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FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I

COMMON WINTER SPECIES

Fig. I.— Collyhia velutipes.
Fig. 2.— Ditto, section.
Fig. 3.— Peniophora incarnata.
Figs. 4-8. —Polystictiis versicolor (see p. 12).
Fig. 9. — Stereum hirsutum.
Fig. 10. — Tremella mesenterica.
PLATE I

COMMON WINTER SPECIES

 FUNGI
AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
AN INTRODUCTION TO FIELD MYCOLOGY

BY

E. W. SWANTON
MEMBER OF THE BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF ECONOMIC BIOLOGISTS CURATOR OF THE EDUCATIONAL
;

MUSEUM, HASLEMERE

WITH l6 COLOURED AND $2 BLACK-AND-WHITE PLATES,

DELINEATING UPWARDS OF 24O SPECIES, CHIEFLY DRAWN BY

M. K. SPITTAL

METHUEN & CO.

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON
 First published in 1909.

WlLICC' : ::riTL';t

CoH w: :Omec
Call

No.
 PREFACE
HE fungi comprise a group of plants second to none
in their capacity for evil. Gigantic sums, amounting
to millions annually, are spent in combating the ravages of
fungoid pests, but we are only just beginning to realise that
the rising generation should acquire at least an elementary
knowledge of this most important branch of botany. At
the British Association Meeting in 1907, Mr, Carleton Rea
emphasised the serious claims of mycology for greater atten-
tion than it had up to that time received, and he expressed the
hope that local natural history societies and field clubs would
undertake the investigation of the fungi occurring in their
districts, and provide periodical exhibitions of them. Since
then the study of fungi has received considerable impetus,
and many inquiries have been made for an elementary book
on the subject.
There are books innumerable on common wild flowers
(this branch of botany seems to have been given an undue
importance by teachers of what is nowadays called “ nature-
study”), but there are very few indeed which deal with
common fungi. I hope that this little book, which is
intended to serve as an introduction to the Fungus Floras
and Textbooks of Cooke, Stevenson, Massee and other
authorities, will supply what I have often been assured is
a
desideratum.
As with the wild flowers so it is with fungi, many range
vi FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
throughout the world. Mr. C. G. Lloyd, a well-known
collector of fungi, writes: “The more specimens we receive
from all portions of the world the more strongly we become
convinced that fungi are plants of wide distribution, and
that the fungus flora of the world is practically the same ” (the
italics are his).
Half a century ago, Berkeley noted that out of 275 species
then recorded from Tasmania, no less than 1
13 were British,
and 20 others were European species that may be expected
to occur in Britain ;
yet so little has the study of fungi
advanced in popular estimation that I have on several
occasions astonished people by remarking that a large
number of fungi are cosmopolites !

It is only by first creating an interest in the larger and

more familiar species that we can expect to stimulate inquiry

into the life histories of the minute forms ;

and the majority
of the parasites so dreaded by farmers, gardeners and
foresters are of microscopic dimensions.
It is the “ larger fungi ” only that have received attention
in this book, and of these, for the most part, only very
common ones. The term includes those species that can
be identified without the aid of a microscope, all of which
are comprised in the two great Orders known as Basidio-
mycetes and Ascomycetes.
The genera of the Basidiomycetes have been considered
in detail : this was necessary, though it involved allusion to
some very rare species and a few insignificant ones, to enable
the student thoroughly to grip the principles of classification.
An examination of the keys to the Families and Genera
will speedily reveal a fact that has been doubted by many,
viz., that the bases of classification of fungi are just as
firmly fixed as are those of our flowering plants ;
it is, there-
 ;

PREFACE Vll

fore, no more difficult to identify a fungus than it is to

diagnose a flower.
The majority of the Ascomycetes being minute species
that can only be determined precisely with the aid of a
microscope, I have not considered it necessary to outline
the families and genera of this Order, and have noted only
large, and for the most part common species which can be
easily identified by macroscopic characters.
I have much pleasure in here acknowledging my great
indebtedness to my friend Miss M. K. Spittal for her very
excellent coloured and black-and-white plates.

My thanks are also due to Mrs. Carleton Rea for the

coloured drawings reproduced on Plate XL 1 1 1.; to the
British Mycological Society for the loan of a block ;
to Sir
Jonathan Hutchinson, F.R.S., for kind permission to illus-

trate specimens at his Educational Museum, Haslemere

and to Mr. C. G. Lloyd of Cincinnati, U.S.A., who has
most generously permitted the reproduction of many illustra-
tions from his privately printed monographs and papers
concerning the Gasteromycetes.

E. W. SWANTON
Haslemere
September, 1909
 CONTENTS
PART I
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Development — The Spore, Mycelium, and Sporophore i

II. Methods of Spore Dispersal - - - -

17

III. Habitats . . . . . . -
23

IV. Saprophytes and Parasites - - - - 27

V. Economic and Edible Species - - - -
34
VI. On Collecting, Exhibiting, and Preserving Fungi - 37

Bibliography - - - - - - - 45

Glossary

PART II

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF

SPECIES

Gasteromycetes - - . . .
- 57
Hymenomycetes - . - . .
-
74
Ascomycetes . - - . . . . 181

Appendix - - . . . Tr.T

Index of Species Illustrated - - . . roc

Index -
201
 LIST OF PLATES
The coloured ones are marked by an asterisk. Excepting where otherwise
indicated, the plates are from drawings by Miss M. K. Spittal.

PLATE FACING PAGE

I. Common Winter Species - . - . Frontispiece
II. Development in Gasteromycetes [E. W. S.] - - 9
III. Rapidity of Growth in the Phalloidaceae [C. G. Lloyd] - ii
IV. Development in Hymenomycetes [E. W. S.] - - 13
V. Development in Ascomycetes [E. W. S.] - - . 15
VI. Dispersal of Spores [E. W. S.J - - • 19
VII. Common in Fir Woods - - . *23
VIII. Common in Beech Woods - - - - 23
IX. Common in Open Pastures - - - - 23
X. Small Agarics occurring on Dead Leaves, etc. - - 23
XI. Large Fungi Parasitic on others - - - -
25
XII. A destructive Fir-Wood Parasite {Femes annosus) - - 28
XIII. Destructive to Living Trees - - - - 30
XIV. Parasites on Living Leaves, etc. - - -32
XV. Some Edible Species - - - - - 35
XVI. Diagrams Explanatory of some Terms [E. W. S.] 55
XVII, Truffles and False Truffles - . - -
58
XVIII. Common Earth-balls [C. G. Lloyd] 60
XIX. Birds’-nest Fungi (Nidulariaceae) - 62
XX. Two Common Puff-balls [C. G. Lloyd] 65
XXL Some Typical Puff-balls [C. G. Lloyd] 66
XXII. Some Rare Earth-stars [C. G. Lloyd] 68
XXIII. Earth-stars (Geastras) [C. G. Lloyd] 70
XXIV. Stinkhorn Fungi (Phalloidacese) [C. G. Lloyd] -
72
XXV. Common Stinkhorn {Phallus impudicus) [C. G. Lloyd] 72
X
 LIST OF PLATES xi

plate facing page

XXVI. Types of Gelatinous Fungi (Tremellinaceae) - - 76
XXVII, Types of Fairy-Club Fungi (Clavariaceae) - - 81
XXVIII. Cauliflower Fungi (Genus Sparassis) [British Myco-
logical Society] - - - - - 82
XXIX. *Some Fairy Clubs (Clavariae) - - - 84
XXX. Types of Leathery Fungi (Thelephoraceae) - - 86
XXXI. Types of Teeth-bearing Fungi (Hydnaceae) - - 91
XXXII.
XXXIII. Common Polypores
*

XXXIV. *Common Bolets

....
Types of Pore-bearing Fungi (Polyporaceae)

..... -
- •
95
102
104
XXXV. DiagramsshowingModesof Gill Attachment [E.W.S.] 107
XXXVI. Types of Gill-bearing Fungi (Agaricaceae) - - 107
XXXVII. *Black-spored Agarics (Melanosporae) - - - 112
XXXVIII. *Purple-black-spored Agarics (Porphyrosporae) - 114
XXXIX. Agarics with Rust-coloured Spores (Genus Cortinarius) 120
XL. *Brown-spored Agarics (Ochrosporae) - - - 125
XLI. Brown-spored Agarics (Ochrosporae) - - - 126
XLII. *Pink-spored Agarics (Rhodosporae) - - - 131
XLIII. *A Green-spored Agaric, Chlorospom Eyrei (Chloro-
sporae) and Gomphidius glutinosus [E. A. Rea] - 136
XLIV. *White-spored Agarics (Leucosporae) - - . 136
XLV. Some Leathery and Corky Agarics - - - 138
XLVI. White-spored Agarics (Leucosporae) - - - 166
XLVII. *Some Familiar Ascomycetes - . . . 182
XLVIII. *Some Spring Ascomycetes - - - . 185

Note.— T/ie majority of the figures are reduced to one-half the natural size;
for the remainder, particulars as to scale accompany the description.
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PART I

CHAPTER I

DEVELOPMENT— THE SPORE, MYCELIUM, AND

SPOROPHORE
he term “ fungi ” includes an immense assemblage of
T
<ing terms
cryptogamic plants,
:
(i)
popularly known under the follow-
Mushrooms, applied chiefly to the edible field

Imushrooms, Agavicus campestris and A. avvensis, and the

^cultivated form, A. horiensis (2) Toadstools, agarics other
than the preceding, all of which are considered to be
•poisonous by the great majority of people in this country
*(3) and Mildew, terms only too well known to
Rust, Smut,
ifarmers, applied to minute species which attack cereals, etc.

(4) Mould, a term commonly applied to minute species

infesting various articles of food, ripe fruit, etc., also
damp walls, etc.
.appearing on
The word “ mushroom ” is probably derived from the
Old English maes, a and vhum, a knob, which became
field,

mushrhum, and finally mushroom. It is also held to be a

'Corruption of the French mouceron or mousseron. We usually
(apply it to the common edible species, A. campestris the
French apply it to the St. George mushroom, Tricholoma
iganibosum. Mycology, as the study of fungi is termed, is a
.word derived from the Greek mukes, apparently
a species
of mould, and logos, a discourse.
Fungi are closely related to algae and lichens. They are
tdescended from the former, and
enter into the composition
' I
[ ]

I
 I 1:! ,

2 DEVELOPMENT
of the latter, but differ from both in the entire absence of
chlorophyll, or green colouring matter. Lacking chlorophyll, ||

they require organic matter for food, hence flourish as sapro- (

phytes on dead organic matter, and as parasites on living i

organic matter, either plant or animal. They absorb oxygen

and give off carbon dioxide, in this respect resembling |

animals. The curious aberrant group known as the j

Mycetozoa, or fungus-animals, occupy an anomalous position [

between the animal and vegetable kingdoms. They ap- ^

proximate more nearly to plants, and at one time found a
||

place in our fungus textbooks. |i

A fungus is best defined by negative characters. Chloro- j

phyll, as already remarked, is never present also, there is ; j

no system of true tissues. The latter are replaced by (

threads (hyphae), which do not fuse organically in a lateral i|

direction, but intertwine instead. These characters must rt

occur simultaneously, otherwise the plant is not a fungus.

||

The importance of this is easily recognised be remem-

if it jji

bered that chlorophyll is absent from some parasitic j

flowering plants, and that certain algae consist only of |

thread-like bodies ;
but the rank of the former is at once iji

indicated by the system of connective tissues, and of the |

latterby the presence of green colouring matter.* |

It seems hardly necessary to remark that a fungus, no j

'

matter where it occurs, is not a de novo production. It is i

the outcome of a spore (or spores), analogous to a seed in i

the higher plants, produced by a fungus of the same species, j

which, finding itself upon a suitable matrix, germinated and j

i

reproduced its kind. If spontaneous generation is a fact, as

1

Fungi are of great antiquity. Over 400 fossil species have been||(
*

described. They have been observed in vegetable tissue from rocks of|)l
the Carboniferous —
Age in some cases so well preserved that details ofi(i
structure, and even spores, have been made out. These early fungi ill
are chiefly Ascomycetes gilled and tube-bearing forms have been found lt>
;

in Tertiary strata. J
 HYPHiE 3

claimed to be by a few biologists, it has yet to be

it is still

demonstrated in the fungal kingdom. A germinating spore

sends out a minute tube, the germ-tube, simple at first, but
which ultimately becomes complex by the formation of
lateral branches. The more complex structure is known
as hypha. In some of the lower algal-like fungi (Phyco-
mycetes) the hyphse consist of one continuous simple tube,
but with the majority of fungi hyphae are composed of
strings of cells which
from the continual formation of
arise
cross-divisions or septa concurrently with the prolongation
of the hypha. In septate hyphae coalescence of two distinct
kinds is not infrequently observed. In the
first, hyphae not at all close together, but
growing parallel to one another, form
what is known as “ H ” connections.
From one hypha a lateral branch is thrown
out, which fuses with the parallel hypha
at the point of contact (Fig. i, B). The
^
second kind is known as clamp^ connections .
A. Clamp connections in
(Fig. I, A). Contiguous cells of a hypha
become connected by a tube which grows
°
in hyphae of My-
cena galericulata.
out of one and passes into the other,
absorbing the cell wall at the point of contact. These con-
nections are invariably arranged in a spiral manner round
the tube from right to left.

The hyphae are the vegetative part of a fungus. In the

free state they are collectively spoken of as mycelium or
spawn.
The mycelium may consist only of a few strands, or may
be abundant, as in many parasitic fungi which attack trees,
hollowing out their trunks and making them useless for
timber. In the majority of agarics the mycelium is probably
perennial, producing a crop year by year until the matrix
has been completely impoverished of the constituents
necessary for its existence.
 — — —

4 DEVELOPMENT
The presence of oxalate of lime in the walls of hyphae
probably affords protection against attacks by slugs (many (j

species feed exclusively on non-chlorophyllaceous food) it ;

I

is especially abundant in the hyphae of the common Stink-

horn {Phallus impudicus), in which “ certain large globose or r

flask-shaped vesicular cells are almost filled with a radiately j

crystalline mass of oxalate of lime.” |

Mycelium is usually white, but is occasionally coloured

e.g., in Covticium sanguineum it is blood-red ;
in the little green \\

Elfcup {Peziza cevuginosa) it is verdigris green, imparting its t|

colour to the wood it infests. I

!
i

A very thick, hard, cord-like form of mycelium is known H

as vhizomorph. It was long thought to be an independent
fungus. It is associated with many species ;
the black
rhizomorphs of the Honey Agaric {Avmillaria mellea) are )i

perhaps the best known, being of frequent occurrence ^

between the bark and the wood, and about the roots of d
various trees in a state of decay.
I

Rhizomorphs are frequently phosphorescent. They may i

be kept and will

in a dried state for a considerable time, t

afterwards grow afresh if put into water, but the new growth U
alone will be phosphorescent. Though phosphorescence is
|j

chiefly associated with algae and fungi, it has been observed H

in all the larger groups of the animal kingdom also amongst ; N
the higher plants i.e., in a poppy, a lily, and some grasses. U
The majority of fungi which exhibit the phenomenon are
white-spored agarics frequenting dead wood, and occur most !

abundantly in Australia. In all it is more noticeable at the H

points of most vigorous growth i.e., the gills, apex of stem, !i

and margin of pileus. The light given off is bluish in

mycelium in rotten wood, and green in some agarics. |:

Worthington Smith has observed phosphorescence in Fomes il

annosus growing on timber in the Cardiff coal-mines. The |i

miners are well acquainted with it, and say that sufficient t‘

light is sometimes emitted “ to see the hands by.” The n

 VEGETATIVE MYCELIUM 5

same observer has noted it in Polypovus sulphureiis. It is said

to be not infrequently seen in Corticium ccBYideum. The

phenomenon has not been satisfactorily explained.
Another condition of vegetative mycelium is the peculiar
nodules of variable size, at one time classed as a separate
genus, Sclerotium. A hard and compact,
dried sclerotium is

consisting entirely of interwoven hyphae covered with a rind

of thick brown or blackish cells. Sclerotia contain reserves
of food materials utilized sooner orby the fungi later
destined to spring from them. Some sclerotia and the fungi
associated with them may be seen on Plates IV. and V.
The abundant production of rhizomorphs and sclerotia may
be compared with the luxuriant growth, without flowers
or fruit, of normally flowering plants which sometimes
takes place under very favourable conditions.
The spores of larger fungi have no thick outer coat, hence
have no protection against extremes of heat and cold. It

may be inferred (i) that they germinate immediately upon

finding a suitable matrix ; (2) that the resulting mycelium
has a resting stage ; (3) that the duration of the vegetative
stage is influenced by climatic conditions. It is almost
certain that the mycelium does not produce sporophores if

unfavourable conditions prevail at the time of the year

when it is normally vigorous. With many species the
activity of the mycelium is confined to a certain period. If
the fungus is not produced during that time, the mycelium
will continue to vegetate, and, given suitable climatic con-
ditions, will destiny the following year. This
carry out its

is the explanation of the abundance of “ mushrooms ” in

some seasons, and their infrequency or rarity in others.
Apart from this compulsory prolonged hibernation, there is
amount of evidence tending to show that the
a certain
mycelium of some species fructifies only once in three years.
Records of appearances of fungi in certain spots around
Haslemere have been kept at the Haslemere Museum for
6 DEVELOPMENT
the past ten years, and it is noticeable that certain species
— e.g.f Boletus and HygropJiorus calyptrceformis
piper atus —
appear in three-year cycles, and are not seen in the inter-
vening years.
Whether living in wood or in the earth, the mycelium of
some species persists for a very long time. Year after year
the sporophores of Fistulina hepatica will ^appear from a
crack in an oak trunk ;
Xylaria hypoxylon persists for many
years on the same stump, and many other instances could
be given. There are also some curious records of fungi
appearing suddenly in exactly the same spot after a long
interval. One of the most remarkable that I am aware of
is given by Fries (“ Epicrisis,” p. 223). He remarks that
Hypholoma storea (a rare species) was found on a decaying
part of a living beech trunk in 1815, and that it appeared
from the same crack again in 1833.
Cooke and Berkeley observed, concerning Craterellus cornu-
copioides, that “ some ten years ago it appeared in one wood

at a certain spot by hundreds, whereas during the past three

or four years we have failed to find a single species.” They
also remark “ It is certain that plants found by Dickson,
:

Bolton, and Sowerby have not been detected since, whilst it

is not improbable that species common with us may be very
rare fifty years hence.” As with the higher plants, so is it

with fungi — the appearances and disappearances of many

are in all probability largely affected by alterations in their
environment. Clear away the undergrowth and thin out
the trees in a wood that has been carefully and systematically
observed during many successive years as regards its flora,

and what strange results accrue To quote an instance

!

that has recently come under my observation A common :

near Haslemere was in one part thickly covered with oak

and holly, with a sprinkling of beech and birch. Very few
wild flowers occurred, and these only at the edge of the
thicket. The fungus flora was meagre and without interest,
 FAIRY RINGS 7

excepting that large ascophores of Peziza avuginosa often

occurred on dead oak branches lying beneath the shade of
the hollies. The greater part of the wood was cleared away,
leaving only a few trees. Two years later the entire area
was thickly carpeted in their seasons with foxglove,* rose-
bay willow-herb, wood ragwort, and many other plants,
including casual aliens not known to occur elsewhere in the
district. In the autumn many interesting fungi appeared,
including the rare Clcivavici fistulosci, several specimens of
which were found on decaying birch-twigs. The charred
ground on which the woodmen had burnt the refuse bore
large blood-red patches of Humavia omphalodes, also other
charcoal- loving species.
My attentionhas been recently directed to the remarkable
hardness of the peridium in some specimens of Elaphomyces
variegatus (a member of found by
the Truffle family),
Miss Truda Hutchinson in a wood at Inval, Haslemere, in
April, 1909. They were about the size of a marble, and so
hard that it was quite impossible to cut them open with a
pocket-knife, and a chisel had to be used. The interior was
filled with mature spores. It is conceivable that spores so
efficiently protected might remain dormant for many years.
The mycelium of some species tends to grow outwards,
giving rise in pastures to the well-known dark circles of
grass popularly known as “ fairy rings,” which to this day
are a puzzle to many of the old shepherds in Wilts and
Dorset, who vouchsafe the explanation, “ Zome do say do
come by lightnen when do thunder.” Berkeley wrote con-
cerning the phenomenon “ It is believed that they originate
:

from a single fungus, whose growth renders the soil imme-

* There is much
evidence on record tending to show that the seeds
of foxgloves and poppies may germinate after burial for many centuries.
It is not without interest to recall in this connection the famous instance
of the germination in 1866 of seeds of the Egyptian bean [Nelumbium)
from the Sloane Museum collected prior to 1753.
8 DEVELOPMENT
diately beneath unfit for its production. The spawn, how-
ever, spreads all round, and
second year produces a
in the
crop, whose spawn spreads again, the soil behind forbidding
its return in that direction. Thus the circle is continually
increased, and extends indefinitely till some cause intervenes
to destroy it. If the spawn does not spread on all sides at
first,an arc of a circle only is produced. The manure
arising from the dead fungi of the former years makes the
grass peculiarly vigorous around, so as to render the circle
visible even when there
no external appearance of the
is

fungus, and the contrast is often the stronger from that

behind being killed by the old spawn. This mode of
growth is far more common than is supposed, and may
be observed constantly in our woods, where the spawn
can spread only in the soil or amongst the leaves and
decaying fragments which cover it.” Later writers hold
that a single fungus does not usually give rise to the circle
in pastures, but that anything which may kill a small patch
of grass e.g., heaps of rotten manure — and thus provide a
suitable matrix, may be a cause. The rings sometimes
assume enormous dimensions. A heavy dressing of manure
tends to break them up. Worthington Smith makes the
following interesting observation “I have known a fairy-
:
‘

ring ’
of Clitocyhe geotvopa on Dunstable Downs for forty or
more years, which, under favourable conditions of light, can
be seen at a distance of more than a mile. The diameter
has not altered much during the time I have known it, for
sometimes it grows inwardly for several years, and then
again outwardly.”
The mycelium gives rise to the perfect fungus. In the
orders with which the present volume deals — the Basidio-
mycetes and Ascomycetes — it is styled sporophore and asco-
pJwre respectively.
In the Basidiomycetes the spores are borne on a club-
shaped body, the hasidimi in the Ascomycetes they are
 — : : :

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II

DEVELOPMENT IN GASTROMYCETES
Fig. I. — Capillitium thread of a Bovista. (Very highly magnified.)
Fig. 2. Tulostoma mar.miosum : section showing the elongated stem.
(Two-thirds natural size.)
Fig. 3. — Basidium and spores of Tulostoma mammosmn. (Very highly
magnified.)
Fig. 4. Polysaccum pisocarpiuvishowing the numerous cells
section
of the gleba, each containing a peridiolum, and the elongated sterile
stem-like base. (One-half natural size.)
Fig. 5. —
An ideal highly enlarged gleba chamber of a Geaster show-
ing the thread-like tissue of its walls, and the basidia bearing, in
some cases, four spores.
Fig. 6. — Basidium of a Geaster with its spores. (Very highly mag-
nified.)
Fig. 7. Scleroderma vulgare section showing the thick peridium sur-
rounding the spore mass the white flecks amongst the latter are
;

tramal hyphse. (Half natural size )

—
Fig. 8. Basidium and spores of Scleroderma vtdgare. (Very highly
magnified.)
Fig. 9. — Bisporous basidium of Lycoperdon echinatum. (Very highly
magnified).
Fig. 10. — Pedicellate spores of Lycoperdon echinatum. (Very highly
magnified).
Fig. II. — Geaster rufescens section showing the almost sessile inner
peridium, the thick permanent columella, and the jagged mouth.
(Three-fourths natural size.)
PLATE II

I)i;\ fi.()i-mi:n I in (;.\si'i.’om\ ci i i-:s

 OF PUFF-BALLS 9

known as the asms. Usually, as shown in

enclosed in a cell
the accompanying woodcut, each
basidium bears four spores,
and each ascus contains eight spores, but
there are many exceptions to the rule.
The Basidiomycetes two
are divided into
very distinct sub-orders the Gasteromy- —
cetes and the Hymenomycetes. In the
former the spores are developed within the
outer rind or integument of the plant; in the
latter they are exposed from the first, or in

a very early stage. Fig. 2.

The course of development of some A. Ascus containing

spores. B. Basi-
typical examples of these primary groups diuin bearing
spores.
must now be indicated.

GASTEROMYCETES
A puff-ball is a typical Gasteromycete. In the young
state the interior is a pure white, cellular, soft mass,
known as the gleha. The thin shell or skin which surrounds
it is the peridium. It consists of two distinct layers : a thin
outer one —the exopevidium — usually covered with spines,
warts, or granules, which flake off in most cases, and dis-

appear as the plant approaches maturity a thicker inner ;

— —
one the endoperidium which either splits regularly at the
apex or flakes away when the spores are ripe to allow of
their escape. As the gleba ripens it differentiates into a
series of minute chambers or cavities, which are narrow,
curved, and separated from each other by anastomosing
hyphse. The walls of the chambers consist of layers of
branching hyphae, arranged with their tips pointing inwards.
Each hypha bears a basidium carrying the spores usually —
four —
at its apex. At maturity the tissues of the gleba be-
come moist and dissolve away. In this state the puff-ball
10 DEVELOPMENT
appears as if water-logged, and has a very powerful and
disagreeable smell. The water evaporates, and the peridium
is filled with a dusty mass of spores and threads {capillitium).
This remarkable deliquescence is observable in many
Gasteromycetes. In certain genera, however, the walls
of the gleba chambers do not entirely disappear e.g.,

in the Birds’-nest fungi they thicken, and each chamber

ultimately remains as a little seed-like body, the peridiolum,
having its inner cavity lined with basidia and spores.
In some puff-balls the whole of the interior does not
become powdery — a thickened cellular portion remains (the
sterile base). It may be continued downwards as a stem^ or
upwards into the spore mass as a hemispherical pillar known
as the columella.
The capillitium threads and the spores of puff-balls can
be well seen under a microscope with a ;J-inch objective.
In some species the stalk [sterigma) remains for a long time
attached to the spore. Such spores are termed “ pedicellate.”
The exoperidium in earth-stars (Geaster) consists of three
layers : the mycelial (outside), the fibrillose (central), and
the fleshy inner layer, or collenchyma.
The mycelial layer is so-called because, in many cases,
the threads ofmycelium which bind the plant to the soil
proceed from it. In some museum specimens (especially
G. hygrometricus) this layer remained attached
is absent (it

to the ground when the plant was gathered), and the outer
peridium in such appears quite smooth. Generally, how-
ever, it remains more or less firmly attached to the middle
one. In G. fornicaUis it forms a cup at the base of the arched
segments of the middle layer.
The middle or fibrillose layer is the thickest, and is often
the only one present in herbarium specimens. It is very
variable. In some species it is strongly hygroscopic. When
the plant moist the segments are reflexed, but they become
is

strongly incurved when dry. This can be easily demon-

 , '

».

Ilf

‘
^
i

..
;' *>,
•

w» t - ,
'.V
PLATE III

3.0 A..M.

3.30 A.M. 6.30 A.M. 6.44 A.M. 6 45 A.M.

THAI. I. US AUKAN'I'IACUS, A TKOl'ICAI. SI’KCIKS ,\H()UT THK SIZK OF MUTINUS C.VMNUS

This illustrntion(copied from Lloyd) sheivs very graphicnllv the rafiditv 0/ growth
i?i the Phalloidaceae. It will be observed that the interval between the fenulumate
and last stages is only one minute
 OF EARTH-STARS II

strated by holding a dry plant for a few minutes over steam.

It quickly swells out the segments uncurl and assume a
;

plump, natural appearance, again regaining their former

size and position when dry (see Plate XXII.). The inner
or fleshy layer is white or pinkish and soft and fleshy at
first, but it quickly dries down to a thin, adnate, reddish-
brown skin, which often splits up and disappears altogether.
In specimens collected early and carefully dried at once it

sometimes keeps its colour.

The inner peridium or “ ball ” of an earth-star is usually
of a dull colour, soft and yielding, either stalked or sessile,
opening at maturity in various ways to liberate the spores.
In the Stinkhorn fungi (Phalloidaceae) the spores, en-
veloped in a fetid gluten, are elevated into the air on a
stem-like body, the receptacle. The members of this family
are remarkable for their rapidity of
growth after emergence
from the volvate or “egg” state. This is very graphically
shown in Plate III., which originally appeared in a paper
by Mr. N. A. Cobb, of Hawaii. Ward observed Phallus
impudicus to grow 3 inches in twenty-five minutes, and attain
full size 4 inches) in an hour and a half. The
(height,
remarkable elongation results from the release of the com-
pressed cells of the receptacle (see Plate XXIV., i).

HYMENOMYCETES
Though the representatives of this order lack the protec-
tive peridium of the Gasteromycetes, yet it is evident that
the necessity for some kind of protection for the spores
whilst maturing is very great, and has brought about the
development of a protective cap, or pilens. The ultimate
objective in each of the families comprising the order has
been the production of such a cap with a minimum ex-
penditure of material in providing a maximum hymenial
12 DEVELOPMENT
surface. In each there are primitive forms of sporophore,
consisting only of a layer spread over the surface of the
matrix, the spore-bearing surface covering this layer, and
lacking protection of any kind. (In some cases, however,
as when growing on the under side of a log, a certain
amount of protection is afforded by the habitat, and in
others the presence of oxalate of lime is probably a safe-
guard against attacks by slugs and insects.) From these
simple forms the numerous complicated ones have been
evolved.
same species various types of hymenophore
In one and the
may occasionally be met with. The common Polystictns
versicolov affords a very instructive example (see Plate I.).

In this species the sporophore is completely adnate when

developed on a broad horizontal substratum such as the
under surface of a prostrate log (Plate I., 4). When
growing from the vertical side of a trunk, however, it is
adnate at first, but gradually becomes free at the upper-
most margin, and grows away at right angles to the adnate
part (Plate I., 5). (A wholly adnate sporophore on the
under side of a log will soon develop a free edge if the log
is rolled over to such an extent that the fungus is in a vertical

position.)
If the fungus develops on a small branch, each end of
the free part has a tendency to grow towards the other
(Plate I., 7). Sometimes on the upper
its position e.g.,

—
surface of a log allows the recurring ends to meet, and
they unite, the result being an umbrella-shaped sporophore
with a central stem. The upper part is sterile, and protects
the hymenium, which occupies the lower surface, and some-
times the stem also (Plate I., 8).

Polystictns versicolor belongs to the family Polyporaceae,

characterized by the hymenium consisting of closely-packed
tubes. This family is the most highly specialized of all

Basidiomycetes. The tubes afford an enormous spore-

 — )

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV
DEVELOPMENT IN HYMENOMYCETES
Fig. I. — Mycelium (a), with early stages of growth (b) of Agaricns
campestris. (Natural size.)

Fig. 2. — Section showing the gill-slits. (Natural size.)

Fig. 3. — Section through a young Agaricns campestris, showing the
veil enclosing the gills. (Natural size.)
Fig. 4. Adult Agaricns campestris, showing pileus (c), gills [d),

stem {e). ring (/), and mycelium

(g). (Three-fourths natural size.)
Fig. 5 —
Magnified section of a gill, showing the central or tramal
layer surrounded by the subhymenial layer, the whole invested by the,
sp'''re-bearing surface.
Fig. 6. — Fragment of a very highly magnified, showing trama {t),
gill,

subhymenial layer {h), basidia (/), with spores (A’), sterigmata (in), and
cystidia, or barren basidia (;/)
Fig. 7. — Sclerotium, with an agaric, CoUyhia tuberosa, growing from
it. (Natural size
PLATE IV

1)K\ KI.01‘.MKN r IN M\M1;M>.\1VCI: I I S

 — ;

THE GILL 13

bearing surface, also admirable protection for the maturing

spores against adverse climatic conditions. Moreover, the
entire sporophore is often very hard and woody. (It must,
however, be remembered that some species are soft and
adnate, with shallow pores or reticulations instead of true
tubes.)
The family Agaricacese comprises those species in which
the hymenial surface consists of radiating plates or gills,

developed for the most part beneath a protective cap.

Some species are more or less resupinate, and in one
remarkable genus, Montagnites (not represented in Britain),
the pileus is entirely absent. It fre-

quents the arid deserts of Egypt. The

entire plant is at first enclosed in a
volva buried in the sand. Within the
volva complete development takes
place. At maturity the protecting
membrane is broken, and the sporo-
phore quickly raised on a tall stem.
The spores are liberated from gills Fig. 3.

which occupy exactly the same posi- From the gill surface of an
agaric (highly magnified).
tion relative to the stem as those of A, basidia with spores
B, paraphyses or atrophied
any typical agaric, but are always basidia;
C, cystidia, or
hypertrophied basidia.
without a pileus to protect them.
A gill in transverse section consists of three layers. The
central one, or trama, composed of hyphae continuous with
is

those of the pileus, and is bounded on each side by the sub-

hymenial layer, on which the hymenium is developed. A
gill is in reality a double membrane, folding like a fan

around the trama. In the genus Schizophyllum the margin

of the gill splits along the line of the trama for a short

distance, the split part curling outwards (see Plate XLV.).

The surface of the gill membrane in a typical agaric is
closely packed with three kinds of club-shaped cells basidia,
paraphyses, and cystidia.
H DEVELOPMENT
The hasidia are the spore-producing cells. The spores are
borne on stalks (sterigmata) at the apex, usually four to each
basidium, as in the common mushroom, though this
species is frequently incorrectly represented as bearing
only two.
The pavaphyses are and are
smaller than the basidia,
always barren. They are probably atrophied basidia, and
proceed from the same hyphae. Their functions are un-
known.
The cystidia are large barren cells which project beyond
the others. They originate from the hyphae of the trama,
not from the sub-hymenial layer. They are supposed to
be hypertrophied basidia. It has been suggested that they
serve to keep the gills apart; and to protect the basidia from
slugs and insects. They do not occur in all agarics, and
are more frequent amongst species with coloured spores.
Some agarics spring from sclerotia.

ASCOMYCETES
This order includes two sub-orders — Pyrenomycetes and
Discomycetes.*
The Pyrenomycetes are characterized by having the
ascus-bearing surface always enclosed in a flask-shaped
body, the pevithecium, provided with a very short neck,
through the mouth of which (the ostiolum) the spores
escape.
The pevithecia may be isolated (as in Sphasria) or numerous,
and imbedded in a fleshy structure, the stroma, their ostiola
opening on its surface (well seen in Xylaria polymorpha).
* “ As would be expected such a large assemblage of forms, the
in
two groups closely approach each other at certain points. Genera and
even families have from time to time been removed from one sub-order
to another, depending on individual opinion ” (Massee, " Textbook of
Fungi,” p. 281).
 ——— ) )

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V
DEVELOPMENT IN ASCOMYCETES
Fig. Plants of various ages springing
j.—Sclerotinia sclerotionim.
from a black sclerotium taken from a cabbage-stalk. (Natural size.)
Fig. 2. Asci (with eight elliptical spores in each ascus) and para-
physes of the same. (Highly magnified )

Fig. 3. Leotiii lubrica. Plants of various ages. (Natural size.)

Fig. 4. —
.^sci and paraphysss of the same, highly magnified. Each
—
ascus contains eight one, two, or three septate spores.
Fig. 5. Geoglossum ghitinosum. (Natural size.

Fig. 6. — Ascus and

paraphyses of the same, very highly magnified.
The eight long cylindrical spores are arranged in a bundle at the top
of the ascus.
Fig. 7. — A single spore, showing the three septa. (Highly magnified.)
Fig. 8. Ascobolus furfnraceus. Seven plants. (Natural size.)
Fig. 9. —
An ascophore magnified.
Fig. 10.— Section of a magnified ascophore, showing the hymenial
surface.
Fig. II. Magnified section of a mature expanded ascophore, showing
the asci projecting above the level of the disc.
Fig. 12. Asci and 'psiraphyses of Ascobolus fur furace is. (Highly mag-
7

nified.) The sporesare smooth and hyaline at first, becoming delicately

wrinkled and coloured when mature. (After Massee.
PLATE V

DKVKI-OI'MKNT in ASCOM VCKI'KS

 ASCOMYCETES 15

the perithecium
In species not provided with a true mouth
ruptures irregularly for the spores to escape.
surface is not
In the Discomycetes the ascus-bearing
seated on a flat or
enclosed, but is fully exposed at maturity,
cup-shaped ascophore.
The hymenial surface is composed of asci and paraphyses.
All the asci are not developed at once.
Their apices rarely
reach the surface of the hymenium. The longer, slender,

and often thread-like paraphyses extend above and

protect
prolonged
them. (In a few cases the ascus at maturity is
border-
well above the surface of the disc.) The paraphyses

Fig. 4. Fig. 5 .

Hymenial surface of a Peziza (Dis- A, section through a Xylaria

comycetes), showing the slender (Pyrenomycetes), showing the
paraphyses surrounding the asci numerous perithecia embedded
containing the spores (highly in the stroma, with their mouths
magnified). opening on to the surface of the
fungus B, a perithecium, mag-
;

nified.

ing an ascus are pushed aside when a spore is being

expelled, immediately afterwards regaining their former
position. An ascus usually contains eight spores or some
multiple of eight. Occasionally there are four spores in an
ascus, rarely two, and very rarely one.
The paraphyses vary greatly in shape, being either
simple, branched, club-shaped, curved, or curled and con-
torted. They are developed before the asci. Their sides
are gelatinous,and afford a protective and well-lubricated
channel, between which the asci thrust themselves. That
the paraphyses are abortive asci seems probable, because
i6 DEVELOPMENT
they occasionally enclose one or two spores resembling
those normally produced by the fungus. Their tips are
often brightly coloured in Discomycetes, causing the brilliant
hue of the disc in the cup-shaped species (Pezizae). They
are a continuation of the vegetative hyphae. Certain
species of Peziza are developed from sclevotia, which, as
noted above, are a form of vegetative mycelium. They
constitute the genus Sclerotinia.
 CHAPTER II

METHODS OF SPORE DISPERSAL

he agencies by which the spores of fungi are dispersed
T
itself,
may be arranged under four heads
Water, Air, and Animals.
— viz., the Fungus

I. By the Fungus itself. —

Perhaps the most remarkable
instance is afforded by SphcEYoholus stellatus (a Gasteromy-
cete), the catapult fungus, as it might well be called. This
species is of frequent occurrence on decaying sticks, saw-
dust, old sacking, etc. It, is inconspicuous, however, and
easily overlooked. Before expansion it looks like “ little

grains of white mustard seed partially covered with a deli-

cate down.” It is gregarious,and sometimes occurs in quite
large patches. In structure it consists of two layers —a coat
and lining, we may call them. The coat is often orange
colour ;
which is tough, thin, and colourless, forms
its lining,

a cup, in the bottom of which lies the sporangium, a globose

brown body containing the spores. At maturity the coat
splits half-way down into a few pointed divisions or rays.

Soon afterwards the lining is suddenly turned outwards

with such force as to shoot out the sporangium like a shot
from a catapult. The lining does not leave the coat, being
fastened to it Berkeley compared
at the tips of the rays.
the action to that of a body tossed from a blanket held at
the four corners. The sporangium is sticky, and adheres to
whatever it may come in contact with during flight.
If a cluster of sporophores are placed under a bell-glass,
the sporangia strike the glass with such force as to make an
2 [ 17 ]
i8 METHODS OF SPORE DISPERSAL
audible snicking, and remain adhering to it.The surprising
distance to which a sporangium is thrown may be well seen
if the sporophores are placed in the middle of a large table
covered with white paper.
In Ascobolus and Saccobolus (Ascomycetes which occur
on dung in meadows) the ascus is prolonged at maturity
above the surface of the disc. In the former each spore in
an ascus is surrounded by mucus in the latter all the spores
;

are held together in a bundle by mucilage. The spores are

ejected with considerable force, and adhere to the surround-
ing grass and herbage, which are browsed by cattle, when
they germinate in the alimentary canal, and ultimately pro-
duce ascophores on the dung.
Worthington Smith states that the earth-star Geastev
Micheliamis, when mature, “will sometimes throw itself
elastically some 9 inches from its place of growth.”
It has been asserted that some agarics are able to throw

their spores to a distance, because it usually happens that

the spores are thrown down over a considerable area around
specimens confined under a bell-glass or other receptacle.
But the statement is open to doubt. Spores, being so very
minute, are easily removed a little distance by the slightest
air current. I have noticed in such cases that the colour of

the spore mass is always more intense in some one direction,

at once indicating that an air current was responsible for the

phenomenon.
2. By Water . — The sporophores of large woody polypores,
growing on trees overhanging rivers and streams may
etc.,

sometimes be carried long distances down the stream. I

have noted by experiment that these woody fungi can remain
many days in water before they become completely water-
logged.
3. By Air. — In the majority of fungi the spores are
easily dispersed overwide areas by air currents. The object
of the stem, especially in species which grow amongst long
 — a

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI
DISPERSAL OF SPORES
Fig. I. — The
cap of Phallus impudicus, the common Stinkhorn
Fungus, with flies devouring the gluten. (Two-thirds natural size.)
Fig, 2. Spho'robolns stcllatiis, group of plants growing on wood.
Fig. 3. — Young plant, magnified.
Fig. 4. — Mature plant about to discharge the peridiolum.
Fig. 5. — Same after extrusion of the inner membrane.
Fig. 6. — Magnified section of Spharoboliis stcllatus,showing the
peridiolum lying within the cup-shaped recep-tacle.
Fig. 7. Scleroderma vulgare (half natural size), showing holes in the
cortex made by beetles.
Fig. 8. —
Ascus and paraphyses of Saccoholus herverni, highly mag-
nified (after Massee), showing the spores arranged in an oblong cluster
at the top of the ascus.
Fig. 9. Pomes annosus growing on larch roots taken from the roof of
a rabbit burrow. (One-quarter natural size.)
I'lG. 10. —
An agaric with a slug devouring the gills.
Fig. II.— puff-ball (Lycoperdon). The spines are worn away, the
thin peridium is collapsing, and the spores are escaping through an
aperture at the summit.
 PLATE VI

DISl’KKSAl. OK Sl'OKKS
 2

DISPERSAL BY AIR 19

grass, is hymenial surface well above the sur-

to raise the
rounding herbage, and thus permit the free passage of air
over it.

In the true puff-balls (Lycoperdon) the spores are dis-

persed by air, consequent upon the collapsing or the flaking
away of the soft inner peridium. The sterile stem-like base
is firmly fixed to the matrix. The Bovista group of puff-
balls have no such sterile base, and are not firmly rooted.
At maturity the fungus breaks away from the matrix, and
rolls long distances before the wind. Lloyd has aptly
termed them the “ tumblers ” of the puff-ball world. (The
“ cloud ” emitted by a ripe puff-ball when squeezed consists
of a multitude of spores. It quickly vanishes as the spores
separate and float away. If a little of the “ dust ” is puffed

on to a glass slip and viewed under a microscope with a

^ or i inch objective, the individual spores may be easily
examined.)
In many of the sessile species of Peziza the spores are
also discharged in a “ cloud.” The phenomenon, known as
“ puffing,” often takes place immediately after the fungus is

handled or the hymenium is breathed upon. The explana-

tion is that many asci have ruptured simultaneously at their
apices through expansion or contraction of their walls, and
emitted their spores with a certain amount of force.
4. By Animals. — The dispersal of spores by animal
agencies is a subject of the greatest interest.
The spores of the familiar Fomes annosus are carried in the
fur of rabbits and other burrowing mammals, which brush
against the sporophores often developed on exposed roots of
fir-trees in the roof of the burrow. The spores of other
deadly parasites are dispersed in a similar way.
Truly subterranean fungi, in which complete development
of the spores takes place beneath the ground, are strong-
smelling only at maturity. The scent attracts mammals,
which dig them up and eat them with avidity. The well-
2 —
 20 METHODS OF SPORE DISPERSAL
known edible truffles are systematically obtained by hunters,
who train dogs, and sometimes pigs, to find them. The Wilt-
term themselves)
shire truffle-hunters (or “trufflers,” as they
assert that squirrels are very fond of these fungi. Berkeley
observed that a beetle (Leiodes) attacks the truffle, and
“ certainly does not improve its flavour.” Mr. Alfred
Collins, a well-known Wiltshire truffler, writes me “ Some :

older trufflers have told me the spore is carried about by a

small insect known to us as the truffle-beetle. It is a small
brown and eats the truffles in holes sometimes almost
insect,
like a sponge, but whether it is a carrier of the spore or not
I don’t know.” He sent me some of the beetles, which
Mr. H. T. G. Watkins has kindly identified as Anistoma cin-^
namomea (Leiodes cinnamomea). It is highly probable that this
beetle plays a far more important part in the distribution of
truffles than is at present supposed. The strong smell
noticeable in Lentinus cochlcatus, CUtocyhe odora, and many
other agarics, possibly serves as a lure for insects.
It has been noted above that the spores of certain dung-
loving Discomycetes are dispersed by mammals after they
have been ejected upon the surrounding herbage. There is

also a certain amount of evidence that the passage of the

spore through the alimentary canal of some animal is neces-
sary in some species to insure germination. Berkeley
thought that the almost universal distribution of the common
edible mushroom “ accompanied the introduction of the
horse in various countries.” It is well known that mush-
rooms [i.e., Agaricus arvensis) always appear in fields where
horses are regularly kept.
Perhaps the most familiar examples of spore dispersal by
insects are afforded by the Phalloidaceae, or Stinkhorn Fungi.
Their spores are immersed in a highly fetid gluten, the
whole forming a delectable repast for flies and wasps, whose
excrements have been observed to be almost exclusively
composed of spores, which, when placed in tubes on sterilised
 INSECTS AND SLUGS 21

earth, germinated at the end of two months, and produced

mycelium.
The pileus of the Dog Stinkhorn which
is red, a colour

probably acts as an additional lure to insects. In some

foreign species the pileus is surrounded by a network
resembling lace or coral, on which the visiting insects
disport themselves.
According to Cooke and Berkeley, the spores of fungi are
devoured chiefly by Syrphidae, flies which also devour
pollen.
There is no arrangement for spore dispersal in
definite
the Sclerodermaceae, and it seems probable that dispersion
is entirely affected by beetles. The thick peridium does not
easily rupture, and long before natural decay takes place it
is riddled by various beetles. I am told by the Rev. E. N.

Bloomfield that Cvyptophagus lycoperdi is commonly found in

Scleroderma vulgare.
The mineralised cystidia of some fungi afford a certain
amount of protection against visitation by slugs. Their
absence in others, and the presence of attractive sugars
instead, is suggestive that in these the visits of slugs are
desirable, not only for the purpose of disseminating the
spores, but also to insure ready germination.
Voglino observed that spores which did not germinate in
many media, germinated freely in the liquid contents of the
digestive tract of a slug. He also discovered that by col-
lecting slugs from fungi on which they were feeding, and
placing them in an enclosed plot of ground, many more
species of agarics appeared on this plot the following season
than on the adjacent ground.
Slugs, snails, and various insects, are favourite foods of
many birds ;* therefore birds indirectly assist in spore dis-

* See an important paper on the “Food of British Birds,” by

Robert Newstead, in Volume XV. of the Journal of the Board of
Agriculture,
22 METHODS OF SPORE DISPERSAL
persal, and probably in this way many Continental species
are introduced into Britain.
That many species of fungi are brought from one conti-
—
nent to another by human agency often upon imported
—
seeds and plants will occur to all my readers. In this
way only too many obnoxious kinds have been introduced
into this country, chiefly from America, I believe. Massee
records that “ many kinds of foreign fruit examined at Kew
have furnished fungus spores which have germinated readily,
and which, if they had found their way to the proper host-
plant, would undoubtedly have established a disease.”*

“ Textbook of Fungi,” p. 227.

 ; ;; ; ;

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VII

COMMON IN FIR WOODS
I, Cantharelliis aiirantiacus 2, ditto, section showing the narrow
decurrent Lactanus rufus 4, ditto,
gills; 3, section showing the per-
sistent umbo, decurrent gills, and reddish flesh; 5, Russula drimeia
6, ditto, showing the slightly adnexed gills
section 7, Tricholoma
;

rutilans ; 8, ditto, section showing the yellow flesh and gills 9, Collybia ;

butyracea 10, Boletus luteus ii, ditto, section showing the adnate
yellow tubes and thick whitish flesh 12, Collybia escxilenta growing from
;

a fir-cone.
PLATE VII

COMMON IN FIR WOODS

 ;

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII

COMMON IN BEECH WOODS
I, Collybia dryophila, immature and mature plants; 2, ditto, section

showing the almost free gills and hollow stem 3, Mycena puva ; 4, ditto,
;

section showing the adnexed and broadly sinuate gills and hollow stem
5, Russula emetica; 6, Russula fellea; 7, 8, Marasmius peronatus, young
and mature plants g, Tricholoma ternum.
;
PLATE VIII

COMMON IN BEECH WOODS

 ;

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX
COMMON IN OPEN PASTURES
I, Psilocybe fcenisecii ; 2, ditto, section showing the broad adnate gills ;

3, Marasmius Hygrophorus coccinetis, young and mature

oveades ; 4, 5,
plants; 6, ditto, section showing the hollow stem and broadly adnate
gills with a decurrent tooth 7, 8, Hygyophonis psittacinus, plants of
;

various ages ; g. Stropharia semiglobata 10, ditto, section showing the

broadly adnate gills; ii, Hygrophorus pratcnsis ; 12, ditto, section
showing the decurrent gills 13, Tricholoma gambosum, mature and very
;

young plants 14, ditto, section,

;
FLATE IX

lO {j

COMMON IN OPEN PASTURES

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE X
SMALL AGARICS OCCURRING AMONGST DEAD
LEAVES, ETC.
I, Marasmius ramealis, half natural size ;
2, Pleurotus hypnophihis, half
natural size ; 3, section of the same, natural size Mycena capillaris,
; 4,
half natural size; 5, same, natural size; 6, Marasmius epiphyllus, half
natural size 7, Marasmius Hudsoni, half natural size
;
8, same, natural;

size 9, Marasmius androsaceus, half natural size

; 10, Collybia tenacella,
;

half natural size it, section of same, natural size

; 12, Myccna vulf;aris,
;

half natural size 13, section of the same, natural size

; 14, Collybia ;

conigena, half natural size 15, section

;
of the same, half natural size.
PLATE X

SMAI.I. ACiAKICS OCCUKKMNC; ON DKAl) I.I!A\KS, ETC.

