Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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BY
E. W. SWANTON
MEMBER OF THE BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF ECONOMIC BIOLOGISTS CURATOR OF THE EDUCATIONAL
;
MUSEUM, HASLEMERE
M. K. SPITTAL
WlLICC' : ::riTL';t
CoH w: :Omec
Call
No.
PREFACE
HE fungi comprise a group of plants second to none
in their capacity for evil. Gigantic sums, amounting
to millions annually, are spent in combating the ravages of
fungoid pests, but we are only just beginning to realise that
the rising generation should acquire at least an elementary
knowledge of this most important branch of botany. At
the British Association Meeting in 1907, Mr, Carleton Rea
emphasised the serious claims of mycology for greater atten-
tion than it had up to that time received, and he expressed the
hope that local natural history societies and field clubs would
undertake the investigation of the fungi occurring in their
districts, and provide periodical exhibitions of them. Since
then the study of fungi has received considerable impetus,
and many inquiries have been made for an elementary book
on the subject.
There are books innumerable on common wild flowers
(this branch of botany seems to have been given an undue
importance by teachers of what is nowadays called “ nature-
study”), but there are very few indeed which deal with
common fungi. I hope that this little book, which is
intended to serve as an introduction to the Fungus Floras
and Textbooks of Cooke, Stevenson, Massee and other
authorities, will supply what I have often been assured is
a
desideratum.
As with the wild flowers so it is with fungi, many range
vi FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
throughout the world. Mr. C. G. Lloyd, a well-known
collector of fungi, writes: “The more specimens we receive
from all portions of the world the more strongly we become
convinced that fungi are plants of wide distribution, and
that the fungus flora of the world is practically the same ” (the
italics are his).
Half a century ago, Berkeley noted that out of 275 species
then recorded from Tasmania, no less than 1
13 were British,
and 20 others were European species that may be expected
to occur in Britain ;
yet so little has the study of fungi
advanced in popular estimation that I have on several
occasions astonished people by remarking that a large
number of fungi are cosmopolites !
PREFACE Vll
diagnose a flower.
The majority of the Ascomycetes being minute species
that can only be determined precisely with the aid of a
microscope, I have not considered it necessary to outline
the families and genera of this Order, and have noted only
large, and for the most part common species which can be
easily identified by macroscopic characters.
I have much pleasure in here acknowledging my great
indebtedness to my friend Miss M. K. Spittal for her very
excellent coloured and black-and-white plates.
E. W. SWANTON
Haslemere
September, 1909
CONTENTS
PART I
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Development — The Spore, Mycelium, and Sporophore i
III. Habitats . . . . . . -
23
Bibliography - - - - - - - 45
Glossary
PART II
Gasteromycetes - - . . .
- 57
Hymenomycetes - . - . .
-
74
Ascomycetes . - - . . . . 181
Appendix - - . . . Tr.T
Index -
201
LIST OF PLATES
The coloured ones are marked by an asterisk. Excepting where otherwise
indicated, the plates are from drawings by Miss M. K. Spittal.
..... -
- •
95
102
104
XXXV. DiagramsshowingModesof Gill Attachment [E.W.S.] 107
XXXVI. Types of Gill-bearing Fungi (Agaricaceae) - - 107
XXXVII. *Black-spored Agarics (Melanosporae) - - - 112
XXXVIII. *Purple-black-spored Agarics (Porphyrosporae) - 114
XXXIX. Agarics with Rust-coloured Spores (Genus Cortinarius) 120
XL. *Brown-spored Agarics (Ochrosporae) - - - 125
XLI. Brown-spored Agarics (Ochrosporae) - - - 126
XLII. *Pink-spored Agarics (Rhodosporae) - - - 131
XLIII. *A Green-spored Agaric, Chlorospom Eyrei (Chloro-
sporae) and Gomphidius glutinosus [E. A. Rea] - 136
XLIV. *White-spored Agarics (Leucosporae) - - . 136
XLV. Some Leathery and Corky Agarics - - - 138
XLVI. White-spored Agarics (Leucosporae) - - - 166
XLVII. *Some Familiar Ascomycetes - . . . 182
XLVIII. *Some Spring Ascomycetes - - - . 185
Note.— T/ie majority of the figures are reduced to one-half the natural size;
for the remainder, particulars as to scale accompany the description.
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PART I
CHAPTER I
I
I 1:! ,
2 DEVELOPMENT
of the latter, but differ from both in the entire absence of
chlorophyll, or green colouring matter. Lacking chlorophyll, ||
thread-like bodies ;
but the rank of the former is at once iji
Fungi are of great antiquity. Over 400 fossil species have been||(
*
described. They have been observed in vegetable tissue from rocks of|)l
the Carboniferous —
Age in some cases so well preserved that details ofi(i
structure, and even spores, have been made out. These early fungi ill
are chiefly Ascomycetes gilled and tube-bearing forms have been found lt>
;
in Tertiary strata. J
HYPHiE 3
4 DEVELOPMENT
The presence of oxalate of lime in the walls of hyphae
probably affords protection against attacks by slugs (many (j
!
i
afterwards grow afresh if put into water, but the new growth U
alone will be phosphorescent. Though phosphorescence is
|j
miners are well acquainted with it, and say that sufficient t‘
* There is much
evidence on record tending to show that the seeds
of foxgloves and poppies may germinate after burial for many centuries.
It is not without interest to recall in this connection the famous instance
of the germination in 1866 of seeds of the Egyptian bean [Nelumbium)
from the Sloane Museum collected prior to 1753.
8 DEVELOPMENT
diately beneath unfit for its production. The spawn, how-
ever, spreads all round, and
second year produces a
in the
crop, whose spawn spreads again, the soil behind forbidding
its return in that direction. Thus the circle is continually
increased, and extends indefinitely till some cause intervenes
to destroy it. If the spawn does not spread on all sides at
first,an arc of a circle only is produced. The manure
arising from the dead fungi of the former years makes the
grass peculiarly vigorous around, so as to render the circle
visible even when there
no external appearance of the
is
ring ’
of Clitocyhe geotvopa on Dunstable Downs for forty or
more years, which, under favourable conditions of light, can
be seen at a distance of more than a mile. The diameter
has not altered much during the time I have known it, for
sometimes it grows inwardly for several years, and then
again outwardly.”
The mycelium gives rise to the perfect fungus. In the
orders with which the present volume deals — the Basidio-
mycetes and Ascomycetes — it is styled sporophore and asco-
pJwre respectively.
In the Basidiomycetes the spores are borne on a club-
shaped body, the hasidimi in the Ascomycetes they are
— : : :
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II
DEVELOPMENT IN GASTROMYCETES
Fig. I. — Capillitium thread of a Bovista. (Very highly magnified.)
Fig. 2. Tulostoma mar.miosum : section showing the elongated stem.
(Two-thirds natural size.)
Fig. 3. — Basidium and spores of Tulostoma mammosmn. (Very highly
magnified.)
Fig. 4. Polysaccum pisocarpiuvishowing the numerous cells
section
of the gleba, each containing a peridiolum, and the elongated sterile
stem-like base. (One-half natural size.)
Fig. 5. —
An ideal highly enlarged gleba chamber of a Geaster show-
ing the thread-like tissue of its walls, and the basidia bearing, in
some cases, four spores.
Fig. 6. — Basidium of a Geaster with its spores. (Very highly mag-
nified.)
Fig. 7. Scleroderma vulgare section showing the thick peridium sur-
rounding the spore mass the white flecks amongst the latter are
;
GASTEROMYCETES
A puff-ball is a typical Gasteromycete. In the young
state the interior is a pure white, cellular, soft mass,
known as the gleha. The thin shell or skin which surrounds
it is the peridium. It consists of two distinct layers : a thin
outer one —the exopevidium — usually covered with spines,
warts, or granules, which flake off in most cases, and dis-
— —
one the endoperidium which either splits regularly at the
apex or flakes away when the spores are ripe to allow of
their escape. As the gleba ripens it differentiates into a
series of minute chambers or cavities, which are narrow,
curved, and separated from each other by anastomosing
hyphse. The walls of the chambers consist of layers of
branching hyphae, arranged with their tips pointing inwards.
Each hypha bears a basidium carrying the spores usually —
four —
at its apex. At maturity the tissues of the gleba be-
come moist and dissolve away. In this state the puff-ball
10 DEVELOPMENT
appears as if water-logged, and has a very powerful and
disagreeable smell. The water evaporates, and the peridium
is filled with a dusty mass of spores and threads {capillitium).
This remarkable deliquescence is observable in many
Gasteromycetes. In certain genera, however, the walls
of the gleba chambers do not entirely disappear e.g.,
to the ground when the plant was gathered), and the outer
peridium in such appears quite smooth. Generally, how-
ever, it remains more or less firmly attached to the middle
one. In G. fornicaUis it forms a cup at the base of the arched
segments of the middle layer.
The middle or fibrillose layer is the thickest, and is often
the only one present in herbarium specimens. It is very
variable. In some species it is strongly hygroscopic. When
the plant moist the segments are reflexed, but they become
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PLATE III
3.0 A..M.
HYMENOMYCETES
Though the representatives of this order lack the protec-
tive peridium of the Gasteromycetes, yet it is evident that
the necessity for some kind of protection for the spores
whilst maturing is very great, and has brought about the
development of a protective cap, or pilens. The ultimate
objective in each of the families comprising the order has
been the production of such a cap with a minimum ex-
penditure of material in providing a maximum hymenial
12 DEVELOPMENT
surface. In each there are primitive forms of sporophore,
consisting only of a layer spread over the surface of the
matrix, the spore-bearing surface covering this layer, and
lacking protection of any kind. (In some cases, however,
as when growing on the under side of a log, a certain
amount of protection is afforded by the habitat, and in
others the presence of oxalate of lime is probably a safe-
guard against attacks by slugs and insects.) From these
simple forms the numerous complicated ones have been
evolved.
same species various types of hymenophore
In one and the
may occasionally be met with. The common Polystictns
versicolov affords a very instructive example (see Plate I.).
position.)
If the fungus develops on a small branch, each end of
the free part has a tendency to grow towards the other
(Plate I., 7). Sometimes on the upper
its position e.g.,
—
surface of a log allows the recurring ends to meet, and
they unite, the result being an umbrella-shaped sporophore
with a central stem. The upper part is sterile, and protects
the hymenium, which occupies the lower surface, and some-
times the stem also (Plate I., 8).
