoxylum Bungei PI.
Tab. 45, fig. 9. Zapotl. chinens. fractal cinnabarino, Xicu

Sinensibus, Ghicoy Hispan., Figocague Lusitan. Its leaves
single, 6 inches long and 3 broad.—fig. 10. Zapotl, fructns,
dried in the sun, as they do figs.—fig. 11. Zapotl. ossiculum.
Biospyros Kaki L. sin. -p shi ts’z.
Tab. 63. fig. 8 is a Loranthus. See further on Linn. Chin,
pi. 220.
Tab. 95. fig. 6. In Chinese Samtanguy or Flammula. Cat.
379. G-rows about a yard and a half high, into many branches,
bearing at the top scarlet Jasmin-like flowers. Kam. Ray. App.
P- 7 PL 23‘
Ixora stricta Roxb. is called jjj jj shan tan (the red of tbe mountains)
in Chinese.
Tab. 97. fig. 2. A Chinese Feather-few, with double whit®
or blush flowers. Cat. 337.
Tab. 97. fig. 3. Another with a double yellow flower. Mus.
Pet. 786.
ACCOUNTS Of SOME PLANTS FROM CHUSAN, COLLECTED

BY J. CUNNINGHAM.
Published by J. Petiver. Philos.. Trans. XXIII (1703.) p. 1421.

The first 20 numbers refer to Corals from the Philippine
Islands.
21. Lingua eervina chusanensis maculata media.
The root of this is like our common Polypody with fibres
running from them. The leaves resemble Harts-tongue, but
are longer and narrower, but as that bears its seed in slant
streaks on the back of the leaves, these have them in round
spots like those in Polypody, one on each side of the middle rib
at near half an inch distance, beginning near the point, and
reach above half the leaf.
22. Lingua eervina chusanensis maculata, parva.
This has a fibrous root, its leaves have scarcely any footstalk
and rarely exceed 3 inches in length, the seeds stand in round
spots like the last, as large but much closer set, reaching from
the middle rib to the edge of the leaf, coming down about
half way.
23. Arundo chusanensis polydactyloides, perelegans.
This reed has a very beautiful tuft, composed of about a
dozen pappose spikes, like some of our Indian downy Cocks¬
foot grass, each above a span long.
24. Gramen Lagopoides chusanense, spicis aristatis palles-
eentibus.
INTO THE FLORA OF CHINA; _ 53
This is next in kind to our Gr. Lagop. guineense, Gazoph.

nat. tab. 2, fig. 7, et. Mus. 238, but its spikes are larger and
both glumae and aristae are whitish, whereas the Guinea sort
when full ripe is ferrugineous and its spike turns downwards.
Dr. H. Sloane has the only specimen I have as yet seen of this
new grass.
25. Fanicum, cristatum chusanensei spica multiplici nude.
This is a very elegant grass, each capsule somewhat resembles
those of our Nasturtium verrucosum or Swines Cress.
26. Secalis facie frumentum chusanicum.
27. Cadelari siciliana folio acuto, Amaranthus siculus
spicatus.
This is Achyranthes argentea Lam., a variety of A. asp era
L. observed in China by Staunton and others.
28. Fersicaria chinensis, folio subtus albido, Musei nostri 950.
This resembles our Arse-smart, but the leaves underneath
are very white and soft.
29. Triopteris scandens chusanensis, cordato folio.
This is a twining plant, like our black Bryony, and its leaves
not unlike, the capsules resemble the Melianthus, but have
only three wings containing membranaceous seed, like those
of the Oleander.
30. Aster Eupatoroides clmsanensis, Hyssopi folio.
The leaves stand alternately on the stalk, which towards the
top branches out into many small flowers with little radiated
petala. These look at first view like our Eupatorium.
31. Tussilacjb chusanensis, raraosa, folio rotundo, glabro.
This has smooth round leaves about the root at the time of the
flowering, and narrow leaves at the stalk, which is branched,
each terminating in one flower of the same bigness with ours.
32. Abrotanum chusanense, Thalictri folio.
The leaves are deeply jagged at top, generally into 3 or 5
segments. The flowers are extremely small.
33. Abrotanum chusan. segmentis foliorum tenuissime serratis.
The flowers of this are as large as the common Southern¬
wood, the leaves finely divided and notched like those of some
umbelliferous plants.
34. Absinthium umbelliferum chusan. Achoavan folio.
The stalk is round, hoary and slightly furrowed, the leaves
somewhat like the next, but less, and more serrated.
35. Matricaria chusan. flore albo minore simplici. A Ma¬
tricaria japonica fl. min. albo simpl. Breyn. prodr. 2. p. 663 P
The leaves of this are like Mugwort but less, the flowers
scarcely so big as our Featherfew.
36. Matricaria chusan. fiore luteo minore simplici, heuk hoa

Chinensibus.
The leaves and flowers are much like the last, the discus is
large and yellow as are the petala about.
Probably Pyretbrum (Chrysanthemum) indieum. Cass, sin :
Ye Icii hua.
37. Verbenaca chusan. Majoranae folio, subtus molli, flaves-
eente.
On each side of every joint come forth longish leaves,
some bigger, others less, soft underneath and yellowish. From
some of these joints, especially towards the top, come spikes of
flowers and seed, after the manner of common Vervain.
38. Verhenaca chitsan. Persicariae folio subtus pallescente.
The stalk is for the most part 5 square, the leaves growf
opposite, by turns crosswise. It bears a long spike of flowers,
each with a long tube or neck set in a small turgid calyx.
39. Mentha chusan. spicata holosericea.
The stalks of this plant are very hoary and soft, as are its
leaves, especially the under side.
40. Teucrium chusan. flore singulari pedicuio semiunciale
insidente.
Bach flower stands single on a half inch foot stalk, with 4
long stamina, and a style like the Teucrium Boeoticum.
41. Teucrium Crocodylianum. Styracis folio minore. Gaz. nat.
■ tab. 34, fig. 11.
42. Alcea forte frUticosa chnsan.fdlio summo lato, subtus molli.
The leaves are somewhat like our Aspen-tree, very broad at
the top, with a small point in the middle, slightly notched, a
little rough above, but underneath very soft.
Hibiscus tili&Ceus. L<
43. Rubus chusan. folio Corchori.
The twig3 and footstalks are thorny, the leaves single, some¬
times lobated, broad at base, hut grow tapering to a very
narrow point.
Perhaps Rubus corchorifolius. L. of Japan.
44. Rubi facie planta chusan. folio Altheae aeutiore.
The stalks thorny, the leaves grow alternately on short
pedicles, and some of them are lobated. At the bottom of
each grows a small scaly cone like a bud.
45. Alectorolophus chusan. viscosa, Achoavan folio.
This and the next seem very elegant plants, but I dare not
meddle with their descriptions until I receive better specimens
of them.
INTO THE FLORA OF CHINA*- 55
46. Bapunculus sen Cardinalis, forte Chusan. Sambnci folio.

47. Anonis chusan. pubeseens, Lupini facie.
This seems herbaceous, the leaves are very large, somewhat
hoary, but the stalks much more, the flowers spicated and
large, resembling the yellow Lupine, but have the face and
hoariness of the common blue.
48. Astragalus' chusan., sinapis siliqua.
These leaves resemble the Sainct Loin, the pods are about 3
inches long, with 2 or 3 swellings, and end blade-pointed like
the-pods of mustard.
49. Cowhage chusan., floribus parvis ex alis foliorum.
The stalks, young leaves, flowerhusks, and pods have all a
rusty hoariness, in the full grown leaves it is much less. From
the bosom of these comes a small spike of little flowers,
by which and its hoariness it is easily distinguished from
all others.
50. Gytisus chusan. tetraflorus.
Its leaves are small, finely veined and end in a hair. What
is peculiar in this, is to have 4 flowers on a naked or leafless
inch foot stalk.
51. Polygala chusan. folio subrotundo, spica aphylla.
This is distinguished from others in having broader obtuse
leaves, excepting towards the top they are a little pointed and
from the middle of each leafy stalk comes out a naked spike
of flowers.
52. Androsace chusan. Cortusae Matthioli folio. Mus. nost.
858. Gazoph. tab. 33, fig. 8.
Seems to be Androsace saxifragaefolia Bge.
53 Lysimachia chusan. Gentianellae folio, flore albo.
This in manner of growing resembles our yellow Loostrife,
but the flowers are white, petala less, and more pointed. Its
capsule ends in a thread. I saw a branch of this in flower and
seed with Mr. Sam. Doody, which Mr. George Loudon had
gathered in some garden, I think about town.
54. Lysimachia chusan. spicata, Persicariae folio, flore exiguo.
These leaves grow inordinately, are narrow-pointed at base,
without footstalks. At the top of the branches grow slender
spikes like Arsmart, with small flowers and seed vessels like
Flax, but much less.
55. Bos Solis chusan. perelegans, caule folioso; Mus. 968.
This is a very peculiar sort of Sundew, in having leaves on
the stalks, which towards the top ramify and flowrer.
Trees.
56. Abies argentea chusan, foliis acutissimis.
This resembles the Silver-fir but the leaves are somewhat

serrated and very sharp.
Perhaps Abies Kaempferi. Lindl.
57. Acer forte chusan. folio minore trifido,
These leaves very much resemble the Acer monspelianum
X.B. They are smooth above and glaucous underneath, stand¬
ing on long slender reddish stalks. The fruit of this and the
next I have not yet seen.
Perhaps the Japanese Acer trifidum. Thbg., observed also near Ningpo.
58. Aceris folio arbor chusan. virgulis spinosissimis.
Its young branches are reddish and very full of brier-like
thorns, amongst these leaves inordinately grow, the base of each
pedicle leaving an impression like a V consonant on the stalk.
The leaves have very much the face of the common great
Maple or Sycamore with long pedicles, whose base agrees with
the branches.
59. Alaternus chusan, Arbuti folio. Grazoph. tab. 30. Thea
chusan. floribus majoribus, folio Alaterni serrato Mus. nost 983.
By its leaves and flowers I at first took it for a Tea, but bavin
lately received it in berry, I find it to be another family. The
leaves are stiff, serrated, and pointed, generally thickest towards
the tops of the branches. From the bosom of these and below
grow many small flowers close to the stalk, which are succeeded
by little berries, that are both calyculated and pointed.
60. Arbor chusan. Frangulae folio majore subtus albido molli.
Although I have not yet seen the flower or fruit of this tree,
yet I could not omit it, because its leaves are very distinguish¬
able from any that have yet come from this island. They
seem, especially the young ones, to have the texture and face
on the upper side of our Frangula or Alderberry, yet somewhat
softer, but its peculiarity is underneath, in being white,
softish and having its middle vein spongy, and towards the
stalk rusty coloured, as are its younger branches.
61. Baccifera chusan. Caryophy lliaromat. folio, Patsjotti flora.,
The leaves resemble those of cloves, but are somewhat
thicker, generally about 1\ inch broad and 3 long, growing
alternately. From the bosom of each come 3 or 4 pentapeta-
lous flowers somewhat like the Malabar Patsjotti (Hort. malab.
vol. 5.) each filled with large curled like apices ending pointed.
These are succeeded by black berries set in a small 5 starred
calyx, its point f of a inch- each standing on a half inch
foot stalk. Out of one berry I took 11, from another near 20
small shining brown seeds,' of different shapes from their lying
together.
INTO: THE FLORA OF CHINA. 57
62. jBaccifera chusan. Ligustri facie.

Its larger woolly twigs are smooth, cinereous and speckled,
the smallest woolly, the leaves grow by pairs, at the top come
the flowers, loosely spiked, each in a small cupped calyx, the
berries less than currants, black with a bluish cast, each on
a very short footstalk and in an undetermined cup, which
seemed to want a part on one side. In each berry is one
large oval kernel.
63. Buxus chusan. folio praelongo.
This has the face and the texture of the common Box, but
the leaves are longer, very narrow at the base, broadest near
the middle and blunt at the end.
64. Buxi affinis Emuyaca, folio rugoso.
The twigs are reddish and rough, as are the under sides of
the leaves, but smoother above. They stand on very short
footstalks and have this particular, that the upper half of each
leaf is somewhat lobated or largest. At the ends of the
branches grow commonly two or more rough capsules gaping
like the Eagaras. Each of these contains 1 or 2 black oval
shining seed somewhat bigger than an Oat.
65. Gamphora officinarum. The Camphire tree.
It is very well figured and amply described in Breynius
centuria (in 1678) and first Prodromus.
66. Gastanea chusan. folio fere serrato,' subtus glauco.
The twigs are blackish with many small warts, the leaves
grow inordinately, on short pedicles, most of them more or less
thorny, dented, and some smooth. Underneath they are
glaucous and somewhat soft.
67. Coccifera chusan. Coryli folio, floribus exiguis race-
miferis. Grazoph. tab. 36, fig. 7.
Its twigs are speckled, the leaves of different magnitude
and breadth, lightly serrated, standing on an inch footstalk.
At the top of each twig grows a small racemose spike of little
flowers, which are succeeded by dry berries, growing like
currants.
Cocciferae I call such trees and shrubs, as have dry berries
like the Cocculus Indiae, in opposition to those, that are moist,
as goose berries.
68. Goccifera Emuyaca, folio marginibus crispis.
The stalk of this is furrowed irregularly like Elder, its
leaves have the face and shape of a Willow Bay, but peculiarize
themselves by drawing their edges unevenly inwards, which
swell the upper side and make them seem curled. Their
footstalks are scarce | inch, its cocca, or dry berry, like the
Allspice or Jamaica Pepper, is set in a 4 or 5 starred calyx in

a loose cluster, each on an \ inch footstalk. Between the
outward skin and kernel, which is solid and very hard, is but
little space.
69. Grista Pavonis Ghinensis. Abrus folio. Bo ya hoa Herbar.
nost. Chin. tab. 2, fig. 4.
Hoa in the Chinese language signifies a flower. The leaves are
much less and narrower than the American kind, otherwise in
its spikes, flowers and way of growing it very much resembles it.
Crista Pavonis is Adenanthera pavonina L. Lam. Enc. Bot. II 76
mentions it as a native of China. Dr. Hance has observed it in Hongkong.
70. Cupressus chusan. Abietis folio. Gazoph. Tab. 6. fig. 3.
Where you may with its figure see a description of its leaves
and seed.
It bears its cones single at the end of each branch; the scales
of these, when they are open or cracked, are serrated and rugged.
As we have stated above (Gazoph. l.c.) this is Cryptomeria japonica. Don.
71. Fuonymo affinis chusan. Fraxini folio, semine nigro.
The leaves grow opposite, and generally 3 pairs tailed, i.e.
one at the end. The footstalk is very short and next the tail
scarce any. The fruit grows in clusters, each husk rugose,
including one black shining seed.
72. Fagara Fmuyaca Fraxini folio.
This is distinguished from the next in having much broader
leaves. They grow opposite and are much like the Ash. The
berries are about the bigness of Pepper and grow in small
clusters. The tender shoots and first sprouts are prickly, in
the more grown they are not so discernable. I have not as
yet observed any prickles on the leaves of this kind except in
its first shoots, which are very small and wear off as they
grow older.
I call Fagarae those trees and shrubs, whose berries split
like those figured by Garcias ab Horto, Gerard, Parkinson,
Clusius, etc. There are also these peculiarities, which generally
attend this tribe, viz., the branches are prickly and often the
leaves on the underside and middle rib, and sometimes on both
sides and the lesser veins. The berries split in the middle and
discover a black shining seed, the outer skin rough, tastes hot
and spicey. The leaves in all I have yet observed are per¬
forated like St.Johns wort, Orange leaves, Myrtle. The
Hercules and prickly yellow woods of the W. Indies are of
this family.
The genua to which the Fagarae of the ancient botanists belong is now
..called ZanthQ&yliMik Lin,
73. jFagara chusan. Fraxini folio angustiore.

The leaves of this are not only narrower than the last, but
prickly underneath''and the prickles are very thick set on the
branches and between the leaves.
74. Fagara chusan. Rhois virginianae folio, cauie alato. What
chaw in Chinese. Gazoph. tab. 36, fig*. 8.
These leaves very much resemble the Virginian Sumach,
with a winged or welted stalk, with lightly serrated trans¬
parent notches. Dr. Sloan has a fair specimen of this in fruit,
which ripens in October.
As has been shown above, this seems to be Zanthoxylum JSungei. PI*
sin : hua tsiao.
75. Frutex chusan. Fagi folio, fructu sulcato.
This very much resembles No. 926 Musei nostri, but is in all
parts much larger, especially its leaves, which are very like the
Carolina plant at No. 915. Its fruit grows naked at the top of
the branches from a reversed calyx, and is sulcated like the
capsule of an Adbatode.
76. Qelseminumchusan. folio Betae hirsuto.
The leaves somewhat like Beet, but hoary, the flower is
leaved, in shape much resembling Nerium. The apices on
each stamen seem double headed, the calyx is quinquefied and
hoary. It grows spikated, as I observed in a very large
specimen amongst Dr. Sloane’s dry plants.
77. Seder a, arbor ea C. B. 305. 1.
I can see no difference betwmen this and our common Tree
Ivy. (Hedera Helix L. var. arborea).
I may observe that among Cantor’s Chusan plants Hedera Helix. L. is
mentioned.
78. Spurge Laurel.
Pet. means Daphne laureola. L.—Fortune has gathered D. Fortunei
Lindl. in Chusan.
79. Lycium chusan. Pruni minoris folio.
The twigs of this end in a thorn, the leaves are like the
slow but less-finely serrated, growing inordinately on very short
stalks. The berries are black and wrinkled like pepper and of
that bigness. They stand on a f inch footstalk in a small
round calyx. Under the thin outerskin lies one or two kernels.
An undetermined species of Lycium is noticed in Cantor’s collection.
L. chinense. L. has been observed in North-China as well as in the South.
80. Mandaru forte chusan. folio acuminato, alte bifido.
The leaves which are all of this plant I have yet seen, seem
to be of the Malabar kind of Mandaru. The leaf is deep cut
and glaucous underneath.
JIanda.ru is Bauhinia. 3 species of it are known from Southern China

viz. B, glauca Wall., B. Championi. Benth., B. chinensis Vogel.
81. Mori facie chusan: folio subtus molli ferrugineo.
82. Ou turn chn. P. Le Comte. Oou turn shu Herb, nostr.
Chin. tab. 6.—Grazoph. tab. 27. folio trifido, petalis bacciferis.
This is a wonderful tree and very particular in the product
of its berries, which I take to be the fruit. The flowers grow
separate from the leaves in a large loose or sparse tuft, after
the manner of Fraxinella or Dittander, from the larger stem
each little one has many flowers, composed of 5 broad green
petala or leaves like those of our Adderstongue, everyone
standing on \ inch pedicle starwise. On both the edges of
these grow one or more stalkless berries, of the bigness of
Holy, rugged now dry. I opened one of them. A large white
cavity and a small decayed substance only remained in it.
Petiver gives a correct description of Sterculia platani folia. Cav. (see
above Le Comte) •, only he takes the spreading follicles of the fruit
for flowers.
83-. Paliurus Pmuyaca major folio rotundiore.
This seems to differ from our European sort in having its
leaves much larger and round.
Probably Paliurus Aubletii. Shult. which has been observed in South
China and Japan.
84. ' Palmae Christi vulgaris facie, forte Chusan. caulibus et
foliis pubescentibus.
Very near the basis of the footstalk of each leaf it has 2
long and very narrow threadlike auricles.
85. Pimenta Chusan. folio Alaterni. G-azoph. tab. 26. -
Thea chusan. floribus minoribus, folio Alaterni cuspidato.
Mus. nostr. 984.
Its leaves stand on short footstalks, they are pointed, stiff
and somewhat notched. From the bosom of these and at the
top of the branches come forth many small flowers, full of
stamina like the Tea but much less, which made me conclude
it was of that family. But Mr. Cunningham has since sent it
me in fruit, which I find a small dry berry of an oval bottled
shape, coronated somewhat like a clove.
86. Populi facie chusan. folio subtus molli ferugineo.
This has the shape, thickness and softness of Abele leaves,
but instead of white is rusty coloured underneath.
87. Quercus chusan. Castaneae folio pubescente.
The stalk and the underside of the leaves are hoary, Its
catkin or julus round and echinated, as Dr. Cunningham
says, but its acorn small and smooth.
Quercus chinensis Bge. of North-China has leaves resembling those of

the chestnut.
88. jRhamnus Emuy acus maritimus, flore coeruleo.
The leaves liê Sea Purslain but smaller and nearly stalkless.
From them towards the top of the branches come 2-3 pentape-*
talous flowers set in a like divided calyx. The footstalks of
some of them are near \ inch.
89. Rhus Emuyaca folio serrato subtus molli, rachi alato.
Some of these leaves are broader and more or less serrated
than others. The stalk is larger or smaller winged as the
twigs are older or younger. Mr. Cunningham says they eat
the berries which are sour and have a dew on them. He
further observes, that from the broken branches there issues
out a turpentine like balsamic liquor.
Perhaps Rhus semialata Murr. which is found in North-China as
well as in the South, or Rhus chinensis. Mill.
90. Ricinus chinensis sebifera, Populi nigrae folio. Gazoph.
tab. 34, fig. 3. Mus. nost. S65. Kieu-yeu P. Martini in Atl. sin.
The leaves grow alternately on long slender footstalks, some
of them much extended in the middle and very sharp pointed.
The flowers are yellow, mighty small, and grow in a slender
catkin like those in Hazel. The fruit is about the bigness of a
middling nut, smooth, blackish, and trisulcated, opening into
3 parts, discovers as many white seeds, from whence and its
kernels, I suppose, the suet or fat is produced, each being
covered with a white fatty body, under which is a brown hard
shell, containing an unctuous kernel, which by bruising turns
almost wholly to an oil.
Mr. Sam. Brown first sent me this some years ago from
China, since which I have received it from Emoy and Chusan.
There are two young trees of this now growing, September 27.
1703, in the Charterhouse, raised this year by Mr. Cole Gardiner.
The tree here described is Stillingia sebifera Michx. repeatedly spoken
of in this paper.
91. Ricinus forte chusan. Tiliae folio.
These leaves grow alternately on footstalks, some above 2
inches long, of the bigness of the Mulberry and Lime tree, but
not serrated. At the top grow spikes of thrummy flowers, like
thd common Palma Christi, but closer set. I hope the next
ship from Chusan will bring me it in fruit.
92. Thea chinensis vera potulenta. Gazoph. tab. 21, fig. 10.
Ghaa chinensibus.—Bontius Hist. nat. Ind. or p. 88, fig.
The principal authors, who have given us accounts of the Tea
plant are: Bontius, Breynius, Dufour, Pecklin, Pomet, Ray,
Tulpius.
93. Tliea chinensis, Pimentae jamaicensis folio, flore rosaceo

simplici. Gazopli. tab. 33, fig. 4. Swa Tea sen Glia Jioa
Chinens. Hei*b. nostr. Chinense. tab. 6, fig. 11.
This plant has a very beautiful flower, some being single and
of a deep red, others white and some striped, there are also of
these colours with double flowers. The Chinese and the
Japanese keep them as an ornament in their gardens. The
young flower bud is scaled like a cone. The fruit is about the
bigness of a chestnut, somewhat triangular, including under a
very thick woody shell several seeds disposed into 3 cells. It
flowers in February.
According to Lammarck Enc. Bot. I. 572, this is Camellia japonica. L.
Petiver is the first botanist, who describes the plant.
94. Thymele'a chusan. Cydoniae folio.
The flowers are like Jasmin but 4 leaved, their tube or neck
hoary and about \ inch long.
95. Thymelea clmsan. Myrti rom. folio.
96. Vitis clmsan. trifido folio.
97. Vitis clmsan. folio parvo molli.
CHINESE PLANTS DESCRIBED AND DEPICTED BY L. PLUKENET.
As has been stated above, Plukenet described in his Amal-

theum botanicum, probably in 1703 and 1704, about 400 Chinese
plants almost all it seems from Cunningham’s collection.
About 180 of them he represented by good drawings in his
Phytographia, pars III. The plants in the Amaltheum are
arranged alphabetically and the Chinese plants intermixed
with Indian and American species and plants of the Cape. I
shall extract in the following pages the diagnoses of all the
Chinese plants of which engi’avings are found in the Phyto¬
graphia and also of the greater part of those only described,
omitting however in many cases the detailed descriptions!
Plukenet generally quotes Cunningham’s original descriptions.
The pages quoted refer to the Amaltheum, the plates to the
Phytographia, vol. III.
Abies major sinensis pectinatis Taxi foliis. subtus caeîis
conis grandioribus sursum rigentibus, foliorum et squamarum
ppiculis spinosis. P. 1. Tab. 351, fig. 1.
Qunninghamia sinensis R. Br.
Abies maxima sinensis pectinatis Taxi foliis, apiculis non
spinosis. P. 1. Tab. 351, fig. 2.
The drawing seems tp represent a Cephalotaxus.
INTO THE JTjORA OE CHINA. 63
Abrotanum mas sinicum latiori folio, cum pulcliris corymbis.

P. 1. Tab. 353, fig. 1.
Abrotanum sinense latiori et multifido Arte in isiue folio, rigi-
diusculis apicibus spinularum aemulis insiguito, cum parvis
corymbis. P. 1. Tab. 353, fig. 4.
Abrotanum tenuifolium dense fruticosum, cum exiguis corym¬
bis. Insula Gheusan. P. 1. Tab. 353, fig. 6.
Abrotanum sinense tenuifolium, corymbis majoribus elegan-
tissimis. P. 2. Tab. 351, fig. 5.
Abrotanum sinense tenuissimis longioribus foliis corymbis
perexiguis. P. 2.
Abrotanum mas Sinensium foliis et corymbis minutissimis. P.2.
Absinthium sinense, romano baud absimile. Ex insula una de
Crocodylis. P. 2.
Absinthiwn maritimum Sinarum, Lavandulae fqlio, pulchrio-
ribus corymbis inodorum, sapore aromatico. Abs. folio argenteo
vel incano, floribus plerumque singularibus lutescentibus.
Cunningham. Gheusan. Oct. floret. P. 3. Tab. 353, fig. 5.
Tanacetam chinense A. Gray. (Maxim. Decad X.)
Acinos multis effigie, procumbens, ex cauliculorum geniculis
radicosa, herba capsularis. Plos coeruleus monopetalus, tubu-
latus quadrifidus. Folia parva, laevia, subrotunda, ex adverso
bina, e quorum alis proveniunt flores. Cngh. Cheusan. Floret
Oct. P. 4. Tab. 354, fig. 2.
Aconitum minus autumnale cheusanense, sin : Tsou u dicitur.
Floi’et Sept. Oct. P. 5.
In Peking A. Kuznetsowii. Rchb. blue flow, is called j|l ^ 5^ Ts'ao
wu t'ou. FI. Sept.
Alcaea indica Sinarum. Frutex arborescens flore amplo luteo
Malvaceo, fundo purpureo, fructo villoso, in 5 loculamenta
diviso semina fusca reniformia. Folia fort ut Populus alba.
FI. Junio, semen perficit Sept. Est species Ketmiae. Cijgh.
P. 6. Tab. 355, fig. 5.
Hibiscus tiliaceus. L. (Gieseke.)
Ahea sinica Manihot, fructu pyramidato, hirsuto, quinque-
capsulari, seminibus reniformibus, foliis digitis longioribus,
sin : Tchu whei dicitur. Cngh. P. 7. Tab. 355, fig. 2.
Hibiscus Manibot. L. (Gieseke). By the Chinese name given probably
mm ts'iu h*ui (dziu hwe Shanghai.) is intended. In Peking this is
the name for Hibiscus Abehnoschus.
Alcea olitoria s. Corchorus longiori folio Sinarum. P. 7.
Corchorus capsularis. L. See Lam. Enc. Bot. II 104.
Alni folia arbor e Clmsan. P. 8.
Althaea fruticosa sinensis, Betonicae folio majore. P. 11.

Althaea fruticosa sinensis, foliis parvis angulosis, seminibus
incanis. P. 11. Tab. 355, fig. 3.
Amaranihus sinicus latifolius, spica candidissima. P. 12.
Amaranthus parvus sinensis. Blifci minoris folio, spica laxa
virescente tenui, Addeeomogule Malabarum. P. 12. Tab. 356,
fig. 2.
Ambrosiae (forsan) e China Anguriae foliis accedenti, Alma-
gesto 27 similis, ex ins. Crodil. An potins Matricariae japon.
spec, sinica, keukhoa Sinis dicta. P. 13.
Anonymos eheusanensis sideratidis folio, frnctu Ulmi samaris
hand absimili, sed minore. Flos albas minimus, monopetalus
quintifidus. Capsula subrotunda, semen unicum, planum et
ovatum, instar seminis Sesami eontinens. Aperto flore protudi*
tur, et adnascitur membrana rotunda, instar squamae, per
longitudinem pedicnli floris transcurrens, capsulae autem
non adnascit, sed latet quasi ad membranae centrum excavatum.
Flores e foliorum alis et caulium summitatibus nascuntur, in
muscariis dispositi. Folia ex ad verso bina, oblonga et leviter
crenata. Oct. flor. Cngh. P. 16. Tab. 443, fig. 1.
Anonymos eheusanensis Betonicae folio incano, Chamaecisti
flore luteo, praelongo, pentapetalo, fructu Balsaminae foeminae
trifariam ab ima parte dehiscente. Sept. fl. Cngh. P. 16. Tab.
360. fig. 2.
Antirrhinum minus eheusanensis, Anchusae folio seabro, flore
luteo, ad fundum superius extra et intus purpurastente P. 17.
Tab. 358, fig. 1. ,
Aquilegiae corniculis, Moschatellinae foliis planta pusilla.
Chusan. P. 19. Tab. 360, fig. 3.
Isopyrum adoxoides D. 0. Prodr. I. 48. Lam. Enc. Bot. III. 99. Spreng.
Sysfc II 470. E. B. Forbes in the prov. of Kiangsu (Journ. Bot. 1880 p.
257) Hancock near Ningpo (Maximow. Frag. H. Asiae orient. 1879. p. 3.
Arbor baccifera eheusanensis. Fagi folio, subtus glauco, fructu
singulari quadrifido, ad foliorum ortu sessili. P. 20.
Arbor indica'chusanensis, Salicis latiori folio, leviter serrato,
flosculis ad foliorum exortum, eonfertim sessilibus. P. 21.
Arbor eheusanensis, Arbuti minoribus foliis, flosculis ad
foliorum alas, curtis pediculis deorsum tendentibus affix is
P. 21. Tab. 402, fig. 3.
Arborprunifolia eheusanensis, baccifera, f ructu parvo, rotundo,
summis ramulis in spicam disposito. P. 21. Tab. 361, fig. 3.
Arbor indica eheusanensis, Salicis odoratae folio, fructu ex alis
squamato calyce donato. Siva tea Sinensium, flore pleno, albo,
rubro et variegatp. Sunt variae species Theae Indorum. P. 21*
Camellia japonica. L. Y. supra Philos. Trans. 93.'

Arbor bacbifera cheusanensis, Euonymi foliis undulatis et
punctatis, fructu rotundo, parvo, ealyculato, rubro, Oxycanthi
aemulo. P. 21. Tab. 362, fig. 6.
'Arbor''sinensis, Canellae folio minore, trinervi, prona parte
villoso, fructu Caryophylli aromatici majoris, villis similiter
obducto. Ins. Crocodil. P. 21. Tab. 372, fig. 1.
Arbor cheusanensis, Fraxini foliis superne dilute virentibus,
subtus lividis, summa singula'ri pinna alas elaudente, eaeteris
inulto raajore. P. 22.
Arbor sinensis Taxi folio, apicibusobtusis. P.22.
Arbor cheusanensis baccifera, Goryli folio, summis ramulis
I'acemoso. P. 25.
Arbor Sinensium, Laurocerasi foliis angustioribus, alterno
ordine sitis. P. 25.
Arbor Sinensium Lauri folio Lei chi, i.e. Oculum Draconis,
fructum ferens'; et aliquando Lung yen indigenis audit. Micbael
Boym Flora sin. P. 25. Tab. 365, fig. 6.
Nephelium Litchi Camb. and N. Longan. Camb. Plukenet erroneously
takes these two species to be identical. Y. supra Boym 6. 7.
Arbor cheusanensis, Arbuti foliis serratis. P. 25. Tab. 370,
fig. 2.
Arbor cheusanensis baccifera, Frangulae foliis venosa, fructu
parvo pyramidali, calyculato, ossiculo oblongo binucleo. P. 25.
Tab. 368, fig. 3.
Arbor sinensis sebifera Kieu-yeu. (I omit the detailed des¬
cription.) P. 25. Tab. 390, fig. 2.
Stillingia sebifera. Michx. See above Phil. Trans. 90.
Arbor sinica Pijya dicta, folio Castaneae haud absimili.
Arbor est flore albo rosaceo, plerumque pentapetalo, Ulmariae
odore, staminibus apicibus farinaceis et nigricantibus, donatis.
Ex calyce quintifido, lanuginoso et f usco surgit pistillum, quod
deinde abit in fructum subrotundum, flavum, coronatum, fraga
redolentem, pruni minoris magnitudine, nucleos continentem
tres, aliquando duos, raro unicum, membrana communi tenui,
ejusdem cum pulpa flavi coloris, et membrana propria fusca
involutos. Flores in fasciculis nascuntur. Folia lanuginosa,
ex acuta basi oblonga, latiora et serrata, versus sumitatem, et
in acumen desinentia. Nov. floret, fructus Majo maturescit.
Cunningh. P. 26. Tab. 371, fig. 2.
Eriobotrya japonica. Lindl. See above Boym. 11.
Arboris Pip a altera species, non serrata, foliis viridibus,
scabris. P. 27.
Arboris Pip a species altera, Quercinis foliis, Gheusanica. P. 27.

Arbor Lauri folia, floribus minimis ex albo flavescentibus.
Ghusan. Flores snnt odoriferi, Iridis Florentinae odorem
spirantes, monopetali, quadrifidi, ad foliorum alas ex thecula
cauli appressa, fascicnlatim nascentes, pedieulis longioribus
(unde penduli apparent) stylo brevissimo, dnobns staminibus
brevissimis stipato; e calice prodeunte, qni abit in frnctum.
Sept. flor. A Sinis Quei hoa nuncupatur. Cungb. P. 27.
Olea fragrans. Thbg. Y. supra Martini 20.
Eadem Arbuti foliis serratis. P. 27.
Arbuscula baccifera sinensis, Lanri folio, ad ortum foliorum
bacca singulari, nigra, longo pediculo innixa. P. 27. Tab.
362, fig. 2.
Arbuscula sinensis; Vib%irni foliis. Ghusan. P. 27.
Arbuscula cheusanensis, Phillyreae alternis foliis, baccis
Myrti coronatis. Myrtillus grandis cheusanensis. P. 27.
Arbuscula clieusan. ISTerii splendentibns foliis, aversa parte
medio nervo plnrimnm extante, virgulis purpnreis, P. 28.
Tab. 365, fig. 5.
Arbuscula cheusan, Salicis pumilae angustioribns foliis,
hirsutie anrea pnbeseentibns, frnctn parvo, in foliaceo concep-
tacnlo pyramidali obvolnto. An Cysti genus ? P. 28V
Arbuscula sinensis. Plmi minoris folio, fra.ctu nigro, testi-
culato, dicoceo, racematim congesto. Ins. Grocodil. Kilcola
Tsjetti. H. rnalab. X. tab. 57.—P. 28. Tab. 371, fig. 6 et 4-
Arbuscula baccifera sinensis, Lauri folio minore, fructu
corymboso, summo capite eoronato. Tau cudda muram indi-
genis dicta. P. 28.
I may observe that this is not a Chinese, but rather an Indian name.
Arbuscula cheusanensis, Pyracanthae majoribus foliis margine

asperatis, spicas foliorum et seminum Passerinae minoris baud
abludentium, ex alis emittens. P. 28.
Arbuscula Myrtifolia sinensis, foliis leviter crenatis, fructu
calyculato, pyramidali. Ghusan. P. 29.
Arbuscula sinensis Myrti majoris folio, vasculo seminali
liexagono, ad singulos angulos alis foliaceis munito, quae
porrectae, vaaculi coronam efformant. Urn hi, alias u muy Sinen-
sibus dicta. Hujus semina tinctoribus inserviunt, iis enim ab
indigenis optime tingitur, nobilis ille color, quern Escarlatinum
nostrates voeant. Flos rosaceus albus, bexapetalus. Cngh. P.
29. Tab. 448, fig. 4.
Lour. FI. cochin. 183 identifies this with Gardenia florida L., which at
Shanghai is called ]H ^ kuang (wang) chi
Arbuscula Sinarum foUiculifera, Hypericis fruteseentis foliis,

folliculis longis, plurimis isthmis donata. P. 30.
Arbuscula cheusanensis Aceri Monspessulani folio, subtus
rore coeruleo tincto, Ion go pedicnlo insidente. P. 32. Tab.
306, fig. 3.
Perhaps the same as Phil. Trans. 57 (see above) Acer trifidum Thbg.
Arbuscula sinensis Cisti minoris folio rigidiore parvo
subroturido, in brevins acumen desinente alternatim. posito.
Plores eandicantes ex 5 vel 6 petalis seu laciniis angustis
longioribus compositi, calyx quadrifidus. Plores in summitate
ramulorum bini vel term'. Pructus ovatus, parvus, bivalvis,
villosus, glandis ad instar calyculatus. Bina semine ovata.
Cheusan. Cngb. P. 32. Tab. 368, fig. 2. .
According to D.O. Prodr. IY 269 this is Hamamelis chinensis ft. Br.
observed by Abel (1818) in China.
Arbuscula baccifera spinosa, Persicariae foliis densis, tri-
phylla, Lentisci modo raclii medio alata, fructu parvo,
raonopyreno, aromatico. Wha tchitiv Sinensibus dicta. P.33.
Tab. 391, fig. 2.
Zanthoxylum. Y. supra Philos. Trans. 74.
Arbuscula sinensis, Alaterni foliis et facie. Ghusan. P. 33.
Tab. 362j fig. 1.
Arbuscula sinica, baccifera, folio parvo, subrotundo, solidiori,
Caryopliilli aromatici frnctu, rotnndo, monopyreno et insipido.
P. 34. Tab. 362, fig. 4.
Arbiiscula sinica foliis argute denliculatis et incanis, Verbasci
nigri Salvi folii aemulis, flosculis numerosis, ex foliorum alis.
P. 34. Tab. 450, fig. 1.
Arbuscula cheusanensis, Laurinis pallidioribus foliis, ad sum->
innm ramulorum, in spicis plurimis erectis, julorum ad instar,
flosculos ferens. P. 34. Tab. 369, fig. 2.
Arbuscula sinensis Gonvolvulacea, Stapbylodendri aethiopici
folio, lucido, bijugo, margine piloso. P. 34. Tab, 372, fig. 2.
Arbuscula sinica Cynoglossi foliis, incanis, quiddam in
ramorum fastigio, foliolis sericeis, confertim stipatis compactile
Rosae aenmlum pro floribus ferens. Ouningli. In hortis Bonzio-
rium colitur et Ki heang nuncupatur. P. 34. Tab. 371, fig. 1.
Arbuscula Sinarum, alternis minoribus foliis, non punctatis,
floribus Aurantiae. P. 34. Tab. 365, fig. 1.
Arbuscula Sinarum baccifera, Salicis odoratae foliis glabris,
leviter crenatis et laete virentibns, fructu rotundo monopyreno.
P. 34. Tab. 369, fig. 1.
Arbuscula Sinarum, alternis foliis Arbuti, saturato virentibns
et ragute denticulatis. P. 35. Tab. 370, fig. 3.
Arbuscula sinica Rhamni cathartici fere foliis -non serratis,

fructn albo parvo, bivalvi, in calyce villoso pene im merso, fid
foliorum ortus cum pediculis egrediente. P. 35. Tab. 361,
%• 2.
Arbuscula/prunifolia sinensis, fioribus parvis, pentapetalis,
albis, summis ramulis racemosis. P. 35. Tab. 368, fig. 6.
Arbuscula baccifera sinensis, foliis Lauri alternating sitis,
fructn nigro molli, polypyreno, ex alis binatim cnm pediculis
exeunte. P. 35. Tab. 360, fig. 5.
Arbuscula sinensis Alaterni alternis brevioribns foliis, nlagis
mucronatis, fioribus pentapetalis albis, Oxyacanthi aemulis, in
ramulorum fastigiis. P. 35. Tab. 362, fig. 3.
Arbuscula sinensis, Alaterni alternis, longioribus foliis, fructu
Myrti solitario inter ramulos sparso. P. 35. Tab. 366, fig. 1.
Arbuscula sinica, Anonae dulcis folio minore non splendente.
Folia alternatim brevissimis pediculis cauli adhaerent et
singuli flores e foliorum alis cum brevibus pediculis egredi-
untur. Flos est stamineus, minimus, calyce multifido. Fructus
compressus, instar seminis Malvae, multicapsularis, plurima
semina rubra, in bina serie per circumferentiam includente
Cunningham. P. 35. Tab. 368, fig. 1.
Phyllanthus puberus. Miill. var. sinensis. D.C. Prodr. XY 2. 307.
Arbuscula cheusanensis, Salieis caprariae folio rigidiore, flore
coeruleo, infundibiiliformi, quadrifido. Folia ad basin et sum-
mitatem acuminata, superna parte viridi, inferna albo vires-
cente, brevibus pediculis insidentibus. Cortice est tenaci.
Augusto flor. Cngh. P. 36.
Arbuscula Sinarum Carpini foliis, fructu rubro, baccam men-
tiente. Flos 5 petalus, exterioribus petalis sub viridibus, veluti
adhaerentibus, et 5 interioribus, ex luteo obscuris, ex cujus’
calyce, parum 5 fido surgit pistillum, quod deinde abit in
fructum rubrum, baccae instar rotundum. Folia lanceolata,
nervis bijugis, rectis, conspieuis, absque divisionibus, a medio
nervo in folii latera protensis. Flores nascuntur in muscariis.
Oct. floret. Cnghm. P. 36.
Artemisia • leptophyllos Sinarum. Ins. Orocodil. P. 37. Tab.
353 fig. 2,,
Artemisia chinensis, cujus mollugo moxa dicitur. Plukenet’s
Almagestum 50, tab. 15, fig. 1.
This is according to Lamarck. Enc. Bot. Suppl. X. 466. Artemisia
vulgaris L. var. indica.
Aster cheusanensis Tripoli nostratis aemulus et forte idem-
P. 40.
X may observe, that Aster Tripolium. L; is found in North-China.
INTO- THE FLORA OF: CHIFA- 69
Aster cheusanensis-coeruleus, foliis subrotundis impense scabris,

alternatim positis. Flores ex foliorum alls solitarii. Discus ex
flosculis luteis multifidis, stamine bicorni praeditis, et corona
ex semifiosculis coeruleis composites est. Calyx squamosus, et
semina pappis instructa.1 Oct, flor. Cngharn. P. 41. Tab.
373, fig. 3.
Aster cheusanetnsis, Virgae aureae scabris foliis, floribus
coeruleis. Discus ex flosculis plurimis fiavescentibus, corona vero
ex semifiosculis coeruleis componitur. Flores insident cauliculis
foliolis donatis, e foliorum alis prope summitatera egredientibus.
Semina teretia, minuta, pappis instructa, et calyce squamoso
compreheiisa. Folia oblonga, acuminata, rigida, crenis raris
notata alterna. Oct. flor. bipedalisv Cnghm. P. 42, Tab. 374. fig. 3.
Idem floribus albis.
Aster cheusan. Virgae aureae alternis foliis, summo caule
flore parvo singulari. P. 42. Tab. 373, fig. 4.
Aster cheusan. luteus, Lysimachiae' siliquosae foliis, interne
xillosis. Flos luteus, radiates, discus flosculis luteis, corona
quoque lutea. Calyx squamis longioribus. Folia alterna,
oblonga, acuminata, superne pallide viridia, inferne incana et
yillosa. Sept, et Oct. flor. Cnghm. P. 48.
Aster luteus cheusan. Bliti majoris folio, paucioribus floribus,
summo caule brachiato. P. 43. Tab. 373, fig. 5.
Aster luteus cheusan. Botryos folio, plurimis floribus, summo
caule bi'achyato. P. 43. Tab. 410, fig. 3.
Auriculae JJrsi affinis (Androsace dicta.), sinensis, Saxifragae
' aureae foliis, pediculis longis insidentibus. P. 43. Tab. 440, fig. 6.
See above Philos. Trans. 52.
Blitum Kali dictum sinense maritimum, album vermicularis
’ et crispatis comis. Cbamaepitys maritima. Chusan, Cnghm.
P. 45. Tab. 375, fig. 1.
Galamintha sinensis, Ocymi folio et odore Sisymbrii. P. 48.
Tab. 377, fig. 1.
Galamintha montana cheusan, Origani folio, odore Pulegii.
P. 48. Tab. 377, fig. 6.
Galamintha cheusanensis, Pulegii odore, dentatis foliis, flori¬
bus dilute coeruleis ex longo, ramoso, brachiato caule pro-
deuntibus. P. 48.
Campanula sinica, Ocymi majoris folio, flosculis ad sum-
mitatem perexiguis. P. 49.
Cannabis sterilis s foemina nostras e regione Sinarum.
Cardiaca angustiori folio sinica, flore coerulescente et pur-
purascente. P. 50. Tab. 377, fig. 5.
Cardiaca sinensis, Ballotae foliis ex ins. Crocodil. P. 50.
Carduo Cirsium Sinarum, foliis magis spinosis, capitulo sin-

