Annotated Bibliography of Traditional Medicine Research Carried Out at DMR (LM) During 1965-2011

MINISTRY OF HEALTH
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

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AI{I{OTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
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Ministry of Health
Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar)
Central Biomedical Library
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE RESEARCH
CARRIED OUT AT
DMR (LM) DURING 1965-2011
Compiled by
Cho Mar Oo
BA (Economics); DipLibSc
Librarian,
Staff of Central Biomedical Library
May Aye Than

MBBS, MMedSc (Pharmacology)
Deputy Director & Head
Pharmacology Research Division
Staff of Pharmacology Research Division
Aung Myo Min

BSc (Physics); DipLibSc; RL
Librarian & Head (Retd.)
Ye Htut
MBBS, MSc (Medical Parasitology) (London)
DLSHTM, FRCP (Edin)
Deputy Director-General
Myo Khin
MBBS, MD (New South Wales), DCH, FRCP (Edin)
Acting Director General

PREFACE
Throughout recorded history, people of various cultures have relied on traditional
medicine. Worldwide, only an estimated ten to thirty percent of human health care is
delivered by conventional, biomedically oriented practitioners. The remaining seventy to
ninety percent ranges from self-care according to folk principles, to care given in an
organized health care system based on traditional medicine. Likewise, in Myanmar health
care system, the existence of traditional medicine along with allopathic medicines is well
recognized. Myanmar traditional medicine dates back 2,000 years and is well accepted and
widely used by the people throughout history. Burma Medical Research Institute since it was
established in 1963 had started a program of research on traditional medicinal plants
including laboratory screening tests on animal models of herbs with reputed pharmacological
properties-such as anti-dysentery, bronchodilator, hypoglycemic effects. A research program
for the standardization, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of traditional drugs and
herbal medicines was started in 1984 and Myanmar Traditional Medicine National Formulary
has been compiled for 57 numbers of traditional medicine formulations, in each monograph
including formulary, therapeutic uses, caution and dosage in Myanmar language.
The Ministry of Health plays a pivotal role in the promotion and maintenance of
health of the Myanmar people for ensuring their health and longevity. The ministry also
encouraged research on traditional medicinal plants with the objectives of obtaining
evidence-based traditional medicine drugs and exploring new traditional medicinal plants.
Scientists from the Ministries of Health, Science and Technology and Education gather
together to conduct research on traditional medicine and traditional plants during the past
decades. An attempt has been made to consolidate all available data on traditional medicine
research carried out at the Department of Medicine Research (Lower Myanmar) during the
past five decades.
The bibliography is divided into two parts. The first part consists of bibliography
itself. Entries are provided with annotations and the titles are arranged alphabetically.
Annotations were made based on the abstracts. The second part is "The Subject Index" and
"Author Index". MeSH is the authority list used by the National Library of Medicine of the
United States of America. Myanmar Traditional Medicine includes many medical materials
of plants and animal origin which are not included in MeSH. In such cases, modifications
have to be made and new subject headings have been added ie, species of plants as well as
their local names. Cross-references are provided where necessary. This bibliography will be
of great assistance as a handy reference to traditional medicine practitioners and various
researchers in the field of Myanmar Traditional Medicine. Additional information can also be
obtained through review articles enlisted.
Dr. Myo Khin

MBBS, MD (NSW), DCH, FRCP (Edin)
Acting Director-General
Department of Medical Research( Lower Myanmar)
i

Abbreviations
1st Burma Res Congr - 1st Burma Research Congress
Burma Med Res Counc - Burma Medical Research Council
Myanmar Health Res Congr - Myanmar Health Research Congress
Res Pap Reading Session, Med Res Div - Research Paper Reading Session, Medical
Research Division
Burma Res Congr - Burma Research Congress
Med Res Congr - Medical Research Congress
Rep Burma Med Res Counc - Report of Burma Medical Research Council
Myanmar Health Sci Res J - Myanmar Health Science Research Journal
Burma Med Res Counc; Spec Rep Ser - Burma Medical Research Council; Special
Report Series
nd nd
2 Conf Med Spec, MMA - 2 Conference Medical Specialty, Myanmar
Medical Association
16th Myanmar Military Med Conf - 16th Myanmar Military Medical Conference
Pharmaceutical Biol - Pharmaceutical Biology
Union Burma J Life Sci - Union of Burma Journal of Life Sciences
Southeast Asia Region, Reg Health Forum - Southeast Asia Region, Regional Health
Forum
Int J Crude Drug Res - International Journal Crude Drug Research
iii

Contents
page
Preface i
Abbreviations iii
Part 1
Abstracts with Annotation 1
Part 2
Author Index 219
Subject Index
Medical Subject Headings 233
Index of Medicinal Plants (English) 243
Index of Medicinal Plants (Myanmar) 253
Traditional Medicine Formularies 265
Part 3
Review Articles 267
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE RESEARCH CARRIED OUT AT DMR (LM) DURING 1965‐2011
1. The action of Desmodium triquetrum (Lauk-thay-ywet) on the development of

Musca domestica. Tu, Margaret; Hkun Saw Lwin. 1st Burma Med Res Conf, 1965:
p6.
In Burma, Desmodium triquetrum (Lauk-thay-ywet) leaves are used to cover ngapi
in the belief that this practice renders the ngapi free of fly larvae. Assuming that the
larvae found in ngapi were those of Musca domestica, studies were initially made on
the effect of Desmodium triquetrum leaves and extract on (1) eggs of M. domestica
(2) larvae of M. domestica (3) oviposition in M. domestica. D. triquetrum leaves and
extract had no effect on the hatching of M. domestica eggs. Both leaf and extract had
no action on oviposition in M. domestica. Extracts tested had no action on the larve,
but the leaf had a lethal effect on the majority of larvae within 24hours. Death
appeared to be due finally to dehydration. The initial effects produced were a
localisation of the larvae to part of the leaf, usually on the under surface, followed by
an exudation of fluid. The mechanism by which the leaf produces the changes in the
larvae has yet to be elucidated. Studies were also made on the action of D. triquetrum
leaf and extract on the development of fly larvae found in Nga-ngapi and
Seinsa-ngapi. Extracts tested had no effect on the larvae but the leaf had a lethal
effect. The relative proportions of different kinds of fly larvae found in Nga-ngapi and
Seinsa-ngapi were studied. Four different kinds of fly larvae were found in batches of
Nga-ngapi and Seinsa-ngapi tested viz. M. domestica (in comparatively very small
numbers), a Borborid species, a calliphorid species and a species of Drosophila. The
last three species of fly are a waiting identification.
2. Activation analysis of arsenic in ''Khun-hnit-par-shaung" Myanmar indigenous
medicine. Than Dar Shwe. Thesis, MSc (Chemistry), University of Yangon, 1988.
Gamma counter employing 'Bicron' scintillation counter was calibrated for study of
75
AS (n, r) 76As reaction. Sources of errors related to gamma attenuation and neutron
self-shielding effects were studied. Mass-activity relation for arsenic was determined
by gamma counting technique and checked against by both nuclear and chemical
methods. 'Khun-hnit-par-shaung' Myanmar indigenous medicine was formulated and
the effects of various experimental parameters on medicinal formulations were
investigated.
3. Activities of some medicinal plants on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients
with septic wound (Ana-pauk wound) attending Traditional Medicine Hospital,
Yangon. Lwin Lwin Cho; Mar Mar Nyein; May Kyi Aung; Win Myint;
Mi Mi Htwe; Hla Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006: p18.
Three medicinal plants: (Allium sativum-single clove garlic), leaves and seeds of
Tama (Azadirachta indica) and Bizat (Eupatorium odoratum) leaves were selected to
find out the antibacterial activity on 30 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
Wound swabs and pus samples were collected from patients with septic wound
attending Traditional Medicine Hospital, Yangon from January to August, 2005. All
extracts of three medicinal plants and fresh juice of Bizat leaves showed no antibacterial
activity on Stphylococcus aureus. Fresh garlic juice had significant batericidal action on
all those isolates. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of fresh garlic juice on
those isolates was in the range of 1.3% to 2% (v/v) by agar plate dilution method and
minimum bactericidal concentration of fresh garlic juice was in the range of 1.3% to
5% (v/v) by tube dilution method. The findings of this study may be a scientific report
for further development of a useful phytomedicine from garlic with specific
antibacterial activity.
1
4. Activity of Traditional Medicine Formulations (TMF-6 & TMF-23). Mar Mar Nyein;
Mi Mi Htwe. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2004; 16(1-3): p18-22.
The Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulations (TMF-6 & TMF-23) which are
mainly used in diarrhea and dysentery by Myanmar practitioners were selected to
determine the antibacterial properties. The ingredients (24 plants) present in it were
selected singly and tested for their antibacterial activities. A total of 35 strains of
bacteria (Escherichia coli = 11; Staphylococcus aureus = 3; Salmonella species = 7;
Shigella species = 4; Vibrio cholerae = 7 and one species each of Bacillus subtilis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus morganii) were chosen for testing. Agar disc
diffusion was done for screening. It was demonstrated that TMF-6 extract was active
on Escherichia coli (STLT) and Vibrio cholerae (Inaba); TMF-23 extract was active on
E. coli (STLT), Staphylococcus aureus (Ogawa). The extract of the mixture of two TMFs
was also found to be active on E. coli (LT) and Vibrio cholerae (Inaba). Among the 23
plants tested, they were found to be active on one, two or more of the bacteria tested
with different patterns.
5. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of Cuminum cyminum Linn. (Ziya). seeds on laboratory rats.
Mu Mu Sein Myint; May Aye Than; Yin Min Htun; Win Win Maw; Aye Myint Swe;
San San Myint; Myint Myint Khine; Phyu Phyu Win. Myanmar Health Sci Res J.
2011 August; 23(2): p79-83.
Cuminim cyminum Linn. (Ziya) seed is one of the most useful spices in Myanmar.
It is included in curry powder and some traditional medicine formulations. In acute
toxicity test, it was found that there was no toxic symptom in albino mice at the dose
of up to 4gm/kg body weight. In subacute toxicity test, three groups of rats were
tested orally once daily for 90 days. Group 1 and Group 2 received 3gm/kg and
1gm/kg body weight of seed powder. Group 3 received only 10ml/kg of distilled
water and served as control group. On day 91, all three groups were sacrificed and
blood was collected for biochemical tests (LFT and urea) and haematological
parameters. Internal organs were dissected out; weighted and histopathological
examinations were done. Sub-acute toxicity test showed that there were no changes of
body weight and organ weight in all three groups. There were no significant changes
in LFT, urea, complete picture and platelet count when compared with the control
group. In histopathological examinations, squamous metaplasia, necrosis and
polymorph infiltration were observed at mucosa of small intestine in some high dose
treated rats (3gm/kg body weight). Mild haemorrhage in kidney was also seen in 3 out
of 8 rats. There were no significant changes of histopathological examinations in low
dose and control groups.
6. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of Lingzhi in animal models. Pharmacology Research
Division. Annual Report 2000. Yangon: DMR (LM). p75-76.
Evaluation of the acute and subacute (short-term) toxic effects of a commercially
available Lingzhi capsule was carried out. Acute toxicity was conducted on 40 mice
divided into groups of 10 mice each. Lingzhi (0.75g/kg body weight, 1.5g/kg body
weight, 3g/kg body weight was given to three groups and the fourth group served as
the control group. No lethality was found in all the dosages tested. For the subacute
toxicity, 18 rats were divided into three groups of 6 rats each (Lingzhi 1g/kg body
weight, 0.5g/kg body weight and plain vehicle) were given once daily for 3 months.
Gross behaviors of these rats were recorded daily and body weight were recorded
once weekly at 3 months, they were sacrificed by dislocation of neck and blood
collected for urea, complete picture and liver function tests. Visible pathological
changes of vital organs as well as histopathological studies were carried out. Both
2
Lingzhi tested and control rats showed no pronounced gross or microscopic

pathological changes, and blood urea, complete picture and liver function tests were
within normal limit.
7. Acute and subacute toxicity of Millingtonia hortensis Linn. f. (Aykayit) leaves in
animal model. Khine Khine Lwin; Mu Mu Sein Myint; May Aye Than;
Min Min Myint Thu; Thaung Hla; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Aung Myint; Ei Ei Soe.
Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2011; 23(1): p32-37.
Millingtonia hortensis Linn. f. (Aykayit) (family-Bignoniaceaae) is a commonly
used medicinal plant for the treatment of hypertension in Myanmar. The present
study was done to determine the phytochemical constituents, acute and subacute
toxicity of Millingtonia hortensis Linn. f. dried leaves powder. Acute toxicity study of
the dried leaves powder of this plant was carried out in albino mice by using oral
route. In subacute toxicity study the dried leave powder of this plant at the doses of
3g/kg and 5g/kg was administered orally to the albino rats daily for 3 months. At the
end of 3 months, all the rats were sacrificed. Their blood samples were collected and
tested for haematological and biochemical parameters. The internal organs were
removed and collected for histopathological studies. It was found that the dried leaves
powder contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, steroids, phenol, saponin,
resin, carbohydrate and amino acid. In the acute toxicity study, it was found that the
dried leaves powder was not toxic up to the maximum feasible dose of 8g/kg. In the
subacute toxicity study, the dried leaves powder showed no significant changes in
body weight, hematological, and biochemical (blood urea, liver, function test)
parameters when compared with those of the control group. Histopathological studies
of the internal organs of the rats showed no pathological changes. In concliusion, it
was found that Millingtonia hortensis Linn. f. dried leaves powder did not possess any
acute toxic effect in the mice and substance toxic effect in the rats.
8. The acute and subacute toxicity of root of Butea superba Roxb. (aygufEG,f) Fabaceae
in animal model. Aung Ko Ko. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: Military Institute of
Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, 2011.
Butea superba Roxb. is a herbal leguminous plant endemic in Myanmar whose
tuberous roots are used for male rejuvenation and the prevention of erectile
dysfunction. The present study was done to determine the phytochemical constituents,
acute and sub-acute toxicity test of Butea superba Roxb. Acute toxicity study of
Butea superba Roxb. was carried out in albino mice by using oral route. In sub-acute
toxicity study, adult male wistar rats were orally treated by 0, 1, 2g/kg BW/day of
Butea superba Roxb. powder suspension for 3 months (i.e., 90days). On the 90th day,
all the rats were sacrificed. Their blood samples were collected and tested for
haematological and biochemical parameters. The internal organs were removed and
collected for histopathological studies. It was found that the powder contained
alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, phenolic compound, and tannin, starch, reducing
sugar, steroide, α-amino acid and carbohydrate. In the acute toxicity study, it was found
that the powder of Butea superba Roxb. was not toxic up to the maximum feasible dose
of 8g/kg. In the sub-acute toxicity study, the dried root powder at the doses of 1g/kg
and 2g/kg showed no significant changes in body weights when compared with those
of the control group. The average weights of the internal organs of the animals treated
with 1g/kg of the powder showed no difference except significantly increase in the
average weight of the lungs (p<0.0005), significantly decrease in the average weight
of the small intestine (p<0.000), the average weights of the brain and colon (p<0.005),
the average weights of the spleen and left kidney (p<0.05), when compared to the
3
control group. There was no significantly difference in the weights of the internal
organs of the rats treated with 2g/kg of the powder when compared with the control
except for the increase in relative weights of the testes and epididymus (p<0.05) in
rats treated with 2g/kg of Butea superba Roxb. powder. The group treated with the higher
dose of Butea superba Roxb. crude drug 2g/kg showed significant (p<0.05) higher
percentage weight ratio to body of testis than the control and 1g/kg treated groups.
Concerning the studies of haematological, there were no significant changes in
haematological parameters between the groups of the rats given with 1g/kg and 2g/kg
of the dried root powder of this plant and the control group. In this study, there were
no significant differences in serum bilirubin, serum alkaline phophatase (ALP) and
blood urea but significantly increase in the level of serum alanine aminotransferase
(ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p<0.05) between the rats treated
with 1g/kg and 2g/kg doses of the powder suspension of Butea superba Roxb. and the
control group. The weight and histopathological examination of selected organs showed
no significant changes. In the present study, the histolopathological studies of the
tissue samples taken from selected organs of the rats treated with the powder of this
plant and the control group of rats showed no pathological lesions. The tissues of the
testes of 9 rats and the epididymus of 5 rats treated with the low dose (1g/kg) of the
powder of Butea superba Roxb. showed active spermatogenesis. The tissues of testes
and epididymus of all rats treated with the high dose (2g/kg) of the powder of this
plant showed active spermatogenesis. The information from this study can be used to
explain the application of this plant which has been used to increase sexuality in men.
However, the long term use of Butea superba Roxb. in high doses may prove toxic to
animals and humans.
9. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of Traditional Medicine Formulation number 28
(Thetyinnkalat-hsay) on rat model. Khin Phyu Phyu; Lei Lei Win; Mya Malar;
Kyawt Kyawt Khaing; Kyi San; Tin Tin Thein; Thaw Zin; Kyaw Zin Thant.
The purpose of this study is to perform standardization and to find the safety
profile of Traditional Medicine Formulation Number 28 (Thetyinnkalat-hsay) on
laboratory rat model. TMF-No. 28, an antidiabetic drug, has been used for a long time
but its toxicity has not been studied. In an acute toxicity study, TMF-28 was
administered orally in three different doses 9.2g/kg body weight (80 times human
dose), 4.6g/kg body weight (40 times human does), and 2.3g/kg body weight (20
times human dose), and distilled water as control group using Litchfield and
Wilcoxon Method. Animals were observed for any toxic symptoms up to 2 weeks.
The results indicated there were no toxic symptoms up to the dose of 9.2g/kg per oral
(p.o). In sub-acute toxicity study, this drug was tested at there doses of 2g/kg body
weight, 1g/kg body weight and 0.5g/kg body weight (p.0) once daily for 90 days. The
animals were sacrificed on the 91st day and various blood biochemical parameters,
haematological, and histopathological examinations were done. Sub-acute toxicity
showed that there was no decrease in body weight of the internal organs such as heart,
liver, lung, kidney, spleen, stomach and intestine were found, when compared with
the control group. No significant changes in liver and kidney functions tests, and
haematological parameters were observed when compared with the control group.
Mild congestion of capillaries and blood vessels were observed in heart, lung and
liver of some rats. These findings suggested that dosage of TMF 28 should be
carefully selected by performing appropriate clinical trials to ensure maximal safety
of this drug.
4
10. Acute effect of onion (Allium cepa) on blood glucose level of diabetic patients. Zaw Myint;
Hnin Lwin Tun; Theingi Thwin; Thet Thet Mar; Mie Mie Nwe; Aye Myint Oo;
Lwin Zar Maw; Tin Ko Ko Oo; May Thu Kyaw. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2009;
21(1): p22-25.
To determine the acute effect of onion on blood glucose levels of diabetic
(NIDDM) patients, a self-controlled study was done. It included 20 diabetic patients
whose fasting plasma glucose concentration exceeded 126mg/dl. After taking the
fasting plasma glucose sample, 50g of oral glucose load was given to the patients and
the plasma glucose levels at thirty-minute time intervals up to 2 hours were taken
again (OGTT). Then, the same procedure was done after one week at which glucose
load and onion (50g) were administered. The results were analyzed by using paired‘t’
test. The mean fasting plasma glucose concentrations of diabetic patients were
147.35±17.18mg/dl vs. 149±19.76mg/dl, (p=0.199), respectively. When the glucose
onion were administered, the plasma glucose levels were found to be decreased when
compared to those levels after giving glucose only; (225.60±27.25mg/dl vs.
214.40±33.39mg/dl at 30min; p=0.099), (282.55±31.67mg/dl vs. 229.40±37.61mg/dl
at 60min; p=0.0001), (270.20±22.48mg/dl vs. 194.45±37.26mg/dl at 90min;
p=0.0001) and (248.75±20.13mg/dl vs. 161.65 30.50mg/dl at 120min; p=0.0001),
respectively. This study shows that onion has an acute effect of lowering the plasma
glucose levels which could be useful in the management of patients with diabetes
mellitus.
11. Acute toxicity test and antibacterial activity of Terminalia bellirica Bel. (opfqdrfhqD)
from the Ministry of Industry (1). Pharmacology Research Division. Annual
Report 2002. Yangon: DMR (LM). p57.
Terminalia bellirica Bel. (opfqdrfhqD) from Myanmar Foodstuff Production,
Ministry of Industry (1), has been tested for the acute toxicity. The following effects
were seen in the dose of 33ml/kg body weight in mice. Steatorrhoea was noticed,
which were not seen when compared with control eatable oil (7efukefyJqDoefã). So,
continue to test this oil in boiled form. The same effects were also seen in same dose
in mice. It may be due to its' structure same as castor oil which is purgative activity
and its' more potent purgative effect than castor oil. Antibacterial activity of
(opfqdrfhqD) showed no activity.
12. Acute toxicity testing of artemisinin powder from Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory.
Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report 2002. Yangon: DMR (LM). p57.
Artemisinin powder from Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory was tested for the
acute toxicity test in mice. The median lethal dose was more than 9g/kg body weight.
LD50 of artemisinin powder from literatures was 5.9g/kg in mice. It may be due to the
impurity or low content of artemisinine. Therefore, it is needed to identify with pure
artemisinine standard later.
13. The analgesic and antipyretic effects of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees.
(Say-khar-gyi) leaves on experimental animals. Thida Tun. Thesis, MMedSc
(Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (2), 2008.
Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Say-khar-gyi) plant has been used as traditional herb
for treating fever, pain, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension and also for various
diseases in Myanmar especially in rural area. This plant is commonly known as ‘king of
bitters’ and used for centuries in Asia to treat upper respiratory tract infections,
gastrointestinal tract infections and other chronic disease. In this present study, 100gm
5
of air dried leaves of Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Say-khar-gyi) showed reduction

of spontaneous motor activity and induction of sleep from dose of 3gm/kg and above
that dose. Other autonomic nervous system and central nervous system activities are
normal. Analgesic activity was evaluated by using albino mice and tail clip method
described by Bianchi and Franceschini (1954). This method was usually used for testing
drugs with narcotic activity (Dhawan, 1984). The ethanolic extract of leaves of
Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Say-khar-gyi) was tested for three doses, 3g/kg, 6g,
6g/kg and 8g/kg orally. These three doses showed significant analgesic effect
(p<0.05). Subcutaneous morphine (10mg/kg) was used as standard drug. Although the
extracts possess analgesic effect, this is inferior to morphine. Antipyretic activity was
evaluated in yeast induced pyrexia in albino rat models. In this experiment, antipyretic
activity was evaluated by using the method used by Gupta et al., (2003). Fever was
induced in albino rats by subcutaneous injection of 20% w/v brewer’s yeast
suspended in 0.5% methyl cellulose solution. The extract was tested for three doses,
3g/kg, 6g/kg and 8g/kg orally. The dose of 3g/kg did not show significant reduction of
fever induced by yeast. But the dose 6g/kg and 8g/kg show significant reduction
(p<0.005) of pyrexia in albino rats and this antipyretic effect is dose dependent and at
the dose of 8g/kg can be compare to standard drug paracetamol 150mg/kg orally. The
phytochemical study of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Andrographis paniculata Nees.
(Say-khar-gyi) was observed that the extract contained alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside,
steroid, tannin, phenol, carbohydrate and proteins. Since, the ethanolic extract of
leaves of Say-khar-gyi showed analgesic and antipyretic activities, these activities
may be due to one or more of the phytochemical substances from the extract. The
time onset of analgesic effect and the time onset of antipyretic effect was not the same
and therefore the ethanolic extract of Say-khar-gyi may produce these effects by
different mechanisms. But the extracts possess both analgesic and antipyretic
activities in dose dependent manner.
14. Analgesic effect of Chin-saw-kha-thee (Cydonia cathayensis Hemsl.) on
experimentally induced pain in human subjects. May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein
Myint; Aye Than; Kyi Kyi Myint; San San Myint; Thazin Myint; Tin Nu Swe.
Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2002; 14 (1-3): p7-11.
Chin-saw-kha-thee (Cydonia cathayensis Hemsl.) from North-east of Shan State of
Myanmar is locally claimed to be useful in treatment of gout. In the treatment of gout,
there are 2 types of drugs, 1 of which lowers the blood uric acid and the other
symptomatic drug of anti-inflammatory or analgesic activity. This study aimed to
evaluate the therapeutic analgesic efficacy of Chin-saw-kha-thee on experimentally-
induced cold compressor stimulation pain in healthy subjects. The study was
conducted at Clinical Research Unit (Traditional Medicine), Department of Medical
Research (Lower Myanmar). The study was a controlled, complete crossover single
dose design using aspirin as a positive standard drug. Eighteen clinically healthy
volunteers participated in this study and was evaluated on the 3 basic pain response
parameters namely, pain threshold, pain tolerance and pain sensitivity range. The
assay was validated by doing a preliminary reproducibility of the pain response
parameters (which coefficient of variation of less than ±15% was selected) on the
healthy volunteers before the actual study. Aspirin, 600mg and Chin-saw-kha-thee
10gm (immersed in 150ml of distilled water for a night) showed significant analgesic
efficacy in three parameters (p<0.01-0.0005) when compared to placebo (water). No side
effects were observed in any of these subjects. From this study it was observed that
Chin-saw-kha-thee showed analgesic activity.
6
15. Analysis of arsenic content in "Khun-hnit-par-shaung" Myanmar indigenous

medicine. Than Dar Shwe; Myint U. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1994; 6(3): p139-
143.
"Khun-hnit-par-shaung" indigenous Myanmar medicine has been used widely for
the treatment of tingling and numbness of extremities, and for a wide variety of the
joint disease. It is a mixture of Sein-nee-myin-thwa (As2 S2), Kyauk-say-dan (As2 S3),
Kant (sulphur), Za-wet-tha (ammonium chloride), Hin-yaing-ni (mercury II sulphate)
Let-char (borax), Dotehtar (copper II sulphate) in equal proportion. Arsenic content of
Sein-nee-myin-thwa, Kyauk-say-dan and the formulated "Khun-hnit-par-shaung"
medicine was analysed by nuclear method. 66.89% of Sein-nee-myin-thwa and
36.37% of Kyauk-say-dan were found to be arsenic. The arsenic content of
formulated "Khun-hnit-par-shaung" medicine depends on the heating time during the
preparation. The content of arsenic in the mixture becomes higher according to the
exposure time of heat.
16. Anthelmintic action of Burmese pineapple (Nanat) on experimental model.
Yee Mon Myint; Tha, Saw Johnson; Chit Maung; Aye Than. Res Paper Reading
Session, Med Sci Div, 1985: p12.
The pineapple Ananas sativa juice, 4080mg/ml, effectively killed the in vitro test
parasite Ascaris suum during the experimental period of two days. Potency wise
comparison study showed 80mg/ml of the pineapple juice had an anthelminthic
activity equivalent to that of 4mM of piperazine. The juice immobilized the test worm
leading to death, without any intervening stimulatory phase. On the in vivo model
using pigs, the pineapple fruit, ingested to a dosage as low as 10g/kg, could purge the
intestinal roundworms. Its mechanism of action was found to be due to worm's cuticle
digestion by the bromelain content of the fruit, which was averaging 0.29%. The
findings together with its clinical significance were discussed.
17. Anthelmintics: Anticholinesterase activities of some medicinal plants. Hla Pe; Tin
Win; Khin Khin Su. Res Paper Reading Session, Med Sci Div, 1986-87: p4.
It is known that anthelmintic drugs are potent cholinesterase inhibitors. A
biochemical system for measurement of anticholinesterase activity of chemical agents
and some reputed medicinal plants was established. Some of Burmese medicinal
plants were found to be cholinesterase inhibitors. Let-htoke-kyi, an antidysenteric
medicinal plant, was found to have high anticholinesterase activity, which can
therefore be considered as a potential anthelmintic drug.
18. Anti-amoebic activity of a medicinal plant EH [Euphorbia hypericifolia L]. San San Aye;
Ye Htut; Aye Than; Aye Kyi; Myo Myint; Hnin Nu Wah. Myanmar Health Res
Congr, 2004: p22.
Euphorbia hypericifolia L. (EH) is a plant growing wild in Myanmar. It has long
been used in Myanmar traditional medicine for the treatment of amoebic dysentery for
years. After making morphological and anatomical confirmation, four extracts were
prepared in different solvents, namely water, ethyl acetate, 50% and 95% ethanol in
varying concentrations and were tested against 20 isolates of Entamoeba histolytica
for antiamoebic activity, in in vitro culture system. The results showed that watery
extract, 50% and 95% ethanol extracts of EH had antiamoebic activity. Quercetin was
identified as an active principle of EH on phytochemical analysis.
7
19. Anti-amoebic activity of fruits of Piper longum Linn. (Peik-chin) on albino mice.
Soe Soe Htwe. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (2),
2009.
Antiamoebic activity of fruits of Piper longum Linn. which are one of popularly
used in amoebiasis had not been studied scientifically in Myanmar. (Peik-chin) which
was extracted with both aqueous and 95% ethanol was studied in albino mice. The
phytochemical analysis of both aqueous and 95% ethanolic extract was done and
results showed both extracts contained alkaloid, glycoside, steroids, reducing sugar
and carbohydrate. Acute toxicity study of both aqueous and 95% ethanolic extract
was done by using albino mice. It was observed that 95% ethanolic extract showed
slightly toxic and median lethal dose (LD50) of this extract was 1.9g/kg and its
confidence limit was (1.03g/kg to 3.3g/kg). The median lethal dose (LD50) of aqueous
extract was 21.3g/kg which means relatively harmless and its confidence limit was
(18.7g/kg to 24.3g/kg). The study tested the antiamoebic effect of aqueous and 95%
ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum Linn. on the caecum amoebiasis induced in
mice by (2x105/ml) of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica (HMI; IMSS) strain.
Infection was confirmed on the fourth day through detection of 0.5, 0.25 and
0.125g/kg of extract, and aqueous extract of 9, 6, 3g/kg were administered daily for 4
consecutive days, to albino mice proved to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica.
The antiamoebic activity of both extracts was compared with a positive control group
of infected mice receiving normal saline and a group of non-infected mice. On the 5th
day, the mice were sacrificed and the caecum was carefully examined
macroscopically for lesions at caecal wall and contents. The antiamoebic activity was
expressed as the percent of cured infection. The 95% ethanolic extract, at doses of
0.5g/kg, affect cure in 60% of the mice treated, as compared to 80% with
metronidazole. The remaining 2 doses of 0.25 and 0.125g/kg extract showed 40% and
20% effectiveness in treated mice, respectively. The aqueous extract, at doses of 9, 6,
3g/kg showed 40%, 30% and 20% effectiveness in treated mice, respectively. Marked
antiamoebic activity of fruits of Piper longum Linn. was seen as increased the percent
of cured infection in mice treated by both extracts, however, the efficacy is lowered
when compared to metronidazole. It was found that the increasing dose of the extracts
caused increasing metronidazole. It was found that the increasing dose of the extracts
caused increasing effect of cured infection. Therefore, it was shown that both extracts
had dose dependent effect. The histopathological findings showed no significant
histopathological changes which resembled normal pattern in metronidazole treated
group, 0.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg doses of 95% ethanolic extract and 9g/kg and 6g/kg doses of
aqueous extract treated group. The histopathological findings of the lowest dose of
95% ethanolic extract (0.125g/kg) and lowest dose of aqueous extract treated mice
(3g/kg) showed mucosal sloughing, some focal area of ulceration and infiltration by
inflammatory cells. Therefore, the histopathological findings also supported that the
extract had the dose dependent effect on percent of cured infection. This study proved
scientifically that both aqueous and 95% ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum Linn.
had dose dependent antiamoebic activity. And when compared between 2 extracts,
95% ethanolic extract showed more efficacious in antiamoebic activity but more toxic
than aqueous extract.
8
20. The anti-bacterial actions of some indigenous plant extracts in vitro and in vivo.
Mar Mar Nyein. Thesis, MSc (Zoology), Rangoon Arts & Science University, 1976.
Twenty-six indigenous plants had undergone an in vitro antibacterial screening
against 14 test-bacteria. Sixteen of the plants tested showed an inhibitory activity
against at least one test bacterium, though there was a variation regarding the size of
zones of inhibition. The plant extracts and some antibiotics had been employed in
evaluating two in vitro methods and two culture media usually used for antibacterial
screening. The Kirby-Bauer's method as the in vitro testing and the trypticase soy agar
as the culture media were found preferable, in the study. The antibacterial spectrum
and bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects of the plants were also determined by
measuring their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The alkaloid extract of
Stephania hernandifolia seemed to be the most potent among the plants tested, as it
showed a lowest MIC when compared with the results obtained from other plant
extracts. According to the MIC determination, the plants showing potency were
Artemesia vulgaris, Coptis teeta, Lawsonia alba, Quisqualis indica, Myristica
fragrans and Pterocarpus santalinus. Thus, a very large number of plants are required
to undergo the investigations in order to obtain some more plants with high potency,
based on the MIC determinations. From the most promising indigenous plants based
on their MIC values, four were further selected for in vivo specific screening tests,
using the Staphylococcus aureus infected closed wound model of rats. The four plants
were C. teeta, L. alba, Q. indica and S. hernandifolia. Effectiveness of the test agents
were then assessed from three test parameters, ie., viable bacterial count, tensile
strength and tissue collagen content. Only C. teeta and S. hernandifolia were found to
possess a promising antibacterial activity plus wound healing. A closed wound with
Staph. aureus infected model in rats had also been developed for specific screening of
wound healing activity. Various products of Kaemferia spp. (bulb powder, benzene
extract and 50% alcoholic extract) were included in this study. Out of the various
products, the Kaemferia spp. powder in paraffin gave the most promising results.
21. Anti-bacterial activity and chemical constituents of Euphorbia milii. Win Myint;
Mar Mar Nyein; Aung Myint; Oo Aung; Aye Aye Thein; Nwe Yee Win.
Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1996: p60.
Antibacterial activity of Euphorbia milii (Kiss-me-quick) was evaluated by in vitro
screening model. Of the various extracts of leaves tested, polar extracts were observed
to be effective on 13 out of 33 species of bacteria. The alcoholic extracts that showed
antibacterial activity were further analysed chemically. Three chemical constituents;
quercetin, kaempferol, and cyanidin were isolated, identified and quantified by TLC,
Co-TLC, paper chromatography, and UV-VIS and IR spectroscopy.
22. Anti-bacterial activity of Citrus lemon L. (Lime) and effect of its juice for
decontamination of bacteria from different drinking water sources and food
specimens. Mar Mar Nyein; Wah Wah Aung; Thin Thin Yu; Khin Saw Mon; Aye
Aye Maw; Kyaw Moe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006: p53.
Antibacterial activity of Citrus lemon (L.) (Lime juice) was recorded when tested
on 35 isolates of pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical sources with various
ailments. They were different species of Escherichia coli (ETEC, EPEC, VTEC,
EAEC, EHEC & EAAgEc) Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Proteus, Pseudomonas,
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus. Zone size in diameter from 14 to 30mm was
obtained by testing with agar disc diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) was also determined and found to inhibit the bacteria up to 1:64
dilutions. When the juice was treated in contaminated drinking water sources from 12
9
localities, all bacteria were decomposed soon after the introduction of juice
(approximately within 1 minute). Though the growth recovered only after 24hours of
treatment, no growth was demonstrated up to 6-8 hours when 10ml of juice was
treated with 250ml (1cup) of contaminated water. The rate of growth reflected with
the amount of juice used to treat decontamination. Similarly, antibacterial activity was
obtained when lime juice was treated in contaminated noodle specimens (10ml/100g
of food) which was usually prepared in salads.
23. Anti-bacterial activity of different extracts and essential oil of Vitex negundo Linn.
(Kyaung-pan-gyi) (ajumifyef;juD;) (Verbenaceae) leaves on bacteria causing wound
infection. May Phyu Thein Maw. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: University of
Pharmacy, 2011.
Medicinal plants have recently been received the attention of the pharmaceutical
and scientific communities and various publications have documented the therapeutic
value of nature compounds in a bid to validate claims of their biological activity.
Attention has been drawn to the antimicrobial activity of plants and their metabolites
due to the challenge of growing incidences of drug-resistant pathogens. The
antibacterial activity of four different extracts (pet ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol (80%),
water and essential oil of Vitex negundo Linn. Leaves were investigated against some
bacteria associated with wound infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) by using modified agar disc diffusion method of
Kirby-Bauer. Results showed that only ethanolic (80%) extract showed zone of
inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 13mm for
both organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations by broth dilution method
were found to be 12.5mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 25mg/mL for
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further ethanolic (80%) extract was formulated in the form
of ointment and wound healing activity was determined on Staphylococcus aureus
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced open wound preparation in rats. Wound
healing activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced rats
were observed on the 7th day and 9th day. Acute toxicity study was performed
according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 420
as a safety test. It was found that acute toxicity of the ethanolic (80%) extract was not
classified according to Globally Harmonized Classification system. Vitex negundo Linn.
is also a carbohydrate rich plant containing 51.75% of its energy value. Phytochemical
analysis indicated that it contains valuable phytoconstituents such as alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides and phenolic groups. The results of this study provide
scientific basis for the use of the plant extract in the treatment of skin and wound
infection.
24. Anti-bacterial activity of herbs used in traditional medicine formulation as remedies
for gastrointestinal disorder (diarrhoea and dysentery). Mar Mar Nyein; Mi Mi Htwe;
Aye Than. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2002: p6.
A total of 44 plants were tested for antibacterial activity by agar disc diffusion
assays and some in vivo tests. Different extracts of plants were tested on 12-64 strains
of bacteria with known antibiogram and special emphasis on pathogens isolated from
diarrhoea/dysentery and gastroenteritis cases. Tested bacterial pathogens include
Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli species, Klebsiella aerogenes,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus species, Pseudomonas species,
Salmonella species, Shigella species, Staphylococcus species and Vibrio species. Plant
extracts which were shown to have antibacterial activity either singly, or to all tested bacterial
were Aegle marmelos, Alpinia galanga, Capparis sepiaris, Cinnamomum inunctum,
10
C. zeylanicum, Cuminum cyminum, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, Dichroa febrifuga,

Embelia robusta, Emblica officinalis, Eugenia caryophyllata, E. jambolan,
Foeniculum vulgare, Garcinia mangostana, Melia azadirachta, Mesua ferrea,
Myristica fragrans, Nigella sativa, Piper betle, P. nigrum, Pinus kesiya, Pterocarpus
santilinus, Symplocos racemosa, Terminalia chebula and Zingiber officinale. The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ranges from 15mcg to 200mg/ml with respect to
the type of extraction methods. Activity of some plants were proven by in vivo tests
using infant rabbit assay, infant mouse assay, rabbit ileal loop assay and experimental
induced wounds in rats. By testing the antagonism effect by tissue culture toxin assay
methods using CHO cells, Hep-2 cells, and vero cells, the activity of plant extract was
obtained only by using the limited amount of minimum dose of infection.
25. Anti-bacterial activity of honey, propolis and bee pollen: An in vitro study.
Phyu Phyu Win; Tin Aye. Med Res Congr, 1991: p31.
An in vitro study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of honey,
propolis (bee glue) and bee pollen. It was found that pure honey is a potent inhibitor
of all the pathogens tested. Most pathogenic bacteria failed to grow in honey at a
concentration of 30% and above. Propolis was found to have antibacterial activity
only against Gram-positive cocci, but limited activity against Gram-negative bacilli.
Propolis can climinate the growth of Gram-positive cocci even at a concentration of
10%. Bee pollen has no antibacterial affect on all the pathogens tested. The findings
confirm previous reports of antimicrobial properties of these materials.
26. Anti-bacterial activity of MAT/MP009. Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report
2002. Yangon: DMR (LM). p57.
Aqueous extracts of MAT/MP009 was found to possess antibacterial activity on
Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, E. coli and Staphlocoocus
aureus as shown by agar diffusion method. The study was done in collaboration with
the Bacteriology Research Division.
27. Anti-bacterial activity of some plants and formulations and determination of
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by microtitre plate dilution method. Mar
Mar Nyein; Mi Mi Htwe; Ba Han; Ei Ei Khine. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2006;
18(1): 26-30.
Traditional Medicine Formulation (TMF-10) [mixture of Cyperus rotundus Linn.
(-rufrkefnif;) Alpinia galanga Wall. (y'JaumjuD;), and Piper betle Linn. (uGrf;), and
plants Alpinia galanga Wall. (y'JaumjuD;), Acorus calamus Linn. (vif;ae), and Piper
longum Linn. (ydwfcsif;)] were tested for their antibacterial activity on 20 different types
of bacteria (Escherichia coli=6 types, Proteus morganii, Shigella boydii,
S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. derby, S. krefeld, Staphylococcus aureus;
S. epidermidis,Vibrio cholerae O1, V. cholerae O139, V. cholerae (Inaba),
V. cholerae Ogawa and V. fluvialis) from clinical sources. The bacteriostatic and
bactericidal activities of extracts were tested by microtitre plate dilution method and
the optical density was determined by microplate reader. It was found that water
extract of TMF had antibacterial activity on 20 different types of bacteria with various
inhibition zone sizes ranging from 14 to 26mm. Similarly, water extract of ash and
water extract of ash from water extract of Alpinia galanga Wall. (y'JaumjuD;) possess
antibacterial activity with the zone size of 7-18mm. The asarone and methyl piperate
compound obtained from Acorus calamus Linn. (vif;ae), and Piper longum Linn.
(ydwfcsif;), respectively also showed antibacterial activity on E. coil, S. flexneri,
11
S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of water

extracts of TMF-01 was ranging from 0.16 to 0.32mg/ml. Similarly, the MIC of water
extract of ash from Alpinia galanga Wall. (y'JaumjuD;) was 0.16mg/ml and water
extract of ash from water extract of Alpinia galanga Wall. (y'JaumjuD;) ranged from
0.078 to 0.625mg/ml. Moreover, the MIC of asarone from Acorus calamus Linn.
(vif;ae) was 0.06-0.12mg/ml and that of methyl piperate from Piper longum Linn.
(ydwfcsif;) was 0.03mg/ml.
28. Anti-bacterial properties of essential oils from six medicinal plants. Mar Mar Nyein;
Win Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Mya Bwin; Tin Aye. Myanmar Health Sci Res J.
1996; 8(2): p62-65.
The essential oils obtained from six medicinal plants namely Vitex sp. (Kyaung-ban),
Zingiber officinale (Gyin), Cymbopogon citratus (Sabalin), Curcuma longa (Nanwin),
Piper nigrum (Ngayokekoung) and Coleus aromaticus (Ziyarywethtu) were tested on
20 strains of bacteria. The bacteria comprised of 9 strains of Escherichia coli,
8 strains of Salmonella, and one strain each of Proteus morganii, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Shigella sonnei. It was observed that Cymbopogon citratus and
Coleus aromaticus were active on most bacteria tested.
29. Anti-bacterial properties of some Myanmar medicinal herbs. Mu Mu Thin. Thesis,
MSc (Zoology), University of Yangon, 1998.
Screening of indigenous plant extracts is carried out from January to December,
1997 by agar disc diffusion technique. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
is carried out using Agar Plate Dilution Method. Extracts of 17 plants Amarantus
spinosus, Brassica napus, Cassia fistula, Cassia siamea, Clerodendrum siphonanthus,
Crataeva nurvala, Emblica officinalis, Eugenia caryophyllata, Hydrocotyle asiatica,
Ipomoea aquatica, Ipomoea reniformis, Momordica charantia, Piper betle,
Pinus kesiya, Ricinus communis, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia are tested
16 bacterial strains; five strains of Escherichia coli, 4 strains of Shigella and one
strain each of Klebsiella aeruginosa, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus morganii,
Pseudomonas pyocyanes, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and
Vibrio cholerae were isolated from human clinical specimens. It was found that by
using 50% ethanolic extraction from four plants Cassia fistula, Momordica charantia,
Piper betle and Terminalia chebula have an antibacterial activity on two to 14 tested
bacterial strains. The essential oil of Pinus kesiya shows the antibacterial activity on
3 organisms and the plant Eugenia caryophyllata shows activity on 15 tested bacteria.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ranges from 5mg/ml to 5mg/ml
concentration. Fifty percent ethanolic extract and watery extract of the remaining
plants did not show any antibacterial activity. Suggestions for future work are
outlined.
30. Anti-cholinesterase activities of some anthelmintic agents and some medicinal plants.
Tin Win; Hla Pe; Khin Khin Su. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1994; 6(2): p70-74.
It is known that anthelmintic drugs are potent cholinesterase inhibitors. A
biochemical system for measurement of anticholinesterase activity of chemical agents
and some reputed medicinal plants was established. Some of Myanmar medicinal
plants were found to be cholinesterase inhibitors. Let-toke-gyi, antidysenteric
medicinal plant which was found to contain high anticholinesterase activity, can
therefore be considered as a potential anthelmintic drug.
12
31. Anti-diarrheal activity of Albizzia lebbeck Benth. (Anyar-kokko) on experimental

animals. Pyae Sohn. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services
Medical Academy, 2009.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically the antidiarrheal
effect of Albizzia lebbeck by using castor oil-induced diarrheal mice model hence
Albizzia lebbeck is widely distributed in Myanmar. The dried powder of seeds of
Albizia lebbeck was extracted with absolute ethanol and was used to obtain 14.8 yield
precent ethanolic extract. Dose dependent decrease in frequency, enteropooling and
percent intestinal transit of castor oil-induced diarrhea in all 3 tested groups (i.e. six
mice of each group receiving ethanolic extract (125mg/kg, 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg)
after castor oil administration. The ethanolic extract of seed of Albizzia lebbeck cause
relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle by possible mechanism of anticholinergic and
antihistamine. Acute toxicity study of the extract was performed by using albino mice
and LD50 was 2.7g/kg and its confidence limit was 1.74g/kg and 4.19g/kg. The ED50
of the extract was 310mg/kg and its confidence limit was 184mg/kg and 527mg/kg.
General pharmacological screening test of the extract had shown no abnormal
changes. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of seed of
Albizzia lebbeck and dried powder of seeds of Albizzia lebbeck showed they have
alkaloid, flavonoids, polyphenol, glycoside, carbohydrate, steroid, saponin, resin.
These findings suggested that ethanolic extract of seed of Albizzia lebbeck possessed
significant antidiarrheal effect in castor oil-induced antidiarrheal mice model.
32. The anti-diarrheal activity of Calotropis gigantea R.Br. (Mayo) on experimental
animals. Aye Aye Swe. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of
Medicine (2), 2006.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically the anti-diarrhoeal
effects of Calotropis gigantea by using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal mice model. The
dried powder of leaves of Calotropis gigantea was extracted with both water and 95%
ethyl alcohol were used to obtain aqueous extract and 47.5% ethanolic extract,
respectively. Dose dependent decrease in castor oil-induced diarrhoea in all 3 tested
groups (i.e. 6 mice of each group receiving ethanolic extract 6g/kg, 10g/kg and 12g/kg
respectively) at 3 hours and 4 hours after castor oil administration. Only two dose
level (i.e. ethanolic extract 10g/kg and 12g/kg) were observed dose dependent
decreased in castor oil-induced small intestinal transit and castor oil-induced
enteropooling. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Calotropis gigantea directly cause
relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle by an as yet unknown mechanism. Acute
toxicity studies of the extracts were performed by using the albino mice. The results
indicated that there was no lethality up to 16g/kg body weight with both aqueous and
ethanolic extracts. General pharmacological screening test of both aqueous and
ethanolic extracts of Calotropis gigantea had shown no abnormal changes. The ED50
value of ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea was 8g/kg and its confidence limit
was 5g/kg-12.8g/kg. The phytochemical analysis of both aqueous and ethanolic
extract and dried leaves powder of Calotropis gigantea showed they have alkaloid,
steroid, tannin, resin, glycoside, polyphenol, carbohydrate and reducing sugar. Among
these constituents, alkaloid, steroid, tannin and reducing sugar may mediate the anti-
diarrhoeal property of Calotropis gigantea extract.
13
33. Anti-diarrheal activity of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Minn-good) on experimental

animals. Thet Htun Aung. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon:
Defense Services Medical Academy, 2011.
effect of rinds of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Minn-good) by using castor oil-induced
diarrheal on mice model. The dried powder of rinds of Garcinia mangostana Linn.
was extracted with 70% ethanol and the yield was 10%. Dose dependent decrease in
frequency, enteropooling and percent intestinal transit were found in all 3 tested
groups receiving ethanolic extract (1g/kg, 2g/kg and 4g/kg) on castor oil-induced
diarrhea. The ethanolic extract of rinds of Garcinia mangostana Linn. which was
caused relaxation of rabbit intestinal smooth muscle. Acute toxicity study of LD50 of
the extract was done by using albino mice according to the OECD guideline. The
ED50 of the extract was 0.82g/kg and its upper limit was 1.62g/kg and lower limit was
0.41g/kg. General CNS, ANS screening test of the extract had showed no abnormal
changes. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract and dried powder of rinds
of Garcinia mangostana Linn. showed that have tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids,
polyphenol, glycosides, carbohydrate, steroids, saponin. These findings proved that
ethanolic extract of rinds of Garcinia mangostana Linn. had significant antidiarrheal
effect in castor oil-induced diarrheal mice model.
34. Anti-diarrheal activity of Leik-su-shwe (Barleria prionitis L., Acanthaceae) and
Nwa-mye-yin (Cyperus scariosus R. Br., Cyperaceae) in mice. Khin Sunn Yu;
Thaw Zin; Mu Mu Sein Myint; San San Myint; Myint Myint Khine;
Hla Myint, Saw; Maung Maung Htay. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006: p21-22.
In developing countries, the majority of people living in rural; areas almost
exclusively use traditional medicines in treating all sorts of disease including diarrhea.
It thus becomes important to identify and evaluate commonly available natral drugs as
alternative to currently used anti-diarrheal drugs, in terms of both efficacy and safety
profile. The objective of the present study was to determine the anti-diarrheal
efficacy of Leik-su-shwe (Barleria prionitis L., Acanthaceae) and Nwa-mye-yin
(Cyperus scariosus R.Br., Cyperaceae), which are reputed of having anti-diarrheal
properties, on experimental mouse model. A further study on antibacterial activity of
these plants was carried out on common diarrhea-causing organisms by Agar Well
diffusion methods. The plants were collected from Yangon and Mandalay areas and
the dried powdered plant parts of wholeplants were extracted with distilled water.
Serial dilutions of 3, 6 and 12g/kg of the extracts were administered to 3 groups of
mice which have been induced by castor oil to produce experimental diarrhea. Other
groups of mice include a negative control group receiving normal saline and a
positive control group receiving the standard anti-diarrheal drug, loparamide. The
anti-diarrheal activity was assessed by 3 main parameters, (1) the effect on castor oil
induced diarrhea (number and type of stools passed), (2) the effect on castor oil
inducd enteropooling (weight and volume of fluid accumulation), and (3) the effect on
castor oil induced small intestinal transit (passage of charcoal meal). The results
indicated that Nwa-mye-yin (Cyperus scariosus R.Br.) posess a marked anti-diarrheal
effect against castor oil diarrhea comparable to loparamide as seen by a marked
reduction in the number of diarrhea stools (p<0.02) and the reduction in the weight
and volume of the instestinal fluid accumulation (p<0.05), as well as a modest
reduction in instestinal transit. In contrast Leik-su-shwe (Barleria prionitis L.,
Acanthaceae) showed less anti-diarrheal activity than the former. The antibacterial
activity seen in the two plants indicated their potential usefulness in infective
14
diarrhesa where non-specific anti-diarrheal agents are contraindicated. The present

study signified the anti-diarrheal effect of the extracts and their potential usefulness in
a wide range of diarrheal states, whether due to disorders of transit e.g functional
diarrheas, radiation diarrheas or due to abnormal secretory mechanisms like in cholera
of E.coli enterotoxin induced diarrhea.
35. The anti-diarrheal effect of Aegle marmelos Linn. (Ok-shit) on experimental animals.
Than Htike Win. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services
effect of Aegle marmelos Linn. by using castor oil-induced diarrheal mice model. The
dried powder of roots of Aegle marmelos (Ok-shit) was extracted with absolute
ethanol and obtained ethanolic extract yield 3.3%. Aegle marmelos root extract 1g/kg,
2g/kg and 4g/kg body weight produced significant dose-dependent decrease in castor
oil (10ml/kg) induced frequency of diarrhea, enteropooling and small intestinal transit
of mice. In isolated rabbit intestine, significant dose-dependent intestinal smooth
muscle relaxation was found with Aegle marmelos root extract 5μg/ml, 10μg/ml and
20μg/ml bath concentrations. But, the possible mechanism of relaxation of intestinal
smooth muscle has not been definitely known in this study. Acute toxicity test was
done according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
guideline 423 and the LD50 cut-off value was more than 5g/kg. The ED50 of Aegle
marmelos root extract was 0.8g/kg and its confidence limits were 0.41 and 1.56g/kg.
General pharmacological screening test of Aegle marmelos root extract 1g/kg, 2g/kg
and 4g/kg body weight had shown no abnormal changes. The phytochemical analysis
of Aegle marmelos root extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
steroids/triterpenes, glycosides, tannin, reducing sugar, polyphenol, carbohydrates and
amino acids. All these findings suggested that Aegle marmelos root extract possessed
significant antidiarrheal effect in castor oil-induced diarrheal mice model.
36. The anti-diarrheal effect of Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-nwin) on experimental animals.
Tin Nwe Oo. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (1),
2009.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically the antidiarrhoeal
effect of Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-nwin). The rhizome of this plant has long history
for treating diarrhea in Myanmar, as a traditional medicine. However, there is no
scientific report on antidiarrhoeal effect of Curcuma longa Linn. Therefore, this study
is to confirm the antidiarrhoeal activity of Curcuma longa Linn. by using the animal
models. The albino mice were used for in vivo antidiarrhoeal effect and isolated
rabbits intestine were used for in vitro activity to explore the possible mechanism of
action of Curcuma longa Linn. The antidiarrhoeal effect of the defatted 70% ethanolic
extract Curcuma longa was tested by using three methods, (1) castor oil-induced
diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling and (3) castor oil-induced small intestinal
transit. Dose dependent decreased in castor oil-induced diarrhea was found by
counting the stool in all 3 tested groups with the dose of 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg at
1, 2, 3 and 4hours. Therefore, it showed that Curcuma longa Linn, had antidiarrhoeal
effect. Dose dependent increase in onset of defecation in minutes was found in all 3
tested groups, 21.5±17.102.5±37 and 150±36 minutes for 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg
respectively, showing that the more the dose,the longer the onset of defecation.
Curcuma longa extract significantly inhibited castor oil-induced intestinal fluid
accumulation. Weight of intestinal contents in grams was 1.2±0.1 in control group
and 0.77±0.1 in 1.5g/kg group. Volume of intestinal contents in milliliters was 5.8±1
15
in control group and 0.57±0.1 in 1.5g/kg group. Therefore, Curcuma longa Linn.
extract showed antisecretory activity. Curcuma longa extract also significantly
reduced the castor oil-induced intestinal transit. The percent intestinal transits in
centimeters were 98.7±1 in control group and 83.41±1.8 in 1.5g/kg extract group.
Therefore, Curcuma longa Linn. extract showed antimotility activity. The ED50 value
in mice model of the defatted 70% ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa for
antidiarrhoeal activity was 0.94g/kg and its 95% confidence limit was 0.45g/kg and
1.97g/kg. In isolated rabbit intestine, the different doses of
Curcuma longa (0.15μg/ml, 0.25μg/ml and 0.4μg/ml bath concentraction) were found
to cause the dose dependent relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle. Therefore, it
showed that the extract of Curcuma longa Linn. had relaxation effect on the intestinal
smooth muscle. Carbachol and histamine induced contractions of small intestine were
abolished by Curcuma longa extract showing that Curcuma longa Linn. had
physiological antagonist effect on carbachol and histamine. The ED50 value of the
defatted 70% ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa was 12.9g/kg and its 95%
confidence limit was 11.12g/kg-14.95g/kg. The phytochemical analysis of the
defatted 70% ethanolic extract and dried rhizome powders of Curcuma longa Linn.
showed the same constituents. The chemicals such as, alkaloids, steroids/triterpenes,
tannins and reducing sugars proposed to be the chemicals responsible for
antidiarrhoeal effect were present in both ethanolic extract and dried powders. In
conclusion, this study showed that Curcuma longa Linn. has dose dependent
antidiarrhoeal effect and not free from toxicity.
37. The anti-diarrhoeal effect of Ficus hispida Linn. (Kadut) on experimental animals.
Pyae Phyo Paing. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically the antidiarrhoeal
effect of Ficus hispida Linn. (Kadut). Although all parts of this plant are used in
Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, antidiarrhoeal
activity of the leaves of Ficus hispida Linn. is not studied scientifically. Therefore,
this study is to confirm the antidiarrhoeal activity of Ficus hispida Linn. by using the
animal models. The albino mice were used for in vivo antidiarrhoeal effect and
isolated rabbits intestine were used for in vitro activity to explore the possible
mechanism of action of Ficus hispida Linn. Dried powder of leaves of Ficus hispida
Linn. was extracted with absolute ethanol. General pharmacological screening test of
the extract had shown no abnormal changes. The phytochemical analysis of
Ficus hispida Linn. showed that they have alkaloid, flavonoids, polyphenol,
glycoside, carbohydrate, steroid, saponin, resin. Acute toxicity study of the extract
was performed by using albino mice and LD50 was 2g/kg. The ED50 of extract of
Ficus hispida Linn. was 0.36g/kg and its confidence limit was 0.74g/kg and 0.17g/kg.
Dose dependent decrease in frequency, enteropooling and percent intestinal transit of
castor oil-induced diarrhoea in all 3 tested groups (i.e. 6 mice of each group receiving
ethanolic extract (0.5g/kg, 1g/kg and 2g/kg) after castor oil administration. In isolated
rabbit intestine, the different doses of Ficus hispida Linn. (5µg/ml, 10µg/ml and
15µg/ml bath concentration) were found to cause the dose dependent relaxation of
intestinal smooth muscle. Therefore, it showed that the extract of Ficus hispida Linn.
had relaxation effect on the intestinal smooth muscle by non-specific mechanism. In
conclusion, this study showed that Ficus hispida Linn. has dose dependent
antidiarrhoeal effect but it is not free from toxicity.
16
38. Anti-diarrhoeal efficacy of some Burmese Indigenous Drug Formulations in