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV
DEVELOPMENT IN HYMENOMYCETES
Fig. I. — Mycelium (a), with early stages of growth (b) of Agaricns
campestris. (Natural size.)
subhymenial layer {h), basidia (/), with spores (A’), sterigmata (in), and
cystidia, or barren basidia (;/)
Fig. 7. — Sclerotium, with an agaric, CoUyhia tuberosa, growing from
it. (Natural size
PLATE IV
THE GILL 13
which occupy exactly the same posi- From the gill surface of an
agaric (highly magnified).
tion relative to the stem as those of A, basidia with spores
B, paraphyses or atrophied
any typical agaric, but are always basidia;
C, cystidia, or
hypertrophied basidia.
without a pileus to protect them.
A gill in transverse section consists of three layers. The
central one, or trama, composed of hyphae continuous with
is
ASCOMYCETES
This order includes two sub-orders — Pyrenomycetes and
Discomycetes.*
The Pyrenomycetes are characterized by having the
ascus-bearing surface always enclosed in a flask-shaped
body, the pevithecium, provided with a very short neck,
through the mouth of which (the ostiolum) the spores
escape.
The pevithecia may be isolated (as in Sphasria) or numerous,
and imbedded in a fleshy structure, the stroma, their ostiola
opening on its surface (well seen in Xylaria polymorpha).
* “ As would be expected such a large assemblage of forms, the
in
two groups closely approach each other at certain points. Genera and
even families have from time to time been removed from one sub-order
to another, depending on individual opinion ” (Massee, " Textbook of
Fungi,” p. 281).
——— ) )
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V
DEVELOPMENT IN ASCOMYCETES
Fig. Plants of various ages springing
j.—Sclerotinia sclerotionim.
from a black sclerotium taken from a cabbage-stalk. (Natural size.)
Fig. 2. Asci (with eight elliptical spores in each ascus) and para-
physes of the same. (Highly magnified )
Fig. 4. —
.^sci and paraphysss of the same, highly magnified. Each
—
ascus contains eight one, two, or three septate spores.
Fig. 5. Geoglossum ghitinosum. (Natural size.
the perithecium
In species not provided with a true mouth
ruptures irregularly for the spores to escape.
surface is not
In the Discomycetes the ascus-bearing
seated on a flat or
enclosed, but is fully exposed at maturity,
cup-shaped ascophore.
The hymenial surface is composed of asci and paraphyses.
All the asci are not developed at once.
Their apices rarely
reach the surface of the hymenium. The longer, slender,
Fig. 4. Fig. 5 .
nified.
phenomenon.
2. By Water . — The sporophores of large woody polypores,
growing on trees overhanging rivers and streams may
etc.,
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI
DISPERSAL OF SPORES
Fig. I. — The
cap of Phallus impudicus, the common Stinkhorn
Fungus, with flies devouring the gluten. (Two-thirds natural size.)
Fig, 2. Spho'robolns stcllatiis, group of plants growing on wood.
Fig. 3. — Young plant, magnified.
Fig. 4. — Mature plant about to discharge the peridiolum.
Fig. 5. — Same after extrusion of the inner membrane.
Fig. 6. — Magnified section of Spharoboliis stcllatus,showing the
peridiolum lying within the cup-shaped recep-tacle.
Fig. 7. Scleroderma vulgare (half natural size), showing holes in the
cortex made by beetles.
Fig. 8. —
Ascus and paraphyses of Saccoholus herverni, highly mag-
nified (after Massee), showing the spores arranged in an oblong cluster
at the top of the ascus.
Fig. 9. Pomes annosus growing on larch roots taken from the roof of
a rabbit burrow. (One-quarter natural size.)
I'lG. 10. —
An agaric with a slug devouring the gills.
Fig. II.— puff-ball (Lycoperdon). The spines are worn away, the
thin peridium is collapsing, and the spores are escaping through an
aperture at the summit.
PLATE VI
DISl’KKSAl. OK Sl'OKKS
2
DISPERSAL BY AIR 19
rutilans ; 8, ditto, section showing the yellow flesh and gills 9, Collybia ;
butyracea 10, Boletus luteus ii, ditto, section showing the adnate
yellow tubes and thick whitish flesh 12, Collybia escxilenta growing from
;
a fir-cone.
PLATE VII
showing the almost free gills and hollow stem 3, Mycena puva ; 4, ditto,
;
section showing the adnexed and broadly sinuate gills and hollow stem
5, Russula emetica; 6, Russula fellea; 7, 8, Marasmius peronatus, young
and mature plants g, Tricholoma ternum.
;
PLATE VIII
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX
COMMON IN OPEN PASTURES
I, Psilocybe fcenisecii ; 2, ditto, section showing the broad adnate gills ;
lO {j
CHAPTER III
HABITATS
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI
LARGE FUNGI PARASITIC ON OTHERS
I, XyctiiHs astcrophora growing on Russula nigricans; 2, ditto, section
showing the narrow adnate gills; 3, Nyctalis parasitica growing on
Russula adusta 4, ditto, section showing the broad adnate gills;
Clitocybe nchularis 8, ditto, section showing the free edge of the volva
and the free gills 9, ditto, section of an unexpanded plant, showing
;
the gill-slits.
PLATE AT
NUTRITION 25
CHAPTER IV
SAPROPHYTES AND PARASITES
ungi deriving their nutriment from dead organic
F matter, such as dead leaves, wood,
saprophytes those which obtain their food from living plants
etc., are termed
die and become very hard. These are best seen in large
sporophores growing out of erect trunks (Plate XII., i). It
encrusts anything with which it may come into contact, and
often occurs with leaves and twigs embedded in it. I have
trees, andsaid to
is be the cause of “fly ” wood and “yellow
and white piped ” wood.
Fomes fomentarius (Plate XXXIII.) attacks beech and oak,
and is said by Hartig to be the cause of the “ white rot.”
Polyponis sulphiireus (Plate XXXIII.) attacks oak, larch,
poplar, willow, yew, etc.
Polypoms squamosus (Plate XXXIII.) infests many of our
native trees, notably the elm.
Hirneola auricula-juda, the “Jew’s ear” (Plate XXVI.),
attacks living elder.
Merulius lacrymans, the “ dry rot ” (Plate XXXII.), is one
of the most destructive of parasites. Too often does the
purchaser of a newly-built house make
acquaintance, the
its
first indication of its unwelcome presence usually being a
streak or film of reddish-brown “ dust ” coming from a crack
in the floor, often within an ill-ventilated cupboard. The
“dust” is its spores, myriads of them. If the floor is not
quickly taken up by the owner, it will soon be eaten up by
the fungus. Rotting wood should be removed, and what
appears to be sound should be carefully disinfected with
creosote. The presence of the mycelium of the fungus in
wood is easily known by the “red stripe,” and it is regrettable
that builders constantly use such wood for building
pur-
poses without thoroughly disinfecting it.
histulina Jiepatica (Plate XV.). — The “beefsteak” grows
32 SAPROPHYTES AND PARASITES
on living oaks, and, according to Hartig, causes a deep red-
brown decomposition of the wood.
Dcsdalea quevcina (Plate XXXII.) also attacks living oaks.
Six leaf parasites are shown on Plate XIV. :
3
CHAPTER V
ECONOMIC AND EDIBLE SPECIES
T is estimated that there are about 30,000 valid species
I of fungi. Of
enormous assemblage, probably not
this
more than 250 are of any economic importance, including
about 100 esculent species.
Some poisonous species are occasionally put to a useful
purpose e.g., an extract of the Fly Agaric {Amanita muscaria)
is used in Lapland to poison insects.
Polypoms sqitamosus and P. hetulinus were at one time used
in the manufacture of razor-strops.
Pomes igniayius, F. fomentarius, and Polypoms sulphureus were
used as tinder in the days of flint and steel. It was prepared
by boiling in a solution of nitre. These species were also in
request as styptics for slight wounds, and they are still used
by the Kamchatkans as snuff. An interesting series of
objects (bedroom slippers, smoking-caps, etc.) made from
pliant sheets of Pomes fomentarius may be seen in one of the
museums at Kew.
Puff-balls were at one time extensively used in rural
districts as styptics. The practice has not quite died out.
I was recently told by an old Sussex labourer that he always
kept a few ripe “ puffs ” in his cottage for this purpose.
They were also used to stupefy bees, and for tinder. We
are reminded of these ancient uses in a poem alluding to
some bygone customs, which has the following verse
" The aged puffballs shall help us to cheat
The dainty bees of their luscious meat
While others shall turn to give us light.
And scare from our dell the dreary night.”
[ 34 1
PLATE Xy
young; 13, ditto, section of a young plant, showing the reddish purple
which become black and drip away at maturity.
gills,
FUNGI AS FOOD 35
being, published ;
but that fungi can never take the place
of meat, nor even claim high rank in our bill of fare, is
evident from the experiments of Mr. L. B. Mendel in the
Physiological Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University. He
has shown that the proportion of proteid matter (the
material supplied by meat) is smaller than is usually sup-
posed ;
moreover — and this is an extremely important point
—a large proportion of it resists the action of the digestive
juices. We must remember that the proportion of
also
water is anything between 70 and 90 per cent. therefore a ;
he
(3) need not be expensive. It
T (4)
(i)
is
A
equipment
pocket lens.
for the field
EXHIBITING FUNGI
A few notes on the autumnal exhibition of fungi at the
Haslemere Educational Museum may not be without inter-
est to the general reader and maybe helpful to the teacher.
The specimens are arranged in a long, roomy, and well-
PRESERVATION
Firm, woody fungi may be easily preserved. For this
purpose specimens showing traces of incipient decay or
insect attacks must be avoided. They should be dried in
an oven, or on open trays suspended above a coke stove,
and when thoroughly dry be put away in boxes, care being
taken to put a lump of albo-carbon in each box as a pre-
ventive against attacks by certain minute insects that are the
terror of all herbarium makers. The best boxes for the
purpose are shouldered glass-topped ones, obtainable from
any dealer in natural history material. Full data should
accompany each specimen, or it may carry only a number
securely fastened to it, the particulars being posted up in a
memoranda book. Albo-carbon can be obtained from an
ironmonger. It evaporates quickly, and should be renewed
three or four times a year. To be absolutely preserved
against insects specimens must be poisoned. This may
all
easy to draw the line from the stem to the edge of the cap,
indicating the point of junction of the gills with the flesh of
the cap. This should be done very carefully and accurately,
as it must be depended upon to show whether the gills are
quite free from the stem at their inner extremity, or whether
they are adnexed, or whether they are decurrent, and to
what extent they run down the stem. Then, also, it should
be shown whether the stem is solid or hollow. A little
42 ON PRESERVING FUNGI
colouring, even if would be more useful than
not artistic,
mere description of general appearance. Of no less im-
portance is the addition of notes, giving such particulars as
cannot be conveyed by the sketch, and these would embrace
a statement of habitat, whether growing on the ground or on
wood. Amongst other details, it should be stated whether
the pileus was dry, or moist, or glutinous whether the ;
time to the study of these fungi will not fail to have been
struck by the difficulty of recognising species from descrip-
tions, and even with the aid of figures it is not always
easy to
be sure of your plant. . . . The common species are the
[ 45 ]
46 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fries, Elias. leones Selectae Hymenomycetum. Coloured plates.