 —

CHAPTER III

HABITATS

HE young mycologist will quickly observe that most

fungi, like flowering plants, have their distinctive
habitats e.g., that the fungus flora of a fir wood is largely
of a different character from that of a beech wood, and that
shade-loving species seldom occur in open pastures. The
appended plates indicate a few species characteristic of each
of these localities.
Concerning the habitats of agarics. Dr. M. C. Cooke com-
puted that about 64 per cent, are “ terrestrial, or nominally
so ;
but we cannot separate those which flourish on old
charcoal-beds, on decaying sawdust, or vegetable humus.”
About 7 per cent flourish habitually on dead leaves, or on
the dead stems of herbaceous plants, and nearly 30 per cent,
grow upon decayed wood.
Some agarics chiefly affect the neighbourhood of human
habitations. I may instance Coprinus atramentarius, which
has on more than one occasion demonstrated very forcibly
the extraordinary lifting power of some fungi. A group of
sporophores lifted a large mass of asphalt paving in
Hampton Road in 1889 ;
a similar occurrence took place
at Dunstable in 1899.
Mevulius lacrymans, the “ dry-rot ” fungus, is essentially a
domesticated species, if the term may be allowed, occurring
only on worked wood in houses, ships, etc.
Plate X. depicts certain small agarics with distinctive
habitats, but it must be observed that a species occasionally
[ 23 ]
 24 HABITATS
on a matrix very different from that on
elects to flourish
which it usually occurs. A very curious case in illustration
of this was the discovery of Lachnea suhlivida (first British
record) by Mr. Charles Crossland on a very thin layer of
black dust covering some pig-iron in a foundry at Hebden
Bridge, Yorkshire, its usual habitat being damp soil.
There are old records of fungi occurring on iron which
had been red hot only a few hours previously. It is possible
that these concern species of Mycetozoa which had migrated
to the iron soon after it had cooled.
Dr. Plowright once found Pleuvotus ostreatus growing on
dry cerebral matter in the skull of a stranded whale on the
Norfolk coast.
sometimes totally change the
Peculiarities of environment
appearance of a species, and produce a monstrosity. Absence
of light is one of these. Certain
Hymenomycetes assume most
grotesque shapes when growing
on timber in mines e.g., Lentinus
tigrinus and Polypovus squamosiis in
such situations occasionally re-
semble the branched antlers of a
deer.
Abnormal growths, the causes
A, An agaric with secondary pileus of which are unknown, are not at
B, Clitocyhe laccata monstro-—
sity “ tortilis.” all uncommon. Fig. 6, B, de-
picts the monstrosity ^‘toytilis,” of
Clitocyhe laccata. The pileus forms a closed ball, on the
greater part of which the gills form an anastomosing
network.
The innate tendency amongst certain Hymenomycetes to
secure a protected hymenium has been already alluded to.

It may also be seen in species which, through accident of

position in youth, find themselves growing stalk uppermost.
I once found a specimen of Hydnum repandum growing head
 ; ; ;

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI
LARGE FUNGI PARASITIC ON OTHERS
I, XyctiiHs astcrophora growing on Russula nigricans; 2, ditto, section
showing the narrow adnate gills; 3, Nyctalis parasitica growing on
Russula adusta 4, ditto, section showing the broad adnate gills;

5, Boletus parasiticus growing on Scleroderma vulgare 6 ditto, section

,

showing the subdecurrent tubes 7, Volcaria Loveianus parasitic on

;

Clitocybe nchularis 8, ditto, section showing the free edge of the volva
and the free gills 9, ditto, section of an unexpanded plant, showing
;

the gill-slits.
PLATE AT

I,AK(iK KUN'til I'AKASITIC ON OlHI'.KS

 —

NUTRITION 25

downwards an overhanging bank.

in All the normally
placed spines were pointing downwards, and a hymenial
surface with well-developed spines occupied the greater
part of the centre of the true pileus.
Agarics with resupinate pileoli growing on the pileus,
usually at the margin, are not infrequently met with.
Examples with stalked secondary pilei also occur (Fig. 6, A).
These latter must not be confounded with parasitic species,
examples of which are shown on Plate XI., where also is
depicted the curious Boletus parasiticus, which lives a parasitic
life on the common earth-ball.
The late Professor Marshall Ward pointed out in a very
valuable paper on the “Nutrition of Fungi”* that more
accurate information is wanted respecting the habitats
of fungi. “ It is important to know not only whether the
substratum is charcoal, burnt clay, sand, etc., but if the
mycelium open land runs into manure, humus, or even
in
to the living roots of grasses, etc. Much has been accom-
plished, but more can be done by further observation in the
field to direct the efforts of those who cultivate the forms
with a view to settling these questions, and we must all
admit that it is a branch of science that opens up splendid
opportunities for research. We should like to see more
information regarding the shade-bearing, moisture-loving,
wind-enduring, and frost-resisting capacities of groups of
critical and closely allied species, as well as statistics
regarding season, altitude, habitat, etc., recorded with all
the care and completeness possible. ... Is thereany con-
nection between the habitat and nutrition of the species and
their specific and generic character e.g., colour of spores,
texture of pileus, hollow or stuffed stipes, adhesion, freedom,
etc., of lamellae, or minor characters
of colour, silkiness,
etc. ? Can we find in the distribution of the species in
* Transactions of the British Mycological Society, vol. i., pp. 124-
142.
26 HABITATS
latitude or altitude any explanation of the variation which
it is admitted occurs within the limits of accepted
species ?”
He thought it probable that different specific names have
been given to the same fungus growing on different media
or under different conditions.
 ;

CHAPTER IV
SAPROPHYTES AND PARASITES
ungi deriving their nutriment from dead organic
F matter, such as dead leaves, wood,
saprophytes those which obtain their food from living plants
etc., are termed

and animals are known as parasites. Some species are able

to accommodate themselves to either kind of diet.
A spore from a parasitic fungus may germinate on what-
ever it happens eventually to settle upon, but unless it does
so on the host (or hosts) it particularly affects it produce
will
only a germ tube, and then die. There is something in the
cells of its true host that it is specially fond of, something
which attracts the germ tube and causes it to enter. Hence
we understand why it is that a fungus producing myriads of
spores is rare or uncommon. Perhaps only one spore in
several millions germinates under favourable conditions and
produces mycelium all the others, owing to unfavourable
;

environment, die soon after germination.

has been demonstrated that a parasitic fungus can be
It

induced to enter the leaves of a plant which is not its true

host, and there produce its spores, by injecting the leaves
with a substance much liked by the parasite. If the spores
produced under these conditions are in turn sown upon
other injected leaves, and the process continued for many
generations, it will be found that the twenty-fifth generation
(or thereabouts) is able to enterleaves that have not been
injected with the attractive substance. The parasite has
been gradually educated to feed upon and thrive on the
[ 27 ]
28 SAPROPHYTES AND PARASITES
special substance normally present in the cells of the
njected plant.
By
experiments of this kind true saprophytes have been
transformed into parasites, showing that parasitism is an
acquired habit.
I am not acquainted with any statistics giving the annual
loss to foresters through the ravages of parasitic fungi ;
it

must be very great. Prussiahave lost more than

is said to
;^2o, 000,000 in the year 1891 through an epidemic of grain
rust. The United States Department of Agriculture stated
that the losses in 1897 through injury caused by fungi
amounted to about /"qo, 000,000. This enormous sum prob-
ably includes damage to forests as well as to cereals and
fruit.

One of the commonest of our native fungi, and a deadly

enemy of Fames annosus, forms the subject of
conifers.
Plate XII. It is a perennial, depositing a new stratum of
tubes every year over the old ones (Plate XII, 2), which ,

die and become very hard. These are best seen in large
sporophores growing out of erect trunks (Plate XII., i). It
encrusts anything with which it may come into contact, and
often occurs with leaves and twigs embedded in it. I have

a sporophore which was found with a living shell {Helix

votundata) protruding from, but firmly fixed to, the hymenial
surface. When growing on roots it is often quite adnate
(Plate XII., 6). It frequently appears in this state on
roots exposed in rabbit burrows ;
the spores fall upon the
fur of the passing mammals, and are brushed upon the roots
of other trees. The hyphse enter between the bark of the
root,and form a white felt of mycelium, which creeps up-
wards into the trunk, appearing like little white balls
through any cracks which may occur in the root bark
(Plate XII., 3). The mycelium slowly spreads up the
middle of the stem, destroying its tissues and hollowing it
out like a pipe. Plate XII., 5 depicts the section of a
 PLATE XII

A I)KST]^UCTIVK FIK WOOD I’AKASI'IK (foMES

ANNOSUs)
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII
FOMES ANNOSUS
Fig. I. Perennial sporophores on a fir trunk.
Fig. — Ditto, section, showing the strata of tubes.
2.

Fig. — Hyphae creeping beneath bark.

3.
Fig. — Sporophores on cut surface of a log.
4.

Fig. — Section of an attacked trunk.

5,

Fig. 6 — Adnate sporophore on stump of a Scotch

. fi
 FOMES ANNOSUS 29

tree in this state. It will be noticed that the enclosed

branches are not attacked, the mycelium preferring the
easier task of destroying the softer tissues.
Hartig says the mycelium does not pass up into the trunk
of the Scotch pine, being kept back by the abundant resin
present in the lower part of the stem in these trees. Its

presence in a stem in the early stage of attack can only be

demonstrated by microscopic examination, and is often
present when least suspected. A
number of sections
large
of trunks of young Austrian pine and Norway spruce were
stacked against the inner wall of my
wood-shed in March,
1908. Each section was about a foot long, and all were
placed in such a manner that only one end was exposed to
the light. The trees when felled appeared to be quite
healthy. No notice, however, was taken of their roots; they
were felled by woodmen in the ordinary course of thinning
out a plantation. Early in the following November it was
observed that many had developed pileate
of the sections
sporophores, in all cases only upon the end exposed to the
light. The appearance presented by one of them is shown
in Plate XII., 4.

There comes a time when an attacked tree shows external

signs of disease, chiefly indicated by the foliage becoming
pale, but many years may elapse before this takes place.
A large and apparently very healthy
and vigorous spruce
growing within a few hundred yards of the Haslemere
Museum was struck by lightning, and a large piece torn
away from the side of the trunk. To the astonishment
of all who saw it, this tree was completely hollow, and
must have been attacked by the parasite many years pre-
viously.
A tree very quickly dies after the foliage has commenced
to change colour, and examination always reveals a plentiful
crop of sporophores on the roots. Plate XII., 6 shows an in-
verted stump of a Scotch pine with numerous resupinate
30 SAPROPHYTES AND PARASITES
sporophores upon it. Diseased trees should be removed,
and their roots dug up and burnt.
Five other well-known hymenomycetal parasites are
delineated on Plate XIII.
Fig. I. Annillavia mellea, the Honey Agaric. — It is one of
the commonest of “ toadstools ” and one of the greatest of
fungus pests ;
it attacks all kinds of trees, in garden and
orchard as well as forest. It invades the roots of its host,
spreads up into the cambium layer, and soon brings about
its death. If, on stripping away the bark from a sickly tree,
there is found beneath it an abundance of shining black
cords of varying thickness (Fig. 2), then it is pretty certain
that Avmillavia mellea is no sporophores
at work, even if

occur. These black cords {rhizomorphs) spread from tree to

tree. Infection may also take place by spores settling upon
a wound e.g., a lopped-off bough or partly exposed root
damaged by spade or cart-wheel. Wounds in fruit-trees
should be at once protected by painting the surface with tar.
Fig. 3. ArmillaYia mucida . It attacks living beeches. The
beautiful shining white sporophores are of common occur-
rence in beech woods in autumn.
Fig. 4. Pholiota adiposa. — It is usually a saprophyte, but
sometimes attacks living conifers, beech, plum, etc., entering
by an abraded surface. Fig. 5 is a section of a young
specimen, showing the veil extending as a membrane from
the margin of the pileus to the stem.
Fig. 6. Polyporns Schweinitzii. — It attacks many conifers,
obtaining entrance in the same way as Pomes annosus. It

hollows out the trunk, and probably the most dangerous

is

enemy of the larch, for which it has a decided preference.

Remembering that the larch is the only conifer that really
pays well in this country for planting, the mischief done
annually by this fungus must be very great. It is increasing
rapidly in the South of England, where nothing seems to be
done to check its progress. It is now tolerably abundant in
 PLATE XIII

OKSTKUCTIVE TO I.IVING TKKKS

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIII

DESTRUCTIVE TO LIVING TREES

Fig. I. —Armillaria mcllca.

Pig, 2. — Rhizomorphs of Armillaria mcllea.

Fig. 3. — Armillaria mucida.

Fig. —Pholiota adiposa.
Fig. 5. — Ditto, section.
Fig. 6. — Polyporus Sclnvcinitzii.
Fig. 7. — Polyporus bctulinus.
 DRY ROT 31

woods around Haslemere, where there was not a trace of it

ten years ago.

Fig. 7. Polyforus hetuUnus. — Though usually associated
with dead birches, on which its large sporophores form very
artistic objects, this species also attacks living trees, its

presence being indicated by the brown discoloration of the

wood. It is an annual ;
the mycelium is probably perennial
in the wood.
Additional parasites figured on our plates are
Stercum hirsutum (Plate which attacks various living
I.),

trees, andsaid to
is be the cause of “fly ” wood and “yellow
and white piped ” wood.
Fomes fomentarius (Plate XXXIII.) attacks beech and oak,
and is said by Hartig to be the cause of the “ white rot.”
Polyponis sulphiireus (Plate XXXIII.) attacks oak, larch,
poplar, willow, yew, etc.
Polypoms squamosus (Plate XXXIII.) infests many of our
native trees, notably the elm.
Hirneola auricula-juda, the “Jew’s ear” (Plate XXVI.),
attacks living elder.
Merulius lacrymans, the “ dry rot ” (Plate XXXII.), is one
of the most destructive of parasites. Too often does the
purchaser of a newly-built house make
acquaintance, the
its
first indication of its unwelcome presence usually being a
streak or film of reddish-brown “ dust ” coming from a crack
in the floor, often within an ill-ventilated cupboard. The
“dust” is its spores, myriads of them. If the floor is not
quickly taken up by the owner, it will soon be eaten up by
the fungus. Rotting wood should be removed, and what
appears to be sound should be carefully disinfected with
creosote. The presence of the mycelium of the fungus in
wood is easily known by the “red stripe,” and it is regrettable
that builders constantly use such wood for building
pur-
poses without thoroughly disinfecting it.
histulina Jiepatica (Plate XV.). — The “beefsteak” grows
32 SAPROPHYTES AND PARASITES
on living oaks, and, according to Hartig, causes a deep red-
brown decomposition of the wood.
Dcsdalea quevcina (Plate XXXII.) also attacks living oaks.
Six leaf parasites are shown on Plate XIV. :

Fig. I. Exohasidiunivaccinii. —A true Basidiomycete nearly

allied to Corticium. forms orbicular swellings on living
It

leaves of the whortleberry {Vaccinium myrtillus), rarely on

the leaf-stalks and stems. The flesh-coloured hymenium
protrudes from the under surface of the leaf ;
the opposing
upper surface is red or purple.
Fig. 2. Rhytisma acerinuni, an Ascomycete, causes the
familiar black spots on sycamore and 'maple leaves. The
ascophores mature in spring after the leaves have been lying
on the ground throughout the winter. If a spore settles on
a young leaf the hyphae enter the tissues, causing yellowish
spots to appear in June. These change in July to pitch-
black. The leaves on autumnal shoots remain free of
disease, and do not fall so quickly as infected ones. This
pest is checked by carefully sweeping up and burning dis-
eased leaves.
Fig. 3. Rhytisma punctatmn superficially resembles the
preceding, but the spot consists of closely crowded punctate,
not continuous, spots. The black spots frequently seen on
willows are caused by R. salicinnm.
Fig. 4. Ascomyces pruni"^ causes the young fruit of culti-
vated plums, also bullace, and wild cherry, to become
sloe,

deformed and swollen, assuming the condition known as

“pocket plums” or “bladder plums.” The mycelium is
perennial, spreading in spring through the young shoots, its
fruit appearing as a delicate whitish bloom in July. It does

not spread backwards on a branch, hence may be arrested

by hard pruning.
Fig. 5. Ascomyces deformans eW-'k.nownl&dii cui\
of peach and almond, now universally distributed and very
* Ascomyces is synonymous with Exoascus.
 PLATE XIV

TARASriES OX LIVINCi LEAVES, ETC.

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIV
PARASITES ON LIVING LEAVES, ETC.
Fig. 1 — Exohasidium
. vaccinii.

Fig. 2 — Rhytisma acerimnn.

.

Fig. 3 — Rhytisma punctatum.

.

Fig. 4 —Ascomyces pruni.

.

Fig. ^.—Ascomyces deformans.

Fig. 6 — Ascomyces alnitorquus
.
 WITCHES’ BESOMS 33

abundant in the South of England. Diseased leaves often

fall before midsummer, and should be carefully collected
and burned. Pruning, as in the preceding species, checks
the spread of the disease.
Fig. 6. Ascomyces alnitorquus produces blisters on the upper
surface of the leaves of the common alder {Alnus ghttinosa),
and causes remarkable gall-likeproductions on the female
Inflorescence. Ascomyces turgidus gives rise to the “ witches’
besoms ”commonly seen on birch, and particularly
so
noticeable in winter. The asci are formed on the under
surface of the leaves, which become discoloured, and appear
as if dusted with a greyish hoariness.
Amongst other parasitic Ascomycetes may be mentioned
the members of the genus Sclerotinia. Many of these
are well-known garden pests. S. sclerotionmi (Plate V.)
attacks the potato, chrysanthemum, cucumber, etc. It first
appears above ground as a delicate white mould, encircling
the stem of the attacked plant. The mycelium spreads up
into the centre of the stem, in which the black sclerotia
may be easily detected in their season. 5. tuhevosa attacks
anemones, wild and cultivated. The sclerotium is attached
to the anemone root. The long stem of the ascophore is
buried in the ground, hence the fungus appears like a sessile
Peziza. Other species of Sclerotinia attack peonies, tulips,
and snowdrops. Peziza vesiculosa (Plate XL
VI I.) is said to
attack species of Balsaminia, Hyacinthus,
etc., in gardens.
The ascophores should be carefully collected and burnt.

3
 CHAPTER V
ECONOMIC AND EDIBLE SPECIES
T is estimated that there are about 30,000 valid species
I of fungi. Of
enormous assemblage, probably not
this
more than 250 are of any economic importance, including
about 100 esculent species.
Some poisonous species are occasionally put to a useful
purpose e.g., an extract of the Fly Agaric {Amanita muscaria)
is used in Lapland to poison insects.
Polypoms sqitamosus and P. hetulinus were at one time used
in the manufacture of razor-strops.
Pomes igniayius, F. fomentarius, and Polypoms sulphureus were
used as tinder in the days of flint and steel. It was prepared
by boiling in a solution of nitre. These species were also in
request as styptics for slight wounds, and they are still used
by the Kamchatkans as snuff. An interesting series of
objects (bedroom slippers, smoking-caps, etc.) made from
pliant sheets of Pomes fomentarius may be seen in one of the
museums at Kew.
Puff-balls were at one time extensively used in rural
districts as styptics. The practice has not quite died out.
I was recently told by an old Sussex labourer that he always
kept a few ripe “ puffs ” in his cottage for this purpose.
They were also used to stupefy bees, and for tinder. We
are reminded of these ancient uses in a poem alluding to
some bygone customs, which has the following verse
" The aged puffballs shall help us to cheat
The dainty bees of their luscious meat
While others shall turn to give us light.
And scare from our dell the dreary night.”
[ 34 1
PLATE Xy

SOME EDIBLE SPECIES

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XV
SOME EDIBLE SPECIES
I, Lepiota procera ; 2, ditto, section showing the free gills and the
hollow stem distinct from the flesh of the pileus ; 3, CantJiarelliis
cibarius 4, ditto, young; 5, section showing the decurrent gills;

6, Lactaritis deliciosus 7, ditto, section showing the saffron-red flesh and

milk 8, Boletus edulis ;
; 9, Fistulina hepatica ; 10, ditto, section showing
the red marbled flesh ;
ii, Coprinus comatus, mature plant 12, ditto,
:

young; 13, ditto, section of a young plant, showing the reddish purple
which become black and drip away at maturity.
gills,
 FUNGI AS FOOD 35

Berkeley remarked (i860) that the “Jew’s-ear and the

false truffle are still sold in Covent Garden Market in con-
sequence of some supposed healing properties ;
but they
belong to the times of the ancient herbalists, when the
doctrine of signatures was prevalent, and are rejected as
useless by all respectable practitioners.” The Jew’s-ear
was formerly used as a remedy for dropsy. It is an esteemed
esculent in some countries.
Much literature in praise of edible fungi has been, and is

being, published ;
but that fungi can never take the place
of meat, nor even claim high rank in our bill of fare, is
evident from the experiments of Mr. L. B. Mendel in the
Physiological Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University. He
has shown that the proportion of proteid matter (the
material supplied by meat) is smaller than is usually sup-
posed ;
moreover — and this is an extremely important point
—a large proportion of it resists the action of the digestive
juices. We must remember that the proportion of
also
water is anything between 70 and 90 per cent. therefore a ;

fungus contains about as much nutritive material as a turnip

(the least nutritious of all our vegetables), and is much more
indigestible.
Six species that have been specially recommended for
their esculent qualities are depicted on Plate XV. Full
details concerning the cooking of these other and many
species will be found in Dr. M. C. Cooke’s “ British Edible
Fungi,” the standard work on the subject (see Bibliography,
P- 45)-
Before leaving this subject I feel it necessary to warn
would-be experimentalists that a deadly meal may be stew-
ing in the pot unless every possible care has been taken in
discrimination. Dr. M. C. Cooke observes that there is no
general rule by which good fungi can be distinguished from
poisonous ones. “ The only safeguard is to become ac-
quainted, by means of well-defined features, with some of
3—2
36 ECONOMIC AND EDIBLE SPECIES
the best esculent species, and by no means to experiment
with those which are unknown.” Dr. Plowright concluded
an article on “ How to Discriminate between Edible and
Poisonous Fungi” {Science Gossip, 1896) with the remark:
“ There is one way, and only one, by which edible fungi can
be discriminated from poisonous ones with absolute certainty,
and that is by a knowledge of the individual species.”
Some of the commonest fungi of our fields and hedgerows
are violently poisonous e.g., Amanita phalloides, which is
popularly known by such significant names as the “ death-
cup,” and the “ destroying angel.” The poisonous principle
in this species is called “ phalline,” and is one of the most
potent of known poisons. Its action is evident even when
diluted to i part in 125,000.
Sir Jonathan Hutchinson remarks [Haslemere Museum
Gazette, 1907): “ It is a question of much interest for the
farmer, and one which has as yet received little or no
attention, whether the deaths of sheep, cattle, and horses
may not sometimes be caused by their having eaten poison-
ous fungi. Sheep do unquestionably sometimes nibble at
the Russulas and Amanita phalloides, and they also sometimes
die with all the symptoms of agaric poisoning.”
 CHAPTER VI

ON COLLECTING, EXHIBITING, AND PRESERVING FUNGI

(2)

he
(3) need not be expensive. It

T (4)

(i)
is

A
equipment

pocket lens.
for the field

necessary to be provided with the following :

A notebook and pencil.

(5)
A strong and serviceable pocket-knife.
A stout chisel, for detachment of woody specimens.
The same will be useful for getting up terrestrial species, it

being essential in all cases to secure the complete fungus.

Some collectors prefer to carry a kind of trowel with a blade
(6)
about 5 X i|- inches.
A collecting vasculum.
tin, The mycologist’s
or
vasculum
(7) should be deeper than those usually supplied to
botanists. Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster* will supply
any size to order. Mine is 16x8x4^ inches a very —
handy size. A cross-handled basket should be carried when
collecting a large series of agarics for exhibition purposes.
Some small tins for fragile and minute species. Tins
are preferable to cardboard or chip boxes, which quickly
collapse when moist.
A
hand-saw with adjustable blade (supplied by any
ironmonger), for sawing off branches and woody specimens
not easily manipulated with the pocket-knife.
There is a widespread but erroneous idea that fungi are
only to be found during the autumn months. The majority
of fleshy species are at their best from September to Novem-
* 36, Strand, W.C.
[ 37 ]
38 ON COLLECTING FUNGI
ber, but many fleshy agarics flourish throughout a mild
winter, and several are remarkable in living through low
temperatures, notably Hypholoma sublatevitius, Pleurotus ostrea-
tus, and Collyhia velutipes. In spring several species of the
larger Ascomycetes, many polypores, and a few agarics
occur; in summer a few bolets, agarics, and phalloids (also
many minute species, “rusts” and “smuts,” parasitic on
living leaves, cereals, etc., not considered in this book) ;
in
autumn the greater majority of agarics, many of which
appear within a limited time, and then only under favour-
able conditions ;
in winter, representatives of the Thele-
phoracese and Polyporaceae, with a few agarics. Some
typical winter species are depicted on Plate I.

To the reader about to take up the study of fungi, and

rather at a loss how to begin, I should advise careful exam-
ination of the garden, not omitting the trees, then the nearest
hedgerow. Enough material will quickly be found to make
a good start; the “bag” will almost certainly contain
Stereum hirsiitum, PolysticUis versicolor, Hypholoma fascicular is,
and other species delineated on our plates. There should be
no difficulty in ascertaining the generic position of a species if
the keys to the families and genera are carefully consulted.
It is advisable for the first year to aim at the acquisition of
a thorough knowledge of a few typical genera. In my
experience as museum curator I have often noticed that
many young mycologists are prone to acquire only a shadowy
knowledge of many species ;
they can associate them quite
correctly with their names, but are unable to
scientific

point out the distinguishing features of the genera con-

cerned.
To make rapid progress with the study, the beginner
should seek election to some field club or society which
holds an annual fungus foray. The premier society in this
country is the British Mycological, founded in 1896 by
Dr. M. C. Cooke, Dr. C. B. Plowright, Mr. Carleton Rea,
 ON EXHIBITING FUNGI 39

and other leading mycologists. A week’s foray is held

every

autumn, and transactions are published annually.

The
honorary secretary is Carleton Rea, Esq., B.C.L., M.A.,
34, Foregate Street,
Worcester.

EXHIBITING FUNGI
A few notes on the autumnal exhibition of fungi at the
Haslemere Educational Museum may not be without inter-
est to the general reader and maybe helpful to the teacher.
The specimens are arranged in a long, roomy, and well-

lighted shed. keeping the windows and doors open, and

By
placing pans of charcoal about, the strong smell which
always emanates from a large collection of fungi is not very
pronounced.
and saucers. Many of the fleshy
All are placed on plates
kinds, notably Boleti and Amanitae, are changed daily.
—
With those which grow upon wood also the Hygrophori
—
and other pasture species a large piece of the matrix is
brought away and kept moist in a dish ;
so treated, they
keep fresh for a considerable time, and young plants de-
velop. “ Eggs ” of Stinkhorn fungi are embedded in damp
sand, and placed on a ledge outside a closed window.
Trestle tables are used ;
the largest is reserved for white-
spored agarics, and smaller ones for each of the other
spore groups. On each of these tables large descriptive
labels, also cards showing the spore-mass of some typical
species, are placed. Other tables are allotted to the Gastro-
mycetes, Ascomycetes, and other groups. This arrange-
ment enables the main principles of classification to be
demonstrated easily to students and visitors.
Serviceable printed labels for many common species are
obtained by cutting up two copies of the “ Guide to the
Sowerby Models of Fungi at the British Museum of Natural
History.”
40 ON PRESERVING FUNGI
A
microscope for the examination of spores, etc., coloured
illustrations of fungi, and the textbooks in general use are
placed on the tables. Many young friends are zealous in
keeping the exhibition going, bringing in large consignments
on half-holidays. A special fungus foray takes place annu-
ally, and is always well attended.

PRESERVATION
Firm, woody fungi may be easily preserved. For this
purpose specimens showing traces of incipient decay or
insect attacks must be avoided. They should be dried in
an oven, or on open trays suspended above a coke stove,
and when thoroughly dry be put away in boxes, care being
taken to put a lump of albo-carbon in each box as a pre-
ventive against attacks by certain minute insects that are the
terror of all herbarium makers. The best boxes for the
purpose are shouldered glass-topped ones, obtainable from
any dealer in natural history material. Full data should
accompany each specimen, or it may carry only a number
securely fastened to it, the particulars being posted up in a
memoranda book. Albo-carbon can be obtained from an
ironmonger. It evaporates quickly, and should be renewed
three or four times a year. To be absolutely preserved
against insects specimens must be poisoned. This may
all

be done by dipping them in a bath of corrosive sublimate

and alcohol in the proportion of i ounce of the former
dissolved in a quart of the latter diluted 25 per cent. Hold
them for a few seconds in the bath, using a pair of tweezers
— not your fingers —and, after allowing them to drip, place
them on paper on the drying-tray. They may be dried in
the sun, in an oven, or over a coke stove. Children should
not be allowed to poison their specimens.
Soft fleshy fungi cannot be preserved except in alcohol or
formalin, a proceeding which, for considerations of space,
 ON SKETCHING FUNGI 41

can only be recommended for very rare species.

Models
might be made, but few are able to make them life-like.
Sowerby’s painful attempts are still on view in the Botanical
Gallery at the British Museum of Natural History. The usual
plan is to make coloured sketches of agarics and other fleshy
species. I quote Dr. M. C. Cooke’s advice on this matter
(see “ Introduction to the Study of Fungi,” pp. 347, 348) :

“With the soft and fleshy agarics the only method

which we are prepared to recommend is to make a sketch
or drawing, with the form, size, and colour as in life. It is

not absolutely essential that they should be coloured,

although that but the colours should always be
is best,
stated explicitly upon the drawings. To assist those who
are not facile with the pencil, it is recommended that the
specimen collected should be divided longitudinally through
the cap and down the centre of the stem. When this is

done, one half should be laid on a sheet of white paper,

with the cut surface downwards and the outline traced
carefully upon the paper with a sharp-pointed pencil. On
removing the specimen there will be left upon the paper an
outline of the form of the agaric, natural size. This may
be completed by hand, drawing in the line marking the
margin of the pileus, indications of scales (if any exist), the
character of the ring (if present), and the scales, lines, or
markings of the stem. Another copy of the section made
side by side on the same paper would give the outline of the
gills, and by a little care and practice it would be found

easy to draw the line from the stem to the edge of the cap,
indicating the point of junction of the gills with the flesh of
the cap. This should be done very carefully and accurately,
as it must be depended upon to show whether the gills are
quite free from the stem at their inner extremity, or whether
they are adnexed, or whether they are decurrent, and to
what extent they run down the stem. Then, also, it should
be shown whether the stem is solid or hollow. A little
42 ON PRESERVING FUNGI
colouring, even if would be more useful than
not artistic,
mere description of general appearance. Of no less im-
portance is the addition of notes, giving such particulars as
cannot be conveyed by the sketch, and these would embrace
a statement of habitat, whether growing on the ground or on
wood. Amongst other details, it should be stated whether
the pileus was dry, or moist, or glutinous whether the ;

odour was agreeable, or fcetid, or indistinct whether the ;

taste was mild, or acrid, or pungent and whether the gills ;

exhibited any tendency to deliquesce. Finally, if the

drawing was not coloured, then the colour or the pileus and
stem must be indicated as explicitly as possible, and not
vaguely as red, brown, or grey, but what particular tone of
—
each colour whether bright red or dull red, dark red or light
red, vermilion or crimson, and so on, with any other colour,
so that at any time the sketch might be completed in colour
and made to represent the species.”
Those who despair (after one or two failures) of ever
making a good representation of a fungus may take heart
from reading Dr. Plowright’s remarks on this head in his
presidential address at the Dublin meeting of the British
Mycological Society (1898)
“ It is very curious how, after a little practice, one is able
to catch the character of a fungus on paper, and so, although
—
many of our sketches at least mine were, I know were —
innocent of perspective, devoid of detail in the matter of
shading, badly drawn, and worse coloured, yet they formed
the basis from which it was possible to construct very
useful figures. . . . The point I wish to emphasize is this :

That, however rude a sketch may be, it has a definite value,

and I would impress upon who attempt a study of
all those
the Hymenomycetes that they should make coloured out-
lines of any species that may be new to them. The trouble
is not great, but the value, as these sketches accumulate,
considerable. Those of us who have devoted any length of
 SPORE PRINTS 43

time to the study of these fungi will not fail to have been
struck by the difficulty of recognising species from descrip-
tions, and even with the aid of figures it is not always
easy to
be sure of your plant. . . . The common species are the

most difficult to recognise ;

they are more prone to vary,
and many of them are devoid of marked characters.
A collection of photographs, carefully coloured by hand,
is of great value.
Toobtain a good spore print of an agaric, take an adult,
but not obviously old, specimen, cut off the stem close to
the gills, taking care not to injure them. Push a long pin
partly into the pileus on one head and
side, leaving the

about I inch exposed, place the pileus gills downwards on a

sheet of paper (black for white-spored species) and cover
with a bell-glass or place in a glazed case. The spores
will be deposited in a few hours, when the fungus may be
easily removed by the aid of the pin without smudging the
print.
The
following directions for fixing spore sprints are taken
from Herpel, “ Das Prapariren der Hutpilze ” :

Paper which is somewhat absorbent must be used

unglazed blue or black paper (of which the colour must be
unaffected by the fixative) for white-spored species. The
piece of paper bearing the spore print be laid, spores is to
upwards, in a flat plate or platter, on which a thin layer of
fixative has first been poured. The fixative is allowed to
soak up through from below, and should not overflow the
edges of the paper. When it is certain that the spores as
well as the paper are thoroughly soaked, the preparation is

removed and dried, sometimes, to prevent sticking, being

laid on moistened blotting-paper.
The fixative to be used will vary with the species. For
instance, the spores of Canthavellus cibamcs and some others
may be fixed by w^ater alone. The following solution is
recommended for Boleti and species with coloured spores
44 ON PRESERVING FUNGI
One sandarac, 2 parts mastic, and 2 parts Canada
part
balsam, dissolved in 30 parts of 95 per cent, alcohol. In
the use of this it has been found that the time of soaking
necessary to fix the spores is for Boleti two minutes ;

Dermini ( = Ochrosporae) Coprinarii, Gomphidius, Paxillus,

Russula, and Lactarius four to five minutes ;
pink-spored
agarics, also dark-brown-spored (as the meadow mushroom),
and Cortinarii, six to eight minutes. It is important that
the alcohol should be full strength.
A gelatine solution is useful for white-spored species.
This is prepared and used warm. Its strength varies with
the species.
Lepiota procera^ Collyhia radicata, and Clitocyhe laccata may
be fixed by a solution of part gelatine to 30 parts of water.
i

For species of Tricholoma this is too strong, and i to 60 or i

to 200 must be the formula. The difficulty arises here from
the fact that an excess of gelatine makes the spores trans-
parent, and even invisible. Their opacity may be secured
by previous treatment with a solution of i part mastic in 30
parts of ether.
For certain kinds (Tricholoma personatum, Lepiota granulosa,
Amanitopsis vaginata, and others which experiment will dis-
cover), 10 to 25 per cent, of alcohol must be added to the
gelatine solution in order to make the spores adhere.
Experience will doubtless show that other fixatives may
be used. Gum-arabic, for instance, suggests itself. This,
however, if strong, is apt to cake the spores together. If
one method fails, invention and repeated trials must find a
successful means.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY*
Berkeley, M. Outlines of British Fungology, i860. With 23 coloured
T.
plates and one structural plate. Also a supplementary volume by
Worthington G. Smith. Lovel Reeve and Co.
Constantin et Nouvelle Flore des Champignons, avec 4,166
Dujour.
figures. Paul Dupont, Paris.
Cooke and Berkeley. Fungi their Nature, Influences, Uses, etc. Sixth
:

edition. International Scientific Series. Kegan Paul and Co.,

London.
Cooke, Dr. M. C. Handbook of British Fungi. 2 vols. Macmillan and
Co,, London.
Cooke, Dr. M. Introduction to the Study of Fungi
C. their Organo- :

graphy, Classification, and Distribution. For the use of collectors.

A. and C. Black, London.
Cooke, Dr. M. C. British Edible Fungi: how to Distinguish and how
to Cook them, with coloured figures of upwards of 40 species.
Kegan Paul and Co,, London.
Cooke, Dr. M . C, Illustrations of British Fungi. 8 vols. 1,198 coloured
plates,
illustrating 1,420 species. Published price ;^3o now ;

obtainable at less than half-price.

Cooke, Dr. M. C. Mycographia, seu leones Fungorum. Figures of
Fungi from all parts of the world. Vol. Discomycetes.
I. 113
plates, illustrating 406 species. Williams and Norgate, London.
Fries, Elias. Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae. 2 vols. Up-
sala, 1863. Latin text.
Fries, Elias. Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici, seu Synopsis Hymeno-
mycetum. Upsala, 1836. Latin text.
Fries, Elias. Systema Mycologicum, Sistens Fungorum Ordines.
Genera et Species. 3 vols. Lund, 1821. Latin text.

* Many of the books in this list may be obtained at second-hand

prices. In this connection I may mention that Mr. Thomas Thorp,
18, Chapel Street, Guildford, makes a speciality of second-hand botanical
literature.

[ 45 ]
46 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fries, Elias. leones Selectae Hymenomycetum. Coloured plates.
Folio. Stockholm, 1867-1882. Latin text.
Fries, Elias. Hymenomycetes Europaei. Upsala, 1874. Latin text.
Lloyd, C. G. Mycological Writings. Numerous monographs (pro-
fusely illustrated), chiefly concerning the Gasteromycetes and
Polyporacese. Privately printed.
Massee, George. British Fungus Flora. A classified textbook of
Mycology. 4 vols. George Bell and Sons, London.
1892-1895.
Massee, George. Textbook of Plant Diseases caused by Cryptogamic
Parasites. 1899. Duckworth and Co., London.
Massee, George. European Fungus Flora: Agaricaceas. 1902. Duck-
worth and Co. London.
,

Massee, George. Textbook of Fungi, including Morphology, Physio-

logy, Pathology, Classification, etc. 1906. Duckworth and Co.,
London.
Mycological Society, British. Transactions. Numerous coloured plates
of new and Obtainable only from the Honorary
rare species.
Secretary, 34, Foregate Street, Worcester.
Phillips, William. Manual of British Discomycetes. Second edition.
International Scientific Series. Kegan Paul and Co. London.
Quclet, Liicien. Flore Mycologique de la France et des Pays Limi-
trophes. Paris, 1888.
Smith, G.
Worthington Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes,
1908. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Drawings and Specimens
in the Department of Botany, British Museum. los.
Smith, Worthington G. Guide to Sowerby’s Models of British Fungi in
the Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History).
Second edition. 1908. Post This and the preceding
free, 5^d.
are sold at the British Museum, Cromwell Road.
Stevenson, John. British Fungi (Hymenomycetes). 2 vols. i886.
Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh.
 GLOSSARY
Aberrant (ad, from ;
erro, I wander). Differing from the customary
structure of related groups.
Aculeate a prickle).
{aculeus, Armed with prickles.
Acuminate [acumen, a point). Tapering to a point.
Adherent (ad, to ;
haereo, I stick). Grown to or sticking to.
Adnate [adtiascor, to grow to). Of gills, broadly attached to the stem.
Adnexed [ad, to ;
necto, I join). Of gills, just reaching the stem.
Adpressed [ad, to pressus, pressed). Close contact, but not joined.
;

Analogy (Gr. ana, according to legos, definition). Resemblances in

;

certain respects only, not in the plan of structure.

Anastomose (Gr. anastomosis, a bringing to a point). Of veins united
in an irregular manner.
Annulus [anmilus, a ring). The ring round the stem.
Apex [apex, the top). Opposite to the point of attachment.
Apiculate [apex, the top). Ending in a little point.
,, Approximate [ad, to; proximo, to approach). Of gills, approaching to,
!
but not actually touching, the stem.
J Arcuate [arcxiatus, bent like a bow). Applied to gills when bow-shaped.
.
Divided into small areas or patches.
Areolate [area, a plot).
. Ascus (Gr. askos, a leather bottle). The swollen end of a hyphal
branch in which the spores are contained in the Ascomycetes.
Plural, Asci.

Basidium [basidium, a. little pedestal). The mother cell bearing the

!
spores in the Basidiomycetes. Plural, Basidia.
I Biennial [biennis, of two years’ continuance). Growing one year,
flowering or fruiting the succeeding year. Of two years’
duration.
I Bullate [bulla, a bubble). Furnished with a stud or boss-like ap-
I pendage.

Caducous [caducus, ready to fall). Falling off, not persistent.

I
Caespitose [caepes, a clump). Growing in tufts.
I
Campanulate [campanula, a little bell). Bell-shaped.
I Capillary [capillus, a hair). Thread-like.
[ 47 ]
48 GLOSSARY
Capillitium {capillitus, like hair). The sterile threads intermixed with
the spores in the gleba of the Gasteromycetes.
Capitate {caput, a head). Furnished with a globose head.
Cinereous {cinis, ashes). Ash-coloured.
Clavate {clava, a club). Gradually thickened upwards club-shaped. ;

Columella {columella, a small pillar). The sterile base as seen in some

Gasteromycetes.
Conidia (Gr. konis, dust). Dust-like secondary spores.
Cordate {cor, the heart). Heart-shaped.
Coriaceous {coriuni, leather). Of a leathery consistency.
Cuticle {cuticula, the outer skin). The outermost skin or pellicle.
Cyathiform (Gr. kuathos, a wine-cup). Cup-shaped.

Deciduous {decidmis, subject to falling). Falling, or subject to fall, in

season.
Decumbent {decumhens, lying down). Lying on the ground with a
tendency to rise at the ends.
Decurrent {decurrens, running down). Of gills, when prolonged down
the stem.
Dentate {dens, a tooth). Toothed.
Denticulate {dens, a tooth). Minutely toothed.
Determinate {determino, to limit). With a definite margin, as in some
species of Corticium the margin not clouded off indefinitely.
;

Diaphanous (Gr. dia, through phaino, to appear). More or less trans-

;

parent.
Dichotomous (Gr. Divided into two, forked.
dicJiotomeo, to cut in two).
Dimidiate {dimidio, to halve). As when the sporophore is smaller in one
part, as seen in the pilei of many species.
Dissepiments {dissepimentum, a partition). Dividing walls, as between
the pores in the Polyporaceae.
Distant. A term applied to the gills of agarics having a wide space
between them i.e., not at all crowded.

Echinate {echinatus, set with bristles). Furnished with stiff prickles.

Effused {epfundo, to pour over). Spread over the matrix without any
definite form.
Emarginate {e, out of margo, the margin). Having a notch at the end.
;

Applied to the gills of agarics when they are notched or scooped

out before reaching the stem.
Endoperidium (Gr. endon, within peridion, a little pouch).
;
The inner
layer of the peridium in the Gasteromycetes.
Epiphyte (Gr. epi, upon ;
phuton, a plant). Growing upon another
plant, but not nourished by it.

Erumpent {erumpens, breaking through). Bursting through the bark.

Evanescent {evanescens, disappearing). Lasting only a short time.
 GLOSSARY 49

Excentric [ex, out of centrum, the centre). Out of the centre, one-
;

sided,
Exoperidium (Gr. exo, without ;
peridion, a little pouch). The outer
layer of the peridium in the Gasteromycetes,

Farinose [farina, flour). Covered with a white mealy powder.

Fasciculate [fascis, a bundle). Growing in small bundles.
Fastigiate [fastigiatus, sharpened upwards). Nearly parallel, pointing
upwards, and decreasing in height outwards.
Ferruginous or Ferrugineous [ferrum, iron). The colour of iron-rust.
Fibrillose [fibra, a fibre or filament). Covered with loose small fibres.
Filiform [filum, a thread). Slender as a thread.
Fimbriate [fimbria, a fringe). Fringed.
Fistular or Fistulose [fistulosus, hollow). Hollow through the whole
length, like a pipe.
Flexuose [fiexuosus, full of turnings). Zigzag, wavy.
Foliaceous [folum, a leaf). Leaf-like in appearance.
Free. A term applied to gills which reach the stem, but are not joined
to it.

Fugacious [fugax, fading). Falling or fading quickly, lasting a very

short time.
Funiculus [funis, a rope). The cord attaching the "egg” to the
"nest ” in some of the " Bird’s-nest ’’ fungi.
Furcate ( furca, a fork). Forked, as in the branching gills commonly
seen in the genus Russula.
Furfuraceous [furfur, bran). Scurfy, covered with bran-like scales.
Fusiform [fusus, a spindle). Spindle-shaped, tapering gradually to
each end.

Gibbous hump-backed). A pileus with a broad umbo.

[gibbus,
Gills. The vertical plates of an agaric bearing the hymenium.
Glabrous [glaber, smooth). Smooth, not hairy.
Glaucous [glaucus, sea-green). Covered with a bloom of a bluish-green
tinge.
Gleba [gleba, a clod). The inner substance of the peridium in the
Gasteromycetes
Globose [globo, globatus, to form into a ball). Nearly round.
Grumous [grumus, a hillock). Flesh composed of little grains.
Gyrose [gyrus, a circle). Marked with wavy lines, curved backward
and forward in turn.

Habit [habitus, appearance). The general appearance of a plant.

Habitat [habiiatio, a habitation). The situation of a plant in its wild
state.

4
50 GLOSSARY
Heterogeneous (Gr. heteros, one of two gennao, ;
to beget). Not uniform
in structure.
Hirsute (hirsutus, hairy). Provided with hairs.
Hispid {hispidus, rough). Covered with long, stiff hairs.
Homogeneous (Gr. homos, one and the same gennao, to beget). All of ;

one nature or kind, uniform in structure.

Hyaline (Gr. kudos, clear). Transparent, colourless.
Hygrometric (Gr. hugros, moist metron, a measure). Influenced by
;

moisture.
Hygrophanous (Gr. hugros, moist ;
phaino, to appear). Of a watery
appearance when moist.
Hymenium (Gr. humen, a membrane). The part on which the spores
are borne.
Hymenophore (Gr. humen, a membrane phero, to bear). The structure
;

carrying the hymenium e.g., the pileus to which the gills are
attached in the Agaricaceae.
Hypha (Gr. huphe, a web). The thread-like element of which a fungus
is made up. Plural, Hyphce.

Imbricate {inibricatus, covered with tiles). Overlapped, like the tiles of

a house.
Immarginate {in, without margo, a border). Having no distinct rim
;

or border.
Indehiscent {in, without ;
dehisco, I gape). Not splitting when ripe ;
not
opening in a definite manner.
Indigenous (indigenus, native). Native and original to the country.
Inferior {inferior, lower). Of the ring on the stem when far down ;

of the hymenium when protected by a pileus.

Infundibuliform {infundibulum, a funnel). Funnel-shaped.
Involute {involutus, wrapped up). With the edges rolled inwards.

Laciniate a fringe). Fringed divided into flaps.

{lacinia, ;

Lacunose {lacuna, a little hole). Pitted, or having little cavities.

Lamellse {lamella, a thin plate). The thin plates or gills of the Agari-
caceae.
Lanceolate {lancea, a lance or spear). Narrowed and tapering to both
ends.
Latex {latex, juice). The fluid or "milk ’’
present in the cells of certain
fungi.
Lacticiferous {latex, juice ;
fero, I bear). Of cells containing or con-

veying juice.

Lenticular {lens, a lentil). Resembling a double convex lens.

Lurid or Livid {lividus, black and blue). Discoloured.
 GLOSSARY 51

Mammiform {mamma, a breast). Breast-shaped.

Marginate {margo, an edge or margin). Having a clearly-defined
margin or border.
Matrix [matrix, the womb). The substance upon which a fungus
grows.
Mesopod (Gr. mesos, middle pous, a foot). Having a central stem.
;

Multifid [multus, many ; fidus, cleft). Cut into many segments or lobes.
Mycelium (Gr. mukes, a mould). The vegetative portion or spawn of
fungi, composed of hyphae.
Mycology (Gr. mukes, a fungus logos, a discourse).
;
The study of
fungi.

Nodulose or Nodular [nodulus, a little knot). Knotted.

Nuclear [nucleus, a kernel). With a kernel-like central growth, as in
the genus Naematelia.

Oblong [oblongus, oblong). Considerably longer than broad, and with

nearly parallel sides.
Obovate [ob, inversely ovattcs, egg-shaped). Ovate, with the broader
;

end towards the apex.

Obtuse [obtusus, blunt). Blunt or rounded at the end.
Ochreous [ochra, yellow earth). Yellow, not red, ochre.
Opaque. Mostly used in the sense of dull, not shining.
Operculum [operculum, a lid). A cover.
Orbicular [orbiculus, a little ball). Circular a flat body with a circular
;

outline.
Ovate [ovum, an egg). Egg-shaped.

Papilla [papilla, a nipple). A nipple-like projection ;

hence papillate.
Paraphyses (Gr. para, beside ;
phusis, growth). Sterile threads in the
hymenium of some fungi.
Pectinate [pecten, a comb). With narrow, close segments, like the teeth
of a comb.
Pedicel [pediculus, a small foot). A secondary stalk or support
;
’
hence
pedicellate.
Perennial [perennis, durable). Lasting some years.
Peridium (Gr, peridion, a little pouch). The outer cover
investing the
gleba in Gasteromycetes.
Peronate [pero, a kind of high boot). Sheathed—
a term applied to a
stem with a woolly covering.
Pileate [pileus, a cap). Having a cap or pileus.
Pileus [pileus, a cap). A term usually applied to the cap-like head of a
ungus protecting the spore-bearing
surface beneath.
Pilose [pilus, hair). Hairy.
4—2
52 GLOSSARY
Pinnatifid. See Pectinate.
Pisiform {pisum, a pea). Pea-shaped.
Plicate {plica, a fan). Folded or plaited lengthwise like a fan.
Pores (Gr. poros, an opening). Openings or orifices for the escape of
the spores hence porous.
;

Procumbent {procumiens, bending downwards). Lying flat on the

ground.
Proliferous ( proles, a race fero, to bear). The secondary development
;

of parts on the same organ.

Pruinose {pruina, hoar-frost). As if frosted over with a powder or
bloom.
Pubescent {pubescens, downy). Downy slightly hairy. ;

Pulverulent {pulverulcntus, dusty). Powdered as if with dust.

Pulvinate {pulvinus, a cushion). Cushion-shaped.
Pyriform (
pyrus, a pear). Pear-shaped.

Remote, A
term applied to the gills of Agaricaceas when they do not
reach the stem, but leave a space round it.
Eeniform {renes, the kidneys forma, shape). Kidney-shaped.
;

Repand {repandus, to throw open). Bent backwards.

Resupinate {resupinatus, lying on the back). With the hymenial surface
upwards without a free margin.
;

Revolute {revolutus, rolled back). Rolled backwards the opposite of ;

involute.
Rimose {rima, a cleft or crack). Marked by chinks or cracks, as in
old bark.
Rufescent {rufus, red, reddish). Becoming reddish hence
;
rufous.
Rugose {ruga, Covered with wrinkled
a wrinkle). lines.

Rugulose. Somewhat wrinkled, not markedly so.

Scabrous {scaber, rough). Rough to the touch.

Sclerotium (Gr. skleros, hard). A compact, hard mass of hyphae in a
dormant condition.
Scrobiculate {scrobiculus, a little ditch). Marked with little pits or
depressions.
Septate {septum, a hedge). Having divisions or partitions.
Serrate {serra, a saw). Toothed in a saw- like manner.
Serratulate. Minutely toothed.
Sessile {sessilis, sitting). Sitting close without a stem.
;

Sinuate {sinuatus, crooked). With a wavy margin when applied to the

pileus of gills when they have a sudden curve where they reach
;

the stem.
Spores (Gr. spora, a seed). The reproductive bodies of cryptogams,
analogous to the seeds of flowering plants.
 GLOSSARY 53

phoreo, to carry). The part which bears

Sporophore (Gr. spora, a seed ;

the hymenial surface.

