Indigenous Knowledge of Kerala

Indigenous knowledge of
medicinal plants used by

ethnic communities of
South India
Santhosh Kumar JU, Krishna Chaitanya MJ, Andrew J
Semotiuk and Krishna V
Databases and Inventories Background

An ethnic/indigenous community or ethnicity is a
Abstract category of people who identify with each other
Background: The information of therapeutic based on similarities, such as common ancestry,
medicinal plants used by ethnic/indigenous language, social, religion, traditions, and cultural or
communities in the south of India is constrained at national experiences (Oxford Dictionaries 2013).
best. These ethnomedicinal treatments constitute a There are about 370 million indigenous people
critical local healthcare resource and potential for
spread across the globe (UNHR & APF 2013, United
expanding research on phytomedicines of India. The
present study aims to document and evaluate the Nations Report 2009) The Anthropological Survey of
traditional knowledge of medicinal plants as well as India under the 'People of India Project' reported 461
compare the distribution of knowledge and examine ethnic/indigenous communities (tribal communities)
where research efforts are concentrated in order to in India (Xaxa 1999). These communities, hereafter
gain a glimpse of current needs and future referred to as indigenous communities, encompass
possibilities for research in the region. many varied lifestyles and traditions. They are
unique because they use plants for medicinal
Methods: This study conducted a literature review of
multitude of ethnic/indigenous communities in regard purposes, based on ancestral traditions knowledge
to ethnobotany, medicinal plants, ethnic studies, and of medicinal treatments and therapies springs from a
studies on traditional knowledge and included peer- tradition that includes the use of herbs, shrubs, trees,
reviewed journal articles, and scientific reports or palms.
published between 1980 and 2016. However, indigenous people with low socioeconomic
status are believed to rely more on traditional
Results: Our study found a total of 2000 plant
medicine because of unaffordability and
species belonging to 1033 genera and 215 families
used in herbal preparations. Interestingly, only seven unavailability of healthcare services (Gaitonde et al.
families contributed to the highest number of 2005). Erosion and deterioration of traditional
medicinal species and herbs used extensively for medical knowledge can be observed in many
herbal preparations which include decoctions, cultures.
infusions, tonics, and juice.
Conclusions: This multi-disciplinary, wide-scale Correspondence

study brought in data from a wide diversity of both
plant species and ethnic communities. The study Santhosh Kumar JU*
documents the rich wealth of indigenous knowledge Krishna Chaitanya MJ
and usage of medicinal plants for the treatment of Andrew J Semotiuk
various diseases and also these research highpoints Krishna V
the potential of continued research with these
communities and highlights some areas where more Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research
research efforts could be directed. This also in Biotechnology, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu
underlines the potential for future studies on drug University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451, India
screening and the need for conservation of
biodiversity and traditional ecological knowledge *Corresponding author: santhu.ju@gmail.com
practices.
Ethnobotany Research & Applications
Keywords: Ethnic group, indigenous communities, 18:4 (2019)
medicinal plants, traditional knowledge.
Published: 11 February 2019

http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.18.4.1-112
Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2
This leads to a loss in biocultural diversity as well as Literature search on medicinal plants used in
alternative primary healthcare options and leads for South Indian ethnic communities
drug discovery (Farnsworth et al. 1985). Several Medicinal plants have been used from ancient times
by various ethnic groups within their traditional
publications have focused on the life of indigenous
knowledge systems. From the period of 1980 to
communities in India (Xaxa 1999). Recently, due to 2016, peer-reviewed scientific studies used to
loss of biological resources, an increasingly document traditional medicinal plants used in south
globalized society, cultural homogenization, and the Indian ethnic groups. A literature search covered
desire for modernization have resulted in a general various electronic databases (ISI Web of Science,
decline of the cultural and hence medicinal Science Direct (Scopus), and Google Scholar) using
properties of plants as well as the disappearance of specific search terms such as “medicinal plants”,
“traditional”, “ethnomedicine”, “herbal medicine”, and
traditions allowing the creation of medicines from
each indigenous group’s name such as “Adiyan”,
plants (Balick 2007, Zent & Zent 2007). “Barda”, “Sholiga” etc.
Plants have been used since ancient times to cure Types of knowledge documented
and heal throughout human history and now. In The data collected included usage and knowledge of
many parts of the world, people use plant plants used including their family, species name,
substances to cure diseases. However, medicinal plant type (trees, herbs, shrubs, climbers and ferns).
plant knowledge has been identified as particularly It also included methods of application, parts of the
vulnerable to loss and degradation worldwide (Case plant material (whole plants, leaves, bark, stem,
et al. 2005, Phillips & Gentry 1993). This stems from roots) used in creating a medicinal product, and the
various possible causes such as increased reliance use of the herbal medicines in men, women
on biomedical healthcare, devaluation of the (including pregnant women), children, and infants
occupation of traditional herbal practitioner by (Table 1). The study also documented the disease or
younger generations, lack of cultural support and a condition treated, such as malarial fevers, cough,
push by some governmental programs to cold, chest pain, intestinal parasitic infections, skin-
‘‘modernize’’ medical practice. Community-based related diseases, respiratory diseases, typhoid fever,
research in public health focuses on social, dyspepsia, dysentery, diabetes, itches, piles and
structural, and physical environmental inequities jaundice, bites (insect, snake and scorpion), liver
through active involvement of community members, disease, asthma, cancer, cholera, other venereal
organizational representatives, and researchers in diseases (Table 1).
all aspects of the research process (Israel et al.
1998). Funding agency supported research
In order to gain a glimpse at the trajectory of research
This publication reports and analyzes results of an and funding across India pertaining to indigenous
extensive survey with the goal of documenting communities and knowledge, gathered publication
information on medicinal plants used by South Indian and funding information from articles of our literature
indigenous communities. The data collected include search. For each publication, collected the year of
the scientific names of plants used for medicinal publication, and funding agencies’ support. These
therapies and their therapeutic applications. This data provide the information of funding agency
examination is intended to fill a fast disappearing support related to ethnobotany. Based on this
wellspring of data to disseminate and reinvigorate research, one could explore the remaining or under-
the tradition of ethnobotanical medicine, and to studied ethnic groups.
preserve and awareness of the rich biodiversity
associated with ethnobotanical customs. Informant consensus factor (FIC)
Informant consensus factor was calculated to find
out the homogeneity in the information given in the
Materials and methods reports. The FIC is calculated by the following formula
(Bhat et al. 2013, Heinrich et al. 1998, Malla et al.
Ethnic communities present in India 2015, Singh et al. 2012, Totter et al. 1986).
Using the Ministry of tribal affairs database
(http://tribal.nic.in/) developed a list of indigenous Nur − Nt
communities and from this, generated the FIC =
distribution map of all states (Figure 1). In this study, Nur – 1
mainly focused on four south Indian states: Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Where Nur is the number of use report in a particular
category of health by informants and Nt is the
number of taxa or species used to treat that category.
Published 11 February 2019

Figure 1. Distribution map of Ethnic communities in India.

Table 1: Knowledge documented per species as revealed in the literature
Scientific name Habit Parts used Application Treatment References

Acanthaceae
Leaves, Malarial treatment; snake bite; rheumatism; anti
Acanthus ilicifolius L. Shrub General Dey and De 2012
root, fruit inflammatory
Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke Herb Leaves Rheumatism; cough General Sudhadevi 1999
Andrographis affinis Nees Herb Leaves Snake bite; scorpion bite and fever; skin problems General Alagesaboopathi 2012
Andrographis alata (Vahl) Nees Herb Whole plant Snake bite; antipyretic and anti-inflammatory; wound; fever General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Jayanthi et al. 2012, Kumar et
Whole plant, Fevers; cuts and wounds; liver disease; snake bite;
Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Herb General al. 2007, Shanmugam et al.
Leaves anthelmintic; itch; bronchitis; hair fall
2012
Snake bite; diabetes and antidiabetic; antipyretic; jaundice;
fever; skin diseases; stomach ulcer; scorpion sting;
General;
Andrographis elongata (Vahl) T. Anderson Herb Whole plant asthma; malarial fever; diuretic and constipation; ear and Alagesaboopathi 2012
animals
muscular pains; anti-inflammatory; rabid dog bite;
dysentry; foot and mouth disease; constipation
Stout erect Leaves, Padma et al. 2016, Samy et al.
Andrographis lineata Nees Snakebite; diabetes; fever; cold General
herb flower 2008
Andrographis macrobotrys Nees Herb Whole plant Diarrhoea; snake bite; and antipyretic; skin problems General Alagesaboopathi 2012
Low
Andrographis nallamalayana J.L. Ellis decumbent Root Mouth ulcers General Bhakshu et al. 2016
herb
Andrographis neesiana Wight Herb Leaves Aphrodisiac; jaundice; diuretic and fever. General Alagesaboopathi 2012
Andrographis ovata (T. Anderson ex
Herb Leaves Diabetes and snake bite; skin diseases General Alagesaboopathi 2012
Bedd.) Benth. and Hook. f.
To treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms; dyspepsia;
dysentery; diabetes; itches; piles and jaundice; snake bite Padal et al. 2014, Raju 2008,
General;
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees Herb Whole plant and scorpion sting; wound; skin disease; fever; Liver Ram et al. 2004, Rao et al.
children
disease; hangover symptoms; warts; asthma; cancer; 2006, Suneetha 2011
cholera
Andrographis serpyllifolia (Vahl) Wight Trailing herb Whole plant Cough; fever; wound; malaria General Rajendran et al. 2000
Evergreen
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson Whole plant Rheumatism; fodder; leafy vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
herb
Pregnant
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Tree Leaves Abortion; antimicrobial Murty and Venkaiah 2010
women
Antiseptic; fever; respiratory diseases; tooth ache and joint
Barleria acuminata Wight ex Nees Shrub Whole plant General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
pain.
Cough and inflammations; Respiratory diseases; tooth
Barleria buxifolia L. Shrub Leaves, root General Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
ache; joint pains; stomach pain
General;
Abortion; swellings; jaundice; wounds; sanke bite; tooth
Barleria cristata L. Under shrub Whole plant pregnant Padma et al. 2016
ache
women
Barleria gibsonii Dalzell Under shrub Root Acidity General Kamble et al. 2008
Barleria mysorensis B. Heyne ex Roth Shrub Whole plant Antiseptic; fever; cough General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015

Barleria prattensis Santapau Shrub Whole plant Paralysis General Jagtap et al. 2009
To relieve toothache; asthma; urinary irritation; tooth
Bhat et al. 2012, Lingaraju et al.
Barleria prionitis L. Shrub Whole plant decay; gingival wounds; antiasthmatic; antiseptic; General
2013
rheumatism
Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E. Mey. and
Herb Whole plant Bone fracture General Upadhya et al. 2012
Drège ex Schinz
Wound healing; ulcers; nasal hemorhage;asthma; throat
Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016,
Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) B. Heyne inflammation; Ascitis; liver and spleen disorders;
Under shrub Whole plant General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
ex Roth Dysmenorrhoea; Urinary disorder; kidney stone; bone
Subramanian 2011
fracture; scorpion bite; nervous disorder
Root, young
Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth Herb Heat and Summer stroke; oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
parts
Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Herb Leaves Snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Shrub Leaves Eczema; scabies General Bhat et al. 2014
Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees)
Herb Whole plant Antibacterial activity; bone fracture General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Vollesen
Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I. Darbysh. Herb Whole plant Antidote; bone fractures General Ratnam and Raju 2008
Diotacanthus albiflorus (Bedd.) Benth. Shrub Leaves Wound; heel cracks General Duraipandiyan et al. 2006
Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees Herb Whole plant Hypoglycaemic; anticancer; ear-diseases General Jain et al. 2009
Dyschoriste nagchana (Nees) Bennet Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Erect sub
Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston Leaves To reduce heat in the body and to cool the eye General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
shrub
Dey and De 2012, Rao et al.
Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau Herb Root, leaves Snakebite; tonic; insecticidal; wormicidal; cold; hip pain General
2006
Eranthemum capense L. Herb Latex Boils and blisters General Rao et al. 2006
Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R. Br. Herb Root Typhoid General Porte 2014
Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. Shrub Root Skin diseases General Harsha et al. 2003
Hemigraphis colorata W. Bull Shrub Leaves For wound healing General Latheef et al. 2014
Migraine and headache; edema; anaemia; jaundice;
Jain 2004, Pushpangadan and
considered to be aphrodisiac; for impotency and seminal
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Herb Whole plant General Atal 1984, Pushpakarani and
weakness; vitality and good health; rheumatic arthritis;
Natarajan 2014
male sexual debility; kidney stones
Expectorant; insecticidal; wormicidal; tuberculosis; Chopda et al. 2009, Ramya et
Justicia adhatoda L. Shrub Whole plant bronchitis; veneral diseases; cough; asthma; snakebite; General al. 2009, Subramanian and
asthma; fits; fever; antipyretic; antibacterial Ramakrishnan 2011
Gregarious Leaves,
Justicia betonica L. Vomiting; constipation; hair wash; finger joint abscess General Rao et al. 2006
shrub flower
Justicia diffusa Willd. Herb Leaves Skin diseases; tooth ache General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Inflammations; bronchitis; vaginal discharges; dyspepsia;
eye diseases; muscle pain; lumbago; headache; earache;
General; Chithra et al. 2016, Seraj et al.
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. Shrub Root, leaves hemiplegia; hair growth; leucoderma; asthma; antiseptic;
women 2013, Sugumaran et al. 2013
haemo-static; nasal bleeding; bone fracture; injuries and
fever; jaundice; dysentery; rheumatism
Justicia glauca Rottler Herb Leaves Snake bite General Savithramma et al. 2014
Justicia sumatrana Kurz Herb Leaves Snake bite General Chander et al. 2015

Justicia tenella (Nees) T. Anderson Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Justicia tranquebariensis L.f. Under shrub Leaves Small pox General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Leaves,
Justicia wynaadensis B. Heyne Herb Asthma; imunity General Lingaraju et al. 2013
stem
Lepidagathis cristata Willd. Under shrub Whole plant Skin diseases; snake bite General Dey and De 2012
Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Herb Root - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Leaves,
Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees Herb Anti-inflammatory; anti-microbial; asthma General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
stem
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet Herb Leaves Urinary problems; skin infection General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Roxb. ex
Herb Leaves Contraceptive General Das et al. 2014
Hardw.) Mabb.
Leaves, Leucoderma; hepatoprotective; antipyretic; cough; General;
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Herb Bhat et al. 2014
root, flower wounds(live stock); snakebite; eye disease veterinary
Ruellia patula Jacq. Herb - Remedy against deadly poison of tiger spider General Prakash et al. 2008
Ruellia prostrata Poir. Herb Leaves Fever; asthma; cold; hair fall General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Ruellia tuberosa L. Herb Leaves Severe body pain General Seraj et al. 2013
Rungia linifolia Nees Herb Whole plant Ulcer General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Strobilanthes ciliata T. Anderson Herb Leaves Toothache; swellings; fever General Chithra et al. 2016
General;
Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims Herb Leaves, root Menorrhagia; irregular menstruation; treats rotten nail Rao et al. 2011
women
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson Climber Leaves Whooping cough; hydrophobia General Rao et al. 2006
Rajan et al. 1997, Sarvalingam
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Climber Root, leaves Snakebite; rheumatism; cough General
et al. 2011
Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.)
Climber Whole plant Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Roxb.
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Climber Leaves Cuts; wounds General Prasad et al. 2008
Thunbergia tomentosa Wall. ex Nees Climber Whole plant Eye diseases General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
Achariaceae
Gynocardia odorata R. Br. Tree Leaves Tooth decay General Kumar 2014
Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch. -Ham.) Medium
Seed Skin diseases; wound; scabies General Chithra et al. 2016
Oken sized tree
Boils; ulcers; sores; leprosy; rheumatic arthritis; diabetes;
Hydnocarpus wightianus Blume Shrub Fruit, seed General Priya and Gopalan 2014
swelling and skin diseases
Acoraceae
Chronic urticaria; snakebite; stomach ache; poisonous
Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
bites; epilepsy; cough; wound; asthma; as a substitute for
Acorus calamus L. Herb Whole plant General Sharma et al. 2013, Valsaraj et
ginger; malaria; obesity diseases; body pain; oral health
al. 1997
care
Actinidiaceae
Actinidia arguta (Siebold and Zucc.)
Tree - Anti-lipase General Zhang et al. 2013
Planch. ex Miq.
Actinidia chinensis Planch. Tree Fruit Laxative (laxative) General Parada et al. 2009
Aizoaceae

Cough; asthma; scorpion sting; rheumatism; liver Dansi et al. 2008, Rao et al.
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Herb Whole plant General
diseases; vegetable 2006
Asthma; snake bite; muscle strengthening; gastrointestinal
Kumar et al. 2007, Padma et al.
Zaleya decandra (L.) Burm. f. Herb Whole plant disorders; toothache; heel and palm cracks; diabetes; liver General
2016
damage
Alismataceae
Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Herb Whole plant Amenorrhoea; abnormal menstruation Women Patel 2010
Amaranthaceae
Diuretic; ease for child birth; epilepsy; antidote to
Women;
Erect or poisonous bites; piles; cough; mentally retarded;
pregnant
Achyranthes aspera L. straggling Whole plant Diverticulosis and diverticulitis; tumor; digestion; Rajan et al. 1997
women;
herb leucoderma; asthma; antifertility; anaemia; gastrointestinal
General
disorder; eczema; jaundice; menstural disorder; abortion
Achyranthes bidentata Blume Herb Whole plant Boils; snakebite; General General Dey et al. 2012, Raju 2008
Achyranthes porphyristachya Wall. Herb Root Wounds General Dey and De 2012
Flowers, Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015,
Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. Herb Rheumatism; head ache; swellings General
seed Ram et al. 2016
Snake- bite; cough; sore throat; diuretic and diabetes;
Krishna et al. 2011, Padal et al.
typhoid; renal calculi; earache; anthelmintic; drowsiness;
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Herb Whole plant General 2014, Reddy et al. 2008, Samy
asthma; headache; herpes; fever; demulcent; kidney
et al. 2008
stones
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume Herb Whole plant Intestinal worms; fever General Kosalge and Fursule 2009
Straggling
Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight Leaves Digestive problems General Prabakaran et al. 2013
herb
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Herb Leaves Hair tonic; fever General Prasad et al. 2008
Alternanthera pungens Kunth Herb Whole plant Anti-oxidant; night blindness General Jain et al. 2009
Lactagogue; stomach ache; snake bite; aphthae;
diarrhoea; edible; increase haemoglobin; swelling; night Bhat et al. 2012, Puravankara
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. Herb Whole plant General
blindness; hair tonic; Anti ulceratives; excessive acidity in and Gopal 2012
the body
Amaranthus blitum L. Herb Root, leaves Snakebite; headache General Dey and De 2012
Pulmonary congestion; Astringent; anthelmentic and
Amaranthus caudatus L. Herb Whole plant General Kayani et al. 2014
diuretic.
Leaves,
Amaranthus polygamus L. Herb Good detoxin; Aphrodisiac General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
root, seed
For improving digestion; bruises; abscesses; burns;
wounds and inflammation; snake bite; stomach ulcer; Dansi et al. 2008, Ignacimuthu
Women;
Amaranthus spinosus L. Herb Whole plant indigestion; stomach complaints and kidney stone; urinary et al. 2008, Shanmugam et al.
General
tract infection; high blood pressure; constipation; piles; hair 2012
fall; and increasing lactation; diuretic; fever
Blood purifier; anemia; dandruff; ringworm; mensturation Bhat et al. 2012, Horo and
Amaranthus tricolor L. Herb Whole plant pain; leucorrhea; increases breast milk; kidney stone; General Topno 2015, Shanmugam et al.
constipation; ear problem; ulcers; indigestion 2012

Diuretic; purgative enema during stomach troubles; snake Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Kayani
Amaranthus viridis L. Herb Whole plant General
bite; stomach ache; flu; cold; Erysipelas; scorpion sting et al. 2014
Mouth sores; eye diseases; diarrhoea; orally for ovarian
General; Madhu and Swamy 2010,
Celosia argentea L. Herb Whole plant and uterus diseases; dysentery; sores; tonic; tuberculosis;
women Gairola et al. 2013
stomach ache; skin disease; scorpion bite
Wound healing; cold; heaviness of head; diarrhea; snake-
Celosia polygonoides Retz. Herb Whole plant General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
bite;jaundice and reduce body heat
As purgative; antidote; tuberculosis; edible; insecticidal;
Chenopodium album L. Herb Whole plant General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
wormicidal; aphrodisiac
Chenopodium murale L. Herb Leaves Fever and body pain due to fever General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
General;
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume Herb Whole plant Diarrhoea; scabies; gynaecological disorders Lingaraju et al. 2013
women
Profusely
Flower, Laxative; urinary troubles; boils; vegetable; fever; gas General;
Digera muricata (L.) Mart. branched Jain et al. 2009
seed, leaves trouble; body swelling women
herb
To remove the body odour; insecticidal; wormicidal; Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Dansi et
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin General; 1
Herb Whole plant vegetable; skin swellings; dysmenorrhea; Anthelmintic; al. 2008, Kshirsagar and Singh
and Clemants month baby
skin allergy; 2001
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Sharma et al. 2013
Gomphrena serrata L. Herb Root Stomach ulcers General Rao et al. 2006
Halosarcia indica (Willd.) Paul G. Wilson Shrub Leaves Edible General Gavali and Sharma 2004
Iresine herbtii Hook. Herb Leaves Tonic; post-labor tonic Women Srithi et al. 2009
Pandiaka involucrata (Moq.) B.D. Jacks. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Psilotrichum nudum Wight Herb Leaves Fever; Cold General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Herb Leaves Vegetable; wound General Shanmugam et al. 2012
Trichuriella monsoniae (L.f.) Bennet Herb Leaves Abdominal pains General Rao et al. 2006
Amaryllidaceae
Allium carolinianum DC. Herb Whole plant Flu; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Chicken pox fever; diabetes; to expel poison by vomiting;
Bhat et al. 2012, Ignacimuthu et
boils; blisters; cuts; stomachache; bronchitis; General,
Allium cepa L. Herb Bulbs al. 2008, Kadhirvel et al. 2010,
Amenorrhoea and Abnormal Menstruation; impotency; Women
Patel 2010
contraceptive; snake bite; aphrodisiac; rheumatism
Leaves,
Allium hookeri Thwaites Herb Skin diseases; Veterinary; bone fracture; General Ruba and Mohan 2016
rhizome
Enhance conception; weight reduction; dysentery; heat
Bulb,
diseases and earache; diabetes; epilepsy; tooth deacy; Murty and Venkaiah 2010,
leaves,
Allium sativum L. Herb bronchitis; earache; warts; whooping cough; oral health General Parada et al. 2009, Sharma et
rhizome,
care; Hyperacidity; respiratorty disorders; increase al. 2013
pod
lactation; bone fracture
Allium victorialis L. Herb Whole plant Asthma; respiratory problems General Kayani et al. 2014
Bark, tuber, Wounds; snake bite; skin diseases; arthritis; rheumatic
Crinum asiaticum L. Herb General Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015
leaves pain; eczema
Asthma; cough; bronchial congestion; chest complaints
Crinum latifolium L. Herb Tubers, bulb and mucous discharge; against dysentery and black General Priya and Gopalan 2014
motion; ring worm; cures cramps and dryness; swellings

Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Voss Herb - - General Chakraborty et al. 2012

Amblystegiaceae
Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce Hypnales - Heart disease General Chandra et al. 2016
Anacardiaceae
Endosperm,
seed, fruit
pulp,
Snake-bite; dental cavities; tooth problems; edible; corns; Bhat et al. 2012, Bosco and
cashew General;
warts; impotency; jaundice; fever; heel cracks; skin Arumugam 2012, Ignacimuthu et
Anacardium occidentale L. Tree shell, shell women;
disorder; antidiarrhoeal; Anthelmintic; astringent; irritant; al. 2008, Suganthi and Libina
oil, nut, fruit, men
purgative; rubefacient and vesicant 2015
bark, seed
coat oil,
root, stem
Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray Shrub Leaves Cracks of foot General Prasad et al. 2008
Scandent
Ancistrocladus attenuatus Dyer Whole plant Jaundice General Prasad et al. 2008
shrub
Stem, bark, Pregnant
Annona muricata L. Tree Abortifacient Awate and Gaikwad 2014
leaves women
Pregnant
Seed, Rao et al. 2006, Murty and
Annona reticulata L. Tree Abortion; edible; diabetes; lice eradication women;
leaves, fruit Venkaiah 2010
General
Annona senegalensis Pers. Tree - Dysentry; malignant tumor General Dansi et al. 2008
General;
To remove lice; for external healing; bronchitis; snake bite;
cattle;
fever; worm infection; cuts; painful joints; antidiabetic;
Annona squamosa L. Tree Whole plant pregnant Kumar and Pullaiah 1999
rheumatism; animal wounds; abortion; hepatoprotective;
women;
vermifuge; bone fracture; tooth worms; tumor; cough
children
Flower, Wounds treatment; chest and body pains; edible; stomach
Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy Tree General Murthy et al. 2008
gum, leaves ache
Oil, flower,
Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R. For baldness; typhoid; rheumatic pain; joint disease; chest Dey and De 2012, Pushpakarani
Tree fruit, seed, General
Almeida pain; diarrhoea; skin diseases and Natarajan 2014
bark
Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz Tree Bark Bone fracture General Upadhya et al. 2012
Fever; asthma; body pain; bone fracture; cuts; wound; General; Manikandan and Lakshmanan
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Tree Whole plant
snake bite; centipede bite; dental caries; rheumatism veterinary 2014
Mangifera andamanica King Tree Bark Wound swellings General Prasad et al. 2008
Malaria; toothache; asthma; bleeding; ulcer; frequent
urination; cholera; delivery pain; boils; blisters; wound; anti
General;
diabetic; snakebite; chronic dysentery; liver diseases; Arjunan et al. 2016, Dey and De
Mangifera indica L. Tree Whole plant pregnant
contraceptive; anifertility; mouth sores; rheumatism; 2012, Jain 2004, Rao et al. 2006
women
urethritis; diptheria; diarrhoea; pruritis; scabies; skin
diseases; antibacterial
Parishia insignis Hook. f. Tree Fruit Cough General Prasad et al. 2008
Leaves,
Pistacia atlantica Desf. Tree Cough General Kayani et al. 2014
gum

Pistacia chinensis Bunge Tree Whole plant Asthma; cough; phlegm General Kayani et al. 2014
Rhus mysorensis G. Don Shrub Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Rhus parviflora Roxb. Shrub Fruit, leaves Laxative; cholera General Wagh and Jain 2015
Skin diseases; abortion; remedy for phlegm; ulcers;
Bhandary et al. 1995, Dey et al.
Seed, fruit, rheumatism; leprosy; piles; expells worms; health tonic; Pregnant
2012, Jain 2004, Murty and
Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Herb latex, bark, hair growth; brain development; vitality; antidiarrhoeal; women;
Venkaiah 2010, Ram et al.
oil eczema; contraceptive; arthritis; cough; antibacterial; general
2004, Reddy et al. 2008
infertility; muscle pain; sores; sprains; tooth infection
Semecarpus kurzii Engl. Herb Bark Leprosy General Prasad et al. 2008
Fruit, bark,
Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz Tree Dysentry; diaherroea; antibacterial; fever; boils; vegetable General Ajesh et al. 2012
root
Annonaceae
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook. f. and Climbing
Flower Vomiting General Yesodharan and Sujana 2007
Thomson shrub
Climbing
Friesodielsia fornicata (Roxb.) D. Das Root Excess of heat General Prasad et al. 2008
shrub
Shrub or
Goniothalamus macranthus (Kurz) Boerl. Bark Piles General Prasad et al. 2008
small tree
Hexalobus monopetalus (A. Rich.) Engl. Shrub or
Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
and Diels small tree
Shrub or
Miliusa eriocarpa Dunn Leaves Skin diseases; snakebite General Dey and De 2012
small tree
Shrub or
Miliusa horsfieldii (Bennett) Baill. ex Pierre Leaves Wounds General Prasad et al. 2008
small tree
Miliusa montana Gardner ex Hook. f. and Shrub or Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Leaves Fever General
Thomson small tree 2007
General;
Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd. Tree Bark, fruit Bone fractures; edible; to start mensturation Ratnam and Raju 2008
women
Flower, General;
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites Tree Loose motion; menorrhagia; antibacterial Bosco and Arumugam 2012
leaves, bark women
Sageraea laurifolia (Graham) Blatt. Tree Leaves Rheumatism General Kshirsagar and Saklani 2007
Shrub or
Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
small tree
Apiaceae
Biennial
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Fruit Asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
herb
Anethum graveolens L. Herb Seed Cold; cough; mouth sore(cattle) General Jain et al. 2004
Perennial General; old
Angelica glauca Edgew. Root Joint pains Chopda and Mahajan 2009
herb aged
Fever; leprosy; dysentery; inflammation; jaundice;
headache and memory power; neurosis; skin disease;
General;
Perennial syphiilis; nervine tonic; voice clarity; cough; body; Krishna et al. 2011,
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Whole plant women;
herb refregirant; tooth ache; antibacterial; blood pressure; Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
children
memory power; leprosy; cardiac disorders; fish poison;
veneral diseases

Lack of appetite; intestinal gas; weakness; inflammation;

General; Kayani et al. 2014, Vedavathy et
Coriandrum sativum L. Herb Whole plant joint pain; gum disease; scurvy; scabies; indigrstion; piles;
women al. 1997
throat pain; asthma; cough; bronchitis; lactation
Diarrhea; dysentery; sore throat; loss of appetite;
Bhat et al. 2014, Eneh et al.
gonohrrea; contraceptive; menorrhegia; antidiabetic; Women;
Cuminum cyminum L. Herb Seed, fruit 2013, Kayani et al. 2014,
hyperacidity; ear sore; dry cough; cold; increase lactation; men
Lingaraju et al. 2013
jaundice
Women;
Biennial
Daucus carota L. Seed Regularises menstruation; arborifacient; amenorrhoea pregnant Jain et al. 2004, Patel 2010
herb
women
Perennial
Eryngium foetidum L. Whole plant Diarrhoea; stomachic; antiseptic; flavouring agent General Lingaraju et al. 2013
herb
Gum, root,
Ferula assa-foetida L. Herb Asthma; cough; contraceptive General Kayani et al. 2014
latex
Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke Herb Gum - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Kayani et al. 2014, Sharma et al.
Ferula narthex Boiss. Herb Whole plant Cough; asthma; whooping cough; pneumonia; bronchitis General
2013
To eliminate gases; for bellyache; laxative; to urinate; for General;
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Herb Aerial parts Parada et al. 2009
bad breath; refreshing; increases lactation women
Perennial
Heracleum rigens Wall. ex DC. Root, fruit Diuretics; asthma; antiseptic General Lingaraju et al. 2013
herb
Decumbent
Peucedanum anamallayense C.B. Clarke Whole plant Snakebite General Udayan et al. 2005
herb
Pimpinella diversifolia DC. Herb Whole plant Cold; cough; digestive disorders General Kumar et al. 2011
Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Benth. Herb Root Diarrhoea; antiseptic General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Pimpinella tirupatiensis N.P. Balakr. and Tuber,
Herb Abscess; skin diseases General Ram et al. 2004
Subram. leaves
Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.)
Herb - Anti-cancer General Zhang et al. 2013
Schischk.
Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke Herb Root - General Sharma et al. 2013
Jain et al. 2004, Sharma et al.
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Grace Whole plant Sore throat; whooping cough; acidity General
2013
Apocynaceae
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G. Don Climber Whole plant As anthelmintic and ophthalmic; boils General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Aganosma dichotoma (Roth) K. Schum. Climber Leaves Fractures General Rao et al. 2006
Allamanda cathartica L. Shurb Flower Liver diseases General Jain 2004
Sprains; bruise; dislocated joints; stomach ache; skin
Leaves,
Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don Tree diseases; urinary infections; anti-choleric; vulnerary General Khyade et al. 2014
bark, root
properties; fever; aphrodisiac; anticholeric;
swellings; for abortion; Diarrhea; Jaundice and dysentery; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Women;
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Tree Whole plant Itching; Menstrual disorder; Post-pregnancy fever; Bhat et al. 2012, Khyade et al.
General
Rheumatism; skin disease; snake bite; liver complaints 2014
Leaves,
Scabies; snake bite; stored as tablets; antibacterial; Sharma et al. 2013, Valsaraj et
Alstonia venenata R. Br. Tree fruit, stem, General
rheumatism al. 1997
bark

Woodly
Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. Whole plant Fits; Leprosy; Paralysis; bone fracture General Prasad et al. 2008
climber
Root,
Perennial Purgative; astringent; gonorrhea; good styptic; cancer;
Asclepias curassavica L. leaves, General Lingaraju et al. 2013
herb Skin diseases; anthelmintic
latex, flower
Brachystelma swarupa K.K. Kumar and
Herb Rhizome Edible General Jayakumar et al. 2010
Goyder
Elephantiasis; snake bite; thorn induced wound; stomach Women;
Bark, latex,
ache; dog bite; epilepsy; leucorrhea; antibacterial; laxative; Men;
root, stem, Kumar et al. 2007, Surveswaran
Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Herb leprosy; abscess; leprotic wounds; eczema; intestinal Children;
flower, et al. 2010
worm; dyspepsia; herpes; pruritus; antiasthmatic; ulcers; General;
leaves
foot problems; skin disease; diaphoretic cattle
Dysentery; Syphilitic ulceration; Liver enlargement;
Latex,
Rheumatic joints; ulcers; Oligomenorrhoea; intermittent
flower, Chopda and Mahajan 2009, Jain
fever; epistaxis; Hypertension; Scorpion sting; Stomach
leaves, root, et al. 2009, Rao et al. 2006,
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Herb ache; Gastric trouble.; Tumour in stomach; Corn; piles; General
bark, Sharma et al. 2013, Upadhya et
Epilepsy; Leprosy; dropsy; Painful gums; intestinal worms;
vegetative al. 2012
Dental caries; Cholera; jaundice; gastritis; snake bite;
buds
epilepsy; abortion; tuberculosis;
Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) R. Br. Herb Whole plant Obesity; skin diseases General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Caralluma bicolor V.S. Ramach., S. Jose,
Herb Whole plant Wound healing; weight loss General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
H.A. John and Sofiya
Caralluma diffusa (Wight) N.E. Br. Herb Whole plant Obesity General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Kalaiselvan and Gopalan 2014,
Caralluma umbellata Haw. Herb Whole plant Epilepsy; indigestion; constipation; burns General Sharma et al. 2013, Sreeramulu
et al. 2013
Leaves,
Carissa carandas L. Shrub root, fruit, Antihelmitic; wound healing; diabetes; fever; edible General Jain et al. 2009
bark
Carissa spinarum L. Shrub Whole plant Wound healing; rheumatism; skin disease; asthma General
2013
General;
Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Shrub Seed, fruit Treat veneral disease; abortion pregnant Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
women
Rheumatic pain and inflammation of joints; against
Catharanthus pusillus (Murray) G. Don Herb Whole plant General -
lumbago and sciatica.
To treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms; antidiabetic; Chenniappan and Kadarkarai
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Herb Whole plant blood pressure; cancer; loose motion; hypertension; General 2010, Kadhirvel et al. 2010,
tuberculosis; snake bite Lingaraju et al. 2013
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Herb Bulb, leaves Urinary disorder; Dysentery; diarrhoea General Jain et al. 2004
Leaves,
To cure one-sided headache; to promote fertility and General; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Ceropegia candelabrum L. Herb stem, tuber,
vitality; urinary disorders women Jain et al. 2004
gum
Ceropegia juncea Roxb. Herb Stem, tuber Stomach ulcer; Galactogogue General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Chilocarpus denudatus Blume Climber Leaves Psoriasis General Prasad et al. 2013

Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston Shurb Leaves Psoriasis; Scabies General Prasad et al. 2013
Fissure on sole; fever; rheumatic pain; dysentery; dropsy;
cuts; cholera; abdominal pain; body ache; stomach ache;
Climbing General, Bhat et al. 2014, Ignacimuthu et
Cryptolepis dubia (Burm. f.) M.R. Almeida Whole plant syphilis; stop bleeding; eczema; scabies; increase
shrub cattle al. 2008, Ramya 2008
lactation; herpes; snakebite; tooth troubles; skin diseases;
galactogogue
Climbing
Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R. Br. Whole plant Gastrointestinal disorders; wounds General Rao et al. 2006
shrub
Perennial
Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag.
climbing - Anti-proliferative General Zhang et al. 2013
ex H. Hara
herb
Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Anti tumour; remedy for peptic ulcer; anticancer;
Shrub - General Pushpagadan et al. 1990
Chandras.) Venter rejuvenating tonic
Decalepis hamiltonii Wight and Arn. Shrub Root, fruit Cooling agent; hair wash General Rao et al. 2006
Tree/ Shrub/
Paralysis; rheumatism; tonsils; neck pain; antidiabetic; Kumar et al. 2007, Pradheeps
Climber/ General;
Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Whole plant boils; diabetes; snakebite; dyspepsia; rheumatic pain; and Poyyamoli 2013,
Herb-Woody cattle
dysentery; cough; fever; urinary troubles; swellings(cattle) Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Climber
Twining
Gymnema hirsutum Wall. Leaves Antidiabetic; jaundice General Manikandan et al. 2006
shrub
Gas trouble; diabetes; asthma; poison bites; skin
Manikandan et al. 2006, Ramya
diseases; fever; galactogogue; joint pains; breathing General;
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Sm. Herb Whole plant 2008, Samy et al. 2008,
trouble; constipation; jaundice; snake and scorpion bites; women
Sreeramulu et al. 2013
irregular periods; antiseptic; boils; blisters
Purifies blood; snake bite; body heat; increases semen
Ayyanar 2013, Dey and De
production; antipyretic; diarrhoea; rheumatism; ulcer;
General; 2012, Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
syphilis; leucorrhea; respiratory and urinary disorders;
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. Herb Whole plant men; Mahishi et al. 2005,
cough; asthma; colostrum; male reproductive disorder;
women Pushpangadan and Atal 1984,
piles; skin disorder; herpes; gynaecological disorders;
Ramya 2008
convulsive seizure; antibacterial
Himatanthus obovatus (Müll. Arg.)
Tree - Antifungal General Rodrigues and Carlini 2005
Woodson
Eczema; pruritus; snakebite; diarrhoea; dysentery;
Bark,
leucoderma; anthelmintic; cough; headache; sprains; skin Dey and De 2012, Jain 2004,
leaves, General;
Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don Shrub diseases; intestinal worms; body pains; arthritis; increases Rao et al. 2006, Valsaraj et al.
seed, root, women
lactation; malaria; amenorrhegia; cuts; wound; 1997
flower, latex
antibacterial
Eye diseases; postpartum health; tuberculosis; eye Chithra et al. 2016, Rao et al.
Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. Climber Latex General
diseases; burns 2006
Hoya parasitica Wall. ex Traill Shrub Leaves Bone fracture General Chander et al. 2015
General;
Hoya pendula Wight and Arn. Climber Leaves, root Eye infection; prolapse of uterus; heart pain Rao et al. 2011
women
Rheumatism; blood purifier; asthma; cough; bronchitis; Adhikari et al. 2010, Padal et al.
Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton Climber Whole plant bone fracture; cholera; constipation; dysentery; fever; nigh General 2010, Rao et al. 2011, Ratnam
blindness; measles; ulcer; vomiting tonic; febrifuge; and Raju 2008

leucoderma; diabetes; antipyretic; stomach cancer; skin

diseases; hemorrhage; galactagogue; respiratory disorder
Leptadenia lancifolia (Schumach. and Perennial
Thonn.) Decne. climber
Decidious Stem, General;
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. Tuberculosis; wound; expulsion of placenta Dhanabal et al. 2015
shrub leaves women
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight and Aphrodisiac; restorative; febrifuge; hairwash; earache; Padal et al. 2010, Rao et al.
Climber Whole plant General
Arn. typhoid; skin disease; asthma; eczema 2006
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon Climber Root Snake bite General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Antidote; ulcer; leprosy; piles; skin diseases;
Chopda and Mahajan 2009, Dey
Nerium oleander L. Shrub Whole plant gastrointestinal disorders; for speech to children; General
and De 2012
snakebite; earache; dysentery
Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) Sm. Climber Leaves Gonorrhea; cough; joint pain; tooth ache; jaundice General
Rao et al. 2006
Abortion; gonorrhea; acidity; asthma; scorpion bite; fits;
General; Hebbar et al. 2004, Ignacimuthu
rheumatism; piles; boils; oedema; menstural troubles;
women; et al. 2008, Kosalge and Fursule
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Climber Whole plant insect bites; headache; liver diseases; jaundice; laxative;
pregnant 2009, Kshirsagar and Singh
antipyretic; urinary disorders; chest pain; stomach ulcers;
women 2001
antidiabetic; leprotic wounds; snakebite; cough
Bark, latex, Eczema; scabies; menstural pains; veneral diseases;
Plumeria rubra L. Tree General Vijaykumar and Taranath 2010
root, flower aphrodisiac; mouth ulcer; antiinflammation
Root, leaves
Abortifacient; epilepsy; herpes; pruritus; scabies; malaria; General; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
bud,
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Herb nervous disorders; snakebite; stomach pain; chest pain; pregnant Lingaraju et al. 2013,
rhizome,
hypertension; blood pressure women Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
leaves
Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Shrub Seed, root Anti snake venom; skin diseases General Dey and De 2012
Rhazya stricta Decne. Shrub - Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Rao et al. 2006, Sreeramulu et
Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt Shrub Bark, root Galactogogue; snake bite; bone fracture; earache General
al. 2013
Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight and Arn. Climber Aerial parts Asthma; antioxidant General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Sarcostemma intermedium Decne. Climber Stem, latex Body swelling; snakebite General Kosalge and Fursule 2009
Sarcostemma secamone (L.) Bennett Climber Latex Galactogogue General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. Climber Latex Snake bite General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Secamone afzelii (Roem. and Schult.) K.
Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Schum.
Secamone emetica (Retz.) R. Br. ex
Climber Leaves Nervous disorder; joint pains General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Schult.
Latex,
Eczema; diabetes; snake bite; skin diseases; prolonged General; Harsha et al. 2003, Lingaraju et
Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. Tree leaves, root,
labour; herpes; pruritus; scabies; skin sore; abortion women al. 2013
bark, stem
Tabernaemontana dichotoma Roxb. ex
Shrub/ Tree Leaves Tooth ache General Deepa et al. 2011
Wall.
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Root, bark, Snakebite; skin eruption; antiseptic; amoebic dysentery; Dey and De 2012, Lingaraju et
Shrub General
Roem. and Schult. rhizome, fish poisoning; eye diseases; boils; tooth decay al. 2013

leaves,
flower, latex
Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex Steud. Tree Bark Skin diseases General Harsha et al. 2003
Climbing
Tylophora asthmatica (L.f.) Wight and Arn. Leaves Asthma; snakebite; jaundice General Mahishi et al. 2005
shrub
Tylophora fasciculata Buch. -Ham. ex
Herb Leaves Wound General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Wight
Climbing
Tylophora flexuosa R. Br. Stem Repel leeches General Nizar et al. 2015
shrub
Climbing Root, Urinary problems; snakebite; asthma; lactation; boils; General; Dey and De 2012, Padma et al.
Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
shrub leaves, stem stomach troubles; insect bite women 2016, Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Leaves,
Tylophora longifolia Wight Shrub Snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
flower
Tylophora rotundifolia Buch. -Ham. ex
Climber Leaves Kidney disorder General Wagh and Jain 2015
Wight
Utleria salicifolia Bedd. ex Hook. f. Shrub Rhizome Antiulcer activity General Rao et al. 2004
General;
Climbing
Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze Latex, stem Sores; syphilis; abortificient; wounds pregnant Adhikari et al. 2010
shrub
women
Willughbeia edulis Roxb. Climber Leaves - General Dey and De 2012
Bark, latex, General;
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. Tree Skin diseases; snake bite; urinary stones; menstural pain Prasad et al. 2008
leaves women
General;
Seed, Boils; blisters; wounds; fever; aphrodisiac; dandruff;
women; Jain et al. 2004, Udayan et al.
Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. Tree leaves, fruit, headache; for easy delivery; mouth ulcers; epilepsy;
pregnant 2005
latex, root psoriasis; skin diseases; sore throat; cough; toothache
women
Aponogetonaceae
Aponogeton appendiculatus H. Bruggen Herb Tuber Edible General Narayanan et al. 2011
Araceae
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don Herb Leaves Piles General Chander et al. 2015
Rhizome,
Piles and gonorrhea; hemorrhoids and diarrhea;
Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Herb bulbils, General Reddy et al. 2012
rheumatism; animal bites
petiole
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Tumors; used for post-delivery problems; Bleeding piles; Women; Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015,
Herb Tuber, corm
Nicolson bronchitis and asthma; bone fracture; joint disease General Upadhya et al. 2012
Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth Herb Tuber Cough; sexual weakness General Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015
Rhizome,
Anaphyllum beddomei Engl. Herb Eczema; scabies; food; anti snake venom General Sulochana et al. 2015
leaves
Tuber, root,
Anaphyllum wightii Schott Herb Snakebite General Udayan et al. 2007
corms
Perennial
Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott Rhizome Scorpion stings General Sharma et al. 2013
herb
Arisaema leschenaultii Blume Herb Tuber, fruit Antiseptic; snake bite General Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Corm, tuber, Taken internally against worms and diarrhoea; snake bite; General;
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Herb Swarnkar and Katewa 2008
root boils cattle