Folio. Stockholm, 1867-1882. Latin text.
Fries, Elias. Hymenomycetes Europaei. Upsala, 1874. Latin text.
Lloyd, C. G. Mycological Writings. Numerous monographs (pro-
fusely illustrated), chiefly concerning the Gasteromycetes and
Polyporacese. Privately printed.
Massee, George. British Fungus Flora. A classified textbook of
Mycology. 4 vols. George Bell and Sons, London.
1892-1895.
Massee, George. Textbook of Plant Diseases caused by Cryptogamic
Parasites. 1899. Duckworth and Co., London.
Massee, George. European Fungus Flora: Agaricaceas. 1902. Duck-
worth and Co. London.
,
parent.
Dichotomous (Gr. Divided into two, forked.
dicJiotomeo, to cut in two).
Dimidiate {dimidio, to halve). As when the sporophore is smaller in one
part, as seen in the pilei of many species.
Dissepiments {dissepimentum, a partition). Dividing walls, as between
the pores in the Polyporaceae.
Distant. A term applied to the gills of agarics having a wide space
between them i.e., not at all crowded.
Excentric [ex, out of centrum, the centre). Out of the centre, one-
;
sided,
Exoperidium (Gr. exo, without ;
peridion, a little pouch). The outer
layer of the peridium in the Gasteromycetes,
4
50 GLOSSARY
Heterogeneous (Gr. heteros, one of two gennao, ;
to beget). Not uniform
in structure.
Hirsute (hirsutus, hairy). Provided with hairs.
Hispid {hispidus, rough). Covered with long, stiff hairs.
Homogeneous (Gr. homos, one and the same gennao, to beget). All of ;
moisture.
Hygrophanous (Gr. hugros, moist ;
phaino, to appear). Of a watery
appearance when moist.
Hymenium (Gr. humen, a membrane). The part on which the spores
are borne.
Hymenophore (Gr. humen, a membrane phero, to bear). The structure
;
carrying the hymenium e.g., the pileus to which the gills are
attached in the Agaricaceae.
Hypha (Gr. huphe, a web). The thread-like element of which a fungus
is made up. Plural, Hyphce.
or border.
Indehiscent {in, without ;
dehisco, I gape). Not splitting when ripe ;
not
opening in a definite manner.
Indigenous (indigenus, native). Native and original to the country.
Inferior {inferior, lower). Of the ring on the stem when far down ;
veying juice.
Multifid [multus, many ; fidus, cleft). Cut into many segments or lobes.
Mycelium (Gr. mukes, a mould). The vegetative portion or spawn of
fungi, composed of hyphae.
Mycology (Gr. mukes, a fungus logos, a discourse).
;
The study of
fungi.
outline.
Ovate [ovum, an egg). Egg-shaped.
Remote, A
term applied to the gills of Agaricaceas when they do not
reach the stem, but leave a space round it.
Eeniform {renes, the kidneys forma, shape). Kidney-shaped.
;
involute.
Rimose {rima, a cleft or crack). Marked by chinks or cracks, as in
old bark.
Rufescent {rufus, red, reddish). Becoming reddish hence
;
rufous.
Rugose {ruga, Covered with wrinkled
a wrinkle). lines.
the stem.
Spores (Gr. spora, a seed). The reproductive bodies of cryptogams,
analogous to the seeds of flowering plants.
GLOSSARY 53
walls.
Subiculum [suhiculum, an under layer). The felted layer of mycelium
beneath certain resupinate fungi.
Sulcate [sulcus, a furrow). Marked with grooves.
Superior [super, above). Applied to a ring when it is near the apex of
the stem ;
to the hymenium when it is uppermost, not protected
by a pileus.
Synonym. A superseded or unused name.
'
U't>
OK SOME IKKMK
UIA(,KAMS EXl't.ANATOUV
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI
DIAGRAMS EXPLANATORY OF SOME TERMS
Fig. i.—Hydnum npandum section through the entire fungus,
showing the awl-shaped (subulate) spines protected by the fleshy cap.
Fig. 2. Lachnea hemispherica { =
Pe2iza hemispherica) section showing :
mycelium.
Fig. 9. Boletus luteus : section through the entire fungus, showing
the thick fleshy pileus, the adnate tubes, and the central stem provided
with a ring. (All the figures are two-thirds natural size.)
PART II
diam. diameter.
in. inch or inches.
55
GASTEROMYCETES
BRITISH
OF
GENERA
THE
OF
TABLE
SYNOPTIC
PART II
Order BASIDIOMYCETES
Spores borne on basidia in definite numbers, usually four.
Sub-order GASTEROMYCETES
Hymenium contained within a continuous membrane or
57
58 GASTEROMYCETES
Family HYMENOGASTRACE.E
(The False Truffles)
OCTAVIANIA
(After Dr. Vincent Ottaviani)
0 asterosperma
. (Gr. astev^ a star ;
spevma, a seed — from the
star-shaped spores). XVII. 9,
Plate
Per. 1
1 in., globose, whitish, becoming greenish-blue or
black when bruised, always with abundant cord-like myce-
lium. Amongst rotten branches and leaves in aut., near the
MELANOGASTER
(Gr. melas, black ;
gaster, the stomach —from the black
interior)
now. It occurs
the last century, but not obtainable there
in twos and threes —
usually partly exposed chiefly under —
beeches and Lombardy poplars, in sum. and aut.
HYDNANGIUM
(Gr. hudnon, a truffle or tuber ;
aggeion, a vessel — from the
tuberous form)
HYSTERANGIUM
(G. kustera, the womb ;
aggeion, a vessel —from the shape)
H. nephriticum (Gr. nephros, the kidneys — from the
supposed resemblance of a section to a kidney).
Per. in., irregularly globose, indented, firm, tomentose>
I
white becoming reddish bruised. when
Section pale blue
or grey, here and there greenish, the cells radiating
from the
base. In woods, chiefly on clay soil, aut. and win. Usually
buried 8 or 9 in. Smell strong at maturity, like rotting
puff-balls.
RHIZOPOGON
(Gr. rhiza, a root
;
pogon, a beard — from the tuberous growth
and attached fibres)
^
R. rubescens {vuhescens, becoming red
tint when bruised).
— from the reddish
Plate XVII. 15.
Per. if in., irregularly subglobose, white at first, then
yellow or olive-brown, becoming reddish when bruised.
Frequent in aut. and early win. in sandy fir woods.
^
Family SCLERODERMACE^
(The Earth-balls)
SCLERODERMA
(Gr. skelvos, hard ;
— from the hard peridium)
derma, skin
cut ;
subsessile. Spore mass blackish, with an olive tinge.
Gregarious or caespitose very common on light sandy soils
;
BAI.LS
EARTH
COMMON
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVHI
COMMON EARTH-BALLS
I, Scleroderma aur ant ium {
= Scleroderma vulgare in English textbooks),
showing the thick, rigid, scaly peridium. 2, Ditto, showing the sub-
POLYSACCUM
(Gr. poUis, many ;
saccos, a bag — from the numerous small
cells within the peridium)
P.
pisocarpium (pisum, a pea; carpellum, a fruit— from the
pea-like peridiola). Plate II. 4.
Ber. 2-3 in., globose, indistinctly nodular, olive with a
brown tinge,passing somewhat abruptly downwards into a
.
stout stem about i in. long. Peridiola irregularly ovoid at
first, irregularly polygonal at maturity.
It has not been
observed in Britain since Sowerby’s time, who found
one
specimen amongst sand at Highgate in May.
Lloyd remarks “ The genus is close to
:
Scleroderma, some
specimens having the gleba cell walls
so fragile that the
p ants can be taken for Scleroderma. There exists
j in the
I tissue of the peridium
and walls of the peridioles a yellow
62 GASTEROMYCETES
colouring matter readily soluble in water. As it occurs in
the plant it is black, but dissolved in water it is yellow.
The plant is still used in the country districts of France, I
CYATHUS
(Gr. kuathos, a wine-cup — from the cup-shaped peridium)
C. striatus (from the striate inner surface of the peridium),
“Striated Birds’-nest.” Plate XIX. i.
I
1’L.A TE XIX
\
HIK-n-s-NKsT PLx(;i
(XII)U1.AI<IACEAE)
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIX
BIRD’S-NEST FUNGI (NIDULARIACE^)
Fig. I. — Cyiithus striatus group of plants of various ages. (Natural
size.)
Fig. — Ditto: section (magnified) showing peridiola attached to
2.
Fig. — Ditto peridiolum with the cord drawn out of the funiculus.
4. :
(Magnified.)
Fig. ^.—Cyathns vernicosus.
Fig. 6. Nidulavia pisiformis : plants of various ages, slightly mag-
nified.
Fig. — Ditto section showing the peridiola embedded in mucus.
7. :
peridiolum expelled.
is
CRUCIBULUM
(From a supposed resemblance to a cmcihuUm^ a small
melting-pot)
C. vulgare (from its commonness), “ Common Birds’-nest.”
Plate XIX. 10.
Per. I in. high, thick, greyish-white or
yellowish, bleaching
with age, the mouth
(^ in. across) at first closed with a
yellowish epiphragm smooth and shining within, minutely
;
NIDULARIA
(From a supposed resemblance to a nest, nidus)
N. pisiformis {pisum, a forma, shape — from the pea-like
form of the peridium). Plate XIX. 6.
64 GASTEROMYCETES
Per. about J in. high and broad, cinnamon or buff, split-
ting irregularly. Peridiola subrotund, brown and shining,
becoming wrinkled when dry. Solitary or gregarious, terres-
trial, or on wood and leaves. Sum. and mit. Rare.
SPH^ROBOLUS
(Gr. sphaira^ a' ball ;
hallo, to throw — in reference to the
ejection of the peridiolum)
Family LYCOPERDACE.®
(The Puff-balls and Earth-stars)
KEY TO THE GENERA
Lycoperdon. Endoperidium flaccid, opening by a small terminal
aperture. Sterile base present or absent. Spores not
pedicellate.
Calvatia. Endoperidium flaccid, flaking away in patches. Sterile
base present.
Boviatella. Endoperidium opening by a small terminal
flaccid,
aperture. Sterile base present or absent. Spores
pedicellate. Mature plant normally attached to the
matrix by a strong rooting system.
Bovista. Endoperidium firm, opening by a small terminal aperture.
Sterile base absent. Mature plant loosened from the
place of growth.
Geaster. Exoperidium splitting in a star-like manner
Tulostoma. Stem elongated, slender. Peridium subglobose, opening
by an apical mouth.
Queletia. Stem elongated, stout. Peridium subglobose, opening
irregularly.