Squamulose {squama, a scale). Scaly covered with small scales.
;

Squarrose (squarrosus, rough). Rough with projecting or reflexed

scales.
Stellate {stella, a Like a star radiated.
star). ;

Sterigma (Gr. sterigma, a prop). The points or threads to

which a
spore is attached. Plural, Sterigmata.
Sterile {sterilis, barren). Incapable of producing spores or seeds.
Stipitate a stem). Having a stalk or stem.
[stipes,

Striated [striatus, channelled). Streaked with longitudinal lines.

Strigose [striga, a ridge). Covered with sharp-pointed rigid hairs.
Stuffed. Of a stem filled with a substance differing in texture from its

walls.
Subiculum [suhiculum, an under layer). The felted layer of mycelium
beneath certain resupinate fungi.
Sulcate [sulcus, a furrow). Marked with grooves.
Superior [super, above). Applied to a ring when it is near the apex of
the stem ;
to the hymenium when it is uppermost, not protected
by a pileus.
Synonym. A superseded or unused name.

Tessellate [tessellatus, squared stones). Marked or mapped out in little

squares.
Tomentose [tome?itum, flocks of wool). Downy with minute short hairs.
Trama [trama, the weft or filling of a web). The substance between
the hymenial layers in the Agaricaceae and Polyporaceae.
Tremelloid [tremo, I tremble). Jelly-like in substance.
Triennial [trUnnis, of three years’ continuance). Lasting for three
years mycelium, producing sporophores in the third year.
;
of
Truncate [truncus, a stump). Terminating very abruptly, as if cut.
Tuberculate [tuberculum, a little tuber). Covered with small warty
projections.
Tubular [tubus, a tube). Hollow and cylindrical like a pipe.
Turbinate [turbo, a top). Top-shaped.

Umbilicate [umbilicus, the navel). Having a small central depression.

Umbo [umbo, a boss). A central elevation like the boss of an ancient
shield hence Umbonate.
;

Universal. A term applied to the volva or veil which completely

envelopes some fungi when young.

Veil [velum, covering), The membrane which more or less completely

covers some fungi at first.
54 GLOSSARY
Ventricose {venter, the abdomen). Swelling unequally on one side, or
swollen in the middle.
Vermiform {vermis, Worm-shaped.
a worm).
Verrucose {verruca, a wart). Covered with warts.
Villose {villus, a tuft of woolly hair). Covered with long weak hairs
or down.
Virgate {virga, a twig or stripe). Streaked.
Viscid {viscidus, sticky). Covered with a tenacious gluten or secretion.
Volva {volva, a wrapper). A covering which envelopes certain fungi at
first ;
hence Volvate.

Zones. Circles of hairs, warts, colour, etc., frequently seen on the

pileus in the Hymenomycetes ; hence Zoned. The term is

usually applied to bands of colour.

PLATE XVI

'

U't>

OK SOME IKKMK
UIA(,KAMS EXl't.ANATOUV
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI
DIAGRAMS EXPLANATORY OF SOME TERMS
Fig. i.—Hydnum npandum section through the entire fungus,
showing the awl-shaped (subulate) spines protected by the fleshy cap.
Fig. 2. Lachnea hemispherica { =
Pe2iza hemispherica) section showing :

the sessile cup-shaped ascophore, with the hymenial surface covering

the disc, and the rigid brown hairs on the exterior.
Fig. 3. — Povia vaporaria, showing the entirely resupinate sporophore
(effused on wood) and the large angular pores ; an extremely common
species.
Fig. 4.
—Acetabula vulgaris (
= Peziza acetabulum) section showing the
cup- shaped ascophore provided with a lacunose stem.
Fig. 5. — Section
a puff-ball (Lycoperdon) showing the peridium
of
enclosing the spore mass, the sterile basal stratum passing downwards,
making the stem, and upwards, making the columella.
Fig. 6. Polystictus perennis : showing the infundibuliform
section
pileus, the central bulbous stem, and the minute decurrent tubes. At
maturity the pileus is almost plane.
—
Fig, 7. Polyporus fumosus : section through three pilei growing in
an imbricated manner on wood.
Fig. 8. Amanita phalloides section through the entire fungus,
showing {a) fragments of the volva attached to the pileus (b) in the
form of thin scales; (c) the free and broad gills; (d) the slightly hollow
stem, a little attenuated upwards, bearing at (e) the large deflexed ring;
(/) the large lax volva which is buried in the ground (g) strands of ;

mycelium.
Fig. 9. Boletus luteus : section through the entire fungus, showing
the thick fleshy pileus, the adnate tubes, and the central stem provided
with a ring. (All the figures are two-thirds natural size.)
 PART II

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF

SPECIES
In the following pages all the genera of British Basidiomycetes are
described, also one or more typical species in each genus.
analytical keys to the genera of Hymenomycetes are based upon
The
Carleton Rea’s lucid paper, “ Outline of the Classification of the Hy-
menomycetes,” published in 1904 in the Transactions of the Worcester-
shire Naturalists’ Club.
A few of the larger Ascomycetes are also described and illustrated.
The times of appearance are given under the seasons, and are normal.
A species may, under certain conditions, be found in winter, though
stated to occur inautumn.
The measurements of the sporophore, peridium, pileus, and ascophore
are always those of diameter, unless otherwise stated, and those of the
stem its height. The dimensions given are those of typical well-
developed specimens.
Limitations of space compelled the frequent use of technical terms in
describing the species, but the glossary and the notes on the plates
should make these easily intelligible.
The following abbreviations are employed :

p. pileus. Per. peridium.

s. stem. Sph. sporophore.
G. gills. A sc. ascophore.
F. flesh. Por. pores.
R. ring. spy. spring.
V. volva. sum. summer.
T. tubes. aut. autumn.
H. hymenium. win. winter.

diam. diameter.
in. inch or inches.

55
 GASTEROMYCETES

BRITISH

OF

GENERA

THE

OF

TABLE

SYNOPTIC
 PART II

Order BASIDIOMYCETES
Spores borne on basidia in definite numbers, usually four.

Sub-order GASTEROMYCETES
Hymenium contained within a continuous membrane or

peridium until the spores are mature.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

A. Subterranean
I. HyMENOGASTRACE.ffi False Truffles).— Fleshy, more or
(the
less spherical or nodular fungi the interior (gleba) not break-
;

ing up and becoming powdery outer envelope decaying at

;

maturity, not rupturing to liberate the spores.

B. Above Ground from the First or at Maturity

II. SCLERODERMACE.ai (the Earth-balls).— Spherical, with a thick
skin or peridium ;
rupturing irregularly ;
the interior not break-
ing up and becoming powdery. Capillitium threads absent or
scanty.
III. NIDULARIACEA; (the Birds’-nest Fungi). — Small, more or less
cup-shaped at maturity, containing several (rarely one) lenticular
or subglobose bodies (sporangiola) enclosing the spores.
IV. LYCOPERDACE.ffi (the Puff-balls and Earth-stars). Peridium —
thin, usually consisting of two layers. Gleba cavernous at first,
resolving itself into a powdery mass of spores and capillitium
threads at maturity.
V. PHALLOIDACE.ffl (the Stinkhorns). — Peridium with a central
gelatinous layer. Spores immersed in a highly fetid gluten.

57
58 GASTEROMYCETES

Family HYMENOGASTRACE.E
(The False Truffles)

KEY TO THE GENERA

Octaviania, Sterile base present. Spores globose, warted.
Melanogaster. Sterile base absent. Gleba cells larger in the centre.
Spores elliptical, smooth. Peridium traversed by
branching fibres.
Hydnangium. Sterile base absent. Spores globose, warted.
Hysterangium. Peridium separable. Mature gleba of a cartilaginous
mucus consistency.
Rhizopogon. Gleba cells of equal size. Peridium traversed by
branching fibres.
Hymenogaster. Sterile base present. Spores elliptical, rugulose.

OCTAVIANIA
(After Dr. Vincent Ottaviani)

0 asterosperma
. (Gr. astev^ a star ;
spevma, a seed — from the
star-shaped spores). XVII. 9,
Plate
Per. 1
1 in., globose, whitish, becoming greenish-blue or
black when bruised, always with abundant cord-like myce-
lium. Amongst rotten branches and leaves in aut., near the

surface or partially exposed. Smell sweet. Frequently

attacked by a bright orange mould, Sepedoniim chvysospermum.

MELANOGASTER
(Gr. melas, black ;
gaster, the stomach —from the black
interior)

M. variegatus (from the variegated gleba).

Per. globose or nodularly oval, yellowish, minutely

in.,

granular; section blue-black, marbled with yellow; cells

larger in the centre. Scentless at first, with a pleasant
almondy smell at maturity. This is the “ Red Truffle ” of
Bath, sold in the markets of that city in the early part of
 PLATE XVII

TKUI-FI.ES AND KAl.SE TRUFEI.ES

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII
TRUFFLES AND FALSE TRUFFLES
Figs. I to 8 are Truffles (Ascomycetes) ;
Figs. 9 to 16 are False
Truffles (Gabteromycetes).

Fig. I. — Tuber cestivum.

Fig. 2. —Ditto, gnawed by a squirrel.
Fig. 3. — Section of Tuber astivum.
Fig. 4. — Choiromyces meandriformis.
Fig. 5. — Ditto, section.
Fig. 6. Tuber ncfuin asci containing spores highly magnified.
;

Fig. 7. —Elaphomyces variegatus, with Cordyceps ophioglossoides growing

upon it.

Fig. 8. — Section of Elaphoniyces variegaius.

Fig. 9. Octaviayiia asterosperma.
Fig. 10. —Ditto section showing the large
: and irregular central
cells and the smaller and spherical outer ones.
Fig. it. Basidium and spores of Octaviania asterosperma ;
highly
magnified.
Fig. 12. — Hymenogaster citrinus.

Fig. 13. — Hydnangiuvi caroto’color.

Fig. 14 — Ditto, section.

Fig. 15. — Rhizopogon ruhcscens, showing the vein-like fibres on the
peridium.
Fig. 16. — Ditto, section.
 FALSE TRUFFLES 59

now. It occurs
the last century, but not obtainable there
in twos and threes —
usually partly exposed chiefly under —
beeches and Lombardy poplars, in sum. and aut.

HYDNANGIUM
(Gr. hudnon, a truffle or tuber ;
aggeion, a vessel — from the
tuberous form)

H. carotaecolor [carota, carrot — from the colour). Plate

XVII. 13.
Per. li in., irregularly oblong, reddish ;
carrot-colour
within. In woods and under trees on downs in aut. and win.
Often exposed.

HYSTERANGIUM
(G. kustera, the womb ;
aggeion, a vessel —from the shape)
H. nephriticum (Gr. nephros, the kidneys — from the
supposed resemblance of a section to a kidney).
Per. in., irregularly globose, indented, firm, tomentose>
I
white becoming reddish bruised. when
Section pale blue
or grey, here and there greenish, the cells radiating
from the
base. In woods, chiefly on clay soil, aut. and win. Usually
buried 8 or 9 in. Smell strong at maturity, like rotting
puff-balls.

RHIZOPOGON
(Gr. rhiza, a root
;
pogon, a beard — from the tuberous growth
and attached fibres)

^
R. rubescens {vuhescens, becoming red
tint when bruised).
— from the reddish
Plate XVII. 15.
Per. if in., irregularly subglobose, white at first, then
yellow or olive-brown, becoming reddish when bruised.
Frequent in aut. and early win. in sandy fir woods.
^

Gregarious, either exposed or buried

several inches.
6o GASTEROMYCETES
HYMENOGASTER
(Gr. humeuy a membrane; gastev, the stomach — from the
usually thin peridium)

H. citrinus {citveus, lemon -yellow —from the colour).

Plate XVII. 12.
Per. ij in., irregularly globose, lobed or deformed, shining
like silk, yellowish at first, reddish-black at maturity.
Easily recognised by the yellow tramal walls and the very
pronounced smell of cheese. May to Dec. in woods.
Formerly eaten in the West of England.

Family SCLERODERMACE^
(The Earth-balls)

KEY TO THE GENERA

Scleroderma. Peridium with warted or granular surface. Gleba
cellular. Cells without peridiola.
Polysaccum. Peridium with a smooth surface. Gleba composed of
distinct cells containing peridiola.

SCLERODERMA
(Gr. skelvos, hard ;
— from the hard peridium)
derma, skin

S. aurantium {auvautiacum, orange-yellow — from colour). its

“Common Earth-ball.” Plate XVIII. i.

This is the common form of Scleroderma vulgare of our text-

books, which some authorities split up into two forms
aurantium, with large, rough, scaly warts; cepa, relatively
smoother and paler.

Per. 1-3 white or yellowish-brown, often pinkish when

in.,

cut ;
subsessile. Spore mass blackish, with an olive tinge.
Gregarious or caespitose very common on light sandy soils
;

in hedges and under trees. An atrophied form (S. cervinum),

found occasionally in dry fir woods, is less than i in. across
and densely granular, superficially resembling Elaphomyces
PLATE XVI 1

BAI.LS

EARTH

COMMON
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVHI
COMMON EARTH-BALLS
I, Scleroderma aur ant ium {
= Scleroderma vulgare in English textbooks),
showing the thick, rigid, scaly peridium. 2, Ditto, showing the sub-

sessile stem. 3, Scleroderma verrucosum, mature plant showing the

minutely warted peridium and the thick pronounced stem. (All
natural size, after Lloyd.)
 EARTH-BALLS 6i

granulatus. The smell of 5 . vulgare is strong and disagree-

able. It is rejected by pigs when searching for truffles.

It is occasionally the host of Boletus parasiticus (see

Plate XI.), and is sometimes attacked by a mould,

Hypomyces luteo-virens.

S. verrucosum {verrucosus, full of warts — from the warted

peridium), “ Stemmed Earth-ball.” Plate XVIII. 3.

May be easily distinguished from the preceding by

the thin peridium, the long (usually), thick, lacunose stem,
and the umber spore mass without a purple tinge. It is

sometimes almost sessile, and might be easily mistaken for

S. vulgare. The specific name is not a good one : it is not
nearly so “ warty ” as the preceding species. Widely
distributed, but never so frequently met with as 5 . vulgare.
Of the two remaining British species, which are by no
means common, S. geaster may be at once recognised by
the splitting of the mature peridium into stellate lobes, and
5 hovista by the yellow trama.
.

POLYSACCUM
(Gr. poUis, many ;
saccos, a bag — from the numerous small
cells within the peridium)

P.
pisocarpium (pisum, a pea; carpellum, a fruit— from the
pea-like peridiola). Plate II. 4.
Ber. 2-3 in., globose, indistinctly nodular, olive with a
brown tinge,passing somewhat abruptly downwards into a
.
stout stem about i in. long. Peridiola irregularly ovoid at
first, irregularly polygonal at maturity.
It has not been
observed in Britain since Sowerby’s time, who found
one
specimen amongst sand at Highgate in May.
Lloyd remarks “ The genus is close to
:
Scleroderma, some
specimens having the gleba cell walls
so fragile that the
p ants can be taken for Scleroderma. There exists
j in the
I tissue of the peridium
and walls of the peridioles a yellow
62 GASTEROMYCETES
colouring matter readily soluble in water. As it occurs in
the plant it is black, but dissolved in water it is yellow.
The plant is still used in the country districts of France, I

am told by Monsieur P. Hariot, of the Museum of Paris, for

dyeing purposes.”

Family NIDUL ARI ACE.®

(The “ Birds’-nest ” Fungi)

The spores are produced in the interior of one or usually

several bodies (peridiola), enclosed in a common peridium.
In two genera the peridiola are attached to the “ nest ” by a
cord, the funiculus^ as it is termed. It is very elastic, and
may, when wet, be easily stretched 5 or 6 ins., till it becomes
as fine as a cobweb ;
it is brittle when dry. The peridiola
are black in the four common species ;
they are all invested
with a white membrane, the tunica, but in only one species,
Cmcihulimi vulgave, is the membrane thick enough to mask
the colour, and cause the “ eggs ” to appear white. The
peridiola are formed by the contraction and hardening of the
walls of the gleba. The species are small. They are com-
paratively uncommon in temperate regions, frequent in the
tropics.
KEY TO THE GENERA
Cyathus. Peridiola umbilicate, attached by a cord to the wall of
the peridium.
Crucibulum. Peridiola not umbilicate, attached by a cord to the wall
of the peridium.
Nidularia. Peridiola not attached to the peridium.
SphsBrobolus. Peridium globose, containing a single free peridiolum.

CYATHUS
(Gr. kuathos, a wine-cup — from the cup-shaped peridium)
C. striatus (from the striate inner surface of the peridium),
“Striated Birds’-nest.” Plate XIX. i.

I
 1’L.A TE XIX
\

HIK-n-s-NKsT PLx(;i
(XII)U1.AI<IACEAE)
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIX
BIRD’S-NEST FUNGI (NIDULARIACE^)
Fig. I. — Cyiithus striatus group of plants of various ages. (Natural
size.)
Fig. — Ditto: section (magnified) showing peridiola attached to
2.

the wall of the peridium.

Fig. — Ditto peridiolum with funiculus and cord (magnified).
3. :

Fig. — Ditto peridiolum with the cord drawn out of the funiculus.
4. :

(Magnified.)
Fig. ^.—Cyathns vernicosus.
Fig. 6. Nidulavia pisiformis : plants of various ages, slightly mag-
nified.
Fig. — Ditto section showing the peridiola embedded in mucus.
7. :

Fig. Spluzrobolus stdlatus group of plants, slightly magnified.

8. :

Fig. — Ditto (magnified), showing the manner in which the single

9.

peridiolum expelled.
is

Fig, 10 — Cvucibulum vnlgare

. group of plants of various ages.
(Natural size.)
Fig. II. Ditto (magnified), showing the peridiola attached to the
wall of the peridium.
Fig. 12. — Ditto magnified peridiolum.
:

Fig. 13 — Ditto; section of a magnified peridiolum, showing the

hymenial layer lining the interior.
Fig. 14. — Ditto : magnified hairs from the surface of the epiphragm.
 BIRD’S-NEST FUNGI 63

Fasciculate about § in. high, on wood, twigs, etc. Hairy and

brownish without, lead colour and fluted longitudinally within.
The apex cup at first closed with an epiphragm.
of the
Frequent throughout the year. Easily known by the striae,
or lines, just within the top of the cup these are not present
;

in any other European or American species. The American

form of this species is the more brightly coloured.
C. vernicosus {yernicostis, shining as if varnished — from the
appearance of the outer surface of the peridium), “ Shining
Birds’-nest.” Plate XIX. 5.

Campanulate, smooth, clustered, about in. high, broadly

open at maturity. Usually growing on bare soil, rarely on

wood. The cups are firmer and thicker than those of the
preceding species and are smooth inside. The peridiola are
any other species of the Nidulariaceae.
larger than those of
The commonest European species.

CRUCIBULUM
(From a supposed resemblance to a cmcihuUm^ a small
melting-pot)
C. vulgare (from its commonness), “ Common Birds’-nest.”
Plate XIX. 10.
Per. I in. high, thick, greyish-white or
yellowish, bleaching
with age, the mouth
(^ in. across) at first closed with a
yellowish epiphragm smooth and shining within, minutely
;

hairy without. The cups are more saucer-shaped than those

of other species. Sometimes young cups appear within the
old ones. Gregarious frequent on rotten wood, decaying
;

bracken and bramble stems, etc., in late aut.

NIDULARIA
(From a supposed resemblance to a nest, nidus)
N. pisiformis {pisum, a forma, shape — from the pea-like
form of the peridium). Plate XIX. 6.
64 GASTEROMYCETES
Per. about J in. high and broad, cinnamon or buff, split-
ting irregularly. Peridiola subrotund, brown and shining,
becoming wrinkled when dry. Solitary or gregarious, terres-
trial, or on wood and leaves. Sum. and mit. Rare.

SPH^ROBOLUS
(Gr. sphaira^ a' ball ;
hallo, to throw — in reference to the
ejection of the peridiolum)

S. stellatus (from the stellate mouth of the peridium),

“ Catapult.” Plate XIX. 8.

Per. in. diam., pale yellow, tomentose, splitting into 5-7

bright orange segments. Crowded on wood, twigs, rotten
grass, etc. May be found throughout the year. The numerous
peridia are at first connected by a cobwebby mycelium.
Unique in the peculiar method of spore dispersal (see p. 17).

Family LYCOPERDACE.®
(The Puff-balls and Earth-stars)
KEY TO THE GENERA
Lycoperdon. Endoperidium flaccid, opening by a small terminal
aperture. Sterile base present or absent. Spores not
pedicellate.
Calvatia. Endoperidium flaccid, flaking away in patches. Sterile
base present.
Boviatella. Endoperidium opening by a small terminal
flaccid,
aperture. Sterile base present or absent. Spores
pedicellate. Mature plant normally attached to the
matrix by a strong rooting system.
Bovista. Endoperidium firm, opening by a small terminal aperture.
Sterile base absent. Mature plant loosened from the
place of growth.
Geaster. Exoperidium splitting in a star-like manner
Tulostoma. Stem elongated, slender. Peridium subglobose, opening
by an apical mouth.
Queletia. Stem elongated, stout. Peridium subglobose, opening
irregularly.
Batarrea. Stem elongated, slender. Peridium compressed.
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX
TWO COMMON PUFF-BALLS
Fig. I. — Cortex or outer skin of Lycoperdon echinatum, enlarged four
times, showing the long curved spines arranged in bundles. The tips
in each bundle are gathered together, and form more or less of a point;
the spines are separate at the base, and are surrounded by a tessellated
group of brown warts.
Fig. 2, —Cortex of Lycoperdon f^emmatum, enlarged four times, showing
the peculiar arrangement of the consolidated warts.
Fig. Lycoperdon gemmatum, natural size, showing the soldered warts.
Fig. 4. —
Lycoperdon khinatum, natural size, showing the crowded
spines. (All afier Lloyd.)
PLATE XX

TWO COMMON I'UKKBAU.S

 PUFF-BALLS 65

lycoperdon
(Gr. hkos, a wolf ;
perdon, dung — from an old belief that
puff-balls grew from the dung of the wolf)

L. echinatum {echimis, a hedgehog — from the large spines

the peridium), “ Hedgehog Puff-ball.” Plate
investing
XX. 4.
high and broad, covered with long
Pcv, subglobose, 1-2 in.
purple-brown spines, each of which is surrounded by a circle
of brown warts. At maturity the spines fall away and the
surface appears tessellated. Opening irregular. Sterile base

well developed, yellowish. Mycelial strands long and

white. Spore mass purple umber. Frequent amongst
leaves in woods (chiefly beech) in ciut., usually solitary.
L. Hoylei (after Mr. Hoyle) differs chiefly in the bright
yellow basal stratum, and L. atwpurpumm in the purplish-
brown basal stratum.
L. gemmatum {gemma, a bud — from the pointed warts
investing the peridium). Plate XX. 3.

Per. subglobose, 3-4 in. high, 1-2. in. diam., covered with
flattened soldered warts; brown. Sterile
spines pointed,
base cellular, passing down into a thick stem. Spore mass
olivaceous umber. Common in open places in woods in aut.
L. perlatum {pevlatus, very wide —
from the great width of
the peridium in comparison with the stem) differs in having
the exoperidium covered with long fragile caducous spines,
surrounded at their bases by circles of short warts. It is
frequently umbonate, and springs in pairs from the same
base. Occurring in troops in shady woods, particularly
under conifers.
pyriforme {pynis, a pear fovma, shape from the pear-
L.
;
—
I shaped peridium) forms dense tufts (usually) on rotten
stumps and branches, springing from w'hite cord-like
I

mycelium. The only puff-ball that grows exclusively on

wood. The var. excipuliforme (from a supposed resemblance
5
66 GASTEROMYCETES
to a basin, excipnla) differs in the abrupt contraction of the
peridium into a slender stem. It is the Lycoperdon
Desmazieves of American mycologists.

CALVATIA
(From the resemblance of some species to a bald scalp, calva)

C. BSiCCditSi = Lycoperdon saccatum {sacctis, a bag —from a

supposed resemblance to an inverted sack).
Per. 2-5 in. high, 1-3 in. across, spherico-depressed, plicate
below, the upper part flaking away at maturity. Spore
mass olivaceous umber. The sterile base is continued
downwards as a stout elongated stem 2-4 in. long, often more
or less lacunose. Sometimes the measurements much exceed
those given above. Open places in and bordering woods in
mit., often growing in large loose rings.

C. cdstlditst, = Lycoperdon ccBlatum {ccdiim^ a sculptor’s chisel

from the appearance of the warts of the peridium, as if

carved in bas-relief), “ Sculptured Puff-ball.” Plate XXL 4.

Per. 2-7 in., obovoid or depressed, tapering downwards,
more or less covered at first with a thick floccose layer of
densely coalescent warts, which break up into scattered coni-
cal warts. Spore mass olive, with a lilac tinge. Fields and
open places in woods, usually in twos and threes. Easily
recognised by the tessellated appearance after the warts
have fallen away. There is sometimes a long tapering root.
C. gig2cnXQZij = Lycoperdon gigantcrm or bovista (from its

resemblance to a Bovista)^ “ Giant Puff-ball.”

Per. globose or depressed, 4-12 in. or more across, white,

slightly hairy, then smooth like kid leather, flaking away at

the top. Spore mass yellow at first, olive at maturity. In
grassy places in ant., local. The largest of our puff-balls.
It sometimes occurs in rings up to 40 ft. in diam. The
largest known specimen is recorded from America ;
itwas
ft. in. in its greatest diam., but only in. high. There
5 4
 PLATE XXI

SOME TYPICAI, I'UKKHAI-LS

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXI
SOME TYPICAL PUFF-BALLS
Fig. —Bovista plumhea = Lycoperdon plumbcum in Massee's “British
I .
{

Fungus Flora mature plant, in which the exoperidium has fallen

away.
Fig. 2. Section of a young Bovista plumhea, showing the absence of
a sterile base.
Fig. 3. Bovista nigrcscens {
= Lycoperdon nigrcsccns) mature plant.
The thin outer layer has fallen away ;
the thin, tough, shining skin
well shown in the illustration is ihe inner la}^er.

Fig. 4 — Calvatia ccelata [

= Lycoperdon coelatum in Massee’s “British
Fungus Flora”) : showing the characteristic tessellated
mature plant,
appearance of the peridium, the flattened warts being surrounded by
a meshwork of furrows. (All natural size, after Lloyd.)
 PUFF-BALLS 67

is a record in the Gardener's Chronicle (1884) of an

English
example 4 in. in circumference. I
ft. have seen specimens
5
in apple orchards in East Somerset 2 ft. in diam.

BOVISTELLA
(Diminutive of Bovista)

—
bogs from its habitat).
B. palndosa {paludes,
A small species with subglobose reddish-brown, scurfy,
. thin peridium (plicate below), contracted into a distinct stem-
ij like base. Sterile base pronounced. Gleba dark olive.
"
Spores pedicellate. This interesting species was added to
; the British fungus flora in August, 1908, when Mr. T.
_ Gibbs gathered it on the moors, Cleveland Hills, Yorkshire.
Hitherto known only from Malesherbes, France, where it
was gathered in 1845. It occurs on sphagnum moss in bogs.

BOVISTA
[Bofist, a fairy-ball, the German popular name*)
plumbea = Lycoperdon plimheum {plumbeus, leaden
B. — from
the colour of the endoperidium). Plate XXL i.
Per. globose, high and broad, outer layer thin
about 2 in.

and whitish, breaking away above, ar^d exposing the thin,

; tough, persistent, lead-coloured inner one. Spore mass
>1 umber-brown. Frequent in sum. and aut. in dry pastures
. and healthy places.
B. nigiescens = Lycoperdo7i nigresce^is {nigrescens^ turning
black —from the blackish endoperidium), “ Black Puff-ball.”
'Plate XXL 3.
Per, globose, about
high and broad, outer layer
2 in.
^whitish, soon breaking away and exposing the tough,
persistent, shining blackish-umber inner one. Spore mass
*Dr. Plowright says that the term “ puff-ball ” is not used in
Nor-
folk the Lycoperda are there popularly known as “ bulvers,” “
:
bull-
itfists,” or “ fuzzy-balls.”

5—2
68 GASTEROMYCETES
umber, with a decided purple tinge. Frequent in dry
pastures and heathy places.
B. = Lycoperdon pusillum {pusilhts, small —from its

small size).
Per. less than i in. high and broad, subglobose, pale
yellowish-brown, breaking up into minute scurfy squamules
and becoming smooth. Spore mass olivaceous ochre. In
pastures and hedge-banks. Our smallest puff-ball.

GEASTER
(Gr. ge, the earth ;
aster, a star — from the star-like appear-
ance of the mature plant)

G. coliformis = Myriostoma coliformis {colmn, a colander

from the appearance of the endoperidium), “ Colander
Earth-star.” Plate XXII. i.

Outer 7-10 segmented, 3-5 in. diam. when expanded.

per.

Inner per. subglobose, supported on several more or less

confluent short stalks, which sometimes extend upwards to
form columellae. Orifices many. Spore mass umber. In
ant. in sandy places rare in Britain;
said to be abundant on;

the plains of Hungary. Lloyd remarks that the inner

peridium, with its several mouths, can be, not inaptly, com-
pared to a “ pepper-box.” He is wrong in supposing that
the word “ colander ” is “ almost obsolete ” in' this country ;

a colander finds a place in every kitchen !

G. Bryantii (after Charles Bryant), “ Bryant’s Earth-

star.” Plate XXII. 2 and 3.

Outer segmented, becoming recurved; pale

per. 8-12
umber or brownish; 1-3 J in. diam. when expanded.
Inner per. subglobose, with a distinct groove around it at
the base, where it joins the slender pedicel ;
dark purplish-
slate colour. and conical. Spore mass dark
Orifice long
brown. Amongst leaves and in sandy hedge-banks, appear-
ing in sum. and lasting till spr. Rare.
PLATE XXII
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXII
SOME RARE EARTH-STARS
Fig. i.—Myviostoma coUformis — Geastcr coliformis): mature plant,
{

showing the lobed exoperidium, the inner peridium supported on more

or less confluent stalks, and two of the round, slightly elevated mouths
from which the spores escape.
Fig. 2. Gcaster Bryantii, showing the circular groove at the junction
of the inner peridium with its slender pedicle.
Fig. 3.— Ditto, showing the sulcate, beaked mouth.
Fig. Geaster rufescens, an unexpanded plant, resembling a pufif-ball.
-

Fig. 5. —
Ditto mature plant, showing the cracked surface of the
:

fleshy layer.
Fig. 6. G easier limhatus
mature plant, showing the constricted inner
:

peridium. This species is black; G. rufescens is reddish-brown.

(All natural size, after Lloyd.)
 EARTH-STARS 69

G. limbatus {limhatus, bordered as with another colour — from

the fringed peristome), “Black Earth-star.” Plate XXII. 6.

Outer per. cut into many segments, blackish-brown, 3-4 in.

diam. when expanded. Inner per. subglobose, usually con-
stricted in a peculiar manner. Columella almost or quite
obsolete. Orifice conical, surrounded by a pale silky zone.
Spore mass purple-brown. In fir woods and hedge-banks in
aut. Rare.
G. fornicatus {foniicaUis, arched over from the arched
inner layer of the exoperidium), “Arched Earth-star.”
Plate XXIII. 9.

Outer per, divided into 4 (rarely 5) segments, i|-2f in.

. diam. when expanded. The fibrillose layer becomes torn
; away and arches above the cup-like mycelial layer, to
itself
>'
which it remains attached by the tips of the segments.
Inner pev. shortly stalked, urn-shaped. Orifice conical.
t Spore mass dark brown, with a purple tinge. In fields and
1 amongst firs on heaths, March to Nov. Rare.
An allied species, G. coronatus^ common in pine woods in
i. Europe, especially Sweden, should be looked for in this
country. It differs from G. fornicatus in the broadly rounded
shoulder of the arched segments, the imperfect cups formed
i by the mycelial layer, and in having the
inner peridium
. covered with minute granular particles.

like
G. mammosus [mamniosus, full-breasted — from the breast-
J
endoperidium). Plate XXIII. 5-7.
Outer per. 7-10 segmented, 1-2 in. diam. when expanded,
brownish or umber. Inner globose,
per. whitish-brown.
Orifice conical, even, surrounded by a pale silky depressed
a zone. Spore mass dark brown, with a purple tinge. A
^^rkedly hygroscopic species, easily known
from others
exhibiting this peculiarity by the even
^ conical mouth. Rare.
G. rufescens (from the rufescent colour at maturity),
" “ Red Earth-star.” Plate XXII. 4 and 5.
per. 6-9 segmented, thick, becoming deeply cracked.
70 GASTEROMYCETES
and resembling rough, reddish leather ; 2-4 in. diam. when
expanded. Inner per. globose, pale to dark umber. Orifice
slightly mammiform, often torn. Spore mass blackish-
brown. Differs from G. linibatus in the prominent, persistent
columella and the red-brown colour. Woods and pastures,
aut, and early win. Rare.
G. fimbriatus (from the sometimes fimbriated mouth of the
peristome). Plate XXIII. 8.

Outer pev. usually 6-8 segmented (sometimes 15), the

segments extending about halfway, slightly recurved when
expanded, with a tendency to split into two layers i J-2J in. ;

diam. buff or umber- white, with whitish cracks. Inner pev.

;

sessile, subglobose, pale umber. Orifice indeterminate, fibril-

lose. “ The idea that fimbriatus can be known by its

‘
fimbriate ’
mouth is an error. The mouth does not differ
”
from several other species with indeterminate mouths
(Lloyd). Spore mass blackish-umber. In pine woods in
late aut. and early win.

G. hygrometricus (Gr. hugvos, moisture metvon, a measure ;

from its absorption of moisture from the air), “ Hygroscopic

Earth-star.” Plate XXIII. 1-4.
Outer pev. 7-20 segmented, 1^-2 J in. diam. when expanded,
horny, yellowish-brown, often cracked all over. Inner pev.

sessile, ovato-globose in section, floccose, crimson-brown or

purple-lavender. Orifice narrow, irregularly torn. Columella
obsolete. Spore mass dark brown. It develops under the
ground, and is of very slow growth. Care must be taken
not to mistake an unexpanded specimen for an undeveloped
puff-ball. Various genera have been based on unexpanded
earth-stars. Lloyd remarks “ The plant ripens in late
:

sum. or fall of the year, and the thick outer peridium splits
into segments, sometimes as few.as four, sometimes as many
as twenty. They are strongly hygroscopic, and in moist
weather recurve, and, standing on their tips, lift up the
inner ball. In dry weather they closely curve in, clasping
 1

PLATE XXI 1
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII
EARTH-STARS (GEASTR/E)
Fig. I. Geaster hygrometricus : globose unexpanded plant, resembling
a young puff-ball.
Fig. 2. —
Section of the same.
Fig. 3. G. hygrometricus : mature expanded plant, showing the seg-
ments of the outer peridium, and the thin, stalkless, globose, inner
peridium, with a torn aperture at its summit for the escape of the spores.
Fig. 4. — G. hygrometricus: a dry specimen, showing the strongly
incurved segments.
Fig. 5. G. mammosiis, unexpanded, showing the upper surface.
Fig. 6. showing the umbilicate base.
Ditto,
Fig. 7. — G. mammosus mature expanded plant. The exoperidium
is divided almost to the base into many segments. The globose, sessile
endoperidium has a protruding mouth seated on a definite area.
Fig. 8. —G. fimbriatus mature plant, showing the recurved segments
of the exoperidium, the segmentation extending about halfv,?ay.
Fig. 9. —
G. fornicatus, showing the fornicate exoperidium arched
over the separated mycelial layer, which remains as a cup on the
ground, and attached to it by the tips of the segments. (All natural
size, after Lloyd.)
 EARTH-STARS 71

conditions
the ball, and they will repeat this as often as the
become moist or dry; hence they are called hygro- ‘

metricus,’and frequently by children poor man’s weather- ‘

glass.’ Miss Marshall states that in the closed condition

they are carried along by the wind, and applies to them
the name of ‘ fair-weather travellers.’ Plants persist

often during win., and one observing them in the spr.

expanding under the influence of moisture may take

them for growing plants. They become weather-worn,’ ‘

the inner surface of the exoperidium cracked in numerous

area, the surface of the inner peridium frayed and fibrillose.”*
A cosmopolitan species frequenting sandy pine woods, not
so common in England as on the continent of Europe.

TULOSTOMA
(Gr. tulos, cartilage ;
stoma, mouth— from the structure of the
mouth of the peridium)

T. mammosum {mamma, a breast —from the breast-like

peridium), “Little Wall-loving Puff-ball.” Plate II. 2.

Per. in. diam., globose, minutely umbonate at first, at

maturity rupturing at the umbo to allow of the escape of
the spores. 5 . 1-2^ in., slender, equal, ragged at the
base with the remains of the volva, generally clad with
minute scales. W. G. Smith says there are two well-marked
forms — brown with a stout stem, and yellowish-white with a
slender stem — but intermediate ones occur. Amongst moss
on old dry walls and banks in aiit. and win., chiefly in the
eastern counties.

QUELETIA
(After Dr. Lucien Quelet)
Q. mirabilis {mirabilis, wonderful — from its peculiar shape).
Per. 2^ in., thin, even, fragile, flaking away when adult,
whitish at first, then greyish. S. about 5 in. long, nearly 2 in.
* “The Geastrae, ’’
by C. G. Lloyd, 1902, pp. 9, 10.
72 GASTEROMYCETES
in maximum thickness, somewhat swollen and brownish
below, whitish above, densely scaly. Gregarious, at first

wholly subterranean. Very rare.

BATARREA
(After Antonio Battarra)

B. phalloides (from its resemblance to Phallus):

Per. i-i J in., concavo-convex, with the convex side above,
orange-brown. S. 10-14 in., slender, slightly tapering down-
wards, hollow ;
externally broken up into coarse fibres,
which point downwards, with a loose volva at the base, the
colour of the peridium. V. ovate, consisting of two white
membranes, enclosing a gelatinous olive-yellow layer. In
and near decaying ash-trees on sand-hills, aut. and win. At
first enveloped in the volva and buried deep in the ground.

Very rare, occurring in the eastern counties of England.

Family PHALLOIDACE^
(The Stinkhorn Fungi)
KEY TO THE GENERA
Phallus. Pileus free ;
joined only at its apex to the stem - like
receptacle.
Mutinus. Pileus adnate and continuous with the stem-like receptacle.
Lysunis. Pileus divided into vertical lobes at the apex of the stem-
like receptacle.
Clathrus. Receptacle forming a hollow globose net.

PHALLUS
(P'rom its phallic resemblance)

P. impiidicus {inipudicus^ shameless), “ Common Stink-

horn.” Plate XXV.
P. reticulated externally, at first covered with an olive-
brown mucus. Receptacle (
= the “stem”) elongated,
spindle-shaped. About the size of a hen’s egg before the
rupture of the volva, from 5 to 10 in. high when fully de-
!

PLATE XXIV

(HvaDVdioTivuri)

njMfia

xmoummi.ls
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIV
STINKHORN FUNGI (PHALLOIDACE^)
Fig. I. — Enlarged section (three diameters) of an “ egg ” of Phallus
anrantiacus,showing the compressed cells, which very rapidly elongate
as the plant develops. The mechanism may be compared with that of
a “ Jack in-the-box.” (See also Plate III.)
Fig. 2. —
Section of a Mutinus " egg ” just prior to the bursting of
the volva.
Fig. 3.— dried phalloid “egg,” showing the pronounced poly-
gonal ridges.
Fig. 4. —
Mutinus caninus approaching maturity.
Fig. 5. —
Mature phnnt of Mutnnis catiinus, showing the pileus adnate
to the slender stem. (All after Lloyd, 2-5, natural size.)
 PLATE XXV

2
COMMON STINKHORN (I’HALLUS IMI’UDICUS)
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXV
COMMON STINKHORN (PHALLUS IMPUDICUS)
Fig. — An “ egg” with the cord-like mycelium.
I.

Fig. 2. — Section of an “ egg,”

showing the three layers of the volva.
The outside and the innermost are thin and skin-like, and surround the
middle gelatinous layer. The pileus and stem may be seen in the
centre of the section.
Fig. 3. —A
mature plant. The pileus is joined to the stem only at
its apex its reticulated hollows hold the evil-smelling gluten in which
;

the spores are immersed. (All after Lloyd;

slightly less than natural
size.)
 ;

STINKHORN FUNGI 73

veloped. Common in woods, gardens, etc., especially under

sum and aut. Gregarious, springing from a thick
fir-trees, in

white cord-like mycelium. Easily detected by the penetrat-

ing smell. In old fungus floras there is reference to a var.
iosmos, said to differ in the serrate borders of the reticula-
tions of the pileus, and in its smell of violets. It is sup-
posed to have been described by a mycologist with defective
olfactory organs. The unequal contraction of a phalloid
“ egg ” when drying has been frequently observed in
specimens exhibited in the Vivarium at the Haslemere
Educational Museum. In the course of a month they
shrunk to about a quarter of the original size, much
resembling that depicted in Plate XXIV. 3.

MUTINUS
(An appellation of Priapus)

M. caninus {canis, dog), “ Dog Stinkhorn.” Plate

XXIV. 4, 5.
P . short, rugulose, red. Receptacle elongato-fusiform,
white or rosy, cellular. The “egg ” is about an inch high,
the fully-developed plant
from 3 to 5 in. Gregarious in
woods and bushy places from June to Dec. Frequent.
Never so strong smelling as P. impudicus late in the year
it is almost scentless.

LYSURUS
(Gr. luo, to loosen ;
ouva, a tail — from the free tail-like lobes
of the mature pileus)

L. australiensis (from its native country,

Australia).
P. f diam., usually 5-lobed, lobes attenuated upwards,
in.

each with a longitudinal depression

in the middle and
transversely rugose, tawny. Receptacle cylindrical, hollow,
cellular, whitish,
5-7 in. high. V. globose, lobed, white. A
74 HYMENOMYCETES
casual alien, introduced in refuse of Australian wheat.
Recorded from Worcestershire by Mr. Carleton Rea, in
Nov.f 1902.

CLATHRUS
{Clathrus, a lattice — from the latticed receptacle)
C. cancellatus (cancellatus, latticed — from the lattice-like
receptacle), “ Cage Fungus.”
At maturity resembling a hollow latticed sphere (4 x 3J in.),

vermilion or like dingy red coral. Beautiful, but abomin-

ably foetid. In sheltered woods and gardens in late aut.,
chiefly in the West of England. Rare. Probably occurs
only as an alien introduced with plants.

Sub-order HYMENOMYCETES
Hymenium naked ;
basidia and spores exposed in the
mature plant.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

I. TREMELLINACE^ (Gelatinous Fungi).— Hymenium spread over
a gelatinous surface. Sporophore gelatinous when moist, horny
when dry.
II. CLAVARIACE.S1 (Club-bearing Fungi). — Hymenium
spread over
erect, simple, or branched clubs in one genus (Sparassis) over
;

large, leafy, coalescing branches. Sporophore everywhere

covered by the hymenium.
HI. THELEPHORACEiE (Leathery Fungi).— Hymenium on one side
of the sporophore, which may be either resupinate, dimidiate,
or provided with a central stem.
IV. HYDNACEiE (Teeth-bearing Fungi). —Hymenium spread over
teeth, spines, or granular projections. Sporophore resupinate,
dimidiate, or with a central stem.
V. POLYPORACE.® (Pore-bearing Fungi).— Hymenium lining the
interior of small pores, tubes, or shallow depressions. Sporo-
phore resupinate, dimidiate, or with a central stem.
VI. AGARICACEiE (Gill-bearing Fungi).— Hymenium spread over
the surface of flat radiating plates ( = gills or lamellae). Sporo-
phore resupinate, dimidiate, or with a central stem.
HYMENOMYCETES

AGARICACE^)

BRITISH

THE
OF

OF

GENERA

THOSE

THE

OF
(EXCEPTING

TABLE

SYNOPTIC
76 HYMENOMYCETES

Family TREMELLINACE.E
(Gelatinous Fungi)

KEY TO THE GENERA

Auricularia. Sporophore broadly attached to the matrix ;
the margin
free and reflexed.
Hirneola. Cartilaginous, ear-shaped, attached by a point.
Exidia. Sporophore cup-shaped, truncate, or irregularly lobed.
Ulocolla. Sporophore large, pulvinate, and gyrose.
Tremella. Sporophore brain-like or lobed.
Nsematelia. Sporophore convex, firm, with a central hard nucleus.
Gyrocephalus. Sporophore erect and spathulate,
Tremellodon. Hymenium with spines like a Hydnum.
Dacryomyces. Sporophore small, pulvinate, and gyrose.
Dacryopsis. Sporophore resembling a stalked Peziza.
Guepinia. Sporophore irregularly cup-shaped, with the hymenium
on one surface only substipitate.
;

Femsjonia. Irregularly cup-shaped, sessile, erumpent.

Ditiola. Stem distinct hymenium on expanded apex.
;

AURICULARIA
(From the supposed resemblance of some species to an ear,
auricula)

A. mesenterica (from the supposed resemblance of the

hymenium membrane). XXVI. 6.
to the mesenteric
P. resupinate at first, then more or less reflexed, greyish-
brown, zoned and velvety. H. brownish- violet, smooth or
wrinkled, powdered with a beautiful bloom, inflated and
gelatinous when moist, horny when dry. Frequent on old
trunks and stumps of various trees, including yew and
walnut, from April to Nov.
A. lobata, the remaining British species, differs chiefly in
the lobed margin of the pileus.
 PLATE XXl'I

TN'l'KS OK OKI.A'riNoUS KUNC;! ( I KK M tiLLI N ACE AE)

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVI
TYPES OF GELATINOUS FUNGI (TREMELLINACE.E)
Fig . I . Tremellodon gelatinosnm .

Fig. 2. Ditto : section showing the stout fleshy teeth and stem-iike
base.
Fig. 3. Exidia glandulosa showing the papillate disc.
Fig. 4. — Ditto, showing the plicated lower surface.
Fig. 5. Ulocolla foliacea.
Fig. 6. Auriculavia mesenterica ,
showing the zoned reflexed pileus.
Fig. 7.— Ditto; the plicate hymenium
Fig. 8 — Hirneola auricula-judcc
. pendulous sporophores.
Fig. 9. Ditto ; showing the folds on the hymenium.
section
Fig. 10. Nirmatelia encephala, showing the plicato-rugose sporophore.
Fig. II. — Ditto section showing the firm central nucleus.
:

Fig. 12. Calocera viscosa sporophore growing from a decaying fir-

:

stump.
 TREMELLINACEiE 77

HIRNEOLA
{Himus, a jug — from the shape when young)
H. auricula-judae, “ Jew’s-ear.” Plate XXVI. 8.

SpJi. cup-shaped or ear-shaped, dark brown, much like

Peziza vesciculosa when young, thin and elastic, somewhat

gelatinous at first, rigid when dry. “ 1-3 in. or more

broad upper substance corrugated, the plaits branching

;

from the middle part, where they are strongest and some-
what convoluted, so as to give an idea of a human ear when ;

grows on a perpendicular stump or tree it turns

the plant
upwards” (Berkeley.) On living and dead elder and elm,
frequent throughout the year.

EXIDIA
(Gr. exidio, to exude — from the exuding receptacle)
E. glandulosa (from the glandular hymenium), “ Witches’
Butter.” Plate XXVI. 3.

Cup-shaped at first, resembling a Peziza, then flattened

above and more or less folded below and somewhat hairy,
varying in colour from grey to nearly black. About i in.
diam. Common in aut. and win., on dead branches of oak
and other trees. Easily recognised by the glandular
hymenium and gelatinous substance. Bulgaria polymorpha
differs in the tough rubbery substance, and isan Ascomycete.
E. recisa {recido, to cut short —from its lopped appearance)
ISumber, brown, with plane hymenium common on willow
;

and poplar in attf. and early win. E. albida (alhus, dead

—
white from the whitish hue) is frequent throughout atit,
and win., on dead branches of various trees, forming whitish
folds that become brownish or lavender at maturity.
78 HYMENOMYCETES

ULOCOLLA
(Gr. oulos, shaggy ;
holla, glue —from its consistency and
appearance)

U. foliacea {folium, a leaf —from the appearance). Plate

XXVI. 5.
SpJi. lobed and waved, segments thin, diaphanous, pinkish-
cinnamon or deep brown, sometimes violet. Forms soft
gelatinous tufts, from i to 4 in. diam., on dying branches and
stumps (especially beech), in aut. and win. Uncommon.
Bulgaria poly^norpha is said to be the conidial state of this
species.

TREMELLA
(From the jelly-like substance)

T. mesenterica (from a supposed resemblance to the

mesenteric membrane), “Yellow Jelly-sprout.” Plate I. 10.
Forms somewhat tough, gelatinous, lobed tufts of a bright
orange colour on dead branches, chiefly oak, gorse and
broom, throughout the year, very abundant in win. At
maturity pruinose with the white spores.

N.EMATELIA
(Gr. naima, gelatine ;
eilo, to wrap round —from the gelatinous
substance surrounding the hard nucleus)

N. encephala (Gr. en, within ;

hephale, the head —from the
contained nucleus.) Plate XXVI. 10.

more or less plicate, about i in. diam.,

Sessile, pulvinate,
flesh colour or salmon. Sometimes confluent and forming a
patch 3-4 in. diam. Frequent in aut. and wm. on branches,
pine-rails, etc. Easily known by the solid kernel within.
N. virescens, a greenish species, is common on gorse.
 TREMELLINACEiE 79

GYROCEPHALUS
{Gr, guros^ round ;
hephale, the head — from the globular shape)
G. rufus (niftis,Sph. erect, 3 in. high, somewhat
red).

spoon-shaped or variously contorted and irregular, between

horny and gelatinous in consistency, orange or dull scarlet.
On the ground and on rotten trunks in pine woods. Rare.

TREMELLODON
(Gr. odous, a tooth, and from its resembling Tmnella in
substance)

T. gelatinosum {gelatina, jelly — from the gelatinous sub-

stance), “Jelly Hedgehog.” Plate XXVI. i.
Sph. 1-3 in., tremelloid, more or less fan-shaped, thick, with
a lateral stem-like base, bluish-grey, sprinkled with minute
white granules. H. watery-grey, covered with stout, acute,
gelatinous spines. Gregarious or solitary, sometimes tufted,
forming a contorted mass 6 in. diam. or more. Said to be
rare, but is not infrequent in shady pine woods on the
Neocomian sands in the South of England.

DACRYOMYCES
(Gr. dahm, a tear ;
mukes, a fungus — from the tear-like
habit)

D. deliquescens {deliquesco, to dissolve — from its appear-

ance). Forms minute, gelatinous, wavy, roundish masses on
pine wood, throughout the year, but most abundantly in win.
Frequently appearing as long yellow lines out of cracks in
the wood. “ It often resembles very much a caespitose, waved
yellow Peziza, growing in clusters, sometimes an inch or
more in length” (Cooke).
8o HYMENOMYCETES

DACRYOPSIS
(From its relation to Dacvyomyces)

D. nuda (nudus, naked —from the absence of a veil). Forms

a reddish-orange hemispherical head (|- in. diam.), surmount-
ing a stout yellowish-white, minutely tomentose stem. Gre-
garious on fir-stumps, etc., in ant.