Arum italicum Mill. Herb Fruit For piles General Parada et al. 2009
Leaves,
rhizome, Urinary tract problems; boils; edible; kidney stones;
Dansi et al. 2008, Rajendran et
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Herb corm, General debility; vegetable; piles; stomach disorders and General
al. 2000
petiole, indigestion; stomach ulcers
tuber
Epipremnum aureum (Linden and André)
Herb Leaves Gastric problems; gastric ulcer General Rahmatullah et al. 2010
G.S. Bunting
Leaves,
Perennial Piles; colic; rheumatism and intestinal diseases;
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites rhizome, General Alam et al. 2012
herb vegetable; throat infections; snake bite
root, fruit
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. Herb Whole plant Treating cough or cold General Srithi et al. 2009
Delivery wounds; skin allergy; herpes; abscesses;
General; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Pothos scandens L. Climber Whole plant diarrhoea; muscle catch; cancer; small pox; sprains; bone
women Lingaraju et al. 2013
fracture; asthma
Leaves,
Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott Herb Asthma; boils General Wagh and Jain 2015
tuber
Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013,
Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott Herb Whole plant Dysentery; diarrhea; mumps; swelling in growing joints General
Prasad et al. 2013
Earache; treating liver disorders; to treat enlarged liver and
Stem, root, spleen; skin diseases; for bandaging the plastered
Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott Climber General Asha and Pushpagadan 1998
leaves, fruit joints/broken bones; cuts and wounds; tonic; antidode for
bite of Russell's Viper
Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Dey and De 2012, Wagh and
Herb Whole plant Anthelmintic; stimulating poultice General
Kunth Jain 2015
Stylochaeton lancifolius Kotschy and Peyr. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Araliaceae
General;
Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Creeper Whole plant Dysentery; menorrhagia; fish poisoning; loose motion children; Lingaraju et al. 2013
women
Perennial
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Leaves Treating cough or cold General Srithi et al. 2009
herb
Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms Shrub Leaves Bone fracture General Chander et al. 2015
Tender
Schefflera stellata (Gaertn.) Baill. Tree Stomach pain General Prabakaran et al. 2013
branches
Arecaceae
Oral ulcers; sore mouth; masticatory; wound; jaundice;
herpes; cough; antidiabetic; cuts; fire burn; tooth brush;
Root, seed, Asha and Pushpangadan 2002,
Lack of appetite; gum disease; urinary disorders; eye
Areca catechu L. Tree fruit, flower, General Mahishi et al. 2005, Manikandan
inflammation; diarrhea; sores; toothache; Anthelmintic;
pericarp, nut 2005
aphrodisiac; astringent; cooling; digestive; diuretic and
laxative

pregnant
To pregnant ladies to prevent malformed childbirth;
Arenga wightii Griff. Tree Whole plant women, Asha and Pushpangadan 2002
jaundice; to stupefy fish
General
Root,
leaves, root, Fertility; contraceptive; non medicinal commercial Women;
Borassus flabellifer L. Tree Jain et al. 2004
rachis, fruit, purposes; obesity; asthma; eye infection; edible General
petiole
Tuber, stem,
Cold; Cough and Fever; non medicinal commercial Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2010,
Calamus rotang L. Climber root, bark, General
purposes; scorpion bite; constipation; boils; wounds Bhat et al. 2012
petiole
Calamus tenuis Roxb. Tree Fruit, flower Leucorrhoea; amenorrhoea General Adhikari et al. 2010
Women; Prashanth Kumar and
Calamus thwaitesii Becc. Climber Fruit, stem Burning sensation; gynaecological disorders
General Shiddamallayya 2015
Leaves,
Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Caryota urens L. Tree toddy, stem, Loss of appetite; body strength; laxative; hydrocele General
Reddy et al. 2008
flower
Prashanth Kumar and
Chamaerops humilis L. Tree Stem Narcotic and digestive General
Shiddamallayya 2015
Fruit,
For cordage and matting; non medicinal commercial
leaves, oil, Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2010,
Cocos nucifera L. Tree purposes; urinary disorders; leucorrhea; skin problems General
coconut Manikandan 2005
due to centipede
water
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth Stout shrub Leaves, fruit Dog bite; brooms; edible General Kennedy 2006
Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. Shrub Fruit Edible General Rekka and Kumar 2014
Leaves,
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Tree Toothache; strengthens body General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
root, fruit
Aristolochiaceae
Irregular menstruation; snake bite; coilc remedy; stomach
pain; skin disease; foul ulcers; gastro intestinal disorders; General;
Padal et al. 2014, Reddy et al.
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Climber Whole plant insect bite; gonorrhea; cold; Anti-inflammation and children;
1991, Rao et al. 2006
Anthelmintic; amenorrhoea; Fungal infection on head; women
eczema; scabies
Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. Climber Root Snake bite General Das et al. 2013
Leprosy; snake bite and scorpion bite; skin diseases;
Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
wound; anthelmintic; rash; piles; to prevent snake from
Aristolochia indica L. Climber Whole plant General Ram et al. 2004, Samy et al.
biting; cholera; against worms; diarrhoea; fever;
2008
abotifacient; aphrodisiac; nervoux disorders; tumors
Aristolochia krisagathra Sivar. and Leaves,
Climber Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Pradeep rhizome
Snakebite; to reduce the venom action; to prevent
General; Sarvalingam et al. 2011, Xavier
Aristolochia tagala Cham. Twiner Whole plant implantation and to stimulate uterine flow; anti snake
women et al. 2014
venom; malaria
Antibacterial; dysentery; cholera; ulcers; diarrhoea; snake
Root, fruit, General; Das et al. 2014, Nizar et al.
Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou Shrub bite; gynaecological disorders; skin diseases; stomach
stem bark women 2015, Udayan et al. 2005
pain; postpartum health

Asparagaceae
Dhanabal et al. 2015, Prashanth
Tuberculosis; fever; tooth ache; venereal sores and
Agave americana L. Shrub Whole plant General Kumar and Shiddamallayya
dysentery; bone dislocation pain
2015
Agave vivipara L. Shrub - Fodder plant; Detergent General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Agave cantala (Haw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck Shrub Leaves, root Cuts; wounds and burns; snake bite General Kumar et al. 2007
Agave vera-cruz Mill. Shrub Leaves Jaundice; liver complaints General Mali and Bhadane 2011
Asparagus asiaticus L. Shrub Leaves Swellings. General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Perennial
Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. - Anti-cancer General Zhang et al. 2013
climber
Asparagus gonoclados Baker Climber Tuber, root Skin disease General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
To increase lactation; cooling agent; sanke bite; dysentery
and diarrhoea; body ache; wounds; spermatorrhoea;
epilepsy; galacatagogue; foot cracks; jaundice; liver Jain et al. 2004, Rao et al. 2006,
General;
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Climber Whole plant disease; Hyperacidity; Gastritis; Eye diseases; Diarrhoea; Tetali et al. 2009, Sharma et al.
women
Urinary diseases; menstrual problems; postpartum health; 2013
kidney problems; skin decay; nervous problems; sores;
typhoid; gynaecological disorders
Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker Herb Root Impotency General Malviya et al. 2011
Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and For physical weakness and health tonic; debility;
Herb Tuber, root General Wagh and Jain 2015
R.R. Fern. anyifertility property
Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker Herb Leaves Cold General Rao et al. 2006
Dracaena elliptica Thunb. and Dalm. Shrub Root Treating cough or cold General Srithi et al. 2009
General;
Dracaena terniflora Roxb. Shrub Root, fruit Spermaturia; jaundice; headache; bed sore Udayan et al. 2005
men
Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015,
Leaves,
Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop Herb Boils on legs; acidity; typhoid; fever General Puravankara and Gopal 2012,
tuber, bulb
Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. Shrub Bark Non medicinal commercial purposes General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2010
Ragupathy and Newmaster
Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop Herb Bulb Urinary problems; body pain; substitute for onion General
2009, Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Muscari commutatum Guss. Herb Leaves To repel snakes; antidote to snake bite General Dey and De 2012
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Herb Tuber Stomach pain General Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015
Snake bite; cardiotonic; expectorant; febrifuge; purgative;
Dey and De 2012, Rao et al.
Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. and Stemless tonic in glandular enlargement; rheumatism; antitumor;
Whole plant General 2006, Seraj et al. 2013, Srithi et
Schult. f. fleshy herb antidiabetic; antibacterial; analgesic; cytotoxic; antioxidant;
al. 2013
ear pain; boils; blisters; jaundice; waist pain; cough
Sansevieria trifasciata Prain Herb Whole plant Snake repellent; earache; dental caries General Dey and De 2012
Asteraceae
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Herb Whole plant Skin disease General Ram et al. 2004
Samy et al. 2008, Sharma et al.
Achillea millefolium L. Herb Whole plant Cough; Profuse mucous discharges; snake bite General
2013
Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass. Herb Flower Toothache General Udayan et al. 2005
Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.
Herb Whole plant Toothache; mouth ulcers; bleeding wound General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Jansen

Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. Body pain; tooth decay; foetus movement; wounds; skin General; Kumar et al. 2007, Namsa et al.
Shrub Whole plant
King and H. Rob. diseases; cuts foetus 2009, Rao et al. 2011
Oral ulcers; sore mouth; burns; colic; cuts; headache; and
uterine problems; dysentery; leprosy; malaria; insecticidal; Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Herb Whole plant General
wormicidal; skin sores; diarrhoea; rheumatic swelling; Reddy and Reddy 2008
arthritis; skin disease; phlegm
Anaphalis beddomei Hook. f. Herb Whole plant Fever; cough; diarrhea. General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Artemisia absinthium L. Forb/herb Whole plant Tuberculosis; cough General Sharma et al. 2013
Artemisia annua L. Forb/herb Leaves Cold; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Artemisia brevifolia Shrub Whole plant Cough; respiratory stimulant General Kayani et al. 2014
General;
Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC. Shrub Leaves Tonic; post-labor tonic Srithi et al. 2009
women
Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. ex
Herb Seed Cold; cough; flu; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
Besser
Removing worms from wounds; joint and muscle to relieve
pain over boils; to prevent microbial infection; epilepsy; General; Namsa et al. 2009, Sharma et
Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. Shrub Whole plant
diarrhoea; fever; mosquito repellent; Wounds; cuts; animals al. 2013
scabies; and inflammations
Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC. Herb Leaves Antibacterial General Valsaraj et al. 1997
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. and Kitam. Herb Whole plant Cough asthma; profuse mucous discharges General Kayani et al. 2014
Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. Shrub Gum, seed Antidiabetic General Pandeya et al. 2013
Appetizer and epilepsy; conjuctivitis; antibacterial; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Artemisia vulgaris L. Herb Whole plant General
Emmenagogue; Anthelmintic; respiratory disorders; fever Valsaraj et al. 1997
Aster tataricus L.f. Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King and
Herb Leaves Cuts General Udayan et al. 2005
H. Rob.
Leaves,
Anthelmintic; diabetes; fever; skin disease; body swelling General;
Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench Stout herb seeds, fruit, Harsha et al. 2003
after delivery; snakebite women
root
Jain et al. 2009, Kumar et al.
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. and Sherff Herb Whole plant Cuts and wounds; antiseptic General
2007
Prostrate Fever; cough; wounds; skin diseases; stomachache;
Bidens pilosa L. Leaves General Dansi et al. 2008, Namsa et al.
herb vegetable; earache; Oedema; Snakebite; Subjugation
2009
Leaves,
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson Herb Skin cuts; Post-natal complaints; alcohol deaddiction General Jain et al. 2009
seed
Leaves,
Blepharispermum petiolare DC. Shrub General General Dey and De 2012
bark
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Undershrub Leaves, root Stomach ache; obstetric diseases General Srithi et al. 2009
Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz Herb - Poisonous sting of wasp General Namsa et al. 2009
Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr. Herb Leaves Cough General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Herb Whole plant Water sores General Dey et al. 2012
Calendula officinalis L. Herb Flower Snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
Calyptocarpus vialis Less. Herb Leaves, fruit Fever; diarrhoea; laxatives General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016

Flower,
Carthamus tinctorius L. Herb Cough; throat problems General Kayani et al. 2014
seed
Malaria; wounds; vegetable; anti-bleeding; obstetric Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and Leaves,
Shrub diseases; gastric ulcers; wounds; skin infections; fever; General Das et al. 2013, Namsa et al.
H. Rob. root, seed
cough; skin injuries; breathing problems 2009
Chrysanthemum indicum L. Herb Leaves Earache; boils General Bhat et al. 2014
Cichorium endivia L. Herb Leaves When throat hoarse General Parada et al. 2009
Cichorium intybus L. Herb Whole plant Asthma General Kataria and Kaur 2013
Conyza sumatrensis (S.F. Blake) Pruski
Herb Leaves Snake bite General Owuor et al. 2005
and G. Sancho
Conyza welwitschii (S. Moore) Wild Herb Whole plant Toxemia General Chifundera 2001
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Leaves,
Herb Vegetables and stomach disorder General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Moore twigs
Crassocephalum montuosum (S. Moore) General;
Shrub Whole plant Diarrhea and placenta retention Chifundera 2001
Milne-Redh. women
Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. ex Jacq.)
Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
S. Moore
Cyanthillium albicans (DC.) H. Rob. Shrub Leaves Burns General Rajendran et al. 2000
Rheumatism; malaria; intestinal worms; jaundice; abortion;
anti-inflammatory; antidiabetic; anticancer; antiviral;
antimicrobial; fever; cold; sore throat; headache; eczema;
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. Herb Whole plant General Iwalewa et al. 2003, Rao et al.
bleeding; swelling; dysentery; dyspepsia; tranquilliser;
2006, Valsaraj et al. 1997
leucoderma; skin diseases; breast tumor; diarrhoea;
gastrointestinal disorders; cough; antibacterial
Dahlia coccinea Cav. Herb Tuber Wound General Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015
Echinops ritrodes Bunge Shrub Root, leaves Typhoid; rheumatoid arthritis; for easy delivery; cough Women Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Malaria; baldness; ulcers; antiseptic; wounds; liver tonic;
jaundice; urinary disorders; skin diseases; menstural
General; Chopda and Mahajan 2009, Dey
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Herb Whole plant disorder; hypertension; beri beri; snake bite; antibacterial;
cattle and De 2012
intestinal worms; leucoderma; dandruff; diabetes;
diarrhoea; cough
Rheumatism; antibacterial; stomach ache; pyorhea;
asthma; headache; laxative; irregular mensturation;
General; Dubey et al. 2012, Reddy at al.,
Elephantopus scaber L. Herb Whole plant anticancer; cuts; bruises; wounds; leprosy; bronchitis;
men 2008, Xavier et al. 2014
antibiotic; induce appetite; gastrointestinal problems;
eyesight improvement; to attain temporary male sterility
Emilia praetermissa Milne-Redh. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Vata; diarrhea; ophthalmia; cuts; wounds; intermittent
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. Herb Whole plant fever; asthma; antibacterial; eye infection; antisnake General Nizar et al. 2015
venom
Ascites; dropsy; inflammation; leucoderma; bronchitis;
tropidity of the liver; lack of appetite; and weakness due Dey and De 2012, Eneh et al.
Enydra fluctuans DC. Herb Whole plant General
typhoid fever; biliousness; skin disorders; nerve diseases; 2013
anasarca; snakebite; hypertension
Erigeron trilobus (Decne.) Boiss. Herb Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016

Glossocardia bosvallia (L.f.) DC. Herb Whole plant Typhoid General Porte 2014
Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Herb Root Cattle neck inflammation Cattle Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Gundelia tournefortii L. Herb - - - Yazdanshenas et al. 2016
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile)
Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Gymnanthemum coloratum (Willd.) H.
Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Rob. and B. Kahn
Gynura bicolor (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. Herb Leaves Tonic; post-labor tonic General Srithi et al. 2009
Helianthus annuus L. Herb Seed, oil Snakebite General Patel 2014
Inula cappa (Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don) DC. Shrub Root Epilepsy General Sharma et al. 2013
Inula obtusifolia A.Kerner Herb Whole plant Tuberculosis; chest problems; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Kleinia grandiflora (wallich ex DC.) N. Rani Subshrub Leaves, root Gastric complaints General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Expectorant; cough; phthisis; bronchitis; jaundice; calcium Pregnant
Lactuca serriola L. Herb Whole plant Rajasab and Isaq 2004
and iron source women
Lagascea mollis Cav. Herb Leaves Swellings General Kosalge and Fursule 2009
Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauverd Herb Leaves Bronchitis General Savithramma et al. 2014
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya
Herb Leaves To increase lactation Women Sayed et al. 2007
and Rajagopal
Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.) Sch.Bip. ex
Trailing herb - Antidiarrhoeal General Tetali et al. 2009
Kuntze
Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C.
Jeffrey
To clean sick eyes; to digest; for bellyache; for stomach
Matricaria chamomilla L. Herb - ache; for sore eyes; for sickness; to stop vomiting; for General Parada et al. 2009
wound disinfection
Melanthera scandens (Schumach. and
Thonn.) Roberty
Mikania chenopodifolia Willd. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Cuts; burns; dysentery; rheumatism; kidney stones; Rajendran et al. 2002,
Parthenium hysterophorus L. Herb Whole plant General
febrifuge; neuralgia Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling Herb Whole plant Skin disease General Ram et al. 2004
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Erect shrub Seed, flower Snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B. Clarke Undershrub Leaves - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Pulicaria wightiana (DC.) C.B. Clarke Herb Leaves Fissures General Rao et al. 2006
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Shrub Root Cough; asthma; throat problems; influenza General Kayani et al. 2014
Flower, bud, General;
Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew. Herb Cuts; wound; bruises; boils; cattle wounds Kumar et al. 2007
leaves cattle
Sclerocarpus africanus Jacq. ex Murray Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Root, flower,
Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. Herb Asthma; respiratory problems General Kayani et al. 2014
leaves
Senecio tenuifolius Burm. f. Herb Leaves Cuts; wounds General Rao et al. 2006
Erect Wounds; parasitic skin problems; skin diseases; vitamin Deepak and Gopal 2014, Jain
Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Whole plant General
subshrub difeciency; indigestion 2004
Sonchus arvensis L. Herb Whole plant Cough; bronchitis; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Herb Whole plant Cough; bronchitis; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Herb Whole plant Liver diseases; wound General Ramya 2008
Snakebite; dysentry; skin diseases; asthma; impotency; Ram et al. 2004, Sharma et al.
Sphaeranthus indicus L. Herb Whole plant General
malaria; scabies 2013
Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC. Herb Fruit, root Diarrhoea General Gairola et al. 2013
Leaves, Hair blackening; jaundice; cough; cephalalgia; skin
Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski Herb General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
stem, root diseases; alopecia
Root, flower,
Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. Herb Skin diseases; typhoid General Bhaskar and Samant 2012
leaves
Stop bleeding; skin infections and gastritis; fish poison;
Spilanthes oleracea L. Herb Leaves, twig General Ruba and Mohan 2016
malaria
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Herb Leaves Swellings; vegetable General Rao et al. 2006
Leaves,
Tagetes erecta L. Herb Cuts; boils; bruises; gastrointestinal disorders General Kumar et al. 2007
flower
Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.)
Herb Whole plant Antidote to poison General Dey and De 2012
Sch.Bip.
Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund Herb Whole plant Malaria; altitude sickness; snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Leaves,
Taraxacum tibetanum Hand.-Mazz. Herb Vertigo; jaundice; gastritis; fever General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
stem, flower
Antibacterial; antidiarrhoeal; boils; blisters; cuts; diarrhoea;
wound; cuts; bleeding; gastrointestinal disorders; Rao et al. 2006, Umapriya et al.
Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Herb Leaves General
insecticidal; wormicidal; ulcers; anal fitsula; rheumatism; 2011
swelling; skin diseases
Chronic bronchitis; asthma; chest complains; respiratory Kayani et al. 2014, Zhang et al.
Tussilago farfara L. Herb Whole plant General
infections; antiseptic; antiphlogistic 2013
Shrub to Chenniappan and Kadarkarai
Vernonia amygdalina Delile Leaves Malarial treatment General
small tree 2010
Vernonia arborea Buch. -Ham. Tree Leaves - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Vernonia conyzoides Hutchinson and
Subshrub Leaves To arrest bleeding General Manikandan 2005
Dalziel
Vernonia teres Wall. Herb Whole plant - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Wedelia calendulacea Rich. Herb Leaves Cold; cough; snakebite General Savithramma et al. 2014
Wedelia urticifolia (Blume) DC. Herb Whole plant Jaundice General Kalaiselvan and Gopalan 2014
Xanthium pungens Wallr. Subshrub Leaves Galactogogue General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Stem, root, General;
Xanthium strumarium L. Subshrub Boils; heals injured muscle tissues; dogbite; weeping Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
leaves children
Aytoniaceae
Used for blotches; hemostasis; external wounds; and
Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi Liverwort - General Chandra et al. 2016
bruises
Balanophoraceae
Balanophora fungosa J.R. Forst. and G.
Herb Whole plant Cures piles and internal haemorraghes General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
Forst.
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens balsamina L. Herb Flower, twig Wounds; burns; scalds; boils; jaundice General Wagh and Jain 2015

Impatiens diversifolia B. Heyne ex Wight Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah

Herb Whole plant Epilepsy General
and Arn. 2007
Flower,
Impatiens henslowiana Arn. Herb Jaundice General Asha and Pushpangadan 2002
leaves
Basellaceae
To decrease the hip pain during child birth; body heat;
tonic; post-labor tonic; Constipation; particularly in children General; Bhat et al. 2014, Dansi et al.
Basella alba L. Climber Leaves and pregnant women and in urinary disorders; mouth pregnant 2008, Hebbar et al. 2004, Srithi
ulcers; vegetable; piles; eye infections; skin boils; oral women et al. 2009
health care
Begoniaceae
Begonia crenata Dryand. Herb Whole plant Acidity General Kamble et al. 2008
For head ache and to cure wounds; fever; diabetes; Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
Begonia malabarica Lam. Herb Whole plant General
rheumatic pain; kidney stone; for stamina; nose infections; Pandikumar et al. 2009
Begonia picta Sm. Herb Root Sores in mouth General Rao et al. 2011
Begonia trichocarpa Dalzell Herb Leaves Opacity General Jagtap et al. 2009
Berberidaceae
Berberis aristata DC. Shrub Whole plant Typhoid; ophthalmic General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Hepatoprotective activity and antioxidant activity; diarrhea Banumathi and Vaseeharan
Berberis tinctoria Lesch. Shrub Whole plant General
and intestinal parasitic infections; snake bite; indigestion 2015, Deepak and Gopal 2014
Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde Shrub - Anti-fungal General Zhang et al. 2013
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.
Herb Rhizome Liver diseases General Jain 2004
Ying
Bignoniaceae
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Climber Root - -
Srithi et al. 2009
Dolichandrone atrovirens (Roth) K.
Tree Bark Stomach pain General Rao et al. 2012
Schum.
Dolichandrone falcata (Wall. ex DC.) Bark, fruit, General; Dushing and Patil 2011,
Tree Corneal opacity; stomachache; leprosy; cough
Seem. leaves, stem children Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) Seem. Tree Bark Bronchitis General Prasad et al. 2008
Evergreen
Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry Root Uterine disorders Women Prasad et al. 2014
climber
Indigestion; abdominal pain; fever; headache; dysentry;
Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Tree Root General Chander et al. 2015
diarrhoea; vomiting
Seed, stem, Contraceptive; epilepsy; antibacterial; diarrhoea;
leaves, dysentery; Fits; Leucorrhoea; Menorrhagia; Tuberculosis; General; Das et al. 2014, Dubey et al.
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Small tree
flower, root, chicken pox; snakebite; centipede bite; rheumatism; women 2012, Lingaraju et al. 2013
bark, fruit gynaecological disorders; scabies; leprosy; pyorrhea
Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum. Tree Leaves Boils General Prasad et al. 2008
Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) Roxb.
Tree Bark Weakness; skin burns; rheumatoid arthritis General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
ex K. Schum.
Flower,
Diuretic; anti-inflammatory; kidney diseases; urethra
Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Tree stem bark, General Dhanabalan 2008
inflammations and as an antidote against animal poisons;
leaves

enemas; fungus skin diseases; herpes; stomachaches and

diarrhea
General; Jain et al. 2004, Udayan et al.
Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. Tree Leaves, root Menstural disorders; wounds; increases fertility
women 2007
Stereospermum tetragonum DC. Tree Bark - General Nizar et al. 2015
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Small tree Leaves Anti-bacterial activity General Suganthi and Libina 2015
General;
Bark, stem,
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Tree Abortifacient; syphilis; leucorrhoea; diabetes pregnant Jain et al. 2004
root
women
Bixaceae
Shrub to Root, fruit, Kidney stone symptoms; Insect repellant; Appetite Padal et al. 2014, Reddy et al.
Bixa orellana L. General
small tree seed, leaves stimulant; dysentery; diarrhoea; sanke bite; fever 2008, Rao et al. 2006
Cochlospermum planchonii Hook. f. ex
Shrub Leaves Used as leafy vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Planch.
Fruit, Rao et al. 2006, Savithramma et
Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston Tree Gonorrhea and dysentry; piles; chicken pox General
leaves, root al. 2014, Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Blechnaceae
Rhizome,
Blechnum orientale L. Fern Relief pain and bleeding; typhoid General Namsa et al. 2009
aerial parts
Boraginaceae
General;
Coldenia procumbens L. Herb Whole plant Antirheumatic; rheumatic swellings; to improve resistance Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
children
Cordia africana Lam. Tree Bark Madness; mouth ulcer; antiinflammatory General Chifundera 2001
Cordia monoica Roxb. Tree Leaves Chest pains General Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Leaves,
Cordia sinensis Lam. Tree Anti-inflammatory; Blood pressure; firewood General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
fruit, wood
Leaves, Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Ehretia microphylla Lam. Shrub Toothache and strength of teeth; menstural disorders General
fruit, root Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Cynoglossum wallichii var. glochidiatum
Herb Root Wounds General Dey et al. 2012
(Wall. ex Benth.) Kazmi
Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand Herb Root Snake-bite General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Ehretia acuminata R. Br. Tree Bark Fever General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Ehretia cymosa Thonn. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Ehretia laevis Roxb. Tree Fruit, leaves Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Ehretia microphylla Lam. Tree Fruit, root Diarrhoea; snake bite General Samy et al. 2008
Heliotropium bracteatum R. Br. Herb Leaves Stomach ulcers General Savithramma et al. 2014
Diabetic; dandruff; vegetable; skin disorders; malaria; Dansi et al. 2008, Kumar et al.
Heliotropium indicum L. Herb Whole plant General
typhoid 2007, Lingaraju et al. 2013
Heliotropium marifolium J. Koenig ex Retz. Herb - Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Heliotropium ovalifolium Forssk. Herb Leaves Insect stings General Raju 2008
Woody
Rotula aquatica Lour. Bark, root Shivering; urinary problems; kidney stones; body prickles General Udayan et al. 2005
shrub
Snake bites; cough; diarrhoea; dysentery; influenza;
Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Herb Whole plant General Kumar et al. 2007
swelling of joints; wound; ear pain

Skin diseases; dysentery; rheumatism; anthelmintic;

Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. Herb Root, leaves General Deepak and Gopal 2014
snakebite
Heliotropium eichwaldii Steud. Herb Leaves - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Brassicaceae
Seed, Anti diabetic; fever and headache; dysentery; Gingival Bhat et al. 2012, Kadhirvel et al.
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Herb General
leaves, root wounds 2010
Brassica rapa L. Herb Whole plant Wounds treatment General Dey and De 2012
Flower,
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Herb Chest complain; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
leaves, seed
General;
Lepidium sativum L. Small herb Whole plant Bronchitis; increases lactation Nanjunda 2010
women
Flowered
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Herb For stones in the kidney(renal lithotripter) General Parada et al. 2009
aerial part
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus General;
Herb Seed Amenorrhoea; abnormal menstruation Patel 2010
(L.) Domin women
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Herb Whole plant Ear diseases General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf. Herb Whole plant Expectorant; bronchial disorders; sore throat General Kayani et al. 2014
Bryaceae
Used to treat cardiovascular problem and nervous
Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwägr.) Paris Bryophyte - prostration; to cure angina; anti-hypoxia; diuretic; General Chandra et al. 2016
antipyretic; and antihypertensive
Used to treat nervous prostration and cardiovascular
Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.) Limpr. Bryophyte - General Chandra et al. 2016
diseases sedative
Burseraceae
Gum, bark,
Boswellia ovalifoliolata N.P. Balakr. and Ulcers; rheumatic pains; amoebic dysentery; hydrocoel in Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Tree leaves, General
A.N. Henry testicle; mosquito repellent; ulcers; diarrhoea 2007
stem, seed
Rheumatism; dog bite; scorpion sting; cough; diseases;
Men; Chopda and Mahajan 2009, Jain
Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Tree Whole plant nervous and cutaneous disorders; impotency; antidote;
General et al. 2004, Rao et al. 2006
dysentery; arthritis; snake bite; menorrhegia
Seed, resin, On skin area exposed to poisonous hairs of caterpillar Arjunan et al. 2016, Namsa et
Canarium strictum Roxb. Large tree General
bark larvae; heel cracks; mosquito repel; for resin al. 2009
Bark,
Commiphora caudata (Wight and Arn.) Anti-viral;anti inflammatory; analgesic; scorpion sting; cuts; Arjunan et al. 2016, Kanthasamy
Tree leaves, General
Engl. boils Kalaichelvi 2016
seed, gum
Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks)
Herb Gum Rheumatoid arthritis General Mallikarjuna 2015
Engl.
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Shrub Gum Cough; lung congestion General Meena and Yadav 2010
Decidious Bark, fruit, Wounds; asthma; diarrhea; conjunctivitis; and pulmonary Bhagat et al. 2016, Sreeramulu
Garuga pinnata Roxb. General
tree leaves infections; dysentery; toothache; leucorrhea; burns; goiter et al. 2013
Cactaceae
Cereus pterogonus Lem. Shrub Whole plant Refrigerant; anti-periodic and antipyretic. General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Body sores; asthma; whooping cough; fever; constipation; General;
Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Shrub Whole plant Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2010
conjulcers; liver complaints; gastrointestinal disorders women

General;
Opuntia elatior Mill. Shrub Whole plant Increases lactation; edible Kataria and Kaur 2013
women
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Shrub Fruit, leaves Asthma; whooping cough; heat; inflammation; ulcers General Ram et al. 2016
Stem,
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Shrub Boils; blisters; snake bite General Rao et al. 2006
leaves
Calceolariaceae
Calceolaria mexicana Benth. Herb Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Calophyllaceae
Flower,
Mesua ferrea L. Large tree leaves, Postpartum health; snakebite General Dey and De 2012
stamen
Mammea longifolia Planch. and Triana Tree Bark Antibacterial General Valsaraj et al. 1997
Mammea suriga (Buch. -Ham. ex Roxb.) Bark, flower Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Tree Eczema General
Kosterm. bud 2007
Campanulaceae
Perennial
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. - Anti-microbial; anti-oxidant General Zhang et al. 2013
climber
Lobelia chinensis Lour. Shrub - Anti-cancer General Zhang et al. 2013
Lobelia heyneana Schult. Herb Leaves Skin diseases General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Leaves, Snake bite; skin infections; insecticide; tooth decay; skin
Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth ex Schult. Herb General Lingaraju et al. 2013
latex, root diseases; boils
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. Herb - Anti-inflammatory General Zhang et al. 2013
Cannabaceae
to treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms; blood in
Leaves, General;
Tall erect excreta; insecticidal; wormicidal; psychoactive drug; Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Kayani et
Cannabis sativa L. seed, bark, animals;
herb Throat infection; chest problems; Veterinary; al. 2014, Padal et al. 2014
flower women
Gynaecological disorders
Celtis australis L. Tree Whole plant To low blood pressure; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Celtis philippensis Blanco Small tree Bark Cuts; wound healing; digestion problems General Prasad et al. 2008
Celtis timorensis Span. Tree Wood Firewood General Jayakumar et al. 2010
Small tree or
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Whole plant Diabetes; respiratory diseases; fever; vomiting; cough General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
large shrub
Cannaceae
Stem, tuber,
Diuretic and digestion; dyspepsia; vegetable; urinary Kalaiselvan and Gopalan 2014,
Canna indica L. Herb rhizome, General
diorder; fever Padal et al. 2010
root
Capparaceae
Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce Shrub Bark, leaves Skin boils; Blisters; Cuts; dysentery General Rao et al. 2006
Leaves,
Cadaba trifoliata Wight and Arn. Shrub Anti-rheumatic; anthelmintic; antibacterial; viral infection General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
stem, root
Latex,
Capparis cartilaginea Decne. Shrub Asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
leaves
Stem, root, Pyorrhea and rheumatism; tumor; asthma; cough;
Dey and De 2012, Kayani et al.
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Shrub seed, fruit, muscular injuries; antidote; Cough; Asthma; bronchial General
2014
bark problems

Shrub to Manikandan and Lakshmanan

Capparis divaricata Lam. Bark, leaves Dysentery; Stomach Problems General
small tree 2014
Capparis diversifolia Wight and Arn. Shrub Leaves Fever; Cold General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Capparis nilgiriensis Subba Rao, Kumari General; Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Shrub Leaves, root Fever, to cure wounds of cattle
and V. Chandras. veterinary 2007
Shrub to Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Capparis olacifolia Hook. f. and Thomson Root To cure pain and pus formation in ear General
small tree 2007
Skin diseases; dropsy and gout; mumps; swelling of eyes;
blood purifier; stomachic; tonic and appetizer; cough and
Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Capparis roxburghii DC. Climber Leaves toxemia; tumours; inflammation and diseases of the General
2007
muscles; treatment of aphthae; headache; eczema;
dandruff and to reduce the body heat skin disease
Straggling
Capparis sepiaria L. Leaves Oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
shrub
Straggling Bark, fruit, Snakebite; boils and swellings.; diabetes; ulcers; paralysis; Reddy et al. 2008, Rao et al.
Capparis zeylanica L. General
shrub leaves gastrointestinal disorder; dysentery; diarrhoea 2006, Tetali et al. 2009
Shrub to Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Capparis olacifolia Hook. f. and Thomson Root Pain and pus formation in ear General
small tree 2007
General;
Crateva adansonii DC. Tree Bark, leaves Wound; joint pain; breast milk secretion; vegetable Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
women
General;
Flower, twig, women;
Crateva religiosa G. Forst. Tree Urinary complaints; snake bite; tympany; abortion Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
bark pregnant
women
Woody
Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich. Tuber Fertility General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
climber
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera japonica Thunb. Shrub Stem, flower Respiratory tract; skin diseases; tumors General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Rhizome,
Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC. Herb Epilepsy General Sharma et al. 2013
root
Valeriana hardwickii Wall. Herb Whole plant - General Sharma et al. 2013
Valeriana himalayana Grubov Herb Root Cough; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
Valeriana jatamansi Jones Herb Root - General Sharma et al. 2013
Cardiopteridaceae
Gonocaryum lobbianum (Miers) Kurz Shrub Leaves Treating obstetric diseases or body pain General Srithi et al. 2009
Caricaceae
Used to gum; skin diseases; scorpion sting and snake bite;
edible; antibacterial; to prevent spontaneous abortion; Bhat et al. 2014, Dey et al.
Latex, fruit,
Carica papaya L. Tree vitamin C source; abortifacient; inflammatory pain; malaria; General 2012, Hebbar et al. 2004,
leaves, seed
pimples; contraceptive; skin irritations; gynaecological Valsaraj et al. 1997
disorders
Caryophyllaceae
Kumar et al. 2007,
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. Herb Whole plant Cuts; burns and wounds General
Ramachandran et al. 2009
Polycarpaea aurea Wight and Arn. Herb Whole plant Diabetes General Savithramma et al. 2014

Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. Herb Whole plant Liver diseases; jaundice; boils; inflammatory swellings General Jain 2004
Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax Herb - Anti-fungal General Zhang et al. 2013
Casuarinaceae
Casuarina equisetifolia L. Tree Bark Skin diseases General Harsha et al. 2008
Celastraceae
Bark, fruit,
Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze Tree Snake bite; fire wood; leucorrhoea General Sharma et al. 2013
root
Flowers, Used as nerve stimulant and brain tonic; wound; body
Bhat et al. 2014, Reddy et al.
leaves, root, pain; insect bite; leucorrhea; digestive stimulant; edible; General;
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Climber 2008, Rao et al. 2006, Sharma
seed, bark, aphrodisiac; burning sensation; itching due to impure women
et al. 2013
seed oil blood
Euonymus cochinchinensis Pierre Shrub Aerial parts Treating dysuria or body pain General Srithi et al. 2009
Gymnosporia emarginata (Willd.) Thwaites Shrub Bark, leaves Snake bite; hepatitis General Padma et al. 2016
Gymnosporia montana (Roth) Benth. Shrub Leaves Stomach ulcers General Savithramma et al. 2014
Gymnosporia royleana Wall. ex M.A.
Shrub Root - - Dey and De 2012
Lawson
General;
Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. Shrub Aerial parts Contraceptive; vegetable Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
women
Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle Herb Root Wound Veterinary Dey and De 2012
Pleurostylia opposita (Wall.) Alston Tree - Fodder plant; fire wood General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Maytenus heyneana (Roth) D.C.S. Raju
Shrub Root, leaves Dysentery General Rao et al. 2006
and Babu
Scandent
Salacia reticulata Wight Whole plant Girdle pain General Nizar et al. 2015
shrub
Ceratophyllaceae
Used as purgative; astringent; constipating and antipyratic; Al-Asmari et al. 2016, Chandra
Ceratophyllum demersum L. Herb Whole plant General
scorpion stings et al. 2016
Chloranthaceae
Chloranthus elatior Link Shrub Stem Rapid healing General Namsa et al. 2009
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai Shrub - Anti-microbial General Zhang et al. 2013
Chlorellaceae
Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck Algae - On burnt skin due to fire and hot water General Namsa et al. 2009
Cistaceae
Leaves,
Cistus albidus L. Shrub flowered For cough General Parada et al. 2009
aerial part
Cleomaceae
Leaves, Ear ache; vegetable; insecticidal; wormicidal; wound; oral
Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Dansi et
Cleome gynandra L. Herb bark, seed, health care; snakebite; diuretic; cough; malarial fevers; General
al. 2008
root cold
Cleome monophylla L. Herb Leaves Headache General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Ear diseases; for flatulence; indigestion; stomach pain and
body pain; headache; boils; wounds; snake bite; scorpion Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Jain et
Cleome viscosa L. Herb Whole plant General
bite; boils; blisters; wounds; asthma; inflammations; cuts; al. 2009, Rao et al. 2006
febrifuge

Clusiaceae
Agasthiyamalaia pauciflora (Bedd.) S.
Tree - Infectious diseases General Ghanthi and Manickam 2008
Rajkumar and Janarth.
Calophyllum apetalum Willd. Tree Bark Resin General Jayakumar et al. 2010
Leaves,
Antibacterial; Antitumor; cytotoxic; antibacterial; analgesic; Bhat et al. 2014, Rao et al.
Calophyllum inophyllum L. Tree seed, fruit, General
scabies; stomach ache; edible 2006, Valsaraj et al. 1997
bark
Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy Tree Fruit Laxative General Prasad et al. 2008
Leaves, Dysentery; diarrhea; antibacterial; pimples; boils; eczema; Prasad et al. 2013, Valsaraj et
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. Tree General
fruit, stem cholesterol; souring agent al. 1997
Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy Tree Leaves, fruit Cosmetic ingredients; edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Garcinia talbotii Raizada ex Santapau Tree Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. ex T. Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Tree Stem Muscle pain General
Anderson 2007
Colchicaceae
Colchicum luteum Baker Herb Whole plant Bronchial diseases General Kayani et al. 2014
Asthma; sinusitis; problems during delivery; snake bite;
General;
aphrodisiac; abortion; leprosy; cancer; skin disease; Dey and De 2012, Jain 2004,
Gloriosa superba L. Climber Whole plant pregnant
gonorrhea; rheumatism; labour pain; larvicide; insecticidal; Lingaraju et al. 2013
women
wormicidal
Combretaceae
Get rid of backpain and to cure the damaged tissue; snake
bite; scorpion bite; wound; nausea; insect bite; asthma; Gairola et al. 2013, Jain et al.
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. Medium Women;
Whole plant cough; Dysentry; diaherroea; non medicinal purposes; 2004, Reddy et al. 2008,
ex Guillem. and Perr. sized tree General
firewood; liver complaints; cough; aphrodisiac; sores; Sharma et al. 2013
stomach ache;
Combretum albidum G. Don Climber Leaves Stomach ulcers General Savithramma et al. 2014
Root, seed,
Combretum album Pers. Climber Antihelmintic to expel parasitic General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
fruit
Combretum latifolium Blume Climber Leaves Diarrhoea General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Rheumatoid arthritis; astringent; anthelmintic; depurative;
Murthy et al. 2008, Kshirsagar
diaphoretic; fever; dysentery; leprosy; worms; jaundice;
Getonia floribunda Roxb. Climber Whole plant General and Singh 2001, Kumar et al.
ulcers; skin disease; wound; snake bite; fever; jaundice;
2007, Xavier et al. 2014
ringworm
Shrub to
Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Whole plant - - Dey and De 2012
small tree
Terminalia alata Wall. Tree Bark, leaves Wounds; epilepsy General Dubey et al. 2012
Abortifacient; abdominal pain; cardiac problems; General;
Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight Bark, fruit, dysentery; influenza; gynaecological disorders; heart pregnant
Tree Kosalge and Fursule 2009,
and Arn. root, leaves diseases; dyspepsia; boils; blisters; wound; snakebite; women;
Reddy et al. 2008
urinary problems; skin diseases; earache women
Asthma; antibacterial; contraceptive; leucoderma;
Fruit, stem
diarrhoea; skin diseases; blisters; laxative; leprosy; eye Das et al. 2014, Kumar et al.
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree bark, General
diseases; skin burns; stomach problems; diabetes; 2011, Valsaraj et al. 1997
exocarp,
infertility; fever; gout

seed, bark,
leaves
Terminalia bialata (Roxb.) Steud. Tree Bark Rheumatism General Prasad et al. 2008
Terminalia catappa L. Tree Cough; dysentry; liver diseases; prevents cancer General
Fruit, gum Suganthi and Libina 2015
Headache; antibacterial; asthma; indigestion; breast
Ayyanar 2013, Ayyanar and
cancer; cold; cough; contraceptive; fever; constipation;
Terminalia chebula Retz. Tree Whole plant General Ignacimuthu 2010, Das et al.
aphrodisiac; diarrhoea; gastrointestinal disorders; heart
2014
stimulant; acidity; vomiting
Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Fleming Tree Leaves Wounds General Prasad et al. 2008
Terminalia crenulata Roth Tree Oil, bark Dysentery; rheumatic pain; dandruff General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Terminalia cuneata Roth Tree Bark Itching due to impure blood; bone fracture General Bhat et al. 2014
Terminalia glaucescens Planch. ex Benth. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Terminalia pallida Brandis Tree Fruit, root Inflammation; stomachache; urinary disorders General Ram et al. 2004
Terminalia paniculata Roth Tree Flower Cholera General Mahishi et al. 2005
Terminalia superba Engl. and Diels Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Terminalia tomentosa Wight and Arn. Tree Bark Intestinal problems General Nizar et al. 2015
Commelinaceae
Treating food poisoning; Treating obstetric diseases or
Amischotolype mollissima (Blume) Hassk. Herb Whole plant General Srithi et al. 2009
body pain
Antiseptic Epilepsy; eyelid infection and skin rash; body
Commelina benghalensis L. Herb Whole plant hotness; body pain; edible; helminthiasis; malaria; wound; General Divya and Kalaichelvi
leprosy
Commelina communis L. Forb/herb Leaves Anti-pyretic; anti-inflammatory and diuretic effect. General Suganthi and Libina 2015
Medium
Commelina erecta L. Leaves Sciatica General Rao et al. 2011
sized herb
Commelina longifolia Lam. Herb Whole plant Fever General Padal et al. 2010
Leaves,
Cyanotis clavata Shrub Cough; biliousness; diarrhea General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
roots
Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don ex Sweet Herb Whole plant Fever; Abdominal pains General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
General;
Murdannia edulis (Stokes) Faden Herb Root Aphrodisiac; Spermatorrhoea Malviya et al. 2011
men
Leaves,
Pollia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. f. Herb Leg and stomach swelling General Gailea et al. 2016
stem
Connaraceae
Bark, Periodontitis; headache; bronchitis; eye troubles;
Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC. Shrub leaves, sap, dysmenorrhoea; all manner of pains; migraine; sinusitis; General Ishola et al. 2011
fruit toothache; conjunctivitis; anti-stress
Convolvulaceae
Argyreia cuneata Ker Gawl. Shrub Leaves, root Rheumatism; fever; skin cuts; Anthelmintic; diabetes General
Lingaraju et al. 2013
General;
Argyreia elliptica Choisy Climber Leaves, root Eye injuries and infections of cattle; stomachache Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
cattle
Root, Tympany; herpes; leucoderma; blisters; boils; Bhagat et al. 2016, Padal et al.
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer Climber General
leaves, fruit Hydrocele;Piles;Post-partum problem; edible; tuberculosis 2010, Rao et al. 2006

