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    Kostas Theo
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    Ailanthus altissima is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 20 meters tall. It has pinnate leaves with 13-27 leaflets and produces small greenish flowers in panicles in spring. The fruit is a samara produced in fall. It is found throughout China except some western regions. While it is sometimes used for reforestation, it is considered invasive and several fungi and insects have been recorded feeding on or infecting it.

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    Ailanthus altissima is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 20 meters tall. It has pinnate leaves with 13-27 leaflets and produces small greenish flowers in panicles in spring. The fruit is a samara produced in fall. It is found throughout China except some western regions. While it is sometimes used for reforestation, it is considered invasive and several fungi and insects have been recorded feeding on or infecting it.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    97 views3 pages

    Ailanthus Altissima

    Uploaded by

    Kostas Theo
    Ailanthus altissima is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 20 meters tall. It has pinnate leaves with 13-27 leaflets and produces small greenish flowers in panicles in spring. The fruit is a samara produced in fall. It is found throughout China except some western regions. While it is sometimes used for reforestation, it is considered invasive and several fungi and insects have been recorded feeding on or infecting it.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Ailanthus altissima

    Ailanthus altissima
    Tree of heaven
    Introduction The genus Ailanthus consists of approximately ten species, which have a wide distribution ranging from Asia to north Oceania. Five species and two varieties have been found in southwestern, southeastern, central, and northern China.[64] Taxonomy: Family: Simaroubaceae Genus: Ailanthus Desf. Species of Ailanthus in China Scientic Name A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle A. fordii Nooteboom A. giraldii Dode Description Ailanthus altissima is a deciduous woody tree that can reach a height of 20 m. The bark is smooth with vertical streaks. The pithy shoots are initially covered with yellow or yellowish brown hairs, becoming glabrous. The leaves are odd-pinnate, 40-60 cm in length, consisting of 13-27 opposite or nearly opposite leaets, which are papery, ovate, or lanceolate, 7-13 cm long and 2.5-4 cm wide, acuminate in the apex and suborbicular or cuneate at the base, with one or two glandular tips. The upper side of the leaf is deep green while the underside is grayish green. The inorescence is a panicle with greenish owers appearing from April to May. The owers are about 6 mm long with 5 imbricate sepals and ve petals, which are 2-2.5 mm long and hirsute at the base. The staminate owers have an unpleasant odor; leaves also produce this odor when bruised. The fruit, which appears from August to October, is an oblong samara, 3 4.5 cm long and 1-1.2 cm wide, with a single at seed in the middle of the wings[64]. Habitat A. altissima grows well in limestonerich soils and often occurs in disturbed areas. Distribution A. altissima occurs nationwide in China with the exception of Gansu, Heilongjiang, Hainan, Jilin, Ningxia, Qinghai, Tibet and Xinjiang. [64] The plant is recently reported to be cultivated in Ningxia,[115] Qinghai,[107] and Xinjiang.[175]
    Ailanthus altissima leaves and owers. (Photo by David J. Moorhead, UGA.)

    Scientic Name A. triphysa (Dennst.) Alston A. vilmoriniana Dode Economic Importance A. altissima is planted in limestone areas for reforestation purposes, but in most cases, the plant is grown as an ornamental. The tree is a source of timber. The leaves serve as forage for Samia cynthia (Drurvy), a species of silk-producing caterpillar. The bark and fruit have medicinal uses [64]. Related Species Two varieties of A. altissima are reported in China. Ailanthus altissima var. tanakai (Hayata) Kanehira et Sasaki has yellowish-gray bark, scythe-like leaets and a single-seeded reddishbrown fruit. Ailanthus altissima var. sutchuenensis (Dode) Rehd. et Wils. can be identied by its red branchlets [64] . Natural Enemies of Ailanthus At least 32 arthropods and 13 fungi have been recorded in association with the genus Ailanthus in China. Four identied fungal species (Phyllactinia ailanthi (Golov. et Bunk.), Cercospora glandulosa Ell. et Kell., Phyllosticta ailanthi Sacc., and Pseudocercospora ailanthicola (Patwardhan) Deighton; at least two new taxa (Alternaria ailanthi from Shandong and Shaanxi, and Aecidium ailanthi from Shaanxi);

    Colorful fruits of A. altissima. (Photo by Chuck Bargeron, UGA.)