GUEPINIA
(After Jean Pierre Guepin)

G-. peziza (shaped like a Peziza).

Forms a minute yellow or orange irregular cup, not
exceeding § in. diam., obliquely attached by a slender stem
(J in. long) to dead wood in ant.

FEMSJONIA
(From Femsjo, the name of a place)

F. luteo-alba (Inteus, yellow ;

albus, white — from the yellow
disc and white exterior).
Sph. shaped like a Peziza about f in. diam. plane
at first, ;

at maturity, the disc bright yellow, with a narrow whitish

margin, under surface whitish. Rooting, bursting through
the bark of fallen birch and oak branches in ant. Un-
common.

DITIOLA
(Gr. dittos, double ;
ioulos, down — from the down-like veil)

D. ulicis (the gorse, Ulex etiropans — its habitat).

Sph. globose, then flattened and wrinkled, lemon-yellow,
J in. high. Common in wm. on dead gorse stems.
 —

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVII

TYPES OF FAIRY-CLUB FUNGI (CLAVARIACE^)
Fig. I. —Pistillayia qnisqnillaris. (Natural size.)
Fig. 2. — Pistillaria tenuipes. (Natural size.)
Fig. 3. Typhula erythropus. (Natural size.)
Fig. 4. Ptevuhi suhulata.
Fig. 5. Clavaria juncea.
Fig. 6. — Clavaria pistillaris. (One-quarter natural size.)
Fig. 7. Clavaria fusiformis. (One-quarler natural size.)
Fig. 8. Clavaria fistulosa.
Fig. 9. Clavaria stricta.
PLATE XXVII

rVl’KS OK 1- AIKY-CIX'r. KUNGt (CI.W AKl ACKAK)

 CLAVARIACE^ 8i

CALOCERA
(Gr. kalos, beautiful ;
kevas, a horn— from its shape and colour)
C. viscosa (from its viscidity). Plate XXVI. 12.

Sph. branched, straight, repeatedly forking, orange-yellow,

1-3 in. high, exactly resembling a Clavaria. Very common
on rotten fir-stumps throughout the year, especially late ant.
The long pale root penetrates deep into the wood. Easily
known by its stickiness, beautiful orange colour, and habitat.

CLAVARIACEiE
(Club-bearing Fungi)

KEY TO THE GENERA

Sparassis. Sporophore consisting of many compressed crisped
branches, forming a large tuft resembling the heart of
a cauliflower.
Clavaria. Sporophore a fleshy, simple, or more or less branched
club, without a distinct stem.
Pterula. Sporophore consisting of small, very slender hair-like
branches, forming a brush-like tuft.
Typhula. Sporophore a simple club, with a distinct stem, usually
springing from a sclerotium.
Pistillaria Sporophore a minute simple club, with a distinct stem,
usually not springing from a sclerotium rigid when ;

dry.

SPARASSIS
(Gr. sparasso, to tear to pieces —from the appearance of the
sporophore)
S. crispa {crispci, a curl — from its crisped or curled appear-
ance). Plate XXVIII.
Forms large globose tufts, resembling the heart of a cauli-
flower (or “ like a sponge at the base of
”), Scotch pines in
aut.^ in shady woods. Whitish or pale yellow, branches
laciniate, crisped, and brittle. Stem-like base, usually deeply
rooted. It is not uncommon in pine woods on the Green-
6
82 HYMENOMYCETES
sand in the South of England, often attaining great size.
Worthington Smith records an enormous Kentish specimen,
ft. in circumference, lo in. high, with a solid base of
mycelium 6 in. below the ground. One brought to the
Haslemere Museum in Oct, 1906, measured 3 ft. 8 in. in
circumference, and weighed nearly 6 pounds. It had been
cut off level with the ground.
S. laminosa {lamina, a thin leaf —from the leaf-like plates).
Plate XXVIII.
Closely allied to 5 cvispa, and occurring in similar situations.
.

The branches are more lax and leaf-like, not so compact and
crisped. First recorded for Britain during the visit of the
British Mycological Society to Woolmer Forest, Sept. 26,
1905. The plate depicts the specimen found on that
occasion.
CLAVARIA
(Clava, a club —from the club-like shape of typical species)
Section I. — Branched, the branches attenuated
UPWARDS
(^i) Spore Mass white or dingy white

C. fastigiata {fastigium, a slope —from the arrangement of

the branches). Plate XXIX. 2.

Rather tough, usually tufted, very much branched, the

branches sometimes decreasing in height outwardly, giving
the plant a sloping appearance. Amongst grass in pastures,
ant. and win. Slightly fragrant. Easily recognised by the
clear egg-yellow colour. The tips are sometimes brown.
C. muscoides {mnscus, moss ;
Gr. eidos, appearance).
Differs from C. fastigiata in the more slender stems (hairy
at the base) not being so branched, nor so repeatedly. It

occurs in similar situations. Solitary. Common in ant.

C. cinerea {cinis, ashes —from its ashy colour). Plate

XXIX. 7.
Branches numerous and irregular. Sometimes with a few
PLATE XXVIII

;
(
X
u
i
-

R
i',

nv
(
I.
1-'
1
,
1
u
A
c
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXVHI
Sparassis crispaand Sparassis laminosa (about one-quarter natura
size). From a photograph by Mr. Roger Hutchinson, Haslemere
The block for this illustration was kindly lent by the British iSIyco
logical Society.
 2 —

CLAVARIACEiE 83

compressed with many pointed branch-

short branchlets, or
lets at the tip. Stem short. Usually gregarious or in
crowded tufts, measuring 5 by 4 in. Frequent in shady
woods in aut.

C. rugosa {vtigci, a wrinkle), “Wrinkled Fairy-club.”

Plate XXIX. 7.

Solitary or gregarious, 3-5 in. high, about \ in. thick.

Whitish. Sometimes a simple club, sometimes branched,
but always blunt at the Very common in hedges and
tip.

woods, especially under chestnut and fir, in aut. Easily

recognised by the distinct longitudinal wrinkles.

{b) spore Mass ochraceous or cinnamon

C. abietina [ahies, a fir), “ Little Besom.” Plate XXVIII. 4.

From I to 3 in. high, in fir woods, chiefly spruce, in aut.
Much branched from a stout base. There is great variability
in the thickness and in the division of the branches. Often
resembling a besom in miniature. Deep ochre, stem whitish
and downy. Known at once by turning greenish when
bruised.
C. stricta {stringo, to draw tight — from the tense habit).
Plate XXVII. 9.
Densely branched, erect, the branches repeatedly forking,
tips acute, about
4 in. high. Stem short, rather slender, but
distinct. Pale dull yellow*, becoming brown when bruised.
On trunks in woods in aut., often springing from a cord-like
mycelium. Uncommon.

Section II. Clubs almost simple, usually tufted

AT THE BASE
C. fusiformis
shaped), “ Golden Spindle.”
(fusus, a spindle ;
forma, shape — spindle-
Plate XXVII. 7.
Branches elongated, primrose-yellow, rarely
unequally
branched, about in. high. Top contracted into a brownish
3
6 —
84 HYMENOMYCETES
spine-like point. Common in ant, in woods and pastures.
Many individuals appear together, and form a little tuft.

C. inaec[ualis {incequalisy unequal). Plate XXIX. 5.

Very common in woods, and in pastures bordering them.
Fragile, yellow, 1-3 in. high. Scattered or in loose tufts.
Very variable in size and form, simple or forked and often
compressed.
C. argillacea {argilla, clay). Plate XXIX. i.

Club-shaped or cylindrical, simple or loosely tufted, pale

clay colour or greenish-white stem yellowish, very distinct.
;

Frequent amongst moss and grass on heathy moors in aut.

C. vermicularis {vermis, a worm— from a fancied worm-like
shape). Plate XXIX. 6.

Densely or loosely tufted, white, very brittle, tips more or

less pointed, sometimes forked. “ Looks like a little bundle
of candles.” Very common amongst grass in {C.fragilis
is this species.)
C. luteo-alba {Inteus, yellow ;
alhus, white), “ White-tipped

Fairy Club.” Plate XXIX. 3.

Long confused with C. incequalis, but easily known by the

white tip. and described
First noted by Mr. Carleton Rea
in 1903. Frequent amongst grass and in hedges, especially
under holly.

Section III. Clubs almost simple, distinct at the

BASE
C. pistillaris {pistillum, a club), “ Dryad’s Club.” Plate
XXVII. 6.

In woods, particularly beech, in aut. Variable in size,

4-12 in. high, usually club-shaped, always simple and smooth.

Whitish at first, dingy-brown at maturity. Uncommon.
C. fistulosa {fistula, a pipe). Plate XXVII. 8.
A
simple club, 4-7 in. high, hollow, thickened and com-
pressed above, yellowish, then rufescent. Sometimes two
or three spring together from a tuberous hairy base (the
 PLATE XXIX

SOME FAIRY CLUBS (CLAVARIAE)

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIX
SOME WELL KNOWN EAIRY-CLUBS (CLAVARI.^:)
Fig. I.-- Clavaria argillacea : Fig. 5.
— C. inaqualis.
young plants. Fig. 6.— C. vcrmiculavis.
Fig. 2. C. fast igiata. Fig. —C.
7. cinerea.

Fig. 3. — C. luteo-alha. Fig. 8 — C.

. mtiscoide3.

Fig. 4. C. ahietina. Fig. g. C. rugosa.

 CLAVARIACEiE 85

condition known under the name of C. ttiberosa), usually

scattered. On decaying birch twigs in late ant. Rare.
C. juncea (juncea, a rush). Plate XXVII. 5.

Very slender, not exceeding two lines in thickness, hollow,

sometimes hair-like, and must then be carefully distinguished
from Typhula. Pale dingy yellow, then reddish. Gregarious
on decaying leaves and twigs in woods in aut. Uncommon.

PTERULA
(Gr. pteron^ a wing — from a fancied resemblance to a little

wing)

P. subulata {snhula, an awl — from the awl-shaped branches).

PlateXXVII. 4.
Forms densely crowded, sparingly divided, greyish or
yellowish smooth branches (2 in. high), of thread-like thin-
ness. The branchlets are much divided at the apex. In
aut, and win. on branches, leaves, fern-stems, etc.

TYPHULA
(From the fancied resemblance of some species to the Typha
or Reed Mace)

T. erythropus (Gr. emthros, red pous, a foot). Plate

;

XXVII. 3.
The club is white, stem dark red or blackish. Slender,
not exceeding i in. in height. Common on dead
in aut.
leaves, sticks, and herbaceous stems. Often springing from
a wrinkled black sclerotium.

PISTILLARIA
{Pistillum, a pestle— from the form)
P. tenuipes {tenuis, thin
;
pcs, a foot). Plate XXVII. 2.
Pale drab, about and up to ^ in. diam. in the
i in. high,
head. Solitary or gregarious on bare heathy soil
and
charcoal heaps in Oct. and Nov
86 HYMENOMYCETES
P. quisquillaris {quisquilics, sweepings, rubbish —from its

habitat). Plate XXVII. i.

Forms minute whitish clubs, in. high, on dead leaves

and fern -stem (especially bracken) in ant. Gregarious.
Common.

Family THELEPHORACE.E
(Leathery Fungi)

KEY TO THE GENERA

Coniophora. Resupinate, dry. Hymenium pulverulent.
Aldridgea. Resupinate soft and gelatinous.
;

Thelephora. Resupinate to erect, dry. Hymenium rugulose.

Soppittiella. Encrusting or effused. Subgelatinous. Hymenium
even.
Exobasidium. Parasitic on living leaves and stems.
Peniopbora. Hymenium with colourless cystidia. Rough at the tip
with particles of lime; hence appearing minutely
velvety under a pocket lens.
Hymenochaete. Hymenium with brown smooth cystidia. Minutely
velvety when viewed with a pocket lens.
Corticium. Resupinate. Hymenium smooth and even, cracking
when dry.
Stereum. Effuso-reflexed. Pileus silky or strigose. Hymenium
even, glabrous.
Cladoderris. Horizontal ;
attached by a small point behind.
Hymenium radiato-rugulose.
Craterellus, Large, erect, funnel-shaped. Hymenium glabrous.
Cyphella. Minute, cup-shaped, usually single, mouth open.
Solenia. Minute, cylindrical, gregarious or crowded. Tubular,
with the mouth contracted.

CONIOPHORA
(Gr. konisy dust ;
phoveo^ to carry — from the hymenium being
powdered with the spores)

C. olivacea (from its colour). Plate XXX. 5.

Forms dull olive patches, up to 5 in. across on pine wood

 PLATE XXX

tvpes of leathery fungi (thelei'Horaceae)

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXX
TYPES OF LEATHERY FUNGI (THELEPHORACE^E)
Fig. I. — Cofticium salicinuv:.
Fig. 2. — Ditto, showing the Peziza-like form.
Fig. 3. Cyphella capula, (Natural size.)
Fig. 4. — Ditto, magnified.
Fig. 5. Coniophora olivacca.
Fig. 6. Solcnia anomcla. (About twice natural size.)
Fig. 7 — Ditto, magnified.
Fig. 8. Section (magnified) showing the incurved margin.
Fig. g. — Thelephora laciniaia.
Fig, 10. Soppittiella crisiata, incrusting grass.
Fig. II. — HymenochcEtc rubiginosa : a group of imbricated pilei.

Fig. 12. — From the hymenium of Hymcnochcvie rubiginosa ,

showing a
cystidium projecting far above the basidia and spores. (Highly mag-
nified.)
Fig. 13. — Cratcrellus cornucopioid s.

I'lG. 14. — Ditto : section showing the deeply infundibuliform pileus.

Fig. 15. —Cladodcrris minima, (Natural size.)
 THELEPHORACEiE 87

in Nov. It sparkles when fresh with crystals of oxalate of

lime. Uncommon.
0. sulphurea (from its colour).
Forms brownish-yellow patches, with a bright sulphur-
coloured margin on bark, leaves, etc. Often fibrillose, the
radiating strands cord- like. Frequent in early win.

ALDRIDGEA
(After Miss Emily Aldridge, a Sussex mycologist)
A. glutinosa (from its gelatinous consistency), the only
British species, forms broadly effused pallid or purplish-
brown patches on sawdust, extending for several inches.

THELEPHORA
(Gr. thele, a teat; phero, to bear — from the sometimes pa.
pillose hymenium)
T. laciniata {lacinia, a flap — from the fringed margin ot
the pileus). Plate XXX. 9.
Spk brown, shaggy margin, roundish, the
fibrous, with a
lobes overlapping, thin and soft. In fir woods, terrestrial
and running up twigs, heather, etc. Common in woods and
on heathy Greensand moors. Perennial. Aut. and early win.
T. anthocephala (Gr. anthos, a flower kephale, the head) ;

is rusty brown, with whitish fringed tips. Frequent on the

ground in woods, with the habit of a Clavaria.

SOPPITTIELLA
(After T. H. Soppitt, a Yorkshire mycologist)
S. cristata {crista, a crest). Plate XXX. 10.
Forms thin, pallid, paint-like patches (5 in. diam.) on the
ground, or encrusting leaves, moss, grass, etc, in aut.
Somefimes forming cristate branches (i high),
in. with
beautifully fringed apices. Never silky.
88 HYMENOMYCETES
S. sebacea (seha, tallow — from its tallow-like appearance).
Forms the familiar crust-like patches on rotten stumps,
particularly fir. Often encrusting fir-needles, twigs, grass,
etc. Tinged brown or cinnamon when dry.

EXOBASIDIUM
{Ex, out of — from the habit, growing spores on basidia
without any true sporophore)
E. vaccinii (from its host, V accinium). Plate XIV. i.

Forms globular swellings on living leaves of the Whortle-

berry ( Vaccinium myvtillus), rarely on the leaf-stalks and stems.
The flesh-coloured hymenium protrudes from the under
surface of the leaf ;
the opposite upper surface is red or
purple. An allied species, E. rhododendri, causes large galls,
varying in size from a pea to a marble, on leaves and twigs
of rhododendrons, especially Rhododendron fervugineum. Un-
common.
PENIOPHORA
(Gr. penion, a shuttle ;
phero, to bear — from the shuttle-like
setae (modified cystidia) borne on the hymenium)
P. incarnata {incarnatus, flesh-coloured). Plate I. 3.

Forms broadly wood

effused reddish or orange patches on
and bark ;
very common on dead gorse and broom. The
colour maintained in a dried specimen, which feature
is

distinguishes it from P. rosea. In both species the margin

is whitish and fringed. Common, except in sum.

HYMENOCHiETE
(Gr. hnmen, a membrane chaite, a bristle
;
—from the bristly
hymenium)
H. rubiginosa {rubigo, rust — from the colour of the
hymenium). Plate XXX. ii.
Ferruginous brown, often with a purple tinge, foxy rust
colour within. Variable, quite resupinate, slightly reflexed,
 THELEPHORACEiE 89

and densely imbricated. Margin brighter.

or broadly reflexed
Sometimes little pilei appear to spring from the adnate
portion between the reflexed edges. Perennial, on gate-
posts, etc. Throughout the year. Common.

CORTICIUM
{Cortex, bark — from the usual habitat)
C. salicinum {salix, willow — from the usual habitat). Plate
XXX. I.

Sph. |-i in., leathery at first, rigid when dry, fixed by the
centre with a raised margin all round. H. blood-red,
whitish and somewhat hairy below. Gregarious on willow
(rarely poplar) in mit. Resembles a Peziza.
C. calceum {calx, lime —from the chalk-white colour),
common in sum. and aut. on dead wood and branches,
margin determinate, C. lacteum {lac, milk — from the milk-
white colour) is a winter species, with radiating fringed
margin, frequent on dead trunks. C. samhuci (from the
habitat ;
elder, sambucus) forms the familiar pure white
patches effused on dead elder. C. ccemleum {ccemleum,
azure-blue), a winter species, is easily recognised by its
beautiful dark satiny-blue colour.

STEREUM
(Gr. stereos, hard — from hard substance)
its

S. hirsutum {hirsutus, hairy — from the strigose hymenium).-

Plate I. 9.

One of the commonest, most

conspicuous and most
variable of species, usually appearing as bright yellow
patches on trunk and branches. Quite resupinate when
growing beneath a log, resupinate with a free margin
when
growing from a vertical matrix, and often with
a central
stem-hke base when growing on the top of
a prostrate log.
P. coarsely strigose, dingy yellow,
more or less zoned.
go HYMENOMYCETES
corky. Sometimes many imbricated pilei are present.
Throughout the year, especially on oak, and at its best in win.
S. purpureum {purpureus, purple) is the pretty pale purple

species, with whitish pileus, so commonly seen on dead fir.

—
rugosum {ruga, a wrinkle from the usually wrinkled
S.

hymenium) forms large pale greyish-yellow patches (which

become slightly red when bruised) on dead hazel-stumps,
etc.
CLADODERRIS
(Gr. hlados, a young branch ;
derris, a leathern coat — from
the branched and leathery structure)

C. minima. Plate XXX. 15.

A minute gregarious species, resembling dwarfed speci-
mens of Stereum hivsutum, but distinguished by the radiating
ridges of the hymenium. White at first, yellowdsh-tan when
dry. Resupinate on birch bark in Dec.

CRATERELLUS
(From the resemblance of the sporophore to a small crater
or bowl)

C. cornucopioides {cornu, horn ;

copia, plenty — shaped like
a cornucopia), “ Horn of Plenty.” Plate XXX. 13.
Trumpet-shaped, smoky-black within, grey without, and
indistinctly wrinkled. Gregarious, and often tufted. Size
variable, 2-3 in. high. In woods, chiefly on clay soil,
beneath hazel undergrowth. Said not to be attacked by
insects. The “Trombetta morte” of the
di Italians. At
one time sold in Covent Garden Market.

CYPHELLA
(Gr. kuphos, a small goblet — from the usual shape)
C. capula (from its resemblance to a small bowl, capula).
Plate XXX. 3.
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXI
TYPES OF TEETH-BEARING FUNGI (HYDNACE^'E)
Fig. I.— Hydnum repandum.
Fig. 2.— Ditto, section.
Fig. 3.
— Hydnum auriscalpium group of plants of various ages.
:

Fig. 4.
— Ditto section showing the lateral stem.
:

Fig. 5.
— Sistotrema conflucns.
Fig. 6.— Ditto, section.
Fig. 7.
— Ditto: teeth, slightly magnified.
Fig. 8.— Odontia fimbriata a small patch. (One-quarter actual size.)
:

Fig. 9.— Ditto section (enlarged) showing the teeth.

:

Fig. 10. —Hydnum ochraceum. (Natural size.)

Fig. II. —Hydnum imhneatum.
Fig. 12, — Ditto, section.
PLATE XXXI

rVl*ES OK THE M-UKAKINC; KlNCa

I (l I VON ACE A I.)
 HYDNACE^ 91

Cup-shaped, J in. high, membranaceous, erect or drooping,

smooth, margin sinuate, irregular. H, even whitish or
yellowish, rarely brownish. Gregarious on dead herbaceous
stems in damp situations in ant. Frequent.

SOLENIA
(Gr. solen, a pipe — from the short pipe-like shape)
S. anomala (from its anomalous character). Plate
XXX. 6.

Forms on rotten wood and bark,

effused patches in. or

more across. It might easily be mistaken for a Poria, the

tubes being very minute, and more or less incurved at the
mouth. Externally pilose, varying in colour from dingy
ochreous to ferruginous.

HYDNACEiE
(Teeth-bearing Fungi)
KEY TO THE GENERA
Hydnum. Sporophore fleshy,with a central stem, or resupinate.
Hymenium covered with teeth, which are acute and
distinct at the base.
Sistotrema. Sporophore fleshy, with a central stem. Hymenium
covered with flattened and irregular teeth.
Irpex. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with teeth that are
rather acute, and spring from folds or ridges.
Radulum. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with coarse, deformed,
subcylindrical and obtuse tubercles.
Phlebia, Resupinate. Hymenium covered with folds or wrinkles.
Grandinia. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with minute, per-
sistent, hemispherical granules.
Porothelium. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with wart - like
granules, which are excavated at the apices.
Odontia. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with granules that
are divided at the apices in a pencil-shaped manner.
Kneiffia. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with very minute,
barren, acute spinules.
Mucronella. Resupinate. Hymenium covered with long, slender,
acute spines, destitute of any sporophore or subiculum.
 92 HYMENOMYCETES
HYDNUM
(From the Gr. hydnon, a truffle — curiously used by Linnaeus
for this genus)
H. imhricatum {imbrex, a tile — from the scaly pileus),
“ Scaly Urchin.” Plate XXXI. ii.

P. 2-5 in., mouse-brown or reddish, with imbricated scales.

'
F. reddish-brown above, remainder white. Spines long,
crowded, greyish, decurrent on the thick whitish central
stem. Singly or in twos and threes in pine woods in aiit.

Uncommon. Esculent.
H. repandum {repandus, repand), “ Urchin of the Woods.”
Plate XXXI. I.

Altogether pale yellow or reddish, or stem and spines of a

lighter colour. P. 2-6 in., spines short, crowded, brittle.
S. 2-4 in., usually central, thick, fleshy, sometimes covered
with white down. Subgregarious in woods in ant., especially
under beeches. Common. Esculent.
H. auriscalpium {auriscalpium, an ear-pick — from the shape).
Plate XXXI. 3.

P. J-i in., dark brown, hairy, sub-rotund. Spines crowded,

dark. 5 . lateral, 2-3 in., dark, base shaggy, often buried to
some depth in fir leaves. Common to pine woods, attached
to cones of Scotch pine. Often overlooked.
H. ochraceum {ochyaceus,oQhley-ye\\o^N). Plate XXXI. 10.
Effuso-reflexed or entirely resupinate on dead branches,
yellowish. P. 1-5 in., thin, tough, zoned. Spines very
minute. Whole plant easily separable from the matrix.
Common in ant. and win. on trunks and branches, bramble
stems, etc.
SISTOTREMA
(Gr. seistos, shaken irema, a pore
;
from the irregular —
arrangement of the spines and their interstices)
S. confluens (from the confluent habit). Plate XXXI. 5.
P. I in., somewhat depressed, fleshy, white at first, then
 HYDNACE^ 93

yellowish-brown several pilei often confluent. Gill-like

;

plates entire or toothed (jagged). S. about i in., attenuated

below, often somewhat excentric. A scentless brittle species,
usually terrestrial (sometimes investing sticks, moss, etc.),
appearing in ant. Uncommon.

IRPEX
[IvpeXf a harrow — from the supposed resemblance of the
hymenial surface to that implement)

I. obliquus {obliqmts, oblique).

Forms white patches on stumps and dead
or pallid
branches in win. Margin byssoid. Superficially like Poria
vaporaria, but the teeth grow from folds arranged in a
reticular manner those in the centre of the patch are the
;

larger, lying upon one another in an imbricated manner.

RADULUM
{Radix, a root — from the appearance of the hymenial pro-
cesses)

R. orbiculare {orbiculus, a small disc).

Forms resupinate white or yellowish patches, 1-4 in. diam.,
on dead bark of various trees, chiefly birch, in aut. Often
dingy flesh-colour in the second season. The tubercles are
either scattered or in bundles, oblique or erect, tooth-like or
obtuse.
PHLEBIA
(Gr. phleps, a vein — from the appearance of the hymenium)
P. merismoides (from the resemblance of the wrinkled
hymenium to the Merismatae section (non-British) of the
genus Stereum).
Broadly effused, flesh-colour, orange or red, then dingy
purple. H. tuberculated or folded, wrinkles crowded, white
or downy beneath. Margin always delicate and very bright.
Running over moss on trunks in aut. and win. Uncommon.
94 HYMENOMYCETES
GRANDINIA
{Grando, hail— from the appearance of the hymenium)
G. granulosa {granim, a small seed — from the minutely
granular hymenium).
Forms tan-coloured, broadly effused, thin adnate patches,
4-5 in. in diam., following the inequalities of the matrix.
H. crowded with equal, rather sharp, minute granules
margin determinate. On dead branches of pine and other
trees in atit. and win. Uncommon.

POROTHELIUM
(Gr. porosj a pore ;
thele, a teat — from the teat-like teeth of
the hymenium)
P. confusum (from its having been confounded with other
members of the genus).
Broadly and irregularly effused on fir-sticks, thin, whitish,
dingy buff when dry. Papillae very minute', not more than
^ line long. Sum. and aiU. in woods. Uncommon.

ODONTIA
(Gr. odonSj odontes, a tooth — from the appearance of the
hymenium)
0. fimhriata (fimbria, a fringe). Plate XXXI. 8.

Forms broadly cinnamon or beautiful

effused patches of a
fawn colour on fallen branches and moss in and win.
H. densely covered with minute granules (at length elon-
gated), which are fringed at the tips, and traversed in
perfect specimens by prominent branching veins. Un-
common.
KNEIFFIA
(After F. G. Kneiff, a mycologist).

K. setigera (seta, a bristle ;

gero, to carry — from the bristles
on the hymenium).
 ——
—

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXII

TYPES OF PORE-BEARING FUNGI (POLYPORACE.E:)
Fig. I. —Polyponis elegans, showing the abruptly black base of the
excentric stem and the decurrent pores.
Fig. 2. young and confluent specimens.
Polystictiis perennis :

Fig. 3. — Ditto adult, showing the almost plane, zoned pileus.

:

Fig. 4. Polyponis umbellatns, showing the numerous pileoli. (One-

quarter natural size.)
Fig. 5.— Ditto ; section showing the decurrent pores.
Fig. 6. Merulius lacrynians on worked wood.
Fig. 7. —Strohilomyces strobilaceus.
Fig. 8. — Ditto section
: showing the transverse dissepiments of the
tubes, and the remains margin of the pileus.
of the veil on the
Fig. 9. Trametes gibbosa group of imbricated plants.
.-

Fig. 10. — Ditto: section showing the unequal tubes running at

varying depths into the flesh f the pileus. i

Fig. II . —
Dadalea qitei'cina, showing the sinuous gill-like pore openings.
Fig. 12. Ditto: section showing the long tubes.
I'LATE XXXII

TYl'KS Ol' I'dKK-ni'.AKING lUN^.I (I’OlAI'ORACF.Ai:)

 ;

POLYPORACEiE 95

Forming patches (2-4 in. diam.) on dead wood ;

white at
and then ochreous-ivory. Bristles minute, hyaline.
first,

Occurring throughout the year. Uncommon. Sometimes

bearing a superficial resemblance to Gvandinia granulosa.

MUCRONELLA
(Diminutive of mucro, a sharp point — from its appearance)

M. calva {calva, the bald scalp — from the habit, a few

scattered hairs).
A curious fungus consisting of very slender whitish or
grey smooth spines, |-i growing in a downward direc-
in. long,
tion on rotten pine wood. There is no resupinate portion
the thin film which is present at first soon becomes obsolete.

POLYPORACE^
(Pore-bearing Fungi)

KEY TO THE GENERA

Merulius. Sporophore subgelatinous. Tubes very shallow, re-
sembling anastomosing wrinkles.
Daudalea. Sporophore corky. T ubes very sinuous and labyrinthi-
form. Pores sinuous.
Trametes. Sporophore coriaceous. Tubes appearing as if im-
mersed in the flesh of the pileus. Pores oval or
elongate.
Poria. Sporophore entirely resupinate, disclosing only tubes.
Polystictus. Sporophore coriaceous or membranaceous, sessile.
Tubes shallow and punctiform. Pores round.
Pomes. Sporophore coriaceous or woody, sessile. Tubes
formed in successive strata.
Polyporus. Sporophore fleshy or tough, with or without a stem
Tubes not formed in successive strata.
Fistulina. Sporophore fleshy, juicy, with lateral stem. Tubes
quite separate from each other.
Strobilomyces. Sporophore fleshy, with a central stem. Pileus
covered with large scales.
Boletus. Sporophore fleshy, mushroom-like in shape. Tubes
easily separable from the hymenophore.
96 HYMENOMYCETES
MERULIUS
(So called from the yellow, orange or partially black colour
of the hymenium — the colours of the beak and plumage
of the blackbird, merula)

—
M. lacrymans (lachvyma^ a tear from the watery drops on
the hymenium), “ Dry Rot.” Plate XXXII. 6.
Somewhat gelatinous. H. irregularly wrinkled, yellowish-
brown or dark brown. F, stains paper red. Margin sterile,
white or yellow. Forming effused patches, varying from
2 to 3 in. to a foot or more in diam., J in. thick or more. Very
variable. “ Whole plant generally resupinate, soft, tender
at first very light, cottony, and white. When the veins
appear, they are of a fine yellow-orange or reddish-brown,
forming irregular folds, most frequently so arranged as to
have the appearance of pores, but never anything like tubes,
and distilling, when perfect, drops of water. Sometimes the
pileus or substance of the plant, from its situation, produces
pendent processes like inverted cones ” (Greville). On
worked wood, carpets, etc., in Britain always confined to
houses and sheds. In a badly infected building the copious
spores cover every object with a thin film of bright rust-
coloured dust.

DiEDALEA
(From the labyrinth made by Dcedalos — in reference to the
labyrinthine, intricate pores)

D. quercina [qiievcus, oak — its habitat). Plate XXXII. ii.

Every part of a woody appearance and corky texture.

P. 3-6 in., sessile, usually on a broad base. Pov. at first
rounded, becoming much contorted, elongated, deep and
sinuous, the thick flexible dissepiments resembling gills.
“ Sometimes the whole plant is resupinate or decurrent, in
which case the partitions are often elongated into tooth-like
processes ” (Berkeley). Occurring throughout the year on
 POLYPORACE.E 97

dead oak stumps and trunks, particularly the cut surface of

stumps remaining where trees have been felled two or three
years previously, occasionally appearing on squared timber.
Has been found in peat beds and lake-side pile-dwellings.
Very common.
TRAMETES
(From the generic distinction depending on the tramd)

T. gibbosa {gibbus, gibbous — from its thickness and con-

vexity). Plate XXXII. 9.
P. 1-6 in., concentrically zoned, minutely velvety, white,
greyish with age ;
sometimes green, owing to the presence of
a minute alga in the velvet. F. white and corky. Por.
about ^ in. deep, radially elongated, straight except at the
base,where they are usually roundish or irregular, pale tan.
Stumps, posts, etc., throughout the year. Not common.
T. Bulliardi (after Pierre Bulliard) is frequent on decaying
alder.
P. and Por. whitish at first, becoming brown at maturity.
If touched with ammonia, the pores instantly assume a
beautiful but evanescent pink colour.

PORIA
(From the porous hymenium)
P. vaporaria {vaporarium, a stove— perhaps first observed in
a hot-house). Plate XVI. 3.
Por. large, angular, whitish at first, then cream-colour.
Forming broadly effused, thin, inseparable patches (up to

4 in. diam.) on dead trunks and branches, and on wounded

surfaces of living branches, the white mycelium penetrating
the bark. by Hartig, to be very destructive in
Said,
Germany to living spruce and pine, and having as bad a
reputation as the “ Dry-Rot ” fungus. Common throughout
the year.
7
98 HYMENOMYCETES
POLYSTICTUS
(Gr. poluSy many ;
stiktos, punctured — from the punctures on
the hymenium)
P. perennis (pevennis, perennial). Plate XXXII. 2.

P. funnel-shaped at first, nearly plane at maturity, zoned,

coriaceous, velvety, marked with little radiating lines, dull
cinnamon, often bleached white when old. S. central up to
ij in., tough, velvety, thickened below, rusty brown.
Pov. very small and very short, angular or roundish, at
first with a white bloom, slightly decurrent. Aut. and win.,
lasting over until the following sum. Frequent on bare
sandy spots, and especially where charcoal has been made
in open places in woods, also on heaths. Often confluent
sometimes half a dozen plants may become united.
P. versicolor (from its variable colours), “ Common
Stump-flap.” Plate I. 4-8.

P. 1-3 in., horizontal, thin (J in.), flat, densely velvety,

shining, concentrically zoned with various colours. Pov.
shining white at first ;
colour of ivory when old and
becoming torn often obsolete
;
margin bright orange at the ;

or vermilion when attacked by the mould Hypomyces

auvantius. Exceedingly common throughout the year on
trunks, stumps, branches, etc. Very variable (see notes on
p. 12). A new hymenium appears on the downward
pileus of plants on a log which has been rolled over.
P. abietinus (abies, fir —from its habitat), “ Purple Fir
Polypore.” Plate XXXIII. 2.

P. 1-2 in., margin often

greyish-white, indistinctly zoned ;

violet when young. H. at first a beautiful violet, becoming

brownish in the centre. Pov. much torn, toothed, and
sinuous, except at the margin. Common on decaying fir
trunks in aut. and win. Resupinate individuals often become
confluent, and form a broad patch, with lobed margin.
Differs from Povia violacea in the deeper and torn pores, and
the reflexed margin.
 ;

POLYPORACE^ 99

POMES
{Fomes, touchwood or tinder —from the use of many species
in kindling fire in olden times)

fomentarius {fomentum,im^ex for which it was formerly

F. —
used), “Soft Tinder Fungus.” Plate XXXIII. 7.
P. 3-8 in.; 3-5 in. thick at the base; distinctly sulcate
concentrically, glabrous, thick, hard, and persistent. Dingy-
brown ;
margin white at first. F: rather soft, foxy rust-
colour. T. very long, ^
- 2 in., stratose, ferruginous.
PoY. sub-angular, minute; at powdered with white;
first

ferruginous at maturity. It tapers from the thick base to

the centre, hence is always triangular in section. Occurring
throughout the year on the trunks of various trees. It has
been found in peat beds and lake-side pile-dwellings.
F. igniarius {ignis, fire — from its former use as tinder),
“Hard Tinder Fungus.”
P. globose and tubercular at first, with a thin hoary
covering ;
then thin hoof-shaped, reddish-brown or blackish-
brown, with a very hard cuticle ;
margin rounded. F. zoned,
ferruginous, very hard, “ not fit for converting into amadou.”
T. 1-2 in. long, very small, stratose, cinnamon ;
when senile
filled with white mycelium. Pov. very minute, rounded
hoary at first ;
cinnamon at maturity. On trunks of various
trees throughout the year ;
commonly seen on old fruit
trees. It has been found in peat beds and lake-side pile-
dwellings.
F. annosus {annus, a year
“ Fir-root Polypore.”
—growing in yearly strata),
Plate XII.
P. convex, then plane, 1-12 in., brown with whitish margin
in the first year, afterwards glabrous blackish-brown.
F. rather thick, white. Pov. about in. long, pure white at
first, then pallid. Very variable sometimes encrusting twigs
;

and leaves entirely resupinate when growing beneath a log

;

or on the exposed surface of a root. Extremely common

7—2
100 HYMENOMYCETES
about the roots of decaying trees, stumps, etc., especially
pine. A
dangerous parasite, see notes on p. 28.
F. ferruginosus {feymniy iron from its rusty — colour).
Plate XXXIII. 4.
Broadly effused and closely adnate, in. thick, some-

times with reflexed margin, bright ferruginous-brown at

first, darker when old. Por. subrotund, sometimes torn,
long. F. almost obsolete. Common on trunks, especially
the under surface of dying oak branches not detached from
the tree sometimes forming patches 2 ft. in length.
;

F. ribis {vihis, currant) forms the well-known sporophores

on old currant and gooseberry bushes, F. ulmavius {ulmus,
elm), the effused whitish strata on old elms, and F. fraxineus
{fraxinus, ash), the large, strong-smelling, reddish-brown
sporophores on old ash trunks.

POLYPORUS
(Gr. polus, many ;
poros, a tube —from the many pores of the
hymenium)
P. Schweinitzii (after Ludwig David von Schweinitz).
Plate XIII. 6.

P. 4-12 in., hairy, dark brown; margin at first yellowish-

green ;
when and dry, reddish-brown. F. thick and
old
spongy at first, becoming dry and bright brown. T. in.

long. Pov. large and very angular, often elongate and sinuous,
yellow with a tinge of green, becoming brownish when
bruised, reddish-brown when dry. S. usually central and
distinct. Spore mass pure white. Not uncommon in the
South of England at the base of living larch trees. A deadly
parasite. The stem is not invariably central, and sometimes
is quite obsolete. When growing within a hollow trunk, it
is often attached by a broad lateral base, and the pilei

growing into one another form a huge tuft. I have seen

specimens 15 in. diam., and as many in depth at the base.
 POLYPORACEiE lOI

P. squamosus (squama, a scale — from the scaly pileus),

“Dryad’s Saddle.” Plate XXXIII. 6.

P. fan-shaped, developing from a subglobose, blackish

knob, 6-12 in. or more across, pale yellow, with large
adpressed dark scales. F. thick, white, firm. Por. minute
at first, becoming angular, torn and decurrent, yellowish
white. 5. excentric or lateral, short, thick, corky, black at
the base. This species sometimes attains to an enormous
“

size. My esteemed friend. Dr. Hooker, relates an instance,

given him by Mr. Hopkirk, of one which measured 7 ft 5 in.
in circumference, and weighed, after having been cut four
days, 34 lbs. avoirdupois. It was only four weeks in attain-

ing the above size, gaining thus an acquisition of weight of

above i lb. 3 oz. in the day ” (Greville). Common on stumps
and trunks, especially elm and ash. Smell disagreeable, not
appearing in win.

P. elegans (from its elegant shape). Plate XXXII. i.

P. 2-4 in., often angular, pliant at first, soon hard, smooth,

shining, pale yellow, or dull orange. T. minute, yellowish
white, often decurrent to the black part of the stem.
5 . in., slender, excentric or lateral, smooth, pallid above,
abruptly black below, rooting. and aut. on
Frequent in sum.
stumps and trunks, especially birch. The var. nummularms
is smaller (P. less than i in.), with a regular even margin.

P. varius, occurring chiefly on ash, and P. picipes (disc chestnut

colour) for the most part on willow, are closely allied species,
difficult at times to separate from the above.

P. umbellatus (the many stems and pileoli form an umbel),

“ Umbellate Polypore.” Plate XXXII. 4.
A rare species, which is delineated as an example of the
complexity of the sporophore in some members of the family.
Numerous umbrella-shaped dingy pilei {^-2 in. diam.), with
elongated whitish stems (upon which the minute white pores
are decurrent), spring from a common, thick, root-like base,
forming a dense tuft 4-9 in. across, which might easily at
102 HYMENOMYCETES
first sight be mistaken for a tuft of agarics. In woods, in
early aut. terrestrial, or on stumps.
P. sulphureus (from the sulphur colour), “ Cheesy-yellow
Polypore.” Plate XXXIII. 5.
P. undulate, tufted and imbricated, 6-12 in. diam. or more,
yellowish-orange or reddish. F. thick, yellow becoming
white, of a cheesy consistency, never leathery. T. up to J in.
long. Pov, minute, plane, always a beautiful sulphur-yellow.
The pileus is covered with crystals of oxalate of lime. A
large showy species ;
frequent on living trunks in ant. and
early win. one of the few fungi that attack the yew. Brittle.
Smell disagreeable, becoming very powerful when drying.
P. betulinus {heUda^ birch — its habitat), “ Birch-tree
Polypore.” Plate XIII. 7.
P. corky, hoof-shaped, whitish at first, then pale reddish-
brown, zoneless, glabrous, margin incurved, 3-8 in. diam. or
more. F. white, very thick. Pov. up to f in. deep, unequal,
whitish. Very common on living and dead birch. Some-
times the hymenium is attacked by parasitic moulds,
Hypomyces vosellus and Hypocrea ochvacea.
P. fumosus {fnmosnsj smoky —from its colour). Plate
XXXIII. I.

P. 2-5 in., horizontal, often imbricated, effused behind,

smoky grey. F. whitish, fibrous, rather corky, up to J in.
thick. Pov. shallow, small, rounded, greyish-white, darker
when bruised, not becoming black in drying. Common in
late aut. and early on old trunks and stumps.
win.
P. adustus {aduvo, to burn —
from the scorched appearance)
differs from the above in the thinner substance and very

minute pores which become blackish when dry.

The bay-brown species which frequently forms enormous
imbricated flaps at the base of living beeches in aut. is
P. giganteus.
 1

PLATE XXXI 1

COMMON POLYPORES
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIII
COMMON POLYPORES
Fig. I. — Polyporus imbricated sporophores growing from
fiimosus
the side of a log tilted to show the greyish hymenial surface.
;

Fig. 2. Polystictus abietinus confluent and resupinate plants forming

:

a large patch on the lower surface of a fallen branch.

Fig. — Ditto an imbricated form growing on a dead but erect
3. :

trunk of Scotch pine.

Fig. — Pomes ferruginosus forming resupinate patches on the inner
4.
surface of a dead oak branch
Fig. 5.
— Polyporus sulphureus. (One-quarter natural size.)
Fig. 6. Polyporus squamosus group of imbricated plants. (One-
eighth natural size.)
Fig. 7. Pomes fomentarius. (One-quarter natural size.)
Fig. 8. — Ditto sectio.n showing the stratose tubes.
: (One-quarter
natural size.)
 POLYPORACEiE 103

FISTULINA
{Fistula, a pipe — from the pipe-like character of the tubes)
F. hepatica (Gr. hepatikos, of the liver —from the liver-like

appearance), “Liver” or “ Beef-steak ” Fungus. Plate

XV. 9.

P. usually tongue-shaped, attached by a broad base, or

having somewhat of a stem, 3-20 in., 2-3 in. thick, blood-red.
F. thick, soft, marbled red and whitish like beetroot. Por.
at first pale, then red. Spore mass salmon colour. On living
trunks of various trees, chiefly oak, in atit. The mycelium
persists for a long time, and sporophores emerge from the
same spot on a tree for many consecutive years. Often of
great size Berkeley alludes to one of nearly 30 lbs. weight.
;

This species is remarkable amongst the Polyporaceae in its

perishable nature, becoming putrid in less than a month after
its first appearance. Frequent. A well-known esculent.

STROBILOMYCES
(Gr. strobilos, a fir cone ;
muhes, a fungus — from the supposed
resemblance of the pileus to a fir cone)

S. strobilaceus (from the top of the pileus being covered

with scales like a pine cone, strobilos), “ Fir-cone Bolet.”
Plate XXXII. 7.
P. fleshy, 2-5 in., densely covered with large umber-brown
scales, margin fringed with fragments of the white veil. F*
blackish or brown when broken. T. white, deep, angular,
adnate, sometimes shorter round the stem. Por. white.
5 3-6 in.,
. in. thick below, solid, white above brown at
the base. A rare species frequenting pine woods, etc., and
open grassy places.
104 HYMENOMYCETES
BOLETUS
(Gr. holos, —from the
a clod clod-like
pileus)

B. luteus (luteus, yellow — the colour of the tubes). Plate

VII. 10.
P. 3-4 in., at first covered with a thick purplish gluten,
which soon vanishes, leaving it paler. F. thick, whitish.
T. about in. long, adnate, openings roundish, yellow, tinged
with cinnamon when old. S, 3-4 in., stout, yellow and
glandular above the ring, whitish below. R. large, mem-
branaceous, sometimes tinged pink.
persistent, whitish,
Very common in pine woods in sum. and aut. at once recog-
nised by the very glutinous brown pileus and the ample
ring.
B. elegans (from its elegant shape). Plate XXXIV. 8.

P. 2-4 in., tawny-golden or clear yellow. F. thick, pale

yellow. T. slightly decurrent, J in. long ; openings uniformly
minute, deep sulphur-yellow. S. 3-4 in., stout, golden-yellow ;

dotted above the ring streaked or stained with red below it.
;

R. whitish, imperfect, fugacious. Common in sum. and aut.

in fir woods, especially under larches.

B. flavus {flavus, light yellow) is chiefly distinguished from
the preceding by the abruptly adnate tubes, large angular
pores,and the reticulations on the stem above the mem-
branaceous ring.
B. chrysenteron (Gr. chnisos, gold entera, inward parts
;

from the golden-yellow colour of the flesh), “ Red-crack

Bolet.” Plate XXXIV. 4.
P. 2-4 in., almost plane at maturity, at first covered with
a dense brownish-olive tomentum, which eventually cracks
into polygons ;
cracks red. F. rather thin, pale yellow, red
just beneath the tomentum, changing slightly to blue. T.
up to^ in. long, subadnate, dull yellow, blue when bruised
openings angular, largest near the stem. 5 2-3 in., stout, .

rigid, very firm, fibroso-striate, yellow, more or less tinged

COMMON BOLETS
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIV
COMMON BOLETS
Fig. I. — Boletus luvidus.
Fig. 2. Ditto : section showing the bluing of the flesh.
Fig. 3. B. scaber.
Fig. 4. B. chrysenteron.
Fig. *5. Ditto ; section showing the red flesh below the cuticle.
Fig. 6.B. badius.
Fig. 7. B. subtomentosus.
Fig. 8. B. elcgans young plant, showing the veil breaking away and
:

forming a ring round the stem.

Fig. 9. —
Ditto section showing the slightly decurrent tubes.
;
 ;

POLYPORACE.E 105

with red. Common in aut. woods and pastures. The

in var.

nanus (P. i in.) differs in the flesh, becoming red when cut,

and in theelongated sinuous openings of the tubes. The

var. versicolor (P. in.) may be at once recognised by the

beautiful rose-pink pileus.

B. radicans {radix, root) differs from chrysenteron chiefly in
the permanently incurved margin of the pileus, flesh not
reddening, smaller pores, and stouter stem tapering down-
wards into a rooting base.
B. subtomentosus (from the somewhat tomentose pileus),
“Yellow-crack Bolet.” Plate XXXIV. 7.

Somewhat resembling B. chrysenteron, but known by the

absence of red under the tomentum hence the cracks are ;

yellowish, never red. Common in woods in aut. sometimes

growing from the interior of beech-nuts. In the var. radicans
the pileus is bright yellowish-green ;
stem whitish below,
yellow and strongly grooved above.
B. parasiticus (from its parasitic habit). Plate XL 5.

P. 2-2^ in., dry silky, yellowish tan. F. reddish. T.

yellow, then reddish-orange, openings minute. 5 . ^-2 in.,

incurved, hollow ;
colour of the pileus, flesh yellow. Para-
on the earth-balls {Scleroderma vulgare and verrucosum).
sitic

At once known by the peculiar habitat. Said to be un-

common, but probably often overlooked, the colour of the
is

pileus exactly resembling that of the peridium of its host.

Autumnal.
B. badius {hadius, bay-brown). Plate XXXIV. 6.

P. 3-5 in., rather viscid in wet, soon becoming dry and

shining, bay-brown. F. thick (1-2 in.), white, slightly
tinged blue near the tubes, and faintly red above when cut.
T, about around the stem, yellow,
I in. long, depressed
becoming green when bruised ;
openings yellowish, at once
becoming deep bluish-green when bruised. S. 2-3 in.,
mottled and streaked with brown, never reticulated. In
woods, chiefly pine, in aut. Common.
io6 HYMENOMYCETES
B. luridus (from the lurid colours), “ Lurid Bolet.”
Plate XXXIV. i.

P. 3-6 in., olivaceous, brick-red, dingy-brown, etc., minutely

tomentose. F. very thick, firm, yellow, instantly changing
to indigo-blue when cut. T. up to J in, long, almost free,
greenish olive, openings minute, roundish, vermillion, orange,
or brown. 5 . 2-5 in., very stout, usually bulbous below, red-
dish or yellow with red blotches, sometimes vaguely reticu-
lated with crimson-red. In woods, under trees in pastures,
and in hedgerows in ant. Very common and very poisonous.
Concerning the curious bluing of the flesh in this and
other species, Massee writes “ The peculiar property :

possessed by the flesh of some species in becoming a more

or less intense blue when cut or broken depends on the
presence of two distinct substances in the flesh one, a —
resinous substance that becomes blue when brought in
contact with ozone the other, a substance soluble in
;

water, which ozonises the oxygen of the air, and then effects
a combination with the resin, to which it gives up its oxygen
in the form of ozone, the result being a more or less intense
blue coloration.” The resinous substance is guaiacum
the oxidising ferment is known as tyrosinase. The phe-
nomenon is not confined to the Boleti, but is possessed by
other fungi in the various groups.
B. scaber (scabev, rough — in allusion to the stem),
“ Porcinello.” Plate XXXIV. 3.

P. 3-6 in., viscid when moist, white, cinereous, olive-brown,

etc. F. thick in the centre, white, unchangeable. T. in.,

long, almost free, openings irregular, subangular, white at

first, then dingy-brown. 5 . 5-7 in., conical upwards, pale,
rough, with black or orange scales sometimes coarsely lined.
;

Common in woods in late sum. and aut. Often gregarious.

Esculent ;
the Porcinello or Albarello of Italian markets.
B. versipellis {verto, to turn ;
pellis, the skin — from the
changeable colours of the pellicle) somewhat resembles the
 ———

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXV

DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE RELATION OF THE GILLS TO
THE STEM
Fig. I. — Claudopus variabilis : pileus resupinate at first, the gills
radiating from the point of attachment stem absent. ;

Fig. 2—Agaricus campestris crowded, broad and free.