gulari. P. 51. Tab. 382, fig. 3.
Cassiae Cinnamomeae, Myrrbae odore Phytograph. similis ex
insula Chetisan. P. 52. Tab: 381, fig. 2.
Centaurium minus., vulgari similis, ex insula Sinarum JJhui
san, mense Junio collectum. P. 53. Tab. 381, fig. l.\
, Centaurium minus Ascyroidis folio alterno, trapezii forma
transparent!. Qheusan. Huie folia ad caulem non sunt bina,
sed alterno ordine sita. P. 53. Tab. 381, fig. 4.
Centaurium minus Gheusanense spicatum. Aug. flor. P. 53.
Tab. 381, fig. 6. •
Cerasae Sottentohtbrum, (quoad folia) baud absimilis, fructu
coronato. Cheusan. P. 54.
Chrysanthemum sinicum Bellidis majoris folio, floribus parvis,
in ramulorum fastigiis. P. 56. Tab. 383, fig. 6.
Chrysanthemum minus, Anchusae foliis, floribus parvis Cheu-
san. P. 56. Tab. 382, fig. 1.
Chrysanthemum sinense- procumbens, Hyssopi foliis, pilis
tenuissimis, margine fimbriatis. P. 56.
Chrysanthemum, Cannabinae aquaticae latiore folio indiviso.
Chusan. Bidens seu Eupatorium aquaticum, folio serrato non
diviso, flore floseuloso luteo, plurimis flosculis constante multi-
fidis, embryoni insidentibus, foliolis membranaceis intermediis,
et calybe folioso, cum foliolis membranaceis composito, com-
prebensis. Semen in duos desinens aculeos. Spt. flor. Folia
bina, oblonga, ad basin et summitatem in acumen desinentia.
Sinice : mob ten tsaw. Cngbm. P. 56.
Chrysanthemum, Conyzoidi Cannabinae simili, capitulis de-
flexis Almag. bot. 101, seu Asteri cernuo Fab. Oolumnae pro-
xime accedens. Cheusan. Cnghm. (descriptio). P. 57.
Chrysanthemum sinicum minus angusto Calendulae folio, flore
octopetalo luteo. P. 57. Tab. 383, fig. 5.
Cichorio affinis Lampsana sinica, Mentastri foliis, calyce
fimbriato, bispido, flore iuteo. Sin. Si him tsaw. Sept. fl. Cnghm
P. 58. Tab. 380, fig. 2.
Sigesbeekia orientalis, L. hi hien. I have omitted Cunningham’s
detailed description.
Cistus Mhododendros, sericeis foliis cheusanqnsis. P. 59.
Cistus sinica, Cisti Populi nigrae majoris foliorum aemula,.
P. 59.
Cistus minor cheusan. Salicis pumilae folio angusto et in-
cano. P. 59. Tab. 379, fig. 2.
Cistus humilis sen Chamaecistus fibre albo, vulgari similis?
©x ins. Crocodil. P. 59.
Clematis cheusanensis, Bucananthi majoris fere foliis solita-

riis, ad margines spinosis serris, spica florum am pi i or i, ex
foliorum alls. Planta repens flore purpureo violaceo. Sept,
flor. in saxosis proveniens (I omit Cunningham’s description.)
P. 60. Tab. 384, fig. 1.
Clematis arbor da, summo folio bicorni. Chimin. Hort.
Malab. VIII. tab. 30, 31. Nag a mu valli. P. 60.
The name here quoted, is an Indian name for Bauhinia scandens.
Comp, also above Philos. Trans. 80.
Clematis minor maritima Sinensium. P. 60. .
Clinopodium sinense nostrati simile, sed minus. P. 60.
Clinopodium Origano simile. Chens an) P. 61.
Clinopodium cheusanicum Cha-maedryos folio majore. P. 61.
Tab. 384, fig. 4.
CUnopodium parvum sinicum, hirsutis Majoranae foliis coro-
natum. Majoranae species, flore coerulescente labiato, cnjus
labium superius surrectum est, subrotundum bifidum, inferius
vere tripartitum, foliis parum villosis. Sept. flor. Cnglim.
P. 61. Tab. 380, fig. 4.
• Gieseke identifies this with Cometes alterniflora. L., an Indian plant..
Cocculi orientalis jrntex convolvulaceus, orbiculatis foliis,
prona parte villosis. Ins. Crocodil. P. 61. Tab. 384, fig. 6.
Convolvulus minor sinensis, longiore hirsute folio, flore albo*
parvo. P. 64.
Convolvulus argenteus, rectus Sinarum, spicae folius. P. 64.
Coriotragematodendros Sinarum, foliorum marginibus magis
serratis. P. 65. Tab. 446, fig. 7.
Corni similis cheusanensis, bacca parva calyculata, striata,
rubra, e foliorum alis binatim egrediente. Folia ex adverso
bina subrotunda, acuminata. Baccae rubrae, umbone preditae
binae, brevi pediculo et calyce integro insidentes, in pulpa,
molli et lutescente semina compressa, Sesami instar continentes.
Sept, collegit Cnghm. P. 66. Tab. 385, fig. 5.
Crotalaria cheusanensis, spicae foliis argenteis, siliquis pro-
pendentibus glabris, calycibus villis ferrugineis obductis in
totum fere immersis. P. 67.
Cupressus cheusanensis, Juniperinis arcuatis foliis, clavis
galbulorum eleganter cristatis. P. 69. Tab. 386, fig. 3.
Cryptomeria japonica. Don. See above Philos. Trans. 70.
Noronicum Tussilaginis folio, flore magno singulari. Chusan.
P. 71. Tab. 390, fig. 6.
Tussilago japonica. L. (Giseke). Comp, above Philos. Trans. 31.
Elychrysum Lithospermi foliis. Ins. Crocodil. P. 72.
Mlychrysum ccngnstifoliwni sinicum, incanis foliis, floribus

parvis sulphureis in capitulum congestis. P. 72.
Mquisetum nudum non ramosum, asperum, fimbriis ciliaribus
ad genicula cayaneis. Ins. Crocodil.
Mryngii species sinica, folio fere piano, trilobate et crenato,
sin. sha .sin dicta i.e. in arenis nascens. Ins. Tan whey san.
Mutiny-mo nostrati similis, sed multo latioribus foliis. Arbor
fragilis foliis svbrotundis acuminatis et serratis, flore tetrape-
talo, ex albo virescente, staminibus quatvor brevissimis, totidem
apicibus purpureis donatis, calyce 4 fido, e quo surgit pistillum,
quod deinde abit in- fructum quadrangularem membranaceum,
in 4 loculamenta divhmm, singula continentia duo grana
rubentia, sibi invicem appressa, foliis ex ad verso binis,
latioribus, serratis, in mucronem desinentibus. Pructu ma-
turo, capsula purpurascit. Oct. perficitur. Gnglim. anno 1702.
mense Novembri ex insula Pu to (east of Obusan.) detulit.
P. 75.
Muonymo affinis cheusan. Prutex Laureoli foliis, solidioribus,
tricapsularis et quadricapsularis, P. .76. Tab. 390, fig. 3.
Muonymo affinis Sinensium, tricapsularis, foliis subrotundis
Lauri. Ins. Crocodil. P. 76.
Muonymo affinis Sinarum quadricapsularis, subrotundis,
rigidis foliis den(atis, foliis et ramulis ex uno puncto quaternis
P. 76. Tab. 392, fig. 3.
Muonymo affinis chewsanensis. Arbuscula staphylodendri
nostratis folic*, fructu gemello, bicapsulari. P. 76. Tab. 390,
fig. 5.
Muonymo affinis Pyracanthae foliis. Cheusan. P. 76. Tab.
390, fig. 4.
Muonymo affinis aromatica s. Zanthpwylum sjoinosissimum,
Praxini angustiore folio punctatum. Cheusan. P. 76, Tab
392, fig. 1.
Muonymo affinis aromatica s. Zanthoxylum latiore Fraxini
folio conjugato, minus spinosum. Chusan, Prutex aromaticus
arborescens, cujus truncus et rami spinis brevibus et tuberosis
horrent, foliis Praxini alatis, leviter serratis, perforatis,
minime spinosis. Pructum fert in racemis unicapsularem
laevem, virescentem et punctatum, seu perforatum, acerrimum
Camphorae gustum sapientem, qui bifariam dehiscens, in apice
semen ostendit unicum, nigrum, splendens, hilo angusto et
obscuro notatum. Rami sunt medullosi et cavi, instar Sam-
buci. Oct. fructum perficit. Idem forte cum Herculis arbore
nobis allata at ei quam proximo cognata. Porte Piperifera
arbor Le Comte. P. 77.
Ewmyrrto affinis ar&niatica s. Zanthoxylum Fraxini latiore

folio sinuoso, medio nervo utrinque spinoso. Ins. Grocodil,
P. 77. Tab., 449, fig. 7.
Euonymo affinis aromatica s. Zanthoxylum spinosnm, Fraxi-
nellae foliis chensanicum. Frutex aromaticus, spinosus, spinis
brevibus, foliis laevibns, perforatis, brevibus, in acumen desi-
nentibus, costae per conjugationes innascentibus, impari clau-
dente. Fructum fert unicapsularem, rotundum, scabrum vel
verrucosum, acerrimura Camphorae gnstum sapientem qui
bifaviam dehiscens, semen ostendit Unicum, nigrum, splendens,
nulli fere gustns, nisi oleosi. Pructns in racemis, Oct. matures-
cunt, sin : Iloa tclmiv iiominatur et vice Piperis ntnntur.
P. 78. Tab. 393, fig. 2,
According to Hooker and Arn. voy. Beech. 175 this is Zanthoxylum
nitidum D.C.—Comp, aô above Phil. Trans. 74.
Euonymo affinis ardmatica seu Zanthoxylum sinicum spino-
sum, Cynorrliodi foliis et facie. Cunningh. P. 78.
Euonymo affinis aromatica s. Zanthoxylum cheusanense,
spinosnm minus, Rosae Pimpinellae foliorum aemula, cujus
fructus forsan sunt Fagarae Clusii minores. Frutex aromaticus,
spinosus, minor, foliis alatis non perforatis, leviter serratis,
costa spinosa. Fructum fert ad ramorum summitates in fosci-
culos congestum, unicapsularem, laevem, virescentem et punc-
tatum seu perforatum, gustus campborati. Semen unicum,
nigrum, splendens. Oct. fructus rnaturescit. P. 79. Tab.
391, fig. 3.
On the same page an account of Tea is found, which I omit.
JEupatoria Conyzoides .sinica, Baccharidis folio rarius crenato,
summo caule ramoso, floribus parvis coronato. P. 79,
EupatoriUm sinicum,, Leonuri africani foliis, flore ex albo
coerulescente. Folia oblonga, serrata et acuminata. Florern.
fert album, flosculosum, plurimis fiosculis companiformibus
quintifidis constantem, ex quibus singulis longunr surgit capil-
lamentum, album, bifidum, quibusdam brevibus capillamentis
nigris circumdatum, extiua flosculum non prominentibus, unde
fios apparet, quasi ex albo coerulescens, et calyce longo, tereti,
et squamoso comprehensis. Semen nigrescens pappis instructum.
Sept, floret. Cnghm. P. 82. Tab.392, fig, 2.
Eupatorium Conyzoides sinicum, Tarraconis folio, capitulis
argenteis. Flos radiatus, discus e fiosculis luteis, corona vero
e semiflosculis albis componitur. Calyx squamosus. Folia
viridia, longa et angusta. Oct. fior. Cnghm. P. 82.
Eupatorium Conyzoides cheusan. Tarraconis folio, coma aurea
amplissima. P. 82. Tab. 395, fig. 3.
74 EABLT EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
Euphrasia siniea Parietariae foliis, Rubiae modo spicata.

Flos albens, personatus. Labium sup. acuminatum et brevius,
inf. vero tripartitum et longius. B calyce profundo-multifido,
surgit pistillum, quod abit in frnctum seu testam oblongam,
bifariam debiscentem, in dua loculamenta divisum. Flores in
spicis nascuntur. Folia ex adverso bina, Teucrii similia.
Cngbm. P. 83. Tab. 392, fig. 4.
According to Lam. Enc. Bot. I 629 this is Justicia procumbens. L.
JEuphrasiae affinis siniea, Cbamaedryos laciniatis foliis,
Botryos instar, floribus purpureis, spicatis, amplis, longo et
striato calyce exeuntibus. P. 84. Tab. 394, fig. 2.
Euphrasia Chamaedryos spuriae foliis ex ins. Gheusan, P. 84.
Tab. 396, fig. 4.
Euphrasia minor siniea, Betonicae Pauli foliis, capsula longa,
siliquam aemulante. Flos carneus personatus, labio sup. in
acumen desinente, inf. yero trifido. Fruotus est siliqua teres,
bicapsularis. Semina minutissima. Folia bina, opposita, sub¬
rotunda, mollia et leyiter serrata. Sept. flor. Cngbm. P. 84.
Euphrasia parva Tbymi folio, procumbens, seu Crataegonum
minimum^ Indorum, Arrevpiar-ptmdoe Sinarum. P. 85. Tab.
404, fig. 3.
Fagotriticum erectum Sinarum, Persicariae folio, floribus in
muscariis, calyce fioris carneo, semine triquetro acuminato,
spica floris brevi et multifida, foliis ex latiori basi in mucronem
desinentibus, ad nodos alternatim positis, rainoribus. Sept. Oct.
flor. La leou sinice nuncupatur. Cnglim. P. 86. Tab. 398, fig. 2.
The Chinese name ^ fj§£ la liao is applied to several species of
Polygonum. /
Fagotriticum rectum sinense, Convolvuli minoris folio ad
caulium nodos, appendicibus pilosis auriculato. Persicaria
calyce floris albo, flores in ramulorum summitatibus in mus¬
cariis disponuntur. Semina fasca, triquetra et acuminata. Folia
lanceolata, aurita ex nodis alternatim nascentibus, noduni
verum aliud plerumque foliolum subrotundum hirsutum quasi
amplectitur. Palustribus gaudet. Oct. flor. Sin : Ya 'tien tching.
Cngbm. P. 86. Tab. 398, fig. 4.
Fagotritici similis spinosa minor siniea, cauliculis erectis.
Persicaria calyce floris rubente, foliis lanceolatis auritis et
angustioribus, caulibus et ramibus spinosis, semine nigro
splendente, triquetro et acuminato. In palustribus. Cnghm.
P. 87. Tab. 398, fig. 1.
Linnaeus identifies this with his Polygonum perfoliatum.
Ficus arbor nostrati similis, fructu nigricante. Ins. Crocodil
p: 87.
Filix Adianto nigro officinarum similis pediculo viridi, pin¬

nulis mag is eleganter incisis. Cheusan. P. 91. Tab. 403., fig. 2.
Adiantum pallens.. Sw. V. Lam. Enc. Bot. suppl. 1.138.
Filicis non ramosae genus, pinnulis latius dentatis, Ins.
Crocodil. P. 92. Tab. 401, fig. 2.
Filicis folia, Lonchitidis facie sinensis, ad pinnularum nervos
lincolarum ferruginearnm dnplieem ordinem dorsigerens. P. 93.
Tab. 399, fig. 3.
Filix cheusanica, latiori Lonchitidis serrate folio, aversa
parte ferrugineis punctulis refertissimo. P. 93. Tab. 405, fig. 1.
Filicula s. Bryopteris repens Sinarum, inter Filicem et
Lycopodium. compos., pinnulis aversa parte micis argenteis
ornatis. P. *93. Tab. 400, fig. 3.
Filix Phyllitis dicta minima cheusan.. aversa parte globulis
binis ordinibus per longitudinem foliorum instructa. P. 93.
Tab. 405, fig. 4.
Filix minor sinica, foliis integris et trifidis, aversa parte
punctis ferrugineis rarius interspersa. P. 93. Tab. 404. fig. 1.
Filicula cheusanica s. Hemionitis multifido folio tenuissime
serrato, ad margines seminifera. P. 94. Tab. 407, fig. 2.
Pteris crenata. Sw. (Lam. Enc. Bot; Y. 715).
Filix sinica Smyrni cretici facie, perelegans. P. 94. Tab.
398, fig. 6.
Frutex clieusanensis Bardanae majoris folio minore, Sambu-
cum olens, floribus Jasmini odoris. Cngbm. in hunc modum
' describit: Prutex est flore albo, monopetalo, infundibuliformi,
tubo lougiore 5 fido, stylo staminibus productioribus stipato,
abeunte in fructum mollem, sen baccam rotundam coeruleam,
plerumque dipyrenara calyce insidentem 5 fido, ex virido pur-
purascente. Folia fert bina, lata, in acumen desinentia et
pediculis longis insistentia. Sept. Oct. flor. P. 96. Tab.
411, fig. 1.
Frutex sinensis prunifoiins, denticulis ad marginem spinosis,
avefrsa parte parum villosis. P. 96. Tab. 409, fig. 3.
Frutex clieusanensis Myrti folio, flore albo hexapetalo, Jasmini
odore fragrantissimo. P. 96. Tab. 409, fig. 1.
Fmiex sinensis Myrtinis foliis pallentibus, alterno ordiue
dispositis. P. 96. Tab. 411, fig. 5.
Frutex sinensis baccifer, Ligustri foliis, fructu parvo, rotundo
nigro monopyreno, calyce donato. P. 97. Tab. 407, fig. 1. '
Frutex sinicus non spinosus, baccifer, Pyracanthae • foliis
majoribus, fructu parvo, rotundo, polypyreno. P. 97. Tab.
411, fig. 4.
Frutex cheusanensis baccifer, Theae foliis, laete virentibus,

flosculis parvis virescentibns, plurimis simiil ad foliorum ortus,
ex calyce sqaamoso prodeuntibus. Frutex est flore 5 petaloide,
petalis reflexis, squamatim nascentibus. Pistillum 4 fidum,
quod deinde abit in baecam purpurascentem. Novb. flor.
Cngbm. P. 97. Tab. 411, fig. 2.
Frutex cheusanicus floribus Theae ex albo carneis, fructu
unicapsulari, capsula trifida. Foliis Theae sed non in Usum
adhibendis. Cnghm. P. 98. Tab. 409, fig. 2.
Frutex sinensis Alaterni longioribus foliis dilute viridibus,
flosculis plurimis squamosis, ad ortum-foliorum cauli appressis.
P. 98. Tab. 406, fig. 2.
Frutex cheusanensis. baccifer, Celastri foliis rarius dentatis,
flosculis parvis, virescentibus, plurimis simul ad foliorum ortus,
ex calyce squamoso racematim enascentibus. Proxime praece-
dentis forte species est. Frutex est flore pentapetaloide,
petalis ex luteo virescentibus, fundo purpureo ; ad divisuras
petalorum prodeunt stamina brevia ex luteo virescentia. Pistil¬
lum virescens abit in baccam calyci hexaphyllo insidentem.
Folia crassa, laevia subrotunda et acuminata, crenis raids,
leviter incisa. Nov. flor Cnghm. P. 98. Tab. 407, fig. 4.
Frutex sinensis Uvae ursi longioribus foliis, leviter crenatis.
TnS. Crocodil. P. 99. Tab. 435, fig. 8.
Frutex sinensis Majoranae minoribus foliis, prona parte can-
dicantibus venis pullis e directo, et lineolis transcurrentibus
elegantissime delineatis. Oliusan. Cnghm, P. 100. Tab, 408, fig. 3.
Bhamnus lineatus. L. See Lam. Enc. Bot. IV.473. Berchemialiaeata. D.C.
Frutex sinensis monococcos, Rubi foliis parvis, viticulis spinulis
asperatis. Chusan. An R-ubus monococcos saxatilis alpinus ?
P. 101.
Frutex. spinosus baccifer Sinarum, foliis Pentaphylli quinque-
fidis. P. 101. Tab. 409, fig. 4.
Frutex sinensis baccifer convolvulaceus Cisti foliis pubescen-
tibus ad ramulorum nodos confertis, Mareta Inali. Hort.
Malab. XI. tab. 63.—P, 101. Tab. 416, fig. 3.
Frutex convolvulaceus spinosus sinicus rotundiore nervoso
folio, floribus parvis, umbellatis, claviculis ligneis binatim
donatus. P. 101. Tab. 408, fig. 1.
Smilax China. L. V. Maxim. Decad. ~X.
Frutex cheusanensis conifer, foliis Juniperi planis et teretibus
Cupressi. Cnghm. P. 102.
Probably Juniperus chinensis. L
Fruticis Theae species altera Sinarum. P. 102. Tab. 405 fig. 3.
Tbea viridis (Giseke). .
Fumariapinipa foliis Chelidonii modo laciniatis. P. 102.

Fumaria siliquosa, nodosis siliquis. Ohusan. P. 102.
p Galeopsis cheusanensis spicata, Sideritidis folio et facie, P. 103.
Galium minus cheusanicyim, locis uliginosis. P. 104.
Gentiana major aphyllos, adunco flore purpurascens. Chusan.
Planta flore Digitalis purpureo absque foliis e terra prorum-
pens. Cnghm. rP. 105.
Gnaphalii minoris genus sinense. Ins. Crocodil. P. 107.
Gramen cyperoideum. capillaceis foliis pusillum. Ins. Qheusan.
P. 110. Tab. 417, fig. 8.
Cyperus tenellt^s. L. Comp. Roem and Schult. Syst. II, 167.
'Gramen paniceum polystachion sinicum, binis granorum
ordinibus, et binis granis in eodem ordine, uno versv eonstante.
. Cheusan Sept. 20. 1702. Cnghm. Varrigo tawly Malabareis.
P. 110. Tab..417, fig. 7.
Gramen cyperoides cheusan. tricephalon, globulis echinatis.
P. 112.
Gramen Cyperoides. parvum. sinicum, capitulo globoso, ad
summum caulem inter quatuor foliola sessili. P. 112.
Idedera arborea Cheusanensis, vulgari similis, sed foliis per-
angustis. P. 114. Tab. 415, fig. 5.
jp Comp. Philos'. Trans. 77.
Seder a cheusanensis Glycyrhizae foliis rigidioribus. P. 114.
Tab. 410, fig. 5.
Hieracium cheusanicum, Rapistri foliis glabris, ramoso caule,
floribus parvis luteis. Flos radiatus, Discus ex flosculis lutes*
centibus et fuscis 5 fidis, corona e semifloseulis luteis octo
plerumque composita. Folia laevia et laciniata. Planta 4-5
pedum alta. Nov. flor. Cnghm. P. 117.
Hieracium cheusan. Sonchi laciniatis folio. Flores in ramu-
lorum fastigiis lutei. Oct. flor. Cnghm. P. 118.
Horminum sinense triphyllon, Caryophyllatae foliis, spica
florum Galeopseos Dioscor. Planta flore purpuro violaceo
labiato, piloso, cujus labium sup. falcatum eat, infer, yero in 3
partes divisum, media Cochlearis instar excavata, cum duobus
vel tribus staminibus versus labium sup. prodeuntibus. Calyx
parum pilosus purpurascit et quasi labiatus, cujus labium
inferius bifurcatum. Folia Betonicae -similia versus radicem
ex uno pediculo terna. Sept. flor. Cnghm. P. 119. Tab. 410,
fig. 6.
Hypericum Ascyrum dictum Cheusanense, gummiferum, flore
rosaceo, longissimis foliis, theca seminum pyramidata ex calyce
polyphyllo 5 capsulari, gummi subfiavum et lucidum Mastiches
instar fundente. Semina oblonga et exigua. Folia fert absque
pediculis, e regione bina, angusta, longiora et laevia, caul©

quadrangulo. Planta 3-4 ped. alta. Cngbrn. P. 120. Tab.
420, fig. 4.
Jacoboea sinica, Irionis Apulae folio. Chusan. P.121.
Jasminuni japonicum Bl'atfcariae foliis latioribus ex adverse
binis, subrotundis, acuminatis et serratis, floribus absque calyce
tetrapetalis vel pentapetalis coeruleis, umbilico purpurascente,
summo caule in umbellam sitis. Majo, Junio floret. Ex Japonia.
Sin: Seu Mu hoa dicitur. Cngbrn. P.122.
HI ^ Siu Hu is the Chinese name for several species of Hydrangea.
Jasminum sinense foliis venosis, floribus pvrpureis, Sbetti
instar, longissimo tubo donatis. Ins. Crocodil. Cngbrn. P. 123.
Ilex eheusanensis, Lauri folio leni, subtus incano, glande
parvo et prae laevore nitente, calyce rugoso. Cngbrn. P. 123.
Ilex Sinarum, longioribus foliis, a summo ad medium usque
in margin© serratis. Chusan. P.123.
There is an Ilex among the plants gathered by Cantor in Chusan.
Juncus sinensis paniculis parvis conglobatis, aeumine singu-
lari, integro. P. 124,
Juncus parvus sinensis, panicula sparsa, cable foliaceo com-
presso. P. 124.
Juniperl folia arbuscula eheusanensis coliifera, foliis variis
Cupressi squamosis et Juniperinis. Cngbrn. P. 125.
Carriere (Conif. 151). identifies this with Glyptostrobus heterophyllus.
Endl. But it seems to me, that this short diagnosis agrees as well with
Juniperus Chinensis. L.
Kali spinosUm cocbleatum sinicum. Planta maritima ramosa,
foliis teretibus in aculeum desinentibus, alternatim positis,
caulibus rubentibus et striatis. Flores foliorum alis singuli,
aliquando bini adbaerent, et versus ramorum cacumina in
spicam quasi deppsiti. Flos primo aspectu pentopetalos ap-
paret, fundo incarnato, petalis albentibus, rigidis, membranaceis,
quorum tria fere eordiformia et duo magis angusta (stricte
loquendo seminis involuerum; staminibus caret.) sed .revera
monopetalos, 5 fidus.; In fundo floris vero, et membranaceo,
quasi capsula conspicitur semen unicum rotund urn. Floris
calyx quasi campaniformis et squamosus, plerumque 4 fidus,
aut 5 fidus, in aculeos inaequales desinens. Oct. flor. Sin:
sha sin i.e. in a,renis nascens. Ad oram maritimam insulae
Tow whey san ( v. supra) provenit. Kali spinoso yulgari baud
absimile. Cngbrn. P.-126. .
Kali (forte) Genus berba sinensis, rotundiore Bliti folio,
striato caule ad genicula plurimis barbulis ornato. Tounde-
pundoe Sinensibus dicta. Huic autem baud parum con venire
videtur Anonymos nostra americana foliis Parietariae scabrae

etc. Phytogr. tab. 136, fig. 4.
I need not say that Toufide pundoe is not a Chinese name.
Lamium purpureum cheusan. seu Galeopsis. Vide supra
Hormium sin. P. 129. Tab. 410, fig. 6.
Lavandulae facie planta aromatica, argenteis foliis ex ins.
Crocodil. An forte Aster africanus frutescens, Lavandulae folio,
flore purpureo. H. Amst. part. all. 57.—P. 130.
Lavreola sempervirens cheusanica, floribus ex albo virentibus.
Jasminum humile erectum flore albicante, foliis integris.
Cnghm. P. 130.
Laurifoliapomifera e regione Sinarum. P. 130. Tab. 424, fig. 5.
Laurus cheusanensis aromatiea, Camphoriferae haud abludens,
foliis subtus rore coeruleo tinctis. P. 131.
Lupulus foemina cheusanensis florens solummodo et non fruc-
tum ferens.
Humulus japonicus. S. et Z. See above Mns. Petiv. 944.
Lychnis ramosior cheusan. purpureo flore multifido, calyce
longo striato. P. 135.
Lychnis sinensis angustis foliis multiflora, capsulis rotundis,
glabris. Ins. Crocodil. P. 135. Tab. 427, fig. 3.
Lycium Myrsmites Sinarum, spinis longioribus bijugis, foliis
lanceolatis, laevibus et obscure viridibus, ex adverso binis,
absque pediculis, bacca rubente coronata, duo vel tria semina
continente. Ins. Pu to. In Bonzi orum bortis colitur, sin: Jiu tsu
dicitur. Cngbm. P. 136. Tab. 426, fig. 3.
In Japan as well as in China (Peking) the name of mm hu ts'z’ is
applied to Damnscanthus indieus. Gaert.
Lycii similis frutex sinensis, Buxi foliis subrotundis et lan¬

ceolatis, leviter serratis, plerumque binis et ramulis alternatim
nascentibus, flore minimo amenfaceo, in muscariis et spicis
verticillatim disposito, calyce multifido. Oct. flor. Cnghm
P. 138. Tab. 426, fig. 1. 6
Lysimachia siliquosa minor, villosis foliis, flore purpureo.
Cheusan. Nostrati forte sit villosior, alio quin baud differt
P. 138.
Lysimachiae spicatae Ljohemeron dictae similis sempervirens.
Cheusan. P. 138.
Malva' cheusanica,' coeruleis floribus, ad caulis intervalla
semiverticiliatim positis. P. 140.
Malva verticillata. L ? Common in China.
Marruhium aquaticum sinense, Ambrosiae- Mexicanae foliis
inodoris. Planta verticillata, flore labiato, foliis serratis oblongis
80 EAELi EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
Stachydis, ' caule quadra to. Sin : Tchusin dicta. In hortis

Bonziorurn colitur. Ins. Tow' whey scm (v. supra)’. Cnghm,
P. 142.
Matricaria sinensis, minore flore, petalis et umbone Ochro-
leucis. P.142. Tab. 430, fig. 3.
Linnaeus identifies ibis with his Chryrsanthemum indicum.
Melilotus Sinensis elatior, vulgari baud absimilis. P. 143.
Mentha.e cheusanensis spicata, Lysimachiae foliis, inodora.
P. 144. Tab. 430, fig. 5 ,
Menthae cheusan. verticillata, longiore et acuminato folio,
odoris Menthae, camphoram resipiens. More ex albo coerules-
cente. Sept, floret. Alia est ejus species, gustus magis acris,
sinice yocatur po ho. Ongbm. .
The Chinese name fpj po ho is applied to Mentha arvensis. L.
Menthae, spicatae similis Sinarum. ISTepetae minoris folio
serrato,. yilloso, moschum olente, spica florum quaterno ordine,
foliacea, raonocarpos. Plores eoerulescentes. Get. flor. Cngbm.
P. 145. Tab. 430, fig. 1.
Mereiirialis cristatus minor proeumbens. Cheusan. P. 145.
Muscus clanatus erect us crispatis foliolis, SpOngiolae imita-
mentum. China. P. 149. Tab. 431, fig. 3.
Lycopodium cemuum. L. (Griseke).
Myrtus sinica latiore et crassiore folio, caule nodoso, ad
cymum ramulorum flores emittens. P. 151. Tab. 433, fig. 4.
Nasturtium aguaticum minus cheusan. surrectura. P. 151.
A long confused dissertation on Nirizin seu Ginseng is found
on p. 152.
Ocymmn Melissophylhim sinicum, foliis longis, superius magis,
inferius minus yillosis serratis, flore ex albo purpurascente,
labiate, cujus labium sup. parum surrectum est, vix bifidum,
inf. yero tripartituin medio lobo puncto luteo notato. Plores
nascuntur in spicis quadrangvlaribus, foliolis inter flores squa-
matim emanantibus. Oct. flor. Cnghm. P. 158. Tab. 429, fig. 8.
0cymum MetissophyHum sinicum, foliis magis mucronatis
laevibus, serratis, Urticae similibvs, caulibus quadratis et
parum yillosis, suavem Menthae odorem omnia spirant. Plos
albus brevi tubulatus, yix labiatus, lab. sup. 2 fido, inf. 3 fido,
medio puncto luteo notato. Plores in Spica laxa nascuntur.
Sept. flor. Sin: Ssu fee vocatur. Cnghm. P. 159. Tab. 429, fig. 7
At Peking Perilla ocymoides L. is termed |f| -p su ts’ts
Olea sylvestris s. ZizypJius. Indiae orientalis spinosa. Ilicis
suberiferae folio duro, subtus argenteo et punctato. Cheusan ■
P. 160.
INTO THE fLORA Of CHINA, 81
Oleci sylvestris s. Zizyphus cheusanensis non spinosa, foliis

subtus argenteo molli, fructn rotnndo rubente, punctulis notato.
Frutex est flore argenteo punctato, monopetalo infundibu-
liformi tnbnlato quadrifido, baceis rubentibus rotundis et
punctatis, acidiuseulis et esculentis, monopyrenis, sinensibus
Pai by dicta. Alia est ejus species frnctn oblongo. Cngbm.
P. 160.
It seems that the Jujube is meant, but the Chinese name given is wrong.
Onobrychis cheusmtensis. Trifolii bituminosi foliis, alatis
pediculis, triphyllis, oblongis acuminatis, siliquis asperins*
culis, compressis et parnm incnrvis, semine foetis in singulis
articulis, unico oblongo et compresso. Oct. fructum perficit.
Cngbm. P. 160. Tab. 433, fig. 8.
Onobrychis cheusan. floribus spicatis, foliis ternis, subrotundis
amplioribus. Hedysarum triphyllum, flore ex albo purpuras-
cente, in spicis laxis ad caulium summitates nascente, siliqua
laevi et cotnpressa, falcatim unico internodio distincta et sili-
culae cuspide acuta unci instar reflexa. Sept. flor. Cngbm.
P. 161. Tab. 433, fig. 2.
Onobrychis sinica trifoliata Hedysarum triphyllum minus,
siliculis hirsute pubescentibus, articulatis, uno latere undulatis,
altero rectis, in spicam congestis, seminibus reniformibns.
Cnghm. P. 161.
Onobrychis sinica Serpylli minimi hirsuti foliis triphylla,
flore ex albo coerulescente, siliculis utrinque undulatis,
compressis. Semina plana reniformia. Sept. flor. Cngbm.
P. 162. Tab. 433, fig. 6.
Pap aver corniculatum acre monophyllon, Valerianae rubra©
folio angustiore. Cheusan. P. 166.
Plukenet means Chelidonium corniculatum4 L.
Parietariae affinis Chaniaedryos folio herba sinica, flosculis
confertis circa caulem ex foliorum alis, flore apetalo, staminibns
brevissimis, albis, extra calycem multifidum protensis, eui
innascitur semen 3 angulare. Sept, floret in lapidicinis pro-
venit. Cngbm. P. 166. Tab. 438, fig. 2.
Pedicularis cheusan. Geranii moschati foliis, flore carneo.
P. 166. Tab. 439, fig. 7.
Pentaphylloides Sinarum foliis subtus argenteis, flore aure©
guttato. P. 166. Tab. 435, fig. 5.
Potentilla.
Periclymenurn cheusan. surrectum, Salicis folio non serrato.
Jasminum arboreum cheusan. Cngbm. P. 167.
Periclymenurn erectum sinense Prangulae foliis. P. 167. Tab.
435, fig. 4.
EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
Periclymenum herhaceum cheusan. erectum, Circaeae majori-

bus foliis mollibus, incanis. P. 167. Tab. 438, fig. 3.
Periclymenum scandens hirsutum sinicum, subrotundis foliis
binis, oppositis. Capri folium fiore minore ex albo flavescente
tubulato in duo labia dehiscente, quorum sup. 4 fidum, inf.
linguiforme recurvum. Flores prodeunt plerumque bini, ex
foliorum alis et caulium summitatibus, cum duobus foliolis,
eorum calycibus adnexis. Calyci vix conspicuo insidet bacca
rotundo semine foetd. Sept, floret. Sin : Kin in hoa i.e. flos
auro argenteus. Cnghm. P. 167. Tab. 435, fig. 1.
In China Lonicera chinensis, Wats, is called Kin yin hug.
Persicaria cheusan. Lapathi foliis, calyee floris ex rubro
purpureo, spica rigida, rara, longiori. Sin : loon Icing. Cnghm.
P. 168. Tab. 436, fig. 5.
Persicaria cheusan. foliis subtus argenteis, spica florum
elegantiori. P. 168. Tab. 436, fig. 6.
Persicaria minor multicaulis. Ins. Crocodil. P. 168. Tab.
436, fig. 3.
Persicaria sinensis, longioribus et angustis foliis. Cheusan.
P. 168. Tab. 436, fig. 1.
Persicaria jpusilla Sinarum, angustissimis foliis, spica rara
gracili. P. 168. Tab. 436, fig. 4.
Phalangium ramosum fiore parvo longo gracili. Ins. Crocodil.
P.168. ;;;
Phillyrea Myrsinitis Sinarum. P. 171.
Planta peculiaris longioribus foliis, Cepeae Pancii capitulis
papposis. Cheusan. P. 172.
Planta cheusanica teneri folia, unicaulis triphylla, spithami
plerumque longitudine, fructum fert absque fiore in caulis
summitate, ovatum, nucleo similem, membrana tenui inclusum,
acrem radicis Ari gustum referentem, et alterum ejusmodi
fructum cauli prope radicem, ad terrae superficie appressum.
Oct. 1702 collegit. Cnghm. P. 174.
Prunifera Elaegni foliis, sin : Yang muy dicta, fructu hispido
fraga redolente. In vino destillato toto anno conservant. P. 178.
Myriea sapida Wall* Comp, above Semedo 6.
Pulegii vulgaris species Sinarum, herba capsularis, pluribus
capsulis ad nodos junctis, caule quadrangulari. Tounde Chedde
a Sinis nominatur. P. 179. Tab. 439, fig. 2.
Pyracanihae similis Sinarum, foliis rotundioribus, subtus
leviter tomentosis. Ins. Crocodil. P. 179.
Pyrolae nostratae similis, serratis foliis. Planta sinica,
baceata, monopyrena, ad pedalem altitudinem vix assurgens,
non ramosa, foliis Cerasi, ex adverse binis, fructu mbro,

rotundo, caudato, semine unico, calyce 5 fido. Nov. matures-
cit. Cnghm, P. 179.
Pyi'ola, frntescens, Arbnti folio. Cheusan. P. 179.
Quercus julo rotundo, calyce echinato, glande minore laevi.
Cheusan. Cnghm. P. 180.
Quercus (forte.) cheusanensis, Castaneae minoris folio prona
parte candicante. P. 180.
See above Philos. Trans. 87.
Quercus cheusan. minoribus et serratis foliis hirsutis. P. 180*
Rapuntium minimum cheusan. Campannlae antumnalis folio
et facie, flore Lini coeruleo, pentapetaloide, cujus pistillum
abit in vascnlnm 3 eapsulare, campaniforme. Sept. flor.
Cnghm. P. 181.
Rapuntii parvi species altera cheusanensis. Flore ex carneo
pnrpnrascente, monopetalo, anomalo, tubulato ef sulcato, in 5
partes linguiformes digitatim diviso, extremis longioribus et
angustioribus, vagina ad basim 3 fida excipit et amplectitur
pistillum ad summitatem. Calyx 5 fidus. Semina exigua
rotunda. Folia fert Alsines fere similia, alternatim posita et
leviter serrata. Sept. flor. Cnghm. P. 181.
Rhamni cathartici similis, longioribus foliis, fructu nigro
dipyreno, ex insula Tow whey san. Frutex est bacca nigra
rotunda, umbone notata, succo luteseente, instar Rhamni ca¬
thartici, praedita, et duobus seminibus callosis, gibbosis et quasi
cylindraceis foeta, foliis oblongis et obtusis, leviter serratis,
spinis rarioribus et longioribus donatus. Oct. fructum matur.
Cnghm. P. 182. Tab. 408, fig. 2.
Rhamno nostrati cathartico accedens minor. Ins. Cheusan.
P. 182. Tab. 408, fig. 4.
jRhamnus cheusan, cortice albo, Berberidis instar fructum
ferens calyculatum. Frutex est spinosus, flore superius pur-
pureo parum striato, inferius ex viridi et albo purpurascente,
hypocrateriformi multifido, 5 partito, plerumque tubo breviori,
ex cujus calyce 4 fido surgunt stamina alba cum pistillo, quod
abit in fructum mollem, seu baccam rubram ovatam, polypyre-
nam. Sept. flor. Cnghm. P. 182.
Rhamnus Pruni sylvestris folio cheusan. cortice querno, vali-
dioribus foliatis spinis, bacca minore nigra, unicum intus
semen claudento. P. 183. Tab. 427, fig. 4.
Rhamnus sinensis flore coeruleo, ex oris maritimis ins. Cheu~
san. P. 183.
Rhus quinquefolia Sinarum, lactescens, rachi medio alata,
foliis molli hirsutie pubescentibus. P. 183.
Miller identifies this with his Bhus ehineasis. Comp, also above Philos.
Trans. 89.
Rorella parva cheusan. nostrati similis, caule folioso. P. 184.
Plukenet means Drosera.
Rosa sylvestris cheusan. foliis subtus incanis, floribus pur-
pureis parvis. P. 185.
Rosa alia cheusan. foliorum marginibus et rachi medio
spinosis.
Rubia sini'ca, fructu majore nigro, foliis partim Galii stel-
latis, partim Smilacis aspere effigie scabris. P. 185. Tab.
441, fig. 3.
Rubia quadrif&lia aspera, baccis numerosis, singularibus,
nigris, succulentis, semine unico, rotundo, umbilicato foetis.
Nov. collecta. Cnghm.
One of these two species is probably Eubia cordifolia. L. But the
fruit of the latter is of a brown colour, when ripe.
Rubus sinensis non spinosus triphyllos, floribus parvis rubro-
purpureis. P. 186.
R'libus parvus spinosus, foliis subtus canescentibus ex insula
fflmoy. P. 186,
Rubus odoratus minimus sinensis, cauliculis asperis provo-
lutis. P. 186.
Scabiosa graminifolia nudicaulis, capitulis argenteis, sive
Statice minima elatior Sinarum. P. 188,
Scorodoniae affinis Sinarum, floribus ex albo purpurascentibus,
spica florum compactiore. Flore monopetalo, labiato, cujus
stamina labii sup. locum occupant, labium vero inf. in 5 partes
dividitur, media ampliori, et Cocblearis ad instar excavata,
ceteris in floris cervice e regione positis. In calyce 5 fido
reconduntur 4 semina subrotunda et oblonga. Sept. flor.
Cnghm. P. 188. Tab. 441, fig. 2.
Scutellaria sinica Betonicae folio, floribus albis. P. 190.
Tab. 441, fig. 1.
Linnaeus identifies it with his Scutellaria indica.
Scutellariae accedens cheusanensis Ocymi folio, flore ex albo
purpurascente, semine singulari. Flore intus purpureo, exterius
ex albo purpurascente, monopetalo, infundibuliformi, 4 fidp,
leviter inciso, tubulato, tubo incurvo. Ex calyce brevi, multi-
fido, surgit pistillum, quod deinde abit in semen unicum
ovatum, extra calycem prominens. Folia bina, oblonga, acumi¬
nata, superne laete, inferne pallide viridia. Flores in spicis.
Sept. Oct. flor. Cnghm. P. 191. Tab. 443, fig. 3.
Scrophularia minor sinica, Betonicae subrotundis foliis.
P.190.
INTO THI FLORA OF CHINA. 85 '
Sena spuria sinensis, Mimosae foliis minimis, floribus parvis,

magis expansis. Ins. Grocodil. P. 193.
Sium minimum umbellatnm sinicum. Plore albo rosaceo,
umbellato, ex 5 petalis subrotundis, in orbem positis et 5
staminibns eoraposito, calyce insidentibns. Fructus e duobus
seminibus compositum, snbrotundis, crassis bine gibbis et
prof unde striatis. Folia brevia, crassa, costae per conjuga-
tiones innascentia, ultimo impari claudente trifido et pinnis
aliquando trifidis, Ex insula Bum si san. Octr flor. Cngbm.
P. 193.
Siler Aquilegiae foliis angustioribus. Ins. Grocodil. P. 193.
Smilacis asperae seu Zarzae latis Canellae foliis. Planta
clavicnlata, pediculis foliorum vaginatis, Cynorrhodi fructu,
profundius striato, Mali punici ad instar, tubulo brevi perga-
meno, snmma parte coronato. Ins. Grocodil. P. 194. Tab.
438, fig. 7.
Solatium mordens sinicum, Berberidis fructu singulari, viti-
culis suis spinis longioribus aculeatum. P. 195. Tab. 443, fig. 2.
Sorbi species - Sinarum Gucurbitiferae Panorama dictae
(Almag. bot.) foliis, aculeato caudice. Frutex est spinosus,
scandens, baccis rubris rotundis in umbellae modum dispositis,
in pnlpa subrubra, succulenta, gustus parum acidi et adstrin*
gentis latent seminti ossea plura, inaequalis fignrae, plana vel
convexa, circa axem seu placenta disposita. Folia Polygonati
fere, sed circinatae rotunditatis, singulas foliornm et ramorum
divaricantium insertiones duo amplectuntur foliola, in cirros
plerumque terminantia. Nov. fructum perficit. Cngbm. P. 196.
Tab. 444, fig. 3.
On pag. 198 of Plukenet’s Amaltb., sub Tamarindus mono-
coccos, tbe author suggests, that the celebrated Soy of the
Chinese and Japanese, (made as is known from the Soja-bean,
Soja liispida Moench.) may be obtained from fthe seeds of
Tamarind, of which he gives a drawing. Tab. 441, fig. 4.
Tetraglottis baccifera Sinarum seu.Ligularia arbor sinensis,
Gossypii quinquefidi amplioribus foliis, quator ligulas foliaceas,
longo pedunculo ex alis insidentes, pro floribus ferens, e ligu-
larum margine baccifera. Ou tom chu Sinarum. P. 199. Tab.
444, fig. 4.
Sterculia platarifolia. Cav. See above Philos. Trans. 82.
Teucrium cheusan. folio inolli, incano, subrotundo. serrato,
flore coernleo, monopetalo, labiato, cujus lab. sup. parum
fornicatum, surrectum, et fimbriatum, infer, vero 3 fidum.
Calyx 5 fidus. Semina 4, triangularia, fusca. Flores in
umbella quasi dispositi. Nov. flor. Ins. Bu to. Cngbm. P. 200.
Triapteris Sin arum, Hederae folio, scandens, fructu minore.