experimental diarrhoeal test models. Aye Than; Kulkarni, H J.; Wut Hmone;
Tha, Saw Johnson. Int J Crude Drug Res. 1989; 27(4): p195-200.
Five Indigenous Drug Formulations (IDFs) claimed to have anti-diarrhoeal action
were studied with experimental test models namely in vitro rabbit ileal preparations as
well as in vivo test models on mice and rats for gastrointestinal motility and castor
oil-induced purgation. Drugs IDF-16 and IDF-35b were found to possess significant
anti-diarrhoeal ativity, with experimental antidiarrhoeal indices of 77% and 82%,
respectively. Since their raw ingredients are available locally and cheaply, both drugs
are appropriate for clinical evaluation.
39. Anti-hepatotoxic substances from Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Kyeik-hman).
Win Myint. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1995 April; 7(1): p9-13.
Three chemical compounds namely wedelolactone, demethyl wedelolactone and
luteolin which had been reported to possess hepatoprotective activity were detected
from Kyeik-hman (E. alba) grown in Myanmar. The active compounds were
primarily identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) by investigating Rf values
and colour characteristics viewed under longwave ultra-violet (UV) light. The
identification of above active substances was confirmed by UV spectral data analysis
in comparison with standard marker or reference data reported in literature.
40. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of the leaves Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. Family:
Asteraceae. (ysm;_rD;). Thura Aung. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: Military Institute of
Nursing and Paramedical Sciences. 2011.
This study was done during February, 2011 to October, 2011. Before screening of
blood sugar lowering effect in rabbit model, the morphological and diagnostic
characters of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. were examined. Then phytochemical
constituents, physicochemical properties, determination of heavy metals,
determination of aflatoxins and pesticide residues, elemental analysis, microbial
contamination and acute toxicity of G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. were examined. This
medicinal plant Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Pyar-mee), belongs to the family
Asteraceae which was collected from Fame oranic farm, Pyin Oo Lwin Township
before this study was conducted. In acute toxicity, albino mice (DDY strain) were
used and dried leaves powder of G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. was given in different
doses (1g/kg, 2g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg), respectively. After administration of different
doses, they were observed within 24hours. Then, the observation was continued to at
least two weeks for any toxic and harmful effects due to the dried leaves of
G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. It was observed that the dried leaves powder was free
from harmful effect and the powder had not toxic effect during the observation period
of two weeks with permission dose of 6g/kg. Therefore, the dried leaves powder of
G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. possessed no acute toxic effect. In the study of
antihyperglycemic activity, the different doses of dried leaves powder (0.75, 1.5, and
3g/kg) were administered by orally in adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic rabbit
models. All the three doses showed significantly antihyperglycemic activity at 1hour
(p<0.0005), 2hour (p<0.0005-0.0001), 3hour (p<0.0005) and 4hour (p<0.0005),
respectively when compared with control group. The action of 3g/kg of dried leaves
powder was faster than 0.75g/kg and 1.5g/kg of dried leaves powder. The
administration of 3g/kg of dried leaves powder similarly lowered sugar level in blood
as glibenclamide B.P (4mg/kg). In comparison of percent inhibition of hyperglycemic
between two different test agents, 1.5 and 3g/kg of G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr dried
17
leaves powder and glibenclamide B.P., these doses showed no significant differences
at 1, 2, 3 and 4hour respectively.
41. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Piper betle Linn. (Kun-ywet) in alloxan induced
diabetic rats. Htet Phone Aung. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon:
Defence Services Medical Academy, 2009.
Piper betle Linn. ( Family: Piperaceae ) is used in Myanmar traditional medicine
as a remedy for various disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the
antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Piper betle Linn. leaf (Kun-ywet) in
diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in overnight fasted wistar strain albino rats by
single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared solution of alloxan (100mg/kg) in
distilled water. Blood glucose level was determined by using glucometer. The
characteristicts of diabetes such as polydipsia, polyuria, hyperglycemia and
unexplained weight loss were reported in alloxan induced diabetic rats during the
study. There was a rise in blood glucose level significantly, an average of
381.17±41.97mg/dl five days after alloxan injection. Body weight of diabetic rats was
reduced an average of 22%. The air dried Piper betle Linn. leaves (Kun-ywet) were
prepared for aqueous extract. A single oral administration of three doses (1.5g/kg,
3g/kg, 6g/kg) of aqueous extract of Piper betle Linn. leaf was given to fasted diabetic rats.
Significant reduction of blood glucose level was observed at 2hr , 3hr and 4hr after
administration when compared with that of control group (p<0.05). Maximal
diminution in blood glucose level (49.01% to 55.13%) was recorded after 4hr as
compared with that of 0hr (p<0.001). Mechanism of action may not on beta cells of
islets of Langerhams. In acute toxicity study, LD50 was found to be 30g/kg
(22.47g/kg–40.05g/kg). LD16 was 18.5g/kg and LD84 was 47g/kg respectively. Central
nervous system depression, muscle paralysis, cyanosis around mouth and nose,
pulmonary congestion and gastric erosions were observed in acute toxicity study with
lethal dose. No significant untoward effect was reported with effective dose.
Concurrent histological studies of the pancreatic islets showed beta cells were
necrotic and pyknotic nuclei with a homogenous cytoplasm and alpha cells were
unaffected in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical analysis of Piper betle Linn.
showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, glycosides, polyphenol,
saponins, amino acids, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, steroids and terpenes. There was
absence of toxic cyanogenic glycoside. It was concluded that the present study clearly
showed that aqueous extract of Piper betle Linn. leaf has significant
antihyperglycemic activity and could be used safely.
42. Anti-hypertensive effect of medicine plant MHT03 on mild to moderate hypertensive
patients: A preliminary study. Tin May Nyunt; Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing;
Zaw Htet; Ohnmar; Thaw Zin; Khin Chit; Aye Than. Myanmar Health Res Congr,
2003: p6-7.
While herbal medicine is the oldest form of medicine extensively practiced in
Myanmar, it is still a very young science. Plantago major Linn. has been used in the
treatment of hypertension for centuries but has not yet been scientifically evaluated in
humans. It has also been claimed to be devoid of hazardous side effects which are
often experienced by western anti-hypertensive agents during long-term use. With the
aim to establish the therapeutic status of Plantago major in actual clinical practice, a
clinical trial was carried out on 10 mild to moderate hypertensive patients who are
attending an outpatient department of Thingangyun Sanpya Hospital, Yangon. After a
wash-out period of at least 72hours of stopping western antihypertensive agents,
blood pressure was recorded before and four weeks following the administration of
18
oral Plantago major 5 tablets (1.5g) three times a day. Blood pressure monitoring was
done at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6hours after the first dose and then weekly using a
mercurial sphygmomanometer and the method of American Hypertensive
Association. No significant reduction of blood pressure was seen before trial drug
given. Reduction of blood pressure was first seen at 0.5-1 hour after the first dose,
reaching the maximum at 3-4 hours, and was maintained up to 6hours post-dose.
Weekly blood pressure was also maintained within normal limit. The initial blood
pressure between 140/90mmHg and 160/90mmHg was controlled with the trial dose 5
tablets (1.5g) and 7 tablets (2.1g) was needed for the initial blood pressure
170/100mmHg. No untoward effects were seen in all the dose ranges studied. The
antihypertensive effect of trial drug was proved. Comparative study with other
standard drugs and long is conducted in future research.
43. Anti-hypertensive effect of Plantago major Linn. whole plant (Ahkyaw-paung-tahtaung)
on mild to moderate hypertensive patients. Tin May Nyunt; Khine Khine Lwin;
Than Than Aye; May Aye Than; Khin Chit; Thein Kyaw; Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing;
Min Wun; Nu Nu Win. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2007; 19(2): p97-102.
A clinical trial to determine the antihypertensive effect of medicinal plant,
Plantago major Linn. (Ahkyaw-paung-tahtaung) (wholeplant) crude powder tablet
was carried out on 10 mild to moderate hypertensive patients at the out-patient
department (OPD) of Thingungyun Sanpya Hospital and Traditional Medicine
Hospital, Yangon. After washout period of 3 days of stopping anti-hypertensive
drugs, patients were treated orally with Plantago major Linn. whole plant crude
powder tablet 3g three times a day daily for 12 weeks. Blood pressure was monitored
at 0hr, 0.5hr, 1hr, 2hr, and 3hr after first dose of trial drug. Monitoring of blood
pressure and vital signs were done on day 1, day 2, and day 3 and weekly up to 12
weeks. Laboratory investigations such as blood for complete picture, platelet count,
random blood sugar level, liver function test, renal function test and ECG were done
before and after the study. The results showed that reduction of blood pressure from
baseline level was found at (0.5hr-1hr) after the first dose of the trial drug and was
maintained up to 3hr post dose. Weekly blood pressures were also maintained within
normal limit. After 12 weeks of treatment with this trial drug, it was observed that
significant reduction of mean blood pressure was from 150±2.58/98±1.33mmHg
(baseline blood pressure) to 129±2.77/86±1.63mmHg (p<0.001). This trial drug
decreased the mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure from baseline
level by 21mmHg (p<0.001) and 12mmHg (p<0.001), respectively. No side effects
were observed. Therefore, it can be concluded that Plantago major Linn. showed
significant antihypertensive effect on mild to moderate hypertensive patients with no
side effects.
44. Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from some plant ingredients of traditional
medicine formulations. May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Khin Myo Naung;
Aye Than; Myint Myint Khine; San San Myint; Mya Thet Lwin. Myanmar Health Res
Congr, 2004: p13.
Traditional Medicine Formulations (TMF06 and TMF23) in the ratio of 10:3 were
used for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis in Myanmar traditional system for years
ago, but there was no scientific information about having anti-inflammatory activity
in Myanmar. The aim to this study was the aim of this study was to reveal scientific
proof on anti-inflammatory properties of reputed plants' constituents, usually claimed
to be effective for rheumatic arthritis. Among the ingredients of these TMFs, there
plants were constitited as major ingredients, so, the experimental evaluation of this
19
activity of essential oil of three plants was carried out on carrageenan-induced acute
inflammation in in vivo rat model by using Plethysmometer. Essential oil of plant
MAT MP015, MAT MP016 and MAT MP018 showed significant anti-inflammatory
activity (p<0.05-0.001) at the dose of 3ml/kg orally. Anti-inflammatory activities of
all essential oils of these three plants were observed to be 75.2±1.9%, 46.5±9.4%,
72.8±4.7% mean percent inhibition, respectively, whereas 64.6±5.1% in the standard
controls (aspirin 100mg/kg). There were no significant differences in anti-
inflammatory activity of essential oil of all plants and between the standard drug,
aspirin. In conclusion, these essential oils are the active principle(s) of anti-
inflammatory activity of TMF 06 and TMF 23.
45. Anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque activity of Ponna-yeik (Ixora coccinea Linn.) leaves
extract used as a mouthwash on chronic gingivitis patients. May Aye Than; Moe Wint Oo;
Tin Htun Hla; Aye Than; Thein Tut; Mya Thet Lwin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J.
2009; 21(1): p26-31.
Ponna-yeik (Ixora coccinea Linn.) is locally claimed to be useful in treatment of
toothache and oral diseases as a mouthwash in Myanmar. In Myanmar, 80% of school
children had gingivitis and 18% of then had periodonated destruction. Bacterial
plague in oral cavity is regarded as the primary local etiological factor in
inflammatory disease. Preventing and controlling of periodonated disease would
prevent the microbial colonization of plague on the teeth and gingival. There are
varieties of antiseptic mouthwashes in modern dental practice, but chlorhexidine
gluconate is the most effective anti-plague mouthwash, which is not cheap and easily
available. This study with the aim to evaluate the efficacy of Ponna-yeik mouthwash,
which was easily available at low cost, was conducted at the Institute of Dental
Medicine, Yangon. The study design was randomized controlled clinical trail and
chlorhexidine gluconate was used as positive standard drug. Twenty patients with
typical chronic gingivitis who participate this study were randomly divided into two
groups, 10 patients for 0.2% watery extract of Ponna-yiek mouthwash and 10 patients
for 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash two times a days for 4 weeks. The plaque score,
bleeding on probing supra-gingival plaque formation, staining effect and severity of
gingivitis were examined prior to the clinical trail, as baseline and 4 weeks after trial.
Both chlorhexidine and Ponna-yiek mouthwashes showed significant effectiveness in
plague score, bleeding on probing and severity of gingivitis when compared to before
treatment. Staining effects were observed in patients who used chlorhexidine but not
in patients who used Ponna-yeik mouthwash. There were no significant differences
between two groups in all scores except staining score after 4 weeks of treatment. It
was concluded that Ponna-yeik mouthwash revealed anti-inflammation and anti-
plague activity without staining.
46. The anti-inflammatory effect of Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Dan) on albino rats.
Tin Wah Wah Win. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Institute of
Medicine (2), 2005.
These investigations were performed to find out whether the extracts of
Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Dan) possess anti-inflammatory activity or not. The dried
leaves powder of L.inermis was extracted with both water and 95% ethyl alcohol to
obtain aqueous extract and 95% ethanlic extract respectively. In order to study to
study the anti-inflammatory action of both extracts of L. inermis Linn., the
experiments were carried out on albino rats of Wister strains. Plethysmometer
apparatus was used to measure the volume changes of the rat’s paw oedema.
Inflammation was induced by sub planter injection of 0.1ml of 1% carrageenan
20
(in 0.9% normal saline) in right hind paws of albino rats. Anti-inflammatory action of
both extracts was detected by using 3 dose levels i.e. 4.5g/kg, 3g/kg, 1.5g/kg body
weight, orally. Significant anti-inflammatory action was found with both extracts of
Dan. It was found that the anti-inflammatory action of both extracts started to appear
with the does of 3g/kg. Crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts has does response
relationship of anti-inflammatory acion. The results also showed that anti-
inflammatory action of ethanolic extract of Dan was found to be superior to that of
aqueous extract. The anti-inflammatory actions of ethanolic extract (4.5g/kg) were
significantly superior to that of standard drug, acetylsalicylic acid (300mg/kg) at
4hours after carrageenan injection. At 1hour after carrageenan injection, anti-
infammatory action of 3g/kg of ethanolic extract was superior to that of acetylsalicylic
acid (300mg/kg). Acute toxucity studies of the extracts were performed by using the
albino mice. The results indicated that there was no lethality up to 6g/kg body weight
with both aqueous and 95% ethanolic extracts. General pharmacological screening
test of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dan on albino rats had shown no
abnormal changes. The ED50 value of ethanolic extract of Dan was (1.7g/kg) and its
confidence limit was (1.2g/kg-2.4g/kg). The ED50 of aqueous extract of Dan was
(2.15g/kg) and its confidence limit was (1.7g/kg-2.6g/kg). So, it was found that the
ED50 of ethanolic extract was lower than that of aqueous extract. The phytochemistry
of the extracts showed that the aqueous extract contained saponins, tannoids, steroids
and amino acids.The ethanolic extract contained tanninoids and steroids. So, it was
found that anti-inflammatory action of both extracts of Lawaonia inermis Linn. can be
due to presence of one or more of compounds in them.
47. Anti-inflammatory effect of some plant extracts. Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint;
Tin Myint; Win Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1995: p33.
Nycanthes arbor-tritis Linn. (Saik-balu); Curcuma longa Linn. (Nanwin) and
Plantago major Linn. (Ahkyaw-boung-tahtaung; Mann-sote-ywet; Htaung-khaung-
pwa) and (Phar-kyaw-ywet) have long been used in folk medicine as anti-
inflammatory agents. Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of these
plants was studied on carrageenin-induced acute inflammation in in vivo method
using rats. Aqueous extract of N. arbor-tritis, C. longa and P. major showed a
significant anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.005) at a dose of 3g/kg. Anti-
inflammatory activities of these plant extracts were observed to be 56±7.6, 46±8.4
and 51±4.9, respectively, when compared with that of the control group. Thus this
study has shown that the tested medicinal plants possess anti-inflammatory activity.
48. Anti-malaria activities and chemical investigation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.
(Seik-pha-leu) and Adansonia digitata Linn. (Met-lin). Thet Thet Mar. Thesis,
PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon, 2010.
To find a new antimalarial medicine derived from natural resources, two plant
materials, namely bark of Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. (Met-lin-chin) and leaves of
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Seik-pha-leu) were evaluated for their chemical
constituents and antimalarial activities. Chromatographic separation of ethyl acetate
of G. pedunculata provided oleanolic acid acetate (1) (0.020% yield, m.p 230˚C),
β-sitosterol (2) (0.009% yield, m.p 135˚C), rubraxanthone (3) (0.083%) yield, m.p
190˚C), garcinone D (4) (0.005% yield, m.p 210˚C), 2,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy xanthone
(5) (0.005% yield, m.p 205˚C), and 1,5,6-trihydroxy-4H-xanthene-3,9-dione (6)
(0.01% yield, m.p 204˚C), β-sitosterol (2) (0.05% yield, m.p 138˚C) was isolated from
ethanolic extract of N.abor-tristis. Identification of isolated compounds were done by
melting point determination, Co-TLC with authentic samples, spectroscopic
21
measurements such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, DEPT and HSQC, and mass
spectrometry. In vitro antimalarial activity was measured via schizontocidal activity
using 96 well microtitre plates with fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum strains.
Among the tested plant extracts, ethanolic extract of N. arbor-tristis leaves was found
to possess the highest schizontocidal activity (IC50=73µg/mL) which was followed by
ethyl acetate extract of G. pedunculata bark (IC50=226µg/mL) and petroleum ether
extract of N. arbor-tristis leaves (IC50=272µg/mL). The IC50 of isolated compounds
were: 3, 18µg/mL; 4, 22µg/mL; 6, 28µg/mL; 5, 62µg/mL; 2, 126µg/mL and 1,
176µg/mL. Compounds 3, 4 and 6 showed moderate activity (10<IC50 < 50µg/mL).
The in vivo antimalarial activity of plant extracts were carried out in mice infected
with Plasmodium yoelii, using Peter’s 4-day therapeutic test. The does used for testing
antimalarial activity of the individual extracts was 500, 250 and 125mg/kg body
weigh once a day for four consecutive days. Ethanolic extracts of N. arbor-tristis
leaves at 500mg/kg x 4 does provided 41.6% inhibition in suppressive test and
34.59% inhibition in therapeutic test. This extract was safe and nontoxic up to 4.0g/kg.
This study demonstrated that ethanol extract of N. arbor-tristis has promising antimalarial
activity. Although ethyl acetate of G. pedunculata did not provide satisfactory
activity, isolated compounds from this extracts provided moderate activity.
49. Anti-malarial activity and identification of active principal of Dichroa febrifuga
grown in Pyin Oo Lwin area. Khin Ohnmar Kyaing. Thesis, PhD (Pharmacology),
Yangon: University of Medicine (1), 2010.
Myanmar medicinal plant, Yin-pyar, grown in Pyin Oo Lwin area was botanically
identified by this study as Dichroa febrifuga of hydrangeaceae family. The anti-
malarial properties of dry root of Yin-pyar plant were evaluated against rodent
malaria, Plasmodium berghei, in mouse model by in vivo suppressive test and
therapeutic test. In the suppressive test treatment started at 3hour after inoculation of
parasite when parasitemia was minimal. In the therapeutic test treatment started on the
fourth day after inoculation of parasite when parasitemia in mice reached 2.97-3.67%.
Effect on human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, was also evaluated by performing
in vitro continuous cultivation and drug sensitivity assay. In addition active principal
was isolated from the most active crude extract by bioassay guidance separation and
fractionation using column and thin layer chromatographic methods. The powdered
root of Yin-pyar was percolated in four differet solvents namely methanol, 70%
ethanol, chloroform and aqua. Out of four extracts methanol, ethanol, and chloroform
extracts had promising anti-malarial activity. The highest activity was found with
400mg/kg dose of methanol extract which inhibited 61.35% of parasite growth in
suppressive test and 59.8% of those in therapeutic test. The parasite inhibitions of
same dose of 70% ethanol extract were 60.63% in suppressive test and 58.8% in
therapeutic test. Chloroform extract inhibited 48.08% and 38.88% of parasite growth
respectively. Insignificant inhibition was seen with aqueous extract in those tests. In
the same experiment, 10mg/kg of chloroquine, control drug inhibited 94.12% of
parasite growth in suppressive test and 89.53% in therapeutic test. Methanol extract
inhibited growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro with 50% parasite inhibition
(EC50) of 196.25µg/ml. Those of 70% ethanol and chloroform extracts were
205.22µg/ml respectively. Acute toxicity study was carried out to find out the median
lethal doses (LD50), 1100mg/kg for methanol extract, 1200mg/kg for 70% ethanol
extract, 1400mg/kg for chloroform extracts and 2000mg/kg for aqueous extract. The
dose at which a specified toxic effect is not seen was found to be 400mg/kg and was
selected as the maximum dose for in vivo experiments. From the most active methanol
22
extract, ethyl acetate soluble and insoluble fractions were separated and in vivo and
in vitro experiments were carried out for their anti-malarial activity. Biologically
active ethyl acetate soluble fraction was subjected to further fractionation which
resulted three non alkaloid fractions and two alkaloid fractions. Out of five fractions
yielded, one fraction (F5) was found out to be the most active one. The ED50 values of
F5 were 10mg/kg in in vivo suppressive test. The F5 inhibited parasite maturation
in vitro, with ED50 of 7.51µg/ml. After purification into one compound from the most
active fraction (F5), was then characterized by physicochemical tests and
spectroscopic studies. Finally the active anti-malarial principal isolated from root
extract of Yin-pyar (Dichroa febrifuga) could be identified as an alkaloid compound,
febrifugine. The isolated active principal is a known compound, but the scientific
evaluation of anti-malarial activity and identification of active principal from the root
of Yin-pyar plants grown in Pyin Oo Lwin area is being reported for the first time and
it is an essential basic work in exploring valuable natural source from Myanmar
herbal plants for development of new anti-malarial drug.
50. Anti-malarial activity and related chemical constituents of Swertia species which are grown
in Kayah State. Khin Phyu Phyu. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), Mandalay University, 2006.
Pan-kha, an important Myanmar medicinal plant naturally grown in Kayah State
was investigated for its chemical constituents and antimalarial activity. It has been
utilized by local people as a good remedy to treat malaria. Three species of Pan-kha,
namely Swertia affinis, Swertia angustifolia and Swertia purpurescens available in
Kayah State were identified botanically. The highest activity was found in ethanol
extracts of Swertia purpurescens (Whole plant) at the dosage of 20.8g/kg/ day both in
suppressive and therapeutic tests when various extracts of these three plant specimens
were preliminarily screened for antimalarial activity, using in vivo model. The active
ethanol extract was observed to have significant antimalarial activity both in in vivo
model and in vitro system. Its antimalarial activity was found starting from the dose
of 1000µg/ml (ED90). The active compound from fraction three was identified as a
1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthone molecule by means of UV, FT, IR, 1H NMR
(600 MHz),13C NMR, DEPT, DQF-COSY, EI-mass, HSQC, HMBC and NOE
spectroscopic techniques. Swerita chirata and xanthone molecules have been known
as antimalarial agents in recent years. For the first time this research work indicated
that Swertia purpurescens possesses antimalarial activity.
23
51. Anti-malarial activity of selected Myanmar medicinal plants: A profile of

Aristolochia tagala Cham. (Nga-phone-say) as a natural drug resource.
Phyu Phyu Myint. Thesis, PhD (Engineering Chemistry), Yangon Technological
University, 2001.
Eleven plant specimens which are traditionally reputed to cure malaria were
investigated for their antimalarial activity by standard in vitro and in vivo techniques
to reveal the true efficacy of these plants. Chemical characterization of the most
promising plant extract, resulted from the screening, was to be carried out to explore
the useful basic information on the antimalarial chemical skeleton. A total of 44
extracts obtained by extracting 11 plant specimens with various solvents of different
polarities were subjected to in vitro and in vivo experiments. Of the 44 extracts of 11
plant specimens, petroleum ether and alcohol extracts of Artemisia annua (Qinghao),
chloroform extract of Coptis teeta (Khan-tauk), alcohol extract of Brucea javanica
(Yar-dan-seet), aqueous extract of Swertia angustifolia (Shan-say-khar-gyi) and
petroleum ether extract of Arsitolochia tagala (Nga-phone-say) showed antimalarial
activity in vitro and/or in vivo experiments. Petroleum ether extract of Aristolochia
tagala (Nga-phone-say) was selected as promising plant extract in view of the
availability, cost and safety aspect to study the chemical constituents present there in.
Thin layer chromatographic screening of active extract of Aristolochia tagala
revealed 8 spots when the chromatogram was detected in day light, under ultraviolet
light (short and long wave lengths) and by treating with spraying reagent. Out of 8, 5
constituents could be isolated by column and preparative thin layer chromatographic
techniques.
52. Anti-malarial activity of Traditional Medicine Formulation-AAC on rodent malaria.
Ye Htut; Myint Myint Khine; Kyin Hla Aye; Hla Myint, Saw; Hla Ngwe; Ni Ni.
The study was aimed to assess the combined antimalrial activity of Traditional
Medicine Formulation-AAC (a mixture of three traditional medicinal plants in the
ratio of (10: 5: 3) was prepared into 6 different extract, water partition and water
fraction. Four different concentrations of each TMF-ACC preparation were tested for
the antimalarial activity on ddy experimental mice by infecting them with rodent malaria
parasite Plasmodium berghei. Those preparations showed parasite suppression in
Suppressive test was further tested for therapeutic effect. It was observed that ethanol
extract of TMF-AAC induced parasite suppressions both in Suppressive and
Therapeutic test. In Suppressive test, 250mg/kg/day for 4 day course induced 41.22%
parasite suppression in terms of control, 500mg/kg/day for 4 day course gave 71.8%
and 1000mg/kg/day for 4 day course induced 91.22% suppression, respectively.
500mg/kg/day for 4 day course of petroleum ether extract of TMF-AAC also induced
46.26% suppression, 1000mg/kg/day for 4 day course had 58.48% suppression and
2000mg/kg/day for 4 day course gave 74.84% suppression respectively. When
subjected to Therapeutic test, 1000mg/kg/day for 4 day course of ethanol extract
induced only 41% parasite suppression and 2000mg/kg/day for 4 day course of
petroleum ether extract also gave 42% suppression. The results appeared encouraging
for pursuing the study of TMF-ACC.
24
53. The anti-microbial activities of the extracts of Terminalia catappa Linn. (Banda) on
some pathogenic microorganisms. Khin Khin Aye; Thet Thet Mar; Zaw Myint;
Mie Mie Nwe; Khin Nwe Oo; Lwin Zar Maw. Myanmar Health Scie Res J. 2011;
23(1): p6-9.
The anitimicrobial activity of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanolic axtracts
of dried roots of Terminalia catappa Linn. was tested on Escherichia coli.,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and
Shigella dysenteriae by agar disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts were determined by tube serial dilution
method. The chloroform extract and methanolic extract of Terminalia catappa Linn.
showed prominent antimicrobial activity, while petroleum ether extract showes no
antimicrobial activity on tested bacteria. The MIC of methanolic extract exhibited
0.065mg/ml on Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0.125mg/ml on other tested bacteria.
54. The anti-microbial activity of essential oil, thymol and formulated thymol cream
obtained from Carum copticum Benth & Hook. fruit (prkef-zL) on certain skin
pathogens. Khine Zar Pwint. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: University of Pharmacy,
2009.
Carum copticum Benth & Hook. (Samon-phyu) fruits are well known as medicinal
plants because of their biological and pharmacological properties. The fruits of
Carum copticum Benth & Hook. have several therapeutic effects including
antiallergic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antifungal and antispasmodic effects. The
essential oils of air-dried samples were obtained by water distillation method.
Variation in the quantity and of the essential oil of Carum copticum Benth & Hook. at
different stages including vegetative, floral budding, flowering and seed set are
reported. Thymol was a major compound in the essential oil of Carum copticum
Benth & Hook. Fractional distillation method was used for the isolation of thymol
from this plant. The isolated thymol was confirmed by thin layer chromatography and
compared with standard thymol. It was aslo identified by FTIR spectrophotometer.
Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils and isolated thymol from this plant were
tested on skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albican. Then, the antimicrobial activity of
standard thymol was also tested on above skin pathogens. Ciprofoloxacin and
econazole were used as control antibiotics. Screening of antimicrobial activity of
standard thymol and isolated thymol from Carum copticum Benth & Hook. were done
by agar disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration of standard
thymol and isolated thymol from Carum copticum Benth & Hook. were done by agar
plate dilution method and broth dilution method. Minimum bactericidal concentration
of standard thymol and isolated thymol from this plant were also determined by broth
dilution method. It was observed that essential oil and isolated thymol from
Carum copticum Benth & Hook. were effective against S. aureus, E. coli, and
Candida albicans, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MIC of isolated thymol and
standard thymol were 100µg/ml for S. aureus, E. coli and 50µg/ml was
Candida albicans. MBC of isolated thymol and standard thymol were 100µg/ml for
S. aureus, E. coli and 50µg/ml was Candida albican.
25
55. Anti-mycobacterial and chemical studies of Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Ye-yo). Ti Ti;
Khin Chit; Aye Aye Thein; Myint Myint San; Kyi Kyi Myint; Win Maung;
Aye Tun. Myanmar Health Research Congr, 1999: p5.
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Morinda citrifolia (fruit) were tested against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis on in-vitro model. Physico-chemical study was also
conducted according to standard procedure. Their anti-mycobacterial activities were
compared with standard drug (rifampicin and isoniazid). Aqueous and alcoholic
extracts of Ye-yo fruit were found to have anti-mycobacterial activity at 5mg/ml
concentration on strain sensitive to isoniazid and rifampicin. These extracts have no
inhibitory action on strain resistant to standard drugs. In physiochemical studies,
flavonoid, steroid and phenolic compounds were detected in both aqueous and alcohol
extracts of Ye-yo fruit. No acute toxicity was found in watery and alcohol extracts of
Ye-yo fruit and the median lethal dose was observed to be more than 3gm/kg body
weight.
56. Anti-oedema activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tritis L., Curcuma longa L. and
Plantago major Linn. Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Tin Myint; Win Myint.
Nyctanthes arbor-tritis Linn. (Seik-balu); Curcuma longa Linn. (Nan-win) and
Plantago major Linn. (Ahkyaw-baung-tahtaung; Mann-sote-ywet; Htaung-khaung-
pwa and Phar-kyaw-ywet) have long been used in folk medicine as anti-oedema
agents. Experimental evaluation of anti-oedema property of these plants was studied
on carrageenan-induced acute oedema in in vivo method using rats. Aqueous extracts
of N. arbor-tritis; C. longa and P. major showed a significant anti-oedema activity
(p<0.005) at a dose of 3g/kg. Anti-oedema activities of these plant extracts were
observed to be 56±7.6%; 46±8.4% and 51±4.9%, respectively, when compared with
that of the control group. Thus, this study has shown that the tested medicinal plants
possess anti-oedema activity.
57. Anti-oxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas Poir. (Sweet potato) using free radical
scavenging activity by DPPH assay. Pharmacology Research Division.
Annual Report 2008. Yangon: DMR( LM). p96.
The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical, phytochemical and
antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas Poir. (Sweet potato). the physicochemical
characters were 1cm of swelling index, <100 of foaming index, 2.6% of total ash
value, 8% of moisture content, and extractive value of water, ethanol, chloroform,
pet-ether, were 26.2%, 3.5%, 8.5% and 0.2% respectively. It contained glycoside,
reducing sugar, carbohydrate, steroid/terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic compound and
amino acid. Antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatus Poir. (Sweet potato) was studied
using free radical scravenging activity by DPPH assay. The aqueous and ethanolic
extract and standard ascorbic acid were tested. The percentage inhibition of free
radical formation of ascorbic acid, aqueous extract and ethanolic extract at
1, 2,3,4µg/ml were 63.3%, 78.7%, 82.4%, 91.5%, 57.9%, 67.0%, 75%, 81%, and
56.8%, 60.6%, 61.4%, 62.3% respectively. The IC50 of ascorbic acid, aqueous extract
and ethanolic extract were 0.18µg/ml, 1.5µg/ml, and 1.2µg/ml respectively.
26
58. Anti-oxidative active principle isolated from Thea sinensis Linn. (Tea) leaves.
May Aye Than; Mi Mi Aye; Than Soe; Win Win Maw; Maung Maung Htay.
Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006: p22-23.
Antioxidant may play a major role in the prevention of diseases, including
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, some forms of cancer and effective to be
long life and anti-aging. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant
active principle isolated from Thea sinensis Linn. (vufzuf) leaves. The different
extracts and isolated compounds were determined their antioxidant activity by the
inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation (Thiocyanate method) to detect lipid oxidation,
in comparison with the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The
chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether extract, and BHA were significant lowered the
autoxidation of linoleic acid when compared with that of control (p<0.01–p<0.0005).
The % inhibition of autoxidative activity of the chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether
extract and BHA were 75.97%, 87.06%, 59.10% and 85.34% respectively, after 14th
day incubation. Caffeine (3.9%) from chloroform extract and catechin (0.0438%) and
epicatechin (0.075%) from ethanol extract were isolated by column chromatography
techique. The isolated compounds were identified by melting point, optical rotation,
Thin Layer chromatographic. Ultra violet spectroscopic, Fourier transforms infrared
spectroscopic, Mass spectroscopic and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopic methods. The isolated compounds, and BHA were significant lowered
the autoxidation of linoleic acid when compared with that of control (p<0.01–p<.005).
Percent inhibition of autoxidative activity of caffeine, catechin and epicatechin were
78.42% and 84.14% respectively. Thus, it was concluded that caffeine, catechin and
epicatechin were antioxidative active principle and catechin was the most potent
natural antioxidant.
59. Anti-peptic ulcer activity of Centella asiatica Linn. (Myin-khwa) in Wistar albino rats.
Lwin Moe May. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine
(1), 2009.
Centalla asiatica Linn. is known as Myin-khwa or Myin-khwa-gyi in Myanmar.
The anti-peptic ulcer activity of Centella asiatica Linn.on aspirin-induced gastric
ulcerations was studied by using the plant extract in appropriate animal models. The
adult Wistar albino rats of Centella asiatica Linn.were employed in this study. The
positive control and negative control used in this study being cimetidine (200mg/kg)
and water respectively. The ulcerogenic agent, aspirin as well as the test and control
materials were administered by oral route to the test subjects in accordance with the
study schedule. The plan of the study comprised two parts, the protective effect and
healing effect on aspirin-induced gastric ulcerations. For the protective effect, three
doses levels; 1.5gm/kg, 3gm/kg and 6gm/kg body weight were used and their effects
on gastric mucosa of aspirin-induced ulcerations were studied. The extract in
specified dose was given once a day for four consecutive days. The rats were fasted
for 48hour after the last does of extract, 600mg/kg body weight of aspirin was given
by oral route as an ulcerogenic agent. After leaving for 4hours which was the time
required producing proper gastric ulcerations, the animals were sacrificed and
stomachs were opened cut along greater curvature to examine by using magnifying
glass. Ulcers were measured using different parameters such as total length, numbers
of ulcers and numbers of haemorrhagas. Significant effect of the extract on the ulcers
regarding above parameters was observed. The procedures as above were repeated for
positive and negative control agents-cimetidine and water. The anti-ulcerogenic effect
of extract was dose dependent in nature. The best result was obtained with the highest
27
dose of 6gm/kg body weight. The anti-peptic ulcer activity of extract was comparable
to that of standard drug, cimetidine. For the healing effect of extract on aspirin-
induced gastric ulcerations in rats, only the dose of extract, found to be optimal in the
first part, was selected and employed. It was 6gm/kg body weight of the extract. It
was different for the first as the extract was given after the gastric ulcers had been
induced by the ulcerogenic agent, aspirin. In this part, the experimental animals were
firsty fasted for 48hours. The extract was given two times, the first after 4hours and
the second; 20hours after aspirin had been administered. The rats were sacrified after
4hours after the last dose of extract. Their stomachs were examined as in the first with
magnifying glass. As before, cimetidine (200gm/kg) and water used as the positive
and negative controls. The plant extract was found to have significant anti-peptic
ulcer activity as in the previous part of the study. Consequently, the results in the first
part seggested the protective effect and that in the second part suggested the healing
effect of the plant extract on the peptic ulcerations induced by aspirin. This protective
or healing effect is reflected by whether the extract was given prior to after the
administration of the ulcerogenic agent, aspirin. This study suggested that 95%
ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica Linn. had both protective and healing effect on
aspirin-induced acute gastric ulcerations in rats.
60. Anti-peptic ulcer activity of Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-nwin) in Wistar albino rats.
Ei Ei Mon. Thesis. MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (1),
2010.
The rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-nwin) is being used for many years in
Myanmar for medicinal purposes. The present study was done to evaluate the anti-
peptic ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. on
aspirin induced gastric ulceration in wistar albino rats. The dried powder of rhizome of
Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-nwin) was extracted with 95% ethanol. Cold extraction
method was used to increase yield. The yield was 9.2%. The phytochemical analysis
was done for both ethanolic extract and dried powder of rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn.
The ethanolic extract and dried powder contained glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloid,
steroids/triterpene, polyphenol, tanninoids, saponin and reducing sugar. Acute toxicity
of ethanolic extract was done by using albino mice. It was observed that ethanolic
extract was slightly toxic and median lethal dose (LD50) was 11.4gm/kg and its 95%
confidence limit was 9.5gm/kg to 13.68gm/kg. The ED50 value of ethanolic extract of
Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-nwin) for anti-peptic ulcer activity on rat was 3.8gm/kg and
its 95% confidence limit was 1.58gm/kg to 9.12gm/kg. The anti-peptic ulcer effect of
extract was studied on albino rats of both sexes weighing 180 to 200gm. Aspirin was
used as ulcerogenic agent and ranitidine was used as positive control drug. The test
agents were given by oral route. This study contained two parts, i.e., observing the
protective effect and healing effect. To study the protective effect, rats were fasted 48
hours in metabolic cages. Rats were grouped into six. Group 1 served as negative
control group, which received only water. Group 2 served as positive control group,
which received 150mg/kg ranitidine. Group 3 to Group 6 served as extract treated
group, which received four different doses of extract 0.1gm/kg, 0.5gm/kg, 1.5gm/kg
and 3gm/kg body weight. One hour after giving the test agents, 600mg/kg body
weight of aspirin was given as ulcerogenic agent. After 4hours, rats were sacrificed
with chloroform. The rat’s stomachs were opened along the greater curvature. The
ulcers were measured by using magnifying glass. The different parameters such as
total number of ulcers, total length of ulcers and number of hemorrhages were
measured. The results showed that ehtanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn.
28
(Na-nwin) reduced all parameters (total number of ulcers, total length of ulcers and
number of hemorrhages) compared with negative control group with received only
water. Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-nwin) has protective effect on aspirin-induced
gastric ulceration in rats. It was found that increasing dose of the extract caused
increasing protective effect. Therefore, it was shown that the extract had dose
dependent protective effect. The efficacy was slightly lower but comparable to
ranitidine, the standard drug. To study healing effect, three different doses of extract
(0.5gm/kg, 1.5gm/kg and 3gm/kg) were used. In this study, rats were fasted for
48hours in metabolic cages. Rats were grouped into five. The difference from the
study of protective effect was that the same dose of ulcerogenic agent aspirin was
given first to all groups. After 4hours, three different doses of extract 0.5gm/kg,
1.5gm/kg and 3gm/kg body weight was given to all rats. Second dose was given
20hours later. After 4hours, rats were sacrificed with chloroform. The operative
procedure, measured parameters and measuring methods were same as the first part of
the study. The results showed that ethanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa
Linn. (Na-nwin) reduced all parameters compared with negative control group which
received only water. But there was no area of hemorrhages. In conclusion, this study
proved scientifically that 95% ethanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. (Na-
nwin) had both protective and healing effect on aspirin induced gastric ulceration in
rats. Both effects were dose dependent in nature.
61. Anti-plasmodial effect of some extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Pinsein-net) in
Plasmodium berghei infected mice model. Mu Mu Sein Myint; Kyin Hla Aye;
Ye Htut; May Aye Than; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Than Than Lwin; Phyu Phyu Win;
Thin Thin Aye. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2009: p20-21.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-plasmodial effect of
Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Pinsein-net) in in vivo Plasmodium bergheii infected mice
model. Ocimum sanctum is known its reputed hypoglycemic, antiasthmatic,
antimalarial, antiptretic, antiviral antibacterial effects. Phytochemical analysis, acute
toxicity, test of leaf power, aqueous and 50% ethanol of O. sanctum leaf were also
done. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, amino acid, polyphenol, reducing sugar,
saponin and protein were present in all three tested samples. LD50 values were found
to be more than 12gm/kg body weight in leaf power, more than 16gm/kg body weight
in aqueous and 50% ethanol extracts. Screening of aqueous and 50% ethanol extracts
for anti-plasmodial effect on Plasmodium bergheii infected mice model was done.
Suppressive test was performed according to the method of Peter (1965). The test
doses for suppressive effect of both extracts were 6, 9 and 12gm/kg body weight. The
result were expressed in terms of percent parasite extracts of 6, 9 and 12gm/kg body
weight were 7.14%, 14.94%, 17.53% and 7.2%, 25.54%, 27.38%, respectively.
Therefore 50% ethanol extracts was chosen to test for its therapeutic effect. In the
therapeutic test, the results were expressed in terms of percent parasite suppression on
day 7. Test doses were 9gm/kg, 12gm/kg and 15gm/kg body weight. Of the three
doses, 15gm/kg body weight dose showed the highest suppression (23.59%).
Therefore, it was concluded that 50% ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves
showed mild anti-plasmodial effect.
29
62. Anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity of some Myanmar medicinal plants.

Khin Chit; Moongkarndi, Primchanien; Thongsoi, Jirapan; Thaw Zin; Khine Khine Lwin;
Khin Hnin Pwint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Nilar Aung. Myanmar Health Res Congr,
2009: p20.
This study was aimed to identify the antiproliferative and antioxidant activities
(in vitro) of 9 Myanmar medicinal plant extracts such as Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
(Tama), Desmodium triquetrum DC. (Lauk-they), Alpinia galanga. (Ba-de-gaw),
Acorus calamus (Lin-ne), Vitis discolour (Da-bin-taing-mya-nan), Curcuma comosa Roxb.
(Nanwin-ga), Millingtonia hortensis Linn. F. (Aykayit), Cuminum cyminum Linn.
(Zee-yar) and Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Pin-sein-net). This study was a laboratory
based analytical study. The antiproliferative activity was determined by using MTT
[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)] method on human
ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV3). The DPPH (1.1-dipheny 1-2-picrylhydrazyl)
method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. In this study, 5 out of 9 plants
showed antiproliferative activity (ED50) on human ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV3)
at concentrations of 5μg/ml [Vitis discolour (Da-bin-taing-mya-nan)], 10μg/ml
[Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Tama)], 12μg/ml [Alpinia galanga. (Ba-de-gaw)],
35μg/ml [Acorus calamus. (Lin-ne)], and 55μg/ml [Curcuma comosa Roxb. Nanwin-
ga], respectively, and also showed dose dependent effects. Four out of 9 plants
showed antioxidant activity (IC50) at concentrations of 20μg/ml [Azadirachta indica
A.Juss. (Tama)]. 28μg/ml [Vitis discolour. (Da-bin-taing-mya-nan)], 48μg/ml
[Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Pin-sein-net)] and 92μg/ml [Curcuma comosa Roxb.
(Na-nwin-ga)]. The results of this preliminary study indicated a potential role of
medicinal plants in ovarian cancer therapy. However in vitro and in vivo studies using
active compounds from these plants should be continued to evaluate efficacy and
safety.
63. Anti-pyretic activity of the Burmese drugs. Aye Than; Soe Lu Gyaw; Mya Bwin;
Mya Tu, M. Rep Burma Med Res Counc, 1972: p52.
Three indigenous drugs Abain-nyin (tbd^mOf), Halleidda-sonna ([vdENpke) and
Nandwin-ngan-say (eef;wGif;ief;aq;) were screened for antipyretic activity. Each of
these drugs is a mixture of many ingredients of both plant and animal orgin. Abin-
nyin was found to be promising drug.
64. Anti-tuberculous activities and chemical investigation of Myanmar traditional
medicine used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Hnin Hnin Aye. Thesis, PhD
(Chemistry), University of Yangon, 2002.
Myanmar traditional medicine containing Badegawgyi (Alpinia galanga Wall.),
Kun (Piper betle Linn.) and Myet-mou-nyin (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) used for the
treatment of tuberculosis was analysed. The traditional medicine and its individual
constituents were successively extracted with solvents of different polarity. These
different crude extracts were screened for the antibacterial activities employing 29
species of bacteria by utilizing agar disk diffusion method. The medicine and its
individual constituents indicated antibacterial activities. The antituberculous activities
of these different crude extracts were also determined by Ogawa Method (or)
Absolute Concentration Method. The pet ether extract and essential oil of the
medicine and that of A. galanga showed antituberculous activities. Their Minimum
Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) was determined. Eugenol (0.02%) and alpha
Terpineol (0.01%) were isolated from the essential oil of A. galanga by column and
Thin Layer Chromatographic methods and identified by UV, FTIR, HNMR, CNMR,
30
H-H COSY, C-H COSY, GCMS and EIMS spectroscopic methods. These compounds
were then tested for antituberculous activities with sensitive strains and resistant strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They indicated the antituberculous or antimycobacterial
activities.
65. Anti-ulcer activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Neem)
on aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar albino rats. Yee Yee Tin. Thesis,
PhD (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (2), 2009.
This study was intended to explore the antiulcer activity of the aqueous extract of
the leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Tama) (Neem) on aspirin-induced gastric
ulcer in wistar albino rats. The possible mechanism of antiulcer activity of the extract
was investigated on pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer also in Wistar albino rats. A
comparative experimental study design was used in this study. Aqueous extract of the
leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. at the doses of 1.5,3 and 6g/Kg were
administered orally one hour before aspirin 600mg/Kg suspension in 40 albino rats.
Ranitidine pretreated group served as the standard drug control group. Ulcer index
was measured according to the method of Suzuki et al (1976). The pH, volume and
acidity of gastric juice were also measured. The possible mechanism for antiulcer
activity, whether anti-secretory activity or improving mucosal barrier, was
investigated on the pylorus ligation-induced ulcer in 36 hours-fasted wister albino rats
according to the method of Shay et al (1945). The same parameters as in aspirin-
induced ulcer were measured. The ulcer index measurement was done according to
the method of Kulkarni. All the doses tested, both in aspirin-induced and pylorus
ligation-induced ulcer significantly elevated the gastric adherent mucus (P<0.05).
Mean ulcer index was also significantly lowered in the group of rats pretreated with
aqueous extract (P<0.05). Although it elevated the gastric adherent mucus, it did not
significantly ruduce both the volume and acidity of gastric juice produced. These findings
indicated that the aqueous extract of the leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. did not
possess gastric antisecretory activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed that there were
flavonoids in the extracts. Acute toxicity study of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica
A.Juss. at the doses of 12g/Kg and 24g/Kg was not lethal and did not show any toxic
signs within two weeks. These doses were two to four times higher than the highest
dose tested for antiulcer activity in this study. In conclusion, aqueous extract of the
leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. was found to prevent gastric ulceration induced
by both aspirin (a potent NSAIDs) and pylorus ligation. The mechanism for antiulcer
activity seems to be enhancing mucosal resistance by increasing gastric adherent
mucus amount.
66. The anti-ulcerogenic activity of Plantago major Linn. Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint;
Win Myint; Tin Myint; Su Su Hlaing. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1996 August;
8(2): p74-77.
Plantago major Linn. (Ahkyaw-baung-tahtaung; Mann-sote ywet; Htaung-khaung-
pwa; Sai-kyaw-gyi; Phar-kyaw-ywet) has long been used in official folk medicine for
various purposes. Ethnobotanic field survey in Russia has shown that P. major
(Plantaginaceae) can be used in the treatment of acid-peptic gastritis. So the plant was
investigated for the anti-peptic ulcer activity by the previously standardized method
using cimetidine. The aqueous extract of air-dried leaves of the plant was found to
have a significant anti-ulcerogenic activity against aspirin-induced ulceration in
in-vivo rat model (p<0.005). The reduced ulcer severity was seen by the ulcer index of
8.4+1.0 in the treated group when compared to the ulcer index of 20.6±3.5 in the
untreated group, showing a 59% healing activity of the ulcers.
31
67. Anti-viral assay of Myanmar traditional medicine used for the treatment of hepatitis B
virus. Ni Ni Than. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon, 2001.
An in vitro study to identify herbal products with potential use for treatment of
hepatitis B infection was undertaken. The ethnolic extracts (1mg/ml to 8mg/ml) of
Eclipta alba (Kyeik-hman) leaves, Butea monosperma (Pauk-pwint) flowers, and
Cassia fistula (Ngu) bark were tested for the presence of antihepatitis B surface
antigen like activity. Different concentrations of the extracts were mixed with serum
samples obtained from high titre hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers
and incubated at 37ºC for 24hours. The incubated samples were screened for HBsAg
titres using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Lamivudine was used as a
standard drug and lamivudine 5mg/ml showed HBsAg titre reduction to 1/128
(4times). Ethnolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Butea monosperma, and Cassia fistula
exhibited 1/32 (16 times), 1/64 (8times), 1/128times (4times) HBsAg titre reductions
in test sera samples. Compounds isolated from the plants were further tested. Three
pure compounds; butein, monospermonside, and isobutrin were isolated from Butea
monosperma, and among them isobutrin showed 1/8 (64 times) reduction of HBsAg
titre in test serum. Catechin isolated from Cassia fistula also demonstrated 1/16
(32times) reduction of HBsAg titre in test sera samples. Thus isobutrin and catechin
could be identified as active compounds with potential use in the management of
hepatitis B infection. Although some clinical data exists on the use of catechin in
management of hepatitis B infection, data on the use of Cassia fistula is limited and
need to be explored.
68. Bactericidal activity and chemical constituents of Shazaung-tinga-neah. Nwe Yee
Win. Thesis, MSc (Chemistry), University of Yangon, 1996.
The main aim of this research was to study the antibacterial activity of
Shazaung-tinga-neah which has been reported and used for dysentery in Myanmar
indigenous medicines and thus to determine the chemical constituent of active leaf
extracts. This research has revealed the specific activity when various extracts of the
leaves of Euphorbia milii were tested on a total number of 33 species of bacteria. The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each active extract was also evaluated.
Flavonoid compounds were analysed from the hydrolysates obtained from the
alcoholic extracts of the leaves. Three chemical constituents, viz., quercetin,
kaepferol, and cyanidin were isolated, identified, and quantitated by TLC, Co-TLC,
and paper chromatography and UV-visible and IR spectroscopy.
69. Biological response modification property of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) extract.
Myo Khin; Ommar Win Naing; San San Oo; Nu Nu Lwin; Kay Khine Soe;
Khin May Oo. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2008: p15-16.
The immunoenhancement action of the ethanol exteact of a mushroom wild
growing in Myanmar, Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi), was assessed by determination
of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) production in ICR strain mice.
DMR plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine diluted to hepatitis b surface antigen
(HbsAg) concentration of 1mg/ml was injected intraperitoneally to 20 mice.
G. lucidum extract at concentration of 4mg/ml, 6mg/ml and 8mg/ml orally, mixed
with distilled water was given to three different groups of mice (5 in each group).
G. lucidum extract was not given to the remaining 5 mice and was regarded as the
control group. All mice were sacrificed at 28 days, blood was collected by cardiac
puncture, and anti-HBs levels were measured. A significantly higher level of anti-HBs
was found in mice receiving G. lucidum as compared to those who did not receive
G. lucidum (2349.63±4.71 lU/ml vs. 575.44±1.99, p<0.05, student’s “t” test). A dose-
32
response antibody levels were also found: 1210.6±2.55 lU/ml in mice receiving
0.75mg of G. lucidum extract per g body weight, 3863.67±6.41 lU/ml in mice
receiving 1.06mg of G. lucidum extract per g body weight, and 2773.32±5.94 lU/ml in
mice receiving 1.69mg of G. lucidum extract per g body weight. It was concluded that
G. lucidum extract could enhance the production of antibody to hepatitis B vaccine in
mice and the effect is dose dependent.
70. Blood sugar lowering effect of Momordica charantia L. fruit (Kyet-hingha-thee) in
rabbit model. Aye Than; Win Myint; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Mya Bwin.
Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1993 August; 5(2): p72-78.
In Myanmar, diabetes mellitus can be counted as a single health problem occuring
at all ages as reported by various workers. Momordica charantia L. fruit (Kyet-hingha-
thee) has been reported to possess antidiabetic activity in experimental animal model
by various workers. The plant is widely distributed and also cultivated in Myanmar
for its edible fruits. Therefore, it was thought that, if it will be worthwhile to
investigate and confirm experimentally, whether the fruit grown in Myanmar possess
similar hypoglycemic activity. Blood glucose levels of adrenaline-induced diabetic
rabbits were determined after oral administration of expressed fruit juice (10ml/kg)
which was approximately equivalent to 400mg/kg of the substance singificantly
inhibited the hyperglycemic blood glucose level on adrenaline-diabetic rabbits at 2hr.
71. Blood sugar lowering effect of the leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. in rabbit
model. Sandar Aung. Thesis, MRes (Zoology), Yangon: Dangon University, 2005.
These investigations were performed to study the acute toxicity, phytochemical
constituents and hypoglycaemic effect of Azadirachta indica A.Juss (Neem or Tama)
leave. The dried tender leaves of neem were extracted with 70% ethnol to get 70%
ethnolic extracts of neem leaves. Acute toxicity study was carried out on albino mice
(Mus musculus) (ddy strain) of both sexes administered orally. The blood sugar
lowering effect of ethnolic extract of Azadirachta indica was studied on adrenaline-
induced hyperglycaemic rabbit model. The experiment was carried out on adult
healthy rabbit of J.W strain of both sexes weighing (2.16±0.329kg). Hyperglycemia in
rabbit was induced by subcutaneous injection of 0.2ml of adrenaline tartrate
(1mg/ml). Glucometer apparatus was used to determine the blood glucose level. The
blood sugar lowering effect of standard drug, glibenclamide was also investigated to
compare the hypoglycaemic effect of neem extract with that of the standard drug. The
results were shown in the figures, tables and plates. The study period was lasted from
September 2004 to April 2005. Suggestions for future study were also described.
72. Blood sugar lowering effects of the seeds of Cuminum cyminum Linn. in rabbit
model. Aung Aung Maw. Thesis, MRes (Zoology), Yangon: Dangon University,
2005.
This study is to determine phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity and the
hypoglycaemic effect. Aqueous extract was extracted from the air dried seeds powder
of Cuminum cyminum Linn. Qualitative identification tests of the chemical
constituents present in the crude powder and aqueous extract were conducted.
Alkaloids, flavonoid, glycoside tannin, steroid, phenol, tannin, saponin and amino
acid were present whereas resin triterpine and cyanogenic glycoside were absent in
the aqueous extract of dried cumin seeds. But crude powder; only triterpine and
cyanogenic glycoside were absent. All these doses of aqueous extract of Cuminum
cyminum Linn. were not toxic up to the maximum dose level of 6g/kg bodyweight.
Therefore, the median lethal dose (LD5o) was observed to be more than 6g/kg body
33
weight. Evaluation of hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract 3g/kg bodyweight

which was approximately equivalent to 10.9g/kg of the crude powder was carried out
on adrenaline-induced diabetic rabbits. It was found that the aqueous extract 3g/kg
bodyweight significantly lowered the blood glucose levels at 1hr (p<0.02), at 2hr
(p<0.05) and at 4hr (p<0.05) respectively. The standard drug glibenclamide (4mg/kg
bodyweight) significantly inhibited the adrenaline-induced blood glucose levels 1hr
(p<0.05), 2hr (p<0.05), at 3hr (p<0.05) and at 4hr (p<0.05) respectively. The mean
blood glucose levels of the test groups administered with aqueous extract of dried
cumin seeds and glibenclamide were compared. The two groups were not
significantly different.
73. Botanical identification and chemical investigation of Kyet-thahin. Mya Bwin;
Win Myint. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1992; 4(3): p169-175.
Kyet-thahin an indigenous Myanmar medicinal plant, whose leaves is being claimed
by local people to be effective in jaundice, was identified to be Sauropus albicans Blume.
Phytochemically, it consists of flavonoid compound as a major chemical constituents.
74. A botanical source of Eugenol. Hta Hta Zin. Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of
Rangoon; 1983.
Botanical and chemical studies on 4 species of the genus Cinnamomum are
presented in this investigation. These 4 species are Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees,
C. iners Reinw., C. javanicum Blume. and C.nitidum Blume. Eugenol content from the
cinnamon leaf oil was determined by gas-liquid chromatography and its physico-
chemical properties noted. The main constituent of the cinnamon leaf oil was found to
be eugenol. This can be used as a substitute for clove oil which is an expensive raw
material used in medicine.
75. Botanical study and utilization of Burmese Sterculia versicolor Wall. Sandar Kyaing.
Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Rangoon, 1984.
The morphology and anatomy of the plant Sterculia versicolor Wallich. family
Sterculiaceae, was investigated. The plant exudate or the gum was collected during
the rainy season. The collected gum was granulated and coated with 5% Shellac
solution in 95% Ethanol and the prepared shellac-coated granules were used as a bulk
laxative. The prepared bulk laxative was administered to persons suffering from
constipation. The disintegration time of the prepared granules were also investigated.
It was found to be 8-10 minutes in acid, 3-4 minutes in alkali and 6-8 minutes in acid,
3-4 minutes in alkali and 6-8 minutes in neutral solutions.
76. Bronchodilating activity of some traditional medicine formulations on the in vitro
tracheal ring test model. Aye Than; Aung Naing; Khin Lay Hnin; Irene Hla;
Mya Bwin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1993; 5(2): p85-90.
The efficacy of seven reputed bronchodilating traditional medicine formulations
were studied on the in vitro model of tracheal chain preparation using rabbit and
guinea-pig. A new carbachol-induced model was introduced and comparison of its
efficacy with normal preparation showed more promising results. Three formulations
were found to produce significant relaxation as much as 127±12% 108±18% in rabbit
and guinea-pig models respectively.
34
77. Burmese indigenous medicinal plants: 1. Plants with reputed hypoglycemic action.
Mya Bwin; Sein Gwan. Burma Med Res Counc; Spec Rep Ser. No. (4); Rangoon:
Burma Med Res Inst; 1967.
Gives the botanical description and distribution of 32 plants, their medicinal uses
as described in the local as well as foreign literature and the results of the chemical
and pharmacological investigation.
78. Burmese indigenous medicinal plants: 2. Plants with reputed hypotensive and
hypertensive action. Mya Bwin; Sein Gwan. Burma Med Res Counc; Spec Rep Ser.
No. (8); Rangoon: Dept Med Res; 1973.
The botanical description and distribution of the plant are first given. Secondly, the
medicinal uses of the plant as given in the literature of both local and foreign
countries are enumerated. Thirdly, the result of the chemical investigations carried out
on the plant various research workers are listed. Finally, the results of the
pharmacological investigations into the medicinal properties of the plant are
furnished.
79. Catalogue of the crude drug museum. Pharmacology Research Division. Yangon:
Dept Med Res; 1989.
All the 48 traditional medicine formulations and their ingredients have been
displayed in the Crude Drug Museum, kept in screw-capped wide mouth bottles and
arranged in their respective glass almirahs. Ingredients specimens are altogether 134
plants, 23 inorganic, 13 organic and 14 animal materials. The order of specimens
displayed was set alphabetically to the Myanmar characters. Write-up cords
individually accompany the plant materials, including brief information on the drug.
The plant powder of the drug has been placed alongside to show its natural colour.
These plant materials have been pharmacognostically characterized and authenticated.
The Crude Drug Museum can be used as a reference centre for crude drugs of
traditional medicine formulations by students of Traditional Medicine School,
interested personnel from various departments of the Ministry of Health and to
research worker in traditional medicine.
80. Change of sugar in coconut water. Win Myint; Aung Khin. Med Res Congr, 1991: p9.
Coconut water has been claimed to be an excellent source of water, sugars and
minerals and is often used as a replacement fluid. Total content of sugar (about 5g%)
in coconut water depends upon the maturity of the coconut. It is necessary to detect
the nature of individual sugar in coconut water according to the age of coconut.
Coconuts collected in Yangon were investigated by thin layer chromatographic
method. 24 numbers of coconuts were analysed for 4 different ages; (3rd, 5th, 7th and
9th month-6 for each stage). The intensities of sugar spots on chromatogram were
scanned by densitometer and recorded as peak area (percentage). Relative proportion
(in percentage) of individual sugar present at 4 different age of coconut were detected
and compared. Glucose and fructose were found to be of high concentration in 3rd and
5th month coconut and low in 7th and 9th month-aged coconut. Sucrose,
contraditionally, was lowering content in 3rd and 5th month and higher in 7th and 9th
month-aged coconut. Relative total sugar measured by refractometer was observed to
be higher in 5th and 7th month-aged coconut than 3rd month (young age) and 9th month
(old age).
35
81. Characterization & evalution of antibacterial activity of phytoconstituents isolated