: gills
Fig. 3. Collyhia hulyracea : gills slightly adnexed or almost free.
Fig. 4. Clitocybe laccata : gills broadly adnate.
Fig. 5. Mycena pnra : gills adnexed and broadly sinnat^.
Fig. 6. —
Omphalia imbcllifem : gills decurrent and distant.
Fig. 7. Clitocybe pithyophila : gills very decurrent and narrow.
Fig. 8. Marasmius rotula : gills very distant connected behind by a;

collar, which is quite free from the stem.

Fig. 9. Lepiota procera : gills remote.
Fig. 10. Tricholoma terreum : gills sinuate or emarginate.
PLATE XXXV

niA(iKAMS SIIKWINC, MODl'.S OK (UI.I. AT ACHMENT

I
 ——

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVI

TYPES OF GILL-BEARING FUNGI (AGARICACE^)
Fig. I. — Lepiota procera young and mature plants.
:

Fig. 2. — Ditto section showing the remote

: gills.

Fig. 3. Amanitopsis vaginata.

Fig. 4. — Ditto section showing the free gills and volva.
:

Fig. 5. Amanita mappa, young.

Fig. 6. Ditto, mature, showing the deflexed ring and large bulbous
volva.
Fig. 7. Russula ochroleuca.
Fig. 8.— Ditto; section showing the broad adnexed gills.
Fig. g.~Pleuroius septicus, an apparently resupinate species, but is
connected with the matrix only by a very minute stem.
Fig. 10. Pleurotus ulmarius : stem excentric.
PLATE XXXV

10
rV’rES OK ClIU.-ItEAKINC; KL'NGl (aCIARICACE Ak)
 ;

AGARICACEiE 107

preceding, but is usually larger, stouter, and more brightly

coloured. P. reddish-orange or reddish-brown. S. whitish,
prominently sprinkled with almost black squamules.
B. piperatus {piper, pepper — from the taste) may be known
by the cinnamon-brown, large and irregularly angular pores,
and the acrid pungent taste. In woods in aut. sometimes
tufted. Mycelium yellow.
B. bovinus {hos, an ox — from the huffish red pileus), a clus-
tered or gregarious species frequent in heathy pine woods, has
a thin reddish-yellow pileus and long slender stem (2-4 in.).

The involute margin of the pileus overlaps the tubes.

B. edulis. Plate XV. 8.

P. 4-6 in., brownish. F. very thick, white. S. 2-4 in.,

up to 2 in. diam., pale brown, with white reticulations above.
The Cepe of French markets. Common in woods in atit.

Sometimes attacked by the yellow mould Hypomyces chryso-

spermus.

Family AGARICACEiE
(Gill-bearing Fungi)

KEY TO THE GENERA

A. Plant fleshy, more or less firm, rotting at maturity. Gills Jree, Stem
central, its substance distinct from that of the pileus.

Amanita. Stem with ring and volva ... ... Leucosporae.

Acetabularia. II II » 1 • • • ... Ochrosporae.
Amanitopsis. Ring absent ; volva present ... Leucosporae.
Volvaria. II M ... Rhodosporae.
Chitonia. II II ... Porphyrosporae.
Lepiota. Ring present ;
volva absent ... Leucosporae.
Annularia. II II ... Rhodosporae.
Agaricus. II II ... Porphyrosporae.
Chlorospora. Ring absent ;
volva absent ... Chlorosporae.
Pluteus. II II ... Rhodosporae.
Pluteolus. II II ... Ochrosporae.
Pilosace. II * 1 ... Porphyrosporae.
Schulzeria. II 1 > ... Leucosporae.
 io8 HYMENOMYCETES
B. Plant fleshy, more or less flrm, rotting at maturity. Stem central, its

substance confluent with, and similar to, that oj the pileus.

Armillaria. Ring membranaceous Leucosporae.

Pholiota. II II • Ochrosporae.
Stropharia. II II • • • • • • Porphyrosporae.
Anellaria. II II . • • • • • Melanosporae.
Cortinarius. Ring cobwebby, thread - like, or
vanishing ... Ochrosporae
(rust colour).
Tricholoma. Ring absent. Gills sinuate Leucosporae.
Entoloma. M II • • • Rhodosporae.
Hebeloma. II II • • • Ochrosporae.
Inocybe. Ring absent. Gills sinuate. Surface
of pileus somewhat fibrillose ... Ochrosporae.
Hypholoma. Ring absent. Gills sinuate Porphyrosporae
Panseolus. Ring absent. Gills sinuate. Margin
of pileus exceeding the gills Melanosporae.
Clitocybe. Gills decurrent, edge acute. Stem
with a fibrous outer coat Leucosporae.
Clitopilus. Gills decurrent, edge acute. Stem
with a fibrous outer coat Rhodosporae.
Flammula. Gills decurrent, edge acute. Stem
with a fibrous outer coat Ochrosporae.
Gomphidius. Gills decurrent, edge acute. Stem
with a fibrous outer coat Melanosporae
(fuscous).
Paxillus. Stem with a fibrous outer coat.
The decurrent gills separating
readily from the pileus ... Ochrosporae.
Cantharellus. Gills decurrent with blunt edge ... Leucosporae.
Nyctalis. Gills adnate. Plants parasitic on
other agarics 1 *

LactariuB. Flesh and gills containing milk ... 1 1

Russula. Without milk gills very rigid and

;

brittle f 1

Hygrophorus. Gills appearing waxy • 1

C. Plant fleshy, more or less flrm, rotting at maturity. Stem central, gristly,
its substance confluent with, but dissimilar from, that of the pileus.

Omphalia. Gills decurrent Leucosporae.

Eccilia. ,, ,, ... Rhodosporas.
Tubaria. ,, ,, Ochrosporae.
 . .

AGARICACE.E log

Collybia. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the

pileus at first involute Leucosporse.
Leptonia. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus at first involute ... Rhodosporae.
Naucoria. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus at first involute Ochrosporse.
Psilocybe. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus at first involute ... Porphyrosporse.
Mycena. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus pressed to the stem at first Leucosporae.
Nolanea. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus pressed to the stem at first Rhodosporae.
Galera. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus pressed to the stem at first Ochrosporae.
Psatbyra. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus pressed to the stem at first Porphyrosporae
Psathyrella. Gills not decurrent. Margin of the
pileus pressed to the stem at first Melanosporae.
Bolbitius. Gills moist, dissolving at maturity . Ochrosporae
(some pink).
Coprinus. Gills dripping away at maturity ... Melanosporae.

D. Plant fleshy, more or less flrm, rotting at maturity. Stem not central
absent from some species.

Pleurotus ... Leucosporae.

Claudopus • • • » < • • • • • • • • . • • Rhodosporae
Crepidotua ... •• • ... ... ... ,, , Ochrosporae.

E. Plant tough, leathery, or corky, not rotting at maturity.

I . Stem central.

Marasmius. Gills simple Leucosporae.

Xerotus. Gills branched 1 >

2. Stem not central; absent from some species.

Lentinus. Gills toothed Leucosporae.

Panus. Gills not toothed t >

Trogia. Gills crisped or channelled longi-

tudinally « 1

Schizophyllum. Gills splitting longitudinally f •

Lenzites. Gills woody, sometimes forming

irregular pores 1 •
 AGARICACE^

BRITISH

OF

GENERA

THE

OF

TABLE

SYNOPTIC
 ;;

MELANOSPOR^ III

MELANOSPORiE
Spores black. Gills black or dark grey, speckled with the
spores ;
never tinged purple at maturity.

COPRINUS
(Gr. hopYOs, dung — from the habitat.)
C. comatus {coma, a hair— from the shaggy pileus), “ Maned
Inkcap.” Plate XV. ii.

P. 3-4 in. high, cylindrical; at length conical, or bell-

shaped; at firsteven, whitish; during growth the cuticle
becomes torn into large shaggy scales, and assumes a
reddish-brown G. almost free, ^ in. broad, crowded,
tint.

white, then pinkish, becoming black, and melting away with

the pileus into an inky black fluid. 5. 4-6 in., slender,
white, erect, hollow ;
somewhat bulbous below
bulb solid. ;

R. movable. Gregarious, not tufted often near houses ;

not appearing in win. I have on several occasions seen it

in large numbers in asparagus beds. It is sold in American

markets at Boston as the “ English mushroom.”

C. atramentarius {atramentum, ink from the inky fluid —
into which the gills dissolve), “ Common Inkcap.” Plate
XXXVII. 7-10.
P. up to 3^ in. high, plicate, greyish, mealy and brownish
at the apex. G. crowded, quite free, broad, white at first,
finally black, with a suggestion of purple. S. 3-6 in., shining-
white, hollow. R. basal, evanescent. Gregarious, tufted,
about old stumps and on rich soil in spy. and aut. Edible.
C. micaceus {mica, a glistening grain), “ Glistening Ink-
cap.” Plate XXXVII. 5.

P. i^-2| in., coarsely striate, ochraceous-tan, disc darker

when young, glistening with particles of oxalate of lime,
which dry weather are permanent, and resemble mica in
in
appearance. G. adnexed, lanceolate, whitish, then brown.
II2 HYMENOMYCETES
finally black. S. 2-3 in,, whitish, brittle, hollow. Densely
tufted about old stumps ;
not appearing in win. Sometimes
producing three crops in one year.

ANELLARIA
{Anellus, a little ring — from the ring on the stem)
A. separata {separatus, distinct — from distinct character-
its

istics). Plate XXXVII. i.

P. J in., ovate, then bell-shaped, never expanding, sticky,

i-i

yellowish-white, shining, “ wrinkled when old like wash-

leather.” G. thin, crowded, broad, greyish-black, margin
paler. 5 . 3-5 in., straight, attenuated upwards. R. distant,
persistent. Common ;
not appearing in win.
A. fimiputris (fimus, dung; piitris, rotten its habitat) is —
more slender and fragile than the above, and the ring is very
imperfect. Common on dung in pastures.

PANiEOLUS
(Gr. panaiolos, all variegated —from the variegated gills)

P. campanulatus {campanula, a —bell-shaped).

little bell
Plate XXXVII. 3.

P. 1
1 in. high and broad, bell-shaped, more or less
umbonate, neither expanding nor splitting, glabrous brown,
becoming reddish. G. adnate, crowded, ascending, grey,
variegated with black. 5 . 3-5 in., straight, entirely reddish ;

often beaded with moisture in rainy weather ;

hollow. Veil
exceedingly fugacious. Common on well-manured ground
in sum. and aut.
P. papilionaceus {papilio, a butterfly — variegated), which
affects similar situations, may be distinguished from the
above by the hemispherical and much paler pileus, usually
cracked into scales when dry, the paler stem, and the broader,
broadly adnate gills.
 PLATE XXXVII

black-spored agarics
(melanosporae)
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVH
BLACK-SPORED AGARICS (MELANOSPOR/E)
Fig. —Anellaria separata.
I.

Fig. — Ditto, section.

2.

Fig. — PancEolus campanulatus, young and mature, with section

3. and
magnified spores.
Fig. —Psathyrella disseminata, showing the caespitose habit.
4.
Fig. 5. Coprinus micaceus : group of plants and magnified spores.
Fig. 6.— Ditto, section.
Figs. 7-10. — Coprinus atramentarius, young and mature, with section
and magnified spores.
 ;

MELANOSPOR^ 113

PSATHYRELLA
(Diminutive of Psathyra, a genus of the Porphyrosporae)

P. disseminata {dissemino, to scatter —widely spread).

Plate XXXVII. 4.
P. ^ in., ovate, bell-shaped, scurfy, striate, plicate, mem-
branaceous ;
reddish-brown at first, then grey. G. adnate,
distant, white, then blackish. S. somewhat curved,
1-2 in.,

greyish, brittle, hollow. Forms dense tufts, sometimes more

than a foot across, on old stumps, about posts, on walls,
etc. ;
sometimes terrestrial. Very common, not appearing
in win.
P. gracilis {gracilis, slender).
P. f-i in., submembranaceous ;
conical, then expanded
striate and brownish when moist ;
pale yellow or rose colour
without striae when dry. G. broadly adnate, rather distant,
greyish-black ;
margin somewhat rosy. 5. 3 in., straight,
naked, pale, hollow. Common in hedges, etc., in late sum.
and aut.

GOMPHIDIUS
(Gr. gomphos, a large nail or bolt — from the shape of the
sporophore)
A very remarkable genus not closely allied to any other.
It might with equal propriety be placed in any of the groups

with coloured spores. The spores are fuscous or greenish,

very large, elongated spindle-shape, resembling those of the
Boleti. The entire fungus is tough and elastic. Fries
considered Gomphidius, judging from its habit, to be inter-
mediate between Cortinarius and Hygrophorus.
G. glutinosus (from the glutinous pileus), “ Peg-top ”
Plate XLIII. I.

P. 2-5 in., margin long, incurved, purplish-brown or fulvous.

F. thick except at the margin, white. G. more
or less
decurrent whitish, then grey greenish-olive
;
at maturity.
;
114 HYMENOMYCETES
5 . 2-4 in., stout, whitish, solid. F. white, yellowish at the
base. R. indistinct. Common in ant. in pine woods.
G. viscidus (“ Rhubarb-stem ”) differs in the umbonate pileus
and pale yellowish-brown flesh the stem is rhubarb colour
;

within and without. G. roseus may be known by the bright

rose-red or dark crimson-red pileus.

PORPHYROSPOR^
Spores purple-black. Gills black or brown, with a purple
tinge at maturity.

PSATHYRA
(Gr. psathufos, friable — from the friable substance)
P. corrugis {niga, a wrinkle). Plate XXXVIII. 4.
P. 1-2 in., submembranaceous, bell-shaped, umbonate,
corrugated when dry, very pale ochre, often tinged with
pink. G. sinuate, adnexed, broad, violet-black. S. 2-3 in.,

slender, equal, smooth, white, hollow. Frequent in pastures,

appearing in April.
P. mastiger (Gr. mastos, the breast ;
gero, I bear — from the
breast-like shape), a common species amongst grass by road-
sides, is easily distinguished by the mammiform umbo, and
the rich brown colour when moist.

PSILOCYBE
(Gr. psilos, naked ;
kube, — from the naked pileus)
a head

P. spadicea (spadiceus, date-brown — the colour of the pileus).

Plate XXXVIII. i.

P. 1-3plane at maturity, hygrophanous, bay-brown

in.,

when moist, pallid when dry. G. adnexed, rounded behind,

dry, crowded, pale at first, rosy-brown at maturity. Spores
brown. S. 2-4 in., slender, equal, whitish, smooth, hollow.
II

PLATE XXXVIII

PURPLE-LI.ACK SPORED AGARICS

(pORI’HYROSPORAE)
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVIII
PURPLE BLACK-SPORED AGARICS (PORPHYROSPORiE)
Eig. I, — Psilocyhe spadicea, of various ages.
Fig. 2. Ditto : section showing the adnexed gills and hollow stem.
Fig. 3. — Ditto : spores highly magnified.
Fig. 4. Psathyra corntgis, of various ages.
Fig. 5. — Ditto : section showing the adnexed gills and hollow stem.
Fig. 6 .— Ditto : spores, highly magnified.
Fig. 7. Stropharia ^Fnigmosa, young and mature.
Fig. 8. — Ditto, section.
Fig. 9. — Ditto; spores highlv magnified.
F iG. 10 .
— Hypholoma fascicularis.
Fig. II. — Ditto, section.
Fig. 12. — Ditto spores highly magnified.
;

Fig. 13. — Agaricus arvensis very young and small mature plants.
:

Fig. 14. — Ditto; section showing the thick flesh of the pileus and
he free gills.
 PORPHYROSPORiE 115

In tufts amongst leaves, at the foot of stumps, etc., in stm.

and Very common.
aut. “ Very distinct from Hypholoma
appendiculaUm, which it approaches in colour, in the more
rigid pileus and stem, and in the complete absence of a veil.
Known from every other species of the present genus in the
gills being white, then flesh colour, and finally brown. In
size and other points, very variable. Typically large,
terrestrial, forming large loose clusters” (Fries).
P. fcenisecii {foenisicia, hay harvest —occurring amongst
grass in recently mown pastures). Plate IX. i.

P. ^-i in., bell-shaped at first, then expanded ;

dingy brown,
becoming pale ;
drying from the apex downwards. G.
adnate, ventricose (hence appearing broadly emarginate),
rather distant, umber-brown. S. 2-3 in., slender, rigid,
fragile ;
reddish-brown, then paler ;
hollow. “ Stem straight,
or often a little flexuous ;
somewhat resembling, superficially,
Panceokis papilionaceus, but' much smaller, and differing in
the umber gills and spores ” (Massee). Common in fields
and on lawns not appearing
; in wim
P. semilanceata {semi, half ;
lancea, a spear —
the pileus
nearly spear-shaped in vertical section), “ Little Spear,”
appears in aut. in troops in fields, etc. P. ^-| in., acutely
conical,margin more or less persistently incurved, sticky
when moist, very pale yellow or bluish-green when dry. G.
broadly adnate, brown, then blackish-purple, margin paler,
S. 2-3 in. slender, tough, shining, pale, wavy. Easily
recognised by the spear-shaped pileus.

HYPHOLOMA
(Gr. huphe, a web ;
loma, a fringe —from the fringe-like veil)

H. fasciculare (fasciculus, a small bundle), “ Sulphur-tuft.”

Plate XXXVIII. 10.
P. 1-2 in., conic, then expanded, thin, glabrous, tawny,
margin yellow. G. adnate, very crowded, yellow, then
8—2
ii6 HYMENOMYCETES
greenish. 5 . 3-4 in., slender, fibrillose, yellow within and
without, curved, more or less wavy, hollow. Taste intensely
bitter. Poisonous. has been recorded from Glyncorrwg
It

collieries with stems 4 ft. long. “ One of the common

agarics, abounding at the base of young trees and gate-
posts in a state of decay, and similar situations. The dense
clusters forms are frequently composed of several hundred
it

plants, and the stems, which accommodate themselves in

length and direction to their situation, are so crowded and
compressed at their base as to appear more or less united in
bundles, whence the origin of the specific name” (Greville).
H. sublateritius {later, a brick — somewhat brick-coloured)
is closely allied to the above, but is a larger (P. 2-4 in.) and
more showy plant, seldom so densely tufted, pileus brick-
red, stem stuffed
H. appendiculatus a small appendage), a
{appendicula,
very common species, forming dense tufts on stumps in
sum. and aut. somewhat resembles Psilocyhe spadicea, but is
more robust and rigid, and the veil is totally absent.

STROPHARIA
(Gr. stvophos^ a sword-belt — from a fancied resemblance in
the ring)

S. seruginosa {esrugo, verdigris), “ Verdigris Agaric.”

Plate XXXVIII. 7.

P. 2-3 in., convex, then almost plane; somewhat umbonate;

at first covered with a bluish-green gluten, w^hich disappears,
leaving it a pale straw colour. When
woods, growing in

the pileus is often ornamented with scattered white squa-

mules. G. adnate, broad, not crowded, whitish, then brown,
with a purple shade at maturity. 5 about 3 in., squamu- .

lose and sticky below the distant smooth above, ring,

greenish, hollow. Common throughout sum. and aut. on the

ground, and on rotting wood in hedges, woods, and pastures.
 PORPHYROSPORiE 117

S. semi-globata {semi, half ;

glohusy a ball —hemispherical).
Plate IX. g.
P. about I in., hemispherical, glutinous, pale yellow.
G. adnate, very broad, greyish, clouded with black. S. 3-5
in., slender, viscid, hollow, yellowish. R. imperfect, soon
stained with the purple-brown spores. Common in pastures,
except in win., on dung of horses and oxen, solitary or
gregarious.
S. stercoraria {steycus, dung) much resembles the above
and affects similar situations, but is “ usually larger, and
distinguished more especially by the distinct pith in the
stem, by the portion of the stem below the ring being at
first flocculose, and by the much larger spores” (Massee).

PILOSACE
(Gr. pilos, felt ;
sakos, a garment — from the pelliculose pileus)
P. Algeriensis (first observed in Algeria).
P. 3-4 in., fleshy, snow-white. G. distant, free, very
narrow, dark purple. 5 2-3 . in., stout, solid, white. There
is only one British record. It is probable that a form of
Agaricus carnpestris was mistaken for it.

AGARICUS
(PsALLiOTA of some authors)
(The origin of the term Agaricus is peculiar. It is said to
be derived from Agaria, a region of Sarmatia, Poland.
Psalliota from Gr. psalion, a ring in reference to the very—
evident ring.)
A. campestris {ccmipus, a plain or field), The Common
Mushroom.” Plate IV. i.
P. 3-6 globose, then convex, dry, silky, whitish, the
in.,

floccose epidermis projecting beyond the

gills. F. thick,
white, more or less stained with
reddish-brown. G. free,
ii8 HYMENOMYCETES
very broad, pink, then flesh colour, blackish -brown at
maturity. 5 . 3-4 in., stout, stuffed (elongated, bulbous, and
hollow in the var. silvicola). R. median, thick, persistent.
In rich pastures, particularly where salt has been strewn.
Very variable. Ysuc. pratensis, P. adorned with small rufous
scales. Var. nifescens, G. at first quite white, very distinct
in the bright-red flesh when bruised.
A. arvensis {arvum, a cultivated field), “ Horse Mush-
room.” Plate XXXVIII. 13.
P. 4-18 in., white, stained yellow, flesh yellowish. G. free,
broadest in front, whitish, then dark purplish-brown.
5 . 2*5 in., very stout, firm, soft in the centre, which is loose
and thread-like. R. pendulous, double. Common in pastures
(particularly where horses have been fed) in spr. and aut.y
often growing in large circles. Smell strong. Edible. The
mushrooms cultivated by gardeners are said by W. G.
Smith to be a variety of this species, not of A campestris^ as .

is usually supposed.

CHITONIA
(Gr. chiton^ a tunic — from the veil enveloping the plant in
infancy)

C. rubriceps {ruhevy red ;

caput, the head — from the red
pileus).
P. f-i in., umbonate, reddish-brown. G. free, narrow,
crowded, purplish-brown. S. 3 in., slender, hollow, paler
than the pileus. V. large, free, margin irregularly torn,
whitish. An exotic species found on soil in the Aroid
House, Kew Gardens.
 ;

OCHROSPOR^ 119

OCHROSPORiE

Spores ochraceons, bright brown or bright rust colour.

Gills dingy and ochraceous ; brownish or reddish-brown at
maturity ;
never with a purple tinge.

PAXILLUS
{Paxillus, a small stake or peg —from the form of the
sporophore)

P. involutus (from the involute pileus). XL. 7.

Plate
P. 2-5 in., depressed in the centre, smooth when dry,
yellowish-brown; the margin involute and hairy. G. more
or less decurrent, yellow, darker when bruised sometimes ;

forming elongated pores at the base occasionally wholly;

porous. S. 1-2^ in., thick, solid, firm, dull; yellow above,

purplish below. and aut. very common in
In late stun,

woods and on old stumps. Sometimes attacked by a yellow

mould, Plypomyces chrysospevmus.

CORTINARIUS
(From the cortina, or veil)

A well-marked genus, containing a large number of

autumnal, and with one exception, terrestrial species, pos-
sessing in common the following features: (i) A cobweb-
like veil ; (2) persistent dry gills, often violet or purplish, at
becoming ferruginous or bright cinnamon at maturity
first

(3) bright rust - coloured spores. For the most part,

frequenting woods and amongst grass under trees in
fields.
120 HYMENOMYCETES
There are six well-defined sub-genera :

Sub-genus. Pileus. Flesh. Veil. Stem.

I. Phlegmacium Glutinous Thick, equal Partial, cob- Firm and dry

webby
2. Myxacium . Glutinous Rather thin Universal, glu- Glutinous
tinous
3. Inoloma Dry, usually Thick, equal Simple Fleshy, some-
scaly at first what bulbous
4. Dermocybe .. Dry, silky, gla- Thin, equal, Simple, fibril- Equal or at-
brous when watery when lose tenuated
adult moist
5. Telamonia .. Hygrophanous, Equally thin, or Un i V e r s a 1
,
Annulate, or
moist abruptly thin double peron ately
towards the scaly below
margin
6. Hydrocybe . Moist, not glu- Very thin Thin, fibnllose Rather rigid,
tinous, pale not peronate
when dry

Sub-genus i. PHLEGMACIUM
(Gr. phlegma, shining moisture —from the clammy pileus)
Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) calachrous (Gr. halos, beautiful
cliYos, colour — from its beautiful colours). Plate XXXIX. 9.

P. 2-3 in., convex, then plane, obtuse, viscid, tawny,

yellowish towards the margin, which is involute at first.

G. emarginate, crowded, dark purple with serrate margin.

S. iJ-2 in., thick, with a very distinct emarginate bulb,
yellowish (never a trace of blue). Veil yellow, fugacious.
In woods (especially beech) and pastures. Frequent.
Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) purpurasceus (from the gills

becoming purple when bruised).

P. 4-5 in., wavy, covered at first with thick gluten, then
dry reddish-bay or tawny-orchraceous, spotted
;
margin ;

incurved at first, marked with a raised brown line. F. clear

blue. G. broadly emarginate, crowded, bluish tan at first,
cinnamon at maturity. 5 3 in., very stout, solid, bulbous,
.

clear blue. Both stem and gills become spotted violet purple
when touched. Common in pine and mixed woods.
Cortinarius caerulesceus {ccsmleus, azure —from the azure-
PLATE XXX[X
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIX
AGARICS WITH RUST-COLOURED SPORES (GENUS
CORTJNARIUS)
Fig. I. — C. {Telainonia) hinnnlens, young and mature.
Fig. 2. — Ditto : section showing the broad emarginate gills.

Fig. 3.— L. {Hydrocybe castaneus.

)

Fig. 4. — Ditto: section showing the broad, slightly emarginate gills.

Fig. 5.
— C. {Dermocybe) mature. caninits,

Fig. 6. — Ditto section of young plant.

:

Fig. 7.
— C. {Myxacium)- eliitiny mature.
Fig. 8. — Ditto; section of young plant.
Fig. 9. — C. {Phlcgmaciinn) calochrmis, mature.
Fig. 10. — Ditto section of young plant showing the invol
; te margin,
and stem with abruptly marginate bulb.
Fig. II. —
C. (Inoloma) violaccits. young, showing the wool veil
Fig. 12, —
Ditto section of mature plant showing the ver;
: ..road gills
 —

OCHROSPORiE I2I

cloudGd pilcus) differs from the above in not changing

colour when broken ;
entirely blue when young.

Sub-genus 2. MYXACIUM
(Gr. nntxa, mucus— from the glutinous pileus and stem)

Cortinarius (Myxacium) elatior (elatus, tall). Plate

XXXIX. 7.

P. 3-4 in., wrinkled, yellowish- or brownish - black.

G. adnate, veined, brown-cinnamon. 5 . 6 in., greyish or
purplish, attenuated downwards, sometimes bearing a fugitive
viscid veil. Common in mixed woods, pine and beech.
Cortinarius (Myxacium) collinitus {collino, to besmear the —
pileus smeared with gluten), “ Glue-cap.”
P. 3-5 in., convex, with incurved margin then expanded, ;

obtuse, shining, glutinous, tawny-orange. G. adnate, tan

colour, then cinnamon. 5 3-5 in., firm, equal, transversely
.

scaly from the breaking-up of the glutinous veil ; bluish or

white. The var. jnucosus is a firmer plant, with an even
silky stem (in pine woods). Common in late sujn, and aut.
in woods and amongst heather.
Cortinarius (Myxacium) muciflluus (flowing with mucus)
differs from the preceding in the white stem, attenuated
downwards, and the reflexed, yellowish, wavy pileus, with
striate margin, covered at first with a thin colourless gluten.
There is no trace of violet anywhere. Abundant in heathy
pine woods on sandy soils.

Sub-genus 3. -INOLOMA
(Gr. is, inos, a fibre ;
loma, a fringe — from the fringed veil)

Cortinarius (Inoloma) violaceus (from the violet colour),

“ Imperial.”
Plate XXXIX. 1 1.
P. 3-6 covered with persistent down, margin at first
in.,

incurved, dark-violet within and without. G. adnate, dis-

122 HYMENOMYCETES
tant dark violet at first, cinnamon when the spores are
;

formed, again violet when they have fallen. S. 3-4 in.,

stout, very bulbous, soft, dark violet (greyish-violet within).
Veil woolly, blue, becoming rusty from the falling spores.
Frequent open places in woods and on their borders. A
in
very handsome agaric, abundantly distinct from other violet
species {Tricholoma nudum, etc.) in the white cobwebby veil
and rusty spores. A good esculent, resembling Agaricus
campestvis in flavour. Inoloma Bulliardi has a vermillion
bulb. mark) has the light yellowish-red
/. holavis {bolare, to
pileus marked with sienna-red scales. Both occur in beech
woods. /. pholideus (Gr. pkolis, a scale), an inhabitant of
mixed woods, may be recognised by the fawn-coloured
pileus and stem, clad with erect, dark, umber scales.

Sub-genus 4. DERMOCYBE
(Gr. derma, skin ; kuhe, a head — from the thinly, fleshy
pileus)

Cortinarius (Dermocybe) caninus {canis, a dog — from its

frequency), “ Brown Dog.” Plate XXXIX. 5.

P. 3-4 in., convex, thin, flattened, brick-red or brown.

G. emarginate, grey or purplish, cinnamon at maturity.
vS. 3-4 in., somewhat bulbous, whitish, apex violet, stuffed,

then hollow. Allied to C. tahulavis, which differs in size

also to C. anomalus, the latter, however, differs in the

peronate and somewhat ringed stem, and the fuscous or
rufescent pileus. Very common in mixed woods.
Cortinarius (Dermocybe) tabularis {tabula, a flat board —
from the flat pileus).

P. 3-4 in., convexo-plane, remarkably flattened at maturity,

tan colour, becoming paler. G. slightly emarginate, crowded,
thin, white, then tan colour. 5 . 2-3 in., slender, tough,
pallid, becoming hollow. Veil white, fugacious. Common
in woods. Larger, paler, and more glabrous than C. ano-
 OCHROSPORiE 123

malous^ in which the gibbous or subumbonate pileus seldom

exceeds 2 in. diam.
Cortinarius (Dermocybe) cinnamomeus (from the cinnamon
colour), “Cinnamon-cap.” Plate XL. i.
P. i-2| in., convexo-campanulate becoming nearly plane,
obtusely umbonate, silky with yellowish down, usually
bright cinnamon. G. adnate, broad, crowded, thin, always
shining, margin often notched, yellowish, then tawny-yellow.
S. 2-4 in., slender, equal, hollow, yellow within and without,
common in mixed woods and fir plantations in aut. and early

win.
In the var. semi -sanguineus., the gills are narrow with a
beautiful blood - red tint, or orange - brown with a red
tinge.
Cortinarius (Dermocybe) sanguineus, “ Blood-red agaric,”
a small species (P. 1-2 in.) frequent in woods, chiefly pine,
in aut. is entirely blood-red within and without, and the
stem (1^-2 in.) gives out a blood-red juice when squeezed.

Sub-genus 5.— TELAMONIA

(Gr. telamon, lint — from the lint-like fibres of the veil)

Cortinarius (Telamonia) binnuleus (from its fawn colour).
Plate XXXIX. i.
P. 1-3 conico-campanulate, expanded at maturity,
in.,

glabrous, tawny cinnamon, pallid when dry. G. slightly

emarginate, distant, tawny cinnamon. S. 3-4 in., attenuated
below, tawny, stuffed ;
veil whitish, silky, forming a ring-
like zone. Common in mixed woods in aut.
Cortinarius (Telamonia) armillatus {avmilla, a ring — from
the zones on the stem).
P. 3-4 in., brick-red, pale when dry. G. adnate, distant,
pale, then dark cinnamon. 5 . 4-5 in., somewhat bulbous,
solid, pale, girt
with several oblique red rings. Frequent in
mixed woods under hazel.
124 HYMENOMYCETES
Cortinarius (Telamonia) lisematochelis (Gr. haima, blood
chelusy the chest —from the blood-red ring on the stem)
differsfrom the preceding in the single red zone on the
stem. In beech woods. In both the vermillion zone (or
zones) is permanent after drying;

Sub-genus 6. — HYDROCYBE
(Gr. hudoy, water ;
huhe, head —from the moist or hygro-
phanous pileus)

Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) castaneus {castanea^ a chestnut

from its colour), “ Chestnut-cap.” Plate XXXIX. 3.
P. up expanded, with a more
to 2 in., campanulate, then
or less obtuse umbo, glabrous, brownish-chestnut, the umbo
becoming blackish. G. adnate, at first purplish umber,
then ferruginous. S. in., slender, almost equal, pale
red or tinged violet, imperfectly hollow. Veil scanty,
white, fibrillose. Gregarious in woods, and
pastures,
gardens. Common in late sum. and aut. Sometimes
growing on wood; in this feature it is unique amongst
species of Cortinarius.
Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) obtusus (from the obtuse and
disappearing umbo).
P, -|-i^in., conical, then campanulate, obtusely umbonate,
glabrous, margin striate, rusty-bay at first, then cinnamon,
whitish-tan when dry. G. adnate, somewhat distant, very
broad, connected by veins, ferruginous, then tawny-cinnamon.
5. 2-4 in., slender, curved, attenuated below, fragile, yel-
lowish-tan, white when dry. A strong-smelling species
occurring in troops in pine woods in aut. and aut.
Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) acutus, a scattered or gregarious
species (P. in., S. 3-4 in.), frequent in mixed woods,
yellowish - honey colour, is remarkable in the acute
umbo.
 ——— I

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XL
BROWN-SPORED AGARICS (OCHROSPOR^)—
Fig. I. — Cortinarius (Dermocybe) cinnamomens : plants of various ages,
with section and magnified spores.
Fig. 2. Bolbitius frag i I is : plants of various ages, with section and
magnified spores.
Fig. 3. Pholiota squavrosa plants of various ages, showing the scaly
:

pileus arid stem and the large ring.

Fig. 4. —Ditto section showing the thick yellowish flesh.
:

Fig. 5. Hcbeloma crusliliniformis and magnified spores.

Fig. 6. — Ditto section showing the thick flesh discoloured below
:

the disc.
Fig. 7. Paxillus involutus.
Fig. 8. — Ditto : showing the incurved margin.
section
Fig. 9. and spores.
Inocybe rimosa, with section
Fig. 10. Crepidotus mollis: imbricated pilei on rotting wood.
Fig. II. Ditto, showing the gills radiating from the short stem.
Fig. 12.— Section showing the decurrent gills.
PLATE XL

BROWN-SrOKED AGARICS (l) (OCHKOSI’OKAE)

 OCHROSPORiE 125

CREPIDOTUS
(Gr. hrepis, a slipper— from the shape of some species)

C. mollis {mollis^ soft), “ Soft Slipper.” Plate XL. 10.

P. 1-3 in., soft, somewhat gelatinous, subsessile, pale

dingy tan or greyish, often stained with the rusty spores
when growing in an imbricated manner. G; crowded,
radiating from the point of attachment, whitish at first,
then watery cinnamon. Common on old stumps, especially
ash ;
not appearing in win.
C. rubi [rubus, bramble) is gregarious on bramble-stems.
Uncommon;
C. epibryus (Gr. epi, upon ;
hr non, moss) grows on mosses,
etc. White, diam. P. in.

TUBARIA
{Tuba, a trumpet — from the shape of typical species)
T. furfuracea {furfur, bran — from the scurfy pileus).
Plate XLI. I.

P. ^-2 in., convex, then plane, at length depressed, hygro-

phanous, yellowish-cinnamon, minutely furfuraceous. G.
adnato-decurrent, cinnamon.
rather S. 1-2 in.,
distant,
slender, hollow, paler than the pileus, with white down
at the base. On twigs, branches, chips, etc. ;
coanmon
throughout the year.

FLAMMULA
{Flanma, a flame — from the flame-like colours of many
species)

F. carbonaria {carbo, charcoal — from its habitat), “Carbon

Agaric.” Plate XLI. 10.
P. 1-3 convex, then plane, viscid, margin indexed
in.,

tawny-yellow. P. yellow. G. adnate, crowded, brownish

126 HYMENOMYCETES
clay colour. S. i|-3 in., slender, niinutely scaly, imper-
fectly hollow, pale, darker below. Spore mass ferruginous
brown. Gregarious on burnt earth, charcoal, etc., in and
about woods, frequent in aut. The uncommon F. spimwsa
{sp^ima, froth — from the frothy, viscid pileus) much resembles
the preceding, but once known by the yellow-brown
is at
(never ferruginous) spore mass.

GALERA
{Galerus, a cup —from the shape of the pileus)

G. tenera {tener, tender), “Tender-cup.” Plate XLI. 8.

P. l-f in., conico-campanulate, entirely pale ferruginous

when moist, pale when dry. G. adnate, crowded, rather
broad, cinnamon. 5 . 3-4 in., thin, equal, striate above, the
colour of the pileus. A variable species, common amongst
grass in pastures, woods, and gardens, sum. and aut.
G. hypnorum {hypnum^ a genus of moss), “ Moss-cup.”
Plate XLI. 5.
P. membranaceous, bell-shaped, often with a
in.,

papillate umbo, finely striated up to the disc, yellowish-

ochre when moist, tan colour when
G. adnate, broad, dry.
distant, usually connected by veins, tawny-cinnamon. 5 .

about 2 in., flexuous, slender, hollow, tawny or ochraceous.

A little slender species with a very strong alkaline smell,
common in amongst moss.
stim. and The variety
aut.

sphagnorum, which may be found amongst sphagnum moss

in bogs, is about three times the size of the type, with
longer and firmer stem (Plate XLI. 7).

NAUCORIA
[Naucum, a trifle — from the almost obsolete veil)
N. melinoides (Gr. mel^ honey ;
eidos, appearance). Plate
XLI. 3.
 PLATE XLl

BR(nVN-SI'OKEI) AGARICS (2) (oCIIROSRORAE)

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLI
BROWN-SPORED AGARICS (OCHROSPOR.E)— II
Fig. I . — Tuharia furfiivacea plants of various ages.
Fig. 2. Ditto : section of mature plant showing the adnato-
decurrent gills.

Fig. 3 — Naucona melijwidcs, young and mature.

.

Fig. — Ditto, section.

4.
Fig. 5 — Galera hypnonim.
.

Fig. — Ditto, section.

6.

Fig. — Ditto, var, sphagnornm, two plants.

7.

Fig. 8 — Galera
. young and mature.
tenera,

Fig. 9. Ditto, section.

Fig. 10. Flanimula carhonaria : plants of various ages.
Fig. II. — Ditto, section.
Fig. 12 . — Pluteolus rctinilatus.

Fig. 13. Ditto; section.

Fig. 14. Naucoria escharoidcs plants of various ages.
Fig. 15. — Ditto, section.
(All two-thirds natural size.)
 OCHROSPOR.E 127

P. ^-1 in., convex, then plane, glabrous, tawny, then

ochraceous, striate at the margin when old. G. adnate,
crowded, minutely toothed, honey colour. S. 1-2 in.,

hollow, colour of the pileus, paler at the base, and sprinkled

with white meal at the apex. A little variable species
commonly seen on lawns and aut.in sum.
N. cucumis (from its odour of cucumber). P. 2^ in.,
chestnut-umber frequent in woods and grassy places, and
;

also on wood is remarkable in the strong penetrating smell

;

of cucumber, or of rotten fish.

N. escharoides (Gr. eschar a, a scar ;
eidos, appearance).
Plate XLI. 14.
P. in., conico-convex, then expanded, scurfy, tan
colour, disc becoming brownish. G. adnexed with a de-
current tooth, at length emarginate, broad, pallid tan, then
approaching cinnamon. S. 1-2^ in., slender, fragile, hollow,
pallid, then fuscous. Gregarious, frequent on naked ground

under alders. Dingy brown and insignificant, but easily

known by its habitat.

HEBELOMA
(Gr. hehe, youth ;
Ionia, fringe — in allusion to the fringe-like
veil of some species)

H. crustuliniforme {cmstulum, a small pie — the shape of

the pileus), “ Poison-pie.” Plate XL. 5.
in., convex, then plane, obtuse or slightly um-
bonate, slightly viscid at first, zoneless, pallid tan
colour,
disc yellowish or brick-red. G. adnexed, rounded behind,
crowded, narrow, thin, bay, exuding drops of
water in wet
weather. 5 2 in., stout, hollow, somewhat
.
bulbous, white.
Common in meadow and woods in aut., sometimes forming
large rings.
Said to be often mistaken for the “Horse
Mushroom.” Poisonous. Smell strong, like
radishes or
aurel flowers. H. fastihile differs in the more distant gills
128 HYMENOMYCETES
and the evident veil which sometimes forms a ring round
the stem. It is also mistaken, not infrequently, for the
“ Horse Mushroom.”

INOCYBE
(Gr. is, inos, a fibre ;
kuhe, a head — from the fibrous pileus)
I. rimosa {yima, a crack — from the cracked pileus). Plate
XL. 9.
P. 1-2 in., bell-shaped, very slightly umbonate, cuticle
splitting longitudinally, yellowish-brown, G. almost free,

rather crowded, pale dingy tan colour. 5 . 2-3 in., slender,

solid, firm, smooth, whitish, mealy above. Subgregarious
in woods ;
sum. and aut. common. I. asterospora {aster, a
star) differs chiefly in the coarsely- warted spores ;
I. eutheles

(Gr. eu, well ;

thele, a teat), in the distinct umbo, adnate
gills, and in growing under firs. I. pyriodora {pyrus, a
pear) is somewhat stouter, and has a strong pear-like
smell.
I. geophylla (Gr. ge, the earth ;
phullon, a leaf — from the
earthy colour of the gills).

P. ^-i in., conical, then expanded, umbonate, dry, silky,

cuticle, breaking up into silky fibrils, white, lilac, or violet
white or yellowish when old. G. almost free, crowded,
white at first, then brown. 5 . 2-3 in., stuffed, glabrous,
white or coloured like the pileus, apex with white meal.
Gregarious, late sum. and aut. common amongst grass in
woods.
BOLBITIUS
(Gr. bolbitou, cow-dung — a frequent habitat)
B. fragilis (from its fragility). Plate XL. 2.

P. about I in., viscid, almost membranaceous, pellucid,

margin striate, rather umbonate, yellowish. G. adnexed,
rather distant, yellowish, pale cinnamon at maturity.
 OCHROSPORiE 129

S. 2 '3 in., slender, attenuated upwards, straight, hollow,

yellow. Solitary, or in twos and threes. On dung and
amongst grass and ant. Common.
in stm.
B. titubans {tiUibans, shaking from its tottering — habit),
“ The Shaker.”
P. up to I in., membranaceous, plicate, pale yellow,
deeper in the centre. G. slightly adnexed, distant, pale,
then salmon colour. S. 2-4 in., slender, shining, straight,
hollow, yellowish. An elegant, fragile little species,
common amongst grass, near rotten stumps, etc., in sum.
and aut.

PLUTEOLUS
(Diminutive of Pluteus, a genus of the Rhodosporae)

P. reticulatus (from the network of veins on the pileus).

Plate XLI. 12.
P, i-i-i in., bell-shaped, then plane, viscid, surface
vaguely veined, margin striate, greyish-lilac. G. free,
crowded, rusty saffron. S. i-|-2 in., slender, fragile, hollow,
white. Spore mass ferruginous. On dead wood. Rare.

PHOLIOTA
(Gr. pholis, a scale — from the scaly pileus)
P. squarrosa {squarrosns, rough — from the scaly pileus).
Plate XL. 3.

P. 2-4 in., fleshy, dry, reddish-yellow, covered with

darker, erect, revolute hairs, collected in the form of
scales.
G. slightly decurrent, crowded, pale olive, then
ferruginous.
S. 3-6 in., stout, attenuated below, ascending,
pale tawny-
brown, covered with darker recurved scales, stuffed.
R.
brown, ragged; the stem is smooth above it.
Usually
strong smelling, like rank cheese. Common on trunks of
various trees and on stumps, except
in win., in large
dense tufts.
9
130 HYMENOMYCETES
P. subsquarrosa resembles the above, but the gills are
almost free.

P. spectabilis {spectabilis, notable).

P. 3-5 in., dry, bright tawny-orange, torn into innate
similarly-coloured scales. F. firm, sulphur-yellow. G. ad-
nato-decurrent, crowded, narrow ;
pure yellow at first, then
ferruginous. 5 . 3-4 in., thick, ventricose below the middle,
and ending in a fusiform rooting base ;
sulphur colour,
squamulose, even and mealy above the ample, spreading,
persistent R. Tufted, on stumps. Frequent.
P. adiposa (from the pileus, as if covered with fat).

Plate XIII. 4.
P. 2-4 in., fleshy, convex, glutinous ;
yellow, with con-
centric, squarrose, darker scales. F. whitish. G. adnate^
yellow, then ferruginous. S. 3-6 in., thick, subequal, some-
what bulbous ;
coloured and marked like the pileus up to
the floccose, radiating yellow R. Frequent on trunks of
various trees in aut. A very showy species, at once dis-
tinguished by the glutinous pileus and stem. The rust-
coloured scales which adorn them apparently dissolve away
in the gluten.
P. mutabilis {mutabilis, changeable). Also forms dense
tufts on trunks (chiefly lime and ash). Pileus not scaly,
obtusely umbonate, deep cinnamon, pale when dry. Tastes
like gingerbread.

ACETABULARIA
(Acetabulum, a vinegar cup —from the cup-like volva)
A. acetabulosa.
P. just over i in'., white, plicate, tan colour. G. adnexed,
subdistant, pale brown. 5 . 2 in., slender, hollow, white.
V. small, whitish. An obscure plant found a little above
high-water mark near Millbank, Westminster, in May,
1795* Since then it has not been noted. “This is very
 — —— .

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLII

PINK-SPOKED AGARICS (RHODOSPOR^)
Fig. I. — Eccilia vhodocylix. (Natural size.)
Fig. 2. — Ditto section showing the broad decurrent
: gills.

Figs. 3 and 4. Leptonia lampropoda, young and mature.

Fig. 5. — Ditto: section showing the seceded gills.
Figs. 6 and 7. Volvaria parvnla, young: and mature. (Natural size.
Fig. S.—Entoloma costatum.
Fig. g. — Ditto section showing the veined gills.
:

Fig. 10. Nolanea pascua

Fig. II. — Ditto: section showing the almost free gills.
Fig. 12. Ditto: the nodulose spores. (Highly magnified.)
Figs. 13 and 14. Clitopilus prunulus, young and mature.
Fig. 15. —
Ditto: section showing the decurrent gills.
Fig. 16. — Ditto: the elliptical smooth spores.
(Highly magnified.)
Fig. 17. Entoloma nidorostim, young and adult.
Fig. I S.— Ditto: section showing the emarginate and almost free gills
Fig. 19. Pluteiis ccrvinus.

Fig. 20. Ditto : section showing the free broad gills.

PLATE XLII

PINK-SPORED AGARICS (rHODOSPORAE)

 RHODOSPORiE 131

like a poor specimen of Agaricus congregatus {Copvinus

micaceus), but the pileus is not plicate. The lamellae are
remarkably glandular on their sides, and instead of a bare
”
base, or foot, it stands in a little socket-like volva
(Sowerby). Boudier, the eminent French mycologist, asso-
ciates it with Pluteus semihulhos-us.

RHODOSPOR^
Spores salmon colour or pink. Gills salmon colour or
rosy at maturity. In some species the colour of the gills
is very pale. These might easily be mistaken for certain
members of the Leucosporae, if the colour of the spore mass
is not carefully noted.

CLAUDOPUS
{Claudels, lame, Gr. pons, a foot —from the dwarfed stem)
C. variabilis (from its variability). Plate XXXV. i.

P. up to I in. At first resupinate, attached by a more or

less stem-like base, margin incurved and very thin, almost
fleshless. Pure white, downy and delicate. G. narrow,
radiating from the point of attachment rather distant. ;

White at first, becoming pale salmon colour. They remain

white for some time, and the plant might then be mistaken
for a Pleurotus. Common in ant. on dead wood, branches,
moss, etc.

ECCILIA
(Gr. ekhoiloo, to hollow out — from the depressed pileus)

E. rhodocylix (Gr. rhodon, a rose ;

hilix, a cup — the
pileus resembling a rose-coloured cup), “ Rose-cup.” Plate
XLII. I.

P. about very thin, deeply umbilicate, margin

in.,
J
reflexed hygrophanous, brownish, grey when dry. G. broad,
;

distant, deeply decurrent whitish, then flesh colour.

;

9—2
132 HYMENOMYCETES
5 . I in., very slender, cartilaginous, stuffed, glabrous, grey.
On rotten trunks, old walls, etc., in Sept. Corresponds in
form and size with Omphalia umhellifeya, and might be mis-
taken for it in the young state, when the gills are white.

CLITOPILUS
(Gr. klitos, a declivity ;
pilos, a cap —from the decurrent
hymenophore)

C. prunulus (from the pruinose appearance of the pileus).

Plate XLII. 13.
P. 2-4wavy, very fleshy “ white, shining, or opaque,
in., ;

with a slight tendency to cinereous smooth, but under a ;

lens minutely, though densely, tomentose, so that the im-

”
pression of a finger is left upon it margin involute ;

(Berkeley). G. very decurrent, slightly crowded, white ;

then flesh colour. 5 . i-ij in., thick, often striate, white,

base downy. Smell resembling new meal. A common
species in woods and open pastures in sum. and aut.
Edible.
C. orcella {ovgella, like an ear), allied to the preceding
species, is more excentric, shorter,
smaller, less fleshy; stem
and grows in more open places. Worthington Smith
observes that these species are not eaten by insects.

LEPTONIA
(Gr. lepoSf slender —from the slender growth)
L. lampropoda (Gr. lanipros, shining ;
pous, a foot), “ Blue-

foot.” Plate XLII. 3.

P. i-ij in., mouse colour or bluish-grey, never striate.

G. adnate, seceding, and becoming almost free, whitish,

then rosy. S. i-i^ in., rather thick, glabrous, cartilaginous,

hollow, bluish-violet. Common amongst grass in late sum.

and aut.
 RHODOSPORiE 133

L. chalybea (Gr. chalups, steel — from its steel - blue

colour).
P. brownish-slate or dark violet. G. bluish-grey, salmon
or purplish. S. stuffed, colour of pileus. Gregarious in
grass in pastures in late sum. and aut.
L. incana {incanus, hoary). P. striate, bronzy-green.
G. adnexed. Gregarious in open fields and woods sum. and
aut. Has a strong mouse-like odour. Frequent.

NOLANEA
[Nola, a little bell —from the supposed resemblance of the
pileus to a little bell)

N. pascua (from its habitat, pastures), “ Pasture Bell.”

Plate XLII. 10.
P. conical, § - 1 in. high, then expanded, and i in.

diam. brown, becoming ochreous-brown silky and shining

; ;

when dry. G. somewhat crowded, almost free, salmon

colour, margin eroded. S. 1-2 in., fragile, distinctly fibrous,
shining, slender, and pale. Sum. and aut. Common in
pastures and open woods.
N. pisciodora {piscis, a fish ;
odor, a smell). P. dark
brown. G. adnexed. Frequent amongst decaying leaves
and sticks in woods ;
smell strong, like rotten fish.