Batarrea. Stem elongated, slender. Peridium compressed.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX
TWO COMMON PUFF-BALLS
Fig. I. — Cortex or outer skin of Lycoperdon echinatum, enlarged four
times, showing the long curved spines arranged in bundles. The tips
in each bundle are gathered together, and form more or less of a point;
the spines are separate at the base, and are surrounded by a tessellated
group of brown warts.
Fig. 2, —Cortex of Lycoperdon f^emmatum, enlarged four times, showing
the peculiar arrangement of the consolidated warts.
Fig. Lycoperdon gemmatum, natural size, showing the soldered warts.
Fig. 4. —
Lycoperdon khinatum, natural size, showing the crowded
spines. (All afier Lloyd.)
PLATE XX
lycoperdon
(Gr. hkos, a wolf ;
perdon, dung — from an old belief that
puff-balls grew from the dung of the wolf)
Per. subglobose, 3-4 in. high, 1-2. in. diam., covered with
flattened soldered warts; brown. Sterile
spines pointed,
base cellular, passing down into a thick stem. Spore mass
olivaceous umber. Common in open places in woods in aut.
L. perlatum {pevlatus, very wide —
from the great width of
the peridium in comparison with the stem) differs in having
the exoperidium covered with long fragile caducous spines,
surrounded at their bases by circles of short warts. It is
frequently umbonate, and springs in pairs from the same
base. Occurring in troops in shady woods, particularly
under conifers.
pyriforme {pynis, a pear fovma, shape from the pear-
L.
;
—
I shaped peridium) forms dense tufts (usually) on rotten
stumps and branches, springing from w'hite cord-like
I
CALVATIA
(From the resemblance of some species to a bald scalp, calva)
BOVISTELLA
(Diminutive of Bovista)
—
bogs from its habitat).
B. palndosa {paludes,
A small species with subglobose reddish-brown, scurfy,
. thin peridium (plicate below), contracted into a distinct stem-
ij like base. Sterile base pronounced. Gleba dark olive.
"
Spores pedicellate. This interesting species was added to
; the British fungus flora in August, 1908, when Mr. T.
_ Gibbs gathered it on the moors, Cleveland Hills, Yorkshire.
Hitherto known only from Malesherbes, France, where it
was gathered in 1845. It occurs on sphagnum moss in bogs.
BOVISTA
[Bofist, a fairy-ball, the German popular name*)
plumbea = Lycoperdon plimheum {plumbeus, leaden
B. — from
the colour of the endoperidium). Plate XXL i.
Per. globose, high and broad, outer layer thin
about 2 in.
5—2
68 GASTEROMYCETES
umber, with a decided purple tinge. Frequent in dry
pastures and heathy places.
B. = Lycoperdon pusillum {pusilhts, small —from its
small size).
Per. less than i in. high and broad, subglobose, pale
yellowish-brown, breaking up into minute scurfy squamules
and becoming smooth. Spore mass olivaceous ochre. In
pastures and hedge-banks. Our smallest puff-ball.
GEASTER
(Gr. ge, the earth ;
aster, a star — from the star-like appear-
ance of the mature plant)
Fig. 5. —
Ditto mature plant, showing the cracked surface of the
:
fleshy layer.
Fig. 6. G easier limhatus
mature plant, showing the constricted inner
:
like
G. mammosus [mamniosus, full-breasted — from the breast-
J
endoperidium). Plate XXIII. 5-7.
Outer per. 7-10 segmented, 1-2 in. diam. when expanded,
brownish or umber. Inner globose,
per. whitish-brown.
Orifice conical, even, surrounded by a pale silky depressed
a zone. Spore mass dark brown, with a purple tinge. A
^^rkedly hygroscopic species, easily known
from others
exhibiting this peculiarity by the even
^ conical mouth. Rare.
G. rufescens (from the rufescent colour at maturity),
" “ Red Earth-star.” Plate XXII. 4 and 5.
per. 6-9 segmented, thick, becoming deeply cracked.
70 GASTEROMYCETES
and resembling rough, reddish leather ; 2-4 in. diam. when
expanded. Inner per. globose, pale to dark umber. Orifice
slightly mammiform, often torn. Spore mass blackish-
brown. Differs from G. linibatus in the prominent, persistent
columella and the red-brown colour. Woods and pastures,
aut, and early win. Rare.
G. fimbriatus (from the sometimes fimbriated mouth of the
peristome). Plate XXIII. 8.
sum. or fall of the year, and the thick outer peridium splits
into segments, sometimes as few.as four, sometimes as many
as twenty. They are strongly hygroscopic, and in moist
weather recurve, and, standing on their tips, lift up the
inner ball. In dry weather they closely curve in, clasping
1
PLATE XXI 1
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII
EARTH-STARS (GEASTR/E)
Fig. I. Geaster hygrometricus : globose unexpanded plant, resembling
a young puff-ball.
Fig. 2. —
Section of the same.
Fig. 3. G. hygrometricus : mature expanded plant, showing the seg-
ments of the outer peridium, and the thin, stalkless, globose, inner
peridium, with a torn aperture at its summit for the escape of the spores.
Fig. 4. — G. hygrometricus: a dry specimen, showing the strongly
incurved segments.
Fig. 5. G. mammosiis, unexpanded, showing the upper surface.
Fig. 6. showing the umbilicate base.
Ditto,
Fig. 7. — G. mammosus mature expanded plant. The exoperidium
is divided almost to the base into many segments. The globose, sessile
endoperidium has a protruding mouth seated on a definite area.
Fig. 8. —G. fimbriatus mature plant, showing the recurved segments
of the exoperidium, the segmentation extending about halfv,?ay.
Fig. 9. —
G. fornicatus, showing the fornicate exoperidium arched
over the separated mycelial layer, which remains as a cup on the
ground, and attached to it by the tips of the segments. (All natural
size, after Lloyd.)
EARTH-STARS 71
conditions
the ball, and they will repeat this as often as the
become moist or dry; hence they are called hygro- ‘
TULOSTOMA
(Gr. tulos, cartilage ;
stoma, mouth— from the structure of the
mouth of the peridium)
QUELETIA
(After Dr. Lucien Quelet)
Q. mirabilis {mirabilis, wonderful — from its peculiar shape).
Per. 2^ in., thin, even, fragile, flaking away when adult,
whitish at first, then greyish. S. about 5 in. long, nearly 2 in.
* “The Geastrae, ’’
by C. G. Lloyd, 1902, pp. 9, 10.
72 GASTEROMYCETES
in maximum thickness, somewhat swollen and brownish
below, whitish above, densely scaly. Gregarious, at first
BATARREA
(After Antonio Battarra)
Family PHALLOIDACE^
(The Stinkhorn Fungi)
KEY TO THE GENERA
Phallus. Pileus free ;
joined only at its apex to the stem - like
receptacle.
Mutinus. Pileus adnate and continuous with the stem-like receptacle.
Lysunis. Pileus divided into vertical lobes at the apex of the stem-
like receptacle.
Clathrus. Receptacle forming a hollow globose net.
PHALLUS
(P'rom its phallic resemblance)
PLATE XXIV
(HvaDVdioTivuri)
njMfia
xmoummi.ls
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV
STINKHORN FUNGI (PHALLOIDACE^)
Fig. I. — Enlarged section (three diameters) of an “ egg ” of Phallus
anrantiacus,showing the compressed cells, which very rapidly elongate
as the plant develops. The mechanism may be compared with that of
a “ Jack in-the-box.” (See also Plate III.)
Fig. 2. —
Section of a Mutinus " egg ” just prior to the bursting of
the volva.
Fig. 3.— dried phalloid “egg,” showing the pronounced poly-
gonal ridges.
Fig. 4. —
Mutinus caninus approaching maturity.
Fig. 5. —
Mature phnnt of Mutnnis catiinus, showing the pileus adnate
to the slender stem. (All after Lloyd, 2-5, natural size.)
PLATE XXV
2
COMMON STINKHORN (I’HALLUS IMI’UDICUS)
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXV
COMMON STINKHORN (PHALLUS IMPUDICUS)
Fig. — An “ egg” with the cord-like mycelium.
I.
STINKHORN FUNGI 73
MUTINUS
(An appellation of Priapus)
LYSURUS
(Gr. luo, to loosen ;
ouva, a tail — from the free tail-like lobes
of the mature pileus)
CLATHRUS
{Clathrus, a lattice — from the latticed receptacle)
C. cancellatus (cancellatus, latticed — from the lattice-like
receptacle), “ Cage Fungus.”
At maturity resembling a hollow latticed sphere (4 x 3J in.),
Sub-order HYMENOMYCETES
Hymenium naked ;
basidia and spores exposed in the
mature plant.
AGARICACE^)
BRITISH
THE
OF
OF
GENERA
THOSE
THE
OF
(EXCEPTING
TABLE
SYNOPTIC
76 HYMENOMYCETES
Family TREMELLINACE.E
(Gelatinous Fungi)
AURICULARIA
(From the supposed resemblance of some species to an ear,
auricula)
Fig. 2. Ditto : section showing the stout fleshy teeth and stem-iike
base.
Fig. 3. Exidia glandulosa showing the papillate disc.
Fig. 4. — Ditto, showing the plicated lower surface.
Fig. 5. Ulocolla foliacea.
Fig. 6. Auriculavia mesenterica ,
showing the zoned reflexed pileus.
Fig. 7.— Ditto; the plicate hymenium
Fig. 8 — Hirneola auricula-judcc
. pendulous sporophores.
Fig. 9. Ditto ; showing the folds on the hymenium.
section
Fig. 10. Nirmatelia encephala, showing the plicato-rugose sporophore.
Fig. II. — Ditto section showing the firm central nucleus.
:
stump.
TREMELLINACEiE 77
HIRNEOLA
{Himus, a jug — from the shape when young)
H. auricula-judae, “ Jew’s-ear.” Plate XXVI. 8.
from the middle part, where they are strongest and some-
what convoluted, so as to give an idea of a human ear when ;
EXIDIA
(Gr. exidio, to exude — from the exuding receptacle)
E. glandulosa (from the glandular hymenium), “ Witches’
Butter.” Plate XXVI. 3.
ULOCOLLA
(Gr. oulos, shaggy ;
holla, glue —from its consistency and
appearance)
TREMELLA
(From the jelly-like substance)
N.EMATELIA
(Gr. naima, gelatine ;
eilo, to wrap round —from the gelatinous
substance surrounding the hard nucleus)
GYROCEPHALUS
{Gr, guros^ round ;
hephale, the head — from the globular shape)
G. rufus (niftis,Sph. erect, 3 in. high, somewhat
red).