P. 202.
Triapteris Sinarum, Tiliae fere foliis alternis, ad genicula
fructum fasciculatim proferens, monospermum, semine, tri-
quetro, nitente, nigro. Vasculum seminale cordiforme, ex tribus
alis membranaceis, sagittae extremitatis instar conflatum in
medio semen nnicum nigrum includens. Caulis nodosus et
fistulosus. Aug. flor. Ongbm. P. 203. Tab. 444, fig. 5.
Trifolium maritimmm. Planta est trifolia, flore papilionaceo,
siliculis lenticuiaribus caudatis, confertim nascentibus, unum
semen lentis figura continentibus. Ins. Tow whey san. Oct. 20.
1702. Cnghm. P. 205. Tab. 446, fig. 8.
Trifolium monocarpon Meliioti affine, folliculis parvis com-
pressis. Cheusan. P. 205. Tab., 446, fig. 1.
Verbasci similis quadrato caule, Cheusan. minore folio acu-
minato, subtus molli tomento candicante. P. 207. Tab. 448
fig. 2.
Veronica cheusan., Grossulariae folio, flore amplo purpureo.
Aljsso montano Diosor. Pabio columno proxime accedit.
P. 208.
Viburnum cheusan. Frutex baccifer, foliis Ulmi subrotundis,
ad sumitatem latioribus, in acumen brevius desinentibus,
serratis, et inferne parum incanis, ex ad verso binis, Bacca
rubra, rotunda, acida, adstringente, semine unico, subrotundo,
duro et compresso, racematim congesta. Oct. matur. Cno-hm
P.208. °
Viola parva cheusan, grumosfi radice. P. 208.
Virgo aurea minor, spicato flore luteo. Chusan. P. 209.
Visci similis frutex cheusan. Clematitis. P. 210 Tab
448, fig. 3.
Vitex Sinarum, subrotundis argenteis foliis bijugis, caule
quadrangulare. Ins. Crocodil. P. 210. Tab. 449, fig. 1.
Vitis Idaea seu Vaccinia chusanensis. Frutex est flore
rufescente, campanifornu, nrceolato, globoso (inter Ericae.)
ad os parum diviso. Ex calyce 5 fido surgit pistillum, quod
deinde abit in baccam nigro-purpuream edulem. Foliis pruni
serratis subrotundis, acuminatis. FTov. flor. Ongbm. P. 210,
Comp, above Mus. Petiv. 987, Gazoph. tab. 35, fig. 7. .
Vitis vinifera sylvestris. Cheusan. P. 211.
Vitis vuipina dicta Virginiana alba. Almag. 392. Hujus
ramulum Cngbm. ex ins, Chusan ad nos transmisit. Et circa
Constantinopolin frequens est (Dr. Timone.)
Vitis agrestis sinica minor “The least Fox grape.”
Chusan. 1
INTO THE FLORA OF CHINA 87
Vitis vulpma. L. lias been observed also in Manchuria and Japan.

One of the above mentioned grapes may be V. labrusca, which has been
observed in Formosa, Amoy, Peking.
Ulmus nana cheusan. Frutex fructu ovato, piano, membra,-
naceo, ad sumitatem parum diviso, semine foeto unico, lenti-
formi, ip fructus centro, foliis Ulrai fere splenderitibus,
glabris, serratis et accuminatis. Fructus prodit ex flore, vel
calyce 5 fido et Kov. maturescit. Sin: Kin tchang lang.
Cnghm. P. 211.
Urtica racemifera maxima Sinarum, foliis subtus argentea
lanugine villosis. Planta sylvestris Ma dicta, unde efficitur
filum instar Lini ma sien dictum. Cngbm. P. 212. Tab. 429,
fig. 2.
Boehmeria nivea. Hook, and Arn.
Planta sativa Co dicta, unde efficitur Co-pou pro vestibus
aestivis. Cnghm. P. 212.
Pueraria. See above Le Comte 10.
JLantlvium seu Lappa minor Chenopodii foliis. Cheusan.
P. 213.
Xeranthemum sesamoides flore albo, Ericae foliis cauli tomen-
toso adstrictis, ad radicem vero Staechadis citrinae longio-
ribus, et solutis. Ins. Crocodil. P. 213. Tab. 449, fig. 5.
This plant is identified in Lam. Bnc. Bot. III. 239 with Xeranthemum
heterophyllum from the Cape of G. H.
Arbusculum bacciferum Canellae folio trinervi, subtus argen¬
tea lanugine villoso. Cheusan. Cnghm. P. 213. Tab. 450. fig. 2.
Arundo sinica ramosa, plurimis squamulis ad culmum donata.
P. 213.
Calamintha montana sinica, Betonicae folio, floribus coeru-
lescentibus P. 213. Tab. 450, fig. 8.
Kupatorium cheusanense, Urticae foliis, pediculis alatis et
auriculatis, floribus sunamo caule conglomeratis. P. 213. Tab.
451. fig. 2.
Frutex cheusan. foliis rugosis, Jasmini flore tetrapetaloide.
P. 213. Tab. 45L, fig. 1.
Frutex sinensis alatis foliis, siliquis torosis, villis aureis
densius obductis. Tab. 451, fig. 8.
Frutex sinensis, Senae sylvestris folio angustiore, nodosa
siliqua rostro longiore donata. Tab. 451, fig. 10.
Gramen parvurn cheusan. spicatum, granulis eompressis
cordiformibus. Tab. 452, fig. 6.
Gramen cheusan. foliis brevibus aculeatis globiferum, globulos
aureos Chamaemeli nudi similes, inter folia proferens. Tab.
451, fig. 9.
/
EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
Mesjpilus oxycantha cheusan. oblongis, mueronatis et serratis

•foliis, fructu longiore, summis ramulis innascente. P. 216.
Tab. 453, fig. 3.
Lcrareiro FI. coch. 392 identifies this with his Mespilus pyracantha
(see below.)
Muscus denticulatus minor. Cheusan. Tab. 453. 9.
lycopodium ?
III. SWEDISH COLLECTORS OF PLANTS

IN SOUTH-CHINA, 1751 AND 1766.
The greater part of the accounts presented in this chapter have
been borrowed from a book, which bears the following title:
A VOYAGE TO CHINA AND THE EAST INDIES BY PETER OSBECK
together with
A VOYAGE TO SURATTE BY OLOE, TOREEN
and
AN ACCOUNT OE THE CHINESE HUSBANDRY BY CAPTAIN CH. ECKEBERG.
translated from the German by
JOHN REINHOLD FORSTER.*
to which are added
A EAUNULA AND FLORA SINENSIS.
London 1771. Two volumes.
3PJEST35R OSBECE, a Swede and a pupil of the great
Linnaeus, to whom the latter was indebted for the greater part
of the Chinese plants and animals he has described—was born
in 1723. In 1750 he set out on a journey to China, as .chaplain
to a Swedish East Indiaman, the Prince Charles, which left
Gothenburgh 18 Nov. 1750, and arrived at Cadiz 4 January
1751. After a stay of 10 weeks they left this place 20 March,
sailed around the Cape, without landing there, in the second
half of May. June 12 they passed St. Paul, on July 15
anchored in the harbour of Angeri (Java, Sundastr.), left
again on the 17th. Here Osbeck was able to collect some plants.
On the 25 Aug. 1751 the Prince Charles anchored at Whampoa.
(near Canton) and remained there more than four months,
weighing anchor on the 5th Jan. 1752. On the way home
Osbeck again collected Javanese plants and beasts in New Bay,
where the Pr. Charles stopped a few days. In April 0. made
some collections on the island of Ascension and on the 26.
June 1752 came bake to Gothenburgh.
* The well known naturalist and traveller, who accompanied Capt.
Cook on his second circumnavigation of the globe 1772-75.
Osbeck was a zealous naturalist and brought home a rich,

collection of natural objects, chiefly Chinese specimens, for
during his long stay at Whampoa and Canton he had ample
opportunity of visiting the neighborhood of these places. All
his collections he placed in the hands of Linnaeus, who des¬
cribed them, the plants in his Species plantarum, published a
year after Osbeck’s return. _ ,
Osbeck’s original account of his voyage appeared in 1757 in
hisnative language : Bagbok gfver en ostindisk reset. He pub¬
lished also some botanical articles in the Act. acad. Holm.
1762, 1765, and 1769. He was member of the Academy of
Stockholm and of the Soc. of Upsal, and died as Rector of
Hasloff and Woxtorp in 1805.
A Herman translation of Osbeck’s narrative was made in
1765 by J. G. Georgi, and revised and completed by Osbeck
himself. Georgi* was Professpr Of Mineralogy at the Academy
of St. Petersburg. He accompanied Pallas on his travels to
Siberia and died 1802.
The English translation of Osbeck’s book was made from
the German by J. R. Forster, the well known companion in
travel of Capt. Cook.
All the Chinese specimens gathered by Osbeck belong to the
neighborhood of Canton. During his stay at Whampoa he
repeatedly made excursionsto Canton and investigated the
Flora of the islands in the river. He often mentions Banes
island, French island, only separated from the .latter by a
stream, and Honam ■ (erroneously written Stonam in the narra¬
tive), an island West of the two first mentioned and on which
a large suburb of Canton is situated. Hot many of the
botanists in Europe will be aware, I think, that Danes island
on which Osbeck collected plants 130 years ago, has been
for nearly 20 years the residence of one of the most distin¬
guished botanists of our time, who has done so much to throw
light on the Flora of. China and whose name has a world-wide
reputation. The numerous papers on botanical matters which
have been published by Dr. H. F. Hance are generally dated
from the British Consulate at Whampoa, which has been
established on Danes island and not,, as might be presumed,
at the Chinese city of Whampoa, situated opposite the Con¬
sulate on the left bankf of the riven
* Willdenow named the genus Georgina, (Dahlia) after him. Thus

this favored gardenfk«ver was not, as is erroneously believed by some
authors, dedicated to King George III of England.
Osbeck’s notes on his plants collected near Canton are found

scattered in his diary. He enumerates in the whole 244
Chinese plants, giving their Linnaean names, often describing
them. Sometimes he adds also the Chinese names according
to the Canton dialect, but generally he sadly perverts the
Chinese sounds. He says himself (II. 10) that it is possible
that the Chinese, who gave him these names, have imposed
upon him on many occasions.
Linnaeus, when determining Osbeck’s Chinese collection
seems to have been under the impression, that the habitats
marked on the herbarium ’ tickets, as Daiies island, French
island etc, referred to places of India, for in his Species
plantarum, published 4 years before Osbeck’s narrative ap¬
peared, all plants gathered by the latter, figure, with a few
exceptions, as Indian plants only. But as we have seen O.
never visited India. He collected a few plants on the coast
of Java, but the bulk of his collection was represented by
Chinese specimens. I may quote a few instances. In Linnaeus’
Spec, plant, it is clearly stated, that Osbeck had gathered
Mubus parvifolius, Cyperus Iria, Barleria cristata in India,
whilst Osbeck had brought these plants from Canton. It
seems that Linnaeus had a very confused idea with respect to
the position of China and we cannot but think, that he consi¬
dered the latter name to be a synonym for India. He describes
many plants not known from elsewhere than from China as
natives of India. Thus he states himself, that his Rosa indicia,
and Lager stroemia indica are Chinese plants. He describes his
Daphne indica from specimens gathered by Osbeck at Canton,
and this plant has, as far as I can conclude from the quotations
in I). C. Prodr. XIY. 543, never been observed in India. On
the other hand Bphaeranthus chinensis in his Spec, plant, figures
as an Indian plant only. Compare D. C. Prodr. V. 371 “ cur
chinensis cum ipse auctor ex India ortam dicat?” It is
strange to say that none of the botanists who after Linnaeus
have compiled general systematic works on Botany, as Lamarck,
"Willdenow, Sprengel, Be Candolle, Kunth etc., ever ventured
to refer, with resppct to Chinese plants directly to Osbeck’s
book. They draw from Linnaeus and mention Osbeck’s Canton
plants only in such cases for China, when the former had
happened not to give India as habitat. But, as we shall see
further on, by far the greatest part of the plants Linnaeus
knew from China were collected by Osbeck near Canton.
A considerable number of Osbeck’s Chinese specimens wrere
known previously from India, (Rumpliius, Rheede), but were
than new for China and of many of them Linn, had hardly
seen original specimens from India. There are in his collection
about 50 (probably more) entirely new plants, 12 of which are
represented by drawings in his book, viz:
Tab. 1 Baeckia frutescens. Tab. 6 Trichomanes chinensis.
Tab. 2 Osbeckia chinensis. Tab. 7 Rhamnns lineatns* *
Tab. 3 fig. 1 Bteris semipinnata.Toh. 8 Barteria cristata.
fig. 2 Utricularia bifida. Tab. 9 Gemrdia glutinosa.
Tab. 4 Bteris vittata. Tab. 10 Oarpesimn abrotanoides,
Tab. 5 Helicteres angustifolia. Tab. 11 Glerodendronfortimatum.
Besides dried specimens of plants Osbeck had brought also
from China many seeds from which Linnaeus succeeded in rais¬
ing several new plants. It does not seem, that he had examined
the whole of Osbeck’s collection, for we meet in Osbeck’s
narrative some names and descriptions of Chinese plants not
found in the Spec. Plant.
LIST CE CHINESE PLANTS KNOWN TO LINNAEUS.
Forster in compiling his Flora sinensis, or Catalogue of

Chinese plants (see above.) enumerates all Osbeck’s specimens
from China (244) and adds the names of 56 more Chinese
plants known in 1771. In the following list I venture to
present a more complete list of Linnaean Chinese plants (for
Forster has overlooked many species) arranged according to
Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum. I always give
their new names in the system, should the Linnaean name
have been changed. The plants collected by Osbeck I mark
with Osb. As in his narrative (Engl, transl.) the accounts of
Chinese plants are found in the first volume from p. 208 to the
end, and in the second from p. 1 to 17, I shall quote only the
pages not the volumes.*
DICOTYLEDONS.
1. Clematis chinensis, resembling CL vitalba. Danes isl.

Canton. Osb. 329. 393.
* Abbreviations of the titles of some botanical works, to which I §hall
have to refer frequently in the subsequent pages :
G. P.=Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum.
D. C.—De Candolle’s Prodromus Syst. nat. veg.
Kth. =Kunth’s Enumeratio Plantarum.
• Lour.=Loureiro’s Flora cochinehinensis 1793 (edit. Willdenow.)
FI. hgk.=Bentham’s Flora hongkongensis. 1861.
Add. FI. hgk.=Dr. Hance’s Supplement to the Flora hongk. Journ,
Linnaean Soc. XIII.
This name was given by Osbeck and is not found in Lin. Sp. pi. Refcz
described tbe plant under the same name in his Obs, bot (1780). D. 0, I.
3. According to Maxim. Dec. XX probably the same as Cl'- terniflora. D. C.
2. Xllicium anisatum. Lin (Forster.)
Star Anis was first brought to Europe from the Phillipines in 158,8,
Linnaeus had hardly seen a specimen of the Chinese plant producing
Star Anis.
3. Lan fa or Leen fa Chinensium. Canton. Osb. 209.—Qnao
or Laen gao (Hymphaea Helumbo L.) white roots of the*
thickness of carrots, but longer, articulated and hollow inside.
Poor people eat them raw* but they are not very palatable.
Osb. 3i0.
lelumbium speciosum. Willd, Sin j j|f ^ lin Jh, the roots jiH
Im ngau.*
4. Fuma.ria spedabilis. Lin. (Amoen. acad II. (1751) and
VII. (1768; drawing) described as a Siberian plant, but Gme-
lin, from whom Linnaeus draws, states clearly that the plant
had been received fromChina. This is XMcesitra spectabilis*
Miq. It grows wild in the Peking mountains.
5. Chinese Cabbage (Brassica chinensis. L.), does not
form heads. In Chinese hay lan. Another so'rt called pach-so-
a with bulbotis root is spld here (Canton) likewise. Osb. 313.
The Chinese names intended arc probably ^ j|| Icai lan and
pah sung. Lmnaeus states, that his plants had been raised from seeds
brought by Osbeck.
6. Brasslca violaeea, Lin. This plant, which Linnaeus
describes as a Chinese plant, is only known, it seems, from his
specimens.
7. Oriental Mustard (Sinapis orientalis* Lin.) Osb. 309.
Known to Tournefort from the Levant. Linnaeus does not mention it
for China.
8. Sinapis chinensis. Lin. This plant was first noticed
by Boerhave, who in 1710 received the seeds from Batavia,.
D. C I. 219, and Lour. 485, mean that it is rather a variety of
the next.
9. Sinapis juncea. Lin. Asia, China (Lin.) Cultivated
in Europe since 1710.
10. Sinapis brassicata. Lip. China. According to Lour.
485 also a variety of S. juncea.
11. Raphanus saiivus. Lin. var oleifera. D. C. I. 228, H*.
chinensis annuus olelferus. Lin. Seeds of this had been
brought from China by Capt. Eckeberg (s. further on.)
# As Osbeck gives (or tries to give) the Chinese names in the Canton
dialect I shall write the Chinese souiids according tp the same dialect.
INTO THE FLQRA OF CHINA. 93
12. Polygala chinensis. Lin. I am not aware whether

this species is really found in China. Lin. gives only India as
habitat.
13. Polygala, ciliata. L. Danes isl. French isl. Osb. 356, 393.
Known from Ceylon before. Salomonia'? ciliata. D. C. I. 334.
14. Bianthus chinensis. Lin. Introduced into Europe
from China about 1702.
15 Hypericum chinense. L. Danes isl. Osb. 2.
Hanee. Journ, bofc. 1879. 8. Canton prov. If. monogynum. L. is the same*
16. On p. 246 and 39 Osb. gives some accounts of the Tea
shrub. When the ship departed from Whampoa Osbeck’s Tea
shrub, which stood in a pot fell upon the deck during the
firing of the canons and was thrown over board.
17. Camellia japonica. L. sin: fo hai. Osb. 17.
Known previously in Europe.
18. Vatica chinensis. Lin. Mant 242. Smith icon. ined.
Linn. I 36, tab. 36. Benth. Hook. G% P. I 192 however state,
that this is not a Chinese but an Indian plant.
19 Althaea rosea. Cav. According to the Bot. mag. 3198
introduced from China 1758. Bat Linn. {Alcea rosea') says only :
in Oriente. The plant is very common in China. *
20. Malva verticillata. L. Malva sinensis erecta floribus
albis minimis. Boerhave Lugd. (1720). Cultivated in England
as early as 1683. M. chinensis Mill. Diet. 5 is probably the same,
21. Sida spinosa L. Canton. Osb. 329.
Known previously from India,
22. Urena chinensis, caule erecto, floribus majusculis.
French isl. Osb. 363,
This name is not found in botanical works.
23. Urena lofoata. L. French isl. Osb. 354.
Known from China before. Urena sinica, Dillenius. 1732.
24. Urena procumbens. L. a little tree, near Canton.
Osb. 387.
25. Hibiscus mutabilis. L. Whampoa. Osb. 198.
Known from China before. Ketmia sinensis. Tournef.
26. Hibiscus ficulneus. L. Canton. Osb. 328.
Known from Ceylon before.
27. Crossypium herbaceum. L. French , isl. cuifum.
Osb. 349.
28. Sterculia platanifolia. Cav. introduced from China
in 1757, known to Lin. under the name of Hibiscus simplex.,
Plukenet’si Tetraglottis,
29. Helicteres angustifolia. L. sin: Kay ma. Danes

isl. Osb. 376.
30. Waitheria indica. L. Danes isl. Osb. 375.
Known from Ceylon before. FI. hgk. 38.
31. Bartramia indica, Danes isl. sin : hoang fa mo. Osb. 376.
B. indica not mentioned in any system, botan. work. Bartramia is now
considered a section of Triumfetta. Sparrmann (s. further on) gathered
at Canton Triumfetta Bartramia, which is probably the same. D.C. I 508
dubious plant. The Chinese name given by Osb. is probably ****
wong fa mo, which is applied in Canton to Sida rhombifolia. L. (Parker)
32. Oxalis corniculata. L. sin: Syn mee. Danes isl.
Osb. 389.
The Chinese name of this plant is 5ft sun mi (Pai’ker.) It was
known from India before Osbeck.
33. Averrhoa Bilimbi. L. An oblong, yellow, sourish
fruit with 5 deep furrows, which, has the quality of Lemons,
but is sooner spoiled. The Chinese at Canton call it samm-
nim and make a conserve of it called ha la many Osb. 306.
A. Bilimbi, known from India before, sin : sam nim.
34. Xmpatiens Balsamine. L. Canton. Osb. 209.

Known from India before.
35. Xmpatiens chinensis. L. Canton. Osb. 344.
36. Paullinia asiatica. L. with sharp pointed hamated
thorns. It makes good hedges. Danes isl. Osb. 9.
Known from India before. D.C. II, 83 Toddalia aculeata. Pers FI. hgk. 59.
37. There are in Canton 2 sorts of China Oranges (Citru$
Sinensis. L.) The first is that called the Mandarin Orange,
whose peel is quite loose, and the Chinese call them hamm.
It is the best kind. The peel of the other sort sits close. It
is called Bang or rather hang. Osb. 307.
The Mandarin Orange, Citrus nobilis. Lour, is termed Kom in
Canton, the Coolie Orange (see above Martini 8) is known in China under
the name of /j§ ch‘eng
38. A sort of low sweet Orange trees, with a small fruit
called gait. Canton. Osb. 208.
if If Kivat is a generic term for Oranges.
39. Kamm-hat is the name of a sort of small Lemons, which
are not much larger than Cherries. Canton. Osb. 306.
Citrus japonica. Thbg. sin : fjf Kam Kuat.
40. Buxoides aculeata. It is like our Boxtree but thorny.
Danes isl. In Chinese sow pann ghip. Osb. 394.
Perhaps Atalauta buxifolia. Oliv. FI. hgk. 51.
. 41. Here are also two sorts of Lemons (Citrus decumana.

L.) which are called Yao by the Chinese. The first is round
and its name is Lo yao. The second called Han yao is long
and is usually offered as a sacrifice to their idols. Osb. 307.
The Chinese name for Citrus decumana is Yau.
42. The Lemt yes tree (Citrus medica. L.) in Canton bears
little round sour Lemons called na many, and which are used
instead of Tamarinds, or common Lemons, generally before
they are ripe. The trees are sold in pots and seldom about a
yard high. Osb. 208. 306.
This is I believe Citrus medica. L. var. acida. Hook flor. Ind. I 514. Sin:
$§'* WH ning meng.
43. iLilanthus glandulosa. Desf. (1786.) This Chinese
tree has been introduced into Europe in 1751 and was at
the time of Linnaeus known under the name of Vernis clu
Japon.
44. Chinese Olives in Canton, paclc-la. Osb. 309.
Osbeck evidently means Canarium album. Raeusch. sin : ^ )^pah lam.
45. Olom sip, a certain great tree with pinnated leaves,
sm'ooth, wdth opposite folioles. A resin comes out of the tree
much like the Gum arabic. Hanes isl. Osb. 9
Canarium Pimela. Koenig, sin J§ ^ u lam shii.
46. Salacia chinensis. L. See O. C. I. 571.
47. Rhamnus oenopolia. L. in Chinese JCog-ne-im. Near
Canton. Osb. 386.
Known from India before. Zizyphus oenoplia. D.C. II. 21.
48. Rhamnus lineatus. L. French island. Osb. 353.
See above Pluk. Amalth. Prutex sin. Majorani fob Berchemia lineata.
D. C. II. 23. PL hgk. 67.
49. Rhamnus Thea. L. Poor man’s tea. The leaves of this
shrub are made use of by the poor Chinese instead of tea. Tb ey
call it tia. Hanes isl. Osb. 375.
Sageretia theesans. Brong.—FI. hgk. 68.
50. Koelreuteria paniculata. Laxm. Sapindus chinensis,
L. fil. Introduced into England 1763, described 1772 by
Laxmann.
51. Lat-yee is the Chinese name of a fruit, which is eaten in
Canton with tea. It tastes almost like a plum, and looks like
large gallapples, covered with a brownish, thin, and warty skin.
Long-an is less than lat-yee. They have a smooth skin and
sweet pulp. Osb. 308.
Nephelium Litohi Camb. and N, lougan. Camb.
52. R,huS Chinense. Osb. Danes island, in Cbin : monlchi.

Osb. 375.
Probably the same as Eh. chinense Mill. Diet, known before Osbeck
from China. See above Pink. Amalth. Rhus quinquefol. sin.
53. Rhus javanicum. L. genuine rnbro, Danes island. In
Chin : tay sha. Osb. 375.
D. C. II. 67. RMs semialata. Mum var. Osheckii.
54. Mango (Mangifera indica. L.) This fruit is sold in
China by the name of quai mao. In the Javan, language it is
called Do.
I am not aware What name is intended by quai mao. The Chinese call
the fruit mango as the Malays do. PL hgk. 70.
55. Crotalaria juncea- L. Canton. Osb. 336.
56. Crotalaria chinensis Lin. China. D. C. II. 130.
57. Crotalaria sessiflora. Lin. China.—FI. hgk. 74.
58. Indigofera tinctoria> L. French isl. In Chin, tong m%
or va. Osb. 350.
■59. Astragalus chinensis. Lin, fil. China. D. C. II. 294
According to Lam. Enc. Bot. I. 810 cnltiv. in Paris.
60. Astragalus sinicus* Lin. China.
D. C. II. 282. Astr. lotoides.
61. Phacd trifolidta-. Lin. China. A dubious plant. D, C.
II. 275. O. P. I. 507. Crotalaria or Astragalus.
■62. Arachis hypogaea L. Danes island, cnltiv. In.
Chinese : fy shin. Osb. 377.
Known before from Asia and America. Sin : ^ fa shang.
63. Hedysarum triquetrum. L. Danes isl.—-In Chin: Ka song
so. Osb. 374.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. II. 326. Desmodium triquetrum.
64. Sedysarum gangeticum. L. Canton, Osb. 330.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. II. 327. Desmodium gangeticum,
65. Hedysarum maculatum. L. Danes isl. Osb. 8.
Known from India before. D. C. II. 327. Desmodium maculatum.
66. Hedysarum trifiorum. L. Danes and French isl. Osb.
353. 392.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. II* 364. Desmodium triflorum.
67. Hedysarum heterocarpum, L. French isl. Osb. 354.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. II. 337. Desmodium heterocarpum.
68. Hedysarum hiarticulatum, L. French isl. Osb. 378.
Known from Ceylon before. D» C. II. 339. Desmodium biartieulatum.

69* Iledysarum pulclhellum. L* Danes island. Osb. 374.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. II. 339. Desmodium pulehellum.
70. Iledysarum lagopodioides. L. Canton. Osb. 346.
D.C. II. 324. TJraria lagopo'ides.
71. Iledysarum styracifoliumi D. Danes island. Osb. 8.
D.C. II. 352. Alysicarpus styracifolius.
72. AbrtlS pPecatorittS. L. A sort of little red pease with
a black spot. They are valued as the lowest coin and used in
weighing gold. Osb. 384. •
73. Vang ted, a sort of small pease of which cheese is said to
be made. Canton. Osb. 305.
Glycine (Soja) Mspida. Moench. Tbe Soja bean, sin : jJJ J3. wong tau,
of which Bean curd is made. First known from Japan (Kaempfer).
74 Lack tao is the Chinese name of a sort of pease, which
are much less than our wild vetches. Osb. 304.
Phaseolus radiatus. L. sin: fi m. luh tan. First known from Ceylon.
75. DolichOS sinensis- L. Callvanses. A dish which is
like our sweet cheese and which they call Fdou fu is prepared
of this. Osb. 218. 304.
The name of D. sinensis is first met in Kumphius’ Amb. V. 375. Chinese
Bean curd FL lM tau fu is made of different kind of beans.
76. Dolichos scandens maximus, with large black beans which
were said to be poisonous. The pods likewise grow black,
■ when the fruit ripens. The Chinese call it syoe lock tao. Osb.
394. But p. 375 Osb. gives the Chinese name of the same
plant, which he observed on Danes islandjis min tao.
By the first name is probably intended J3. siu lulc tau. According
to Lour. 539 min teu is a variety of Dolichos Catjang. L. Parker gives
$j§ min tau, as the Cantonese name of Cajanus indicus. Spr. Comp,
also Fi. hgk. 88 with respect to the .poisonous seeds of Canavalia virosa.
77. Cassia sopliera- L. Canton. Osb. 330.
78. Cassia procumbens. L. Canton Osb. 336.
D.C. II. 504. Cassia pumila. Lam. E. Bot. I. 651. China. India.
79. Tamarindus indica. L. Canton. Osb. 309.
Known from India before. Lour. 488 mentions the Tamarind as grow-
ing in Cochinchina, not in China.
80. Mimosa chinensis, inermis, stipulis foliolo longe ma-
joribus, semicordatis. French isl. Osb, 80.
Perhaps Acacia concinna FI. hgk. 101.
81. B»uhus parvifolius. L. Canton. Osb. 11.

D.O. II. 564. identifies this sp. with B. moluccus. Humph, but Bth. FI.
hgk. 105. seems to exclude this synonym.
82. 2&©ga indica L. Whampoa. Osb.- 198.
83. Mo quad fa. Canton. Osb. 209.
Sc mei Icui fa is the Chinese name of a Eose; according to
Lour. 395. B. cinnamomea. L.
84. Saxifraga sarmentosa..Lin. ill. (1781.)
This plant, a native of China, was introduced into our gardens
about the middle of the last cent. Bot. mag. 92.
85. Baeckea fmtescezis. L. Danes isl. In Chin : tiong
ma. Osb. 373.
This name Tiongine applied to this plant by Poiret (Lam. Enc. Bot.
VII. 681.) seems to be derived from this (evidently wrong) Chin. name.
FI. hong. 118.
86. 3Psidiam, Crliajava* L. eaten in Canton. Osb. 309.
As is known, this tree, generally cultivated in tropical countries, is a
native of trop. America.
87. Osbeckta ChinengiSa L. Canton. Osb. 342. On the
drawing of this plant, Tab. 2. Osbeck gives the Chinese name
of it in Chinese characters, 4^“ Ht' Ht homm heong loaa (feather
of goldroses. Osb).
According to Parker the Chinese name of it in Canton sounds ||| ] J
tip heong loi
88. Melasioma octandra. L. Canton. In Chin: te Mmm.
Osb. 341.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. III. 142. Osbeckia octandra. Not*
mentioned for China by other authors. According to Parker
tei nim is the Canton name for Mel. repms: I)esc*
89. Kelastoma malabarica, with -fine red flowers.
Drench isl. Osb. 354.
M. malabathricum. L. Known from India before.
90. JLmmania feaccI£eraB L. Hear Canton; Osb. 387.
D. C. III. 78, 79. Linnaeus’ A. baccif. seems to be a dubious plant p
perhaps. A. vesicatoria. Roxb. (India).
91. Ly thrum fruticosum. Lin. known to Linnaens from China.
Also in India. D. C. III. 92. Grislea tomentosa. Roxb!
Hot mentioned for China by later authors.
92. Bawsonia inermis. L. French isl. Osb. 354. -
Known from India and W. Asia before.
93. Bagerstroemla indica,, Lin. known to Linnaens as a
native of China, mentioned earlier by Rumphius and Cleyer
(Japan).
94. SPunica Grauatsim. L. Whampoa (cult.) Osb. 198.

This tree, a native of N. Africa and W. Asia, is cultivated in. China.
95. Jiissiaea repens. L. Honam. Osb. 17.
96. ' Trajga natans L. in Chin: ling kamm or leng ka. Osb. 305.
Linn. fil. described the Chinese sp. as a new plant Tr. bicornis. The
spec. cult, at Peking under the name of ling Itio (ling kok, Canton.)
is Trapa bispinosa Koxbg.
97. Tiichosanthes anguinea. Linn. Hort. Cliff. This
plant was known as a Chinese plant before Linn.—Rumph.
a,mb. V. 407,—Cucurbita sinensis fructu longo etc. Tilli Cat.
pi. h. Pisani I. t. 71. (1723).
98. Cucurbita lagenaria. L. in Chin : po-o Canton.
Osb. 272. . ,V‘
Cultivated throughout China. The Chinese sounds intended by Osbeck
are probably pou., ,
99. Cucumis acutangulus. Lin. China. India. D. C. III. 302.
Iiiffa acutangula* Ser.
100. Cucurfeita cMueusis,' grows spontaneously on
French isl. Osb. 362.
This name is not found in system, botan. works.
101. Gourds, Melons, and Water melons, which are red on the
inside. Canton. Osb. 309.
102. Bryonia cordifoIiaa L. Danes isl. Osb. 374.
103. Molugo jyentajoliylla. L. Hear Canton. Osb. 387.
Known from Ceylon before. Flora hgk. 23, where the plant is men¬
tioned ns a variety of BS. stricta. L.
104. Hydrocotyle asiatica* L. ? Danes isl; Osb. 7.
Known from Ceylon before.—-FI. hgk. 134.
105. Celery cultivated at Canton. Osb. 313.
Apium graveolens. L. is cultivated throughout China.
106. Stum mnsi. Linnaeus describes it as a Chinese
plant but I am not aware that any botanist after Linn, has
mentioned it for China. But the plant may be found there as
it is frequently seen in Japan.
Slum sisarum. Linnaeus supposes this plant also to be
a native of China, but Maximowicz. (Dec. XIII.) has proved
that it is a Persian plant, which has never been gathered in
China.
107. Hydrocotyle cliinensis. Linnaeus, China. Sprengel Syst. I,
878. identifies it with-Crantzia liseata* Nutt, an American
plant. But D. C. IY. 71. considers it a dubious plant.
1.00 EARLY EUROPEAN RISEARCHES
108. AtJiamantha chinensis. Lin. This is Cliidiuni Mon»

nieri. Cass or Selinum Monnieri. L. I). C. IV. 152. Euro pa,
Asia.
109. Aralia chinensis. L. a tree about 2 yards high
covered with thorns. Leaves decomposite. French isl, Osb. 378.
110. Fanax quinquefolia. L. Ginseng, in Chin, yan sam
Osb. 222.
Osbeck of course does not mention it as a plant of South-China.
111. Zanthoxylon trifoliatum. L. a tree not observed before.
French isl. In Chin: lack, fa. Osb. 364. 394.
This is Panax aculeatus. Ait. or Acanthopanax aculeata. Benth. Hook.
G. P. 939. According to Dr. Hanee common in South-China.
112. Saxnbucus nigra. L. Danes isl. Osb. 8.
S. nigra is hardly found in China. The S. nigra of Lour. 226. is a
different species. D. C. IV. 323.—According to Dr. Hance S. chinensis
Lindl. is a common spec, near Canton.
113. Kanclea orientalis. L., in Chin : moy fa. Danes
and French isl. Osb. 355. 395.
Known from Ceylon before. After Osbeck not gathered in China, '
114. Hedyotis herbaceci. L. P Danes isl. Osb. 4.
Known from Ceylon before. PI. hgk. 151. Oldenlandia Heyniana.
115. Oldenlandia umbellata* L. Hear Canton Osb. 386.
Known from Ceylon before. Not observed in China after Osb.
116. MEassaonda frondosa* L., in Chin: Jean li many.
French isl. Osb. 363. The characteristic white calycine leaf is
not mentioned in Osbeck’s description.
Known from Ceylon and E, India, before. . Flora hongk. 153.
117. Gardenia florida. Lin. See Pluken. Amalth. p. 29,
mn hi. Flora hgk. 153.
118. Ixora 'coccinea. L. in Chin : han long fa or Emperor’s
flower. French isl. Osb. 354.
According to D.C. IV. 486. Osbeck*s plant is I, stricta. Koxb. By
Osbeck’s Chinese name is probably to be understood “ Flower of the
Emperor Kien lung.”
119. Morinda usnbellata* L. ? in Chin: j?a hock fa.
Known from Ceylon before. Flora hgk. 159.
120. Spermacoee verticillata. L. (description) French
isl. Osb. 355.
According to D. C. IV. 541, this is an American plant,
121. RuMa cordifolia. Linnaeus describes it as a Chinese
and Siberian plant. It is vpry common in Horth-China but 1
do not find it mentioned for South-China.
. INTO THE FLORA 01 CHINA. 101
122. Bupatorium ehinense. Lin. See. D. 0. Y. 179. Not

observed in China by other collectors since Linn.
123. Solidago chinensis (a name given by Osb. not
Linn.) Danes island. Osb. 393.
Solidago virgo aurea. L. is found in Hongkong. D. 0. V. 34-2. states
Solidago chinensis Spreng,=Senecio vagans, But Sprengel does not des¬
cribe a plant of that name.
124. Aster indicus. L. French isl. Osb. 378.
This is Boltonia indica. Bth. FI. hgk. 174.
125. Aster chinensis. Linn, described it first in the Hrt. Cliff.
(1737) but it was previously known in Europe. D. 0. Y. 274.
Caliistepims chinensis* Nees. Much cultivated in Peking.
126. Conyza chinensis. L. Near Canton. Osb. 386.
D. C. Y. 445. Blumea chinensis.
127. Conyza hirsuta L. In Chin : Icy lab soy, also hang gan fa.
Danes isl. Osb. 374. 394.
D. C. V. 453. •Plueh.ea hirsuta. Less.
128. Baccharis indica. L. In Chin: ha te gnai. Danes isl.
Osb. 394.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. Y. 451. Pluchea indica. Less. Flor.
hgk. 179.
129. Sphaeranthus chinensis* Linn. Mant. 119. But he
gives only India as habitat. It seems the plant has not been
observed after Linn.
130. Carpesium afcrotanoides. L. Canton, Honam, Osb.
329, 17.
Has been observed also in Formosa, India.
131. Verbesina chinensis. L. In Chin: ha ling fa. Danes
isl. Osb. 393.
FI. hgk. 180. Anisopappus chinensis. Hook. Arn.
132. Xanthium orientate. Linn. China. It is identical with X.
indicum Roxb. and X* Strumarium. L.—FI. hgk. 181.
133. Siegesheckia orientalis. L. In Chin: chi mag.
Danes isl. Osb. 374.
Described by Linnaeus in 1737, but Plukenet described it previously
in the Amalth. 58.
134. Verbesina prostrata. L. French isl. Osb. 356.
Known from India before. D.C. Y. 490 Eclipta prostrata L.
135. Verbesina calendulacea. L. French isl. Osb. 356.
Known from Ceylon before. D.C. Y. 539 Wedelia calendulacea. Less.
136. Chrysanthemum indicum. L. In Chin .* cock fa.
On the walls of Canton, also in pots. Osb. 6.
The Chin, name $$ Ieoh fa. Matrioaria sinensis. Humph. Amb.
137. Chrysanthemum indicum> L. cultivated in gard¬

ens, Canton. Flowers.as large as those of Tagetes patula,
white, double or full like a round brush. Osb. 15.
138. Artemisia minima Linn. Chin. D.C. VI. 140 and G. P.
II. 430. Ceatipeda orbicularis- Lour.—Flor. hgk. 186.
139. Artemisia chinensis. Lin. Bent to Linnaeus by Lager*
stroem, who received the plant from China. Absinthium mart-
timum Sinarum. Pluk. Amalth. p. 3. TRHRC6tum chiH81K8>
A. Gray. Maxim. Dec. XI.
140. Artemisia vulgaris- L. This is the only Swedish
plant in this country (Canton), though it varies in some
measure with it. The Chinese heal wounds with it, and to
that purpose apply the fresh plant bruised. They call it gnai
A. vulgaris L. (A. indica Willd.) is very common throughout China.
Sin jj>£ ngai. -
141. Ethulia tcfmentosa. Linn. China. D.C. VI. 110. Art8"
misia lavandulacea, which is identified by Maxim. Dec.
XI. with A. vulgaris.
142. Senecio divaricatus. L. French, isl. Osb. 378.
D.C. VI. 301. Gynura divaricata. Only known from China.
143. Oacaliaincana. L. French isl. Osb. 378.
Linnaeus’ plant (from India) is dubious. Gynura nitida. D.C. VI. 299 ?
144. Cacalia sonchifolia. Limi. Ceylon. China. D.C. VI. 302.
Emilia' sonchifolia. Common in China.
145. Lobelia zeylanica. L. Danes island. Osb. 391.
Linn, confounds several species in his L. zeyl. and L. trigona Roxb.
(FI. hgk. 196.) is probably the plant Osb. saw in China. D.C. VII. 360.
- 146. Blade Ebony, in Chin : ghome is brought to Canton
from the B. Indies and from Maurice. Osb. 227.
Ebony sin: Jfj '$%umuk seems to be produced also in China. Maba
Ebenos. Spreng.
147. NyctantJies hirsuta. L. (description.) Canton, Honam
Osb. 328. 16.
D.C. VIII. 302. Jasminum pubescens. Willd. Also in India (Roxbg.)
148. Nyctanthes orientaiis (name given by Osb). Wood
of Roses. Canton. Osb. 209.
149. Quai fq, a tree about 6 yards high with small, white,
sweet scented flowers. Belongs to the Tetrandria class. Canton
gardens. Osb. 14.
^ lewai fa is Olea fragrans. Thbg.
150. Nerium Oleander. Lin. Forster, FI. sin. mentions it as
known from China. I may observe, that the species generally
INTO THE FLOBA Of CHINA. 103
cultivated in China is Bf. otforam. Soland. the Oleander

sinicus of Humph. Introduced into Europe from India 1683.
151. êriploca- grasca- L. Canton, French isl. The
flowers are an ornament to our hot houses, on account of their
velvet colour Osb. 336, 363.
The plant Osb. saw was hardly our European species.
152. Fan sio or fay-sio, Convolvulus Batatas. Jj. the Chinese
potatoes, grow with long tendrils, which they extend along the
ground. They never flower in China. Osb. 311.
, Batatas edulis. Chois. Sin,: fan shU (Cantpn). At Peking also
thb plant never flowers.
153. Convolvulus reptans. L. In Chin i or-say. It grows
spontaneously everywhere in ditches and low places. We daily
eat this spinage. Osb. 313.
Known from India before. Olios vagum. Humph. According to Parker
Ipomoea reptans Poir. is called ang tsoi in Canton.
1^4. Ipomoea QuamociiL L. In Chin : 7c am fan fang.
It adornes the hedges without the city of Canton. Osb. 210.
Known from India before. Sin: $J| JP| ML Kan ping fiong (Parker).
155. Convolvulus goes caprae. L. French isl. Osb. 363.
Known from India before. El. hgk. 238. Ipomoea pes caprae. Sw.
156. Convolvuhis biflorus. Linn, described it as a Chinese
plant. Ipomoea biflora Pers. It does not seem that this
plant has been observed after Linn.
157. Convolvulus hederaceus. L. Canton. Osb. 326.
Pharbitis Ml. Chois. Common in tropical countries.
158. Convolvulus hirius. L. with yellow flowers, in Chin :
ia qua. Danes isl. Osb. 376.
Linn, describes it as an Indian plant. It is dubious. D. C. IX. 412.
C. farinosus. L. ? But this has pink or rose coloured flowers. Perhaps
Ipomoea chryseidis Ker. PI. hgk. 239.
159. Hvolvulus alsmoides* L. (description). Danes isl.
Osb. 392.
Known from India before. El. hgk. 240.
160. They eat (at Canton) a reddish fruit like figs, but
longer, and almost everywhere likewise thick, called ay qua or
hea. Osb. 297;
This seems to be Solanum melongena. L. the Egg plant, in Chin : jj\\
h'e or ai Icua (Canton).
161. Solanum aethiopicum* Lin. (Forster FI. sin.)
162. Solatium indicum. L. French isl. Osb. 357.
163. Solatium diphylhm. L. French, isl. Canton. Osb.