ENTOLOMA
(Gr. entos, within; loma, a fringe— from the potential veil)

E. costatum {costa, a rib — from the veined gills). Plate

XLII. 8.

P. 2-3 convex, then almost plane, wavy, hygropha-

in.,

nous, livid-brownish, shining when dry. G. almost free,

very broad, with raised veins or ribs extending from the
base to the margin, pallid, then flesh colour. S. 2-2J in..
134 HYMENOMYCETES
thick, somewhat striate, white, hollow. Usually in large
tufts in damp meadows in aut.

E. sericeum {sericeus, silky) differs in the strong smell of

new meal and the absence of veins on the gills.

E. clypeatum {clypeus, a shield — from the shape of the

pileus), “The Shield.”
P. 2-3 in., expanded and umbonate,
bell-shaped, then
glabrous, lurid-grey. C. slightly adnexed, becoming free,
rather distant, dingy, powdered red with the spores at
maturity margin serratulate, markedly so behind.
;
S.
3-4 in., entirely fibrous, stuffed, then hollow, fragile, grey,
powdery at the apex. Spy. and aut., frequent in woods and
pastures.
E. nidorosum {nidor, reeking —from its strong smell).
Plate XLII. 17.
P. 2-3 in., flesh thin, very fragile, glabrous but silky,
shining when dry, greyish-fawn, then livid. G. emarginate,
almost free, pallid, then pale flesh colour. 5 . 2-3 in., thick,
almost solid, equal, whitish. In woods and on lawns
common in aut. A fragile species, with a strong alkaline
smell.

PLUTEUS
{Pluteus, a turret, or sentry-box— from a supposed r6sem-
blance of the pileus to the roof of a turret)

P. cervinus {cevvus, deer — from the fawn-brown pileus).

The Deer.” XLII. 19. Plate

P. 2-4 in., somewhat wrinkled, bell-shaped, then plane
umber, dark brown at maturity. G. free, crowded, white
at first, then salmon colour. 5 . 2-4 in., pale, covered with
blackish streaks. Common on trunks, stumps, chips, etc.,
spy.and aut. Solitary. Sometimes much exceeding the
above measurements.
 RHODOSPORiE 135

ANNULARIA
(From the annulate stem)

A. laevis [Icevis, —
smooth the usual state of the pileus).
P. 3 in., subumbonate, glabrous, white. G. free, somewhat
crowded white at first, then salmon colour. S. 5-6 in.,
;

slender, attenuated upwards, smooth, white. R. somewhat

distant, large. A rare species. In aut., amongst grass in
bushy places.

VOLVARIA
(From the volva)

V. Loveiana* (after the Rev. R. T. Lowe). Plate XI. 7.

P. 2-3 in., silky, white. G. free, white, then pale salmon

colour. S. 1^-2 in., attenuated upwards, bulbous, closely
fibrillose, solid, white. V. with a free margin, irregularly
lobed, white. A rare species of remarkable habitat, living
as a parasitej on half-decayed and more or less distorted
specimens of Clitocyhe nebulavis. Worthington G. Smith
remarks that it also occurs on other species of Clitocybe,
and that a mycelium similar to that which gives rise to this
species occurs also on the pileus of Tvicholoma gvammopodium.
V. parvula (jpavviduSy small). Plate XLII. 6.

P. up to I in., campanulate, then plane and umbonate,

dry, silky, white, the umbo darker. G. free, crowded, white,
becoming pale flesh colour. S. i-i-|in., stuffed, then hollow,
white. V. large, lax, usually divided into three or four
equal segments. In the var. hiloha the stem is stuffed,
never fistulose, and the volva is bi-lobed. In greenhouses,
gardens, and fields. Frequent. A very neat little species.

* Thus named by Berkeley, but it was originally and very appropri-

ately described by Knapp as Agaricus surrectus, who figured it in his
delightful “ Journal of a Naturalist.”
136 HYMENOMYCETES

CHLOROSPOR^
Spores clear green or bluish-green.

CHLOROSPORA
(Gr. chloros, greenish-yellow ;
sporos^ a seed —from the
greenish spores)

C. Eyrei (after the Rev. W. L. W. Eyre, who first ob-

served it). Plate XLIII. 2.

P. ih in., broadly umbonate, smooth, brownish, margin

incurved, apex minutely granular. G. free, narrowed
behind, crowded, then distant, pale green at first, deep
bluish-green at maturity. Spore mass deep bluish-green.
Under spruces and beeches in ant., gregarious. Rare.
Easily recognised by the bluish-green gills. The only
known European representative of the genus.

LEUCOSPOR.®
Spores white. In the majority of the species the gills are
white at maturity ;
the genera Russula and Lactarius con-
tain some species with cream-colour, or ochraceous, gills and
spores.

SCHIZOPHYLLUM
(Gr. schizo, to split ;
pJmllon, a leaf — from the split edge
of the gills)

S. commune [communis^ common — it being common in

certain countries). Plate XLV. 6.

P. i-ij in., fan-shaped, thin, dry, horizontally attached to

the matrix, often growing in an imbricate manner, margin
entire or lobed, cottony, whitish, indistinctly zoned.
G. narrow, radiating, grey, then purplish brown, more or
 PLATE XL III

1,Gomphidius glutinosiis (a) section showing the bright yellow flesh

:

at thebase of the stem (b) young plant (c) the large, elongated, and
; ;

fusiform spores (highly magnified). Below is a tangential section of

the pileus and gills.

2, Chlorospora Eyrei : (d) section; (f) the elliptical green spores

(highly magnified) to the right a tangential section of the pileus.
;

(From drawings by Mrs. Carleton Rea.)

L
 PLATE XLIV

VVHITE-SPORED AGARICS (l) (i.EUCOSPOR AE)

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIV
WHTTE-SPORED AGARICS (LEUCOSPOR^)-I
Fig. I. — TricJwloma sulphur earn.

Fig, 2. — Ditto, section.

Fig. 3, Clitocybe laccata, typical form.
Fig. 4. Ditto, var. amethystina
Fig. 5. — Ditto, section.
Fig. 6. Omphalia umbellifeya, the pale form : two plants and secdcB
showing the distant decurrent gills.
Fig. 7. Amanita rubescens, young and mature.
Fig. 8. Ditto section showing the thick reddish
: flesh and free gills.
Fig. g. Lactarius quietus.
Fig. Ditto: section showing the reddish flesh.
10.

Fig. II. —Lactarius

torminosus : young plant showing the incurved
and shaggy whitish margin.
Fig. 12. —
Ditto, section.
Fig. 13. Russula cyanoxantha.
Fig. 14. Ditto : section showing the broad white gills and thick flesh.
 LEUCOSPORiE 137

less deeply the margin, the lobes becoming involute

split at

and appearing tubular in transverse section. On rotten

trunks, foreign logs, beer-casks, alder, beech, etc. also on ;

dry hay in silos. Rare in Britain.

TROGIA
(After Jacob Gabriel Trog, a Swedish botanist)

T. crispa (from the crisped gills). Plate XLV. 3.

P. ^-i in., cup-shaped at first, resembling a Peziza, then

reflexed and irregularly lobed, almost flat, a little downy,
yellowish-brown, margin whitish. G. vein-like, resembling
those of Cantharellus, in which genus it was formerly
placed, edge obtuse, crisped, greyish - white. S. absent.
Gregarious on dead branches in late aut. Rare in Britain.

Sometimes nearly white.

LENZITES
(After Harold Othmar Lenz)

L. betulina {betula, birch — its usual habitat). Plate

XLV. 13.
P. 3-4 in., attached by a broad, expanded base, super-
ficially resembling Auricularia mesentevica, pale brown, tomen-
tose, usually slightly zoned, firm and corky. G. broad, thin,
branched (occasionally anastomosing),
straight, simple, or
dingy-white. Perennial on trunks and stumps, especially
birch and oak often imbricated.
;
Common in England,
rare in Scotland.
L. flaccida differs in the very thin pileus, which is narrowed
behind, not attached by a broad base, frequent on beech.
L. saepiaria (sapis, —
a hedge from its habitat) grows on fir-
wood only.
138 HYMENOMYCETES
XEROTUS
(Gr. xeyos, dry ;
ouSj an ear — from the ear-like shape and
dry substance)

X. degener (degemr, degenerate —not so highly developed

as other members of the genus). Plate XLV. g.
P. about I in., very tough, thin, membranaceous, corky,
plane, then infundibuliform, greyish-bay and striate at first,
grey and more or less zoned when dry. G. very few, very
distant, decurrent, simple or dichotomous, greyish-white,
first appearing as ribs or ridges. 5 . i in. (often much less),

very tough, thin, brown, with a white downy coating. In

peat-mosses and on naked soil in winter. Rare in Britain.

PANES
(A name given by Pliny to an arboreal fungus)

P. stypticus {stypticus, astringent — from its taste). Plate

XLV. 16.

P. in., dry, thin, not membranaceous, cinnamon, be-

coming yellowish-buff, scurfy. G. thin, narrow, crowded,
connected by veins or thin ridges, cinnamon. 5 i in., .

lateral, solid, compressed, paler than the pileus. Gregarious

aiit. and win., usually imbricated on decaying stumps, espe-

oak and chestnut-stumps.

cially cut surface of Common.
Taste remarkably hot and pungent.

LENTINUS
[Lentils, tough or pliant — from the tough substance)
L. cochleatus [cochlea, a snail-shell — from the somewhat

shell-like pileus), “ Snail-shell.” Plate XLV. i.

P. 1-2 in., tough, flexible, irregularly lobed and twisted,

depressed, sometimes infundibuliform, reddish-cinnamon.
G. somewhat decurrent, crowded, margin serrate, pinkish-
 PLATE XLV

SOME I.IC.VI IIICRN- AND CORKY A(;ARICS

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLV
SOME LEATHERY AND CORKY AGARICS
Fig. I. —Lentinus cochleatus.
Fig. 2. — Ditto; section showing the confluent stems.
Fig. 3. Trogicf crispa.
Fig. 4. — Ditto, showing the fold-like and crisped gills.

Fig. 5. — Ditto, section.

Fig. 6. Schizophyllum commune group of imbricated plants.
:

Fig. 7. — Ditto, showing the indistinctly zoned pileus.

Fig. 8. — Ditto section showing the
; margin of the
split gills.

Fig. g. Xerotus degcncr.

Fig. 10. — Ditto, section.
Fig. ii.—Panus torulosus.
Fig. 12. — Ditto : section of mature plant showing the infundibuliform
pileus and narrow decurrent gills.

Fig. 13. Lcnzites hctulina, showing the zoned pileus.

Fig. 14. — Ditto the radiating corky
; gills.

Fig. 15. — Ditto, section.

Fig. 16. — Panics stypticus imbricated pilei on wood.
;

Fig. 17. — Ditto, showing the lateral stem.

Fig. 18. — Ditto, section.
 ;

LEUCOSPORiE 139

S. very variable, solid, smooth, a little paler than

white.
the pileus. “ Very much tufted. Several stems are con-
fluent in such a way as to make it doubtful whether the

several pilei are really distinct, or are only lobes of

one
large one, the circle of the gills being always incomplete on
the side of the common centre, the whole forming a lobed
funnel with deflected edges ” (Berkeley). Frequent at the
base of old beeches, Smell strong, agreeable,
etc., in aut.

spicy, penetrating a considerable distance. Said to be

edible.

CANTHARELLUS
(Gr, kantharos, a cup — from the cup-shaped pileus of some
species)

C. cibarius [cibavia — from its use as food), “ Chantarelle.”

Plate XV. 3.

P. 1-4 in., glabrous, lobed, and wavy. F. thick, whitish.

G. decurrent, distant ;
thick, like swollen veins or folds ;

sinuate. S. 1-2 in., above than below.

stout, thicker Entire
plant the colour of egg-yolk or opaque yellowish-buff; scent-
less when first gathered, developing an odour resembling

that of fresh apricots in a few hours. Common in late sum.

and aut. in woods, especially under beech. Subgregarious
or in rings. Edible.
C. aurantiacus {auvantiacus, orange-yellow), “ False Chan-
tarelle.” Plate VII. i.

P. 1-2 in., depressed, irregular, and wavy; pale orange.

F. thin. G. decurrent, crowded, rather thin, striated
usually bright orange, sometimes the colour of the pileus.
S. about I in. thick, stuffed or imperfectly hollow, coloured
like the pileus.
Gregarious. Common on sandy heaths and
in fir woods in aut. Supposed to be poisonous. The mould
conimonly seen on the gills is Dactylium dendroides, the
conidial condition of
Hypomyces melleus.
140 HYMENOMYCETES
NYCTALIS
(Gr. niix^ night —from the habit, growing in dark places)

N. parasitica (from its parasitic habit). Plate XI. 3.

P. f in., grey, conical, then expanded. G. adnate, distant,
thick, brownish. S. 1-3 in., slender, wavy, equal, whitish.
Gregarious or caespitose on rotting Russula nigricans, R.
adusta, R. fcetens, and R. delica. Common in aut.
N. asterophora {aster, a star ;
fero, to bear — from the minute
stellate conidia on the pileus). Plate XL i.

P. ^ in., conical, then hemispherical mealy, whitish. ;

G. adnate, distant, narrow, dingy. 5 J in., slender, twisted, .

rather mealy; white at first, then brownish. Autumnal.

Gregarious or slightly caespitose on old blackened specimens
of R. nigricans, R. adusta, Collyhia fusipes, and a few other
agarics. “ The stellate conidia on the pileus have been
named Hypomyces asterophorus ” (W. G. Smith).

HYGROPHORUS
(Gr. hugros, moist ;
phero, to bear — from the water-bearing
character)

This genus is divided into three sub-genera as follows

Sub-genus 1. — Hygrocybe.
Veil absent. Pileus viscid when moist, shining when dry. Stem
not ornamented with scales or wart-like projections. Gills soft.

Sub-genus 2.— Camarophyllus.

Veil absent. Pileus not viscid when moist, firm and opaque when
dry. Gills distant, arcuate.

Sub-genus 3. — Limacium.
Universal veil viscid partial veil floccose, often forming a trace of
;

a ring, or attached to the margin of the pileus. Stem ornamented

with scales or wart-like projections. Gills adnato-decurrent.

All are terrestrial and gregarious, usually appearing in

meadows soon after the first frosts of autumn.
 LEUCOSPORiE 141

Sub-genus i.— HYGROCYBE

(Gr. hugros, moist ;

kube, head — from the moist pileus)
Hygrophorus coccineus {coccineus —from its scarlet colour),
“ Scarlet-hood.” Plate IX. 4.
P. i-2| in., viscid when moist ;
bright scarlet, becoming
pale; often irregular. G. broadly adnate, with a decurrent
tooth ;
distant, connected by veins, wrinkled ;
purplish at
the base, pale yellow towards the middle, edge glaucous at
maturity. S. i|-2 in. thick, not shining, more or less
hollow ;
tough, but splitting easily ;
crimson above, always
pale yellow at the base. Very common amongst grass and
moss in fields and open places.
H. miniatus {minium, vermillion) is another blood-red
species, appearing in fields in July. P. i in., squamulose,
umbilicate and bleached at maturity, flesh scarlet, base of
stem never yellow.
H. puniceus {puniceus^ blood-red) is one of the largest
representatives of the genus. P. 2-4 in. The larger size,
adnexed gills, and striated stem, with white base, easily
separate it from H. coccineus.
H. ceraceus {cem, wax) differs from all other members of
the sub-genus in the unchangeable wax-yellow hue of every
part, P. I in., fragile.
H. conicus (from the conical pileus).
P. 1-2 in., broad and high, margin lobed, viscid when
moist; yellow, orange, scarlet, etc. G. narrowed behind
and almost free, yellowish, rather crowded. S. 3-4 in.,
stout, variously coloured, often
Remarkable in
splitting.
usually turning black with age and when bruised. Very
common in meadows in late sum. and aut.
H. chlorophanus (Gr. ckloros, greenish-yellow;
phcevo, to
appear) does not become black when bruised,
and the
pileus is obtuse, never conical. It differs from H. ceraceus in
142 HYMENOMYCETES
the bright sulphury - yellow
(sometimes crimson
colour
though), watery substance, and emarginate gills.
H. calyptraeformis {calyptva, a hood from the pointed —
hood-shaped an uncommon species, with the habit
pileus),
of H. conicus. May be at once known by the beautiful
clear rose-coloured pileus and long white stem. Prob-
ably of triennial appearance. The var. nivms is wholly
white.
H. psittacinus {psittacns, the ringed green parrot — from the
yellow or red and green colours), “ Parroquet.” Plate IX. 7.
P. I in., campanulate, then expanded, more or less um-
bonate ;
yellow or orange ;
covered at first with a green
gluten. G. adnate, distant, thick, yellow, more or less
shaded with green. 5 1-3 in., slender, equal, hollow
.

yellow below, green above. Common in pastures ;

easily
known by the peculiar colour.

Sdb-genus 2. CAMAROPHYLLUS
(Gr. hameva, a vault ;
phullon, a leaf —from the arcuate gills)

Hygrophorous pratensis {pvatum^ a meadow). Plate IX. ii.

Whole plant yellowish-tawny or buff. P. 1-3^ in., very
fleshy at the disc, shape variable, moist in wet weather, but
never viscid. F. white and firm. G. very decurrent, very
distant, very broad (in the middle), veined. 5 1-2J in.,
.

stout, stuffed, polished. Common. Sometimes wholly white,

in which condition might be mistaken for H. virgineus.
it

H. virgineus (from the pure white colour), “Virgin.”

Plate XLVI. 12.
Whole plant white. P. 1J-3 in., convex, soon plane,
moist, downy when dry, fleshy in the centre. G. decurrent,
distant, thick. 5 1J-2 in., attenuated below, firm, smooth,
.

solid. Common in fields. Edible. Said to be delicious

boiled.
H. niveus (niveuSf snow-white) is equally common. It
 —;

LEUCOSPORiE H3
appears later than H. virgineus a more slender and tougher
is

plant, with membranaceous pileus. It superficially resembles

Clitocyhe eficetovum, which is shining when dry. The mould
which sometimes clouds the gills of the two preceding
species is Verticillium Marquandi.

Sub-genus 3. LIMACIUM
[Lirnax, a slug — from the glutinous pileus and stem)
Hygrophorus cossus (from its odour of the goat-moth, Cossus
ligniperda), “ Goat-moth.”
P. 1-2 in., fleshy, glabrous; glutinous at first, shining
yellowish-white when dry. F. white. G. adnato-decurrent,
connected by veins, white. S. 2-3 in., slender, equal, white,
or yellowish-white. Frequent amongst grass in woods and
pastures. Known by its unpleasant smell, which exactly
resembles that of the larva of the goat- moth.
H. eburneus {ebur, ivory) is pure shining white, never
yellowish and never strong-smelling superficially resembling ;

Tricholoma lascivum.
H. chrysodon (Gr. chrusos, gold odous, a tooth from the;
—
golden tooth-like scales) is pure white, with the margin of
the pileus and the apex of the stem tinged yellow. Smells
like the larva of a goat-moth. A rare species.

PLEUROTUS
(Gr. pleuron, a side ;
ous, an ear — from the supposed resem-
blance of many species to an ear)

P. ulmarius {ulmus, elm — its usual habitat), “ Elm-sprout.”

Plate XXXVI. 10.
P. 3-9 smooth, horizontal, more or less eccentric,
in.,

livid, then pale; usually marbled with roundish spots.

F. thick, white, tough. G. slightly adnexed, emarginate
144 HYMENOMYCETES
and rounded behind, broad, somewhat crowded, whitish.
S. eccentric, 2-3 in. about i in. thick, white. Singly or in
;

tufts on trunks of various trees, chiefly elm, in atct. and win.

Not common.
P. ostreatus (ostrea, an oyster — from the colour of the
pileus), “ The Oyster.”
P. 3-6 in., imbricated, convex, with involute margin at
first, then expanded and ascending, glabrous, moist, even
(sometimes squamulose), dark when young, then brownish
or bluish-grey. Often tinged with violet or lavender, usually
becoming yellowish at maturity, shining and satiny when
dry. G. decurrent, rather distant, broad, white; sometimes
yellowish, never tinged pink. S. very short or absent, firm,
swollen above, white and downy below. “ Caespitose. Smell
strong. The stem is sometimes almost central. Distin-
guished from all species, except P. corticatus (which is rare),

by the gills anastomosing behind, and often forming an open

network on the stem-like base. Known from P. corticatus
by the absence of a ring on the stem” (Massee). Frequent
on trunks of various trees in aut., win., and spr. Dr.
Plowright observed it growing on the dried brain of a
stranded whale. The var. ettosmos is easily recognised by the
lilac or purple tinge of the spore mass and the strong

smell of tarragon.
P. septicus {septicus, putrifying —from its habitat, rotten
wood). Plate XXXVI. 9.
Entirely white. P. \ in., downy, at first resupinate, with
a minute downy stem, which disappears as the pileus
becomes reflexed. G. radiating from the point of attach-
ment of the stem, broad, rather distant. “ Small, but very
variable in form. Superficially resembling Claudopus varia-
bilis, but the gills are persistently white, as are also the
spores. Distinguished from the other small white species
of Pleurotus by the thicker flesh of the pileus and more
evident stem, and by the gills being at first uppermost, and
 — ;

LEUCOSPORi^ 145

then turned over” (Massee). Frequent in sum. and aiit. on

decaying branches, twigs, wood, etc.
P. hypnophilus {Hypnum, a moss genus philos, loving ;

from its usual habitat), “ Moss Pleurotus.” Plate X. 2 .

P. up to h very thin, resupinate, almost smooth.

in., flat,

G. radiating from the point of« attachment of the pileus,

narrow, distant. “ Resembling Clciudopus vaviahilis closely
in size and general appearance, but the spores are white,
and the gills do not change colour. Distinguished among
”
the small white species of Pleurotus by the glabrous pileus
(Massee). On moss and fallen leaves in 'Frequent.

OMPHALIA
(Gr. omphalos —from the umbilicus)
O. umbellifera [umhella, an umbel ;
fero, to bear — from the
umbrella-like pileus), “ Little Umbrella.” Plate XLIV. 6.

P. f in., convex, then almost flat ;

sometimes wavy or
upturned ;
margin at first incurved and crenate ;
somewhat
striate when moist, even and more or less silky when dry
greyish-yellow, brownish, etc. G. decurrent, very distant,
broad behind, almost triangular, whitish, or coloured like
the pileus. 5. ^ in., slender, base downy, imperfectly hollow,
colour of pileus. Common in damp places, open fields,
rotten wood, etc., except in win. The entire plant is pale
yellow in the var. ahiegna, which grows on decaying fir-

wood. The var. viridis is entirely pale green.

O. fibula {fibula, a pin — from its shape).
P. I in., membranaceous, margin drooping, then ex-
panded, usually umbilicate, finally quite infundibuliform
obscurely striated when moist, hygrophanous, glabrous,
orange-yellow or brownish, or entirely white. G. deeply
decurrent, distant, distinct, broad, whitish. 5. i-i\ in., very
slender, the colour of the pileus; stuffed at first, then
hollow. Common in damp, mossy places and on burnt
10
146 HYMENOMYCETES
ground. The var. swavtzii is a firmer plant, differing in the
almost plane, whitish pileus, with dark disc and whitish stem,
with the apex tinged with violet.

CLITOCYBE
(Gr. klitos, a declivity ;
hibe, a head —from the
decurrent gills)

GROUP I. — PILEUS FLESHY, PALE AND MINUTELY SILKY

WHEN DRY. FLESH FIRM |
NOT HYGROPHANOUS
C. nebularis {nebula, a cloud
the greyish pileus being ;

frequently clouded with white mycelium), “ Cheese-cap.”

P. 2-5 in., convex, then plane, often gibbous when young.
Smoky-brown, becoming livid or grey ;
sometimes pruin-
ose. F. white, thick at the disc, thinner at the margin.
G. slightly decurrent, crowded; greyish-white.
arcuate,
S. 2-3 in., stout, a little attenuated upwards, fibrillosely
striate, firm, stuffed dingy - white.
;
Smells like curd
cheese. Common in aut. amongst dead leaves in woods.
The white mycelium on the pileus gives rise (rarely) to
Volvaria Loveiana (see Plate XI. 7).
O. clavipes {clava, a club —
from the shape of the stem) is
the colour of the preceding, but only half the size. G.
deeply decurrent. S. dark, solid, markedly attenuated
upwards. Common in pine-woods.
C. phyllophila (Gr. phidlon, a leaf ;
philos, loving) is wholly
whitish tan.
P. 1-3 in. S. 2-3 in. A somewhat caespitose, tough
species common amongst leaves (especially beech) in aut.
C. pithyophila (Gr. pitus, pine ;
philos, loving) is a wholly
white species, frequent in pine-woods. “ Gregarious or
slightly caespitose. Allied to C .
phyllophila, but distinguished

by the persistently white gills and white pileus. Smell

pleasant. C. tuba closely resembles the present species,
but differs in the deeply decurrent gills ” (Massee).
 2

LEUCOSPORiE 147

C. dealbata {dealhatus, whitewashed) and C. gallinacea

(gallina, a hen — from its colour, like a hen’s egg) are two
small white autumnal species agreeing in stature (P. i-i J in.)
and in the slightly decurrent gills. C. dealbata is inodorous.
P. plane, then upturned and wavy, ivory-like. S. i in.,

hollow. C. gallinacea is strong-smelling and acrid. 5 . in.,

solid.Both occur amongst grass and moss in sunny places.

One form of dealbata frequently occurs in old mushroom-
beds.
C. ericetorum {ericettm, a heath — from its habitat) is a
more or less infundibuliform species, differing from the
above in the distant, truly decurrent gills. It much
resembles Hygrophorus niveus.

There are two species included in this group — viz.,

C. odora and C. Trogii — remarkable for their fragrant smell.

C. odora {odorus, fragrant).

P. 2 in., soon plane and wavy, even, pale bluish-green,

silky when dry. G. adnate, broad, pallid or greenish.
S. i-i|- in., slender, swollen below, stuffed. Common in

woods in aut. Its presence is at once indicated by the

pleasant smell of aniseed.
Trog, a Swedish botanist) is a stouter
C. Trogii (after
species, with dingy pale-grey pileus, whitish gills, and solid
stem. Amongst leaves in woods in aut.
C. fragans {fmganSy sweet-scented), a hygvophanous species,
differs from the two preceding also in its smaller size
(P. and uniformly whitish colour. Common amongst
I in.)

moss and leaves in woods and pastures bordering them

from July to Jan. “Very remarkable for its power of
standing cold. On Dec. 30, 1882, I gathered it after very
severe frost (Ther. o) for three nights in succession, and a
week of complete thaw, in a perfectly fresh condition, and
with the smell unchanged ” (Stevenson). The mould which
occurs upon it is Spovodinia aspergillus.
A very natural section of the non-hygrophanous group
10 —
148 HYMENOMYCETES
comprises plants that at maturity are either deeply infim-
dibuliform, or with the centre of the pileus deeply umbili-
cately depressed. The following are well known :

C. maxima (maximus, the greatest).

P. 6-12 broadly infundibuliform and somewhat um-
in.,

bonate, pale tan or whitish, margin involute, even, slightly

silky or downy at maturity. G. deeply decurrent, rather
crowded, whitish. S. 3-4 in., stout, attenuated upwards.
Frequent in s«w. and aut. in woods and pastures, banks and
hedges.
C. gigantea is closely allied to the preceding.
P. 6-10 G. broad, slightly decurrent.
in. G. seldom
exceeding 2 in., very thick. Autumnal, in woods. Un-
common.
C. geotropa (Gr. ge, the earth ;
trepo, to turn — from the
often strongly deflected margin of the pileus).
P. 2-5 in., differs from G. maxima in its firmer substance,
and glabrous pinkish-tan or buff pileus, which is obtusely
umbonate, the umbo always remaining after the pileus has
become depressed.
C. infundibuliformis (infundibulum^ a funnel ;
forma, form)
P. 3 in., margin involute, umbo gibbous; convex, then
depressed. At maturity entirely infundibuliform more or ;

less reddish, yellowish, flesh colour, or buff, becoming

pallid. G. truly decurrent, much narrowed at both ends,
rather crowded, white. G. 2-3 in., slender, firm, stuffed,
attenuated upwards. Common amongst moss in fields and
woods in and aut.
sum. Fries observes that C. catina
(catimis, a bowl —
from its bowl-shaped pileus) is “ allied to
C. infundibuliformis, having the same pleasant smell, but
differs in being white at first ;
pileus never gibbous,
glabrous, but when quite young with superficial down,
which soon disappears. Clitocybe phyllophila differs in the
pileus never being infundibuliform, slender stem, adnate
gills, and absence of smell.”
 ;

LEUCOSPORiE 149

C. flaccidus {flaccidus, limp —from the limp pileus).

Plate XLVI. lo.

P. 2-3 in., umbilicate, always without an umbo ;

margin
spreading, arched, persistently shining, tawny, ferruginous.
G. deeply decurrent, crowded, narrow ;
white at first, then
yellowish. S. 1-2 in., somewhat hollow, tough, polished,
reddish rust colour ;
fee thickened, downy. Frequent in

ant. amongst leaves, etc., in woods. Usually gregarious.

Superficially resembling Lactarius snhdulcis. The var.

lohatus is caespitose, pileus darker, with lobed or contorted

margin.

GROUP II. — PILEUS HYGROPHANOUS, THIN AND WATERY

C. cyathiformis {cyathus, a cup ;

forma, form).
P. I J-3 in., piano-depressed, then infundibuliform, slimy ;

dark-brown when moist, becoming pale when dry, the

margin remaining involute for a long time. G. adnate,
becoming decurrent with the alteration in the shape of the
pileus ;
greyish-brown. S. 2-4 in., slender, attenuated
upwards, the colour of the pileus, with brownish fibrils

apex naked ;
base hairy. Common in a^it. in woods and
pastures ;
rarely on rotten wood. Gregarious.
C. brumalis {brunia, winter — from the time of its appear-
ance).
P. i-i| in., umbilicate, then infundibuliform; often with
wavy and lobed margin, glabrous, livid, then whitish or
yellowish ;
disc often darker. G. decurrent, crowded,
narrow, pallid. S. 2 in., slender, nearly equal, slightly
curved, glabrous, whitish. autumnal species, not A truly
appearing before Oct. ; most abundant in Nov., and
lasting into Jan. Common in pine woods and amongst
heather.
C. metachroa (Gr. metachroos, changing colour).
P. 1-2 in., convex, then plane or depressed, never infund-i-
150 HYMENOMYCETES
buliform; brownish-grey, whitish when dry. G. adnate
scarcely decurrent, crowded, greyish- white. S. ij in., very
slender, tough, soon hollow, fibrous outside, easily com-
pressed, grey, apex with white meal. Common in dry pine
woods in ant. A variable species easily known, however, ;

by the absence of smell, the mealy apex of the stem,

greyish-white gills, and the subumbonate, then plane and
depressed, pileus.
C. laccata (from the red colour of the pileus resembling
gum-lac). Plate XLIV. 3-5.
P. 1-2^ in., convex, umbilicate, often more or less wavy
and irregular ;
flesh thin. There are two very distinct
colour forms —one a rich, deep reddish-brown, the other a
bright amethyst (var. amethystma) ; in both the pileus
becomes pallid or dingy-white, and minutely squamulose
when old and dry. G. broadly adnate, distant, always the
colour of the pileus, powdered white with the spores at
maturity. S. 2-3 in., slender, tough, stuffed, the colour of
the pileus. Woods and hedges. Usually gregarious,
June to Dec. Very common.

LACTARIUS
(Lflc, milk — from the milky juice)
Closely allied to Russula, differing in the abundant
granular milk which flows or drops from the pileus
(latex)

and gills when broken. The milk is usually white in a few ;

species it changes colour on exposure to the air and in one ;

it is coloured from the first. Taste very variable from mild —

to intensely acrid. The peculiarities of the milk are of
importance in specific diagnosis. The numerous species
are arranged in four sections as follows :

Section I. — Piperites
Stem central. Gills not becoming discoloured. Milk white at first,

and usually acrid.

 LEUCOSPORiE 151

Section II. — Dapetes

Stem central. Gills naked. Milk coloured from the first.

Section III —Russularia

Stem central. Gills pallid, then discoloured, becoming powdered
with the white spores. Milk white at first, mild, or mild becoming
acrid.
Section IV. — Pleuropus
Stem excentric or lateral.

Section I. — PIPERITES
L. torminosus {tormina, gripes — from its extreme acridity).
Plate XLIV. ii.
P. 2-5 in., viscid when moist, slightly zoned, a beautiful
ochre or pale flesh colour margin strongly incurved for
;

some time, shaggy, whitish. Milk white, very

F. pallid.
acrid, not changeable. G. slightly decurrent, very narrow
and crowded, yellower and paler than the pileus. 5 i J-3 in., .

thick, slightly hairy or almost glabrous, attenuated below,

dry, stuffed, soon hollow, colour of pileus or paler. Common
in aiit. amongst heather. In spite of its acridity, this species
is preserved in salt for winter use in Russia, and eaten with
oiland vinegar. The white mould, changing to yellow and
dark brown, frequently seen on the gills, is Hyponiyces
torminosus.
L. cilicioides {Gx.Ulikion, goat’s-hair cloth; eidos, appear-
ance — from the tomentose pileus), frequent in similar
situations from the preceding chiefly in the dingy
;
differs
or darker stem, absence of zones on the pileus, and the
yellowish milk. It is the connecting link with L. turpis

{turpis, base —
from its ugliness), which may be easily
recognised by the dark zoneless pileus covered with a
tenacious olive gluten, the yellowish-olive and strongly
incurved downy margin, and the solid, hard stem. It is a
gregarious species, very common in ant. in woods and by
roadsides, especially on sandy soils.
152 HYMENOMYCETES
L. mucus), another species with
blennius] (Gr. hlemtos,
glutinous pileus, bears much superficial resemblance to
L. turpis, but the pileus is not so dark (dingy greenish-grey),
is concentrically pitted or zoned, and does not long remain

involute. The stem quickly becomes hollow.

L. piperatus {pipev, pepper — from its taste).

P. 4-8 in., umbilicate at first, then infundibuliform, with

erect margin, zoneless, glabrous, dry, white. F. white,
milk white, very copious and very acrid. G. decurrent,
crowded, “ an ivory comb,” very narrow,
like the teeth of
white or cream colour. S. 1^-2! in., stout, smooth, solid,
mealy-white. Common in woods in ant.^ probably triennial.
Easily known by the absence of colour and the very acrid
taste. L . contvovevsus (P. at first convex, then infundibuliform),
found chiefly under poplars, is of similar habit, but may be
at once identified by the reddish zones, blotches, or spots
on the pileus, and the flesh-coloured gills at maturity. This
species is eaten at Lucca, under the name of “ Lucchese
Goat.” L. velleretis (vellus, fleece), the great white Woolly
Lactar, may be known from L. pipevatus by its broader
distant gills, Sometimes
tomentose pileus, and scanty milk.
the milk is absent it is then separated from Russula dclica by
;

the floccose or downy pileus and very acrid taste.

Section II.— DAPETES

L. deliciosus (from its flavour when cooked). Plate XV. 6.

P. 3-5 in., viscid, margin incurved at first, orange-red,

greenish when old, zoned. Milk saffron-red, sweet-scented,
very copious. G. decurrent, narrow, colour of pileus or
paler. 5. 1-3 in., stout, more or less pitted, smooth, usually
paler than the pileus, stuffed, then more or less hollow.
Gregarious. Late sum. and aut. Common in some localities
in fir plantations. Abundantly distinct from all other
members of the genus in the saffron-red milk, and in
 ;

LEUCOSPORiE 153

becoming dingy when bruised and with age. The gills are
often attacked by a reddish mould, Hypomyces lateritms.
Edible. The “ vegetable sheep’s kidneys ” of French cooks.
L. sanguifluiis {sanguis, blood ; fiiio, to flov/) differs only in
the blood-red milk.

Section III.— RUSSULARIA

L. quietus [quietus, mild — from its taste). Plate XLIV. 9.

P. 2-3 in. ,
obtuse, then depressed ;
of ten wavy and irregular
viscid,cinnamon flesh colour at first disc usually darker, ;

becoming paler and dry. F. white, then tinged red. Milk

persistently white and mild. G. slightly decurrent, white,
then pale brick-red. S. 2-3 in., thick, reddish-cinnamon
usually darker below, stuffed ;
“ flesh firm, bearing a strong
pressure without breaking ;
when old less firm, but not
”
hollow, mild ;
odour oily, and sometimes that of bugs
(Berkeley). One of the commonest representatives of the
genus, occurring, usually gregariously, in woods and
thickets, by roadsides,
throughout the autumn.
etc., A
somewhat showy species, never truly robust, always more
or less soft.
L. theiogalus (Gr. theion, brimstone
;
gala, milk — from the
sulphur-coloured milk).
P. 1-3 in., convex, then depressed and infundibuliform,
and sometimes papillate, glabrous, viscid, shining when
dry, not zoned, tawny-rufous. G. adnato-decurrent, pallid,
then rufescent. S. 1-2 in., slender, stuffed, then hollow,
tawny- rufous. Milk white at first and mild, slowly be-
coming sulphur colour and acrid. Frequent in aut. in
mixed w'oods, pine, etc., and amongst heather.
L. rufus (from the reddish colour). Plate VII. 3.
P . 3-4 in., margin incurved at first, umbonate, then in-
fundibuliform, the umbo always
persisting, zoneless, dry,
polished, rufous-bay or reddish-cinnamon when old.
Milk
154 HYMENOMYCETES
persistently white and extremely acrid from the first.
G. adnato-decurrent, crowded, yellowish at first, then pale-
red. 5 2-3
. in., a little paler than the pileus, clothed with
white down at the base, stuffed, fragile. Very common
throughout sum. and ant. in dry pine woods. Gregarious.
Abundantly distinctive, always bright reddish - cinnamon,
always with an umbo and usually under firs.
L. subdulcis {dulcis, sweet —
taste somewhat sweet), a
reddish species (P. in.), common in pine and mixed

woods; may be known from L. mfus by its sweet taste at

drst (becoming acrid if kept in the mouth a little time) and
hollow stem at maturity.
L. serifluus {senini, whey fluo, to flow
;
from the watery —
milk) is allied to L. subdulcis, but is much smaller ;
the
margin of the pileus is incurved, the stem and the
is solid,

scanty milk is the colour of whey. It is frequent in mixed

woods and damp places. L. mitissimus {mitissimus, very
mild — from its taste), a common woodland species also
closely allied to L. subdulcis, is distinguished by the per-
sistently mild milk, and the bright shining tawny-orange
pileus and stem.

Section IV.— PLEUROPUS

L. obliquus (from the oblique stem).

P. about 3 in. (rarely 6 in.), lobate, whitish, zoned with
grey. G. crowded white. 5 about
. i in., rather excentric,
curved, stuffed or hollow. Milk white. Occurring in Oct. in

tuftson beech trunks, burnt stumps, etc. Uncommon. At

once known by the habitat and excentric stem.

RUSSULA
(Russulus, reddish — from the frequently reddish colour
of the pileus)

Rigid, brittle, and fleshy fungi ;

usually gregarious ;
occur-
ring in late sum. and aut. All are terrestrial.
 LEUCOSPOR^ 155

This genus is closely allied to Lactarius. Laticiferous

cells are present in the flesh and gills, but the milk is very
dense, and does not make itself evident when the plant is

bruised or broken. As in Lactarius, the flesh, through the

peculiarities of the milk, may be either very acrid or mild.
This feature used by some systematists as a basis for the
is

grouping of species, and it has been followed in the sub-

joined descriptions of some well-known species. In the
“ mild ” section, the milk in some species becomes slowly
acrid if kept in the mouth for some time. Great discretion
should be used in experimental tasting : a very small piece
is quite sufficient for the diagnosis. Many species are so
intensely acrid that serious inconvenience would result if a
large piece were put into the mouth. It is scarcely neces-
sary to add that it should not be swallowed.

Section I. —Taste Mild

1. Gills ochreous.
2. Gills pale or bright yellow never tinged ochreous.
;

3. Gills white orcreamy- white, sometimes becoming blackish when

old ;
never yellow nor ochreous.
{a) Pileus white or cream colour at first, becoming blackish

with age.
{h) Pileus clear yellow.
[c) Pileus green or olive.
{d) Pileus various shades of red and purple, or brownish-
orange, sometimes with a greenish tingue.

Section II. —Taste Acrid

1. Gills yellow or ochreous.

(a) Pileus yellow or ochreous.
{b) Pileus red or purplish.
2. Gills white or creamy-white ;
never distinctly tinged with yellow
or ochreous.
{a) Pileus ochreous or umber.
(b) Pileus red or purplish.
156 HYMENOMYCETES

Section I.—TASTE MILD

I. GILLS OCHREOUS

R. alutacea {alutd, tanned leather —from the colour of the

gills).

P. 2-5 in., expanded and somewhat umbilicate at maturity,

even, with a distinct viscid pellicle, deep blood-red, some-
times blackish-purple, usually paler at the disc. F. thin,
snow-white. G. free thick, broad distant, all equal, con-
nected by veins, yellow at first, then deep ochreous, never
looking as if powdered. S. 2 in., stout, solid, equal, white,
often variegated with red (sometimes purple). A large
showy species, common in beech and mixed woods in

aut.

R. Integra (integer, entire — often of perfect form) is

closely allied to the above, and is equally common. Differs

in the pale-yellow gills, becoming dusted with the pale
ochreous spores at maturity.

2. GILLS YELLOW WITHOUT AN OCHREOUS TINGE

R. puellaris {puellaris, girlish — from its small size and

grace).
P. i-i J in., almost membranaceous, except at the disc
tuberculosely striate at the margin, scarcely viscid ;
colour
variable and peculiar —shades of purple, rose, and orange ;

disc always darker, brownish, sometimes nearly black, not

shining. G. adnate or adnexed, thin, crowded, white, pale-
yellow at maturity, not powdered with the pale-yellow
spores. 5. 1-2 in., equal, white becoming yellowish, soon
hollow. A denizen of birch and pine woods, occurring in

troops. Some of the colour forms have received varietal

names, but all occur together and are difficult to separate.
 —

LEUCOSPOR.^ 157

3. GILLS WHITE OR CREAMY-WHITE, NEVER YELLOW OR

OCHREOUS, BUT SOMETIMES BECOMING BLACKISH
WITH AGE (a) PILEUS WHITE OR CREAM COLOUR AT
FIRST, BECOMING BLACKISH AT MATURITY

R. nigricans {nigricans, becoming black — from its colour

in decay).
P. 3-5 in., depressed, whitish at first, then sooty-olive,
squamulose, black at maturity. F. firm, white, becoming
reddish-black when old. G. adnexed, rounded behind,
very thick, distant, broad, pale yellowish, becoming reddish
when bruised. S. in., very thick, solid, pallid at first,
then black. Common in mixed woods. Often infested by
species of Nyctalis.
R. adusta {adustus, scorched — from its appearance) might
be mistaken at first sight for small specimens of the pre-
ceding species, but the flesh does not turn red, and the gills
are thinner, decurrent, and crowded.
R. densifolia {densus, thick ;
folium, a leaf — from the
crowded gills as compared with those of R. nigricans)
resembles R. adusta, but the flesh turns red when broken.

(b) PILEUS CLEAR YELLOW

R. citrina (from the citron-coloured pileus), an uncommon

inhabitant of mixed woods, is distinctive in the clear
sulphur-yellow pileus (sometimes greenish), with brassy-
yellow disc, and the persistently white gills and stem.

(c) PILEUS GREEN OR OLIVE

R. heterophylla (Gr. hetcros, one of two phullon, a leaf

;

from the unequal length of the gills).

P. 2-4 in., depressed at maturity ; colour variable, usually
apple-green, clouded with brown, with never a trace of red
158 HYMENOMYCETES
or purple; G. almost free, very narrow, and very crowded
(many shorter ones), forked, white. S. 12-2^ in., equal,
solid, white. Common in woods, etc. Easily known by
the even polished pileus and the closely-crowded white
gills.

R. furcata [fuvcatus, forked —from the forked gills).

p -
3-5 in., smooth, even, dark lurid green, umber-greenish
or olive-tan ;
pellicle separable. G. adnato-decurrent, rather
thick, more or less distant (sometimes crowded), broad,
attenuated at both ends, forked, white. S. 2-2| in., stout,
equal, white. Common in woods, and under trees in
meadows, from May to Oct, The even pileus, with silky
bloom and separable skin, and the frequently forked,
thickish, and slightly decurrent gills are the chief points of
distinction.

(d) pileus various shades of red, purple, or brownish-

orange; SOMETIMES WITH A GREENISH TINGE

R. cyanoxantha (Gr. kmnos, blue ;

xantJios, yellow — from
the colours of the pileus). Plate XLIV. 13.
P. 2-3I in., viscid; colour very variable —shades of purple,
red, —
and green disc usually becoming pale or yellowish.
G. rounded behind, almost free, broad, somewhat crowded,
shining white. 5 2-2J in., stout, equal, smooth, shining
.

white, hollow when old. Common in moist spots in mixed

woods. R. heterophylla and R. furcata sometimes resemble
this species in colour. The former differs in the narrow,
closely-crowded gills, the latter in the adnato-decurrent,
thickish gills, and in becoming slightly acrid in the
mouth.
R. vesca {vescus, eatable — from^its edible qualities) differs
from R. cyanoxantha in the constant flesh-red pileus and
reticulately-wrinkled stem.
 —

LEUCOSPOR^ 159

Section II.— TASTE ACRID

I. GILLS YELLOW OR OCHREOUS — (a) PILEUS YELLOW OR
OCHREOUS
R. fellea {fellens, full of gall — from the very bitter and
acrid taste). Plate VIII. 6.
P. 1-4 in., polished, smooth, straw colour, ochre or buff,
disc usually brownish. G. adnate, more or less crowded*
thin, narrow, sometimes exuding drops of water in damp
weather, straw colour. S. about 2 in., white and stuffed at
first, yellowish and hollow at maturity. A common inhabi-
tant beech-woods easily recognised by the intensely
of ;

acrid taste and pale-straw colour of every part, including

the flesh. It is often mistaken for R. ochracea, which differs
in the mild taste.

(b) PILEUS RED OR PURPLE

R. drimeia (Gr. dnnms, pungent — from its taste). Plate
VII. 5.

P. 2-4 in., somewhat viscid when moist, bright deep

purple or dark-rose colour. G. adnexed, narrowed behind ;

pale sulphur colour at first, pale yellow at maturity. S.

2-3^ stout, solid, beautifully tinged with purple. Gre-
garious in fir woods, especially under larches, in aiit. In-
tensely acrid. Cooke remarks “So intensely peppery that,
:

after tasting a small fragment, the tongue tingled for more

than half an hour.”
R. rubra (ruber, red — from the colour of the pileus) has an
absolutely dry, even deep blood-red pileus, with mild flesh
and broad, adnate gills, with very acrid taste.

GILLS WHITE OR CREAMY-WHITE

2.
— (a) PILEUS OCHREOUS
OR UMBER
R. ochroleuca (Gr. ochros, pale yellow
;
leukos, white
from the usual colour of the pileus). Plate XXXVI. 7.
i6o HYMENOMYCETES
P. 3-4 in., polished, dingy-yellow, pale at maturity, never
reddish. G. adnexed, rounded, and connected behind, white
or pale yellowish. S. 2-3 in., stuffed, slightly wrinkled in a
reticulated manner; white or lemon yellow at first, becoming
pale steel-grey at maturity. Frequent in fir woods in aut.
R. granulosa (from the minutely granular pileus and stem
at maturity) differs chiefly in the granular and persistently
white stem.
R. fcBteus (from the fetid smell).
P. 3-6 in., viscid in damp weather ;
subglobose at first,

becoming expanded and depressed margin incurved at ;

first, membranaceous, striately ribbed, at length tubercular.

G. adnexed, crowded, whitish, exuding drops of water when

young. S. 2-3 in., very thick, whitish ;
stuffed at first, then
hollow; frequently eaten out by slugs. Very common in
woods, bursting from the ground like a yellowish ball, and
then expanding. The var. sub-fcetens differs in the more
slender stem and thick, distant gills.

(b) pileus red or purplish

R. emetica (from its acting as an emetic), “ The Sickener.”

Plate VIII. 5.

P. 3-4 in., flesh under the separable cuticle,

reddish
polished rosy at first, then blood-red, sometimes yellowish,
;

and bleaching with age to almost white or purplish. G.

almost free, broad, rather distant, clear white. 5 . 2-3 in.,

white or tinged red ;

solid, showy,
but spongy within. A
gregarious species, common in woods and open places from
July to Dec. Abundant in beech-woods in Oct. Some forms
are small and fragile, and require to be carefully distin-
guished from R. fragilis, which appears in August in the

same localities. In the latter the gills are much more

crowded, the pileus thinner and softer, the margin tuber-
cular and the flesh is always white, never red under the
;

cuticle.
 LEUCOSPOR^ i6i

R. Queletii (after Dr. Lucien Quelet) much like R. dvi-

is

meia in stature and colour of pileus, but may be at once

known by the persistently white gills.

R. sanguinea, sometimes met with in fir woods, differs

from all other species of Russula in the truly decurrent
gills. It bears some superficial resemblance to R. rubra.

R. rosacea, a frequent autumnal species in woods and

grassy places, may be distinguished from other species with
red or rosy pileus and rosy stem, by the thick, cheesy-
white and persistently white, adnate, broad, crowded
flesh,
gills. The flesh is mild at first, slowly becoming acrid the ;

gills are usually acrid from the first.

MYCENA
(Gr. makes, a fungus)

A large genus of mostly small species, with long, slender,

hollow stems. The margin always straight
of the pileus is

(a feature which separates it from Colly bia), and is more or

less striate. The gills are adnate or adnexed, never truly

decurrent (a feature which separates it from Omphalia and
Clitocybe). The majority grow on wood, appearing after
storms in summer and autumn. A few common species
continue under favourable conditions till Dec. Some
contain a coloured milk. They are classified in nine sec-
tions, based upon the peculiarities of the stem.

Section I. — Insititise

Stem very slender, dry, neither rooting nor downy, issuing abruptly
from the matrix.
Section II. — Basipedes
Stem dry, not rooting, with a bulbous or swollen hairy base.
Usually solitary.
Section III. — Glutinipedes
Stem distinctly glutinous.

Section IV.— Lactipedes

Stem dry. Whole plant giving out milk or juice when broken.
i 62 HYMENOMYCETES
Section V. — Filipedes
Stem very slender, straight, long, rooting, juiceless, rather tough,
not glutinous. Pileus not hygrophanous.

Section VI. — Fragilipedes

Stem slender, fragile, juiceless ;
base hairy, not truly swollen
scarcely rooting, not issuing abruptly from the matrix.

Section VII. — Rigidipedes

Stem firm, rigid, tough, juiceless ;
base more or less hairy and
rooting.
Section VIII.— Adonidese

Stem juiceless, not swollen at the base. Brightly coloured, not

brownish species. Gills of one colour.

Section IX. — Calodontes

Stem juiceless, not swollen at the base. always with the edge
Gills
distinctly darker than the rest, and minutely saw-edged.

Section I.— INSITITI^

M. capillaris {capillus, a hair — from the hair-like stem).

Plate X. 4.
P. yP in., very thin, slightly striate when moist, white.
G. adnate, few, all of equal length. S. usually i in. (some-
times 2 or 3 in. when growing amongst leaves), weak, and
hair-like. Frequent in very wet weather in aut. amongst

heaps of dead beech-leaves.