    10 Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies

    Ailanthus altissima

    along with one as yet unidentied Coleosporium sp. from Henan, are reported only from A. altissima. Cytospora ailanthi Berk. et Curtis, which can cause a symptom of bark canker on tree of heaven, is reported to occur in Xinjiang[187].One exuous lamentous virus has been isolated from a tree of heaven exhibiting mosaic. It has been identied as a member of the potyvirus group[181]. Witches broom, caused by a mycoplasma-like organism, is reported from Anhui [187].Two weevils, Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Harold) and Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis (Olivier), and one bug, Orthopagus lunulifer Uhler, may have potential for biological control of this plant based on their reported H. R.s and damage to the plant.

    Fungi
    Phylum Family Species Phyllactinia ailanthi (Golovin & Bunkina) Y.N. Yu & S.J. Han Ascomycota Erysiphaceae Uncinula delavayi Pat. Uncinula picrasmae Homma Coleosporium sp. Aecidium ailanthi J.Y. Zhuang Schizophyllum multidum (Batsch) Fr. Nyssopsora cedrelae (Hori) Tranzschel Phyllosticta ailanthi Sacc. Alternaria ailanthi T.Y. Zhang & Y.L. Guo Cercospora glandulosa Ellis & Kellerm. Pseudocercospora ailanthicola (Patw.) Deighton Pseudocercospora qinlingensis Y.L. Guo Cytospora ailanthi Berk. & M.A. Curtis H.R. m p o o mo m m oo p m m m m oo m Ref. 22 23 22 23 22 187 210 23 23 23 nc 23 110 110 187

    Basidiomycota

    Coleosporiaceae Incertae sedis Schizophyllaceae Sphaerophragmiaceae

    Anamorphic Guignardia Anamorphic Lewia Anamorphic Mycosphaerella Anamorphic Valsa

    recorded as Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) P. Karst., and regarded as a synonym of Phyllactinia ailanthi (Golovin & Bunkina) Y.N. Yu & S.J. In reference 22, although Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lv. is regarded as the current name of P. corylea.

    Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies 11

    Ailanthus altissima

    Arthropods
    Order Acariformes Family Tetranychidae Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae Coleoptera Curculionidae Eumolpidae Scolytidae Hemiptera Pentatomidae Cicadidae Coccidae Diaspididae Dictyopharidae Fulgoridae Margarodidae Geometridae Hepialidae Noctuidae Pieridae Pyralidae Species Tetranychus urticae (Koch) Tetranychus viennensis Zacher Acalolepta degener (Bates) Mesosa longipennis Bates Gastrolina depressa Baly Alcidodes waltoni (Bohemen) Desmidophorus hebes Fabricius Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Harold) Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis (Olivier) Basilepta rucolle (Jacoby) Xyleborus discolor Blandford Xyleborus lewisi Blandford Erthesina fullo (Thunberg) Palomena angulosa Motschulsky Huechys sanguinea De Geer Ceroplastes japonicus Green Pinnaspis theae (Maskell) Orthopagus lunulifer Uhler Lycorma delicatula (White) Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) Culcula panterinaria (Bremer et Grey) Percnia giraffata (Guene) Phassus excrescens Butler Phassus miniatus Chu et Wang Eligma narcissus (Cramer) Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus) Talbotia naganuvm (Moore) Dichocrocis punctiferalis (Guene) Omphisa plagialis Wileman Actias selene ningpoana Felder Samia cynthia (Drurvy) H. R. p p p p p p p m m p p p p p p p p m p p p p p p p p p m p p p p p p p p p p p p Ref. 85 85 85 9 85 85 85 2 2 85 182 182 85 85 85 85 85 85 140 204 85 85 65 158 85 85 65 85 158 85 158 85 85 141 65I 141II 158III 207 158IV 207

    Homoptera

    Lepidoptera

    Saturniidae

    Samia cynthia ricina (Donovan)


    I, III

    Recorded as Philosamia cynthia walkeri Felder et Felder; II Recorded as Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder, IV Recorded as Philosamia cynthia ricina Donovan

    12 Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies

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