from selected Myanmar medicinal plants. Win Naing, Maung. Thesis, PhD
Myanmar medicinal plants; namely Piper nigrum (Nga-yoke-kaung),
Azadirachta indica (Tama), Alstonia scholaris (Taung-me-oke) and Andrographis
paniculata (Se-ga-gyi) used for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea have been
analyzed and their active phytoconstituents have been isolated. Thus, polar and
non-polar solvent extracts of the above mentioned plants were screened for
antibacterial activity by employing agar disk diffusion technique and serial dilution
method utilizing 21 pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, ethanol and methanol extracts
of Piper nigrum exhibited inhibitory activity against Proteus morganii, Escherichia
coli EHEC, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae
(Inaba), Plesiomonas shigilloides and Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanol extract of
Azadirachta indica showed inhibitory activity against five types of microorganisms.
Similarly, ethanol and methanol extracts of Alstonia scholaris indicated inhibitory
activity against ten types of microorganisms. However, ethanol extract of
Andrographis paniculata exhibited inhibitory activity against, Escherichia coli LT,
and Staphylococcus aureus only. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of active
extracts from four plants on ten organisms ranged from 0.12mg/cm3 to be 0.12mg/cm3
and it was found in ethanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris. Ethanolic extracts of
Piper nigrum, Andrographis paniculata and Azadirachta indica showed higher MIC
value and therefore, possessed low antibacterial activity. The crude ethanolic extract
of Alstonia scholaris has an antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli,
Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Proteus morganii and
Staphylococcus aureus, where the MIC value ranged between 0.12-0.25mg/cm3. The
active phytoconstituents from active plant extracts; namely piperine (M.p.125˚C,
1.05% yields) from Piper nigrum, nimbolide (M.p.242˚C, 0.31% yield) from
Azadirachta indica. Echitamine (M.p.288˚C, 0.06% yeild) from Alstonia scholaris
and andrographolide (M.p. 223˚C, 0.83% yield) from Andrographis paniculata were,
respectively, isolated by percolation, Soxhlet extraction and calumn chromatographic
methods and identified and characterized by melting point determination, Thin Layer
Chromatographic method and UV, FTIR, 1H NMR 13CNMR and Mass Spectroscopic
methods. Then, the isolated phytocostituents were screened for antibacterial activity
by employing agar disk diffusion technique utilizing some pathogenic bacteria such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
82. Chemical and bioactivity studies on Kyauk-thway. Than Htut Oo. Thesis, PhD
The main aim of this research was to study the chemical and bioactivity on various
kinds of Kyauk-thway samples (including natural kyauk-thway and synthetic
kyauk-thway) to improve the production of Myanmar indigenous medicines. In the
present research, kyauk-thway samples were collected from local area, local market,
prepared from iron are (hematite) and iron salt (ferric sulphate). Morphology of these
kyauk-thway samples were studied by SEM. The chemical composition and purity %
of these compounds were studied by SEM. The chemical composition and purity % of
these compounds were studied by UV, FT-IR, ED-XRF and gravimetric analysis.
Generally, kyauk-thway was identified as “ferric ammonium citrate”. It contains.
Ferric iron, ammonium iron, citrate iron and water molecules. Iron content in various
Kyauk-thway samples were determined by redox titration. The iron % was found to
be in the range of 8.70-22.39%. The nitrogen content of these samples were
36
determined by kjeldahl method and found to be in the range of 5.30-7.69%. The citric
acid contents from these samples were analysed by cation exchange method. These
were found to be in the range of 10.50-68.50%. Water contents and ash % (S) were
found in the range of 8.08-20.63% and 32.12-61.79%. The trace elemental contents
were determined by AAS andED-XRF. These were found to be in the range of
0.0340-4.3700% for zinc, 0.0205-0.6200 % for copper, 0.1295-2.0100% for
manganese, 0.0510-0.0998% for chromium, 0.164-34.672% for calcium. Toxic
elements of lead and arsenic were also determined. Lead contents were found to be in
the range of 0.00012-0.00030%. However, arsenic contents were not detected in all
samples. The UV spectrum of these samples has a peak at wavelength of maximum
absorption (max) of 275nm. Acute toxicity test was made by the method of Litchfield
and Wilcoxon. In this test, the value of LD50 was found to be 3.5g/kg. Then
haemoglobin estimation was determined by Cyanmethaemoglobin method. It was
found that amount of haemogolbin was increased in mice blood during one month. By
considering all the above facts, the production of Myanmar indigenous medicines may
be improved. Thus this research will be of much benefit in the production of high
quality indigenous medicines in Myanmar.
83. Chemical and toxicological studies on Kyauk-thway. Win Myint; Aye Aye Thein;
Aye Than; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Kyaw Myint. Myanmar Health Res
Congr, 1995: p111.
A natural iron rich compound, Kyauk-thway which is being used by local people
for the treatment of anaemia was scientifically investigated. Iron contents of threes
types of samples named as Kyauk-thway collected from different sources were
determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. One of them, specified as ferric
ammonium citrate which is easily available in market showed maximum content of
iron (27.17%). Where acute toxicity of this market, sample was studied, it was
observed 100% death at the maximum dose of 6mg/kg. As stated in Pharmacopoeia,
ferric ammonium citrate contains 20.5% to 22.5% iron and specific dose for it is 1 to
3 gm for iron-deficiency anaemias. Chemical and toxicological data of locally
available iron compound. Kyauk-thway has revealed to contribute for systematic use
of it in replacement or supplemental therapy.
84. Chemical aspects of locally produced oral rehydration honey salts. Win Myint;
Po Aung, Saw; Mya Bwin; Aung Naing. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1991; 3(3):
p129-132.
Oral rehydration honey salts developed by Department of Traditional Medicine,
Ministry of Health, replacing glucose with honey was investigated for its chemical
aspects, comparing with standard oral rehydration salts. Three physico-chemical test
parameters pH, electrolytes and total reducing sugar contents were tested. pH value of
honey salts solution was found to be very similar with standard oral rehydration salts
(ORS) solution. There were slight increases in electrolyte concentrations and total
reducing sugar contents of honey salts when compared with standard ORS. Results
obtained were discussed and recommandation proposed for therapeutic effectiveness
of oral rehydration honey mixture preparation.
37
85. Chemical composition of 'Da-nyin-thee' (Djenkol beans). Sein Gwan. Burma Res
Congr, 1966: p12.
Proteins of the fruit were isolated by salt solution. The aminoacids present in the
acid hydrolysate were identified by the 2 dimensional paper chromatographic
techniques. Eleven aminoacids were found viz. lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine,
serine, glutamic acid, alanine, threonine, proline, valina and leucine. No sulphur-
containing aminoacids were found. In the acids are hydrolysates. Free amino-acids
ralso found to be present in the fruit.
86. Chemical composition of home-based fluids commonly used in Myanmar.
Win Myint; Hla Pe; Po Aung, Saw; Win Kyi; Khin Aye Than; Mya Bwin.
Rehydration measure should be instituted as early as possible when life threatening
dehydration state due to diarrhoea or severe fever is suspected or detected. Home-
based fluids are usually given under such circumstance and thus chemical
compositions of syrups (n=9), soft drinks (n=5), fresh fruit juices (n=3) and plant
decoctions (n=7) were analysed by using published methods and atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. High concentrations of total sugars (8.67 to 34.87g/100ml) and
free reducing sugars, mainly as glucose and fructose (1.97 to 21.49g/100ml) were
detected in syrups and soft drinks. Potassium was found to be rich in plant decoctions
(34.08 to 273.10mg/100ml) and sodium in soups (140.0 to 475.0mg/100g). Soft
drinks were found to be acidic (pH=2.76 to 3.63) whereas soups and plant decoctions
have pH values 5.29 to 8.91. Colours used in syrups and soft drinks were found to be
permitted dyes.
87. Chemical constituents of Catharanthus roseus Linn. (Apocynaceae)
(Thin-baw-mahnyo-ahni). San San Aye. Thesis, MSc (Chemistry), University of
Yangon, 1998.
The local name Thin-baw-mahnyo possesses two different species of genus
Catharanthus. The botanical name Catharanthus roseus was noted for
Thin-baw-mahnyo (ahni) and Catharanthus alba for Thin-baw-mahnyo (ahpyu).
These two plants can be visually differentiated from the colour of flowers. The plants
are cultivated for ornamental flowers as well as for indigenous medicinal purposes.
Phytochemical investigation of C. roseus (Thin-baw-mahnyo-ahni) was carried out in
this study. Physicochemical characterization of the dried leaves owder was conducted
using the standard analytical procedure described in physicochemical standard of
Unani medicine and Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary. The coloured
pigments, anthocyanin, present in the pinkish-red flower of C. roseus was analysed in
terms of anthocyanidin. Aglycone compounds, namely petunidin, malvidin and
kaempferol were isolated and identified by PC, TLC and UV spectral data. A
triterpenoid compounds, ursolic acid was isolated and identified from ethanolic
extract of dried leaves powder. Chemical identification was confirmed by comparison
between m.p. TLC data, and IR spectral data of isolated and authentic samples.
C.roseus was reported to be an alkaloid-rich plant. In this study four crude alkaloid
extracts obtained by different methods were subjected to alkaloid screening by TLC
using two were also isolated and UV spectrum of each was obtained. Since no
standard alkaloid was available, the tentative identification of these two alkaloidal
compounds from their UV spectral data was reported. Moreover, the quantity of total
alkaloids in dried leaves powder was determined and observed to be 1.32. TLC
screening of steroidal compounds from leaves was also carried out. The major sterols
such as lanosterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol which are commonly present in plants
38
were not detected in C.roseus. However, a spot corresponding to a steroid other than
the above three was detected in this TLC screening; but futher analysis in needed to
fully characterize its structure.
88. Chemical investigation of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Sweet-potato) (leaves and
stem) and study of some pharmacological screening. May Thu Aung. Thesis, PhD
(Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2010.
The main aim of this research work is to study some biological activities of
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Sweet-potato) (leaves and stem) and to investigate some
bioactive compounds. Compounds MTA-1 (0.001%), MTA-2 (0.003%), MTA-3
(0.004%) and MTA-4 (0.005%) were isolated from petroleum ether extract and ethyl
acetate extract by using liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatic method. The
isolated compounds were identified by UV, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR
spectroscopy. Compounds MTA-1 and MTA-2 were deduced as β-sitosterol and
stigmasterol glucoside. Remaining two compounds such as MTA-3 and MTA-4 were
partically identified as phenolic acids such as gentisic and protocatechuic acids
respectively by colour reaction and UV spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of
various crude extracts of leaves powder and stem of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. were
tested by agar well diffusion method on six species of microorganisms, namely
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis,
Candida albican and Escherichia coli. Methanol extract (ID: 13-16mm) of leaves was
active against all test strains. Except Bacillus subtilis, petroleum ether extract (ID: 10-
13mm) and ethyl acetate extract (ID:15-16mm) showed against five strains. Aqueous
extract did not show antimicrobial activity. Methanol extract (ID: 10-12mm) of stem
showed active against all test strains. Ethyl acetate extract (ID: 9mm) showed activity
only against Bacillus subtilis. Aqueous extract did not show antimicrobial activity.
From above data, crude extracts of leaves showed more significant zone of inhibition
than those of stem. Therefore, the crude extracts of leaves may possess higher potency
than the crude extracts of stem. The antioxidant activity of crude extracts and isolated
compounds from leaves and stem of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. were screened by the
semi-quantitative Dot-Blot and DPPH staining method. It was found that methanol
extract of leaves and stem had the radical scavenging activity at 12.5μg–400μg.
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. leaves extract showed antioxidant activity up to 25μg
(31.25μg/mL) and stem extract showed antioxidant activity up to 50 μg (62.5μg/mL).
Compound MTA-3 (gentisic acid ) showed antioxidant activity with minimum dry
amount of 100μg (125μg/mL) and MTA-4 (protocatechuic acid) showed antioxidant
activity with the minimum dry amount of 400μg (500μg/mL) respectively.
Antioxidant activity was also measured by spectroscopic DPPH assay on ethyl
acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (leaves and
stem). From screening of free radical scavenging activity by using spectroscopic
DPPH assay, IC50 values of ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves
were found to be 0.94μg/mL, 0.67μg/mL, and 0.90μg/mL respectively and stem were
1.02μg/mL, 0.80μg/mL, 1.78μg/mL respectively. All crude extracts of leaves and
stem were more potent than standard, vitamin C (IC50 =1.86μg/mL). Among the six
crude extracts of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (leaves and stem), radical scavenging
activity of methanol extract of leaves (IC50=0.67μg/mL) was found to be the highest
radical scavenging activity. Therefore, according to IC50 values of crude extracts of
leaves and stem, various concentrations of leaves extracts were more potent
antioxidant activity than those of stem extracts. From acute toxicity test showed that
aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (leaves and stem)
39
were free from acute toxic effect. The dosage of 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg of aqueous
and 70% ethanolic extracts of leaves were tested for antihyperglycemic activity on
adrenaline-induced rat model. Standard glibenclamide (4mg/kg) was used as positive
control. Aqueous extract and 70% ethanolic extract of leaves showed significant
blood glucose lowering effect at the dose of 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg with dose
dependent manner. The percent inhibition of blood glucose lowering effect (peak
effect) of aqueous extract were 1.88% , 10.24% and 29.22% at the dose of 1.5g/kg ,
3g/kg and 6g/kg after 4hours administration of adrenaline respectively. The percent
inhibition of blood glucose lowering effect of 70% ethanolic extract were 11.64 %,
26.49% and 40.56% 6g/kg at the dose of 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and respectively after 4hours
administration of adrenaline. The percent inhibition of blood glucose lowering effect
of standard glibenclamide was 63.11% at 4hours after administration of adrenaline.
From above data, 70% ethanolic extract exhibited more significant antihyperglycemic
activity than aqueous extract at the dose of 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6gm/kg after 4hours
administration of adrenaline. Based on above investigation, it can be concluded that
the aerial parts of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Sweet potato) leaves and stem
contributes to nutritional and traditional medicinal uses in antihyperglycemic and
antioxidant action.
89. Chemical studies and pharmacological evaluation of Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) Miq.
Than Than Htay. Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Yangon; 1995.
The plant Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) Miq., Tha-gya-ma-geik, is a famous
indigenous medicinal plant. It is being reputed and used for hypoglycemic and
diuretic activities in Myanmar. The morphology and taxonomy of the vegetative and
reproductive parts and anatomy of leaves have been studied. Since the study on
chemical constituents present in it and experiment on pharmacological investigation
of the plant growing in Myanmar have not been conducted yet, it has been decided to
determine for its physico-chemical properties, as well as for its evaluation on
hypoglycemia or diuretic activities. The research has revealed the pharmacognostical
aspects and pharmacological properties of this plant. Phytochemical investigations on
a flovonoid compound, sinensetin and a sterol compound, β-sitosterol have been
conducted. Hypoglycemic activity of the watery extract of the plant has been
evaluated for its pharmacological property.
90. Chemical studies and some pharmacological activities of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.
Yee Yee Nyunt. Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Yangon; 1991.
The antihepatotoxic substances, wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone and
luteolin, were identified from extracts of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. by thin layer
chromatography and ultra-violet spectra. Apigenin, which has no antihepatotoxic
activity, was also detected by thin layer chromatography. The plant powder and
concentrated watery extract when tested on animal models were found to be non-toxic
in mice even at 4g/kg and 8g/kg body weight; and found to have antipyretic activity,
anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity, diuretic activity and induced uterine
contraction.
40
91. Clinical study of Myanmar traditional medicine in the treatment of MDR-TB patients.
Than Lwin; Khin Chit; Thaw Zin; Ti Ti; Phyu Phyu Win; Mar Mar Myint;
Aye Than; Paing Soe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2003: p7-8.
With tuberculosis becoming the prioritized health problem and leading cause of
death in Myanmar, the increasing resistance to the first-line anti-TB drugs added a
greater burden, not only on the individual patients, but also for tuberculosis control in
general. Since there are no drugs comparable to first line anti-tuberculosis agents in
efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, management of MDR-TB is by second
line anti-tuberculosis agents and/or available drugs. However, these second line drugs
are extremely expensive, comparably less effective and more toxic than the first-line
drugs and a greater defaulter rate and non-compliance make these regimes
impracticable. With the aim to overcome these problems, less expensive available
western medicine in combination with Myanmar indigenous medicine which have
been proven in vitro efficacy against M. tuberculosis, are tried as a pilot study in ten
MDR/Cat-II failure patients. Selected patients were given five Myanmar indigenous
medicines along with either kanamycin and quinolone or clofazimine or thiacetazone
or all of them. The study has started since September 2001. First and second case had
successfully completed treatment and had remained sputum negative since. The
remaining 3rd to 8th cases were still on treatment with sputum remaining negative after
conversion at 2 to 3 months after treatment. Radiological improvement was obtained
in all 8 cases. The 9th and 10th cases were given treatment for (1) month only and not
get assessable. All patients tolerated the drugs well and except for mild gastro-
intestinal complaints, no serious side effects have been reported. The study indicated
that these reputed Myanmar indigenous medicines can become potential anti-TB
drugs in future but more detail studies as well as multi-centre trials are still needed
before their therapeutic utility will become fully established.
92. Clinical study of traditional medicine in the treatment of (category 1) pulmonary
tuberculosis patients. Lwin Ko; Thaw Zin; Khin Chit. Myanmar Health Res Congr,
2003: p27.
The extracts of Myanmar traditional herbal plants were formed as tablets and
treated to 50 (category 1) pulmonary tuberculosis cases for 6 months. This
prospective clinical trial was found sputum convertion in 2 months (20) out of (39)
sputum AFB positive cases (68.9%); improvement was seen in (10) out of (16)
sputum AFB negative TB cases (62.5%),(3) defaulter and (2) were rejected due to
severe malaria. Out of (20) sputum converted cases, (12) i.e. 60% were relapsed 4
months after full course treatment (i.e. 6months) and 3 cases i.e. 30% relapsed from
(10) improved sputum AFB (negative) TB cases. This study showed it has definite
anti-TB activity, no side effects in 6 months daily treatment and we should continue
the treatment more than 6 months.
93. Clinical trial of anti-amoebic potential of traditional herbal drug Yar-dan-tze.
Thaung Hla; Maung Maung Wint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1997: p9.
Clinical trial to determine the anti-amoebic potential of locally grown Yar-dan-tze
was carried out on acute amoebic dysentery patients. A total of 100 patients were
tested. They were divided randomly into 2 groups. The group tested with Yar-dan-tze
received a capsule containing 5 kernels of Yar-dan-tze once a day before going into
bed for 5 consecutive days. The second group serves as control and was thus treated
with standard drug, Metronidazole (Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory, 200mg
tablets). It was given 2 tablets 3 times daily for 7 days continuously. Blood for
complete picture, urea and liver function tests were done before and after
41
administration of the trial drugs. Side effects were also monitored daily by clinical
examination and asking the patients to report if they suffer any unnatural symptom
after having the trial drugs. It was found that Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in
the stool became negative in both groups at day 4 of the drug administration period.
Clinically significant side effects were not provoked by this herbal medicine. It also
produced no change in laboratory tests before and after having drugs.
94. Clinical trial of antidiabetic traditional medicine formulation (TMF) No.32.
Thaw Zin; Nwe Nwe Win; Win Myint; Khin Aye Than; Tin Mi Mi Naing;
Aung Naing; Kyaw Sein; Maung Maung Wint. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1994
April; 6(1): p11-18.
Clinical trial to determine the therapeutic efficacy of a traditional antidiabetic drug,
TMF-32, was carried out on 6 Type II NIDDM patients who were admitted to the
Traditional Medicine Hospital, Yangon. All patients, 3 males and 3 females, had a
fasting blood glucose level of more than 150mg% (205.2±35.6) and a 2hour
post-prandial blood glucose level of more than 200mg% (323.0±62.09) and were
clinically free from complications of diabetes. The study was a complete cross-over
design, using tolbutamide as a control and was conducted under strict diabetic diet
supplying approximately 2500kcals per day. Hypoglycaemic efficacy calculated from
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) curves indicated that TMF-32, at doses of 2G and
3G, significantly reduces the blood glucose levels in these patients (p<0.01 in both
doses). The maximum hypoglycaemic effect was seen at approximately 2 hours after
dosing and the duration of action lasted only up to 6 hours. Construction of log.
dose-response curves showed TMF-32 of having a hypoglycaemic potency of 73% of
tolbutamide but frequent side effects and cost of drug give rise to contradicting
questions on whether it may be useful as a standard traditional antidiabetic drug.
95. Clinical trial of hypoglycemic effect of MAT/MP014 seed on healthy volunteers.
Clinical Research Unit (Traditional Medicine). Annual Report 2004. Yangon:
DMR (LM). p95.
A controlled cross-over clinical trial to determine the hypoglycemic effect of
MAT/MP 014 seed (yJeãHomaph) was carried out on twelve healthy volunteers. The
subjects were tested for oral glucose tolerance test for base line examination. After that the
MAT/MP 014 seed powder 5g single doses was given orally and oral glucose tolerance
test was done. The mean blood glucose level of control phase showed 5.1±0.1mmol/L
at ohr, 7.3±0.2mmol/L at 2hr and 6.7±0.3mmol/L at 4hr respectively and of tested
phase showed 5.1±0.1mmol/L at ohr, 6.3±0.3mmol/L at 2hr and 6.4±0.3mmol/L at
4hr respectively. It was also showed significant inhibition at 2hr (p<0.05) after 5g of
test drugs were administered, when compared to the glucose loaded phase. The
untoward side effects were also monitored. No clinically acute side effects such as
nausea, vomiting, giddiness etc, were not detected.
96. Clinical trial of indigenous antipyretics: Testing of antipyretic efficacy of five
triditional medicine formulation on TAB-induce pyrexial volunteers. Tha, Saw
Johnson; Kyaw Nyein; Aung Naing. Burma Health Sci Res J. 1989 April; 1(1):
p20-23.
Two grams each of 5 traditional medicine formulations (TMF), TMF-06, TMF-24,
TMF-25, TMF-35A and TMF-35B-orally administered with 150ml of betel leaf
preparation, had underwent a clinical trial of antipyretic efficacy on a total of 315
TAB-induced pyrexial Burmese volunteers. Both positive control of acetyl sallicylate
600mg orally and negative control of no drug treatment were included. The trial
42
design was performed on a single (observer) blind basis. Effectiveness of the agents at
the peak of induced pyrexia was observed for three hours. Only TMF-06 possessed
the antipyretic efficacy (78-88%) as could be observed in 87-96% of responders, in
comparison to those of the acetyl salicylate. Nevertheless, TMF-24 and TMF-35B
showed a lesser antipyretic activity. Therefore, TMF-06 was found to be the most
recommendable antipyretics to be used at indigenous medicine centres.
97. Clinical trial of indigenous antipyretics-Part I. Testing the antipyretic efficacy of
indigenous plant formulation Nos. 24 and 25 on TAB-vaccine-induced pyrexial
volunteers. Kyaw Nyein; Aung Naing; Tha, Saw Johnson. Res Pap Reading
Session, Med Sci Div, 1987: p13.
A total of 225 persons served as subjects in the clinical trial of indigenous
antipyretics-Part I. The aim of the trial was to determine whether the Indigenous Drug
Formulation (IDF) Nos. 24 and 25 have any singnificant antipyretic activity. It was a
single blind trial (observer blind) with acetyl salicylate as positive control. TAB
vaccine was used to induce a satisfactory pyrexial profile. At the 5 hour of induced
pyrexia, the subjects were given a single oral dose of 2g of either test drug with 150ml
of betel leaf preparation. A negative control group (no drug given) and a positive
control group (acetyl salicylate 600mg given) were also established. The temperature
lowering effect of IDF-24 was 0.92ºc (46% of the efficacy of acetyl salicylate) in high
pyrexial responders and 1.11ºC (70% of the efficacy of acetyl salicylate) in low
pyrexial responders. IDF-25, however, did not exhibit any statistically significant
antipyretic activity.
98. Clinical trial of indigenous antipyretics-Part II. Testing the antipyretic efficacy of
indigenous plant formulation Nos. 6, 35-A and 35-B on TAB-induced pyrexial
volunteers. Kyaw Nyein; Aung Naing; Tha, Saw Johnson. Res Pap Reading
Session, Med Sci Div, 1987: p13-14.
A total of 120 persons served as subjects in the clinical trial of indigenous
antipyretics-Part II. The aim of the trial was to determine whether the Indigenous
Drug Formulation (IDF) No.6, 35-A and 35-B have any significant antipyretic
activity. It was a double blind trial. TAB vaccine was used to induce a satisfactory
pyrexial profile. At the fifth hour of induced pyrexia, the subjects were given a single
oral dose of 2g of one of the test drugs with 150ml of betel leaf preparation. The
results were compared with the results of the negative and positive control groups
established in the clinical trial of indigenous antipyretics-Part I. The temperature
lowering effect of IDF-6 & 35-A was 1.76ºC (88% of the efficacy of acetyl salicylate)
in high pyrexial responders and 1.23ºC (78% of the efficacy of acetyl salicylate) in
low pyrexial responders. The temperature lowering effect of IDF 35-B was 0.96ºC
(48% of the efficacy of acetyl salicylate) in high pyrexial responders and 0.93ºC (58%
of the efficacy of acetyl salicylate) in low pyrexial responders. IDF 35-A, however,
did not exhibit any statistically significant antipyretic activity.
43
99. Clinical trial of Myanmar traditional medicine in the treatment of new cases of
pulmonary tuberculosis in Myanmar. Lwin Ko; Thaw Zin; Khin Chit;
Tin Moe Mya; Nyo Nyo Win; Tin Aung; Nwe Ni Lay; Khin Maung Aye;
Tin Nu Swe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2001: p31.
A clinical trial was conducted on 24 newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis
patients, attending the No. 1 Military Hospital, who were treated with reputed 5
Myanmar (traditional) medicinal plants showing in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity.
These plants include: A. indica Juss. (Tama), A. galanga Willd. (Badegaw),
A. calamus Linn. (Lin-ne), D. triquetrium (Lauk-thay), and V. discolor (Da-bin-daing-
mya-nan) prepared as crude extracts which was carried out at the Pharmacology
Research Division, DMR. This intervention study consists of baseline data such as
chest x-ray, sputum for AFB, body weight, and clinical and biochemical data which
are to be compared at the start and end of the trial of six months. Preliminary findings
during the interim 3 months analysis indicated promising results in more than half of
the patients in which 6 out of 11 sputum positive cases showed sputum conversion to
negativity; 7 sputum negative but CXR positive cases showed both clinical and CXR
improvement. However, 6 patients had to be changed to WHO four-drug DOTS
regime because no significant improvement was seen at the end of 3 months. Two
cases were excluded because of patient's request and appearance of co-existing
falciparum malaria, respectively. The remaining were defaulter cases and could not be
followed up. All drugs were found to be well tolerated and side effects were mild as
compared to standard anti-tuberculous drugs. Occasional heart burns around the
epigastriun was experienced in 25% of the patients but this resolved spontaneously
and did not effect compliance. It was concluded that traditional medicine may have a
role in treatment of tuberculosis but more in depth studies on patient selection, drug
resistant pattern and interaction with standard anti-tuberculous drugs needs to be done
before its full therapeutic utility can be justified.
100. Clinical trial of two Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulations TMF-03A and TMF-
21 for diuretic efficacy. Tha, Saw Johnson; Aung Naing; Kyi Minn. Myanmar
Health Sci Res J. 1989 August; 1(2): p41-44.
Some Traditional medicine formulations (TMF) as diuretics have been in use to
treat anarsaca and oedema. Three are distributed at the grass-root level without any
report of their toxic effects. The aim of this trial is to scientifically evaluate the
diuretic potentials of drug formulations - namely, TMF-03A and TMF-21 using
frusemide as positive control.
101. Clinical trial on indigenous anthelminthic drug-03. Kyaw Nyein; Ah Yu;
Tha, Saw Johnson. Res Pap Reading Session, Med Sci Div, 1985-86: p11.
A total of 67 Burmese children served as subjects in the children trial of
Indigenous Anthelminthic Drug-03. This was administered orally and the results
showed that the test drug could purge worms in 57% of the moderately worm infested
subjects. There is an apparent efficacy of the drug. However, worm load purging
capability was found to be 16%. The overall anthelminthic efficacy of the Indigenous
Drug-03 is 16% when compared to the efficacy of the classical levotetramisole.
44
102. Clinical trial on the anthelminthic action of Burmese pineapple, Nanat.

Tha, Saw Johnson; Khin Mg Tin; Hla Maung Din. 2nd Conf Med Spec, Rangoon:
MMA; 1983: p43.
A total of 228 Burmese children were employed in clinical trial on the anthelmintic
action of local pineapple fruit, by single daily oral administration for 2 consecutive
days of the test-fruit, 6g/kg, or the placebo. The pineapple fruit was found to be
effective in a significant number of the diseased children by purging the intestinal
round worms. Moreover, its anthelminthic action became more and more pronounced
with the degree of infestation in the individual children. The findings and their clinical
implicationare discussed.
103. Clinical trial to compare the analgesic efficacy of selected traditional medicine
formulations (TMF-06, 24, 25) on experimentally induced pain in human subjects.
Thaw Zin; May Aye Than; Tin Tin Lay; Aung Naing; Maung Maung Wint.
Forty clinically healthy volunteers participated in the study aimed to evaluate the
therapeutic efficacy of three Traditional Medicine Formulations (TMF-06, TMF-24
and TMF-25) on experimentally-induced cold compressor stimulation pain. The
rationale underlying the study is that these formulations have been produced locally
and used extensively as standard analgesics for pain relief at the Traditional Medicine
Hospitals and dispensaries as well as through self-medication over-the-counter-drugs
by the local community for many years but has yet received little investigative
attention regarding efficacy and safety. The study was a placebo controlled double-
blind, complete cross-over single dose design using aspirin (acetyl salicylate) as
positive standard and was evaluated on three basic pain response parameters namely,
pain threshold, pain tolerance and pain sensitivity range. All three formulations
showed a significant analgesic efficacy (p<0.01) when compared to placebo (TMF-25
TMF-24 TMF-06). No; adverse effects were noted even when given at maximum
recomended dose. It was concluded dose. It was concluded that the 3 TMFs can be
used as an alternative to aspirin for the symptomatic relief of mild to moderate pain.
104. Clinical trial to determine the antidiarrhoeal potential of Traditional Medicine
Formulations TMFs-16, TMF-35a and TMF-43. Thaw Zin; May Aye Than;
Tin Tin Lay; Cho Cho; Tin Ohn; Tin Mi Mi Naing; Win Khine; Maung Maung
Wint. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1994; 6(3): p127-132.
Clinical trial to determine the therapeutic efficacy of three Traditional Medicine
Formulations, claimed to have antidiarrhoeal action, were studied on 150 acute
diarrhoeal patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Yangon. TMF-16
was found to possess a good antidiarrhoeal action with the antidiarrhoeal index ADI)
of 28.71%, which is approximately equal to that of the standard drug, loparamide
which had the ADI of 27.94%. TMF-35a also possess a mild to moderate
antidiarrhoeal action (ADI=21.5%), but TMF-43 showed little or no antidiarrhoeal
action (ADI=9.64%). The clinical significance of the study is that both TMF-16 and
loparamide were found to reduce the stool output as well as the amount of fluid
replacement required. TMF-16 is well tolerated, available locally and cheaply, and
thus, may prove beneficial in the symptomatic relief of non-specific acute diarrhoea.
45
105. Clinical trial to determine the hypouricaemic potential of Zizyphus jujuba kernel.
Win Aung; Aye Kyaw; Myo Lwin; Khin Pyone Kyi; Myat Myat Ohn Khin;
Than Swe. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1991; 9(1): p10-14.
Clinical trial to determine the therapeutic efficacy of a traditional herbal drug,
Zizyphus jujuba kernel reputed for anti-gout action was carried out on 20 healthy
volunteers. Using a cross-over design, the subjects were divided into two groups.
Group I received standard hypouricaemic drug, allopurinol and Group II was
administered Z. jujuba kernel for 14 days. After a wash-out period of another 7 days, the
drugs were crossed over between the two groups in which Group I was administered
Z. jujuba kernel and Group II was administered allopurinol for further 14 days again.
Blood and urine samples of these subjects were taken at 5 days' intervals throughout
the study period for determination of uric acid, creatinine and liver function tests. It
was found that Z. jujuba shows no abnormalities on kidney and liver function tests. It
also possesses neither hypouricaemic nor uricosuric actions.
106. Clinical trial to test the analgesic efficacy of Chin-saw-kha-thee
(Cydonia cathayensis Hemsl.) on experimentally induced pain in human subjects.
May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; Kyi Kyi Myint; San San Myint;
Thazin Myint; Mar Mar Myint; Myint Thuzar Thant; Tin Nu Swe.
Chin-saw-kha-thee (Cyndonia cathayensis Hemsl.) from North-east of State of
Myanmar, is locally claimed to be useful in treatment of gout. In the treatment of
gout, there are two types of drugs, one of which lowers the blood uric acid and the
other symptomatic drug of anti-inflammatory or analgesic activity. This study aimed
to evaluate the therapeutic analgesic efficacy of Chin-saw-kha-thee on experimentally
induced cold compressor stimulation pain in healthy subjects. The study was
conducted at Clinical Research Unit (Traditional Medicine), Department of Medical
Research (Lower Myanmar). The study was a controlled, complete cross-over single
dose design using aspirin as a positive standard drug 18 clinically health volunteers
participated in this study and was evaluated on the 3 basic pain response parameters
namely, pain threshold, pain tolerance and pain sensitivity range. The assay was
validated by doing a preliminary reproducibility of the pain response parameters
(which coefficient of variation of less than ± 15% was selected) on the healthy
volunteers before the actual study. Both aspirin 600mg, and Chin-saw-kha-thee 10gm
(immersed in 150 ml of distilled water for a night) significant analgesic efficacy in
three parameters (p<0.01 to 0.0005) when compared to placebo (water). No side
effects were observed in any of these subjects. From this study it was observed that
Chin-saw-kha-thee showed analgesic activity.
107. Comparative botanical studies on two species of genus Paederia with special
emphasis on chemical constituents of Paederia foetida L. and its antioxidant
activity. Ohn Mar Than. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2007.
Paederia foetida L. and P. tomentosa Blume. grown wild in Myanmar were
collected from Taungoo and Thandaung Townships. According to the morphological
exminations: they were identified as Paederia foetida L. and Paederia tomentosa Blume.
that belong to the family Rubiaceae. These species are used in medicines especially in
the treatment of intestinal complaints; problems of stomach, pain in chest and rheumatism.
Paederia foetida L. is locally believed to have a medicinal activity. The leaves are
antirheumatic. A decoction of wholeplant is used in the treatment of abdominal pain;
abscesses arthritis; indigestion etc. The morphological and microscopical characters
of leaves of Paederia foetida L. was investigated and compared with P. tomentosa
46
Blume. to reveal the characters which have not been investigated previously. The
different characters found in the two species could supplement the morphological
identities of the two species and can be used in standardization of powdered
traditional medicine. According to the utilization of local people P. foetida L. was
used as both medicinally and in daily died. Thus only P. foetida L. was emphasized in
studying for its chemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and nutritional value.
Preliminary phytochemical tests haves been carried out by using leaves and stem of
P. foetida L. In this study, the main constituents observed were alkaloids, cyanogenic
glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds and amino
acids. Physicochemical properties of leaves were examined and the result showed the
difference of solubility properties and that the highest yield was obtained from
ethanolic extract of leaves of P. foetida L. In chemical studies, active constituents
were isolated from leaves of P. foetida L. by solvent extraction and column
chromatographic method. Isolated compounds were identified by spectrophometer
techniques such as UV, FTIR. Among isolated compounds, one compound namely
OM1 was identified by UV, IR and 1H NMR. Elemental analyses of leaves and stems
of P. foetida L. were conducted by using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence
(EDXRF) spectrometry to know the concentration of principle elements and trace
elements and trace elements that may be presents in plants.
108. Comparative efficacy of TMF-01 Ageratum conyzoides Linn. and Adhatoda vasica Nees.
on patients with chronic bronchial asthma. Thaung Hla; Myat Myat Ohn Khin;
Maung Maung Wint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1996: p88.
Clinical trial to determine the efficacy of Traditional Medicine Formulation No.1
(TMF-01), Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Khway-thay-pan-ywet) and Adhatoda vasica Nees.
(Ma-ya-gyi-ywet) were carried out on chronic bronchial asthma patients. Each drug
was tested on 15 patients separately for a period of 21 days during which the benefits
and the side effects were monitored clinically and by laboratory methods. The results
of 3 groups of patients were analysed and compared to each other. TMF-01 and
Khway-thay-pan-ywet were found to be effective in the management of bronchial
asthma but the Ma-ya-gyi-ywet was not. The consumption of aminophylline tablets
were significantly reduced in patients treated with Khway-thay-pan-ywet (69.51%) and
TMF-01 (58.89%). The Ma-ya-gyi-ywet can reduce only 8.4%.
109. A comparative morphology and anatomy of some Myanmar species of the genus
Annona. Nyo Nwe Win. Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Yangon; 1999.
A study has been undertaken on the 4 species of the genus Annona which grown in
Yangon District, Pyay District and Kalaw Townships (Southern Shan State). The
comparative morphological studies on both the vegetative and reproductive parts and
the anatomical studies on the leaves, stems and fruits have been made. The
morphological and anatomical characters of the four species studied, namely Annona
cherimolia Mill., Annona muricata Linn., Annona reticulata Linn., and Annona
squamosa Linn., have been described and compared.
47
110. Comparative studies on morphology of Swertia species. May Aye Than; Ohnmar Tun,
Naw; Wah Wah Phaw, Naw; Khin Hla Win. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006:
p57.
Pan-khar (yef;cg;) which is also known as &Srf;aq;cg;yif/ &Srf;aq;cg;juD; and
yGJawmif[if;cg; and which is reputed medicinal plants claimed to be effective for
various kind of diseases such as, malaria, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis. It is annual of
perennial herbs, growing wild in various part of Myanmar, particularly in hilly
regions of Shan, Kachin, Chin, Kayah States, Mandalay and Sagaing Divisions. They
were very similar to the botanical name of both Indian and European medicinal plant
of Swertia chirayita Roxb. Due to the differents in vernacular name and similarity in
the common features and the medicinal value. But they have different degree of
pharmacological activity. Therefore, it is needed to identify. Ten plants specimen from
Shan and Kayah States were identified taxonomically. The morphology of these 10 plants
specimens from various parts was carefully studied. Six species were identified and the
remaining 2 were categorized as varieties. Two specimens of both states were the same
category, one was Swertia tetragona. Clarke. and from Shan State were
Swertia pulchella Ham., S. purpurescens and S. decussata Nimmo. All belong to
family of Gentiaceae.
111. Comparative study on effect of Myanmar traditional medicine paste and wax-bath
physiotherapy in treatment of osteoarthritis knee in female patients.
Khin Win Sein; Khin Myo Hla; May Aye Than; Thein Kyaw. 16th Myanmar
Military Med Conf, 2008: p9.
Female osteoarthritis cases are common clinical problem in Department of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, treated by several conservative methods with
varying degree of effectiveness. Topical therapy has the obvious advantages of being
simple to apply, non-invasive and self-administer by the patient. Among topical
medicine, Myanmar traditional medicine paste (Ahtoo-lane-hsay) is a commonly used
traditional medicine for arthritis in Myanmar Traditional Medicine Hospital since
1976. It consists of Ginger, Turmeric, Sweet flag and Cinnamon mixed into paste.
Although it is said to be effective in osteoarthritis, there has been no scientific study
as yet. To determine the effectiveness of Myanmar Traditional Medicine Paste in
treatment of osteoarthritis knee; in female patients. A prospective hospital based
randomized controlled clinical study was carried out in (110) female osteoarthritis
patients who attended the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, No. (2)
Military Hospital between January 2004 to December 2005. Fifty female
osteoarthritis knee patients treated with Myanmar Traditional Medicine paste (MTM)
were compared with 50 female osteoarthritis knee patients treated with Wax-Bath
Physiotherapy (WBP) as a control. Pain, range of movement, muscle power, stiffness
and knee functional capacity and quality of life were assessed by appropriate scoring
methods in both groups initially and then periodically reassessed up to 3 months.
Cinoared to the baseline, both groups showed significant improvement in all
measurements, more obvious in first 4 weeks. MTM paste was comparable to Wax-
Bath Physiotherapy, without any significant difference between 2 groups. There were
no significant side effects such as allergic reactions. There was only mild skin
irritation in a few cases. Myanmar Traditional Medicine paste
(Ahtoo-lane-hsay) has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect in
osteoarthritis knee cases. It can be recommended as an effective, safe, and easy to
administer inexpensive alternative therapy for osteoarthritis knee effects of long term
analgesic therapy.
48
112. Comparative study on quantitative determination of eugenol in the essential oil of

Piper betle Linn. Khin Thidar Lwin. Thesis, MSc (Chemistry), University of
Yangon; 1993.
Piper betle Linn. (Kun-ywet or betel leaf) is one of the most famous indigenous
medicinal plants in Myanmar. The physical properties such as moisture, total nitrogen
content, total alcohol soluble matter, total water soluble matter and microchemical
tests on alcohol and water soluble matters were determined. The essential oil of betel
leaf was extracted by steam and water distillation. The yield percent were determined
depending on the method and quality of betel leaf. The physicochemical
characteristics were determined by standard methods of analysis for vegetable oil and
fats. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of eugenol, the prime constituent of the
essential oil of betel leaf, were determined by two methods namely gas
chromatography and TLC densitometry. The elemental contents of betel leaf were
determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The betel leaf decoction was prepared
according to the procedures usually used by traditional practitioners. The type of
sugars, the amount of free reducing sugars and the amount of minerals of the betel
leaf decoction were determined. The comparison between the betel leaf decoction and
the oral rehydration salt solution was also determined.
113. A comparative study on the effects of Ixora coccinea (Linn.) (Ponna-yeik) extract and
chlorhexidine mouthwashes on chronic gingivitis in young adults. Moe Wint Oo.
Thesis, MDSc (Dentistry), Yangon: Institute of Dental Medicine; 2003.
The present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque
properties of Ixora coccinea Linn. (Ponna-yeik extract), in comparison with that of
the chlohexidine mouthwash. The present study was performed on sixty young
subjects with chronic gingivitis at the Institute of Nursing, Yangon. All subjects were
randomly divided into two equal groups with equal sex distribution. One group was
assigned to use 0.2% watery extract solution of Ixora coccinea Linn. mouthwash and
the other used 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash for four weeks. Clinical examination
and recording of the scores was obtained weekly up to one month. Mean scores of
gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing and plaque accumulation were
significantly reduced in both groups. Although both chlohexidine and Ixora coccinea
Linn. mouthwashes had nearly equal effect on bleeding on probing, the former was
better than the latter on plaque accumulation and gingivitis. The anti-inflammatory
properties of Ixora coccinea Linn. was 73.3% to that of chlorhexidine and the anti-
plaque properties of Ixora coccinea Linn. was 63.5% to that of chlorhexidine.
114. Cultural beliefs and traditional medicine utilization in Myanmar: A model assessment.
Thaw Zin; Sein Win; Khin Chit; Tin Mg Lay; Kyi Kyi; Moe Moe Aye;
Myint Thuzar Thant; Mya Mya Moe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2009: p14-15.
Traditional Medicine (TM) is the sum of knowledge, skill and practice-based
experiences indigenous to different cultures. Four cultural models are recognized,
cultural deficit, cultural conflict, mainstream conformity and cultural distrust models,
to exist in a population having different behaviour towards available health care
services. To understand the influence of cultural characteristics on traditional
medicine utilization, 2 areas; Yangon Division having the least culture beliefs’
influence, and Southern Shan state having diverse ethnic minorities, different culture
beliefs and healing practices were compared. Community-based, cross-sectional
descriptive study using pre-set questionnaires and semi-structured interviews for
KAP, cultural beliefs, health care utilization and satisfaction, was carried out. Despite
cultural beliefs, allopathic health services were still more available and were more
49
utilized than TM (67.2-83.2%) irrespective of its location. The main influence on TM

being slow effect (64.9%), inaccessible distance (59.8%) and availability of
practitioner and drugs (39.9%). However, the majourity of minor ailments
encountered were successfully taken care of with available health care facilities,
whether it is allopathic or traditional. Self-defined cultural characteristics include race
(28.5-81.5%), religion (19.8-45.3%) and spoken language (11.1-28.7%). Although
differences in cultural characteristics did not have extreme impact upon TM
utilization is in Yangon Division, it became more apparent within the diverse ethnic
groups in Southern Shan State, where barriers to health care utilization, like
discrimination, ethnic acceptance and trust remained high (29.7-36.5%). The main
influencing model was the mainstream conformity model where deep-rooted beliefs in
indigenous practices existed, followed by cultural deficit model where lack of
knowledge on a health care system and medicine (21.7-27.6%) prohibited its use.
Proper health education, exchange of knowledge between different cultures and
involvement of ethnic minorities as health providers within the existing health system
may help resolve these differences.
115. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity and chemical screening of four
medicinal plants. Khin Chit; Win Myint; Kyi Thein; Win Win Maw;
Mar Mar Myint; Aye Than; Myo Khin. Pharm Biol. 2001; 39(3): p181-183.
Four medicinal plants, Acorus calamus Linn., Alpinia galanga Willd.,
Desmodium triquetrum DC. and Vitis discolour Dalz., were investigated for potential
to inhibit cyclilc AMP phosphodiesterase. The alcohol extract of Desmodium
triquetrum was found to be most active. The chloroform and alcohol extracts of
Desmodium triquetrum and Acorus calamus and the petroleum ether and chloroform
extracts of Alpinia galanga contain flavonoids. These are possibly the active
principles responsible for their anti-bacterial activity.
116. Detection of cyanogenic glycoside in Acalypha indica Linn. (Kyaung-hsay-pin).
Khin Tar Yar Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Win Myint; May Aye Than; Aye Than;
Win Win Maw; Thandar Myint. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2005; 17(2): p99-103.
Medicinal plants and herbal drugs are being more utilized for health purposes
throughout the world, nowadays. In Myanmar also, many of the traditional remedies
are accepted and used by a large segment of the population. Generally people believe
that herbal medicine are effective and have no toxic effect. Kyaung-yo-they or Kyaung-
hsay-pin is one of the well known Myanmar medicinal plants used for bronchodilating
and mucolytic activities. Its botanical name has been identified to be Acalypha indica L.
This plant was reported to contain an exciting compound known as cyanogenic
glycoside stated in some literatures. In order to prove the presence of dangerous
cyanogenic glycoside in Kyaung-hsay-pin, a highly sensitive color reaction test for
cyanogenic glycoside was carried out on the various fresh and dried parts of the plant
specimens. It was clearly detected that higher content of cyanogenic glycoside
contained in fresh specimen but a little amount in dried parts. Expressed juice of
leaves was also tested for its acute toxicity administering orally to mice and rats. The
results were compiled and discussed.
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117. Detection of food adulterants in commonly used spices from market. May Aye Than;
Khine Khine Lwin; Ohnmar Than; Phyu Phyu Win; Nu Nu Win;
Aye Aye Mon, Mi; Mar Mar Myint; Ei Ei Soe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2011.
p67.
As defined in The Food Drugs and Cosmetic Acts, the term adulteration involves
the content of a product, such as the addition of substances that make it inferior,
impure or not genuine and a product that has unprescribed colouring substance or the
colouring substance in excess of the prescribed limits. Adulterated foods were
dangerous because it may be toxic, can affect health and it could deprive nutrients
essential for proper growth and development. Therefore it was needed to detect by
using chemical and pharmacognostical standard tests. Nine brands of chilli and
turmeric powders, three brands of blacks pepper and cumin powders samples were
collected from various markets in Yangon. They were coded and studied for
pharmacognostical characteristic of powdered spices microscopically, to find out
whether they were pure or genuine. Some chemical tests for sand, soil, and dirt, heavy
metal like lead and arsenic as well as for specific colourants (eg. Lead chromate,
charcoal, metanil yellow, rhodamine-d and other dye) were also done. It was found
that two out of nine chilli powders were contaminated with sand and dirt which can
cause stomach problem. One out of three black pepper powders was contaminated
with other part of plants materials. Three out of nine turmeric powders were contained
corn and rice starch and two out of three turmeric powder showed non permitted
colourant like metanil yellow which is highly carcinogenic and can cause
hepatocellular carcinoma and Central Nervous System toxicity after chronic ingestion.
These results can provide necessary data for public awareness for their harmful
effects.
118. Determination of colchicine content in tuber and seed of Gloriosa superba family:
Liliaceae and effect of temperature on tuber. Nwe Nwe Win. Thesis, MPharm,
Yangon: University of Pharmacy; 2009.
Belonging to the good weather and geograghical background, Myanmar possesses
a wide variety of plants and some of them are used as medicine. In addition, Myanmar
traditional medicine always plays a major part in health of Myanmar people especially
in rural areas. Therefore, quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines are very
important and they depend mainly on their raw materials, medicinal plants.
Nowadays, the utilization of herbs as medicine has been promoted with increasing
population. To supply the increasing demand of medicines produced by herbs, local
production findings from medicinal plants should be adequate. Gloriosa superba
Linn. Which is widely distributed in Myanmar, is useful not only in medicine but also
in agriculture. This local plant, Si-mi-tauk (qDrD;awmuf), which belongs to the family
Liliaceae, was identified botanically to verify for true Gloriosa superba Linn. For the
authenticity of plant, its habit, macroscopic and microscopic examination was carried
out thoroughly. For standardization, preliminary screening on physicochemical and
phytochemical aspects was conducted according to international standard procedures.
By referring to the standard substance, colchicine, chromatographic and spectroscopic
methods were also applied to marker compounds in it. Moreover, content of active
principle of same plant may vary with the different geographical sources, method of
cultivation, collection, drying, transportation, storage and production. Colchicine, one
of the poisonous substances, is a distinct component in this plant and their content is
not the same in different regions. Amount of colchicine in tuber and seed of locally
growing Gloriosa superba Linn. was estimated by using Thin Layer Chromatographic
51
scanning densitometer. Amount of colchicine were 0.35-0.36% in seed and 0.26-

0.29% in tuber of Gloriosa superba Linn. Myanmar Traditional Medicine is
experienced based and it should be promoted to scientific based to keep abreast with
international level. Experts in this field rely that roasting tuber can remove their
toxicity. To verify that, tubers were roasted, then extracted and analyzed their content
of colchicine. Colchicine content was decreased as the tuber was roasted at 100°C was
0.21-0.22% and 150°C was 0.19-0.21% respectively. For safety aspect, acute toxicity
test on powder of tuber roasted at different temperature were carried out on albino
mice. The various doses, 2, 4, 6, 8g/kg were administered for toxicity. LD50 value of
tuber dried at room temperature was 6.4g/kg and confidence limit was 4.12-9.92g/kg,
that of tuber roasted at 100°C was 7.3g/kg and 5.6-9.49g/kg and that of tuber roasted
at 150°C was 8g/kg and 6.15-10.40g/kg respectively. The dead animals suffered from
diarrhoea and they were dead after twelve hours of administration. It was assumed
that the content of colchicine of tuber and their toxic affects decreased by roasting
with increasing temperature.
119. Determination of heavy metals in some locally used traditional medicine formulations
(TMFs) produced by Vizadara Naya method. Myat Moe; Khine Khine Lwin;
Thaw Zin; Khin Chit; Aye Than; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Myint Myint Khine.
This study was carried out to investigate whether the traditional medicine
formulations (TMFs) produced by Vizadara Naya method from private sector
contained heavy metals like arsenic, lead, mercury, iron and copper or not. In
Myanmar traditional medicine practice, these TMFs produced by Vizadara Naya
method were assumed to reduce stress, promote vitality and boost immunity. Wet
digestion (i.e. acid digestion) extraction method was used for extraction of heavy
metals from the TMFs and was followed by quantitative analysis by Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Graphite furnace tube method was applied to
determine heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, iron, copper and hydride generation
method was used to determine mercury. A total of 8 TMFs were investigated. The
names of these TMFs were described in code names. It was found that lead, arsenic,
mercury, iron, copper levels in TMFHV7 and TMFHV8 (liquid form) were within the
limit of permissible level, but the remaining 6 TMFHV showed high concentration of
heavy metals namely arsenic, lead and mercury. So, high concentrations of heavy
metals in above TMFs can either be due to contamination during manufacturing
process or due to the intentional addition of these heavy metals for medicinal purpose.
Both high exposure and long term exposure of heavy metals have been shown to
cause serious health problems and diseases. Therefore, the presence of heavy metals
in these TMFs should be reviewed and studied in detail on animals before they can be
assumed safe for community use.
52
120. Determination of the susceptibility of some bacteria to (3) Burmese drugs.