Jaundice; Fever and headache; tuberculosis; acidity; piles;

Argyreia pomacea Sweet Climber Root General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
rheumatism
General; Jain 2004, Murty and Venkaiah
Contraceptive; abortifacient; liver disease; hepatitis;
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Climber Whole plant pregnant 2010, Pushpangadan and Atal
bronchitis; antioxidant; dandruff; epilepsy; hair fall; piles
women 1984
Dichondra repens J.R. Forst. and G. Forst. Creeper Leaves Snake bite General Owuor et al. 2005
Malaria; veneral diseases; brain disorders; epilepsy;
dysentery; rheumatism; purifies blood; strenghtning of General;
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Herb Whole plant heart; diarrhoea; syphilis; boils; blisters; fever; improves men;
Padma et al. 2016, Sharma et
memory power; eye sores; increases sperm count; women
al. 2013
snakebite; hair growth; jaundice; gynaecological disorders
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Herb Whole plant Fever; burns General Padal et al. 2010
Ipomoea alba L. Herb Leaves Skin diseases General Deepak and Gopal 2014
Chander et al. 2015, Dansi et al.
Flower,
Diarrhoea; laxative; blood purifier; black ring around the 2008, Prashanth Kumar and
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Herb shoot, General
eye; indigestion; vegetable; hemorrhoids Shiddamallayya 2015,
leaves, root
Shanmugam et al. 2012
Leaves,
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Herb Anti diabetic; vegetable General Ruba and Mohan 2016
tuber
Dey and De 2012, Lingaraju et
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Climber Whole plant Fever General al. 2013, Padal et al. 2010,
Padal et al. 2014
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Shrub Whole plant Tonsils; Neck pain General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Ipomoea cheirophylla O'Donell Herb Root To increase lactation Women Sayed et al. 2007
Ipomoea cordifolia Carey ex Voigt Herb Root Skin diseases General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Pushpangadan and Atal 1984,
Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. Climber Whole plant Hysteria; rheumatism; skin diseases; epilepsy; vegetable General
Sharma et al. 2013
Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy Shrub Leaves dogbite General Sharma et al. 2010
Ipomoea hederifolia L. Climber Root, leaves Cataract; tonic General Rao et al. 2011
Ipomoea lacunosa L. Herb Leaves Bone fractures General Bosco and Arumugam 2012
Twining
Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc. Root, leaves Snake bite (viper); intestinal motility enhancing property General Majumder et al. 2013
herb
Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. Climber Root Diabetes; sexually transmitted diseases; vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Stomach ulcer; cough; asthma; cold; pain; induces
Twining Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Whole plant conception; rheumatoid arthritis; wound; sprain; General
herb Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
stomachache
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. Herb Leaves Rheumatism General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Leaves, Dey and De 2012, Sarvalingam
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Climber Antidote; dog bites; boils; pimples; wound General
seed, root et al. 2011
Straggling Leaves,
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. and Schult. Edema; joint pain; foot cracks General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
herb latex
Ipomoea triloba L. Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Ipomoea turbinata Lag. ex Choisy Herb Leaves Constipation General Sreeramulu et al. 2013

Trailing or
Ipomoea vagans Baker semi erect Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
herb
Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hallier
Climber Root - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
f.
Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Lepistemon owariense (P. Beauv.) Hallier
f.
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. Climber Leaves Fever; cough; jaundice General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Shanmugam et al. 2012,
Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. Herb Whole plant Boils; blisters; cuts; cough; cold General
Merremia gangetica Cufod. Herb Root Snake bite General Naidu et al. 2013
Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f. Climber Whole plant Hair tonic; oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
Intestinal worms; constipation; hair growth; rheumatism; Rao et al. 2006, Shanmugam et
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Herb Whole plant General
piles; urinary disorders; diabetes; tooth problems al. 2012
Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Climber Whole plant Fever; earache General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Women;
Twining Leaves,
Porana paniculata Roxb. Jaundice new born Jain et al. 2004
shrub bark
child
Stem, Diarrhoea; tooth-ache; piles; cough; headache; fever; skin Rao et al. 2006, Sarvalingam et
Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy Climber General
leaves, resin diseases al. 2011
Cornaceae
Bone fractures; diabetes; snake bite; oedema; labour Madhu and Suvartha 2009,
Fruit, root,
Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Tree pains; leucorrhea; anthelmintic; boils; blisters; wounds; General Ratnam and Raju 2008, Samy et
bark
skin disease; paralysis al. 2008
Costaceae
Anti-inflammatory; anthelmintic; antifungal; treatment of
rheumatism; diabetes; fever; respiratory tract illnesses;
gastrointestinal disorders; leprosy; infertility; pain; urinary Bosco and Arumugam 2012,
Cheilocostus speciosus (J. Koenig) C.D.
Herb Whole plant disorders; helminthiasis; eye and ear infections; hepatic General Padal et al. 2014, Ramya 2008,
Specht
problems; sexually transmitted diseases; snake bite; Rao et al. 2006
tumor; constipation; stomachache; ulcers; abortion;
diabetes; asthma; malaria
Costus pictus D. Don Herb - Diabetes General Chithra et al. 2016
Crassulaceae
Malaria; stomach ulcer; skin burn; burning sensational
Manikandan 2005, Sharma et al.
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Herb Whole plant urination; scabies; leucoderma; boils; kidney stone; General
2013
eczema; pruritus; snake bite
General;
Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. Herb Leaves Tonic; post-labor tonic; skin diseases Srithi et al. 2009
women
Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. Herb Whole plant Cognitive improvement; anti- aging; altitude sickness General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
Cucurbitaceae
Men;
Cayaponia laciniosa (L.) C. Jeffrey Climber - Impotency Malviya et al. 2011
women
Ceratosanthes palmata (L.) Urb. Climber Fruit Acute colic or stomachache. General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008

Purgative; jaundice; rheumatism; snake bite; scorpion General; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Climber Whole plant sting; bowel complaints; epilepsy; inflammation of breasts; women; Dansi et al. 2008, Jain et al.
hair growth; malaria; hepatitis; hysteria cow; goat 2009
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and
Climber Fruit, leaves Cooling agent; vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Nakai
Bhat et al. 2014, Chopda and
Diabetes; ulcer; ear pain; scorpion sting; Dysentery; Mahajan 2009, Kadhirvel et al.
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Climber Whole plant Tympany; Boils; Blisters; Cuts; dysuria; Skin diseases and General 2010, Kshirsagar and Singh
bronchitis; antidote; diabetes; gastrointestinal disorders 2001, Pradheeps and Poyyamoli
2013
Root, tuber,
Joint pains; typhoid; diabetes; rheumatism; leprosy; Basha et al. 2011, Ignacimuthu
Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook. f. Climber rhizome, General
headache; dysentery; edible et al. 2008
fruit
Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Cucumis leiospermus (Wight and Arn.)
Climber Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Ghebret. and Thulin
Cucumis melo L. Climber Root, leaves Purgative; snake bite; less irritation; stomachache General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Cucumis prophetarum L. Climber Fruit Emetic General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Cucumis sativus L. Climber Fruit Antimalaria General Gohain et al. 2015
Dansi et al. 2008, Prashanth
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Climber Aerial parts Inflammations; burns; vegetable General Kumar and Shiddamallayya
2015
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Cucurbita pepo L. Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Body pain; dysentery; cough; rheumatic pain; fever; Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Padal
General;
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey Climber Whole plant ovulation enhancement; headache; fertility; taken daily for et al. 2010, Pushpangadan and
women
7 days before ovulation period for conceiving a male child Atal 1984
Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogn. Climber Root, seed Typhoid General Porte 2014
Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. Climber Root, leaves Dermatitis; eczema; stomach problems General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Lagenaria breviflora (Benth.) Roberty Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Leaves,
Liver diseases; constipation; foot; mouth disease; reduce General;
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Climber root, flower, Dansi et al. 2008
baldness; headache; antidiabetic; anthelmintic cattle
fruit
Fruit,
Bhagat et al. 2016, Dey and De
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Climber leaves, Liver disease; snakebite; jaundice; vegetable General
2012
tendril, seed
Chander et al. 2015, Dansi et al.
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. Climber Leaves Indigestion; abdominal pain; vegetable General
2008
Luffa echinata Roxb. Climber Fruit Liver diseases General Jain 2004
Anthelmintic; fever and extreme uterine bleeding; to treat
syphilis; rheumatism; hepatitis; and skin disorders;
Seed, fruit, General;
Momordica balsamina L. Climber stomach and intestinal complaints; to help the mother to Bharathi and John 2013
leaves women
regenerate her lost blood during labor and to purify her
breast milk

Rheumatism; gout; piles; leprosy; disease of the liver and

spleen; diabetes; sores; infections; hepatitis; fever;
Dansi et al. 2008, Ignacimuthu
measles; malaria; menstural problems; jaundice; General;
Momordica charantia L. Climber Whole plant et al. 2008, Joseph and Antony
abortifacient; skin disease; vermifuge; snake bite; chest children
2008, Samy et al. 2008
pain(children); piles; contraceptive; Post-natal complaints;
anthelmintic; increases lactation
Momordica cissoides Planch. ex Benth. Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
To promote longevity; vitality; and health; to treat infantile
rachitis; xerophthalmia; and night blindness; to improve
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Fruit, seed, General;
Climber growth; liver and spleen disorders; chest complaints; Bharathi and John 2013
Spreng. oil children
abdominal pains; dysentery; wounds; hemorrhoids;
bruises; swelling; and pus; for treating anemia and arthritis
Liver and spleen diseases; abortifacient; diabetes;
rheumatism; ulcer; skin disease; diarrhea; hypoglycemic;
General;
Momordica cymbalaria Hook. f. Climber Whole plant anti implantation; anti-ovulatory; antidiarrhoeal; cancer; Bharathi and John 2013
women
hepatoprotective; antimicrobial; nephroprotective; anti-
ulcer; anticonvulsant; stomachache
Piles; snake bite; cancer; contraceptive; boils;
hypoglycemic; hepatoprotective; chest problems;
Bhat et al. 2014, Dey and De
Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Climber Whole plant antibacterial; intestinal ulcer; migrane; kidney stones; eye General
2012, Lingaraju et al. 2013
diseases; diarrhoea; fever; antibacteria; malaria; nerve
injuries; antiinflammatory
General;
Asthmatic and intestinal ulcer; anaemia; anti-inflammatory; women;
Momordica sahyadrica Kattuk. and V.T. Fruit, tuber,
Climber painful eruptions; swellings; breast inflammations; pregnant Joseph and Antony 2008
Antony leaves, twig
abortifacient; pain eruptions women;
cows
Momordica subangulata Blume Climber Aerial parts Jaundice; edible General Bharathi and John 2013
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Climber Leaves, root Skin-eruption; diabetes General Jain et al. 2009
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Climber Fruit Vitamin C source General Devi et al. 2010
Fruit, stem, General; Bhagat et al. 2016, Ignacimuthu
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Climber Promotes conception; increases lactation
root women et al. 2008
Chenniappan and Kadarkarai
Telfairia occidentalis Hook.f. Climber Leaves Malaria; vegetable General
2010, Dansi et al. 2008
Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Climber Fruit, leaves Respiratory disorder; skin disease General Wagh and Jain 2015
Fruit,
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Climber Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
leaves, stem
Trichosanthes perrottetiana Cogn. Climber Leaves Flatulence and biliousness General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Dey and De 2012, Padal et al.
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Climber Whole plant Earache; gonorrhea; snakebite General
2010
Zehneria maysorensis (Wight and Arn.)
Climber Leaves To kill stomach worms General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Arn.
Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens L. Fern/Tree Fruit Piles General Parada et al. 2009

Shrub/ small
Juniperus communis L. Fruit For bad breath General Parada et al. 2009
tree
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Tree Stem - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Thuja occidentalis L. Tree Whole plant Rituals General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Cycadaceae
Cycas beddomei Dyer Tree Leaves Scabies; eye sores General Rao et al. 2006
Bark, seed, Swelling; edible; postpartum health; rheumatism; increses General; Das et al. 2013, Udayan et al.
Cycas circinalis L. Tree
fruit sperm production men 2007
Cyperaceae
Cyperus javanicus Houtt. Herb Root Anorexia; bone fracture General Chander et al. 2015
Cyperus metel L. Pers. Herb Root Malarial treatment General Pani et al. 2014
Malaria; intestinal colic; pain; indigestion; vomiting;
General;
diarrhoea and flatulence; fever; antibacterial; jaundice; Shanmugam et al. 2012, Zhang
Cyperus rotundus L. Herb Whole plant children;
cough; irregular mensturaton; urinary problems; et al. 2013
women
gastrointestinal disorders; increase lactation
Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br. Herb Root Dysentery General Shanmugam et al. 2012
Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin Herb Aerial parts Treating pain or stimulating appetite General Srithi et al. 2009
Rhizome,
Rhynchospora colorata (L.) H. Pfeiff. Herb Diarrhea; diuretic and to cure fever. General Jayanthi et al. 2012
tuber
Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják Herb Stem For gingival problems in newborns Children Parada et al. 2009
Scleria corymbosa Roxb. Herb Leaves Blood purifier General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Scleria levis Retz. Herb Root Dysentery General Rajendran et al. 2000
Dennstaedtiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Fern Root - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Dicranaceae
Non
Leucobryum bowringii Mitt. - During body pain General Chandra et al. 2016
vascular
Oreas martiana (Hoppe and Hornsch.) Non Pain; hemostasis; external wounds; epilepsy;
- General Chandra et al. 2016
Brid. vascular menorrhagia; neurasthenia
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Banks ex Non
Leaves Piles General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Martelli vascular
Non
Dillenia andamanica C.E. Parkinson Bark Leucoderma General Prasad et al. 2008
vascular
Abdominal pain; abscess; relieve pain; stimulate appetite;
Non Fruit, bark, General; Goswami et al. 2016, Prasad et
Dillenia indica L. to prevent dandruff; fever; constipation; dysentery; skin
vascular leaves, oil women al. 2008, Rao et al. 2006
disease; cough; piles; laxative; malaria
Bark, Rheumatism; dysentery; bone fracture; bronchitis; wound;
Non Bhagat et al. 2016, Bhat et al.
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. leaves, root, piles; diabetes; diarrhoea; delivery; body pain; cuts; burns; General
vascular 2014, Reddy et al. 2008
fruit eczema
Non
Tetracera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl Root Blood purifier General Prasad et al. 2008
vascular
Dioscoreaceae

Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015,

Aphrodisiac; piles; gonorrhea; leprosy; postpartum health; General;
Dioscorea alata L. Climber Tuber, bulb Sheikh et al. 2013, Sreeramulu
laxative; vermifuge; gastritis; symptoms of mouth cancer women
et al. 2013
Indigestion; bone fracture; dysentery; bee stings; General; Gairola et al. 2013, Kosalge and
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Climber Whole plant impotency; abdominal pain; contraceptive; abortifacient; women; Fursule 2009, Ratnam and Raju
piles; intestinal worms; retention of urine men 2008
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Climber Tuber Retention of urine General Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. Climber Tuber Edible General Sheikh et al. 2013
Kosalge and Fursule 2009,
Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Climber Bulb, tuber Debility; wound General
Udayan et al. 2007
Leaves,
flower, Snakebite; for increasing body vigour; stomach ulcer;
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Climber tuber, toothache; aphthae; uterus cancer; fractures; itching; General Raju 2008
rhizome, scorpion bite
root
Rheumatism; Cough; piles; ovulation enhancement;
Aerial parts, General; Sheikh et al. 2013, Tetali et al.
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Climber menorrhegia; rheumatism; intestinal worms; antidiarrhoeal;
root women 2009
increases immunity
Tuberous
Dioscorea pubera Blume Climber rhizome, Colic pain General Sheikh et al. 2013
Bulbil
Dioscorea tomentosa J. Koenig ex Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016,
Climber Tuber Fever; cough; cold and body swelling; digestion problems General
Spreng. Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl. Herb Rhizome Contraceptive General Das et al. 2014
Tuber, General;
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze Herb Menorrhegia; piles; boils Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
tuber, root women
Dipterocarpaceae
Hopea odorata Roxb. Tree Bark Neck Pains General Prasad et al. 2008
Gum, bark, Dysentry; diarrhoea; wound; poor digestion; poor sexual
Dey et al. 2012, Gairola et al.
Shorea robusta Gaertn. Tree resin, fruit, desire; gonorrhea; skin disease; rheumatic pains; skin General
2013
stem, seed irritation
Shorea roxburghii G. Don Tree - Thatching General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Bark, Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Shorea tumbuggaia Roxb. Tree Stomach ulcers; dysentery; ulcers General
leaves, resin 2007
Vateria indica L. Tree Bark Cough; skin eruption General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Ditrichaceae
Non General;
Ditrichum pallidum (Hedw.) Hampe - Used for convulsions Chandra et al. 2016
vascular infants
Droseraceae
General;
Drosera burmanni Vahl Herb Whole plant Subjugation; abortion Murty and Venkaiah 2010
men
Dryopteridaceae
Dryopteris cochleata (D. Don) C. Chr. Herb Rhizome - - Sharma et al. 2013
Dumortieraceae
Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees Ferns - Used as source for antibiotics General Chandra et al. 2016

Ebenaceae
Diospyros candolleana Wight Tree Whole plant Menstrual problems Women Prasad et al. 2014
Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. Shrub Flower, root Snake bite General Sharma et al. 2013
Non medicinal commercial purposes; stamina; strengthen Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig ex Retz. Tree Whole plant General
body; body ache Rao et al. 2006
Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Tree Bark, fruit Malarial treatment; edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Diospyros marmorata R. Parker Tree Bark Antiseptic General Prasad et al. 2008
Leaves,
Urinary disorders; wound; asthma; bronchitis; chest pain;
flower, seed, Kumar et al. 2007, Rao et al.
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Tree antimicrobial; diuretic; skin diseases; boils; diarrhoea; General
root, bark, 2006, Ratnam and Raju 2008
laxative; anti inflammation
fruit
Bark, fruit, Boils; burns; anorexia; sores; bone fracture; paralysis; joint Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Diospyros montana Roxb. Tree General
leaves pains; wounds; jaundice; fish poisoning Lingaraju et al. 2013
Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Tree Leaves Insect sting General Prasad et al. 2008
Leaves,
Diospyros vera (Lour.) A. Chev. Tree Energy stimulant; edible; fire wood General Savithramma et al. 2014
fruit, wood
Elaeagnaceae
Shrub/ small Fruit, flower,
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Sore throat General Kayani et al. 2014
tree gum
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Climber Fruit, leaves Antidesma; body pain; edible General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Elaeagnus latifolia L. Climber Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson Tree Fruit Whooping cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Shrub Flower, fruit Cough and chest pain General Kayani et al. 2014
Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. Tree Leaves, root Malarial fever; cuts; wounds and skin diseases General
2007
Leprosy; pneumonia; rheumatism; ulcers; piles; and
Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn. Tree Fruit General Muthuswamya and Rb 2014
dropsy; theurapetic purpose
Elaeocarpus serratus L. Tree Fruit Edible General Binu 2010
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. Tree Bark Antibacterial General Valsaraj et al. 1997
Elatinaceae
Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth Undershrub Root Stomach-ache General Rao et al. 2006
Entodontaceae
Entodon flavescens (Hook.) A. Jaeger Moss - Earache; cold General Chandra et al. 2016
Ephedraceae
Leaves,
Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Ex Stapf Shrub Hay fever; cold; asthma; tuberculosis; bronchitis General Kayani et al. 2014
stem
Ephedra intermedia Schrenk and C.A.
Shrub Fruit Asthma; tuberculosis; chest infections; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Mey.
Ephedra major Host Shrub Stem - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Equisetaceae
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Herb Aerial parts Wound healing General Latheef et al. 2014
Hippochaete debilis (Roxb. ex Vaucher)
Herb Root Dysentery General Rao et al. 2011
Ching

Ericaceae
Women,
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Shrub Whole plant Prenatal care and as a health tonic. Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
children
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Shrub Seed Wounds; boils General Kumar et al. 2011
Leaves,
Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don Shrub High blood pressure General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
flower
Dysentery; diarrhoea; throat clearance when fish bones Kumar et al. 2011, Ruba and
Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Shrub Flower, bark General
get stuck in the gullet; disgestive and respiratory disorders Mohan 2016
Leaves,
Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G. Don Shrub Blood purification General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
flower
Erythroxylaceae
Shrub to Oil, bark,
Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. Skin disorder; bone fracture; diarrhoea; fire wood General Rajan et al. 1997
small tree fruit
Eucommiaceae
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Tree - Anti-fungal General Zhang et al. 2013
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd. Undershrub Leaves Dysentery; fever General Rao et al. 2006
Children;
Acalypha brachystachya Hornem. Herb Whole plant Cuts and wounds for fast healing and to expell worms Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
General
Febrifuge; gonorrhoea; whooping cough; constipation; eye
infection; tooth ache; wound; dysentery; reduces breathing
Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. Shrub Whole plant General Thirunarayanan 2013
trouble; cold; allergy in lungs; skin disease; to control
worms
Ayyanar 2013, Ayyanar and
As a laxative and for gastro-intestinal ailments; cough;
Ignacimuthu 2011, Bosco and
snake bite; scorpion sting; scabies; diarrhoea; skin Children;
Acalypha indica L. Herb Whole plant Arumugam 2012, Ignacimuthu
problems; epilepsy; asthma; bronchitis; cuts; wound; General
2008, Shanmugam et al. 2009,
insect bite; diuretic; tooth and ear ache; dog bite
Sharma et al. 2013
Acalypha paniculata Miq. Herb Leaves Loose motion General Ramya 2008
Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage Shrub Leaves To treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms General
2010
Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. and Shrub to
Whole plant Piles General Nanjunda 2010
Thonn.) Müll. Arg. small tree
Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. Herb Root Scorpion sting General Ravishankar 2007
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Herb Whole plant Venereal diseases; antifertility; stomach pain General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr. Tree Fruit, leaves Burns treatment General Kumar et al. 2007
Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Bhandary et al. 1995, Jain
Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Treating obstetric diseases or body pain; skin diseases;
Shrub Whole plant General 2004, Kosalge and Fursule
Suresh body swelling
2009, Reddy et al. 2008
Seed, stem, Leucorrhoea; stop excessive bleeding after child birth;
Bhat et al. 2014, Gairola et al.
Medium bark, gum, ringworm; snake bite; diarrhoea; dysentery; asthma; boils; General;
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. 2013, Jain et al. 2004, Kayani et
sized tree flower, wound; abdomen in pain; parasitic infection; rheumatic women
al. 2014, Sharma et al. 2013
leaves swelling; piles; menorrhegia; birth control; abortifacient;

bone fracture; vermifuge; malaria; gynaecological

disorders
Scandent Piles; stomach; Aphrodisiac pain; jaundice; snake bite; Dey and De 2012, Sreeramulu
Butea superba Roxb. Whole plant General
shrub labour pains; scorpion sting; insect bite; et al. 2013
Leaves, Jaundice; antidiabetic; contraceptive; galactagogus; tooth Dansi et al. 2008, Kadhirvel et
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Subshrub General
seed, fruit ache; vegetable al. 2010, Rao et al. 2006
Cajanus crassus (King) Maesen Climber Bark Dysentry and stomach pain General Sharma and Mujundar 2003
General; Malviya et al. 2011, Rao et al.
Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars Shrub Whole plant Skin diseases; contraceptive; dysentery; spermatorrhoea
men 2006
Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. Shrub Leaves Insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
Croton argyratus Blume Tree Latex Dental caries General Chander et al. 2015
Scabies; cataract; bronchitis; asthma; itch; wound; cuts; Jain et al. 2009, Kumar and
Croton bonplandianus Baill. Herb Whole plant General
stops bleeding; joint inflammations Chaturvedi 2010
Croton malabaricus Bedd. Tree Aerial parts Inflammatory joints and rheumatic arthritis. General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
Croton scabiosus Bedd. Tree Bark Snake bite General Padma et al. 2016
Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw Tree Root Tooth-ache General Prasad et al. 2008
Edema; bone fractures; body pain; gout; anti diabetic;
Root, latex,
Euphorbia antiquorum L. Shrub purgative; nerve disorder; bronchitis; dysentery; General Ratnam and Raju 2008
stem, fruit
dyspepsia; ulcers; asthma
Euphorbia caducifolia Haines Shrub Root Abortifacient General Jain et al. 2004
Euphorbia dendroides L. Shrub Whole plant Skin diseases; boils General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. Herb Leaves - - Sharma et al. 2013
Root,
rhizome, Increases secretion of mother’s milk; joint pain and
Euphorbia fusiformis Buch. -Ham. ex D. Anusuya et al. 2010, Wagh and
Herb latex, rheumatism; diarrhea; cracks; skin diseases; headache; General
Don Jain 2015
Leaves, liver disorder; fever
tuber
Diarrhoea; dysentery; urinary disorders; itches;
General; Kumar and Chaturvedi 2010,
Euphorbia heterophylla L. Herb Whole plant gonorrhoea; improves lactation in cattle; wound; skin
cattle Sharma and Mujundar 2003
diseases
Asthma; respiratory infections; stomachache; wounds;
cough; dysentery; snakebite; jaundice; warts removal;
Jain 2004, Samy et al. 2008,
Euphorbia hirta L. Herb Whole plant scabies; burns; antiseptic; diarrhoea; pimples; leucorrhea; General
nerve bleeding; sores; gastric troubles; increases lactation;
malaria; skin boils; blisters; cuts
Euphorbia meenae S. Carter Herb Leaves Boils; Blisters; Cuts General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
General;
Leaves,
Shrub to Abotifacient; cough; joint pain; burns; bone fracture; children; Jain et al. 2004, Namsa et al.
Euphorbia neriifolia L. stem, latex,
small tree earache; liver diseases pregnant 2009
root, bark
women
Euphorbia nivulia Buch. -Ham. Shrub Stem, latex Cure bone fractures; antiseptic General Kumar and Chaturvedi 2010
Euphorbia perbracteata Gage Herb Whole plant Insecticide General Kumar and Chaturvedi 2010
Euphorbia pilosa L. Herb Latex - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Cure rhuematic pain; Relieve joint pains; antiinflammatory
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch Undershrub Whole plant General Kumar and Chaturvedi 2010
agent;

Euphorbia serpens Kunth Climber Leaves Anticancer; antimicrobial General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
Snake bite; astringent; anathelmatic; ring worm; laxative; General;
Euphorbia thymifolia L. Herb Whole plant intestinal inflammation; dysentery; diarrhoea; indigestion; children;
Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
purgative infants
Stem,
General;
Shrub to leaves, Remove warts; skin diseases; fish poison; rheumatism; Ratnam and Raju 2008,
Euphorbia tirucalli L. pregnant
small tree latex, bark, bone fractures; migrane; headache; abortion Sreeramulu et al. 2013
women
twigs
Succulent Dey and De 2012, Kumar and
Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Whole plant Cure headache; skin disease; urinary problems; snakebite General
shrub Chaturvedi 2010
Flower, root, Eye diseases; Tooth ache; intestinal worms; Joint pain;
Excoecaria agallocha L. Tree General Sivalingam et al. 2016
oil leprosy
Falconeria insignis Royle Tree Latex - General Sharma et al. 2013
Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem. Tree Bark, fruit Breathing problems; diabetes General Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Leaves,
Homonoia riparia Lour. Shrub Skin bulging; blood clotting; muscle fracture General Rajendran et al. 2012
bark
Arthritis; pain; inflammation; itched and blistered skin;
toothache; purgative; earache; mouth ulcer; tumors;
digestion; wound; snakebite; mouth foetid smell; scabies;
Jatropha curcas L. Shrub Whole plant bio diesel; malaria; cold; fever; antiseptic; aphrodisiac; General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
boils; skin diseases; insecticidal; wormicidal; fish
poisoning; chronic dysentery; vegetable; jaundice;
constipation; liver troubles; antidiarrhoeal
Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Shrub Latex, tuber Toothache; gum infection; antidiabetic General Hills 2010
Typhoid; jaundice; uterus diseases; skin burns and
Jain et al. 2004, Kosalge and
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Shrub Whole plant irritation; cuts; wormicidal; insecticidal; oral health care; Women
Fursule 2009
antibiotic; anticancer
Leaves,
Jatropha multifida L. Herb latex, seed, Boils; wounds; ulcers; purgative General Srithi et al. 2009
exudates
Gum,
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Müll. Arg. Tree leaves, Sores; boils; wound; stops bleeding; timber General Bhat et al. 2014
stem, wood
Skin diseases; shivering; leucorrhea; aphrodisiac; skin Kosalge and Fursule 2009,
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. Tree Whole plant General
burns; hydrocele; stomachache; fire wood Padal et al. 2014
Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Leaves,
Shrub to General;
Manihot esculenta Crantz flower, Vegetable; terminate early pregnancy Arjunan et al. 2016
small tree women
rhizome
Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth. Herb Leaves Fever; head ache General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Abortifacient; epilepsy; antifertility; body pain; General;
inflammation; swelling; boils; constipation; dog bite; pregnant Jain 2004, Muralidhara Rao and
Ricinus communis L. Shrub Whole plant
dysentery; rheumatism; laxative; skin diseases; typhoid; women; Pullaiah 2007, Sayed et al. 2007
arthritis; skin cuts; eye complaints(live stock) veterinary
Tragia involucrata L. Herb Whole plant Epilepsy; constipation; cough; bronchitis; fever; snakebite General Udayan et al. 2007

Climbing
Tragia plukenetii Radcl. -Sm. Leaves Scabies General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
shrub
Fabaceae
Bone fracture; typhoid; Retention of placenta; bronchitis;
fever; leucoderma; rheumatism; skin diseases; veneral General;
diseases; hair growth; to increase sexual vigour; pregnant
Abrus precatorius L. Climber Whole plant Upadhya et al. 2012
abortifacient; abortion; gynaecological disorders; diabetes; women;
chronic nephritiss; worm infection; gonorrhea; swellings; women
paralysis
General;
Abrus pulchellus Thwaites Climber Seed, root Abortifacient; skin diseases pregnant Prasad et al. 2008
women
Men;
Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Tree Seed Spermicidal and anti HIV properties. Suganthi and Libina 2015
General
General;
Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. Climber Bark, flower Wounds healing; skin disease; menstrual problems; Ramya 2008, Rao et al. 2006
women
Gum, bark,
latex, Expulsion of placenta; abortifacient; dysentery; diarrhoea; General; Bhat et al. 2012, Bhat et al.
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree
leaves, fruit, cold; cough; ulcer; chest pain; leprosy women 2014, Jain et al. 2004
stem
Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd. Tree Whole plant Asthma; Wounds; Fever; blisters; boils; dysentery General
Padal et al. 2010
Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC. Tree Leaves, fruit Chest pain; fish poison General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Fruit, bark, Dog bite; stomach ache; fainting; fever; gastro intestinal Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Tree General
stem, gum disorders Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Prashanth Kumar and
Acacia ferruginea DC. Tree Gum, bark Fainting; fever; gastro intestinal disorders General
Shiddamallayya 2015
Jayakumar et al. 2010,
Acacia intsia (L.) Willd. Climber Bark, fruit Detergent; edible General
Prabakaran et al. 2013
Demulcent; to increase sexual potency; tuberculosis; Women; Jain et al. 2004, Kshirsagar and
Moderate
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Gum, bark contraceptive; menstrual complaints; bone fracture; snake men; Singh 2001, Ramya 2008, Samy
size tree
bite; cuts; burms; skin diseases; fever; swellings General et al. 2008
Leaves,
Moderate gum, bark,
Acacia modesta Wall. Cough; respiratory tract problems; tonsillitis General Kayani et al. 2014
size tree flower, seed,
stem
Leaves,
gum, bark, Oralcavity diseases; toothache; asthma; bronchitis; Arumugam 2012, Bosco and
Moderate flower, seed, dysentery; leucorrhea; aphrodisiac; expulsion of placenta; General; Kadhirvel et al. 2010, Gairola
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile
size tree pod, stem, blood in urine; wound; conjuctivitis; burns; diabetes; snake women 2013, Hebbar et al. 2004,
legumes, bite; headache Kayani et al. 2014
fruit
Leaves, Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016,
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Climber Fits; fever; gastric problems; wound; epilepsy General
bark Sharma et al. 2013
Acacia planifrons Wight and Arn. Tree Leaves Skin allergy; cancer General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016

Bark, General;
Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. Climber Pneumonia in animals; edible; ophthalmic Kennedy 2006
leaves, fruit animals
General;
Cough and dysentery; labour pain; fever; python bite; Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Rambling Stem, bark, women;
Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib stomachache; the treatment of menstrual disorders; Padal et al. 2010, Sreeramulu et
shrub seed, leaves pregnant
cough; bronchitis al. 2013
women
Adenanthera microsperma Teijsm. and
Tree Bark Malaria tratement General Prasad et al. 2008
Binn.
Leaves, Blood pressure; cholera; General paralysis; diarrhoea and General;
Adenanthera pavonina L. Tree Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
seed dysentery; rheumatism; toys children
Aeschynomene aspera L. Shrub Leaves Hair fall General Das et al. 2013
Aruna et al. 2012, Dey and De
Aeschynomene indica L. Herb Leaves Snakebite; kidney stones and urinary disorders General
2012
Arjunan et al. 2016, Dey and De
Leaves, Externally affected areas; dandruff; For hair growth; Cuts
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin Tree General 2012, Pradheeps and Poyyamoli
bark and burns; fire wood
2013
Bark,
leaves, Toothache; Antidode; Eye diseases; snake bite; diarrhoea;
seed, seed wound of rat bite; night blindness; leucoderma; to retard or Dey and De 2012, Gairola et al.
Women;
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Tree oil, resinous slow down aging symptoms; improve complexion; voice 2013, Kayani et al. 2014, Padma
General
gum, twig, and vitality; leucorrhoea and other venereal diseases in et al. 2016
wood, women; antidote; wheezing protectants; hemorrhoids
flower, stem
Eye diseases; body pains; stomach ache; bronchitis;
Leaves, Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Tree diabetes and burning sensation; ulcers; leprosy; skin General
bark, wood Padal et al. 2010
diseases; cough
Kayani et al. 2014, Prasad et al.
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Tree Bark, leaves Hair growth; dyspepsia; piles; bronchitis General
2008
Lingaraju et al. 2013,
Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Tree Bark, leaves Ephemeral fever; Diarrhoea General
Moderate Flower, fruit, Ulcers; wounds; swollen glands and stomach tumors; Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
Bauhinia purpurea L. General
size tree bark bone fracture; dysentery Suganthi and Libina 2015
Bark, flower,
Padal et al. 2010, Rao et al.
leaves, General;
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Small tree Dysentery; diarrhoea; fever; epilepsy; gonorrhea 2006, Reddy et al. 2008,
legumes, veterinary
Sharma et al. 2013
root
Bauhinia reticulata DC. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Bauhinia semla Wunderlin Tree Bark Tonsils; Neck pain General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Bauhinia thonningii Schum. Shrub/ tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Seed, root, Indigestion; Anthelmintic; drowsiness; uterine stimulant; General; Reddy et al. 2008, Sarvalingam
Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn. Climber
leaves dysentery women et al. 2011
Moderate Diarrhoea; ulcers and leprosy; dysentery; snakebite; skin General; Dey and De 2012, Gairola et al.
Bauhinia variegata L. Whole plant
size tree infection; piles infants 2013
Straggling Oil, Pimples; vomiting; bleeding; jaundice; stomach pain; bone women; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.
shrub endosperm, fractures; abortion; diabetes; rheumatism; hydrocele; General Dansi et al. 2008, Lingaraju et

leaves, fever; ulcer; acidity; snake bite; vegetable; epilepsy; al. 2013, Ratnam and Raju
seed, fruit Swelling testicles; Anti-rabies; sexual debility; skin disease 2008, Samy et al. 2008
Medium
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Fruit Oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
sized tree
Caesalpinia crista L. Climber Oil, seed Pimples; scurf; skin diseases General Harsha et al. 2003
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Shrub - Antidiarrhoeal General Tetali et al. 2009
Leaves, Bhat et al. 2014, Sharma et al.
Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. Climber Skin boils General
tender parts 2013
Pregnant
Leaves,
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Shrub Abortion; malaria; prolonged labour women, Murty and Venkaiah 2010
bark, seed
General
Women, Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Caesalpinia sappan L. Tree Stem, seed Menstural problems; Blood tonic; post-labor tonic
General Srithi et al. 2009
Medium
sized
Canavalia cathartica Thouars Root Venereal diseases General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
climbing
shrub
Seed, bud,
root, leaves, Enlargement of liver; rheumatism; food; edible; epilepsy; Rao et al. 2006, Sreeramulu et
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Climber General
legume, earache al. 2013
bark
Fruit, stem, Oral ulcers; sore mouth; epilepsy; foetid smell of mouth;
Bhandary et al. 1995, Bhat et al.
Medium bark, seed, snake bite; dysentery; diarrhoea; tympany; bone fractures;
Cassia fistula L. General 2014, Ratnam and Raju 2008,
sized tree leaves, root, stomach tumor; purjative; constipation; anthelmintic; insect
Sharma et al. 2013
wood bite; constipation; leprosy; chest pain; laxative
Leaves, Constipation; cold; fever;intestinal disorder; aguesia and
Cassia leschenaultiana DC. Shrub General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
stem skin diseases
Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S. Irwin and Leaves, Insecticide; bone fractures; Astringent; cough remedy Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016,
Herb General
Barneby seed Cathartic; skin infections Wagh and Jain 2015
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene Herb Seed, root Aphrodisiac; stomachache General Savithramma et al. 2014
General;
Cicer arietinum L. Herb Seed, stem Contraceptive; liver diseases Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
women
Cold; asthma and small pox; syphilis; rheumatism;
stomachache; wounds; indigestion; diabetes and throat Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Children;
pain; leucoderma; leprosy; hemicrania; amentia; Pushpangadan and Atal 1984,
Clitoria ternatea L. Slender vine Whole plant General;
pulmonary tuberculosis; ophthalmology; insect bites; Rao et al. 2006, Xavier et al.
men
snake bites; dysentery; swellings on legs; urinary 2014
disorders; throat pain
Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H. Ohashi Shrub - Asthma General Chithra et al. 2016
Crotalaria albida Roth Herb Root Labour pains General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Crotalaria burhia Benth. Herb Whole plant - General Kataria and Kaur 2013
Crotalaria calycina Schrank Herb Rhizome Paronychia General Rao et al. 2006
Crotalaria filipes Benth. Herb Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Prashanth Kumar and
Crotalaria juncea L. Herb Flowers Constipation; blood disorder General
Shiddamallayya 2015

Root, tuber,
Crotalaria laburnifolia L. Herb Snake bites; cuts; diarrhoea; throat infections General Rao et al. 2006
leaves
Crotalaria madurensis Wight and Arn. Herb Leaves Scabies; antibacterial General Bhakshu et al. 2008
Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Herb Whole plant Scabies; impetigo toxaemia General Jain et al. 2009
Leaves,
Crotalaria pallida Aiton Herb Skin diseases; wound; bronchitis; vermifuge; fever General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
root, seed
Crotalaria prostrata Willd. Herb Leaves Cuts General Kumar et al. 2007
Crotalaria ramosissima Roxb. Herb Flower Eczema General Ram et al. 2004
Crotalaria retusa L. Herb Whole plant Cough; fever; eczema; dyspepsia; swelling of the testicle General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
Leaves,
Ephemeral fever; Insect bite; Fits; abortion; sores; Rao et al. 2006, Vedavathy et al.
Crotalaria verrucosa L. Herb root, bark, General
toothache; throat infections 1997
Seed
Fruit, seed, Leucoderma; antibacterial; skin diseases; frequent General;
Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. Herb oil, roots, urination; premature ejaculation; impotence; back pains; men; Jain 2004, Chopra et al. 2013
leaves promotes sexual vigour; snakebite women
Dalbergia coromandeliana Prain Shrub Stem Antibacterial General Edayadulla and Ramesh 2012
Bark, wood, Dubey et al. 2012, Mujumdar et
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. Tree Antidiarrhoel; firewood; dysentery; dysmennorhea General
leaves, bark al. 2005
General;
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Tree Wood, Bark Stomachache; skin diseases; lazy grazing animals Sreeramulu et al. 2013
cattle
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. and Perr. Tree Bark Snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain Tree Bark Malarial treatment General Chander et al. 2015
Dalbergia saxatilis Hook. f. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Urine inflammation; diarrhoea; bleeding piles; skin
Leaves,
Dalbergia sissoo DC. Tree diseases; dysentery; diarrhoea; ulcer; leucoderma; General Tetali et al. 2009
bark
analgesic; antipyretic
Bark, root, General;
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Shrub Heart pain; menorrhagia; post-partum problem Rao et al. 2011
leaves women
Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. and Dalziel Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Tree Bark Fever General Padal et al. 2010
Flowers,
Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Tree Dysmenorrhoea; edible General Padal et al. 2014
seed
Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl. Shrub Leaves Prevents falling of hair General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet Tree Bark Peripheral Neuritis General Padal et al. 2014
Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. Tree Root, bark Tumours; snakebite and as fish poison; impaction General Dey et al. 2012, Raju 2008
Desmodium biflorum DC. Herb Whole plant Jaundice General Asha and Pushpangadan 2002
Desmodium elegans DC. Herb Root, leaves Cough; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
Anti-amnesic; immunomodulator; anti-diabetic; antioxidant;
cardioprotective; hepatoprotective; anti-inflammatory;
Bhattacharjee et al. 2013,
premature ejaculation; ulcer; eczema; gynecological
General; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
disorders; to cure piles; boils; blisters; scabies; ringworm;
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Herb Whole plant men; Kosalge and Fursule 2009,
toothache; headache; sedative; antipyretic;
women Reddy et al. 2008, Singh et al.
antinociceptive; asthma; antidote of snake venom; health
2015
tonic; typhoid; causes sterility in women; rheumatism;
diarrhoea; dysentery; piles

Stomach pain and fever; menstrual cycle irregularity; General;