350. 328.
Linn.’s Sol. diph. is an American plant. But Osbeck’s plant is the
same as S. biflbrum. Lour. S, decemdentatum. Boxb. S. OsbecTcii Dun.
D. C. XIII. 1. 178. 179. FI. hgk. 242.
164. Capsicum frutescens. L. Canton. Osb. 209.
Known from India before. *
165. Lycium barbarum. L. Honam. Osb. 16.
Loureiro’s and probably also Osb.’s L. barb. are. L. cMnense. Mill,
diet. 5 (1768.), which was cultivated in England as early as 1696 in the
Boy. garden. (Hort. Kew 2. ed. II. 3). But there is much Confusion in
system, botany with respect to L. barbarum, chinense and vulgare. Meyen,
obsi bot. notices L. barbarum as a plant of Macao. It seems to me that
Hook, and Arm (Yoy. Beech. 267) are perfectly right in doubting, whether
these species are really distinct.
166. Datura ferox- Linn, mentions it as a Chinese plant.
It was known before him (Ph. Miller cultivated it 1731) but
it seems from India. D. ferox is common in X. China.
167. Wicotiaiia rustiea L. |Turkish Tobacco, universally
smoked in China. Osb. 319.
168. Sfieotiana fruticosa is described by Linn, and
Miller as a Chinese plant. But as Hooker has proved (Bot.
mag. 6207.) it is a little known plant received from Guinea,
Brazil and the Cape of G. H.
169. Huellla ringens. L. Danes isl. Osb. 370.
Known from Cdylon and India before. D. C. XI. 69. Adeuosma uligiuosa.
B. Br. Osb. is qubted with a P Hot observed, it seems after Osbeck in
China.
170. Gerardia glutinosa. Ij. Danes isl. Osb. 370.
Fterostigma grandiflorum. Benth. FI. hgk. 247. Adeuosma grandifl.
G. FI. II. y*49.
171. Gratiola mrginiana. L. Canton. Osb. 329.
Linn/confounded tinder this name an American and an Indian plant.
The latter is acc. to D/ C. X. 389. Limnophila gratioloides. B. Br. After
Osb. not observed in China.
172. Torenia asiatica. L. French isl. Osh. 354. 337.
It would seem from Osb.’s statement, that Toreen, after whom Linn,
named this plant, gathered it near Canton, not in India, as Linn, states.
It is also nob mentioned in the list of Indian plants collected by Toreen at
Suratte. As we shall see further on, Toreen was in Canton at the same
time when Osbeck was there. It seems however that after Osbeck T.
asiatioa has not been observed in S. China. T. rubens and flava grow in
Hongkong.
173. Capraria Crustacea. Linn. China. D. C. X. 413. Van*®
dellia Crustacea- Benth. FI. hongk. 251.
174. JRuellia antipoda. Danes isl. Osb. 370.
D. C. XI. 155. Bonnaya veronicaefolia. Spreng,
175. Digitalis glutinosa, Graertn. Xov. Com. Ac. Petrop. XIV.
p. 544 (1770) China. D. C. IX. 275. Hehmannia gluti¬
nosa. Lib.
176. Buchner a asiatica. Linn. Ceylon, China. D. C. X. 503.
Striga hirsuta. Benth. StF* lutea. Lour.
177. Utricularia bifida.L. (description).Danesisl. Osb.l.
Flora hongk. 256.
178. Columnea ? chinensis (name given by Osb.) in
Chin : pan ge ha is plentiful along the river side of Danes isl.
Osb. 371.
I am not aware what plant is meant.
179. l&uellia crispa. L. (description) in Chin: pattfa.
Linn, mentions it only as an Indian plant. It has not been observed
in China after Osb.
180. Barleria cristata. L. French isl. Canton walls, in
Chin: ab hey fa. Osb. 181. 362.
Known from India before. Flora hongk. 262.
181. Justicia purpurea. L. (description) a new plant, in
Chin: hap hey lee or hap hey sa. Danes isl. Osb. 372.
J. purp. was known to Linn, from the Moluccas and China Rostellu-
laria diffusa. Nees. D. C. XI. 438. There is a great confusion with respect
to the former name. Just..purp. of Loureiro 30 is Peristrophe tinctoria
Nees. (D. C. XI. 493). Just. purp. Vahl is Hypoestes purpurea R. Br.
Both of these plants have been observed in Southern China.
182. Justicia procumhens. L. Hear Canton. Osb. 381.
Flor. hong. 265. Rostellaria procumhens. Nees.
183. Justicia chinensis. Linn. China. Flor. hgk. 266, Si™
cliptera chinensis. Xees.
184. Verbena nodiflora. L. French isl. Osb. 363.
Known from Ceylon before. D. C. XI. 585. Lippia nodiflora. Rich.
Not observed in China after Osb. ,
185. Vitex negundo. L. Canton. Osb. 330.
Known from India before. FI. hgk. 273. According to Benth. F. incisa.
Lam. from China, cultivated in Europe since the middle of the last cent,
is only a cut-leaved form of V. negundo.
186. Clerodendron fortunatum. L. In Chin: hatag.
nang. Danes isl. (description) smells like musk. Osb. 369.
Known from Ceylon before. Planta fortunata. Herm. Mus. zeylan.
59. Dr. Hance add. FI. hgk. 117.—Sin : "B ® ft h'u ten9 lun9 (Parker.)
187. Volhameria inermis. L. Danes isl. Osb. 374.
Known from Ceylon before. FI. hgk. 271. Clerodeudrou inerme. R. Br.
188. Ocimum gratissimum. L. Danes isl. Osb. 376.
189. Ocimum capitellatum. Linn. Mant. 276. China. D. C,

XII. 47. Acrocephalus capitatus. Benth. India orient,
Hot observed in China after the time of Linn.
190. Scrophularia ckinensis. Lin. China. In D. C. X. 317 we-
read: Scr. chPa-.—Gelsia coromandelina Vahl cum Salvia
piebeja* R. Br. The latter is a common plant in China. FI.
hgk. 277.
191. Monariia cMnensis- (name given by Osbeck, des¬
cription.) Danes isl. Osb. 391.
192. Hyssopus LopJiardhus. Linn. Xorth-China. D. C. XII,
369. XiOphaiatllUS cMneitsis Benth. Ledebour FI. ross.
III. 372. Altai mountains, Transbaicalia. Hot observed in X,
China after the time of Linn. But another species, Lophanthus
rugosus. Fisch. is cultivated at Peking:
193. Scutellaria ifltlica* L. (description). In Chin: tim
gam sa. not described before by any botanist. I)anes isl. Osb. 3,
Pinken. Amalth. 190. Scutellaria sinica*
194. Eieozmrus sibiricus. Linn. Sibiria. China. This is
a common weed throughout China.
195. FlantagO agiatica* Linn. Sibiria. China. Com¬
mon in temperate Asia. According to Dr. Regel a variety of
PI. major L.
196 Mirabilis odorata. L. grows as. nettles grow in our
country. Canton. Osb. 326.
D. C. XIII. 2. 428. M. dichotoma. L. of American origin. Much culti¬
vated in Peking.
197. Valeriana ckinensis. Linn. French isl. Osb, 353.
D. C. XIII. 2. 455. Boerhavia repanda. Will® Also in India.
198. CeZosia argentea8 L. Danes isl. Canton. Grows as a
weed. Osb. 336.
First described by Linn, in the Hort. Cliff (1737).
199. Celosia cristata. L. in Chin: lat-sio. Canton.
Osb. 209. •
This is only a variety of C. argentea. Known from India before.
Osbeck’s Chin, name is wrong. Lat tsiu is Cayenne Pepper in Cantonese.
200. Amarantus craentus. Linn. China. Known before
Linn. Amar. sinensis. Martyn centl 6. (1728.)
201. Amarantus tristis. L. in Chin : in soy. Its leaves
are used instead of cale. French isl. Osb. 350-
Known from India before. in ts'oi is a general name for
Amarantus.
202. Ackyranthes lappacea. L. Canton. Osb. 329.
Known from India before’D. C, XIII. 2. 331. Pupalia lappacea. Mocq.
203. - Achyranthes aspera. L. Canton. Osb. 336.

Known from India before. FI. ligk. 285.
204. Acbyrantbes chinensis. (name given by Osb.
botan. description.) Canton. Osb. 329.
205. Gomphrena globosa* L. Canton. Osb. 209.
Known from India before. Introduced in Europe 1714.
206. Spinage is called bout-say in Canton. Osb. 313.
The Chin, name for Spinacia oleracea. L. is po ts*ai.
207. Chenopodium scoparium. Linn. China. D. C. XIII. 2.
130. Eochia scoparia. Schrad. Common weed in Xorth-
China.
208. Basella alba. Linn. China. Known also from the
Indian Archip. Japan. After Linn, not mentioned for China.
209. Basella rubra* L. in Chin : tand soy. The spots
which the berries make in white linen are very hard to be got
out. Canton factory. Osb. 12.
Known from India before. Sin t Jjff |jj| t‘ang tsfoi (Parker) Flor.
bgk. 283.
210. Polygonum barbatum. L. in Chin : Jca yongmoea.
French isl. Osb. 353.v
Common in S. China.
211. Polygonum orientate* L. in Chin: yong moea.
Known from India before. Common in China.
212. Polygonum ehinense. L., in Chin r Tea yong ma..
Danes isl. Canton. Osb- 393. 330.
Common in S. China. Sin: fo than mu. (Parker.)
213. Bdieum palmatum. Linn. China. Seeds of the true
Rhubarb plant, observed in 1872 near lake Kukonor by Col.
Prczewalsky, were first received in Kiakhta, in 1750, andsincp
that time the plant is cultivated in Europe.
214. Bheum undulatum. Linn. Rhabarbarum sinense
Amman Herb. 206. The seeds of this had been received in 1740
from Siberia, its native country. Linn., who thought, that it
was of Chinese origin, described it under the name of Rh.
Rhabarbarum.
215. Bdieum compaeium. Linn, gives as habitat China,
Tartary. It is stated to have been introduced in 1758 from
Tartary. Pallas observed it in Dauria. It is not found in
China.
216. Piper belle. L. Canton. Osb. 314.
FI. hgk. 335 describes the Chavica sarmentosa. Miq. which is very near
the Chav, betle. But the true Betle peppbr is also cultivated in S. China.
217. A Chines© told to Osb. that the Camphor tree,

SLauurs CJamphora, was found near Canton, and called
tyong sio. Osb. 253.
This tree was known to Linn, only from Japan. Sin: fjp! i|§§ tiong sio
(Fu chou dialect.)
218. ©assytha filiform is. L. Climbs on the Euphorbia.
219. Daphne indica. L. (description.) Danes isl. Osb. 6.
D. 0. XIY. 543. Wiekstroemia indica. 0. A. M. Not found in India.
220. IiOranthuS scarruia. Linn. China. According to
Benth. El. hgk. 141 this is probably the L. chinensis. D. C.
gathered by Staunton in China, but not as Linn, thinks the
species represented in Petiver’s Grazophyl. Tab. 63, fig. 8.
221. Viscum baccis rubentibus. Kaemph. amoen. 785.
Kaempfer’s plant, quoted by Osb. is V. Kaempferi. D. 0. IY. 285.
The FI. hgk. 141 notices for Hongkong V. articulatum. Burm. and V.
orientate. Willd.
222. Euphorbia neriifolia. L. used for hedges. Canton,
In Chin : fu yong fa. Osb. 328. 336.
Known from Ceylon, India, before. Sin : fo yong fa (Parker.)
223. Andrachne fruticosa. L. Danes isl. Osb. 368.
Flor. hgk. 313 Melanthesa chinensis Blume. G. P. III. 276. Breynia
fruticosa.
224. Agyneia pubera. L. and Agyneia impubes. L. Both
known to Linn, as Chinese plants. D. C. XV. 2. 307 considers
the second to be only a variety of the first, as do also Benth. and
Hook. Gr. P. III. 271. Miiller in D. C. 1. c. refers both to
I®hyllailthus puberus? of which he enumerates 4 varieties.
Two of these have been observed in China by Fortune and
others, but for the above mentioned varieties Miiller quotes
only Linnaeus.
225. yPhyllanthus niruri. L. Danes isl. Osb. 2.
226. Groton tomentoms. Miill. D. C. XV. 2. 588. states that
he has seen in Linnaeus’ herbarium a specimen of this plant
brought by Osbeck from China. It seems that Osbeck does
not mention it. Croton Crassifolius. Greisel is the oldest
name and must be restored. Cr. chinense Bth. FI. kgk. 309'.
is the same.
227. Croton sebiferum. L. a little tree, which the Chinese
call o-ha-o, and at at first sight looks like an asp. It has
yellow flowers. Danes and French isl. Osb. 359, 5.
INTO THE FLORA OE CHINA. 109
Stillingia sebifera. Mchx. Sin : HfS u lean.
228. Humulus lupulus. L. Canton. Osb. 336.
This is H. japonicus. S. et Z. common throughout China.
229. Ficus indica. L. with round figs. Canton wall. Osb.
381,215.
This is probably Ficus retusa. L. the Bastard Banyan, very common in
S. phina; also in India.
230. Ficus pumila. Linn. China (Forster FI. sin.) known
also from Japan, introduced in Europe 1759. Loureiro mentions
it only for Cochinchina. It is not found in the FI. hongk.
But Dr. Hanee has seen specimens of it from Formosa.
231. Morus alba. Linn. China.
232. Urtica nivea. L. on the walls of Canton. Osb. 215, 381.
Known from India before. Boehmeria nivea. Hook, and Arn. Flora
hgk. 331.
233. Thuja orientaiis. L. Canton. Osb. 209.
Known to Linn, from China before, described in the Hort. Cliff (1737)
Seeds received from China. Biota orientalis. Endl.
234. Juniperus chinensis. Linn. Mant. (1767). China.
235. Lattfa is the Chinese name of a little tree (Canton),
which looks like the Yew tree, but the leaves are ornamented
on the inferior side with white strips, running length-ways as
in Pinus balsamea, or the Phalaris picta. It seems to be
Taxus nucifera. L. or the Fi of Kaempf. Amoen. 814.
The Japanese tree alluded to by Osb. is Torreya nucifera. S. et Z.
not found in China, as far as I know. But Torreya grandis has been
observed by Fortuue in Chekiang. D. C. XYI. 2. 505.
236. Abies chinensis. Chinese pine. French isl. Osb. 348.
The timber of which their ships are built is called saao mock-.
Osb. 196. Shau pann is the Chinese name of that sort of wood,
from which they make coffins. Osb. 228.
All these names refer it seems to Cunningbamia sinensis. R. Br. D. C.
XVI. 2. 432. Sin : /fC sha mule. Boards of that timber are called
1 «e sha pan.
MONOCOTYLEDONS.
237. Musa paradisiaca* L. Plantain tree, called Tseu

by the Chinese. Canton. Osb. 308. In a note Forster states,
that the plantain tree has flowered for the first time in the
IJpsal garden, and has also brought forth ripe fruits.
The Chinese name of the Plantain, which is cultivated in S. China, is
tsiu.
238. Musa Gliffortiana. L. Canton. Osb. 341.
There is no difference between this and M. paradisiaca.
239. Canna indica. L. Canton. Osb. 330.

A native of India, frequently cultivated in China.
240. Maranta Galanga. Linn. China. Galanga major. Rumph.
JLlpinia Galanga. Swartz. FI. hgk. 348.
241. Curcuma chinensis. (name given by Osb.) Canton.
Osb. 329.
242. Epidendron ensifolium. L. planted in flowerpots. Its
flowers have an exceeding fine scent. Canton. Osb. 15.
Cymbidium ensifolium. Sw. Much, cultivated in China.
243. Ixia chinensis. Linn. (Forster FI. sin. from China)
cultivated 1759 by Ph. Miller. 3?ardanthus chinen¬
sis. Ker.
244. narcissus Tazetta. L. flowers in January. Canton.
In Chin : soi sinn fat. Osb. 209.
Frequently cultivated in China. Sin : Hi iiliiS shui sin fa.
245. Dioscorea alata. L. Tams, in Chin: tdai sio.
Cultivated, Canton. Osb. 311.
Knowu before from Ceylon, India. Sin : t'ai shu (in Canton.)
246. Convallaria chinensis. Osb. 353. Canton.
I am not aware what plant is meant.
247. Smilax China. L. China root, in Chin : long fan
tao. It grows near the river on dry hills and is very cheap
in Canton. Osb. 255. 9.
Cmp. Hance Add. FI. hgk 130.
248. Smilax Sassaparilla.. L. Danes island. Osb. 10.
It was certainly not this American species, which Osb. saw there.
249. Dracaena ferrea. L. The Iron tree (description.) in
Chinese tat sio. Canton gardens. Osb. 14.
Cordyline Jacquini. Kth. V, 24. Sin: is it tih shu.
250. Two sorts of Leeh are cultivated at Canton, viz. tsong
and lo fra. Osb. 309.
By the first sound evidently ]§£ tsung, Allium fistulosum. (Peking.)
in intended.
251. Memerocallis fulva. Linn. China. Common in
China, cultivated and wild.
252. Commelyna communis. L. Danes isl. ;Osb. 393.
Known from Ceylon before. Common in China.
253. Commelina chinensis. (name given by Osb.), in
Chin : Katyaa. Danes isl. Osb. 393.
254. Oo tao are roots so called by the Chinese. They can¬
not be eaten raw because the acidity would prevent the action
of swallowing. Osb. 310.
INTO THE FLORA OF CHINA. Ill
The name of $Jf n tau is applied to several species of Colocasia

with, edible tubers, viz : G. esculenta. Schott., C. antiquorum. Schott., G.
indica. Kth.
255. Levina. Honam. Osb. 17.

Probably Lemna minor. L., which is very common in China.
256. Sagittaria bulbis oblongis. Canton. In Chin: succoyee
fa. Osb. 334.
We know two species of Sagittaria from S- China, viz : 8. chinensis.
Sims, and S. cordifolia Roxb. PI. hgk. 346. I think it is the former which
is largely cultivated in China for the sake of its edible roots under the
name of ^ tsm* leu,—Sagittaria trifolia. L. (China.) is according to
Kth.III. 157* perhaps S. chinensis.
25 7. ESriocaulon sexangulare. L. Hear Canton. Osb. 386.
Known from Ceylon before. Hance Add. FI. hgk. 130.
258. Cyperus Jria- L. P Danes isl. Osb. 371.
Known from India before. FI. hgk. 386. Common in China.
259. Cyperus haspan. L. Danes isl. Osb. 376.
Known from India before. FI. hgk. 386. Also in America.
260. Cyperus oderatus- L. French isl. 361.
This is an American species.
261. Cyperus dicliotomus- L. ? Danes island. Osb. 371.
This name is not found in Kth. enum. pi.
262. Cyperus rotundas- L. Whampoa. Osb. 199.
Flor. hgk. 387 . Widely diffused, New and Old World.
263. Scirpus glomeratus. L. Canton. Osb. 326.
Known from India before. Kth. enum. II. 133. Kyllingia triceps.
Rottb.
264. Scirpus chinensis, culmo triquetro subnudo. Rheede
Malab. XII. 71, motto pulla, French isl. Osb. 354.
Kth. II. 202. identifies the motto pulla with Scirpus squarrosus. L. or
Isolepis squarrosa. Roem. Schult, an Indian plant, not found in China.
But Bth. FI. hgk. 389. states that Lipocarplia microcephala R. Br. found
in Hongkong, closely resembles the former. Osbeck’s Sc. chinensis is not
to be confounded with Sc. chinensis Munro. FI. hgk. 395.
265. gaccharum officinarum. L. Sugar Cane. In Chin;
hee a. French isl. Cultivated. Osb. 350.
266. Saccharum chinense (name given by Osb.) grows
in the river (Canton) like reeds. In Chin; mao. Osb. 10.
^ mao is according to Lour. 67 Saccharum spicatum L. or Perotis
latifolia Ait. FI. hgk. 418. Osb.’s plant is not to be confounded with
Saccharum chinense. Roxb.
267. Saccharum pluviatile (not a Linnaean name),
Whampoa. Osb. 199.
1 268. Andropogon schoenanthus. L. Canton. Osb. 346.

Known from Ceylon, India before.
269. Andropogon iscliaemum. L. Canton. Osb. 346.
Europa, Siberia. Frequent in N. China.
270. Andropogon fasciculatum. L. Canton. Osb. 346.
Kth. I. 265. Chi oris radiata. Sw. an American plant.
271 .Xschaemum aristatum- L. Danes isl. Osb. 376.
It is found also in India but has not been observed in China since the
time of Linn.
272. Apluda mufica. L. Canton. Osb. 330.
Fl. hgk. 422. Found also in India.
273. Panicum crus guilds L. Canton. Osb. 346.
European species, the same as P. crus corvi. L. Also common in China.
, 274. Panicum alopecurcldes. L. Danes isl. Osb. 375.
Kth. I. 163. jP. Linnaei. India orient*
275. Panicum arborescens. L. Canton. Grows from 10 to 12
feet high and is very ramose. Osb. 330.
Known from Ceylon before. Kth. 1.426. Arundinaria glauceseens. Beauv.
276. Panicum glaucum. L. Danes isl. Osb. 374.
Flora hgk. 411. Europa, Asia.
277. Panicum patens. L. Canton. Osb. 346.
Kth. I. 126. India orient.
278. Panicum dissectum. L. Canton. Osb. 346.
This is a plant of S. America. Forster Fl. sin. means, that Osb •
probably saw P. dimidiatum. L. (India orient.)
279. Panicum brevifolium. L. Canton. Osb. 346.
This is a plant of Mexico.
280. Alopecurus hordeiformis. L. Danes isl. Osb. 376.
Kth. I. 158. Gyrimotrix cenchroides. Boem. et Sch. G. hordeiformis.
Nees. India orient. C. B. Sp. Peking (Hance.)
281. Oryza saliva,. L. The Chinese call the Rice waa,
while it is yet in the ground. Osb. 350.
7^ wo, growing grain, Paddy in the southern provinces (Williams.)
282. Kow-sonn is the Chinese name of white, long roots, of
the thickness of Parsneps, the extremes of wThich had been cut
off, and with which a sampan, that passed by, was quite filled.
They were tied into bunches with their ensiform leaves, and
were offered to sale. Osb. 11.
I have no doubt, that Osb. saw Hydropyrum latifolium. Griseb. the
basis of the stem of which is a vegetable much in esteem among the
Chinese. Comp. Dr. Hance’s interesting article on the subject. Journ.
Bot. 1872. 146. The Chinese call it 5^ bao sun. It is cultivated in
Peking as well as in Canton, and grows wild in Southern Sibiria.
283. Agrostis indica. L. Canton. Osb. 346.
Widely diffused over the warmer regions of the globe. FI, hgk. 426.
Sporobolus indicus. R. Br.
284. Aira seminibus hirsutis, aristis terminalibus flore Ion-
gioribus. French isl. Osb. 354,
Eriachne chinensis. Hance. Add. FI. hgk. 136.
285. Holcus latifolius. L. Danes isl. Osb. 8.
Kth. I. 366. Centotheca iappacea. Desv. Found also in India, the Indian
Archip., Australia.
286. Hriza elegans (not a Linnaean name). Canton. Osb. 6.
287. Poa chinensis. L. Canton. Osb. 330.
It seems, that this is the Leptochloa chinensis. Nees. FI. hgk. 430. Nees
gives as synonym P. chinensis. Roth. .See Kth. I. 270.
288. Poa malabarica. L. Canton. Osb. 29.
Kth. I. 365. India orientalis.
289. Poa angustifolia. L. French isl, Osb. 378.
European species.
290. Poa tenella. L. Canton. Osb. 330.
Known from India before. FI. hgk. 431. Eragrostis tenella. Beauv.
291. Oynosurus aegyptiacus. L. Danes isl. Osb. 376.
Common weed in warm countries. Eleusine cruciata. Lam. Dactylocte.
nium aegyptiacum. Willd.
292. Arundo Bamboo. L, Bamboo roots is what we call Asia,
when preserved with salt, vinegar, leek, and Capsicum. Paper
is made of the inner bark of Bamboo. Osb. 310, 276.
Munro in his article on Bambusaceae (Trans. Lin. Soc. XXYI.) states,
that the Chinese bamboo of which Osbeck speaks, which is said to flower
once in 60 years, is Bambusa flexuosa Munro, gathered also by Staunton,
293. A reed which the Chinese call lu ta. It looks like
Arundo Bonax. Near Bocca Tigris. Osb. 29.
M: JeL lu ta (Williams’ Diet. p. 840). Comp, also Dr. Hance Journ,
Bot. 1879. p. 99.
294. Xfardus articulata. (name given by Osb.) Canton
Osb. 346.
295. Wardus ciliaris. L. French isl, Osb. 353.
Kth. I. 461- species dubia. India orient.
CRYPTOGAMS.
296. Lycopodium cernuum. L. French isl. Osb. 356,

Common throughout the tropics.
297. Lycopodium nudum. L. French isl, Osb. 356,
East and West Indies.
298. Lycopodium varium. French isl. Osb. 356,
This is not a Linnaean name. L. varium. R. Bi\ is an Australian plant

and has probably nothing to do with Osbeck’s plant.
299. OpMoglossum scan dens. L. In Chin : ha yin sey. Danes
isl. Osb. 375.'
Known from Ceylon before. FI. hgk. 441. lygodium scandens. Sw>
300. Polypodium varium. L. Danes isl. Osb. 9.
Known also from India. Hce. Add. FI. hgk. 140. Aspidium varium. Sw.
301. Polypodium Barometz. L. French isl. Osb. 356.
Cibotium Barometz. J. Sm. India, China. Add. FI. hgk. 143.
302. Polypodium cristatum. L. French isl. Osb. 356.
This is an European species. Aspidium cristatum. Sw.
303. Pteris semipinnata. L. In Chin : ha lao. Danes isl.
Osb. 375. New plant.
FI. hgk. 448. China. India.
304. Pteris vittata. L. Canton walls. Osb. 381. New plant.
305. Acrostichon punctatum. Lin. China. (Forster
FI. sin.)
306. Acrostichon dichotomum. Lin. China (Forster
FI. sin.)
307. Adiantum flabellatum. L. (description) in Chin :
siag mao quang. Danes isl. Osb. 7.
Adiantum chinense perelegans. Pluk. Aim. 11 (see above). Common
in S. China.
308. Blechnum Orientale. L. French isl. Osb. 375.
Flor. hgk. 444. Also in India.
309. Onoclea sensibilis. L. or Filix indica, Polypodii
facie. Menz. pag. 6. tab. 10. Danes isl. Osb. 371.
This is an American species,
310. Trichomanes chinensis. L. Danes isl. French isl. A new
plant. Osb. 357, 9.
Bavallia chinensis. Sw.—Sprengel Syst. IV. 120 refers to this species
also Adiantum chusanum, Linn. Syst. veg. p. 940.
311. Jungermannia chinensis (name given by Osb.).
See Dill. Muse. t. 49. fig. 4. French isl. Osb. 356.
312. Xaichen chinensis. Osb. French isl. Osb. 356.
313. Xiichen parietarius* L. P or very like our L. parie-
tarius. Danes isl. Osb. 8.
314. Lichen (Euphorbiae.) foliaceus pulverulentus. French
isl. Osb. 378.
315. Agaricus chinensis. Osb. French isl. Osb. 356.
316. BoletUS favus. Linn. China.
317. Siuu. Chinese Truffles are carried for-sale in the streets
of Canton. Osh- 312.
Jp- sun is a general term for Mushrooms. Comp. Loureiro 849.
Agaricus deliciosus.
318. Byssns flos aquae. Linn. (Forster Flora sin.)

319. Fucus Tendo- Linn. China.
Dubious Chinese plants mentioned by Osbech.

Cry'ptanthus chinensis. Small hushes bearing a great resem¬
blance to Blackberry bushes. Leaves opposite, as large as those
of the Eosemallow, eordated, obtuse ; their margin is un¬
equally serrated, they are somewhat rough at the top, but
smooth below and have at leask 8 pretty large veins. The
flowers are white, double and grow in bunches at the top of
the branches. Near Canton. Osb. 345.
There is no Linnae.au genus CryptaniJius and the genus of this
name proposed by Nuttal (Salsolaceae) is even not mentioned
in the Gen. Plant.
For the food of gold and silver fishes a species of plant is
put into the water, the leaves of which resemble Ceratophyllum
demersum and Pisiia stratioides. They call it Siu yan gai.
Osb. 208.
Large high trees called leean see. Canton. Osb. 325.
Laan-fa a tree with yellow corymbose flowers and pinnated
leaves. Canton gardens. Osb. 14.
Ka tong qua, & shrub, which twists round other plants.
Leaves heart-shaped, thick. Corolla 4 fid, 4 filaments, 1 pistil.
Kay in. Leaves lanceolate and woolly on the under side.
Flowers blue. 4 filaments. Pistil longer than the filaments.
Ko su or Yam Ico sna is the name, which the Chinese give to
the great trees, which grow near the plantations. Osb. 9.
Pa lamm is the name of the leaves with which they cover
their fruit baskets. Osb. 9.
Ka toa is a long climbing plant with round leaves and red
flowers. Danes isl. Osb. 394.
TOBEESM, Chaplain of the Gothic Lion, a
Swedish East India man, visited Canton at the same time,
when Osbeck was there. The Gothic Lion anchored at
Whampoa on the 7. July 1751 and left the 4. Janr. 1752.
Toreen presented to Linnaeus, his instructor, a collection of
Indian plants, chiefly from Suratte, where he had made a stay
of more than 5 months. It would seem that he gathered also

some Chinese plants. I have already stated (see above Linn.
Chin, plants. 172.) that Torenia asiatica, named by Linnaeus
after Toreen, was probably brought from China, not from
India. In D. C. V. 543 I read under Pluchea {Conyzct) hirsuta:
China (Torr. ex Linn.) I cannot now refer to Linn.’s original
work in order to decide whether Toreen is quoted. Toreen
died a year after his return to Sweden. Linnaeus published
the letters Toreen had addressed to him during his voyage. In
his narrative there is nothing of interest concerning Chinese
botany. He speaks of some cultivated plants and reports,
that the Tea shrubs he took with him on his return, died, on
the road, notwithstanding his care.
The third account of Swedish naturalists in China trans¬
lated by Eorster, is a Treatise on CHIIESEI HUS-
BANBRVby CHA&1ZIS GIST. BC1ESERG.
Eckeberg was Captain of a Ship in the Swedish E. I. Comp.’s
Service. We know from Sparrmann’s brief account of his
voyage to China, (see - further on) that Eckeberg was Captain
of the Havarcha and that this ship arrived at Canton Aug. 24.
in 1766. It was at this place, that Eckeberg made his obser¬
vations on Chinese husbandrjv on which subject he sub¬
sequently published a very interesting account, of which I
shall give an abstract. It seems that E. had previously visited
Canton, about 1762.
E. states that Rice is largely cultivated in the neighborhood
of Canton. But he saw also Wheat there and Barley'.
He mentions a coarse species of plaqt, with thin roots,
whose leaves, flowers and seed capsules were like those of
Radishes. These were sown in the beginning of Dec. In
Febr. they were all in blossom, but in April the seed capsules
turned yellow, and then the plants were plucked, dried, and the
numerous seeds beaten out. From the seeds they press an oil,
which they, turn to many purposes in economy, but especially
they burn it in lamps, and dress several dishes with it while
it is fresh. The oil is so fat, that it cannot be used in paint¬
ing, because it will not dry. The soot which comes from the
lamps in which this oil is burnt is used in making the well
known Indian ink.
The plant here alluded to is the Ra/phanus chinensis ctnnibus oleiferus.
L. Raphanus sativus, var. oleifera. I). 0. I. 228. It is stated in the
Collect, aead. partie etrang. XI. 379 (quoted by Grosier, la Chine III.
234. I have not seen the original.) that the seeds of this plant, which the
Chinese cultivate under the name of suifa or sui fa tunf had been supplied
by Eckeberg and sown in Sweden, where they produced a good crop. I
am not prepared to say what Chinese name is intended by sui fa
tnn. Evidently it has been incorrectly rendered.
It seems to be the same plant, which Osbeck II. p. 29 mentions. 21.
Dec. 1752. The high fields about Bocca Tigris (mouth of the Canton river)
were green with a plant out of whose seeds the Chinese press the oil, which
they call loam, and which is most probably Sesam.
Fortune (Wander. 55.) states, that the Cabbage oil plant of the Chinese
in Chusan, Chekiang, Kiangsu is Brassica chinensis. L.
Commonly the seeds of Cotton, which they call min foo
succeed to those oily seeds. They are sown in April. Flowers
appear in July, pods in August.
The Cotton plant, min fa, in Canton.
Potatoes, which they call fow cee make the third and last
crop, which they plant after the gotten crop being over. These
potatoes are different from ours. The roots have red peels, are
longer, yellow, sweet, but the leaves are like those of
European potatoes.
E. means evidently Batatas edulis. Chois (s.above Lin. Chin. pi. 152.)
sin: fan shii, but he is mistaken with respect to the leaves.
Sometimes the place of Cotton is supplied with lentils, beans
Locktaws and Calvanses.
LuTctau is Phaseolus fadiatus L. (Lin. Chin. pi. 74.) Calvanses=Dolichos
sinensis. L.
Yams, which they call on taw are planted like potatoes but
set in swampy wet places.
Colocasia (Lin. Chin. pi. 254.)
After this some particulars with respect to the cultivation
of the Sugar cane by the Chinese are given.
In the kitchen gardens they cultivate Salads, long and short
Cucumbers, Peeks, white Onions, Spinage, Celery, Carrots, Orach,
a species of watery Turnips, long Radishes, Gourds, and Water
melons. Of these they have procured the seeds from the
Portuguese. Purslane grows wild. They keep a coarse sort
of Water Spinage in ponds about \ fathom deep, in which it
grows so plentifully, that it quite covers the surface of the
water. This is one of the most usual pot herbs.
This Water spinage seems to be Ipomoea reptans. Poir. See above Lin.
Chin. pi. 153.
After this E. speaks of the cultivation of Ginger and of
Tobacco, yeen of the Chinese.
They cultivate a plant, which they call fock yong, not unlike
Mint, but with paler leaves. They value this plant very
highly and sell the pekul of it for 50 tael. It is said to be of
great service in consumption.
Perhaps hole hong, which. Lour. 441 thinks to he a Betonica.

In Peking Lophantus rugosus. Fisch. is cultivated under this name.
The greater and the less Palma Ghristi (the less in particular
Ric.inus) is planted everywhere. The kernels being pressed
afford a white clear oil.
Instead of cabbage they use a plant with great coarse leaves
like those of Burdock, all issuing out of a little root. The
yellow flowers, the stalk with the pods, and the seeds them¬
selves are like Gale. They daily use this plant and therefore
it goes off so fast, that they immediately sow the void beds
with it again. It grows very fast in all seasons. They boil
and dry it and take it with them upon sea vovages.
* Besides this the Tartars of Peking have a species of White-
Gale with long, narrow heads, which is scarce in Canton.
The first mentioned is probably Sinapis hrassicata. L. (Lin. Chin. pi.
10.) which is distinguished by its large leaves, the second Brassica chi-
nensis. L. which does not form heads.
Eckeb. then enumerates the following fruits :' Citrus decu-
mana, sweet Oranges, which come to great perfection in Eokien,
Amoy, little sour Citrons, Leichi, Pony an, Mango trees, Olives,
Pear-and Apple trees, and likewise Grapes.
The Betle bushes grow spontaneously without being
planted.
I may finally mention, that according to Linnaeus Eckeberg
was the first, who succeeded in bringinga living Tea shrub to
Europe, which Linn, received 8. Oct. 1763.
Lindley Bosar. Monogr. 108 quotes Eckeberg in connection
with Rosa semperflorens. Curt. China.
Sparrmann has dedicated to Eckeberg a new genus of
plants, Eckebergia. (Meliaceae.)
A small collection of S. Chinese plants was made by
Andreas Sparrmann in 1766. A brief account of his
voyage to China and his botanical investigations there is found
in Linnaeus’ Amoenitates academ. vol.VTI. 1769. p. 497—506.
Sparrmann, born 1747, a Swedish botanist and traveller,
visited besides China also the Cape of Gr. H. (1771-72). He
died 1787 and has written many botanical articles in the Act.
acad. holm, and in Nov. act. soc. Upsal. Linn. fil. dedicated to
him the genus Sparrmannia (Tiliaceae.) As to his voyage to
China he states that Capt. Eckeberg had invited him to
accompany him. Their ship, the Havarcha passed by Macao
24. Aug. 1766 and anchored not far from the city of Canton
26. Aug. Sparrmann enumerates the following plants gathered
at that place:
into the floea of china. 119
Thea Bohea. Linn. Chin. pi. 16. Polygonum ehmense. 1. c. 212.

Ixora coceined. 1. c. 118. Torenia asiatica. 1. c. 172.
Rhamnus lineatus. 1. c. 48. Aralia chinensis, sed tota glabra.
Baechea fruteseens. 1. c. 85. 1. c. 109.
Triumfetta Barthramia 1. c. 31. Verbesina calendulacm, 1. c. 135. •
TJrena procumbens. 1. c. 24. Gucurbhtg citrulhis. 1. c. 101.
Barleria cristata. 1. c. 180. Heckysarum biarticulaium. l.c.68.
Hedyotis fruticosa. D. IV. 123. Tamar indus indica. 1. e.1 79.
Planta dubia. Spermacoce ? Citrus decumana., 1. c. 41.
Sin apis brassicata. Linn. Chin. Citrus: aurantium. 1. e. 34.
pi. 110. Bromelia Ananas.
In my notice of the services rendered by Swedish naturalists
with respect to the investigation of Chinese Botany, I ought
not to omit mentioning the name of MAGMUS VOW
XiLGOEXLSTl&OXalME? born in 1696. He was an ardent
naturalist and a friend of the Great Linnaeus. His position as
Director of the Swedish East India Comp, at Gothenburg
enabled him to procure many rare objects of natural history
from India and China, which he used to present to Linnaeus.
He died in Gothenburg in 1759. Linnaeus dedicated the genus
Lagerstroemia to hisfriend. Toreen in his letters repeatedly
speaks of Lagerstroem.
There is in Linn. Amoen. acad. IV. p. 230—266 a paper
by J. L. Odhello, written in 1754, devoted to the Chinensia
Lagerstroemiana, The author reports, that Lagerstroem had
obtained from India not only dried specimens of plants, but had
also succeeded in introducing living plants from those distant
countries into the botanical garden of Upsala. He enumerates
namely : Cocos, Phoenix, Cycas, Saccharum Pentapetes, various
species of Hibiscus, Sanguis Draconis, Bambu, Conyza, Amaran-
thus, Arum chinense (I do net know to what plant the last
name refers. There is no Chinese Arum in Linn. Spec. Plant.)
Besides this, Lagerstroem is stated to have been possessed of a
Botanicon chinense, written in Chinese characters, in 36 volumes,
of which 2 volumes contained engravings of plants, beasts, and
minerals. (This was probably the well known Pew ts'ao hang mu.)
Lagerstroem had moreover received from China a collection of
about 1000 Chinese drugs.
IV. EARLY RESEARCHES INTO THE FLORA
OF PEKING.
Let us return again to the Jesuit missionaries and continue
to illustrate the services they have rendered in extending our
knowledge of the vegetable products of China.
We have first,to consider in this chapter the merits of

Father'3? etrilS d’Hncarviile in having sent to Europe dried
plants and seeds from North-China. He was a Frenchman
born in 1706. In 1740 he joined tbe Chinese mission of the
Jesuits and died in 1757 at Peking, where he seems to have
labored daring the whole period of his sojourn in China.
D’lncarville’s name has been repeatedly inscribed in the annals
of botanical science. From the seeds of various Peking plants
procured by him a number of interesting new species, now-a-
days much cultivated in Europe, have been raised. A. L. de
Jussieu dedicated to him the genus Incarvillea represented by
one species only, the I. sinensis, a beautiful Bignonaceous
plant with large scarlet flowers, met frequently with in the
Peking plain and in the mountains, towards the end of
summer.
Besides this, D’Inc. transmitted to his instructor Bernhard
de Jussieu in Paris a collection of dried Peking plants. I am
not aware to what number of species this collection amounts.
It has been incorporated with,the herbarium of the Museum of
Paris, but has never been worked up in any regular form.
Only a few new plants of it have been occasionally selected for
publication by French botanists, and, it is strange to say, from
30 to 80 years and more after the specimens were received in
Paris. As far as I have been able to trace out from various
botanical works, the name of Inc. is connected with the
following Chinese plants, of which he has supplied dried
specimens or seeds.
1. Afilantus glandulosa* Desf. Inc. first mentions this
tree under the name of Frene puant (stinking Ash.) in a
memoir on Chinese wild silkworms, published a long time
after his death by Cibot in the 2d vol. of the Mem. cone, les
Chin. (1777.) p. 583. According to Loudon (Arb. et Frut.)
seeds of this tree, sent by d’Incarville, had been received in
England in 1751. It was cultivated in France also, but
described for the first time by Desfontaines only in 1786.
2. Cedrdia sinensis. Adr. Jussieu. Inc. mentions this
tree in the above quoted memoir, p. 583, as Frene odorant.
From the dried specimens of it sent to Bernh. Jussieu in 1743,
Adr. Jussieu described it for the first time in 1830.
3. In the same memoir, p. 583, Inc. speaks of an Oak (of
Shantung province it seems) which he means to be identical
with Quercus orientalis castaneae folio, glande recondita in
capsula crassa et squamosa, which he had seen cultivated in
Paris and in Toulouse. 1 Lamarck Eno. BoL I 719, refers this
diagnosis (Tonrnef.) to a variety of Quercus aegylops L. of the

Levant. But there can be no doubt that Incarville’s Chestnut
oak is the Quercus chinensis- Bge., very common in
North-China.
4. Zanthoxylum Aviceimae. D. C. It was first des¬
cribed by Lamarck 1. c. II. 445, in 1786, under the name of
Fagara Avicennae, from a specimen sent by Incarville, probably
from the province of Shantung. It seems this is his Fagara
or Poivrier de Chine, the leaves of which are used to feed a
kind of silkworm, (see the above mentioned memoir.)
5. Syringa villosa first described by Vahl 1805, from
specimens gathered by Incarv. in the mountains of Peking.
6. Incarvlllea sinensis, described by A. L. Jussieu in
1789. Lam. 1. c. III. 243.
7. Bicentra spectabilis Miq. Fmiaria spectabilis. L.—
Lam. 1. c. II. 571, saw dined specimens of this plant sent by
Incarv. in Jussieu’s herbarium, (comp, also above Linn. Chin,
pi. 4.)
8. Polygonum tinctormm. Lour. Grosier (la Chine III.
276) reports that Inc. had sent to Paris seeds of the Peking
Indigo (which is Pol. tinctorium.) accompanied with a memoir
on the cultivation of the plant and directions for the extraction
of its coloring matter. Jussieu cultivated the plant in the
Royal Garden.
9. Callistephus chinensis. Nees. Aster chinensis. L.
Thouin (Diction, d’Agriculture 1. 710.)* states that seeds of
the “ Reine Marguerite” sent by Incarv. to Jussieu had been
for the first time received in 1728. There seems to be some
misapprehension. Seeds of the Chinese Aster or Reine Mar¬
guerite may have been sent by Incarville but not in 1728, for
he arrived in China only in 1740. Dillenius describes the
plant for the first time in his Hort. Eltham. 1732.
There is a strong probability that many other plants of
North-China cultivated in European gardens and especially in
Paris since the middle of the last century, were first raised
from seeds sent by Incarville, although in botanical works his
name does not appear in connection with the introduction of
these plants. I may mention the following:
10. Koelreuteria paniculata. Laxm. a tree hitherto
observed in a wild state only in the neighborhood of Peking.
Laxmann, a Russian botanist, described it first in 1772. Nov.
Com. Acad. Petrop. XVI. He states that this shrub, the native
# I have not seen the original but quote from Grosier. L b/lll. 1
country of which then was unknown, had been cultivated for

20 years in the hot-houses of the bot-garden of St. Petersb. It
had first flowered in 1772. Lam. l.c. VI. 667 (1804) notices the
K. paniculata as cultivated in Paris, but says nothing about
its introduction. In England it was introduced in 1763. I am
not aware what plant is intended by Sapindus Koelreut,evict.
Blanco. PI. Philippin. 289.
11. Zizyphus chmensis- Lam. 1. e. III. 318 states, that
this tree is cultivated in the Royal Garden, Paris, and that it
is said to be a native of China. Z. chinensis, the same as’ Z.
vulgaris. Lam is very common at Peking.
12. ©aragana Chamlagu. Lam. Pirst described as
Robinia Chamlagu by 1’ Heritier, Stirpes novae, 1784. p. 161.
Ex traditione in horto Parisiensi accepta gignitur in China
eamque dicunt Chamlagu ubi nomen-vulgare Sinarum. I am
not prepared to explain this name. C. Chamlagu is a common
plant in the Peking mountains. It has also been gathered at
Ningpo and Shanghai (Fortune, Forbes.)
. 13. Gleditschia sinensis. Lam. 1. c. II. 466 (1786)
states : cultivated in the Royal garden, Paris ; it is said to have
been raised from seeds received from China. The tree is com¬
mon in FT. China.
14. Vitex inciSSU Lam. 1. c. II. 612 (1786.) said to be a
native of China, cultivated in the Royal .garden, Paris. Miller
(Fig. Gard. Diet. tab. 274.) states that seeds of this plant had
been sent by missionaries from China to Paris. This shrub is
very common at Peking arid has been observed only in X.
China, as far as I can conclude from the quotations in D. Q.
XI. 684. See above Linn. Chin. pi. 185.
15. Lycium Chinense. L. Miller in his Gard. Diet (1768) .
Xo. 6 states with respect to L. halimifoHum (L. chinense) that
Bernh. Jussieu, who had received the seeds of this plant from
the missionaries in China, transmitted them to Miller. Lam.
1. c. II. 509 says that L. chinense is cultivated since a long
time in the Royal Garden.
It is generally believed that Sophora japonica. L. has
been first introduced into our gardens by James Gordon in
1753 (See Acton Hort. Kew. III. 2). But irr a letter which I
lately received from Mr. J. Decaisrie he kindly informs me
that Sophora japonica was introduced into the Jardin des
Plantes by d’lncarville.
During my last stay in St. Petersburg, in 1878, I fell in
with a curious memoir by Incarville, an Alphabetic Cata¬
logue of Peking Plants and other objects of natural history,
published in the Memoirs of the Soc. of Naturalists of Moscow,

in 1812. (In French.) In an introductory note it is stated, that
the original M. S. of this paper exists in the Archives of the
Foreign Office at Moscow and had been communicated to the
Society by Mr. Mol in of sky, councillor of state. It seems that
this catalogue, had been drawn up by Incarville at the request
of Bernh. Jussieu, his instructor. The Chinese characters
accompanying the native names of plants, given in the M. S.
have been omitted in the printing. Dr. Fischer, inspector of
the botanical garden at Gorenki (subsequently Director of the
Bot. Garden St. Petersburg) has supplied some scientific
botanical names, for Incarville, besides the Chinese names,
gives only old French popular appellations of plants. Even at
the time when Incarville1 s paper was published the Flora of
Peking had not yet been investigated by men of science and I
venture to believe, that in the herbariums of the Botan.
Garden and of the Academy in St. Petersburg, which now are
so abundantly provided with plants from North-China, there
was then hardly a specimen procured from Peking. Thus
Fischer, in commenting on Incarville’s accounts merely identi¬
fies the old French names of plants with the scientific Latin
genus names. Incarville notices about 260 Peking plants or
drugs, adds generally the Chinese names and occasionally some
particulars regarding the economical uses of these plants. As I
am tolerably well acquainted with the Flora of North-China
and as I know also the popular names applied by the Chinese
to the cultivated and some wild growing plants, I find no
difficulty in ascertaining the plants mentioned by Incarville.
But it would draw out my paper to an unconscionable length,
were I to reproduce Incarville’s enumeration and to comment
on it.
From some allusions in Incarville’s memoir it can be inferred
that he used to keep up a correspondence with some of
the learned academicians in St. Petersburg. He refers to
a letter Kraslieninikop had written to him about some seeds
received from Peking. His collections destined for Jussieu,
Inc. used to intrust to the care of the Russian caravans from
Kiakhta (resp. Moscow) which every three years visited
Peking. Jussieu seems to have forwarded European plants to
Inc. by the same way, for in one instance the latter speaks of
some bulbs and seeds sent by Jussieu in 1748, and of the delay
in their transmission from Kiakhta by the Russian caravan.
In Koch’s Dendrology, II. 307. I find a statement, that Adr.
Jussieu after his death left a M. S. by Incarville, relating his
voyage to China, and a collection of 4010 Chinese drawings

representing plants and animals, which then became the
property of the Museum d’histoire naturelle. Anxious to see
these documents I addressed myself personally to Mr. Decaisne,
the eminent French botanist and director of that Museum. As
they were found not to exist there M. Decaisne was kind
enough to inquire about them at some other libraries in Paris,
where he supposed they might have been deposited. But all
inquiries proved unsuccessful. Koch has probably been mis¬
taken, not, I believe, with respect to the real existence of such
manuscripts and drawings, but evidently as to their fate after
Jussieu’s death.
I go on now to illustrate the labours in the way of botanical
researches of another Jesuit missionary of Peking, who
followed Incarville’s footsteps.
FIERRE MARTIAL CXBOT was born in 1727
in Limoges, in France, He came to China in 1759 (thus two
years after Incarville’s death.) and died in Peking in 1784,
He was a prolific author and had a predilection for Botany.
There are a considerable number of interesting observations
from his pen, relating to Peking plants and their economic
uses. All his papers have been printed in the Memoires covcer-
nant les Chinois etc., this vast repertory of the scientific labours
of the Jesuit Missionaries at Peking in the second half of the
18th cent., issued in 16 vol. from 1776 to 1814. Cibot’s articles
are found in vol. II. (1777), III (1778), IY (1779), Y (1780),
VIII (1782), XI (1786). We are of course not to seek for
scientific botanical names in Cibot’s accounts. He confines
himself to good popular descriptions and adds generally the
names. The following is the list of the plants spoken of in
Cibot’s papers, with the modern botanical names and the
Chinese characters added.
1. On the Chinese Cabbage called Pe tsai and its culture.
1. c. IY. 503.
Brassica chinensis. L. sin : |j| pai ts*ai.
2. The Lien Jioa treated of in vol. III. 437, and XL 218, is
Nelumbium speciosum. Willd. sin : jf| lien hua
3. A good description of the water plant Lien hien or Ki
teou is found in vol. Ill 451.
This is Euryale ferox. Salisb. sin: if! ^ lien Hen or it M
kit'on (fowl’s head)
4. The Lin Ho or Water Chestnut, III. 449, is
Trapa bispinosa. Roxbg. sin: §| ling Ho,
5. The true Water Chestnut, Pitsi III. 451, is Bleocharis