Sein Gwan; Mar Mar Nyein. Rep Burma Med Res Counc, 1972; p19.
Water soluble and alcoholic soluble extracts of (1) tbd^mOf (2) [vdEN (3)
eef;wGif;ief;aq; were used. The test organisms include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi,
Shigella boydii, S. fiexneri, S. schmitzi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pyogenes and Vibrio cholerae Eltor. Screening of antibacterial drugs was performed
by using an ager disc diffusion technique. Determination of antibacterial spectrum
was done by the tube dilution technique. The water soluble extract of the three tested
drugs had no bactericidal or bacteriostatis action on the tested bacteria up to the
concentration of 500mcg/ml of the extract. The alcohol soluble extract of tbd^mOf had a
bactercidal action on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris,
S. paratyphi, S. typhi, Vibrio cholerae Eltor and the minimum inhibitory
concentration was found to be 200, 160, 170, 190, 100, 100 and 100μg/ml repectively.
The alcoholic extract of [vdEN had a bactericidal action on C. mirabilis, S. paratyphi,
S. boyidi and V. cholerae and minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 190,
200, 130 and 200μg/ml respectively. The alcoholic extract of eef;wGif;ief;aq; had a
bactercidal action on S. paratyphi and V. cholerae. The minimum inhibitory
concentration was found to be 100 and 200μg/ml respectively.
121. Development of experimental mouse model for testing of anti diarrhoeal agents.
Aung Aung Maw. Thesis, PhD (Zoology), Yangon: Dangon University; 2010.
This study was conducted during from June 2006 to January 2010, to develop an
experimental mouse model for in vivo screening of antidiarrhoeal agents. The
experimental mouse model for antidiarrhoeal agents was developed with DDY strain
of mice; DDY strain which is the most perferable and easily available to test
antidiarrhoeal activity in in vivo animal's model. Before screening of antidiarrhoeal
activity in vivo mouse model, phytochemical tests, physicochemical analysis and
acute toxicity test of cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum Linn.) were done. Aqueous and
80% ethanolic extracts were extracted from air dried seeds powder of C. cyminum
Linn. (Zi-ya). The dried seeds powder samples (160g) were successive extracted by
Soxhlet apparatus and evaporated by rotary evaporator. Four portions were carried out
to obtain successive petroleum ether extract, chlorform extract absolute ethanol
extract and watery extract. The phytochemical constituent of the crude powder,
aqueous and 80% ethanolic extracts of the cumin seeds were conducted. Alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, stenoids, phenols, saponins, and amino acid were
present where as tenin, triterpine and cyanogenic glycoside were absent in the
aqueous and 80% ethanolic extracts of dried cumic seeds. In crude powder, only
triterpine and cyanogenic glycoside were absent. The physicochemical analysis of the
crude powder of cumin seeds was tested. Moisture, swelling index, foaming index,
chloroform soluble matter, alcohol soluble matter, water soluble matter, petroleum
ether soluble matter and total ash were present. Acute toxicity tests of the aqueous and
80% ethanolic extracts of the dried cumin seeds were tested on albino mice (DDY
strain). The anti-diarrhoeal effect of the aqueous and the 80 percent ethanolic extracts
of cumin seeds was studied by castor oil-induced diarrhoeal test. The experimental
results were represented as mean±S.E (Standard Error). Student’s “t” test was used for
the evaluation of data. In vitro antibacterial activity of the aqueous and the 80%
ethanolic extract of the dried cumin seeds was carried out by Agar Disc Diffusion
Method and Agar plate Dilution Method. These 2 extracts were tested on different
53
strains of microorganisms. It was found that the 80% ethanolic extract of the cumin
seeds showed the antibactrial activity on Shigella flexneri. The maximum zone of
inhibition of 12mm is noted in Shigella flexneri. The Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration ranges from 5mg/mL to > 5mg/ml concentration. Aqueous extract has
no activity against all seven organisms. The antibacterial activity of 4 fractions of
cumin seeds were investigated by Agar Well Diffusion Method. These four extracts
were tested on different strains of microorganisms namely Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albican
and Escherichia coli species. This indicated that the petroleum ether extract,
chloroform extract and absolute ethanolic extract of the cumin seeds showed the
antibacterial activity on five microorganisms except B. subtilis. Watery extract
showed in vitro activity only on E.coli.
122. Development of experimental rabbit model for testing of hypoglycaemic compounds
from plant origin. Sandar Aung. Thesis, PhD (Zoology), Yangon: Dagon
University; 2010.
This study was done during June 2006 to May 2010. In this study, the experimental
rabbit model Otyctolagus cuniculus J.W. strain was used because of its good breeding
performance and suitabily for this research purpose. The antidiabetic drugs are
screened in the rabbit in vivo model because they are more sensitive to the drugs than
other experimental animals. Before screeing of blood sugar lowering effect
(hypoglycaemic effect) in rabbit model, phytochemical consitutents, physichemical
parameters and acute toxicity of extracts of Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) rhizomes and
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Neem) leaves were examined. The acute toxicity studies of
aqueous extract and 50% ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa rhizomes were done on
albino mice (ddy strain) by using oral route of administration. In the acute toxicity
study of aqueous extract of turmeric, it was observed that median lethal dose (LD50)
value of aqueous extract of turmeric on albino mice was (8.6g/kg) and its confidence
limit was (7.544g/kg-9.804g/kg). In the acute toxicity study of 50% ethanolic extract
of turmeric, it was found that the median lethal dose (LD50) value of 50% erhtanolic
extract on albino mice was 11.5g/kg and its confidence limit was (8.46g/kg-
15.64g/kg). Similarly, the acute toxicity studies of aqueous extract and crude powder
of Azadirachta indica leaves were carried out on albino mice by using oral route. The
acute toxicity studies of aqueous extract and crude powder of Azadirachta indica
showed no toxic effect up to the maximal feasible dose of 20g/kg and 5g/kg
respectively. Therefore, median lethal doses (LD50) of aqueous extract and crude
powder of neem leaves were more than 20g/kg and 5g/kg respectively. Blood suger
lowering effect (hypoglycaemic effect) of aquous extract (2.5g/kg) and 50% ethanolic
extract of turmeric rhizomes (2.5g/kg) were investigated on adrenaline-induced
hyperglycaemic rabbit model (Oryctolagus cuniculus) J.W. strain by using oral route
of administration. The rabbit were induced hyperglycaemic by injecting them with
0.15m/kg (i.e 0.15mg/kg) of adrenaline tartrate subcutaneously. Glucometer apparatus
was used to determine the blood glucose level. In this study, it was found that, the
aqueous extract of turmeric rhizomes produced significant decrease in blood glucose
levels at 1 hr (P<0.01), 2hr (P<0.01), 3hr (P<0.05) after oral administration of the
extract. 50% ethanolic extract of turmeric rhizomes produced significant decreased in
blood glucose level at 2 hr (P<0.05), 3hr (P<0.01) and 4hr (P<0.05) after oral
administration of the extract. Similarly, the hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract
(5g/kg) and crude powder of neem leaves (1g/kg) were also investigated on
adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rabbit model. The aqueous extract of neem leaves
54
(5g/kg) produced significant decrease in blood glucose levels at 2hr (P<0.05), 3hr
(P<0.05) and 4hr (P<0.05) after oral administration of the extract. But the crude
powder of neem leaves at maximal feasible dose of 1g/kg did not produce significant
decrease in blood glucose level on adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rabbit model.
Hypoglycaemic effect of standard drug, glibencleamide was also investigated to
compare the hypoglycaemic effect of these two plant extracts with that of
glibenclamide. Standard drug, glibenclamide (4mg/kg) produced significant decreased
in blood glucose levels from 2hr up to 4hr (P<0.05-P<0.01) after oral administraton of
the drug. In the comparison of hypoglycaemic effects of turmeric rhizomes extracts
and glibenclamide, it was found that the hypoglycaemic effect of the extracts of
turmeric rhizomes were the similar to that of glibenclamide. In the comparison
between hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of neem leaves and glibenclamide,
it was observed that the hyopglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of neem leaves was
similar to that of glibenclamide.
123. Development of in vitro digestibility assay for Myanmar traditional medicine.
Nwe Nwe Yee; Khin Maung Maung; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Ye Hla; Zin Zin Oo;
Thuzar Win; Le Le Win; Pa Pa Cho; Yin Yin Aye. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006:
p5.
This research is a “preliminary study” regarding the end product of digestion in
vitro on traditional medicine. For the sake of simplicity a single medicinal plant is
employed as the subject of study. It is based on the premise that different chemical
agent would produce different pharmacological actions. Air dried eleven medicinal
plants, were extracted either with water of 70% ethanol. These plants were also
digested with intestinal digestive enzymes such as natural porcine intestinal enzymes,
digestive aids enzyme pancreatin which includes protease, lipase and amylase.
Digestive activities of amylase, lipase, protease and pepsin were evaluated according
to the standard procedures. In vitro digestion of plant powder underwent gastric phase
and intestinal phase of digestion. Final products were filtered and dried. Ethanol and
aqueous extract of crude powder, enzyme digested products and digestive enzymes
were compared by thin layer chromatography. Compounds were identified according
to their R, values under UV (Ultra-Violet) 254 and 365 wave lengths. Compounds of
the digested products represent major and prominent substance markers of both
extracts and new substance markers were also appeared. Phytochemical constituents
were also analyzed. Formation of same substance markers in enzyme digested
products relative to ethanol or aqueous extract was 100% (n=6/6; n=11/11).
Formation of different substance markers in enzyme digested products relative to
ethanol of aqueous extract was 66.67 and 36.36% (n=4/6; n=4/11). These simulated
digested materials may represent the bioavailable products which can give
pharmacological actions in human biological system. The bioavailable products of the
particular plant resulting from this digestion tool can be used as more sensible new
testable product of in vitro efficacy determination. It is concluded that this technique
could serve as a test of bioavailability of traditional medicine which have undergone
in vitro digestion: Beyond extraction technique.
55
124. Direct relaxant effect of some plant extracts on isolated tissue models. Aye Than;
Win Myint; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Win Myint; Mya Bwin. Myanmar
Health Sci Res J. 1995; 7(1): p18-25.
The effects of two different extracts of three medicinal plants namely Piper betle
L. (Kun), Coleus aromaticus Benth. (Ziyar-ywet-htu) and Ageratum conyzoides L.
(Khway-thay-pan) leaves on the smooth muscles of guinea pig and rat were tested
in vitro using isolated segments of trachea, intestine and uterus. The extracts inhibited
the contractions of guinea pig tracheal muscle induced by carbachol and histamine
stimulation. The alcoholic extracts also inhibited the spontaneous movement of
guinea pig ileum induced by histamine stimulation. Furthermore, the alcoholic
extracts inhibited the contractions of rat uterus induced by 5-HT stimulation. These
data suggest that the alcoholic extracts have antihistaminic and anti 5-
hydroxytryptamine effects and the active principle may probably resides in the
saponin glycoside component.
125. The diuretic effect of Alysicarpus vaginalis (D.C) (Than-ma-naing-kyauk-ma-naing)
on albino rats. K Khine Thu. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon:
University of Medicine (1); 2007.
The diuretic effect of Alysicarpus vaginalis (D.C) (watery and 50% ethanolic
extract) was studied in laboratory animals; albino rats of Wistar strain. The dried
powder of whole plants of Alysicarpus vaginalis (D.C) was extracted with water and
50% ethanol. The phytochemical analysis of watery and 50% ethanolic extract was
done and results showed that both extract contained glycosides, flavonoids, steroid,
polyphenol, tanninoids, saponin and reducing sugar. Acute toxicity study of both
watery and ethanolic extract was done by using albino mice. Neither watery nor
ethanolic extracts showed lethality up to 16g/kg body weight. The diuretic effect of
watery and ethanolic extract was studied on albino rats of same sex weighing from
160-260gm. They were then put into metabolic cages after giving watery and
ethanolic extract orally and urine was collected for 5 hours. Diuretic effect of both
watery and ethanolic extract was carried out by using six dosage levels i.e.12, 9, 6, 3, 1.5
and 0.75g/kg body weight. Significant diuretic effect was found in both watery and
ethanolic extract of Alysicarpus vaginalis (D.C). The diuretic effect was found to have
dose dependant effects for both watery and ethanolic extract. The diuretic response
was started from the dose of 1.5g/kg body weight of both extract and up to 9g/kg for
watery extract and up to 12g/kg for ethanolic extract. But the diuretic response
produced by watery extract was greater than ethanolic extract for same dosage level.
The change in PH of the urine of the tested animals was found to be more alkaline
with increasing the dose of both extract. Urinary electrolytes content such as Na+ and
K+ in the urine of tested animals were determined by using digital flame analyzer. The
results showed significant loss of Na+ and K+ in the urine. The possible side effects of
Alysicarpus vaginalis (D.C) on albino rats was studied by giving watery extract 9g/kg
body weight for one month period. There was no change in internal organs of rats
after histopathogical examination. In conclusion, a definite diuretic effect was seen with
both watery and ethanolic extract of Alysicarpus vaginalis (D.C) and it was also
associated with saliuresis effect. The watery extract produced more powerful diuretic
response than ethanolic extract of the plant. The watery extract of Alysicarpus
vaginalis (D.C) showed no demonstrable toxicity in both live animal and histology
after autopsy.
56
126. The diuretic effect of Centella asiatica Linn. on healthy volunteers. May Aye Than;
Ohnmar Kyaw; Win Win Maw; Khine Khine Lwin; Zin Lu Aye. Myanmar Health
Res Congr, 2008: p16.
The aim of this is to determine the diuretic potential of Centella asiatica (-rif;cGm)
on healthy volunteers. The whole plants were purchased from market and were
extracted in Pharmacology Research Division. This extract was physicochemically
and phytochemically standardized by using standard quality control method. The
renal status was specifically determined. Nine out of 18 healthy volunteers were put
under the controlled setting of over night fasting. Fluid intake was restricted up to
250ml and only a standardized meal was allowed immediately preceding the drugs
administration. The urine output within 4hours was collected as for the control
readings. On the next day the subjects were again put under these conditions and text
extract (5g) was given orally. Urine out put was collected for 4hr. After one-week rest
the same procedure was repeated with standrd furosemide 40mg orally. Urine
volumes were measured and urinary electrolytes (sodium and potassium) were
determined by using digital flame analyzer. The mean urine output of control, test and
standard group showed 194.89±20.19ml, 353.75±60.53ml and 808.33±98.59ml within
4hr, respectively. The test group showed significant increase in mean urine volume
(p<0.05) at 2hr, 3hr and 4hr and standard group showed significant increase in mean
urine volume (p<0.0005) throughout the study. Urinary sodium excretion of Centalla
asiatica and furosemide showed significant increase (p<0.001) and (p<0.005)
compared to control. Urinary potassium excretion of Centella asiatica did not showed
significant increase but the urinary potassium excretion of furosemides showed
significant increase (p<0.01) when compared with that of control. The untoward side
effects were also monitored. Clinically evident acute side effects were not detected in
the test group.
127. The diuretic effect of Hydrocotyle umbellata Linn. on rat model. May Aye Than;
Than Than Lwin; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Mar Mar Myint; San San Myint;
Aung Aung Maw; Nu Nu Win; Ei Ei Soe. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2011 April;
23(1): p57-62.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diuretic activity of Hydrocotyle umbellata Linn.
The plants were collected from Yangon area and were extracted in Pharmacology
Research Division. The cross-over study design was used to test diuretic efficacy. Six
albino rats with body weight (200-260gm) were used in this study. Firstly, the rats
were given 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) 5ml/100gm body weight and served as control
group. Then, urine output was collected at hr, 2hr, 3hr, 4hr and 5hr, respectively. The
same procedures were conducted on the same six rats with watery extract 1.5gm/kg,
3gm/kg and 6gm/kg body weight and standard furosemide 40mg/kg body weight after
one week rest. Urine volume was measured and urinary electrolytes (sodium and
potassium) were determined by using digital flame analyzer. The watery extract
3gm/kg and 6gm/kg body weight treated groups showed significant increase in mean
urine volume (p<0.05) at 2hr, 3hr and 4hr. Standard furosemide 40mg/kg body weight
given group showed significant increase in mean urine volume (p<0.05) at 3hr, 4hr and
5hr. Significant urinary sodium and potassium excretion was found with watery extract of
Hydrocotyle umbellata Linn. at 1.5gm/kg, 1gm/kg and 6gm/kg body weight dose and
standard furosemide treated group (p<0.0005 to p<0.05) when compared with that of
control. It is concluded that watery extract of Hydrocotyle umbellata Linn. has
diuretic activity.
57
128. The diuretic effect of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Taung-zebyu) on albino rats.
Moe Moe Thinn. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), University of Medicine (2);
2005.
The diuretic effect of Phyllanthus niruri L. (aqueous extract) was studied in
laboratory animals; albino rats of Wistar strain. The dried powder of whole plant of
Phyllanthus niruri L. was extracted with water to obtain aqueous extract. The diuretic
effect of the extract was studied on albino rats of same sex weighing from 200-
260gm. They were put into metabolic cages and urine was collected for 5hours.
Diuretic effect of aqueous extract was carried out by using three dose level i.e. 4.5, 3,
1.5g/kg body weight orally. Significant diuretic effect was found with aqueous extract of
Phyllanthus niruri L. It was found that the diuretic effect of aqueous extract started to
appear with the dose of 1.5g/kg. And the diuretic effect had dose-response
relationship. Urinary electrolyte content such as Na +and k+ are determined by digital
flame analyzer FGA 350-L (Gallenkamp, England, 1987). The result showed
significant Na+ and k+ loss in urine. Acute toxicity study of the extract was performed
by using albino mice. The results indicated that there was no lethality up to 5g/kg
body weight with aqueous extract. General pharmacological screening test of aqueous
extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. had shown no abnormal changes. Phytochemical
analysis showed that both aqueous extract and dried powder of Phyllanthus niruri L.
have flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, tanninoids, amino acid and polyphenol. Dried
powder of Phyllanthus niruri L. contains reducing sugar and carbohydrates.
Quantitative determination of mineral contents in whole plant of Phyllanthus niruri L.
showed that it has Na +and K+.
129. Dose finding study of hypoglycemic potential of MAT/MP014 (yJeHomaph) on maturity
onset diabetes. Clinical Research Unit (Traditional Medicine). Annual Report
2006. Yangon: DMR (LM). p30.
Preliminary dose finding study of MAT/MP014 (yJeHomaph) was done on 3 maturity
onset diabetes patients. The patients were tested for oral glucose tolerance test for
base line examination. Three days after withdrawal of all antidiabetic drugs. After that
MAT/MP 014 (yJeHomaph) seed 2g, orally per day for 2 days was given and fasted at 2nd
night. On next day, after fasting blood sample was collected, the 3rd dose was given
and oral glucose tolerance test was done. Then 3 days washout the same procedure
was repeated with 3g/kg and 5g/kg. The untoward side effects were also monitored. A
patient tolerated the drugs well and except for mild gastrointestinal upset, no serious
side effects had been reported.
130. A double blind control study on anti-inflammatory and antiplague activity of Ponna-
yeik (Ixora coccinea Linn.) leaves exteact using as mouthwashes as chronic
gingivitis patients. May Aye Than; Moe Wint Oo; Tin Tun Hla; Mar Mar Nyein;
Aye Than; Thein Tut; Tin Nu Swe; Mya Thet Lwin. Myanmar Health Res Congr,
2003; p37.
Ponna-yeik (Ixora coccinea Linn.) is locally claimed to be useful in treatment of
toothache and oral diseases as a mouthwashes in Myanmar. In Myanmar, 80% of
school children had gingivitis and 18% of them had periodontal destruction. Bacterial
plague in oral cavity is regarded as the primary local etiological factor in
inflammatory disease. Preventing and controlling of periodontal disease would
prevent the microbial colonization of plague on the teeth and gingival. There are
varieties of antiseptic mouthwashes in modern dental practice, but chlorhexidine
gluconate is the most effective antiplague mouthwashes, which is not cheap and not
58
easily available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Ponna-yeik

mouthwashes, which was easily available at low cost, was conducted at the Insitute of
Dental Medicine, Yangon. The study was a double blind controlled, study design and
chlorhexidine gluconate using as a positive standard drug. Twenty patients with
typical chronic gingivitis were participated in this study and randomly divided into
two groups, 10 patients for 0.2% watery extract of Ponna-yeik mouthwashes and 10
patients for 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes for two times a day for 4 weeks. The
plague score, bleeding on probing supra-gingival plague formation, staining effect and
severity of gingivitis has been examined prior to the clinical trial, during the study for
weekly up to 4 weeks and after trial. Both chlorhexidine and Ponna-yeik
mouthwashes showed significant effective in plague score, bleeding on probing and
severity of gingivitis (p0.05 to 0.0005) when compared to before treatment.Staining
effects were observed in patients using chlorhexidine but not in patients using Ponna-
yeik mouthwashes. There was no significant difference between two groups on all
score except staining score. It was concluded that Ponna-yeik mouthwashes revealed
anti-inflammation and anti-plague activity without staining.
131. The effect of a medicinal plant Euphorbia hypericifolia L. (Kywe-kyaung-min-sae)
on entric infections and hypoglycemic activity of a medicinal plant
Trigonella foenum-graecum. L. (Pe-nantha-sae). San San Aye. Thesis, PhD
(Botany), University of Yangon; 2004.
Two medical plants Euphorbia hypericifolia L. and Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
reputed to possess the curative power in enteric infections and antidiabetic activites
were selected, tested and evaluated for their activities by in vivo and in vitro
techniques. The plant extracts were prepared using different concentrations of ethanol,
aqueous solution and ethyl acetate in various rations. Kywe-kyaung-hmin-sae was
extracted with 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous solution and the
extracts were used to screen enteric infections, testing of antiamoebic effect and
antibacterial activity in vitro. Pa-natha seeds were extracted by 95% ethanol and aqueous
solution. In vivo screening was done for inhibitory effect of the pe-natha seeds extracts on
adrenaline induced hyperglycaemia in animal models. These two plants extracts were found
to be potent. The morphology and anatomy of these plants were investigated so as to
ascertain their correct identification. In addition, quercetin was identified and isolated from
Euphorbia hypericifolia L. and so was sesquiterpene from Trigonella foenum-graecum
L. The isolated compounds were identified by thin layer chromatographic method,
UV and FTIR spectroscopic techniques.
132. Effect of Aegle marmelos Linn. (Okshit) on isolated smooth muscle preparation.
Ye Lin Kyaw. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services Medical
Academy; 2009.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically smooth muscle
relaxant effect of Aegle marmelos Linn. (Okshit) by using isolated smooth muscle
preparations. In this study, ethanolic and aqueous extraction of Okshit dried leaves,
acute toxicity and pharmacological screening tests, phytochemical analysis of both
ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Okshit and experiments for smooth muscle were
carried out. The dried powder of Okshit leaves was extracted with ethanol and water.
Both extracts were used for this study. In acute toxicity study in mice, it was observed
that both extracts of Okshit were not toxic up to the maximal feasible dose of (16g/kg)
body weight. General pharmacology screening test of both extracts of Okshit had
shown no abnormal changes. In isolated guinea-pig tracheal chain, both extracts
produced direct relaxation of tracheal smooth muscles and also antagonized the
59
contraction caused by either histamine or acetylcholine. In isolated rabbit jejunum,

both extracts caused relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles and had dose-dependent
antagonism with histamine or acetylcholine. Their relaxation effects on intestinal
smooth muscle could not be blocked by either tolazoline or propranolol. In isolated
rabbit heart, both extracts caused cardiac depression i.e. decrease in rate and force of
contraction, and coronary flow reduction was seen. In isolated rabbit aortic strip, both
extracts did not show any contractile effect and they did not relax the contraction
caused by adrenaline. In isolated rat uterus, ethanolic extract showed no relaxation
effect on normal rat uterus preparation but had antagonism against contraction caused
by acetylcholine and oxytoxin. Aqueous extract produced contraction response on
normal uterus preparation. The findings suggested that both extracts have smooth
muscle relaxant effects. Their actions were not effected via adrenergic pathway. It
may be an antagonist of histamine or an anticholinergic activity, but it is more likely
to be due to its direct action on tissues.
133. Effect of Avocado on plasma lipid levels in young Myanmar adult males. Ohnmar.
Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services Medical Academy;
2003.
A total of 24 apparently healthy young male Myanmar adults were selected as
subjects. They were randomly divided into two groups. For the two groups the changes in
serum lipid profile after consumption of 100g avocado with salt and 100g avocado with
sugar per day for 6 weeks period was studied. Serum total cholesterol (LDL-C), high-
density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) weeks free fatty acid (FFA) were determined at
base line, after 3 weeks and 6 weeks consumption of avocado with salt and avocado with
sugar respectively. The serum total cholesterol and triglyeride levels were decreased
significantly with p<0.001 and the serum LDL-C level was also decreased significantly
with p<0.05 after 6 weeks consumption of both types of avocado preparations. A
significant change was not seen in other serum lipids (FFA and HDL-C). The
consumption of avocado with salt and avocado with sugar has similar beneficial effect on
serum lipid levels. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between the decreased
mean serum total cholesterol and LDL-C level was noted before and after consumption of
both types of avocado preparations.
134. Effect of Azadirachta indica Neem seed kernel extracts on Anopheles dirus
mosquitoes. Htay Aung; Khin Khin Cho; Than Myat Htay; Sein Min; Win Myint;
Aye Than. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1998 Aug; 10(2): p78-82.
Neem oil (seed kernel extract) produced a strong repellent action on An. dirus
mosquitoes (the major vector of malaria) in Myanmar even at concentrations as low
as 0.5 and 1.0%. At a concentration of 2% no anopheles biting and the protection
provided was 100% during 10-12 hrs periods. The larvicidal effects of neem oil on
An. dirus (larvae) were determined by using 3rd instar and above. The LC90 and LC50
were found to be one percent and 0.45-0.5% respectively, the residual effect of neem
oil under laboratory condition with 2 and 4% persisted ca 72±5 hrs. Moreover, under
laboratory condition with 2 and 4%, the ovicidal effect was found to be 100% control.
60
135. Effect of berberine on intestinal toxic secretory response in rats due to enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli heat stable (ST) and heat labile (LT) toxin. Nwe Nwe Wai.
Thesis, MSc (Zoology), University of Rangoon; 1986.
The effect of berberine (an alkaloid preparation from Berberis aristata) on the
intestinal fluid secretory response to heat-stable (ST) toxin of enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli in suckling (2-4 days old) wistar rats was studied. A standard
preparation of ST toxin produced a positive fluid secretory response in suckling wistar
rats up to 1/8 dilution. When berberine (0.1mg/rat) and 1/8 dilution of ST toxin were
injected together or administered orally together, a significant reduction in fluid
secretory response was observed. Neither pretreatment with berberine (0.1mg/rat)
orally before ST was injected intragastrictly, nor intragastric administration of
berberine (0.1mg/rat) after ST was administered orally, reduced the fluid secretory
response due to heat-stable (ST) toxin of Escherichia coli.
136. Effect of Desmodium triquetrum extract on some pathogenic bacteria. Hkun Saw Lwin;
Tu, Margaret. Union Burma J Life Sci, 1968; 1: p66-70.
An aqueous extract of Desmodium triquetrum was tested against Salmomella typhi.
S. paratyphi A. S. Shigella boydii, S. flexperl, S. shigae, Vibrio Eltor, V. cholerae
(Inaba serotype). V. cholerae (Ogawa serotype) and Escherichia coli by the serial
dilution tube technique. The extract was found to have bactericidal action on the ten
tested. The range of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values also determined
compared with values for streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Large scale
growing of D. triquetrum is suggested to facilitate analysis and identification of the
anti-bacterial principle.
137. Effect of dried Chinese quince fruits (Cydonia cathayensis) on serum total cholesterol
and HDL cholesterol levels in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Theingi Thwin;
Thet Thet Mar; Hnin Lwin Tun; Khin Than Yee; Mie Mie Nwe; Lwin Zar Maw;
Tin Ko Ko Oo; Aye Myint Oo. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006: p60-61.
The effect of administering dried Chinese quince fruits on high-cholesterol-fed rats
was studied for a period of 90 days. A total of twenty male Wistar rat with
150-200gm body weight were included in the study. Thoroughly dried Chinese quince
fruits were ordered from Lashio (Northern Shan State) and made into a fine powder.
All rats were supplemented with a high cholesterol diet which was enriched with
coconut oil (25% by weight) and egg yolk (66.6% by weight) to an ordinary feed up
to the end of the study. Dried Chinese quince fruit powder was put into water in a
ratio of 1:100 (w/v) and boiled for 10 hours to make a watery extract. One ml of
watery extract (144mg dried Chinese quince/kg body weight) and an equal volume of
distilled water were administered orally by intragastric intubation daily for ninety
days to the test and control group (10 in each), respectively. Serum total cholesterol
and HDL cholesterol levels were measured on Day 0, Day 30, Day 60, and Day 90.
There was a significant decrease (p=0.02) in the mean level of total cholesterol on
Day 90 in serum of the test group (169.5±41.06mg/dl vs. 255.7±76.12mg/dl). When
serum total cholesterol levels were compared between the test and control group on
Day 30 (180.7±31.23mg/dl vs. 218.3±72.93mg/dl) and Day 60 (167.75±19.76mg/dl
vs. 246.5±83.05mg/dl), they were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Serum HDL
cholesterol levels of test and control groups were not significantly different during the
study (p>0.05).
61
138. Effect of dried quince fruits (Cydonia cathayensis) supplementation on plasma lipid
profile and peroxidation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Theingi Thwin;
Thet Thet Mar; Hnin Lwin Tun; Lwin Zar Maw; Tin Ko Ko Oo; Aye Myint Oo.
The effect of dried quince fruit (Cydonia cathayensis) supplementation on plasma
lipid profile and peroxidation was investigated for a period of ninety days in 12
hypercholesterolemic subjects (≥200mg% plasma total cholesterol levels). Throughly
dried quince fruits were made into a fine powder and formed 250mg tablets. They
were supplemented daily with one gram (4 tablets) of dried quince tablets. Another
age, sex-matched twelve hypercholesterolemic subjects were also administered daily
(after dinner) with ten milligrams of Simvastatin USP. Plasma lipid (total cholesterol,
HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol) and malondialdehyde (MDA, as
an indicator of lipid peroxidation) levels were measured on Day 0, Day 45 and Day 90
of the intervention in both groups. The significant decreases in plasma total
cholesterol levels (13.2% and 16.5%), and in plasma LDL-cholesterol (28.9% and
34.4%) on Day 45 and Day 90 were found in the dried quince supplemented group,
respectively. Plasma MDA levels were significantly decreased by 45% on Day 90 of
the intervention in quince group. In comparison with the Simvastatin group, the mean
plasma total cholesterol levels of the quince group were significantly higher than
those of Simvastatin group on Day 45 and Day 90 (186.78±6.26mg%
vs.158.7±14.47mg% and 179.73±18.11mg% vs.132.9±21.0mg %), respectively.
Plasma MDA levels were not statistically different between two groups on Day 45
and Day 90 (p>0.05). Plasma total cholesterol lowering effect of dried quince fruit
supplementation was not as much as that of Simvastatin administration.
139. Effect of Eclipta alba on acute alcoholic liver disease. Win Maung Maung. Thesis,
MSc (Zoology), University of Rangoon; 1982.
The acute carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage was shown to be protected by
Eclipta alba, an indigenous medicinal herb found in Burma. This study was therefore
undertaken to assess the efficacy of E. alba on the acute alcohol related liver disease
in experimental animals, with a view to providing a more rational basis for treating
acute alcohol related liver disease in the human subjects, with such an indigenous
medicinal herb. The parameters used for the assesment were (1) histology, (2)
behavioural changes, (3) body weight changes, (4) mortality rate and (5) biochemical
changes. Using rats as experimental animals reliable models of acute alcohol related
liver disease was produced initially. After establishment of the model four
experimental groups of rats were used in the present study. The test group of animals
received daily oral intubation of 50% ethyl alcohol for 45 days: the protected group
received E. alba prior to the administration of 50% ethyl alcohol. One control group
received daily oral intubation of E. alba only for 45 days, while another control group
consists of normal rats exposed to ether anesthesia for a few minutes only. All the rats
were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period which lasted for 45 days. The
efficacy of E. alba was assessed using the above mentioned parameters. The results of
the study showed the following. (1) Liver sections showed reduction of the fatty
changes in 80% of the experimental rats protected with E. alba. (2) Body weight
gained and improvement in the behavioural changes were also seen in the protected
group. Mortality rate between the two groups did not significant. (4) Serum aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in both the groups
showed no significant difference. (5) The elevated levels of serum alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) in the E. alba treated groups (protected group and control group)
62
may probably be due to the summation effects of E. alba and alcohol or maybe due to
the action of E.alba on the excretory functions of the liver. It is concluded that E. alba
has a protective effect on the fatty change of the liver produced by alcohol.
140. Effect of Eclipta alba on carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Nyunt Nyunt. Thesis,
MSc. (Zoology), Rangoon Arts & Science Universit; 1976.
The protective effect of Eclipta alba on carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver
damage was studied by using 63 female guniea pigs as experimental animals.
Pretreatment of the animals with Eclipta alba gave significant protection from the
hepatotoxic action of CCL4. This was evidenced by studying the mortality rate,
SGPT, serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary amino acid levels in the Eclipta alba
protected and unprotected groups of animals. The mortality rate and the enzyme
levels were significantly lower in the Eclipta alba protected group and the results
were even better than the protection afforded by ZnSO4 which is a well known liver
protective agent. The protective effect was also seen histologically, where
centrilobular necrosis, hydropic degeneration and fatty change of the hepatic
parenchymal cells were markedly reduced in animals receiving Eclipta alba treatment
before CCL4 intoxication. Study of urinary amino acids revealed that Eclipta alba
reduced the excretion of glycine which is excreted in large amounts in CCL4
intoxicated animals.
141. Effect of indigenous antipyretic agent Halleidda-sonna on oxidative metabolism.
Tin Myint; Aung Naing; Tha, Saw Johnson. Res Pap Reading Session, Med Sci
Div, 1985-86: p6.
Sixteen healthy volunteers were administered six gram daily dose of commonly
used Burmese indigenous antipyretics Halleidda Sonna for 2 weeks. Antipyrine was
selected for a locus for oxidative metabolism as it reflects the functional activity of
cytochrome p-450 dependent mixed-function oxidase systems. It was found that the
shortening of mean plasma half-life was as much as 27±77%. All subjects showed a
decline in plasma half-life. There was little or no effect on apparent volume of
distribution, but the mean metabolic clearance rate increased by 30±1%. Post-trial
control data which were taken after one week indicated that the stimulation still
persisted for at least one week. Thus, especially to the people with habit of taking this
indigenous drug together with modern therapeutic agents, there will be considerably
less durable or insufficient therapeutic effect of the latter.
142. Effect of indigenous plant Derris elliptica Benth. on Culex quinquefasciatus and
Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors under laboratory conditions. Sein Min; Pe Than Htun;
Aye Mi Mi Htwe; Sein Thaung; Yan Naung Maung Maung; Khin Myo Aye;
Moe Thuzar Min. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2009: p70-71.
Laboratory studies were carried out to determine the efficacy of ethanolic crude
extracts and dry powder of Derris elliptica Benth. roots for the control of
Culex quinquefasciatus (vector of lymphatic filariasis) and Aedes aegypti (vector of
dengue haemorrhagic fever) larvae. The tests were conducted using various breeding
water samples comprising concrete drain water, septic tank water, earthen drain water
and tap water as appropriate for Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti laboratory
reared fourth instars larvae. The most effective control was achieved in tap water
followed by earthen drain water, septic tank water and concrete drain water
respectively. Result revealed that high larvicidal effect was evident with LC10 values
ranging from 0.32 to 1.1ppm and LC90 values ranging from 1.26 to 4.6ppm for
Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. At the same time LC50 values ranging from 2.6 to
63
2.7ppm and LC90 values ranging from 8.1 to 9.2ppm were achieved for Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes. Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were more susceptible to both
formulations of Derris elliptica Benth. roots than Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The
extract formulations were more effective than powder formulation for both species of
mosquitoes. Regarding the residual effects in concrete drain water, LC90 concentration
of 3.2ppm and 4.2ppm of extracts and powder, respectively, were effective up to 6
days and more than 50% mortality were recorded. These values were comparable to
that of determethrin, indicating that crude extracts and dry powder were as effective
as the synthetic insecticide in killing mosquito's larvae.
143. Effect of leaf of Annona squamosa Linn. (Awza) on alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
Htin Linn Naing Soe. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense
Services Medical Academy; 2011.
Annona squamosa Linn. commonly known as custard apple, is one of Indian
medicinal plants, and also used as traditional medicinal in Myanmar. The aim of the
present study was to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of squeous extracts of
Annona squamosa Linn. leaf (Awza) in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Diabetic was
induced in overnight fasted albino mice by intraperitoneal (IP) administration of
alloxan. The dose of alloxan (150mg/kg body weight) was administered. On day
seven, the animal was fasted for 18hr and blood glucose level were determined by
glucometer. There was a rise in blood glucose level significantly, an average of
310.33=36.19mg/dL on days 7 after alloxan injection. In observation of blood glucose
lowering effect of aqueous extract of leaf of Annona squamosa Linn. (Awza), 1g/kg
dose significantly lower blood glucose 7.75% in 1hr, 15.11% in 2hr, 31.39% in 3hr,
43.14% in 4 hr, 2g/kg dose significantly lower blood glucose 9.10% in 1hr, 27.49% in
2hr, 51.15% in 3hr, 69.66% in 4hr and 3g/kg dose significantly lower blood glucose
8.56% in 1hr, 26.71% in 2hr, 34.96% in 3hr, 45.79% in 4hr. ED50 was found to be
2.6g/kg (1.2879 g/kg-5.2486 g/kg). ED16 was 0.65g/kg and ED84 was 4.85g/kg. Acute
toxicity study was carried out according to OECD guideline (2001) and no mice was
died up to 5g/kg dose of aqueous extract of leaves of Annona squamosa Linn.
Histological studies of the pancreatic islets showed necrotic beta cells with pyknotic
nucleic with a homogenous cytoplasm, and alpha cells were unaffected in alloxan
induced diabetic mice. Phytochemical analysis of Annona squamosa Linn. showed the
presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, polyphenol, saponins, amino
acids, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, steroids and terpenes. There was absence of toxic
cyanogenic glycoside. It was concluded that the present study clearly showed that aqueous
extract of leaves of Annona squamosa Linn. has significantly antihyperglycemic activity
and may be used safely in traditional medicine as antihyperglycemic.
144. Effect of Lingzhi on aphrodisiac of laboratory rat. Laboratory Animal Service
Division, Annual Report 2000. Yangon: DMR (LM): p100.
The present study was carried out on laboratory animals to find out effect of
Lingzhi on aphrodisiac. Twelve pairs (for test I) and five pairs (for test II) of OFA
strain rats about 4 months old (approximately 200g body weight) were used to study
the effect on aphrodisiac. Self-controlled clinical study design was used for study of
the effect on aphrodisiac. The dose of Lingzhi used was 3g/50gkg body weight/day
for test I and 3g/kg body weight/day for test II for 14 consecutive days. The effect on
aphrodisiac was assessed by observing the frequency of genital probing, frequency of
attempts for mating and frequency of actual mounting before and after giving the dose
Ligzhi. No significancant difference wad found in the frequency of genital probing (16 vs 14
times, p>0.1), frequency of attempts for mating (7 vs 4 times, p>0.1) before and after
64
giving the dose Lingzhi in test I. There was also no significant difference in the
frequency of genital probing (7 vs 5 times, p>0.5), frequency of attempts for mating
(9 vs 2 times, p>0.1) and frequency of actual mounting (1 vs 0 time, p>0.1) before and
after giving the dose Lingzhi in test II.
145. Effect of Lingzhi on reproductive performance of laboratory mice (ICR strain).
Laboratory Animal Service Division, Annual Report 2000. Yangon: DMR (LM):
p99.
Forty males and forty of ICT strain mice, 23-25g in body weight were divided into
test group and control randomly. They were maintained at a dean conventional room
with room temperature of 22-24˚C, 8 hour a day fluorescent lighting. Food and water
were provided ad libitum. 0.5ml of fluid containing 3g/50kg body weight/day dosage
of Linghi was given to each mouse of test group and the same amount of water was
given to each mouse of the control group until the end of the study. The permanent
mating type with the mating ratio of 1:1 was used and the reproductive performance
was observed up to 2nd litter. Mean and standard deviation of each parameter was
calculated by standard statistical methods. Statistical difference analysis was made by
one way ANOVA statistics. The control group had higher fertility indices (95% for 1st
and 75% for 2nd litter) than test group (65% in both 1st and 2nd litter). There were no
significant in numbers of litter size (7.52 ± 2.85 vs 7.92 ± 2.25 in 1st litter and 8.73 ±
2.78 vs 8.85 ±1.99 in 2nd litter), mean birth weight (1.64 ± 0.25g vs 1.43 ± 0.34g in 1st
litter and 1.64 ± 0.16g vs 1.57 ± 0.20g in 2nd litter), mean weaning weight (8.83 ±
2.83g vs 8.10 ± 2.61g in 1st litter and 8.08 ± 1.71g vs 7.67 ± 1.82g in 2nd litter) and
preweaning mortality rate (11.20% vs 13.70% in 1st litter and 11.70% vs 13% in 2nd
litter). According to the result, it was found that Lingzhi has no effect on reproductive
performance of laboratory mice (ICR strain).
146. The effect of Millingtonia hortensis root bark on alcohol in toxication. Mya Tu, M;
Chit Maung; Sein Gwan. 1st Burma Res Congr, 1965: p5.
Millingtonia hortensis roots ({u7mZf-rpf) has a reputation amongst the Burmese an
“anti-alcohol” agent. In order to test the above claim, the effect of a watery paste of
Millingtonia hortensis root bark after a test dose of alcohol was determined. The
objective tests used were: - (a)Blood alcohol levels, (b)The finger-finger
co-ordination test, (c)The spokes test, (d) The standing steadiness test. The subjective
test used was that of self-estimation. The results of the tests so far conducted are
inconclusive; therefore no definite conclusion can as can yet be drawn regarding the
effect of Millingtonia hortensis on alcohol metabolism.
147. Effect of Myanmar traditional medicine paste (txl;vdrf;aq;) in treatment of
osteoarthritis knee in female patients. Khin Win Sein. Thesis, DrMedSc
(Rehabilitation Medicine), Yangon: Institute of Medicine (1), 2007.
Osteoarthritis is an important cause of disability in our society, affecting millions
and resulting in loss of time at work and activity limitations. New pharmacologic
therapies for this disease are available among which the use of Myanmar traditional
medicine is becoming popular because of the commonly used analgesics are having
side effect in long term use. The present study therefore aims to determine the
effectiveness of Myanmar Traditional Medicine paste (txl;vdrf;aq;) being used in
Yangon Traditional Medicine Hospital in treatment of osteoarthritis knee in female
patients. This study was carried out with the objectives of to determine the
phytochemical characteristics of its different extracts in Myanmar Traditional
65
Medicine paste (txl;vdrf;aq;). An experimental study was conducted as a

preliminary study to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of Myanmar Traditional
Medicine powder (txl;vdrf;aq;). Based on the findings of preliminary data, a clinical
study was done to comparing the effectiveness on relief of pain, determining the
improvement of range of movement and improvement of knee functional capacity and
quality of life in following two treatment regimes, Myanmar Traditional Medicine
paste (txl;vdrf;aq;) versus Wax bath Physiotherapy in 100 female osteoarthritis knee
joint. A preliminary animal study using Myanmar Traditional Medicine (MTM)
(txl;vdrf;aq;), Sweet flag (vif;ae-rpf) and Cinnamon (u7a0;&Guf) was carried out in
42 albino rats for their anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation of right hind paws
were induced by injection of carrageenin. The volume changes due to inflammation
were measured by plethysmometer. There were eight rats in each group except MTM
group which consisted of 10 rats. There was significant inhibition of paw oedema due
to Aspirin, MTM, Cinnamon and Sweet flag in 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. The degree of
inhibition was Aspirin maximum with MTM, followed by Cinnamon and Sweet flag.
In a clinical study, a total of (100) female patients aged 45-75 years with current BMI
of not more than 39, who attended the physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department, No (2) Military Hospital with the complaint of knee pain was studied
Half of them (50 patients) were allocated to Group A and treated with Myanmar
Traditional Medicine (txl;vdrf;aq;) paste application with knee exercise for 3 times a
week for 4 weeks duration. The rest (50 patients) were recruited for Group B and
treated with application of Wax bath physiotherapy (WBP) combined with knee
exercise 5 times a weeks for 4 weeks. The arthritic functional status and quality of life
status was assessed before and during treatment at each follow up at 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th ,
6th , 8th and 12th weeks. Myanmar Traditional Medicine paste (txl;vdrf;aq;) has been
found to be effective, safe and an economical alternative medical treatment for cases
of Osteoarthritis knee who have side effects due to NSAIDs or who are not
responding well to other kind of treatment. The age groups in both treatment groups
were comparable with both groups having a maximum of 45-50 year group
respectively. In this study, the education status of both treatment groups were
comparable, mostly being middle school group, and patients were mainly housewives
in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups. The body
mass index of both treatment groups was comparable in both groups. All the patients
(100%) were over-weight (i.e BMI 25-29.9) and some of then were obese (i.e BMI
more than 30). In this study, the patients from both groups had bilateral knee joint
involvement in more than 50%. There was no significant difference between the two
groups regarding the nature of pain. All patients, 50 in each group, completed the
treatment duration of 12 weeks. There was no drop-out in both groups. Clinical
outcomes or the effects of the MTM and WBP were measured by VAS score for pain,
F & S score for joint stiffness, degree of flexion and extension for the range of
movement and manual muscle testing (MMT) for muscle power. Comparison of the
baseline of both groups showed significant improvement more remarkable in first four
weeks. There were no significant difference in all the measurement between two
groups. Both right and left knee receiving treatment showed similar improvement,
with both MTM and WBP. The joints were also assessed by alternative method of
measurement (i.e WOMAC score.) By this measurement as well, there was significant
improvement in both groups in terms of pain, stiffness and dysfunction scores after 4
weeks and 12 weeks treatment. Regarding side effects, there was no allergic reactions
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nor hypersensitivity. However, erythematous skin reaction was noted probably due to
irritation. The skin changes were found to be less severe with subsequent treatment.
There were no drop-out due to this skin irritation. According to results of this study,
Myanmar Traditional Medicine knee paste (txl;vdrf;aq;), is an effective alternative
to Western medicine such as aspirin which can have harmful side-effects in some
patients. It is easy to administer and can effectively reduce pain and inflammation in
osteoarthritis knee, providing relief and enabling the sufferer to continue with daily
activities of life.
148. Effect of pomegranate juice supplementation on serum total cholesterol level of
hypercholesterolemic rats. Theingi Thwin; Thet Thet Mar; Hnin Lwin Tun;
Khin Than Yee; Lwin Zar Maw; Tin Ko Ko Oo; Aye Myint Oo; Khin Myat Tun.
Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2005; 17(3); p142-148.
To investigate the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice on serum total
cholesterol level in an animal model, an experimental study was carried out in twenty
wistar strain rats (150-200gm body weight, 10 males and 10 females). To induce
hypercholesterolemia, all rats were supplemented with a high cholesterol diet which
was enriched with coconut oil (25% by weight), cholesterol (1% by weight) and sugar
(16% by weight) to the ordinary feed, for thirty days. After dietary inducement, 10 of
20 hypercholesterolemic rats whose serum total cholesterol levels increased by 75%
and above 75% than their basal levels were administered orally, an alcohol extract of
pomegranate seeds (0.056gm) and 3ml of fresh pomegranate juice daily for 90 days.
Another ten hypercholesterolemic rats (control group) were administered orally, 3ml
distilled water daily for 90 days. Serum total cholesterol levels were measured on Day
30, Day 60 and Day 90 of pomegranate juice and distilled water supplementation.
Serum total cholesterol levels of the test group were lower than those of the control
group on Day 30 (91.44±22.9mg/dl vs. 109.4±27.19mg/dl), and on Day 60
(82.6±17.3mg/dl vs. 89.7±13.96mg/dl) of supplementation, although they were not
statistically significant (p<0.05 for both). On Day 90 of supplementation, serum total
cholesterol level of test group was significantly lower than that of control group
(74.4±10.11mg/dl vs. 86.8±10.52mg/dl), (p=0.043). Therefore, a 90 day
supplementation of pomegranate juice reduces serum total cholesterol level in diet-
induced hypercholesterolemic rats.
149. Effect of Quisqualis indica (Da-we-hmaing) on some bacteria. Mar Mar Nyein;
Min Zaw. Rep Burma Med Res Counc, 1972; p18.
The in vitro action of a 50% water 50% alcoholic extract of Quisqualis indica, leaf
and flower were tested on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris,
P. mirabilis, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae,
S. flexneri, S. schemitzi, Staphyphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae Eltor.
Aqueous solutions of extract of 10 to 1000mcg/ml were tested using (1) Agar disc
diffusion technique Fairbrother & Sherris, 1959) for screening and (2) the serial tube
dilution technique to determine if this was bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Ampicillin
was used as a control. The extract of flower was found to have a bactericidal activity
on the 12 bacteria tested. The Minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be
approximately 500mcg/ml in the tested bacteria. The extract of leaf also showed an
antibacterial activity on the tested bacteria except on S. typhi.
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150. Effect of raw garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on serum lipid profile in
hypercholesterolemic subjects. Moe Thida Kyaw. Thesis, MMedSc.
(Biochemistry), Yangon: University of Medicine (2); 2006.
Effect of raw garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on serum lipid profile was
investigated in 25 volunteers with high serum cholesterol level. The fasting serum
lipid levels of subjects were determined at basal, after 2 weeks of diet control alone, 4
weeks and 8 weeks after diet control plus 10g/day raw garlic supplementation and
after 2 weeks wash-out period. The serum lipids determined in the present study were
total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-
C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The decrease in serum total
cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels and the increase in HDL-C were observed
at 2 weeks after diet control and 4 weeks after garlic supplementation but were not
statistically significant. The decrease for total cholesterol (7.7%) and LDL-C (11.7%)
were statistically significant (p<0.05) at the end of 8th week after garlic
supplementation. Also the increase in HDL-C (15.1%) and decrease in LDL-C (11%)
were seen after 2 weeks wash-out period which were significant (p<0.05). However,
there was not significant increase in total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C at 2
weeks wash-out period which do not reach the basal levels.
151. The effect of some medicinal plants on uterine smooth muscle. Aye Than; Win Myint;
Mu Mu Sein Myint; Tin Myint; Mya Bwin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1995;
7(2): p70-74.
Some selected plants reputed for use in menstrual disorders were scientifically
investigated for their efficacy. Plant aqueous extracts were preliminarily screened for
the efficacy on rat's uterine smooth muscle. The effects of aqueous extracts of
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Kyeik-hman), Amaranthus spinosus Linn. (Hinnu-nwe-
subauk) and Averrhoa carambola Linn. (Zaung-yah) were tested in vitro using
isolated rat's uterus smooth muscle. Kyeik-hman, Hinnu-nwe-subauk and Zaung-yah
whole plant aqueous extracts significantly induced contraction on the uterine smooth
muscle.
152. Effect of spirulina on body weight, blood glucose and cholesterol level in rats.
Win Win Khine. Thesis, MSc (Zoology), University of Yangon; 1999.
Twenty five male wister rats of 45 days old were randomly allotted into five
groups of 5 each for 8 weeks experiment. Five rats which were given spirulina at a
dose of 0.092mg per body weight followed by laboratory chow was taken as Group A.
Rats given only, this amount of laboratory chow without spirulina were taken as
Group B. Group C and Group D consisted of rats which were one half and one third
dose of spirulina followed by free DMR laboratory chow to study the dose effect of
spirulina. Remaining five rats which were fed with free DMR diet were taken as
control. Body weight, food intake, blood cholesterol and blood glucose level of each
and every rat was recorded at fourth weeks and eighth weeks. At the end of the
experiment when spirulina was given to growing rats, although there was weight gain
the body weight of spirulina treated rats (273.6±17.5gm) was significantly lower
p<0.05 than that of ad.libitum animals (297.6±7.17gm). There was no significant
difference of body weight between spirulina treated animals and diet restricted ones
(257.2±20.9gm). By studying the food intake it showed that the higher the spirulina in
the diet, the lesser the food intake which results in lower weight gain. Therefore it can
be concluded that the bulking action of spirulina in the stomach hindered the food
intake and decreased the weight gain of rats. This pattern was also noted in blood
glucose level of rats where the spirulina treated rats (103.6±6.4mg%) was
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significantly lower (p<0.001) when compared to ad libitum animals