Desmodium laxiflorum DC. Herb Whole plant Singh et al. 2015
uterus infection; jaundice women
Dysentry; diaherroea; to increase fertility and gain General;
Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.) H. Ohashi Herb Gum, bark Jain et al. 2004
pregnancy women
Bone fracture; malaria; stomachache; piles; laxative;
bechic; epilepsy; dysentery; wound and abscesses; Das et al. 2013, Lingaraju et al.
General;
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Herb Whole plant antidiarrhoeal; galactogenic; sores; liver complaints; 2013, Shanmugam et al. 2012,
women
dysentery; diarrhoea; increases lactation; carminative; Singh et al. 2015
tonic; diuretic; gynaecological disorders
Dialium guineense Willd. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Dicerma biarticulatum (L.) DC. Herb Leaves Boils General Padal et al. 2014
Root, Boils; blisters; ulcer; indigestion; allergy and pains due to
General; Padal et al. 2010, Rao et al.
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn. Tree leaves, wounds; snakebite; rheumatism; toothache; chicken pox;
women 2006, Tetali et al. 2009
flower, bark hair tonic; reduces menstural flow; vomiting;
Herb or
Dolichos aciphyllus R. Wilczek Whole plant Swelling General Nizar et al. 2015
shrub
Herb or Pregnant
Dolichos trilobus L. Whole plant Abortifacient Krishnaraj et al. 2012
shrub women
Entada africana Guill. and Perr. Tree Bark Symptoms of chest pain General Nanjunda 2010
Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Tree Endosperm Rheumatism General Sudhadevi 1999
Seed, bark, Rheumatism; stomachache; fever; pain; cold; scabies; General;
Padal et al. 2014, Sai Vishnu
Entada rheedii Spreng. Tree leaves, root, contraceptive; intestinal worms; skin disease; infantile women;
Priya and Rao 2008
endosperm cold; epilepsy; snake bite; hypertension; dysentery children
Erythrina excelsa Baker Tree Bark Snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
General; Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Tree Seed, root Leucorrhoea; dysentery; cattle wounds
cattle Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Snake bite; gall bladder stones; vermifuge; anthelmintic;
aphrodisiac; laxative; diuretic; galactagogue; rheumatic
joints; fever; malaria; burns; regulates menstrual flow; General;
Erythrina variegata L. Tree Aerial parts Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
paralysis; asthma; eczema; ear problems; leprosy; women
epilepsy; gynaecological disorders; aching of mammary
glands; impaction; cold; cough
Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. Shrub Root - General Sharma et al. 2013
Flemingia procumbens Roxb. Shrub Root - General Sharma et al. 2013
Flemingia stricta Roxb. Shrub Aerial parts Obstetric diseases; body pain; cold General Srithi et al. 2009
Root,
Reddy et al. 2008, Sharma et al.
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton Shrub leaves, Malaria; body pain; swelling; epilepsy General
2013
flower
Galactia longifolia (Jacq.) Benth. Herb Leaves Cuts General Rajendran et al. 2000
Galactia tenuiflora (Willd.) Wight and Arn. Herb Legume Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Tree Root Snake bite General Chander et al. 2015
Glycine max (L.) Merr. Herb Seed Snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
Perennial Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Whole plant Cough; bronchitis; constipation; asthma; cold; throat pain General
shrub Sharma et al. 2013

General;
Gymnocladus assamicus P.C. Kanjilal Tree Pods Detergent (soap); religious and veterinary Ruba and Mohan 2016
veterinary
Humboldtia decurrens Oliv. Tree Root Anti-snake venom General Sulochana et al. 2015
Indigofera aspalathoides DC. Herb Whole plant Skin diseases; toothache General Kumar et al. 2007
Indigofera cassioides DC. Herb Flower Stomachache General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Prashantkumar and Vidyasagar
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Herb Whole plant Skin diseases General
2008
Indigofera linnaei Ali Herb Whole plant Antifertility General Sharma et al. 2013
Indigofera mysorensis DC. Herb Leaves Cuts and skin diseases General Rao et al. 2006
Indigofera nummulariifolia (L.) Alston Herb Whole plant Liver complaints General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Liver diseases; snake bites; allopatia; bronchitis; cough; Dey and De 2012, Padal et al.
Indigofera tinctoria L. Herb Whole plant General
respiratory infections; tuberculosis; jaundice 2010
Seed,
Indigofera trita L.f. Herb Impaction; nutritive tonic General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
leaves
Isoberlinia doka Craib and Stapf Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Kingiodendron pinnatum (DC.) Harms Tree Gum Gonorrhea General Prasad et al. 2014
Kunstleria keralensis C.N. Mohanan and Climber or
Bark Body pain General Binu 2011
N.C. Nair liana
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Forb/herb Leaves Ring worm General Umapriya et al. 2011
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Tree Legume Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Pregnant
Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Beans Seed Abortifacient Rajan et al. 1997
women
Flower,
Milletia elliptica (Roxb.) Steud. Tree Diabetes; bone fracture; fish poison General SM and Vidyasagar 2013
leaves, bark
Flower, root, Fertility; leucorrhoea and menorrhagia; stomach ache after General; Jain et al. 2004, Sreeramulu et
Mimosa hamata Willd. Shrub
bark delivery women al. 2013
Asthma; blood purifier; diarrhoea; dysentery; snake bite;
scorpion sting; wound; body pain; jaundice; cuts; piles; Pushpangadan and Atal 1984,
General;
stomachache; muscular pains; psoriasis; stops bleeding; Samy et al. 2008, Sharma et al.
Mimosa pudica L. Shrub Whole plant children;
abortifacient; blood in breast milk; insomnia; fever; 2013, Udayan et al. 2005,
women
dysmenorrhea; urinary disorder; skin problems; fistula; for Udayan et al. 2007
inducing sleep in children
Climbing
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. Seed Sexual problems General Prasad et al. 2014
liana
Climbing
Mucuna nigricans (Lour.) Steud. Seed Genital ulcer General Nanjunda 2010
liana
Diarrhea; snakebite; sexual disorder; amenorrhea;
abnormal mensturation; boils; blisters; wound;
Climbing General; Bhaskar and Samant 2012,
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Whole plant anthelmintic; allergy; rheumatoid arthritis; earache;
liana men Gayakvad et al. 2014
intestinal worms; gastrointestinal disorders; seminal
weakness; kidney stones
Climbing
Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. Leaves Whooping cough General Rao et al. 2006
liana
Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008

Wound; dysentery; eye diseases; muscular pains; sores;

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Heyne Tree Bark, flower General Duraipandiyan et al. 2006
antibacterial; insomnia; induces sleep; toothache; pain
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Herb/Bean Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. Shrub Leaves Menorrhagia Women Lingaraju et al. 2013
Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth. Tree Whole plant Fodder Animals Gavali and Sharma 2004
Pisum sativum L. Herb Leaves - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Tree Whole plant Dysentery; intestinal disorders; edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Bark, wood,
shoot, Skin diseases; piles; worm infection; rheumatism; asthma;
flower, antidiarrhoeal; malaria; scabies; herpes; stomach ulcers; Rao et al. 2006, Umapriya et al.
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree General
leaves, oil, diabetes; headache; ringworm; elephant scratches; 2011
twig, root, snakebite; centipede bite; headache; itching
seed
Snakebite; to develop complete sterility; abortion; General;
Bark, flower, toothache; cold; cough; fever; prevents miscarriage; boils; women;
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Tree Jain et al. 2004
leaves, gum skin diseases; rheumatism; dysentery; cataract; pregnant
dyspepsia; earache; fever women
Bark,
Oral health care; dyspepsia; earache; mouth infections; Bhagat et al. 2016, Kayani et al.
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Tree leaves, pod, General
scorpion stings; snake bites; asthma; edible; joint pain 2014
flower, fruit
Fever; asthma; diabetes; helminthiasis; piles; strangury;
asthma; cardiovascular diseases; nerve disorder; snake General; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight and Arn. Shrub Whole plant
bite; ulcer; bronchitis; hepatic disorder; cold; cough; women Padal et al. 2014
postpartum health; prolapse of uterus
Psophocarpus palustris Desv. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Diabetes; labour pains; fertility; jaundice; menorrhegia;
Chopda and Mahajan 2009, Jain
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Tree Whole plant stomachache; menstural problems; body pain; toothache; General
2004
mouth ulcers; skin diseases; fever
Pterocarpus santalinoides DC. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Bark,
Rheumatism; blood purifier; diuretic; boils; blisters; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Tree leaves, General
snakebite Padma et al. 2016
wood, bark
Reduces delivery pain; fever; tooth ache; chest pain;
Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Leaves, delivery pains; antidote to dog bite; wound healing;
Shrub General Duraipandiyan et al. 2006
Santapau and Wagh bark, wood constipation; piles; ulcers; skin infections; venereal
diseases; jaundice; diarrhoea; fire wood
Leaves, Joint disease; insecticidal; wormicidal; rheumatism; fever; Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Padal et
General;
Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Climber tuber, bulb, headache; heart pain; increases lactation; amenorrhegia; al. 2010, Sayed et al. 2007,
women
root impotency Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Perennial
Rhynchosia beddomei Baker non-climbing Leaves Skin disease General Ram et al. 2004
shrub
Perennial
Rhynchosia bracteata Baker non-climbing Root Dysentery General Kosalge and Fursule 2009
shrub

Perennial
Rhynchosia cana (Willd.) DC. non-climbing Seed Anti-inflammation and antipyretic General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
shrub
Perennial
Rhynchosia densiflora (Roth) DC. non-climbing Root Dysentery General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
shrub
Perennial
Pregnant
Rhynchosia rufescens (Willd.) DC. non-climbing Leaves Abortiacient Krishnaraj et al. 2012
women
shrub
General;
Bark, flower, Abortifacient; bed sore; menstural disorders; skin disease; women; Bhat et al. 2014, Das et al.
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Tree
seed, stem dysentery; urinary disorder pregnant 2014, Padal et al. 2014
women
Saraca indica L. Tree Bark Urinary problems General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Leaves, Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Skin diseases; fractures; abortifacient; contraceptive; General;
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Shrub bark, flower, Samy et al. 2008, Sripathi and
scabies; eczema and leucoderma; Cattle alopecia cattle
root Sankari 2010
Leaves, Dysentery; piles; constipation; sour throat; head ache and Jaganathan et al. 2016, Rao et
Senna alexandrina Mill. Herb General
bark giddiness; laxative; diarrhoea al. 2006
Dandruff; Stop drinking; body ache; excessive menstural
flow; diabetes; eye infections; constipation; liver disease;
Women;
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Herb Whole plant urinary tract diseases; scorpion bite; ulcers; leprosy; bone Bosco and Arumugam 2012
General
fractures; scabies; blood purifier; strengtening of heart;
anthelmintic; conjuctivitis
Senna candolleana (Vogel) H.S. Irwin and Leaves,
Herb Cure various ailments; stomachache General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Barneby stem, fruit
Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S. Irwin and Barneby Shrub Leaves, root Snakebite; oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
Leaves, SM et al. 2013, Sreeramulu et
Senna italica Mill. Herb Gastrointestinal disorders; constipation; diabetes General
whole plant al. 2013
Senna montana (Roth) V. Singh Herb Leaves Rheumatic pains General Savithramma et al. 2014
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin
Herb Leaves Antifungal; antimicrobial; eczema and intestinal parasities General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
and Barneby
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin and
Herb Leaves Insect bite; vegetable General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Barneby
To treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms; skin troubles;
Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013,
bone fractures; toothache; insect bite; swelling; antidote;
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Herb Whole plant General Rao et al. 2006, Ratnam and
snakebite; tonsilitis; sore throat; blood tonic; rheumatoid
Raju 2008
arthritis; cutaneous diseases
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Herb Leaves Rheumatism; vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin and
Herb - Fire wood General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Barneby
Jain 2004, Kanthasamy
Diabetes; bronchitis; ulcers; Bronchial asthma; respiratory
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Herb Whole plant General Kalaichelvi 2016, Padal et al.
dyspnoea; fever; cold; cough; influenza; malaria
2010

Typhoid; leprosy and ulcers; skin diseases; eczema; Bhat et al. 2014, Hebbar et al.
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Herb Whole plant snake bite; diarrhoea; antibacterial; insecticidal; General 2004, Pushpangadan and Atal
wormicidal; indigestion; ringworm; laxative 1984
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight Tree Flower Nose bleeding General Patil and Ahirrao 2011
Antibacterial; malaria; headache; improves eye vision;
Bark, flower, Padal et al. 2014, Valsaraj et al.
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Tree eliminates worms; dysentery; stomachache; mouth ulcer; General
leaves 1997
canker sores
Sesbania javanica Miq. Tree Leaves Toothache General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Seed,
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Tree Dysentry; diaherroea; fever General Gairola et al. 2013
leaves
Shuteria involucrata (Wall.) Wight and Arn. Herb Leaves Boils General Deepak and Gopal 2014
To make women fertile and become pregnant; preserves General;
Smithia conferta Sm. Herb Whole plant youth; removes wrinkles and makes the body tender; root women; Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
for impotency and seminal weakness in men. men
Smithia sensitiva Aiton Herb Whole plant Antibacterial General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Sophora flavescens Aiton Herb - Anti-inflammatory General Zhang et al. 2013
Spatholobus suberectus Dunn Herb - Anti-bacterial General Zhang et al. 2013
Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston Herb Whole plant Hip pain General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Abortifacient; piles; bone fracture; burns; eye infection; General; Bhagat et al. 2016, Chander et
Tamarindus indica L. Tree Whole plant herpes; skin disease; snakebite; scorpion sting; malaria; pregnant al. 2015, Pradheeps and
oral ulcers; sore mouth; indigestion; laxative women Poyyamoli 2013
Diabetes; asthma; snakebite; tumors; ulcers; liver
Perennial diseases; fever; kidney diseases; scorpion sting; cough; General; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Whole plant
erect herb stomach pain; urinary disorders; comiting; post natal women Dhal et al. 2011, Jain 2004
complication of women; skin diseases
Perennial
Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Root, leaves Typhoid; skin disease General Porte 2014
erect herb
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. Herb Legume Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Trichopodium zeylanicum (Gaertn.) Immunomodulatory; antibacterial; hepatoprotective; anti- Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Herb Whole plant General
Thwaites ulcer; aphrodisiac; veneral diseases; improves body vigour Udayan et al. 2007
Trifolium pratense L. Herb Flower Coughs; sore throat General Kayani et al. 2014
General;
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Herb Seed Diabetes; increases lactation; body cooling Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
women
Pregnant
Uraria lagopodoides (L.) DC. Herb Whole plant Abortion Murty and Venkaiah 2010
women
Flower,
Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. Herb Respiratory disorder; expells tapeworm General Wagh and Jain 2015
leaves, seed
Erect
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal Fruit Skin diseases General Savithramma et al. 2014
herb/Beans
Vigna khandalensis (Santapau)
Erect herb Seed Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Sundararagh. and Wadhw
Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek Erect herb Root, fruit Boils; digestion; constipation General Bhat et al. 2014
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Erect herb Whole plant Fever General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Erect herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008

Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. Erect herb Seed Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Tree Seed, bark Diarrhoea; edible; leprosy; rheumatoid arthritis General Mahishi et al. 2005
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Herb Whole plant Stomach ulcer General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Fagaceae
Leaves,
Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A.DC. Tree Fish poison and raw seeds are eaten General Ruba and Mohan 2016
stem bark
Shrub to
Quercus oblongata D. Don Gum, bark Asthma; gonorrheal; digestive disorders General Kumar et al. 2011
small tree
Quercus robur L. Tree Seed, fruit Asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
Fissidentaceae
Fissidens nobilis Griff. Epiphyte - Diuretic; hair growth General Chandra et al. 2016
Frullaniaceae
Frullania ericoides (Nees ex Mart.) Mont. Liverwort Whole plant Nourishment of hair General Chandra et al. 2016
Gentianaceae
Canscora alata (Roth) Wall. Herb Leaves Nervine tonic General Wagh and Jain 2015
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem.
Herb Whole plant Malarial treatment General Jain 2004
and Schult.
Loose motions; vomiting; fever; malaria; blood purification; Padal et al. 2010, Sharma and
Enicostema axillare (Poir. ex Lam.) A.
Herb Whole plant diabetes; insect poisoning; diuretic; snake and scorpion General Mujundar 2003, Wagh and Jain
Raynal
bite; boils; blisters; wound; antibacterial 2015
Exacum tetragonum Roxb. Herb Whole plant Asthma; sores of leech bite General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Gentiana olivieri Griseb. Herb Whole plant Cough; chest problems; throat problems General Kayani et al. 2014
Swertia angustifolia Buch. -Ham. ex D.
Herb Whole plant Fever; indigestion; diarrhea; scabies General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
Don
Leaves,
Swertia chirata Buch. -Ham. ex Wall. Tree Fever General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
stem
Malaria; liver disorders; nausea; fevers; indigestion;
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch. -Ham. ex Dhal et al. 2011, Eneh et al.
Herb Whole plant scorpion bite; skin diseases; gastrointestinal infections; General
C.B. Clarke 2013
diabetes
Swertia lawii Burkill Herb Whole plant Antibacterial General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Swertia multicaulis D. Don Tree Whole plant Cuts and wounds General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
Swertia petiolata D. Don Herb Whole plant Pneumonia fever; throat problems; bronchitis; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
Swertia racemosa (Wall. ex Griseb.) C.B.
Herb Whole plant Fever; malaria; jaundice; diabetes; cold; cough; headache General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
Clarke
Geraniaceae
Geranium mascatense Boiss. Herb Whole plant Liver troubles and fever General Kumar et al. 2011
Gesneriaceae
Henckelia incana (Vahl) Spreng. Herb Leaves Ear pain General Hills 2010
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba L. Tree - - - Ross 2003
Gisekiaceae
Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Herb Whole plant Insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
Gleicheniaceae

To reduce body temperature and to control fever; to treat

General;
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw. Herb Leaves external wounds; ulcers; and boils; to treat asthma and Zakaria et al. 2008
women
women’s sterility
Hernandiaceae
Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Tree Bark Spider bite General Ratnam and Raju 2008
Hydrocharitaceae
Aquatic
Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. submerged Leaves Fractures; snake bite General Rao et al. 2006
herb
Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H. Hara Herb Bark Skin diseases; cuts General Rao et al. 2006
Hydroleaceae
Hydrolea glabra Schumach. and Thonn. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl Herb Leaves, root Wound healing; ulcers General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Hypericaceae
Hypericum gaitii Haines Shrub Leaves Skin diseases like eczema and herpes General
2007
Hypericum perforatum L. Herb Root - General Kataria and Kaur 2013
Hypoxidaceae
Skin diseases; piles; blood related disorders; bronchitis;
indigestion; vomiting; diarrhoea; gonorrhea; hydrophobia;
Dey and De 2012, Dhal et al.
Rhizomatic joint pains; promotes lactation; insecticidal; wormicidal;
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Whole plant Foetus 2011, Madhu and Swamy 2010,
herb gynaecological disorders; jaundice; syphilis; asthma;
Xavier et al. 2014
abortifacient; aphrodisiac; tuberculosis; galactogogue;
impotency; foetal health; spider bite; dysentery
Icacinaceae
Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Shrub to
Leaves Psoriasis; Scabies; cancerous wound; epilepsy General Prasad et al. 2013
Mabb. small tree
Iridaceae
Crocus sativus L. Herb Flower - General Dansi et al. 2008, Jain et al.
2009
Iris × germanica L. Herb Stem - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Juglandaceae
Leaves,
Juglans regia L. Tree fruit, root, Sore throat General Kayani et al. 2014
bark
Lamiaceae
Ajuga × adulterina Wallr. Herb Whole plant Throat infection; tonsillitis General Kayani et al. 2014
To eliminate the ticks of the domestic dogs; deep cut by
Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. Herb Aerial parts iron; cough; stomachache; fever; chronic blisters; evil General RamaChandran et al. 2009
spirits
Rheumatism; fever; snake bite; epilepsy; Astringent;
Padal et al. 2014, Rao et al.
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Herb Whole plant sores; ulcers; cough; dyspepsia; malarial fevers; chest General
2006
congestion; bronchial troubles

Snakebite; carminative; astringent; stomachic;

rheumatism; fever; colic dyspepsia and catarrhal Dey and De 2012, Ramya 2008,
Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. ex Sims Shrub Whole plant General
affections; wounds; anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic; Valsaraj et al. 1997
dysentery
Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Tree Stem, bark Cuts and wound healing General Kumar et al. 2007
Shrub to
Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. Leaves Skin boils; eczema General Bhat et al. 2014
small tree
Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb. Shrub Seed Rheumatism; constipation General Rao et al. 2006
Clerodendrum glandulosum Lindl. Shrub Leaves High blood pressure; stomach disorder General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Wounds and cuts; scabies; skin disease; antibaterial;
General; Bhat et al. 2014, Harsha et
Shrub to diarrhoea; dysentery; food poisoning; effective against
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Leaves, root pregnant al.2003, Pushpangadan and Atal
small tree tape worm; hook worm infections; amoebic dysentery; for
women 1984
easy delivery
Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Shrub Leaves Rheumatism; headache General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Shrub to Root, aerial Epilepsy; rheumatism; menorrhegia; tonsilitis; scorpion General; Chander et al. 2015, Sharma et
Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.
small tree parts stings; skin disease women al. 2013
Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv. Liana Leaves Constipation Cattle Sharma and Mujundar 2003
Relieves pain and set the stomach and uterus in right
Clinopodium umbrosum (M. Bieb.) Kuntze Herb Whole plant Women Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
position.
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Shrub Root, leaves A remedy for epilepsy; wound; cuts General Sharma et al. 2013
Endostemon viscosus (Roth) M.R. Ashby Shrub Whole plant Skin diseases and to prevent falling of hair General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Leaves, Bone fracture; bone strengthening; pain relieving and
General;
Medium wood, bark, inflammation reduction; piles; scorpion bite; cardiac Dansi et al. 2008, Ramya 2008,
Gmelina arborea Roxb. women;
sized tree fruit, root, disorders; antipyretic; stomachache; eczema; vegetable; Ratnam and Raju 2008
men
stem tinea pedis; wound; impotency
Shrub to Fruit, Eczema; epistaxis; used as soap; dandruff; throat Ragupathy and Newmaster
Gmelina asiatica L. General
small tree leaves, root infection; cough; diabetes 2009, Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Shrub to
Gmelina elliptica Sm. Root Blood purifier General Prasad et al. 2008
small tree
Gomphostemma heyneanum Wall. ex
Herb Leaves Dysentery; diarrhea General Prasad et al. 2013
Benth.
Gomphostemma javanicum (Blume)
Herb Leaves Skin diseases General Prasad et al. 2008
Benth.
Hoslundia opposita Vahl Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Hyptis lanceolata Poir. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Rheumatic pain; wound; gastrointestinal disorders;
respiratory tract and uterus infections; skin diseases; Dey and De 2012, Lingaraju et
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Shrub Whole plant cancers; tumours; parasitical; cutaneous; headache; General al. 2013, Padal et al. 2010,
stomach-ache; nose bleeding; leuchorrea; antidiarrhoeal; Padal et al. 2014
fever
Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) H. Hara Herb - Anti-inflammatory General Zhang et al. 2013
Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Shrub Leaves - General Dey and De 2012
Flower
Lavandula stoechas L. Shrub To relieve blue spots due to knocks General Parada et al. 2009
heads

Paralysis; skin disease; rheumatism; post natal swelling;

regulates periods; diarrhoea; febrifuge; scalds; burns; Kumar et al. 2007,
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. Shrub Whole plant wound; night blindness; eczema; malaria; antihelminthic; General Prashantkumar and Vidyasagar
scorpion sting; jaundice; sores; pre natal vomiting; urinary 2008, Wagh and Jain 2015
diseases; intoxication; fever; epilepsy; asthma; anticancer
Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Leonurus sibiricus L. Herb Whole plant Leucorrhoea General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Dysentery; headache; fever; toothache; asthma; cold; skin
Harsha et al. 2003, Kshirsagar
eruptions; nasal congestion; snake bite; ulcers; scabies;
Children; and Singh 2001, Lingaraju et al.
scorpion bite; bronchitis; psoriasis; swelling; rheumatism;
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Herb Whole plant cattle; 2013, Raghupathy and
skin problems; jaundice; antibacterial; throat infection;
general Newmaster 2009, Sharma et al.
abortifacient; diabetes; gastrointestinal disorders; oral
2013
health care; anthelmintic; gum infection
Deepak and Gopal 2014,
Leucas biflora (Vahl) Sm. Herb Whole plant Skin irritations; headache; fever General
Ignacimuthu et al. 2013
Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Herb Whole plant Dermatitis; snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
Leucas lanata Benth. Herb Leaves Wound healing; anti-microbial; anti-oxidant General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Leaves,
Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. Herb Arthritis; snake bite General Dey and De 2012
flowers
Prostrate
Leucas pubescens Benth. branching Leaves Antipyretic; antifungal; antimicrobial General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
herb
Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) Sm. Herb Whole plant Asthma; fever; astringent bitter General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Leucas zeylanica (L.) W.T. Aiton Herb Leaves Scorpion sting General Savithramma et al. 2014
Lycopus europaeus L. Herb Leaves - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Marrubium vulgare L. Subshrub Aerial parts For stones in the kidney or in the bile bladder General Parada et al. 2009
Lingaraju et al. 2013, Prashanth
Stem, Paralysis; headache; toothache; congestive disorder;
Mentha arvensis L. Creeper General Kumar and Shiddamallayya
leaves stomachic; hyperacidity
2015
Digestive; for stomach ache; to stabilize the belly; scabies; Kosalge and Fursule 2009,
Mentha spicata L. Herb Leaves General
intestinal worms Parada et al. 2009
Meriandra strobilifera Benth. Shrub Leaves - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Malaria; fever; digestive; cardio tonic; cold; cough; fever;
pain; ear infections; skin eruptions; boils; fumigation; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Ocimum americanum L. Herb Whole plant General
bronchitis; increases sexual potency; insecticidal; Bosco and Arumugam 2012
wormicidal; dandruff; gastrointestinal problems
Bone fracture; antipyretic; diaphoretic; chronic
constipation; diuretic; dysentery; cold; cough; fever; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Ocimum basilicum L. Herb Whole plant malaria; stomachache; earache; insect bites; scars; skin General Lingaraju et al. 2013, Padma et
rashes; corneal opacity; pimples; insecticidal; wormicidal; al. 2016
urinary problems; vermifuge
Ocimum filamentosum Forssk. Herb Whole plant Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Rheumatism; diuretic; anti septic; cough; head ache; Dansi et al. 2008, Savithramma
Ocimum gratissimum L. Shrub Whole plant General
dysentery; urinary disorders; breathing problems; seminal et al. 2014, Sharma et al. 2013

weakness; fever; vegetable; cough; typhoid; skin

infections; health tonic
Bronchitis; asthma; malaria; diarrhoea; dysentery; skin
diseases; arthritis; fever; insect bite; indigestion; cough; General;
cold; hysteria; headache; unconsciousness; cholera; children; Dey et al. 2012, Hebbar et al.
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Herb Whole plant abortion; fits; scorpion sting; jaundice; malaria; tumor; pregnant 2004, Harsha et al. 2003, Jain
bronchitis; constipation; piles; anti diabetic; tuberculosis; women; 2004, Mahishi et al. 2005
increases sperm count; wound; cuts; snakebite; scorpion men
sting
Origanum vulgare L. Herb Flower Good for everything General Parada et al. 2009
Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen Herb Leaves Wound healing; ulcer; skin eruptions General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Platostoma africanum P. Beauv. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Aerial parts, Harsha et al. 2003, Lingaraju et
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Shrub Skin allergy; epilepsy; wound; skin diseases General
root al. 2013
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Herb Leaves Eye problems; for reduced eye pressure; weight loss General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Plectranthus fruticosus L'Hér. Shrub Leaves For boils and blisters General Rajendran 2000
Plectranthus glabratus (Benth.) Alston Shrub Leaves Skin disease; burns; body pain General Ramya 2008
Plectranthus malabaricus (Benth.) R.H.
Herb Leaves Asthma General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
Willemse
Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) Spreng. Herb Whole plant Wounds General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Plectranthus rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng. Herb Tuber Itching; boils on the skin General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Herb - Applied on skin during scorpion bite General Namsa et al. 2009
Leaves,
Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. Herb Cough General Gailea et al. 2016
stem
Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm. f.)
Shrub Whole plant Wounds; fever General Kumar et al. 2007
Kuntze
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Herb - Asthma; antifungal General Zhang et al. 2013
Pogostemon myosuroides (Roth) Kuntze Herb Leaves Blood purifier General Savithramma et al. 2014
Shrub to
Premna mollissima Roth Bark, leaves Ringworm; oedema General Ram et al. 2004
small tree
Shrub to
Premna serratifolia L. - Cardiac disorders General Chopda and Mahajan 2004
small tree
Moderate
Premna tomentosa Willd. Bark, fruit Stomach disorders; edible General Savithramma et al. 2014
size tree
To disinfect wounds; antibacterial; respiratory difficulties;
Prunella vulgaris L. Herb Whole plant General Zhang et al. 2013
cough
To calm pain and deflate knocks; for colds; for knocks; for
bones and joints pain; to wash wounds; for joints and
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Herb - General Parada et al. 2009
knees pain; it helps to digest; to enhance circulation; for
laziness; for muscular pain
Tree or Typhoid; rheumatoid arthritis; cancer; malaria; stomach General; Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Padal
Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane and Mabb. rambling Leaves, root upset; labour pain; high fever; cough rheumatism; pregnant et al. 2014, Rao et al. 2006,
shrub fractures; antibacterial; skin disease; asthma; piles women Valsaraj et al. 1997
Salvia canariensis L. Shrub Flower, root Cough; cold General Kayani et al. 2014
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Small shrub - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013

Leaves,
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. Herb Cough; cold General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
seed, root
General;
Salvia officinalis L. Subshrub Leaves For menopause problems; diabetes Parada et al. 2009
women
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Scutellaria barbata D. Don Herb - Anti-microbial General Zhang et al. 2013
Flower,
Scutellaria violacea B. Heyne ex Benth. Herb Asthma; cough and fever General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
leaves
Sideritis sventenii (G. Kunkel) Mend.-
Shrub Leaves For troubles linked to wounds General Parada et al. 2009
Heuer
Sphenodesme involucrata (C. Presl) B.L.
Climber Leaves Body pain General Binu 2011
Rob.
Climbing
Symphorema polyandrum Wight Seed, root Snake bite General Nanjunda 2010
shrub
Ovulation enhancement; skin diseases; cholera; cough; General;
Jain 2004, Jain et al. 2004,
ulcers; filariasis; ringworm; dysmennorhea; kidney stone; pregnant
Tectona grandis L.f. Tree Whole plant Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
headache; leprosy; leucorrhea; skin burns; to ease child women;
birth; to mitigate abdominal pain during labour women
Thymus mongolicus (Ronniger) Ronniger Herb Whole plant Cough; cold; flu; sore throat; bronchitis; chest infections General Sharma et al. 2013
Wound; bellyache; mouth sores; sore throat; sore eyes;
General; Parada et al. 2009, Samy et al.
Thymus vulgaris L. Herb Whole plant laxative; toothache; gums inflammation; cold; urine
women 2008
infection; snakebite
Flowers,
Vitex agnus-castus L. Shrub For warts; to low sugar General Parada et al. 2009
leaves
Vitex altissima L.f. Tree Root, bark Wounds; snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Vitex doniana Sweet Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Vitex leucoxylon L.f. Tree Bark, leaves Leprosy; headache; antibacterial General Valsaraj et al. 1997
Abortifacient; epilepsy; antibacterial; antidiarrhoeal;
asthma; headache; cold; cough; wound; diabetes; cardiac General;
Ramya 2008, Samy et al. 2008,
Shrub to disorders; intestinal worms; fever; spleen disorder; oral women;
Vitex negundo L. Whole plant Sreeramulu et al. 2013, Tetali et
small tree health care; mouth sores; repells mosquitoes; rheumatism; pregnant
al. 2009, Valsaraj et al. 1997
retained placenta; insecticide; increases lactation; goiter; women
epilepsy; typhoid
Bark, aerial
Malaria; typhoid; edema; obestric diseases; wound;
Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer Tree parts, stem, General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
antiinflammatory; wound
leaves
Vitex trifolia L. Shrub Whole plant Hair fall; malaria; rheumatic swelling General Mahishi et al. 2005
Mahishi et al. 2005, SM and
Leaves, Anthelmintic; diabetes; snake bite; malaria; clot blood in
Volkameria inermis L. Shrub General Vidyasagar 2013, Sripathi and
root, stem cut wounds; swellings; pains and inflammation; diabetes
Sankari 2010
Lardizabalaceae
Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. Climber - Anti-bacterial General Zhang et al. 2013
Lauraceae
Jaundice; Bone fracture; scorpion stings; ulcers; Al-Asmari et al. 2016, Rao et al.
Cassytha filiformis L. Climber Whole plant General
hydrocele; rheumatism 2006

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl Tree Latex Rheumatoid arthritis General Arjunan et al. 2016
Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume Tree Bark Jaundice General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) J. Prashanth Kumar and
Tree Bark Rheumatism General
Presl Shiddamallayya 2015
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. -Ham.) T. Indigestion; fever; nourishment; chicken pox; vomiting;
Small tree Bark General Chander et al. 2015
Nees and Eberm. cough
Diabetes mellitus; rheumatoid arthritis; antiallergic;
General; Bhat et al. 2014, Das et al.
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl Tree Bark antiulcerogenic; antipyretic and anaesthetic; infertility in
men 2013, Mallikarjuna 2015
male; boils; edible
Cinnamomum wightii Meisn. Tree Bark Expectorant; bone fracture General Upadhya et al. 2012
Lindera neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Kurz Shrub Fruit, seed Anthelmintic; diarrhoea; scabies; vegetable oils General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Tree Fruit Condiments; eczema; heart disease and stomach disorder General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Men;
Litsea deccanensis Gamble Tree Bark, leaves Body pains; scabies; hard boils; testis in pains Rao et al. 2006, Rao et al. 2011
general
Litsea floribunda Gamble Tree Bark Malarial treatment General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Tree Whole plant Labour pains; bone fracture; boils; wound General Kumar et al. 2007
Leaves,
Litsea ligustrina (Nees) Fern. -Vill. Tree Snake and scorpion bites General Dey and De 2012
bark, flower
Litsea scrobiculata Meisn. Tree Bark, leaves Diarrhea; dysentery; fractured limbs General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Persea americana Mill. Tree Fruit Edible General Rekka and Kumar 2014
Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. Tree Stem, bark Bone fracture and dislocation General Upadhya et al. 2004
Lecythidaceae
General,
Bark,
Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Tree Rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatism; dysentery; lactation women, Mallikarjuna 2015
leaves, fruit
cattle
Aerial parts, Dog bite; snakebite; snake repellent; anorexia; skin allergy Bhat et al. 2012, Dey and De
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. Tree General
bark septic 2012
Tooth ache; debility; labour pains; infertility; piles; scorpion
Bark, flower, Bhat et al. 2014, Kshirsagar and
Careya arborea Roxb. Tree sting; dysentery; leech repellent; coughand cold; snake General
fruit Singh 2001, Mahishi et al. 2005
bite; sores; malaria
Leaves, Malaria; skin diseases; toothache; anthelmintic; cold;
Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Tree General Alagesaboopathi 2012
fruit, flower stomachache
Planchonia valida (Blume) Blume Tree Root Diarrhoea General Prasad et al. 2008
Liliaceae
Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino Herb Leaves - General
Srithi et al. 2009
Tree and
Tulipa albanica Kit Tan and Shuka Tuber Bone fracture General Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015
shrub
Leaves, Toothache; inflammations in the stomach; vomiting;
Hugonia serrata Lam. Herb General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
bark stomach pain; indigestion; snake bite; dysentery
Linum usitatissimum L. Herb Seed, oil - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Linderniaceae
Prostrate or
Lindernia caespitosa (Blume) Panigrahi Whole plant Fever; cough; cold; antiinflammatory General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
diffuse herb
Loganiaceae

Mitreola petiolata (J.F. Gmel.) Torr. and A.

Herb Leaves Urinary disorder General Wagh and Jain 2015
Gray
Spigelia anthelmia L. Forb/herb Leaves Anthelmintic; vegetable General Wagh and Jain 2015
General;
Abortion; diarrhoea; rheumatism; piles; dysentery; arthritis;
men;
Strychnos nux-vomica L. Tree Seed boils; cough; facial paralysis; leucoderma; insect bite; post Parijatham and Sujatha 2016
pregnant
natal problems; snakebite; spermatorrhea
women
Scorpion sting; snake bite; peptic ulcers; urinary and Padma et al. 2016, Sharma et
Strychnos potatorum L.f. Tree Whole plant General
kidney problems al. 2013
Strychnos spinosa Lam. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Strychnos wallichiana Steud. ex A. DC. Tree Bark Malarial treatment General Chander et al. 2015
Loranthaceae
Astringent; aphrodiasic; narcotic; diuretic; tuberculosis; General;
Lingaraju et al. 2013,
asthma; menstrual disorders; swelling wounds; ulcers; women;
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. Herb Whole plant Ragupathy and Newmaster
renal and vesical calculi; antifertility agent; anticancerous; pregnant
2009, Sharma et al. 2013
skin diseases; asthma; abortion; migrane; muscle pains women
Leaves,
Loranthus longiflorus Desr. Tree Antioxidant General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
flower
Phragmanthera kamerunensis (Engl.)
Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Balle
Scurrula parasitica L. Herb Leaves Reduce swelling; lower blood pressure; liver diseases General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Scurrula stocksii Danser Herb Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Parasitic
Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser - Anti-virus General Zhang et al. 2013
shrub
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm. Ferns Whole plant Treating convulsion or voice loss; obstetric diseases General Srithi et al. 2009
Lycopodium clavatum L. Herb Aerial parts Muscle pain and fatigue General Namsa et al. 2009
Lygodiaceae
Contraceptive; abortifacient; rheumatism; sprains; scabies;
eczema; cut; wounds; jaundice; cancer; foot and mouth General; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Ferns Whole plant diseases in animals; ulcer; respiratory disorders; muscle women; Rao et al. 2006, Sreeramulu et
sprain; fertility; skin disease; spermatorrohea; men al. 2013, Wills and Asha 2006
dysmenorrhea; expectorant
Lythraceae
Typhoid; malaria; skin disease; eczema; muscular pain;
Ammannia baccifera L. Herb Whole plant General Ram et al. 2004, Rao et al. 2006
snake and scorpion bite; wound
Lagerstroemia hypoleuca Kurz Tree Leaves Abdomen pain General Chander et al. 2015
Lagerstroemia microcarpa Hance Tree Bark Skin burns General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Leaves, Boils; blisters; cuts; scabies; skin diseases; abdominal
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Tree General Kosalge and Fursule 2009
bark pain
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Tree - Postpartum health General Chithra et al. 2016
Glabrous Leaves, Jaundice; pain; removes excess of bile content; foot
Rao et al. 2006, Sharma et al.
Lawsonia inermis L. shrub/small seed, cracks; piles; migrane; headache; skin burns; General
2013, Sreeramulu et al. 2013
tree rhizome spermatorrhea; pimples; gonorrhea; hair tonic;

conjuctivitis; debility; leucoderma; skin diseases;

contraceptive; wound; boils; cuts; swelling
Anti diabetic; epilepsy; antidiarrhoeal; antimicrobial;
Shrub or dysentery; diarrhoea; stomach pain; gastrointestinal Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Padal et
Punica granatum L. Whole plant General
small tree. disorders; tuberculosis; insecticidal; wormicidal; al. 2014
indigestion
Rotala rotundifolia (Buch. -Ham. ex Roxb.) Perennial
Whole plant Cough General Rao et al. 2011
Koehne aquatic plant
Leaves,
Blood purifier; diarrhoea; leucoderma; leprosy; burning Dubey et al. 2012, Rao et al.
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Shrub flower, stem General
sensation; antibacterial; dysentery; cuts; wounds; jaundice 2011
bark, fruit
Magnoliaceae
Bark, Cold; fever; stomach ache; urinary problems; skin
General; Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Tree leaves, diseases; purgative; scorpion bite; worm infections;
women 2007
flower, root amennorhea; prevents pregnancy
Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar Tree Flowers - General Kennedy 2006
Malpighiaceae
Aspidopterys tomentosa (Blume) A. Juss. Tree Leaves Eczema General Dubey et al. 2012
Climbing
Narcotics; hepatitis; insecticide; scabies; asthma and Prabakaran et al. 2013,
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz liana/large Leaves General
various skin diseases Savithramma et al. 2014
shrub
Malvaceae
Perennial
Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. Leaves, fruit Memory power; dysentery General Padal et al. 2012
herb
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Forb/herb Fruit, seed Cough; difficulty in breathing like Asthma General Dansi et al. 2008
Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight and Arn. Erect shrub - Contraceptive Women Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
Perennial
Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. Root Skin burns General Mali and Bhadane 2011
shrub
Fruit, seed, General;
Perennial Treat muscle diseases externally; abdominal pain; Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. mucilage, pregnant
shrub Purgative; aphrodisiac; abortifacient 2007
root women
Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet Shrub Leaves Leucorrhoea General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Piles; skin diseases; rheumatism; diabetes; jaundice; Jain et al. 2004, Kumar and
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Shrub Whole plant dysentery; urinary troubles;; stomach ulcer; malarial General Bharati 2013, Lingaraju et al.
fevers; cough; cold and chest pain; 2013, Samy et al. 2008
To cure infections and obstructions in the genito-urinary
Abutilon persicum (Burm. f.) Merr. Shrub Dry fruits General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
system and kidney.
Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A. Juss.) Benth. Tree Snake and scorpion bites General
seed Dey and De 2012
Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J. Saldanha Tree Bark Dyspepsia General Prasad et al. 2008
Althaea officinalis L. Herb Whole plant Asthma; bronchitis; pneumonia; snake bite General
2014
Flower bud,
Gynaecological disorders; tumor; regularize menstural Women, Gairola et al. 2013, Jain et al.
Bombax ceiba L. Tree bark, flower,
cycle; hydrocele; leucorrhoea; gonorrhoea; sexual General 2004, Namsa et al. 2009
fruit, root,

seed, calyx, weakness; antidiarrhoeal; abortion; chicken pox; boils;

gum, flower bums and sores; Diarrhoea
Bombax costatum Pellegr. and Vuillet Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Climbing
Byttneria andamanensis Kurz Bark Hair tonic General Prasad et al. 2008
shrub
Climbing Leaves, Dey et al. 2012, Sreeramulu et
Byttneria herbacea Roxb. Dysentery; Impaction; wounds; diarrhoea; nerve disorders General
shrub root, tuber al. 2013
Leaves, Scorpion; insect and snake bites; diarrhoea; wound;
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. Shrub stem, root, snakebite; fever; headache; indigestion; infertility; Allegry; General
Ram et al. 2004, Ramya 2008,
bark Aphrodisiac; Fever
Rao et al. 2006
Anticancer; cardiotonic; chest congestion; obstruction of Dansi et al. 2008, Jayanthi et al.
Corchorus aestuans L. Herb Whole plant abdominal viscera; antipyretic; stomachic; vegetable; General 2012, Pushpangadan and Atal
malaria; asthma 1984
Corchorus capsularis L. Herb Leaves Chronic cystitis; gonorrhea; dysuria; laxative; health tonic General Jayanthi et al. 2012
pain; fever; sexual dysfunction and to treat gonorrhea;
Women;
Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks Herb Whole plant asthma; cooling medicine; to set-up menstrual disorder Jain et al.2004
General
and also as a tonic; to gain sexual vitality
Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Herb Stem sex tonic General Kosalge and Fursule 2009
Seed,
Corchorus olitorius L. Herb Fever General Dansi et al. 2008
leaves
Decaschistia crotonifolia Wight and Arn. Shrub Fruit Fracture General Rao et al. 2006
Decaschistia cuddapahensis T.K. Paul Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Shrub - Fiber yielding plant General
and M.P. Nayar 2007
Eriolaena lushingtonii Dunn Tree Whole plant Antidote for snake bite and scorpion sting General
2007
Dysentery; heel cracks; bone fractures; contraceptive;
Gum, wood, General; Jain et al. 2004, Ratnam and
Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight Tree earache; heart troubles; timber; regularises mensturation;
bark women Raju 2008
typhoid
Perennial
Gossypium herbaceum L. Root, seed Contraceptive; oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
shrub
Perennial
Gossypium hirsutum L. Leaves - General Xavier et al. 2014
shrub
Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss. Tree Fruit, leaves Wounds and ulcers Cattle Rao et al. 2006
Grewia carpinifolia Juss. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Grewia damine Gaertn. Tree Root, leaves Stomach ulcer; skin disease; boils General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Bark, wood, Debility; dysentry; opium poisoning; diarrhoea; stomach
Grewia flavescens Juss. Tree General Savithramma et al. 2014
fruit, leaves pain; skin diseases
Leaves,
Grewia gamblei J.R. Drumm. Tree Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
bark
Grewia heterotricha Mast. Tree Stem Cough General Sarvalingam et al. 2011
Grewia hirsuta Vahl Tree Fruit, bark Braintonic; antiacidic; dysentery; bronchitis General Rao et al. 2006
Shrub/small
Grewia lasiodiscus K. Schum. Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
tree

Shrub/small
Grewia mollis Juss. Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
tree
Shrub/small Women;
Grewia orientalis L. Root, leaves To develop sterility in women; manure; cattle feed Jain et al. 2004
tree cattle
Shrub/small
Grewia serrulata DC. Fruit Edible General Rekka and Kumar 2014
tree
Shrub/small
Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Whole plant Digestion; reduce body weight General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
tree
Shrub/small Fruit, bark, Antiasthmatic; digestive disorders; hair fall; diarrhoea; General; Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
Grewia tiliifolia Vahl
tree stem, root ulcerative; colitis; expelling placenta women Kumar et al. 2016
Shrub/small
Grewia villosa Willd. Fruit Antiinflammatory General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
tree
Shrubby
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Root Jaundice General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
tree
Small Dysentry; diarrhoea; hair growth; snakebite; hair fall;
Helicteres isora L. tree/large Whole plant tympany; insect bite; earache; inflammatory swelling; General
Padma et al. 2016
shrub intestinal problems; diabetes; cuts; rheumatoid arthritis;
Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky Forb/herb Fruit Piles General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Hibiscus angulosus Steud. ex Mast. Shrub Leaves Cosmetic General Das et al. 2013
Hibiscus asper Hook. f. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Flower
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Shrub buds, seed, Abortion; non medicinal commercial purposes General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2010
bark
Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Shrub - Fever General Nizar et al. 2015
Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze Shrub Whole plant Debility; spermatorrhoea Men Malviya et al. 2011
Leaves, Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016,
Hibiscus micranthus L.f. Shrub Asthma; diuretic; swelling; edible; urination problems General
roots, fruit Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Hibiscus panduriformis Burm. f. Shrub Leaves Bone fractures General Ratnam and Raju 2008
Diabetes; menstrual problems; abortion; male reproductive
disorder; jaundice; for good hair; leucorrhea; urinary General;
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Shrub Whole plant disorders; gynaecological disorders; abortifacient; men; Deepak and Gopal 2014
aphrodisiac; burns; menstural problems; heart problems; women
epilepsy; bronchitis; boils; antidiabetic; wound
Seed,
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Shrub flower, Dysentry; diarrhoea; vegetable General Gairola et al. 2013
leaves
Hibiscus vitifolius L. Shrub Leaves Diarrhoea General Shanmugam 2012
Kavalama urens (Roxb.) Raf. Tree Leaves Menstruation pain Women Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Kleinhovia hospita L. Tree Leaves - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Malva sylvestris L. Herb Leaves Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Forb/herb/S
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Leaves Headache; blisters General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
ubshrub
Malvaviscus penduliflorus Moc. and Sessé Ajesh and Kumuthakalavalli
Shrub Flower Gynaecological disorders Women
ex DC. 2012
Melochia corchorifolia L. Shrub Leaves, root Stomachache; vegetable; dysentery General Prasad et al. 2008

Pavonia procumbens (Wight and Arn.)