TREMELLODON
(Gr. odous, a tooth, and from its resembling Tmnella in
substance)
DACRYOMYCES
(Gr. dahm, a tear ;
mukes, a fungus — from the tear-like
habit)
DACRYOPSIS
(From its relation to Dacvyomyces)
GUEPINIA
(After Jean Pierre Guepin)
FEMSJONIA
(From Femsjo, the name of a place)
DITIOLA
(Gr. dittos, double ;
ioulos, down — from the down-like veil)
CALOCERA
(Gr. kalos, beautiful ;
kevas, a horn— from its shape and colour)
C. viscosa (from its viscidity). Plate XXVI. 12.
CLAVARIACEiE
(Club-bearing Fungi)
dry.
SPARASSIS
(Gr. sparasso, to tear to pieces —from the appearance of the
sporophore)
S. crispa {crispci, a curl — from its crisped or curled appear-
ance). Plate XXVIII.
Forms large globose tufts, resembling the heart of a cauli-
flower (or “ like a sponge at the base of
”), Scotch pines in
aut.^ in shady woods. Whitish or pale yellow, branches
laciniate, crisped, and brittle. Stem-like base, usually deeply
rooted. It is not uncommon in pine woods on the Green-
6
82 HYMENOMYCETES
sand in the South of England, often attaining great size.
Worthington Smith records an enormous Kentish specimen,
ft. in circumference, lo in. high, with a solid base of
mycelium 6 in. below the ground. One brought to the
Haslemere Museum in Oct, 1906, measured 3 ft. 8 in. in
circumference, and weighed nearly 6 pounds. It had been
cut off level with the ground.
S. laminosa {lamina, a thin leaf —from the leaf-like plates).
Plate XXVIII.
Closely allied to 5 cvispa, and occurring in similar situations.
.
The branches are more lax and leaf-like, not so compact and
crisped. First recorded for Britain during the visit of the
British Mycological Society to Woolmer Forest, Sept. 26,
1905. The plate depicts the specimen found on that
occasion.
CLAVARIA
(Clava, a club —from the club-like shape of typical species)
Section I. — Branched, the branches attenuated
UPWARDS
(^i) Spore Mass white or dingy white
;
(
X
u
i
-
R
i',
nv
(
I.
1-'
1
,
1
u
A
c
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVHI
Sparassis crispaand Sparassis laminosa (about one-quarter natura
size). From a photograph by Mr. Roger Hutchinson, Haslemere
The block for this illustration was kindly lent by the British iSIyco
logical Society.
2 —
CLAVARIACEiE 83
PTERULA
(Gr. pteron^ a wing — from a fancied resemblance to a little
wing)
TYPHULA
(From the fancied resemblance of some species to the Typha
or Reed Mace)
XXVII. 3.
The club is white, stem dark red or blackish. Slender,
not exceeding i in. in height. Common on dead
in aut.
leaves, sticks, and herbaceous stems. Often springing from
a wrinkled black sclerotium.
PISTILLARIA
{Pistillum, a pestle— from the form)
P. tenuipes {tenuis, thin
;
pcs, a foot). Plate XXVII. 2.
Pale drab, about and up to ^ in. diam. in the
i in. high,
head. Solitary or gregarious on bare heathy soil
and
charcoal heaps in Oct. and Nov
86 HYMENOMYCETES
P. quisquillaris {quisquilics, sweepings, rubbish —from its
Family THELEPHORACE.E
(Leathery Fungi)
CONIOPHORA
(Gr. konisy dust ;
phoveo^ to carry — from the hymenium being
powdered with the spores)
ALDRIDGEA
(After Miss Emily Aldridge, a Sussex mycologist)
A. glutinosa (from its gelatinous consistency), the only
British species, forms broadly effused pallid or purplish-
brown patches on sawdust, extending for several inches.
THELEPHORA
(Gr. thele, a teat; phero, to bear — from the sometimes pa.
pillose hymenium)
T. laciniata {lacinia, a flap — from the fringed margin ot
the pileus). Plate XXX. 9.
Spk brown, shaggy margin, roundish, the
fibrous, with a
lobes overlapping, thin and soft. In fir woods, terrestrial
and running up twigs, heather, etc. Common in woods and
on heathy Greensand moors. Perennial. Aut. and early win.
T. anthocephala (Gr. anthos, a flower kephale, the head) ;
SOPPITTIELLA
(After T. H. Soppitt, a Yorkshire mycologist)
S. cristata {crista, a crest). Plate XXX. 10.
Forms thin, pallid, paint-like patches (5 in. diam.) on the
ground, or encrusting leaves, moss, grass, etc, in aut.
Somefimes forming cristate branches (i high),
in. with
beautifully fringed apices. Never silky.
88 HYMENOMYCETES
S. sebacea (seha, tallow — from its tallow-like appearance).
Forms the familiar crust-like patches on rotten stumps,
particularly fir. Often encrusting fir-needles, twigs, grass,
etc. Tinged brown or cinnamon when dry.
EXOBASIDIUM
{Ex, out of — from the habit, growing spores on basidia
without any true sporophore)
E. vaccinii (from its host, V accinium). Plate XIV. i.
HYMENOCHiETE
(Gr. hnmen, a membrane chaite, a bristle
;
—from the bristly
hymenium)
H. rubiginosa {rubigo, rust — from the colour of the
hymenium). Plate XXX. ii.
Ferruginous brown, often with a purple tinge, foxy rust
colour within. Variable, quite resupinate, slightly reflexed,
THELEPHORACEiE 89
CORTICIUM
{Cortex, bark — from the usual habitat)
C. salicinum {salix, willow — from the usual habitat). Plate
XXX. I.
Sph. |-i in., leathery at first, rigid when dry, fixed by the
centre with a raised margin all round. H. blood-red,
whitish and somewhat hairy below. Gregarious on willow
(rarely poplar) in mit. Resembles a Peziza.
C. calceum {calx, lime —from the chalk-white colour),
common in sum. and aut. on dead wood and branches,
margin determinate, C. lacteum {lac, milk — from the milk-
white colour) is a winter species, with radiating fringed
margin, frequent on dead trunks. C. samhuci (from the
habitat ;
elder, sambucus) forms the familiar pure white
patches effused on dead elder. C. ccemleum {ccemleum,
azure-blue), a winter species, is easily recognised by its
beautiful dark satiny-blue colour.
STEREUM
(Gr. stereos, hard — from hard substance)
its
—
rugosum {ruga, a wrinkle from the usually wrinkled
S.
CRATERELLUS
(From the resemblance of the sporophore to a small crater
or bowl)
CYPHELLA
(Gr. kuphos, a small goblet — from the usual shape)
C. capula (from its resemblance to a small bowl, capula).
Plate XXX. 3.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXI
TYPES OF TEETH-BEARING FUNGI (HYDNACE^'E)
Fig. I.— Hydnum repandum.
Fig. 2.— Ditto, section.
Fig. 3.
— Hydnum auriscalpium group of plants of various ages.
:
Fig. 4.
— Ditto section showing the lateral stem.
:
Fig. 5.
— Sistotrema conflucns.
Fig. 6.— Ditto, section.
Fig. 7.
— Ditto: teeth, slightly magnified.
Fig. 8.— Odontia fimbriata a small patch. (One-quarter actual size.)
:
SOLENIA
(Gr. solen, a pipe — from the short pipe-like shape)
S. anomala (from its anomalous character). Plate
XXX. 6.
HYDNACEiE
(Teeth-bearing Fungi)
KEY TO THE GENERA
Hydnum. Sporophore fleshy,with a central stem, or resupinate.
Hymenium covered with teeth, which are acute and
distinct at the base.
Sistotrema. Sporophore fleshy, with a central stem. Hymenium
covered with flattened and irregular teeth.
Irpex. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with teeth that are
rather acute, and spring from folds or ridges.
Radulum. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with coarse, deformed,
subcylindrical and obtuse tubercles.
Phlebia, Resupinate. Hymenium covered with folds or wrinkles.
Grandinia. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with minute, per-
sistent, hemispherical granules.
Porothelium. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with wart - like
granules, which are excavated at the apices.
Odontia. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with granules that
are divided at the apices in a pencil-shaped manner.
Kneiffia. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with very minute,
barren, acute spinules.
Mucronella. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with long, slender,
acute spines, destitute of any sporophore or subiculum.
92 HYMENOMYCETES
HYDNUM
(From the Gr. hydnon, a truffle — curiously used by Linnaeus
for this genus)
H. imhricatum {imbrex, a tile — from the scaly pileus),
“ Scaly Urchin.” Plate XXXI. ii.
Uncommon. Esculent.
H. repandum {repandus, repand), “ Urchin of the Woods.”
Plate XXXI. I.
IRPEX
[IvpeXf a harrow — from the supposed resemblance of the
hymenial surface to that implement)
RADULUM
{Radix, a root — from the appearance of the hymenial pro-
cesses)
POROTHELIUM
(Gr. porosj a pore ;
thele, a teat — from the teat-like teeth of
the hymenium)
P. confusum (from its having been confounded with other
members of the genus).
Broadly and irregularly effused on fir-sticks, thin, whitish,
dingy buff when dry. Papillae very minute', not more than
^ line long. Sum. and aiU. in woods. Uncommon.
ODONTIA
(Gr. odonSj odontes, a tooth — from the appearance of the
hymenium)
0. fimhriata (fimbria, a fringe). Plate XXXI. 8.
Fig. II . —
Dadalea qitei'cina, showing the sinuous gill-like pore openings.
Fig. 12. Ditto: section showing the long tubes.
I'LATE XXXII
POLYPORACEiE 95
MUCRONELLA
(Diminutive of mucro, a sharp point — from its appearance)
POLYPORACE^
(Pore-bearing Fungi)
—
M. lacrymans (lachvyma^ a tear from the watery drops on
the hymenium), “ Dry Rot.” Plate XXXII. 6.
Somewhat gelatinous. H. irregularly wrinkled, yellowish-
brown or dark brown. F, stains paper red. Margin sterile,
white or yellow. Forming effused patches, varying from
2 to 3 in. to a foot or more in diam., J in. thick or more. Very
variable. “ Whole plant generally resupinate, soft, tender
at first very light, cottony, and white. When the veins
appear, they are of a fine yellow-orange or reddish-brown,
forming irregular folds, most frequently so arranged as to
have the appearance of pores, but never anything like tubes,
and distilling, when perfect, drops of water. Sometimes the
pileus or substance of the plant, from its situation, produces
pendent processes like inverted cones ” (Greville). On
worked wood, carpets, etc., in Britain always confined to
houses and sheds. In a badly infected building the copious
spores cover every object with a thin film of bright rust-
coloured dust.
DiEDALEA
(From the labyrinth made by Dcedalos — in reference to the
labyrinthine, intricate pores)
PORIA
(From the porous hymenium)
P. vaporaria {vaporarium, a stove— perhaps first observed in
a hot-house). Plate XVI. 3.