2 tuberosa. Schultes. Sin * M itsi'
6. The hong hoa used as a red dye, V. 498, is Carthamus
tinctorius. L. sin : hung hua.
7. The siao Icm from which in Peking a blue dye is obtained,
a “ Persicaire,” as Cibot correctly states, V. 499, is Polygonum
tinctorium. Lonr. sin: )]> siao lam.
8. Various kinds of Artemisia used by the Chinese for
preparing their moxa and also a sort of tinder
Artemisia vulgaris L. {A. igniaria. Maxim.) and Tanaceium
chinense. A. Gray.
9. On the cultivation of Gotton in China. II. 603.
10. Tobacco in China. VIII. 267.
11. The Moutan flower, III. 432, is Paeonia Moutan Sims,
sin : mu tan.
12. The Kui hoa, Matricaire de Chine, III 455, is the cele¬
brated Chrysanthemum indicum L. and Chr. sinense. Sab. sin :
^ Kii hua.
13. The Mu kin, XI. 500, is Hibiscus syriacus. L. sin: *11
•mu km.
0f 14. The Pe ge hong, III. 480, is Lagerstroemia indica. L. sin:
W H ifl po ji hung.
15. The Yu lan, III. 441, is Magnolia Yulan. Desf. sin: XK
yu lan.
16. Under the name of Ye hiaug hoa Cibot gives a good
description, III. 478, of Pergulatoria odoratissima. Smith. Sin :
& ye hiang hua.
17. The Mo li hoa, III. 446, is Jasminum Sambac. L. sin :
mo li hua.
18. The Tsieou hai tang, III, 443, is Begonia discolor. R. Br.
sin : ts'iu hai fang.
19. On the Peaches of Peking. XI. 280.
20. On the Apricots of Peking, cultivated and wild. V. 505.
21. On Chinese Chestnuts. III. 484. Cibot states, probably
on the authority of ancient Chinese authors, that the Chinese
graft the Chestnut tree upon the Walnut tree.
22. Cibot asserts further, that the Chinese graft the Quince
tree upon the Orange tree. III. 495.
0 23. On Chinese Jujubes. III. 482.
24. 25. The Tcheou tchune or Frene puant, and the Hiang
tchune or Frene odorant. II. 598. Cibot gives good descriptions
of both trees. Ailantus glandulosa. sin: J| cliou cliun.—
Cedrela sinensis. Adr, Juss. sin : ^ hiang cKu%.
126 EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES.
26. The tree tsao Ida, XI. 493, is Gleditschia sinensis. Lara.
Sin : ^ ts ao Ida.
27. The tree-chou he.ou, resembling the Mulberry tree and
the fibrous bark of which is used for making paper, XI. 295,
is Broussonetia, pap'y'rifera. Vent, sin : ^ ^ chu Jm.,
28. On Chinese Gales. III. 484.
29. Cibot translates from Emperor Xanghrs memoirs an
account of a barkless tree of Mongolia,’ called Tcha Ice, furnish¬
ing an excellent, fuel. IV. 460.—This is-the Haloxylon am-
modendron C. A'. Mey, the dshak modq of the Mongols.,
30. The tree Lo ye song, a Eir tree with deciduous leaves,
in South-Mongolia, IV. 454, is Larix dciliMrica. Eisch. sin :
31. An interesting memoir on Chinese Bamboos is found

II. 623.
82. The mou chou Jcouo tse, a tree on which peculiar Galls
are produced, XI. 294, is Celtis sinensis. Pers. sin: /fv |§f jj| ~p.
mu shu law tsd.
33. The Lin tchi, Agaric ramifie, described in vol. IV. p. 500,
with an engraving, is a Chinese Agaric, termed §H ^ ling
eld in Peking, not yet examined by botanists.
34. The Mo Icou sin. IV. 500, accompanied with an engrav¬
ing. This is, the Clathrusmohusin Spreng. Phallus molcusin. L.
A more detailed article on this Fungus, has been published by
Cibot in the Memoires de l’Academie de St. Petersb. IX (1774)
The Chin, characters are iif mo, hn sin.. •
35. Einally I ought not to omit to mention a treatise written
by Cibot on Chinese Mot-houses, in which he furnishes interest¬
ing details with respect to the primitive but practical mode of
Peking gardeners to protect Southern plants in winter, and
how they proceed to cause plants to put forth blossoms in
winter. Vol. III. 423.
For the sake of completeness I may mention moreover
in connection with papers on botanical matters two Jesuit
missionaries of Peking, contemporaries of Cibot. One of them
C©XXiLS5+1781, wrote an article on Chinese Bamboos,
and another on the plants, flowers and trees of China, wThich
could be cultivated in France. Mem. cone. Chin. XI. 553, 183.
X» de Poirot,+1802, has written a paper on Chinese
Worm, wood .(Artemisia), ibid. IX. 244.
Before quitting the subject dealt with in this chapter it
may not be out of place to call the attention of the reader to a
slight account of Northern Chinese fruits and vegetables found
in PAIL1 S’ notable work EEISEJf BUECH

VEES€H. PRO¥imEl BES XtUSSI-
S€HEH EE1CSES, 1768—1773. Iu the 3d. volume
Pallas details some natural products sold in the streets of the
Chinese market town Maimaieheng, opposite Kiakhta, which
place he visited in 1772. Most of these fruits and vegetables,
brought for the greater part from Peking, were completely un¬
known to him, but he describes them and adds the Chinese or
Mongol names. As it may be presumed, that hardly any
botanist, not acquainted with the native names of North-China
and Mongol names of plants, would be able to ascertain what
fruits are enumerated in Pallas’ account, I venture to make
some brief commentary on it.
Small green Peas, called',fo don, which Pallas correctly identi¬
fies with Phaseolus radiatus. L. See above Linn. Chin. pi. 74.
Arbuzes, Pears, Apples, called-pinsa and resembling green
Rennet apples.
Watermelons (Arbuz in Russian) are cultivated in Transbaicalia, but
no edible pears or apples are grown in Southern Siberia. p*in t.sz’
in Peking is a small dark-red Apple, j
Oblong Quinces, called mugha.
Cydonia sinensis. Thouin. Sin: mu+Tmq,v The fruits of this
are brought to Peking from the province of Shantung. They are oblong
and often of enormous size.
Lemons, sweet and acid Oranges, Walnuts, Chestnuts, called
lidsa.
Castanea vesca li tsz\
• Small red Medlars, Mespilus fructu obtuse pentagono, ruber-
rimo. These are said to grow wild in North-China. The
Chinese boil them with sugar and thus make a kind of Jam.
An excellent J am is prepared in Peking from the fruit of Crataegus
•pinnutiftda. Bge.
The fruit Alema is the fruit of the tree Ahasfiu, an Apple
tree of Southern-China.
Alema is the Mongol name for Apple. It seems that the other name is
a corruption of Jfc sha kuo shu, Apple tree. S'ha kuo at Peking
is a small red-cheeked Apple.
Pallas saw also a most curious kind of Citron, splitting into
12 fingerlike divisions. It is devoid of pulp and seeds, but is
very fragrant. The Chinese called it Fui shu.
Citrus Chirocarpa. Lour. PI. coch. 568. Sin: /frfy ^ fo show.
Small fruit of a kind of FUaeagnus with a peculiar stone.
The Bukhara call it dshigde, the Mongols zagda, the Chinese
sazusa.
The fruit Pallas saw was probably that of Elaeagnus hortensis M. B.

var. songarica or the var. orientalis, (D. C. XIV. 609.) The Kirghizes call
the Elaeagnus fruit dshigde, the Chinese m
name applied in Peking to E. latifolia. L.)
sha tsao. (Sand Jujube,
Smoke dried red Plums, shuptaga, with roundish stones.

S hup tag a is the Mongol name for Jujubes. Zizyphus chinensis. Lam.
has small fruits with roundish stones. The Chinese use to dry them.
Black sweetish fruit with many flat seeds, called hodsoi.
Probably Diospyros Lotus. L. Sin: |f| hei tsao.)
Pallas states that the same fruit is brought to Ki'akhta from
Persia, and called sorohum.
Pallas describes also the fruit lun yen (Neplielium Longan).
He saw further some leguminous fruit, each containing two
seeds, resembling in taste those of the tree Arabis cnras-
savica (?)
Probably Arachis hypogaea. L.
White nuts with a smooth shell like the stone of the Apricot
and of a bitter taste. They call them lanziu or boigo.
Salishuria adiantifolia. Smith. 6* pai kuo in Peking.
Long dried flowers, called tclietcheng, brought from the
South. The Chinese boil and eat them.
Hemerocallis fulva. L. and other species. Sin: kin cheng hua.
The flowers are a favorite vegetable of the Chinese. In Mongol shira
tsitsik.
Long articulated spongious roots of a water plant. This
was I think the root of Nelumbium speciosum Willd. from
which the Chinese prepare a kind of Arrow root.
V. SONNERAT.
About a quarter of a century after Osbeck had herborized

in the neighborhood of Canton, China was visited by a French
naturalist, who gathered some plants at the same place it
seems. F. SONNERAT was born in 1745 and spent a
great part of his life, from 1768-1803, in travelling to different
distant countries of the old and the new world. In 1768 he
went to Isle de France, visited with Commerson Madagascar
and Bourbon. From 1774 to 1781 he travelled to China and
India, and settled finally at Pondicherry. In 1803 he returned
to France with an immense collection. He died in 1814.
Lamarck in his Enc. Botan. has described a great number of
Sonnerat’s specimens.
There is a work entitled: Voyage aux Indes Orientates et d la
Chine 1774-1781 par M. Sonnerat, Commissaire de la marine,
naturaliste du Bqy. 1782. 2 vol.
IXTd THE FLORA OV CklNA. 129
All that I can gather with respect to Sonnerat’s voyage to

China is on the title of this book. The text contains no allusion
to his journey but consists of several articles on the countries
he visited and the natural object^ he collected there. It may be
assumed however, that Canton was the place he visited in China.
In the 2d volume p. 222-248 we find descriptions of plants
with good engravings. Only 3 Chinese plants are there
represented, viz:
Litchi chinensis.p. 230. tab. 129. Nephelium Litchi. Camb.
Coohia punctata, p. 231. tab. 130. Glausena Wampi. Oliv. FI.
hgk. 50.
Mar sana buxifolia, Buis de Chine, p. 245. tab. 139. Murray a
exotica. L. FI. hgk. 50.
Besides this Lamarck noticed some plants gathered by Sonne*
rat in China. I name those which I have happened to find men¬
tioned.
Uvaria odorata. Lam. I. 595. Unona odorata Dunal. Alanguilan
de la Chine. Sonnerat.
Melastoma repens. Lam. IV. 54. Flor. hgk. 113.
Ixora chinensis. Lam. III. 344.
Capsicum sinense. Lam. V. 327.
Bignonia chinensis. Lam. I. 423. Tecoma grandiflora Del.
Phyllanthus lucens. Lam. (Poir.) V. 296. Andrachne fruticosa:
L. FI. hgk. 313.
Phyllanthus villosus. Lam. (Poir.) V. 297.
Adiantum flabellatum. Lam. I. 42. Flor. hongk. 447.
Pteris crenata. Lam. (Poir.) V. 715. FI. hgk. 448.
VI. LOUREIRO.
We come now to the most conspicuous among the Jesuit
missionaries, who have devoted themselves to the investiga¬
tion of Chinese botany. I shall attempt presently to give an
account of LOUREIRO’S FLORA COCHIN-
CHINENSIS, a valuable monument of conscientious
labour and considerable research. Although it deals properly,
as the title intimates, with the Flora of Cochinchina, there
are also described in it a considerable number of Chinese plants.
Let me introduce the subject with a short biographical notice
derived principally from the preface to the book, written by
the author himself. I have also consulted Colmeiro's History
of Botany in Spain and Portugal 1858. (in Spanish.)
Ioannis de Loureiro was a Portuguese. According to Colmei-
ro he was born in 1715 and proceeded in 1735 as a missionary
to Cochinchina. But from Loureiro’s own account we infer
1*3© EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
that lie arrived in Cocliiiicliina about 1743, for lie says that
wben in 1779 he established himself in Canton,, he had spent
36 years in Cochinchina. As he states, p. 818, that in 1742 he
was in Cambodja, we can therefore infer that He first lived in
that country. It seems, that after his arrival in Cochinchina
he had soon gained influence, for we find him holding an office
at the Court of the King.- (Rebus' mathematicis ac physicis in
Aula praefectus). Some knowledge of medical practice which
he had previously acquired rendered him very popular among
the people. He tells us that, European medicines not being
within his reach, he was obliged to depend’ entirely on native
drugs, and by investigating them he was necessarily induced to
study the flora of the country and to make botanical collections
This was the origin of his herbarium.. His collection of plants
of. Cochinchina (nearly 1000 species) seems to be confined
for the greater part to a small area of the littoral region. He
says, that, his herbarium is far from being complete and may
represent only about a quarter of the flora, of Cochinchina. It
had been impossible fonhim to procure plants from the distant
forests. Only a few specimens had been obtained with great
pains and not without danger from the (neighboring) forest- 1
covered mountains. As at the time of Loureiro the capital of
Cochinchina, where he lived, was at Hue (near tiie sea coast,
aboub 17° H.L.) it may be assumed, that the largest part of his
Cochinchinese specimens were gathered in the neighborhood of
that place. He generally does not specify the stations of the
plants he collected in Cochinchina but confines himself to
the statement that they are natives of that country. It is
only in a few cases,.which I shall notice here, that he refers
to the stations.
Hucie, the metropolis of Cochinchina, is only once mentioned
P-129.
The port of JEo near Huae, ibidem.
The rivulet Hon mo, not far from Huae, p. 32.
The mountain of Ho chm opposite Huae, p. 201.
The mountain of Gon mit situated at a distance of 6 miles
from Huae, p. 753.
The port of Turan, called Han by the natives, south of
Huae, p. 208.
Province of Boungnai in the Southern part of Cochinchina
10*. H.L.,p. 109.
Province of Binh bhang in the southern part of Cochinchina
14°. N.L. belonging in former times to Champava. p. 154. 283!
Province of Quang binh in Horth-Cochinchina. p. 404.
INTO THE FLORA OP CHINA. 131
Via (province?) Nha ho in North-Cochinchina. p, 544.

The country of the Moji (tribe) in the west, p. 679.
Mountain. Ngicon nhung (Cochinchina) p. 646.
Sandhills of Son T&onng (Cochinchina) p. 248. 547.
River Lavus flowing between Cochinchina and Laos. p. 327.
In 1779 Loureiro proceeded to Canton, where he continued
his botanical researches during three years. As at that'time
foreigners living in Canton were not allowed to walk beyond
the limits of the factories, L. hired a Chinese peasant, ac¬
quainted to a certain degree with the medicinal plants of the
country, to collect such for him. This Chinaman used to
communicate also the native names of the plants he brought
in the vernacular Cantonese dialect. But as the information
thus derived seemed not always to be reliable, L. compared it
with a Chinese book on Botany, in which he was able to find
the correct names of the plants used for medical and economic
purposes, and in his Flora cochinchinensis tried to spell these
names according to the Mandarin dialect.
Loureiro seems to have embarked with his botanical treasures
in 1782. On his way home he visited the island of Mozambique,
where he made a stay of three months, enriching his herbarium
with many rare specimens. He states further, that during his
peregrinations he had improved the opportunity by herborizing
in Cambodja, Champava, Bengal, Malabar, Sumatra. All the
plants gathered in those regions he describes also in the FI.
cochin.
After having reached his native country L. was taken up
during several years, in Lisbon, with the preparation of his
work for publication* In 1788 the M.S. of the Flora coch, written
in Latin, and arranged according to the Linnaean system, wae
completed, but the book was not brought out before 1789. Three
years later WUldenow edited it anew, adding some notes, which
however throw little light on dubious questions and as ho had
no opportunity of referring to Loureiro’s herbarium his identic
fications are uot always happy.* In the following notes,
quoting Loureiro, I always refer to Willd. edition.
According to the Catal. Patr. Jes. Sin, Loureiro died in
1794. But Colmeiro makes him die two years later.
There is no allusion in L.’s preface to his having belonged
to the Soc. of the Jesuits. On the title page he styles himself
only: olim in Cochinchina Catholicae Fidei praeco. But in
* On p. 458 he identifies Loureiro’s Canvpsis adrepens with Incarvillea

sinensis. But the former is Bignonia grandiflora and bears no resem¬
blance to Incarvillea.
the Catalogus lie is stated to have entered the Jesuit mission

in China in 1779.
Loureiro occupies without doubt one of the most prominent
places among the botanical collectors of the last century. We
owe to him one of the most important contributions illustrating
the Flora of the eastern part of the transgangetic peninsula and
of South-China, and his book is still a standard work to which
botanists dealing with Chinese plants have frequently to refer.
Although a self-taught and not professional botanist, L. had
acquired good botanical knowledge, at least he was up to the
level of his time. Modern botanists often find fault with his
description of plants. But may we not ask whether it would
be possible to identify even a quarter of Linnaeus’ plants only
from the short characters he gives, had his herbarium been lost,
as is the case with the greater part of Loureiro’s collection.
Thus Loureiro is not to be blamed for want of scientific
accuracy in our modern sense or for mistakes occasionally met
with in his work. Generally it can be said, that he was
a conscientious observer and his veracity is always beyond
question.
One great merit of the Flora cochin, consists in descriptions
made by a botanist upon living or fresh plants. It is a matter
of regret, that the greater part of the existing Floras of various
exotic regions have necessarily been based upon the description
of dried specimens and often unsatisfactory material. The
botanist in Europe, who works up these collections then knows
nothing more about the plants he has to describe than he
observes on the dry specimens. Thus it is quite exceptional to
find in De Candolle’s Prodr. the colour of th.e blossoms noticed,
although this is a very important characteristic.
The value of Loureiro’s elaborate work lies also in the
illustrations he gives with respect to the economical use,
medical virtues etc. of the plants. The Chinese names he
adds are for the greater part correct.* He gives them
* I take the opportunity of noticing here a very valuable list of Canton

plants with the Chinese names added, and accompanied with interesting
annotations, published two years ago in the Hongkong China Mail, July
10 to Spt. 11. 1878. The anonymous author of this paper, which gives
the Chinese, (Cantonese) names of nearly 300 plants, states, that in com-
piling this list he did not refer to any printed authority for the applica¬
tion of any one Cantonese name to any single botanical name. But every
plant had been shown to at least three natives to ascertain the Chinese
names and then referred to a competent botanical authority, to supply
the scientific name. This is indeed the only rational way to identify
Chinese appellations of plants. I have been informed, that Mr. E. H .
now in the Mandarin, now in the popular Canton dia¬

lect and makes sometimes mistakes in transliterating the
characters.
A considerable number of plants described by Loureiro,
especially of Southern Chinese ones have been gathered by
later collectors, who investigated the Floras of Canton, Macao
or Hongkong. Loureiro’s name occurs frequently in Hooker
and Arnott, Botany of Capt. Beeehey's voyage-—in Meyen’s
Observ. botan. in it. c. terrain.—in Bentham’s Flora hongkong-
ensis. Dr. Hance has also rediscovered many Loureirian speci¬
mens. But a great part of Loureiro’s plants, in particular those
from Cochinchina are still known only from his description,
although they are probably very common in that country.
It may be also that many Loureirian species relegated by
botanists among the species dubiae are known under other
scientific names. From the diagnoses alone given by L., with¬
out examining the original specimens, it is impossible to
identify them.
I may say finally a few words with respect to the fate
of Loureiro’s herbarium. From his preface we learn, that
in 1774, when he was still in Cochinchina, he had sent by
way of Canton to England and Sweden about 60 specimens
of plants, accompanied with his own original descriptions,
and that Berg in his Materia med. p. 5 and Linnaeus fil.
Suppl. p. 331, have noticed these plants. In 1779, when he
was already established in Canton he transmitted to London
230 species more, which seemed to him to be novelties.
This collection is now in the British Museum. As we can
conclude from some references found in Benth. and Hook.
G-en. Plant, these plants have been badly preserved and their
examination is of little use for deciding dubious questions.
According to Colmeiro the bulk of Loureiro’s herbarium was
Parker of the British Cons. Serv. at Canton is the author of this paper,
and I need hardly say, that the competent botanical author alluded to in
it, is my respected friend Dr. H. F. Hance. I hope these gentlemen will
pardon my having disclosed their names. The only faults I have to find
with Mr. Parker’s paper, are its publication in a Newspaper, where hardly
any one interested in these questions would dream of looking for it, and
the arrangement of the list in no intelligible order, scattered over 8
numbers of the China Mail with the interesting annotations generally not
placed in the same number as the plants to which they refer. It would be
worth reprinting in a form more accessible for reference.—M. Parker is
right in supposing that a great part of the Chinese names of plants, given
by Dr. Williams (Bridgman’s Chrestomathy) have been derived from
Loureiro.
kept by the Academy of Lisbon, but in 1808, when Napoleon

I. had taken possession of Portugal a part of the herbarium
was transferred to Paris, where it still exists in the Museum
d’hist.-nat. as Mr. Decaisne has kindly informed me. My
late friend Mr. D. Hanbury gives the following account with
respect to Loureiro’s herbai’ium. (Science Papers 98) M.
Pereira Da Costa of Lisbon had informed him, that the
herbarium in question had never been at the Academy; it was
supposed to have formerly belonged to the Museu da Ajuda;
but upon the removal of that establishment to the Academy,
no trace of it could be discovered.
A great number of new plants have been described by
Loureiro. Among the new Genera he has proposed, the following
30 have been ascertained and retained in Bentham and Hooker’s
(or Endlicher’s) Genera Plantarum.
Aerides. Dichroa. Osmanthus.

Aglaja. Enhydra. Phajus.
Argyreia. Enkianthus. Rhynchosia.
Baccaurea. Eibraurea. Salomonia.
Blastus. Grona. Sarcodium.
Bragantia. Helicia. Stephania.
Centipeda. Homonoia. Streblus.
Coleus. Limacia. Striga.
Cyathula. Mallotus. Trema.
Derris. Mazus. Triphasia.
The total number of plants described in Loureiro’s

cochin, is 1257 of which 36 must be deducted as having been
gathered in India, Sumatra, Mozambique. Of the remaining
1221 he enumerates 976 for Cochinchina and of these, 294 he
had also gathered in China. As found only in China he
mentions 245 spec. Thus the total number of Chinese plants
observed by Lour, is 539. Of 341 of these China in general is
given as habitat. With respect to the rest he indicates the
habitat precisely, viz.
Canton and Macao 193 plants.
Southern China in general 2.
Province of Yunnan 1. Amomum, medium, p. 5.
Mountains of West-China 1. Nardus indica. p. 57.
North-China 15 species. These plants or accounts of them
had probably been sent to Loureiro from Peking by the Jesuits
there (Incarville ? Cibot P)
INTO *TjH'E , FLORA OF CHINA. 135
Dorsfeniachinensis,, p. 114.
Bkamnus soporifer. p. 196.
Rheum palmatum, p. 314.
Pyrus Mai us. p. 393.
Pyrus Cydonia. p. 394.
Potentilla fruticosa. p. 399.
Sinapis pekinensis. p. 485.
Glycyrrhiza echinata. p. 543.
Robinia fiaya. p. 556.
Cichorium Endivia. p. 583.
Artemisia annua (Peking.) p. 599.
Tussilago Earfara. p. 614.
Tussilago Anaiidria. p. 614.
Paeonia officinalis, p. 419.
Juglans regia, p. 702.
CHINESE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN LOUREIRO’S FLORA
COCHINCHINENSIS.
In what follows I shall give a list of all the plants Lonreiro
mentions for China and include also those species which he
had gathered only in Cochinchina but which subsequently
have been observed also in China.
I arrange the list according to the Natural System adopted
by Bentham and Hooker, giving for each plant at first the
Loureirian name, the habitat and the Chinese name as noticed
by Lonreiro, and quoting the page in the Flora cochin. After
this I shall add, if necessary, my observations. Many of
Loureiro’s plants have by the progress of science received other
names and mistakes made by that author have been occasionally
corrected. In my researches with respect to Loureirian plants
I depend upon Be Candolle's Prodromus, Kunth's Fnumeratio
jplantarum, Bentham and Iloolcer's Genera Plantarum, Bentham's
Flora honghongensis, the botanical papers published by Maxi-
mowicz, Dr. Hance and others. I shall also give the Chinese
names of plants noticed by Lonreiro, as far as I have been able
to ascertain them.
With respect to the abbreviations used in the following notes
I beg to refer to my list of Chinese plants known to Linnaeus.
When quoting Qsbeck I always refer to that list not to Osbeck’s
Voyage.
DICOTYLEDONS.
1. Clematis minor. Lour. Canton. Sin: uei leng sien

(M ^ till). 422.
Cl. terniflora. D. C. Maxim. Pee. XX. CL tei’nifolia. FI. hgk. 7. Cl.
chinensis. Retz. (?) Osb. 1.
2. Clematis sin6nsi?a Lour. China. Sin : mu turn (**)•

422.
Willdenow thinks, that it is the same as Cl. chinensis. Retz. Osb. 1.
3. Clematis virginiaha. Lour, (non Linn.) Cochin-China. 422.
Clem, apiifolia. D. C.—Maxim. Dee, XX. Amoy, N. China (Fortune).
4. Tbalictrum sinense. Lour. China. Sin i poi mu
(M #)• 423.
I). C. L 16. Planta dubia.
5. Hecatonia palustris. Lour. Sin: dm lien. Canton. 371.
D. C. I. 34. Ranunculus sceleratus. Linn.—Hce. add. FI. hgk. 98.
6. Hecatonia pilosa. Lour. Canton. Sin: Khao tsao. 371.
D. 0.1. 43. Ranunculus cantonionsis. Not observed after Lour.
7. Paeonia officinalis. L. China borealis. Culta per tot. imp.
Sinense. Sin : xo yo (Sf ||§L 419.
The above Chinese name is applied in China to P. albiflora. Pall.
8. Calligonum asperum. Lour. Cochin. 418.
D. C. I. 70. Trachytella Calligonum.—Delima sarmentosa. Linn. FI.
hgk. 7. G. PI. 1.12.—Tetracera sarmentosa. Willd. Hce. Add. FI. hgk. 99.
9. Actaea asp era. Lour. Canton. Sin : tsia ip (ff^ i§|). 405.
D. C. I. 70. Trachytella Actaea.—G. PI. I. 12. spec, valde dubia.—
Bridgm. Chrest. 457 (3).
10. Illiciurn anisatum. L. Provinciae ad occasum Canton.
Sin : pa co huei hiam (AH® §). 432.
Comp, above Linn. Chin. pi. 2.
11. Liriodendron Coco. Lour. Macao, Canton, Cochin.
Culta. 424.
Hance Advers. in stirp. crit. 6. Magnolia pumila. Andr.—FI. hgk. 8.
12. Liriodendron liliifera. Linn. Canton. Lour. 424.
D. C. I. 81. Magnolia inodora. Not observed after Lour. Comp, also
Trim. Journ. bot. IY. 225. Liriodendron in China.
13. Liriodendron Figo. Macao, Canton, cult. 424.
Hance Advers. 6. Michelia (Magnolia Andr.) fuscata.
14. Michelia Champaca. Linn. Macao, Coch. cult.
Lour. 425,
15. JIvaria uncata. Lour. Canton. Sin : yin chao (*A). 426.
The above Chin, name is applied in Canton to Artabotrys odoratissima.
R. Br. (Parker.)—FI. hgk. 10.
16. Desmos chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin : cau tsitfung. 431.
D. C. I. 91. Hnona chinensis. Species non satis nota.
17. Anona squamosa. Linn. China, Coch. cult. Sin:
pu non {xu). Lour. 427.
As is known this is a native of tropical America. The natpe Lour,
gives as a Chinese appellation is the Malay name of the fruit, being buwa
nona (Cyclop, of India.)
•18. Fibraurea finctoria. Lour. Sin: tien sien tan (3c fill
H| ?). China, Coch, 769.
G. PI. I. 39. Planta imperfecte nofca.
19. Nymphaea Nelumbo. Linn. Sin : lien ho a (j|| China,
Coch. Lour. 416.
D. C. I. 113. Nelumbium speciosum. Willd.—Gsb. 3—PI. hgk. 15.
20. Chelidonium majus> Linn. China, Sin : hoam lien
(]H jg). Lour. 402.
Ghel. majus^s common in North-China. D. C. 1.123. means that Lour.’s
plant is a new species : Ch. sinense.
21. Lepidium petraeum. Linn. China, Sin : tim U (/ip fgf)*
Lour. 479.
D. C. I. 236. Nasturtium. ? chinense (Lour.’s plant). Not observed in
China after Lour.
22. Cardamine Chelidonia. Linn. Canton, Lour. 484.
D. C. I. 152. European plant, not observed in China, after Lour.
23. XUcotia cantoniensis- Lour. Canton. 482.
D. C. 1.157. Dubia.
24. Brassica oleracea. Linn. China, Coch. cult. Lour. 481.
25. Brassica chinensis. Linn. Sin: ckailantsai F M
^j|). Cult. China, Cochin. Lour. 482.
Osb. 5. The above Chin, name given by Lour, is found in the Kuang
tung tung chi. (vegetables).
26. Sinapis chinensis. Linn. Sin: Mai tsai (^F
Cult. China, Coch. Lour. 485, means, that it is only a variety
of S. juncea. L.
Linn. Chin. pi. 8. In Peking different varieties of S. juncea. L. go under
the above Chinese name. e
27. Sinapis pekinensis. Lour. Sin: pe tsai. (Q
Peking. cult. 485.
In Peking this Chin, name is applied to Brassica chinensis.
28. Sinapis brassicata. Linn. Sin: pe Mai. (£3 ^F)-
China, Coch. cult. Lour. 485.
Linn. Chin. pi. 10-—D. C. I. 219.
29. Thlaspi bursa pastoris. Linn. China. Lour. 480.
D. C. I. 177* Capsella bursa past. Moench.—Pi. hgk. 14. Frequent in
30. Staphanus salivus- Linn. Cult. China, Coch. Sin:

tsaifu hen or la bac QH "Hi)- Lour. 481.
Flor. hgk. 17.—Cultivated throughout China.
31. Cleome icosandra. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 483.
D, C. I. 242. Polanisia viscosa— FI.hgk. 18.
32. Capparis cantoniensis. Lour. Canton. Sill: Maw.7

lac phung. 404.
D. C. I. 253. Spec, dubia.
33. Oapparis falcata. Lour. Canton. 405.
D. C. I. 243. Crataeva falcata. Not observed after Lour.
34. Reseda chinensis. Lour. Sin i thin lei lioain. Can¬
ton. 367.
Not observed after Lour.
35. Viola primulaefolia. Linn. Canton. Lour. 628.
D. C. I. 293. Viola Patrinii var. cMnensis, (Lour.’s plant.) PI. hongk. 20.
36. Viola odurata. Linn. Canton,. Sin: Met tuong lwa.
Lour. 627.
Maxim, identifies Lour.’s plant with V. serpens. Wall. FI. hgk. 20.
V. confusa
37. Phoheros chinensis. Lour. China. Sin: Co tsu. 389.
Flora hongk. 19, Scolopia chinensis. Clos.
38. Salomonia cantoniensis. Lour. Sin: siao lam teng.
Canton. 18.
D. C. I. 834. Specimen in hb. Mu's. Paris. FI. hgk. 44.
39. Polygala sihirica. Linn. Canton. Lour, 517.
Frequent in North-China.
40. Polygala glomerata. Lour. Canton. Sin: tai ham
(A# Parkei’). 518.
I). C. I. 326. specim. in Mus. Paris.—FI. hgk. 44.
41. Dianthus caryophyllus. Linn. China, colitur.
Lour. 345,
Probably another species.
42. Dianthus chinensis. Linn. China, Coch. cult.
Lour. 346.
Lin. Chin. pi. 14.
43. Hedbria sinensis. Lour, Canton. Sin : yu mi. 351.
According to Willdenow this is Lychnis grandiflora. Jacq.—Bridgm.
Chrest. 454 (66.) Lychnis coronata, Sin : Mm a u mi yan.
44. Cerastium repens. Linn. Canton, Cochin. Sin: a him tsao.
Lour. 349.
P- C. I. 419. Cerastium arvense. L. ?—The latter plant occurs in North-
China.
45. Poriulacca oleracea. Linn. Sin: ma chi Men
($3 fi JE) China, Coch. Lour. 359.
FI. hgk. 327-
46. Tamarix chinensis. Lour, Provincia Canton. Sin :
cuon nham lau (||| ^ 228,
Hook, et Arn. voy. Beech. 186. South-China. Frequent in N. China.
47. Hypericum aureum. Lour. Canton, spont. et cult. Sin :
gueithoung hoa 578. Lour, says: suspicio hoc esse H. mono ay mem
Thbg.
Hook, et Arn. voy. Beech. 172. H. chinense. Mill. S. China.—Linn.
Chin, pi, 15.—Sin: Idn sze hai fang hua (Parker.)
48. Hypericum olympicum. Linn P Canton, Cochin.
Sin : hoang xoc. Lour. 577.
49. Hypericum petiolatum Linn. Sin: hoang nieu than
(Hit BIO• Canton. Lour. 577.
Linn.’s plant is a dubious species. D. C. I. 543. Vismia? petiolata.
Brasilia.
50. Gamhogia Gutta, Linn. Sin: hoam lo |/H?). Cochin.
Siam, Cambodja. Lour. 406.
D. C. I. 561. Gareinia Cambodja.Desr.—According to Hanbury (Science
pap. 329.) the Gamboge of Siam and Singapore is yielded by Gareinia
Morelia.
51. Thea canton!ensis. Lour. Sin: Ho nam cha yong
(|pj iff ^)- Canton. 414.
D. C. I. 530. Thea chinensis, var. Bohea. L. In the Chinese name given
by Lour. Ho nam means probably the island of this name on which a
# suburb of Canton is situated.
52. Thea codlinchinensis* Lour. Cochin, boreal. 413.
53. Thea oleosa- Lour. Sin: yen cha ^). Canton 414.
Not observed after Lour.—Not to be confounded with Thea oleifera.
Abel, which according to Hance is Camellia Sasanqua. Thb.
54. Camellia drupifera. Lour. Cochin. Oleum ex nucleis
expressum aestimatfir ab indigenis. 499.
D. C. I. 529. Dubia.
55. Blalva verticil lata- Linn. Canton, Coch. rara. Sin :
hing qaei tsu (^v ^ ~p). 514.
Comp. Linn. Chin. pi. 20.
56. Sida cordifolia- Linn. Cochin. Lour. 503.
Fl. hgk. 33.
57. Sida scop aria. Lour. Cochin. 504.
D. C. I. 460. Sida acuta. Burm. Fl. hgk. 32.
58. Ur ena polyflora. Lour. Canton. Sin: xiethaufo. 508.
D. C. I. 441. Malachra Urena. Dubia.
0 59. Urena procumbent- Linn. China, Coch. Lour. 507,
Osb. 24.
60. Urena sinuata. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 507.
Flor. hgk. 34.
61. Urena lobata* Linn. China, Coch. Sin: sie than fo

(see 58). Lour. 507.
Osb. 23—FI. hgk. 34.
62. Hibiscus syriacus* Linn. Cochin. In China non
visus. Lonr. 511.
Journ. Bot. 1879. 9. Hance. Canton prov.—Frequently cultivated in
China.
63. Hibiscus mutabilis* Linn. China. Coch. cult. Sin :
fu yung <|p). Lour. 511.
Osb. 25.—Journ. Bot. 1879. 9. Hance. Canton prov.
64. Hibiscus Eosa sinensis* Linn. China. Cochin, cult,
spont. Lour. 510.
D. C. I. 448, gives only India as native country. I know that it is much
cultivated in South-China.
65. Hibiscus esculentus. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin: hoang souc quei (;§| H§ ^). Lour. 512.
D. C. I. 450. India orient, cult.
66. Hibiscus tiliaceus. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 509.
FI. hgk. 35.
67. Gossypium herbaceum. Linn. Cult. China, Coch.
Sin: mien fu (|Jj| '$?). Lour. 505.
Osb. 27.
68. JBombax pentandrum. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: mo
mien hoa (TfC ffi ffc), uen xu. Lour. 504.
D. C. I, 479. Eriodendron anfractuosum. India orientalis.—The tree is
well known to the Chinese.
69. Helicteres undulata. Lour. Cochin. 649.
Spreng. Syst. III. 81. Sterculia lanceolata. Cav.—-FI. hgk. 36.
70. Helicteres angustifolia. Lour. Canton. Sin : san chi
"m. (Ill 2 *)• 647.
Osb. 29.—FI. hgk. 37.—Parker, the same Chin, name as Lour.
71. Fentapetes phoenicea. Linn. Cult. China, Cochin.
Lour. 497.
D. C. I, 498. India orient.—Cultivated Canton (Williams).
72. Fallopio,'nervosa. Lour. Canton. Sin: Tiai pu ip. (jH§ ^
§jit Williams). 410.
Hance, Journ. Bot. IX. 239. Grewia microcos. Linn, known to Linn,
from Ceylon.—FI. hgk. 42.
73. Arsis rugosa. Lour. Cochin. 409.
G. PI. I. 233. Grewia rugosa.—Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech. 170
74. Corchoras capsularis. Linn. Canton, agrest. cult.
Sin : san lim ma. 408.
FL hgk. 40.
75. Oxalis corniculata. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: tso

2 tsian tsao (# x m- Lour. 350.
Osb. 32.—FI. hgk. 56.
76. Oxalis sensitiva. Linn. Canton, Cochin. Sin: chantsu.
Lour. 350.
D. C. I. 690. Biophytum sensitivum. Ind. orient.—Not observed in
China after Lour.
77. Averrhoa Carambola> Linn. China austr. Cochin.
Sin: yam tao Lour. 354.
Osb. 33.—FI. hgk. 56.
78. Xmpatiens Balsamine* Linn. Cochin, agrest. cult.
Lour. 626.
Osb. 34.—Much cultivated throughout China.
79. Xmpatiens chinensis. Linn. Canton, cult, spont. Sin:
hum thauhio. Lour. 625.
Osb. 35.
80. Xmpatiens mutila. Lour. China, Cochin.cult. 627.
81. Xmpatiens COCMeata. Lour.Canton, -cult. Sill: tsien
chi hum. 686.
82. Tribulus terrestris* Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: cie li
# tsu (||| ||| ^p). Lour. 331.
Very common in North-China. Has been gathered also in Formosa.
83. Ruta chalepensis. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: sao
tsao. Lour. 330.
D. C. I. 710. K. bracteata. According to Parker, list of Canton plants^
the Chinese call it j|t ch'ou ts'ao.
84. Lepta triphylla. Lour. Cochin. 104.
Flora hgk. 59. Evodia Lamarckiana. Bth.
85. Fagara piperita. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 101.
FI. hgk. 58. Zanthoxylum nitidum. D. C. I. 727.
86. Piper pinnatum. Lour. China. Sin : xu tsiao (|g} 38.
D. C. XVI. 1. 383. ignotum.—Judging from the Chin, name it seems
to be a Zanthoxylum.
87. Zanthoxylum clava Hereulis. Linn. China,Cochin.
Sin: so. Lour. 810.
D. C. I. 727. American species.
88. Jambolifera pedunculata. Linn. Macao. Lour. 283.
Benth. et Hook. G. PI. I. 302. Acronychia Cyminosma.—Cyminosma
0 pedunculata. D. C. I. 722.—FI. hgk. 59.—Loureiro’s Jamb, resinosa 285 is
the same.
89. Triphasia aurantiola. Lour. China, Cochin, cult. 189, 572.
G. PI. I. 303. Species chinensis. Limonia trifoliata. Linn. Known to
Linn, from India,
90. Ohalcas 'paniculata. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: cao li yong