Shrub Whole plant Body pain; ulcer General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Walp.
Antipyretic; haemorrhage; dysentery; inflammations; Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015,
Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Shrub Root, leaves General
intestinal problems; eye problems; ulcer Rao et al. 2006
Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr. Tree Bark Appetizer General Prasad et al. 2008
Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Tree Bark, flower Bone fracture General Prasad et al. 2008
Pterospermum rubiginosum B.Heyne ex
Tree Bark Bone fracture; wounds General Latheef et al. 2014
Wall.
Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Oken Tree Leaves Leucorrhoea General Savithramma et al. 2014
Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. Tree Bark Skin diseases General Prasad et al. 2008
Rheumatism; stomach ache; diuretic; impotency; General; Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Chopda
Perennial
Sida acuta Burm. f. Whole plant insecticidal; wormicidal; skin diseases; snakebite; prevents pregnant and Mahajan 2009, Dey and De
herb/shrub
infections; vegetable women 2012
Perennial Flower, fruit, Cuts; wounds; diarrhoea; burning sensation in stomach; Dey et al. 2012, Kosalge and
Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss.Waalk. General
herb/shrub leaves, root rheumatism; boils Fursule 2009
Asthmatic bronchitis; nasel congestion; ulcer; aphrodisiac;
Perennial insecticidal; wormicidal; diuretic; dysentery; urinary
Sida cordifolia L. Whole plant General Dey and De 2012, Suganthi and
herb/shrub trouble; earache; fever; facial paralysis inflammation; ring
Libina 2015
worm; rheumatism; nervous problems
Snakebite; skin troubles; diuretic; rheumatism;
Perennial Dansi et al. 2008, Dey and De
Sida rhombifolia L. Whole plant tuberculosis; stomachache; wound; headache; eyes General
herb/shrub 2012, Kumar et al. 2007
inflammation; debility; arthritis; antibacterial
Perennial
Sida spinosa L. Root - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
herb/shrub
Sterculia foetida L. Tree Fruit Fumigant General Priya and Gopalan 2014
Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex G. Don Tree Seed Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Sterculia populifolia DC. Tree - Rope making General
2007
Sterculia setigera Delile Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
General;
Root, bark, Dysentery; facilitates delivery; arthritis; throat problems;
Sterculia villosa Roxb. Tree pregnant Namsa et al. 2009
gum, seed heart problem; asthma; pain; inflammation
women
Theobroma cacao L. Tree Fruit Edible General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Bark, root,
Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell Herb Nervine tonic; antibacterial; jaundice General Reddy et al. 2008
leaves
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa Herb Whole plant Hepatoprotective; detergent; scabies General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Annual herb
Triumfetta malebarica J. Koenig ex Rottb. to large Stalk Impotency General Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
shrub
Skin eruptions; dysentry; diarrhoea; rheumatism; foot Kshirsagar and Singh 2001, Rao
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Shrub Root, leaves General
cracks et al. 2006
Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam. Shrub Leaves Migrane General Kosalge and Fursule 2009

Erect,
Sexual disorder; snakebite; bone fracture; inflammation; Dey and De 2012, Wagh and
Urena lobata L. ascendant Whole plant General
pain releiving; worm infestation; bone strengthening Jain 2015
under shrub
Waltheria indica L. Shrub Root Purgative General Rao et al. 2006
Marantaceae
Donax canniformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum. Shrub Bark Fever General Prasad et al. 2008
Maranta arundinacea L. Herb Leaves, root Leucorrhoea; antibacterial General Valsaraj et al. 1997
Marattiaceae
Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. Giant fern Leaves Hepatitis General Udayan et al. 2005
Marsileaceae
Chakraborty et al. 2012, Sharma
Marsilea minuta L. Ferns Whole plant Anticonvulsive; nervous system General
et al. 2013
Fever; diuretic; febrifuge; snakebite; anti-inflammatory;
diuretic; depurative; refrigerant; diabetes; psychiatric Ragupathy and Newmaster
Marsilea quadrifolia L. Ferns Whole plant General
diseases; eye diseases; and diarrhoea and skin disease; 2009, Shanmugam et al. 2012
cough; bronchitis; vegetable
Martyniaceae
Boils; blisters; pridontal disorders; epilepsy; sore throat;
Martynia annua L. Herb Whole plant alexiteric; inflammations; snakebite; tuberculosis; scabies; General Jain 2004, Sharma et al. 2013
painful urination; gum inflammations
Melanthiaceae
Paris polyphylla Sm. Herb - Anti-fungal General Zhang et al. 2013
Melastomataceae
Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f. Tree Leaves Leucorrhoea; diabetes; fish poison; snake bite General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Melastoma malabathricum L. Herb Aerial parts Cuts; wound; swellings; diarrhoea; dysentery General Reddy et al. 2008
Melastomastrum segregatum (Benth.) A.
Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Fern. and R. Fern.
Men;
Memecylon gracilis Herb Leaves Fertility in men; affected places of nail Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
general
Memecylon edule Roxb. Tree - Fire wood General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Osbeckia zeylanica Steud. ex Naudin Herb Whole plant Disease resistance General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Erect
Sonerila tinnevelliensis C.E.C. Fisch. Leaves Body swelling General Rajendran et al. 2000
subshrub
Memecylon jadhavii K.N. Reddy, C.S.
Erect Herb Stem Fuel General Reddy 2006
Reddy and V.S. Raju
Meliaceae
Bhat et al. 2012, Kayani et al.
Diabetes; malaria; contraceptive; toothache; rheumatism;
2014, Kshirsagar and Singh
chicken pox; wound; cut; jaundice; cough; stomach
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Tree Whole plant General 2001, Ragupathy and
worms; leprosy; liver complaints; skin problems; tumors;
Newmaster 2009, Samy et al.
spleen; leucoderma; diabetes; fever; dog bite
2008
Tender
Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims Tree Aphrodisiac General Rao et al. 2011
branches
Leaves, Small pox; viral fever; skin infections; to control women General; Dey and De 2012, Khan et al.
Melia azedarach L. Tree
gum, bark, hormone problems; antiseptic; antibiotic; stomachache; women 2011

stem, root, fertilizer; body pain; heart diseases; elephantisis; asthma;

flower, seed, enlargement; anthelmintic; sores; hysteria
oil, fruit
Naregamia alata Wight and Arn. Shrub Whole plant Eczema; pruritus; scabies; jaundice General Asha and Pushpangadan 2002
Reduces pain; regularization mensturation; blood purifier;
Bark, General; Jain et al. 2004, Namsa et al.
Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. Tree gout; shivering; corneal opacity; spleen and liver
leaves, seed women 2009
enlargement; scorpion sting; malaria
Hypertension; malaria; diabetes; wounds; and skin
Swietenia macrophylla King Tree - General Eneh et al. 2013
ailments
Menispermaceae
Convulsive poison and as insecticide; for easy delivery;
General;
Climbing Bark, fruit, fish poison; skin diseases; abortifacient; ear ache; fever; Rahmatullah et al. 2012,
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight and Arn. pregnant
shrub leaves, stalk cough; diarrhoea; Jaundice; vomiting; influenza; lithiasis; Udayan et al. 2007
women
blenorrhagia
Chasmanthera cordifolia (DC.) Baill. Climber Leaves Diabetes General Jaganathan et al. 2016
Headache; fever; burning sensation in chest; Fistula;
Dey and De 2012, Gairola et al.
Antidode; Blood purification; dysentery; diarrhoea;
Cissampelos pareira L. Shrub Whole plant General 2013, Rao et al. 2006, Valsaraj
snakebite; cough; asthma; liver diseases; fishpoison;
et al. 1997
anthelmintic; body pain; antifertility
Climbing
Cocculus acuminatus DC. Stem Anti-snake venom General Sulochana et al. 2015
Shrub
Climbing
Cocculus cordifolius DC. Leaves Diabetes General Jaganathan et al. 2016
Shrub
Antipyretic and stomachache problems; eczema;
Root,
Dysentry; diaherroea; nervine tonic; night blindness; body
Climbing leaves, Jain et al. 2004, Rao et al. 2006,
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W. Theob. cooling; diabetes; epitaxis; urinary problems; laxative; General
Shrub rhizome, Tetali et al. 2009
Sterility development; snake bite; skin infections and
stem
poisonous insects bite
Climbing Udayan et al. 2005, Xavier et al.
Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr. Stem, root Jaundice; joint pain; headache General
Shrub 2014
Abraham and Thomas 2012,
Fever; stomach pain and bleeding; leucorrhea; snakebite;
Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. and Climbing Bosco and Arumugam 2012,
Whole plant boils; blisters; antiulcer; post partum health; antidote; General
Thomson shrub Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
leprosy; jaundice
2007
Climbing
Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels Root Herpes; inter trigo; pruritus; scabies General Bhat et al. 2014
shrub
Menispermum canadense L. Climber Root Skin diseases General Suganthi and Libina 2015
Climbing Leaves,
Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Diels Snakebite; to reduce body heat General Rajendran et al. 2000
shrub seed
Parabaena sagittata Miers Climber Leaves Incision of snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Stephania glandulifera Miers Climber Tuber Rheumatic arthritis; wound healer General Namsa et al. 2009
Stephania hernandiifolia (Willd.) Walp. Climber Whole plant - General Dey and De 2012
Leaves, Contraceptive; abortion; cuts; wound; scabies; sore; General; Kumar et al. 2007, Murty and
Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Climber
root, tuber spermatorrhea; piles; dysentery; ringworm; skin rashes men; Venkaiah 2010

pregnant
women
Stephania pierrei Diels Climber Leaves, root Blood tonic General Srithi et al. 2009
Climbing Ragupathy and Newmaster
Tiliacora racemosa Colebr. Leaves, root Snakebite General
shrub 2009
Tillaea schimperi (Fisch. and C.A. Mey.)
Climber Leaves Wounds General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
M.G. Gilbert, H. Ohba and K.T. Fu
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. and
Climber Seed Intoxication due to drugs or alcohol General Srithi et al. 2009
Thomson
Antiallergic; antibacterial; antidiarrhoeal; aphrodisiac;
asthma; leucorrhea; blood purifier; lactation; menstural Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Leaves, General;
disorder; dysentery; pain; inflammation; insectbite; Dey and De 2012, Padma et al.
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Climber stem, root, men;
jaundice; urinary disorders; joint pain; diabetes; eye sores; 2016, Ragupathy and
bark women
wound; impaction; piles; rheumatism; snakebite; malaria; Newmaster 2009
typhoid; improves immune system; syphilis
Menyanthaceae
Perennial,
Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze freshwater Leaves, root Tonsillitis General Mukti and Rahmatullah 2013
aquatic
Mniaceae
Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.) T.J. Exotic auatic
- Used for hemostasis; nose bleeding General Chandra et al. 2016
Kop. plant
Molluginaceae
Glinus lotoides L. Herb Whole plant Kidney stones; urinary disorder; insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
General; Chenniappan and Kadarkarai
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. Herb Whole plant Amenorrhoea; malaria; abnormal menstruation
women 2010, Patel 2010
Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Kumar
Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. Herb Whole plant Fever; cough; headache; boils General
et al. 2007
Anti inflammatory; analgesic; antipyretic; antiseptic; sores;
Mollugo pentaphylla L. Herb Whole plant General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
skin diseases; eye diseases
Moraceae
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Tree Bark Rheumatic problems; bone fracture General Manithottam and Francis 2008
Root,
Skin diseases; Ulcer; Asthma; rheumatoid arthritis; Arjunan et al. 2016, Bhat et al.
leaves,
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree glandular swellings; non medicinal commercial purposes; General 2012, Valsaraj et al. 1997,
latex, bark,
antibacterial; Gingival wounds; scabies; ulcer; fever Xavier et al. 2014
fruit, wood
Fruit,
Dey and De 2012, Xavier et al.
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Tree leaves, bark, Snake bite; asthma General
2014
latex, fruit
Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul Shrub - Mutagenic General Rodrigues and Carlini 2005
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex
Tree Bark, fruit Cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Vent.
Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam. Herb Root Joint pain General Hills 2010
Ficus abutilifolia (Miq.) Miq. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008

Leaves,
Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. Tree - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
stem
Ficus artocarpoides Warb. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Ficus asperifolia Miq. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Stem,
Piles; diabetes; rheumatism; wounds; dental and gum
leaves,
disorders and toothache; to make semen thick and to General; Ayyanar 2013, Chopda and
Ficus benghalensis L. Tree latex, bark,
regain sexual potentiality; snakebite; bone fracture; men Mahajan 2009
root, fruit,
gonorrhea; psoriasis; mouth ulcer; asthma; flu
seed
Ficus benjamina L. Tree Whole plant Ulcers; leprosy General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Ficus carica L. Tree Figs Warts General Shah et al. 2011
Bark, Bhat et al. 2014, Harsha et al.
Ficus exasperata Vahl Tree Eczema; pruritus; ringworm; scabies; skin diseases General
leaves, root 2003
Ficus hirta Vahl Tree Root, fruit Wounds caused by snakebites General Dey and De 2012
Fruit, bark,
Boils; uterine infections; tuberculosis; leprosy; blood General; Nizar et al. 2015, Reddy et al.
Ficus hispida L.f. Tree latex,
purification; induses lactation; aphrodisiac women 2008
leaves, stem
Ficus infectoria Willd. Tree Fruit Edible General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham. Tree Stem - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Ficus microcarpa L.f. Tree Fruit Dandruff; wounds General Rao et al. 2006
Ficus mollis Vahl Tree Fruit, bark Diabetes; urinary infections General Savithramma et al. 2014
Ficus nervosa B. Heyne ex Roth Tree Bark Diabetes General Savithramma et al. 2014
Ficus palmata Forssk. Tree Fruit Lung diseases General Kayani et al. 2014
Ficus polita Vahl Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Ficus prostrata (Wall. ex Miq.) Buch. -
Tree Root - General Dey and De 2012
Ham. ex Miq.
Leaves, General;
Diabetes; eye sight; typhoid; burning micturation; jaundice;
fruit, latex, men; Dey and De 2012, Kumar et al.
Ficus racemosa L. Tree injury; male weakness; diarrhoea; antifertility drug; ulcres;
root, seed, women; 2007
dysentery; sexual disability
bark children
Bone fracture; stops bleeding; fever; dullness(children);
obesity decreases; constipation; ear problems; leucorrhea;
Bhat et al. 2014, Kayani et al.
alzeimer's disease; glandular disease; dysentery; General;
Ficus religiosa L. Tree Whole plant 2014, Rao et al. 2006, Valsaraj
menorrhagia; spermatorrhea; swelling; gastrointestinnal men
et al. 1997
disorders; vomiting; asthma; antibaterial; gonorrhea;
contraceptive
To cure sterility in men; for body stamina; swelling; General;
Ficus retusa L. Tree Fruit, bark Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
wounds men
Ficus sur Forssk. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Ficus sycomorus L. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Ficus talbotii King Tree Bark Diarrhoea General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa (Blume)
Tree Stem External injuries General Dey et al. 2012
Corner
Ficus variegata Blume Tree Fruit Insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011

Leaves,
Ficus virens Aiton Tree Skin diseases General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
bark
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Bark, Cancer; snakebite; purgative; vermifuge; antibacterial; Bhagat et al. 2016, Samy et al.
Morus alba L. Tree General
leaves, fruit diaphoretic; hypoglycemic; cuts; wounds 2008
General;
Abortifacient; cold; irregular mensturation; anthelmintic; women; Das et al. 2014, Prasad et al.
Streblus asper Lour. Tree Stem
toothache; oral health care pregnant 2008
women
Moringaceae
Moringa triloba L. Dun Tree Leaves Fever; cough; cold General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Moringa concanensis Nimmo Tree Bark, leaves De-worming; dysentery; fever; cough General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Piles; worm; cough; typhoid; bone fracture; diuretic;
rheumatism; body strengthens; synthesis of sexual Bhat et al. 2014, Dey and De
General;
Moringa oleifera Lam. Tree Whole plant hormones; excretory problems; cuts; wound; snake bite; 2012, Sharma et al. 2013,
men
dogbite; antibacterial; impotency in male; abdominal pain; Upadhya et al. 2012
contraceptive; gastrointestinal disorder; anti inflammatory
Women;
Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Tree Bark, leaves Labour pains; gynaecological disorders pregnant Xavier et al. 2014
women
Muntingiaceae
Muntingia calabura L. Tree Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Musaceae
Roots, stem,
Bone fracture; kidney stones; urinary infections;
seed, bud, General; Kosalge and Fursule 2009,
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman Erect shrub lecucoderma spots; veneral diseases; mad dog bite; to
leaves, women Wagh and Jain 2015
prevent pregnancy
tuber, fruit
Stem,
Antidote; detoxification; snake bite; kidney stone; anti Bosco and Arumugam 2012,
Musa × paradisiaca L. Herb leaves, bark, General
diabetic; boils; urino genital diseases Samy et al. 2008
fruit
Musa acuminata Colla Herb Stem Kidney stones General Jaganathan et al. 2016
General;
Root, fruit, Dysentery; diarrhoea; bone fracture; contraceptive;
Musa balbisiana Colla Herb pregnant Gairola et al. 2013
seed, leaves constipation; abortion
women
Musa ornata Roxb. Herb Root Ear ache General Rao et al. 2011
Myricaceae
Myrica nagi Thunb. Shrub Stem - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Myristicaceae
Knema andamanica (Warb.) W.J. de
Tree Fruit Nourishment; fever General Chander et al. 2015
Wilde
Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb. Tree Bark Intestinal affections General Prasad et al. 2008
Myristica andamanica Hook. f. Tree Nut Stomachache General Prasad et al. 2008
Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. Tree Seed Dysentery General Kumar et al. 2007
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Tree Leaves Snake bite; stomach ache General Suganthi and Libina 2015
Myristica malabarica Lam. Tree Bark Body pain General Binu 2011

Myrtaceae
Antibacterial; cuts; skin- diseases; sore throat; body pain; Jain et al. 2009, Padal et al.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Tree Leaves, oil General
cold; nose infection; flu 2010
Leaves, Asthma; cold; cough; throat lozenges; non medicinal
Mahishi et al. 2005, Manikandan
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Tree stem, seed, purposes; refreshner; headache; fever; asthma; bronchitis; General
2005
wood, oil migrane; diabetes; antiinflammatory; antiseptic; toothache
Eucalyptus polybractea F. Muell. ex R.T. Leaves,
Tree Skin diseases General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
Baker bark
Anesthetic; analgesic; antimicrobial; antioxidant;
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Tree Oil antiseptic; acarcidal; carminative; muscle relaxant; General Manorama 2015
rubifacient; stimulant and tonic
Cough; antidiarrhoeal; antidysentery; haemorrhages;
leaves, fruit, Chopda and Mahajan 2009,
headache; mouth freshner; oral health care; toothache; General;
Psidium guajava L. Tree bark, root, Rao et al. 2006, Suganthi and
bronchitis; gastrointestinal disorders; stomach ulcers; children
stem Libina 2015
malaria
Syzygium alternifolium (Wight) Walp. Tree Seed, fruit Diarrhoea; diabetes; wounds General Ram et al. 2004
Indigestion; fever; malaria; headache; diabetes; anorexia;
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L.M. Flower bud, cough; body ache; nourishment; chicken pox; vomiting; Arjunan et al. 2016, Bhat et al.
Tree General
Perry clove, bark dandruff; pruritus; scabies; eczema; bed sore; toothache; 2014
skin care; psoriasis
Syzygium australe (J.C. Wendl. ex Link)
Tree Fruit Antibacterial General Sautron and Cock 2014
B. Hyland
Diarrhoea; astringent; menstrual disorders; cold; Ayyanar 2013, Bosco and
bronchitis; asthma; dysentery; blood impurities; ulcers; Arumugam 2012, Chopda and
indigestion; blood pressure; stomachache; diabetes; General; Mahajan 2009, Dey and De
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tree Whole plant
epistaxis; liver disease; snakebite; spleen enlargement; women 2012, Gairola et al. 2013, Jain
urine retention; sore throat; mouth ulcer; toothache; 2004, Samy et al. 2008, SM and
anthelmintic Vidyasagar 2013
Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight and
Tree Fruit Edible General Narayan et al. 2011
Arn.
Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Tree Fruit Vitamin C source General Devi et al. 2010
Syzygium laetum (Buch. -Ham.) Gandhi Tree Leaves Antibacterial General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Syzygium rubicundum Wight and Arn. Tree Fruit Antidiarrhoeal; edible General Tetali et al. 2009
Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) J. Graham Tree Bark, fruit Diabetes; edible General Wagh and Jain 2015
Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Tree Fruit Strengthens body General Duraipandiyan et al. 2006
Nelumbonaceae
Aquatic Ringworm; tuberculosis; anti diabetic; boils; bleeding piles;
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Whole plant General Mukti and Rahmatullah 2013
plants heart disorders; chronic dysentery
Nepenthaceae
Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f. Shrub - Cataract and night blindness General Dhal et al. 2011
Nephrolepidaceae
Epiphytes or
terrestrials
Nephrolepis auriculata Trimen Rhizome Diuretic General Rajendran et al. 2000
with erect
rhizome

Nitrariaceae
Peganum harmala L. Shrub Root Insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
Nyctaginaceae
Stomach problems; cough; jaundice and skin diseases;
rheumatism and asthma; boils; blisters;gonorrhea; sores; Dansi et al. 2008, Prasad et al.
swelling; snakebite; Anaemia; asthma; blood purifier; General; 2008, Ramachandran et al.
Boerhavia diffusa L. Herb Whole plant
fever; hastens delivery; inflammation of urinary tract; liver women 2009, Rao et al. 2006, Sharma
disease; lactation; epilepsy; wound infections; to promote et al. 2013
pregnancy; cardiac disorders; debility; typhoid
Dansi et al. 2008, Rao et al.
Boerhavia erecta L. Herb Whole plant Fever; asthma; vegetable General
2006
Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. Herb Whole plant Cough and asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
Boerhavia repens L. Herb Leaves Anaemia General Jagtap et al. 2009
Mirabilis jalapa L. Herb Root, leaves Cuts; wounds; spasmolytic; vegetable General Rajan et al. 1997
Pisonia grandis R. Br. Tree Leaves - General Xavier et al. 2014
Pisonia umbellifera (J.R. Forst. and G.
Tree Bark Bone fracture; antidiabetic General Prasad et al. 2008
Forst.) Seem.
Nymphaeaceae
Thorn,
Lily/Aquatic
Euryale ferox Salisb. flower, Infertility in women Women Mukti and Rahmatullah 2013
plant
leaves
Tuber,
Aquatic
leaves
Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. perennial Constipation; hemorrhoids; dysentery; jaundice; dyspepsia General Mukti and Rahmatullah 2013
petiole,
herb
flower, root
Aquatic
Leaves, General;
Nymphaea pubescens Willd. perennial Chronic leucorrhea; black and foul odor of menstrual blood Mukti and Rahmatullah 2013
flower, root women
herb
Ochnaceae
Root, bark, Rao et al. 2006, Sreeramulu et
Ochna obtusata DC. Shrub Bone fracture; head-ache; skin diseases; snakebite General
leaves al. 2013
Olacaceae
Root, flower,
Olax scandens Roxb. Tree Stomachache; diarrhoea; fever; cough General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
bark
Bark, fruit,
Ximenia americana L. Shrub Rheumatism; dogbite; oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
root
Oleaceae
Shrub and
Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. Fruit Sores General Rao et al. 2006
tree
Shrub and Leaves,
Chionanthus zeylanicus L. Worm infestation General Rao et al. 2006
tree seed
Climbing
Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. Leaves Skin diseases; ulcer; anti-toxic General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
shrub
Jasminum arborescens Roxb. Shrub Leaves Mammary glands secretion of milk stops Women Jain et al. 2004

Leaves,
Jasminum auriculatum Vahl Shrub bark, stem, Tympany; Boils; Blisters; Wounds; Cough; bone fractures General
root, flower
Flowers,
Jasminum cuspidatum Rottl. and Willd. Shrub Anti-septic; antispasmodic; fevers; urinary inflammation General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
leaves
Liver disease; dysentery; mental alertness treatment; Bhat et al. 2014, Chopda and
Jasminum grandiflorum L. Shrub Whole plant General
tumor; headache; boils; eczema Mahajan 2009
Jasminum humile L. Shrub Leaves Sinusitis General Kayani et al. 2014
Jasminum malabaricum Wight Shrub Sap, leaves Cataract; conjuctivitis; diabetes General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Jasminum officinale L. Shrub Leaves, root Mouth ulcers General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Latex, stem,
Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton Shrub Diarrhoea General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
leaves, seed
Shrub or
Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton - Anti-microbial General Zhang et al. 2013
small tree
Shrub or Leaves,
Ligustrum vulgare L. Vulnerary antiseptic General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
small tree bark
Malaria; fits; bone fracture; cuts; wound; snakebite; rough
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Shrub Leaves, root General Jain 2004, Rao et al. 2006
skin; urinary disorders
Edible; hepatoprotection; anti-inflammation;
Olea dioica Roxb. Tree Fruit General Bhagat et al. 2016
immunomodulation; anticarcinogenicity; anti-infertility
Olea europaea L. Tree Leaves Fever; cough; cold; lowers pressure General Parada et al. 2009
Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. Tree Fruit Eye diseases General Wagh and Jain 2015
Onagraceae
Perennial
Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara Whole plant Cattle wounds General Dey and De 2012
herb
Perennial
Ludwigia decurrens Walter Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
herb
Perennial
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven Whole plant For venereal diseases General Manikandan 2005
herb
Perennial
Ludwigia perennis L. Leaves Menstural disorder General Chander et al. 2015
herb
Perennial
Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara Whole plant Dysentery; Purgative; vermifuge General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
herb
Ophioglossaceae
Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. Ferns - Hepatoprotective; Aphrodisiac General Rajasekharan and Latha
Opiliaceae
Cansjera rheedii Erect shrub Leaves, fruit Diabetes; edible General Savithramma et al. 2014
Orchidaceae
Aerides crispum Lindl. Orchid Whole plant Ear deafness General Rajendran et al. 1997
Bulbophyllum fischeri Seidenf. Orchid Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al.2016
Coelogyne nervosa A. Rich. Orchid Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach. Orchid Stem, bulb Stomach pain; tuberculosis General Das et al. 2013
Rajendran et al. 1997,
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. Orchid Root, leaves Ear drops to relief pain; bone fracture; foot cracks General Ragupathy and Newmaster
2009

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó Orchid Tuber Cuts and wounds General Kumar et al. 2007
Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. Orchid Whole plant Antibacterial activity; ear ache General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. Orchid Whole plant Leg pains General Prasad et al. 2008
Dendrobium microbulbon A.Rich. Orchid Bulb Edible General Gavali and Sharma 2004
Disa ovalifolia Sond. Orchid Wood Firewood General Jayakumar et al. 2010
Eulophia dabia (D. Don) Hochr. Orchid Bulb Impotency General Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
Eulophia epidendraea (J. Koenig ex Retz.) Rhizome,
Orchid Anorexia; boils General Rajendran et al. 1997
C.E.C. Fisch. tuber
Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh Orchid Tuber, root Snake bite; rheumatoid arthritis General Dey and De 2012
Habenaria andamanica Hook. f. Orchid Tuber Venereal diseases General Prasad et al. 2008
Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex
Orchid Bulb Vegetable General Wagh and Jain 2015
Lindl.
Habenaria digitata Lindl. Orchid Bulb Wound and cuts General Wagh and Jain 2015
Habenaria furcifera Lindl. Orchid Bulb Leucorrhoea General Wagh and Jain 2015
Habenaria marginata Colebr. Orchid Bulb, tuber Jaundice; tonic General Wagh and Jain 2015
Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. Orchid Tuber Chest pain and stomach pain General Rajendran et al. 1997
Leaves, Tonic; snakebite; insect bite; cooling effect; dysentery;
Habenaria roxburghii Nicolson Orchid General Rajendran et al. 1997
tuber, root breast cancer
Luisia macrantha Blatt. and McCann Orchid Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Malaxis rheedii B. Heyne ex Wallace Orchid Tuber Insect bite General Reddy et al. 2005
Mycaranthes pannea (Lindl.) S.C. Chen Dislocated portion of joint to relieve severe pain; swelling;
Orchid Leaves General Namsa et al. 2009
and J.J. Wood dislocation and fracture
General;
Nervilia concolor (Blume) Schltr. Orchid Whole plant Kidney stones; wound; lactation; menstural cycle problems Udayan et al. 2005
women
Nervilia infundibulifolia Blatt. and McCann Orchid - Epilepsy General Chithra et al. 2016
Oberonia brunoniana Wight Orchid Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Pecteilis susannae (L.) Raf. Orchid Tuber Snake bite General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Pholidota imbricata Lindl. Orchid Whole plant Antibacterial General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Pholidota pallida Lindl. Orchid Rhizome Finger absus General Rajendran et al. 1997
Phyllorchis nilgherensis (Wight) Kuntze Orchid Whole plant For scabies; leucoderma; antibacterial General Udayan et al. 2005
Pinalia mysorensis (Lindl.) Kuntze Orchid Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016
Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe Orchid - Anti-bacterial General Zhang et al. 2013
Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Orchid Leaves, fruit Ear sore General Bhat et al. 2014
Vanda spathulata (L.) Spreng. Orchid Flower Antiasthmatic General Kumar et al. 2016
Malaria; fever; scorpion bite; bone fracture; snakebite; General;
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don Orchid Whole plant Rajendran et al. 1997
antibacterial children
Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Orchid Whole plant Bone fracture General Rao et al. 2011
Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) Trimen Orchid Whole plant Cough General Rajendran et al. 1997
Orobanchaceae
Erect
Striga angustifolia (D. Don) C.J. Saldanha Whole plant Contraceptive Women Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
scabrid herb
Erect
Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze Fruit Urinary disorders General Rao et al. 2006
scabrid herb

Erect
Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke Whole plant Antibacterial activity General Ranjitha et al. 2016
scabrid herb
Oxalidaceae
Averrhoa carambola L. Tree Fruit, bark Vitamin C source; liver disease General Jain 2004
Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch Tree Whole plant Dysentery; scabies General Udayan et al. 2005
Ayyanar 2013, Chopda and
Asthma; chest complaints; convulsions; diabetes;
Mahajan 2009, Dey and De
inflammatory; stomachache; tumors; fever; snake bite;
Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Tree Whole plant General 2012, Ignacimuthu 2005,
boils; blisters; cuts; poisonous insect bite; leech bite;
hydrocele; body pain; Epilepsy; diabetes; veneral diseases
Xavier et al. 2014
Epilepsy; diarrhoea; dyspepsia; hemorrhoids; piles;
Perennial burning sensation; anaemia; gas trouble; insecticidal; Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Rao et al.
Oxalis corniculata L. Whole plant General
herb wormicidal; snakebite; syphilis; dysentery; stomach pain; 2006
reduces body heat; antibacterial
Perennial
Oxalis debilis Kunth Whole plant - - Dey and De 2012
herb
Paeoniaceae
Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews Herb - Anti-microbial General Zhang et al. 2013
Paeonia emodi Royle Herb Leaves, root - General Sharma et al. 2013
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Herb - Anti-inflammatory General Zhang et al. 2013
Pandanaceae
Erect, stout-
Aerial parts,
Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. boled small - General Sharma et al. 2013
oil
tree
Erect, stout-
Pandanus dubius Spreng. boled small Root Diarrhoea General Prasad et al. 2008
tree
Erect, stout-
Root, fruit, Ragupathy and Newmaster
Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze boled small Vegetable; fibre; non medicinal commercial purposes General
leaves 2009
tree
Erect, stout-
Apical
Pandanus thwaitesii Martelli boled small Jaundice General Rajendran et al. 2000
meristem
tree
Papaveraceae
Skin infection; ulcers; cracked foot; skin rashes and
disease; eye infection; jaundice; scabies; ophthalmia; Alagesaboopathi 2012, Chopda
Argemone aenea Ownbey Forb/herb Whole plant dysentery; leucoderma; Gonerrhea; conjuctivitis; liver General and Mahajan 2009,
disease; liquid film in eye; rheumatism; eczema; piles; Subramanian et al. 2011
headache; stomach complaints
Argemone mexicana L. Forb/herb Seed, root Malaria; oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
Corydalis yanhusuo (Y.H. Chou and Chun
C. Hsu) W.T. Wang ex Z.Y. Su and C.Y. Herb - Anti-cancer General Zhang et al. 2013
Wu
Fumaria parviflora Lam. Herb Aerial parts Insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
Papaver somniferum L. Herb Seed - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009

Passifloraceae
Leaves, Joint pain; Antiseptic; larvicidal; as body stimulant and for women; Das et al. 2013, Lingaraju et al.
Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J. de Wilde Herb
tuber, root lactation. General 2013
Slender
Decaloba leschenaultii (DC.) M. Roem. Leaves Dysentery General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
climbers
Passiflora calcarata Mast. Herb Whole plant Skin diseases General Kennedy 2006
Passiflora edulis Sims Herb Leaves, fruit Vitamin C source; swellings General Rekka and Kumar 2014
Dansi et al. 2008, Rao et al.
Passiflora foetida L. Herb Whole plant Headache; arthritic problems; jaundice; asthma; vegetable General
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega Herb Leaves, fruit Jaundice General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Pedaliaceae
Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Fever(cow); diuretic; gonorrhea; for vigour in men; General;
Leaves, Jain et al. 2004, Rao et al. 2006,
Pedalium murex L. Herb diabetes; fertility in women; toothache; cold; cough; women;
root, fruit Shanmugam et al. 2012
diarrhoea men; cow
Erect annual
Sesamum alatum Thonn. Whole plant Boils; blisters; cuts General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
herb
Leaves,
Erect annual Diuretic; night blindness; abdominal pain; increases General;
Sesamum indicum L. seed, oil, Bhat et al. 2014
herb lactation; reduces inflammation; rheumatism; dandruff women
flower, gum
Sesamum radiatum Schumach. and Erect annual
Thonn. herb
Pentaphylacaceae
Prepare a soft beverage with Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Eurya japonica Thunb. Tree - General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
and fruits of Elettaria cardamomum
Phrymaceae
Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis Forb/herb Leaves - General Sharma et al. 2013
Phyllanthaceae
Shrub or
Antidesma acidum Retz. Leaves Riped are for eating; Sour unripe fruits are pickled General Horo and Topno 2015
small tree
Shrub or
Antidesma alexiteria L. Leaves Antidysenteric; Sunstroke; proper digestion General Dey and De 2012
small tree
Shrub or
Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Fruit To treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms General Nazarudeen 2010
small tree
The aril is sweetish sour and the rind is pickled.eat the ripe
Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Müll. Arg. Tree Fruit General Nazarudeen 2010
fruits
Bischofia javanica Blume Tree Bark Skin diseases General Prasad et al. 2008
Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Tree Leaves, root Cough; antiasthmatic General Kumar et al. 2016
Bark, stem
Perennial White patches on the skin all over the body; cataract; eye
Breynia rhamnoides Müll. Arg. sap, leaves, General Mahishi et al. 2005
tree inflammation; memory power
root
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Tree Leaves Psoriasis; Scabies; indigestion General Prasad et al. 2013
Leaves,
Bridelia montana (Roxb.) Willd. Tree Boils; Blisters; Cuts General Padal et al. 2014
bark, root

Large shrub
Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. - Fractured bones General Krishna et al. 2011
or tree
Stem, bark, Wounds healing; to remove wound scars; abdominal pain; Udayan et al. 2005, Upadhya et
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Tree General
leaves, root scabies; eczema; wound; bone fracture al. 2012
Skin boils; Blisters; Wounds; Antidote against snake bite; Dubey et al. 2012, Kumar and
Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. ex Bark,
Shrub Insecticide; fish poison; skin problem; wounds; tooth ache; General Chaturvedi 2010, Rao et al.
Hook. f. leaves, stem
fertilizer 2006
Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. Shrub Leaves, fruit Boils; eczema; edible; sores General Bhat et al. 2014
Glochidion heyneanum (Wight and Arn.) Small tree or
Fruit, stem Diabetes; fever; bone fracture General Savithramma et al. 2014
Wight large shrub
Small tree or
Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss. Bark, leaves Snake bite; stomach ulcers General Das et al. 2013
large shrub
Remove dandruff; cure night blindness; antivomiting;
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Tree Fruit General Kumar and Chaturvedi 2010
diabetes
General;
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Abortion; jaundice; dysentery; diabetes; diarrhoea;
Tree Whole plant pregnant Ayyanar 2013
Thonn. hepatitis; malaria; vegetable; wound
women
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. Tree Leaves Jaundice General Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Anorexia; impaction; antibacterial; asthma; aphrodisiac;
jaundice; improves eyesight; bronchitis; mouth ulcer; blood
Ayyanar 2013, Jain 2004,
pressure; constipation; indigestion; snakebite; skin
Phyllanthus emblica L. Tree Whole plant General Prabakaran et al. 2013, Udayan
disease; toothache; stomach disorder; diabetes;
et al. 2007
inflammation; postpartum health; contraceptive; anaemia;
menorrhegia
General;
Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster Tree Whole plant Jaundice; gonorrhoea; tuberculosis; spermaturia Dhanabal et al. 2015
men
Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet Tree Fruit Good tonic; diuretic General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Phyllanthus lawii J. Graham Tree Whole plant Toothache and throat pain General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
Bronchitis; leprosy; anemia; urinary discharge; anuria;
Lingaraju et al. 2013, Samy et
Phyllanthus niruri L. Tree Whole plant biliousness; asthma; jaundice; genitourinary system General
al. 2008
problems; snakebite
Stimulant; astringent; anthelmatic; diarrhoea; diuretic;
Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Kumar
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Tree Whole plant snake bite; antimicrobial; skin diseases; bone fracture; General
and Chaturvedi 2010
insect bite; psoriasis
Phyllanthus rheedei Wight Tree Whole plant Liver diseases; jaundice General Suresh and Asha 2008
Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. Tree Leaves Reduce excessive body heat; stomachache; jaundice General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Pinaceae
Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle Tree Leaves Cough; phthisis; asthma; chronic General Kayani et al. 2014
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D. Don Tree Seed - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Pinus palustris Mill. Tree Leaves, oil Ritual General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Resin, root,
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. Tree Resin; rituals; wound; fracture; tuberculosis General Ruba and Mohan 2016
leaves
Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Herb Fruit Fever General Chander et al. 2015

Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forst.) Hook. Rajendran et al. 2000, Rao et al.
Herb Whole plant Sores on scalp; mouth sores; nasal blisters General
and Arn. 2011
Peperomia wightiana Wight Herb Leaves Indigestion Children Kumar et al. 2007
Climbing Fruit, stem, Throat pain; cough; chest pain; fever cough; asthma or
Piper attenuatum Buch. -Ham. ex Miq. General Rao et al. 2006
shrub root, wood other pulmonary infections.
General;
Abortifacient; bad breath; fermentation; constipation; cattle;
Climbing Nut, leaves, contraceptive; cuts; burns; diabetes; intestinal pregnant Latheef et al. 2014, Nizar et al.
Piper betle L.
shrub petiole, root disorders(cattle); wound; malaria; chicken pox; to prevent women; 2015, Ruba and Mohan 2016
thrist; gum bleeding; vomiting; indigestion; skin diseases children;
women
Climbing Women;
Piper cubeba Bojer Leaves, root Inflammatory joints; genito-urinary infections Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
shrub general
Climbing
Piper hymenophyllum (Miq.) Wight Leaves Mouth ulcers General Bhakshu et al. 2016
shrub
Fruit, root,
Bronchitis; toothache; anaemia; antibacterial;
Climbing spike, Nizar et al. 2015, Udayan et al.
Piper longum L. contraceptive; cough; fever; cold; respiratory infections; General
shrub leaves, 2007
tumors; asthma; headache
flower, seed
Climbing
Piper mullesua Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don Seed - General Kennedy 2006
shrub
Antibacterial; cough; bronchial disorders; snake bite;
Seed,
Climbing dandruff; scabies; eczema; bed sore; boils; throat Lingaraju et al. 2013, Sharma et
Piper nigrum L. leaves, fruit, General
shrub infection; malaria; tooth decay; cold; cough; dysentery; al. 2013
flower, root
fever; stomach problems
Climbing
Piper retrofractum Vahl Leaves Asthma General Rajagopal et al. 2016
shrub
Climbing Fruit, stem, Cough and chest pain; fever cough; asthma or other
Piper trioicum Roxb. General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
shrub root pulmonary infections.
Climbing
Piper tuberculatum Jacq. - Hypotensive General Rodrigues and Carlini 2015
shrub
Climbing
Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand. -Mazz. Fruit - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
shrub
Pittosporaceae
Tree, shrub
Pittosporum neelgherrense Wight and Arn. or Bark Hepatoprotective; snake bite; liver problems General Prasad et al. 2013
undershrub
Tree, shrub
Pittosporum tetraspermum Wight and Arn. or Stem, bark Snakebite General Udayan et al. 2005
undershrub
Tree, shrub
Pittosporum wightii A.K. Mukh. or Fruit Sexual disorder General Wagh and Jain 2015
undershrub
Plantaginaceae