Por. large, angular, whitish at first, then cream-colour.
Forming broadly effused, thin, inseparable patches (up to
POLYPORACE^ 99
POMES
{Fomes, touchwood or tinder —from the use of many species
in kindling fire in olden times)
POLYPORUS
(Gr. polus, many ;
poros, a tube —from the many pores of the
hymenium)
P. Schweinitzii (after Ludwig David von Schweinitz).
Plate XIII. 6.
long. Pov. large and very angular, often elongate and sinuous,
yellow with a tinge of green, becoming brownish when
bruised, reddish-brown when dry. S. usually central and
distinct. Spore mass pure white. Not uncommon in the
South of England at the base of living larch trees. A deadly
parasite. The stem is not invariably central, and sometimes
is quite obsolete. When growing within a hollow trunk, it
is often attached by a broad lateral base, and the pilei
PLATE XXXI 1
COMMON POLYPORES
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIII
COMMON POLYPORES
Fig. I. — Polyporus imbricated sporophores growing from
fiimosus
the side of a log tilted to show the greyish hymenial surface.
;
FISTULINA
{Fistula, a pipe — from the pipe-like character of the tubes)
F. hepatica (Gr. hepatikos, of the liver —from the liver-like
STROBILOMYCES
(Gr. strobilos, a fir cone ;
muhes, a fungus — from the supposed
resemblance of the pileus to a fir cone)
dotted above the ring streaked or stained with red below it.
;
POLYPORACE.E 105
nanus (P. i in.) differs in the flesh, becoming red when cut,
incurved, hollow ;
colour of the pileus, flesh yellow. Para-
on the earth-balls {Scleroderma vulgare and verrucosum).
sitic
water, which ozonises the oxygen of the air, and then effects
a combination with the resin, to which it gives up its oxygen
in the form of ozone, the result being a more or less intense
blue coloration.” The resinous substance is guaiacum
the oxidising ferment is known as tyrosinase. The phe-
nomenon is not confined to the Boleti, but is possessed by
other fungi in the various groups.
B. scaber (scabev, rough — in allusion to the stem),
“ Porcinello.” Plate XXXIV. 3.
10
rV’rES OK ClIU.-ItEAKINC; KL'NGl (aCIARICACE Ak)
;
AGARICACEiE 107
Family AGARICACEiE
(Gill-bearing Fungi)
brittle f 1
C. Plant fleshy, more or less flrm, rotting at maturity. Stem central, gristly,
its substance confluent with, but dissimilar from, that of the pileus.
AGARICACE.E log
D. Plant fleshy, more or less flrm, rotting at maturity. Stem not central
absent from some species.
I . Stem central.
BRITISH
OF
GENERA
THE
OF
TABLE
SYNOPTIC
;;
MELANOSPOR^ III
MELANOSPORiE
Spores black. Gills black or dark grey, speckled with the
spores ;
never tinged purple at maturity.
COPRINUS
(Gr. hopYOs, dung — from the habitat.)
C. comatus {coma, a hair— from the shaggy pileus), “ Maned
Inkcap.” Plate XV. ii.
ANELLARIA
{Anellus, a little ring — from the ring on the stem)
A. separata {separatus, distinct — from distinct character-
its
PANiEOLUS
(Gr. panaiolos, all variegated —from the variegated gills)
P. 1
1 in. high and broad, bell-shaped, more or less
umbonate, neither expanding nor splitting, glabrous brown,
becoming reddish. G. adnate, crowded, ascending, grey,
variegated with black. 5 . 3-5 in., straight, entirely reddish ;
black-spored agarics
(melanosporae)
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVH
BLACK-SPORED AGARICS (MELANOSPOR/E)
Fig. —Anellaria separata.
I.
MELANOSPOR^ 113
PSATHYRELLA
(Diminutive of Psathyra, a genus of the Porphyrosporae)
GOMPHIDIUS
(Gr. gomphos, a large nail or bolt — from the shape of the
sporophore)
A very remarkable genus not closely allied to any other.
It might with equal propriety be placed in any of the groups
PORPHYROSPOR^
Spores purple-black. Gills black or brown, with a purple
tinge at maturity.
PSATHYRA
(Gr. psathufos, friable — from the friable substance)
P. corrugis {niga, a wrinkle). Plate XXXVIII. 4.
P. 1-2 in., submembranaceous, bell-shaped, umbonate,
corrugated when dry, very pale ochre, often tinged with
pink. G. sinuate, adnexed, broad, violet-black. S. 2-3 in.,
PSILOCYBE
(Gr. psilos, naked ;
kube, — from the naked pileus)
a head
PLATE XXXVIII
Fig. 13. — Agaricus arvensis very young and small mature plants.
:
Fig. 14. — Ditto; section showing the thick flesh of the pileus and
he free gills.
PORPHYROSPORiE 115
HYPHOLOMA
(Gr. huphe, a web ;
loma, a fringe —from the fringe-like veil)
STROPHARIA
(Gr. stvophos^ a sword-belt — from a fancied resemblance in
the ring)
PILOSACE
(Gr. pilos, felt ;
sakos, a garment — from the pelliculose pileus)
P. Algeriensis (first observed in Algeria).
P. 3-4 in., fleshy, snow-white. G. distant, free, very
narrow, dark purple. 5 2-3 . in., stout, solid, white. There
is only one British record. It is probable that a form of
Agaricus carnpestris was mistaken for it.
AGARICUS
(PsALLiOTA of some authors)
(The origin of the term Agaricus is peculiar. It is said to
be derived from Agaria, a region of Sarmatia, Poland.
Psalliota from Gr. psalion, a ring in reference to the very—
evident ring.)
A. campestris {ccmipus, a plain or field), The Common
Mushroom.” Plate IV. i.
P. 3-6 globose, then convex, dry, silky, whitish, the
in.,
is usually supposed.
CHITONIA
(Gr. chiton^ a tunic — from the veil enveloping the plant in
infancy)
OCHROSPOR^ 119
OCHROSPORiE
PAXILLUS
{Paxillus, a small stake or peg —from the form of the
sporophore)
CORTINARIUS
(From the cortina, or veil)
Sub-genus i. PHLEGMACIUM
(Gr. phlegma, shining moisture —from the clammy pileus)
Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) calachrous (Gr. halos, beautiful
cliYos, colour — from its beautiful colours). Plate XXXIX. 9.
clear blue. Both stem and gills become spotted violet purple
when touched. Common in pine and mixed woods.
Cortinarius caerulesceus {ccsmleus, azure —from the azure-
PLATE XXX[X
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIX
AGARICS WITH RUST-COLOURED SPORES (GENUS
CORTJNARIUS)
Fig. I. — C. {Telainonia) hinnnlens, young and mature.
Fig. 2. — Ditto : section showing the broad emarginate gills.
Fig. 5.
— C. {Dermocybe) mature. caninits,
Fig. 7.
— C. {Myxacium)- eliitiny mature.
Fig. 8. — Ditto; section of young plant.
Fig. 9. — C. {Phlcgmaciinn) calochrmis, mature.
Fig. 10. — Ditto section of young plant showing the invol
; te margin,
and stem with abruptly marginate bulb.
Fig. II. —
C. (Inoloma) violaccits. young, showing the wool veil
Fig. 12, —
Ditto section of mature plant showing the ver;
: ..road gills
—
OCHROSPORiE I2I
Sub-genus 2. MYXACIUM
(Gr. nntxa, mucus— from the glutinous pileus and stem)
Sub-genus 3. -INOLOMA
(Gr. is, inos, a fibre ;
loma, a fringe — from the fringed veil)
Sub-genus 4. DERMOCYBE
(Gr. derma, skin ; kuhe, a head — from the thinly, fleshy
pileus)
win.
In the var. semi -sanguineus., the gills are narrow with a
beautiful blood - red tint, or orange - brown with a red
tinge.
Cortinarius (Dermocybe) sanguineus, “ Blood-red agaric,”
a small species (P. 1-2 in.) frequent in woods, chiefly pine,
in aut. is entirely blood-red within and without, and the
stem (1^-2 in.) gives out a blood-red juice when squeezed.
Sub-genus 6. — HYDROCYBE
(Gr. hudoy, water ;
huhe, head —from the moist or hygro-
phanous pileus)
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XL
BROWN-SPORED AGARICS (OCHROSPOR^)—
Fig. I. — Cortinarius (Dermocybe) cinnamomens : plants of various ages,
with section and magnified spores.
Fig. 2. Bolbitius frag i I is : plants of various ages, with section and
magnified spores.
Fig. 3. Pholiota squavrosa plants of various ages, showing the scaly
:
the disc.
Fig. 7. Paxillus involutus.
Fig. 8. — Ditto : showing the incurved margin.
section
Fig. 9. and spores.
Inocybe rimosa, with section
Fig. 10. Crepidotus mollis: imbricated pilei on rotting wood.
Fig. II. Ditto, showing the gills radiating from the short stem.
Fig. 12.— Section showing the decurrent gills.
PLATE XL
CREPIDOTUS
(Gr. hrepis, a slipper— from the shape of some species)
TUBARIA
{Tuba, a trumpet — from the shape of typical species)
T. furfuracea {furfur, bran — from the scurfy pileus).
Plate XLI. I.
FLAMMULA
{Flanma, a flame — from the flame-like colours of many
species)
GALERA
{Galerus, a cup —from the shape of the pileus)
NAUCORIA
[Naucum, a trifle — from the almost obsolete veil)
N. melinoides (Gr. mel^ honey ;
eidos, appearance). Plate
XLI. 3.
PLATE XLl
Fig. 8 — Galera
. young and mature.
tenera,
HEBELOMA
(Gr. hehe, youth ;
Ionia, fringe — in allusion to the fringe-like
veil of some species)
INOCYBE
(Gr. is, inos, a fibre ;
kuhe, a head — from the fibrous pileus)
I. rimosa {yima, a crack — from the cracked pileus). Plate
XL. 9.
P. 1-2 in., bell-shaped, very slightly umbonate, cuticle
splitting longitudinally, yellowish-brown, G. almost free,
PLUTEOLUS
(Diminutive of Pluteus, a genus of the Rhodosporae)
PHOLIOTA
(Gr. pholis, a scale — from the scaly pileus)
P. squarrosa {squarrosns, rough — from the scaly pileus).
Plate XL. 3.
Plate XIII. 4.
P. 2-4 in., fleshy, convex, glutinous ;
yellow, with con-
centric, squarrose, darker scales. F. whitish. G. adnate^
yellow, then ferruginous. S. 3-6 in., thick, subequal, some-
what bulbous ;
coloured and marked like the pileus up to
the floccose, radiating yellow R. Frequent on trunks of
various trees in aut. A very showy species, at once dis-
tinguished by the glutinous pileus and stem. The rust-
coloured scales which adorn them apparently dissolve away
in the gluten.