M. corticola {cortex, bark ;
colo, to inhabit), a common
species {Aug. to Dec.) occurring in troops amongst moss,
etc., on bark of living trees from the preceding in
;
differs

the larger, coloured pileus (shades of black, browm, blue, or

grey), and the short stem not exceeding i in.

Section II. — BASIPEDES

M. tenerrima {tenerrimus, very slender).
P. -jig- in., convex, powdered with minute granules. G.
free, ventricose. S. up to i in., minutely hairy, and fixed by
 2 ;

LEUCOSPORiE 163

a minute downy A
very delicate, minute, white, gre-
disc.

garious species, occurring on fir-cones, dead branches, twigs,

etc., Aug. to Dec. Uncommon.

Section HI.— GLUTINIPEDES

M. vulgaris common). Plate X. 12.
{vulgaris,
P. in., almost membranaceous, depressed at maturity,

with a minute papillate umbo, viscid, pale brown or greyish,

marked with dark lines. G. slightly decurrent, rather broad,
white. 5 . f-i^ in., slender, viscid, tough, pale. Common
amongst pine-leaves and twigs.
M. pelliculosa (from the thin, separable pellicle of the
pileus), frequent amongst heather and in heathy fir woods
is larger than the above (P. up to i in.) also differs in the ;

viscid, separable cuticle.

M. epipterygia (from its frequent occurrence on bracken
stalks —Pteris aquilina) —P. in., S. 2-4 in. — is a yellowish-
green species, common on branches and twigs in damp
places. The pileus and stem are covered with a viscid,
easily separable pellicle.

Section IV.— LACTIPEDES

M. galopoda (Gr. gala, milk pons, a foot). ;

P. ^-i in., more or less umbonate, striate; usually blackish

at first, then grey ;
occasionally whitish, with a brown
umbo. G. adnexed, white or faintly green. 5 . 2-3 in.,

downy and root-

slender, rather fragile, greyish-black, base
ing, giving out a copious white milk when broken. Amongst
moss on tree-trunks, dead leaves, etc. Common.
M. haematopa (Gr. haima, blood; pous, a foot —from the
blood-red juice of the stem), appearing in tufts on trunks
and stumps in aut., may be easily known by the minutely
toothed margin of the pileus (J-i in.) and the entire white
gills. It gives out a dark-red juice when broken.
II —
i 64 HYMENOMYCETES
N

Section V. — FILIPEDES

M. vitilis {vitilis, plaited — from the deeply striated pileus).

P. ^ membranaceous, papillate, deeply striate when
in.,

moist, brownish, becoming pale. G. adnate, rather distant,

greyish-white. G. 3-6 in., long, very slender, equal, shining,
juiceless, rooting. A frequent autumnal species amongst
leaves in damp places. The deeply striated pileus and the
very long weak stem are the chief points of distinction.
The beautiful little M. iris (Gr. ws, the rainbow — from its

tints) belongs to this section. P. in., bluish, then

brownish. G. almost
tinged grey. S. 1J-3 in., slender;
free,

brownish above, blue below. Tufted or scattered on rotting

fir-stumps. Uncommon.
Section VI.— FRAGILIPEDES

M. alcalina (from its alkaline smell).

P. |-i J in., deeply striate when moist, shining when dry
colour variable, pallid, yellowish, green, etc. Disc darker.
G. adnate, rather distant, white, then greyish. 5. 2-3 in.,

slender, equal, pale or yellow, shining, slightly viscid ;

base
downy. Common throughout sum. and aut. in tufts on
trunks and stumps or heaps of dead leaves. Smell strong,
nitrous.
M. ammoniaca (from its ammoniacal stem) has exactly the
same smell, but is terrestrial occurring amongst grass. The
;

pileus is slightly striate and umbonate the stem is never ;

tinged yellow.

Section VII.— RIGIDIPEDES

M. galericulata (galeviculum, a little cap —from the shape

of the pileus). Plate XLVI. i.

P. §-2 in., umbonate, dry, striate up to the umbo ;

colour
variable; brownish, greyish, or pallid. G. adnate, whitish
at first, then tinged with pink. S. 2-4 in., equal, rigid, pale,
tapering to the rooting downy base. Common on trunks
 ;

LEUCOSPOR^ 165

and stumps (sometimes on leaves), often in densely crowded

tufts.

M. rugosa {niga, a wrinkle — from the wrinkled pileus), an

equally common species, differs in its solitary habit, tougher
substance ;
short, thicker stem (seldom more than 2 in.),

grey and wrinkled, not striated, pileus.

gills,

M. polygramma (Gr. polus, many gramme, a stroke ;

— from
the longitudinally striate stem). Plate XLVI. 5.

P. i-if in., conico-campanulate; often becoming expanded

livid brown, paler when dry ; margin coarsely striate.
G. thick, distant, pale grey (often tinged with pink), then
whitish. S'. 3-4 in., equal, tough, shining; regularly striate
throughout its length ;
pale grey, with rooting strigose base.
Common on trunks and stumps in aiit. and early win.

Section VIII.— ADONIDE.E

M. pura (from its pure colour). Plate 3.

P. in., obtusely umbonate, glabrous ;
margin striate;
colour usually pale rose, also lilac, greyish, or pallid.
G. adnexed, broadly sinuate behind, connected by veins,
very broad pale, then reddish. S. 2-3 in., rigid, whitish, or
;

the colour of the pileus; base downy. A very common

species in woods, hedges, and fields. At once known by
the strong radishy smell and taste, and the broad gills con-
nected by veins. Gregarious. Sometimes attacked by the
mould Mucor macrocarpns.
—
M. lactea {lac, milk from the colour) is a small white
species of scattered habit. P. not exceeding 1 in., and
usually with a yellow tinge at the disc. Commonly seen in
fir woods in early aut.

Section IX. — CALODONTES

M. elegans {elcgans, neat) is, perhaps, the most frequent
representative of this section. P. in., brown or yellowish.
G. greyish, with darker saffron-colour margin. S. 2 in.,
1 66 HYMENOMYCETES
slender, livid, with downy base. A gregarious species,
frequent in pine woods. Very distinct in the saffron-
coloured margin of the gills.

COLLYBIA
(Gr. kollnhos, a small coin —from the frequently small
and regularly formed pileus)

C. radicata {radix, root —from the rooting stem), “Long-

rooted Agaric.” Plate XLVI. 3.
P. i|-4 in., glutinous, radiately wrinkled; colour variable,
olivaceous, ochreous - brown, etc. ;
rarely quite white.
G. adnexed, often with a decurrent tooth, rather thick,
distant, white. S. 4-8 in., very slender, twisted, paler than
the pileus, striately grooved (more or less), polished, some-
what hollow, ending in a deeply penetrating (sometimes
6-8 in.) fusiform root. Common during sum. and ant. in
woods, and under trees and hedges.
in fields
C. longipes {longus, long pes, a foot from the long stem),
;
—
a somewhat smaller species than the above, may be easily
distinguished by the dry velvety pileus and stem.
C. fusipes (fusus, a spindle pes, a foot from the spindle-
;
—
shaped stem), “Spindle-shank.” Plate XLVI. 7.
P. in., hemispherical, then expanded; glabrous, dry,
reddish-bay, becoming tan colour and more or less cracked
when old. G. adnexed at first, soon becoming free, broad,
distant, connected by veins, crisped ;
whitish, then pale
umber. “ They have a rather watery appearance, though
dry, like that of a piece of half-dry parchment.” S. 3-6 in.,

up to I in. thick, swollen in the centre and tapering to both

ends (spindle-shaped). Often twisted, grooved longi-
tudinally, reddish-brown ;
base rooting ; stuffed at first, then
hollow. Outer coat remarkably cartilaginous. Growing in
dense tufts on or near old stumps in woods, etc. Common
throughout sum. and ant.
 I' LA TE XL VI

\viirn';-si‘oKi;i) a(;,\k’ics (2) (i.kicostokai:)

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVI
WHITE-SPORED AGARICS (LEUCOSPOR.E)— II
Fig. I. — Mycena galericiilata.

Fig. 2. — Ditto section showing the adnate

: and hollow stem.
gills
Fig. 3. — Collybia racticata.

Fig. 4.
— Ditto: section showing the adnexed gills and hollow
rooting stem.
Fig. 5. — Mycena poJygramma .

Fig. 6. — Ditto: section of an unexpanded plant.

Fig. 7.
— Collybia young.
fitsipcs,

Fig. 8. — Ditto, mature.

Fig. 9. — Ditto, showing the hollow stem and broad gills.

Fig. 10.— Clitocybe flacci da .

Fig. II. — Ditto section showing the decurrent narrow

: gills.

Fig. 12. — Hygrophorus young and mature plants.

lirgincits,

Fig. 13. — Ditto: section showing the decurrent gills.

 LEUCOSPOR^ 167

C. lancipes {lancea^ a spear ;

pes, a foot — from the supposed
resemblance of a longitudinal section of the stem to a spear
blade) differs in its rigidity, solitary habit, and the radiately
wrinkled pileus.
maculata {macula, a spot from the foxy stains).
C. —
P. 2-5 in., margin thin, incurved at first, firm, fleshy,
white, then more or less blotched reddish-brown. G. emar-
ginate, almost free, closely crowded, narrow, white, then
pallid. S. 3-4 in., up to | in., thick, striated or channelled,
attenuated downwards and rooting, fibrous externally,
stuffed or hollow. The var. immaculatus has broader and
serrated gills, and does not become spotted. Common in
sum. and ant. in and about woods (chiefly pine) on sandy
soils.

C. butyracea {hutyrum, butter — the pileus being buttery to

the touch). Plate VII. 9.

P. 1^-3 in., somewhat hygrophanous, convex, then ex-

panded ;
umbonate, shining as if oiled ;
colour variable.
“Of a livid young livid-
ochre or dull green ;
when quite
brown the margin subrufescent, but a portion below the
;

umbo soon grows pale, so that the pileus appears of four

colours. The umbo is always dark, but sometimes the rest
of the pileus is pale rufescent or ochreous ;
margin occa-
sionally striate, flesh white, mottled with rufous ” (Berkeley).
G. slightly adnexed, free; white, never spotted nor stained.
S. 2-3 in., attenuated upwards, more than ^ in., thick and
downy below striated, reddish, stuffed or hollow carti-
; ;

laginous outside. Very common in fir woods, usually in

troops throughout the year in sheltered situations, also
occurring in mixed woods, by roadsides, etc.
C. velutipes (velhts, fleece ;
pes, a foot — from the velvety
stem), “Velvet Stem.” Plate I. i.

P. 1-3 in., smooth, slimy, bright yellow with darker disc,

often altogether fulvous. G. adnexed, broad, ochreous.
S. 2-4 in., usually incurved, velvety, rich dark brown, pale
i68 HYMENOMYCETES
above. Tufted, on trunks, logs, and win. Very etc., in aut.

frequent on dead gorse stems. Abundantly distinctive in

the viscid reddish-yellow pileus and beautiful velvety stem.
Remarkable in enduring extremes of temperature, being
one of the few agarics that flourish in win. It sometimes
springs from a golden byssoid mycelium.
C. conigena {conns, a cone; gigno, to bear from its habitat). —
Plate X. 14.
P. |-i in., glabrous, umbonate ;
often unequal and angular ;

yellowish brick-red, pale when dry. G. slightly adnexed,

then free, very crowded, pallid. 5 . 1-3 in., very slender,
tough, hollow ;
covered at first with a white powder, then the
colour of the pileus, ending in a very long, hairy, rooting
base. Common in pine woods, Sept, to Dec., amongst
leaves ;
often on cones ;
usually gregarious.
C. cirrhata {cirrus, a curl —from the twisted base of the
stem) differs chiefly in the adnate gills. It is usually smaller,
and occurs generally on blackened decaying agarics.
C. tuberosa (from the tuberous base of the stem). Plate
IV. 7.

P. up to I in., umbonate, almost glabrous, white.

G. adnate, crowded, unequal, white. 5 J-iJ in., white, .

rarely tinged with red. A tough, firm, gregarious species,

which may be found in similar situations as the preceding,
which it superficially resembles, but is easily known by the
glabrous base of the stem, and in springing from a smooth,
solid, yellowish-red sclerotium.
C. esculenta (from its edible qualities). Plate VII. 12.

P. .Y| convex, then plane, glabrous, even, sometimes

in.,

slightly striate when old, ochreous tan or brownish. F-

reddish. G. adnexed, seceding from the stem, very broad
lax, rather distant, whitish, or tinged tan colour. S. 1-2 in.^

very slender, tough, straight, somewhat hollow, even,

glabrous, yellowish-tan, ending in a long rooting base (up to
6 in.), which is usually glabrous, but downy when growing
 LEUCOSPOR.E i 6g

amongst leaves. Gregarious in woods and pastures in spr.

Common. Often growing on fir-cones. The N agelschwamme

of the Austrian markets.
C. tenacella (temx, tough— from its tough substance).
Plate X. lo.
P. in., orbicular, slightly umbonate, glabrous ;
brown
at first, then pale. F. thin, white. G. adnexed, emarginate,
broad, rather distant, usually pure white. S. 2-4 in., very
slender, equal, straight, glabrous, white, ending in a long
downy, rooting base. Common in woods, especially pine,
in spy. and aut. A tough little species, usually solitary, but
sometimes in troops.
C. macilenta {macies, leanness) may be at once recognised
by the yellow colour of the entire plant.
C. dryophila (Gr. drus, oak philos, loving). Plate VIII. i.
;

P. 1-3 in., convex, then plane margin incurved at first,

;

then expanded centre usually depressed colour variable,

; ;

reddish-bay to pale tan. G. almost free, but sometimes

appearing as if adnexed, crowded, narrow ;
white or very
pale flesh colour. S. 1-3 in., in. thick, yellowish or
reddish, cartilaginous, hollow. A fragile species, common
in spr. and aut. on the ground and on rotten stumps in
woods. Solitary or more or less gregarious. Poisonous.

MARASMIUS
(Gr. maraino, to shrivel or wither — from the habit, drying
up, not becoming putrid)
M. peronatus (pevo, a kind of boot — the stem being more
or less covered with strigose down). Plate VIII. 7.
P. 1-2I in., convex, then plane, obtuse; reddish-yellow,
then tan-colour. F. pliant and thin. G. adnexed, then free,
colour of the pileus ;
margin yellowish. S. 2-3 in., slender,
fibrous, whitish, densely covered, except at the apex,
with
170 HYMENOMYCETES
coarse yellow down. Taste very acrid. Very common
amongst leaves in woods in sum. and ant. Gregarious.
—
M. urens {uro^ to burn from its taste), a closely allied
species. Differs chiefly in the white down at the base of
the stem only. It bears a superficial resemblance to
Marasmins oreades.
M. oreades (Gr. oreias, a mountain nymph — from its
growing in fairy rings), “Fairy Ring Champignon.”
Plate IX. 3.
P. 1-2 in., hemispherical, then plano-convex, somewhat
umbonate ;
watery brown at first, then dry and tan
colour. G. free, distant, yellowish-white. S. i|-2 in.,

slender, solid, whitish, tough, fibrous, usually completely

covered with down, especially at the base. Very common
in pastures in sum. and aut. Edible.
M. ramealis (ramus, a branch — from its habitat).
Plate X. I.

P. less than J in., obtuse, wrinkled, not striate ;

white,
disc reddish. G. adnate, distant, white or reddish. 5 . not
exceeding in., very slender, white, base reddish. 71 /. ama-
delphus (Gr. an, together ;
adelphos, a brother — from its close
relationship to the preceding) differs in the reddish-yellow
pileus with striate margin. M. Candidas (candidus, shining
white) is thinner and entirely white. These are three little

species occurring gregariously on decaying twigs, especi-

allybramble and hazel, in ant. M. ramealis is by far the
commonest.
M. androsaceus (the derivation of this word is uncertain).
Plate X. 9.
P. up to ^ in., dry, membranaceous, striate, pale rufous.
G. adnate, distinct, distant, pallid. S. 1-2J in., entirely
black, shining, very thin, almost thread-like, tough, horny,
twisted and striate when dry. Common on leaves and
twigs throughout the year. Gregarious. Especially
abundant in fir plantations.
 LEUCOSPOR^ 171

M. rotula {rota, wheel— from the resemblance of the

a
pileus to a little wheel when viewed from below), “ Little
Wheel.” Plate XXXV. 8.

It is a small species with shining black stem, common on

fallen twigs, and is abundantly distinct in having the broad
distant gills joined behind to a collar which is quite free
from the stem. It is entirely whitish, with plicate pileus.
There is usually a cord-like mycelium present.
—
M. graminum {gramen, grass from the habitat) is also
provided with a collar, but may be distinguished by the
pale-red sulcate pileus, and in growing on grass. Un-
common.
M. Hudson! (after William Hudson, author of “ Flora
Anglica ”). Plate X. 7.

P. very minute, only 1-2 lines across, very thin, brownish,

covered with long spreading purplish hairs. G. adnexed,
white. 5 . in., slender, colour of the pileus, and, like it,

adorned with long purplish hairs. On fallen holly leaves

sum. and ant. Frequent in England, rare in Scotland.
M. epiphyllus (Gr. epi, upon phullon, a leaf from the
;
—
habitat). Plate X. 6.

P. up to ^ in., plane, then umbilicate, wrinkled, very

thin, milk-white. G. adnate, few, veined, white. S. 1-2 in.,
very slender, horny, brown or blackish, apex pale, minutely
velvety. A common autumnal species. Gregarious on
fallen leaves, twigs, etc.

TRICHOLOMA
(Gr. tJirix, a hair ;
lorna, a fringe — from the hairy or silky
covering of the pileus, well seen in young specimens)

The chief characteristics of this genus are the sinuate

gills and the symmetrical," never truly umbilicate, pileus.
Collybia differs in the externally cartilaginous, not fibrous,
stem. In Clitocybe the gills are never sinuate, but gradually
172 HYMENOMYCETES
narrow behind. Certain species of Pleurotus somewhat
resemble it, but differ in growing on wood. All the species
are fleshy and robust, terrestrial, and for the most part
autumnal. They are usually classified in two series, com-
prising seven sections, as follows :

Series A. — Pileus viscid, scaly, or downy

Section I, — Limacina
Pileus viscid in wet weather ; downy or somewhat scaly (not torn
into scales) ;
not hygrophanous.

Section II. — Genuina

Pileus not viscid ; torn into scales or fibrillose.

Section III. — Rigida

Pellicle of the pileus rigid, granular, or broken up into glabrous
fragments when dry.
Section IV. — Sericella
Pileus silky at first, soon becoming glabrous; quite dry.

Series B. — Pileus even, glabrous, neither downy, scaly,

NOR VISCID
Section V.— Guttata
Pileus fleshy, soft, fragile, with drop-like spots ;
stem solid.

Section VI. — Spongiosa

Pileus compact, then spongy, obtuse, even, glabrous ;
not hygro-
phanous.
Section VII. — Hygrophana
Pileus thin, subumbonate, hygrophanous.

Section I. — LIMACINA
T. resplendens (from its bright shining appearance).
P. 2-4 in., silvery, shining white, sometimes with yellow-
ish, silky disc. G. almost free at first, then very emarginate.
S. 2-3 in., stout, equal or bulbous, dry. Frequent in beech
and other woods in mit. Gregarious, clear white, resemb-
ling Hygyophorus ehurncus in habit.
 ;

LEUCOSPOR^ 173

T. flavobninneum (Jlavus, light yellow ;

hvunneus, brown).
P. 3-6 in., with thick, clear yellow flesh, reddish-brown,
usually with darker disc, innately minutely silky. G. crowded,
pale yellow, becoming brown with age and when touched.
5. 3-5 in., stout, reddish-brown, generally narrowed at each
end, hollow. Frequent in deciduous woods, gregarious,
often tufted. Smell strong, resembling that of new meal.
T. albobrunneum (alhus, white ;
hvunneus, brown), of
frequent occurrence in fir woods. Differs from the preced-
ing in the absence of smell, and persistently white flesh.

Section II.— GENUINA

T. rutilans {vutilo, to be reddish). Plate VII. 7.

P. 3-6 in., with thick, deep-yellow margin at firstflesh,

incurved, covered with purplish or reddish-brown down at
first; often umbonate. At maturity the cuticle is broken up
into small scales, yellow, variegated with purple. G. yellow,
broadly adnexed, edge deep yellow. 5 . 2-3 in., stout, imper-
fectly hollow, yellow, more or less variegated with purplish
scales. A very showy and common inhabitant of pine woods.
T. terreum {terra, the earth — from its earthy colour).
Plate VIII. 9.
P. 2-3 in., dark bluish-grey, sometimes brownish, with
innate, downy scales. G. cut out behind and adnexed
margin crenulate. S. 1-3 in., stout, whitish. Common
in fir and beech woods. Solitary or tufted. The var.
oriruhens has the edge of the gills, also the stem, reddish or
rose colour, and smells like new meal.

Section III.— RIGIDA

T. saponaceum (from its soapy odour).

P. 2-4 in., dry, glabrous, livid brown or tinged olive,
cracked into scales at maturity. F. reddish when broken.
G. distant, white, then tinged greenish. S. 2-4 in., whitish.
 174 HYMENOMYCETES
solid. Common in woods. A firm, compact species, with
a peculiar strong soapy smell.
T. virgatum {virga^ a stripe — from the streaked pileus).
P. 2-3 in., somewhat umbonate, greyish, streaked with
minute black lines ; always very dry. F. greyish-white.
G. broadly emarginate, greyish. S. 2-3J in., stout, whitish
inside and outside. Usually solitary. Common in pine
and other woods.

Section IV.— SERICELLA

T. sulphureum (from its sulphur colour). Plate XLIV. i.

P. 1-3 in. G. distant. 5 . 2-4 in. Gregarious. Common

in woods and hedgebanks Abundantly
in late sum. and aut.
distinctive in the sulphur-yellow colour of every part and
the strong smell of gas-tar. Very young plants have a
somewhat mealy smell.
T. inamsenum {inamcBnuSy unpleasant) smells even stronger
than the preceding. Frequent in pine woods. Our only
white Tricholoma with a strong smell.
T. lascivum {lascivus, playful, wanton from its many —
affinities), a frequent inhabitant of mixed woods is allied ;

to both the preceding, but differs in the crowded gills and

the tan-colour pileus, which becomes pale at maturity.

Section V.- GUTTATA

—
gambosum {gamba, a hoof from the hoof-like pileus),
T.
“St. George Mushroom.” Plate IX. 13.
P. 3-5 in., margin, incurved and downy at first, pallid
tan, becoming cracked. F. thick, soft, white. G. emargi-
nate, sinuate, and decurrent when old crowded, white. ;

S. 2-2| in., up to I in. thick, equal, white, solid. In

pastures in spy. and sum., often growing in large circles.
Smell pleasant, like new meal. Frequent. Edible. Much
esteemed in France. Worthington Smith says it is fit for

any saint in the calendar.

 LEUCOSPORi^: 175

Section VI.— SPONGIOSA

T. album {alhus, white).

Whole plant ivory white, with weak smell and bitter

taste.

P. 3-4 in., fleshy, very dry, disc sometimes yellowish.

G. emarginate, crowded, persistently, white. 5 3 in., .

stout, attenuated upwards, elastic, solid. Frequent in

woods in auf. Sometimes very slender.
T. personatum [persona, a mask —
from its mask, the downy
margin of the pileus and the scaly stem, as contrasted with
its ally, T. nudum).
P. 2-4 margin at first incurved and downy, slightly
in.,

projecting beyond the gills yellowish tan colour or greyish-

;

lilac. G. rounded behind, almost free, crowded, violet at

first, then dingy. S. 2-3 in., f in. thick, rather bulbous,
downy, solid, colour of the pileus or tinged violet. In
pastures and woods and aut., often in large rings.
in sum.
Smell pleasant, recalling that of Marasmius oveades. At one
time sold in the market at Covent Garden under the name
of “ Blewitts.”
T. nudum (from the naked edge of the pileus and the
smooth stem) is more slender than the preceding. F. very
thin, except at the disc. Whole plant beautiful violet
colour at first, becoming rufescent, the gills darker. Margin
persistently incurved and not downy. Smell, acid.

Section VII.— HYGROPHANA

T. grammopodium (Gr. gramme, a line ;

pous, a foot — from
the striate stem).
P. 3-6 in., margin brownish at first, whitish when
thin,
dry, soft, fragile, obtusely umbonate.
G. closely crowded,
white, adnate upon the expansion of the pileus. S. 3-4 in.,
2 inch thick, distinctly grooved longitudinally, whitish,
solid, elastic. Often growing in rings in pastures and
176 hymenomycet.es
grassy woods in sum. and ant. A large, umbonate
lax,
species, abundantly distinctive in the grooved stem and
crowded gills.

ARMILLARIA
(Aymilla, a ring — from the ringed stem)
A. nrellea (mel, honey — from the honey-coloured pileus),
“ Honey Agaric.” Plate XIII. i.

P. 2-5 in., often dark or covered with olive down when

young, becoming paler, usually honey colour, sprinkled with
small blackish-brown scales margin striate. G. adnate,
;

then more or less decurrent, rather distant, white at first,

then brownish powdered at maturity with the copious
;

white spores. 5 . 3-5 in., robust, more or less grooved,

dingy ochreous ;
base often covered with yellowish down,
stuffed, then hollow. R. large, tumid. One of the com-
monest autumnal fungi, growing in dense tufts at the
of our
base of stumps and living trees. Sometimes solitary. Smell
strong, unpleasant. A remarkably variable species. Greville
wrote of it “ There is scarcely a plant more apt to assume
:

different aspects under different conditions than the present

one, and yet, to an experienced eye, there is always a
peculiarity about it, not easily expressed in words, which
is sufficient to distinguish it.”

A. mucida (from the slimy pileus), “Slimy Beech Agaric.”

Plate XIII. 3.
P. 1^-3 in., obtuse, often wrinkled, very glutinous,
usually shining white, but sometimes olive-brown or even
sooty. F. very thin, almost diaphanous. G. broadly ad-
nexed, distant, white. S. 1J-4 in., slender, ascending,
glabrous, white, often with blackish scales at the base.
R. near the apex of the stem, large, white. Solitary or
caespitose. Frequent on beech. Typical specimens are
easily distinguished by the shining white of every part, the

glutinous pileus, and ample ring.

 LEUCOSPORiE 177

LEPIOTA
(Gr. lepis^ a scale — from the scaly pileus and stem)
L. procera (pyocera, tall), “ Parasol.” Plate XV. i.

P. 4-9 in., cylindrically ovate at first, expanded at

maturity, with a broad and prominent umbo ;
cuticle brown,
broken up into broad flat scales, their interstices whitish.
F. rather thick, tough, always white. G. quite free from
the stem, crowded, whitish. 5 . 5-8 in., ^ in. thick, hollow,
swollen below, firm, somewhat cartilaginous, blotched with
brown scales, inserted into the flesh of the pileus as into
a socket, from which it may be detached and replaced.
R. large, persistent, at maturity becoming free and slipping
down the stem. Common in stem, and aut. in open pastures,
etc. ;
usually in troops or in rings. Smell, pleasant. It

makes good ketchup.

L. rachodes (Gr. rakos, a ragged garment — from the ragged
pileus) differs from the above in the perfectly even, not at all
scaly, stem, and the thicker white flesh of the pileus, which
becomes tinged red when broken. Chiefly under firs.
L. Friesii (after Elias Fries) differs from L. pvoceva in the
fixed ring and smaller tomentose scales of the pileus.
L. prominens (from the prominent umbo) is very distinct
in the remarkably prominent umbo and abruptly bulbous

stem.
Badhami (after C. D. Badham) occurs usually under
L.
yews and in hedges distinctive in the saffron-red flesh
;

when bruised. P. minutely scaly.

L.emplastrum (from the plaster-like scales) also becomes
red when bruised, but differs from L. Badhami in the
glabrous pileus becoming broken up into large irregular
persistent patches.
L. cristata (from the scaly - crested pileus). Plate
XXXVI. I.

12
178 HYMENOMYCETES
P. f-ij in., cuticle continuous at first, becoming broken
up into reddish-brown scales, usually arranged in a con-
centric manner ;
ground colour, whitish, and minutely silky. i

G. free, then remote, pallid. S. 2-2J in., smooth, whitish, i

or tinged brown. R. distant, soon falling away. common A |

autumnal species in fields, lawns, and gardens ;

of scattered
habit, with strong smell and taste.
L. clypeolaria [clypeust a shield — from the shape of the
pileus) may be known from the above by the scaly stem,
gills very close to the stem, and the very weak smell.
Uncommon.
L. granulosa (from the granular pileus).
P. |-i in., obtusely umbonate, scurfy, brownish or nearly
white ;
margin often fringed with the remains of the veil.

F. reddish. G. slightly adnexed, crowded, broad, white.

S. 1-2J in., equal, smooth, pale, stuffed, then hollow. A
somewhat gregarious species ;
very common in sum. and aut.
in woods and on heaths.
L. carcharias (Gr. harcharias — from a fancied resemblance
in the granules of the pileus to the teeth of a dog-fish), of
frequent occurrence under firs, may be known from the
preceding by the strong smell and bitter taste.
amianthina (Gr. amiantos, undefiled
L. from — its pure
colour) differs from L. granulosa in the adnate gills and
yellow flesh, especially of the stem. An uncommon
species.

AMANITOPSIS
(From its relationship to Amanita)

A. vaginata {vagina, a sheath — from the volva). Plate

XXXVI. 3.

P. 2-5 in., rarely with fragments of the volva attached,

shining when dry, margin membranaceous and coarsely
striate, colour variable. G. free, not much crowded, white
 2

LEUCOSPOR^ 179

or pallid. S. 4-5 in., upwards, soft,

slender, attenuated
fragile, more or less hollow; the surface broken up into

squamules white. V. free from the stem, except at the

;

base, sheathing, fragile, almost completely buried in the

ground, brownish. Very common amongst grass in woods
and by roadsides, etc., from June to Nov. Usually solitary.
Persoon divided vaginata into two distinct species the :

grey form {livida), and the brown one {spadicea). One

appears earlier in the season than the other. Dr. Plow-
right remarks (Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans.., vol. i., p. 40) that,
in addition to the above differences, “ in the reddish-brown
form [spadicea) there is a second volva inside the outer ;
in

the grey form [livida) there are folds or wrinkles of con-

siderable size in the inner surface of the volva.” There is

also a pure white form, Greville’s Agarictis nivalis.

AMANITA
(Galen’s name for certain fungi)

A. mappa [mappa, a napkin — from the appearance of the

volva). Plate XXXVI. 5.

P. 2-3 in., dry, usually white or yellowish, with broad

irregular scales. G. adnexed, crowded, narrow, clear white.
S. 2-3 in., white. R. superior, lax, usually torn. V. split-
ting regularly ;
base globosely bulbous ;
margin acute and
distinct. A strong-smelling, very poisonous species frequent
in woods in ant.
A. phalloides (from the volva, as in the Phalloidaceae),
“ Death-cup ” or “ Destroying Angel.” Plate XVI. 8.
P. 3-4 in., viscid when moist, but not truly glutinous;
sometimes with fragment of the volva adhering to the
shining greenish-yellow or olive surface. F. thick, white.
G. free, numerous, unequal, pure white. S. 3-5 in., up to
f in, thick, almost glabrous, white, bulbous, solid at the
12 —
 i8o HYMENOMYCETES
base, slightly attenuated upwards and hollow. R. large,
reflexed, slightly striate, entire, white. V. more or less
buried in the ground, bulbous, nearly free, with torn, lax
margin. A very common species in woods, appearing in
early spr., and continuing till the arrival of the frosts of
late aut. The smell is unpleasant, but not strong until
the plant has attained maturity. This is the species
so frequently mistaken for the edible mushroom, always
with fatal results. The two species are not at all alike at

maturity, but in the young state A manita phalloides might be |

mistaken for a “button” mushroom. It usually occurs in

|

woods, but I have frequently seen it near trees and hedges

j

in fields, growing in close proximity to Agaricus cavipestris, f

One of the most deadly of fungi contains the poison known (

Q.S phalline (see note on p. 36). !

—
A. muscaria (musca, a fly from its former use as a fly (

poison), “ Fly Agaric.”

j

P. 4-8 in., margin striate, usually deep scarlet (sometimes t

orange, lemon-yellow, or brownish), adorned with white or |

yellowish warts, the remains of the volva. The warts are fe

frequently washed off in wet weather. G. approaching the

J::

stem, and forming decurrent lines down it, numerous, white jij

or tinged yellow. S. 4-7 in., up to i in thick, ovately )1

bulbous below, stuffed, then hollow, whitish. R. lax, d

ample, white. V. adnate, broken up into concentric scales, b

Common woods of
in birch and fir from July to Nov Ad
Gregarious. Very poisonous; contains amanitine. Veryl'
handsome, probably receiving more admiration than anyii
other species of our native agarics. !

A. nibescens (from the flesh becoming reddish when!.,

broken), “ The Blusher.” Plate XLIV. 7. 1

P. 3-5 reddish-brown or tan colour, sprinkled withp

in.,

small adnate warts, which are often washed off in very wet^
weather. F. thick, white, becoming reddish when broken. pi

G. narrowed behind and touching the stem, passing downi

 ASCOMYCETES i8i

it in decurrent lines. 5 . up to i in. thick at the base,

3 in.,
attenuated upwards, stuffed, more or less scaly, whitish, then
stained red, flesh red with age or when bruised. R. large
entire, striate, drooping. V. almost absent ;
the bulbous base
of thestem is more or less concentrically grooved. A
common woodland species in sum. and auf. Variable, but
very distinctive in the red colour of the flesh when bruised.
A. spissa {spissus, crowded —from the small, crowded
warts) comes near to the above, but the flesh is persistently
white ;
the pileus umber, grey or sooty.
A. nitida {nitidus, shining —from the shining pileus) may
be easily recognised by the shining, whitish pileus, carrying
large, thick, brownish, angular warts.

Order ASCOMYCETES
It is quite impossible to consider in detail the numerous
families and genera comprised in this Order. The majority
of species are small, and cannot be accurately determined
without the aid of the microscope. Some of the most
conspicuous and (chiefly) common species are delineated on
Plates XLVII. and XLVIII. The following notes for the
most part concern these.

Sub-order DISCOMYCETES
(See p. 14)

Peziza (Lachnea) hemispherica, “ Hairy Blue Elf-cup.”

Plate XVI. 2.
Asc. Tf in., stalkless globose at first at maturity plane,
; ;

or almost so the margin slightly raised or turned back,

;

sometimes wavy. Exterior dingy brown, covered with long

spreading brown hairs, arranged in small
clusters. Disc
bluish-white. Frequent in hedges and shady places in aiit.,
scattered or gregarious, superficial
or more or
less buried in
the soil. Easily recognised by the bluish-white disc.
i82 ascomycetes
Peziza (Geopyxis) coccinea, “ Scarlet Elf-cup.” Plate
XVIII. 4.
A sc. in., stalked ;
closed at first, forming a very
shallow cup at maturity. Exterior whitish or reddish, deli-
cately hairy. S. whitish, tomentose, of variable length.
Disc a beautiful deep carmine or rose-red. On rotten
trunks in mm. and early spr., frequent. Sold Somerset in
and Yorkshire with moss for decorative purposes. There is
a var. aldida with cream-coloured disc.
Peziza vesiculosa, “ Bladder Elf-cup.” Plate XLVII. 9.
A sc. 1^-3 J in., usually sessile; sometimes narrowed into an
elongated stem-like base margin more or less incurved and
;

notched. Exterior brownish and coarsely granular. Disc

pale brown. Substance brittle. Common on rich soil,

rotten leaves, etc., in smu. and aut. clustered, often dis-

torted from mutual pressure.
Peziza bufonia, “ Toad-like Elf-cup ” (f-i J in.), which
frequents rubbish-heaps and damp places, differs from the
preceding in the dark-brown disc and warted exterior.
Peziza venosa, “ Scented Elf-cup.” Plate XLVIII. 5.
A sc. 1-2 in., sessile, or with a short, stout, stem-like base;
margin incurved more or less split, lobed and waved
at first,
at maturity. Exterior whitish and minutely granular. Disc
umber-brown, marked with anastomosing ribs radiating
from the base. Terrestrial, appearing in spy. Easily known
by the strong nitrous smell.
Peziza badia, “ Common Brown Elf- cup.” Plate
XLVII. 5.
A sc. 1-2 in., narrowed into a very short, stout,
sessile or
stem-like base often more or less lacunose globose, then
; ;

cup-shaped, with even margin cup often wavy. Exterior

;

pale brown, often with a purplish tinge, minutely granular.

Disc dark brown. Common on the ground amongst grass
by roadsides, and on moors and heaths, sum. and aut. Gre-
garious or tufted.

V
 PLATE XLVll

Hs
1 ;

V
V

H
i

M
1-1 '-'1

^
\
Y
\
V
4
*

'
^ 'UilSBnDSA^

SOME FAMILIAR ASCOMYCETES

 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVII
SOME FAMILIAR ASCOMYCETES
Fig. I. — Bulgaria polymorpha : plants in various stages of growth.
Fig. 2. Cordyceps militaris growing on the pupa of a moth.
Fig. 3. Helvetia crispa.
Fig. 4. Xylaria hypoxy Ion.
Fig. 5. Peziza badia. (One-quarter natural size.)
Fig. 6. —Peziza (Otidea) onotica.

Fig. 7. Peziza {Otidea) aurantia.

Fig. 8. Peziza {Otidea) leporina.
Fig. 9. Peziza vesiculosa, young and mature.
Fig. 10. Daldinia concentrica : plants of various ages.
Fig. II. — Ditto : section showing the concentrically zoned interior.
 ASCOMYCETES 183

(Otidea) leporina, “ Bat’s-ear Elf-cup.” Plate

Peziza
XLVII. 8.
A sc. |-3 in., high and broad ;
divided to the base on one
side, with a short stem-like base margin usually involute.;

Exterior pale ochre, disc darker “ throughout of a sober tan

;

colour, resembling common wash-leather used for cleaning

plate.” Gregarious in auL amongst leaves and moss in woods.
Peziza (Otidea) onotica, “ Hare’s-ear Elf-cup.” Plate
XLVII. 6.

Asc. 1-3I in. high, up to 2 in. diam. ;

usually elongated
ear-shaped, but sometimes almost equal and entire nar- ;

rowed into a wrinkled stem-like base. Exterior pale tawny

orange. Disc pale orange, with a rosy tinge. Amongst
leaves in woods in sum. and aui. Uncommon.
Peziza (Otidea) aurantia, “Orange-peel Elf-cup.” Plate
XLVII. 7.

Asc. 1-3 in. ;

usually tufted and irregular, with split and
raised margin specimens circular and even. Ex-
;
solitary
terior pale orange, downy. Disc bright orange or orange-
red, sometimes much paler. Thin and brittle, usually
spread on the ground at maturity. Frequent in aut
flat

It is common around Haslemere on newly-made roads

of local sandstone, appearing the aut. after the road is

made, persisting for two, three, or rarely four years, and
then completely disappearing. I have never observed it in
any of the numerous sandstone quarries in the district.
Peziza (Acetabula) vulgaris, “The Chalice.” Plate XVI. 4.
Asc. 1-2 in., with a distinct, stout, imperfectly hollow
stem, covered with raised ribs. Mouth somewhat con-
tracted. Exterior pale umber ;
minutely scurfy, with
branching veins. Disc dark umber-brown. A tough, soli-
tary species, appearing in spr. in shady places. Easily
recognised by the fluted stem and veined outside. A mould,
Hypomyces cervinus, sometimes attacks the disc, causing it to
appear as if dusted with brown powder.
184 ASCOMYCETES
Helvella crispa, “ Common Helvel.” Plate XLVII. 3.
A sc. 1^-2^ in. in diam. ;
margin wavy, adhering to the
sides of the stem at first, but soon becoming quite free ;

fragile; glabrous, with a semi-transparent appearance;

colour variable —entirely whitish, flesh colour, yellowish or
tawny. 5 . narrowed upwards, with many ribs
2J-4 in., stout,

enclosing elongated pits, hollow pure white at first, then ;

yellowish. Gregarious, autumnal, in hedges and under trees.

Helvella lacunosa, “ Mitred Helvel.” Plate XLVII I. 9.
A sc.
J-2J in. high, consisting of irregular, drooping, dark-
grey or blackish-grey lobes, attached to the stem by the
under surface. 5
f-3 in., thick, variously ribbed and pitted,
.

pallid. Solitary or gregarious, frequent in woods in s/>r.

and aut Variable, but easily known by the dark-grey,
irregularly inflated pileus.
Verpa digitaliformis, “ Thimble-finger.” Plate XLVIII. 2.

A sc.
about f in. high, olivaceous umber, dark at the apex,
thimble-shaped closely pressed to the stem like a thimble
;

on a finger, but always free from it. 5 .

3 in., ^ in. thick or
more, slightly attenuated downwards, and ornamented with
minute scales. On banks in shrubberies and hedges in spy.

Uncommon.
Leotia lubrica, “ Lizard-tuft.” Plate V. 3.

A sc. about f in., irregularly hemispherical, somewhat

gelatinous, wavy, with obtuse margin, yellowish olive-green.
S. 1^-2^ in., nearly equal or inflated below, hollow at
maturity; yellowish, covered with minute white granules.
Terrestrial, in woods in sum. and auL Gregarious or in

small clusters.
Leotia chlorocephala may be easily known by the long,
often twisted, green stem.
Mitrophora semilebra, “ Tall Morel.” Plate V. 3.

Asc. conical, f-i in. high, and almost as much in diam. at

the base. Free from the stem about half-way up, and
covered with pronounced, more or less longitudinal ribs,
 — . .

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLVIII

SOME SPRING ASCOMYCETES
Fig . I .
M itrula pltalloides
Fig. 2. — Veypa digitaliformis.
Fig. 3. — Ditto, section.
Fig. 4. Peziza {Geopyxis) coccinca.
Fig. 5. — Peziza venosa.
Fig. 6. Mitrophora semilebra.
Fig. 7.— Ditto, section.
Fig. Morchella esculenta.
8.

Fig. g. Morchella lacunosa.

Fig. 10. —
Ditto, section.
Fig . II, — Gyromitra esculenta
Fig. 12. — Ditto, section.
 :

PLATE XLVlll
 ASCOMYCETES 185

which form elongated pits by forking yellowish or dingy- ;

tawny olive, edges of ribs often darker. 5 i^-3| in., stout, .

whitish or pallid, hollow. In woods in spv. Uncommon.

Mitrophora gigas differs from the above in being about
twice the size, with a very stout stem more or less grooved,
and sprinkled with minute rusty scales. A rare vernal
species, growing in sandy places.
Morchella esculenta, “Common Morel.” PlateXLVIII. 8.

Asc. globose, in. high and broad, adnate to the stem

at the base, hollow ;
covered with stout, irregular ribs,
forming polygonal pits colour variable dingy yellow, buff,
;
—
or tawny. 5 in., stout, hollow, almost even, whitish.
.

Gregarious. Frequent under elms on calcareous soils in

spy. and early sum. Edible. The mould, Hypomyces cerviniis,
sometimes attacks the pileus, causing it to appear as if
dusted with snuff.
M. crassipes is much larger (sometimes a foot high
and 7 in. diam.), the stem always much longer than the
pileus.
M. elata, a fir-wood species, has deep, thin which
ribs,
run in a parallel manner from the base to the apex of
the pileus stem always furfuraceous. M. conica
: is closely
allied to it, but the stem is never scaly.
Gyromitra esculenta, “ Torch el.” Plate XL VII I. ii.
Asc. subglobose, somewhat depressed, i^-2| in. diam., from
1-2 in. high, irregularly hollow, wavy, wrinkled, joined here
and there to the stem, brown.
1I-2J in., stout, more or 5 .

less lacunose; stuffed, then hollow; whitish. Terrestrial

in spy., in sandy fir woods. Rare.
G. gigas is of larger size and paler colour. G. Phil-
lipsii,found by Phillips in a field at Sherborne, in Ox-
fordshire, is worthy of note here on account of its size.
The pilei varied from 3 in. to 3 ft. in circumference, and
somewhat resembled Sparassis crispa. Gyromita includes
some of the largest of the Discomycetes. It differs from
1 86 ASCOMYCETES
Helvella in the pileus not being free from the stem at the
base. Edible. All the species are very rare.
Mitrula phalloides. PlateXLVIII. i.

Asc. in. broad, often in. high, soft, fragile, becoming

hollow, more or less globose or club-shaped ;
large specimens
are often compressed ;
yellowish orange, adnate to the stem.
S. in., slender, white or tinged with pink or yellow, ,

becoming hollow. The lower margin of the head is sharp

and distinct, usually with two notches. Gregarious or
clustered on decaying, half-submerged leaves in ditches and
on sphagnum Vernal.
in bogs. Uncommon. i

Geoglossiim glutinosum, “ Adder’s tongue.” Plate V. 5.

Asc. ii'2| in. high, oblong-lanceolate, the hymenial part I

about one-third of the entire length, slightly viscid, more or |

less compressed, passing imperceptibly into the sticky, J

brownish-black stem. G. hirsiitnm differs in the minutely ||

hairy asc. and stem. All the British species are black. H
Gregarious, amongst grass in fields and lawns in aut. vl

Bulgaria polymorpha (
= inquinans). Plate XLVII. i.
|

Rusty brown, scurfy, globose at first, becoming plane ; |

black and shining at maturity. The familiar black, tough,

|
rubber-like bodies, in. diam., frequent on dead trunks.
|
U locolla foliacea (Plate XXVI. 5) is said to be the conidial i

form of this species.

|

Cordycepsmilitaris, “Caterpillar Fungus.” PlateXLVII. 2.

Club-shaped, tuberculated, about i in. high, bright scarlet, p

appearing above the ground, and superficially resembling |l

a Clavaria. Careful examination of the soil always reveals S

the pupa or larva on which it grows. Sometimes two or i

three sporophores spring from one insect. Frequent in aut. Ij

C. entomorrhiza, with a brown head, is an uncommon t

species.
C. ophioglossoides (Plate XVI. 7)— head brownish-black,
flesh yellow — is parasitic on Elaphomyces variegatus in pine-

woods uncommon. Cordyceps capitata

;
— ovate head and yellow r|
 ASCOMYCETES 187

stem — a rare species, parasitic on Elaphomyces granulatus.

is

A New Zealand species, Cordyceps Robevtsii, popularly known

as the “ Vegetable Caterpillar,” is a familiar museum object.

The club varies from 4 to 8 inches in length. C. sinensis is

sold in bundles as an article of food in the markets of
China.

Sub order PYRENOMYCETES

(See p. 14)

Xylaria hypoxylon, “ Candle-snufl Fungus.” Plate

XLVII. 4.
Black and white at first, entirely black when old.

Shaped like a Clavaria, 1-2 in. high, simple or branched,

compressed, corky. Very common on old stumps, appear-
ing for many successive years. X. polymovpha is a large,
thick, simple, club-shaped species, not uncommon on old
beech stumps. Gregarious. Whitish at first, then black.
Hypoxylon concentricum. Plate XLVII. 10.

A sc. subglobose, i-i^ in. diam., brownish at first, then

black. Easily recognised by the concentrically-zoned flesh.
Common on old ash-trunks. //. coccineum is equally common
on beech. Asc. shape and size of a pea. Gregarious.
Often confluent, brownish-red outside, black within.

THE TRUE TRUFFLES (TUBERACE.E)

These comprise a very distinctive family of the Pyreno-
mycetes.
There are purposely depicted together on Plate XVII.
some truffles and false truffles, representatives of the
Ascomycetes and Gasteroniycetes, to show the remarkable
superficial resemblances which are sometimes seen in families
belonging to different Orders when living under similar
conditions.
All are more or less globose, more or less subterranean,
 i88 ASCOMYCETES
and strong-smelling at maturity, and many species in both
families exhibit a remarkable predilection for the vicinity of
certain trees.
According to present knowledge, truffles are mostly
European. It is, however, highly probable that they will
eventually be found in all parts of the world. Quite
recently many species have been recorded from Tasmania.
In England they occur only on limestone and de-
soils,

crease in number northwards, being most abundant on the

chalk of the South-W estern counties. There are about thirty
British species, the majority uncommon or rare.
The smell of a truffle is strong enough to indicate its

presence to dogs and pigs, and these animals are trained to

seek them. The pig (generally a sow) is preferred in
France. She scents the truffle at a distance of 20 feet,

moving rapidly to the spot, and digging for them with her
snout. She is stopped by her owner from obtaining them,
and rewarded wdth an acorn or dry chestnut. In this
country a dog is employed in the quest, a small white or
black-and-white poodle, said to possess the homing faculty
of a pigeon.
Mr. Alfred Collins, a well-known Wiltshire truffler, writes
me that his dogs “ in working would pass over the young
truffles as if they were stones, as there is nothing whatever

to attract their attention, there being no scent until the

truffle begins to ripen, when it becomes very strong. In
extreme cases our dogs have been known to scent a truffle
from 60 to 80 yards distance. Of course, that would need
the wind right. In such cases the dog takes a direct
line for the truffle, which is usually about 2 in. below
the surface.” Mr. Collins recollects but one occasion in
which he found truffles with his dogs “ outside ” of the
middle of Sept, and the middle of Feh.
Berkeley observed “ Like most articles of food which
:

are not in general use, a taste for truffles is an acquired one.

 ;

ASCOMYCETES 189

but those who are once accustomed to their flavour are

mostly enthusiastic in their praise. Some persons, however,
turn from them with disgust, declaring that they resemble
nothing so much
as an old shoe-sole stewed.”
Tuber aestivum, “ Edible British Truffle.” Plate XVII. i.

Black with polygonal warts, section yellowish- brown,

mottled with white. Occurring about 3 in. below the soil
in plantations chiefly of oak and beech on calcareous and

argillaceous soils. Usually the size of a green walnut, but

specimens have been taken which turned the scale at 4 lb.
Gregarious, occurring with other species. Scentless when
young, smell strong and potent when mature. Much eaten
by squirrels and other mammals also by insects, chiefly
;

beetles. Berkeley records nine British species of Tuber.

Asci of T. rufum are delineated on Plate XVII.
Choiromyces meandriformis, “ White Truffle.” Plate
XVII. 4.
Colour, appearance, and size of an ordinary potato
section marbled withbrown and white veins white when ;

young. Sometimes very large. I have taken specimens in

Dorset more than 5 in. diam. Gregarious. Chiefly under
oaks in hilly districts. Usually half buried in stiff soil.
Scentless at first, fetid at maturity.
Elaphomyces variegatus. Plate XVII. 7.
About the size and shape of a green walnut, occurring
2 in. below the ground in sandy fir woods. Its presence
is usually betrayed by the head of its parasite, Cordyceps

ophioglossoides, appearing above the ground. Elaphomyces

granulatus, a rare species, occurring in similar situations, is
attacked by Cordyceps capitata (see p. 186).
In addition to the above, nine other genera of truffles are
briefly described by Berkeley in “ Outlines of British
Fungology.” The majority of the species are either un-
common or rare.
 APPENDIX
CONCERNING SPORES

From observations by Professor Reginald Buller* on the

production, liberation, and dispersion of the spores of
Hymenomycetes, it would appear that the paraphyses are
useful as spacial agents, preventing the adhesive spores of
adjacent basidia from coming into contact during develop-
ment and discharge.
Large fungi liberate an enormous number of spores,
amounting to thousands of millions. A specimen of Agavi-
produced approximately 1,800,000,000 spores,
cus canipestris
and one of Coprinus comatus 5,240,000,000. From a com-
putation based on the average length of some spores of the
latter it was found that the spores would, if placed end to
end, stretch through a distance of forty-one miles !