Snakebite; To prevent hair loss; brain tonic; nervous

disorder; epilepsy; Stammering; Anaemia; Polyuria; Dey and De 2012, Prasad et al.
General;
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Herb Whole plant Rejuvenator; memory capacity; free flow of urine; 2008, Rao et al. 2016, Sharma
children
constipation; stomach disorders; malaria; promotes et al. 2013
fertility; psycological disorder
Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Herb Whole plant Leprosy; dysentery; wound General Manikandan 2005
Plantago asiatica L. Herb - Anti-inflammatory General Zhang et al. 2013
Leaves,
Plantago lanceolata L. Herb Cough; whooping cough; bronchitis; boils General Kayani et al. 2014
seed, fruit
Stomach ache; stomach inflammation; wound healing; and General;
Plantago major L. Herb Whole plant Ruba and Mohan 2016
burns veterinary
Pushpakarani and Natarajan
Plantago ovata Forssk. Herb Seed, fruit Cold; cough; abortion General
2014
Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Diabetes; jaundice; antiseptic; hypertension; sickle cell
Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
disease; fever; leucorrhea; kidney stones; increases
General; Lingaraju et al. 2013, Sayed et
lactation; stomach problems; cuts; urinary tract infections;
Scoparia dulcis L. Herb Whole plant women; al. 2007, Suganthi and Libina
respiratory disorders; menstural problems; malaria;
men 2015, Udayan et al. 2005,
sexually transmitted diseases; cancer; dysentery;
Xavier et al. 2014
diabetes; seminal disease
Veronica beccabunga L. Herb Whole plant - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago auriculata Lam. Shrub Root Acidity General Sharma et al. 2013
General;
Tuber,
Plumbago indica L. Shrub Rheumatism; abortion; antibacterial; leprosy; eczema pregnant Murty and Venkaiah 2010
leaves, root
women
Abortifacient; sexual; debility; antifertility; asthma; breast
cancer; fits; eczema; skin diseases; rheumatism; tympany; General;
Latheef et al. 2014, Murty and
jaundice; leucoderma; gastritis; typhoid; arithritis; pregnant
Plumbago zeylanica L. Shrub Whole plant Venkaiah 2010, Padma et al.
ringworm; gynaecological disorders; scorpion stings; sore women;
2016, Ramya 2008
wounds; snakebite; stomachache; diuretic; diarrhoea; women
pyrexia;
Poaceae
Women;
Andropogon abyssinicus R. Br. ex Fresen. Grass Root To digest food and to increase secretion of milk Chopda and Mahajan 2009
General
Aristida setacea Retz. Grass Whole plant As a thatching material General Dileep and Nair 2015
Cattle;
Arundinella setosa Trin. Grass Whole plant Fodder; lactation Jayanthi et al. 2012
General
As a permanent cover and turf to moist; low fertility soil;
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. Grass Whole plant General Dileep and Nair 2015
particularly in shaded situations; to prevent soil erosions
Post labor pains; nervous disorder; rheumatism; cuts;
General;
tuberculosis; wasting diseases; non medicinal purposes; Ayyanar 2013, Latheef et al.
pregnant
Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Grass Whole plant abnormal mensturation; bone setting; anaemia; to clear 2014, Ragupathy and
women;
uterus after child birth; Wound healing; abortifacient; skin Newmaster 2009
women
disorders; obesity; ulcers

Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus Grass Whole plant For treating neuralgia; headache General Dileep and Nair 2015
Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf Grass Whole plant Used as animal fodder for cattle; goat; sheep and poultry Animals Dileep and Nair 2015
Kidney pain; Wound healing; tumors; insecticidal;
Cenchrus ciliaris L. Grass Root, leaves General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
wormicidal
Cenchrus setiger Vahl Grass Root Insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
Chloris barbata Sw. Grass Leaves Skin diseases; fever; diarrhea; Diabetes General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Rhizome, For stomach ache and gastric disorders; diarrhea and
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Grass General Chander et al. 2015
root dysentery; jaundice
Burns; epilepsy; snake bite; scorpion sting; mouth sores;
Sharma et al. 2013, Sulochana
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty Grass Whole plant tooth ache; urinary tract infection; malaria; fever; sprains; General
et al. 2015
rheumatism
For treating abdominal tumours;fever; diabetes; dysentery;
gastro intestinal and lung diseases; retarding aging;
General; Chithra et al. 2016, Dileep and
Coix lacryma-jobi L. Grass Whole plant poultry feed; treating skin diseases such as acne and
women Nair 2015
other swellings; post partum health; urinary disorders;
Uterine diseases; menstrual problems
Muscular rheumatism; nasal bleeding; antibacterial; snake Bosco and Arumugam 2012,
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Grass Whole plant General
bite; pimples Sharma et al. 2013
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Headache; pesticide; cholera; flavouring and perfumery
Grass Whole plant General Manikandan 2005
W. Watson agent; nebulisation
Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. Grass Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. Grass Leaves Insecticidal; wormicidal General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W. Watson Grass Whole plant Typhoid; on grey hair for blackening General Rajendran et al. 2002
Prashanth Kumar and
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle Grass Stem Bronchitis; rheumatism General
Shiddamallayya 2015
Diabetes; blood pressure; skin problems; blood purifier;
wounds; dysentery; diarrhoea; snakebite; diuretic; syphilis; Dey and De 2012, Kanthasamy
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Grass Whole plant urinary tract infections; toothache; vomiting; excessive General Kalaichelvi 2016, Pradheeps
menstural discharge; dysuria; contraceptive; rheumatism; and Poyyamoli 2013
asthma; headache; stomach problems; indigestion
Dysentery; anti-inflammatory; worm infection; wounds;
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Grass Whole plant General Dileep and Nair 2015
kidney pain; ulcer
General;
Abortion; dysentery; cough; oedema; indigestion; wound; women; Padal et al. 2014, Rao et al.
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Grass Leaves
ulcers cow(dysente 2006
ry)
Dysentery; Menorhhagia; diuretic; in geriatric care; General; Dileep and Nair 2015, Kayani et
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf Grass Leaves
asthma; tuberculosis women al. 2014
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Grass Whole plant Edible General Dileep and Nair 2015
Dysentery; for wound healing; measles; pleurisy and Latheef et al. 2014, Sreeramulu
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Grass Fruit, leaves General
smallpox fevers; ulcer; diabetes et al. 2013
General;
Snakebite; fever; for reducing blood sugar level; Dey and De 2012, Srithi et al.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Grass Whole plant pregnant
dysentery; prevent soil erosion; antiabortion 2009
women

Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex

Grass Whole plant Asthma; wound General Dileep and Nair 2015
Steud.
Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze Grass Whole plant Bruise General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Grass Whole plant Used as a stimulant and diuretic; toothache; snake bite General Dileep and Nair 2015
Roem. and Schult.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Grass Bark Muscle pains General Rao et al. 2006
Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Grass Whole plant Sinusitis General Dileep and Nair 2015
Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.) C.E.C.
Grass Stem Wounds General Udayan et al. 2005
Fisch.
Ajesh and Kumuthakalavalli
Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.) Gamble Grass Clums Gynaecological disorders Women
2012
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Grass Whole plant Inscision of snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Prashanth Kumar and
Oryza rufipogon Griff. Grass Seed Diuretic; abdominal pain General
Shiddamallayya 2015
Oryza sativa L. Grass Husk, seed Tooth cleaning General Deepa et al. 2011
Panicum maximum Jacq. Grass Whole plant Antimalarial and analgesic activity General Suganthi and Libina 2015
Dileep and Nair 2015, Hebbar et
Panicum repens L. Grass Rhizome Stomach ache and gastric disorders General
al. 2004
Panicum sumatrense Roth Grass - To treat the shivers General Maloles et al. 2011
Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus Grass Seed Substitute for rice General Dileep and Nair 2015
Stem,
Diuretic; diabetes; wound healing; bowel cleanser; General; Dileep and Nair 2015, Maloles et
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Grass rhizome,
reduces inflammation; vitamin supplement children al. 2011
root, seed
Pennisetum hohenackeri Hochst. ex
Grass Whole plant Hair growth; thatching material General Dileep and Nair 2015
Steud.
Stem,
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Grass Abnormal blood flow after menstruation Women Nanjunda 2010
leaves
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Grass Root - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. Grass Root Kidney stone General Dileep and Nair 2015
Women;
Saccharum bengalense Retz. Grass Leaves Menstrual problem; remedy for abortion pregnant Jain et al. 2004
women
General;
Saccharum officinarum L. Grass Stem Jaundice; laxative Ruba and Mohan 2016
women
Aphrodisiac; galactogogue; mental illness; fever; fodder for
General; Dileep and Nair 2015, Sharma
Saccharum spontaneum L. Grass Whole plant goats; blood related disorders; dyspepsia; burning
women et al. 2013
sensation; piles ; respiratory and gynaecological troubles
Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf Grass Root, seed Respiratory disorders; grains are edible General Dileep and Nair 2015
Shivering; diuretic; dyspepsia; poor digestion; bone
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Grass Whole plant General Maloles et al. 2011
fracture
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Grass - Shivering General Maloles et al. 2011
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Grass - Measles; pleurisy and smallpox fevers General Maloles et al. 2011
Sporobolus wallichii Munro ex Thwaites Grass Whole plant To enrich the blood General Dileep and Nair 2015
Themeda cymbaria Hack. Grass - Thatching General Prabakaran et al. 2013
Themeda triandra Forssk. Grass Whole plant Wounds General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005

Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.)

Grass Whole plant Piles General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Honda
Triticum aestivum L. Grass Fruit, seed Eczema; boils General Bhat et al. 2014
Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don Tree Leaves Rheumatism General Prasad et al. 2008
Polygalaceae
Perennial
Polygala arvensis Willd. herb or Whole plant Snake bite General Suthari and Raju 2016
shrub
Perennial
Polygala chinensis L. herb or Leaves, root Asthma; chronic bronchitis and catarrhal affection; fever General Thirunarayanan 2013
shrub
Perennial
Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd. herb or Root, bark Headache General Thirunarayanan 2013
shrub
Perennial
Polygala senega L. herb or Leaves, root - General Thirunarayanan 2013
shrub
Perennial
Polygala tenuifolia Willd. herb or - Anti-microbial General Zhang et al. 2013
shrub
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Polygonaceae
Calligonum polygonoides L. Shrub Whole plant Typhoid General Porte 2014
Root,
Persicaria amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse
Shrub leaves, Sore throats General Kayani et al. 2014
Decr.
rhizome
Root,
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross Herb tubers, Nerve damage; lymphnode inflammation; edible General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
leaves
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Gómez Herb Root, shoot Piles; jaundice; constipation General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
Jain 2004, Murty and Venkaiah
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Herb Whole plant Ringworm; fish poison; respiratory problems General
2010
Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small Herb Leaves Swellings; head ache; body pain General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
Polygonum aviculare L. Herb - Anti-microbial General Zhang et al. 2013
Polygonum molle D. Don Herb Root Tuberculosis General Dhanabal et al. 2015
Polygonum perfoliatum L. Herb Seed - General Dey and De 2012
Polygonum plebeium R. Br. Herb Root Inflammations General Shanmugam et al. 2012
Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Herb - Anti-viral General Zhang et al. 2013
Stem,
Rheum australe D. Don Herb rhizome, Respiratory problems; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
root, leaves
Rheum emodi Wall. Herb Root Cuts and wounds General Kumar et al. 2007
Rheum officinale Baill. Herb - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013

Leaves,
Rumex dentatus L. Herb Cough; cold General Kayani et al. 2014
root, stem
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Herb Whole plant Fracture; joint pain; edema; jaundice General Rajan et al. 1997
Polypodiaceae
Vomitng; arthralgia; migraine; rheumatism; typhoid;
Saravanan et al. 2013, Valsaraj
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Fern Whole plant anthelmintic; fever; dyspepsia; cough; typhoid; General
et al. 1997
abortifacient; fits; post partum problems; antibacterial
Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Fern Leaves Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Epiphytes or
Pyrrosia heterophylla (L.) M.G. Price Leaves, root - General Xavier et al. 2014
lithophytes
Epiphytes or The scales
Pyrrosia porosa (C. Presl) Hovenkamp Rheumatism General Rajendran et al. 2000
lithophytes ground
Polytrichaceae
Used to reduce inflammation and fever; also used as General;
Pogonatum macrophyllum Dozy and Molk. Mosses - Chandra et al. 2016
detergent diuretic; laxative and hemostatic agent women
Used for hemostasis; wound healer; antipyretic; antidotal General;
Polytrichum commune Hedw. Mosses - activity; dissolve kidney and gall bladder stones; to speed pregnant Chandra et al. 2016
up labor process during child birth women
Used to treat prostate; uninary difficulties and skin
Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. Mosses - General Chandra et al. 2016
ailments
Portulacaceae
Mouth wound; vermifuge; liver and kidney stones; Dansi et al. 2008, Shanmugam
Portulaca oleracea L. Herb Whole plant General
cadiovascular diseases; earache; vegetable et al. 2012
Portulaca pilosa L. Herb Whole plant Diuretic General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Cold; flu; cough; cooling; diuretic; respiratory problems;
Portulaca quadrifida L. Herb Whole plant General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
scorpion sting
Portulaca wightiana Wall. ex Wight and
Herb Whole plant Kidney problems; cardiovascular diseases General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Arn.
Pottiaceae
Barbula convoluta Hedw. Moss Whole plant - General Kennedy 2006
Hyophila involuta (Hook.) A. Jaeger Moss Leaves Cold; cough and neck pain General Chandra et al. 2016
Primulaceae
Anagallis arvensis L. Herb Whole plant Skin disorder; fever; leprosy; cattle stomach General Wagh and Jain 2015
Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Small tree Root, bark Cuts and wounds; Itching due to impure blood General Bhat et al. 2014
General;
Embelia ribes Burm. f. Climber Seed, fruit Contraceptive; malaria Chopda and Mahajan 2009
women
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. and
Shrub Leaves, root Diarrhea; Mucolytic General Bhandary et al. 1995
Schult.) A.DC.
Lysimachia christinae Hance Herb - Anti-cancer General Zhang et al. 2013
Leaves,
Maesa indica (Roxb.) A.DC. Shrub Disease resistance; hair growth General Bhagat et al. 2016
root, fruit
Flower,
Primula macrophylla D. Don Herb Cough; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
leaves
Proteaceae
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. Tree - Agricultural tools General Prabakaran et al. 2013

Pteridaceae
Actiniopteris australis Link Herb Whole plant Antibiotic; anti-fertility and antiseptic. General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Actiniopteris dichotoma Mett. Fern Whole plant Typhoid General Porte 2014
Jain et al. 2009, Rao et al.
Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) Link Fern Whole plant Bone fractures; rheumatism; asthma; psoriasis General
Kayani et al. 2014, Rao et al.
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Fern Whole plant Piles and jaundice; cold; Bronchial problems; cough General
2006
Adiantum incisum Forssk. Fern Whole plant Diabetes; migrane General Jayanthi et al. 2012
Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006,
Ovulation enhancement; abortifacient; Allergy; Cough;
Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. Fern Whole plant General Das et al. 2014, Dey and De
Piles; Jaundice; epilepsy
2012, Krishna et al. 2011
Adiantum venustum D. Don Fern Whole plant Lungs disorders General Kayani et al. 2014
Asha and Pushpangadan 2002,
Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Fern Whole plant Memory treatment; jaundice General
Hemionitis arifolia (Burm. f.) T. Moore Fern Leaves Skin disease; to cure rabies infection General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Putranjivaceae
Drypetes assamica (Hook. f.) Pax and K.
Tree Leaves - - Dey and De 2012
Hoffm.
Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Tree Bark Cough General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Ranunculaceae
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. Herb Tuber Poison to kill rats and wild animals General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Herb Whole plant Cold; cough; General General
2014
Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf Herb Root, flower Cold; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. Herb Root Malaria tratement General
2010
Leaves, Bbronchitis; asthma and cough; sour throat; acidity; blood
Actaea racemosa L. Herb General Das and Swamy 2016
root, fruit purifier; pickled
Flower, root,
Actaea spicata L. Herb Asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
seed
Clematis flammula L. Climber Leaves To burn the warts General Parada et al. 2009
Skin diseases; wounds; lice killing; cuts; burns; worm
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. Climber Whole plant infection; veneral disease; skin burns; fever; musculo General Deepak and Gopal 2014
skeletal disorder
Clematis roylei Rehder Climber Leaves Skin diseases like leucoderma General
2007
Rhizome, Rhizome paste mixed With breast milk; administered orally Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Clematis smilacifolia Wall. Climber Infants
leaves to infants to cure stomach-ache; fever 2007
Clematis wightiana Wall. Climber Leaves Rheumatism General
2007
Rheumatism; cold; headache; skin allergy; itch; skin
Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. Climber Whole plant disease; chest pain; leprosy; buccal cavity sore; scabies; General Udayan et al. 2005
eczema
Nigella sativa L. Herb Seed To increase lactation Women Sayed et al. 2007
Ranunculus sceleratus L. Herb Whole plant - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009

Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Herb Tuber Hydrocele; Jaundice General Rao et al. 2011
Resedaceae
Ochradenus baccatus Delile Shrub Leaves - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Rhamnaceae
Gouania leptostachya DC. Climber Root Fever General Prasad et al. 2008
Gouania microcarpa DC. Climber Root Body pain General Binu 2011
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Shrub Fruit To low cholesterol General Parada et al. 2009
Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz Climber Leaves, fruit Dysentery; edible General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. Climber Root, fruit Stomach ache; fruit General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich. Shrub Bark Tuberculosis; anticancerous; antibiotic General Dhanabal et al. 2015
Erect shrub/
Ziziphus caracutta Buch. -Ham. ex Roxb. Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
small tree
Ziziphus glabrata B. Heyne ex Roth Tree Fruit Edible General Rekka and Kumar 2014
Cough; mouth cleanser; improves digestion; edible;
antidiarrhoeal; diarrhoea; dysentery; edible; wound; piles; General;
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Tree Whole plant Bhagat et al. 2016, Tetali et al.
prolonged labour; dental caries; tuberculosis; ulcers; women
2009
asthma; constipation; diabetes
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight and Root, stem, Rheumatism; fever; ulcer; inflammation; diarrhoea;
Climber General Bhardwaj et al. 2011
Arn. bark, leaves insecticidal; wormicidal; skin diseases
Straggling or
Fruit, bark, Amenorrhegia; dysentery; venereal diseases; diarrhoea; General; Bhagat et al. 2016, Sreeramulu
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. climbing
root, leaves wound; edible; gynaecological disorders women et al. 2013
shrub
Carbuncle; menorrhea; syphilis; ulcerated tongue; boils;
Scandent Bhagat et al. 2016, Bhat et al.
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Whole plant bone fracture; dysentery; edible; loose motions; treatment General
shrub 2014
of white discharge; diabetes
Leaves,
Shrub to Antibacterial; antidiarrhoeal; to check oogenesis; General;
Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. fruit, seed, Prabakaran et al. 2013
small tree snakebite; fever; wound; boils; skin rashes women
bark
Rhizophoraceae
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Tree Bark Menstrual problems Women Prasad et al. 2014
Rosaceae
Cydonia oblonga Mill. Tree Fruit For bellyache General Parada et al. 2009
Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Herb - Anti-cancer General Zhang et al. 2013
Fragaria indica Wall. Runner Whole plant Sore throats; tuberculosis General Kayani et al. 2014
Potentilla nepalensis Hook. Herb Root Burns General Kumar et al. 2007
Medium
Prunus armeniaca L. Fruit, seed Vitamin deficiency General Acharya and Kaphle 2015
sized tree
Prunus avium (L.) L. Tree Fruit For bellyache General Parada et al. 2009
Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don Tree Bark Body swellings General Kumar et al. 2011
Prunus cerasus L. Tree Seed - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb Tree Whole plant Impotency General Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
Prunus mahaleb L. Tree Root - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Tree Leaves Dysentry; wound General Gairola et al. 2013
Pyrus communis L. Tree Fruit Edible General Rekka and Kumar 2014

Rosa × damascena Herrm. Shrub Flower Pimples General Jenisha and Jeeva 2014
Fruit,
Rosa chinensis Jacq. Shrub leaves, Epistaxis General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
flower
Rosa indica L. Shrub Leaves - General Patel 2014
Rosa multiflora Thunb. Shrub Fruit - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Fits; leucorrhoea; menorrhagia; stomach pain; urinary tract
Aerial parts, General; Ajesh et al. 2012, Rao et al.
Rubus ellipticus Sm. Shrub infection; edible; peptic ulcers; diabetes; inflammations;
root women 2011
sores; ulcers; antibacterial; edible
Sanguisorba officinalis L. Herb - Antimicrobial General Zhang et al. 2013
Rubiaceae
Leaves,
Abdominal pain and throat infection; wound healing;
Benkara malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng. Small tree root, bark, General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
asthma; rheumatic pains
fruit
Root, Mahishi et al. 2005, Padal et al.
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm. f.) Medium Fever; Diarrhoea; Insect bite; snakebite; Astringent;
leaves, bark, General 2010, Pradheeps and Poyyamoli
Alston sized shrub diuretic; febrifuge; anthelmintic; constipation
fruit 2013
Shrub to
Catunaregam nutans (Roxb.) Tirveng. Root Malarial treatment General Jain 2004
small tree
Fruit,
Shrub to Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. leaves, root, Skin diseases; skin boils; sprains; Antispasmobic; asthma General
small tree Ragupathy and Newmaster
bark, seed
2009
Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirveng. Tree Bark, seed Piles; tympany; diarrhoea; leucorrhoea; food poisoning General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites Shrub Leaves Wounds caused by snakebites General Dey and De 2012
Climbing
Coelospermum decipiens Baill. Whole plant - - Xavier et al. 2014
shrub
Fleroya stipulosa (DC.) Y.F. Deng Tree Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Galium aparine L. Herb Whole plant Cuts General Kumar et al. 2007
Galium asperuloides Edgew. Herb Whole plant Epilepsy General Sharma et al. 2013
Galium rotundifolium L. Herb Whole plant - General Sharma et al. 2013
Antiasthmatic; stomachache; skin diseases; stomach Kumar et al. 2016, Rao et al.
Gardenia gummifera L.f. Tree Gum, bark General
ulcers 2006
Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis Shrub - Anaemia General Chithra et al. 2016
Bark,
Gardenia latifolia Aiton Tree Piles; Boils; Blisters; Wounds; fever General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
leaves, fruit
Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. and Thonn. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Stops over periods in women; contraceptive; stomach General;
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Tree Bark Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2010
ache women
Leaves,
Hedyotis scandens Roxb. Climber Gastritis; Beverages fermentation General Ruba and Mohan 2016
twigs
Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall. Tree Bark Amenorrhegia Women Bhogaonkar and Kadam 2006
General;
Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb. Tree Bark Bone fracture; menstrual pain Sreeramulu et al. 2013
women

Manikandan and Lakshmanan

Ixora brachiata Roxb. Tree Bark inflammation General
2014
Wounds; skin ulcers; sore throut; Bronchitis cough;
Leaves, Asha and Pushpangadan 2002,
Asthma; Tumor; jaundice; skin diseases; hepatoprotective;
Ixora coccinea L. Small shrub flower, fruit, Children Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
cholera; conception; leucorrhea; scabies; antimicrobial;
root Nizar et al. 2015
antitumor; oral cancer
Root, bark,
Hair tonic; headache; firewood; chest pain; leucoderma; Bhat et al. 2014, Sreeramulu et
Ixora pavetta Andr. Tree wood, General
wound al. 2013
leaves
Macrosphyra longistyla (DC.) Hiern Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Shrub to
Meyna laxiflora Robyns Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
small tree
Straggling
Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Fruit Abortion General Murty and Venkaiah 2010
shrub
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. Herb Fruit, leaves Skin diseases; wound healing; diarrhoea General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Leaves,
fruit, bark, Padma et al. 2016, Rao et al.
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Tree Snake bite; insecticidal; wormicidal; rheumatism General
root, stem 2006
bark
Medium
Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Root, stem Treating gastric ulcer; obstetric diseases General Srithi et al. 2009
sized tree
Morinda citrifolia L. Tree Leaves - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Bark, fruit, Diabetes; cardiovascular disease; cuts; wound; diarrhoea;
Morinda coreia Buch. -Ham. Small tree General Bosco and Arumugam 2012
leaves ulcer
Morinda pubescens Sm. Tree Bark, leaves Typhoid; earache; wound General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Mussaenda frondosa L. Shrub Leaves To induce sound sleep General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
General;
Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook. f.) Hutch. Leaves, To cure heel cracks; to cure sterility in both men and
Shrub women; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
ex Gamble stem women
men
Neanotis indica (DC.) W.H. Lewis Herb Leaves Scorpion and insect bites General Manikandan 2008
Stem, fruit,
Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Tree Snakebite; urinary tract infections; measles General Dubey et al. 2012
bark, leaves
Leaves,
Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr. Tree For sleeping General Dey and De 2012
bark
Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. and Schult.) General;
Herb Whole plant Antiageing; menstrual problems Rajendran et al. 2002
DC. women
Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) K. Schum. Trailing herb Whole plant Cholera General Mahishi et al. 2005
Oldenlandia biflora L. Herb Whole plant - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Herb Whole plant Antibacterial General Valsaraj et al. 1997
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Herb Whole plant Antimicrobial; snakebite General Samy et al. 2008
Kumar et al. 2007, Shanmugam
Oldenlandia umbellata L. Herb Leaves, root Snakebite; asthma; bronchitis; worms General
et al. 2012
Ophiorrhiza mungos L. Herb Root Snake bite General Samy et al. 2008
Paederia foetida L. Shrub Whole plant Rheumatism; dysentery; stomachache General Sreeramulu et al. 2013

Shrub to
Pavetta breviflora DC. Bark Snakebite General Raju 2008
small tree
Root,
Shrub to Ophthalmic diseases; epilepsy; jaundice; indigestion; Padal et al. 2010, Ratna Manjula
Pavetta indica L. leaves, bark, General
small tree eczema; edible et al. 2011
fruit
Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. and Straggling
Thonn.) Vatke herb
Shrub to
Psychotria dalzellii Hook. f. Stem Pruritus General Bhat et al. 2014
small tree
Psychotria flavida Talbot Shrub Root Snake-bite General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Psychotria platyneura Kurz Shrub Bark Skin diseases General Prasad et al. 2008
Wood,
Bone fractures; dandruff; burns; edible; fever; firewood; Ram et al. 2004, Ratnam and
Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. Tree leaves, fruit, General
diarrhoea Raju 2008
bark
Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson Tree Leaves Kidney and bladder ailments General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Richardia scabra L. Herb Leaves Skin diseases General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
General;
Abortifacient; epilepsy; gynaecological disorders; jaundice; pregnant Chopda and Mahajan 2009, Jain
Rubia cordifolia L. Climber Whole plant
leucorrhea; restorative tonic; skin diseases; liver diseases women; 2004
women
Latheef et al. 2014, Rao et al.
Spermacoce articularis L.f. Herb Leaves, fruit Wound; ear-ache; sore legs General
2006
Malaria; kidney stones; nervous disorders; skin bulging;
Spermacoce hispida L. Herb Whole plant reduces body weight; stomach problems; improves vitality; General
Wagh and Jain 2015
purifies blood
Herb to
Spermacoce neohispida Govaerts Leaves Wound healing General Dey et al. 2012
small shrub
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f. Herb Leaves Wound healing; insect sting General
Rajendran et al. 2000
Manikandan and Lakshmanan
Spermacoce verticillata L. Shrub Root Leucorrhoea General
2014
Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. and Bhagat et al. 2016, Ratnam and
Tree Bark, fruit Bone fractures; diarrhoea; dysentery; boils; edible General
Sastre Raju 2008
Shrub to
Tarenna asiatica (L.) Kuntze ex K. Schum. Root, leaves Cuts and boils; fits General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
small tree
Shrub to
Tarenna odorata (Roxb.) B.L. Rob. Root Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
small tree
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex
Climber - Antipyretic; anti-hypertensive; anticonvulsant General Zhang et al. 2013
Havil.
Shrub to
Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roth) Steud. Root Skin disease General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
small tree
Rutaceae
For cooling of body; blood sugar reduction; gastric Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Harsha et
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Tree Whole plant problems; eye problems; fever; influenza; sexual debility; General al. 2003, Jain et al. 2004,
skin boils; diabetes; Gastricproblems; Respiratory Kosalge and Fursule 2009,

disorder; dyspepsia; anti inflammatory; loose motions; Mahishi et al. 2005, Reddy et al.
snake bite; liver disease; diarrhoea; laxative; eye disease; 2008, Samy et al. 2008
to treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms
rheumatoid pain and glandular swelling; itch; skin
Leaves, complaints; dysentery; blood purifier; paralytic limb; Arjunan et al. 2016, Kanthasamy
Atalantia monophylla DC. Tree General
root, fruit stomach disorder; antiseptic; snake bite; cough; Kalaichelvi 2016
rheumatism pain
Leaves,
Atalantia racemosa Wight ex Hook. Tree Fever; allergy General Harsha et al. 2002
root, fruit
Scorpion sting; shivering; neck pain; itchy skin; firewood;
General;
Chloroxylon swietenia DC. Tree Whole plant cuts; cattle wounds; chest pain; stomach pain; coagulation Raju 2008
cattle
plant; epilepsy; fever; tooth problems; arthritis
Citrus × aurantium L. Small tree Fruit Immunity; vit C; diabetes General Lingaraju et al. 2013
Skin irritation; nausea; scurvy; decreased appetite;
Shrub to stomach diseases; biliousness; sore throat and eye Bhat et al. 2014, Ignacimuthu et
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Fruit, leaves General
small tree disorder; catarrhal fever; headache; edible; boils; al. 2008
diarrhoea; low BP
Citrus indica Yu. Tanaka Tree Fruit, seed Face pimples removal General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Dandruff; skin rashes; to reduce obesity; bone fracture; Samy et al. 2008, Upadhya et al.
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Tree Fruit General
snake bite; vit C 2012
Bark, fruit,
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Tree Vitamin C source; edible; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
oil
Leaves, Wound healing; head ache; tooth ache; Vitamin C source; Kshirsagar and Singh 2001,
Citrus medica L. Tree fruit, stem joint pain; indigestion; headache; bone fracture; nail General Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
bark infection; refreshner 2007, Sharma et al. 2013
Citrus reticulata Blanco Tree Leaves Flu General Kayani et al. 2014
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Tree Seed To treat malaria and malaria-like symptoms General
2010
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Shrub Leaves, fruit Mosquitoe repellent; eczema; wound healing General
Benth. 2007, Ramya 2008
Clausena austroindica B.C. Stone and Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Small tree Root Ear infection General
K.K.N. Nair 2007
General;
Stomachache; abdominal discomfort; antisnake venom; Bhagat et al. 2016,
women;
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Shrub Whole plant leucorrhea; piles; cough; rheumatism; anaemia; jaundice; Pushpangadan and Atal 1984,
pregnant
dandruff; malaria; fits(pregnant women); convulsions Savithramma et al. 2014
women
Leaves,
Insect bites; diarrhoea; dysentery; snake bite; diabetes; Arjunan et al. 2016, Rao et al.
Limonia acidissima Groff Tree bark, fruit, General
rheumatoid arthritis; breathing trouble; cuts 2006
rhizome
Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch. -Ham.
Shrub Root - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
ex Wight and Arn.
Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G. Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah
Tree Root Asthma and bronchitis General
Hartley 2007
Medium Dysentery; vomiting; febrifuge; tonic; skin diseases; General; Ayyanar 2013, Kadhirvel et al.
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Whole plant
sized tree antidiabetic; inflammations; jaundice; stomach pain; women 2010, Ratna Manjula et al. 2011

indigestion; hair loss; dogbite; cough; cold; eye problems;

rheumatism; menstural problems; conceptions; diarrhoea
Dropsy; body ache; fever; inflammation; bone fracture;
Leaves, Chakraborty et al. 2012,
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Shrub paralysis; mouth ulcers; diabetes; antifertility; analgesic; General
bark Lingaraju et al. 2013
antibacterial
Piles; cobrabite; bodypain; colic; vomiting and dysentery;
Root, stem, acne and anti aging; fever; pitta; sprain; mental disorders;
Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson Small tree bark, fruit, dysentry; digestive disorders; epilepsy; intestinal worms; General Kumar et al. 2007
leaves, seed cnthelmintic; antidote for insect poison; cooling agent; leg
pains
Paramignya monophylla Wight Tree Root Boils General Bhat et al. 2014
Pleiospermium alatum (Wight and Arn.)
Small tree Whole plant Anti-inflammatory; anti-septic; chest pain General Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
Swingle
General;
children;
Ruta chalepensis L. Herb Leaves Abortion; protects from convulsions; cough; constipation Parada et al. 2009
pregnant
women
Dey and De 2012, Sharma et al.
Ruta graveolens L. Herb Leaves Typhoid; antibacterial; rheumatic pain; fever; skin diseases General
2013
Boils; blisters; cuts; diarrhoea; fever; headache;
indigestion; cough; influenza; lung diseases; rheumatism; General; Duraipandiyan et al. 2006,
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Climber Whole plant
malaria; cholera; skin diseases; snakebite; stomachache; Cow; goat Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
toothache; antiinflammatory; asthma; cough
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Tutcher Tree Root, seed Constipation; swolen joints General
2007
Seed, bark,
Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC. Tree Typhoid weakness; bone fracture; edible General Nanjunda 2010
fruit
Salicaceae
Root, bark, Corneal opacity; Ephemeral fever; Aphrodisiac; Muscular Rao et al. 2011, Sreeramulu et
Casearia elliptica Tul. Tree General
leaves, fruit pain; Anti helminthic al. 2013
Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Tree Leaves, fruit Bone fracture; edible General Upadhya et al. 2012
Shrub to Stem, root, Boils; blisters; cuts; epilepsy; snakebite; liver diseases;
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. General Savithramma et al. 2014
small tree leaves, fruit digestive problems
Flacourtia montana J. Graham Tree Fruit Edible General Bhagat et al. 2016
Homalium nepalense Benth. Tree Bark Puerperal fever General Rao et al. 2011
Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Tree Stem, flower - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Salvadoraceae
Rambling Infant diseases; Rheumatism; fever; cold cough; wound; Hebbar et al. 2004, Raghupathy
Azima tetracantha Lam. Bark, leaves General
shrub oral health care and Newmaster 2009
Salvadora aculeate L. Tree Aerial parts Astringent; antiseptic; anti-fungal General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Fruit, root, Kosalge and Fursule 2009,
Shrub to Snakebite; rheumatism; scurvy; fever; skin irritation;
Salvadora persica L. bark, leaves, General Padma et al. 2016, Ragupathy
small tree purgative; antitumor; cold; cough; body pain
flower and Newmaster 2009
Santalaceae
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. and Steud. Shrub Leaves Wounds General Puravankara and Gopal 2012

Body cooling; diarrhoea; dysentery; pruritus; fever;

Bark, root, Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Mahishi
indigestion; giddiness; cough; gonorrhea; headache; joint
Santalum album L. Tree wood, seed General et al. 2005, Pushpangadan and
pains; herpes; pimples; urinary infections; skin diseases;
oil, fruit Atal 1984
throat ulcers; blood purifier
Stem,
Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. Tree Skin diseases General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
leaves
Viscum album L. Shrub Whole plant - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Viscum angulatum B. Heyne ex DC. Shrub Whole plant Skin cuts General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Viscum articulatum Burm. f. Herb Whole plant Abortion; snakebite General Murty and Venkaiah 2010
Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai Tree - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC. Herb - Typhoid General Porte 2014
Viscum trilobatum Talbot Herb Leaves Cough and cold General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
Sapindaceae
Aesculus assamica Griff. Tree Bark Fish poison General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Cardiospermum corindum L. Herb Whole plant Joint pain; rheumatic pain; dysentery General Kennedy 2006
Waist pain; joint pain; rheumatism and jaundice; tonic;
swellings; ear pain; body pain; paralysis; gastric problem; General;
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Climber Whole plant Sharma and Mujundar 2003
throat infection; eczema; herpes; antibacterial; hydrocele; women
fever; burns; ovulation enhancement; skin disease
Deinbollia pinnata (Poir.) Schumach. and Shrub to
Thonn. small tree
Shrub to Bone fracture; fits; wound; rheumatism; bursitis; epilepsy; General; Rao et al. 2006, Ratnam and
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Whole plant
small tree insecticidal; wormicidal; headache animals Raju 2008
Ganophyllum falcatum Blume Tree Bark Snake Bite General Prasad et al. 2008
Subcanopy
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Stem To prevent leech General Udayan et al. 2005
tree
Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk. Tree Fruit - General Kennedy 2006
Endosperm,
bark, nut, Tooth problems; centipede bite; surfactants; reduces hair
Sapindus emarginatus Vahl Tree General Pradheeps and Poyyamoli 2013
seed, fruit, loss; intestinal worms; detergent; snakebite
flower
Dey and De 2012, Kanthasamy
Sapindus laurifolius Balb. ex DC. Tree Fruit, leaves Anti-inflammatory; rheumatism; snakebite; insecticides General
Kalaichelvi 2016
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Tree Fruit, seed Abortifacient; rabies General Das et al. 2014
Sapindus saponaria L. Tree Fruit - - Sharma et al. 2013
Medium
Sapindus trifoliatus L. Fruit, root Pruritus; edible; stomachache General Bhat et al. 2014
sized tree
Medium Fruit, bark, Asthma; purifies blood; chest pain; joint pain; skin Jain 2004, Dey et al. 2012,
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. General
sized tree tuber, seed diseases; snakebite; edible Wagh and Jain 2015
Sapotaceae
Leaves,
Shrub to
Isonandra lanceolata Wight fruit, root - General Dey and De 2012
small tree
bark

Nut, flower,
Skin diseases; snake bite; dysentery; diarrhoea; diabetes; Gairola et al. 2013, Krishna et
Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig ex L.) J.F. fruit, bark,
Tree bone strengthening; pain reliving; inflammation; wound; General al. 2014, Kosalge and Fursule
Macbr. seed,
rheumatic pain; burns; psoriasis; scabies 2009, Savithramma et al. 2014
leaves, oil
Fruit, latex,
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Tree Hip pains; toothache; fever General Padal et al. 2010
bark
Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Tree Bark Wounds General Rao et al. 2006
Bark, flower, Toothache; uterus problems; gum; teeth diseases; liver
seed, root, complaints; headache; asthma; biliousness; aphrodisiac; General;
Mimusops elengi L. Tree Ragupathy and Newmaster
fruit, leaves, diuretic; astringent to the bowels; gonorrhea; dysentery; women
2009, Rao et al. 2006
seed oil antipyretic; constipation; antiseptic
Palaquium ellipticum (Dalzell) Baill. Tree Oil, fruit Illumination; ripe fruits for eating General Nazarudeen 2010
Planchonella longipetiolata (King and
Tree Leaves Appetizer General Prasad et al. 2008
Prain) H.J. Lam
Saururaceae
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Herb Whole plant Stomachache and diarrhoea General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Saxifragaceae
Root,
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Herb Wound healing General Kumar et al. 2007
rhizome
Saxifraga hirculus L. Herb Whole plant Cough; chest complaints; pulmonary disorders General Kayani et al. 2014
Schisandraceae
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Climber - Anti-viral General Zhang et al. 2013
Scrophulariaceae
Leaves,
Diarrhoea; Beverages fermentation; skin disease; asthma; Ignacimuthu et al. 2008, Kayani
Buddleja asiatica Lour. Shrub flower, twig, General
coughing With blood et al. 2014
root
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Herb Stem Haemostatic; wound healing; bleeding General Dhivya and Kalaichelvi 2015
Scrophularia auriculata L. Herb Leaves For troubles linked to wounds General Parada et al. 2009
Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau Herb Leaves - General Kataria and Kaur 2013
Selaginellaceae
Bryodesma indicum (Milde) Soják Herb Leaves Chronic wound or ulcer; multiple abscess General Hota and Padhi 2003
Selaginella bryopteris Baker Herb Whole plant Infant disease; leucorrhoea General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Selaginella delicatula (Desv. ex Poir.)
Herb Whole plant Wounds General Latheef et al. 2014
Alston
Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Creeper Aerial parts Wounds General Das et al. 2013
Selaginella repanda (Desv. ex Poir.)
Herb Root Fever General Padal et al. 2010
Spring
Simaroubaceae
Snake bite and scorpion sting; typhoid; chronic bronchitis;
Alagesaboopathi 2011, Padal et
Leaves, asthma and dyspeptic complaints; healing after child birth;
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Tree General al. 2014, Raghupathy and
root, bark jaundice; piles; anorexia; tympany; Skin diseases;
Newmaster 2009
jaundice; anthelmintic; antiasthmic Broncho constriction
Brucea mollis Wall. ex Kurz Shrub Fruit, seed Malarial treatment General Jain 2004
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Shrub Seed Malarial treatment General
2010

Smilacaceae
Smilax glabra Roxb. Climber - Anti-cancer General Zhang et al. 2013
Smilax lanceifolia Roxb. Climber Rhizome - General Sharma et al. 2013
Jaundice; skin problems; toothache; urinary complain;
muscular sprain; stomach pain; rheumatic arthritis;
venereal diseases; infertility; as sexual stimulant; in
General;
abnormal semen discharge; uterine diseases; sores; Jain 2004, Shah 2015, Srithi et
Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don Climber Whole plant women;
dysentery; malaria; tuberculosis; leucorrhoea; wound al. 2009
men
healing; to increase appetite; gastric disorders; antibiotic;
antifungal; antiseptic; blood purifier; skin diseases;
obestetric diseases; scar
Smilax perfoliata Lour. Climber Tuber Abortion General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Root,
Smilax zeylanica L. Climber leaves, Venereal disorders; diabetes General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
rhizome
Solanaceae
Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. and Shrub to
Fruit Migrane General Rajendran et al. 2000
Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. and J. Presl small tree
Rheumatism; snake bite; dog bite; vegetable; asthma;
General; Dansi et al. 2008, Dey and De
Capsicum annuum L. Herb Whole plant woophing cough; cold; gynaecological disorders;
women 2012, Kayani et al. 2014
vermicide
Shrub to Dhanabal et al. 2015, Rekka
Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. Fruit Tuberculosis; diuretic; cough and cold General
small tree and Kumar 2014
Seed, root,
Datura innoxia Mill. Shrub Leprosy; asthma General Kayani et al. 2014
leaves, fruit
Snake bite; antimicrobial; epilepsy; rheumatic arthritis;
hysteria; painful mensturation; wounds; respiratory General;
troubles; muscle pain; antiplasmodic; cattle wounds; women;
Datura metel L. Herb Whole plant Puravankara and Gopal 2012
asthma; dog bite; chicken pox; hair fall; abortifacient; pregnant
malaria; cerebral complications; skin diseases; insanity; women
cough; swellings
Leaves, To reduce inflamed wound and sores; pain; epilepsy;
Datura stramonium L. Herb seed, fruit, herpes; leprosy; skin diseases; gynaecological disorders; General
2013
root, flower asthma; bronchitis; expelling worms
Hyoscyamus albus L. Herb Seed For toothache General Parada et al. 2009
Leaves,
Hyoscyamus niger L. Herb Asthma; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
seed, fruit
Dansi et al. 2008, Puravankara
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Herb Leaves Headache; vegetable General
and Gopal 2012
Seed,
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Shrub Analgesic; intestinal pain General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
leaves
Nicotiana tabacum L. Herb Leaves Scabies; wound; snakebite; tooth decay; tooth ache General Samy et al. 2008
Physalis angulata L. Herb Fruit, leaves Anti microbial; antifungal; vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008

Leucorrhea; dropsy; constipation; enlargement of spleen; General;