(128.4±5.79mg%). The lower the spirulina in diet made the rat to take more food
intake resulting in higher blood glucose level. There was also no significant difference
of blood glucose level between diet restricted animals (93±3.16mg%) and spirulina
treated ones (103.6±6.4mg%). Therefore the same action of spirulina might play an
important role in controlling blood glucose level of rats. At the end of the experiment
it was noted that the ad.libitum rats had the highest cholesterol level (51.42±
3.59mg%) when compared to that of spirulina given rats (36.63±8.3mg%). The
significant difference (p<0.05) was noted in spirulina treated rats when their onset of
cholesterol level (51.52± 12.79mg%) was compared to their results at the end of the
experiment (36.63±8.3mg%). Where else no significant change was detected in diet
restricted ones. Therefore it can be regarded that the spirulina itself had some
cholesterol lowering effect which was not depended on bulking action.
153. Effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indica Linn.) seed extract on Russell's viper
(Daboia russelii siamensis) venom. Zaw Lynn; Myo Win; Khin Maung Maung;
Theingi Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2008: p24.
Snake bite has been regarded as an important health problem in Myanmar since
early 1960’s. In the recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative
therapies and therapeutic use of natural products, especially those derive from plants.
In Myanmar and Indian traditional medicine, various plants have used as a remedy for
treating snake bite. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of
alcoholic extract of (Tamarindus indica Linn.) tamarind seed on some biologic
properties of Russell’s Viper Venom (RVV). Phospholipase A2 (PL A2) enzyme,
coagulase enzyme and Caseinolytic enzyme activities of Russell’s Viper Venom
(RVV) were reduced when mixed and incubated with the extract. When the RVV and
the different amount of extracts were preincubated and injected intramuscularly into
mice, all of them survived, although all mice of control group died. On the other hand,
when the extract and RVV were injected separatrely into mice, all of them died. If the
extract was injected near the site were Russell’s viper venom was injected, all the
mice survived for more than 24hours and prolong the survival time but they all died in
96 hours. In conclusion, according to the results, the extract reduces some biologic
properties of Russell’s viper venom when mixed before injection.
154. Effect of Zizyphus jujuba kernel on aphrodisiac and stress adaptation. Ye Tint Lwin;
May Aye Than; Ni Thet Oo; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Sein Win; Moe Moe Aye;
Mu Mu Win; Aye Win Oo. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1999: p71.
Zizyphus jujuba kernel (Zee sei asan in Myanmar name) is used as tonic for heart
and brain and also for aphrodisiac in our country as well as in India. It is also useful
for general debility. The present study was carried out on laboratory animals to find
out its effect on aphrodisiac and stress adaptation. Nine pairs of OFA strain rats about
4 months old (approximately 200g body weight) were used to study the effect on
aphrodisiac and 5 males of wistar strain were tested for stress adaptation. Self-
controlled clinical study design was used for study of the effect on aphrodisiac and
crossover study design was used for study of stress adaptogenic activity. The dose of
Zizyphus jujuba kernel used was 50 times the dose of human on kilograms body
weight. Water or 1 acasia was used as placebo. The effect on aphrodisiac was
assessed by observing the frequency of attempts to mate before and after giving the
dose Zizyphus jujuba kernel. It was found to be no significant difference in the
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frequency of attempts to mate before (32±18 times) and after (27±21 times) giving the
dose of Zizyphus jujuba kernel.
155. Effects of Artemisia annua plant and extracts on mosquitoes. Htay Aung;
Than Myat Htay; Than Than Swe; Sein Min; Sein Thaung; Aye Than; Aye Aye Thein;
Mu Mu Sein Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2000: p39.
Artemisia annua plant extract produced a promising repellent action on A.aegypti
mosquitoes (the major vector of DHF in Myanmar) even at concentrations as low as
5.0 and 7.5%. At a concentration of 100% no mosquitoes biting and the protection
provided was 100%. The larvicidal effect of Artemisia annua on A. aegypti (larvae)
was determined by using 3rd instars and above. The LC50 and LC90 were found to be
0.45 and 0.75% respectively. The residual effect of Artemisia annua under laboratory
condition with 1 and 2% persisted more than 30 days. Also, under laboratory
condition with Artemisia 1.0% concentration the ovicidal effect was found to be
100% control. However, field study at Pyin-oo-lwin showed growing Artemisia plant
in the garden or around the house alone could not keep away from mosquito bites.
156. The efficacy of Artemisia annua crude extracts on Anopheles dirus in the laboratory
and whole plants on other mosquitoes in the field. Sein Min; Than Myat Htay; Than
Than Swe; Tun Lin, W; Sein Thaung; Pe Than Htun; Win Win Maw; Sein Hla Bo.
Evaluation of the efficacy of an aromatic plant Artemisia annua against
Anopheles dirus mosquito (a major vector of forest malaria in Myanmar) was
conducted in the laboratory and in the field situation. Repellent effect on adult
mosquito was observed at the concentration as low as 0.5% Artemisia extracts
solution. At the concentration of 6.0%, the repellent was marrkedly increased and
protection provided was found to be 94.74% during an exposure period of six hours
( r=0.95, df=6, p=0.001). The larvicidal effect on 3rd and 4th instar larvae of An. dirus
showed that the LC50 and LC90 were 0.04% and 0.14% respectively based on the dose
effect probit analysis (X2= 3.05, df = 3, p<0.05).The residual effect persisted for at
least 6 days at 0.25% and 0.50% concentrations. Regarding the ovicidal effect, a
series of concentrations starting from 0.025% were tested and at 0.40%
concentrations, the relative reduction in egg hatching rate was 93.85% compared to
that of control (r=0.92, df=4, p=0.026). However, protection from mosquito bites was
not observed when Artemisia annua plants were placed around baits under field
situation (X2=1.69, df=2, p>0.05).The prospects for the use of indigenous plants and
its extracts for personal propective measures in prevention and control of vector born
diseases are also discussed.
157. Establishment and use of Plasmodium berghei-mouse model in Burma for the
screening of drugs for antimalarial activity. Tin Tin Aye. Thesis, MSc. (Zoology),
University of Rangoon; 1983.
Plasmodium berghei infection produces a self resolving benign type of infection in
albino rats. The level of parasitaemia was significantly increased in female rats than
the male and also in the younger age group than the older one. The relationship of the
infective inocula and the prepatent period was found to be linear with an approximate
slope of r=0.9. However, P. berghei produced non-resolving fatal infections in mice
regardless of the strains. The average mortality rate was significantly increased in
DDY mice and nude mice. The antimalarial effect was not elucidated with the extracts
of Pan-daw-na, Taw-daw-na, Thu-young-kha, Khant-tauk-myint and Let-htoke-gyi.
Phenylbutazone, Gentamycin, Streptomycin and Metronidazole showed some
70
antimalarial activity, but with very high ED90. Clindamycin was proved to be an
effective antimalarial with an ED50 (2.2mg/kg/day). Kanamycin, Ampicillin,
Isoniazid, Griseofulvin, Diethylcarbamazine and Furazolidone did not produce any
antimalarial effect.
158. The establishment of in vitro screening model for antimalarials using rabbit serum and
Plasmodium falciparum. Mi Mi Sein. Thesis, MSc (Zoology), University of
Rangoon; 1987.
A rabbit in vitro model system is tested to determine the activity of antimalarial
drugs against P. falciparum infection. Serum samples obtained from rabbits at various
time intervals after administration of drugs were incubated with parasites collected
from patients. Antimalarial activity was detected in sera obtained from rabbits treated
with amodiaquine, chloroquine, quinine and pyrimethamine. The rabbit in vitro
system using quinine or chloroquine treated rabbit serum showed the definite
relationship with the sensitivity pattern of in vitro testing using precharged plates with
known amount of antimalarials and human serum. The model was also found to be
useful for the screening of the extracts of Artemisia annua. The rabbit in vitro system
showed the similar results with that of P. berghei mouse system when petroleum ether
and di-ethyl ether extracts of the plants with antimalarial activity were used. The
results indicated that this model may be a useful system for further screening of drugs
against falciparum malaria, particularly compounds which need to be metabolised in
vitro.
159. Evaluation of antibacterial activity and characterization of phytoconstituents of
selected Myanmar medicinal plants. Nwe Yee Win. Thesis, PhD (Engineering
Chemistry), Yangon Technology University; 2001.
A research has been carried out on Allium sativum Linn. (Garlic) which is
commonly cultivated in the Union of Myanmar. Studies on the morphology of the
vegetative and reproductive parts and the anatomy of the leaf blade, leaf sheath, bulb
and roots have been made. Comparative physico-chemical and phyto-chemical studies
on garlic collected from three different localities namely, Taunggyi, Mogoke and
Monywa Townships were conducted. The main constituent of garlic, allicin, from the
bulb was extracted and identified by the thin layer chromatographic and spectroscopic
determinations.
160. Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activities of some isolated bioactive organic compounds
present in Melastoma malabathricum Linn. (Say-obok) leaf and Mangifera indica Linn.
(Tha-yet) seed kernel. Ohnmar Ko.Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon;
2007.
In the present work, two medicinal plants: Melastoma malabathricum Linn.
(Say-obok) leaf (SOL) and Mangifera indica Linn. (Tha-yet) seed kernel (TYSK)
were chosen for isolation of phytoconstituents and bioactivity studies. By silica gel
column chromatographic separation, 0.01% of ursolic acid (m.pt=280~283˚C) was
isolated from EtOAc fraction of defatted SOL 95% EtOH extract where 0.001% of 1,7-
dihydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy butanoyl) -3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one m.pt=168~172˚C),
0.09% of ethyl gallate (m.pt=158~161˚C) and 0.07% of gallic acid (m.pt=240~243˚C)
were isolated from that of TYSK. The identities of all isolated compounds were made
by modern spectroscopic techniques (UV, FT-IR and 1H NMR). In acute toxicity test,
aqueous and ethanol extracts from SOL as well as TYSK aqueous extract were found
to be free from acute toxic or harmful effect at maximum permissible dose of 16g/kg
bw. However, TYSK ethanol extract has mild toxic effect and the medium lethal dose
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(LD50) was 3.4g/kg BW and confidence limit of LD50 was between 2.15-5.37g/kg
BW. Anti-bacterial activity screening of PE, EtOAc, EtOH and H2O extracts from
both plants samples against 13 species of pathogenic microorganisms was carried out
by employing agar disc diffusion method. All of the extracts from TYSK were
generally found to exhibit higher anti-bacterial activity (inhibition zone diameters
ranged between 10-30mm) against all test microorganisms than that of SOL.
Therefore TYSK may be more effective than SOL for the treatment of the infections
caused by the test microorganisms, such as E. coli ETEC, E. coli O126H12, and
E.coli ATCC 25922, E. coli VTEC, Salmonella kefeld, Salmonella chloreaegaia,
Salmonella paratyphi, Vibro fluvialis, Vibro cholerae, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus
valgaris, Shigella sonnei and S. oureus species. In vivo anti-diarrhoeal effects of SOL
and TYSK aqueous extracts (6g/kg BW doses) and ethyl gallate (30mg/kg BW dose)
were studied on castor oil-induced diarrhoeal mice model. The investigation was
conducted by castor oil-induced diarrhoeal test, castor oil-induced entropooling test
and castor oil-induced small intestinal transit test. From these results, it can be
inferred that aqueous extracts from both plant samples and ethyl gallate had
frequencies of diarrhoeal reducing effect, anti-secretary effect and anti-motility effect.
In vitro anti-diarrhoeal effects of SOL and TYSK aqueous extracts (0.8, 1.2 and
1.6mg/ml BC doses) and ethyl gallate (0.02, 0.03 and 0.04mg/ml BC doses) were also
investigated by studying the smooth muscle relaxation effect on isolated rabbit
intestine. From this experiment, it was observed that both aqueous extracts and ethyl
gallate had direct relaxation effect on smooth muscle. The relaxation effects were
increased with increasing the concentrations of all samples tested. It was also
observed that both aqueous extracts and ethyl gallate showed marked decrease in
magnitude and frequency of ileal contraction and decrease in intestinal movement.
According to the in vivo and in vitro anti-diarrhoeal index, SOL aqueous extract
(6g/kg BW dose) (ADIin vivo 84.86% and ADIin vitro 72.03%) showed more potent in
anti-diarrhoeal activity than TYSK aqueous extract (6g/kg BW dose) (ADIin vivo 66.6%
and ADIin vitro 71.51%). And ethyl gallate (30mg/ml BW dose) showed 81.99% of
ADIin vivo and 66.76% of ADIin vitro. The action of SOL and TYSK aqueous extracts
and ethyl gallate on isolated rabbit intestinal smooth muscle contraction induced by
Ach, carbachol, histamine and propranolol were also studied. It indicated that both
extracts and ethyl gallate have anti-muscarinic activity as atropine and tolazoline and
they also have anti-histamine activity very similar to that of chlorpheniramine.
161. Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of seed kernel of Mangifera indica Linn.
(Mango). May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Ohnmar Ko; Myint Myint Khine;
San San Myint; Nu Nu Win; Mar Mar Nyein. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2007: p24-
25.
In order to combat the problems of diarrhoea globally, World Health Organization
has given a special emphasis on the use of traditional medicines in management of
diarrhoea. It thus becomes important to evaluate commonly available natural drugs as
alternative to currently used anti-diarrhoeal drugs. The aim is to evaluate in vivo and
in vitro antidiarrhoeal activity of reputed Mango seed kernel. In vivo the anti-
diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extracts were carried out using castor oil-induced
diarrhoea model in mice with the standard loperamide. Like loperamide, a single oral
dose of its extract produced significant reduction in fecal out put and onset of
diarrhoea (p<0.005-0.001) compared with that of control. This study was also
conducted on castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility (intestinal-transit) after
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charcoal meal, intestinal fluid accumulation, and the effect of smooth muscle on
isolated rabbit intestine for its mechanism of action.
162. Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of Swertia angustifolia Ham. on mice.
May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Myint Myint Khine; Phyu Phyu Win;
San San Myint; Nu Nu Win; Ohnmar Tun, Naw. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2011
August; 23(2): p108-115.
In order to combat the problems of diarrhoea globally, the World Health
Organization encouraged studies for the treatment of diarrhoea diseases with herbs. It
thus becomes important to evaluate commonly available nature drugs as alternative to
currently used antidiarrhoeal drugs. The study was carried out to evaluated acute
toxicity, phytochemical, and antidiarrhoeal activity of Swertia angustifolia. Acute
toxicity study showed that there was no toxic effect even with maximum permissible
dose of 24g/kg. No toxic compound and metal like cyanogenic glycoside and arsenic
were detected. In vivo antidiarrhoeal activities of aqueous extracts (3, 6, 12g/kg single
oral doses) were carried out using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model in mice with
standard loperamide. Like loperamide, all doses of extract produced significant
reduction in fecal output and prolongation in onset of diarrhoea (p<0.05-0.0005)
compared with that of control. To understand the mechanism of action, it is also
evaluated castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility (intestinal-transit) and intestinal
fluid accumulation. The extract and loperamide also significantly reduced the castor
oil-induced gastrointestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (anti-secretory
effect) (p<0.05-0.0005). The in vivo antidiarrhoeal index of extract and loperamide
were 60.2% and 97.4%, respectively. Antibacterial activity screening of aqueous
extracts against 9 types of pathogenic microorganisms was carried out by employing
agar disc diffusion method. It inhibited the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
(ETEC), Salmaonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. These results indicated their
potential usefulness in infected diarrhoea with these three organisms. In conclusion,
aqueous extract of Swertia angustifolia revealed the antidiarrhoeal effect and potential
utility in both infected and non-infected diarrhoea states.
163. Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal effect of fruit of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (Zee-byu) in
mice. Zaw Myo Tint; May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Khin Tar Yar Myint;
Win Win Maw; Myint Myint Khine; San San Myint; Aung Aung Maw.
Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2011. p10-11.
The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemicals, acute toxicity and
antidiaharrhoeal activity of 70% ethanolic extract of fruit of Phyllanthus emblica
Linn. Phytochemicals test showed present of alkaloid, glycoside, reducing sugar,
steroid/terpenes, flavonoid, polyphenol and tannin. Cyanogenic glycoside was absent.
Acute toxicity test showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) was (11.04-14.61) g/kg
body weigh per orally in mice. In-vitro antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated by (1)
castor oil-induced diarrhoea test (onset of defecation and number of stools passed),
(2) castor oil-induced enteropooling test (weight/volume of accumulated fluid) and (3)
castor oil-induced small intestinal transit (passage of charcoal meal). The control
group received oral 10ml/kg of normal saline. The standard group received oral
6ml/kg loperamide. Three test groups received oral 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg of 70%
ethanolic extract of fruit of Phyllanthus emblica respectively. The number of stools
were significantly reduced in all test groups (<0.05-0.0005) and loperamide group
(p<0.0005) as compared with control group. Onset of defection was significantly
increased in loperamide group (p<0.0005) but not in all test groups. The volume and
weight of accumulated small intestinal contents were significantly decreased in
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loperamide group (p<0.0005), extract 3g/kg group (p<0.05) and extract 6g/kg group
(p<0.00005). The percent inhibition of intestinal transit was significantly increased
standard group (p<0.01) and extract 6g/kg group (p<0.05). The antidiarrhoeal indexes
of loperamide and extract were 173.49%, 66.09%, 72.37% and 77.38% respectively.
In conclusion, 70% ethanolic extract of fruit of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. showed
significant antidiarrhoeal activity on castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice model.
164. Evaluation of bioactive organic compounds and antioxidant activity in vivo and in
vitro methods of Vitis vinifera Linn. (Grape) (Sa-byit) and Punica granatum Linn.
(Pomegranate) (Tha-lae) seeds. Kyi Nwe Aye. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
University of Yangon, 2008.
Many edible fruits have powerful natural antioxidant compounds. Among them,
grape seeds and pomegranate seeds have been reported to provide superior
antioxidant activity than vitamin C and vitamin E. The aim of this research was to
evaluate the antioxidant activity from the seeds of locally cultivated Vitis vinifera
Linn. (Grape) (Sa-byit) and Punica granatum Linn. (Pomegranate) fruits in in vivo as
well as in vitro methods, and to isolate some natural antioxidants compounds from
these two samples. In the present work, on silica gel column chromatographic
separation a triterpenoid compound: ursolic acid (A, 0.042%, m.pt = 285-287˚C), a
phenolic compound catechin: (B, 0.05%, m.pt = 174-176˚C) and another one phenolic
compound: epicatechin (C, 0.06%, m.pt = 232-235˚C) were isolated from defatted
95% EtOH extract of Grape seeds. In addition, from the defatted EtOAc crude extract
of Pomegranate seed, gallic acid (D, 0.07%, m.pt = 234-236˚C), a tannin, was
isolated. All of these isolated compounds were characterized and classified by their
physical and chemical properties and structurally identified by UV-visible, FT-IR,
I
H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods. In vivo antioxidant activity of 95%
EtOH and aqueous extracts from grape seed was studied by using CCl4-induced rat
model. The antioxidant activity was determined by the effect on serum
Malondialdehyde (MDA), biomarker for lipid peroxidation product levels, in rats. The
serum MDA levels were measured spectroscopically by thiobarbituric acid reactive
species (TBARS) assay method. After 7-days treatment of GS EtOH, GS aqueous, PS
aqueous and PS EtOH extracts in 400mg/kg bodyweight doses were found to reduce
56.44%, 46.08%, 38.86% and 37.69% of serum MDA respectively. Since, the higher
the reduction percent of MDA level, the more significant to inhibit the
lipidperoxidation due to free radicals, GS EtOH extract was the most effective than
the others in antioxidant power and followed by GS aqueous extracts, PS aqueous
extract and then by PS EtOH extract. On the other hand, after 7-days treatment of four
isolated compounds (4mg/kg b.wt/day dose) in CCl4- induced rats, catechin (45.30%
reduction), epicatechin (43.69% reduction) and gallic acid (40.33% reduction),
showed lowering the MDA levels compared with same dose treated of commercial
standard antioxidant vitamin E (38.92% reduction), and vitamin C (34.28%
reduction). But ursolic acid (27.51% reduction) has less reduced the MDA level than
vitamin C and vitamin E. These results were indicative that phenolic compounds of
catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid showed good antioxidant power and riterpenoid
ursolic acid has low antioxidant property than standard antioxidant vitamin E and
vitamin C. Study on in vitro antioxidant activity test, ethanol and aqueous extracts
both sample seeds and four isolated compounds (ursolic acid, catechin, epicatechin
and gallic acid) were used by DPPH assay and compared with commercial antioxidant
vitamin C. IC50 values of Grape seed 95% EtOH extracts (IC50 = 0.82µg/mL) was
found to be the highest activity followed by Grape seed aqueous extracts (IC50 =
74
0.90µg/mL), Pomegranate seed aqueous extracts (IC50=0.94µg/mL) and Pomegranate

seed 95% EtOH extracts of (IC50 = 0.98µg/mL) respectively. And both seed extracts
showed higher radical scavenging activity than reference standard vitamin C (IC50 =
1.85µg/mL). The radical scavenging power of isolated compounds were observed to
be in the order of catechin (IC50 = 0.84µg/mL> epicatechin (IC50 = 0.87µg/mL) >
gallic acid (IC50 = 0.97µg/mL) > ursolic acids (IC50 = 1.89µg/mL). Consequently, it
can be inferred that catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid are very powerful
antioxidants and they are more effective than vitamin C, and ursolic acid has lower
anti-oxidant effect than vitamin C. According to this acute toxicity test, there is no
acute toxic effects occurred in Grape seeds as well as Pomegranate seeds at maximum
permissible dose of 16g/kg b.w. Thus, it may be inferred that both edible fruit seeds
could be used safely. It was investigated that, Grape and Pomegranate seeds extract
showed higher potency activity than isolated compounds in antioxidant activity,
because it may be due to the most active compounds that are concentrated in crude
extracts. Both Grape and Pomegranate seed extracts showed comparable antioxidant
power in in vivo and in vitro methods. It is evident that, Grape and Pomegranate seeds
extracts contain high level of antiradical phytochemical constituents and they could
used as the free radical scavengers to prevent the oxidative damage of diseases. From
the present result obtained, chief sources of two locally cultivated Grape and
Pomegranate seeds could be safely used as anti-oxidative agents for the treatment of
diseases caused by free radicals.
165. Evaluation of the effect of some indigenous plants on bacterial activities.
Mi Mi Htwe. Thesis, MSc (Zoology), University of Yangon; 1998.
The study period of this work lasted from 18-9-96 to 8-8-97. Twelve indigenous
plant extracts were tested on 5 strains of Escherichia coli, three strains of Shigellae,
and one strain each of Klebsiella aeruginosa, Plesiomonas shigelloides,
Proteus morganii, Pseudomonas pyocyanes, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus
and Vibrio cholerae for in vitro study. Of the 12 indigenous plant extracts tested,
Ageratum conyzoides (Hkwathaipan) was active on four species of tested bacteria;
Coleus aromaticus (Ziyaywetthu) on six bacteria species; Cuminum cyminum
(Ziyasai) on two bacteria species; Embilica officinalis (Zibyuthee) on 11 bacteria
species; Foeniculum vulgare (Samonsaba) on 1 bacteria specie;
Nyctanthes arbortristis (Seikphaluywet) on six bacteria species; Piper betle
(Kunywet) on 14 bacteria species; Piper nigrum (Ngayokkaungsai) on five bacteria
species; Terminalia chebula (Pangathee) on 11 bacteria species; Vinca rosea
(Thinbawmahnyoywet) on 5 bacteria species. The test was observed by using agar
disc diffusion technique. Staphylococcus aureus strain was artifically infected on
open wounds in experimental rats and topical application of plant extracts in paraffin
was applied for in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis accelerated the rate of wound healing
without formation of pus. Suggestions for future work are outlined.
75
166. An experimental evaluation of anti-asthmatic potential of some plant extracts.

Aye Than; Win Myint; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Win Myint; Mya Bwin.
Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1993; p76.
The purpose of the investigation is to study the anti-asthmatic effect of some
traditional medicinal plant extracts which are claimed for their therapeutic values in
the treatment of asthma in Myanmar. The efficacy and mechanism of action of five
reputed bronchodilating traditional medicinal plant extracts were studied on the
in vitro guinea-pig tracheal chain model. Three medicinal plant extracts, namely Piper betle
L. (Kun-ywet), Coleus aromaticus Benth. (Ziya-ywet-htu) and Ageratum conyzoided
Linn. (Khway-thay-pan) were found to produce a significant relaxation (p0.025).
Since this study indicated that the relaxant action found was neither mediated through
antihistaminic effect nor anti 5 hydroxytrytamine effects, it may probably act through
direct relaxant action on the tracheal smooth muscle.
167. Experimental evaluation of biological and anti-mycobacterial activities of medicinal
plants. Khin Chit; Win Myint; Ti Ti; Kyi Thein; Win Win Maw; Mar Mar Myint;
Kyaw Myint; Aye Aye Thein; Aye Than; Myo Khin. Myanmar Health Res Congr,
1995: p35.
Medicinal plant such as Acorus calamus L. (Lin-ne), Alpinia galanga Wall.
(Ba-de-gaw), Desmodium triquetrum DC. (Lauk-thay), and Vitis discolour Dalz.
(Da-bin-daing-mya-nan) were scientifically investigated for their biological and
anti-mycobacterial activities. Biological activity regarding the inhibition of cyclic
AMP was assessed by an established method based on the nucler-based analytical
technique. Anti-mycobacterial activity of plant extracts were evaluated by in vitro
screening. Results were then compared with those of isoniazid and rifampicin.
Chemical screening of the active plant extracts was also conducted by standard
procedures described for the detection of organic constituents. Some of the plant
extracts were found to have antimycobacterial activity even on strains resistant to
isoniazid and rifampicin. This was important preliminary information for the use of
natural products in the treatment of tuberculosis.
168. Experimental screening for anti-peptic ulcer activity of some Myanmar traditional
medicine formulations. Aye Than; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Mya Bwin.
Four Myanmar traditional medicine formulations (TMFs), namely TMF-02,
TMF-03A, TMF-03B and TMF-08, locally claimed to be useful in treating dyspepsia,
were screened for anti-peptic ulcer activity employing two experimental in vivo test
models in rats. Only TMF-02, TMF-03B and TMF-08 markedly reduced ulcer
severity to the ulcer indices of 17.4, 15.6 and 14.5 respectively. These effects were
comparable to cimetidine (13.8), while that of the negative control was 35. Measuring
gastric juice acidity in rats employing pyloric ligation confirmed that these 3 drugs
did reduce gastric acidity, particularly diminishing the free acid 1/3 and shifting
gastric pH from 6 to 7.
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169. Handbook of botanical and physico-chemical characterization of Myanmar traditional

medicine formulation. Pharmacology Research Division. Yangon: DMR; 1989.
Botanical characterization and physico-chemical standardization of the 39
traditional medicine formulations (covering all plant ingredients investigated) are
presented in this book. Provided were descriptions and data on each formulation
regarding diagnostic microscopic particles of each plant ingredient of the formulations
and physico-chemical data; such as organoleptic characters, thin layer
chromatography (TLC) and ultraviolet and visible spectrum (UV & VLS).
170. Hepatoprotective effect of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Zibyu-thee) on carbon
tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Myint Myint Than. Thesis,
MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (1); 2011.
The main aim of this research work is to evaluate scientifically on the
hepatoprotective activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Zibyu-thee). The dried pulp
of fruits of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Zibyu-thee) was extracted with 80% ethanol and
the yield was 20%. It was found in acute toxicity study that ethanolic extract of
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Zibyu-thee) was not toxic up to 6g/kg body weight in mice
and 100% lethality was 16g/kg. The LD50 of ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis
Gaertn. was 12.7g/kg and its 95% confidence limit was (11.04-14.61g/kg).
Phytochemical analysis of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Zibyu-thee) showed the
presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, cyanogenic glycoside, steroid, tannin,
polyphenol, reducing sugar and saponin. The hepatoprotective effect of extract was
studied on thirty albino rats of both sexes weighing 180 to 200g. CCl4 was used as
hepatotoxic agent. The test agent was given by oral route. For the hepatoprotective
effect, rats were grouped into five, Group I served as negative control, Group II
served as positive control and Group III, IV, V served as tested groups. The rats were
fasted for 12hours. Tested groups received ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis
Gaertn. 1.25g/kg, 2.5g/kg and 5g/kg daily up to 7th day. All groups received water
10ml/kg daily up to 7th day. On the 8th day, Group II, III, IV and V received single
dose of CCl4 1ml/kg per orally. After that, they were observed for 24hours. After 24
hours of CCl4 administration, i.e., on 9th day, the animals were counted in order to
calculate the percent mortality and the remaining lived animals were sacrificed. The
blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. The serum was sent for
biochemical examinations, i.e. ALT and AST. The liver tissues were sent for
histological examinations to look for degeneration and necrosis. CCl4 induced
hepatotoxic effect significantly in degeneration (P<0.01), in necrosis (P<0.0005).
CCl4 only treated group also showed significant increased in liver enzymes, ALT
(P<0.00) and AST (P<0.00). All doses of the ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis
Gaertn. showed significant hepatoprotective effect in necrosis (P = 0.02, P = 0.003,
P = 0.01) but gave no significant hepatoprotective effect in degeneration (P = 0.73,
P = 0.48, P = 0.73). The ED50 of extract was 2.7g/kg and its 95% confidence limit
was (0.63-4.59g/kg). ALT level which reflects significant liver injury was decreased
by all doses of extract whereas liver injury nonspecific AST level was not. Thus, it
was concluded that ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Zibyu-thee) had
some hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rat model but
not free of toxic effect.
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171. The hepatoprotective effect of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Padauk) on

experimental animals. Myo Kyaw Swar. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology),
Yangon: Defense Services Medical Academy, 2011.
The purpose of present study was to evaluate scientifically on the hepatoprotective
effect of stem bark of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Padauk) by using carbon
tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rat model. In this study, aqueous
extraction, pharmacological screening test, phytochemical analysis, physico-chemical
analysis, acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. were carried out. The phytochemical analysis of the
dried stem bark of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. showed the presence of glycoside,
reducing sugar, carbohydrate, steroid/terpenes, flavonoid, polyphenol, saponin, and
tannin. Physico-chemical analysis of stem bark of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
showed swelling index (0.7cm), foaming index (<100) and moisture content (11.8%).
Extract values were watery extract (7.63%), ethanolic extract (2.87%), chloroform
extract (0.56%) and pet-ether extract (0.1%). Acute toxicity study was done in 40
albino mice. The result indicated that there was no lethality of the mice even with
maximum permissible dose at the dose of 16g/kg. Therefore, the medium lethal dose
LD50 was supposed to be more than 16g/kg. General pharmacological screening of
stem bark of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. in albino rats showed no abnormally
changes. The hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of Pterocarpus
marsupium Roxb. was investigated on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in
albino rats. In this study, control parallel experimental study design was performed
Pharmacology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (Lower
Myanmar). The ameliorating effect of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. was evaluated
by liver function tests and histological changes. Tested rats were grouped into five.
Group I was negative control group (distilled water only), group II was positive
control group (CCl4 only) and group III, IV and V were extract treated group
(different doses of extracts 1.5, 3 and 6g/kg followed by CCl4). In this study, there
were significant decrease in liver enzyme ALT changes in group III, IV and V. But
there were significant decrease of liver enzyme AST in 6g/kg extract treated groups
when comparing with carbon tetrachloride treated group. There were no significant
changes in histopathological findings except in degenerative changes. There was also
no lethality in all extract treated groups, but one rat died in CCl4 only treated group. In
conclusion, the aqueous extract of stem bark of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. had
some degree of hepatoprotective effects and practically non toxic in rodents.
172. Hepatoprotective effect of Spilanthes acmella Murr. (Yellow-bizat) on
carbontetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Naing Thar Myint.
Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defence services Medical Academy;
2010.
The purpose of present study was to evaluate scientifically on the hepatoprotective
activity of Spilanthes acmella Murr. (Yellow-bizat) by using CCl4 -induced
hepatotoxicity in albino rat model. In this study, aqueous extraction, acute toxicity,
pharmacological screening test, phytochemical constituent’s analysis,
physicochemical analysis and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of whole
plant of Yellow-bizat were carried out. The hepatoprotective activity of aqueous
extract of whole plant of Yellow-bizat was done on twenty five CCl4 induced
hepatotoxicity in albino rats. In this study, control parallel experimental study design
was done in Pharmacology Research Division, Department of Medical Research
(Lower Myanmar). The aqueous extraction of whole plant of Yellow-bizat was done.
78
In acute toxicity study, it was observed that aqueous extract of whole plant of Yellow
Bizat was not toxic up to the maximal feasible dose (16g/kg) body weight in mice.
Therefore, the medium lethal dose (LD50) was supposed to be more than (16g/kg).
General pharmacological screening test of aqueous extract of whole plant of Yellow-
Bizat had shown no abnormal changes. Phytochemical analysis of whole plant of
Yellow-Bizat showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, steroid, tannin,
and polyphenol, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, saponin and amino acid. But
cyanogenic glycoside is absent. Physico-chemical analysis of whole plant of Yellow-
Bizat showed Swelling Index (1.5 cm), Foaming Index (<100), Total Ash (13.3%),
Water Soluble Ash (6%), Acid Insoluble Ash (5.3%), Moisture content (19.4%),
ethanolic extract (7.2%) and watery extract (16%). The aqueous extract of whole plant
of Yellow-Bizat (1.5g/kg + CCl4 treated group) showed no significant
hepatoprotective effect in degenerative changes (p<0.05). In necrotic changes
(p<0.0005) and in fibrotic changes (p<0.0005) were observed. The aqueous extract
of whole plant of Yellow-Bizat (3g/kg + CCl4 treated group) showed significant
increase hepatotoxic effect in degenerative changes (p<0.05). In necrotic changes,
p-value is not significant i.e. reduction in hepatotoxicity. But in fibrotic changes,
p-value is significant (p<0.05). The aqueous extract of whole plant of Yellow-bizat
(6g/kg + CCl4 treated group) showed significant increase hepatotoxic effect in
degenerative changes (p<0.01). Both in necrotic and fibrotic changes, p-values are
significant (p<0.0005) and (p<0.05) respectively. CCl4 only treated group showed
significantly increased hepatotoxic effect in degeneration (p<0.01), in necrosis
(p<0.0005) and in fibrosis (p<0.0005) when compared with control (untreated group).
The comparative effects of CCl4 only treated group with three different doses of
extract plus CCl4 treated group showed no significant different in histology. But, in
necrotic changes, extract 3g/kg + CCl4 treated group showed significant reduction in
CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity (p<0.05) when compared with that of CCl4 only treated
group whereas in fibrotic changes, extract 6g/kg + CCl4 treated group showed
significant reduction in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity (p<0.05) when compared with
that of CCl4 only treated group. The comparison between histology of liver of control
group and extract plus CCl4 group showed different liver histology. Thus, it was
concluded that aqueous extract of whole plant of Yellow-bizat had no significant
hepatoprotective effect on CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity in albino rat model.
173. The hepatoprotective effect of Vitex trifolia Linn. (Kyaung-pan) on experimental
animals. Kyi Phyoe Latt. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense
Services Medical Academy; 2011.
Vitex trifolia Linn. belonging to the family of Verbenaceae is commonly known as
Kyaung-pan in Myanmar. Aqueous extract of leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn. was
investigated for hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen-induced
hepatotoxicity in albino rats models. In this study, aqueous extraction, acute toxicity,
phytochemical constituents’ analysis, physicochemical analysis and hepatoprotective
effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn. were carried out. The
hepatotoxic effect in animal model was induced by acetaminophen in dose of 1g/kg
body weight. Parameters of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) and histopathological changes of hepatocytes, degeneration,
necrosis and fibrosis were determined to access the hepatoprotective activity. In
control group, distilled water taken group, mean ALT and AST were 60.6±14.15IU/L
and 93.68±35.77IU/L respectively. In group which received acetaminophen only,
mean ALT and AST were 138.65±74.8 IU/L and 181.17±80.82 IU/L respectively.
79
Those values for acetaminophen with extract (1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg) received
groups were 81.53±23.46IU/L and 137.41±76.23IU/L; 83.03±17.85IU/L and
123.25±74.43 IU/L; 72.4±24.4 IU/L and 83.2±25.16IU/L respectively. Mean ALT
and AST values were significantly increased in group received with acetaminophen
and distilled water when compared with distilled water only received group (p value
<0.05). The mean ALT and AST values of extract received groups were not
significantly different with distilled water only received group (p value >0.05). When
comparing with acetaminophen only received group and different doses of extracts
plus acetaminophen received groups, there were no statistically significant difference
(p value >0.05). In histopathological changes, distilled water only received group
showed normal liver architecture. Less degenerative, necrotic and fibrotic changes
were seen in extracts plus acetaminophen received groups when comparing with
acetaminophen only received group. In acute toxicity study, there was 80% lethality
with 16g/kg of aqueous extract of leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn. The LD50 value is 20g
and 95% confidence limit was 15.75 - 25.4g/kg. The phytochemical analysis of the
dried leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn.showed the presence of alkaloid, amino acid,
glycoside, reducing sugar, carbohydrate, steroid/ terpenes, flavonoid, polyphenol,
saponin, and tannin. Physico-chemical analysis of leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn.
showed swelling index (0.6cm), foaming index (<100), total ash (12.7%), water
soluble ash (5.6%), acid soluble ash (1.5%) and moisture content (12%). Extract
values were watery extract (15.5%), ethanolic extract (4.4%), chloroform extract
(6.5%) and pet-ether extract (3.4%). The present study suggests that aqueous extracts
of leaves of Vitex trifolia Linn. may have some extent of hepatoprotective effect on
acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.
174. High-throughput screening of herbal plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using
microplate alamar blue assay in Myanmar. Nwe Nwe Yee. Thesis, PhD
(Pharmacology), University of Medicine (2), 2007.
Drug resistance in tuberculosis is a global health emergency. Emergence of multi
drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively
drug-resistant (XDR-TB), call for more discovery research for new anti-TB drugs.
“Pharmaceuticals from plants” is an import historical fact which exits a great potential
for new and alternative antimycobacterial drug development for Myanmar with her
rich plants. Sixty two extracts from eighteen Myanmar medicinal plants were tested
for their in-vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TS) NC 13144 standard
strains by applying, Microplate-based Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). In this assay, the
anti-tuberculosis activity was detected by using the Alamar blue dye to the broth
cultures with drugs in 96-well microplates. MABA was simple, sensitive, inexpensive
and appropriate technology. It had high-throughput format to perform a large scale
screening and determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) and the
results were available within 8 days as compared to conventional culture-based
method which took 28 to 42 days Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of six
plant extracts (95% ethanol) were as follows; (1) Su-poke-gyi, Acacia pennata Willd.,
MIC 25µg/ml; (2) Mayo-gyi, Calotropis gigantea Willd., MIC 25µg/ml; (3) Nga-phone-
hsay, Aristolachia tagala Cham., MIC 50µg/ml; (4) Pa-yan-na-wa, Boerhaavia diffusa
Linn., MIC 50µg/ml; (5) Kywe-kaung-hhmin-hsay, Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn., MIC
50µg/ml; and (6) Sin-ngo-myet, Chloris barbata (L) Sw. MIC 50µg/ml. The six anti-
TB active plant extracts were characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
and Ultra-Violet (UV) profile. The medicinal plants tested in this study were not
mentioned yet as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activity neither in Myanmar nor in
80
other countries. Hence, the findings in this study were the first report exhibiting
antimycobacterial activity. This report also highlighted the first introduction of
MABA to Myanmar as a sharing of this advantageous technique. It could also be
further extended to determine the anti-tuberculous drug susceptibility and resistance
of clinical mycobacterium isolates.
175. Hypoglycemic activity and phytochemical characterization of Lingzhi. Pharmacology
Research Division. Annual Report 2000. Yangon: DMR (LM): p76.
Scientific evaluation of hypoglycemic activity was tested on adrenaline induced
hyperglycemic rabbits model. Adrenaline 0.2mg/kg body weight was injected
subcutaneously and blood glucose levels were determined using glucometer at 0hr,
1hr, 2hr, 3hr and 4hr after administration of adrenaline. After one week, Lingzhi
3g/kg body weight was administered with distilled water and the blood glucose level
were again determined at 0hr, 1hr, 2hr, 3hr and 4hr after administration of Lingzhi.
The results showed that blood glucose levels of adrenaline induced hyperglycemic
rabbits were 350.3 ± 38.4mg % at 2hr, 312.1 ± 13.1mg % at 3hr and 237.1 ±
2.69mg% at 4hr. In contrast, the blood glucose levels of the test group were 219.3 ±
46.1mg% at 2hr, 179.9 ± 35.1mg % at 3hr and 133.6 ± 21.9mg% at 4hr respectively.
The study indicated that the Lingzhi powder significantly lowered the blood glucose
level at 2hr (p< 0.005), 3hr (p< 0.005), and 4hr (p<0.01). Phytochemical analysis
showed that Lingzhi contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannis and phytosterols.
176. Hypoglycemic activity and related chemical constituents of Premna integrifolia Linn.
(Taung-tan-gyi). Khin Tar Yar Myint; Thaw Zin; May Aye Than; Myint Myint Khine;
Win Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Mya Aye; Thandar Myint. Myanmar Health Res
Congr, 2009: p18.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of Premna integrifolia
Linn. (Taung-tan-gyi) and to identify the chemical constituent(s) of active extracts.
Using standard glibenclamide (4mg/kg) as a positive control, 70% EtOH extracts
tested for hypoglycemic activity on adrenaline-induced rat model. Blood glucose
levels of rats at various time intervals were measured by glucometer. All extracts
showed blood glucose lowering effect, with leave extracts possessing hypoglycemic
activity at 1hr (p<0.05) while stem bark and root extract at 2hr (p<0.005) and 3hr
(p<0.05) respectively. These extracts show no lethal effect when tested for acute
toxicity (LD50) with the maximum dose of 20g/kg. The most active stem bark extracts
was further fractionated to chloroform-soluble and insoluble portions, and
hypoglycemic activity tested. Chloroform-insoluble fraction showed significant
hypoglycemic activity at the dose of 2gm/kg (that is less than crude 70% EtOH
extracts) (p<0.05) at 2hr and 4gm/kg (that is same dose of crude 70% EtOH extracts)
(p<0.05) at 1hr, 2hr and 3hr. Column chromatographic separation of this active
extracts (chloroform-insoluble fraction of 70% EtOH extracts of stem bark) yielded
and led to the isolation of a pure compound. The compound was chemically identified
to be aphelandrine (C28H36N4O4) by means of UV, FT-IR, 13C NMR, 1H NMR,
HMQC, HMBC, COSY and mass spectroscopy.
81
177. Hypoglycemic activity of Acacia catechu Willd. (Sha) on albino rats. Phone Myint Ko.
Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services Medical Academy;
2009.
The present study was planned to observe the hypoglycemic activity of the
ethanolic extract of the bark of Acacia catechu Willd. (Sha) by using adrenaline-
induced hyperglycemic albino rat model. In this study, ethanolic extraction, acute
toxicity test general pharmacological screening tests, test of hypoglycemic activity
and phytochemical analysis of the bark of Acacia catechu were carried out. The dried
powder of the bark of Acacia catechu was extracted with 90% alcohol to get ethanolic
extract. In acute toxicity study, albino mice were used to determine the degree of
toxicity to the administration of ethanolic extract but no toxic signs were observed at
the maximal feasible dose of 16g/kg body weight. General pharmacological screening
tests of ethanolic extract of the back of Acacia catechu had been done using albino
mice but there was no abnormality regarding central and autonomic nervous system.
Adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic albino rats were used to determine the
hypoglycemic activity. The results after giving the ethanolic extract of the bark of
Acacia catechu in the dose of 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg showed significant
hypoglycemic effect (p<0.005) at 1hour and (p<0.0005) at 2hour, 3hour and 4hour
when compared to the control groups taking distilled water. The results also showed
that the hypoglycemic activity of ethanolic extract of the bark of is in dose-dependent
relationship and similar to that of standard drug, glibenclamide (4mg/kg).
Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of the bark of revealed the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, α-amino acids, glycosides, saponins, resin, phenolic
compounds and carbohydrate. According to these results, it is concluded that
ethanolic extract of the bark of Acacia catechu possess the significant hypoglycemic
activity on adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic rat model.
178. The hypoglycemic activity of Murraya koenigii Spreng. (Pyin-daw-thein) on albino
rats. Thant Zin Win. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services
Medical Academy; 2008.
The purpose of present study was to evaluate scientifically the hypoglycemic
activity of Murraya koenigii Spreng. (Pyin-daw-thein) by using adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic albino rat model. In this study, aqueous extraction, acute toxicity,
pharmacological screening test, phytochemical constituents and hypoglycemic effect
of aqueous extract of Pyin-daw-thein were carried out. Six adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic albino rats were used to study the hypoglycemic activity. In this study,
crossover study was done. The dried powder of leaves of Pyin-daw-thein was
extracted with water used to prepare aqueous extract. In acute toxicity study in mice,
it was observed that aqueous extract of Pyin-daw-thein was not toxic up to the
maximal feasible dose of (16g/kg) body weight. General pharmacology screening test
of aqueous extract of Pyin-daw-thein had shown no abnormal changes. Phytochemical
analysis of leaves of Pyin-daw-thein showed that they have alkaloid, triterpene,
tannin, resin, glycoside, polyphenol, carbohydrate, amino acids and reducing sugar. In
observation of aqueous extract of Pyin-daw-thein at the three different doses, aqueous
extract 2g/kg and 4g/kg showed significant hypoglycemic effect at 2hr (p<0.01), 3hr
(p<0.005) and 4hr (p<0.005) whereas 6g/kg showed significant hypoglycemic effect
at 1hr (p<0.05), 2hr (p<0.005), 3hr (p<0.005) and 4hr (p<0.005) after oral
administration when compared with that of control group. The comparison between
hypoglycemic effects of aqueous extract of Pyin-daw-thein and standard drug,
glibenclamide (4mg/kg), showed that they have similar hypoglycemic effect. These
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findings suggested that aqueous extract of Pyin-daw-thein possessed significant

hypoglycemic effect in adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic albino rat model.
179. The hypoglycemic activity of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. (Tha-bye). Zaw Hlaing
Oo. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defence Services Medical
Academy; 2008.
The purpose of present study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. (Thabye) by using adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic
albino rat model. In this study, aqueous extraction, acute toxicity, pharmacological
screening test, phytochemical constituents and hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract
of Tha-bye were carried out. Eight adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic albino rats were
used to study the hypoglycemic activity. In this study, crossover study was done. The
dried powder of bark of Tha-bye was used to prepare aqueous extract. In acute
toxicity study in mice, it was observed that aqueous extract of Tha-bye was not toxic
up to the maximal feasible dose of (16g/kg) body weight. General pharmacology
screening test of aqueous extract of Tha-bye had shown no abnormal changes.
Phytochemical analysis of bark of Tha-bye showed the presence of alkaloid,
flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, polyphenol, steroid, saponin, amino acid, carbohydrate
and reducing sugar. In observation of aqueous extract of Tha-bye at the three
different doses, aqueous extract 2g/kg showed significant hypoglycemic effect at 1hr
(p<0.05), 2hr (p<0.005), 3hr (p<0.05) and 4hr (p<0.01) and 4g/kg showed significant
hypoglycemic effect at 2hr (p<0.001), 3hr (p<0.001) and 4hr (p<0.001) whereas 6g/kg
showed significant hypoglycemic effect at 2hr (p<0.005), 3hr (P<0.005) and 4hr
(P<0.05) after oral administration when compared with that of control group. The
comparison between hypoglycemic effects of aqueous extract of Tha-bye and
standard drug, glibenclamide (4mg/kg), showed that they have similar hypoglycemic
effect. These findings suggested that aqueous extract of Tha-bye possessed significant
180. The hypoglycemic activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Gin) on albino rats.
Soe Moe Aung. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defence Services
activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Gin) by using adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic albino rat model. In this study, aqueous extraction, ethanolic
extraction, acute toxicity, pharmacological screening test, analysis of phytochemical
constituents and hypoglycemic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Gin were
carried out. Six adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic albino rats were used to study the
hypoglycemic activity. In this study, crossover study was done. In acute toxicity study
in mice, it was observed that aqueous extract of ginger was not toxic up to the
maximal feasible dose of (16g/kg) body weight. But ethanolic extract showed lethal
effect and its LD50 is 26g/kg. General pharmacology screening test of aqueous and
ethanolic extract of ginger showed no abnormal changes. Phytochemical analysis of
ginger showed that they have alkaloid, triterpene, tannin, resin, glycoside, polyphenol,
carbohydrate, amino acids and reducing sugar. In observation, though aqueous extract
of ginger showed no significant hypoglycaemic effect, ethanolic extract showed
significant hypoglycaemic effect at the dose of 3g/kg at 1hr (p<0.05), 3hr (p<0.05),
4hr (p<0.05), 6g/kg at 1hr (p<0.05), 2hr (p<0.05), 3hr (p<0.05) and 4hr (p=0.005),
9g/kg at 1hr (p<0.01), 2hr (p<0.005), 3hr (p<0.01), 4hr (p<0.05) after oral
administration when compared with that of control group. The comparison between
hypoglycemic effects of ethanolic extract of ginger and standard drug, glibenclamide
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(4mg/kg), showed that they have similar hypoglycemic effect. These findings
suggested that ethanolic extract of rhizome of ginger possessed significant
181. Hypoglycemic effect of Azadirachta indica A.Juss (Tama) leaves on rabbit model.
Khine Khine Lwin; Sandar Aung; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; May Aye Than;
Khin Tar Yar Myint; Win Win Maw; Myint Myint Khine; San San Myint.
This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical constituents, acute
toxicity and hypoglycaemic effect of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss
(Neem). Seven adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rabbits were used to study the
hypoglycaemic effect. Cross over study design was used in hypoglycaemic study. In this
study, phytochemical studies of crude powder and 70% ethanolic extract of dried leaves of
Azadirachto indica A.Juss showed that both contained alkaloid, steroid, flaonoid, saponin,
amino acid, resin, tannin, phenol and glycoside. In acute toxicity study in mice, it was
observed that crude powder of this plant, was not toxic up to the maximal feasible
dose of (4g/kg) body weight. But, 70% ethanolic extract of this plant possessed mild
acute toxic effect and median lethal dose (LD50) of this plant extract was determined
to be (8g/kg) and its confidence limit was (5.16g/kg-12.4g/kg). It was observed that
70% ethanolic extract of extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss at the dose level of
(1g/kg) had significant hypoglycaemic effect at 3hr (p<0.05) and at 4hr (p<0.01) after oral
administration of the extract when compared with that of the control group. In the
comparison between hypoglycaemic effects of 70% ethanolic extract of dried leaces of
Azadirachta indica A.Juss (1g/kg) and standard drug glibenclamide (4mg/kg), it was
found that hypoglycaemic effects of both were the same. Therefore, 70% ethanolic
extract of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. possessed significant hypoglycaemic
effect in adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rabbit model.
182. The hypoglycemic effect of Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. (Ivy gourd) (Kin-pon-thee)
on albino rats. Myo Thanda Htut. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon:
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate scientifically the hypoglycemic
effect of fruits of Coccinia india (ivy gourd) (Kin-pon-thee) by using adrenaline
induced hyperglycemic rat model. The fruits were prepared to get fresh juice and
watery extract, respectively. Fresh juice up to maximum feasible dose of 40ml/kg did
not show any hypoglycemic activity. However, watery extract of 2g/kg showed
hypoglycemic activity significantly at 2hour (p<0.05) and 3hour (p<0.005). In
comparison between hypoglycemic effects of watery extract of fruits of Coccinia
indica (2g/kg) and standard drug glibenclamide (4mg/kg) (negative control). It was
found that both showed hypoglycemic activities but percent inhibition of
glibenclamide was superior to watery extract. Pectin was isolated from fruits of
Coccinia indica in this study. Pectin of different doses (1g/kg, 2g/kg, and 3g/kg) were
tested on adrenaline induced hyperglycemic rats and compared with standard drug
glibenclamide (4mg/kg) (negative control). Pectin of different doses showed dose-
dependent hypoglycemic activity. Highest efficacies were seen at 1 hour with low
dose pectins i.e 1g/kg and 2g/kg in this study. But, the effect of pectin declined with
time. However, with the highest dose pectin i.e. 3g/kg, the activity started at 1 hour
and increased with time but after 3hour the effect slightly declined. Although
glibenclamide had late onset of action than pectin at 1hour, the efficacy was superior
to pectin in later hours. Acute toxicity studies of the fresh juice and watery extract
were performed by using the albino mice. The results indicated that there was no
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lethality up to maximum feasible dose of 40ml/kg in fresh juice and 4g/kg in watery
extract. In general pharmacological screening test of both fresh juice and watery
extract of fruits of Coccinia indica, no abnormal changes regarding ANS and CNS
were observed. The phytochemical analysis of fresh juice of fruits of Coccinia indica
had shown to have alkaloid, saponins, tanninoids, resin, and glycosides, reducing
sugar, phenols, carbohydrates and triterpene. The phytochemical analysis of watery
extract of fruit of Coccinia indica also showed the present of alkaloid, tanninoids, and
resin, glycosides, reducing sugar, phenols, carbohydrate and triterpene. The only
difference was presence of saponins in the fresh juice.
183. Hypoglycemic effect of Curcuma comosa Roxb. (Nanwin-ga) rhizomes on rabbits
model. Khine Khine Lwin; Mu Mu Sein Myint; May Aye Than; Khin Tar Yar
Myint; Win Win Maw; San San Myint; Myint Myint Khine; Nu Nu Win; Hla Phyo
Lin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2008; 20(2): p107-113.
This study was carried out of determine the phytochemical constituents, acute
toxicity and hypoglycemic effect of crude power and 80% ethanolic extract of dried
rhizomes of Curcuma comosa Roxb. (Nanwin-ga). Adrenaline- induced
hypoglycemic rabbits were used to study the hypoglycemic effect. Oral route of
administration was used in this study. The hypoglycemical studies of the crude
powder and 80% ethanolic extract of this plant showed that both contained alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, tannins and amino acid. In acute toxicity
study in mice, it was observed that the crude powder of the rhizomes was not toxic up
to the maximal feasible dose of 5g/kg. But, 80% ethanolic extract of the dried
rhizomes showed mild acute toxic effect and median lethal dose (LD50) was
determined to be 5.2g/kg and its confident limit was 4g/kg-6.76g/kg.The results
showed that the 80% ethanolic extract of the rhizomes at the dose level of 1.5g/kg had
significant hypoglycemic effect at 2hr, 3hr and 4hr (p<0.01-p<0.05) after oral
administration when compared with those of the controls. But, the crude powder of
the rhizomes at the dose level of 3g/kg showed no significant hypoglycemic effect. It
was observed that the hypoglycemic effect of 80% ethanolic extract was inferior to
that of the standard drug glibenclamide. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 80%
ethanolic extrace of the dried rhizomes of Curcuma comosa Roxb. (Nanwin-ga) possessed
significant hypoglycemic effect on adrenaline-induced hypoglycemic rabbit’s model
and the effect was inferior to that of glibenclamide.
184. Hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees. on rabbit
model. Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report 2007. Yangon: DMR
(LM): p99.
The aim of this study is to determine phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity
and the hypoglycaemic effect of Andrographis paniculata Nees. (aq;cg;juD;/ i&kwfcg;)
Ethanolic extract was extracted from the air-dried Andrographis paniculata Nees.
leaves. Qualitative tests of the chemical constituents present in the ethanolic extract
were conducted. Saponin, tannin, amino acid, carbohydrate, reducing sugar,
glycosides, alkaloid and steroid were present in the ethanolic extract. Acute toxicity
study of ethanolic extract of dried leaves was evaluated in mice. The ethanolic extract
was not toxic up to the maximum feasible dose level of 24g/kg body weight.
Therefore the median lethal dose (LD50) was observed to be more than 24g/kg. The
hypoglycaemic effect of ethanolic extract (3g/kg body weight) was carried out on
adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic rabbit’s model. The mean blood glucose levels of
the control group were 258.67 ± 22.45mg% at 1hr, 328.33 ± 16.82mg% at 2hr, 331.33
± 4 1.41mg% at 3hr and 282.33 ± 47.3 at 4 hr after adrenaline administration whereas
85
the mean blood glucose levels of the test group were 193.2 ± 27.29mg% at 1hr, 240.4
± 46.07mg% at 2hr, 181.4± 37.31mg% at 3hr and 118 ± 21.74 at 4hr after adrenaline
administration. It was found that the ethanolic extract (3g/kg body weight doses)
showed significant lowering the blood glucose levels at 3hr and 4 hr respectively (p<
0.01). The mean blood glucose levels of the control group were 259.83 ± 27.04mg%
at 1 hr, 345. 5 ± 31.44mg% at 2hr, 354 ± 27.52mg% at 3hr and 307 ± 33.1at 4hr after
adrenaline administration whereas the mean blood glucose levels of the glibenclamide
group were 192.67 ± 23.49mg% at 1hr, 270.83 ± 33.19mg% at 2hr, 263.33 ±
41.59mg% at 3hr and 234.5 ± 41.5 at 4hr after adrenaline administration respectively.
It was found that glibenclamide significantly lowered the blood glucose levels at 2hr,
3hr and 4hr (p<0.05 to p<0.005) respectively. Comparison between ethanolic extract
and glibenclamide were not significantly different.
185. The hypoglycemic effect of Ficus bengel Linn. (Pyi-nyaung) on albino rats.
Shwe Lynn Aung. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Defense Services
activity of Ficus benghalensis Linn. (Pyi-nyaung) by using adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic albino rat model. In this study, extraction, acute toxicity, pharmacological
screening test, phytochemical constituent’s analysis and hypoglycemic effect of
ethanolic extract of bark of Pyi-nyaung were carried out. The hypoglycemic activity
of ethanolic extract of bark of Pyi-nyaung was done on six adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic albino rats in this study, design was done. The ethanolic extraction of
bark of Pyi-nyaung was done. In acute toxicity study, it was observed that ethanolic
extract of bark of Pyi-nyaung was not toxic up to the maximal feasible dose of (8g/kg)
body weight in mice. Therefore, the medium lethal dose (LD50) was supposed to be
more than (8g/kg). General pharmacology screening test of ethanolic extract of bark
of Pyi-nyaung had shown no abnormal changes. Phytochemical analysis of bark of
Pyi-nyaung showed the presence of alkaloid, triterpene, tannin, resin, glycoside,
polyphenol, carbohydrate, amino acids and reducing sugar. The ethanolic extract of
bark of Pyi-nyaung (1.5g/kg) showed significant hypoglycemic effect at 2hr
(p<0.05),the extract (3g/kg) showed significant hypoglycemic effect at 1hr
(p<0.005), 2hr (p<0.01), 3hr (p<0.05) and 4hr (p<0.05) whereas 6g/kg showed
significant hypoglycemic effect at 1hr (p<0.05), 2hr (p<0.005), 3hr (p<0.0005) and
4hr (p<0.05) after oral administration when compared with that of control group. The
comparison between hypoglycemic effects of ethanolic extract of bark of Pyi-nyaung
and standard drug, glibenclamide (4mg/kg), showed that they have similar
hypoglycemic effect. Thus, it was concluded that ethanolic extract of bark of Pyi-
nyaung possessed significant hypoglycemic effect in adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic albino rat model.
86
186. Hypoglycemic effect of Hydrocotyle umbellata on adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic

rat model. May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Win Win Maw; Myint Myint
Khine; Aung Aung Maw; Nu Nu Win; Ei Ei Soe; Thaw Zin. Myanmar Health Res
Congr, 2009: p19.
Hydrocotyle umbellata (wdkif0rf-rif;cGm) had been introduced in Myanmar a few years
ago. There has been no scientific information about the hypoglycemic activity of
H. umbellata. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute toxicity,
phytochemical constituents and hypoglycemic activity of whole plant of H. umbellata.
Flavonoid, glycoside, polyphennol, steroid/trepene, carbohydrate, reducing sugar and
saponin were detected in crude powder. Elemental analysis on dried powder using
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent (EDXRF) spectrometer showed the presence of
calcium, potassium, chlorine, iron, strontium, zinc, manganese, bromine and copper.
The median lethal dose (LD50) of aqueous extract was more than 16g/kg body weight
per orally in mice. The crossover experimental study design was done on the
adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic rat model. Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous
extracts of H. umbellata 1.5, 3, 6g/kg and standard drug, glibenclamide 4mg/kg were
also determined. The aqueous extract produced significant reduction (p<0.05) of
blood glucose at 3hour at a dose of 1.5g/kg and also significant hypoglycemic effect
(p<0.05-p<0.005) was seen throughout the 4hour period with glibenclamide, aqueous
extracts at 3g/kg and at 6g/kg. A significant dose dependent effect was observed. It
was found that glibenclamide did not significantly differ from 6g/kg of aqueous
extract in percentage inhibition. It was concluded that H. umbellata had significant
hypoglycemic effect. Hypoglycemic effects of H. umbellata had not yet been reported
in literature before this study. Therefore this finding is the first report of the
hypoglycemic activity providing a potential resource for the develolpment of new
phytomedicine for diabetes.
187. Hypoglycemic effect of locally grown saffron Carthamus tinctorius L. (ql;yef;) on
rabbit model. Pharmacology Research Division, Annual Report 2005. Yangon:
DMR (LM): p84.
and the hypoglycaemic effect of locally grown saffron Carthamus tinctorius L.
(ql;yef;) Aqueous extract was extracted from the air-dried locally grown saffron.
Qualitative tests of the chemical constituents present in the aqueous extract were
conducted. Flavonoids, terpene, glycosides, alkaloid, protein and steroid were present
in the aqueous extract. Acute toxicity study of aqueous extract of dried whole plant
were evaluated in mice. The aqueous extract was not toxic up to the maximum
feasible dose level of 8g/kg body weight. Therefore the median lethal dose (LD50) was
observed to be more than 8g/kg. The hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract (3g/kg
body weight) was carried out on adrenaline-induced diabetic rabbits. The mean blood
glucose levels of the control group were 278.7 ± 14.2mg% at 1hr, 351.7 ± 21.7mg%
at 2hr, 377 ± 16.1mg% at 3hr and 304.5 ± 37.7 at 4 hr after whereas the mean blood
glucose levels of the test group were 230.8 ± 28.9mg% at 1hr, 297.8 ± 29mg% at 2hr,
329.5 ± 17.3mg% at 3hr and 292.0 ± 29.9 at 4hr after adrenaline administration. It
was found that aqueous extract (3g/kg body weight) which is 120 times human doses
showed significant lowering the blood glucose levels at 1hr and 3hr respectively (p<
0.05).
87
188. Hypoglycaemic effect of medicinal plant (MP/CR) rhizomes on rabbit model.