Numerous as are the spores of Coprinus comatus, they pale

into insignificance compared with those produced by Cal-
vatia gigantea {Lycoperdon bovista, Linn.), the Giant Puffball.
A large dry specimen of this fungus, collected by Dr.
Wright Wilson and given to the University of Birmingham,
was calculated to have “ produced about 7,000,000,000,000
spores, or as many as would be liberated by about 4,000
good-sized mushrooms. Probably a large Giant Puffball
which, it is said, may sometimes almost attain the dimen-
sions of a sheep, is the most prolific organism living on our
planet.”
A specimen of Polyporus sguamosus gave off clouds of spores

*See his " Researches on Fungi,” recently published by Messrs.

Longmans, Green and Co.
192 FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
continuously for thirteen days. Professor Buller thinks
“ that for every spore which succeeds in developing into a
mature plant, producing reproductive bodies, something like
1,000,000,000,000 spores are wasted. How slight must be
the chances for any given spore of Polypoms squamosus
!”
finding a suitable substratum for successful development
Professor Buller discovered that spores falling from any
Hymenomycete suspended in a suitable glass chamber, such
as a closed beaker, can be seen in clouds, or individually,
without magnification by using a concentrated beam of
light. The demonstration of this can very well be carried
out at any time, for Lenzites betulina, Polystictus versicolor, and
other woody species that can be kept dry in bottles for
months or years will quickly revive after wet cotton-wool
has been placed on the top of the pileus, begin to shed their
spores within six hours, and continue to emit them for days.
It was calculated that large sporophores of Agaricus cam-
pestris, Coprinus comatus, Polypoms squamosus, etc., shed about
a million spores a minute for two or more days.
“ When a fruit-body is placed in hydrogen or carbon
dioxide, the liberation of spores quickly ceases. The pre-
sence of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere appears to
be essential for the continuance of spore-discharge. In pure
oxygen, fruit-bodies shed their spores for several hours at the
same rate as in air.
“ Whena fruit-body is subjected to the vapour of ether
or chloroform, spore-discharge ceases almost instantaneously,
but can be resumed when the anaesthetic has been removed.
A fruit-body of Lenzites betulina recovered its spore-liberating
function after this had been inhibited by ether vapour for
a week.
“ The four spores on each basidium are discharged suc-
cessively. They leave the sterigmata within a few seconds
or minutes of one another. Each spore is shot out violently
from its sterigma to a distance of about mm.”
It is usually said that the gills of the Coprini dissolve
 APPENDIX 193

away into an inky fluid, which is visited by flies, the flies

licking up the ink and thus dispersing the spores. But Pro-
fessor Buller has demonstrated that the spores are in reality
distributed by the wind, and that the spore -discharge from a
gill is not general all over its surface, as in a mushroom, but
extremely local. It begins on both sides simultaneously,
towards the base. After the basidia have discharged their
spores they become disorganized and turn into fluid. They
are thus cleared out of the way to allow the pileus gradually
to turn outwards, and cause the production of spaces between
the lower end of the gills, higher and higher up as these
become shorter and shorter.
“ If one allows an upright fruit-body (sporophore of a
Coprinus), with its stipe placed in wet sand, to shed its spores
under a bell-glass, one finds by microscopic examination that
the inky drops produced by autodigestion (‘ deliquescence ’)
consist of a brown fluid containing granules, but practically
free from spores. The fluid, therefore, is not made black
by spores. The colour is probably due to an oxydase which
unites the oxygen of the air with some substance liberated
from the dying cells, for it was found that the colourless
juice squeezed from an unripe pileus turns brown in a few
hours. The drops collect only on the rim of the pileus,
where they do not interfere with the liberation of the spores
into the air. If paper is placed around the base of the
stipe, a black spore-deposit collects upon it, which is similar
to that produced under the same conditions by an ordinary
Agaric.
“ In Nature, the fluid produced by autodigestion is largely
got rid of by evaporation. The amount of it adhering to
the pileus rim varies considerably according to the state of
the weather. In very dry weather it often happens that
actual drops are not formed at all. On the other hand,
dripping favoured by a saturated atmosphere, and was
is

found to take place regularly with fruit-bodies placed in a

damp chamber.”
13
194 FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
Professor Duller thinks that slugs play no important part
in spore-dispersal. “ Although it may be true that slugs
help in the local dispersal of spores in a wood or field, and
provide conditions for their germination, these animals,
owing to their slow rate of movements, could scarcely act
as agents in spreading fungus species from wood to wood
when these are separated by considerable distances.” He
remarks that herbivorous birds, toads, slugs, insects, worms,
etc., must very frequently devour spores with their food, but

he apparently attaches no importance to the fact that slugs,

insects, and worms are the chief diet of many birds. The
possibilities of very wide distribution by birds are evident
from Mr. Robert Newstead’s note on the stomach-contents
of a cuckoo, taken in Cheshire on April 27, 1903. The
stomach was filled with a black pulverized mass of spinose
hairs, mandibles, thoracic sclerites, etc., of a Lepidopterous
larva, evidently all of the same species. The remains were
unlike those of any British species, and it was considered
highly probable that they were of tropical origin.
 1

INDEX OF SPECIES ILLUSTRATED

abietina (Clavaria), PI. XXIX. 4
abietinus (Polystictus), PI. XXXIII. 2, 3
acerinum (Rhytisma), PI. XIV. 2
adiposa (Pholiota), PI. XIII. 4, 5
aeruginosa (Stropharia), PI. XXXVIII. 7-9
aestivum (Tuber), PI. XVII. 1-3
alnitorquus (Ascomyces), PI. XIV. 6
androsaceus (Marasmius), PI. X. 9
annosus (Fomes), Pis. VI. 9 XII. ;

anomela (Solenia), PI. XXX. 6-8

argillacea (Clavaxia), PI. XXIX. i
arvensis (Agaricus), PI. XXXVIII.
13, 14
asterophora (Nyctalis), PI. XI. i, 2
asterosperma (Octaviania), PI. XVII. 9-1
atramentarius (Coprinus), PI. XXXVII. 7-10
aurantiacus (Cantharellus), PI. VII. i, 2
aurantiacus (Phallus), Pis. III., XXIV. i
aurantium (Scleroderma), PI. XVIII. i, 2
aurantia (Peziza), PI. XLVII. 7
auricula-judae (Himeola), PI. XXVI. 8, 9
auriscalpium (Hydnum), PI. XXXI. 3, 4

badia (Peziza), PI. XLVII. 5

badius (Boletus), PI. XXXIV. 6
betulinus (Lenzites), PI. XLV. 13-15
betulinus (Polyporus), PI. XIII. 7
Bryan tii (Geaster), PI. XXII. 2, 3
butyracea (Collybia), Pis. VII. 9 ; XXXV. 3

caelata (Calvatia), PI. XXI. 4

caelatum (Lycoperdon), PI. 4 XXL
calochrous (Phlegmacium), Cort., PI. XXXIX. 9, 10
campanulatus (Panaeolus), PI. XXXVII. 3
campestris (Agaricus), Pis. IV. 1-6 XXXV. 2 ;

caninus (Dermocybe) Cort., PI. XXXIX. 5, 6

caninus (Mutinus), PI. XXIV. 4, 5
capillaris (Mycena), PI. X. 4, 5
capula (Cyphella), PI. XXX. 3-5
carbonaria (Flammula), PI. XLI. 10, ii
carotaecolor (Hydnangium), PI. XVII. 13, 14
castaneus (Hydrocybe) Cort., PI. XXXIX. 3, 4
13—2 195
ig6 FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
cervinus (Pluteus), PI. XLII. 19, 20
chrysenteron (Boletus), PI. XXXIV. 4, 5
cibarius (Cantharellus), PI. XV. 3, 4
cinerea (Clavaria), PI. XXIX. 9
cinnamomeus (Dermocybe) Cort., PI. XL. i

citrinus (Hymenogaster), PI. XVII. 12

coccinea (Geopyxis), PI. XLVIII. 4
coccineus (Hygrophorus), PI. IX. 4-6
cochleatus (Lentinus), PI. XLV. i, 2
coliformis (Geaster), PI. XXII. i
coliformis (Myriostoma), PI. XXII. i

comatus (Coprinus), PI. XV. 11-13

commune (Schizophyllum), P). XLV. 6-8
concentrica (Daldinia), PI. XLVII. 10, ii
confluens (Sistotrema), PI. XXXI. 5-7
cornucopioides (Craterellus), PI. XXX. 13, 14
conigena (Collybia), PI. X. 14, 15
corrugis (Psathyxa), PI. XXXVIII. 4-6
costatum (Entoloma), PI. XLII. 8, 9
crispa (Helvella), PI. XLVII. 3
crispa (Sparassis), PI. XXVIII.
crispa (Trogia), PI. XLV. 3-5
cristata (Lepiota), PI. XXXVI. i, 2
cristata (Soppittiella), PI. XXX. 10
crustuliniformis (Hebeloma), PI. XL. 5, 6
cyanoxantha (Russula), PI. XLIV. 13, 14

deformans (Ascomyces), PI. XIV. 5

degen er (Xerotus), PI. XLV. 9, 10
deliciosus (Lactarius), PI. XV. 6, 7
digitaliformis (Verpa), PI. XLVIII. 2, 3
disseminata (Psathyrella) PI. XXXVII. 4
,

drimeia (Russula), PI. VII. 5, 6

dryophila (Collybia), PI. VIII. i, 2

echinatum (Lycoperdon), PI. XX. i, 4

edulis (Boletus), PI. XV. 8
elatior (Myxacium) Cort., PI. XXXIX, 7, 8
elegans (Boletus), PI. XXXIV. 8, 9
elegans (Polyporus), PI. XXXII. i
emetica (Russula), PI. VIII. 5
encephala (Naematelia), PI. XXVI. 10, ii
epiphyllus (Marasmius), PI. X. 6
erythropus (Typula), PI. XXVII. 3
escharoides (Naucoria), PI. XLI. 14, 15
esculenta (Collybia), PI. VII. 12
esculenta (Gyromitra), PI. XLVIII. ii, 12
esculenta (Morchella), PI. XLVIII. 8
Eyrei (Chlorospora) PI. XLIII. 2

fasciculare (Hypholoma), PI. XXXVIII. 10-12

fastigiata (Clavaida), PI. XXIX. 2
INDEX OF SPECIES ILLUSTRATED 197

fellea (Russula), PI. VIII. 6

ferruginosus (Fomes), PI. XXXIII. 4
fimbriata (Odontia), PI. XXXI. 8, 9
fimbriatus (Geaster), PI. XXIII. 8
fistulosa (Clavaria), PI. XXVII. 8
flaccida (Clitocybe), PI. XLVI. 10, ii
foenisecii (Psilocybe), PI. IX. i, 2
foliacea (Ulocolla), PI. XXVI. 5
fomentarius (Fomes), PI. XXXIII. 7, 8
fornicatus (Geaster), PI. XXIII. 9
fragilis (Bolbitius), PI. XL. 2
fumosus (Polyporus), Pis. XVI. 7 ; XXXIII. i

furfuracea (Tubaria), PI. XLI. i, 2

furfuraceus (Ascobolus), PI. V. 8-12
fusiformis (Clavaria), PI. XXVII. 7
fusipes (Collybia), PI. XLVI. 7-9

galericulata (Mycena), PI. XI. VI. i, 2

gambosum (Tricholoma), PI. IX. 13, 14
gelatinosum (Tremellodon), PI. XXVI. i, 2
gemmatum (Lycoperdon), PI. XX. 2, 3
gibbosa (Trametes), PI. XXXII. 9, 10
glandulosa (Exidia), PI. XXVI. i, 2
glutinosum (Geoglossum), PI. V. 5-7
glutinosus (Gomphidius), PI. XLIII. i

haemispherica (Lachnea), PI. XVI. 2

hepatica (Fistulina), PI. XV. 9, 10
hinnuleus (Telamonia) Cort., PI. XXXIX. i, 2
hirsutum (Stereum), PI. I. 9
Hudsoni (Marasmius), PI. X. 7, 8
hygrometricus (Geaster), PI. XXIII. 1-4
hypnophilus (Pleurotus), PI. X. 2, 3
hypnorum (Galera), PI. XLI. 7
hypoxylon (Xylaria), PI. XLVII. 4
imbricatum (Hydnum), XXXI.
PI. ii, 12
inaequalis (Clavaria), PI. XXIX. ^
incarnata (Peniophora), PI. I. 3
impudicus (Phallus), Pis. VI. i ; XXV.
involutus (Paxillus), PI. XL. 7, 8

juncea (Clavaria), PI. XXVII. 5

Kerverni (Saccobolus), PI. VI. 8

laccata (Laccaria), Pis. XXXV. 4 XLIV. 3-5 ;

laciniata (Thelephora), PI. XXX. 6

lacrymans (Merulius), PI. XXXIII. 6
lacunosa (Morchella), PI. XLVIII. 9, 10
laminosa (Sparassis), PI. XXXVIII. i

lampropoda (Leptonia), PI.XLI I. 3, 4

leporina (Peziza), PI. XLVII. 8
igS FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
limbatus (Geaster), PI. XXII. 6
Loveianus (Volvaria), PI. XI. 7-9
lubrica (Leotia), PI. V. 3-4
luridus (Boletus), PI. XXXIV. i, 2
luteo-alba (Clavaria), PI. XXIX. 3
luteus (Boletus), PI. V. 3-4

mammosus (Geaster), PI. XXIII. 7

mappa (Amanita), PI. XXXVI. 5, 6
meandriformis (Choiromyces), PI. XVII. 4, 5
mellea (Armillaria) PI. XIII. i, 2
,

melinoides (Naucoria), PI. XLI. 3, 4

mesenterica (Auricularia), PI. XXVI. 6, 7
mesenterica (Tremella), PI. I. 10
micaceus (Coprinus), PI. XXXVII. 5, 6
militaris (Cordyceps), PI. XLVII. 2
minima (Cladoderris), PI. XXX. 15
mollis (Crepidotus), PI. XL. 10-12
mucida (Armillaria), PI. XIII. 3
muscoides (Clavaria), PI. XXIX. 8

nidorosum (Entoloma), PI. XLII. 17, 18

nigrescens (Bovista), PI. XXI. 3

ochraceum (Hydnum), PI. XXXI. 10

ochroleuca (Russula), PI. XXXVI. 7, 8
olivacea (Coniophora), PI. XXX. 5
onotica (Peziza), PI. XLVII. 6
ophioglossoides (Cordyceps), PI. XVI. 7
oreades (Marasmius), PI. IX. 3

parasitica (Nyctalis), PI. XL

3, 4
parasiticus (Boletus), PI. XL
5, 6
parvula (Volvaria), PI. XLII. 6, 7
pascua (Nolanea), PI. XLII. 10-12
perennis (Polystictus), Pis. XVI. 6 XXXII. ; 2, 3
peronatus (Marasmius), PI. VIII. 7, 8
phalloides (Amanita), PI. XVI. 8
phalloides (Mitrula), PI. XLVIII. i
pisiformis (Nidularia), PI. XIX. 6, 7
pistillaris (Clavaria), PI. XXVII. 6
pithyophila (Clitocybe), PI. XXXV. 7
plumbea (Bovista), PI. XXL
i, 2
plumbeum (Lycoperdon), PI. XXI. i, 2
polygramma (Mycena), PI. XLVI. 5, 6
polymorpha (Bulgaria), PI. XLVII. i

pratensis (Hygrophorus), PI. IX. ii, 12

procera (Lepiota), Pis. XV. 1,2; XXXV. 9
pruni (Ascomyces), PI. XIV. 4
prunulus (Clitopilus), PI. XLII. 13-16
pura (Mycena), Pis. VIII. 3, 4 XXXV. 5 ;

psittacinus (Hygrophorus), PI. IX. 7, 8

INDEX OF SPECIES ILLUSTRATED 199

quercina (Dacdalea), PI. XXXII. ii, 12

quietus (Lactarius), PI. XLIV. 9, 10
quisquillaris (Pistillaria), PI. XXVII. i

radicata (Collybia), PI. XLVI. 3, 4

ramealis (Marasmius), PI. X. i
repandum (Hydnum), Pis. XVI. i ;
XXXI. i, 2
reticulatus (Pluteolus), PI. XLI. 12, 13
rhodocylix (Eccilia), PI. XLII. i, 2
rimosa (Inocybe), PI. XL. 9
rotula (Marasmius), PI. XXXV. 8
rubescens (Amanita), PI. XLIV. 7, 8
rubescens (Rhizopogon), PI. XVII. 15, 16
rubiginosa (Hymenochaete), PI. XXX. ii, 12
rufescens (Geaster), PI. XXII. 4, $
rufum (Tuber), PI. XVII. 6
rufus (Lactarius), PI. VII. 3, 4
rugosa (Clavaria), PI. XXIX. 7
rutilans (Tricholoma), PI. VII. 7, 8

salicinum (Corticium), PI. XXX. i, 2

scaber (Boletus), XXXIV. 3
Schweinitzii (Polyporus), PI. XIII. 6
sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia), PI. V. i, 2
semi-globata (Stropharia), PI. IX. 9, 10
semilebra (Mitrophora), PI. XLVI II. 0, 7
separata (Anellaria), PI. XXXVII. i, 2
septicus (Pleurotus), PI. XXXVI. 9
spadicea (Psilocybe), PI. XXXVIlt. 1-3
stellatus (Sphaerobolus), Pis. VI. 2-6 XIX. 8, 9 ;

squamosus (Polyporus), PI. XXXIII. 6

squarrosa (Pholiota), XL. 3, 4
striatus (Cyathus), PI. XIX. 1-4
stricta (Clavaria), PI. XXVII. 9
strobilaceus (Strobilomyces), PI. XXXII. 7, 8
stypticus (Panus), PI. XLV. 16-18
subtomentosus (Boletus), PI. XXXIV. 7
subulata (Pterula), PI. XXVII. 4
sulphureus (Polyporus), PI. XXXIII. 5
sulphureum (Tricholoma), PI. XLIV, i, 2

tenacella (Collybia), PI. X. 10, ii

tenera (Galera), PI. XLI. 8, 9
tenuipes (Pistillaria), PI. XXVII. 2
terreum (Tricholoma), Pis. VIII. 9 XXXV. 10 ;

torminosus (Lactarius), PI. XLIV. ii, 12

torulosus (Panus), PI. XLV. ii, 12
tuberosa (Collybia), PI. IV. 7

umbellatus (Polyporus), PI. XXXII. 4

umbellifera (Omphalia), Pis. XXXV. 6 ;
XLIV. 6
ulmarius (Pleurotus), PI. XXXVI. 10
200 FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM
vaccinii (Exobasidium), PI. XIV. i
vaginata (Amanitopsis), PI. XXXVI. 3, 4
variabilis (Claudopus), PI.XXXV. i

vaporaria (Poria), PI. XVI. 3

variegatus (Elaphomyces), PI. XVII. 7, 8
velutipes (Collybia), PI. I. i
venosa (Peziza), PI. XLVIII. 5
vermicularis (Clavaria), PI. XXIX. 6
verrucosum (Scleroderma), PI. XVIII. OJ

vernicosus (Cyathus), PI. XIX. 5

versicolor (Polystictus), PI. I. 4-8
vesiculosa (Peziza), PI. XLVII. 9
violaceus (Inoloma), Cort., PI. XXXIX. ii, 12
virgineus (Hygrophorus), PI. XLVI. 12, 13
viscosa (Calocera), PI. XXVI. 12
vulgare (Crucibulum), PI. XIX. 10-14
vulgare (Scleroderma), Pis. VI. 7;
XVII. i, 2
vulgaris (Acetabularia), PI. XVI. 4
vulgaris (Mycena), PI. X. 12, 13
 , 1 , , 5

INDEX
Abbreviations employed, 55 !
Antiquity, 2
abietina (Clavavia), 83 I
Appearances, periodic, 5
abietinus {Polystictus), 98 ,
appendiculata (Hypholoma) 1
1 ,

acevinum {Rhytisma), 32 I
1 16
Acetabularia, 130 argillacea (Clavavia), 84
I

acetabulosa (Acetabularia), 130 Armillaria, 176

acutus (Hydrocybe) Cort., 124 armillatus (Telamonia) Cort., 123
adiposa (Pholiota), 30, 130 arvensis (Agaricus), 20, 118, 128
adusta (Russula), 140, 157 Ascobolus, 18
adustus (Polyporus), 102 Ascomyces, 32
ceruginosa (Peziza), 4, 7 Ascomycetes, 181-189
cBvuginosa (Stropharia) 116 ,, . . development in,
cestivum (Tuber), 189 14. IS
I

Agaricaceae, key to genera of, I

Ascophore, 8
107, 108, 109 :
Ascus, 9, 15
,, spore groups of, no aspergillus (Sporodinia), 147
Agarics and spore-throwing, 18 ;
asterophora (Nyctalis), 140
Agaricus, 117 '
asterophorus (Hypomyces), 140
albida (Exidia), 177 asterosperma (Octaviania), 58
j

albobrunneum (Tricholoma), 173 ,

asterospora (Inocybe), 128
album (Tricholoma), 175 ; atramentarius (Coprinus) 23, in
alcalina (Mycena), 164 i
atropurpureum (Lycoperdon), 65
Aldridgea, 87 j
aurantia (Peziza), 183
Algae, I I aurantiacus (Cantharellus), 139
A Igeriensis (Pilosace) ,117 !
aurantium (Scleroderma), 60
alnitorquus (Ascomyces), 33 ! aurantius (Hypomyces), 98
alutacea (Russula), 156 auriciila-judcB (Hirneola), M, 77
amadelphus (Marasmius), 170 Auricularia, 76
Amanita, 179 I
auriscalpium (Hydnum), 92
Amanitopsis, 178 Australiensis (Lysurus), 73, 74
amianthina (Lepiota), 178
ammoniaca (Mycena), 164 Badhami (Lepiota), 177
androsaceus (Marasmius), 170 badia (Peziza), 182
Anellaria, 112
i

1
badius (Boletus), 105
Animals and spore dispersal, 19 Basidium, 8, 14
annosus (Fames), 4, 19, 28, 99 , Batarrea, 72
Annularia, 135 Beefsteak fungus, 3
anomalus (Dermocybe) Cort., 122 Beetles in truffles, 20
anomela (Solenia), 91 Berkeley, Rev. M. T,, 20, 35,
anthocephala (Thelephora), 87 I
188, 189
201
 ,, ,, , , 1 ,

202 FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM

betulina [Lenzites), 137, 192 capital a [Cordyceps), 186, 187,
betulinus {Polyporus), 31, 34, 102 189
Bibliography, 45 capula [Cyphella), 90, 91
Birds’-nest fungi, 10, 62, 63, 64, carbonaria [Flammula), 125
carcharias [Lepiota), 178
blennius {Lactarius), 152 carotcBcolor [Hydnangium), 59
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., 21 castaneus [Hydrocybe) Cort,, 124
bolaris {Inoloma) Cort., 122 catina [Clitocybe) 148
Bolbitius, 128 ceraceus [Hygrophorus), 141
Boleti, change of colour of flesh, cervxnum [Scleroderma), 60
106 cervinus [Hypomyces), 183
Boletus, 104 cervinus [Pluteus), 134
Boudier, Monsieur Emile, 131 chalybea [Leptonea), 133
bovinns {Boletus), 107 Chitonia, 118
Bovista, 19, 67 chlorocephala [Leotia), 184
bovista {Ly coperdon) 66 chlorophanus [Hygrophorus), 141
bovista [Scleroderma), 61 Chlorophyll, 2
Bovistella, 67 Chlorospora, 136
British Mycological Society, 25, Choiromyces, 189
38, 42, 82 chrysenteron [Boletus), 104, 105
brumalis [Clitocybe), 149 chrysodon [Hygrophorus), 143
Bryantii [Geaster), 68 chrysospermum [Lepedonium) 58
bufonia [Peziza), 182 chrysospermus [Hypomyces), 119
Bulgaria, 186 cibarius [Cantharellus), 43, 139
Buller, Professor, on spores, 191- cilicioides [Lactarius), 151
194 cinerea [Clavaria), 82
Bulliardi [Inoloma) Cort,, 122 cinnamomea (Leiodes), 20
Biilliardi [Trametes), 97 cinnamomeus [Dermocybe) Cort.,
butyracea [Collybia), 167 123
cirrhata [Collybia), 168
ccBlata [Calvatia), 66 citrina [Russula) 1 5 7
ccelatnm [Ly coper don), 66 citrinus [Hymenogaster) 60
ccerulescens [Phlegmacium) Cort., Cladoderris, 90
120 Clamp connections, 3
ccsruleuni [Corticium), 5, 89 Clathrus, 74
calachrons [Phlegmacium) Cort., Claudopus, 131
120 Clavaria, 82
calceum [Corticium) 89 Clavariaceae, key to genera of,
Calocera, 81 81
calva [Mucronella), 95 clavipes [Clitocybe) 146
Calvatia, 66 Clitocybe, 146
calyptrceformis [Hygrophorus), 6, Clitopilus, 132
142 clypeatum [Entoloma), 134
campanulatus [Pancsolus), 112 clypeolaria [Lepiota), 178
campestris [Agaricus), 117, 180, coccinea [Peziza), 182
191 coccineum [Hypoxylon), 187
eancellatus [Clathrus), 74 coccineus [Hygrophorus), 14
candidus [Marasmius), 170 cochleatus [Lentinus), 20, 138,
caninus [Dermocybe) Cort., 122 139
caninus [Mutinus), 21, 73 coliformis [Geaster), 68
Cantharellus, 139 coliformis [Myriostoma), 68
capillaris [Mycena), 162 Collecting fungi, 38
 , ,, 1 7
1 1 , 1

INDEX 203

colli nitus {Myxacium) Covt., 121 deliciosus {Lactarius), 152, 153

Collins, Mr. Alfred, 20, 188 deliquescens {Dacromyces), 79
Collybia, 166 dendroides {Dactylium), 139
comatus {Coprinus), iii, 191-193 densifolia {Russula), 157
commune {Schizophyllum), 136 Dermocybe (Cort.), 122
concentrica {Hypoxylon), 187 Descent, i
I

confiuens (Sisiotrema) 92 Desmazieres {Ly coper don), 66

confusum {Porothelium) 94 digitaliformis (Verpa), 184
conica {Morchella), 185 I
Discomycetes, 15, 18
conicus [Hygrophovus), 141 Dispersal of spores, 1
conigena {Collybia), 168 disseminata {Psathyrella), 113
Coniophora, 86 Ditiola, 80
conlroversus {Lactanus) 152 drimeia {Russula), 159
Cooke, Dr. M. C., 23, 35, 38, 41 dryophila {Collybia), 169
Coprinus, iii Dry rot, 31, 96
Cordyceps, 186
cornucopioides {Craterellus), 6, Earth-balls, 60, 61, 62
90 Earth-stars, development of, 10
coronatus [Geaster), 69 eburneus {Hygrophorus), 143
corrugis {Psathyra), 114 Eccilia, 13
corticatus {Pleurotus), 144 echinatum {Lycoperdon), 65
Corticium, 89 Economic uses of fungi, 34
corticola (Mycena), 162 I
Edible fungi, 34
Cortinarius, 1 19- 124 I
Elaphomyces, 189
cossus {Hygrophorus), 143 data {Morchella), 185
I

costatum (Entoloma), 133 j

elatior{Myxacium) Cort., 12
crassipes {Morchella), 185 i
elegans {Boletus), 104
Craterellus, 90 elegans {Mycena), 165, 166
Crepidotus, 125 elegans {Polyporus), 10
crispa {Helvella), 183, 184 emplastrum {Lepiota), 177
crisp a {Sparassis), 81, 185 I emetica {Russula), 160
crispa {Trogia), 137 encephala {Ncsmatelia), 78
cristata {Lepiota), 177, 178 Entoloma, 133
cristata {Soppittiella) 87
, entomorrhiza {Cordyceps) 186
Crossland, Charles, 24 Environment and monstrosities,
Crucibulum, 63 24
crusiuliniformis {Heheloma), 127 epibyrus {Crepidotus), 125
cucumis {Naucoria), 127 epiphyllus {Marasmius), 171
cyanoxantha {Russula), 158 epipterygia {Mycena), 163
cyathiformis {Clitocybe), 149 Equipment for collecting, 37
Cyathus, 62 ericetorum {Clitocybe), 147
Cyphella, 90 erythropus {Typhula), 85
cystidia, 14 escharoides {Naucoria). 127
esculenta {Collybia), 168, 169
Dacromyces, 79 esculenta {Gyromitra), 185
Dacryopsis, 80 esculenta {Morchella), 185
Deedalea, 96 eutheles {Inocybe), 128
dealbata {Clitocybe), 147 Exhibiting fungi, 39
Definition, i, 2 Exidia, 77
deformans {Ascomyces), 32 Exoascus, 32
degener {Xerotus), 138 Exobasidium, 88
delica {Russula), 152 Eyrei {Chlorospora), 136
 ,, , ,, , , 1 1 1 ,

204 fungi and how TO KNOW THEM

Fairy rings, 7 Geaster, 10, 68
Families of the Gasteromycetes, geaster {Scleroderma) 61
57 gelatinosum {Tremellodon), 79
fasciculare [Hypholoma), 38, 115 gemmatum {Ly coperdon), 65
fastihile (Heheloma), 127 ‘

Geoglossum, 186
fastigiata {ClavaHa) 82 geophylla {Inocybe), 128
fellea {Russula), 159 geotropa {Clitocybe), 8, 148
Femsjonia, 80 gibbosa {Trametes), 97
ferruginosus {Pomes), 100 Gibbs, Mr. T., 67
fibula {Omphalia) 145 gigantea {Calvatia), 66, 191I
fimbriata {Odontia), 94 gigantea {Clitocybe), 148, 19
fimbriatus {Geaster), 70 giganteum {Ly coper don), 66
fimiputris {Anellaria), 112 giganteus {Polyporus), 102
Fistulina, 6, 31, 103 gigas {Gyromitra), 185
pstulosa {Clavaria), 7, 84 gigas {Mitrophora), 185
fiaccida {Lenzites), 137 Gills, nature of, 13
flaccidus {Clitocybe), 149 glandulosa {Exidia), 77
Flammula, 125 Gleba, 9
flavobrunneum {Tricholoma), 173 Glossary, 47
flavus {Boletus), 104 glutinosa {Aldridgea), 87
foenisecii {Psilocybe), 115 glutinosum {Geoglossum), 186
foetans {Russula), 140, 160 glutinosus {Gomphidius), 113
foliacea {Ulocolla), 78, 186 Gomphidius, 113
fomentarius {Pomes), 31, 34, 99 gracilis {Psathyrella), 113
Femes, 99 graminum {Marasmius), 171
Food value of fungi, 35 grammapodium ( T richoloma)
fornicatus {Geaster), 10, 69 135, 175, 176
Fossil fungi, 2 ! Grandinia, 94
fragilis {Bolbitius) 128 granulatus {Elaphomyces), 61,
fragilis {Clavaria) 84 187, 189
fragilis {Russula), 160 granulosa {Grandinia), 94
fragrans {Clitocybe) 147 granulosa {Russula), 160
fraxineus {Po^nes), 100 granulosa (Sepiota), 44, 178
Priesii {Lepiota), lyy growth, rapidity of, 1
fumosus {Polyporus), 102 Guepinia, 80
j

furcata {Russula), 158 ; Gyrocephalus, 79

furfuracea {Tubaria), 125 Gyromitra, 185
fusiformis {Clavaria) 83 j

fusipes {Collybia), 140, 166 Habitats of agarics, 23

j

hcematochelis {Telamonia), Cort.,

Galera, 126 I
124
galericulata {Mycena), 164 j
hcematopa {Mycena), 163
gallinacea {Clitocybe), 147 j
Hariot, M. P., 62
Galls on Rhododendron, 88 I

Hartig, 29
galopoda {Mycena), 163 j
Hasleniere Museum, 5, 29, 39,
Gardener' s Chronicle, 67 I
73, 82
Gasteromycetes, development Haslemere Museum Gazette, 36
in, 9 Hebeloma, 127
key to genera Helvella, 183, 184
of, 56 hemispherica {Peziza), 18
,, key to families hepatica {Pistulina), 6, 31, 103
of, 57 i
Herpel on makingspore prints, 43
 ,, , ,

INDEX 205

hetevophylla (Russula), 157, 158 involutus (Paxillus) ,119

hinnuleus (Telamonia) Cort., 123 iris (Mycena), 164
Hints on collecting, 37 Iron, fungi on, 24
,, on drawing, 41 Irpex, 93
,, on exhibiting, 39
,, on preserving, 40 Jew’s-ear, 31, 35
,, on making spore prints, 43 juncea (Clavarta), 85
Hirneola, 77
hirsutum (Stereum), 31, 38, 89, i Keys to the Families of the
90 Gasteromycetes, 57
Hoylei (Ly coper do n) 65 Hymenomycetes, 74
Hudsoni (Marasmius), 171 Keys to the Genera of the
Hutchinson, Miss Truda, 7 Agaricaceae, 107, 108, 109
Hutchinson, Sir Jonathan, Clavariaceae, 81
quoted, 36 Hydnaceae, 91
Hydnaceae, key to genera of, 91 Hymenogastraceae, 58
Hydnangium, 59 Lycoperdaceae, 64
Hydnum, 92 Nidulariaceae, 62
Hydrocybe, (Oort.), 124 Phalloidaceaas, 72
hygrometricus (Geaster), 70 Polyporaceae, 95
Hygrophorus, 140 Sclerodermaceae, 60
Hymenochaetae, 88 Thelephoraceae, 86
Hymenogaster, 60 Tremellinaceae, 76
Hymenogastraceas, 58 Key to the Subgenera of Corti-
Hymenomycetes, development narius, 120
in, II Knapp, 135
,, genera of, 75 Kneiffla, 94
,, key to fami-
lies of, 74 Labels for fungi, i
Hymen ophore, types of, 12 laccata (Clitocybe), 24, 44, 150
Hyphae, 3 laciniata (Thelephora) 87
Hypholoma, 115 IcBvis (Annularia), 135
hypnophilus (Pleurotus), 145 lacrymans (Merulius), 23, 31, 96
hypnorum (Galera), 126 Lactarius, 150
Hypoxylon, 187 lactea (Mycena), 165
hypoxylon (Xylaria), 6, 187 lacteum (Corticium), 89
Hysterangium, 59 lacunosa (Helvella), 184
laminosa (Sparassis), 82
ignartus (Fo'mes), 34, 99 lampropoda (Leptonia), 132
imbricatum (Hydnum), 92 lancipes (Collybia), 167
impudicus (Phallus), 4, ii, 72, lascivum (Tricholoma), 174
73 Leaf parasites, 32
incequalis (Clavaria)84 Lentinus, 138
inamcsnus (Tricholoma), 174 Leazites, 137
incana (Leptonia), 133 Leotia, 184
incarnata (Peniophora) 88 Lepiota, 177
infundibuliformis (Clitocybe), 148 leporina (Peziza), 183
Inbcybe, 128 Leptonia, 132
Inoloma (Oort.), 121 Lichens, i
inquinans (Bulgaria), 186 Lightning, 29
Insects and fungi, 12 limbatus (Geaster), 69
integra (Russula), 156 Lloyd, C, G., 19, 61, 68, 70
 , , , ,
, 1

206 FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM

lohata {Auricularia), 76 1 rnucida [Armillaria), 30, 176
longipes {Collybia), 166 I
mucifluus [Myxacium) Cort., 121
Loveiana {Volvaria), 135, 146 Mucronella, 95
lubrica [Leotia), 184 muscaria [Amanita), 34, 180
j

luridus [Boletus), 106 muscoides [Clavaria) 82

luteo-alba [Clavaria], 84 mutabilis [Pholiota), 130
luteo-alba [Femsjonia), 80 Mutinus, 73
luteo-virens [Hypomyces), 61 Mycelium, 2-4
Inteus [Boletus), 104 ,, vegetative, 5, 6
Lycoperdaceae, key to genera of, ,, colour of, 4
64 Mycena, 161
lycoperdi (Cryptophagus), 21 i
Mycetozoa, 2
Lycoperdon, 19, 65 Myriostoma, 68
j

Lysurus, 73 I
myrtillus (Vaccinium), 32
i
Myxacium, (Cort.), 121
macilenta [Collybia), 169 i

macrocarpus [Mucor), 165 I

Nmmatelia, 78
maculata [Collybia), 167 ;
nanus [Boletus), 105
mammosum [Tulostoma), 71 Naucoria, 126
mammosus [Geaster), 69 nebularis [Clitocybe), 135, 146
mappa [Amanita), 179 nephriticum (Hysterangnim), 59
Marasmius, 169 Newstead, Robert, 21
marquandi [Verticillium), 143 nidorosum [Entoloma), 134
Marshall, Miss, 71 Nidularia, 63
Massee, G., 14, 22, 106 Nidulariaceae, key to genera of,
mastiger [Psathyra), 114 62
maxima [Clitocybe), 148 nigrescens [Bovista), 67
meandrijovmis [Choivomyces) nigricans [Russula), 140, 157
189 nitida [Amanita), 18
Melanogaster, 58 nivalis [Agaricus),
melinoides [Naucoria), 126 niveus [Hygrophorus), 142, 14
mellea [Armillana), 30, 176 147
melleus [Hypomyces), 139 Nolanea, 133
Mendel, L. B., 35 ! nuda [Dacryopsis), 80
merismoides [Phlebia), 93 nudum [Tricholoma) 122, 175
Merulius, 96 nummularius [Polyporus), loi
mesenterica [Auricularia), 76 Nutrition, 25
mesenterica [Tremella), 78 Nyctalis, 140
metachroa [Clitocybe), 149, 150
micaceus [Coprinus) in, 112 obliquus [Irpex), 93
michelianus [Geaster), i8 obliquus [Lactarius), 154
militaris [Cordyceps), 186 obtusus Hydrocybe [Cort.), 124
miniatus [Hygrophorus), 141 ochracea [Hypocrea), 102
minima
j

[Cladoderris), 90 ochracea [Russula), 159

mirabilis [Queletia), 71 ochraceum [Hydnum), 92
mitissimus [Lactarius), 154 ;
ochroleuca [Russula), 159, 160
Mitrophora, 184 Octaviania, 58
Mitrula, 186 Odoutia, 94
mollis [Crepidotus) 125 odor a [Clitocybe), 20, 147
Monstrosities, 24 olivacea [Coniophora), 86
Montagnites, 13 omphalodes [Humaria), 7
Morchella, 185 onotica [Peziza), 183
 , , 1 , 1 ,

INDEX 207

ophioglossoides {Cordyceps), 186, i piper atus {Lactarius), 152

189 I
pisciodora {Nolanea), 133
orbiculare {Radulum) 93 i
pisiformis {Nidularia), 63
orcella {Clitopilus), 132 I
pisocarpium {Polysaccum) 61
oreades {M arasmius) 170, 175 j
Pistillaria, 85
ostreatus {Pleurotus), 24, 38, :
pistillaris {Clavaria), 84
144 = pithyophila {Clitocybe), 146
Oxalate of lime, 4 I
Pleurotus, 143
!
Plowright, Dr., 24, 36, 38, 42,
paludosa {Bovistella), 67 ! 144. 179
Paneeolus, 112 !
plumbea {Bovista), 67
Panus, 138 i
plumbeum {Lycoperdon), 67
papilionaceus [PancBolus], 112, I
Pluteolus, 129
!
Pluteus, 134
Paraphyses, 14, 15 i
Poisonous fungi, 35, 180
Parasites, 27 polygramma {Mycena), 165
,, losses caused by, 28 polymorpha {Bulgaria), 77, 88,
parasitica {Nyctalis), 140 186
parasiticus {Boletus), 25, 61, 105 polymorpha {Xylaria), 14, 187
parvula {Volvaria), 135 Polyporacese, key to the genera
pascua (Nolanea), 133 !
of, 95
Paxillus, 1 19 1 Polysaccum, 61
pelliculosa [Mycena), 163 Polystictus, 98
Peniophora, 88 Poria, 97
perennis {Polystictus), 98 Porothelium, 94
Periodic appearances, 5 pratensis {Hygrophorus), 142
Perithecium, 14 Preservation of fungi, 40
perlatum (Lycoperdon), 65 procera {Lepiota), 44, 177
peronatus {M arasmius), 169, 170 prominens {Lepiota), 177
personatuni {Tricholoma) 44, 175 pruni {Ascomyces), 32
Peziza, 181-183 prunulus {Clitopilus), 132
peziza {Guepinia), 80 I
Psathyra, 114
Phalline, 36 Psathyrella, 113
I

Phalloidaceae, 1 1 ,
20 I
psittacinus {Hygrophorus), 142
,, key to genera of, Psilocybe, 114
72 Pterula, 85
phalloides {Amanita), 36, 179, puellaris {Russula), 156
180 Puff-balls, development of, 9
phalloides {Batarrea), 72 ,, spores of. 19
phalloides {Mitrula), 186 ,, as styptics, 34
Phallus, 72 “ Puffing,” 19
Phillipsii {Gyromitra), 185 punctatum {Rhytisma), 32
Phlebia, 93
[
puniceus {Hygrophorus), 141
Phlegmacium, (Cort.), 120 I
pura {Mycena), 165
pholideus {Inoloma) Cort., 120 j
purpurascens {Phlegmacium)
129
Plioliota, 1 Cort., 120
Phosphorescence, 4 I
purpureum {Stereum), 90
phyllophila {Clitocybe), 146, 148 I
pusilla {Bovfsta), 68
picipes {Polyporus), 10 pusillum {Lycoperdon) 68 ,

Pileus, development of, 1 Pyrenomycetes, 14, 187

Pilosace, 117 pyriforme {Lycoperdon), 65
piper atus {Boletus), 6, 107 I
pyriodora {Inocybe), 128
 ,, , 11 ,, , 1 , 1 , 5

2o8 fungi and how TO KNOW THEM

Queletia, 71 scBpiaria (Lenzites), 137
Queletii (Russula), 161 salicinum (Corticium), 89
quercina (Dcsdalea), 96, 97 sambuci (Corticium), 89
quietus (Lactarius), 153 I
sanguifluus (Lactarius), 153
quisquillaris (Pistillaria) 86 i
sanguinea (Russula), 161
sanguineum (Corticium), 4
rachodes (Lepiota), 177 sanguineus (Dermocybe) Cort., 123
radicans (Boletus), 105 saponaceum (Tricholoma), 173,
vadicata (Collyhia), 44, 166 174
Radulum, 93 i
Saprophytes, 27
ramealis (Marasmius), 170 I
scaber (Boletus), 106
Rapidity of growth, 1 ! Scent, significance of, 19
Rea, Carleton, 38, 39, 55, 74, 84 i
Schizophyllum, 13, 136
Reappearances after long inter- ! Schweinitzii (Polyporus), 30, 100
vals, 6 i
Scleroderma, 60
vecisa (Exidia), 77 1
Sclerodermaceae, 21 ;
key to
Red Truffle, 58 !
genera of, 60
repandum (Hydnum), 24, 92 Sclerotia, 5, 16
j

Reproduction, 2, 5 Sclerotinia, 16, 33

resplendens (Tricholoma) 172 sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia) 33
reticulatus (Pluteus), 129 Seasonal fungi, 38
Rhizomorphs, 4, 30 sebacea (Soppittiella) 88
Rhizopogon, 59 Seeds, vitality of, 7
rhodocylix (Eccilia), 13 semibulbosus (Pluteus), 131
rhododendri (Exohasidium), 88 semiglobata (Stropharia), 117
ribis (Pomes), 100 semilanceata (Psilocybe) 1 1 ,

nmosa (Inocyhe), 128 semilebra (Mitrophora), 184, 1S5

Robertsii (Cordyceps), 187 separata (Anellaria), 112
rosacea (Russula), 161 septicus (Pleurotus), 144
rosea (Peniophora), sericeum (Entoloma), 134
rosellus (Hypomyces), 102 serifluus (Lactarius), 154
roseus (Gomphidius) 114 setigera (Kneiffia), 94
rotula (Marasmius), 171 Sheep and poisonous fungi, 36
rubescens (Amanita), 180, 18 t
sinensis (Cordyceps), 187
rubescens (Rhizopogon), 59 Sistotrema, 92
rubi (Crepidotus) 125 ;
Sketching fungi. Dr. Cooke on,
rubiginosa (Hymenochate) 88 41
rubra (Russula), 159 I
Slugs and fungi, 4, 12, 21, 194
rubriceps (Chitonia), 118 Smith, Worthington G., 4, 8, 18,
rufescens (Geaster), 69 1 71, 82, 132, 135
rufum (Tuber), 189 Solenia, 91
rufus (Gyrocephalus), 79 Soppittiella, 87
rufus (Lactarius), 153 spadicea (Psilocybe), 114, 116
rugosa (Clavaria) 83 Sparassis, 81
rugosa (Mycena), 165 ;
Spawn, 43
rugosum (Stereum), 90 I
spectabilis (Pholiota), 130
Russula, 154, 15s Sphaeria, 14
rutilans (Tricholoma), 173 I
Sphserobolus, 64
: spissa (Amamta), 18
saccata (Calvatia), 66 j
Spores, 2, 19 1 -194
saccatum (Ly coper don), 66 I
,, dispersal of, 7-22, 19 1-
Saccobolus, 18 i 194
 , , , ,, 1,, 1

INDEX 209

Spores, dormancy of, 7 I

terreum {Tricholoma), 173
,, in the alimentary canal, I
theiogalus {Lactarius), 153
20 i
Thelephora, 87
,, prints of, 43 i Thelephoracese, key to genera
,, thrown by agarics, 18, of, 86
192 tigrinus {Lentinus), 24
Spore groups of the Agaricacea3, titubans {Bolbitius), 129
1 10 torminosus {Hypomyccs), 15
Sporophore, 8 torminosus {Lactarius), 151
spumosa {Flammula), 126 Trama, 13
squamosus {Polyporus) 24, , 31, Trametes, 97
34, loi, 192 Trees, some parasites of, 30
squarrosa {Pholiota), 129 Tremellinaceae, key to genera of,
Statistics concerning damage, 28 76
stellatus [SphcBYoholus) 17, 64 ,
Tremellodon, 79
Stem, object 18
of, Tricholoma, 171, 172
stercoraria {Stropharia), 117 Trogia, 137
Stereum, 89 Trogii {Clitocybc), 147
storea {Hypholoma), 6 Truffles and trufflers, 20, 187-
Stinkhorn fungi, ii, 20, 21 189
striatus (Cyathus), 62 Truffles, False, 58, 59, 60
stvicta {Clavavia), 83 tuba {Clitocybc), 146
strohilaceus [Strobilomyces), IC3 Tubaria, 125
Strobilomyces, 103 Tuber, 189
Stropharia, 116 Tuberaceae, 187
stypticus (Panus), 138 tuberosa {Clavaria) 85
subdulcis {Lactarius), 149, 154 tuberosa {Collybia), 168
sublateritius {Hypholoma), 38, tuberosa {Sclerotinia), 33
1 16 Tulostoma, 71
sublivida {Lachnea), 24 turgidus {Ascomyccs), 33
subsquarrosa {PhoUota), 130 turpis {Lactarius), 151, 152
Subterranean fungi, 19
subtomentosus {Boletus), 105 80
ulicis {Ditiola),
subulata {Ptenila), 85 ulmarius {Pomes), 100
sulphurea {Coniophora) 87 ulmarius {Pleurotus), 143
sulphureum {Tricholoma), 174 Ulocolla, 78
sulphureus {Polyporus), 5, 31, I
umbellatus {Polyporus), 10 1, 102
34. 102 I
umbellifera {Omphalia), 132, 145
surrectus {Agaricus), 135 urens {Marasmius), 170

Table of genera of vaccinii {Exobasidium) 32, 88

Agaricaceae, no vaginata {Amanitopsis) 44, 178,
Gasteromycetes, 56 179
Hymenomycetes, 75 I
vaporaria {Poria), 93, 97
tabularis {Dermocybe) Cort., 122 variabilis {Claudopus), 131, 144
j

Telamonia (Cort.)> i^3 variegatus {Elaphomyces), 7, 186,

Temperature, 38 I 189
tenacella {Collybia), 169 !
variegatus {Melanogaster), 58
tenera {Galera), 126 I
varius {Polyporus) 10
ienerrima\{Mycena), 162 “ Vegetable caterpillar,” 187
I

tenuipes {Pistillaria) 85 teller eus {Lactarius), 158

j

Terms, glossary of, 47 i

velutipes {Collybia), 38, 167, 168
 , ,

210 FUNGI AND HOW TO KNOW THEM

venosa {Peziza), 182 (
viscidus {Gomphidxus) 114
vermicularis {Clavaria), 84 i viscosa {Calocera), 81
vernicosus {Cyathus), 63 vitilis{Mycena), 164
Verpa, 184 Voglino, 21
verrucosum {Scleroderma), 61 Volvaria, 135
versicolor {Boletus), 105 vulgare {Crucibulum) 63
,

versicolor {Polystictus), 12, 38, 98, vulgare {Scleroderma), 21, 60, 61

192 vulgaris {Mycena), 163
versipellis {Boletus), 107 vulgaris {Peziza), 183
vesca {Russula), 158
vesiculosa {Peziza), 33, 182 Ward, Marshall, 25
violacea {Poria), 98 Water and spore dispersal, 18
violaceus {Inoloma), Cort., 121 Watkins, H. T. G., 20
virescens {N cematelia) 78
virgatum {Tricholoma), 174 Xerotus, 138
virgineus {Hygrophorus), 142 Xylaria, 187
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BILLING AND SONS, LTD.,
GUILDFORD
A SELECTION OF BOOKS
PUBLISHED BY METHUEN
AND COMPANY: LONDON
36 ESSEX STREET

W.C.

C0N r E NTS

PAGE P.AGE

Gensral Literature . . • 2 Little Library , 20

Ancient Cities, • 15 Little Quarto Shakespeare . 21

Antiquary’s Books. • 15 Miniature Library 21

Arden Shakespeare • 15 New Library of Medicine . 21

Classics of Art « 16 New Library of Music 22

“Complete” Scries . • 16 Oxford Biographies 22

Connoisseur’s Library , • 16 Romantic History . 22

Handbooks of English Church Handbooks of Theology 22

History .... « 17 Westminster Commentaries 23

Illustrated Pocket Library of

Plain and Coloured Books 17

Leaders of Religion . 18

Library of Devotion • 18 Fiction 23

Little Books on Art 19 Books for Boys and Girls . 28

Little Galleries • 19 Novels of Alexandre Dumas 29

Little Guides . . . • 19 Methuen’s Sixpenny Books. 29

FEBR UARV 1910

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