Fruit, Bhagat et al. 2016, Kanthasamy
Physalis minima L. Herb colic complaints; jaundice; constipation; laxative; men;
leaves, seed Kalaichelvi 2016
abdominal troubles; gonorrhea women
Solanum aethiopicum L. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Diabetes; lactagogue; antimicrobial; eczema; enhances
fertility; fever; diarrhoea; malaria; cough; insecticidal; Bhagat et al. 2016, Jain 2004,
Solanum americanum Mill. Herb Whole plant wormicidal; intestinal ulcers; oral health care; mouth sores; General Kayani et al. 2014, Ramya 2008,
post natal complaints; improves vision; stomachache; Shanmugam et al. 2012
ulcer; wound; blood spitting; fertility problems
Fruit, Leucorrhea; skin cuts; scorpion sting; cold; cough; fever;
Bhagat et al. 2016, Ragupathy
Solanum anguivi Lam. Shrub leaves, root, intestinal worms; toothache; tooth decay; destroys round General
and Newmaster 2009
seed worms
Herb/
Solanum capsicoides All. Seed Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
undershrub
Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach. and
Thonn.
Leaves,
Solanum erianthum D. Don Shrub Dysentery; fever; diarrhoea; indigestion General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
root, fruit
Solanum ferox L. Herb Root, fruit Itching of skin; nailside infection General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Root, fruit, Snakebite; against blood vomiting; mouth ulcer; toothache; Manikandan 2005, Ruba and
Solanum indicum L. Shrub General
seed, leaves anthelmintic; breverages fermentation Mohan 2016
Solanum lyratum Thunb. Climber - Anti-tumour General Zhang et al. 2013
Solanum macrocarpon L. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Solanum melongena L. Shrub - Asthma General Rajagopal et al. 2016
Solanum rudepannum Dunal Shrub Fruit, leaves Cough; cold; anti-inflammatory; fever General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
Solanum scabrum Mill. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Herb Root For toothache General Puravankara and Gopal 2012
General;
Seed, fruit, Leprosy; toothache; abortion; constipation; antiasthmatic; women; Hebbar et al. 2004, Kumar et al.
Solanum surattense Burm. f. Shrub
root, leaves vomiting; gastrointestinal disorders; menstural problems pregnant 2016
women
General;
Root, fruit, Snake bite; skin injuries; wounds; abortifacient; Dey and De 2012, Samy et al.
Solanum torvum Sw. Shrub pregnant
seed, leaves antibacterial; edible; tuberculosis 2008
women
Solanum trilobatum L. Shrub Whole plant Bronchitis; asthma; cold; cough General Padal et al. 2010, Ramya 2008
Shrub/under
Solanum vagum Heyn. ex Nees Leaves, root To treat dry skin General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
shrub
General;
Solanum verbascifolium L. Shrub Root, bark Stomach pain; foe easy pregnancy and delivery Puravankara and Gopal 2012
women
Solanum violaceum Ortega Shrub Fruit Asthma; cardiac disorders; oral health care General Hebbar et al. 2004
Cough; asthma; bronchitis and chest affections; sore
General;
throat; diuretic; toothache; swelling; abortifacient; skin
Solanum virginianum L. Subshrub Whole plant pregnant Wagh and Jain 2015
diseases; laxative; rheumatism; diabetes; ulcers; heart
women
diseases
Syringa pubescens Turcz. Shrub Fruit Edible General RamaChandran 2007

Amenorrhegia; anthelmintic; rheumatic swelling; fever;

asthma; bronchitis; sexual potency; debility; aphrodisiac; General;
Dey and De 2012, Mahishi et al.
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Shrub Whole plant leucorrhea; ulcers; sex stimulant; skin disease; snakebite; women;
2005, Naidu et al. 2013
enhances sperm count; antiinflammatory; insecticidal; men
wormicidal; abcesses; stomachache
Sphagnaceae
Used to dressing wounds; with anti-microbial properties for
Sphagnum sericeum Müll. Hal. Shrub - skin ailments (insects bites; scabies; acne); haemorrhoids General Chandra et al. 2016
and to treat eye diseases
Sphagnum teres (Schimp.) Ångström Moss - Used to treat eye diseases General Chandra et al. 2016
Sphenocleaceae
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Staphyleaceae
Staphylea emodi Wall. Shrub Whole plant - General Dey and De 2012
Stemonaceae
Root, tuber,
Stemona tuberosa Lour. Climber Dysentery; Fever; stomachache General Rao et al. 2006, Rao et al. 2011
leaves
Styracaceae
Styrax benzoin Dryand. Tree Sap - General Kennedy 2006
Symplocaceae
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Tree Root Chest and back sprains General Natarajan and Paulsen 2000
Talinaceae
Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. Shrub Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix gallica L. Shrub Whole plant - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Taxaceae
Taxus baccata L. Tree Leaves Antispasmodic; epilepsy General Sharma et al. 2013
Tetramelaceae
Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br. Tree Tender tips Insect sting General Prasad et al. 2008
Theaceae
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Tree Root, flower Coughing up With blood General Kayani et al. 2014
Bark,
Schima wallichii Choisy Tree Cuts and wounds General Kumar et al. 2007
leaves, fruit
Thelypteridaceae
Leaves,
Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel. Fern Skin diseases General Bharti and Pravesh 2012
rhizome
Christella parasitica (L.) Holttum Herb Leaves Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum Frond Whole plant Scorpion sting General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Thuidiaceae
Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Used to treat cystisis; bronchitis; tonsillitis pneumonia and
Moss - General Chandra et al. 2016
Broth. fever
Thymelaeaceae
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Tree Latex Infertility in cow; twitching Veterinary Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Typhaceae

Indigestion; diarrhoea; dysentery; fever; headache; cough;

Typha angustifolia L. Herb Root General Chander et al. 2015
abdomen pain
Prashanth Kumar and
Typha domingensis Pers. Herb Aerial parts Urinary calculi; dysuria; inflammation General
Shiddamallayya 2015
Typha elephantina Roxb. Shrub Fruit - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Ulmaceae
Leaves,
bark, twig, Piles; wounds; skin diseases; paralysis; swelling; scorpion Murty and Venkaiah 2010, Rao
Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Tree General
root, latex, sting; malaria; herpes et al. 2006
flower
Urticaceae
Shrub to
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd. Fruit Edible General Nazarudeen 2010
small tree
Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew Shrub Root - - Kataria and Kaur 2013
Bhat et al. 2014, Jagtap et al.
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis Herb Leaves, root Herpes; pruritus; scabies; scabby General
2009
Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew Herb Fruit, leaves Mental depression symptoms; vegetable General Nanjunda 2010
Parietaria officinalis L. Herb Aerial parts For stones in the kidney General Parada et al. 2009
General;
Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Herb Leaves Liver ailments; immunity Vilash et al. 2016
children
Pouzolzia auriculata Wight Shrub Whole plant Leucoderma; itching General Sripathi and Sankari 2010
Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight Shrub Leaves Stomach disorder General Ruba and Mohan 2016
Pouzolzia wightii Benn. and Br. Herb Leaves Blood clotting; itching General Rajendran et al. 2002
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. Herb Aerial parts Bone fracture; kidney stone; galactagogue General Ratnam and Raju 2008
Urtica dioica L. Herb Root Snake bite General Hiremath and Taranath 2010
Verbenaceae
Aloysia citriodora Palau Shrub - Digestion; stomach ache General Parada et al. 2009
Cold; fever; vomiting; wound; antibacterial; antidiabetic;
cuts; rheumatism; ulcers; tetanus; malaria; cancer; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Lantana camara L. Shrub Whole plant asthma; ulcer; swelling; high blood pressure; bilious; fever; Children Dey and De 2012, Umapriya et
skin itches; menstrual disorders; piles; digestion; burns; al. 2011
antidiarrhoel; skin inflammations
Children; Dey and De 2012, Sharma et al.
Lantana indica Roxb. Shrub Whole plant Gas troubles; snake bite; fits; scorpion sting; headache
general 2013
Shrub or
Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. Fruit Edible General Rekka and Kumar 2014
subshrub
Lippia chevalieri Moldenke Herb Leaves Malarial treatment General
2010
Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng. Herb Leaves Indigestion General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Lippia multiflora Moldenke Herb Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Diabetes; antiseptic; painful joints; malarial fevers; asthma;
General; Basha et al. 2011, Lingaraju et
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Herb Whole plant pulmonary infections; fever; antibacterial; jaundice;
children al. 2013
promotes sexual desire; dandruff; diarrhoea; stomachache
Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce Herb Whole plant Wounds General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008

Fever; cold; asthma; dysentery; vegetable; diarrhoea; Dansi et al. 2008, Shanmugam
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl Shrub Root, leaves General
intestinal worms et al. 2012
Dysentery; cuts; wounds; intestinal worms; ulcers;
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Shrub Leaves, root General Jayanthi et al. 2012
stomach ailments
Viburnaceae
Treating fragile bone or osteoarthritis; obstetric diseases
Sambucus javanica Blume Small tree Aerial parts General Srithi et al. 2009
or body pain
Earache; headache; bellyache; sore throat; cough; wound
Sambucus nigra L. Shrub Flowers General Parada et al. 2009
infection; clear nose; clean eyes
Violaceae
Urinary problems; reduce body heat; diuretic; urinary
General;
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. Herb Whole plant troubles; bowel complaints; treats relaxation of nerves; Shanmugam et al. 2012
children
vegetable; joint pains; nerve stimulant
General;
Increases male sterility; urinary tract infections; to avoid
pregnant
Hybanthus linearifolius (Vahl) Urb. Herb Whole plant any urino-genital infection during pregnancy; conjunctivitis; Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
women;
hair shampoo
men
Leaves,
Viola betonicifolia Sm. Herb flower, root, Lung troubles; cough; colds General Kayani et al. 2014
fruit
Viola canescens Wall. Undershrub Whole plant Sore throat; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Viola pilosa Blume Herb Root Bronchitis; asthma; cough; cold General Kayani et al. 2014
Vitaceae
Bhandary and Chandrashekar
Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch. Climber Root Treatments of herpes General
2011
Anorexia; dyspepsia and indigestion; bone fracture;
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Climber Whole plant General Swarnkar and Katewa 2008
tuberculosis
Ampelocissus tomentosa (B. Heyne and
Climber Leaves, root Bone fracture; Insect bite General Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Roth) Planch.
Leaves,
Venereal diseases; non medicinal commercial purposes; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005,
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. Climber bark, fruit, General
gastric complaints Sreeramulu et al. 2013
stem
To check sugar level of blood; snake bite; antiviral;
Jain et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009,
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin Climber Whole plant antibacterial; antiprotozoal; anticancer; diuretic; eczema; General
Perumal et al. 2015
wound; skin disease; depressant; anaemia
Rheumatoid arthritis; snake bite; lice eradication; Skin Rao et al. 2006, Padma et al.
Cissus adnata Roxb. Climber Whole plant General
disease; bone fracture; wound 2016
Cissus elongata Roxb. Climber Root Inter trigo General Bhat et al. 2014
Cissus heyneana Planch. Climber Tuber Jaundice General Ignacimuthu et al. 2008
Cissus javana DC. Climber Whole plant Ringworm General Bhat et al. 2014
women; Ayyanar 2013, Sharma et al.
Rheumatism; stomachache; indigestion and constipation;
General; 2013, Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
wound; bone fracture; swellings; dyspepsia; indigestion;
Cissus quadrangularis L. Climber Whole plant pregnant Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016,
constipation; earache; during pregnancy; reguralize
women; Sreeramulu et al. 2013, Rao et
mensturation; piles; dog ite; sprains; to stimulate hunger
goat al. 2006

Cissus repanda (Wight and Arn.) Vahl Climber Leaves, root Skin diseases; itch General Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016
General;
Cooling agent; anti-inflammatory; sexual diseases;
Cissus vitiginea L. Climber Whole plant men; Savithramma et al. 2014
increases potency; leucorrhoea; menorrhagia
women
Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A.
Climber Leaves Vegetable General Dansi et al. 2008
Rich.) Desc. ex Wild and R.B. Drumm.
Cyphostemma auriculatum (Roxb.) P.
Climber Whole plant Wound healing General Kosalge and Fursule 2009
Singh and B.V. Shetty
Leaves, General; Shanmugam et al. 2012,
Cyphostemma setosum (Roxb.) Alston Climber Intestinal worms; rheumatism; dysentery; menorrhegia
whole plant women Sreeramulu et al. 2013
Cyphostemma trilobata (Lam.) M.R.
Climber Leaves, root Rheumatism General Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu 2005
Almeida
Leea aequata L. Shrub Root - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Bulb, root, Prasad et al. 2008, Sreeramulu
Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Shrub Joint disease; insect bite; boils; blisters; wound General
stem et al. 2013
Leea compactiflora Kurz Shrub Flower, fruit Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Shrub to Obestric diseases; antibacterial; body pain; liver Bhagat et al. 2016, Srithi et al.
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Aerial parts General
small tree enlargement; wound 2009
Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. Shrub Bulb Skin disorder General Wagh and Jain 2015
Climbing
Vitis heyneana Roem. and Schult. Tuber Fever; Sciatica General Rao et al. 2011
vine
Climbing
Vitis vinifera L. Fruit Itching due to impure blood General Bhat et al. 2014
vine
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Gastric problems; indigestion; intestinal ulcer and
vomiting; inflammation; to prevent abortion; wound; skin Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Bhat et al.
disease; diarrhoea; piles; insect bite; hair problems; 2014, Das et al. 2014, Jain
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Herb Whole plant General
insecticidal; wormicidal; gynaecological disorders; 2004, Ignacimuthu et al. 2008,
jaundice; menstural disorders; swellings; ulcer; malaria; Parada et al. 2009
liver diseases; diabetes; rheumatism
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Herb Rhizome Fire burn skin; during hotness of chest and stomach General Namsa et al. 2009
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. Herb Leaves Treating cough; tonic; post-labor tonic General Srithi et al. 2009
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe Herb Rhizome Fungal infections on skin; asthma; growth General Pushpangadan and Atal 1984
inflammation and skin allergy caused by insect bites or
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Herb Rhizome General Namsa et al. 2009
microbes; hypnotic patients; rheumatism;aphrodisiac
Alpinia officinarum Hance Herb - Anti-fungal General Zhang et al. 2013
Tuber, Indigestion; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; anti-mutagenic;
Bhardwaj et al. 2011, Dhal et al.
Curcuma amada Roxb. Herb flower, anti-cancer; insecticidal; wormicidal; diuretic; hemostatic; General
2011
rhizome headache
Children;
Rhizome, Promotes lactation; chronic diseases; fevers; internal body Malviya et al. 2011, Sharma
Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Herb lactating
tuber irritations; worms; anaemia; aphrodisiac 2009
mothers
Rhizome, Diarrrhoea; dysentery; skin diseases; insecticidal; Bosco and Arumugam 2012,
Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Herb General
tuber, root wormicidal; pimples; anticancer; antiseptic; fever Dhal et al. 2011

Namsa et al. 2009, Sharma et

Curcuma caesia Roxb. Herb Rhizome Scorpion and snake bite; inscet bite; pimples General
al. 2013
Curcuma inodora Blatt. Herb Rhizome Cough and cold General Raju et al. 2014
Cold; inflammations; skin disease; tooth ache; antiseptic; Asha and Pushpangadan 2002,
cuts; wounds; eye disease; cough; asthma; gonorrhea; Chenniappan and Kadarkarai
urinary disease; diabetes; dysentery; body ache; jaundice; 2010, Chithra et al. 2016,
Curcuma longa L. Herb Whole plant General
menstural problems; gynaecological disorders; eczema; Manikandan 2005, Muralidhara
bed sore; antisnake venom; postpartum health; increases Rao and Pullaiah 2007, Samy et
lactation; malaria; chronic liver diseases al. 2008
Curcuma petiolata Roxb. Herb Tuber Wounds General Prasad et al. 2008
Pneumonia; restorative diet and nervous tonic; wound;
Rhizome, Udayan et al. 2005, Wagh and
Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Herb stomachache; tuberculosis; cardiac disorders; muscle General
tuber Jain 2015
stress
Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. Herb Rhizome Antimicrobial General Mary et al. 2012
Abdominal cramps; amenorrhea-abdominal pain and
Rhizome, Dhal et al. 2011, Zang et al.
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Herb rheumatic pain; dyspepsia; colic; vomiting; cough and General
tuber 2013
menstrual disorders; bone fracture; diarrhoea; antibacterial
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Herb Fruit Stomache ache General Ramya 2008
Tuber,
Globba marantina L. Herb rhizome, Leucoderma; white spots; diabetes; lactogogue General Ram et al. 2004
root
Globba orixensis Roxb. Herb Rhizome Scorpion stings General Das and Misra 1988
Globba racemosa Sm. Herb Fruit Heart pain; Stomach pain General Rao et al. 2011
Hedychium coccineum Buch. -Ham. ex
Herb Rhizome Sexual debility; antiseptic; foot swelling; rheumatism General Namsa et al. 2009
Sm.
Rhizome,
Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe Herb Diarrhoea General Udayan et al. 2005
leaves
Rhizome,
Hedychium spicatum Sm. Herb - - Chopda and Mahajan 2009
root
Kaempferia galanga L. Herb - Postpartum health General Chithra et al. 2016
Kaempferia rotunda L. Herb Whole plant - General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
Zingiber cernuum Dalzell Herb Rhizome Stomachache General Kshirsagar and Singh 2001
Contraceptive; abortion; asthma; after delivery tonic;
antidiarrhoeal; cough; cold; gastrointestinal disorders; General;
Rhizome, Jain et al. 2004, Ignacimuthu et
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Herb headache; indigestion; labour pain; rheumatism; stomach pregnant
tuber, root al. 2008, Namsa et al. 2009
problems; liver pain; bronchitis; sore throat; earache; women
intestinal gas
Rhizome, Fever; heart pain; stomach ulcers; skin diseases;
Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe Herb General Ram et al. 2004
tuber leucoderma
Headache; joint pain; bone fracture; abdomen pain;
Zingiber spectabile Griff. Herb Rhizome General Chander et al. 2015
neurasthenia; indigestion; body ache; jaundice
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Herb Rhizome Stomach problems; dysuria; headache; fever; indigestion General Chander et al. 2015
Zygophyllaceae

Foetus
Leaves,
Shrub to (pregnant Jagtap et al. 2009, Sharma et al.
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile fruit, seed, Malaria; asthma; healthy foetus; edible
tree women); 2013
root
General
Flower, fruit,
Balanites roxburghii Planch. Tree Pertussis; Corneal opacity; Ephemeral fever General Chopda and Mahajan 2009
bark, stem
Fagonia bruguieri DC. Shrub Whole plant Snakebite General Dey and De 2012
Fagonia indica Burm. f. Shrub Whole plant Fever; cold; cough General Kayani et al. 2014
Aphrodisiac; impotency; irritations; cough; diuretic;
respriratory problems; fever; headache; heel cracks; Ayyanar et al. 2008, Bhagat et
General;
Tribulus terrestris L. Herb Whole plant insecticidal; wormicidal; oral health care; kidney stones; al. 2016, Shanmugam et al.
men
leucorrhea; urinary disorders; wound; gleets; 2012
spermodiarrhoea; veneral diseases

Results included the diagnosis and treatment of diseases on

the basis of age as a major factor which is also true
Indian ethnic communities and distribution map with respect to the other livestock and that most
The results showed the following number of plants used were herbs (720 species). The
indigenous communities for the regions investigated: formulation and route of administration differed,
Andhra Pradesh 34, Karnataka 50, Kerala 37 and depending on the circumstances. In most cases,
Tamil Nadu 36. The diversity of ethnic communities along with plant crude extracts (bark, leaves, stem),
mostly found in southern part of India (Figure 1). survey respondents used predominantly hot water,
Other state wise ethnic communities’ names are honey, jaggery (traditional cane sugar), milk and in a
given as supplementary data. Our analysis shows few cases, other medicinal plants, for example,
that few ethnic communities, namely Adiyan, Irular, Getonia floribunda Roxb. is taken with roots of
Kuruman and Vitolia etc., are present across various Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. to formulate a medicinal
regions. combination (Table 1).
Medicinal plants used by ethnic communities

We recorded a total of 2000 medicinal plant species
Climbers Grasses
belonging to 1033 genera and 215 families from
South Indian ethnic communities. The most widely Orchids
used source of medicinal plants used for livestock Others
diseases were herbs 34.12% (n = 720 species), Shrubs
followed by trees 26.49% (n = 559 species), shrubs
22.32% (n = 471 species), climbers 8.67% (n = 183
species), grass 2.70% (n = 57 species), orchid
1.75% (n = 37 species) and “other,” which includes
ferns, epiphytes, bryophytes, algae and creepers
3.93% (n = 83 species) (Figure 2). Percentages are
based on the total number of data points i.e., N = Herbs
2110 (because some plants fall under more than a
single habit). The most frequently used parts of the
plant were leaves (763 spp.), whole plant (494 spp.),
root (362 spp.), fruit (297 spp.), bark (248 spp.), seed
(163 spp.), stem (122 spp.), flower (116 spp.), tuber
(71 spp.) and “other,” which includes vegetative Trees
buds, husks, nuts, resins, legumes and twigs. Nine
families contributed the highest number of medicinal
plants (ranging from 57 to 192 species). These were
the Fabaceae (192 species), Asteraceae (104 Figure 2. Life forms of plants used for medicinal
species), Lamiaceae (89 species), Malvaceae (87 preparations.
species), Apocynaceae (73 species), Acanthaceae
(65 species), Rubiaceae (64 species), Poaceae (57 Medicinal plant knowledge between different
species) and Euphorbiaceae (56 species). ethnic communities
Additionally, 16 families had in the range of 20 to 39 The study found region specificity in the usage of
medicinal plant species and 190 families had one to medicinal plants. The Malayan ethnic communities in
19 medicinal species. The highest number of genera Kerala used Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke
7.64% (n = 79) were present in the Fabaceae family species for curing rheumatism; however, the Bhil
and the Ficus genus contained 1.4% (n = 28) species ethnic community used Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br
(Table 2). species for curing the same disease in Karnataka.
Further investigated the geographic distribution of
Knowledge documented medicinal plants available in south India. This
The study documented the different types of disease allowed us to use the local flora as a guide to the
such as treating malarial fever, cough, cold and types of medicines available to and subsequently
chest pain, wound healing, skin-related diseases, used by each group. Even though some trends are
respiratory tract infections and typhoid fever, seen, we are not able to definitively conclude that
dyspepsia, dysentery, diabetes, itches, piles and geographic distribution or region-specific availability
jaundice, snake and scorpion bite, skin disease, liver of medicinal plants used for various diseases is
and renal disease, asthma, cancer, cholera and responsible for varied medicinal knowledge between
other diseases observed in pregnant women (Table ethnic communities. About 286 different medicinal
1). This shows that traditionally most of the ethnic plants used to cure skin diseases across the ethnic
peoples’ treatments focused on rheumatism, communities and major diseases with respect to
abortion, asthma, diabetes, skin disease, liver species usage were diabetes and rheumatism.
disease, cough, and (that) also many women
underwent abortion (Figure 3). The data showed that
the medicines were used to target the entire
population: men, women and children. The data
demonstrates that from ancient times health care

Table 2: Taxonomic diversity of medicinal plants funding agencies. Among these funding agencies,
used by ethnic communities in south India (1980- major contributions from the University of Grant
2016). Commission (UGC), 32.5% (n = 97), Indian Council
of Medical Research (ICMR), 8.38% (n = 25), and
Family name Genera Species minor contributions from Science and Engineering
N % N % Research Board (SERB), 1.67% (n = 5), AYUSH
Fabaceae 79 7.64 192 9.60 (Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy,
Asteraceae 67 6.48 104 5.20 Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), 1.34% (n = 4) and
Lamiaceae 40 3.87 89 4.45
others 31.8% (n = 95) (Figure 4). These results show
Malvaceae 35 3.38 87 4.35
that Government of India funding agencies played a
Apocynaceae 43 4.16 73 3.65
Acanthaceae 31 3.00 65 3.25
major role in ethnobotany studies in India, although
Rubiaceae 36 3.48 64 3.20 even with the support of these funding agencies,
Poaceae 39 3.77 57 2.85 some of the ethnic communities’ are not yet explored
Euphorbiaceae 23 2.22 56 2.80 such as Chodhara, Kanivan, Kanyan, Karimpalam,
Cucurbitaceae 20 1.93 39 1.95 Kudiyam Melekudi, Malai Vedan, Palliayar, Mala
Convolvulaceae 11 1.06 39 1.95 Vettuvan, Malapanickar, and Vettakuruman. Having
Orchidaceae 23 2.22 37 1.85 said that, it is promising that ethnic community
Moraceae 9 0.87 37 1.85 research increased from 1995 to 2016 (Figure 5).
Solanaceae 12 1.16 36 1.80
Amaranthaceae 17 1.64 32 1.60 Informant consensus analysis
Rutaceae 16 1.54 28 1.40 Our study archived the presence of 2000 medicinal
Zingiberaceae 7 0.67 27 1.35 plants in southern states of India, many of which are
Phyllanthaceae 9 0.87 26 1.30 extensively distributed throughout India. Their
Vitaceae 6 0.58 23 1.15 medicinal values were recorded from various
Anacardiaceae 13 1.25 21 1.05
indigenous communities. Classification based on the
Araceae 14 1.35 21 1.05
treatment for a type of health resulted in 9 different
Apiaceae 16 1.54 20 1.00
Menispermaceae 14 1.35 20 1.00
categories and FIC value for each was calculated
Combretaceae 5 0.48 20 1.00 (Table 3). The analysis showed that highest levels of
Asparagaceae 10 0.96 20 1.00 consensus were for the musculoskeletal and
Others 438 42.4 767 38.35 neurological category with FIC = 0.553 and general
health with a value of 0.511, followed by
dermatological, endocrinological, nephrological,
gynaecological, odontological and ENT categories.
Family count The least agreement was recorded in cardiovascular
illness with FIC = 0.083, depicting the diverse array of
Skin diseases usage of ecological resources among the
communities and suggests their applications in
Oral; ENT pharmaceutical industry.
Musculoskeletal; nervous
system Discussion
Abortion; gynaecological
diseases Indigenous communities always had a vital interest
in plants, which served as shelter, food and clothing.
Hormonal diseases
Plants contain numerous and unknown
pharmacologically active compounds and each plant
Pediatric diseases
has its own unique combination and properties.
Indigenous people rely upon the restorative power of
Renal Diseases
plants primary healthcare and also as their source of
income (for currency and exchange). Local ethnic
Constipation
communities in south India have, over time,
developed a profound knowledge for utilizing plants,
Cardiac diseases
and produced their own medicine and medical
knowledge in various regions, based on their unique
0 20 40 60 80 100
culture. Many of the ethnic communities live in
mountainous or forest areas with low income levels
Figure 3. Plant family count based on type of and limited allopathic healthcare. As a result they
ailment. developed a long history for practicing medicine with
natural materials. Some commonly known medicinal
Funding agency support traditions come from the Adiyan, Irular,
The study collected 972 peer reviewed articles, of Kattunayakan, Kurumans, Malasar, Palliyan,
this 30.6% (n = 298) articles funded by various Indian Paniyan etc.

0.67% 1.34% 1.67% Botanical Survey of India

3.02%
3.02% Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy,
Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH)
4.69%
Science and Engineering Research Board
(SERB)
31.8%
5.03% Ministry of Environment & Forests
Kerala State Council for Science Technology

and Environment (KSCSTE)
7.17% Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
(CSIR)
Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
Department of Science & Technology (DST)

8.38%
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
University Grants Commission (UGC)
Others
32.5%
Figure 4. Funding for research on ethnobotany and ethnic affairs.
600
500
No. of publications
400
300
200
100
0
98
5
99
0
99
5
00
0
00
5
01
0
01
5 c)
-1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 - De
80 86 91 96 01 06 11 n
19 19 19 19 20 20 20 (Ja
16
20
Year of publications
Figure 5. The number of publications reported ethnic communities’ studies in India

Table 3. Informant consensus factor analysis (FIC) • Antipyretic activity for Andrographis alata (Vahl)
Nees, Justicia adhatoda L. Cereus pterogonus
Lem, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, Corchorus
Category of use Use No. of Informant
aestuans L. (Bhat et al. 2014, Dansi et al. 2008,
reports Taxa consensus Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016, Kshirsagar &
Nur Nt factor Singh 2001)
• Antitumor activity for Calophyllum inophyllum L.,
FIC
Cassia fistula L. Bauhinia purpurea L. Bombax
Musculoskeletal and 326 146 0.553 ceiba L. (Bhat et al. 2014, Ignacimuthu et al.
neurological 2009, Namsa et al. 2009, Sharma et al. 2013)
General health 1241 607 0.511 In a few types of ailments the usage of specific plants
Dermatological 538 286 0.469 varied between ethnic communities. For example,
Endocrinological 226 138 0.391
epilepsy treated by Adiyans using Ipomoea
eriocarpa R. Br., whereas Eravallan and Bhil
Nephrological 62 40 0.360 communities used Calotropis procera (Aiton)
Gynaecological 166 110 0.339 Dryand. and Vitex negundo L. respectively. Similarly,
Adiyan community used Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.,
Odontological and 166 116 0.303
Santalum album L. for blood purification but Irular
ENT used Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Senna auriculata
Gastrointestinal 67 48 0.287 (L.) Roxb., Boerhaavia elongata Brandegee; Goud
used Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz and Hakkipikki
Cardiovascular 37 24 0.083 communities used Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. for the
same. Cholera was cured by the Jenu Kuruba
Most of the species listed are used in two or more community using Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. but
disease groups, such as snake bite, scorpion bite, Anacardium occidentale L. was used by the Koraga
treating malaria, cough and cold, fever, and aches community. Some plants like Jasminum syringifolia
and pains. Major diseases treated included skin Wall.exG.Don and Tabernaemontana crispa Roxb.
diseases, rheumatism and diabetes, which pose the used as sole medicines to cure malaria, cough and
most serious challenge to primary health care in fever.
south India. Most species used to treat these were
recently reported in Indian traditional medicine In this study, we found that ethnic group research
(Ismail & Leelavathi 2011, Manjula et al. 2013, Patel grants were mainly given by the University Grant
et al. 2014). A few pharmacological studies Commission (UGC), India (32.5%). In India, main
regarding species used in indigenous medicine have research funding agencies or government bodies are
also been carried out (Pandey & Negi 2016). Drawn Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Department of
from traditional knowledge, these extensively used Science and Technology (DST), Council of Scientific
species have been shown to contain active and Industrial Research (CSIR), University Grant
compounds and extracts showing therapeutic Commission (UGC) and Indian Council of Medical
effects. A list of these studies is shown below: Research (ICMR). Apart from these, Botanical
Survey of India (BSI), Ministry of Environment and
• Antimicrobial activity and antifungal activity for Forests, AYUSH (Department of Ayurveda, Yoga
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy),
Barneby (Kanthasamy Kalaichelvi 2016) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and
• Antiseptic activity for Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) others. Others include that Indian National Science
W.J. de Wilde, Atalantia monophylla DC. Academy, Kerala State Council for Science
Barleria acuminata Wight ex Nees, Barleria Technology and Environment (KSCSTE) and State
prionitis L. Arisaema leschenaultii Blume, universities and forestry departments (Figure 4).
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff (Arjunan Even with these funding agencies support, some of
et al. 2016, Bhat et al. 2012, Das et al. 2013, the ethnic group's research were not exposed, such
Jain et al. 2009, Kumar et al. 2007, Lingaraju et as Chodhara, Kanivan, Kanyan, Karimpalam,
al. 2013, Pradheeps & Poyyamoli 2013) Kudiyam Melekudi, Malai Vedan, Palliayar, Mala
• Antidiabetic activity for Annona squamosa L. Vettuvan, Malapanickar, and Vettakuruman.
However ethnic group research increased from 1995
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Areca catechu
to 2016 (Figure 5).
L. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Dansi et al. 2008,
Kumar & Pullaiah 1999, Lingaraju et al. 2013,
Mahishi et al. 2005) A total of 105 ethnic groups were identified within the
southern India population along with an extensive
• Anti-inflammatory activity for Cordia africana
variety of names for therapeutic plant species used
Lam., Commelina communis L. Anisomeles
by these groups. This showed the centrality they are
malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims, Andrographis
granted by various groups regarding their flexibility
alata (Vahl) Nees (Chifundera 2001, Kshirsagar
and far reaching dispersion. Even though there is a
& Singh 2001, Suganthi & Libina 2015, Valsaraj
variation in the vernacular names, this promising
et al. 1997)
knowledge of diverse communities is focussed
towards their central ethnomedicinal practices.

Separate communities such as Adiyans, Kurumans, and therapeutic knowledge. The ethnic people’s
Paniyans and Kurichans used a common plant understanding and the use of medicinal plants are
Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe for treating fungal found to be grounded on traditional background.
infections which depicts they might have descended Knowledge transfer practice among the ethnic
from the common place or an exchange of communities is reported to be received from
knowledge between their ancestors. The generation to generation. The people of ethnic
sociolinguistic scope of the vernacular classification communities often commented that most of the
implies a typical chronicled and social legacy medicinal plants were under threat due to increasing
particular to the nation, and in addition a mutual store anthropogenic influence on the natural habitat of the
of natural learning which rises above environmental, plants. Even though these indigenous communities
social, and political limits. Also, the presence of a contribute to a very small proportion of the country’s
shared view of wellbeing and sickness among population, their knowledge is of a great cultural,
ethnically different populations is significant for the social, and potentially economic value. This must be
exchange, observation and protection of restorative protected and utilized in a conscientious manner and
species (Otieno et al. 2015). The present country at the same time we have to take steps to make sure
dataset of India medicinal plants demonstrates the there is no disturbance to its ties to the communities.
great diversity of botanical knowledge held by local
communities and ethnic people, and a significant Declarations
overlap in terms of health-related applications across
the ethnic group. List of abbreviations: Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not
The present investigation highlights the distribution
applicable.
of research on India’s medicinal flora by examining
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
various disregarded and underrepresented issues.
Availability of data and materials: Please contact
Firstly, the species documented for the purpose of
the author for data requests.
this study must be conserved and further
Competing interests: The authors declare that they
ethnobotanical research needs to be carried out.
have no competing interests.
Secondly, research on ethnic groups and medicinal
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they
flora has to be done more robustly so as to gain even
have no conflict of interests.
the smallest, but valuable, ethnic knowledge of India.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization and
Finally, emphasis must be placed on research
designing the study; Santhosh Kumar, Data
towards multi-disciplinary investigation of local
collection and formal analysis; Santhosh Kumar,
perceptions of disease and the population's health-
Krishna Chaitanya, Validation and Visualization;
seeking behaviour for a better understanding of the
Santhosh Kumar, Andrew Semotiuk and Krishna
capability of ethnobotanical and phytotherapeutic
Chaitanya, Manuscript writing: Santhosh Kumar,
knowledge as a public health resource. This
Review & editing: Krishna, Andrew Semotiuk, and
explorative survey underscores the need to
Santhosh Kumar.
document indigenous healing methods and practices
for common health conditions and urges additional
scientific research on the species recorded to Acknowledgements: Authors would like to
determine their efficacy and their safety. The need acknowledge Ms. Kesang Choden Bhutia, CES, IISc,
for regulation of the sector and the benefits of value India and also Mr. Bipin Charles, ATREE, India for
chains could also assist in promoting bridges and help in generating the thematic Indian map for this
fostering relationships between indigenous medicine study. We thank UC MEXUS for support of one author.
and the country’s primary health care services, as
recommended by the WHO (2013). Author Affiliations:
Santhosh Kumar JU1,2*, Krishna Chaitanya MJ3,
Conclusions Andrew J Semotiuk4 and Krishna V1
1
Department of Post Graduate Studies and
The southern part of India observed to be rich in plant Research in Biotechnology, Jnanasahyadri,
species used for a wide range of purposes. Our Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga
research showed a clear need for documentation of 577451, India
plants used to develop herbal medicines in
indigenous communities. This study will not only 2
School of Ecology and Conservation, University of
serve as a source of information but will also help to Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-560065,
make the knowledge accessible for further drug India
screening and development, and, at the same time,
underlines the need for biodiversity conservation of 3
St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Bangalore
this traditional wealth. The regional overlap of many 560027, India
indigenous species, the consensual nature of
disease groups based upon local perceptions of 4
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences,
health conditions, and the relevance of local University of California, Riverside, California, 92521,
vernacular names which enhance the potential for USA
the circulation and transmission of ethnobotanical

Literature cited Ayyanar M. 2013. Traditional Herbal Medicines for

Primary Healthcare among Indigenous People in
Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Homeopathy &
Abraham J, Thomas TD. 2012. Antibacterial activity Ayurvedic Medicine 2(5):1-7.
of medicinal plant Cyclea peltata (Lam) Hooks &
Thoms. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease Ayyanar M, Sankarasivaraman K, Ignacimuthu S.
2:S280-S284. 2008. Traditional healing potential of Paliyars in
southern India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:311-317.
Acharya KP, Kaphle K. 2015. Ethnomedicinal plants
used by yak herders for management of health Balick MJ. 2007. Traditional knowledge: Lessons
disorders. Journal of Intercultural from the past, lessons for the future. In Biodiversity
Ethnopharmacology 4(4):270-276. and the Law: Intellectual Property, Biotechnology
and Traditional Knowledge. Edited by CR McManis.
Adhikari BS, Babu MM, Saklani PL, Rawat GS. 2010. Earthscan, London, U.K., 280-296.
Medicinal plants diversity and their conservation
status in Wildlife Institute of India (WII) campus, Banumathi B, Vaseeharan B. 2015. A Report on
Dehradun. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14:46-83. Medicinal Plants Used in Ethno Veterinary Practices
of Toda Tribe in the Nilgiri Hills. Journal of Veterinary
Ajesh TP, Kumuthakalavalli R. 2012. International Science & Technology 6(5):1-6.
Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 3(12):2213-
2219. Basha SKM, Umamaheswari P, Rambabu M,
Savitramma N. 2011. Ethnobotanical Study of
Ajesh TP, Naseef SA, Kumuthakalavalli R. 2012. Mamandur Forest (Kadapa-Nallamali Range) in
Ethnobotanical documentation of wild edible fruits Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of
used by Muthuvan tribes of Idukki, Kerala-India. Phytology 3(10):44-47.
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
3(3):479-487. Bhagat RB, Chambhare M, Mate S, Dudhale A,
Zaware BN. 2016. Prospective wild edible fruit plants
Alagesaboopathi C. 2012. Ethnomedicinal uses of from part of northern Western Ghats (NWG), Mulshi
Andrographis elongata T. And.–An endemic (MS), India. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(1):15-19.
medicinal plant of India. International Journal of
Recent Scientific Research 3(4):231-233. Bhakshu LM, Ratnam KV, Raju RR. 2016.
Anticandidal activity and phytochemical analysis of
Alam SS, Munira S, Habib MA, Sultana SS. 2012. certain medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats, India.
Karyotype and RAPD Analysis in Common and Rare Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources
Forms of Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites. Cytologia 7(1):25-31.
77(4):499-505.
Bhandary MJ, Chandrashekar KR, Kaveriappa KM.
Al-Asmari A, Manthiri RA, Abdo N, Al-Duaiji FA, 1995. Medical ethnobotany of the Siddis of Uttara
Khan HA. 2016. Saudi medicinal plants for the Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Journal of
treatment of scorpion sting envenomation. Saudi Ethnopharmacology 47(3):149-158.
Journal of Biological Science 24(6):1204-1211.
Bharathi LK, John KJ. 2013. Ethnobotany and
Anusuya N, Raju K, Manian, S. 2010. Nutritive Value. In Momordica genus in Asia-An
Hepatoprotective and toxicological assessment of an Overview. Springer, India, 61-76.
ethnomedicinal plant Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-
Ham. ex D. Don. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Bhardwaj M, Bharadwaj L, Trigunayat K, Trigunayat
127(2):463-467. MM. 2011. Insecticidal and wormicidal plants from
Aravalli hill range of India. Journal of
Arjunan V, Thekkan S, Ali MA, Senniayappan TS, Ethnopharmacology 136(1):103-110.
Subramaniyam P. 2016. Ethnomedicinal
assessment of Irula tribes of Walayar valley of Bharti M, Pravesh R. 2012. Antibacterial activity of
Southern Western Ghats, India. Saudi Journal of Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. and Ampelopteris
Biological Sciences 25(4):760-775. prolifera (Retz.) Copel of Ranchi, District of
Jharkhand Ecoscan 1:397-401.
Asha V, Pushpagadan P. 1998. Ethnomedical and
pharmacognostic investigations on Rhaphidophora Bhaskar A, Samant LR. 2012. Traditional medication
pertusa Schott. Ancient Science of Life 17(3):235- of Pachamalai Hills, Tamilnadu, India. Global Journal
238. of Pharmacology 6(1):47-51.
Awate PD, Gaikwad DK. 2014. Influence of growth Bhat P, Hedge GR, Hedge G, Mulgund GS. 2013.
regulators on secondary metabolites of medicinally Ethnomedicinal plants to cure skin diseases an
important oil yielding plant Simarouba glauca DC. account of the traditional knowledge in the coastal
under water stress conditions. Journal of Stress parts of central Ghats, Karnataka, India. Journal of
Physiology & Biochemistry 10(1):222-229. Ethnopharmacology 151:493-502.
Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. 2005. Traditional Bhat P, Hegde G, Hegde GR. 2012. Ethnomedicinal
knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli practices in different communities of Uttara Kannada
hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of district of Karnataka for treatment of wounds. Journal
Ethnopharmacology 102(2):246-255. of Ethnopharmacology 143(2):501-514.