Khine Khine Lwin; Mu Mu Sein Myint; May Aye Than; Khin Tar Yar Myint;
Win Win Maw; San San Myint; Myint Myint Khine; Nu Nu Win; Hla Phyo Lin.
This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical constitients, acute
toxicity and hypoglycaemic effect of crude powder and 80% ethanolic extract of dried
rhizomes of the medicinal plant MP/CR. Acute toxicity study was carried out in mice.
Six adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rabbits were used to study the hypoglycaemic
effect. Oral route of administration was use in this study. To compare the
hypoglycaemic effects of this plant wiht that of the standard drug, hypoglycaemic
effect of glibenclamide (4mg/kg) was also investigated. The phytochemical studies of
the crude powder and 80% ethanolic exteact of this plant showed that both contained
alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside, steroid, saponin, tanin and amino acid. In acute toxicity
atudy in mice, it was observed that the crude powder of rhizomes of this plant was not
toxic up to the maximal feasible dose of (5g/kg). But, 80% ethanolic extract of the
dried rhizomes of this plant showed mild acute toxic effect and median lethal dose
(LD50) of this plant extract was determined to be (5.2g/kg) and its confident limit was
(4g/kg-6.76 g/kg). The results showed that the 80% ethanolic extract of the rhizomes
of this plant at the dose level of (1.5g/kg) had significant hypoglycaemic effect at 2hr,
3hr and 4hr (p<0.01-P<0.05) after oral administration of the extract when compared
with those of the controls. But, the crude powder of the rhizomes of this plant at the
dose level of (3g/kg) showed no significant hypoglycaemic effect. It was observed
that the hypoglycaemic effect of 80% ethanolic extract of this plant was inferior to
that of the standard drug, glibenclamide. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 80%
ethanolic extract of the dried rhizomes of MP/CR possessed significant
hypoglycaemic effect on adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rabbit's model and the
effect was inferior to that of glibenclamide.
189. Hypoglycaemic effect of Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) (See-cho-pin) on health
volunteers. Khin Chit; Khin Ye Myint; Myo Win; Aye Than; Myint Lwin.
A clinical trial to determine the hypoglycemic potential of popular Myanmar
medicinal plant Orthosiphon aristatus Bl. (See-cho-pin) was carried out on 13 healthy
adult volunteers. A significant blood sugar lowering effect was observed 1hr after
administration of 175ml of plant decoction extracted from 25g leaves on glucose-
loaded (75g glucose) model when compared to glucose loaded control group. The
difference in blood sugar level between normal OGTT and See-cho-pin treated
subjects was 22% after 1hr, 15mg% at 2hr after administration of plant decoction
clinically evident acute side effects were not detected. There was no effect on liver
function tests, kidney function tests blood urea and electrolyte, serum creatinine and
serum cholesterol level.
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190. Hypoglycemic effect of Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) (See-cho-pin) on Type II

Diabetes Mellitus patients (NIDDM). Khin Chit; Khin Ye Myint; Aye Than; Mu Mu
Sein Myint; Myint Lwin. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1998: p54.
A clinical trial to determine the hypoglycemic effect of Orthosiphon aristatus (BI.)
(See-cho-pin) was carried out on 20 Type II diabetes mellitus patients (30-70 years).
Patients were divided into two groups. First group of 10 patients received 75g of
glucose together with 175ml plant decoction at the same time (group A). A second
group of 10 patients, 175ml of plant decoction was given first; 75g glucose load was
given 2hrs later (group B). The effect of 500mg of glucophage together with 75g
glucose was also determined on the same group of patients for positive control. OGTT
of the same patients were taken as negative control. Significant blood sugar lowering
effects were observed in both group A and group B 3 hours after administration of
plant decoction. There was statistical significant reduction of blood sugar level in both
group A and group B patients when compared to the control group (p<0.05). There
was more reduction of blood sugar level in both receiving See-cho-pin (group A and
group B) when compared to patients receiving glucophage 500mg. But the difference
was not statistically significant. There was no side effect clinically. It was also
observed that it had no effect on EGG; liver function test; kidney function test (blood
urea and electrolyte; serum cretatinine) and serum cholesterol level.
191. Hypoglycemic effect of Orthosiphone aristatus (Bl.) (See-cho-pin) plain tea on
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Khin Chit; Ohnmar May Tin
Hlaing; Phyu Phyu Aung; Tin Tin Aung; Win Win Myint; Khine Khine Lwin;
Aye Than; Phyu Phyu Win; San San Win. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2001:
p31.
A clinical trial to determine the hypoglycemic effect of Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.)
(See-cho-pin, Thagyar magike) dried leaf plain tea was carried out on (17) type 2
diabetes mellitus patients (35-65) years of age). All patients stopped all anti-diabetic
drugs 72 hours prior to the study. Individual diet instruction as prescribed by dietitian
of Nutrition Research Division was distributed to each patient. The oral glucose
tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out for each patient prior to See-cho-pin study.
After the control study, the patient was given 8gm of dried leaf in 250ml boiled water
for 30mins, 3 times per day for 28 days. The effect of gliclazide 80mg for a period of
28 days was also studied on the positive control group of six patients. There was a
statistically significant reduction of blood sugar level in patients receiving See-cho-pin
plain tea (p<0.002) when compared to the control study. A significant blood sugar
lowering effect was also observed in patients receiving gliclazide (p<0.002). There
was no significant difference in the blood sugar lowering effect among the group
receiving gliclazide and the group receiving See-cho-pin plain tea after a complete
wash out period. No significant side effect of See-cho-pin plain tea was observed
clinically during the study.
192. Hypoglycemic effect of “Paya-say”, prepared from traditional method, on rabbit
model. Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report 2005, Yangon:
DMR (LM). p87.
The aim of this study is to determine acute toxicity and the hypoglycaemic effect
of “Paya-say”, prepared from traditional method. Acute toxicity study of “Paya-say”,
was evaluated in mice. The “Paya-say”, was not toxic up to the maximum feasible
dose level of 53ml/kg body weight. Therefore the median lethal dose (LD50) was
observed to be more than 53ml/kg. The hypoglycaemic effect of “Paya-say”,
(15ml/kg body weight) which is 7.5 times human doses was carried out on adrenaline-
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induced diabetic rabbits. The mean blood glucose levels of the control group were
289±10.5mg% at 1hr, 357.8±15.1mg% at 2hr, 363.7 ±14mg% at 3hr and 308.8±33.2
at 4hr after whereas the mean blood glucose levels of the test group were
266.5±2.7mg% at 1hr, 326.8±52.2 mg% at 2hr, 282.5±39.9 mg% at 3hr and
242.2±40.3 at 4hr after adrenaline administration. It was found that “Paya-say”,
15ml/kg body weight showed not significantly lowered the blood glucose levels at
1hr, 2hr, 3hr and 4hr respectively.
193. Hypoglycemic effect of Punica granatum Linn. fruit on adrenaline induced
hyperglycemic rabbits model. May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than;
Khin Tar Yar Myint; San San Myint; Mya Thet Lwin; Nu Nu Win. Myanmar
Health Res Congr, 2006: p59.
The purpose of this study is to determine phytochemical constituents, acute
toxicity and hypoglycemic effect of (ovJoD;) Punica granatum Linn. fruit juice
without seed and seeds were conducted. Flavonoids, terpene, reducing sugar, tannins,
glycosides, saponin, amino-acid and vitamin C were present in the fresh and
concentrated juice. Flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and amino-acid were present in
seeds. Acute toxicity study of the fresh juice with seeds, concentrated juice without
seeds and 70% ethanol extract of seeds were evaluated in mice. The fresh juices with
seeds was not toxic up to 66.6ml/kg and both the concentrated fruit juice without seed
and 70% ethanol extract were not toxic up to the maximum feasible dose of 6g/kg
body weight. Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of the fresh juices with seeds (40ml),
the concentrated juice without seeds (6g/kg), 70% ethanol extract (3g/kg) and
glibenclamide 4mg/kg body weight were carried out on adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic rabbits model. It was found that 70% ethanol extract of seeds and
glibenclamide 4mg/kg showed significant lowered the blood glucose levels at 2hr and
3hr (p<0.05) and at 1, 2, 3, 4hr (p<0.05-0.005) respectively. The percent inhihition of
blood glucose levels of ethanol extract and glibenclamide were 38.5, 41.8% at 2, 3hr
and 36.8, 32.6, 32.6, 28.6% at 1, 2, 3, 4hr respectively.
194. Hypoglycemic effect of Scoparia dulcis Linn. (Sweet broom weed) on adrenalin
induced hyperglycemic rabbit model. Yin Tway Si. Thesis, PhD (Zoology),
Using adrenaline-induced diabetic rabbits, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of
the whole plant of Scoparia dulcis Linn. commonly known as Sweet broom weed as
well as Dan-ta-thukha in Myanmar (Family-Scrophulariaceae) possesses a
hypoglycemic property. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared from air-dried
crude powder of S. dulcis. Dried crude powder sample and aqueous extract contained
glycosides, steroids, polyphenol, tannin, carbohydrates and reducing sugar whereas
glycosides, steroids, polyphenol and tannin were present in ethanolic extract.
Elemental analysis on dried powder sample using Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent
spectrometer (EDXRF) techniques showed the presence of potassium (K), calcium
(Ca), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), rubidium (Rb)
and strontium (Sr). The median lethal dose (LD50) of aqueous extract of S.dulcis was
more than 18g/kg body weight and while in the ethanolic extract it was 12.9g/kg body
weight. Hypoglycemic effect of both extracts of S. dulcis and standard drug,
glibenclamide was also conducted and found to have significant (p<0.05)
hypoglycemic effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. dulcis. The results
were compiled and discussed. Suggestions for future work were outlined.
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195. Hypoglycemic effects of selected Myanmar medicinal plants. Mar Lar Than. Thesis,
PhD (Engineering Chemistry), Yangon Technological University; 2001.
Extracts of the following Myanmar medicinal plants were tested for their
hypoglycemic effects on glucose-loaded and diabetic rabbit models. (i) Aegle marmelos
Corr. (Rutaceae) (ii) Andrographis paniculatus Nees. (Acanthaceae) (iii) Cassia
glauca Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) (iv) Morinda angustifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) (v).
Orthosiphon aristatus Bl. (labiatae) (vi). Vitex glabrata R.Br. (Verbenaceae) Dried
leaves of these plants except Morinda angustifolia were extracted with water and dried
leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus were also extracted with petroleum ether and ethanol.
Fresh leaves juices of Cassia glauca and Aegle marmelos and fresh fruit juice of
Morinda angustifolia were also investigated. The watery extract and ethanolic extract
of Orthosiphon aristatus had hypoglycemic effects in adrenaline-induced
hyperglycemic rabbit's model. The ethanolic extract had more hypoglycemic effect than
watery extract of Orthosiphon aristatus. Extracts of other selected plants produced no
hypoglycaemic effects on the glucose loaded hyperglycaemia rabbit model.
Characterization of components from Orthosiphon aristatus by conventional methods
(Thin Layer Chromatography and Column Chromatography) together with UV and IR
indicated that the possible constituents may possibly be classed as flavonoids; such as
sinesetin and scutellarein tetramethyether. Probable, structural features of the
compounds are being speculated on the light of the present data.
196. Hypoglycemic potential of Momordica charantia Linn. on maturity onset diabetes
mellitus patients. Thaung Hla; Mya Mya Win; Than Than Htay; Yu Yu Lwin;
Ye Thwe; Maung Maung Wint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1996: p63.
A clinical trial to determine the hypoglycemic potential of locally grown
Momordica charantia Linn. Fruit powder was carried out on 26 non-insulin
dependent diabetes mellitus patients for a period of 28 days during which their diet,
exercise, smoking and all medications except anti-hypertensives were restricted. It
was found that the fruit powder had highly significant effect on the glucose tolerance
patterns in 92.3% of patients. Clinically evident side effects were not detected and it
had no effect on liver function test, blood urea and cholesterol levels.
197. Hypolipidiemic effect of locally grown saffron Carthamus tinctorius L. (ql;yef;) on
triton induced hyperlipidiemic rat model. Pharmacology Research Division.
Annual Report 2005. Yangon: DMR (LM), p85.
The reputed hypolipidiemic effect of locally grown saffron Carthamus tinctorius
L. (ql;yef;) was carried out on triton induced hyperlipidiemic rat model. The 80%
ethanolic extract of saffron leaves and stem (2g/Kg) and Standard drug lovastatin
(500mg/Kg) intraperitoneally. The mean blood total cholesterol levels of the control
group were 43.1±2.4mg% whereas the mean blood total cholesterol levels of the triton
treated group were 97.5±8.1mg%. The triton treated rat were significantly higher total
cholesterol (p<0.0005) than the control. The mean blood total cholesterol levels of the
saffron leaves and stem treated group were82.7±8.1mg% and 86.8±6.4mg%. The
mean blood total cholesterol levels of the lovastatin treated group were 66.6±5.3mg%.
Both saffron leaves and stem treated rat showed not significant lowering the total
cholesterol but the standard lovastatin treated rat showed significant lowering the total
cholesterol (p<0.05).
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198. Hypolipidiemic effect of (ovJoD;) seed on triton induced hyperlipidiemic rat model.
Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report 2005. Yangon: DMR(LM), p85
The reputed hypolipidiemic effect of locally grown (ovJoD;) seed was carried out
on triton induced hyperlipidiemic rat model. The 70% ethanolic extract of (ovJoD;)
seed (2g/Kg) and Standard drug Lovastatin (500mg/Kg) intraperitoneally. The mean
blood total cholesterol levels of the control group were 43.1± 2.4 mg% whereas the
mean blood total cholesterol levels of the triton treated group were 97.5 ± 8.1mg%.
The triton treated rat were significantly higher total cholesterol (p<0.0005) than the
control. The mean blood total cholesterol levels of the test group were 77.9 ± 7.4
mg% whereas the mean blood total cholesterol levels of the lovastatin treated group
were 97.5±8.1mg%. The 70% ethanolic extract of (ovJoD;) seed treated rat showed
not significant lowering the total cholesterol but the standard lovastatin treated rat
showed significant lowering the total cholesterol(p<0.05).
199. Hypotensive mechanism of the Plantago major Linn. extract PM-9. Aye Than;
Tha, Saw Johnson. Res Paper Reading Session, Med Sci Div, 1982: p20.
The various extracts of P. major had been screened for their hypotensive activity.
Many fractions such as PM-1, PM-4, PM-5, PM-7 and PM-9 showed varying degrees
of hypotensive activity. The PM-9 did not have any effect on the heart either on the in
situ preparation or on the isolated one. There was no detection of any evidence of the
hypotensive action of the PM-9, either acting directly at the smooth-muscle, or at the
adrenergic neurone, or at the sympathetic ganglion. The PM-9 causing hypotension by
acting centrally is further confirmed, using a cross-circulation experiment on dog.
200. Hypotensive property of Plantago major Linn. Khin Kyi Kyi; Mya Bwin; Sein Gwan;
Chit Maung; Aye Than; Mya Tu, M; Tha, Saw Johnson. Union Burma J Life Sci.
1971; 4: p167-171.
Fifty percent water-alcohol soluble extract of Plantago major Linn. from Rangoon,
Kalaw and Taunggyi was tested for hypotensive action on anaesthetized normotensive
dogs. Early trials with the water-alcohol soluble extract in a dose of 125mg/kg given
intravenously were found to produce a fall in arterial blood pressure of 20-40mmHg.
Further fractionation of the extract was carried out and screened for hypotensive
activity. The fraction designated F-7 produced a fall in the arterial blood pressure
which was sustained up to 1 hour.
201. Identification and anatomical characterisation of Yardan-zeet. Mya Bwin; Marlar
Lwin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1994; 6(3): p98-104.
An indigenous medicinal plant growing in Myeik, Tanintharyi Division whose
bitter fruit commonly known as Yardan-zeet is very similar to the vernacular name of
the Chinese drug "Yardan-zeet" the ripe bitter fruit of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Due
to the similarity in the common names, the specific name of Yardan-zeet plant
obtained from Myeik was identified taxonomically. Yardan-zeet fruit available in
Yangon market as antidysenteric drug was also identified by comparing the
macroscopic features and microscopic characters with that of the identified Yardan-
zeet from Myeik. Yardan-zeet plant growing in Myeik was identified as Brucea
avanica (L.) Merr. belonging to the family Simaroubaceae. The macroscopic features
and microscopic characters of Myeik and market Yardan-zeet fruits were identical.
The findings from this study reveals that Yardan-zeet fruits are of the same species as
the Chinese drug "Yadanzi" the bitter fruit of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.
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202. Identification of cultivated chounggyah plant and comparative pharmacognostic

studies with market sample. Mya Bwin; Win Myint; San San Nwe. Myanmar
Health Sci Res J. 1994 April; 6(1): p31-37.
Chounggyah plant cultivated in the herbal garden of Traditional Medicine
Hospital, Mandalay was identified to be Vernonia elaeagnifolia DC. Comparative
pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical studies revealed that
cultivated and market Chounggyah are not identical.
203. Identification of omega-3 fatty acid and evaluation of antioxidant activity on seed of
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Kyipyar Soe. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: Uuniversity
of Pharmacy; 2011.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Shan-hnan, o#rf;ESrf;) belonging to the family
Lamiaceae has been used in Myanmar traditional medicinal as a remedy for common
cold, expectorant and domestically in cooking. The primary aim of this study was to
identify alpha linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) in Perilla seed oil and the secondary
aim was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Perilla seed. Botanical identification of
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Shan-hnan) was done morphologically and verified
microscopically. Perilla seed oils yields were studied by driect pressing method,
extracted with petroleum ether by refluxing method and Soxhlet extraction method,
and were found that the yield percents were 29-44%, 26-35% and 36-45%
respectively. The physicochemical properties such as moisture content, total ash,
extractable matter, swelling index and foaming index of the seeds and acid value,
iodine value, saponification value , weight per milliliter, viscosity, optical rotation and
refractive index of the seed oil was also determined according to WHO quality control
methods for medicinal plant materials and British Pharmacopoeia methods. The fatty
acid of Perilla seed oil was identified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by GC-MS
analysis. Each sharp peak with the relevant molecular weight was identified as 9, 12,
15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (omega-3 or δ-linolenic acid methyl ester), 9,
12-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (omega-6 or linolenic acid methyl ester),
9 Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (omega-9 or linolenic acid methyl ester)
respectively. Among these fatty acids, the propotion of of δ- linolenic acid known as
omega-3 fatty acids was found to be greatest (81%). In acute toxicity study, there was
no lethal effect of DDY strain of albino mice up to 2ml/30gm body weight of Perilla
seed oil. The antioxidant activity was also determined by free radical scavenging
activity DPPH assay method. The extract showed the free radical scavenging activity
and IC 50 values were 8.9862μg/ml for Perilla seed extract and 0.2614μg/ml for
standard ascorbic acid.
204. In-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial activity of essential oil and thymol obtained from
Carum copticum Benth and Hook. fruit (prkef-zL). Khine Zar Pwint; Myo Myint;
Win Win Maw; May Aye Than; Nwe Ni Thin. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2010:
p18.
The aim of study is to determine the in-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial activity of
essential oils and isolated thymol from Carum copticum and to evaluate the acute
toxicity of isolated thymol. The essential oils of air-dried fruit samples were obtained
by hydrodistillation method. Thymol was isolated by fractional distillation method
and was identified by thin layer chromatography and FTIR spectrophotometer
compared with standard thymol. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and isolated
thymol were tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Candida albicans by agar disc diffusion method and compared with
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standard thymol and control antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, econazole. It was

observed that essential oil, standard and isolated thymol was effective against S.
aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of isolated thymol was 100µg/ml for S. aureus, E. coli. and
50µg/ml for Candida albicans by agar plate dilution method and compared with MIC of
standard thymol. It showed that MIC of isolated thymol was coincided with MIC of
standard thymol. In-vivo study, open wounds were induced by Staphylococcus aureus
strain in albino rats and treated with essential oil, isolated thymol, and standard
thymol. It showed that complete wound healing rate of essential oil was 6th day;
isolated and standard thymol was 5th day. The LD50 of isolated thymol was 1.6g/kg body
weight per orally in mice. In conclusion, essential oil and isolated thymol from Carum
copticum Benth & Hook. represented an inexpensive source of natural antimicrobial
agents.
205. In-vitro antibacteria activity of extracts and active compound from stem bark of
Mangifera indica L. (Mango). Saw Thi Dar; Hla Myint, Saw; Wah Wah Aung;
Mi Mi Htwe; Khin Lay. Myanmar Health Res Congr, p9-10.
Mangifera indica L., commonly known mango plants, is an important nutritional
source in the world. The bark has been traditionally used in Myanmar for the
treatment of various ailments. In the present study, the extracts of mango cultivar
Sein-ta-lone stem barks were screened for phytochemical constituents and
antimicrobial activity. From this, polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins and glycosides were observed in the bark. The barks defatted with petroleum
ether were extracted successively with acetone and 70% ethanol repeatedly to obtain
mangifera compound. The mangifera was crystallized out as yellow crystals and
1.85% was obtained from (70%) ethanol extract. The purity of compound was
confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), chemical tests, melting point and
Ultra-violet (UV) and Fourier-transform Infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopic method.
In-vitro antibacterical activities of extracts and isolated mangifera were investigated
on some pathogenic bacteria strains; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus,
Salmonella typhi, Shigella bodyii, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysentriae, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella aerogenes and Vibrio cholera by agar disc diffusion methods. Promising
antibacterial activity was observed only on S. aureus. The minimum Inhibitory
Concertration (MIC) of 70% ethonolic and acetone extract, ≥1.25mg/ml and
≥10mg/ml, respectively, was determined by broth micro-dilution method; and
antibacterial activity and MIC (20mg/ml) of isolated compound was determined by
agar plate dilution method. S. aureus causes skin, respiratory and nosocomial
infections and its resistance to many antibiotics is a major problem. The present study
highlighted some medical values from mango stem barks and isolated mangiferin
compound.
206. In-vitro antibacterial activity of some indigenous plants and effect on in vivo
Staphylococcal induced wounds. Mi Mi Htwe; Mar Mar Nyein; Khin Chit; Mu Mu
Sein Myint; Aye Than. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2001; 13 (1-3): p32-37.
For in vitro study, 12 indigenous plant extracts were tested on 5 strains of
Escherichia coli (EPEC, ETEC, VTEC, EAEC and ATCC ), 3 strains of Shigellae
(Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei); one strain each of Klebsiella
aeruginosa, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus morganii, Pseudomonas pyocyanea,
Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio cholerae. The antibacterial
activity of plants on tested bacterial species were Ageratum conyzoides: Hkwathaipan
(4 species); Coleus aromaticus: Ziyaywethtu (5 species); Cuminum cyminum: Ziyasai
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(2 species); Emblica officinalis syn. Phyllanthus emblica: Zibyuthee (11 species);

Foeniculum vulgare: Samonsaba (1 specie); Nyctanthes arbortristis: Seikphaluywet
(6 species); Piper betle: Kunywet (13 species); Piper nigrum: Ngayokkaungsai
(5 species); Terminalia chebula: (11 species); and Vinea rosea: Thinbawmahnyoywet
(6 species) respectively were demonstrated by using agar disc diffusion technique. For
in vivo study, Staphylococcus aureus strain was induced as open wounds in
experimental rats and topical application of plant extracts in paraffin was introduced.
It was noted that the plant Piper betle (Kun) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Seikphalu)
accelerated the rate of wound healing and tensile strength without formation of pus
and induration when compared with the controls.
207. In-vitro antibacterial of some medicinal plants on bacteria causing diarrhoea and
dysentery. Mi Mi Htwe; Khin Nwe Oo; Win Maw Tun; Wah Wah Aung;
Mya Mya Aye; May Aye Than. Myanmar Health Res Cong, 2009: p75.
Diarrhoea and dysentery still play an important role as major morbidity and
mortality in many countries. In Myanmar diarrhoea and dysentery stood as the fourth
priority disease in the National Health Plan (2006-2011). The emergence of antibiotic
resistance bacteria accounts for a significant challenge in the treatment of these
infections. As there are numerous medicinal plants which are reputed to be effective
against many diseases, the present study was carried out to detect antibacterial activity
of some reputed medicinal plants on bacteria causing diarrhoea and dysentery. The
different extracts of 16 medicinal plants were tested for in vitro antibacterial activity
by using agar disc diffusion technique at the Bacteriology Research Division,
Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar) during 2007 and 2008. The
minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts with the most significant activity were
evaluated by plate dilution method. The bacterial strains tested were Escherichia coli
ATCC, Escherichia coli O157, Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio cholerae O139, Shigella
dysenteriae, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Salmonella typhi.
The plants that had antibacterial activity on bacterial causing diarrhoea and dysentery were
found to be Garcinia morella Desr. (Pan-nyo-gyi), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.
(Kaung-yan), Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-hmaing), Cardiospermum helicacabum Linn.,
(Kala-myet-si), Allium tuberosum Roxb. (Gyu-myit), Gastrochilus pandurata (Seik-phoo),
Asparagus acerosus Roxb. (Shin-ma-tet), Cinnamomum tamala (Thit-kyabo), Dracaena
terminalis (Zawgyi-taung-mway), Triumfetta annua Linn. (Kat-si-ne) and Oroxylum
indicum (Kyaung-sha). The research findings provide necessary data for further in
vivo animal studies and clinical trails on effectiveness of these medicinal plants.
208. In-virto antimicrobial activity of Danta-thu-kha (Scoparia dulcis Linn.) on some
control strains of microorganisms. Nwe Nwe Soe. Thesis, MMedSc
(Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (2); 2009.
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate scientifically the in vitro
antimicrobial activity of whole plant and leaves of Danta-thu-kha (Scoparia dulcis
Linn.). Screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Danta-thu-kha
(Scoparia dulcis Linn.) were done on eleven strains of organisms (Candida albicans,
Escherichia coli (O157), Escherichia coli (ACTT), Samonella typhi, Samonella
enteritis, Shigella dysentriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). The crude extracts have
been extracted from Danta-thu-kha (Scoparia dulcis Linn.) with polar and non polar
solvents such as 95% ethanol, 95% methanol and water. The antimicrobial activities of
crude extracts of Danta-thu-kha (Scoparia dulcis Linn.) were determined by agar disc
diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration of active extracts on
95
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were also determined by tube dilution
method. It was observed that the crude extracts were effective only on Staphylococcus
aureus and Bacillus cereus but no activity on other organisms. The ethanolic extract
(whole plant) gave the zone of inhibition 10mm on Bacillus cereus and the zone of
inhibition 16mm on Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous extract (whole plant) gave
zone of inhibition 11mm and the aqueous extract (leves) gave zone of inhibition
10mm only on Staphylococcus aureus. The Minium Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
of the ethanolic extract (whole plant) was 2.5mg/ml; the queous extract (whole plant)
was 10mg/ml ethanolic extract (leaves) was 5mg/ml, aqueous extract (leaves) was
more than 10mg/ml, on Staphylococcus aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) of both the ethanolic and aqueous extract were more than
10mg/ml on Bacillus cereus. From these findings, it was concluded that the crude
extracts of whole plant of Danta-thu-kha (Scoparia dulcis Linn.) may have useful
antimicrobial activity in infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus
cereus.
209. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia alba. Mar Mar Nyein; Myint Oo;
Sein Gwan; Chit Maung. Burma Res Congr, 1973: p97.
Lawsonia alba (Dan-gyi), a plant chiefly grown in Burma, was reputed to have
antidysenteric effect. The crude extract of L.alba was tested upon two strains of
Entamoeba histolytica and some bacteria. Two strains of E. histolytica of human
origin were cultured in biphasia media (Dobell & Laidlaw, 1926; Rao, 1951) and
tested against water soluble powdery extract of L. alba. The growth pattern of E.
histolytica was determined at intervals of 12 and 24 hours respectively after exposure
to the drug and indubation at 37.C. The Minimum Amoebicidal Concentration (MAC)
of the extract of L. alba was found to be 100 milligrams per milliliter. An aqueous
extract of L. alba was tested against 12 species of bacteria by (1) Agar Disc Diffusion
Technique (Bauer, Kirby, Sherris and Turck, 1996) and (2) Serial Dilution Tubes
Technique to determine bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Ampicillin and tetracycline
were used as controls. The range of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the extract
was also determined. The extract was found to have a bactericidal action on some
tested bacteria.
210. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-hmaing) on bacterial
causing gastrointestinal infections. Zarni Myint. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon:
University of Pharmacy; 2008.
Myanmar medicinal plant; Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-hmaing) used for the
treatment of dysentery and diarrhea, was screened for antibacterial activity by agar
disc diffusion technique. Polar and non polar solvents employed for the extraction of
leaves of Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-hmaing) these different crude extracts were
determined for the antibacterial activity against 8 pathogenic bacteria causing
common gastrointestinal infections. The main microorganisms tested are Escherichia coli
ATYCC, Escherichia coli 0157, Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, Shigella
dydenteriae, Shigellas flexneri, Vibrio cholerae, cholerae O1 and O139. Petroleum
ether, ethyl acetate, 95% ethanolic, 70% edthanolic and watery extracts were used to
test antibacterial activity. Norfloxacin, tetracycline and gentamicin were used as
control antibiotics among five types of extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-
hmaing), ethyl acetate extract (flavonoid extract) showed zone of inhibition on all test
bacteria. All types of extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-hmaing) had
antibacterial activity when on Vibrio cholerae O1. It was found that flavonoid extract
of Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-hmaing) possessed significant antibacterial activity
96
on test bacteria probably because of rich flavonoid fractions. This flavonoid may be
quercetin and it was identified by thin layer chromatography with authentic quercetin
using pet ether, ethyl (1:1) .The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the
extracts with the significant activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion technique.
The lowest MIC of plant extracts with different solvents was 1.25mg/ml and the
highest MIC was 10mg/ml. Acute toxicity of watery and ethanolic extracts of
Quisqualis indica Linn. (Dawei-hmaing) was done by the method of Litchfield and
Wilcoxon (1949) using mice. The results indicated that there was no lethality up to
20g/kg body weight with watery extract and 16g/kg body weight with 95% ethanolic
extract.
211. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of some indigenous plant extracts.
Khin Min Min Phyo. Thesis, MSc. (Botany), University of Yangon; 1998.
The dry fruits, leaves and barks of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Zibyu), the dry
leaves of Eupatorium odoratum Linn. (Bizat) and the dry flowers of Syzygium
aromaticum L. (Lay-hnyin) were extracted with ethanol, fifty percent ethanol and
water. The antimicrobial activity on the growth of different pathogenic bacteria were
tested by treating with various soluble extracts. Agar disc diffusion technique with
surface swab plately method was used in 18 different types of bacterial isolates. The
bacterial species included five strains of Escherichia coli, four species of Shigella,
three strains of Vibrio cholerae and one strain each of Klebsiella, Plesiomonas,
Pseudomonas, Proteus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus. Most of them were from
clinical infection specimens. The three tested extracts of Emblica officinalis fruits
were active on four types of bacteria (28.57%); three strains (18.75%) and seven
strains (38.89%) out of 14, 16 and 18 types of bacteria tested respectively. Similarly,
the three extracts of bark revealed to be active on one strain each (6.67%) and two
strains (13.33%) out of 15 strains tested.
212. In-vitro antioxidant activity of fresh leaves and dried leaves of Gynura procumbens (Lour.)
Merr. (ysm;_rD;7Guf). Wai Mi Aung. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: University of
Pharmacy, 2010.
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (ysm;_rD;7Guf) belonging to the family Asteraceae
can be occurred widely as ornamental and cultivated medicinal plant and prefers up to
2800m altitude such as Ka-chin, Chin and Shan States in Myanmar. Habit,
morphological and histological characters of this plant were presented in this study for
the plant authenticity purpose. Phytochemical and physicochemical characters were
also studied by using reference analytical methods and were documented in Myanmar
Herbal Pharmacopoeia Monograph presented in this research. In recent years, the
public prefers to take natural antioxidant sources from edible materials such as fruits,
spices, herbs, and vegetables. Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of
fresh and dried leaves of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. were prepared by
maceration method B.P. These extracts were determined for antioxidant activity by
using 1, 1-dipheny 1-2picryl-hydrazy (DPPH) assay and total phenolic content. The
50% inhibitory concentrations for free radical (IC50) values of fresh leaves were
0.66mg/ml, 0.55mg/ml , 0.08mg/ml and that of dried leaves were 0.15mg/ml,
0.14mg/ml, 0.00008mg/ml for petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extract
respectively. It was found that methanol extracts of fresh dried leaves had higher free
radical scavenging activity than others. The total phenolic contents of the extracts of
fresh leaves were 10.07, 11.16 and 20.08mg GA/g material and that of dried leaves
were 17.19, 18.12 and 24.05mg GA/g material in petroleum ether, chloroform and
97
methanol extracts, respectively. The results showed that DPPH radical scavenging
activity increased as total phenolic content increased. In acute toxicity study, it was no
lethal effect on Dutch Denken Yoken strain of albino mice was found up to 36ml/kg
of fresh juice and 5000mg/kg of dried leaves.
213. In-vitro antiviral effect of Kin-bon (Cephalandra indica) and propolis (bee product)
on herpes simplex virus (type 1 and 2). Angelina, Naw; Soe Thein; Win Myint;
Phyu Phyu Win; Win Kyi. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1995: p34.
Myanmar traditional plant “Kin-bon” and bee product “Propolis” were investigated
for in-vitro antiviral activity against HSV1 and 2 using cell culture method. Vero cell
line (African green monkey kidney) was used for the test. Identification of HSV1 and
2, propagation of virus, determination of the TCID50 of the virus, finding the lowest
concentration of the inhibitory effect of Acyclovir for drug control, and antiviral
activity tests were carried out according to standard procedures. Each test sample was
mixed with 100 TCD50 of HSV1 and 2 in equal volumes respectively and introduced
into the cell suspension in a 24 well culture plate. As for controls, diluent was used in
place of virus. The test plates were kept at 37˚C in a CO2 incubator and observed
daily microscopically. The results were taken on day 5 to 7 as cytopathic effect (CPE)
appeared show absence of in-vitro antiviral effect of both Kin-bon and Propolis on
herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2.
214. In-vitro assessment of some reputed medicinal plants against hepatitis B virus.
Myo Khin; Ni Ni Than; San Yu Maw; San San Oo; Nu Nu Lwin; Win Win Mar;
Khin May Oo. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2009: p65-66.
An in-vitro study to identify herbal products with potentials use for treatment of
hepatitis B infention was undertaken. The ethanolic extracts (1mg/ml to 8mg/ml) of
Eclipta alba (Kyeik-hman) leaves, Butea monosperma (Pauk-pwint) flowers, and
Cassia fistula (Ngu) bark were tested for the presence of anti-hepatitis B surface
antigen like activity. Different concertrations of the extracts were mixed with serum
samples obtained from high titre hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers
and incubated at 37°C for 24hours. The incubated samples were screened for HBsAg
titres using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Lamivudine was used as a
standard drug and lamivudine 5mg/ml showed HBsAg titre reduction to 1/128 (4
times). Ethanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula
exhibited 1/32 (16 times), 1/64 (8 times), 1/128 times (4 times) HBsAg titre
reductions in test sera samples. Compounds isolated from the plants were further
tested. Three pure compounds; butein, monospermonside, and isobutrin were isolated
from Butea monosperma, and among them isobutrin showed 1/8 (64 times) reduction
of HBsAg titre in test serum. Catechin isolated from Cassia fistula also demonstrated
1/16 (32 times) reduction of HBsAg titre in test sera samples. Thus isobutrin and
catechin could be identified as active compounds with potential use in the
management of hepatitis B infection. Although some clinical data exists on the use of
catechin in management of hepatitis B infection, data on the use of Cassia fistula is
limited and needs to be explored.
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215. In-vitro assessment of the anti-hepatitis B viral activity of selected Myanmar

medicinal plants and identification of active principle from bioassay guided
fractions. San Yu Maw. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2005.
In vitro anti-hepatitis B (anti-HBV) activity of selected Myanmar traditional
medicine plants, namely, Clerodendrum neriifolium Wall. (Fam. Verbenaceae)
(Pyae-sone), leaves, Cassia fistula Linn. (Fam. Leguminosae) (Ngu), bark, and
Swertia chirata Buch Ham. (Fam. Gentianaceae) (Pan-kha), aerial parts, have been
investigated by using ELISA (enzyme link immunosorbent assay) test kits. Two
different concentrations (4mg cm-3 and 6mg cm-3 in PBS buffer) of each ethanolic
crude extracts (50% and 95% ethanolic extract) were prepared for these plant
samples. All ethanolic extracts of “Ngu” bark (HBsAg titre 1/128) and “Pan-kha”
(HBsAg titre 1/512) showed significant anti-hepatitis B virus surface antigen
(HBsAg) like activity. Extraction, isolation, solvent partition, successive column
chromato-graphic separation on silica gel and crystallization provided β-sitosterol (I)
(0.02% yield, m.p.138˚C) from petroleum ether extract, and methyl cinnamate (II)
(0.013% yield, m.p.172˚C) from ethylacetate extract of “Pyae-sone”. Catechin (III)
(cyanidan-3-ol) (0.0213% yield, m.p.172-174˚C) has been isolated from the ethanolic
extract of “Ngu” bark after column chromatographic separation on silica gel followed
by sephadex LH-20 and crystallization. Decussatin (IV) (1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxy
xanthone) 0.033%yield,m.p.151˚C), isobellidifolin (V) (1,3,8-trihtdroxy-5-methoxy
xanthone) (0.167% yield, m.p 264-266˚C), acacetin-6-C-glucoside (VI) (4΄-methoxy-
5, 7-dihydroxy flavone 6-C glucoside) (0.05% yield, m.p198-200˚C) have been
isolated from ethanolic extract of “Pan-kha”. It is the first report for the presence of
VI in “Pan-kha” plant. All isolated constitutents were identified by melting point
determination and spectroscopic measurements. All of them except I were screened
for the presence of anti-HBsAg like activity using ELISA kit. Catechin (III) showed
the most potent anti-HBsAg like activity among these isolated compounds and
especially for HBsAg titre 1/16. Present investigation revealed that either crude plants
or ethanolic extracts of “Ngu” bark and “Pan-kha” could be used in the treatment of
HBV infection as claimed by Myanmar traditional medicinal practitioners. Indeed,
ethanolic crude extract of “Ngu” bark may be more effective than “Pan-kha”. The
anti-HBsAg like activity of III of “Ngu” bark is higher than that of ethanolic crude
extract. Thus, III may be responsible for the plant to exhibit anti-HBV activity and
may be of therapeutic value in treating viral hepatitis B infection. The activity of IV,
V and VI of Pan-kha were lower than of ethanolic crude extract showing the
therapeutic superiority of crude ethanolic extract over single isolated constituents.
216. In-vitro effects of some indigenous plant extracts against Entamoeba histolytica.
Myint Oo; Tu, Margaret; Sein Gwan. Burma Res Congr, 1972: p117.
Strains of Entamoeba histolytica of human origin were cultured in biphasic media
(Dobell & Laidlaw's, 1926; Rao, 1961) and tested against water-soluble powder
extracts of indigenous plants. Emetine dihydrochloride, metronidazole and diodo-
hydroxy-quinoline were used as control drugs. The growth pattern of E. histolytica
was determined at intervals of 12 and 24 hours respectively after exposure to the drug
and incubation of 37˚C. Berberine chloride, the crude extracts of Brucea sumatrana
and Coptis teeta, and the total alkaloids of Holarrhana antidysenterica was
amoebicidal at concentration of 20, 20, 125 and 250 micrograms per milliliter
respectively.
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217. In-vitro parasite clearance of herbal antimalarial traditional medicine compound for
uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Tin Tin Htay. Thesis, MMedSc
(Microbiology), Yangon: University of Medicine (1); 2007.
The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum worsen
the global malaria situation. Artemisinin-based combination therapy is recommended
to treat malaria. One of the herbal antimalarial traditional medicine compounds which
contains the extracts of Dichroa febrifuga, Coptis teeta and Qinghao leaf extract.
These three plants are cheaply available in Myanmar. Three hundred and fify-three
clinically suspected malaria patients attending the outpatient clinics of Vector Borne
Disease Control Centre, Gyogone, Insein were tested during the studied period of one
year. Among those patients, 31 isolates met the selection criteria for in vitro drug
sensitivity testing. Out of 31 isolates tested, 20 isolates were successfully grown in in
vitro test culture for the traditional medicine compound and 22 isolates were
successfully grown for those of chloroquine and mefloquine. The mean initial
parasitaemia levels were 33,829 parasites/ cu.mm for the traditional medicine
compound and 33,333.8 parasites/ cu.mm for chloroquine and mefloquine. The
traditional medicine compound showed 89.59% schizont inhibition at a concentration
of 1000 nmol/1, 2558 nmol/1 and 7886 nmol/1 respectively with mean MIC value of
1550 nmol/1.These parasite inhibition datas indicated that the traditional medicine
compound has definite in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum.
Its potency was found to be less than chloroquine and mefloquine. But the efficacy of
traditional medicine compound may be as good as or even better than the two other
drugs tested in parallel because of its nature of three herbal drugs combination.
218. In-vitro screening of antithelminthic effect of some indigenous plant extracts on
Ascaris suum. Thawka Kyin; Tu, Margaret. Rep Burma Med Res Counc, 1972:
p45.
The in vitro activity of the extracts of Butea frondosa (Pauk) and Quisqualis indica
(Da-we-hmaing) on Ascaris suum according to the method of Goodwin (1958) was
investigated. L-tetramisole, Oil of Chenopodium and Piperazine hexadrate served as
control drugs. The water soluble extracts of Butea frondosa seeds have a paralyzing
effect on Ascaris suum in vitro at a concentration of 4mg/ml within 1.9 hours. The
alcoholic extract of Quisqualis indica produced decreased activity at a concentration
of 4mg/ml within 5 hours.
219. In-vitro sensitivity of Azadirachta indica extracts on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Ti Ti; Lwin Ko; Khin Chit; Win Myint; Than Swe; Aung Naing; Hla Naing;
Sein Kyi. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1995: p39.
Different parts and various extracts of Azadirachta indica were tested against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in-vitro. Among watery, ethanol and petroleum ether
extracts of leaf bark, stem and seed of Azadirachta indica-watery extracts showed
least anti Mycobacterium tuberculosis, where as ethanol and petroleum ether extracts
of bark, stem and seed have some inhibition action on Tubercle bacilli. Seed extracts
showed good inhibition action. Detail study of seed extracts showed that ethanol
extracts have been action with minium inhibitory concentration of 10μg/ml. Further
biology and animal toxicity studies need to be extended.
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220. In-vitro testing of various indeginous plant extracts on human pathogenic bacteria.
Mar Mar Nyein; Chit Maung; Mya Bwin; Tha, Saw Johnson. Myanmar Health Sci
Res J. 1991 August; 3(2): p89-99.
Differentt parts and different extracts of twenty-six plants were tested against
fourteen pathogenic bacteria for general screening. Out of these, thirteen plants
showed an inhibitory activity against at least one test-bacterium, though there was a
variation regarding the size of zones of inhibition. The thirteen plants showing zones
of inhibition were Artemisia vulgaris, Brucea sumatrana, Coptis teeta, Yin-bya
(unindentified yet), Euphorbia hirta, Hiptage madablota, Lawsonia alba, Myristica
fragrans, Pithecellobium dulce, Pterocarpus santalinus, Quisqualis indica, Stephenia
hernandifolia, Symplocos santalinus, and Symplocos paniculata. The antimicrobial
spectrum and bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect of the plants were also determined.
221. In vivo anti-diarrheal activity of Seik-phoo (Boesenbergia pandurata, (Roxb.) Schltr.)
in mice. Aye Myint Sein; Thaw Zin; Khin Chit; Mu Mu Sein Myint;
Hla Myint, Saw; Moe Moe Aye; Yu Yu Nwe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2008:
p24-25.
Acute diarrhea is commonly encountered in developing countries, where traditional
herbal remedies are often sought for symptomatic relief. Thus, identifying and
evaluation reputed plants used for diarrhea, in terms of efficacy and safety becomes a
necessity. With the object to determine the antidiarrheal efficacy of Seik-phoo
(Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr), a plant reputed of having antidiarrheal
property, studies on experimentally-induced diarrhea mouse model and antibacterial
activity on common diarrhea-causing organisms was carried out. The watery extracts,
in serial dilutions of 3,6 and 12g/kg of Seik-phoo, were administered to 3 groups of
mice induced by castor oil to produce experimental diaatthea and the efficacy
compard with a nagetive control receiving normal saline and a positive control
receiving standard antidiarrheal drug, loparamide. Antidiarrheal activity was assessed
by 1) effect on castor oil-induced diarrhea (number/type of stools passed), 2) effect on
castor oil induced enteropooling (weight/volume of fluid accumulation), and 3) effect
on castor oil induced small intestinal transit (passage of charcoal meal). Seik-phoo
was found to possessed marked anti-diarrheal effect comparable to loparpmide, as
seen by a significant delay in onset on diarrhea in first hour and a market reduction in
the number of diarrhea stools (12.5±1.4 to 5.8±0.7 times in 4hours; p<0.02). There
was also marked reduction in both intestinal fluid accumulation (43.6%, p<0.05), and
intestinal transit (63.3%; p<0.001). In addition, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and
ethanolic extracts showed marked antimicrobial activity against E.coli species,
Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphlococcus aureus, and Vibrio species,
indicating its potential usefulness in infective diarrhea where non-specific
antidiarrheal agents are contraindicated. The present study signified the antidiarrheal
effect of the extracts and their potential usefulness in a wide range of diarrheal states,
whether due to disorders of transit (e.g functional diarrhea, radiation diarrhea) of due
to abnormal secretory mechanisms like in cholera or E.coli enterotoxin induced
diarrhea.
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222. In-vivo study of the prophylactic value of some plants against experimentally-induced
infection of closed and open wounds. Mar Mar Nyein; Aye Than. Myanmar Health
Sci Res J. 2001; 13(1-3): p26-31.
Coptis teeta, (Khan-tauk), Lawsonia alba (Dan-gyi), Quisqualis indica
(Dawei-hmaing), and Stephania hernandifolia (Taung-kya-kyet-thway) were tested
for in vivo closed wound infected with Staphylococcus aureus Viable bacterial count,
tensile strength and tissue collagen content were measured and compared with three
control groups, one with parrafin alone treatment, another with sterile gauze alone and
with classical drug tetracycline ointment. The most promising results were observed
with extracts of C. teeta and S. hernandifolia than the remaing two plants. As for open
wounds, linear open wounds infected with S. aureus in albino rats treated with
Kaemferia spp. (bulb powder, benzene extract, and 50% alcoholic extract) and
kanamycin, distilled water, sulphanilamide, talcum powder and no treatment were
used as controls. Out of various treatments, the Kaempferia spp. powder in paraffin
gave the most promising results.
223. Influence of cultural characteristics on the utilization of traditional medicine and its
impact upon health care in Myanmar. Thaw Zin; Sein Win; Khin Chit; Tin Mg
Lay; Kyi Kyi; Kyi May Htwe; Moe Moe Aye; Mya Mya Moe. Myanmar Health
Res Congr, 2006: p24-25.
Traditional Medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skill and prectices based
experiences indigenous to different cultures. According to a world-wide review by the
WHO, 2001, the most commonly reported reason for using traditional medicine is that
it is more affordable, more closely corresponds to the patient’s culture and ideology,
and less paternalistic than modern medicine. Two dimensions are concerned with the
culture impact on health: emphasis on negative vs positive behavior patterns, and
emphasis on internal vs external causal factors. This gives rise to four cultural models:
the cultural deficit model, the cultural conflict model, the mainstream conformity
model, and the cultural distrust model. In order to understand the influence of cultural
characteristics on the utilization of traditional Medicine and its impact upon health
care in Myanmar, the present study was carried ouyt on 2 different areas in Myanmar:
the Yangon Division and the Southern Shan State. The aim was to study the socio-
demographic characteristics and the influence of culture and beliefs on the pattern of
decision-making and health care utilization. A Community-based, cross-sectional
descriptive, qualitative research involving use of pre-set questionnaires for socio-
demographic inputs, and standardized, semi-structured interviews for KAP, cultural
beliefs, pattern of health care utilization and satisfaction on the health care received,
was carried out. The study indicated that allopathic health services are many times
more available and also more utilized by the community irrespective of its location.
One of the main drawbacks of TM is the slow effect, but inaccessible distance and the
availability of practitioner and drugs also play a major role in influencing utilization.
The disease morbidity was relatively low in rural area of the Southern Shan State
(probably due to healthy environment and less stressful working conditions) and
majority of the population that suffered from minor ailments seemed to be
successfully taken care of, with available health care facilities, whether it may be
allopathic or traditional. Although the differences in cultural characteristics was not
apparent to have an extreme impact upon healthcare utilization in the Yangon
Division, it became more apparent within the diverse ethnic groups in the Southern
Shan State, where diverse ethnic minorities have their own different charactieristics,
102
beliefs and healing practices unique to their culture. The likelihood of conflicts with
culture and current healing practices is discussed.
224. Investigation of acute toxicity, anti inflammatory activity& some chemical
constituents of Kanzaw [Madhuca lobbii (C.B.Clark) H.J.Lam.] seed oil.
Than Than Htay. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2006.
Kanzaw seed oil from Tanintharyi Division of Myanmar has been popularly used
as a folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, rheumatism, tumor and different
type of cancers. Kanzaw or Ye-meze plant was identified as Madhuca lobbii
(C.B.Clarke) H.J Lam. by the botanists at the Department of Botany, University of
Yangon. The reported distribution of this plant species was not found in any other
parts of the world. Two seeds oil samples extracted by means of Traditional method
and solvent (pet-ether, 60-80ºC) extraction method were used for chemical and
pharmacological investigation and yields of oils based on the dried kernals were
found to be 39% and 48% respectively. In the present work, the acute toxicity effect
of Kanzaw oil obtained from traditional method was assessed on mice and it showed
no toxic symptoms and mortality in mice up to an oral maximal permissible dose
(60g/kg) of Kanzaw oil. Anti-inflammatory activity of Kanzaw oil was evaluated on
carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats and it was found that the reduction of paw
edema with an oral dose (45g/kg) of Kanzaw oil was comparable to that of standard
drug aspirin (300mg/kg). Physico-chemical characteristics of oil (PE extract) such as
colour, specific gravcity, refractive index, boiling point, cloud point, free fatty acid,
iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, moisture plus volatile matter content and ash
content were determined according to the reported methods of analysis. Qualitative
analysis of elementts in two oil samples were carried out by EDXRF method and it
indicated the presence of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Se. In addition, cobalt (Co) was
found to be present in the oilof PE extract, The elemental compositions of Kanzaw oil
(PE extract) determined by direct solvent AAs method were observed to be
Fe(3.88ppm), Cu(0.70ppm), Zn(0.30ppm), Cr(0.08ppm), Ni(0.49ppm) and
Se(0.14ppm). The fatty acids composition measured by GLC technique gave lauric
acid (0.46%), palmitic acid (21.25%), stearic acid (11.57%), oleic acid (60.43%), and
linoleic acid (6.29%). One triterpenoid, lupeol (0.06%) and one sterol, campesterol
(0.05%) were isolated from unsaponifiable fraction of seed oil by using
chromatography on silica gel column with PE: EtOAc (19:1) solvent system. The
isolated compounds were identified by colour tests on TLC chromatograms, melting
points and spectoscopic methods such as UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13CNMR and EI-MS.
The observation of these two compounds (Lupeol and Campesterol) in the seed oil of
Kanzaw [Madhuca lobbii (C.B.Clarke) H.J. Lam] is the first in Myanmar.
225. An investigation of Ananas sativa for its anthelmintic actions. Yee Mon Myint.
Thesis, MSc (Zoology), Rangoon Arts and Science University; 1981.
The anthelmintic potential of the pineapple A. sativa (Nanat-thee) for its clinical
application was investigated. Appropriate in vitro screening method and in vivo test
models were developed. The in vitro model employed the standard Tyrode solution
with the pH of 7±0.2, similar to that of jejunum and ileum where the parasites most
commonly reside, being 28.6% and 67.4% respectively. The in vitro model also
employed a shorter duration of incubation period of two days with daily renewal of
the bathing solution which is suitable for the screening of such indigenous herbal
agents. A concentration of 40 to 80mg/ml pineapple significantly killed the test worm
during the experimental period of two days. Comparison potency-wise showed
80mg/ml of the pineapple juice was equivalent to 4 mM of piperazine in its
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anthelmintic activity. As a prerequisite test for its clinical application and in vivo
model using pigs had been done and found satisfactory. The anthelmintic action of
fresh pineapple consumed was due to its bromelain content. The mechanism of action
of bromelain is due to its proteolytic digestion of the worm’s cuticle. Crude bromelain
could be extracted from local pineapple fruit as much as 0.29gm per 100gm of fruit.
At its edible form and amount, the pineapple possesses sufficient anthelmintic activity
even though it was partially destroyed on its passage to the stomach. The required
anthelmintic effect was suggestive to be achieved by consuming a quarter to the
whole fruit of medium size depending on the age of the subjects.
226. Investigation of anthelmintic and bioactivities and some organic constituents of
Balanites aegyptiaca Linn. Delile. (Thit-pa-lway) bark and Benincasa cerifera
Savi. (Kyauk-phayon) seed. Thida Tun. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of
Yangon; 2008.
In the present work, Bakabutes aegyptiace Linn. Delile. (Thit-pa-lway) bark
(TPLB) and Benincasa cerifera Savi. (Kyauk-phayon) seed (KPYS) were chosen for
isolation of phytoconstituents and bioactivity studies. By silica gel column
chromatographic separation, 0.007% of palmitic acid (m.pt=61~63˚C), 0.008% of
bergapten (m.pt=178~182˚C) and 0.001% of β-sitosterol (m.pt=132~142˚C) were
isolated from pet-ether extract of TPLB and from ethyl acetate extract, 0.006% of
diosgenin (m.pt=203~205˚C) was isolated. Whereas, 0.02% of arachidic acid
(m.pt=73~75˚C) was isolated from ethyl acetate extract of KPYS. The idenitities of
all isolated compounds were made by joint application of modern spectroscopic
techniques (UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13CNMR and their physico-chemical properties.
Acute toxicity test revealed no harmful effect can mice for both aqueous and EtOH
extracts from KPYS 24g/kg BW dose. However, TPLB extracts were observed to be
toxic. LD50 of TPLB aqueous extract was 11.5g/kg BW and its confidence limit was
between 9.2g/kg~14.38g/kg BW. LD50 of TPLB EtOH extract was 13g/kg BW and its
confidence limit was 11.3g/kg~14.22g/kg BW. Antimicrobial activity of some crude
extracts such as pet-ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts was investigated
against 5 bacterial strains of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonous aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albican and Escherichia coli
by agar well diffusion method, Pet-ether extract of TPLB showed antimicrobial
activity against all strains with inhibition diameter of 12-15mm. Ethanol and ethyl
acetate extract of TPLB, respectively, exhibited inhibition zones diameters in the
ranges of 14~20 above mm against four microorganisms, except E. coli. However,
aqueous extract of TPLB exhibited inhibition zone diameters in the ranges
20mm~above against only E. coli. But all extracts of KPYS did not show
antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms tested. The minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) value of two isolated compounds bergapten and diosgenin
against 8 microorganisms such as Proteus morganella, Staphylococous aureus ws,
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella cholerae-suis, Shigella dystentriae (ID),
Vibrio cholerae, Staphylcoccus aureus and Bacillus sublilis were also determined by
employing microplate dilution method. The MIC of bergapten against S. cholerae-suis
and S. dysenteriae (ID) were found to be 12.5μg/ml and 25μg/ml, respectively. The
MIC of bergapten against remaining 6 bacterial strains of microorganism were
observed to be >25μg/ml. For diosgenin, the MIC values against
P. morganella and V. cholerate (O1 DMR ID 93) were found to be 25μg/ml, and
>25μg/ml against the other 6 microorganisms. Furthermore, antioxidant properties of
watery and 95% EtOH extracts of TPLB and KPYS as well as two isolated
104
compounds (B, bergapten) and (D, diosgenin) were also investigated by determination
of oxidative inhibitory concentration (IC50) with DPPH assay. As the lower the (IC50)
values, the higher the antioxidant activities, TPLB ethanol extract (IC50=0.547μg/ml)
has the highest antioxidant activity followed by TPLB watery extract
(IC50=1.067μg/ml) and KPYS watery extract (IC50=1.111μg/ml). Both TPLB and
KPYS extracts were also found to be more effective than standard BHT C and
diosgenin (IC50=1.209μg/ml) in antioxidant activity. The anthelmintic activity of
watery and 95% EtOH extracts from TPLB and KPYS, and two isolated compounds
β-sitosterol and diosgenin was also studied by using mice model infected with
Hymenolepis nana at various time intervals, i.e., day 0, day 3, day 5, day 7, day 10
and day 14 before and after orally administration of different doses of samples and
standard drug albendazole. The percent reductions of egg count at post-treatment day
14 for TPLB watery and EtOH extracts with the doses of 3,6 and 9g/kg bw were
respectively found to be 65.16%, 77.94%, 89.95% and 54.06%, 68.72%, 75%.
Whereas KPYS watery and EtOH extracts showed the percent reduction of egg count
at post treatment day 14 to be 53.41%, 67.27%, 73.33% and 43.09%,52.03%,57.05%
with the same doses of 3,6 and 9g/kg bw, respectively. It was found that as the doses
of samples were increased, the percent reduction of egg count was increase, and the
TYLB watery extract has the highest anthelmintic activity and the KPYS EtOH
extract has the lowest potency. The investigation of anthelmintic activity of two
isolated compounds β-sitosterol and diosgenin was also carried out. β-sitosterol and
diosgenin could reduce 88.53% and 94.53% of egg count after 14 day post-treatment
with the dosage of each 2mg/kg bw. Therefore, it could be inferred that β-sitosterol
and diosgenin have anthelmintic potency and diosgenin possessed slightly better
activity. Therefore, it can be inferred that TPLB and KPYS may be useful in the
medicinal formulation for the treatment of anthelminitic activity and the diseases
related to the microorganism tested. Furthermore, the bark of TPL and the seed of
KPY may be used as antioxidant agents.
227. Investigation of antibacterial activity of three traditional medicine formulations.
Mar Mar Nyein; Chit Maung; Mya Bwin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1996; 8(1):
p20-24.
Three traditional medicine formulations which are widely used by local people
were investigated for antibacterial activity using 14 species of bacteria. The bacteria
include one specie each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus
pyogenes and Vibrio cholerae; two species each of Proteus, Salmonella and
Staphylococcus and 4 species of Shigellae. The formulations were Ah-bein-nyin,
Heleikda-sonna and Nandwin-nganzay which contain herbs and chemicals and have
been used as antipyretic or in the treatment of urinary disorders, gastrointestinal
disorders and cardiovascular disorders. Fifty percent alcoholic extract of these drugs
were found to possess some antibacterial activity on certain bacteria. Moreover,
extracts from 7 plants namely, Saxifraga ligulata (Wall) (Nat-hsay-gamone),
Capparis sepiaria (Sugaut-net), Holoptelea integrifolia (Pyauk-seik), Zizyphus oenoplia
(Baung-bet), Hygrophila spinosa (Su-padaung), Mitragyna parviflora (Htain-they) and
unidentified sp. (Thetyin-kadoe) were also tested on the above bacteria. It was observed
that Saxifraga ligulata, Capparis sepiaria and Zizyphus oenoplia showed antibacterial
activity on some bacteria.
105
228. Investigation of antimicrobial activities of some organic constituents from