(% S=#). Lour. 331.
D. C. I. 537. Murraya paniculata. Ind. orient.
91. Chalcas japonensis. Lour. China, Cochin. 332.
D. C. I 537. Murraya exotica. L. India. Flor. hgk. 50. According to
Parker the Chin, name given by Lour, for Ch. paniculata, is applied to
Murraya exotica.
92. Quinaria lansium. Lour. Canton, cult. Sin : nan pi chu
( * Jk #)• 334.
D. 0.1. 536. Cookia punctata. Retz.—G. PI. I. 304. Clausena Whampi
Oliv.—PI. hgk. 50.
93. Limonia monophylla. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : sao peng
lac, lingua Cantonensi xac may lac. Lour. 333.
D. C. I. 535. Atalantia monophylla. India orient.—Loureiro’s plant
may be Atalantia Hindsii. Oliv. or A. buxifolia. Oliv.—PI. hgk. 51. Osb. 40.
94. Citrus aurantium. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin:
can xu (#«)• Lour. 569.
Osb. 37. As far as I know the above Chin, name in Canton is rather
applied to the Mandarin orange.
95. Citrus nobilis. Lour. Abundanter in Cochinchina,
etiam. in China, quamvis Cantone illam non viderim. Sins
tsem can. 569.
Kerr bot. reg. t. 211. Mandarin Orange. Introduced into Europe
from China in 1805.
96. Citrus fusca. Lour. Cochin, rarius in China. Sin .* chi
hen. OR « P).'571.
97. Citrus margarita* Lour. Canton. Sin: chu tsu. 570.
98. Citrus madurensis- Lour. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
him huit #)■ 570.
In Peking the above Chinese name is applied to Bunge’s Citrus micro-
carpa, which is I think the same as Citrus japouica. Thbg. fructu globoso.
Hooker bot. mag. 6128 (1874) refers also Loureiro’s C. margarita to this
species.—See also Osb. 39.
99. Citrus Becumana. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: yen xu
(« »)• Una varietas Mam yuen H|). Lour. 571.
Osb. 41. Largely cultivated in South-China.
100. Citrus medica. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Lour. 568.
Cultivated also in Peking.
101. Citrus digitata seu Chirocarpus. Varietas Citri
medicae. Lour. 568.
This curious fruit with its lobes separating into fingerlike divisions is
frequently seen in China, It is cultivated in Peking as well as the Citrus
medica pedra, .of which it is a variety. Ten years ago I stated in my
paper: On the Study and Value of Chin. bot. Works, p. 12, that the
Chinese fingered Citron is the Citrus Sarcodactylis or Sarcodactylis
helicterides of Gaertner Frnct. III. 39. t. 185. But that was an error.
The latter, which Gaertner had received from Guyana, is as Benth. efe
Hook. G. PI. I. 305 correctly state, a variety of C. decumana.
102. Citrus Limon, varietas Citri medicae. Sin : tsim pi xu
(W & i§})- Lour. 102.
Osb. 42. Citrus medica, var. acida.
103. Gonus amarissimus. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : a tarn
tsao. 809.
D. C. II. 88. Brucea sumatrana. Roxb.—FI. hgk. 60.
104. Pimela nigra. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin: o lam (J| |l|).
495.
Osb. 45.—D. C. II. 80. Canarium Pimela. Koen.
105. Pimela alba. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : pa lam
(6 ft). 495.
D. C. II. 80. Canarium album. Raeusch.—Osb. 44.—Dr. Hance, Chinese
Olives. Journ. Bot. 1871.
106. XMEelia iLzedarach* Linn. Cochin. Sin: xun lien.
Lour. 329.
D. C. I. 621. Ceylon, Syria.—Parker, Canton, ^ |fjt shen lien.
107. Aglaja odorata. Lour. Camunium sinense seu Tsju
lang. Humph. Amb. VII. 28. China, Cochin, 216.
According to Parker in Canton yfv fj' HH mi tsz’ lan.
108. Euonymus Chinensis* Lour. Canton. Sin: Team
hua 194.
D. C. II. 4. Spec, dubia.
109. Salacia cochinchinensis. Lour. Cochin. 642.
D. C. I. 571. S. chinensis. L. China. Idem ac S. cochin, ex adnotat. in
herb. Banksiano.—Linn. Chin. pi. 46.
110. Aubletia ramosissima. Lour. Canton. Sin: an pat
pouc. 110.
D. C. II. 22. Paliurus Aubletia. Schult.—Lour, specim. in herb. mus.
Paris.r-Fl. hgk. 66.
111. Rhamnus Jujuba. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: ta
tsao (;fc j|). Lour. 195.
D. C. II. 21. Zizyphus Jujuba. Lam.—Journ. Bot. 1879. 10. Hance,
Canton.
112. Rhamnus Zizyphus. Linn. Cochin. Canton. Sin. hum
tsao (jÊ J|). Lour. 196.
D. C. II. 19. Zizyphus vulgaris. Lam.—Maxim. Rhamneae, the same as
Z. chinensis. Lam. Frequent in China. Journ. Bot. 1. c. Hance. Canton.
113. Rhamnus soporifer. Lour. In provinciis boreal. Sinarum.
Sin: soan tsao (£}$? §f|). 196.
In North-China the above Chinese name is applied to Zizyphus

vulgaris. Lam.
114. Bhamnus lineatus. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: che lum.
Lour. 197.
Osb. 48.—FI. hgk. 67. Berchemia Loureiriana. D. C. II. 23.
115. Vitis vinifera* Linn. China cult, rara Cochin. Sin :
pu teo ^|j). Lour. 192.
116. Cissus umbellata. Lour. Canton. Sin: yong co
hi. 106.
Not observed after Lour.
117. Cardiospermum Corindum. Linn. Canton. Lour.
294.
D. C. I. 602. Brasilian plant.
118. Sapindus abruptus. Lour. Canton. Sin. mu hoa.n xu
m .*• ©)•293-
According to Parker this Chinese name in Canton is applied to Sap.
mukorossi. Gaert. (Japan).
119. Dimocarpus- Lichi. Lour. Colit. abund. China austr.
Cochin. Sept. Sin: Ly chi (H |£). 287.
Osb. 51.—FI. hgk. 47. Nephelium Litchi. Camb.
120. Dimocarpus Longan. Lour. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
lum y en ( 1111). 288.
Osb. 51.1—FI. hgk. 47. Nephelium Longan.
121. Bhus javanicum. Linn. In sylvis cantoniens. Sin : xiong
tscbt. Lour. 228.
Osb. 53.—D. C. II. 67. Bhus semialata. L. var. Osbeckii.—Add. FI.
hgk. 101.
122. Augia sinensis* Lour. China, Cochin. Cambodia,
(||j $|f). 411.
Siam. Sin: tsi xu
The Chinese Varnish tree.—G. PI. I. 418. Augia est genus omnino
ignotum ; ex descr. multis notis cum Rhoide quadrat.
123. Baryxylum rufum. Lour. Montes Cochin, bor. Sin:
He limu (|jj| /fc). 326.
G. PL I. 464. Baryxylixm, genus dubium.
124. Aloexylum Agallochum* Lour. Montes Cochin.
Sin : chinhiam ^). 327.
G. PI. I* 464. Planta ignota. Comp. Aloe wood Semedo. 8.
125. Trifolium Melilotus indicg. Linn. Canton. Sin : sctm pa
Um. Lour. 541.
D. C. II. 187, 189. Linn.’s plant Melilotus sulcata. Desf. and ex parte
M. parviflora, Europe, North-Africa.
126. Trifolium globosum* Linn. Canton. Sin: tsin li
quong. Lour. 542.
D. 0. II. 196. Syria, Arabia, Italia.
INTO THE FLORA OR CHINA. 145
127. Indigofera tinctoria- Linn. China, Cochin. Spoilt,

cult. Sin : lan tsao (||? ffi), ta dm (sfc if)-
Oab. 58.—FI. hgk. 77.
128. Indigofera rotundifolia* Lour. Canton. Sin : o tarn
sin. 559.
D. C. II. 283. Species dubia.
129. Indigofera pobcinea. Lour. Canton. Sin: louc ham tsao. 559.
D. 0. II. 232. Indig. hedysaro'ides. Lam. P India orient.
130. HiObima amara. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin: Jehu
sem ^ F) 556.
D. C. II. 262. Species dubia. In Japan the' above Chinese name is
applied to ,Sophora angustifolia. S. et Z.
131. Glycyrhiza ecbmata. Linn. China borealis. Sin:
Fu chan can tsao (J{f $'} Iff). Lour. 543.
D. C. II. 248. Tataria.
132. CrlycyrMza glabra. Linn. China, in yariis locis.
Sin : Fan chan can tsao m ffl fr ^). Lonr. 543.
D. C. IT. 247. Europa austr,—01. glabra, var. glandulesa has been
observed in North-China and may yield a part of Chinese Liquorice root
(kan ts'ao). According to Chinese books the best comes from the north¬
western provinces. Fu chou (see 131.) is an ancient name for Fu ku hien
in N. Shensi, Fan chou fu is in Shansi.
133. Viphaca cochinchinensis. Lour. China, Cochin, cult. 554.
G. PI. I. 515. Genus Ormocarpum. Beauv.
134. Arachis asiatica. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Lour. 522.
D. C. II. 474. Arachis hypogaea. L.—Osb. 62.
135. Hedysarum diphyllum. Linn. Canton. Lour. 548.
D. C. II. 316. Zornia angustifolia. Sm. India orient.—FI. hgk. 80.
136. Hedysarum triflorum. Linn. Canton. Sin : sie thoi tsao.
Lour. 549.
D. C. II. 334. Desmodium triflorum. India, China.—Osb. 66.—FI. hgk. 83.
137. Hedysarum triquetrum. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 547.
D. C. II. 326. Desmodium triquetrum. Ind. orient.—Osb. 63.—FL hgk. 83.
138. Hedysarum pulchellum. Linn. Canton. Sin : a pho sien
(M Parker.) Lour. 548.
Osb. 69.—FI. hgk. 83. Desmodium pulchellum. Benth.
139. Hedysarum gangeticum. Linn. Canton. Sin : tsung toung
thu. Lour. 547.
D. C. II. 327. Desmodium gangeticum. Ind. orient.—Osb. 64.
140. Hedysarum elegans. Lour. Canton. Sin: hayp chiong
tsao. 549.
D. C.IL.339, Dicerma elegans.—FI. hgk. 83.. Desmodium elegans. Benth.,
141. Hedysarum lagoyodioides. Linn. Canton. Sin : Tsuifum

tsao. Lour. 549.
Osb. 70.—D. 0. II. 324. Tirana lagopo'ides.
142. Hedysarum reniforme Linn. Canton. Sin: lo im tsao.
Lour. 545.
D. C. II. 324. Lourea reniformis. De Cand. quotes only Lour, and his
spec, in Mus. Paris.—-The plant of Linn, is referred to Desmodium
reniforme (II. 327.)
143. Vida Faba« Linn. China cult. Cochin, rara. Sin:
sam teu (f|| Jl). Lour. 540.
Much cultivated also in IST. China.
144. Fisum sativum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult, non
frequens. Lour. 539.
Largely cultivated in N. China.
145. iLimiS precatorius. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 520v
Osb. 72.—PI. hgk. 92.
146. Dolichos Soja. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : hoam teu
(j| J&) Lour. 537.
D. C. II. 396. Soja hispida. Moench.—G. PI. I. 530. Glycine Soja.—Osb.
73.—Largely cultivated throughout China.
147. Erythrina corallodendron. Linn. China aust., Cochin.
Sin: turn ye xu ($£• 5H |§f). Lour. 519. i
D. C. II. 412. Eryth. indica. Lam.
148'. Fhaseolus vulgaris» Linn. Cochin, raro. Lour. 527.
Cultivated in N. China.
149. Fhaseolas radiatus. Linn. Colit. China, Cochin.
Sin : liu teu (ff| jgL) • Lour. 529.
Osb. 74.—Cultivated throughout China.
150. Phaseolus S&EungO* Linn. Golit, China, Cochin.
Sin: siao tey ()J* SL), tsiam teu (flX 5L)- Lour. 530.
D. C. II. 395. India orient.—The second Chinese name Lour, gives is
applied in Peking to Dolichos sinensis. v
151. Dolichos trilobus. Linn. Cult. China, Cochin. Tubera
esculenta. Sin: hen'co Jf). Lour. 535.
D. C. II. 402. Lour.’s plant (non Linn.) Pachyrhlzus trilobus.—See
above Martini. 26.
152. Dolichos tetragonolohus. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 532.
D. C. II. 403. Psophocarpus tetragonolohus. Ind. orient.
153. BolifillOS sinensis. Linn. Cult. China, Cochin. Sin :
tan co, teu co (M ^)- Lour. 530.
Osb. 75.—Largely cultiv. in China.
154. Dolichos ensiformis. Linn. China, Cochin. Colit, Sin :
too teu OJ-fi). Lour. 531.
D. 0. II* 404. Canavalia ensiformis. India orient.—Osb. 76.—PL hgk. 88.

155. Dolichos Catjang. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Lour. 538.
var. 1. he ten (|i| M)*
var. 2. min teu ($j§ -&)•
yar. 3, siao hum teu (>]' IT &)• . ' .
D. C. II. India orient.—Eei tou in Peking is a black yanety of Glycine
Soja.—Min tou in Canton (Parlcei') is Cajanus indicus. Spr.
156. Dolichos tmg'idculatus. Thbg\ China. In Lusitaniam
translatns. Lour. 531.
D. C. II. 400. Dolichos nmbellatus. Thbg, Japonia.
157. Bolichos feifloruSa Linn. Canton. Sin: san eu.
Lonr. 537.
I). C. II. 398. India orient.
158. Dolichos purpureus. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : tsu
pien teu (|j| J0L)-Lour. 534.
D. C. II. 401. Lablab vulgaris. Savi. var. purpureus. India orient.
Aegypt.—Cultivated throughout China.
159. Dolichos albus. Lour. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: pe p ien
teu (flj ^ J3.). 534.
D. C. II. 402. Ldblai perennans. The above Chinese name is applied in
Peking to Lablab vulgaris, var. albiftorus.
160. Cytisus (jajan. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : xan teu hen
(III % &)• Lour. 565.
D. C. II. 406. Cajanus flavus. India orient.—PI. hgk. 89.
161. EUiynchosia VOlufeiliS- Lour. Canton. Sin : chio
tau, 562.
D. C. II. 385. Special. Lour, in hb. Mus. Paris.—PI. hgk. 90.
162. Pterocarpus flavus- Lour. In sjlvis sinensibus.
Sin : hoam pe mo /fv). Imperfectly known to Lour. 525.
163. Derris trifoliata. Lour. Provincia -Canton. Sin : san liao
tao. 526.
D. C. II. 415. Specim. in hb. Mus. Paris.—PL hgk. 94. Derris uliginosa,
var. Loureiri.
164. 1lobinia mitis. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: hhu sem
(g g£?).Lour. 555.
D. C. II. 416. Pongamia chinensis. (Lour.’s plant). Non satis nota.—
Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech. 181. South- China.—P. glabra Vent (Eob. mitis.
L.) has been observed in Hongkong. PI. hgk. 94.
165. Robinia jlava. Lour. China borealis.. Sin: hoam Tchin
CR 35 ?) 556. .
1). C. II. 263. Species dubia.—There is some reason for supposing that
Lour, intended the above Chinese characters, confounding the second,
which is pronounced h'i with Jf Vim.—Huang Ic'i in Peking is Sophora

flavescens. Ait.
166. Mimosa corniculata. Lour. Canton. Sin: hoai hoa.
800.
D. C. II. 430. Spec, dnbia.—The above Chin, name is applied in Peking,
and in Chin, botan. works to Sophora japonica. L. a common tree in
China.—PI. hgk. 95.—Lour.’s description of his Min. corniculata agrees
with S. japonica, with the exception of the bipinnate leaves. But he
repeatedly commits this error in taking a small branch for a common
leafstalk. See further on 409, Campsis adrepens.
167. Anagyris foetida. Linn. Canton. Sin: pa-goat*. Lour. 318.
G. PI. I. 556. Lour.’s plant (not Linn.’s, which is a native of Europe)
is referred by Benth. and Hooker to Ormosia.
168. Caesalpinia Sappaxi. Linn. Cochin. Sin : sufam mo
(H 1j 7fv). Lour. 320.
This tree is probably not found in China, but the Chinese know well
the Sapan wood.
169. Cxuilandina Sonducella- Linn. Canton. Sin : nam
sie laa* Lour. 325.
FI. hgk. 96.
170. Mimosa fora. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : isao hie
01 W- 801.
D. C. II. 429. is right in supposing, that this is a Gleditschia. The above
Chinese name is applied to Gleditschia [sinensis. Lam. a common tree in
Peking as well as in S. China.—PI. hgk. 100,
171. Foinciana palcherrima. Linn. China, Cochin.
Lour. 319.
D. C. II. 484. India orientalis.—Cultivated in Canton.
172. Cassia Tora» Linn; Cochin. Lour. 32£.
173. Cassia oMlisifolia. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : isao,
hit lam (tpf B$). Lour. 323.
PI. hgk. 98. C- obtusifolia is referred to,C- Tora.
174. Cassia procumbens. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 324.
Osb. 78.—D. C. II. 504. Cassia pumila. Lam. I. 651. China, India.
175. - Cassia SopJl€raa Linn. China aust'r.-A-Sin : xy tsi
tau, hitie miM isu. “P)- Lour. 324.
Osb. 77-—D. O. II 492. India, China.—Peking, cultivated.
176. Tamarindus indica* Linn. Cult. Cochin. Lour. 488.
Osb. 79.
177. Mimosa arborea. Linn. Canton. Sin: yam mu
Lour. 800.
Linn.’s plant is a native of America. Thunberg’s M. arborea of Japan,
quoted by Lour., is AcaciaNemu. Willd. Frequent in N. China. *
178. Mimosa fainesfana. Linn. Cochin, Loup. 801.
Fl. hgk. 101. Acacia farnesiana. Willd,
179. Pranus domestica. Linn. In plerisque Sinarnm
provinciis. Sin: muei xu. (l|§$). Lour. 388.
Largely cultivated in N. China, but more commonly termed ^ li.
180. Amygdalus persica. Linn. China, cult. Sin : tao ho
gin m iM fc). Lour. 386.
Cultivated throughout China.
181. Amygdalus pumila- Linn. China, Sia : dao hoa
Jioung ($£ |t). Lour 387.
Comp. MaximoWicz, Fragm. fl. Asiae orient. 1879. p. 14.
182. Amygdalus communis- Linn. Habitat et colitur
affatim in China. Sin : him ho gin (=Sf « fc> Lour. 386.
As my friend Dr. Hance wrote me some years ago, he has never heard
of the Almond tree having been observed in China, The A. communis in
Bunge’s enum. pVChin. bor. is Perpica, Davidiana. The Chinese name
Lour, gives for the Almond is as far as I know only applied to the
Apricot, the kernels of which are used in China like almonds in the West.
183. Spiraea canton!ensis. Lour. Canton. Sin: tsi chouc
hoa (jg ?£). 394.
Flor. hgk. 105.
184. RubuS parvifolius- Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 398.
D. C. II. 564. Osb. 81_Fl. hgk. 105.
186. Fragaria vesca- Linn. Habitat et colitur in China.
Sin : foi jouen tsu (||| ^ -J*). Lour 398.
Probably another species.—Fragaria elatior. Ehrh. has been observed
by my friend Mr. W. Hancock in the mountains west of Peking. (Maxim.
1. c. p. 17-J
186. Fotentilia fruticosa- Linn, China borealis. Sin:
yam chi cho (2^ {$!) jJ|j). Lour. 399.
Frequent in N. China. But the Chinese name Lour, applies to the plant
is wrong, being that for Rhododendron.
187. Rosa centifolia. Linn. China. Sin : ta mui hoa
(4c a W- Lour. 396-
Not observed in China after Lour.
188. Rosa cinnamomea. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
mui hoa .$$)• Lour. 395,
Peking, cultivated.
189. Rosa spinosissima. Linn. Flos rubescens. Cochin-
china. Lour, means, that this may be Rosa sinica. Linn.
Lour. 395.
190. Rosa indica. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: tsiamhoa
(U lib)- Lour. 396.
Osb.82.—FI. hgk. 106.

191. Rosa nankinensis. Lour. Nanking. Sin : tsiao mui
hoa. 397.
According to Dr. Regel. Monogr. Rosar. 357. a variety of Rosa semper,
fiorens Act. (a native of China.)
192. Rosa alba. Linn, China, Cochin. Sin: bin ym
{§£ fi), Lour. 396.
193. RyruS MalllSj Linn. China borealis. Sin; mm jpo
, ($H H§). Lour. 393.
Cultivated in N. China.
194. Ryrus communis. Linn. Canton, cult. Sin : ly (fj|).

Lour. 393.
The- Pears cultivated in N. China are for the greater part varieties of
P. chinensis. Lindley.
195. Pyrus Cydonia. Linn. Pornum ovatura. China borealis.
Sin : mu qua ("fa H$L). Lour. 394.
Probably Cydonia sinensis. Thouin,cultivated in the northern provinces.
196. Mespilus pyracantha. Linn. China, agr. et cult.
Sin: tan Icieou isu ^ -p), xan cha (01 «)• Lour. 392.
In Peking the above Chinese names are applied to Crataegus pin-
natifida. Bge., in Japan to Crataegus euneata. Sieb. eo JZucc. and Crataegus
sanguined. Pall,
197. Crataegus bibas. Lour. Macao, Canton. Sin: pi pa xu
(IE ft 18). 391.
PL hgk. 108. Eriobotrya japonica. Lindl.
198. Crataegus rubra. Lour. Canton, Sin : u ly mu. 391.,
D. C. II. 630. RapMolepis rubra. Lindl. PL hgk. 108. Bentham regards
it as identical with R. indica.
199. Opa metrosideros. Lour. Cochin. 379.
Decaisne, Pomac. 133. identifies it with Raphiolepis indica. Lindl. FI.
hgk. 107.—But in the G. PL I. 719. it is combined with Sizygium resp.
Eugenia. ' ' ; '
200. Saxifraga chinensis* Lour. Canton. Sin : ho ngi
tsao ()& ^ jg). 345.
I). O. IV* 43. Saxifraga sa/rmentosa. L.—Linn; Chin. pi. 84. Maxim,
Dec. XII. means that Lour/s species is different.
201. Primula mutabilu. Jjout. Canton, cult. Sin: sau can

*0»-(H a #)• 127.
D. C. IY. 15. Hydrangea Hortensia. China, Japan cult.
202. Bickroa fejjrij'uga. Lour. China, Cochin; Sin: chain
chan. 369.
203. Ceclreia rosmarinus. Lour. North-Cochin. Macao. Sin:

t'i plvu, pi. 199.
D. 0. IV. 6. Itea. Spec, dubia.
204. Cotyledon laoiniata. Linn. Cochin. 352.
D. C. III. 395. Kalanchoe laciniata. Java, Molucc. Probably the same as
K. ceratophylla. Haw. Has been observed in tbe province of Yunnan.
(Hook. fl. ind.)
205. Crassula pinnata. Linn. Cochin. China? Lour. 231.
Kalanchoe pinnata. Pers,—Bryophyllum calydnum Salisb. PI. hgk. 127.
Add. fl. bgk. 103.
206. Sedum anacampseros- Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :
pa tone san (|/\ if|§ ff£). Lour. 353.
D. C. III. 403. European species.
207. Sedum Stellatum. Linn. Canton. Sin: cheu U
Lour. 353.
D. C. III. 404. European species.
208. Brosera umbellata. Lour. China. Sin': hu tsim tsao
®i®)- 232.
Lour, applies the same Chinese name to Eriocaulon. See 624.
209. Drosera rotundifolia. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 232.
Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech. 167. Drosera Loureiri.—PI. bgk. 130.
210. Quisqualis illdica. Linn. Canton, Cochin. Sin : xi
hum tsu (1$! ■?)• Lour. 336.
Hance Journ. Bot. 1879. 10. Canton province, Hainan. The same as Q.
sinensis. Lindl.
211. Psidium pyriferitm. Linn, and Ps. pomiferum. Linn,
China, Cochin, cult. Lour. 378, 379.
PI. hgk. Psidium Guyava. Linn.—Osb. 86.
212. Psidium caninum. Lour. Canton. Sin : pa hoa.r379.
213. Myrtus canescens. Lour. Cochin. 381.
D. C. III. 240. Myrtus tomentosa. Ait. PI. hgk. 121.
214. Eugenia malaccensis. Linn. India, Malacca, Macao.

Lour. 374.
215. Caryophyllus aromaticus. Linn. In sylvis Cochin,
borealis. Sin : xan tim hiam (111 T ^). Lour. 406.
D. C. III. 262. In Moluccis.—
216. Opa odorata. Lour. Cochin. 377.
D. C. III. 261. Syzygium odoratum. Staunton. China.--G. PI. I. 719.
Eugenia odorata.
217. ©sbeckia chinensis* Linn. Canton. Sin: hamyong lu
fl Lour. 281.
Osb. 87.—FI. hgk. 114.

218. Melastoma dodecassdrum- Lour. Canton, Cochin.
Sin : pe gie hong (Ij 0 jfL). 336.
219. Blastus cochinchinensis. Lour. Cochin. 643.
, FI. hgk. 116. Add. fl. hgk. 103. Anplectrum parviflorum. Bth. Observed
-also in Formosa.
220. Lawsoma 'spinos'a. Linn. Cochin, cult. Lour. 281.
D. C. III. 91. Lawsonia alba. Lam.—Osb. 92.
221. ILagerstroemia iadica. Linn. China, Cochin, spont.
cult. Sin: sat chu rnoihoa (ill f!£ Lour. 415.
Linn. Chin. pi. 93.—Fl. hgk. 112^
222. Punica granatum, Linn. Habitat et colitur in China
et Cochin. Sin : han xe lieu (S S ffl). Lour. 383.
Osb. 94.
223. Bpilobium teiragonum, Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: soy
hoang teng. Lour. 276.
D. C. III. 55. Lour.’s plant (non L.) Jussiaea tetragona. Spr.
224. Oubospermum paXustre. Lour. Cochin. 337.
D. C. III. 54. Jussiaea repens. Linn.—Osb. 95. Dr. Hance. Canton.
Journ. Bot. 1880. p. 261.
225. Gaura Chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin: sdn sitsao. 276.
22Q. Trapa chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin: hi xi J|f),
leng co (M %)■
D. C. III. 64. Trapa bicomis. Linn, fil.—Osb. 96.—In Peking the above
names are applied to Tr. Mspinosa. Eoxb.
227. Astranthus cochinchinensis. Lour. Cochin. 274.
Fl. hgk. 122. Homalium fagifolium. Benth.
228. Passiflora coerulea. Linn. Canton, spont. Sin: I
si hoa. Lour. 644.
Poem. Peponiferae 184. Lour.’s plant (non Linn.) P. Loureiri. Don.
Meyen obs. bot. 337. P. coerulea, Macao, cult.
229. Carica Papaya- Linn. China, Cochin, cult/ Sin:

man xeu co CH H ^)* Lour. 772.
American plant cultivated throughout the tropics.
230. Trichosanthes anguinea. Linn. China, Cochin,

cult, esculenta. Lour. 722.
Linn. Chin. pL 97. ,
231. Cucurbita Lagenaria. Linn. China, Cochin. Cult. Sin :

hu qua m jk), ho lo (m m. Lour. 728.
D. C. III. 299. Lagenaria vulgaris. Sav.—Osb. 98.
232. Cucumis acutangulusv Linn, China, Cochin, cult.

Lour. 727.
D, 0. III. 302. Luffa acutangula.—Lin. Chin. pi. 99.
233. Momordica Luffa. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: su qua
(f& /&•)• Lour. 724.
D. G. III. 303. luffa aegyptiaca. (i. e. Linn.’a plant), Lonf.’s plant
according to Naudin (Cucurb. in Ann. sc. nat. XII, 1859, 119.) Luffa
oylindrica. Roem.
234. Momordica cylindrica. Linn. Canton, cult. Sin: soy qua
(S &)■ Lour. 725.
According to Naudm, 1. c. the'same' as the preceding.
235. Momordica Char&ritUu Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : Ichu qua ]&):• Lour. 725.
Flora hgk. 125.
236. Muricia cochinchinensis. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin: mo
pie su (/ft Hi "J*)- 733.
G. PI. I. 825. Momordica cochinchinensis.
237. Cucurbita Bepo. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: turn
qua J$l). Lour. 728.
The above Chin, name is applied in Peking to Benineasa cerifera. Lav.—
Naudin 1. c. 87 also identifies Lour.’s plant with Benineasa.
238. Cucumis sativus* Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
ho am qua (j|| J$L).
The Cucumber is much cultivated throughout China.
239. Cucumis Melo- Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin:
can qua ( ^ j&). Lour.'726.
Various varieties of Melons are cultivated in X. China, as well as in
the South. _
240. Cucurbita Melopepo. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
nan qua (i@ It), fan qua (f|f $£.), Lour. 729.
Xaudin 1. c. 84. Lour.’s plant (non Linn.) Cucurbita moschata. Duch.
241. Cucurbita Citrullus. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : si qua (!§ /££.)• Lour. 730.
Gsb. 101. The Water Melon is largely cultivated in all parts of China.
242. ,Solena heterophylla. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : Ichu leu
(fj§ S/j b'ew hoafuen (3^ §0* 629.
D. C. III. Bryonia heterophylla.—G. PI. I. 820. Coccinia. Spec, dubia.
In Peking the above Chinese names are applied to Trichosqnthes palmata.
Roxb.
243. Bryonia hastata. Iôur. Canton. Sin : si toung qua. 731.
FI. hgk. 124. Karivia umbellata. Arn.—Add. FI. hgk. 104. Zehneria
umbellata. Thw.
244. Melofhria indica. Lour. Cochin. 43.

Hce. Add. FI. hgk. 104.
245. Mollugo triphylla. Lour. Canton. Sin : ha hhim su. 79.
Osb. 103.—FI. hgk. 23. Mollugo stricta. Linn.—Benth. combines also M.
pentaphylla. Linn, "with this plant.
246. Trisanthus cochinchinensis. Lour. China, Cochin. 219.
D. C. IV. 63. Hydrocotyle abbreviata. Bich.
247. Slum sisarum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin:
xuei Jcin (p)C JSjO* Lour. 223.
This plant has never been observed in China. See above Linn. Chin,
pi., 106.—The above Chinese name is applied in Japan to Oenanthe
stolonifera. D. C.
248. '/S'ium graeeum. Linn. Cochinehina, China.? Lour. 223.
Linn.’s plant as well as that of Lour, are dubious. Comp. D. C. IY. 159.
Ligusticum graeeum and 143 Kundmannia sicula.■
249- Anethum, Foeni&ulum. Linn. Abundanter in China,
colit. eti'am in Cochin. Sin : hoei hiam (HI Hfj. Lour. 226.
D. C. IY. 142. Foemculum vulgare. Gaertn. Europa.—Much cultivated
in Peking.
250. Athamanta chinensis. Linn.. China, Cochin, cult, spont.
Sin: xe clioan Jf;). Lour. 222.
Lin. Chin. pi. 108.—D. C. IY. 152. Selnram (Cnidium) Monnieri.
251. Coiiandmm sativum. Linn. Colitur in China, raro
in Cochin. Sin : xe hu yu. Lour. 225.
D. C. IY. 250 considers Loureiro’s Coriander a dubious plant. But C.
sativum is much cultivated in North-China as well as in the South.—F1.
hgk-135.
252.. Baucus Carota. Linn. Canton, indeque in Cochin,
translata. Sin : hu lu pa |f| ^f|). Lour. 222.
253. Caucalis orientalis.'Lmn. Canton. Lour. 221.
Hance advers. 15. Torilis praetermissa. Canton.
254.. Aralia chlnensi&i Linn. Cochinehina. Lour. 234.
Osb. 109.—FI. hgk. 135.
255. Aralia octophylla. Lour. Cochin: Canton (varie-
tas).. 233.
D. 0. IY. 258. Dubia.
256.. Panax ftllticosum* Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Lour. 806.
D. C. IY. 254. Java.
257. Pledronia chinensis. Lour. Prov. Canton. 201.
D. C. IV. 252. Fanax Loureirianum. Perhaps the same as Pana* aculea-
iUm or Acanthopanax aculeata. Osb. 111.—Add. Fi. hgk. 104.
258. Aralia palmata. Lour. China. Sin: u Ida pi (JH

&)■ 233.
D. 0. IV. 264. Hedera scandens.
259. Stylidium chinense. Lour. Canton. Sin : pan tsau. 273.
D. 0. IV. 267. Marlea begonifolia. Rxbg. Nepal. China.
260. Sambucus nigra. Linn. In montanis Sinensibus. Sin *
u chu yu ^ M). Lour. 226.
D. C. IV. 323. Sambucus Loureiriana. Dubia.
261. Phyteuma bipinnata. Lour. Suburb. Canton. Sin: tcha
leang tsao. 172.
D. C. IV. 323. Sambucus ebulotdes (speoim. Lour, in Mus. Par.)
262. Lonicera Xylosteum. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: him
nganhoa iH Lour. 186.
D. C. IV. 334. Lonicera Loureiri. Dubia.—In Peking the above Chinese
name is applied to L. chinensis. Wats.
263. Lonicera periclymenum, Linn. In multis locis imp.
Sinensis. Sin: gin turn (JQ, 3£). Lour. 185.
D. C. IV. 333. Lonicera confusa. P—PI. hgk. 144. Lon. multifiora.
Champ.—Maxim, diagn. plant, nov. asiat. II. 57.
264. Folyozus lanceolata. Lour. Canton. Sin: am san
cung. 94.
Gen. PI. II. 29. Specim. in Mus. Britann. Genus dubium. D. C. IV. 494.
Genus Rubiacearum.
265. Cephalanthus montanus. Lour. China. Sin: san yong
mai. 84.
D. C. IV. 622. Planta ignota, certe non Cephalanthus.
266. Cephalanthus occidentalism Linn.? China. Sin:
soy yong mai. Lour. 83.
G. PI. II. 29. Planta dubia.—D. C. IV. 539. Ceph. ? orientalis. Roem.
et Schult. (non Linn.).—Comp. FI. hgk. 146. Ceph. occidentalis (sub
Adina.)
267. Oldenlandia repens. Linn. Canton. Sin: ha him tsao.
Lour. 98.
D. C. IV. 419. Dentella repens. Forst.
268. Oldenlandia paniculata. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 99.
Fl. hgk. 152.
269. Hedyoiis herhacea. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 98.
Osb. 114.—Fl. hgk. 151, note.
270. Mussaenda chinensis. Lour. Suburb. Canton. 189.
D. C. IV. 373. Dubia, ft. genere removenda.
271. Oxyceros sinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin : cai tsoi lac. 187.
Fl. hgk. 155. Randia sinensis. Roem. et Sch.
272. Gardenia fiorida. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: chy

tsu (|H[ ^p). Lour. 183.
Linn. Chin. pi. 117.—FI. hgk. 153.
273. Gardenia volubilis. Lour. Suburb. Canton. Sin: xang
lan than. 184.
D. C. IY. 383. Dubia, a Gardeniis videtur excludenda.
274. Genipa? flava. Lour. Canton. Sin: uat than cay. 185.
275. Ixora coccinea. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 95.
D. C. IY. 486. Ixora stricta. Exbg.—Osb. 118.—FI. hgk. 158.
276. Pavetta arenosa. Lour. Canton. Sin: tasa. 92.
D. C. IY. 493. A genere forte ab ordine excludenda.
277. Gentiana scandens. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : hi si than
(US®). 213.
D. C. IX. 119. Paederia footida. Linn.— FI. hgk. 162.—
278. Dysoda fasciculata. Lour. China, Cochin, Sin: man
tsidn yong. (iS 3c S)- i8i.
D. C. IY* 575. Serissa foetida. Comm. Lycinm foetidum Linn. fil. suppl.
150.—Journ. Bot. 1874. 183. Hance in Amoy, spent. Bullock ? in the proy.
of Hunan. (Journ. Bot. 1880 p. 261.)
279. Galium tuberosum* : Lour. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : hoam cim ( jl| $j§). 99.
D. C. IV. 611. PI. dubia.—In Chinese botan. works the above Chinese
name is applied to various species of Polygonaturn. See Chi wu ming shi
t?u k*ao VIII. tab. 18, 19, 20, 21.—In Peking Pol. sibiricum. Bed. bears
this name.
# 280. Cracianella angustifolia. Lour ? China. Sin : uei
lin sien (see above 1, clematis). Lour. 100.
D. C. IY. 586. European spec.
281. Scabiosa cochinchinensis. Lour. China, Cochin.
Sin : ti tan tsao (II H 3?).' 85*
D. 0. IY. 661. Stirps dubia.—The above Chin, name is applied in Can¬
ton to Elephantopus .scabe/r. Linn. (Parker.)
282. Spilanthus tmetorius. Lour. China, Cochin, cult. 590.
D. C. Y. III. Adenostemma tinetorium. Cass.
283. ’ JLgeratum eiliare* Linn. Canton. Lour. 591.
D. C. Y. 109. India orient. Spec, obseura.
-.284. Solidago cantoniansis- Lour. Canton. Sin: ham
siong ho a. 612.
Comp. Osb. 123,
. 285 • Solidago deeurreng* Lour. Canton. Sin : hoanq ham
siong. 612.
D. C. Y, 342. Spec, dubia.
286. Fteronia tomentosa. Lour. Canton. Sin: dm Jioa

mu. 597.
287. Matricaria cantoniensis. Lour. Canton. Sin: hi su
tsu. 609.
D. C. VI. 44. Hisutsua cantoniensis. (Lour, specim. in hb. Mus.
Paris.).—PI. hgk. 174. Boltonia indica. Btb.—Osb. 124.
288. Aster indicus. Linn. China, spont. cnlt. Sin: ma lan
hoa (J§ H |£). Lour. 615.
Osb. 124.—D. C. V. 303. Asteromoea indica. Bl.—Hce. add. fl. hgk. 107.
Variety of Boltonia indica.
289. Aster chinensis, Linn.—Lour. 615, mentions this plant
(Caliistephus chinensis. Nees.) but states that he has not
seen it.—Osb. 125.
290. Hrigeron hirsutum. Lour. Canton. Sin: ha si
houc. 611.
291. Baccharis chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin: van po
leng. 604. .
L>. C. VII. 283. Hook, et Arn. bot. Bee'ch. 195. South-China.
292. Gonyza chinensis. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 606.
D. C. V. 445. Blumea chinensis.—Osb. 226.—PI. hgk. 177.
293. Baccharis Salvia. Lour. (Conyzabalsamifera. Linn.) 603.
D. C. VJ 447. Blumea balsamifera.—Hanbury Science pap. 393. Peculiar
Camphor from China.
294. Baccharis Dioscorides. Linn. China, Cochin, cult, spont.
Sin: laongfu su. Lour. 603.
D. C. V. 450. Pluchea Dioscorides.—In Aegypto.
295. Gonyza hirsuta. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : ho mi tsao.
Lour. 606.
D. C. V. 453. Pluchea hirsuta. Less.—Osb. 127.
296. Sphaeranthus cochinchinensis. Lour. China,
Cochin. 623.
297. G-naphalium indicum. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 608.
Plor. hgk. 188.
298. Buphthalmum oleraceum. Lour. China, Cochin,
cult. 618.
299. Xanthium sirumarium* Linn. China, Cochin.
Lour. 689.
Linn. Chin. pi. 132.—PI. hgk. 181.
300. Siegesbeckia orientails. Linn. Cochinchina, China,
sed Lour, ibi non obvia. 616.
Osb. 133.—PI. hgk. 182.
301. 302. Eclipta erecta. Linn, et E. prostrata Linn. Lour.
617. 618.
/
Osb. Cfc. 134—FI. hgk. 181. Bentb. combines both of them with Eclipta
alba. Haenk.
303. Verbesina calendulacea. Linn. Canton. Sin '.fan Mii Tcouc
(gf Parker.). Lonr. 619.
D. 0. Y. 539. Wedelia calendulacea. Less.—Osb. 135—FI. hgk. 182.
304. Helianthus giganteus. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
koam quei hoa (jlF -if . Lonr. 623.
D. C. Y. 591. Helianthus cochinchinensis ? Pers.
305. Verbesina spicata. Lonr. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
ihien cai tsai. 620.
D. O. Y. 618. Dubia.
306. Coreopsis biternata. Lonr. Canton. 605.
307. Bidens bipinnata. Linn. China, Cochin. Lonr. 596.
Fl. hgk. 183.
308. Bidens pilpsa. Linn. Cochin. Lonr. 596.
Fl. hgk. 183.
309. Coreopsis leucorhiza. Lonr. Canton. Sin : fain fum
JR). 622.
D. C. Y. 605. Bidens leucorhiza ?
310. Tagetes patula. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Lonr. 616.
311. Cotula anthemoides. Linn. Cochin. Lonr. 602.
FL hgk. 185.
312. Chrysanthemum procumbens. Lonr. China, Cochin. Sin :
’ siao Mo hoa. ()]. M ®. 610.
Osb. 136.—Fl. hgk. 184—Maximow. Dec. X. 516. Pyrethrum (Chrysan-
themum) indicum Cass.var. & genuinum. (the wild growing form.)
313. Chrysanthemum indicum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : ta Mo hoa. (;fc Sf $£•). Lonr 610.
Osb. 137.—Maxim. 1. e. 518. Pyrethrum sinense. Sab. var. plenum.
314. Centipeda orbicularis* Lonr. Cochin. 602.
Linn. Chin. pi. 138.—Fl. hgk. 186.
315. Artemisia chinensis. Linn. Canton. Ex foliis fit Moxa.
Sin: hhi ngai m Lonr. 600.
Linn. Chin. pi. 139.—Maxim. Dec. XI. Tanacetum chinense. A. Gray.
316. Artemisia vulgaris. Linn. China, Cochin, spont.
cult. Sin: ngai ye (*£ 3|!). Lour. 600.
Osb. 140.—Fl. hgk. 187.
317. Artemisia annua. Linn. Peking. Sill: tsao cao
(H i®). Lour. 599. ■
Fl. hgk. 187.—Common in North-China. ^ ^ hiang hao>
318. Artemisia Abrotanum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult,

spont. Sin : yn chin hao (]§ ^ j|f|). Lour. 598.
D. 0. VI. 106. Stirps Lour, cerfce diversa.
319. Artemisia aquatica. Lour. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : hai turn. Lour. 598.
D. 0. VI. 126. An vera Artemisiae spec ? Eupatorivm foeni culaceum
Bess?
320. Artemisia judaica* Linn. China, Cochin. Sin:
ngaocfuyong. Lonr. 597.
D. 0. VI. 106. Stirps Lour, videtur diversa.
321. Tussilago Farfara. Linn. China borealis. Sin: huan turn
lioa ^ ^j£). Lour. 614.
In Japan the above Chin, name is applied to Petasites japonicus. Miq.
322. Cacalia pinnatifida. Lour. Canton. Sin : cien san sat
(H H -t) S93>
D. C. VI. 301. Gynura ? pinnatifida.—Cultivated in Peking.
323. Senecio divaricatus. Linn. Canton. Sin : ham sitm lin.
Lour. 613. /
D. C. VI. 301. Gynura divaricata.—-Osb. 142.
324. Cacalia procumbens. Lour. China, Cochin, cult, spont.
Lour. 592.
D. C. VI. 298. Gynura sarmentosa ?
325. Cacalia bulbosa. Lour. China, Cochin, cult, spont. Sin :
san sat (H £)• 592.
D. C. VI. 301. Gynura hulbosa. Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech. 194. PI. hgk.
189. identifies the latter plant with G. pseudochina. D. C.
326. Cacalia sonchifolia Linn. Cochin. Lour. 593.
D. C. VI. 302. Emilia sonchifolia.—Linn. Chin.' pi. 144. FI. hgk. 189.
Senecio sonchifolius. Moench. *
327. Cineraria repanda. Canton. Sin: can li man (jb JH
BJ). 613.
D. C. VI. 363. Senecio chinensis.
328. Gorteria setosa. Linn. Canton. Lour. 620.
D. C. VI. 501. Gorteria ? Loureiri. Dubia.
329. Xerantiiemum chinense- Lour. Canton. Sin : siao
louc ngi. 608.
D. C. VI. 529. Stirps dubia.
330. Carduus lanceolatus. Linn. Canton. Sin: la ti tsao,
siao Icy ()J* jUi). Lour. 588.
D. C. VI. 629. Carduus chinensis. Stirps dubia.
331. Carduus tuberosus. Linn. Canton. Sin: thu gin sen
( -f- A ^). Lour. 589.
D. C. VI. 645. Cirsium pratense. Linn.’s plant is a native of Europe.
332. Serratula multiflora. Linn. Canton. Sin : mu min fo.

Lour. 589.
D. C. VI. 675. Linn.’s plant is probably Jurinaea linearifolia. Siberia,
Caucasus. Tauria.
333. Serratula scordium. Lour. China, Cochin, spont.
cnlt. Sin: tse lan ($?p ||j). 590.
D. C. VI. 671. Dubia.
334. Cartham us tinctorius. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : hum lan hoa (lit lH $j). Lour. 587.
Largely cultivated in China.
335. Tus'silago Anandria. Linn. China borealis. Sin : lu chau
Tcoan turn hoa i.e. Tcoan turn hoa (Ife S ?£) from lu chau (in
the prov. of An hui.). Lonr. 614.
D. C. VII. 40. Linn.’s plant is Anandria Bellidiastrum, var. autumnale.
(Gerbera. G. PI. II. 498.)
336. Cichorium Bndivia. Linn. China boreal. Sin : 1ehu
tsai (S mi Lour. 583.
D. C. VII. 84. Europa, India.
337. Picris repens. Lour. Canton. Sin : hu Jioam lien ^
*§£)• 583.
D. C. VII. 159. Barkhausia repens. Spr.—Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech, p.
194.—Crepis repens. G. PL II. 513.
338. Leontodon sinense. Lour. China. Sin : pu cum tsao.
(» & ®). 584.
D. C. VII. 150. Taraxacum sinense. Species non satis nota. In Peking
Leontodon taraxacum, found also in Hongkong, bears the above Chinese
name.
339. X>actuca saliva# Linn. Cochin. Macao, cult.—Sin :
ye tsai, hiu (]=£). Lour. 585.
The common Lettuce is cultivated throughout China.
340. Sonchus floridamis. Linn. Canton. Sin : nieu li soi.
Lour. 586.
D. C. VII. 249. Mulgedium floridum. American spec.—G. PI. II. 525.
Lactuca florida.—According to Parker Lactuca brevirostris in Canton is
Mi niu li tsao.
341. Sonchus sibiricus. Linn. Canton. Sin: xan tu (ill
Lour. 586. * •
D. C. VII. 249. Mulgedium sibiricum. Less. (Lactuca sibirica. G. PL).
Sibiria.
342. Lobelia chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin: puen fuenlien. 628.
PI. hgk. 197. Lobelia trigona. Roxbg. var. glabra. Osb. 145.
343. Enkianthus quinqueflora. Lour. Canton, cult. Sin :
tsiao tsung hoa (jfj |j§ ^). 339.
FI. hgk. 200.
344. Xtokianthus biflora. Lour. Canton. Sin : san lieo

hoa. Lour. 340.
345. Thela alba. Lonr. China, Cochin. Sin: gpa hoatan.-
(6 Sr). i47.
D. 0. XII. 692. Plumbago ceylanica. Linn.—Hce. Add. PI. hgk. 111.
346. 'Thela coccinea. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin: the hoa tan.
(# 7E ®). 147.
D. C. XII. 693. Plumbago coccinea. Boiss. Observed in Macao by
Vac-hell.
347. Primula sinensis^ Lour. In imper. Sinensi. Sin:
yu tsuan hoa. 128. ' . (
Not to be confounded with Pr.; sinensis. Lindl. D. 0. VIII. 35. P.
Sinensis Lindl. has lately-been observed by Watters in the province of
Hupeh. (Joum. Bot. 1880. p. 262).
348. Sideroxylon cantoniense. Lour. In suburb.
Canton. Sin : san cot (lUMPi. - • ■ ■
349. Buclea herbacea» Lour. Canton. Sin: xe lm tsu. 773.
, D. C. VIII. 219. Species dubia.
350. Nbenoxylum verum. Lour. Cochin. Sin : o ‘input (J§ /f;),
u muen mu (,% 4f§ 7fC). 752.
Osb. 146. D. C. VIII. 242. Maba Ebenos. Spreng.
351. Biospyros Kaki. Linn. fil. China, Cochin, cult. Sin:
su XU (# *)■ Lour. 278.
352. Myrtus chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin : tan guah xiong. 382.
D. C. III. 242. Specim. Lour, in hb. Mus. Paris. Symplocos sinica Ker ?
China.
.353. Nydanthes grandifiora. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
ta mo li (;fc ^ (0. Lour. 26.
D. C. VIII. 302. Jasminum Sambac, var. trifoliatum or 303. Jasm. arbores-
cens. Roxbg. (Lour.’s plant, non Linn.). But according to Parker Jasmi¬
num grandiflorum is also cultivated in Canton.
354. Nydanthes Sambac. Linn. In hortis Ohinae et Cochin.
Sin : mo li hoa (^fsi §§*4 ^2)- Lour 25.
D. C. VIII. 301. Jasminum Sambac. Ait.—Much cultivated in China.
355. J’asminum officinale- Linn. Canton. Sin : su ban hoa
(§gCultivated
8 ?£)•Lour-24
in South-China.—Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech. 197.
356. Osmanthus fragrans. Lour. In hortis Chinae, Cochin.
Sin : mo si hoa (/fC Jp 4&), guei hoa /f2)- Lour. 35.
Olea fragrans. Thbg. Japan.—Osb. 149.—Cultivated throughout China,
And also wild.
357. Ugusfnim sinense. Lour. Canton. 23.