Bhat P, Hegde GR, Hegde G, Mulgund GS. 2014. Chopda MZ, Mahajan RT. 2009. Wound healing
Ethnomedicinal plants to cure skin diseases, An plants of Jalgaon district of Maharashtra state, India.
account of the traditional knowledge in the coastal Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:1-32.
parts of Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151(1):493-502. Dansi A, Adjatin A, Adoukonou-Sagbadja H, Faladé
V, Yedomonhan H, Odou D, Dossou B. 2008.
Bhattacharjee A, Shashidhara SC, Saha S. 2013. Traditional leafy vegetables and their use in the
Phytochemical and ethno-pharmacological profile of Benin Republic. Genetic Resources and Crop
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.: A review. Evolution 55(8):1239-1256.
International Journal of Biomedical Research
4(10):507-515. Das AK, Stalin N, Muthuperumal C, Swamy PS.
2013. Wild plants used by Muthuvan and
Bhogaonkar PY, Kadam VN. 2006. Kattunaikkan tribal communities of Palakkayam
Ethnopharmacology of Banjara tribe of Umarkhed settlement in Nilambur of Malappuram district,
taluka, district Yavatmal, Maharashtra for Kerala. Medicinal Plants-International Journals of
reproductive disorders. Indian Journal of Traditional Phytomedicines and Related Industries 5(2):82-89.
Knowledge 5:336-41.
Das B, Talukdar AD, Choudhury MD. 2014. A few
Bhuvaneswari R, Ramanathan R, Krishnapriya P, traditional medicinal plants used as antifertility
Madheswaran A, Dhandapani R. 2015. Survey of agents by ethnic people of Tripura, India.
wild tuberous medicinal plants of Kolli hills in International Journal of Pharmacy and
Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. International Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(3):47-53.
Journal of Herbal Medicine 3(4 Part A):41-48.
Das PK, Misra MK. 1988. Some ethnomedicinal
Binu S. 2010. Wild edible plants used by the tribals plants of Koraput district Orissa. Ancient Science of
in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. Indian Journal of Life 8(1):60-67.
Traditional Knowledge 9(2):309-312.
Deepa KC, Jose M, Prabhu V. 2011. Ethnomedicinal
Binu S. 2011. Medicinal Plants used for treating body Practices For Oral Health And Hygiene Of Tribal
pain by the tribals in Pathanamthitta district, Kerla, Population Of Wayanad, Kerala. International
India. Indian Journal of Traditional knowledge Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy
10(3):547-549. 2(4):1246-1250.
Bosco FG, Arumugam R. 2012. Ethnobotany of irular Deepak P, Gopal GV. 2014. Ethnomedicinal
tribes in redhills, tamilnadu, India. Asian Pacific Practices Of Kurumba Tribes, Niligiri District, Tamil
Journal of Tropical Disease 2:S874-S877. Nadu, India, In Treating Skin Diseases. Global
Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants &
Case RJ, Pauli GE, Soejarto DD. 2005. Factors in Indigenous Medicine 3(1):8-16.
maintaining indigenous knowledge among ethnic
communities of Manus Island. Economic Botany Devi VM, Kalirajan K, Prasad PN. 2010. Existence of
59:356-365. Vitamin C Fruit Sources in the Kani Tribal
Settlements of South TamilNadu. Journal of
Chakraborty R, De B, Devanna N, Sen S. 2012. Phytology 2(4):27-32.
North-East India an ethnic storehouse of unexplored
medicinal plants. Journal of Natural Product and Dey A, De JN. 2012. Traditional use of plants against
Plant Resources 2(1):143-152. snakebite in Indian subcontinent: a review of the
recent literature. African Journal of Traditional,
Chandra S, Chandra D, Barh A, Pandey RK, Sharma Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9(1):153-
IP. 2016. Bryophytes: Hoard of remedies, an ethno- 174.
medicinal review. Journal of Traditional and
Complementary Medicine 7(1):94-98. Dey A, Gupta B, De JN. 2012. Traditional
phytotherapy against skin diseases and in wound
Chenniappan K, Kadarkarai M. 2010. In vitro healing of the tribes of Purulia district, West Bengal,
antimalarial activity of traditionally used Western India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
Ghats plants from India and their interactions with 6(33):4825-483.
chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology Research Dhal Y, Sahu RK, Deo B. 2011. Ethno medicinal
107(6):1351-1364. survey of Koraput District, Odisha: An Update.
Journal of Pharmacy Research 4(11):4142-4145.
Chifundera K. 2001. Contribution to the inventory of
medicinal plants from the Bushi area, South Kivu Dhanabal SP, Lall N, Pavithra N, Chaitanya MVNL.
Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Fitoterapia 2015. Natural products as an important leads for
72(4):351-368. discovery of new antitubercular agents: A review.
International Journal of Pharmacy and
Chithra M, Prabhu Kumar KM, Geetha SP. 2016. A Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(11):2-7.
comparative study on ethanobotanical usage of
plants for twenty selected diseases by six tribal Dhanabalan R. 2008. In vitro Phytochemical
communities in Malappuram district. Journal of Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Organic Leaf
Herbal Medicine 4(4):108-113. Extracts of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv

against Hospital Isolated Bacterial Strains. mahal village of dang district, Gujarat, India.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:1022-1028. Research in Environment and Life Sciences 7(2):99-
100.
Dhivya SM, Kalaichelvi K. 2015. Studies on Eth
Karamadai Range of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, Ghanthi Kumar S, Manickam VS. 2008.
India. International Journal of Chemistry and Ethnobotanical Utilization of Poecilineron
Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(11):2116-2124. pauciflorum Bedd. by the Kani Tribes of
Agasthiamalai, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dileep P, Nair GG. 2015. Taxonomic and Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:719-722.
ethnobotanical studies of grasses used by tribals of
Wayanad District, Kerala, South Western Ghats of Gohain N, Prakash A, Gogoi K, Bhattacharya DR,
India. Journal of Global Biosciences 4(5):2212-2235. Sarmah NP, Dahutia C, Kalita MC. 2015. An
Ethnobotanical Survey Of Anti-Malarial Plants In
Dubey D, Sahu MC, Rath S, Paty BP, Debata NK, Some Highly Malaria Affected Districts Of Assam.
Padhy RN. 2012. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal International Journal of Pharmacy and
plants used by aborigines of Kalahandi, Orissa, India
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(9):147-152.
against multidrug resistant bacteria. Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2(2):S846-S854. Goswami D, Mukherjee PK, Kar A, Ojha D, Roy S,
Chattopadhyay D. 2016. Screening of
Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. 2006. ethnomedicinal plants of diverse culture for antiviral
Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants potentials. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC 15(3):474-481.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6(1):35-
41. Harsha VH, Hebbar SS, Shripathi V, Hegde GR.
2003. Ethnomedicobotany of Uttara Kannada District
Dushing YA, Patil DA. 2011. Studies on
in Karnataka, India—plants in treatment of skin
ethnomedicine in Buldhana district of Maharashtra diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84(1):37-
(India). Journal of Phytology 2(12):35-41. 40.
Edayadulla N, Ramesh P. 2012. Antibacterial activity Hebbar SS, Harsha VH, Shripathi V, Hegde GR.
of various stem extracts of Dalbergia 2004. Ethnomedicine of Dharwad district in
coromandeliana. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Karnataka, Indiaplants used in oral health care.
Biomedicine 2(3):S1388-S1391. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94(2):261-266.
Eneh PN, Horien CL, Ashraf W, Bakken J, Bath JL. Heinrich M, Ankli A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O.
2013. A randomized survey of medicinal plants used
1998. Medicinal plants in Mexico:
as natural remedies by the local people of Manikganj Healers’consensus and cultural importance. Social
district of Bangladesh to treat intestinal worms. Science & Medicine 47:1859–1871.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7(9):543-550.
Hills D. 2010. Ethnopharmacological studies on the
Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Medicinal Plants used by Tribal Inhabitants of Kottur.
Guo Z. 1985. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin Environment & We: An International Journal of
World Health Organisation 63:965-981. Science and Technology 5(2010):57-64.
Gailea R, Bratawinata AA, Pitopang R, Kusuma I. Hiremath VT, Taranath TC. 2010. Traditional
2016. The Use Of Various Plant Types As Medicines phytotherapy for snake bites by tribes of Chitradurga
By Local Community In The Enclave Of The Lore- District, Karnataka, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets
Lindu National Park Of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. 14:120-125.
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants &
Indigenous Medicine 5(1):29-40. Horo S, Topno S. 2015. Study and analysis of
nutritional value of some wild and semi wild edible
Gairola S, Sharma J, Gaur RD, Siddiqi TO, Painuli plants consumed by “HO” tribes of W. Singhbhum
RM. 2013. Plants used for treatment of dysentery district, Jharkhand, India. International Journal of
and diarrhoea by the Bhoxa community of district Herbal Medicine 3(5 Part A):25-32.
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 150(3):989-1006. Hota NP, Padhi MM. 2003. Typical uses of certain
common and uncommon plants. Ancient Science of
Gaitonde BB, Kurup PN. 2005. Regional overview: Life 23(1):1-7.
South-East Asia region. In WHO Global Atlas of
Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Ignacimuthu S, Pavunraj M, Duraipandiyan V, Raja
Medicine. Edited by G Bodeker, CK Ong, C Grundy, N, Muthu C. 2009. Antibacterial activity of a novel
G Burford, K Shein. WHO Centre for Health and quinone from the leaves of Pergularia daemia
Development, Kobe, Japan, 75-82. (Forsk.), a traditional medicinal plant. Asian Journal
of Traditional Medicine 4(1):36-40.
Gavali D, Sharma D. 2004. Traditional knowledge
and biodiversity conservation in Gujarat. Indian Ignacimuthu S, Ayyanar M, Sankarasivaraman K.
Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3(1):51-58. 2008. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used
by Paliyar tribals in Theni district of Tamil Nadu,
Gayakvad P, Jadeja DB, Thakre B, Bhalawe S, India. Fitoterapia 79(7):562-568.
Nayak D. 2014. Ethno-veterinary medicinal plants of

Ishola IO, Akindele AJ, Adeyemi OO. 2011. Kadhirvel K, Ramya S, Sudha TPS, Ravi AV,
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Cnestis Rajasekaran C, Selvi RV, Jayakumararaj R. 2010.
ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) methanolic Ethnomedicinal survey on plants used by tribals in
root extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Chitteri Hills. Environment & We: An International
135(1):55-62. Journal of Science & Technology 5:35-46.
Ismail SM, Leelavathi S. 2011. Evaluation of Kalaiselvan M, Gopalan RT. 2014. Ethnobotanical
antioxidant activity of Anisolmeles malabarica R Studies on Selected Wild Medicinal Plants used by
Brand Clerodendrum serratum L. extracts against Irula Tribes of Bolampatty Valley, Nilgiri Biosphere
rheumatism. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Reserve (NBR), Southern Western Ghats, India.
Biological and Chemical Sciences 2:488-495. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Research 7(1):22-26.
Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. 1998.
Review of community-based research: assessing Kamble SY, More TN, Patil SR, Pawar SG, Bindurani
partnership approaches to improve public health. R, Bodhankar SL. 2008. Plants used by the tribes of
Annual Review Public Health 19(1):173-202. Northwest Maharashtra for the treatment of
gastrointestinal disorders. Indian Journal of
Iwalewa EO, Iwalewa OJ, Adeboye JO. 2003. Traditional Knowledge 7(2):321-325.
Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory effects of
methanol, chloroform and ether extracts of Vernonia Kanthasamy-Kalaichelvi SMD. 2016. Medicinal
cinerea less leaf. Journal of Ethnopharmacology plants used by Irula tribes of Nellithurai Beat,
86(2):229-234. Karamadai Range, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu,
India: An ethnobotanical survey. Journal of Medicinal
Jaganathan GK, Hoa THT, Liu BL. 2016. Plant Research 4(4):270-277.
Ethnobotanical survey of Irular tribes in Pillur valley,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (India). International Kataria S, Kaur D. 2013. Ethnopharmacological
Journal of Herbal Medicine 4(1):1-11. approaches to inflammation-exploring medicinal
plants. Indian Journal of Natural Products and
Jagtap SD, Deokule SS, Pawar PK, Harsulkar AM. Resources 4(3):295-305.
2009. Traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge
confined to the Pawra tribe of Satpura hills, Kayani S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Khan MPZ,
Maharashtra, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:98- Ashraf MA, Hussain J, Yaseen G. 2014.
115. Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for
respiratory disorders among the inhabitants of
Jain SC, Jain R, Singh R. 2009. Ethnobotanical
Gallies–Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan. Journal of
survey of Sariska and Siliserh regions from Alwar Ethnopharmacology 156:47-60.
district of Rajasthan, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets
13:171-188. Kennedy SJ. 2006. Commercial Non-timber forest
products collected by the tribals in the Palni hills.
Jain A, Katewa SS, Chaudhary BL, Galav P. 2004. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 5(2):212-
Folk herbal medicines used in birth control and 216.
sexual diseases by tribals of southern Rajasthan,
India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(1):171-177. Khan AV, Ahmed QU, Mir MR, Shukla I, Khan AA.
2011. Antibacterial efficacy of the seed extracts of
Jain SK. 2004. Credibility of traditional knowledge– Melia azedarach against some hospital isolated
The criterion of multilocational and multiethnic use. human pathogenic bacterial strains. Asian Pacific
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3(2):137- Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1(6):452-455.
153.
Khyade MS, Kasote DM, Vaikos NP. 2014. Alstonia
Jayakumar R, Pandalai RC, Nair KKN. 2010. scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall.
Restoring Natural Capital in the Tropical Dry ex G. Don: A comparative review on traditional uses,
Deciduous Forests of the Western Ghats of India. phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of
Ecological Restoration 28(4):485-492. Ethnopharmacology 153(1):1-18.
Jayanthi P, Aravindhan V, Rajendran A. 2012. Kosalge SB, Fursule RA. 2009. Investigation of
Phytotherapeutic Plants Of Madukkarai Hills In The
ethnomedicinal claims of some plants used by tribals
Southern Western Ghats Of Coimbatore District, of Satpuda Hills in India. Journal of
Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Ayurvedic Ethnopharmacology 121(3):456-461.
and Herbal Medicine 2(5):807-906.
Krishna MB, Mythili S, Kumar KS, Ravinder B, Murali
Jenisha SR, Jeeva S. 2014. Traditional Remedies T, Mahender T. 2011. Ethno botanical survey of
Used by the Inhabitants of Keezhakrishnanputhoor- medicinal plants in Khammam District, Andhra
A Coastal Village of Kanyakumari District, Pradesh, India. International Journal of Applied
Tamilnadu, India. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 2:366-370.
3(4):1-5.
Krishna NR, Varma YNR, Saidulu C. 2014.
Joseph JK, Antony VT. 2008. Ethnobotanical Ethnobotanical Studies of Adilabad District, Andhra
investigations in the genus Momordica L. in the Pradesh, India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Southern Western Ghats of India. Genetic Phytochemistry 3(1):18-36.
Resources and Crop Evolution 55(5):713-721.

Krishnaraj MV, Prabu M, Kumuthakalavalli R. 2012. Mali PY, Bhadane VV. 2011. Ethno-medicinal
Herbal Abortifacients Used by Mannan Tribes of wisdom of tribals of Aurangabad district (MS), India.
Kerala, India. International Journal of PharmTech Indian Journal of Natural Product Resources
Research 4(3):1015-1017. 2(1):102-109.
Kshirsagar RD, Singh NP. 2001. Some less known Malla B, Gauchan DP, Chhetri RB. 2015. An
ethnomedicinal uses from Mysore and Coorg ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by
districts, Karnataka state, India. Journal of ethnic people in Parbat district of western Nepal.
Ethnopharmacology 75(2):231-238. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 165: 103-117.
Kshirsagar R, Saklani A. 2007. Ethnomedicinal Mallikarjuna K. 2015. Ethnomedicine for Rheumatoid
Plants for Diabetes, Jaundice and Rheumatism in arthritis by tribes of Papikondalu forest, Andhra
Karnataka and their comparison with Northeast Pradesh, India. American Journal of Ethnomedicine
India. Advances in Ethnobotany 95-116. 2(6):373-378.
Kumar PP, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. 2007. Maloles JR, Berg K, Ragupathy S, Nirmala BC,
Medicinal plants used by Malasar tribes of Althaf KA, Palanisamy VC, Newmaster SG. 2011.
Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of The fine scale ethnotaxa classification of millets in
Traditional Knowledge 6(4):579-582. southern India. Journal of Ethnobiology 31(2):262-
287.
Kumar TD, Pullaiah T. 1999. Ethno–Medico–Botany
of Chenchus of Mahaboobnagar District, Andhra Malviya N, Jain S, Gupta VB, Vyas S. 2011.
Pradesh. Ancient Science of Life 19(1-2):31-35. Indigenous herbal remedies used by tribals of
Madhya Pradesh for improving their sexual
Kumar GP, Chaturvedi A. 2010. Ethnobotanical performance and problem associated with sexuality.
observations of Euphorbiaceae species from
International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Vidarbha region, Maharashtra, India. Ethnobotanical Pharmacy 2(2):399-402.
Leaflets 14: 674-680.
Manikandan PA. 2005. Folk herbal medicine: A
Kumar M, Bussmann RW, Mukesh J, Kumar P. survey on the Paniya tribes of Mundakunnu village of
2011. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants close to rural the Nilgiri hills, South India. Ancient Science of Life
habitation in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal of 25(1):21-27.
Medicinal Plants Research 5(11):2252-2260.
Manikandan PA, Jayendran M, Rajasekaran CS.
Kumar P. 2014. Ethno medicinal plants used for oral 2006. Study of plants used as anti diabetic agents by
health care in India. International Journal of Herbal
the nilgiri aborigines. Ancient Science of Life 25(3-
Medicine 2(1):81-87. 4):101-103.
Kumar PP, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. 2007. Manikandan S, Lakshmanan GA. 2014.
Medicinal plants used by Malasar tribes of Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in
Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of kalrayan hills, eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu.
Traditional Knowledge 6(4):579-582. International Letters of Natural Sciences 12:111-
Kumar TD, Pullaiah T. 1999. Ethno–Medico–Botany 121.
of Chenchus of Mahaboobnagar District, Andhra Manithottam J, Francis MS. 2008. Preparation of
Pradesh. Ancient science of life 19(1-2):31-35. Maravuri from Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. by
Latheef A, Kumar SP, Remashree AB. 2014. Muthuvans of Kerala. Indian Journal of Traditional
Ethnomedicine used for treating cuts and wounds by Knowledge 7(1):74-76.
the tribes of Attappady, Kerala. International Journal Manjula RR, Rao JK, Reddi TVVS. 2013.
of Herbal Medicine 2(2):1-8. Ethnomedicine for Rheumatism by the Tribals of
Madhu V, Suvartha C. 2009. Ethnobotanical and Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of
ethnomedicinal observations in Nirmal Division of Natural Medicine 13:138-141.
Adilabad district, Andhrapradesh, India. Manorama SS. 2015. Ethnobotanical,
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:1003-1016. Phytochemical and invitro antioxidant activity of
Madhu V, Swamy TN. 2010. Ethnomedicine against medicinal plant Pimenta dioica (l.) Merr.(Myrtaceae)
jaundice used by Gond tribes of Adilabad district, from Attappadi, Palakkad district, Kerala. Research
Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets in Pharmacy 4(1):1-7.
14:687-693. Mary HP, Susheela GK, Jayasree S, Nizzy AM,
Mahishi P, Srinivasa BH, Shivanna MB. 2005. Rajagopal B, Jeeva S. 2012. Phytochemical
Medicinal plant wealth of local communities in some characterization and antimicrobial activity of
villages in Shimoga District of Karnataka, India. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Asian Pacific Journal of
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 98(3):307-312. Tropical Biomedicine 2(2):S637-S640.
Majumder S, Ashok BK, Nishteswar K. 2013. Meena KL, Yadav BL. 2010. Studies on
Evaluation of intestinal transit time of root and leaves ethnomedicinal plants conserved by Garasia tribes
of Ipomea sepiaria. Ayu 34(4):430-432. of Sirohi district Rajasthan India. Indian Journal of
Natural Product Research 1:500-506.

Mujumdar AM, Misar AV, Upadhye AS. 2005. Otieno J, Abihudi S, Veldman S, Nahashon M, van-
Antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanol extract of the bark Andel T, de-Boer HJ. 2015. Vernacular dominance
of Dalbergia lanceolaria. Journal of in folk taxonomy: a case study of ethnospecies in
Ethnopharmacology 102(2):213-216. medicinal plant trade in Tanzania. Journal of
Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 11(1):1-7.
Mukti M, Rahmatullah M. 2013. Treatment with
aquatic plants by a Bagdi tribal healer of Rajbari Owuor BO, Mulemi BA, Kokwaro JO. 2005.
District, Bangladesh. Ancient Science of Life Indigenous snake bite remedies of the Luo of
33(1):22-26. western Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology 25(1):129-
141.
Muralidhara Rao D, Pullaiah T. 2007. Ethnobotanical
studies on some rare and endemic floristic elements Oxford Dictionaries. 2013. "ethnicity: definition of
of Eastern Ghats-Hill Ranges of South East Asia, ethnicity". Oxford University Press. Oxford, U.K.
India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11:52-70.
Chander MP, Kartick C, Vijayachari P. 2015.
Murthy EN, Sudhakar Reddy C, Reddy KN, Raju VS. Ethnomedicinal knowledge among Karens of
2008. Ethnomedicinal observations from the Maha- Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of
Mutharam and Yamanpally tribal villages of Ethnopharmacology 162:127-133.
Karimangar, East forest division of Andhra Pradesh,
India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:513-551. Padal SB, Sri BS, Satyavathi K. 2014. An ethno-
medico botanical survey of plants in North-coastal
Murty PP, Venkaiah M. 2010. Some abortifacient region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Malaya Journal of
plants used by the tribal people of Andhra Pradesh, Biosciences 1(3):201-206.
India. Journal of Phytology 2(4):7-12.
Padma Y, Sarojinidevi N, Ratnam KV, Reddy GT,
Muthuswamya R, Rb S. 2014. Pharmacognostical Raju RV. 2016. Herbal/Folk remedies used for snake
studies on the fruit of Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn. bites by tribals/rural people of Rayalaseema region,
Pharmacognosy Journal 6(3):72-78. Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants
4(2):52-56.
Naidu MT, Babu NC, Venkaiah M. 2013. Ethnic
remedies gainst snakebite from kotia hills of Pandey A, Negi PS. 2016. Traditional uses,
Vizianagaram district, Andra pradesh, India. Indian phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of
Journal of Natural Product Research 4:194-196. Neolamarckia cadamba: A review. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 181:118-135.
Namsa ND, Tag H, Mandal M, Kalita P, Das AK.
2009. An ethnobotanical study of traditional anti- Pandikumar P, Babu NP, Ignacimuthu S. 2009.
inflammatory plants used by the Lohit community of Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of
Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Begonia malabarica Lam. in normal and
Ethnopharmacology 125(2):234-245. streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 124(1):111-115.
Nanjunda DC. 2010. Ethno-medico-botanical
investigation of Jenu Kuruba ethnic group of Pani M, Nahak G, Sahu RK. 2014. Review on
Karnataka state, India. Bangladesh Journal of Ethnomedicinal Plants of Odisha for the Treatment
Medical Science 9(3):161-169. of Malaria. International Journal of Pharmacognosy
and Phytochemical Research 7(1):156-165.
Narayanan MR, Anilkumar N, Balakrishnan V,
Sivadasan M, Alfarhan HA, Alatar AA. 2011. Wild Parada M, Carrió E, Bonet MÀ, Vallès J. 2009.
edible plants used by the Kattunaikka, Paniya and Ethnobotany of the Alt Emporda region (Catalonia,
Kuruma tribes of Wayanad District, Kerala, India. Iberian Peninsula): plants used in human traditional
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(15):3520- medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology
3529. 124(3):609-618.
Natarajan B, Paulsen BS. 2000. An Parijatham RT, Sujatha B. 2016. Ethnomedicinal
ethnopharmacological study from Thane district, studies of medicinal plants in Eastern ghats of
Maharashtra, India: Traditional knowledge Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
compared with modern biological science. International Journal of Bioassays 5(2):4825-4842.
Pharmaceutical Biology 38(2):139-151.
Patel JJ, Acharya SR, Acharya NS. 2014.
Nazarudeen A. 2010. Nutritional composition of Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon.–A review on
some lesser-known fruits used by the ethnic traditional uses, phytochemistry and
communities and local folks of Kerala. Indian Journal pharmacological activities Journal of
of Traditional Knowledge 9(2):398-402. Ethnopharmacology 154:268-285.
Nizar KM, Gopakumar S, Vikas Kumar AR. 2015. Patel DK. 2014. Some Traditional Medicinal Plants
Indigenous Ethnomedicines and Victuals of Useful for Boil, Burn and for Wounds Healing.
Malayans: An Indigenous Population of Peechi- Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species
Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. 2(4):1-4.
Indian Journal of Ecology 42(1):9-15.
Patel NK. 2010. Ethno-medicinal plants used for
amenorrhoea and abnormal menstruation diseases

in Danta Taluka (Gujarat). Ethnobotanical Leaflets Priya J, Gopalan R. 2014. Ethnomedicinal studies in
14:1-4. selected medicinal plants of Dhoni forest, Western
Ghats, Kerala. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Patil DA, Ahirrao YA. 2011. Ethnomedicinal Clinical Research 7(4):3-6.
Knowledge of Plants used by Local People in
Buldhana District of Maharashtra (India). Journal of Puravankara D, Gopal GV. 2012. Ethnomedicinal
Ecobiotechnology 3(3):11-17. information of Kurumba tribes of Kundah taluk,
Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu. Medicinal Plants-
Perumal PC, Sowmya S, Pratibha P, Vidya B, International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related
Anusooriya P, Starlin T, Ravi S, Gopalakrishnan VK. Industries 4(4):198-205.
2015. Isolation, structural characterization and in
silico drug-like properties prediction of a natural Pushpagadan P, Rajasekharan A, Ratheeshkumar
compound from the ethanolic extract of Cayratia PK, Jawahar CR, Radhakrishnan K, Nair CPR,
trifolia (L.). Pharmacognosy Research 7(1):121-125. Amma LS, Aicrpe AB. 1990. ‘Amrithapala’(Janakia
arayalpatra, Joseph & Chandrasekharan), a new
Phillips O, Gentry AH. 1993. The useful plants of
drug from the Kani tribe of Kerala. Ancient Science
Tambopata, Peru: II. Additional hypothesis testing in of Life 9(4):212-214.
quantitative ethnobotany. Economic Botany 47:33-
43. Pushpakarani R, Natarajan S. 2014. Ethnomedicines
used by Kaniyakaran tribes in Kaniyakumari district-
Porte SM. 2014. Overview of Folk Medicine Used for Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India.
Typhoid in India. International Journal for Research Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 4(2):56-
in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 5(2):2019-224. 60.
Prabakaran R, Kumar TS, Rao MV. 2013. Role of Pushpangadan P, Atal CK. 1984. Ethno-medico-
non timber forest products in the livelihood of
botanical investigations in Kerala I. Some primitive
Malayali tribe of Chitteri hills of Southern Eastern tribals of Western Ghats and their herbal medicine.
Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Applied Journal of Ethnopharmacology 11(1):59-77.
Pharmaceutical Science 3(5):56-60.
Ragupathy S, Newmaster SG, Murugesan M,
Pradheeps M, Poyyamoli G. 2013. Ethnobotany and Balasubramaniam V. 2009. DNA barcoding
utilization of plant resources in Irula villages Sigur discriminates a new cryptic grass species revealed
plateau, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Journal of in an ethnobotany study by the hill tribes of the
Medicinal Plant Research 7(6):267-276. Western Ghats in southern India. Molecular Ecology
Prakash JW, Raja RA, Anderson NA, Williams C, Resources 9(s1):164-171.
Regini GS, Bensar K, Rajeev R, Kiruba S, Jeeva S, Rahmatullah M, Rahman A, Haque Z, Mollik AH,
Das SSM. 2008. Ethnomedicinal plants used by Kani Miajee EU, Begum R, Rahman M, Nasrin D, Seraj S,
tribes of Agasthiyarmalai biosphere reserve, Chowdhury AR, Khatun Z. 2010. A survey of
southern Western Ghats. Indian Journal of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal practitioners
Traditional Knowledge 7(3):410-413. of Station Purbo Para village of Jamalpur Sadar
Prasad AD, Shyma TB, Raghavendra MP. 2013. Upazila in Jamalpur district, Bangladesh. American-
Informant consensus factor and antimicrobial activity Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
of ethno medicines used by the tribes of Wayanad 4(2):122-136.
district Kerala. African Journal of Microbiology Rajagopal PL, Premaletha K, Sreejith KR, Chacko
Research 7(50):5657-5663. IA, Nimisha KV. 2016. A critical review on herbal
Prasad AD, Shyma TB, Raghavendra MP. 2014. management of asthma in Kannur district of Kerala
Traditional herbal remedies used for management of state. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary
reproductive disorders in Wayanad District, Kerala. Research and Development 2(3):48-52.
International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Rajan S, Sethuraman M, Baburaj DS. 1997. Plants
Chemistry 4(2):333-341. from the traditional medical system of the Nilgiri
Prasad PRC, Reddy CS, Raza SH, Dutt CBS. 2008. tribes. Ancient Science of Life 16(4):360-365.
Folklore medicinal plants of North Andaman Islands,
Rajasab AH, Isaq M. 2004. Documentation of folk
India. Fitoterapia 79(6):458-464. knowledge on edible wild plants of North Karnataka.
Prashanth Kumar GM, Shiddamallayya N. 2015. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3(4):419-
Ethanobotanical Study of Less Known Wild Edible 429.
Plants of Hakki Pikki Tribes of Angadihalli, Hassan Rajasekharan S, Latha PG. 2008. Ethnomedicine
District, Karnataka. Journal of Medicinal Plants And Lead Based Product Development A Case
3(5):80-85. Study. Souvenir In National Workshop on Grower –
Prashantkumar P, Vidyasagar GM. 2008. Traditional Industry Linkage for Promotion of Medicinal and
knowledge on medicinal plants used for the Aromatic Plants Cultivation. Cochin, Kerala, India,
treatment of skin diseases in Bidar district, 73-77.
Karnataka. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Rajendran A, Rao NR, Kumar KR, Henry AN. 1997.
7(2):273-276. Some medicinal orchids of Southern India. Ancient
Science of Life 17(1):10-14.

Rajendran A, Ravikumar K, Henry AN. 2000. Plant Ratna Manjula R, Rao JK, Reddi, TS. 2011.
genetic resources and knowledge of traditional Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure jaundice in
medicine in Tamil Nadu. Ancient Science of Life Kammam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal
20(1-2):25-28. of Phytology 3(10):33-35.
Rajendran SM, Chandrasekar K, Sundaresan V. Ratnam KV, Raju RV. 2008. Folk remedies for insect
2002. Ethnomedicinal lore of Valaya tribals in Seithur bites from Gundla Brahmeswaram wildlife sanctuary,
hills of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India. Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 1:59-71. Knowledge 7:436-437.
Raju RR. 2008. Taxonomic Validation of Crude Ravishankar T. 2007. Ethnobotany of Dharmapuri
Drugs used for Poisonous Bites by Adivasis of and North Arcot Districts in Tamil Nadu, South India.
Rayalaseema Region, Andhra Pradesh. Biodiversity 8(1):12-20.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:934-937.
Reddy A, Reddy PR. 2008. Occurrence of Medicinal
Ram AJ, Bhakshu LM, Raju RV. 2004. In vitro Plant Pollen in Apis cerana Honeys of Khammam
antimicrobial activity of certain medicinal plants from District, Andhra. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:452-
Eastern Ghats, India, used for skin diseases. Journal 460.
of Ethnopharmacology 90(2):353-357.
Reddy KN, Reddy CS, Raju VS. 2008.
Ram S, Vats A, Sharma AK. 2016. Ethno-Medicinal Ethnomedicinal observations among the
uses of some plants of Suratgarh Tehsil, Kondareddis of Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh,
Sriganganagar (Rajasthan). Indian Journal of India. Ethnobotanical leaflets 12:916-926.
Applied Research 2(4):112-115.
Reddy MB, Reddy KR, Reddy MN. 1991.
Ramachandran VS. 2007. Wild edible plants of the Ethnobotany of Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh,
Anamalais, Coimbatore district, western Ghats, India. International Journal of Pharmacognosy
Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 29(4):273-280.
6(1):173-176.
Rekka R, Kumar SS. 2014. Ethnobotanical notes on
Ramachandran VS, Joseph S, Aruna R. 2009. wild edible plants used by Malayali tribals of Yercaud
Ethnobotanical Studies from Amaravathy Range of hills, Eastern Ghats, Salem District, Tamil Nadu.
Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2(1):39-42.
Coimbatore District, Southern India. Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 13:1069-1087. Rodrigues E, Carlini EA. 2005. Ritual use of plants
with possible action on the central nervous system
Ramya S, Alaguchamy N, Maruthappan VM, by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Phytotherapy Research
Sivaperumal R, Sivalingam M, Krishnan A, 19(2):129-135.
Govindaraji V, Kannan K, Jayakumararaj R. 2009.
Wound healing ethnomedicinal plants popular Ross IA. 2003. Jatropha curcas. In Medicinal Plants
among the Malayali tribes in Vattal Hills, Dharmapuri, of the World. IA Ross, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ,
TN, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:1257-1271. 277-288.
Ranjitha MC, Akarsh S, Prashith Kekuda TR, Ruba AA, Mohan VR. 2016. In Vitro Antioxidant
Darshini SM, Vidya P. 2016. Antibacterial activity of Potential of Andrographis Echioides Whole Plant
some plants of Karnataka, India. Journal of (Acanthaceae). International Journal of Pharmacy
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 5(4):95-99. and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(6):70-75.
Rao CV, Ojha SK, Radhakrishnan K, Govindarajan Sai Vishnu Priya K, Rao S. 2008. Exploration of
R, Rastogi S, Mehrotra S, Pushpangadan P. 2004. Tribal Knowledge of Entada pursaetha DC: An
Antiulcer activity of Utleria salicifolia rhizome extract. Endangered Gigantic Medicinal Legume in Eastern
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91(2):243-249. Ghats. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:36-43.
Rao DM, Rao UVU, Sudharshanam G. 2006. Ethno- Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P,
medico-botanical studies from Rayalaseema region Ignacimuthu S. 2008. Ethnobotanical survey of folk
of southern eastern ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern
part of Tamilnadu, India. Journal of
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10:198-207.
Rao JK, Suneetha J, Reddi TS, Kumar OA. 2011.
Ethnomedicine of the Gadabas, a primitive tribe of Saravanan S, Mutheeswaran S, Saravanan M,
Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. Chellappandian M, Paulraj MG, Raj MK, Ignacimuthu
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal S, Duraipandiyan V. 2013. Ameliorative effect of
1(2):10-14. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm., an ethnomedicinal
plant, in arthritic animals. Food and Chemical
Rao VLN, Bharathi K, Appalanaidu P, Naidu JM, Toxicology 51:356-363.
Venkaiah M. 2012. Common plants of medicinal
Sarvalingam A, Rajendran A, Aravindhan V. 2011.
values in kolams of Adilabad district, Andhra
Pradesh. International Journal of Medicine and Curative climbers of Maruthamalai hills in the
Biomedical Research 1(2):111-118. southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India.

International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Singh AG, Kumar A, Tewari DD. 2012. An
Plants 1(3):326-332. ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in
terai forest of western Nepal. Journal Ethnobiology
Sautron C, Cock IE. 2014. Antimicrobial activity and and Ethnomedicine 8(19):1-15.
toxicity of Syzygium australe and Syzygium
leuhmannii fruit extracts. Pharmacognosy Singh N. 2015. Understanding poor man's diseases
Communications 4(1):53-60. in contemporary perspective. The Indian Journal of
Medical Research 141(5):501-504.
Savithramma N, Yugandhar P, Haribabu R, Prasad
KS. 2014. Validation of Indigenous Knowledge of Sivalingam D, Rajendran R, Anbarasan K. 2016.
Yanadi Tribe and Local Villagers of Veyilingalakona- Ethnopharmacological values of Sacred Trees of Big
A Sacred Grove of Andhra Pradesh, Indian. Journal Temples in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India.
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 6:382- Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life
388. Sciences 5:39-46.
Sayed NZ, Deo R, Mukundan U. 2007. Herbal SM SM, Vidyasagar GM. 2013. Medicinal plants
remedies used by Warlis of Dahanu to induce used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in
lactation in nursing mothers. Indian Journal of Bellary district, Karnataka, India. Indian Journal of
Traditional Knowledge 6:602-605. Traditional Knowledge 12(2):321-325.
Seraj S, Jahan FI, Chowdhury AR, Monjur-Ekhuda Sreeramulu N, Suthari S, Ragan A, Raju VS. 2013.
M, Khan MSH, Aporna SA, Jahan R, Samarrai W, Ethno-botanico-medicine for common human
Islam F, Khatun Z, Rahmatullah M. 2013. Tribal ailments in Nalgonda and Warangal districts of
formulations for treatment of pain: A study of the Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India. Annals of Plant
Bede community traditional medicinal practitioners of Sciences 2(07):220-229.
Porabari Village in Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Sripathi SK, Sankari U. 2010. Ethnobotanical
Alternative Medicines 10(1):26-34. documentation of a few medicinal plants in the
Agasthiayamalai region of Tirunelveli District, India.
Shah B, Sheth F, Parabia M. 2011. Documenting Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14:173-181.
Grandmas’ prescriptions for skin ailments in Valsad
district, Gujarat. Indian Journal of Traditional Srithi K, Balslev H, Wangpakapattanawong P,
Knowledge 10(2):372-374. Srisanga P, Trisonthi C. 2009. Medicinal plant
knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in
Shah RK. 2015. A Review on Ethnobotanical uses of northern Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Smilax ovalifolia. International Journal of Herbal 123(2):335-342.
Medicine 3(2 Part A):16-19.
Subramanian R, Krishnaswamy G, Devaraj A,
Shanmugam S, Rajendran K, Suresh K. 2012. Sethuraman P, Jayakumarara R. 2011. Wound
Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the rural healing ethnopharmacological potentials of selected
people in Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu, medicinal plants used by Malayali Tribes.
Southern India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2:132-
Biomedicine 2(1):S429-S434. 137.
Sharma J, Gairola S, Gaur RD, Painuli RM, Siddiqi Subramanian S, Ramakrishnan N. 2011.
TO. 2013. Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating Chromatographic finger print analysis of Naringi
epilepsy by indigenous communities of sub- crenulata by HPTLC technique. Asian Pacific Journal
Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of of Tropical Biomedicine 1(2):S195-S198.
Sudhadevi PK. 1999. Folkloric plant remedies for
Sharma J, Painuli RM, Gaur RD. 2010. Plants used Rheumatism. Ancient Science of Life 18(3-4):264-
by the rural communities of district Shahjahanpur, 265.
Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional
Knowledge 9(4):798-803. Suganthi A, Libina S. 2015. Survey of medicinal and
anticancer plants from Vengad Sree Kurumba Kavu
Sharma PK. 2009. Studies on ethnomedicinal uses sacred grove, Kannur Kerala. Journal of Medicinal
of herbal plants resources in northern hilly zone of Plant Research 3(6):46-50.
Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Plant Science
5(1):158-161. Sugumaran P, Kowsalya N, Karthic R, Seshadri S.
2013. Biomass production and antibacterial activity
Sharma PP, Mujundar AM. 2003. Traditional of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.-A valuable Medicinal
knowledge on plants from Toranmal Plateau of plant. Journal of Tropical Life Science 3(1):8-13.
Maharastra. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
2:292-296. Sulochana AK, Raveendran D, Krishnamma AP,
Oommen OV. 2015. Ethnomedicinal plants used for
Sheikh N, Kumar Y, Misra, AK, Pfoze L. 2013. snake envenomation by folk traditional practitioners
Phytochemical screening to validate the from Kallar forest region of South Western Ghats,
ethnobotanical importance of root tubers of Kerala, India. Journal of Intercultural
Dioscorea species of Meghalaya, North East India. Ethnopharmacology 4(1):47-51.
Journal of Medicinal Plants 1(6):62-69.

Suneetha J, Rao JK, Reddi TS. 2011. Phytotherapy on Indigenous Issues, United Nations, New York, 1-
for Dyspepsia by the Tribals of East Godavari 237.
District, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Phytology
3(6):63-65. Upadhya V, Hegde HV, Bhat S, Hurkadale PJ,
Kholkute SD, Hegde GR. 2012. Ethnomedicinal
Suresh V, Asha VV. 2008. Preventive effect of plants used to treat bone fracture from North-Central
ethanol extract of Phyllanthus rheedii Wight. on D- Western Ghats of India. Journal of
galactosamine induced hepatic damage in Wistar Ethnopharmacology 142(2):557-562.
rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(3):447-453.
Valsaraj R, Pushpangadan P, Smitt UW, Adsersen
Surveswaran S, Cai YZ, Xing J, Corke H, Sun, M. A, Nyman U. 1997. Antimicrobial screening of
2010. Antioxidant properties and principal phenolic selected medicinal plants from India. Journal of
phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants from Ethnopharmacology 58(2):75-83.
Asclepiadoideae and Periplocoideae. Natural
Product Research 24(3):206-221. Vedavathy S, Sudhakar A, Mrdula, V. 1997. Tribal
medicinal plants of Chittoor. Ancient Science of Life
Suthari S, Raju VS. 2016. Antidote Botanicals for 16(4):307-331.
Snake Bites from Koyas of Warangal District,
Telangana, India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Vijaykumar MMJ, Taranath TC. 2010. Survey on
Medicinal Plants 22(1):57-68. Ethno medicinal Plants of Jogimatti Forest
Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India. Environment
Swarnkar S, Katewa SS. 2008. Ethnobotanical wq& We: An International Journal of Science &
observation on tuberous plants from tribal area of Technology 5:223-233.
Rajasthan (India). Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:647-
666. Vilash V, Suja SR, Latha PG, Shine VJ,
Rajasekharan S. 2016. Chronic oral toxicity studies
Tetali P, Waghchaure C, Daswani PG, Antia NH, of crude ethanolic extract and ethanolic fraction of
Birdi TJ. 2009. Ethnobotanical survey of Pellionia heyneana Wedd. leaf in wistar rats.
antidiarrhoeal plants of Parinche valley, Pune International Journal of Pharmacy and
district, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(8):306-312.
Wagh VV, Jain AK. 2015. Inventory of
Thirunarayanan T. 2013. Ethnobotanical survey on ethnobotanicals and other systematic procedures for
Folk Medicine in the management of animal bite regional conservation of medicinal and sacred
poisons in the forest tract of Salem region of Tamil plants. Environment Systems and Decisions
Nadu, India. International Journal of Pharmacology 35(1):143-156.
and Clinical Sciences 2(2):41-46.
Wills PJ, Asha VV. 2006. Protective effect of
Trotter RT, Logan MH. 1986. Informant census: a Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.(Lygodiaceae) against
new approach for identifying potentially effective D-galactosamine induced liver injury in rats. Journal
medicinal plants. In Plants in indigenous medicine of Ethnopharmacology 108(1):116-123.
and diet: Biobehavioral approaches. Edited by NL
Etkin. Redgrave Publishing Comapny, Bedford Hill, World Health Organization. 2013. WHO traditional
New York, 91-112. medicine strategy: 2014-2023. WHO Press, World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Udayan PS, George S, Tushar KV, Balachandran I.
2005. Medicinal plants used by the Kaadar tribes of Xavier TF, Kannan M, Lija L, Auxillia A, Rose AKF.
Sholayar forest, Thrissur district, Kerala. Indian 2014. Ethnobotanical study of Kani tribes in
Journal of Traditional Knowledge 4(2):159-163. Thoduhills of Kerala, South India. Journal of
Udayan PS, George S, Tushar KV, Balachandran I.
2007. Ethnomedicine of Malapandaram tribes of Xaxa V. 1999. Tribes as indigenous people of India.
Achenkovil forest of Kollam district, Kerala. Indian Economic and Political Weekly 3589-3595.
Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6:569-573. Yazdanshenas H, Tavili A, Arzani H, Azarnivand H.
Umapriya T, Rajendran A, Aravindhan V, Thomas B, 2016. News and Views Article Traditional Gundelia
tournefortii Usage and its Habitat Destruction in Tiran
Maharajan M. 2011. Ethnobotany of Irular tribe in
Palamalai Hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Indian va Karvan District in Iran’s Isfahan Province.
Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2(2):250- Ecologia 6(1-3):19-25.
255. Yesodharan K, Sujana KA. 2007. Ethnomedicinal
UNHR & APF. 2013. The United Nations Declaration knowledge among Malamalasar tribe of
on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. A Manual for Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary, Kerala. Indian
National Human Rights Institutions. United Nations Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6(3):481-485.
High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR): Zakaria ZA, Ghani ZDFA, Nor RNSRM, Gopalan HK,
Australia. Sulaiman MR, Jais AMM, Somchit MN, Kader AA,
United Nations Report. 2009. State of the World’s Ripin J. 2008. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory,
Indigenous Peoples. Department of Economic and and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of
Social Affairs, Secretariat of the Permanent Forum

Dicranopteris linearis leaves in experimental animal

models. Journal of Natural Medicines 62(2):179-187.
Zent S, Zent EL. 2007. On biocultural diversity from
a Venezuelan perspective: Tracing the
interrelationships among biodiversity, culture change
and legal reforms. In Biodiversity & the Law:
Intellectual Property, Biotechnology & Traditional
Knowledge. Edited by CR McManis. Earthscan,
London, U.K., 91-114.
Zhang L, Ravipati AS, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC,
Reddy N, Bartlett J, Smith PT, de la Cruz M, Monteiro
MC, Melguizo Á, Jiménez E. 2013. Anti-fungal and
anti-bacterial activities of ethanol extracts of selected
traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Medicine 6(9):673-681.


Indigenous Knowledge of Kerala

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indigenous Knowledge of Kerala

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indigenous knowledge of

medicinal plants used by

Databases and Inventories Background

Conclusions: This multi-disciplinary, wide-scale Correspondence

Published: 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Figure 1. Distribution map of Ethnic communities in India.

Published 11 February 2019

Table 1: Knowledge documented per species as revealed in the literature

Scientific name Habit Parts used Application Treatment References

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Voss Herb - - General Chakraborty et al. 2012

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Lack of appetite; intestinal gas; weakness; inflammation;

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

leucoderma; diabetes; antipyretic; stomach cancer; skin

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Impatiens diversifolia B. Heyne ex Wight Muralidhara Rao and Pullaiah

Published 11 February 2019

enemas; fungus skin diseases; herpes; stomachaches and

Published 11 February 2019

Skin diseases; dysentery; rheumatism; anthelmintic;

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Shrub to Manikandan and Lakshmanan

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Jaundice; Fever and headache; tuberculosis; acidity; piles;

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Rheumatism; gout; piles; leprosy; disease of the liver and

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Bhuvaneswari et al. 2015,

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

bone fracture; vermifuge; malaria; gynaecological

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Published 11 February 2019

Stomach pain and fever; menstrual cycle irregularity; General;