Cyperus scariasus R.Br. (Nwa-mye-yin) and Barleria prionitis Linn. (Leik-su-
shwe). Khin Sunn Yu. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry). University of Yangon; 2007.
The aim of this study is to screen in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity and
some bioactive phytoconstituents from activity guided plant extracts of Cyperus
scariosus R.Br, Barleria prionitis L., Barleria cristata L. and Barleria dichotoma
Roxb. These have been studied on preliminarily in vitro screening of antibacterial
activity by agar disc diffusion method. The extracts of B. cristata L. and B. dichotoma
Roxb. did not show antibacterial activity. Therefore, among four plants tested, the two
antibacterial activities guided plants C. scariosus R.Br., and B. prionitis L.were
chosen for the isolation of some bioactive constituents and for revealing scientific
proof on antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activities by in vitro and in vivo experimental
models. In vitro screening of antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method, all of
the extracts of C. scariosus R.Br. showed antibacterial activity on six strains of
microorganisms (inhibition zone diameter, 12-20mm). Moreover, all crude extracts of
B. prionitis L. except PE extract showed an inhibition zone of 12-20 mm) against the
tested organisms. According to these results, the EtOAc extracts of C. scariosus R.Br.
and B. prionitis L. Exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity when compred
with activities of extracts of both plants. In vitro screening of antifungal activity, PE
and MeHO extracts of C. scariosus R.Br. exhibited antifungal activity (zone of
inhibition–14mm) against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. All crude extracts such
as PE, MeOH and H2o extracts of B. prionitis L. showed antifungal activity against
Aspergillus niger (zone of inhibition ranging from 15-20mm) whereas only MeOH
extract displayed antifungal activity against Candida albicans (zone of inhibition is
16mm). In vivo investigation of antidiarrheal activity of aqueous extracts of
C. scariosus R.Br. and B. prionitis L. were carried out using castor oil-induced
diarrhea model in mice. According to the experimental results, it can be observed that
C. scariosus R.Br. have more potent antidiarrrheal activity which is similar to that of
the standard drug, loperamide, (57.2; p<0.05) than those of B. prionitis L. (31.61%) at
the dose of 12g/kg boby weight. In vivo screening of wound healing activity of 70%
EtOH and aqueous extracts of both plants were also tested on Staphylococcus aureus
infected wound of albino rats. The results showed that the 70% EtOH extracts of both
plants have a higher potency in complete healing effect together with reducing
inflammation at the dose of 20mg after 3 to 4 days than of aqueous extracts of both
plants after 4 to 5 days. Activity guided extracts of both plants were separated by
column chromatographic method. The isolated compounds were identified by UV-vis,
FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D NMR, 1H-1H COSY and EI-MS spectroscopy.
Column chromatographic separation of activity guided EtOAC extract of
B. prionitis L. Provided compounds KSY-1 (0.0012%), KSY-2 (0.008%) and KSY-3
(0.005%) and KSY-4 (0.007%). The isolated compounds KSY-1, 2 and 3 may be
identified as the same skeleton of fatty acid ester. Compound KYS-5 (a mixture of 3:1
composition ratio of (a) β-sitostenone and (b) stigmastenone) (0.0037%), KSY-6
(β-sitosterol, 0.015%) was isolated from PE extract of C. scariosus R.Br. And also, KSY-7
(β-sitosterol acetate) was obtained from semisynthetic of KSY-6. The finding of
KSY-5, a mixture of β-sitostenone and stigmastenone from C. scarsiosus R.Br. plant
was also assumed as the first report since no report has been found in the previous
literature regarding in C. scariosus R.Br. plant. In addition, activity guided EtOAc
extract of C. scariosus R.Br. gave compounds KSY-8 (an aurone, 0.0015%), KSY-9
(an aurone, 0.0025%) and KSY-10 (4-methoxy aureusidin, 0.0065%). The
quantitative and qualitative analysis of vitamins content (Ascorbic acid and Thiamine)
106
were also carried out by A.O.A.C method and UV-vis spectroscopic method and the
qualities of the vitamins were compared with those of the standard vitamins. The MIC
values of isolated compounds from B. prionitis L. were (KSY 1; 1.25µg/mL; KSY
2:1.25-µg/mL; ≥2.5µg/mL; KSY 3:0.3µg/mL≥2.5µg/mL) against Proteus motganii,
Bacillus subtilis, 2 species of Salmoella, 3 species of Escherichia coli, 2 species of
Staphlococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae. Moreover, the MIC values of active
EtOAc extract and isolated compounds from C. scariosus R.Br. were determined on
eight common pathogens causing dearrhea such as 2 species of Escheichia coli, 3
species of Shigella, a species of Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi. The MIC value
of EtOAc extract was (5µg/mL), KSY-5 was (>1.25µg/mL); KSY-6 was
(>2.5µg/mL); KSY-7 was (>1.25µg/mL); and KSY-8 was (2.5µg/mL).
229. Investigation of antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal & antioxidant activities of Sabalin
(Cymbopogon flexsuosus) Stapf. Hla Thidar Aung. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
University of Yangon; 2008.
Lemongrass or Cymbopogan flexuosus. Stapf., as it is known botanically,
originated in Southern India and Srilanka. This versatile herb will grow in almost any
tropical or subtropical climate as long as it gets adequate water and nutrition. In this
research, the antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal and antioxidant activities were investigated.
According to the phytochemical investigation, chemical constituent’s flavonoids,
alkaloids, phenolic compound, tannins, carbohydrate, glycoside, steroids and reducing
sugar) were found in the leaves of Sabalin. From EDXRF spectrum, K, Cl, Fe, Rb,
Mn and Br were found in the leaves of Sabalin. The essential oil was extracted from
leaves of Sabalin and yield % was 0.26%. Then the citral was isolated from essential
oil (70% yields) by using column chromatographic technique using silica gel G. The
purified citral was well characterized using boiling point, TLC, FT-IR, and GC-MS
techniques. Two isomers, cis citral a and trans citral b of retention times 7.14 and
7.38min, were detected in the gas chromatogram. Then extractions with water and
EtOH were carried out on leaves of Sabalin. The β-sitosterol (0.035%) was isolated
from EtOH extract by using column chromatographic technique with silica gel G. The
β-sitosterol was characterized by TLC, FT-IR and NMR techniques. The antibacterial
and antifungal activities and MIC of citral, essential oil two crude extracts and
β-sitosterol were investigated using Proteus morgani, Bacillus subtilis, 2 species of
Salmonella, 3 species of E. coli, 2 species of Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae
and Candida albican According to the inhibition zone diameters, Vibro cholerae and
Candida albican. According to the inhibition zone diameters, the order of
antibacterial and antifungal activities were citral > lemongrass oil > EtOH extract >
water extract. The acute toxicity test and antidiarrhoeal activities, the water and EtOH
extracts were studied by using albino mice model (ddy strain). Comparative study was
done using antidiarrhoeal medicine, dicotil (loperamide). In vitro examination of
acute toxicity results on mice model were exhibited that this plant was free from acute
toxicity effect at maximum permissible dose 12g/kg body weight and therefore
medium lethal dose (LD50) of 70% EtOH and H2O extracts was more than 12g/kg
body weight. By utilizing the screening of free radical scavenging activity (DPPH)
assay on two crude extracts of aerial parts of Sabalin, by using Butylated Hydroxy
Toluene (BHT) as a standard, the inhibition % (IC50) was found 1.17, 1.26 and 1.98
respectively, for BHT, H2O and EtOH extracts.
107
230. Investigation of bioactive phytoconstituents and the biological activities of some

Myanmar traditional medicinal plants. Ni Ni Than. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
The purpose of this research work is to study bioactive phytoconstituents and their
biological activities from four medicinal plants which are currently used in TMH for
the treatment of hepatitis and liver disorder. These are the whole plants of
Phyllanthus niruri (Taung-zee-phyu), the whole plants of Elephantopus scaber
(Taw-mon-lar or Sin-chay) leaves of Eclipta alba (Kyeik-hman) and flowers of
Butea monosperma (Pauk-pwint). Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified from
the whole plants of Phyllanthus niruri. Among these one was a new flavone sulfonic
acid named niruri flavone (8) together with hypophyllanthin (1). isoquercetin (2).
gallic acid (3) brevifolin carboxylic acid (4). methyl brevifolin carboxylate (5),
corilagin (6) and isocorilagin (7), quercetin-3-0-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)- α-
rhamnopyranoside (9), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (10). methyl hexadecanoate
(11), ethyl hexadecanoate (12). methyl octadecanoate (13). ethyl (E)-9-octadecenoate
(14). ethyl octadecanoate (15). Ten compounds were isolated and identified from the
whole plants of Elephantopus scaber. Among these two new sesquiterpene lactones
named 17, 19-dihydrodeoxyelephantopin (18). iso-17, 19-dihydrodeoxyelephantopin
(19). together with the known compounds deoxyelephantopin (17). lupeol (19).
stigmasterol (20). stigmasterol glucoside (21). ethyl hexadecanote (22).9.12- ethyl
octadecadienoate (23). ethyl Z-9-octadecanoate (24) and ethyl octadecanoate (25)
were identified by modern spectroscopic methods. Seventeen compounds were
isolated and identified from the flowers of Butea monosperma. from which
medicarpin-3-O-glucoside (29) was isolated for the first time. The other compounds
were butein (26). butin (27), monospermoside (butein-3-β-D-glucoside) (28).
β-sitosterol glucoside (30), sulphurein (31). isomonospenlloside (butin-3-glucoside)
(32), isocoreopsin-(Butin- 7-glucoside) (33), butrin (34). isobutrin (35). ergost-5-en-
3β-ol (36), stigmasterol (37). β-sitosterol (38). 6.10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone
(39), methyl hexadecanoate (40). methyl octadecanoate (41). heptacosane (42).
Eleven pure compounds were isolated from the leaves of Eclipta alba. Namely
stigmasterol (43), wedelolactone (44), stigmasterol glucoside (45), Eclalbasaponin II
(46). eclalbasaponin I (47), apigenin (48) luteolin (49), apigenin- 7-0-sulphate (50).
luteolin- 7-0-sulphate (51). luteolin- 7-0-glucoside (52) and indole-3-carboxylic acid
(53). Out of the flavonoid sulphates, apigenin-7-0-sulphate. luteolin- 7-0-sulphate and
indole-3-carboxylic acid were isolated for the first time from the leaves of E. alba. In
the biological activities, primary) screening was carried out for the antitumour activity
of 21 compounds (compound 1-9 from P. niruri. compound 16-21 from E. scaber.
compound 26, 34 and 35 from B. monosperma and compound 44, 47 and 51 from E.
alba) using six cell lines with two different concentrations. Four compounds from E.
scaber (deoxyelephantopin (17), 17.19-dihydrodeoxyelephantopin (18) iso-17.19-
dihydrodeoxyelephantopin (19), lupeol (16). one compound from
B. monosperma (butein. 26). one compound from E. alba (wedelolactone. 44) which
showed activity in the primary screening were further screened by 36 cell lines using five
different concentrations. The new substances (from E. scaber) I 7.19-
dihydrodeoxyelephantopin (18) and iso-17. 19-dihydrodeoxyelephantopin (19)
exhibited a mean IC70 value of 4.0μg/ml and 4.3μg/ml respectively, compared to a
mean IC70 value of 1.1μg/ml for 17. All three compounds were active against the
melanoma derived cell line MEXF 394 NL. The compound 17 effected pronounced
activity in the mammary cancer cell line MAXF401 NL. 18 was highly effective in
the renal cancer cell line RXF 944L and 19 showed marked activity to the large cell
108
line lung cancer LXFL-526L. Compound 16 showed activity against central nerve
system cells CNXFSF 268. Compound 26 (from B. monosperma) exhibited activity
against the gastric cancer cell line GXF 251L. and 44 showed activity against the
ovarian cancer cell line OVXFI619L. Four major compounds isolated from E. scaber
exhibited pronounced antitumour activity and due to their selectivity should be used
for the treatment of melanoma mammary renal and lung cancers. From these tests, as
we are getting not only the cellular toxicity but also the selectivity, results will allow
us to evaluate the potential medical value of the metabolites. Antiviral activity of four
plant extracts and the pure compounds wedelolactone (44) (isolated from E. alba).
and butrin (34) (isolated from B. monosperma) was tested by using human lung
endothelial cell line A-549. E. scaber EtOH extract showed antiviral activity at a
diluation of 1:300. Wedelolactone (44) showed cytotoxic activity at a concentration of
100μg/ml. The antioxident activity of fourteen pure compounds namely isoquercetin
(2), gallic acid (3), brevifolin carboxylic acid (4), methyl brevifolin carboxylate (5),
niruri flavone (8) and quercetin-3-0-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α- rhamnopyranoside
(9) from P.niruri. butein (26), butin (27). monospermoside (butein-3-β-D-glucoside.
28), sulphurein (31). isomonospermoside (butin-3-glucoside, 32), butrin (34).
isobutrin (35). from B.monosparma and wedelolactone (44) from E. alba were tested
by using improved an ABTS cation radical reduction assay. All the compounds were
capable of reducing approximately half of the cation radical at only 10μM. The new
compound niruri flavone (8) reduced ABTS cation radical at 20μM and the highly
active compound gallic acid (3) showed reduction at 2μM. Since a radical scavenger
turns into a free radical itself after interaction with a radical and since a reducing
agent may autooxidize it is important to test for potential prooxidant activity in vivo.
For this purpose bioluminescent dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum was
monitored as an indicator of oxidative stress. All the fourteen compounds which
showed efficient scavenging capacity (2-20μM) with ABTS cation radical were tested
using concentrations of 10 and 100μM. Gallic acid (3), niruriflavone (8), quercetin-3-
0-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-α- rhamnopyranoside (9), butin (27) and wedelolactone
(44) proved to be prooxidant in the assay. Gallic acid (3), which showed high
scavenging capacity (at 2μM) proved to be highly toxic. This showed that gallic acid
(3) can scavenge free radicals fonl1ing prooxidant intenl1ediates. Isoquercetin (2),
brevifolin carboxylic acid (4), methyl brevifolin carboxylate (5), and
isomonospermoside (butin-3-g1ucoside) (32). Which scavenged free radicals without
forming prooxidant intenl1ediates were further tested for protection of
Lingulodinium polyedrum against. Toxicity by the prooxidant paraquat. In this
experiment. isomonospenl1oside (butin-3-g1ucoside. 32) showed no sign of toxicity
after microscopic inspection of the L. polyedrum cells. Although it did not restore the
full height of the glow peak maximum. It has been show'n that this test on a cellular
level provides much more information than simple chemical tests. In the anti-HBsAg
like activity. EtOH extracts of P. niruri. E. alba. B. monosperma exhibited 1/16 (32
times), 1/32 (16 times). 1/64 (8 times) test serum titre reduction, respectively. E.
scaber EtOH extracts showed no significant activity of the three pure compounds
butein (26), monospermoside (butein-3-β-D-glucoside. 28), isobutrin (35) isolated
from B. monosperma. The compounds monospermoside (butein-3-β-D-glucoside. 28),
and isobutrin (butein-3.4-β-D-diglucoside. 35) showed pronounced activity by 1/8
(64 times) test serum titre reduction at a concentration of 4 mg/ml.
109
231. Investigation of biological activity and of some organic chemical constituents from
the seeds of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. (Mak-kat) and the roots of
Atalantia monophylla DC. (Taw-shauk). Lay Sandar. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
In the present work, two selected Myanmar medicinal plants, namely
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. (Mak-kat) seeds and Atalantia monophylla DC. (Taw-
shauk) roots were chosen for investigation of some chemical constituents and
biological activity. Mar-kat used for treatment of fever, diarrhea, dyspepsia and
rheumatism. Taw-shauk is especially used for chronic rheumatism and paralysis.
Antibacterial screening by agar well diffusion method against Bacillus subtillis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albicans
and Mycobacterium species of different extracts of Mak-kat seeds and Taw-shauk
roots indicated that polar extracts are good candidates for active compounds,
especially ethyl acetate extract. Xanthoxylin (L-1) was isolated as major constituent
from active ethyl acetate extract of Z alatum Roxb. seeds. Marmesin (L-2) (0.005%)
and demethylsuberosin (L-3) (0.004%) were also isolated from active ethyl acetate
extract of Atalantia monophylla DC. roots by silica gel column chromatographic
separation. The isolated compounds were characterized and identified by chemical
methods, modern spectroscopic methods and reference to biosynthesis pathways.
Furthermore, two derivatives from xanthoxylin, namely methyl xanthoxylin (L.4)
(58.33%) and 2’–hydroxy-4’, 6’-dimethoxy chalcone (L-5) (67%) were semi-
synthesized. They were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value showed that isolated compounds L-1
(62.5µg/ml) and L-2 (31.25µg/ml) were active on 2 species of Escherichia coli, 3
species of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumalis, Proteus morganii and Salmonella
typhi. Then, the determination of the nutritional values, physicochemical
characterization, qualitative elemental analysis and rapid screening of antioxidant by
Dot-Blot and DPPH staining method of both plants were carried out. Finally, the
antidiarrheal activity of the aqueous extract of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. seeds was
investigated by experimental test models using castor oil induced diarrhea, castor oil
induced intestinal fluid accumulation and castor oil induced intestinal propulsion
methods on albini mice. There were significant reduction in faecal outputs and
frequency of droppings when the plant extracts of 3.6 and 12g/kg doses were
administered orally compared with castor oil treated mice, with the (3g/kg) dose
showing the highest significant inhibition activity (76.13%, p<0.00001) against
castor oil induced diarrhea similar to standard antidiarrheal agent dicotil (79.09%,
p<0.00001). In addition, the aqueous extract (3g/kg dose) was found to possess
significant antidiarrheal activity, with experimental in vivo antidiarrheal index of
71.4%.
110
232. Investigation of chemical constituents and bioactivities of some organic compounds

from rhizomes of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr. (Seik-phoo) (Red and
Yellow varieties). Aye Myint Sein. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of
Yangon, 2008.
Besenbergia pandurata (Roxb) (Seik-phoo) red and yellow rhizomes were chosen
for the investigation of chemical analysis and biological action. Rhizomes and roots
of this plants are used in cases of stomachic, cough, confinement, diarrhea, also for
rheumatism and muscular pains and as tonic and skin liniment in traditional medicine.
The present work deals with the isolation of 7 compounds from Seik-phoo (yellow)
rhizome, MIC values of antibacterial activities of pure 3 compounds, acute toxicity,
anti diarrhoea activities and antioxidant activities. By silica gel column
chromatographic separation technique, seven compounds namely, pinostrobin (A-1,
2%, m.p 100ºC), panduratin A (A-2, 0.015%, m.p 157ºC), pinocembrin (A-3, 1.01%,
m.p 2000ºC), 2', 6' dihydroxy-4'- methoxy chalcone (A-4, 0.002%, m.p 164ºC),
cardamonin (A-5, 0.025%, m.p 200ºC)), alpinetin (A-6, 0.03%, m.p 220ºC) and
helichrysetin (A- 7, 0.002%, m.p 200ºC) were isolated from (yellow) rhizome of Seik-
phoo plant. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of compounds A-I and A-3
were determined by using micro plate dilution method: Proteus morganii, Salmonella
typhi, E. coli 0128K67, Staphylococcus aureus, E coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus L-43, E. coli EHEC. The compound A-I was active against E. coli
and Staphylococcus aureus (15.63µg/l). The compound A-3 was active against
Salmonella typhi, E. coli 0128:K67, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli ATCC 25922,
Bacillus subtilis, E. coli EHEC (4.7µg/ml) and against other two screening bacteria
with MIC value of (9.4µg/ml). The MIC value of isolated compound A-3 was active
against Vibrio cholerae O139 (2.5µg/ml). In vivo screening of antimicrobial activity
by agar disc diffusion method, all of the extracts such as PE, EtOH, EtOAc of
B. pandurata (yellow rhizome) were active against on 9 strains of microorganism
(inhibition zone diameter 14-23 mm) and these extracts of red rhizome were active
against on 4 strains of main organism (inhibition zone diameter 14-16mm). Therefore,
Seik-phoo (yellow rhizome) may possess higher antimicrobial potency than that of
red rhizome. The acute toxicity of 70% EtOH and aqueous extracts was examined on
albino mice by Litchfied and Wilcoxon method. It was observed that both extracts
were free from acute toxic or harmful effects in the concentration range from 3g/kg to
the maximal permissible dose 12g/kg. Antidiarrhea activity of aqueous extract of
Seik-phoo (yellow) rhizome was carried out using castor oil induced anti diarrhea
model in mice. The response parameters assessed includes antidiarrhea, anti secretory
and intestinal transit activaties. A significant reduction of fecal output and the
frequency of droppings in the first hour of administration (53.3%, p<0.05) were seen
with extracts of Seik-phoo (12 g/kg), which was similar with that seen with
loperamide. In antioxidant activity, EtOH and EtOAc extracts of both plants, isolated
compounds from Seik phoo (yellow) were measured for the antioxidant activity by
DPPH staining method. EtOH and EtOAc extracts of both plants showed potent
activity upto the dry matter 50µg. A-2, A-3, A-5 and A-7 showed activity at the dry
matter amount 50µg. Compound A-1 and A-6 showed no activity. Thus, the rhizomes
of Seik-phoo (red and yellow) plant may be used as antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and
antioxidant agents in traditional medicine formulations.
111
233. Investigation of chemical constituents and mosquito repellency of

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. (Ka-lan) leaves. Aye Aye Naing. Thesis, PhD
(Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2009.
Mosquito repellent actiyity of two crude extracts (PE and EtOH), essential oil and
isolated compound from Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. (Ka-lan) in Myanmar, cajeput
in English)leaves were investigated.The repellent activity was tested on human
volunteers by mean of arm in cage studies againts A. aegypti mosquitoes.The
decreasing order of % protection from mosquito bites after 3 hours topical application
of 5% solution (w/v)of indibidual sanples were: DEET (synthetic repellent), 96.55%;
Ka-lan oil, 65.63%; pet-ether extract, 50.14% ethanol extract, 48.37%; KL-2, 38.39;
KL-1,35.12; and KL-3, 19.00. The most potent Ka-lan essential oil consists of
eucalyptol; α-terpineol; eugenol; β-caryophyllene; cyclohexane methanol, 4-ethyl-a,a-
4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-,[1r-(la,3-a,4-b)]-; cis- α–eudesmol; β-eudesmol;
naphthylene-1, 2, 4a, 5, 8, 8a-hexahydro-4, 7-dimethyl-1-(1-methyl)-(la,4ab,8a-a-a)-
(±)-; benzene,1-(1,1-dimethy ethyl) -4-methoxy-; and phenol,4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-
methyl-; according to GC-MS analysis. Ka-lan essential oil did not cause dermal
irritation when applied to human skin. No adverse effects on human volunteers were
observed 2 months after application. According to spectroscopic analyses, KL-1
(sesquiterpene, MW 236, 0.15% yield,m.p 88°C), KL-2 (6,7-oxytaraxastenone,0.03%
yield,m.p.263°C)and KL-3 (β-sitosterol, 0.009% yield,m.p. 135°C) were identified.
No lethality in mice was observed when fed with 95% ethanol extract of Ka-lan
leaves up to 9g/kg body weight dose.
234. Investigation of mosquito repellent activities of some compounds in
Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitts. (Zabalin-hmwe) and Artemisia vulgaris Linn.
(Mel-di-dote). Ei Ei Soe. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2006.
To find an alternative compound that is safer to use and equally or more effective
than synthetic repellent such as DEET (diethyl-meta-toluamide) was the main aim of
this work. Two plants, Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitts. (Fam. Gramineae,
Zabalin-hmwe in Myanmar) and Artemisia vulgaris Linn. (Fam. Asteracerce,
Mel-di-dote in Myanmar), were selected for investigation of mosquito repellent
activity. In a laboratory study, citronella oil extracted from C. winterianus, and
petroleum ether extract and 95% ethanol extract of A. vulgaris were tested for
repellent activity against Aedes aegypti on human volunteers by means of arm-in cage
studies. The result revealed that topical application of 25% (w/v) citronella oil in
acetone-water provided at least 1½ h of complete protection. In addition, 100%, 25%
10%, 5% and 2% (w/v) citronella oil after 6h single application reduced the biting rate
by 90.37, 85.24, 40.43, 37.8 and 20.16%, respectively. For A. vulgaris, no complete
protection was observed in 5% (w/v) concentration of both petroleum ether and
ethnolic plant extract. However, single application after 6h reduced the biting rate by
38.96 and 39.77%, respectively. 5% DEET (w/v) (synthetic repellent as a positive
control provided 1½h of complete protection and reduced the biting rate by 85.06%
after 6h exposure time. Activity guided fractionation leads to isolation of isopulegol
(I), α-citronellol (II) and α-eudesmol (III) (1.33% yield, m.p 133˚C) from citronella
oil, arglabin (IV) (0.25% yield, m.p 100˚C), arborescin (V) (0.09% yield, m.p 147˚C)
and 8-hydroxy arborescin (VI) (0.22% yield, m.p 171˚C from A. vulgaris. All isolated
compounds were identified by spectroscopic measurements. Advanced NMR
techniques such as DEPT, H-H and C-H COSY were applied to elucidate the
molecular structure of IV, V and VI. Percent protection of 5% concentration (w/v) of
individual compounds after 6h single application were: III, 75.93%; IV, 86.24%; V,
112
84.97% and VI, 74.59%. All isolated compounds showed better repellent activity than
their mother extracts. Arglabin (IV) was examined to be the best mosquito repellent
compound among the isolated compounds.Because of its high yield, it can be
considered as an alternative in mosquito repellent formulation. All the plant extracts
and isolated compounds did not cause dermal irritation when applied to human skin.
No adverse effects on human volunteers were observed 2 month after application.
Mosquito-borne diseases prevalent in Myanmar such as malaria and dengue
haemorrhagic fever (DHF) could be reduced by the topical application of the
citronella oil or A. vulgaris extract during the peak biting periods of the vector.
235. Investigation of organic constitutents and bioactivity of the leaves of Vitex trifolia
Linn. (Kyaung-pan-lay) and Moringa oleifera Lam. (Dant-da-lun). Khin Soe Win.
Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2006.
In the present work, investigation of some phyto organic constituents and some
biological activities such as antimicrobial and antimalarial activities were carried out
on the leaves of two selected medicinal plants: Vitex trifolia Linn. (Kyaung-pan-lay)
and Moringa oleifera Lamk. (Dant-da-lun). These plants are traditionally used as
remedy for the treatment of sinusitis and malaria. By silica gel column
chromatographic separation technique, vitexilactone (A, 0.0302%, 148-149˚C),
unidentified diterpenoid compound (B, 0.088%, 214-215˚C), p-hydroxy benzoic acid
(C, 0.002%, 212-213˚C) and unidentified diterpenoiid (D, 0.026%, 170-172˚C) were
isolated from EtOAC extract whereas a mixture of fatty acid esters (E, 0.5%, ethyl-9-
oxo nonanoate, ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl (E)-9-octa-decenoate and ethyl
eicosanoate) was obtained from PE extract of Vitex trifolia Linn. leaves. In addition,
ursolic acid (F, 0.001%, 283-284˚C) was separated from MeOH extract Moringa
oleifera Lamk. leaves by column chromatography whereas separation of pet-ether
extract provided n-hexadecanoic acid (G, 0.05%, 62-63˚C) and a mixture of fatty acid
esters (H, 0.02%). The identifies of all of the isolated compounds were determined by
measurement of their melting points, some physico-chemical properties and also by
modern spectroscopic techniques. For screening of antimicrobial activities, the crude
extracts such as PE, EtOAc, MeOH, 70% EtOH were prepared by successive Soxhlet
extraction method. All of these extracts were tested on 6 strains of pathogenic
microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albican and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar
plate diffusion method. It was found that except EtOAc extract, all extracts of
Moringa oleifera Lamk leaves exhibited the inhibition zones in the range of 12-19mm
against all microorganisms tested. All extracts of Vitex trofolia Linn were found to be
inactive against B. pumalis and 70% ethanol extract of this plant showed the
inhibition zones of 12-13mm against 3 species such as S. aureus, C. albican and
M.tuberculosis whereas MeOH extract exhibited the inhibited zones only in the range
of 12-13mm against 4 species namely S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albican and
M. tuberculosis. This observation indicated that Moringa oleifera Lamk. leaves may
generally possess higher antimicrobial potency than Vitex trifolia Linn. leaves. The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of active EtOAc extract of
Vitex trifolia Linn. and PE extract of Moringa oleifera Lamk. were determined by
plate dilution method, testing on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The corresponding
lowest MIC values of EtOAc extract and PE extract were respectively found to be
similar (0.0625mgcm-3) against P. aeruginosa. However, the highest MIC values of
EtOAc extract and PE extract were observed as 0.5mgcm-3 and 0.125mgcm-3
respectively when tested with S.aureus. PE extract of M. oleifera Lamk. may be
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therefore most effective for the treatment of diseases caused by P. aeruginosa. In vivo
screening of antimalarial activity of Vitex trifolia Linn. by suppressive and therapeutic
tests against asexual blood stages of Plasmadium berghei mouse model. 70% EtOH
extract was found to possess antimalarial activity in suppressive test (29.66%).
Therefore, it may be useful as a remedy for the trearment of malaria caused by
P. berghei. The antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds such as vitexilactone,
p-hydroxy benzoic acid, a mixture of fatty acid ethyl esters (E) and n-hexadecanoic
acid were also determined by agar plate diffusion method against S. aureus,
P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, B. pumalis, C. albican and M. tuberculosis. Among them,
vitexilactone and p-hydroxy benzoic acid and mixture of fatty acid esters (E) were
found to exhibit the antimicrobial activity effectively against the S. aureus,
P. aeruginosa, and M. tuberculosis. Although PE extract of Moringa oleifera Lamk.
indicated antimicrobial activity on all test microorganisms, n-hexadecanoic acid
isolated from this extract was active only against S. aureus, B. pumalis, and
M. tuberculosis. No effect was found on B. subtilis, B. pumalis, and C. albican by all
test compounds. All isolated compounds have shown effective antimicrobial activity
against P. aeruginosa. Therefore, from these observations it can be inferred that
vitexilactone and p-hydroxy benzoic acid, oil mixture (E) and n-hexadecanoic acid
can be used in the treatment of diseases namely; sinusitis, skin infections, respiratory
tract infections, urinary tract infections, external ear infections, septicemia,
tuberculosis and leprosy etc.
236. Investigation of phytoconstituents of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and its
pharmacological activity. Htay Htay Lwin. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of
Yangon; 2008.
The plant Oldenlandia corymbosa L. locally known as Su-la-na-pha, belonging to
the family Rubiaceae. It is naturally grown plant and collected from Yangon. The
morphological and microscopical characters of the leaves, stems and roots were also
studied. Verification of the plant was done according to the literature. In
morphological study, the plant is annual herb; the stem is ascending or spreading,
simple or much branched. Microscopical characters of leaves, stems and roots were
also undertaken and examination of powdered drug were carried out for
standardization of drugs. In microscopical study, the epidermal cell of lower and
upper surface of lamina were wavy and covered with striated cuticle. Paracytic
stomata were present only in lower surface. Calcium oxalate crystals formed as
bundles of raphide present in spongy layers of leaves, cortex layers of leaves, cortex
layers of stems and peridem layer of roots. In transverse section of stem and root, the
vascular bundles are collateral type. The collected plants were dried, powdered and
stored in airtight bottle for further use. The preliminary phytochemical examination
was carried out to examine the chemical constituents. This examination showed the
presence of alkaloids, glycosides, amino acid, phenolic compounds, reducing sugar,
saponins, steroid, tannins and terpenoids. Physicochemical characterization such as
moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, polar to non-polar
soluble matter content were carried out to determine the soluble matter content. In this
examination, the plant was found to be more soluble in polar solvent. The elements of
this plant were analyzed by using Energy Dispersive X ray Florescences (EDXRF)
and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). In elemental analysis by EDXRF,
K, Ca, S and P were found as principle elements and Fe, Zn, Mn, Sr and Rb were
found as trace ones. Isolation of chemical constituents of the plant extract was carried
out by silica gel column chromatography and selective solvent solubility method.
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Yield percentage of three isolated compounds (oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol and

asperuloside) were (0.36%), (0.02%) and (0.07%) respectively. Isolated compounds
were identified by TLC, melting point, UV and FTIR technique. Various solvent
extracts of plant and isolated compounds (oleanolic acid and asperuloside) were tested
against different microorganisms for their antimicrobial activity by using agar well
diffusion method. It was found that isolated compounds showed more significant
antimicrobial activity than different solvent extract. The acute toxicity test was carried
out with 70% ethanolic extract of Su–la–na-pha by using albino mice. It was observed
that the 70% ethanolic extract was free from acute toxicity or harmful effect during
observation period of 2 weeks even with maximum permissible dose of 16g/kg. Using
albino rats at 6g/kg dose tested diuretic activity of 70% ethanolic extract of
O. corymbosa L. The results showed that the 70% ethanolic extract of
O. corymbosa L. significant for diuretic activity.
237. Investigation of some bioactive and bioactive constituents of Achyranthes aspera
Linn. (Kyet-mauk-sue-pyan) (White variety) and Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.)
R.Br. (Pazun-sar). Shwe Sin Oo. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon;
2008
The present research deals with the investigation of some bioactive constituents
from the roots of Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Kyet-mauk-sue-pyan) (white variety) and
the whole plants of Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. (Pazun-sar) and screening of
some biological activites of both plant extracts. In vitro screening of antibacterial
activity by agar disc diffusion method, EtOAc extract of the roots of Achyranthes
aspera Linn. showed antibacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae,
Proteus vulgaris, Escherihia coli VTEC, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillyus subtilis,
and Vibrio cholerae (Inaba) (inhibition zone Diameter, 12-20mm). Aqueous extract of
the roots of Achyranthes aspera Linn. also showed antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zone diameter,
12-14mm). PE and 70% EtOH extracts of the roots of Achyranthes aspera Linn. and
all crude extracts of Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. have no antibacterial activity.
The acute toxicity study on aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of Achyranthes
aspera Linn. on albino mice was done by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon,
1949. Ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. was free from acute toxicity
effect at maximum permissible dose 12g/kg body weight while LD50 of aqueous
extract was found to be 16.8g/kg body weight. In vivo investigation of diuretic
activity of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extract of two selected plants was
systematically studied on albino rats. Achyranthes aspera Linn. exhibited significant
diuretic activity after administering aqueous extract (1g/kg body weight) and
ethanolic extract (4g/kg body weight). Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. showed
significant diuretic activity after administering aqueous and ethanolic (each 4g/kg
body weight). The maximum effects of aqueous and ethanolic extract of both plants
were observed at 2hr of the experiment (p<0.05). The isolated compound E (vitexin
rhamnoside) also exhibited significant diuretic activity at the dose of 100mg/kg body
weight and the maximum effect was observed at 2hr and 3hr of the study (p< 0.05). In
semi-quantitative DPPH staining, methanolic extract of two selected plants and three
isolates; compound A, D and E had the radical scavenging activity at the dry amount
(400µg). Among all the test samples, the isolated compound E (vitexin rhamnoside)
showed the highest radical scavenging activity at the dry amount (100µg-400µg).
Three phytoconstituents; A (terpeniod) (0.006%), B (ecdysterone) (0.0027 %) and C
(flavonoid) (0.0018%) were isolated from the roots of Achyranthes aspera Linn. and
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two phenolic compounds; D (apigenin glycoside) (0.0032%) and E (vitexin

rhamnoside) (0.025) were isolated from the whole plants of Alternanthera sessilis
(Linn.) R.Br. by using column chromatography method. Minium inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of isolated compounds (A, B, C, D and E) was determined on
focusing main diarrheal causing microorganisms such Escherichia coli ATCC strain,
Escherichia coli O157 Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio
cholearae O1 and Vibrio cholera O139 by agar disc diffusion method. It was found
that MIC values of all isolated compounds were greater than 3µg/ml.
238. Investigation on some chemical constituents and biological activities of
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. (Na-nwin-net) rhizome. Khin Sanda Myint. Thesis,
PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2011.
Seven flavones (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) from the ethanolic extracts of K. parviflora
Wall. rhizome were isolated. Isolation was furnished by silica gel column
chromatographic separation of ethanol extract followed by repeated crystallization.
On the basis of spectroscopic measurements, compound A (3,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy
flavone) (0.034% yield, m.pt. 148-149ºC), compound B (3,7,4’- trimethoxy-5-
hydroxy flavone) (0.015% yield, m.pt.144-146ºC), compound C (3,5,7,4’
tetramethoxy flavone) (0.090% yield, m.pt. 163-165ºC), compound D (3,5,7,3’,4’-
pentamethoxy flavone) (0.092% yield, m.pt. 151-152ºC), compound E (5,7,4’-
trimethoxy flavone) (0.221% yield, 156-158ºC) compound F (7, 4’-dimethoxy-5-
hydroxy flavone) (0.019% yield, m.pt. 146-148ºC), and compound G (5,7-dimethoxy
flavone) (0.016% yield, m.pt. 150-15 ºC) were identified. The relaxation effect on
smooth muscle of isolated rat ileum induced contraction by carbachol (20µg/ml bc)
was investigated in vitro by using different concentration of ethanol extract and some
isolated compounds of K. parviflora Wall. rhizome. The ethanol extract and isolated
compounds (B, D and E) were able to relax rat ileum muscle in dose dependent
manner and 50% effective dose (IC50) was calculated by linear regression method. For
ethanol extract, exposure of (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5mg/ml bc) was able to reduce
the mean height of contraction to (1.2±0.5), (0.7±0.12), 0.41±0.06), (0.1±0.09) and
0.00 cm resceptively and the percent inhibition of height of contraction were
(29.98%), (58.77%), (73.35%), (92.98%) and (100%) resceptively. IC50 was derived
to be 0.48mg/ml bc. Similarly, compound B at (0.03, 0.06, 0.09)mg/ml bc
significantly reduced the height of contraction to 0.95± 0.065 cm (24.52 % reduction),
0.45± 0.15cm (67.12% reduction) and 0.00cm (100 % reduction). IC50 of compound
B was 0.044mg/ml bc. In addition, compound D could reduce the height of
contraction to 1.05± 0.20cm (32.19% reduction) in 0.01 mg/ml bc; 0.525±0.13 cm
(65.78 % reduction) in 0.02mg/ml bc and 0.00cm (100% reduction) in 0.03 mg/ml bc
IC50 of compound D was found to be 0.0139mg/ml bc. Similarly, anti-spasmodic
effect of compound E was found to be reduced the height of contraction to
1.05±0.09cm (23.66% reduction), 0.625± 0.11 cm (54.85% reduction), 0.05± 0.05 cm
(95.45% reduction), and 0.00cm (100% reduction) at 0.03.0.06, 0.09 and 0.12) mg/ml
bc. (IC50) was calculated as 0.048mg/ml bc. Based on the (IC50) values,
anti-spasmodic effect of compound D was higher than those of B, E and ethanol
extract. In these experiments, ethanol extract at (1.5mg/ml bc), compound B at
(0.09mg/ml bc), compound D at (0.03mg/ml bc) and compound E at (0.09mg/ml bc)
could completely blocked the contraction induced by carbachol (20µg/ml bc) as
similar to standard drug (atropine) at (0.72µg/ml bc) level. Antioxidant activities of
ethanol extract and compound B were also investigated by using DPPH radical
scavenging assay. Free radical scavenging efficacy of ethanol extract
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(IC50=16.06µg/ml) was better than compound B (IC50=19.26µg/ml). Both test samples

showed lower activity than standard ascorbic acid (IC50=2.08µg/ml) in radical
scavenging activity.
239. Investigations on some Burmese indigenous plants against ascariasis. Thawka-kyin.
Thesis, MSc (Zoology), Rangoon Arts and Science University; 1976.
Eleven indigenous plants were screened for in vitro anthelminthic activity against
Ascaris suum, namely Albizia lebbeck (Ah-nyar-kok-ko), Butea frondosa (Pauk),
Carica papaya (Thin-baw), Desmodium triquetrum (Lauk-thay-ywet), Yin-pya
(May-myo), Euphorbia hirta (Kywe-kyaung-hminsa), Hiptage medablota,
Lantana aculeata (Sein-na-ban), Lawsonia alba (Dan), Prunus persica (Met-mon)
and Quisqualis indica (Dawe-hmaing). Plant extracts were screened generally by a
modification of the method of Sen and Hawking (1960). Specific testing was done by
the method of Goodwin (1958). By Sen and Hawking's (1960) method, a dose level of
8 mg/ml of extracts of B. frondosa (seed), D. febrifuga (bark), E. hirta (entire plant),
H. metablota (flower), P. persica (leaf) and Q. indica (leaf and flower) produced
muscular paralysis of the worm within 18 hr. The three most promising plants,
Q. indica, D. febrifuga, P. persica and a mixture of C. papaya seed and honey were
further tested by Goodwin's (1958) method. The extracts, again at a dose level of 8
mg/ml, produced muscular paralysis of the worms within 24 hr. The C. papaya seed
and honey mixture produced paralysis after 5 hr. The results were compared with
those produced by the classical anthelminthic drugs laevo-tetramisole (Ketrax),
piperazine hexahydrate and oil of chenopodium. From the above four promising
plants, the Q. indica leaf extract and C. papaya seed mixture were selected for testing
their anthelminthic activity in vivo. The subjects were preliminary screened by routine
examination of a stool specimen, including an egg-count in positive cases. Children in
the 1 to 12 yr age group with 800 eggs/50mg stool were selected for clinical trial,
comparing their potency with that of two classical anthelminthic agents namely
laev-tetramisole (Ketrax, Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, England) and
piperazine adipate. Control groups were administered the vehicle honey as a placebo,
and a saline purgative. Using the reduction of egg-count as a criterion, both the
C. papaya seed/honey mixture and the Q. indica leaf extract were only half as potent
approximately as laevo-tetramisole and piperazine adipate. No untoward side effects
were noted in any patient severe enough to warrant withdrawal of either test agent.
240. Isolation and bioactivities of some organic compounds in the stem bark of
Sanmarae samanea (Jaeq) Merr. (Thinbaw-kokko) and Albizia labbeck (L) Benth.
(Anya-kokko). Khaing Khaing Shwe. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of
Yangon; 2009.
In the present research work, two selected medicinal plants namely,
Sanmarae samanea (Jaeq) Merr. (Thinbaw-kokko) and Albizia labbeck (L) Benth.
(Anya-kokko) were chosen for investigation of some chemical constituents and
biological activities. By using silica gel column chromatographic method, compound
A (Lupeol) (2.6%, 40mg), Compound B (Pithecolobine), (0.046%, 7 mg) and
Compound C (Montanicglyceride), (0.042%, 6.3mg) were isolated from the bioactive
ethanol extract of the stem barks of Thinbaw-kokko and compound D (Lupeol)
(1.15%, 17.3 mg) and compound E (unidentified), (2%, 30 mg) were obtained from
the bioactive ethanol extract of the stem barks of Anya-kokko. All isolated
compounds were structurally identified by physicochemical determinations and
modem spectroscopic techniques such as UV-vis, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR and EI-
MS and comparing with the published data. In the study on qualitative chemical
117
evaluation of bioactive ethanol extracts of both plants, it was found that condensed
tannins (catechin/epi catechin and proanthocyanidin) and saponins and a few alkaloids
are present in the stem bark of both plants. Biological activities such as anti-microbial
activity, anti pyretic activity, anti-oxidant activity, acute toxicity test and pesticidal
activity were carried out. Antimicrobial screening of various plant extracts of both
plants was done by agar well diffusion method against six strains; Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis, Candida
albicans, Escherichia coil species. It was found that EtOAc, PE and EtOH extracts of
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Anya-kokko) showed antimicrobial activity against all six
strains (zone of inhibition ranged from (14-20mm). Although EtOAc and EtOH extracts of
Samanea saman (Jaeq.) Merr. (Thinbaw-kokko) showed antimicrobial activity against
all strains (zone of inhibition ranged from 12-14mm), PE and watery extracts did not
show antimicrobial activity. In the investigation of antimicrobial activity of isolated
compounds A, B and C it can be seen that all of these compounds inhibited the all six
strains microorganisms with the inhibibition zone diameters ranging between (11-15
mm). The most susceptible to those isolated compounds was Escherichia coli (~ 15
mm). In the study of acute toxicity test of extracts of two selected plants, the medium
lethal dose LD50) of EtOH of extract of Thinbaw-kokko and Anya-kokko were found
to be 2.9 (1.73-4.87) and 5.6 (3.89-8.06)g/kg, b.w respectively. Aqueous extract of
Thinbaw-kokko bark has been found to be free from toxic effect at the 6g/kg low dose
and that from Anya-kokko has been found to be free from toxic effect at 8g/kg low
dose. Antipyretic activity studied in rat models revealed that water and ethanol extract
of Thinbaw-kokko (6g and 0.5g/kg) and Anya-kokko stem bark (6g and 1g/kg) body
weight in dose respectively showed moderate reduction in yeast-induced pyrexia rat
which was comparable to that of standard antipyretic drug paracetamol. According to
the results of the antipyretic activity on albino rat, Anya-kokko aqueous extract is the
most effective in antipyretic activity among the crude extracts of both plants.
Similarly compound A (Lupeol) (60mg/kg) b.w dose showed moderate reduction
induced pyrexia rat. Antioxidant activity of both plants were conducted by using
DPPH assay method. The lowest IC50 value (highest antioxidant activity) was found
for EtOH extract of Anya-kokko IC50 = (0.79μg/ml). In Thinbaw-kokko ethanol
extract was found to have the lowest IC50 value (1.21μg/ml). Finally, screening of in
vivo pesticidal activity of 95% EtOH extracts of both plants on S. litura (Armyworm)
on castor leaf were carried out of by Randomited Complete Block Design. In this
study, 95% EtOH extract of Anya-kokko exhibited more potent pestcidal activity than
Thinbaw-kokko. Therefore, from the result of observation, it can be inferred that 95%
EtOH extracts from barks of both plants may be used as biopesticides. From the
overall assessment of the present investigation, it may be inferred that ethanolic
extracts of stem bark of both plants can be used in the formulation of medicines to
combat diseases caused by the microorganisms tested. From the antipyretic activity
study, aqueous and EtOH extracts of the stem bark of both plant may be used in the
formulation of antipyretic medicine for mankind. The 95% ethanolic extracts of both
plants may be used as biopesticides.
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241. Isolation and identification of some bioactive phytochemical constituents present in