FI. hgk. 215.—Decaisne Monogr. Ligustr. 36.—Introduced into Europe
by Fortune. Gardener’s Chron- 1878. 364.
358. Vinca rosea. Linn. China, Cochin, agrest. cult.
Lour. 146.
FI. hgk. 220.
359. Plumeria obtusa. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Lour. 144.
D. C. Till. 392. Lour.’s plant (non Linn.) Plumeria acutifolia. Poir.
Southern Asia.
360. Neriwm Oleander. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 141.
Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech. 199. Lour.’s plant is Nerium odorum. Linn.—
Comp. Linn. Chin. pi. 150.
361. Pergularia divdrieata. Lour. China. Sin: hu muon. 210.
D. C. VIII. 418. Strophanthus divergens. Grah.—FI. hgk. 220.
362. Apocymim alterniflomm* Lour. Prope Oantonem.
Sin : fu muon than. 209.
D. C. VIII. 440. StirpS dubia.
363. Asclepias Cumssavia. Linn. Canton. Sin: yong co lai
M M Williams). Lour. 211.
' D. C. VIII. 572. Lour.’s plant is Toxocarpus Wightianus. Hook, et Arn.
bot. Beech. 200. But AscL euras'savia has also been observed in* Southw
China. FI. hgk. 225. 224.
364. Cynanchum inodorum. Lour. Sin: ti yong than. 207.
D. C. VIII. 651. Gymnema inodorum.
365. Cynanchum odoratissimu/m. Lour. Canton. Cochin,
cult. 206. :
I). C. VIII. 618. Pergularia odoratissima. L.—Cultivated throughout
China. r )
366. Pergularia sinensis. Lour. China. Sin :fi si than. 211.
Spreng. Syst. I. 836. Periploca sinensis.
367. Stapelia chinensjis. Lour. Canton. Sin: yong saukhau
(I IS *)'• 205.
D. C. VIII. 636. Hoya carnosa. E. Br.—FI. hgk. 228.—Bridgm. Chrest.
454, 46.—Comp, also Maxim. Diagn. pi. nov. asiat. I. 822. H. chinensis.
Traill.
368. Buddleia asiatica. Lour. Cochin. 90.
Fl. hgk 231.
369. 'Oentigna aguatica. Linn. Canton. Sin: xi Jcam xiong.
Lour. 214.
D. C. IX. 108. Louf.’s plant is a newisp. Gentiana Loureiri. Giesel.
370. Hydrolea iBermis> Lour. Canton. Sin: xiong
fung. 2-14.
INTO THE,FLORA OF CHINA. 163
371. Yarronia sinensis. Bovac. In yar. locis imp. Sinensis. Sin;

xan chu yu ([If ^ |l| ). 171.
D. C. IX. 500. Cordia Loureiri. Roem. et Sell. Non satis nota.
372. Heliotropium Indicum* Linn. Cochin, cult.
Lour. 126.
FI, hgk. 235.
373; Anchusa officinalis.1Linn. In yar. locis imp. Sinens. Sin:
tsu tsao (H? j|£). Lour. 127.
'Hi C. X. 42. Europa:—The above Chinese name is applied in Japan to
lithospermum officinale. L. var. erythrorizon. Maxim. Dec. XI. 541. The
Chinese plant of the same name (the roots of it are sold in Peking) is
probably the same.
374 Echium vulgar©.. Linn. Lour. 125.
D. C. X. 18. Europa.7— ♦
375. Argyreia arfoorea» Lour. China, Cochin, spont.
cult. Sin : tr'uong xue%i ho a. 167.
376 Argyreia acuta* Lour. In. Sinis. Sin : pa ho than. 167.
D. C. IX. 333. Specim. Lour, in hb. Mus. Britan.—FI. hgk. 137.
377. Ipomoea Quamoclit> Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : ham peng sung. (f)| |pf ^). Lour. 137.
D. C. IX. 336. India orient. America.—Osb. 154.—Much, cultivated in
China. Bridgm. Chrest. 454. 52.
378. Convolvulus Pes cajyrae. Linn. China, Cochin,. 134.
Osb. 155.—D. C. IX. 349. Ipomoea pes caprae. 'Sw.—FI. hgk. 238.
379. Convolvulus medium. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 130.
D. C. IX. 353. Lour.’s plant is Ipomoea fllicaulis. B1—FI. hgk. 238.
380. Convolvulus reffians. Linn. China, Cochin, locis aquosis.
Lour. 133.
D. C. IX. 349. Ipomoea reptans. Poir.—Oso.153—Cultivated throughout
China. '
381. Convolvulus Batatas. Linn. Tubera esculenta. India,
China, Cochin. Sin : Jioan xy (fit ^). Lour. 131.
D. C. IX. 338. Batatas edulis, Chois.—G. PI. II. 872; Ipomoea Batatas.—
Osb. 152.—Cultivated throughout China.
382. Convolvulus obscufus. Linn. ? China, Cochin. Sin: ca
ffihan, xy. Lour. 131.
D. C. IX. 370. Ipomoea obscura. Ker.—Add. fl. hgk. 113.
383. Convolvulus tomentosus. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin:
hhien nieu ($ ^r). Lour. 133.
D. C. IX. 428. Linn.’s pjant (non Lour.) Pharbitis tomentosa. Chois.—
G. PL II. 871. Ipomoea tomentosa.—In Peking the above Chinese name is
applied to Pharbitis triloba. Chois.—Osb. 157?
384. Solatium XMEelongena* Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :

hie tsu (l]|j ~p|| Lour. 161.
Osb. 160.—Largely cultivated in China.
385, Solatium aetMopicum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Lour. 160. ' -
D. C. XIII. 1. 351. Lour.’s plant is S. aethiopicum, var. violaceum,—
Linn. Chin. 161.
38,6. Solanum lycopersicum- Linn. Cochin. Lour. 161.
Cultivated in Peking.
. 387. Solanum nigrum. Linn. Cochin'. Lour. 160. • Vr
FI. hgk. 242.—Frequent in North-China.
388. Solatium ilifloram. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin ;
hkiengphao $3,). 159. | • g
Osb. 168.—FI. hgk. 242.—Add. FI. hgk. 242. .
389. Solatium Sndlcum. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 162.
Osb. 162.—FI. hgk. 242.
390. Solatium dichotomum- Lour. Canton:, Team ngi
-van. 160.
391. Physalis Alkekengi. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :
scan tsiam (jf^ Lour. 164.
D. C. XIII. i. 438. Furopa, China.—Oommon in North-China.
392. Fhysalis angulata. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 164.
FI. hgk. 244.
393. Capsicum annuunu Linn. Cult. China, Cochin.
Lour. 157. .
Much cultivated in China.
394. Capsicum imeeatUfU8 Linn. Cult. China, Cocli.
Lour. 157. -
D. C. XIII. i. 420. India, America.
■395. Capsicum frutesceus- Linn. China, .Cochin, cult,
Sin : latUiao (f| |j$). Lour. 158. ,,
.Osb. 164.
396. Lycium larbarum. Linn. Canton. Sin : hen hi ($if ^R).
Lour. 165.
D. C. XIII. 1. 510. Lonr’s plant is Lycium chinense. Mill.—Osb. 165.—
FI. hgk. 245.'
x397. Batura KEeteL Linn, China,, Cochin. Sin : nao Men
lioa. (j||J Fj| ^). Lour. 135. « ■
The above Chin, name is applied in Canton to Datura alba. Nees.
(Parker.)
398, Mcoiiana fraticosa« Linn. China. Cochin. Sin:
yen ye (jg[ 3fi). Lour. 136.
399. Antirrhinum Linaria Linn. Canton. Sin : soyhue ho a.

Lonr. 465.
D. C. X. 273. Linaria vulgaris. Mill. Europa, Asia bor.—Also in North-
China.
400. Antirrhinum spurium. Linn. Canton. Lonr. 465.
D. C. X. 268. Linarid spuria. Mill. Europa, Asia occid.
401. Mazus mgosiis- Lonr. Cochin. 468.

El. hongk. 247.—Also in North-China.
• 402. Digitalis sinensis. Lonr. 459.
D. C. X. 380. Pterostigma grandiflorum. Benth. ?—G. PI. II. 449
Adenosma grandifiorum.—Osb. 170.—EL hgk. 247.
403. Septas repens. Lonr. Canton. Sin: pci tsi Men (G» ^
3t). 477.
D. C. X. 400. Herpestis Monnieria. Humb. B. —El. hgk. 249.
404. Gratiola hyssopioides P Linn. Canton. Sin : pi pa'
tsao. Lonr. 27.
D. C. X..415. India.
405. Picria Pel ierrae, Lonr. China, Cochin, cnlt. Lonr. 478.
G. PI. II. 954. Specim. Lour, in hb. Mus. Brit. Curangae Species ?
406. Bueltia antipoda. Linn. Cochin. Lonr. 462.
Osb. 174.--D. C. XI. 155. Bonnaya veronicaefolia. Sprehg. EL
hgk. 252.
407. Scoparia dulcls- Linn. Cochin. Lour. 89.
El. hgk. 252.
408. Striga luted,. Lour. Canton. Sin : thoc chid ham,) (J|§ $)$
&. Parker.). 27.
FI. hgk. 254. Striga hirsuta. Bth.—D. C. X, 502.
409. Camp sis adrepens. Lonr. In sylvis prov. Canton. Sin :
lien sieu (j§| !§•). 458.
D. C. IX. 223. Tecoma grandiflora. Delaun.—Loureiro in stating that
this plant has bipinnate leaves, commits the same error as with respect
to Sophora japonica. (166 above.)
410. Sesamum orientate* Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :
ma chi (# |g). Lour. 464.
Largely cultivated in China#
411. Acanthus ilicifolius. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: laocliu
lac (jg M ^). Lonr. 455.
D. C. XI. 269. Lour.’s plant Dilivaria ebracteata. Juss. ? India orient,.
412. Barleria proeumbens- Lonr.' Canton. Sin: ham
hua tsu 458.
D. C. XI. 243. Incertae sedis.
. 413. Justicia chinensis. Linn. Cochin. Lonr. 30.
T.imi. chin. pi. 183.—El. hgk. 266. Dicliptera* chinensis. Nees.
414. Justicia purpurea. Linn. Canton. Sin: chi chap ho a.

Lour. 31.
Gsb. 181.—D. C. XL 493. Peristrophe tinctoria. Nees.—Journ, bot. 1879.
13. Hainan (Hance). Observed also near Kiukiang.
415. Bissolena verticillata» Lour. Provincia Canton-
Sin : mat sa. 171.
D. C. VIII. 318. Yerbenacea.
416. Phyla chinensis. Lour. Sin: lien fuen. 83.
H. C. XVII. 296. Verbena nodiflora. Linn. Xippia nodiflora. Rich.
Osb. 184.
417. Verbena officinalis. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: ma
pien tsao (J^S |M W* Parker.). Lour. 33.
FI. bgk. 268.
418. Poiphyra diehotoma. Lour. Canton. Sin: tsuhoa uon 87.
D. 0. XI. 645 Callicarpa purpurea. Jnss. China, Japan.
419. Vitex Negundo. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: muen
Mm (||| dflj). Lour. 474.
Osb. 185.—FI. hgk. 273.
420. Vitex trifolia. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 474.
FI. hgk. 273.—D. 0. XI. 683. Collected near Canton by Millet and
Vachell.
421. Vitex spicata. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : u chu
him. 475.
D. C. XI. 696. Dubia.
422. Cornutia gicinata. Lour. Canton. Sin : u si ham (3£ $$
&)• 470.
FI. hgk. 273. Vitex Loureiri. Hook, et Arn. bot. Beech. 206.—The above
Chin, name is applied in Canton also to. V. Neg undo. /Parker.)
423. Clerodendron. infortunatum. Linn. Canton. Sin:
fang mi chu. Lour. 471.
D. C. XI. 667. India orientalis.
424. Volhameria Petasites. Lour. Cochin. 473.
D. C. XI. 657. Clerodendron infortunatum. Linn.
425. Volhameria inermis. Linn. Canton. Sin : san fu mun.
Lour. 471.
D. C. XI. 660. Clerodendron inerme. E. Br.—Osb. 187.—FI. hgk. 271.
426. Volhameria pumila. Lour. Canton. Sin: san tang lung
Oil it 111 472.
I). C. XI. 674. Clerodendron pumilum. Spreng.
427. Barbula sinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin : sat song him 445.
FI. hgk. 269. Caryopteris mastacanthus. Schau.—D. C. XI. 625.
428. Ocimum Basilicum. Linn. Cochin, cult. Lour. 449.
Much cultivated in China.
429. Dentitia nankinensis. Lour. Nanking. Canton. Sin :
Jciam nan tsu su (tt if % g). 448.
FI. hgk. 276. Periila ocymoides. L. var. crispa.
430. Mentha pulegium. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : no ho
(M #)• Lonr. 43.7i
Lour.’s plant is probably Mentha arvensis. L. (M. javanica B1J. FI.
hgk. 276. The above Chin, name is applied in Peking to M. arvensis, var.
sativa.
431. Mentha hirsnta. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: Mam
tsao (@ ®). Lonr. 437!
D. C. XII. 170. European spec.
432. Mentha crispa. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 437.
D. C.XII. 170. Europa.
433. Origanum creticum. Linn. Canton. Sin : Quam turn him
hiai, Lour. 453.
D. C. XII. 193. Origanum vulgare. L. var. prismaticum. Europa.
434. Origanum heracleotieum. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 453.
D. C. XII. 194. Linn.’s plant is dubious. 0. hirtum. Link P Europa.
435. Origanum Majorana. Linn. China. Cochin, raro.
Lour. 454.
D. C. XII. 195. 196. Ind. orient.
436. Origanum Bictamus* Linn. Canton. Sin: quam
turn fam fum (J| jf? J^fjf J§|). Lour. 452.
D. C. XII. 191. Europa.
437. Melissa cretica. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : tsu su
J§). Lour. 446.
D. 0. XII. 227. Calamintha cretica. Benth. Creta.—In Peking the above
Chin, name is applied to Periila ocymoides. L.
438. Rosmarinus officinalis. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : yong tsao. Lour. 34.
D. C. XII. 360. Europa. Oriens.
439. Betonica officinalis. Linn? China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : ho Mam (H; Lonr. 441.
. D. C. XII. 460. Europa. Asia bor.—In Peking the above Chinese name
is applied to Lophanthus rugosus. Fisch.
440. Stachys Artemisia. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : he ho eh
sung uy. Lour. 443.
D. C. XII. 501. Leonurus sibiricus. Linn.—Linn. Chin. pi. 194. FI. hgk. 278.
441. Bamium garganicum. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin:
hi hiem tsao. Lour. 442.
D. C. XII. 504. Europa.
448. Teuerium IPolium* Linn. Canton. Sin : ti tarn isao.

Lour. 439. p
D. 0. XXI. 591. Europa, Africa, Asia oqcid*
. 443. Ajllga replans. Linn. Canton. Lour. 441.
D. C. XII. 595. Europa. Asia occid.
444. Plantago majors Linn.-Ad vias. China, Cochin. Sin :
die tsientiao (ifC jjlf 3|l). Lour. 90.
El. hgk. 280.—Linn. Chin, 195—Eoem. et Sch. syst. III. 112. consider
Lour.’s plant a new spec : P* Loureiri*
445. Campylas sinensis* Lonr. Canton, in collibns nemo-
uosis. Sin i.c&eng coin than. Lonr. 140.
D. C. XVII. 291. Corolliflora incertae sedis.
. 446. Callicarpa triloba* Lour. China, Cochin. Sin ; ca fu
thay-89. ' • • '
D. C. XI. 647. nubia.1 ' ! A A;A
447. JMiraMlis J’alappa* Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : jen
chi, ho.a ID - Lour. 123. •
Qsb. 196. /|| -1,: - •
448. Boerhayia diffusa* Linn. Canton. Sin : hovAig si sin
Lour. 20.
El. hgk. 281. Canton. . ' • ' ,f
‘ 449. Celosia argentea..Linn. China, ’Cochin, cult.’ agr.
Sin : tsim siam tsur(’pf ^ pp. Lour. 203.
Qsb. 198.—-FI. hgh. 284.
450. Celesta margaritacea* Linn. Cochin.; in China cult.
Sin : liia Mu tsao. (M fe M)-Lour. 203.
D. C. XIII. 2. 243. 0. •'argentea, var. margar.
451. Celosia, tsasirensii Linn. ’ China, Cochin, cult. Sin: hi
hoan hog, (H| ^ ^). Lour. 202.
Gsb. 199.—El. hgk. 284.—D. C. XIII. 2. 242. Celosia cristata. var
castrensis.
452. iLmarantbus fristis* Linn. China, Cochin, escu*
lenta. Lour. 686.
Osh* 201. ,
453. Amaranthus spinosus* Linn. Cochin, spont. cult.
Lour. 687.
El. hgk. 285.
454. iLmarautiius cmenfus* Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Lour. 687.
Osb. 200.
455. Amaranthus tricolor* Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Sin : Mm Men ($0C J§£). Lour. 685.
Frequently cultivated in Ohiria. ’ ,
456. Amaranihus polygamus, Linn. China, Cochin, cult,

spont. Sin t pe hien ((=j HJ). Lour 085.
D. C. XIII. 2.272. Euxolus polygamus. Mooq. Aegyptus, Amboina,
457. Gyathula geniculata. Lour. Cochinchina, China? Sini
nieu si M). Lour. 124.
D. 0. XIII. 2.326. Cyathula prostrata. Bl. Macao (Gallery) .FLhgk. 285,
458. Illecebrum sessile. Linn. Canton. Sin: fan ti Jcouo
(£ jt Sf Parker.). Lour. 202.
D. C. XIII. 2. 357. Alternanthera sessilis. R, Br. China.- (Staunton). FI.
hgk. 285.
459. CJornplirena globosa* Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Lour. 218.
Osb. 205.—D. C. XIII. 2. 409. China (Leclanch.),—Cultivated: in Peking.
460. Beta vulgaris* Linn. Canton cult. Sin:: pa hung.
Lour. 217.
Much cultivated in Peking and other parts of China.
461. Spinacia oleracea* Linn. Canton, cult. Lour. 757.
Osb. 206.-—Cultivated throughout China.
462. Basella nigra. Lour. China, Coch, agrest. cult.
Sin : lo guei (f|£ ^). 229.
Willdenow thinks, that this is B'asella rubra,. Linn. But IX O. XIII. 2.
223. retains Lour.’s spec, as distinct.
463; Lagunea eochinehinensis. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin t pa
niu. Lour. 272.
D. C. XIV. 123. Polygonum orientate. Linn.-—Osb. 211.—FI. hgk. 288.
464. IPolygonum chmense. Linn. Canton. Sin : fo than
mu.- oxm % Parker)* Lour. 297,
Osb. 212.—FI. hgk. 289.
465. Polygonum barbatum* Linn. China, Canton. Sin :■
leao xi (||f ? ), hung hoang xeng. Lour. 296.
Osb.. 210—FI. hgk. 288.
466. Polygonum tinctorium. Lour. Canton, Sin: ho-
OLID* 297.
Act. hort. Kew. 2d ed.-II. 418. Introduced into England from China,
in 1776.—Cultivated in North-China
467. Polygonum hydropiper. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: xuiei
leao (y|C ||£). Lour. 295.
D. C. XIV. 107. Polygonum flaccidum ? (Lour.’s plant.). But P. hydropiper
is found in Hongkong. FI. hgk. 288.
468. Polygonum ciliatum* Lour. Canton. Sin: ho xan
hio. 299.
B. C. XIV. 102. Species obscura.
469. Polygonum perfoliatum. Linn. Cochin, Lour. 298.

Tl.hgk.289.
470. Polygonum aviculare. Linn. China, Cochin. Bin: vien
sue (j|| ^H). Lour. 297.
D. C. XIV. 93. Pol. Roxlurghii. var.—FI. hgk. 287,. Pol. plebejum. Br.
471. Polygonum tataiicum. Linn. Canton. Sin: tarn CO
mao (? ^ §§£). Lour. 298.
D. G. XIV, 144. Tataria, Sibiria. Nepal.—Found also in North-China.
472. Etheum palmatum. Linn. China borealis. Sin: ta
ho am (± K). Lour. 313.
Lin. Chin. pi. 213.
473. Rlieum Rhabarharum. Linn. In multis locis imp. Sin.
colitur. Sin : ta hoam. Lour. 314.
Bhetun undulatum. Linn. Chin. pi. 214.
474. Rumex crispus. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 269.
D. C. XIV. 60. Lour.’s plant is Rumex chinensis. Campd. Gathered in
China by Staunton, Beechey, Millet.;—Add. FI. hgk. 117.
475. Asarum virginianum. Linn. In variis Sinarum provin-
ciis. Sin: Si sin (ffB Lour. 357.
Lour, quotes Thbg. Japan. Thbg.’s Asar. virg. is Asarum Thunbergii. Ah
Braun. D. C. XV. 1. 427.
476. Spathium chinense. Lour. Canton. Sin : thonq pin nqau.
Lour. 270.
Hook, et Am. bot. Beech. 216 identify it with Siaurmus cernuus. L.
S. China,—Decaisne (D.O. XVI.1.239.) piakes a new spec. Saururus Loureiri.
477. Polypara cochinchinensis. Lour. Cochin, cult. Lour. 78..
D. C. XVJ. 1. 238. Houttuynia eordata. Thbg.—-FI. hgk. 334.
478. Piper nigrum* Linn. Cochin. Sin: hu tsiao (® w-
Lour. o7.
479. Piper Belle* Linn. Sin: lau yep (IS; 3||). Lour. 39.
Osb. 216.
480. Piper longum. Linn. Sin: pi po (3j£ Jg).. Lour. 40.
481. Creodus odprifer. Lour. Cochin, cult. 112.
D* C. XVI. 1. 474. Chloranthus inconspicuus. Sw. ?—FI. hgk. 334.
482. Laurus Camphor a. Linn. China. Japan. Sin: lum nao
Jiiam (jf| UH ^). Lour. 306-.
Osb. 217.—D. C, XV. 1. 24. Cinnamomum Camphora. Nees. China
(Staunton).
4*83.' Laurus Cinnamomum. Linn. Cochin. Sin: huei xu
r«#)- Lour. 305^
D. C. XV. 1.16. Lour.’s plant is Cinnamomum Loureiri. Nees. Found
also in Japan.
INTO THE FLOEA OF CHINA. 171
484. Sehifera glutinosa. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin ; cien ham

xu. Lorn*. 783.
D. C. XV. 1.178. Tetranthera laurifolia. Jaqq. Litsaea, chinensis Lam.—
FI. hgk. 293. Tetranthera citrifolia.—Add. FI. hgk. 119.
485. Glabraria Tersa. Linn. Cochin. Lonr. 576.
D. 0. XV. 1.179. Tetranthera laurifolia. var. citrifolia.—FI. hgk. 293.—
Add. FI. hgk. 119.
486. Laurus Gubeba. Lour. China, Cochin, cult. 310.
D. C. XV. 1.199. Tetranthera ? Cubeba.—Baphnidium Cubeba. Neea.
487. Laurus Sassafras. Linn. Prope Tunkin. Sin: hoam
cham (jj| $f£). Lour. 312.
D. C. XV. 1. 246. Lindera ? Loureiri. Bl. Species dubia.
488. Laurus Myrrha. Lour. Cochin. Sin : u yo (J| |H). 308.
D. 0. XVI. 1. 230. Baphnidium Myrrha. Nees.—G. PI. III. 163. Lindera
Myrrha. *
489. Galodium cocldncMnense. Lour. Cochin. China? 303.
Willdenow thinks, that it may be Cassyta filiformis. L.—Osb. 218.—Fh
hgk. 294.
490. Helicia cochinehinensis. Lour. Cochin. 105.
Fl. hgk. 295.
491. Daphne odora. Linn. Canton, cult. Sin: nhiic moi, nun
muei. Lour. 292.
D. O. XIV. 537. Lour.’s plant : Baphne sinensis. Lam. Has been
cultivated in Paris.
492. Daphne triHora* Lour. Canton. Sin : u si seng. 291.
D. O. XIV. 541. 537. (D.japonica).
493. Daphne cannabina. Lour. Cochin. 291.
D. 0. XIV. 546. Wickstroemia viridiflora. Meissn. Specim. Lour, in htn
Mus. Paris.—Fl. hgk. 297.
494. Daphne incbica. Linn. Nanking, Canton. Sin : lu ha sin.
Lour. 292.
D. 0. XIV. 543, Wickstroemia indica. C. A. Mey, China (Vachell).—
Osb. 219.
495. Ophispermum slnense. Lour. Sin : pa mou yong. 344.
(1. PI. III. 200. Aquilariae spec.
496. Dlaeagnus latifolia. Linn. Canton. Sin: pa poi tsu.
Lour. 113.
D. C. XIV. 613. Elaegnus Loureiri. Champ.—Fl. hgk. 298.
497. Santalum album* Linn. South-Cochinchina. Sin:
tan yam. ($§£ ff). Lour. 109.
D. C. XIY. 683. India, Indian Archipelago.
498. Euphorbia nereifolia* Linn. Cochin. Lour. 366.
Osb. 222.—B. C. XV. 2. 79. Ceylon.
499. Euphorbia Tiruealli. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 366.
Fl. hgk. 301.
500. Buxus sempervlrena. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :

huam tuon. Lour. 678.
FI. hgk. 315. B. sempervirens. Bat Hance Add. FI. hgk, 123 considers
this a new spec: Buxus Harlandi.
501. Clutia monoiea. Lour. Canton. Sin : xun tifum. 784.
D. C. XV. 2. 508, Cleistanthus monoicus.—Hook. et Arn. bot. Beech.
211.—Species incomplete nota.
502. Phyllanthus Exnblica. Linn. China. Cochin. Sin :
hac min san (ll| ® M)- Lour. 677.
D. C, XV. 2. 352. India orient., China (Staunton), Japan.—FI. hgk.
312.—The above Chin, name = Melanthesa chinensis in Canton. (Parker).
Also Phyllanthus obscurus,
503. Nymphanthus chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin: siong chu
tscw (S $ ®). 664.
D. C. XV» 2. 433. Phyllanthus villosus. Poir. China (Sonnorat.) In
Canton the above Chin, name = Phyll. urinaria (Parker.).
504. Nymphanthus Niruri. Lour. Cochin. 665.
D. G. 1. c. 406. Phyllanthus Niruri. Mull. (Specim. Lour, in hb. Mus.
Lond.J.—FI. hgk. 811.
505. Phyllanthus urinaria. Linn. Canton, Cochin. Sin:
fi yong tsao j$J§ ]|C). Lour. 677.
D. C. 1. c. 364. Muller refers, evidently by a mistake, Lour/s Ph.
Niruri both to Ph, Niruri and to Ph, urinaria, which however he describes
as distinct species,—-FI. hgk. 810.—The above Chin, name in Canton
Euphorbia pilulifera L. (Parker.),
506. Cathetus fasciculata. Lour. Cochin. 746.
D. C. 1. c. 350. Phyllanthus fasoiculatus. Mull, (Hour, specim. in hbi
Mus. Lond.;, FI. hg. 311.
507. Antidesraa SCandens* Lour, Canton. Sin: u chao
turn (5. JK. H). 757.
D. C. 1. c. 268. Dubia.
508. Vernicia montana. Lour. Cochin. China. Sin: tong xu
(t! ®)- 721.
D. C. 1. c. 724, Aleurites cor data. Mull# China (Gaudieh,), Japan (Kaem.
pfer). Elaeococca vernicia. Adr. Juss,
509. Juglans Camirium. Lour. Cochin, cult, spont. 702.
D. C. 1* c. 723, Aleurites triloba, Forst, China (in hb, Lambert.),
Philippin., Ind. orient,
510. Croton Tiglium* Linn, China, Cochin. Sin : pa ten
(S J3.). Lour. 714.
D. C. 1. c. 600. India, Ceylon, Philipp.
511. Croton aromaticum. Linn. Canton. Sin : pa teu
yong (Gif)
P. C, !• c, 588, India orient.
INTO THIS FLORA OF CHINA. 173
512. Croton congestion* Lour. Canton. Sin: pa ieu

(Q S). 714.
513. Tridesmis tomentosa. Lour. Canton. Sin : ca xi ma 707.
D. C. 1. c. 588. Croton tomentosus. Mull. Croton crassifolinm. Geisel.
Croton chinense. Bth. FI. hgk. 309, (specim. in hb. Mas. Paris.) Osb. 226.
514. Tridesmis hispida. Lour. Canton. Sin: hi quatyong. 706.
D. C. 1. c. 1256. Species Crotonis.
515. Phyllaurea Codiaeum. Lour. China, Cochin, cult. 705.
D. C. 1. c. 1120. Codiaeum variegatum. Linn. Ins. Molucc.
516. Jatropha Janipha. Linn. China. Sin: pefu tsit (&Pft
*p). Lour. 718.
D. C. 1. c. 1073. Lour.’s plant is Manihot Loureiri. Pobl.
517. JJrtioa gemina. Lour. Cochin. 682.
D. C. 1. c. 866. Acalypha gemina. Spreng. A chinensis Roxb.—Hook, et
Arn. bot. Beech. 213— Also in N. China.
518. Ricinus apelta. Lour. Canton. Sin : xan pe xu. 718.
D. C. 1. c. 963. Mallotus apelta. Mull.—Rottlera chinensis. Adr. Juss.
(specim. Lour, in hb. Mus. Paris.). FI. hgk. 306.
519. I&icinus communis* Linn. China, Cochin, cult,
incult. Sin : pi ma (|K Jfjt). Lour. 716.
FI. hgk. 307.—Cultivated throughout China.
520. Triadica sinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin : u Tchau mo
(M W *)• 749.
D. C. 1. c. 1210. Excoecaria sebifera. Mull. Stillingia sebifera. Mich.—
,Osb. 227.—FI. tgk. 302.
521. Hxcoecaria cochinchinensis* Lour. cult. China,
Cochin. 750.
D. C. 1. c. 1215. Ceylon, India orient., China. Specim. Lour, in hb. Mus.
Lond.
522. Commia cochincJiinensis. Lour. Cochin. 743.
D. C. 1. c. 1220. Excoecaria Agallocha. Mull. Ind. orient., Philipp., Nov.
Holland. (Specim. Lour, in hb. Mus. Lond.)
523. CannabissatiVE* Linn. China. Sin: mafuen (**)•
Lour. 756.
Frequent in North-China and also in other parts of the Empire.
524. Streblus cordatus. Lour. Canton. Sin : tsong xu. 755.
D. C. XVII. 219. Broussonetia papyrifera. Vent.
525. Hftorus alba* Linn. China, raro in Cochin. Sin : xin
pe xu Lour. 678.
Linn. Chin. pi. 231.—Cleyer med. Sin. 290. Cortex Morisam pe pi
(* & &)■ This resembles somewhat the Chinese name quoted
by Lour.
/
526. Moms rubra. Linn. Cochin, apud Mojog popnlos.

Lour. 679.
D. 0. XVII. Lour.’s plant is Morns alba var. atropurpurea. Bur. Morus
atropurpurea. Koxb. Introduced into India from China.
527. Moms indica. Linn. Cochin, cult. Lour. 679.
D, C. 1. c. 243. Morus alba, var. indica. Bur. Observed near Canton b7
Hedde. Also in Formosa. Cultivated in India.
528. .Dorstenia cMnensis* Lour. Prov, (boreal.) imp.
Sinens. Sin: pe chi (f|f f£). 114.
D. C. XVII. 277. Dubia.
529. Ficus carica. Linn. Culta China, raro Cochin. Sin :
mao hoa qua (Jjf§ ^ |j|). Lour. 816.
530., Ficus Benjamina. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 818.
Osb. 229?
531. Ficus pumilSU Linn. Cochin. Lour. 820.
Linn. Chin. pi. 230. ^
532. Polyphema Jaca. Lour. Cochin, freq. cult. China raro.
Sin : ya xu, po lo mat ($£ HI §|j). 667.
Artocarpus integrifolia. Linn. Comp, above Boym, Flora sin. 13.
Swinhoe saw the tree cultivated in Hainan.
533. Vanieria chinensis. Lour. Provincia Canton. Sin ; hung
hoang xiong. 691.
G. PI. III. 351. Cudrania ? vel Plecospermtun ?
534. TJrtica intermpta. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: tarn ma
Lour. 682.
D. C. XVI. 1. 74. Fleurya interrupta. Gaudich. India.
535. Polychroa repens. Lour. China, Cochin, cult, incult. 684.
G. PI. III. 386. Pellionia brevifolia. Bth. FI. hgk. 330 ?
536. Urtica nivea. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : pa ma,
Lour. 683.
H. C. XVI. 1. 206. 207. Boehmeria nivea. Hook, et Arn. Osb. 252. FI.
hgk. 331.—Sin: (*=£ Jg) ch'u- ma.
537. Parietaria cochinchinensis. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin :
mao soi cot (|§| J|). 804.
H. C. 1. c. 220. Pouzolzia indica. Gaudich. var. alienata, Wedell.
538. Juglans regiEs Linn. China borealis. Sin: ho ' tao
ffc). Lour. 702.
Much cultivated in North-China.
539. Morelia rubra. Lour. China, cult. Cochin, agrest. Sin :
yam muei (|J§ fjijf). 670.
G. PI. III. 401. Myrica sapida. Wall species in India orient. Chinaque
frequens gylvestris vel culta.—FI. hgk. 322. Myrica rubra. Sieb. et Zucc.
Very near to M. sapida.
540. QuerciXS cornea* Lour. China, Cochin. Sin: chu

(^) * 700.
Flor. hgk. 322.
541. Fagus Gasianea. Linn. Cochin, sylvestris, China colit.
Sin : lie tsu T). Lour. 699.
D. 0. XYI. 2. 116. Castanea chinensis. Spreng.—Castanopsis chinensis.
Hance. Journ. Linn. Soo. X. 199. He gathered this species in the Canton
province.—According to D.C. XVI. 2.116. Loureiro’s Fagus cochinchinensis
belongs to the same species.
542. Salix babylonica. Linn. Frequens China, colit.
Cochin. Sin: lieu xu. ( «»)• Lour. 747.
A common tree in North-China.
543. Juniperus barbadensis. Linn. China. Lour.; 781 and
X chinensis. Linn. ibid.
D. C. XVI. 2. 488. Both of these Lonreirian plants are referred to J.
chinensis. L.—D. C. quotes Hance ins. Hongkong (not found in Add.
fl. hgk.).
544. Thuja Olientalis. Linn. China, Cochin, raro colit.
Lour. 712.
Osh. 233.—Cultivated throughout China. Biota orientalis. Endl.
545. Cnpressus sempervirens. Linn. China spont.
Cochin, cult. Sin : pe xu (f|f |§§). Lour. 711.
D. C. 1. c. 468. Not quoted for China. In Peking the above Chin, name
is applied to Biota orientalis.
546. Cupressus thuyoides. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 711.
D. C. % c. 464. Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea. Spach. American plant.
547. Finus Abies. Linn. China australis. Sin: xan mo
Lour. 710.
D. C. L/c, 432. Cunninghamia sinensis. R. Br.;—Osb 235:—Fl. hgk. 337.
548. Finns sylvestris. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: sum
Lour. 709.
D. C. 1. c. 389. Pinus Massoniana. Lamb. P. sinensis. Lamb. Fl. hgk.
337.—Add fl. hgk. 125. A common tree in all parts of China.
549 Cycas inermis- Lour. China, Cochin, spont. cult, 776.
D. C. 1. c. 526. Culta in hort. Amstelod.
Monocotyledons.
550. Musa seminifera. Lour. Cochin, cult, spont. Lour, 791.

Musa odorata. Lour. Cochin, cult. Lour. 791.
Musa nana. Lour. Cochin. 791.
Musa corniculata. Lour. Cochin. 791.
Desvaux in Journ. d. Bot. 1814 considers all these species only varieties
of Musa sapientium. L.—Fl. hgk. 348.—Osb, 237.
551. Musa uranoscopos. Lour. Cocliin. 792.

Bot. Mag. tab. 1559. (1813). Musa, coccinea. Andr. introduced into
Europe, from China, in 1792.
552. Canna Indies* Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : san Mam
(llj *). Lonr. 13.
Osb. 239.—FI. hgk. 349.
553. Pkyllodes placentaria. Lonr. China, Cochin. Sin : toung
yep j§|)* 17.
Boem. et Schult. Syst* I 18* Fhrynium eapitatxuu. Willd. (Malabar,
China).
554. Amomum Galanga. Lour. China, Cochin, cult, et agrest.
Sin t cao leam Mam (X X
ffi)- Lour. 7.
Maranta Galanga. Linn. Galanga major, Humph*—Linn. Chin pi. 240.—•
FI. hgk. 348. Alpinia Galanga. Sw»
555. Amomum medium■ Lour. Provincia Yunnan imp.
Sinensis. Sin : tsao quo (S SI). 5.
Hanbury Science pap. 105. Chinese ovoid Cardamonu Known only from
its fruits it seems.
556. Amomum globosum* Lour. In montibus Chinae
et Cochin. Sin : tsao Jceu m a m>- e.
\Hanbury, Science pap. 95. Large round Chin. Cardamom. The plant is
unknown to modern botanists.
557. HLaempferia Galanga. Linn. In hortis Chinae et
Cochin. Sin : san lay §jj(). Lour. 15.
Boem* et Sch. Syst I. 27« India orient.
558. Curcuma rotunda. Linn. China, Cochin, frequens. Sin :
pum ngo men (||| |!§ jr^|). Lour. 11.
Spreng. Syst. I. 10. Kaempferia pandurata. Roxbg. Sumatra.
559. Curcuma longa. Linn. Cochin, culta, inculta. Sin :
Mam hoam pf). Lour. 11.
Fliickiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia. 577 sj One sort of the
Turmeric of commerce is China Turmeric.
560. Curcuma pallida. Lour. Cochin. Canton. Sin : san
Mam hoam (|i| Ji* ig|). 12.
561. Amomum Zingiber. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
sem Mam HD- Lour. 2.
Spreng. Syst. I. 12. Zingiber officinale. Bose. India.—Without any
doubt a native of China.
562. Aristotelea spiralis. Lour. Canton. Sin: hoan lum. 638.
Spreng. Syst. III. 708. Spiranthes amoena. M. B., which according to
Ledebour FI. ross. IV. 184. is Spiranthes australis. Lindl.—FI. hgk. 360.
563. Orchis Susannae. Linn. Canton. Sin; ma chac lan.
Lour. 638.
Habenaria Susannae. B. Br.—FI. hgk, 363.
564. Aerictes odorata* Lour. China, Cochin. Sin r fum
ta(l|).642.
According to Loudon introduced into Europe in 1800.
565. JEpidendron ensifolium. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
lan ho a (It ^2). Lour. 640.
Osb. 242.—Pl. hgk. 357. Cymbidium ensifoliUm. Sw.
566. ]Phajus grandifolius- Lour. China, Cochin, cult. 647.
FI. hgk. 357.—Bletia Tankervillae Br.
567. Bpidendron tuberosum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Lour. 639.
Lamarck Enc. Bot. I. 186. West-Indies.
568. Geraja simplicissima. Lour. China, Cochin. 633.
Endl. Gen. PI. 1369. Dendrobium. Sw.
569. Gladiolus undulatus. Linn, Canton, in hortis. Lour. 45,
Spreng. Syst. I. 152. Gl. cuspidatus. Linn. C. B. Sp.
570. Ixid chinensis. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : xe can
(Mi T)- Lour. 46.
Lin. Chin. pl. 243.—PL. hgk. 365. Pardanthus chinensis, Ker.
571. Grinum zeylanicum. Linn, China, Cochin. Sin: santoat.
Lour. 245.
Kth. enum. Y. 581. Crinum Loureiri. Roem. et Sch.—Loureiro’s Crinum
asiaticum. Linn., (Lour. 244) is according to Roem. et Sch. a new spec :
Crinum cochinchinense. But Cr. asiaticum Linn, has been observed also in
South-China. Plor. hgk. 366.
572. Amaryllis sarniensis. Linn. Culta in Sinis. Sin : hiuen
tsao (g 3?). Lour. 247.
Kth. enum. Y. 618 Narine ? cochinehinensis. Roem. The above Chin,
name is generally applied to Hemerocallis.
573. Tacca pinnatifida. Linn. China, Cochin, cult.
Lour. 368.
Kth. enum. Y. 459. India orient., Philipp.
574. Eioscorea oppositifolia. Linn. China, Cochin,
spont. edulis. Sin : xan yo (jlj §H). Lour. 766.
Pl. hgk. 367.
575. Eioscorea alata* Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : yu
than (3^ $jf). Lour. 765.
Osb. 245.—Kth. enum. Y. 387. India orient, Philipp. The above Chin,
name is rather applied to Arum or Colocasia*
576. Bromelia Ananas. Linn. Colitur in Cochin.
Lour. 237.
577. Stemona tuberosa*. Lour. China, Cochin., Sin pe pu tsao
(H«)-490..
■178 EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES
Kth. enum. V. 287. Eo^burghia gloriosoides. Jones, (fide Wallieh) India

orient.
578. Smilax Chin£U Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: tliu fu lin
(± TA $>• Lour. 763.
Osb. 247- But Maxim. Dec. X. 410 doubts whether Lour.’® plant is
really Sm. China.
579. Smilax perfoliata- Lour. Cochin. 763.
Kth. enrnn. Y. 250. Also in Java (Blume.).—Journ. Bot. 1879. 15.
Hainan (Swinhoe.).
580. Dracaena, ferrea. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. agrest„
Sin : Uet tsao% (JH J§£). Lonr. 242.
Osb. 249.—Kth. enum. Y. 24. Cordyline Jacquini. China. Introducta in
Bengaliam.
581. XXemerocallis flllva. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :
him chamhoa §f ^g). Lour. 254
Linn. Chin. pi. 251. ,
582. Allium Cepa* Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Bin : tsum
xi (H). Lour. 249.
Under the above Chin, name in N. China Allium fistulbsum is-cultivated.
583. Allium sativum- Linn. Cult. China, Cochin. Sint
suon (^). Lour. 249.
584. Allium o do rum. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: bleu (iff;),
hliio. Lonr. 251.
Kth. enum. IY. 454. Lour.’s plant (bon Linn.) is Allium Thunbergii.
Don. Kegel Monogr. Allior. 235 combines also A. chinense. Don. with this,
•—In Peking A. odorum. Linn,-is known under the above Chin. name.
585. Allium triquetrum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : Mad,
hiao theu. Lour. 250.
Regel 1. c. combines it with Allium Thunbergii
586. Allium angulosmji. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: Jeieu
tsai (lllf 3I). Lour. 251.
Kth. enum. IY. 422. Lour.’s plant is Allium uliginosum. Don. Baker
refers this to A. tuberosum Roxb. Japan, China, India.
587. Ornitliogalum sinense. Lour. Canton. Sin : tien suon
(-35 **)•Lour. 255.
Kth. enum. IY. 337. Bemardiascilloides. Lindl.—FI. hgk. 373.—Frequent
in North-China.
588. Aloe perfoliata Linn, itegnum Champava. Sin: luhoei
(it #)■ Lour. 252.
This Chin, name is applied in Canton to Aloe vulgaris. Lam. (Parker)
which is the same as the plant Lour, describes (non Linn.). India
Cambodia.. ’
589. Fritillaria canton!ensis* Lour. Canton. Lour. 255.