P. mutabilis {mutabilis, changeable). Also forms dense
tufts on trunks (chiefly lime and ash). Pileus not scaly,
obtusely umbonate, deep cinnamon, pale when dry. Tastes
like gingerbread.
ACETABULARIA
(Acetabulum, a vinegar cup —from the cup-like volva)
A. acetabulosa.
P. just over i in'., white, plicate, tan colour. G. adnexed,
subdistant, pale brown. 5 . 2 in., slender, hollow, white.
V. small, whitish. An obscure plant found a little above
high-water mark near Millbank, Westminster, in May,
1795* Since then it has not been noted. “This is very
— —— .
RHODOSPOR^
Spores salmon colour or pink. Gills salmon colour or
rosy at maturity. In some species the colour of the gills
is very pale. These might easily be mistaken for certain
members of the Leucosporae, if the colour of the spore mass
is not carefully noted.
CLAUDOPUS
{Claudels, lame, Gr. pons, a foot —from the dwarfed stem)
C. variabilis (from its variability). Plate XXXV. i.
ECCILIA
(Gr. ekhoiloo, to hollow out — from the depressed pileus)
9—2
132 HYMENOMYCETES
5 . I in., very slender, cartilaginous, stuffed, glabrous, grey.
On rotten trunks, old walls, etc., in Sept. Corresponds in
form and size with Omphalia umhellifeya, and might be mis-
taken for it in the young state, when the gills are white.
CLITOPILUS
(Gr. klitos, a declivity ;
pilos, a cap —from the decurrent
hymenophore)
LEPTONIA
(Gr. lepoSf slender —from the slender growth)
L. lampropoda (Gr. lanipros, shining ;
pous, a foot), “ Blue-
and aut.
RHODOSPORiE 133
NOLANEA
[Nola, a little bell —from the supposed resemblance of the
pileus to a little bell)
ENTOLOMA
(Gr. entos, within; loma, a fringe— from the potential veil)
PLUTEUS
{Pluteus, a turret, or sentry-box— from a supposed r6sem-
blance of the pileus to the roof of a turret)
ANNULARIA
(From the annulate stem)
A. laevis [Icevis, —
smooth the usual state of the pileus).
P. 3 in., subumbonate, glabrous, white. G. free, somewhat
crowded white at first, then salmon colour. S. 5-6 in.,
;
VOLVARIA
(From the volva)
CHLOROSPOR^
Spores clear green or bluish-green.
CHLOROSPORA
(Gr. chloros, greenish-yellow ;
sporos^ a seed —from the
greenish spores)
LEUCOSPOR.®
Spores white. In the majority of the species the gills are
white at maturity ;
the genera Russula and Lactarius con-
tain some species with cream-colour, or ochraceous, gills and
spores.
SCHIZOPHYLLUM
(Gr. schizo, to split ;
pJmllon, a leaf — from the split edge
of the gills)
at thebase of the stem (b) young plant (c) the large, elongated, and
; ;
TROGIA
(After Jacob Gabriel Trog, a Swedish botanist)
LENZITES
(After Harold Othmar Lenz)
PANES
(A name given by Pliny to an arboreal fungus)
LENTINUS
[Lentils, tough or pliant — from the tough substance)
L. cochleatus [cochlea, a snail-shell — from the somewhat
LEUCOSPORiE 139
CANTHARELLUS
(Gr, kantharos, a cup — from the cup-shaped pileus of some
species)
HYGROPHORUS
(Gr. hugros, moist ;
phero, to bear — from the water-bearing
character)
Sub-genus 1. — Hygrocybe.
Veil absent. Pileus viscid when moist, shining when dry. Stem
not ornamented with scales or wart-like projections. Gills soft.
Sub-genus 3. — Limacium.
Universal veil viscid partial veil floccose, often forming a trace of
;
Sdb-genus 2. CAMAROPHYLLUS
(Gr. hameva, a vault ;
phullon, a leaf —from the arcuate gills)
LEUCOSPORiE H3
appears later than H. virgineus a more slender and tougher
is
Sub-genus 3. LIMACIUM
[Lirnax, a slug — from the glutinous pileus and stem)
Hygrophorus cossus (from its odour of the goat-moth, Cossus
ligniperda), “ Goat-moth.”
P. 1-2 in., fleshy, glabrous; glutinous at first, shining
yellowish-white when dry. F. white. G. adnato-decurrent,
connected by veins, white. S. 2-3 in., slender, equal, white,
or yellowish-white. Frequent amongst grass in woods and
pastures. Known by its unpleasant smell, which exactly
resembles that of the larva of the goat- moth.
H. eburneus {ebur, ivory) is pure shining white, never
yellowish and never strong-smelling superficially resembling ;
Tricholoma lascivum.
H. chrysodon (Gr. chrusos, gold odous, a tooth from the;
—
golden tooth-like scales) is pure white, with the margin of
the pileus and the apex of the stem tinged yellow. Smells
like the larva of a goat-moth. A rare species.
PLEUROTUS
(Gr. pleuron, a side ;
ous, an ear — from the supposed resem-
blance of many species to an ear)
smell of tarragon.
P. septicus {septicus, putrifying —from its habitat, rotten
wood). Plate XXXVI. 9.
Entirely white. P. \ in., downy, at first resupinate, with
a minute downy stem, which disappears as the pileus
becomes reflexed. G. radiating from the point of attach-
ment of the stem, broad, rather distant. “ Small, but very
variable in form. Superficially resembling Claudopus varia-
bilis, but the gills are persistently white, as are also the
spores. Distinguished from the other small white species
of Pleurotus by the thicker flesh of the pileus and more
evident stem, and by the gills being at first uppermost, and
— ;
LEUCOSPORi^ 145
OMPHALIA
(Gr. omphalos —from the umbilicus)
O. umbellifera [umhella, an umbel ;
fero, to bear — from the
umbrella-like pileus), “ Little Umbrella.” Plate XLIV. 6.
CLITOCYBE
(Gr. klitos, a declivity ;
hibe, a head —from the
decurrent gills)
LEUCOSPORiE 147
(gallina, a hen — from its colour, like a hen’s egg) are two
small white autumnal species agreeing in stature (P. i-i J in.)
and in the slightly decurrent gills. C. dealbata is inodorous.
P. plane, then upturned and wavy, ivory-like. S. i in.,
LEUCOSPORiE 149
apex naked ;
base hairy. Common in a^it. in woods and
pastures ;
rarely on rotten wood. Gregarious.
C. brumalis {brunia, winter — from the time of its appear-
ance).
P. i-i| in., umbilicate, then infundibuliform; often with
wavy and lobed margin, glabrous, livid, then whitish or
yellowish ;
disc often darker. G. decurrent, crowded,
narrow, pallid. S. 2 in., slender, nearly equal, slightly
curved, glabrous, whitish. autumnal species, not A truly
appearing before Oct. ; most abundant in Nov., and
lasting into Jan. Common in pine woods and amongst
heather.
C. metachroa (Gr. metachroos, changing colour).
P. 1-2 in., convex, then plane or depressed, never infund-i-
150 HYMENOMYCETES
buliform; brownish-grey, whitish when dry. G. adnate
scarcely decurrent, crowded, greyish- white. S. ij in., very
slender, tough, soon hollow, fibrous outside, easily com-
pressed, grey, apex with white meal. Common in dry pine
woods in ant. A variable species easily known, however, ;
LACTARIUS
(Lflc, milk — from the milky juice)
Closely allied to Russula, differing in the abundant
granular milk which flows or drops from the pileus
(latex)
Section I. — Piperites
Stem central. Gills not becoming discoloured. Milk white at first,
Section I. — PIPERITES
L. torminosus {tormina, gripes — from its extreme acridity).
Plate XLIV. ii.
P. 2-5 in., viscid when moist, slightly zoned, a beautiful
ochre or pale flesh colour margin strongly incurved for
;
{turpis, base —
from its ugliness), which may be easily
recognised by the dark zoneless pileus covered with a
tenacious olive gluten, the yellowish-olive and strongly
incurved downy margin, and the solid, hard stem. It is a
gregarious species, very common in ant. in woods and by
roadsides, especially on sandy soils.
152 HYMENOMYCETES
L. mucus), another species with
blennius] (Gr. hlemtos,
glutinous pileus, bears much superficial resemblance to
L. turpis, but the pileus is not so dark (dingy greenish-grey),
is concentrically pitted or zoned, and does not long remain
LEUCOSPORiE 153
becoming dingy when bruised and with age. The gills are
often attacked by a reddish mould, Hypomyces lateritms.
Edible. The “ vegetable sheep’s kidneys ” of French cooks.
L. sanguifluiis {sanguis, blood ; fiiio, to flov/) differs only in
the blood-red milk.
P. 2-3 in. ,
obtuse, then depressed ;
of ten wavy and irregular
viscid,cinnamon flesh colour at first disc usually darker, ;
RUSSULA
(Russulus, reddish — from the frequently reddish colour
of the pileus)
1. Gills ochreous.
2. Gills pale or bright yellow never tinged ochreous.
;
with age.
{h) Pileus clear yellow.
[c) Pileus green or olive.
{d) Pileus various shades of red and purple, or brownish-
orange, sometimes with a greenish tingue.
I. GILLS OCHREOUS
aut.
LEUCOSPOR.^ 157
p -
3-5 in., smooth, even, dark lurid green, umber-greenish
or olive-tan ;
pellicle separable. G. adnato-decurrent, rather
thick, more or less distant (sometimes crowded), broad,
attenuated at both ends, forked, white. S. 2-2| in., stout,
equal, white. Common in woods, and under trees in
meadows, from May to Oct, The even pileus, with silky
bloom and separable skin, and the frequently forked,
thickish, and slightly decurrent gills are the chief points of
distinction.
LEUCOSPOR^ 159
cuticle.
LEUCOSPOR^ i6i
MYCENA
(Gr. makes, a fungus)
Section I. — Insititise
Stem very slender, dry, neither rooting nor downy, issuing abruptly
from the matrix.
Section II. — Basipedes
Stem dry, not rooting, with a bulbous or swollen hairy base.
Usually solitary.
Section III. — Glutinipedes
Stem distinctly glutinous.
LEUCOSPORiE 163
a minute downy A
very delicate, minute, white, gre-
disc.
Section V. — FILIPEDES
tinged yellow.
LEUCOSPOR^ 165
COLLYBIA
(Gr. kollnhos, a small coin —from the frequently small
and regularly formed pileus)
Fig. 4.
— Ditto: section showing the adnexed gills and hollow
rooting stem.
Fig. 5. — Mycena poJygramma .