Kth. enum. IV. 255. Valde dubia.
590. XAMum candidam. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin :
pe ho ^). Lour. 256. V .
Kth. IV. 267. Dubia. The above Chinese name is applied to several
Lilies with edible bulbs. In Peking Lilium tigrmum. Ker.
591. Lilium pomp onium. Linn. Canton. Sin: cuon tan hoa
J5J* 7E)- Lour. 257.
Ktb. enum. IV. 259. Lour.’s plant is Lilium tigrinum. Ker.—Much
cultivated in North-China. ^
592. Ssilinm camtchatkense- Linn. China, Cochin. Sin
257.
elm tan hoa. Lour.
593. M&lanthmm eocliinchinense. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin :
tieri muen turn (3i FI §)• Lour. 268.
FI. hgk. 371. Asparagus lucidus. LindL—In Peking this plant is
cultivated under the above Chin. name.
594. Liriope spicata.Lour. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: mac
km. 248.
FI. hgk. 371. OpMopogon spicatus. Ker.
595. Qarcicma cochinchinensis. Lour. Cochin. Canton. Sin :
Hen lum. 20. ; ■
Kth. enum. III. 380. Philydrum lanuginosum. Banks. Also in New
Holland.—FI. hgk. 380.—Sin : jf0 1 t'ien ts'ung. (Parker).
596. Commelina communis. Linn. Cochin. Lour 48.
Osb. 252.—FI. hgk. 376.
597. Commelina benghalensis. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 49.
FI. hgk. 37a
598. Tmdesmntm vaga,. Lour. Canton. Sin: xit koat
houng. 239. -
Kth. enum. IV. 104. Osmmelina vaga. *
599. Lechea chinensis. Lour. Canton. Sin : chat yu tsao. 76.
Kth. enum. IV. 6a Commelina P Loureiri.
600. GommeUna tuberosa. Linn. Cochin. Tubera ednlia.
Lonr. 50. "
Jonrn. Bot. VI. 250. Lour.’s plant is Aneilema Loureiri. Hance. Canton.
601. Commelina medica. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : me muen
turn ^). Lonr. 50.
Kth. enum. IV. 67. Aneilema medica. R. Br.—The above Chinese name
in China as well as in Japan is applied to Ophiopogon japonicus. Ker.
602. Floscopia scandens. Lour. Cochin. 238.
FI. hgk. 377. Probably identical with Flosdopia pcmkulata* Hassk.
Indian Archip. Hongkong.
603. Scirpus capsular is. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin: tern sin
tsao ($§ j|£). 55.
Journ. Bot. 1875. 106. Dr. Hance has proved, that this is Juncu S
effusus. Linn, common in China, Manchuria.
604. COCOS llUCifera. Linn. CocMn. Hainan. Sin : yai xu
(HI) if). Lour. 692.
605. Areca Cafechlla Linn. OocMn. China austr. rarior.
Sin : pin lam (^| $$). Lour. 695.
606. Phoenix pusilla. Lour. OocMn. 753.
Add. FI. hgk. 129. Most likely identical with Phoenix farinifera. Roxb.
P/i. acaulis. Bth. FI. hgk. 340.
607. Fandanus odoratissimus. Linn. China, Cochin,
spont. cult. Lour. 739.
Add. FI. hgk. 129.
608. Agotus Calamus. Linn. Chin. CocMn. in locis petrosis.
Sin : xe cham pu (ff M ffjf). Lour. 259.
Kth. enum. III. 87. Lour.’s plant is Acorus terrestris. Humph. India
orient. But the true A. Calamus is also found in South-China. FI. hgk. 345.
609. Orontium epchinchinense. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin:
xui cham pu ( jfc g|* fjg); Lour. 258.
Kth. enum. III. 87. Acorus cochiuchineusis. Schott.
610. Pothos scandens. Linn. CocMn. Lour. 650.
FI. hgk. 344.
611. Arurn esculentum. Linn. China, OocMn. frequentissime.
Cibus est communissimus. Sin: hai yu {$$ ^). Lour. 654.
Osb. 254.—Kth. enum. III. 37. Coloeasia esculenta. Schott. Calladium
esculentum Vent.
612. Arum Coloeasia. Linn. Cochin, cult. Lour. 653. •
Kth. enum. III. 37. Coloeasia antiquorum. Schott.—According to Parker
“P Bjf yii t'ou in Canton.
613. Arum indioum. Ijovly. Cochin, cult. 655.
FI. hgk. 343. -Kth. enum. III. 39. Coloeasia indica=A. indicum. Lour,
(fide Roxb.).
614. Arum mtororKtettmlllArm.. CMna, CocMn. Sin: dea vu.
Lour. 654.
Kth. III. 38. Linn.’s plant (India) is Coloeasia macrorhiza. Schott.
615. AvuPn, Cucullatum. Lour. Canton. Sin : chimmi vu. 656.
Kth. III. 38. Coloeasia cucullata. Schott.—Roxb. FI. ind. III. 501.
China australis, Bengalia.
616. Arum sagittifolium. Linn. China, Cochin, culta, spont.
Sin : tai lei than. Lour. 653.
Kth. III. 44. Linn.’s plant Xanthosoma sagittaefolium. Schott. America.
617. Arum pentaphyllum. Linn. CMna. Sin: tien nan sin.
W M)' Lour. 652.
Kth. ennm. III. 20. Linn.’s plant Arisaema pentaphyllum. Schott. India
orient. Lour.’s plant dubious. v
618. Arum triphyllum. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: puon Ida
JD- Lour. 652.
Kth. enum. III. 20. Arisaema Loureiri. Blume. Stirps dubia.
619. Arum Draconiiuwi. hirm. China,, Cochin. Sin : puon Ida
3D- Lour. 651.
Kth. III. 19. Lour.’s plant Arisaema cochinchinense. Blume.
620. Zala asiatica. Lour. China, Cochin. Sin : feu peng
m W)- 492.
EndL Gen. PI. 1669. Pi&tia. In Peking the above Chin, name refers
to Lemna minor. L.
621. Typha latifolia. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : pu hoam
(fit W- Lour. 675.
Kth. enum. III. 90. Europa, Asia bor., America bor.—Frequent in North-
China.
622. lemna minor. Linn'. Cochin. Lour. 671.
Osb. 255.—Add. FI. hgk. 129, Frequent in S. China.—Common also in
N. China.
623. Sagittaria sagUtifolia.JArm. Cochin. Lour. 698.
Osb. 256.—Kth. enum. III. 157. Lour.’s plant is Sagittaria chinensis.
Sims.
624. Eriocaulon quadrangulare. Lour. China, Cochin.
Sin : houc san tsao ]|C). 76.
According to Parker the above Chinese name in Canton is applied to
T&riocaulon Wallichianum. Mark
625. Cyperus rotundas. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :
Jdam phu cu (§ -p). Lour. 53.
Osb. 262,—FI. hgk. 387.
626. Cyperus elatus. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 54.
Kth. enum. II. 93. Linm’s plant is Cyperus distans. Linn. India orient.,
Nova Holland. Maurit. C. B. Sp.—FI. hgk. 387.
627. Cyperus compressus. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 54.
FI. hgk. 385. Common in S. China.
628. Seirpus supinus. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 55.
FI. hgk. 394. Isolepis supina. R. Br.
629. Seirpus miliaceus. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 55.
FI. hgk. 393. Fimbristylis miliacea. Yahl,
630. Holcus Sorghum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Lour. 793.
Sorghum vulgare. Pers. Cultivated throughout China.
631. Holcus saccharatus. Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 792.
Sorghum saccharatum. Pers. Cultivated throughout China.
632. Andropogon Schoenanthus. Linn. China, Cochin,
cult. Sin : mao hiam ^)- Lour. 793.
Osb. 268.—Kth. enum. I. 493. India orient.
633. Bhaphis trivialis. Lour. China, Cochin. 676.

Kth. enum. I. 505. Chrysopogon aciculatus. Trin.—FI. hgk. 424.
634. Saccharum spicatum Linn. Cochin. Sin: mao Teen
Gf #!)• Lour. 67-
Kth. enum. I. 470. Perotis latifolia. Ait.—FI. hgk. 418,
635. Saccharum offiemarum. Linn. China, Cochin,
cult. Sin : can che (f ©• Lonr. 66.
Osb. 265.—The Sugar cane is much cultivated in S. China.
636. Triticum. Variae species nascuntur in China. Sin :
me Triticum sativum.'). Lour. 75.
Wheat is cultivated throughout China, more commonly in the northern
provinces. .
637. Mordeum. Sin: (2fl). Lour. 75.
Men, is rather the classical Chinese name for Barley, which is
cultivated in all provinces of the Empire, but more commonly in the north.
638. Arundp Bambus. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : ye cho
(3|t ft)- Lour. 70.
Osb. 292.—Munro Bambusaceae. Trans. Linn. Soc, XXVI, Bambusa
arundinacea. Betz. India, China. Hongkong cult. Hance. (dubia.).
639. Arundo agrestis Lour. China, Cochin, 72,
Kth. enum. I. 432. Bambusa agrestis. Poir.
640. Boa chinensis. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 69.
Osb. 287.—FI. hgk. Leptochloa chinensis. Nees.—Kth. enum. I. 270.
®. tenerrima.
641. Cynosurus aegypf/ius. Linn. Lour. 75.
Osb. 291.—Daetyloetenium aegyptiacum. Willd. FI. hgk. 429.—Eleusine
cruciata. Lam.
642. Cynosurus indicus. Linn. Lour. 75.
FI. hgk. 429. Eleusine indica. Gaert.
643. Nardus indica. Linn. In montibus Occident, irnper.
Sinensis. Sin : cam sum Jiiam (U* fe HO - Lour. 56.
Kth. enum. I. 258. Microchloa setacea. It. Br.—Flor hgk. 428.
644. Agrostis plicata« Lour. Canton. Sin : sam souo
tsgo. 64.
645. Agrostis indica. Linn. P Cochinchina. Lour. 63.
Osb. 283.—Kth. enum. I. 211. Sporobolus indicus. R. Br. FI. hgk. 426.
646. Spinifex squarrosus. Linn. China,Cochin. Lour. 794.
FI. hgk. 415.
647. Banicum Crus Corvi. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 59.
Kth. enum. I. 143. Panicum Crus Galli. L. Osb. 275. FI. hgk. 411._
Common in FT. China.
648. Panicum miliaceum- Linn. Pekini et aliis locis
Sinarum. Colitur. Lour. 59.
Largely cultivated throughout China,
649. Panicum italicum. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin : siao
me ()}•» Jf£,) so (JH). Lour. 58.
Setaria italica. Kth. Largely cultivated in China.
650. Alopecurus Jwrdeiformis. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 60.
/ Osb. 280.—Gymnothrix hordeiformis. Nees. Observed also in N. China.
651. Colx I,achryma. Linn. Cult. China, Cochin. Sin :
y v cm (M M t:) Lour; 673-
Kth, errtmi I. 20. India orient.—Cultivated throughout China.
652. Coix agrestis- Lour. 674.
653. Sea Mays. Linn. China, Cochin, cult. Sin: pao tuc
(pao cut §|£). Lour. 672.
654. Oryza sativa. Linn. Sin: mi (*). ho (jfc).
Lour. 266.
Qsb. 281.
655. Oryza glutinosa. Rumph. Sin : no (Iff). Lour. 267.
Cryptogams..
656. Equisetum arvense- Linn. China. Sin: ma hoam

(SI j|)- Lour. 823.
Has been obsei'ved in North-China.
657. Hquisetum hiemale. Linn. China. Sin: mo ce
(Tfy M)- Lour. 824.
658. ILycopodium cemuum. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 838.
Osb. 296.—FI. hgk. 436.
659. Ophioglossum lusitanicum. Linn. China, Cochin.
Sin : xe ui (ffi j§l). Lour. 825. •
The above Chin, name is rather applied to Niphobolus Lingua. Spr.
660.. Ophioglossum scandens. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : xi ui
tan (CCQ jfi J|f). Lour. 825.
Osb. 299.—FI. hgk, 441. lygoditun scandens. Sw.
661. Adiautum flabellatum. Linn. Canton. Sin: tiet
quad tsuo (if{ Lour. 836.
Osb. 307.—FI. hgk. 447.
662. Adiautum caudatum. Linn. Cochin. Lour. 835.
Fl. hgk. 447.
663. Pteris vittata, Linn. China, Cochin. Lour. 834.
Osb. 304.
664. Polypodium repandum. Lour. China. Sin: Jcu
tsui pu # f§). 826.
665. Polypodium simile, Linn. China. Sin ; hu tsui pu
(See the preceding). Lour. 8287
666. Polypodium varium. Linn. China, Cochin. Esculentum.

Lour. 829.
Osb. 300.—Add. FI. bglc. 140. Aspidium varium. Sw.
667. Polypodium Baromez. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : Jceutsie
(f£j §). Lour. 829.
Osb. 301.—Fi. hgk. 460. Add. FI. bgk. 143. Cibotium glaucum. Bentli.
Cibotium Barometz J. Sm.
668. Bryum undulatum. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin: sien
Lour. 840.
669. Agaricus integer. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : Jciun
(j|t|). Lour, 848.
670. Agaricus deliciosus. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :
liiam xuen Ifl). Lour. 849.
Dried Mushrooms of the above Chinese name are sold in Peking.
671. Peziza auricula. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : mo Ik
(* s.) Lour. 856.
Sold in Peking.
672. Clavaria muscoides. Linn. China, Cochin, prop©
mare. Sip : lu Jcio tsai ^). Lour. 856.
673. Clavaria pistillaris. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : mo
cu tsai (Hi ^ |jj|). Lour. 855.
See above Cibot. 34.
674. Pe Judin (£j ^). Tubera ad radices Pinorum in
provincia Su chuyen. Radix sinensis alba. Lour. 710.
Pachyma Cocos. Fries. See above Martini. 41.
675. Mucor MacedOa Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : mui.
Lour. 857.
676. Xiichen tartareus. Linn. .China, Cochin. Sin: tan
Lour. 842.
677. Ztichen pulmonarius. Linn. China, Cochin. Sin :
tien koa (3c?£). Lour. 842.
678. Fucus Tendo. Linn. In Oceano sinensi. Lour. 678.
679. FUCUS saccharinus. Linn. Ad littora inaris sinici.
Lour. 847.
680 Conferva COrallina« Linn. China, Cochin. Sin : xe
koa (tf Lour. 848.
YII. GR OSIER. BUC’HOZ.
In 1785 Abbe dHOSIER published the first edition of

his valuable DESCRIPTION GENERALS BE
XiA CHINE in one volume forming the 13th volume of
Lu Mailla’s Histoire Grenerale de la Chine, edited also by the
learned Father Grosieiywho was Bibliothecaire do Son Altesse

ftoyale Monsieur, hut had himself never visited China. A
considerable part of his description of that Empire is devoted
to Natural history, namely 108 pages to Botany. A new and
much enlarged edition of the work he published from 1818 to
1820 in 7 volumes, nearly three of them treating of Natural
history. Vol. II and III, 658 pages, deal with Botany. It
supplies a mass of most valuable information with respect to
Chinese plants, the vast material accumulated by the author
having been principally derived from the accounts of the
Jesuit missionaries found in the Lettres edifiantes, Du Halde,
the Memoires cone, les Chinois etc. But Grosier draws also
from > many unpublished sources. He endeavours to give a
list of the Chinese plants which since then had been described
by professed botanists. But besides Loureiro’s plants from
Southern China, of which he generally gives a full account,
his enumeration of Chinese specimens known to botanists is
far from being complete.
Although Grosier in reproducing all the observations of the
missionaries concerning Chinese botany, seldom ventures to
identify the plants described, his compilation is very useful
and interesting, and I hope, that with the aid of the identifica¬
tions and commentaries I have supplied in the preceding
pages, almost all the statements of the Jesuits relating to
Chinese plants will be understood by botanists.
We learn from Grosier that the Jesuit missionaries have
introduced many Chinese plants into the Mauritius (Isle de
France) and Bourbon, where they had also missions. Some of
these plants were subsequently introduced from these islands
into' France. Thus Eriobotrya japonica. Lindl. had been
brought from Canton to the Mauritius and from this place
found its way to France, where in 1784 one specimen of the
introduced shrubs blossomed. (Grosier II. 504.)—Litiistonia
chinensis. Mart, a Chinese palm was for a long time known
in Europe under the name of Latania burbonica. Lam.—
NepTielium Litchi was introduced at the end of the last cent,
from China into the Mauritius and subsequently into Guyana.
(Grosier II 478.)—In Lamarck’s Enc. Bot. many Chinese
plants are noticed* as cultivated in the Mauritius. I may quote
Euphoria long ana (Nephelium longan) Lam. III. 574, Cookia
punctata. 1. c. VIII. 327, Driandra cordata (Elaeococca vernicia).
1. c. II. 329. Anona uncinata. (Artabotrys odoratissimus) 1. c. II.
127, Litsaea chinensis (Tetranther a laurifolia). I. c. III. 574. .
Dianthus chinensis. L. cultivated in Europe since the begin-
ning of the last century has probably also been introduced by the
missionaries. Tournefort, who first described this plant in the
Memoirs of the Acad, of Paris, 1705, p. 264, under the name
of Garyophyllus chinensis, states that Abbe Bignon had received
(seeds of) it from China about 3 years earlier.
It is merely for the sake of completeness in illustrating the
botanical literature with respect to China, that I mention
here two volumes of colored drawings of Chinese plants
published by Bud’kos, physician in ordinary to King Stanislas.
1. Collection precieuse et enluminee des Fleurs qui se cultivent
dans les jardins de la Chine. Paris 1776, in folio, 100 plates.
2. Herbier ou Collection des Plantes medicinales de la Chine,
d’apres un manuscrit peint et unique qui se trouve dans la
bibliotheque de bEmpereur de la Chine. 100 plates.
These drawings with the Chinese names of the respective
plants added (not in Chinese characters.) have been copied
from some Chinese collection of pictures Sent by the mis¬
sionaries and have no claim to any botanical value. The
medicinal plants especially are very badly represented. The
other volume with ornamental plants shows more correct
drawings.
Buc’hoz was a very prolific botanical author. But his publica¬
tions are not entitled to serious attention. Pritzel in his The¬
saurus botanicus, after having enumerated B.’s works states:
Catalogus noster partem solummodo parvam innumerabilium
operum miserrimi compilatoris continet, in cujus ignominiam
l’Heritier Buchoziam foetidam condidit et qui per semiseculum
(1758-—1$07.) ultra 500 volumina consarcinavit.
The plant Pritzel alludes to is Serissa foetida. Comm,
Bnchozia coprosmoides. 1’Her. See above Loureiro’s plants 278.
We have thus in the preceding pages endeavoured to give a
general review of the early knowledge acquired by European
naturalists into the flora of China, and have also successively
enumerated all Chinese plants which have come under the
notice of European botanists up to about the end of the last
century. Although the materials for pursuing this line of
investigation and for bringing the historical account up to the
present day have been accumulated by £he author, he must
now take leave of the reader, not being in the position at
present to work up a treatise which would probably occupy
twice as many pages as the present essay.
iistixbix:-
Abies 56,109. Andrachne 108, 129. Barnardia 178.

Abrus 146. Andropogon 112, 181. Bartramia 94.
Acacia 97, 148,149. Androsace 51, 55. Baryxylum 15, 144.
Acalypha 173. Aneilema 179. Basella 107, 169.
Acanthopanax 100. Anisopappus 101. Batatas 103, 117, 163.
Acanthus 165. Anona 23, 136, 185. Bauhinia 60.
Acer 56, 67. Antidesma 172. Beancurd 42.
Achyranthes 53,106,107 . Antirrhinum 16.5. Begonia 125.
Aconitum 63. Apium 99. Benincasa 153.
Acorus 180. Apluda 112. Berchemia 76, 95, 144.
Acrocephhlus 106. Apocynum 162. Beta 169.
Acronychia 141. Apricot 5, 125, 149. Betel 36, 107, 118.
Acrosbichon 114. Aquilaria 6, 15, 171. Betonica 167.
Actaea 136. Arachis 96, 128, 145. Bidens 158.
Actinostemma 45. Aralia 29, 100, 119,154, Bignonia 129.
Adenanthera 58. 155. Biophytum 141.
Adenosma 104, 165. AreCa 11, 21, 180. liiota 175.
Adenostemma 156. Argyreia 163. Blastus 152.
Adiantum 46, 75, 114, Arisaema 181. Blechnum 114.
129,183. Aristotelea 176. Bletia 177.
Aerides 7, 177. Arsis 140. Blumea 101, 157.
Agaricus 114, 126, 184. Artabotrys 136. Boehmeria 14, 28, 87,
Ageratum 156. Artemisia 68, 102, 125, 109, 174.
Aglaja 143. 126, 158, 159. Boerhavia 106, 168.
Agrostis 113, 182. Artocarpus 11,23,36,174. Boletus 114.
Agyneia 108. Arum 119, 180, 181. Boltonia 101, 157.
Ailantus 95, 120, 125. Arundinaria \112. Bombax 140.
Aira 113. Arundo 113, 182. Bonnaya 104, 165.
Ajuga 168. Asarum 170. Brassica 34, 92,117,118,
Aleurites 34, 172. Asclepias 162. 124, 138.
Allium 27, 178. Asparagus 179. Breynia 108.
Aloe 178. Aspidium 114. Briza 113.
Alogxylum 6, 15, 144. Aster 68, 101, 121, 157. Bromelia 177.
Alopecurus 112, 183. Asteromoea 157. Broussonetia35,126,173.
Alpinia 110, 176, Astragalus 96. Brucea 143.
Alternanthera 169. Astranthus 152. Bryonia 99, 153.
Althaea 93. Atalantia 94, 142. Bryum 184.
Alysicarpus 97. Athamanta 100, 154. Buchnera 105.
Amaranthusl06,168,169. Aubletia 143. Buddleia 162.
Amaryllis 177. Aiigia 17, 144. Buphthalmum 157.
Ammania 98. Averrhoa 94, 141. Buxus 172.
Amomurn 176. Byssus 115.
Amygdalus 149. Baccharis 101, 157.
Anacardium 22, 35. Baeckea 98, 119. Cacalia 102, 159.
Anagyris 148. Bambusa 16,34,‘36,113, Oaesalpinia 15, 148.
Ananassa 22, 119. 126,182. Cajanus 97, 147*
Anandria 160, Barkhausia 160. Caladium 180.
Anchusa 163* Barleria 105, 119, 165. Calamintha 167.
188 INDEX.
Calamus 17. Chimonanthus 7, 35, 48. Crepis 160.

Callicarpa 166, 168. Chloranthus 170. Crinum 177.
Calligonum 136. x Chloris 112. Crotalaria 96.
Callistephus 101,121,157. Chrysanthemum 54, 80, Croton 108, 172, 173.
Calodium 171. 101, 102, 125, 158. Crucianella 156.
Cambogia 139. Chrysopogon 182. Cryptanthul 115.
Camellia 34, 36, 51, 62, Cibotium 114, 184. Cryptomeria 50, 58, 71.
65, 93, 139. Cichorium 160. Cubospermum 152.
Camphor tree6,30,57,108. Cineraria 159. Cucumis 153.
Campsis 165. Cinnamomum 6, 13, 24, Cucurbita 99, 119,152,
Campylus 168. 35, 170. 153.
Canarium 33, 95, 143. Cirsium 159. Cudrania. 174.
Cauavalia 97, 147. Cissus 144. - Cunninghamia 34, 62,
Canna 110, 176. Citrus 5, 9,10,11, 26, 29. 109, 175.
Cannabis 13, 173. 33, 94, 95, 119, 127. , Cupressus 175.
Capparis 138. 142, 143. Curanga 165.
Capraria 104, Clathrus 126. Curcuma 110, 176.
Capsella 138, Clausena 129.- Cyathula 169.
Capsicum 104, 129, 164. Clavaria 184. Cycas 175.
Caragana 122. Cleistanthus 172. • Cydonia 127, 150.
Cardamine 138. Clematis 91, 135, 136. Cymbidium 34, 110, 177.
Cardiospermum 144. Cleome 138. Cyminosma. 141.
Carduus 159. Clerodendron 105, 1661 Cynanchum 162.
Carica 22, 152. Clutia 172. Cynometra 24.
Parpesium 101. Cnidium 100, 154. Cynosurus 113, 182.
Carthamus 125, 160. Coccinia 153. Cyperus 77, 111, 181.
Caryophyllus 151. Cocos 11, 21, 180. Cytisus 147.
Caryopteris 166. Codiaeum 173.
Caryota 11. Coix 183. Dactyloctenium 113,182.
Cassia 35, 97, 148. Colocasia 111, 117,‘180. Damnacanthus 79,
Castanea 8, 57, 175. Columnea 105. Daphne 59, 108, 171.
Castanopsis 175. Cometes 71. Daphnidium 171.
Gassy tha 108, 171, Commelina 110, 179. Datura 104, 164.
pathetus 172. Commia 173. Daucus 154.
Caucalis 154. Conferva 184. Davallia 114.
Cedrela 120,125,151. Convallaria 110. Dendrobium 177.
Celery 99. Convolvulus 103,163. Dentella 155.
Celosia 106, 168. Conyza 101, 157. Dentitia 167..
Celsia 106. Cookia 129, 142, 185. Derris 147.
Celtis 126. Corchorus 63, 140. Desmodium 96', 97,145.
Centipeda 158. Cordia 163. Desmos 136.
Centotheca 113. Cordyceps 30, Dianthus 93, 138, 185.
Cephalantlms 155, Cordyline 110, 178. Dicentra 92, 121.
Cephalotaxus 62. ’ Coreopsis 157. Dicerma 145.
Ceraja 177. Coriandrum 154. Dichroa 150.
Cerastium 138. Cornutia 166. Dicliptera 105, 165.
Ceratophyllum 115. Cotula 158. Digitalis 105, 165.
Chalcas 142, Cotyledon 151. Dilivaria 165.
Chamaecyparis 175. Crantzia 99. Dimocarpus 144.
Chavica 36, 107. Crassula 151. Dioscorea 110,177.
Chelidonium 8_, 138. Crataegus 127, 150. Diospyros 5, 8,23, 29,33,
Chenopodium 107. Crataeva 138. 51, 128, 161.
Chestnuts 125. Creodus 170. Diphaca 145. .
INDEX. 189
Bissolena 166. Fucug 115, 184. Holcus 18J.
Dolichos 97, 146,147. Fumaria 92, 121. Ilonlalium 152.
Dorstenia 174. Hordeum 182.
Dracaena 110, 178. Galanga 176. Houttuynia 170.
Drosera 84, 151. Galium 156. Hoya 162.
Durio 23. Galls 126. Humulus 48, 79, 109.
Dysoda 156. Gardenia 47, 66,100,156. Hydrangea 78, 150.
Garciana 179. Hydrocotyle 99, 154.
Eaglewood 6, 15. Gareinia 139. Hydrolea 162.
Ebenoxylum 15, 161. Gaura 152. Hydropyrum 112.
Echium 163. Genipa 156. Hypericum 93, 139.
Eclipta 101, 157, 158. Gentiana 156, 162. Hypoestes 105.
Elaeagnus 127, 171. Gerardia 104.
Elaeococca 34, 1^2, 185. Ginseng 6, 18, 28, 32, Illecebrum 169.
Eleocharis 11, 27 34,125. 36, 51. Illicium 92,136.
Elephantopus 156. Glabraria' 171. Impatiens 94, 141.
Bleusine 113, 182. Gladiolus 177. Incarvillea 121.
Emilia 48, 102, 159. Gleditschia 122,126,148. Indigofera 33, 96, 145.
Enkianthus 160, 161. Glycine 97, 146. Insect wax 26, 32, 34.
Epidendron 110, 177. Glycyrrhiza 145. Ipomoea 103, 117, 163.
Epilobium 152. ; Glyptostrobus 78. Isatis 35.
Equisetum 183. Gnaphalium 157. Ischaemum 112.
Eragrostis 113. Gomphrena 107, 169. Isopyrum 64.
Eriachne 113. Gonus 143. Itea 151.
Erigeron 157. Gorteria 159. Ixia 110, 177.
Eriobotrya23,65,150,185. Gossypium 13, 35, 36, Ixora 52, 100, 119, 129,
Eriocaulon 111, 181. 93, 117, 125, 140. 156.
Eriodendron 140. Grapes 5, 8,-11.
Erythrina 146. Gratiola 104, 165. Jambolifera, 141.
Ethulia 102. Grewia 140. Jasminum 12, 34, 42
Euclea 161. Grislea 98, 102, 125, 161. ’
Eugenia 22, 150, 151. Guilandina 148. Jatropha 173.
Euonymus 143. Gymnotrix 112, 183. Juglans 172, 174.
Eupatorium 101. Gynura 102, 159. Jujubes 8, 125.
Euphorbia 108, 171, Juncus 7,180.
Euryale 124. Habenaria 176. . Jungermannia 114.
Euxolus 169. Haloxylon 126. Juniperus 36,76,109,175.
Evodia 141. Hamamelis 67. Jurinaea 160.
Evolvulus 103. Hecatonia 136. Jussiaea 48, 99, 152.
Excoecaria 173. Hedera 59, 77, 155. Justioia 74,105,165,166.
Hedona 138.
Eagara 141. Hedyofcis 100, 119,155. Kaempferia 176.
Fagus 175. Hedysarum 96, 97,119, Kalanchoe 151.
Fallopia 140. 145, 146. Kochia 30, 107.
Fibraurea 138. Helicia 171. Koelrenteria 95, 121.
Ficus 8, 109, 174. Helicteres 94, 140. Kyllingia 111.
Fimbristylis 181. Heliotropium 163.
Fleurya 174. Hemerocallis 110, 128, Lablab 147.
Floscopa 179. 178. Lactuca 160.
Foeniculum 154. Herpestis 165. Lagenaria 152.
Fragaria 149. — Hibiscus 12, 64, 63, 93, Lagerstroemia 98, 125,
Fraxinus 18. 125, 140. 152.
Fritillaria 179. Hisutsua 157. Lag-unea 169.
190 INDEX,
Lamium 167. Melastoma 98, 129, 152. Ophiopogon 179.

Larix 126. Melia 143. Ophispermum 171.
Latania 186, Melilotus 144. Orchis 176.
Laurus 108, 170, 171. Melissa 167. Origanum 167.
Lawsonia 98, 152. Melon 26, 99. Ormocarpum 145.
Lechea 179. Melothi’ia 154. Ormosia 148.
Lernna 111, 181. Menispermum 35- Ornithogalum 178.
Leontodon 160. Mentha 80, 167. Orontium 180.
Leonurus 106, 167. Mespilus 88,150. Oryza 6, 112, 116, 183.
Lepidium 138. Michelia 136. Osbeckia 98, 161.
Lepta 141. Microchloa 182. Osmanthus 161.
Leptochloa 113, 182. Mimosa 97, 148. Oxalis 94, 141.
Levisticum 31. Mirabilis 106, 168. Oxyceros 155.
Lichen 114, 184. Mollugo 99, 154.
Ligus train 18, 162. Momordica 153. Pachyma 20, 34, 184.
Lilium 179. Monarda 106. Pachyrhizus 146.
Limnophila 104. Morelia 174. Paederia 156.
Limonia 141, 142. Morinda 100. Paeonia 12, 125, 136.
Linaria 165. Morns 18, 109, 173, 174. Paliurus 60, 143.
Lindera 171. Mucor 184. Panax 7, 19, 28, 100,154.
Lippi a 105, 166. Mulgedium 160. Pandanus 180.
Lipocarpha 111. Muricia 153. Panicum 112, 182, 183.
Liriodendron 136. Murraya 129,142. Pardanthus 110, 177.
Liriope 179. Musa 11,12,14,109,175, Parietaria 174.
Lithospermum 163 176. Passiflora 152.
Litsaea 171 185, Mnssaenda 100, 155. Paullinia 94.
Livistonia 185. Myrica. 6, 82, 174. Pavetta 156.
Lobelia 102, 160. Myrtus 151, 161. Peaches 5, 125.
Lonicera 82? 155. Pears 5.
Lophanthus 106,118,167. Narcissus 110. Pellionia 174.
Loranthus 52, 108. Nardns 113, 182. Pentapetes 140.
Lourea 146. Nasturtium 138. Pergularia 125, 162.
Lufiia 99, 153. Nauclea 100. Perilla 80, 167.
Lychnis 138. Nelumbium 12, 34, 92, Periploca 103, 162.
Lycium 59,104,122,164. 124,128,138. Peristrophe 105, 166.
Lycopodium 80,113,183, Nephelium 4, 7, 9, 22,29, Perotis 182.
Lygodium 114, 183. 33, 36, 65,95,128, 129, Persea 34.
Lythrum 98. 144,185. Persica 149.
Nerine 177. Peziza 184.
Maba 102,161. Nerium 102,162. Phaca 96.
Magnolia 35,125, 136. Nicotiana 27, 28, 104, Phajus 177.
Maize 4, 6. 117,125,164. Phallus 126.
Mallotus 173. Niphobolus 183. Pharbitis 103, 168.
Malva 79, 93, 139. Nyctanthes 102,16L Phaseolus 97, 117, 127,
Mangifera 23, 96. Nymphaea 138. 146.
Manihot 173. Nymphanthus 172. Philydrum 179.
Maranta 110, 176. Phoberos 138.
Marlea 155. Ocymum 105, 106, 166. Phoenix 180.
Mar sana 129. Oldenlandia 100,155,161. Phrynium 176.
Matricaria 157, Olea 13, 34, 66,102, 161. Phyla 166.
Mazus 165. Onoclea 114. Phyllanthus 68,108,129,
Melanthesa 108,172. Opa 150, 151. 172.
Melanthium 179, Ophioglossum 114, 183. J*hyllaurea 178.
index. 191
Phyllodes 176. Quinaria 142, Selinum 100, 154.
Physalis 164. Quisqualis 151. Senecio 101, 102, 159.
Phyteuma 155. Septas 165.
Picria 165. Randia 155. Serissa 156, 185.
Picris 160. Ranunculus 136. Serra,tula 160.
Pimela 143. Raphanus 92, 116, 138. Sesamum 165.
Pinus 175. Raphiolepis 150. Setaria 183.
Piper 13,27,107,141,170). Rehmannia 35, 105. Sida 93, 94, 139.
Pistia 115, 181. Reseda 138. Sideroxylon 161.
Pisum 146. Rhamnus 76, 83, 95, 119, Siegesbecbia70,101,157.
Plantago 106, 168. 143. Sinapis92,118,119, 138.
Plecospermum 174. Rbaphis 182. > Sium 99, 154.
Plectronia 154. Rheum 6, 19, 24, 31, 34, Sizygium.150, 151.
Pluchea 101, 116, 157. 36, 107, 170, Smilax 6, 20, 24, 34, 36,
Plum 9. Rhus 7,17, 36, 61,84, 96, 76, 110, 178.
Plumbago 161. 144. Soja 27, 97, 146.
Plumeria 162. Rhynchosia 147. Solanum 103, 164.
Poa 113, 182. Ricinus 61, 118 173. Solena 153.
Poinoiana 148. Ricotia 138. Solidago 101, 156.
Polanisia 138. Robinia 33, 122, 145,147. Sonchus 160.
Polychroa 174. Rosa 12, 51, 98, 149,150. Sophora 30, 48, 122, 145,
Polygala 93, 138. Rosewood 6, 15, 34. 148.
Polygonatum 156. Rosmarinus 167. Sorghum 181.
Polygonum 43, 50, 74, 82 , Rostellularia 105. Spathium 170.
107,119,121,125,169 , Roxburghia 178. Spermacoce 100.
170. Rubia 48, 84, 100. Sphaeranthus 101, 157-
Polyozus 155. Rubus 54, 98, 149. Spilanthus 156.
Polypara 170. Ruellia 104, 105, 165. Spinacia 107, 169.
Polyphema 174. Rumex 170. Spinifex 182.
Polypodium 47,114,183,; Ruta 141. Spiraea 149.
184. Spiranthes 176.
Pongamia 147. Saecharum 8, 36, 111, Sporobolus 182.
Porphyra 166. 117, 182. Stachys 167.
Portulacca 138. Sagittaria 50, 111, 181. Stapelia 162.
Potentilla 81, 149. Sageretia 95. Stemona 177.
Pothos 180. Salacia 95, 143. Sterculia 28, 35, 36, 51,
Pouzolzia 174. Salisburia 128. 60, 85, 93, 140.
Primula 150, 161. Salix 15, 30, 50, 175. Stillingia 18, 34, 42, 48,
Prunus 31, 149. Salomonia 93, 138. 51, 61, 65, 109,173.
Psidium 23, 98, 151. Salvia 106. Streblus 173.
Psophocarpus 146. Sambucus 100, 155. Striga 105, 165.
Pteris 30, 75,114,129,183. Santalum 171. Strophanthus 162.
Pteroearpus 147. Sapindus 122, 144. Stylidium 155.
Pteronia 157. Saururus 170. Symplocos 161.
Pterostigma 104, 165. Saxifraga 98, 150. Syringa 121.
Pueraria 14, 28, 87. Scabiosa 156.
Punica 8, 11, 99, 152. Soirpus 111, 180, 18L Tacca 177.
Pupalia 106. Scolopia 138. Tagetes 158.
Pyrethrum 158. Scoparia 165. Tamarindus 85, 97, 119,
Pyrus 127, 150. Scrophularia 106. 148.
Scutellaria 84, 106. Tamarix 138.
Quercus 14, 61, 83, 121, Sebifera 171. Tanacetum 63, 102, 158.
126, 175. Seduxn 151. Taraxacum 160.
192f INDEX.
Taxus 109. Trisanthus 154. Viscum 108.

Tecoma 129, 165. Triticum 182. Vismia 139.
Tetracera 136. Triumfetta 94, 119. Vitex 105, 122, 166.
Tetranthera 171. Tussilago 71, 159, 160. Vitis 87, 144.
Teucrium 168. Typlia 181. Volkameria 105, 166.
Thalicfrum 136.
Thea 7, 13, 27, 28, 34, 36, Ulmus 87. Waltheria 94.
40, 41, 42, 50, 51, 61, Udona 129, 136. Watermelon 26, 99, 127.
76, 93, 119, 139. Uraria 97, 146. Wedelia 101, 158.
Thela 161. Urena 93, 119, 139, 140, Wheat 4, 6.
Thlaspi 138. Urtica 173, 174. Wikstroemia 108, 171.
Thuja 109, 175. Utricularia 105. Wistaria 32.
Toddalia 94. Uvaria 129, 136.
Toreuia 104, 116, 119. Xanthium 87, 101, 157.
Torilis 154. Yaccinium 51t Xanbhoceras 84.
Torreya 109. Valeriana 106. Xanthosoma 180.
Toxocarpus 162. Vanda 7. Xeranthemum 87, 159.
Trachytella 136. Vandellia 104.
Tradescantia 179. Vanieria 174. Zala 181.
Trapa 12, 99, 124, 152. Varnish 7, 33. Zanthoxylum 27, 33, 47,
Triadica 173. Varronia 163. 51, 58, 59, 67, 78, 100,
Tribulus 141. Vatiea 93. 121, 141.
Trichomanes> 114. Verbena 105, 166. Zea 183.
Trichosanthes 99, 152, Verbesina 101, 119, 158. Zehneria 153.
153. Vernicia 172.! Zingiber 24, 117, 176.
Tridesmis 173. Vicia 146. Zizyphus 95, 122, 125,
Trifolium 144. Vinca 162. 128, 143, 144.
Triphasia 141. Viola 188. Zornia 145,
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
Page. 29 Line 13 For W. Hooker read W. J. -Hooker.
„ 34 „ 15-17 For as my friend etc'read as I lfearn from the
Report of the Kew Hardens 1879, p. 37, Persea Nan mu
Oliv.—sin : ff|j /fv nan mu.
35 „ 2 from below. For Ou long elm read On tong elm.
j, 36 „ 10 For tsz’ read ts'zV
„ ,, „ 19 For call read called.
„ 37 ,, 4 & 3 from below. For both written in 1701 read written
in 1700 and 1701.
,. 38 „ 10 For 1701 (but perhaps in 1700) read 1700.
f 46 ,, 2 from below. For Linneus redd Linnaeus.
„ 50 „ 16 For $ll fj§ read |J§ f|J.
,, ,, „ 19 For Abictis red'd Abietis. * , '
„ 51 „ 11 from below. For Linneus read Linnaeus.
„ 62 „ 12 For Lammarck read Lamarck.
„ 64 „ 9 For Crodil. read Crocodil.
„ ,, 13 from below. For'H. Asiao read PI. Asiae.
,, 66 ,, 23 For fractu read, fructu.
„ „ ,, 24 For A Kilcola .read An Ehlcola.
„ 67 ,, 12 For semine read sernina.
,, 68 ,, 20 For includente .read includens.
„ 69 ,, 21 For 48 read 42.
,, „ ,, 18 from below. Far 440 read 450.
70 ,, 9 ,, „ For Sigesbeckia read Siegesbeckia, and
add after L.: Gieseke.
„ 73 „ 22 For fosciculos read fascioulos.
„ 76 „ 11 from below. For Inall. read Inali.
„ 78 „ 25 Dele : But it seems .... to Chinensis. L.
,, ,, „ 18 from below. Por cochllatum read: cochleatum.
„ 81 ,, 8 Bdle : It seems .... to wrong.
87 „ 2 A fter labrusca add : (V. ficifolia Bge,).
„ 92 „ 6 For hardly read certainly not.
„ 97 „ 7 For 352 read 353.
„ 98 ,, 13 For This name read The name.
,, 113 ,, 12 from below. For ^3 read, Perhaps JM. Ht*
„ 116 „ 5 For/ 513 read 453.
,, 121 „ 8 For Shantung read Chili.
„ 122 „ 9 from below. Bead 16. It is- generally etc*
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
125 „ 9 After tinder add : V. 517.

>t „ 18 from below. For Pergulatoria read Pergularia.
ji » 19 ,, „ For biang read hiang.
144 „ 2 After Lam. add: var. spinosa Bg.
146 „ 8 & 9 from below. For See above Martini. 26. read accord¬
ing to Dr. Hance=L. angulatus. Rich.
150 last Line. After PI. bgk. 128.—add: Probably changshan
a famous Chin, febrifuge.
151 Line 14 from below. After FI. bgk. add : 120.
153 ,, 20 For Lav. read Sav.
» „ 6 from below. For Coccinea. Spec, dubia, read Spec, dubia
Coccinea ?
156 ,, 18 For Bullock ? read a Bullock.
158 „ 1 Dele : Ct. after Osb.
3) „ 16 from below. For Dec. X. read Dec. XL
159 „ 19 „ „ For 194 read 194 a.
162 „ 3 „ For Giesel. read Griseb.
163 „ 14 „ ,, For Oso. read Osb.
165 „ 9 „ „ After : China add: chi ma.
166 „ 18 For 85 read 185.
167 „ 16 After Europa add: O. vulg. Bullock, Hupeh. Journ.
168
171
,f
„
Bot. 1880, p. 300.
21 After Canton add: Amoy. Hance, Journ. Bot. 1880,p. 301.
14 & 18 from below. For Wickstroemia read Wikstroemia.
173 „ 3 from below. For Morisam, read Mori, sam. ',
177 „ 8 For 357 read 355.
178 „ 7 from below. For Bemardia read Barnardia.
179 „ 3 „ „ For Iloscopia read Ploscopa.
180 „ 26 For Calladium read Caladium.
182 „ 23 After FI. bgk. add: 430.
v,
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Early European Researches Into The Flora of China

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JOURNAL

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

EARLY EUROPEAN RESEARCHES INTO THE

TT is proposed in the following pages to give a sketch of

I.—BOTANICAL INFORMATION WITH RESPECT

TO CHINA SUPPLIED BY THE JESUITS.

I may premise, although these facts are generally known, that,

of the superiority of western science, and of demonstrating

• I shall treat at greater length of these and similar botanical questions

in Peking between 1740 and 1757, appears to have been the

and died in Maeao in 1658.*) As lie himself states in the

# The biographical notices given in this paper concerning the Jesuit

6. The province of Han chu (probably Hang chon fu, the

This is it seems the earliest mention made by a European author of

work. After this lie proceeded to China again and died at

7. Urbs Focbeu (proy. Fo kien). ^laxima est in australibns

multum discrepat, sed fe*e par est, fructus vero in eo differt,

11. Urbs ETiun cheu in insula Hai nan. Crescunt bic

sum mam superficiem proserpentibus, fruetus multiplies sub

arbore longo adrnodum tempore perstat integer, minimeque

21. XJrbs Cin cbeu (prov. Quang si). Ginnamomum profert

22. Provincia Inn nUn (Yunnan), Mo pang munimentura

madefacti non sordescunt, citoque siccantur, vulgo expetuntur

I may observe, that Salix babylonica L. in Europe and Western

solidae quales in India Bambu raarem vocant. Amoenissimum

quamobrem ex eo rudentes, funesque pro navibus confieri

Nucleus dein remanet, hunc oleo plenum, ut olivas nos,

naturae qui sunt ejus sumptione vitae periculum ad ire solent

Hollandiei -(an ancient name for Phallus impudiens. L.) ant

46. ITrbs. Ching yang (f|f) {^, prov. Hu quang.) Stirps

The first character in the Chinese name is evidently .wrong. In the

6. 7. Lici ^ ^ et Lum yen ff§ 0j| frnctus. W8jjKelIli.na

A good description and drawing of Mangifera indica. L. Compare

refers to Boym, look Macaca mentioned by tbe latter to be Macao. But

In tie same year, 1655, when Martini’s Novus Atlas Sinensis

* Emperor Shun chi 1644--62.

There is another well known ancient work on China,

2. Le Comte saw in the province of Shensi a kind of small

3. A good description of tlie Tea 'plant, its culture, etc., in the

9. Description of the tree ou tom chu, a large tree of the

FE4TC1S XA¥ISR B’EITRECOIIES, a

means: three and seven, and is explained by the distribution

P. gives finally in the same letter a slight sketch of the

P. mentions further the following herbaceous plants he met

Parsnip, Asparagus, GJielidonium, Potent ilia, Agrimonium, Pim¬

translated into many other languages, devotes several chapters

Dr. W. Sherard, the well known botanist, who is said to hay©

I suppose, that by the medicinal herb Fen si described on

The tcha hoa (II. 149.) is Camellia, japonica. L. sin; ^

Chinese plants, I must in the meantime leave the learned

conclude, that C. went from Chusan to Amoy in 1703,. We

Cunningham’s let.ters on china.

The first of these letters bears no date. It seems to have been

same time. Tbe*8tfi of September we put to sea again, turning

* The island of Chusan, the largest of the group marked as Ohusan

in general abounds with all sort of provision, such as cows,

* ^ 111 ill iTirtfang shan.

province of Eokien, where it is chiefly made, is the very first

* Ming, in Amoy beng>

(I omit the particulars given with respect to fishing, tillage,

* Joannes de Fontaney, Jesuit Missionary iu China, end of the 17th cent,

him £4000 for his collections of specimens. As the Sloanian

however, that he copied from Petiver and Plukenet. I have