MARASMIUS
(Gr. maraino, to shrivel or wither — from the habit, drying
up, not becoming putrid)
M. peronatus (pevo, a kind of boot — the stem being more
or less covered with strigose down). Plate VIII. 7.
P. 1-2I in., convex, then plane, obtuse; reddish-yellow,
then tan-colour. F. pliant and thin. G. adnexed, then free,
colour of the pileus ;
margin yellowish. S. 2-3 in., slender,
fibrous, whitish, densely covered, except at the apex,
with
170 HYMENOMYCETES
coarse yellow down. Taste very acrid. Very common
amongst leaves in woods in sum. and ant. Gregarious.
—
M. urens {uro^ to burn from its taste), a closely allied
species. Differs chiefly in the white down at the base of
the stem only. It bears a superficial resemblance to
Marasmins oreades.
M. oreades (Gr. oreias, a mountain nymph — from its
growing in fairy rings), “Fairy Ring Champignon.”
Plate IX. 3.
P. 1-2 in., hemispherical, then plano-convex, somewhat
umbonate ;
watery brown at first, then dry and tan
colour. G. free, distant, yellowish-white. S. i|-2 in.,
TRICHOLOMA
(Gr. tJirix, a hair ;
lorna, a fringe — from the hairy or silky
covering of the pileus, well seen in young specimens)
Section I, — Limacina
Pileus viscid in wet weather ; downy or somewhat scaly (not torn
into scales) ;
not hygrophanous.
Section I. — LIMACINA
T. resplendens (from its bright shining appearance).
P. 2-4 in., silvery, shining white, sometimes with yellow-
ish, silky disc. G. almost free at first, then very emarginate.
S. 2-3 in., stout, equal or bulbous, dry. Frequent in beech
and other woods in mit. Gregarious, clear white, resemb-
ling Hygyophorus ehurncus in habit.
;
LEUCOSPOR^ 173
taste.
ARMILLARIA
(Aymilla, a ring — from the ringed stem)
A. nrellea (mel, honey — from the honey-coloured pileus),
“ Honey Agaric.” Plate XIII. i.
LEPIOTA
(Gr. lepis^ a scale — from the scaly pileus and stem)
L. procera (pyocera, tall), “ Parasol.” Plate XV. i.
stem.
Badhami (after C. D. Badham) occurs usually under
L.
yews and in hedges distinctive in the saffron-red flesh
;
12
178 HYMENOMYCETES
P. f-ij in., cuticle continuous at first, becoming broken
up into reddish-brown scales, usually arranged in a con-
centric manner ;
ground colour, whitish, and minutely silky. i
AMANITOPSIS
(From its relationship to Amanita)
LEUCOSPOR^ 179
AMANITA
(Galen’s name for certain fungi)
—
A. muscaria (musca, a fly from its former use as a fly (
stem, and forming decurrent lines down it, numerous, white jij
small adnate warts, which are often washed off in very wet^
weather. F. thick, white, becoming reddish when broken. pi
Order ASCOMYCETES
It is quite impossible to consider in detail the numerous
families and genera comprised in this Order. The majority
of species are small, and cannot be accurately determined
without the aid of the microscope. Some of the most
conspicuous and (chiefly) common species are delineated on
Plates XLVII. and XLVIII. The following notes for the
most part concern these.
Sub-order DISCOMYCETES
(See p. 14)
V
PLATE XLVll
Hs
1 ;
V
V
H
i
M
1-1 '-'1
^
\
Y
\
V
4
*
'
^ 'UilSBnDSA^
A sc.
about f in. high, olivaceous umber, dark at the apex,
thimble-shaped closely pressed to the stem like a thimble
;
Uncommon.
Leotia lubrica, “ Lizard-tuft.” Plate V. 3.
small clusters.
Leotia chlorocephala may be easily known by the long,
often twisted, green stem.
Mitrophora semilebra, “ Tall Morel.” Plate V. 3.
PLATE XLVlll
ASCOMYCETES 185
hairy asc. and stem. All the British species are black. H
Gregarious, amongst grass in fields and lawns in aut. vl
Bulgaria polymorpha (
= inquinans). Plate XLVII. i.
|
species.
C. ophioglossoides (Plate XVI. 7)— head brownish-black,
flesh yellow — is parasitic on Elaphomyces variegatus in pine-
moving rapidly to the spot, and digging for them with her
snout. She is stopped by her owner from obtaining them,
and rewarded wdth an acorn or dry chestnut. In this
country a dog is employed in the quest, a small white or
black-and-white poodle, said to possess the homing faculty
of a pigeon.
Mr. Alfred Collins, a well-known Wiltshire truffler, writes
me that his dogs “ in working would pass over the young
truffles as if they were stones, as there is nothing whatever
ASCOMYCETES 189
licking up the ink and thus dispersing the spores. But Pro-
fessor Buller has demonstrated that the spores are in reality
distributed by the wind, and that the spore -discharge from a
gill is not general all over its surface, as in a mushroom, but
extremely local. It begins on both sides simultaneously,
towards the base. After the basidia have discharged their
spores they become disorganized and turn into fluid. They
are thus cleared out of the way to allow the pileus gradually
to turn outwards, and cause the production of spaces between
the lower end of the gills, higher and higher up as these
become shorter and shorter.
“ If one allows an upright fruit-body (sporophore of a
Coprinus), with its stipe placed in wet sand, to shed its spores
under a bell-glass, one finds by microscopic examination that
the inky drops produced by autodigestion (‘ deliquescence ’)
consist of a brown fluid containing granules, but practically
free from spores. The fluid, therefore, is not made black
by spores. The colour is probably due to an oxydase which
unites the oxygen of the air with some substance liberated
from the dying cells, for it was found that the colourless
juice squeezed from an unripe pileus turns brown in a few
hours. The drops collect only on the rim of the pileus,
where they do not interfere with the liberation of the spores
into the air. If paper is placed around the base of the
stipe, a black spore-deposit collects upon it, which is similar
to that produced under the same conditions by an ordinary
Agaric.
“ In Nature, the fluid produced by autodigestion is largely
got rid of by evaporation. The amount of it adhering to
the pileus rim varies considerably according to the state of
the weather. In very dry weather it often happens that
actual drops are not formed at all. On the other hand,
dripping favoured by a saturated atmosphere, and was
is
INDEX
Abbreviations employed, 55 !
Antiquity, 2
abietina (Clavavia), 83 I
Appearances, periodic, 5
abietinus {Polystictus), 98 ,
appendiculata (Hypholoma) 1
1 ,
acevinum {Rhytisma), 32 I
1 16
Acetabularia, 130 argillacea (Clavavia), 84
I
1
badius (Boletus), 105
Animals and spore dispersal, 19 Basidium, 8, 14
annosus (Fames), 4, 19, 28, 99 , Batarrea, 72
Annularia, 135 Beefsteak fungus, 3
anomalus (Dermocybe) Cort., 122 Beetles in truffles, 20
anomela (Solenia), 91 Berkeley, Rev. M. T,, 20, 35,
anthocephala (Thelephora), 87 I
188, 189
201
,, ,, , , 1 ,
INDEX 203
Geoglossum, 186
fastigiata {ClavaHa) 82 geophylla {Inocybe), 128
fellea {Russula), 159 geotropa {Clitocybe), 8, 148
Femsjonia, 80 gibbosa {Trametes), 97
ferruginosus {Pomes), 100 Gibbs, Mr. T., 67
fibula {Omphalia) 145 gigantea {Calvatia), 66, 191I
fimbriata {Odontia), 94 gigantea {Clitocybe), 148, 19
fimbriatus {Geaster), 70 giganteum {Ly coper don), 66
fimiputris {Anellaria), 112 giganteus {Polyporus), 102
Fistulina, 6, 31, 103 gigas {Gyromitra), 185
pstulosa {Clavaria), 7, 84 gigas {Mitrophora), 185
fiaccida {Lenzites), 137 Gills, nature of, 13
flaccidus {Clitocybe), 149 glandulosa {Exidia), 77
Flammula, 125 Gleba, 9
flavobrunneum {Tricholoma), 173 Glossary, 47
flavus {Boletus), 104 glutinosa {Aldridgea), 87
foenisecii {Psilocybe), 115 glutinosum {Geoglossum), 186
foetans {Russula), 140, 160 glutinosus {Gomphidius), 113
foliacea {Ulocolla), 78, 186 Gomphidius, 113
fomentarius {Pomes), 31, 34, 99 gracilis {Psathyrella), 113
Femes, 99 graminum {Marasmius), 171
Food value of fungi, 35 grammapodium ( T richoloma)
fornicatus {Geaster), 10, 69 135, 175, 176
Fossil fungi, 2 ! Grandinia, 94
fragilis {Bolbitius) 128 granulatus {Elaphomyces), 61,
fragilis {Clavaria) 84 187, 189
fragilis {Russula), 160 granulosa {Grandinia), 94
fragrans {Clitocybe) 147 granulosa {Russula), 160
fraxineus {Po^nes), 100 granulosa (Sepiota), 44, 178
Priesii {Lepiota), lyy growth, rapidity of, 1
fumosus {Polyporus), 102 Guepinia, 80
j
Hartig, 29
galopoda {Mycena), 163 j
Hasleniere Museum, 5, 29, 39,
Gardener' s Chronicle, 67 I
73, 82
Gasteromycetes, development Haslemere Museum Gazette, 36
in, 9 Hebeloma, 127
key to genera Helvella, 183, 184
of, 56 hemispherica {Peziza), 18
,, key to families hepatica {Pistulina), 6, 31, 103
of, 57 i
Herpel on makingspore prints, 43
,, , ,
INDEX 205
Lysurus, 73 I
myrtillus (Vaccinium), 32
i
Myxacium, (Cort.), 121
macilenta [Collybia), 169 i
INDEX 207
Phalloidaceae, 1 1 ,
20 I
psittacinus {Hygrophorus), 142
,, key to genera of, Psilocybe, 114
72 Pterula, 85
phalloides {Amanita), 36, 179, puellaris {Russula), 156
180 Puff-balls, development of, 9
phalloides {Batarrea), 72 ,, spores of. 19
phalloides {Mitrula), 186 ,, as styptics, 34
Phallus, 72 “ Puffing,” 19
Phillipsii {Gyromitra), 185 punctatum {Rhytisma), 32
Phlebia, 93
[
puniceus {Hygrophorus), 141
Phlegmacium, (Cort.), 120 I
pura {Mycena), 165
pholideus {Inoloma) Cort., 120 j
purpurascens {Phlegmacium)
129
Plioliota, 1 Cort., 120
Phosphorescence, 4 I
purpureum {Stereum), 90
phyllophila {Clitocybe), 146, 148 I
pusilla {Bovfsta), 68
picipes {Polyporus), 10 pusillum {Lycoperdon) 68 ,
INDEX 209
W.C.
C0N r E NTS
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