leaf & bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume. (Thit-kyabo). Aye Thanda. Thesis,
PhD Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2008.
In the present work, leaf and bark of the medicinal plants: Cinnamomum cassia Blume.
(Thit-kyabo) were chosen for isolation of phytoconstituents and bioactivity studies.
On silica gel column chromatographic separation, 0.025% of palmitic acid
(m.pt=63~64ºC) and 0.009% of β-sitosterol (m.pt=139~140ºC) were isolated from PE
extract of TKBL. Moreover 0.005% of stearic acid (m.pt=69-70ºC) and 0.004% of
β-sitosterol (m.pt =139~140ºC) were isolated from PE extract of TKBB and0.001%
utsolic acid (m.pt=280~28ºC) from EtOAc extract of TKBL. The identities of all
isolated compounds were made by modern spectroscopic techniques (FT–IR,
13CNMR). In acute toxicity tests, aqueous and ethanol extracts from TKBL as well as
TKBB aqueous extracts were found to be free from acute toxic effect up to the dose of
16g/kg BW. However, TKBB ethanol extract has mild toxic effect and the medium
lethal dose (LD50) was 11g/kg BW and confidence limit of LD50 was between 8.59-
14.08g/kg BW. Antimicrobial activity screening of PE, EtOAc, EtOH and H2O
extracts from both plants samples against 10 species of microorganisms was carried
out by employing agar disc and agar diffusion method. Only H2O extract of TKBL
was found to exhibit against 5 species of pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli
ATCC, S. typhi, S. krefel, S. choleraesuis, P. valgaric (inhibition zone diameter
14~20mm). But only EtOAc extract of TKBB was found to exhibit against E.coli
O157 (14mm). In turns, all extract of TKBL and TKBB were found to exhibit
inhibition zone diameters ranged between 15~20 mm against the other
microorganisms. In vivo anti-diarrhoeal effects of TKBL watery extract, TKBB
watery extract and β-sitosterol were studied on castor oil-induced diarrhoeal mice
model. The investigation was conducted by castor oil-induced diarrhoeal test, castor
oil-induced enterpooling test and castor oil-induced intestinal transit test. From these
results, aqueous extracts from both plant samples and β-sitosterol were found to
possess the diarrhoeal reducing effect, anti-secreting effect and anti-motility effect.
According to the in vivo anti-diarrhoeal index, the antidiarrhoeal potency was found
to be in the order of TKBB aqueous extract (ADI in vivo 71.76%, 3g/kg bw dose) >
TKBL aqueous extract (ADIin vivo 73.24%, 6g/kg bw).Therefore aqueous extract of
TKBB was found to have higher potency in anti-diarrhoeal anti-diarrhoeal activity
than that of TKBL. Moreover β-sitosterol was β-sitosterol (ADIin vivo 70.05 %,
30mg/kg bw dose) was found to exhibit lesser anti-diarrhoeal effect than standard
drug dicotil (ADIin vivo 78.47%, 6mg/kg bw dose) on castor oil-induced mice.
Furthermore, antioxidant properties of watery and 95% EtOH extract from TKBL and
TKBB as well as the isolated β-sitosterol were also investigated by determination of
50% oxidative inhibitory concentration (IC50) with DPPH assay. As the lower the IC50
values, the higher the antioxidant activity, the antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol
(IC50 =1.60µgml-1) was found to be lower than the extract. Among the extract, TKBB
95% EtOH extract (IC50 = 0.66µgml-1) was found to be the most effective antioxidant,
followed by TKBL 95% EtOH extract (IC50 =0.72µgml-1), TKBB watery extract
(IC50 =0.94µgml-1). All of the extract were also found to be better than standard BHT
(IC50 =1.18µgml-1) in free radical scavenging activity. Since no acute toxic effect
occurred in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of TKBL and TKBB of TKB plant species
may be used safely as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-diarrhoeal agents in the
formulation of traditional medicines.
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242. Isolation and identification of some bioactive principles from Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex
Benth. (Saung-may-kha) and Sauropus albicans Blume. (Kyet-tha-hin) used in the
treatment of hepatitis B irus infection. Win Win Mar. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
In vitro anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) activity of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.
(Family Scrophulariaceae) (Saung-may-kha in Myanmar), roots and
Sauropus albicans Blume (Fam-Euphobiaceae) (Kyet-tha-hin in Myanmar) leaves,
have been evaluate by ELISA (Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay) test kits. Two
different concentrations (4mg cm-3 and 6mg cm-3 in PBS buffer) of each ethanolic
crude extracts (50% and 95% ethanolic extract) were prepared for both plant samples.
Ethanolic extracts of P. kurroa showed a significant anti-hepatitis B virus surface
antigen (HBsAG) like activity. The activity was dose independent and more
pronounced in serum positive for HBsAg titr 1/128. Thus, the ethanolic extract of
Saung-may kha roots may be used in treatment of Hepatitsm B virus infection.
Isolation, solvent partition, successively column chromatographic separation on silica
gel followd by sephadex LH-20 and crystallization provided hexacosanyl caffeate (I)
(0.018% yield, mp 114-116ºC), cucurbitacin (II) (0.015% yield, mp 251-256˚C),
cantleyoside (III) ) 0.17% yield) (potent anti-HBV compound), 2-hydroxy stearic acid
(IV) (0.08% yield, mp 140-144ºC), β-sitosterol (V) (0.06% mp 140-144ºC) from
P. kurroa. (I) and (II) from defatted ethyl acetate extract; (III) from active 10 %
ethanol-ethyl acetate extract; and (IV) and (V) from petroleum ether have been
isolated. Similarly, β-sitosterol (V) (0.01%) and an unidentified sterol (VI) (0.01%
yield, mp 102ºC) have been isolated from petroleum ether of Sauropus albicans.
Isolated compounds were identified and characterized by melting point determination
and UV, FT-IR, H and C-NMR, H-HCOSY and MS spectroscopic measurements.
Cantleyoside (III) showed the most potent anti- HBsAG like activity among these
isolated compounds. It was the first report for the presence of hexacosanyl caffeate (1)
and cantleyoside (III) in P. kurroa plant. It may be inferred that cantleyoside (III)
which was isolated from Saung-may-kha roots may be used in treatment of Hepatitis
B virus infection owing to its most potent anti-HBsAG like activity. In other words, it
is envisaged that the present work has paved a promising route to develop a new anti-
HBV drug based on Saung-may-kha roots.
243. Isolation and identification of some chemical constituents and immunoenhancing
activity of wild glowing Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-gzhi) of Myanmar. Ommar Win
Naing. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), Univeristy of Yangon; 2006.
In vitro anti-hepatitis B viral (anti-HBV) activity test using ELISA (Enzyme Link
Immuno-Sorbent Assay) test kits revealed no significant anti-HBsAG like activity
was present in Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss ex Fr.) karts (Lingzhi) in 6mg/ml dose.
However, (EtOH-H2O) extract of G. lucidum was able to enhance the production
antibody against hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti HBs) in serum of mice. Three
different does (755mg/kg, 1067mg/kg and 1689mg/kg) of crude extract were tested
and the antibody titers were found to be 1590IU/mL, 9739IU/mL and 7620IU/mL,
respectively. The antibody titre of control group was 513IU/mL. The dosing level
1067 mg/kg provided the best antibody response. Though G. lucidum did not show
anti-hepatitis B viral activity, it was able to enhance the antibody production in mice
induced by hepatitis B surface antigen. However, the immune enhancing activity of
G. lucidum was highly dependent on the dosing level-lower dose was not able to
significantly enhance the antibody; on the other hand, much higher dose may cause
inhibitory responses. Extraction, successive column chromo graphic separation and
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crystallization provided ergosterol palmitate (I) (0.027% yield, m.p. 108˚C), ergosta-
7, 22- diene-3-one (II) (0.004 % yield, m.p. 180-182˚C), ergo sterol (III) (0.09 %
yield, m.p. 164˚C and ergo sterol peroxide (IV) (0.004 yield, m.p. 179-180˚C) from
pet ether extractof G. lucidum. In addition, gonoderic acid E (V) isolated constituents
were identified by melting point and spectroscopic data while comparing with the
reported data in literature.
244. Isolation and identification of some chemical constituents and study of termiticidal
activity of Derris elliptica Benth. (Hone in Myanmar) roots. Aye Mi Mi Htwe.
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the termiticidal activity of Derris elliptica
Benth. (Hone) roots and to screen the most potent termiticidal constituents that are
safer to use and equally or more effective than synthetic insecticides. Five compounds
were isolated from the root of Derris elliptica Benth (Hone) and spectroscopically
identified. They are lupeol (1) (0.004% yield, mp. 215˚C), β-sitosterol (2) (0.012%
yield mp 135˚C), warangalone (3) (0.003% yield, mp 168˚C), 3'-hydroxy
warangalone (4) (0.29% yield, mp 148˚C) and pomeferin (5) (0.31% yield, mp
186˚C). Termiticidal activity test via force feeding method revealed that LC50 of
petroleum ether and ethanol extracts, and compound 4 and 5, respectively, were 0.07,
0.78, 0.18 and 0.09%. LC90, respectively, were 0.30, 7.17, 0.60 and 0.75%. Test
results revealed that petroleum ether extract was the most active termiticide.
Abamectin (Demon), a synthetic insecticide, was used as a standard reference which
showed control showing LC50 of 0.00038% and LC9o of 0.0011%. All tested samples
of Derris elliptica showed mild activity when compared to synthetic insecticide.
However, it is hoped that natural insecticides are safer and ecofriendly compared to
synthetic insecticides. Acute toxicity test of ethanol extract in mice provided (LD50) to
be 4.0g/kg (confidence limits). It is assumed to be moderately toxic according to the
toxicity categorization.
245. Isolation and identification of some organic compounds and investigation of
anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant activity of Abarema bigemina L.Kosterm.
(Da-nyin) leaf. Khin Ma Gyi. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon;
2009.
In the present work, investigation of some chemical constituents and some
biological activities such as, antibacterial, antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant activities
and acute toxicity has carried out on the leaf of Abarema bigemina L.Kosterm.
(Da-nyin). In this research, by preliminary phytochemical tests, steroids, terpenoids,
flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, carbohydrate, saponins, tannins,
alkaloids and α-amino acids were observed to be present and starch is absent in
selected plant sample. The determination of some standardization parameters of
herbal drugs such as mineral contents, some vitamins, nutritional values and
physicochemical characterization were done on Da-nyin leaf. By the result obtained
from the determination of some nutritional value, Da-nyin leaf was found to contain
0.8% of fat, 2.27% of protein, 4.26% of ash, 11.46% of moisture, 36.93% of
carbohydrate and 44.27% of fibre. The determination of qualitative elemental analysis
of Da-nyin leaf by ED-XRF suggested that Ca and K (relative% content 46.4% and
34.6%) as macronutrients elements: Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn (8.4%, 6.5%, 2.2%, and
1.9%) as essential trace elements were present in leaf of Da-nyin. By column
chromatographic separation technique, n- hexadecanoic acid (compound KMG-1,
0.0094%, 63-64˚C), Chondrillasterol (compound KMG-2, 0.0038%, 168-169˚C) and
Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (compound KMG-3, 0.0073%, 218-221˚C) were isolated
121
from EtOAc extract of Abarema bigeminal L.Kosterm. (Da-nyin) leaf. The three
isolated compounds were characterized by L.Kosterm. (Da-nyin) leaf. The three
isolated compounds were characterized by measurement structure were elucidated by
modern spectroscopic techniques. In vitro, antibacterial activities of crude extract
such as PE, EtOAc, 70% EtOH and H2O extract were tested on 28 strains of
pathogenic microorganisms such as six species of Escherichia coli, four species of
Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella, 8 species of Shigella, 2 species of Klebsiclla, each 1
species of Proteus morgani, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and
Staphylococcus aureus by agar disc diffusion method. It was found that EtOH extract
of Abarema bigeminal L.Kosterm. leaf has (15~19mm) medium inhibition on against
Escherichia coli ATCC, Salmonella dereby, S. krefeld, Shigella sonnei (76) and high
inhibition on against Shigella dysentriae and Shigella sonnei (59) (20mm~above).
EtOAc extract of Abarema bigemina L. Kostern. (Da-nyin) leaf showed more potent
antibacterial activity than other extract. The hypoglycaemic activity of 70% EtOH
extract (3g/kg) was comparable to that of the standard drug glibenclamide (4mg/kg)
on adrenaline induced hyperglycaemic rats. The Blood sugar lowering activity of 70%
ethanolic extracts of Da-nyin leaf (Abarema bigeminal L.Kosterm. (Da-nyin) was
studied on adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rats’ model. The 70% ethanolic
extracts of Da-nyin leaf (3g/kg) was observed to significantly reduce blood glucose
level at 1hr (p<0.05) and 2hr (p<0.05) after administration of drugs. Antioxidant
activity of ethanolic extract from Da-nyin leaf was determined by DPPH assay. IC50
value of 70% EtOH extract (Da-nyin leaf) was 1.85µg/ml. It was found to be higher
than IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid (0.123µg/ml). Thus, the radical scavenging
power of plant extract was observed that 70% EtOH extract had lower anti-oxidative
effect than ascorbic acid. Acute toxicity test of 70% EtOH extract was carried out on
albino mice at maximum permissible dose of 6g/kg body weight dose level showing
not toxic effect by Litchfield and Wilcoxon method. In brief, based on above
scientific findings, 70% EtOH extract of Da-nyin leaf may be safely used in the
formulation of oral medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and medicines for
diseases contracted by the tested microorganisms.
246. Isolation and structural elucidation of active principle from Curcuma longa Linn.
(Na-nwin) and its antioxidant activity. May Aye Than; Mi Mi Aye; Than Soe;
Win Win Maw; Maung Maung Htay. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2007: p54-55.
Antioxidant reduced the harmful effects of oxidative stress and risk of
cardiovascular cancer and aged relative neuronal degenerative diseases, and anti-
aging. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant active principle isolated
from Curcuma longa Linn. rhizome. The different extracts and isolated compounds
were determined their antioxidant activity by the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation
using thiocyanote method, in comparison with the synthetic antioxidant butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA). The chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether extract, and BHA
were significant retarded the oxidation of linoleic acid when compared with that of
control (p<0.01– p<0.0005). The % inhibition of oxidation activity of the chloroform,
ethanol, petroleum ether extract and BHA were 81.78%, 46.87%, 65.97% and 85.34%
respectively. Curcumin (6.0%), demethoxycurcumin (0.033%) and
bisdemethoxycurcumin (0.026%) from chloroform extract were isolated by column
chromatography technique. The isolated compounds were identified by melting point,
thin layer chromatographic, Ultraviolet spectroscopic, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopic. Mass spectroscopic and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopic methods. The isolated compounds, and BHA were significant reduced
122
the oxidation of linoleic acid when compared with that of control (p<0.0005). Percent
inhibition of oxidation activity of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and
bisdemethoxycurcumin were 88.27%, 80.25% and 76.23% respectively. Thus, it was
concluded that curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were
antioxidant active principle and curcumin was the most potent natural antioxidant.
247. Isolation and structural identification of some hypoglycaemic active compound from
selected part of Premna integrifolia Linn. (Verbenaceae) (Taung-tan-gyi).
Khin Tar Yar Myint. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2010.
This thesis describes the evaluation of the quality control parameters, safety and
hypoglycemic activity of various part (leaves, stem barks, roots) of
Premna integrifolia Linn. (Taung-tan-gyi) and the isolation and identification of
phytoconstituent(s) from activity guided plant extracts. The 70% EtOH extracts of
various parts (leaves, stem barks, roots) of Premna integrifolia Linn. (Taung-tan-gyi)
showed no lethal effect when tested for acute toxicity (LD50) with the maximum doses
of 20g/kg. Using standard glibenclamide (4mg/kg) as positive control, 70% EtOH
extracts of various parts (leaves, stem bark and roots) 4g/kg were tested for
hypoglycemic activiy on adrenaline-induced rat model. Blood glucose levels of rats at
various time intervals were measured by glucometer. All extract showed blood
glucose lowering effect. The percent inhibition of hypoglycaemic effect of leaves
extracts at 1hr was 38% (p<0.05) while that of stem barks at 2hr and 3hr were 32%
(p<0.005) and 31% (p<0.05) respectively. The percent inhibition of hypoglycaemic
effect of root extracts at 2hr and 3hr were 27% (p<0.05) and 38% (p<0.005)
respectively. The active stem bark extracts was further successively fractionated into
pet-ether fraction (Fraction 1), chloroform-soluble fraction (Fraction 2) and
chloroform-insoluble fraction (Fraction 3). Chloroform-soluble fraction and
chloroform-insoluble fraction were tested hypoglycemic activity on adrenaline
induced rat model. Chloroform-soluble fraction showed no significant hypoglycemic
activity. Chloroform-insoluble fraction showed significant hypoglycaemic effect at
the dose of 2g/kg (that is less than crude 70% EtOH extracts) (p<0.05) (10.2%) at 2hr
and 4g/kg (that is same dose of crude 70% EtOH extracts) (p<0.05) (10.2%) at 1hr,
(p<0.005) (14.3%) at 2hr and (p<0.05) (25.8%) at 3hr. Column chromatographic
separation of 70% EtOH extracts of stem barks of Premna integrifolia Linn. (Taung-
tan-gyi) led to the isolation of three pure compounds, namely: cylicodiscic acid
(C30H48O4) (0.007%), scopoletin (C10H8O4) (0.01%) and aphelandrine (C28H36N4O4)
(0.005 %). These compounds were chemically identified by UV, FT- IR, 13C NMR,
1
H NMR, HMQC, HMBC, COSY and EI-mass spectroscopy. Chloroform-soluble
fraction (Fraction 2) and chloroform-insoluble fraction (Fraction 3) were
characterized by TLC screening using isolated compound as markers, color tested,
UV-Vis and FT- IR spectrometry. Compound I (cylicodiscic acid) and compound II
(scopoletin) were indicated in hypoglycaemic inactive chloroform-soluble fraction
and compound III (aphelandrine) was indicated in hypoglycaemic activity guided
chloroform-insoluble fraction on TLC plate. From overall assessment of the present
invetigation, it may be deduced that aphelandrine and other flavonoids in chloroform
insoluble active fraction may contribute to the hypoglycaemic activity of
Premma integrifolia Linn. and this active fraction can be used in traditional medicine
formulation for the treatment of diabetic.
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248. The isolation and structure elucidation of new pyranoflavanone compounds from
medicinal plants Derris reticulata. May Aye Than; Prawat, Hunsa; Ruchirawat,
Somsak; Paing Soe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2001: p47.
The medicinal plants Derris recticulata Benth. (Leguminosae) locally known as
Cha-aim-thai, which is used for the relief of thirst and expectorant. One of the recent
study reported that the dichloromethane extract from the stem of Derris recticulata
inhibited the P-338 cell line at 0.4-0.5μg/ml and were inactive against the KB cell
line. For this reason Derris recticulata was selected for isolation and investigation of
cytotoxic phytoconstituents. Two new pyranoflavanone were isolated and purificated
from the dichloromethane extract by using column chromatography (CC), preparative
thin layer chromatography (PTLC), and vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The structure were
elucidated by using spectroscopic methods such as Ultra violet spectroscopic, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopic, Mass spectroscopic, 1H Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR) and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resourance (NMR). the structure were
established as 1’’’-hydroxy-2’’’, 3’’’-epoxylupinifolin and 2’’’, 3’’’
dihydroxylupinifolin.
249. Isolation, characterization & identification of some bioactive constituents &
investigation of cholesterol lowering activity of Euphorbia hirta Linn.
(Kywe-kyaung-hmin) and Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. (Sular-na-pha). Thandar Aung.
In the present work, two medicinal plants: Euphorbli hirta Linn. Euphorbiaceae
(Kywe-kyaung-hmin) and Oldenlandia corymboss Linn. Rubiaceae (Su-lar-na-phar)
(SNP) were chosen for isolation of phytoconstituents and bioactivity studies. By silica
gel column chromatographic separation, 0.006% of D-friedoolean -14-en-3-one
(m.p 234-236ºC) and0.011 % of β-sitosterol (m.p 138-140ºC) were isolated from
pet-roscopic techniques ether extract of KKH. Whereas, from ethyl acetate extract,
0.021% of gallic acid (m.p 253-255ºC) was isolated. In addition, 0.003% of
stigmasterol (m.p 169-170ºC) as a new finding compound and 0.004% of ursolic acid
(m.p 285-287ºC) were respectively, isolated from pet-ether and ethyl acetate extract
of SNP. The identities of all isolated compounds were made by joint application of
modern spectroscopic techniques (UV, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13CNMR, EI-MS and GC-
MS). Antimicrobial activity of pet-ether, ethyl acetate, 95% ethanol and water extracts
successively extracted from both plants and two isolated compound: β-sitosterol and
stigmasterol was investigated against 6 species of microorganisms such as
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis,
Candida albican and Mycobacterium species by employing agar well diffusion
method. Ethyl acetate extract, 95% ethanol extract and water extract of SNP,
respectively, exhibited inhibition zone diameters in the ranges of 12~15, 18~24 and
17~34mm against all microorganisms, whereas, that of KKH showed, respectively,
the inhibition zones in the ranges of 15~19, 20~25 and 19~23 mm against five
microorganisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hypocholesterolemic activity was
also studied on the plant extract as well as isolated compounds, determined by Zlatkis
et al. method in vivo rabbit model. After one week duration administrated with
200mg/kg body weight/day doses, watery extract of both plants were observed to
significant decrease the serum total cholesterol (TC) levels of the rabbits to 76.30%
and 69.80%, however, 95% ethanol extract could lower that only to 83.16% and
93.79% respectively. The bad cholesterols: the serum triglyceride (TG), serum very
low density lipoprotein (VLDC) and serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) level were
124
reduced to 85.71%, 90% and 68.28% by KKH water extract, and that to 83.33%,
83.33% and 78.06% by KKH ethanol extract respectively. Whereas, SNP could raise
the good cholesterol: serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels to 133.33% and
119.05%, whereas ethanol extract of both plants increased that to 110.34% and
113.64% respectively. β-sitosterol, gallic acid, stigmasterol and ursolic acid were
found to lower TC level to 48.45%, 88.83%, 90.31%and 86.26% respectively, after
one week treatment with 0.1mg/kg body weight /day dose. Furthermore, β-sitosterol,
stigmasterol, gallic acid and ursolic acid could decrease the TG levels to 70.05%,
88.89%, 85.94%, VLDL levels to 77.78%, 93.33%, 85.71% and 85.71% and LDL
levels to 39.26%, 87.43%, 84.62% and 81.18%, respectively. At the same time, HDL
levels increased respectively, to 105.88%, 111.11%, 110.34% and 114.29% after one
week treatment with these compounds. Therefore, it can be inferred that since no
toxic effect occurred in mice model, both plants may be used as cholesterol lowering
agents in medicinal formulations for the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular and
heart diseases, and also as the remedy for the treatment of diseases related to the
microorganisms tested.
250. Isolation, identification and bioactivities of some organic constituents in
Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (Daung-myi-thit-kwa) and Dendrobium parishii Rchb.F.
(Kha-yang-yaung-lwin-pyin) stems. Aye Aye Cho. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
The present work is the investigation of some phytoconstituents and the
pharmacological effects of the stems of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (Daung-myi-thit-
kwa) and Dendrobium parishii Rchb.f (Kha-yaung-yaung-lwin-pyin). The
Dendrobium species are used as traditional medicine especially for the treatment of
analgesis and fever in Shan State, Myanmar. From the total alkaloids extract of
D. nobile, dendrobine and three other alkaloids were isolated by column
chromatography. Dendrobine, compound B (0.2058%) was definitely identified by
UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13CNMR, 2D NMR and melting point determination. Among
the other alkaloids, compound A (0.0249%) was deduced as 2-hydroxydendrobine by
UV, FT-IR and TLC. The compound C (0.0479%) was also deduced as
6-hydroxydendrobine by UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR TLC. From methanol extract of
D. parishii, oleic acid and two other compounds were isolated by column
chromatography and PTLC. Oleic acid, compound E (0.0063 %) was identified by
UV, FT-IR, and 1H NMR. Among the remaining two compounds, compound F
(0.0074%) was deduced as bibenzyl derivative by UV, FT-IR, and TLC and literature
data. The compound G (0.1703%) was known as an alkaloid by colour reaction tests
by TLC and paper chromatography. The acute toxicity of 70% EtOH and aqueous
extract from D.nobile and D. parishii were tested with albino mice. Both extracts of
D.nobile were free from acute toxic or harmful effect for mice with the maximal
permissible dose of 10g/kg. The aqueous extract and 70% EtOH extract of
D. parishii were free from acute toxic effect with the maximal permissible dose of
10g/kg and 8g/kg respectively. Methanol extract and total alkaloid extract of stems of
two selected plants were examined their antimicrobial activity on eight bacteria
species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoneae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella dysentery (Type1), Staphylococcus
aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes). Plant extracts of D.nobile were not active
against almost all eight strains. Total alkaloid extract (CH2Cl2) containing primary,
secondary and tertiary alkaloids from D.parishii showed antimicrobial activity against
seven strains except Streptococcus pyogenes with inhibition zone diameter
125
10-16mm). Methanol extracts, total alkaloids extract of both plants and isolated
compound B (dendrobine) were investigated for the antioxidant activity by Dot-Blot
and DPPH staining method. Total alkaloid extracts containing primary, secondary and
tertiary alkaloids from both plants showed antioxidant activity up to dry matter
amount 200µg (conc:1mg/ml). Compound B (dendrobine) showed antioxidant activity
up to dry matter amount 200µg (conc: 1mg/ml.) The 70% EtOH extracts of D.nobile
showed analgesic activity (p<0.05) and isolated compound B (dendrobine) showed
analgesic activity (p<0.005) relatively compared with standard morphine. Thus, total
alkaloids extracts of stems of both plants can be used as antioxidants and 70%
ethanolic extracts of stems of both plants and isolated compound B (dendrobine) can
be used as an analgesic agent.
251. Laboratory studies on larvicidal, ovicidal and oviposition repellent action of
Nicotiana tobacum on Aedes aegypti Linnaeus 1762. Moe Moe Aung. Thesis, MSc
(Zoology), Rangoon Arts and Science University; 1985.
To avoid the recurring and increasing expenditure of purchasing insecticides and
also to overcome the problem of development of resistance to insecticides, there is a
need to develop compounds of vegetative origin which will be cheap, locally
available, and effective as larvicides. Locally grown tobacco leaves (Nicotiana
tabacum) were bought from whole sale dealer and the stock solution was prepared
from it. Using laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti, larvicidal tests were carried out
according to WHO larvicide testing methods. The results showed that the tobacco
extracts has a LC100 at 2800ppm. Ovicidal action of the tobacco extract was tested by
placing Aedes aegypti egg strips in varying concentrations of the extract. Complete
ovicidal action was observed at 3200ppm. Gravid females were placed in standard
cages with beaker containing tobacco extract (3200ppm and 4000ppm) alternating
with beaker containing distilled water to test the oviposition repellent action. No
oviposition repellent action was noted. Rearing methods to obtain standard
Aedes aegypti larvae were also described.
252. Lipid lowering effect of Trigonella foenum Graecum L. (Pe-natha) (Fenugreek) in
hypercholesterolemic patients from North Okkalapa General Hospital. Ei Ei Khin.
Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine (2); 2011
This is hospital-based quasi experimental study, consisting of outpatients attending
medical OPD of NOGH. Lipid lowering activity of Pe-natha seeds was determined on
fasting lipid profile of 19 hypercholesterolemic subjects who met the selected criteria.
Serum total cholesterol (TC) levels was determined by Zlatkis, Zak and Boyle (1953),
serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level by Friedewald-Levy (1972),
serum triglyceride (TG) level by GPO-PAP method and serum high density
lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level by Lopes-Virella, Stione, Ellis and Colwell
(1977) respectively. The serum lipid levels were determined before and after 4 weeks
period of Pe-natha seeds therapy. Serum TC (249.66±27.38mg/dL) was decreased to
(193.90±29.62mg/dL) and it was statistically significant (P<0.000). Serum TG
(173.64 ± 52.92 mg/dL) decreased to (141.04 ± 22.32 mg/dL) and it was also
significant (P< 0.05). Serum HDL cholesterol (50.74 ± 9.31 mg/dL) was not
significantly changed. Serum LDL cholesterol (160.56 ± 27.60mg/dL) decreased to
(115.90 ± 31.68mg/dL) and the decrease was also statistically significant (P<0.000).
Regarding the percent changes of the mean serum lipid profile, there were 22.33%
reduction in serum TC level, 18.77% reduction in serum TG level and 27.81%
reduction in serum LDL-C level. But there was no significant change in serum HDL-C
level. There were no statistically significant changes in the mean fasting blood sugar
126
and waist circumference (p>0.05) but mean body weight was significantly reduced
(p<0.05) after 4 weeks of Pe-natha seeds therapy. The findings of the present study
confirm the benefit of Pe-natha seed in prevention and treatment of artherosclerosis
due to its lipid lowering effect on serum TC, serum TG and serum LDL-C.
253. Lycopodium technique: quantitative determination of plant ingredients in Myanmar
Traditional Medicine Formulation-02. Saw Han; Mya Bwin. Int J Pharmacog.
1994; 32(3): 256-261.
This report describes the quantitative determination of four plant ingredients
contained in Myanmar traditional medicine formulation-02 (TMF-02) by use of
microscopic examination.
254. Morphological and histological characters of Morinda citrifolia L. fruits (Noni) and
its hypoglycemic activity. Thida Myint. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of
Yangon; 2006.
Leaves and fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. have been use as a medicine for many
years in Myanmar. Still, this herb is used as a folk medicine popularly in various
ailments (hypertensive diabetes, arthritis and cancer). Due to its varius interesting
uses in different ailments, plants were collected from different locations, where fruits
were from Yangon University campus, Htaukkyant and Dagon Townships for
identificarion and phytochemical studies. Morphological and anatomical studies of
leaves and fruits of the plant were carried out as according to the method of Khin Sein
(1985) and Le Le win (1989) respectively. In chemical studies, phytochemical
screening of leaves and fruits has been investigated and the moderate amount of
alkaloid, saponin and higher amount of steroids were observed in leaves. The ripe
fruits were cleaned, sliced and allowed to dry at 105˚C for further extraction.
Phytochemical screening of leaves and fruit revealed that the fruit higher
concentration of carbohydrates, saponin, tannin, quinona and alkaloids. The moderate
amount of alkaloid, spaonin and higher amount of steroid was also observed from
fruit and leaves. Physicochemical analysis of the powdered fruit were determined and
found to be more soluble in distilted water and ethanol. Dried powdered fruit sample
were extracted with ethanol and concentrated. The obtained crude extracts were with
hexane and the resultant aqueous layer was again partitioned with ethyl acteated.
After removal of ethye acetate solvent, the obtained crude extract was separated by
Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (PTLC) using dichloromethane: ethyl acetate
9:1 and compound I and II were discovered and was found out to be coumarin and
asperulin respectively. In vivo screening was done for inhibiting effect of
Morinda citirifolia L. fruits extract, on adrenaline induced hyperglycemia in animal
mode, by utilizing 6g/kg body weight of the ethanolic extract. Glibenclamide 4mg/kg
was used as a control drug. From this research, it was demonstrated that the ethanolic
extract of Morinda citirifolia L. had transient reduced in blood glucose level by using
adrenalin induced hyperglycemia in rabbit model. Moreover, acute toxicity of the
extract was not detacted in all the three groups (1.5g/kg, 3g/kg and 6g/kg) of mice
colonies.
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255. Morphology and pharmacognosy of Eupatorium horsfieldii Miq. San San Win. Thesis,
MSc (Botany), University of Yangon; 1994.
In this study, morphological and histological characters as well as
pharmacognostical aspects of Eupatorium horsfieldii Miq. (Pannyo) was conducted.
The preliminary phytochemical investigations carried out on various soluble extract
reveal the presence of amino acid, glycoside, reducing sugar, sterol, triterpene,
saponin and phenolic. The presence of essential oil was also detected and was found
to be 0.89. (v/w) that is the volume of essential oil in milliliter produced from hundred
gram of dried powder of leaves Quantitative microscopic analysis of Pannyo
ingredient present in the Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulation (TMF-44) was
conducted with a view to authenticate and quantitate the proportion of Pannyo
ingredient which was estimated as 47.78±3.72 and found to be relevant to that of the
percentage as specified in Table 1. Revive and bring it into line with Western
Medicine.
256. Myanmar coconut water as a food-based oral rehydration fluid. Aung Khin. Thesis,
MMedSc (Physiology), Yangon: Institute of Medicine (2); 1992.
Coconut water has been claimed to be a useful alternative oral rehydration fluid.
Altogether 324 coconuts from the two varieties commonly found in Yangon were
divided into 4 stages and analysed for physical and chemical characterization. The
sterility of the coconut water before and after exposure to the environment was also
studied. The objective was to find out whether the Myanmar coconut water is suitable
for oral rehydration, and if so, which stage or stages would be optimal for that
purpose. Control studies were also done on oral rehydration solution (ORS) prepared
from WHO/UNICEF packets. Although there are some differences in the physical
characteristics and chemical composition between the coconut waters of the tall and
golden varieties, the general composition between the coconut waters of the tall and
golden varieties, the general of the coconut water decreased with maturity (e.g. from
504.5-277.8ml) while the pH increased (e.g. from 4.8-6.1). The osmolality (283.0 to
308.2mOsm/Kg) of coconut water was nearer to that of human plasma compared with
that of WHO-ORS (318.2mOsm/1). Both the sodium and potassium contents
increased with maturity of the nut. When compared with that of WHO/ORS, the
sodium content was low (9.0-46.0 vs 88.9mmol/1) while potassium content was high
(9.4 to 92.6 vs 19.8mmol/1). The glucose content of stage 1 coconut water
(97.3mmol/1) was not very far from that of WHO-ORS (105.2mmol/1) but declined
in the later stages (19.9mmol/1 in stage 4). Coconut water of both varieties at all
stages also contained protein and aminoacids, fat, sucrose, fructose and minerals-
calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc Coconut water in its natural paclage is
sterile and after exposure to the environment, remains uncontaminated with faecal
colifroms as long as 24 hours (stages 1 and 2) while prepared WHO/ORS became
contaminated at the 6th hour. Despite the apparently low sodium and high potassium
content, it is concluded that Myanmar coconut water (particularly the immature stages
of both varieties) may be regarded an optimal food- based oral rehydration fluid. The
reasons for this conclusion were discussed.
128
257. Myanmar experience in integrating traditional medicine into modern medicine.

Thaw Zin. Paper presented at the Forth International Traditional/Complementary
Conference and Exhibition (INTRACOM 2002), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p14-16,
2002 Oct.
Myanmar people had a long cultural background of using traditional remedies,
which are still practiced and relied upon about 80% of the rural population. In this
paper, authors present some account of Myanmar system of Traditional medicine and
Myanmar efforts to functionally integrate two systems of medicine in some areas.
Integration of Traditional medicine into modern medicine in the fields of health care
system, laboratory research, clinical research, clinical practive, medical education and
pharmaceutical production are described. Some constraints faced in practice in
integration of two systems are also presented. Myanmar, moving towards the
development of integrated medicine is such that it is comprehensive and considering
the two systems of medicine as complementary to each other rather than more
alternative, thus offering the best possible care and benefit for the patients.
258. Myanmar traditional medicine formulary. Pharmacology Research Division. Yangon:
DMR; 1989.
The formaulary was produced encompassing 48 traditional drugs as described in
the Ministry of Health publication "Formulations Used by the Traditional Medicine
Department", October 1982. The formulary describes the composition of the
formulations, expressing the individual ingredients in terms of precise weights and
measures, their dosages, their uses, the physico-chemical and botanical characteristics
of the formulations, their methodologies of analysis, and a summary of their
pharmacological and toxicological effects.
259. The nature of the chemical constituents of Apium graveolens. Sein Gwan; Khin Saw
Oo; Than Yee; Han Min. Proc Burma Med Res Soc, 1958-59; 1: p19-20.
Apium graveolens Linn. (Family Umbelliferae), the equivalent Burmese name
being "Tayok-nan-nan", has been extensively utilized among the local people as a
remedy against hypertension. The watery extract of the whole plant mixed with sugar
or honey is used. In addition to the above use, the plant is also used as a tonic, a
carminative and a diuretic.
260. Nephroprotective effect of Camellia sinesis Linn. (Green tea) in albino mice.
Myo Thu Zar. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: University of Medicine
(1); 2011.
The leave of Camellia sinesis Linn. (Green tea) is being used for many years in
Myanmar as food and drink. The present study was done to evaluate the
nephroprotective activity of watery extract of leaves of Camellia sinesis Linn. (Green tea)
on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in albino mice. The leave of Camellia sinesis
Linn. (Green tea) was extracted with water. Watery extraction method was used
because it is like tea brew consumed by many people. The total yield produced with
watery extract was 9.2%. The ED50 value of watery extract of Camellia sinesis Linn.
(Green tea) for nephroprotective activity on mice was 3.8gm/kg and its 95%
confidence limit was 0.15gm/kg to 8.4gm/kg. The nephroprotective effect of extract
was studied on albino mice of both sexes weighing 180 to 200gm. Cisplatin was used
as nephrotoxic agent. The test agents were given by oral route. To study the protective
effect, mice were fasted 48 hours in metabolic cages. Mice were grouped into six.
Group I served as negative control group, which received only water. Group III, IV
and Group V served as extract treated group, which were received three different
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doses of extract; 1g/kg, 2g/kg and 3g/kg body weight for 2 days. Starting from 3rd day
until 6th day, Group III, IV and V groups were given 5mg/kg body weight of cisplatin
everyday intraperitoneally after 1hour of giving the extracts. Group II served as
positive control group, which received only 5mg/kg cisplatin intraperitoneally daily
from 3rd day to 6th day. On 7th day all of the mice were sacrificed with chloroform.
The blood samples collected by mean of cardiac puncture were used to determine urea
and creatinine. Mice kidneys were made into tissues slides for histological
examination at four sites of renal tissues, i.e, glomerulus, tubules, endothelium and
vascular tissues. The level of serum urea mean ± SD for those of cisplatin alone
treated group was 84.86 ± 14.67mg/dl that for drinking water group was showed
33.43 ± 5.28mg/dl and aqueous extract 1, 2 and 3g/kg pretreated groups were 52.86 ±
20.23 (P<0.01*) , 36.36 ± 5.53 (P<0.001*) and 53.86 ± 20.06 (P<0.05*) respectively.
Serum creatinine level of mean ± SD for those of cisplatin alone treated group was
0.98 ± 0.44 mg/dl, and that for drinking water group showed 0.38 ± 0.11 and
aqueous extract 1, 2 and 3 g/kg pretreated groups were 0.40 ± 0.06 (P<0.01*), 0.48 ±
0.17 (P< 0 .05*), 0.48 ± 0.13(P<0.05*) respectively. Mean histological scoring was
significantly reduced in Group V, i.e, 3g/kg of green tea extract pretreated group. This
reduced scoring showed nephroprotective effect and significant (p <0.01) at 3 sites of
renal tissues, i.e, glomerulus, tubules and vascular changes except endothelium
because endothelial injury caused by cisplatin is not remarkable from the beginning.
Acute toxicity of watery extract was done by using albino mice. It was observed that
the extract was toxic because all of 10 mice died within 24hour at 20mg/kg dose and
median lethal dose (LD50) was 11.1gm/kg with its 95% confidence limit was
9.32gm/kg to 13.2g/kg. The phytochemical analysis was done with dried powder of
leaves of Camellia sinesis Linn. Myanmar green tea powder contained flavonoid and
polyphenol which is claimed to be the substances that can give nephroprotective
effect. In conclusion, this study proved scientifically that watery extract of Camellia
sinesis Linn. (Myanmar Green tea) had nephroprotective effect on cisplatin induced
nephrotoxicity in mice.
261. Non-specific antidiarrhoeal activity of rhizome of Acorus calamus Linn. (Lin-ne) on
experimental animals. Tin Htay Naing. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon:
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate scientifically the anti-diarrhoeal
effects of rhizome of Acorus calamus Linn. (Lin-ne) by using castor oil-induced
diarrhea on albino mice in vivo and isolated rabbit intestine in vitro. The dried
powdered of rhizome of Lin-ne was extracted with both water and 95% ethanol to
obtain aqueous and ethanolic extract respectively. Phytochemical analysis of
ethanolic, aqueous extract and dried rhizome powder of Lin-ne showed that they have
alkaloids, steroids, tannin, glycoside, saponin, carbohydrate and triterpene. Acute
toxicity study of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Lin-ne was performed by using the
albino mice. Acute toxicity study of aqueous extract showed no lethality even with the
maximum permissible dose of the extract 16g/kg. Acute toxicity study of ethanolic
extract showed the lethal effect and the lethal dose (LD50) was 6g/kg and its 95%
confidence limits were 3.45-10.5g/kg. General screening of pharmacological actions
of the extract, no abnormality was detected except slight sedation effect. In vivo study,
there was dose-dependent reduction in castor oil-induced diarrhea in all doses (i.e.
ethanolic extract 125mg/kg, 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and aqueous extract 3g/kg, 6g/kg,
8g/kg) at 4 hour after castor oil administration. The results of the present study
showed that both extracts of Lin-ne produed significant reduction in fecal weight and
130
volume of intestinal contents and percent intestinal transit produced by castor oil.
Both extracts of Lin-ne cause relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle by as yet
unknown mechanisms. The median effective dose (ED50) of ethanolic extract of Lin-
ne was 260mg/kg and its confidence limit was 153-442mg/kg. The median effective
dose (ED50) of aqueous extract was 4g/kg and its confidence limit was 2.35-5.8g/kg.
262. Paper chromatographic analysis of free amino acids in etiolated seedlings of
Cicer aritenum and Vigna catjang Walp. Khin Swe Win; Myint Myint Gyi;
Yi Yi Win (2); Khin Than Swe; Than Aung, Maung; Thant Zin, Maung;
Khin Latt, Maung; Thet Htun, Maung; Mya Mya Thein; Thein Aung. Burma Res
Congr, 1971: p142.
Seedling of Vigna catjang Walp. and Cicer arietenum were grown in the dark and
the free amino acids analyzed every alternate day. Analysis was qualitative only and
the amino acids separated by two dimensional paper chromatography. In addition to
the essential amino acids, eight unknowns were also noted.
263. A pharmacognostic on Crinum asiaticum Linn. A Mo Htet. Thesis, MSc (Botany),
Pharmacognostical studies on Crinum asiaticum Linn. (Ko-yan-gyi) of the family
Amaryllidaceae has been undertaken. The morphological and taxonomical studies on
both vegetative and reproductive parts have also been carried out. Physico-chemical
standardizations of leaf and bulb powders were conducted by the standard analytical
procedures described in Physico-chemical Standards of Unani Formulations (1987,
India) and Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary (1989, DMR). All the results
are recorded in this thesis. The genus Crinum is reported to contain an alkaloidal
compound, lycorine, as one of the major constituent. For this reason, extraction and
isolation of lycorine has been attempted from bulb of Crinum asiaticum Linn. and
identification of the isolated crystal was achieved by melting-point determination, thin
layer chromatography and ultra-violet spectral data analysis in comparison with the
reported data for lycorinem.
264. Pharmacognostic studies and isolation of L-Dopa from Mucuna pruriens DC. and
Mucuna utilis Wall. Saw Han. Thesis, MSc (Botany), Rangoon Arts & Sciences
University; 1978.
Taxonomic and Pharmacognostic studies of Mucuna pruriens DC. and Mucuna utilis
Wall. were conducted. Isolation of L-Dopa from the seeds of both the species were
carried out by two methods. (i) 50% ethanolic solution containing 0.5% ascorbic acid
and (II) 1.0% acetic acid solution. The percentage yield by method (I) was found to be
1.8gm% for Mucuna pruriens DC. and 1.21gm% for Mucuna utilis Wall. : by method
(II) the yields were 2.0gm% and 1.5gm% respectively. The L-Dopa from Mucuna
utilis Wall. contained 0.15gm tyrosine. The isolated substance was identified as
L-Dopa by specific colour reaction, paper chromatography, thin-layer
chromatography, melting point, UV absorption spectrum and specific rotation. An
attempt was made to extract L-Dopa was not obtained. Investigation of serotonin
(5-hydroxytryptamine) in fruit trichomes was also attempted but no serotonin was
detected. A 20% sodium chloride extractable protein in Mucuna pruriens DC. and
Mucuna utilis Wall. were found to be 12.8gm% and 12.6gm% respectively by
gravimetric method. The colorimetric analysis by Biuret method showed 10gm% for
the former and 9.8 gm% for the latter species.
131
265. Pharmacognostic studies of Urginea indica Kunth. Thidar Swe. Thesis, MSc
(Botany), University of Rangoon; 1983.
In this study Taw-kyet-thun, which is commonly known as Indian Squill was
studied taxonomically and identified as Urginea indica Kunth. Histological characters
and pharmacognostic aspects of the plant were investigated. Preliminary
phytochemical pharmacognostic aspects of the plant were investigated. Preliminary
phytochemical possess effective anthelmintic activity. The test revealed the presence
of flavonoid and steroidal glycoside. Flavonoid detection was conducted on
methanolic concentrate, eluted from 50. Alcoholic extract of air-dried bulb powder;
using paper chromatography with BuAW (4:1:5) as solvent system at 30˚C. One
flavonoid spot of Rf value 0.531±0.047 was obtained by specific colour reaction and
two sugars were also detected. The Rf values corresponded to authentic fructose and
galactose and this was confirmed by osazone test. Such a flavonoid compound could
not be identified due to lack of reference compound. The presence of steroidal
substance was also detected in ethyl acetate-soluble substance obtained from
methanolic concentrate which was eluted from 50. Alcoholic extract of air-dried
powder using liebermann-Buchard colour reaction. The presence of β-sitosterol was
confirmed by T.L.C. and specific colour reaction. There were four unknown spots
which could not be identified. The presence of a scillaren-like substance was detected
by specific colour reaction test but the amount was too small for further
characterization.
266. Pharmacognostic studies on Nasturtium officinale R.Br. (a7rkefnif;) Family:
Brassicaceae. Kay Zin Kyaw. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: University of Pharmacy;
2009.
A variety of mustard (Mon-hnyin) belonging to the family Brassicaceae, has been
commonly appreciated as salad and vegetables since many years ago. Nowadays those
species are preferably accepted as medicinal and health-foods claiming for various
bioactivities. In Myanmar, a mustard species namely Ye- mon-hnyin (a7rkefnif;),
which is abundantly available in Shan State is becoming popular and vastly used by
people. This local plant, Ye-mon-hnyin which is one of the mustard species was
botanically identified and confirmed to be Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Its habit,
morphological and histological characters were systematically documented in this
thesis for the plant authenticity purpose. Physicochemical and phytochemical studies
were also conducted by using reference analytical procedures chromatographic and
spectroscopic methods. All of physicochemical data determined in this work were
documented in Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Monograph presented in this
research. A major compound present in the locally grown Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
was extracted and isolated. It was identified to be gluconasturtiin according to the UV
and NMR spectral data analysis. For the purpose of safe and effective uses of
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. laxative activity and acute toxicity were studied on
experimental mice. Expressed juice from fresh specimen and aqueous, ethanol (50%)
and ethanol (95%) extracts from dried powder were tested with the various dose of 3,
6 and 12g/kg for toxicity and 3 and 6g/kg for laxative activity respectively. Laxative
activity was evaluated by measurement of frequency and weight of stool after oral
administration of test extracts. At the dose of 6g/kg, aqueous extract showed
statistically significant activity at 0.5hr, 1hr and 2hr, and ethanol (50%) extract
showed at 1hr and 5hr by means of Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Fresh juice
showed no fatal effect of all mice with the tested doses. No toxic effect was found
with the dose of 3 and 6g/kg of all tested extracts. One, two and ten mice were found
132
to be lethal with aqueous, ethanol (50%) and ethanol (95%) extracts respectively, only
with the highest dose (12g/kg) was tested. LD50 value of ethanol (95%) extract was
calculated to be 9.4 (7.2-12.2)g/kg according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon method. It
can be concluded that this plant possesses laxative activity and practically non-toxic
on mice.
267. Pharmacognostic study of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. San San Moe. Thesis, PhD
Enhydra flucturans Lour. is one of the flowering plants belongs to the family
Asteraceae. It is a marsh herb as aquatic plants. They are mostly wild species and it is
known as “Kana-hpaw” in Myanmar. In Myanmar, it is often planted for the edible
stems, leaves and also some medicinal values although they are not cultivated plant
species. This plant was collected from Hlaing Township, Yangon Division. The
morphological and taxonomical aspects of this plant have been studied and identified
in the Department of Botany, University of Yangon. The microscopical characters of
the whole plant and examination of powdered drugs were carried out for a perfect
standardization of drugs. In microscopical study, the cells of lower and upper lamina
are irregular, wavy anticlinal walls and abundant anomocytic stomata types of lower
surface than upper one were found. In tranverse section of lamina, collateral type
vascular bundle and finely oil dotted glands in mesophyll tissues were observed
distinctly. In the surface view of stem, multicellular uniseriate trichomespresented and
chloroplasts with anomocytic type of stomata were found. The collected plants were
dried, powdered and stored in an air tight bottle for phytochemical and
physicochemical observations. The preliminary phytochemical examination was
carried out to examine the chemical constituents. This examination indicated that the
presence of saponins, carbohydrate, tannin, glycoside, alkaloid, terpenoid, flavonoid,
starch and phenolic compound. In physicochemical observation, the results indicated
that dry powders of the whole plant were most soluble in water and moderately
soluble in other solvents. The elemental analysis (EDXRF) of the whole plant was
indicated the presence of Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and Iron (Fe).
Isolation of chemical constituents of the plant extract was carried out by silica gel
column chromatography method. Yield percentages of three isolated compounds were
(0.12%), (0.2%) and (0.027%) respectively. Isolated compounds were identified by
TLC, melting point, Ultraviolet (UV), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
(FTIR) techniques. In microbial test, the results showed that effective activities on the
microbes were found in extracts of acetone, methanol and ethanol. Various solvent
extracts of plant and isolated compounds (diterpene, lupeol, and stigmasterol) were
tested against different microorganism for their antimicrobial activity by using agar
well diffusion method. The isolated compounds were active against on Bacillus pumalis,
Candida albican, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugonisa and Eschrichia coli.
The acute toxicity test of aqueous extract of Enhydra flucturans Lour.was tested on
albino mice. These extracts did not show any toxic effect at the maximum permission
doses of 12g/kg body weight. Aqueous extract of the plant Enhydra flucturans
Lour.also showed laxative activity on albino mice with 8g/kg body weight. Therefore,
this study was revealed a significant laxative effect on albino mice.
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268. Pharmacognostic study of Payena paralleloneura Kurz. (uef;aZmf). Moe Moe Lwin.
Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2006.
There is a well known tree (Kan-zaw) near Southern Myanmar, the seeds of which
are medicinal and is used by local people. The oil is the main components present in
the seeds of this plant and it is used as a major remedy in traditional medicine for the
treatment of breast and ovarian cancer, anti-peptic ulcer, paralysis, bronchitis, rash,
chest pain, injury, sores and various other ailments. Although the oil is popularly used
by local people and has commercial value, the identification of this plant has not been
undertaken previously. The seeds were collected from Mann Thin Mountain, Myay
Yoe Village, Yebyu Township and Nyin Maw Village Launglone Township of
Tanintharyi Division. According to the characters present in the vegetative and
reproductive parts of the plants, it has been identified as Payena paralleloneura Kurz.
(Kan-zaw) belonging to the family Sapotaceae. This research covered the
morphological and microscopical characters of the leaves, fruits and these were
investigated so as to ascertain their correct identification. Preliminary phytochemical
tests have been carried out by using the leaves, stem, bark and seeds. Physicochemical
properties of the seeds were examined; petroleum ether (60-80˚C) extract of seed oil
were also investigated for the saponification and iodine value and estimation of free
fatty acids. Column chromatographic separation of active petroleum ether (60-80˚C)
extract on gel yielding compound A, while 95% ethanol extract of the seeds on silica
gel yielded two compounds. Isolated compound A was identified by UV, FT-IR and
GC-MS spectroscopic methods and compounds B and C were identified by UV and
FT-IR. Compound A (5-Undecene, 3-methyl-, (E)-) with a moleculer formula of C12
H24, 0.5%) having the following structure; compound B and compound C have been
assigned to the major component which have been isolated from the seeds and the
activity of this compound was rechecked by employing agar-well diffusion method
and it was found compound A showed more responsible for that significant
antimicrobial activity than other compound B and C. Isolated fixed oil content of
Kan-zaw seeds found to be 11.25% (v/w). The results of fixed oil was analyzed by
GC-MS method. All together, 24 peaks were detected by the gas chromatographic
profile of Kan-zaw oil. Of them, 9 constituents were identified by GC-MS
spectrophotometer. In addition elemental analysis of the plant parts were conducted
by using energy dispersive X-ray flurescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Moreover these
samples were also determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In
addition, extracts from the leaves, stem, bark and seeds were obtained by using
solvent chloroform, acetone, 95% ethanol and petroleum ether (60-80˚C) and they
have been tested for their antimicrobial activity by using agar-well diffusion method
against six different types of microbes. The results obtained were compared with the
activity of the commercial oil sample. Ethanol extracts of whole powder seed were
found to possess more effective antimicrobial potency than chloroform, acetone and
petroleum ether (60-80˚C). Kan-zaw oil produced commercially showed less
antimicrobial activity than the studied samples. Acute toxicity tests on animal models
has been conducted on aqueous extract of Kan-zaw seeds and commercial Kan- zaw
oil and compared with Yangon peanut oil as a control. In this study, the former were
tested for its anti-peptic ulcer activity in rats. The effect of aqueous extracts of the
seeds and oil (5g/kg and 10ml/kg) per orally were studied on gastric secretion and
gastric ulcers on aspirin induced (Buspro 600mg/kg) gastric mucosal injury in rats.
The reduction in the ulcer index in both the models along with the increase in volume
and total acidity, and neutralize the pH of gastric fluid in rats proved the anti-peptic
134
ulcer activity of aqueous extracts and Kan-zaw oil. Thus, if can be concluded that the
Kan-zaw seeds and oil possess definite anti- peptic ulcer activity.
269. A pharmacognostic study on Allium sativum Linn. Moe Moe San, Nant.Thesis, MSc
A research has been carried out on Allium sativum Linn. (Garlic) which is
commonly cultivated in the Union of Myanmar. Studies on the morphology of the
vegetative and reproductive parts and the anatomy of the leaf blade, leaf sheath, bulb
and roots have been made. Comparative physico-chemical and phyto-chemical studies
on garlic collected from three different localities namely, Taunggyi, Mogoke and
Monywa Townships were conducted. The main constituent of garlic, allicin, from the
bulb was extracted and identified by the thin layer chromatographic and spectroscopic
determinations.
270. A pharmacognostic study on Artabotrys burmanicus A.DC. Yin Yin Waing. Thesis,
Artabotrys burmanicus A.DC. belonging to the family Annonaceae is an
indigenous medicinal plant widely distributed throughout Myanmar. This plant is
locally known as Ta-daing-hmwe and also as Nga-bye-shin. It is claimed to be useful
for fever and emmenageogue. In this study, morphological, anatomical and phyto-
chemical investigation was carried out. The presence of Artabotrine (alkaloid) was
detected from the barks and roots by means of chromatographic studies.
271. Pharmacognostic study on Atalantia monophylla (Taw-shauk) and antispasmodic
activities of its roots. Khin Mar Naing. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of
Yangon; 2007.
Atalantia monophylla Correa. (Taw-shauk), belonging to the family Rutaceae was
selected as the plant materials because this plant is used as lubricant in Myanmar
traditional medicince. Morphological characters of both vegetative and reproductive
parts were investigated to ascertain their correct identification. They are large
aromatic shrubs, sharp spines at the nodes. Most of the Rutaceae families are wing
petiole but this plant is not wing petiole, the tip emarginate and gland dotted.
Microscopical characters of leaves and roots were studied for their diagnostic
characters which can be used in standardization of drugs. Stomata are present on the
lower surface of the lamina, anisocytic type. Transverse section of lamina contain
secretory cavity with yellowish brown oil. Transverse section of young root and
mature root has starch grain present. The preliminary phytochemical examination
showed the presence of reducing sugars, alkaloid, flavonoids, steroids/terpenoids,
saponin, carbohydrate, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds and amino acids in
the leaves, stems and roots. Extractive value of leaves and roots are found to be more
soluble than that of the stem in ethanol. The principal element in leaf, stem and root
as calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and iron (Fe) were detected by EDXRF and AAS
analysis. The root powder of Taw-shauk was extracted with 95% ethanol. Total
alkaloids (0.48% yield) have been carried out by using Stas-Otto method. The
acridone alkaloids compounds: atalaphyllidine (A), N-methylatalaphylline (B) and
N-methylbicycloatalaphylline (C) were isolated by PTLC and identified by thin layer
chromatography, melting point, Ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopic methods. The
yield of the isolated alkaloids compounds were 0.008% (A), 0.005% (B) and 0.007%
(C) respectively. The leaf, stem and root extracts were prepared by various solvents of
ethanol, chloroform, pet-ether (60-80ºC) and acetone. These extracts and total
alkaloid from the roots were tested with different type of microorganisms by using
135
agar well diffusion method. Acetone, ethanol and chloroform are found to be
effective antimicrobial activity against all microbes tested than pet-ether (60-80˚C).
Total alkaloid showed the best antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and
C. albican. Acute toxicity tests on animal model had been conducted with aqueous
and 50% ethanolic extracts of Taw-shauk root. It was observed that both extracts
were free from acute toxic or harmful effects even with maximal permissible dose of
12g/kg. The LD50 (median lethal dose) of both extracts was more than 12g/kg body
weight. The antispasmodic activity of 95% ethanolic extract of Atalantia monophylla
Correa. root was investigated on acetylcholine induced contraction of isolated rat
intestine. The 95% ethanolic extracts (6mg) of Taw-shauk roots sample could
completely block the contraction cause by Ach (0.1mg) transiently, when the action of
Ach (0.1mg) was completely blocked by atropine (5mg). These results suggest the use of
Atalantia monophylla Correa. root as antispasmodic agent in traditional medicine.
272. A Pharmacognostic study on Cassia tora Linn. Khine Kyi Oo. Thesis, MSc (Botany),
A pharmacognostical study of Cassia tora Linn. (Dan-gywe) which grows wild
throughout the Union of Myanmar has been undertaken. A detailed study on the
morphology and the anatomy of the leaflets, rachis, fruits and seeds have been made.
Physico-chemical standardization of seed and leaf powder were conducted by
standard analytical procedures described in physico-chemical standards of Unani-
Formulations (1987, India) and Myanmar traditional medicinal formuration (1989,
DMR). The major constituents of emodin from seeds and flavonol glucoside from
leaves have been detected by thin layer chromatography and spectroscopy techniques.
273. Pharmacognostic study on Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Khin Win Yi. Thesis, MSc
(Botany), Rangoon Arts & Science University; 1979.
In this study the morphological and histological characters and pharmacognostic
aspects of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn., were investigated. Isolation of alkaloids from
entire dried plant was carried out by two methods of extraction. Method I is a cold
process using petroleum ether and 95% ethanol. This method yields 0.011gm% of
total alkaloid in the first batch and 0.004gm% in the second batch extraction. Method
II is the lime process producing 0.129-0.134gm% of total alkaloid. There were
altogether three spots of alkaloidal substances detected by paper chromatography
developed in butanol : acetic acid : water (15:1:4) in which the uppermost spot fairly
agrees with the Rf value of evolvine alkaloid reported in the literature; the other two
spots could not be identified, due to lack of reference materials. A search for betaine
in the alkaloidal extract was also conducted; but no betaine was detected. β-sitosterol
was detected from petroleum ether extract and confirmed by TLC and specific colour
reaction.
274. Pharmacognostic study on Hedychium coronarium Koenig. (Ngwe-pan) and its
bioactivity. Khin Cho Cho Oo. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2007.
Five species of Hedychium (Zingiberaceae) were collected. Hedychium elatum R.Br,
Hedychium coccineum Buch. and Hedychium flavescene Roscoe. were found (wild)
around Anisakhan roadside and near Dat-taw-gyeik fall, Pyin Oo Lwin Township
(Myanmar Division). Hedychium coronarium Koenig. and H. flavum Roxb. (cultivated)
were collected from South Okkalapa Township (Yangon Division). Morphology of
the five species of Hedychium was comparatively investigated Hedychium coccineum
Buch. has narrowly lanceolate leaves with fertile stamen twice as long as the labellum
and orange flowers. H. flavescens has yellow fertile stamen slightly exceeding the
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orbicular labellum. Hedychium coronarium has white fertile stamen which is shorter
than the orbicular labellum while that of H. flavum is yellow and exceeding the
obovate labellum and Hedychium elatum is dark pink and exceeding the obovate
labellum. Microscopical characters of rhizomes and roots were carried out so as to
ascertain their true identification. Irregularly distributed closed collateral vascular
bundles, numerous starch grains and oleoresin are found in rhizomes and roots.
Phytochemical and physicochemical investigation of the five species of Hedychium
were compared. Starch is especially abundant in H. flavescens and Hedychium
elatum; glycoside is abundant in Hedychium elatum and a lot of ά-amino acid is
shown in Hedychium coccineum. The powdered sample of Hedychium coccineum was
mostly soluble in water and the powdered sample of Hedychium coccineum was
mostly soluble in ethanol. Elemental analysis of plant. Hedychium coronarium was
determined by energy dispersive X-ray Fluoresence (EDXRF) spectrometry.
Elemental analysis by using EDXRF showed that potassium (K) is found as principal
element. Column chromatographic separation of bioactive compound from 50%
ethanol extract on silica gel yielded diterpene compound A and sterol compound B.
Isolated diterpene compound A and sterol compound B were identified by UV, FT-IR.
The isolated diterpene compound A may be hedychenone and the isolated sterol
compound B might be stigmasterol. The antimicrobial activity of various extracts
[methanol, 50% ethanol, pet-ether (60-80°C), watery] of dried rhizome of Hedychium
coronarium Koenig. Hydychenone compound and Stigmasterol compound were also
tested to find out its medicinal values. Methanolic extracts was found to be the best in
antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. So, the results of the
experimental provided much useful information in the development of traditional
medicine from natural products. The acute toxicity of aqueous extracts and 50%
ethanol extract Hedychium coronarium Koenig. dried rhizome were tested on albino
mice. Aqueous extract was free acute toxicity or harmful effect up to 10g/kg dose.
The rhizome of Hedychium coronarium Koenig. had found application in folk
medicine for treatment of various ailments. The present study confirms the antipyretic
action of the aqueous extracts and 50% ethanol extract of this plant against fever
experimentally induced by giving yeast to which was comparable to that of a standard
paracetamol. The 50% ethanol extract of Hedychium coronarium Koenig. is more
effective than aqueous extracts of Hedychium coronarium Koenig. This study
indicates that both extracts of Hedychium coronarium Koenig. can be used as an
effective agent against fever.
275. A pharmacognostic study on Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Blute Tser, Naw. Thesis, MSc
Morinda tinctoria Roxb. belonging to the family Rubiaceae is an indigenous
medicinal plant widely distributed in lower Myanmar, especially in Ayawady
Division. This plant locally known as Nibase or Taw-ye-yo is being clained to be
useful as expectorant and emmenagogue is traditional medicine. In this study,
morphological, anantomical and phytochemical investigations were conducted. The
presence of morindin was detected from the roots by thin-layer chromatography.
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276. Pharmacognostical and pharmacological study on Taw-kyet-thun reputed for

anthelminthic action. Aye Than; Thidar Swe; Chit Maung; Mya Bwin. Myanmar
Health Sci Res J. 1991; 3(3): p124-128.
Taw-kyet-thun, an indigenious Myanmar medicine plant whose bulb is being
claimed by the country-folks to be effective in purging intestinal roundworms, was
identified to be Urginea indica Kunth. Phytochemically, it consists of steroidal and
flavonoid glycosides. On the in vitro test model of Ascaris suum the 50% alcoholic
bulb extract indicated its anthelminthic efficacy by significantly immobilizing the
parasite within 4-6 hours, with respect to both the frequency and the magnitude of
motility of the worm; however, an initial stimulatory action on the parasite was
observed, a situation which is undesirable. Acute toxicity of the bulb extract tested on
mice showed the LD50 to be 52 (41-66) mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally,
and 680 (555-833) mg/kg, orally.
277. Pharmacognostical identification of an indigenous medical herbal plant Pan-oo to be
Kaempferia species. Mya Bwin; Saw Han. Burma Res Congr, 1985-86: p6.
Rhizomes of Pan-Oo, used as an ingredient in some Burmese indigenous drugs,
was pharmacognostically investigated. The detail anatomy on the basis of
microscopical characteristics indicated its similarity to another Burmese indigenous
herbal-drug ingredient "Seik-Phoo" a species already identified as Kaempferia
pandurata. Only the microchemical and fluorescence test could have been able to
differentiate between the two species. Therefor pharmacognostical standardization
techniques could detect any adulteration of one for the other ingredient between these
two ingredients.
278. Pharmacognostical identification of market Pwaygaing leaf. Mya Bwin; Saw Han;
Swe Swe Thaung. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1992 December; 4(3): p176-180.
Pwaygaing leaflets sold in the market for its medicine value as purgative and
laxative drug and also as one of the ingredients in many of the traditional medicine
formulations (TMFs) was pharmacognostically identified to be Cassia angustifiolia
Vahl.
279. Pharmacognostical studies of Abroma augusta Linn.F. Win Win Aung. Thesis, MSc
Abroma augusta Linn.f belonging to the family Sterculiaceae is an indigenous
medicinal plant widely distributed throughout Myanmar. This plant locally known as
Mwe-ma-naing-pin or Naga-thay-pin or Ga-loun-ja-za is being claimed to be useful as
a detoxicant in the traditional medicine. In this study, morphological, anatomical,
phytochemical investigation and characterization was conducted. The presence of
β-sitosterol and 12 amino acids was detected from the chromatographic studies.
280. Pharmacognostical studies of Kyet-thahin. Tin Tin Kyu. Thesis, MSc (Botany),
In this study, taxonomical and histological characters as well as pharmacognostical
aspect of Sauropus albicans Blume. (Kyet-thahin) was conducted. The preliminary
phytochemical investigations carried out on alcoholic extract reveal the presence of
flavonoid and alkaloid. Two flavonol aglycones, namely quercetin and kaemferol
were isolated and identified by means of thin layer chromatography and UV
absorption spectra. Although qualitative investigation indicated the presence of
alkaloid, no alkaloidal substance could be detected by thin layer chromatographic
studies.
138
281. Pharmacognostical studies of Nerium indicum Mill. Tin Sein Mar. Thesis, MSc
The present study was conducted on the pharmacognostical investigations of
Nerium indicum Mill. (Nwe-tha-gee). A detailed characterization of the morphology,
taxonomy and anatomy of the plant were done and recorded. Physico-chemical
characterizations of the dried leaf powder was performed with those test parameters
such as solubilities in various solvents, ash values, essential oil content, mineral
content and fluorescence characteristics of natural and chemically treated samples.
Phytochemical study have achieved on the isolation and identification of cyanindrin
from flowers and, rutin and oleandrin from leaves. Solvent extraction,
chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic methods were utilized for chemical
analysis.
282. Pharmacognostical studies of Strychnos nux-blanda A.W.Hill. Khin Thida. Thesis,
A pharmacognostical study of Strychnos nux-blanda A.W.Hill which grows wild
throughout the Union of Myanmar has been undertaken. A detialed study on the
morphology and the anatomy of medicinally important organs such as the leaves,
petioles and seeds have been made. Chemical studies include extraction and isolation
of the major alkaloids such as strychnine; brucine and steroid (β-sistosterol) form the
seeds by solvent extraction and thin layer chromatography techniques. Chemical
analysis has also been carried out on the barks, leaves and seeds.
283. Pharmacognostical studies on Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. Mya Sanda, Sao. Thesis,
MSc (Botany), Rangoon Arts & Sciences University; 1979.
Taxonomical, histological and chemical studies were conducted on
Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. The present study revealed that Alysicarpus vaginalis DC.
contains at least two types of flavonoid glycosides in the alcoholic extract. Two
methods were employed for the extraction of plant constituents, using the organic
solvent extraction method and lead complex method. Two isolates were identified,
one a flavonoid glucoside and the other a flavonoid fructoside by Rf values, specific
colour reactions and osazone derivatives of free sugars. However, the aglycones could
not be identified due to lack of reference compounds. The presence of β-sitosterol was
also confirmed.
284. Pharmacognostical studies on Cephalandra indica, Naud in Arn. Khin Khin San.
Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Rangoon; 1984.
Botanical and chemical studies were conducted on Cephalandra indica, Naud. The
botanical portion includes morphological and anatomical investigations to help in the
identification of the plant; phytochemical studies were performed by the application
of Thin Layer Chromatography. An alkaloidal extract of the leaves of C. indica.
indicated the presence of not less than four alkaloids with Rf. 0.68, 0.57, 0.50 and 0.29
respectively. The roots of the plant materiel indicated the presence of two alkaloids
with Rf. 0.94 and 0.03 respectively. The identification of the alkaloids present in the
leaves could not be determined due to lack of reference material. A steroidal extract
of the leaves of the plant materiel has shown the presence of not less than six steroids
with Rf. 0.84, 0.71, 0.60, 0.52, 0.34 and 0.24 respectively. The results show the
presence of three major and three minor steroids. Of the six steroids, the second
steroid had an Rf. 0.71 similar to that of stigmasterol and was therefore tentatively
identified as stigmasterol by thin layer chromatography and infra-red spectroscopy,
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although a derivative could not be prepared. Thus thin layer chromatography of the
lipid fraction suggest the presence of stigmasterol in addition to other steroids.
285. Pharmacognostical studies on Dicentra scandens Walp. Wai Myint Aung. Thesis,
MSc (Botany), University of Rangoon; 1984.
In this study, Thu-yaung-khar was studied taxonomically and identified as
Dicentra scandens Walp. Histological characters and pharmacognostical aspects of
the plant were investigated. Preliminary phytochemical investigation conducted on
various soluble extracts of airdried underground tuberous root powder revealed the
presence of alkaloids. The presence of two steroidal substances Beta-sitosterol and
stigma sterol were detected in the hexane-soluble concentrate using Liebermann-
Buchard colour reaction. These two phytosterols cannot be distinguished by their Rf
values. Three alkaloidal substances designated as "X", "Y" and "Z" were isolated by
two methods of extraction. Method "I" is a cold process using 95% alcohol, producing
a total yield of 2g of white amorphous crystalline powder "X". Two types of alkaloids
"Y" and "Z" were obtained by Method "II", using methanol by soxhlet extraction. "Z"
is the white shining monoclinic prismatic crystalline alkaloid giving a yield of 1g and
the other "Y" is a faint creamy yellow crystalline powder giving a yield of 2g.
286. Pharmacognosy of Euphorbia geniculata Ortega. Tin Tin Nu Yi. Thesis, MSc.
(Botany), Rangoon Arts & Sciences University; 1974.
In this study of Euphorbia geniculata definitive morphological and histological
characters were surveyed. Microchemical, qualitative and quantitative chemical tests
were used to determine the plant constituents. Steroids, sterol esters and waxes were
extracted and identified. The flavonoid glycoside, quercetrin and its aglycone
quercetin was extracted, isolated, and identified by chemical reactions, paper
chromatography, melting point determination, ultraviolet and infrared spectrometry.
Putative candidate's possesing the purgative action were investigated biochemically.
The purgation effect of E. geniculata in man, mice and rats was also studied. Boiled
leaves produced purgative action in human subjects whereas green leaves, and various
extracts did not show any significant purgative effect.
287. Pharmacognosy of plant ingredients of Myanmar traditional medicine formulations.
Pharmacology Research Division. Yangon: DMR; 1989.
Botanical characterization is essential features of traditional drug standardization
being mostly of plant origin. An important component of such strategy is the
pharmacognostical study of individual plant ingredients. The crude drugs used in the
preparation are judged only by physical appearance, smell and personal experience.
There is no assurance of the authernticity or quality control of the plant ingredients by
scientific judgement. Thus, there is a great need to authenticate and to have reference
standards of the plant ingredients before the preparation of a traditional medicine
formulation. The method for authentication and standardization is lacking in the field
of traditional medicine. Pharmacognostic studies were conducted on 134 plant
ingredients of the 39 traditional medicine formulations. Five pharmacognostical tests
carried out for each plant were;-macroscopic features; microscopic (powder) studies;
quantitative microscopic estimations; fluorescence analysis and chemical treatment
(colour reactions) of powder. Illustrated microscopic particles in line drawings are
also presented. Grouping arrangement in this book was made in the following
sequence: whole plant, aerial parts, flower, stamen, fruit, seed, leaves, stem, bark,
wood, rhizome, bulb, gall and algae.
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288. Pharmacognosy of Plantago major Linn. Mya Sein, Ma. Thesis, MSc (Botany),
Rangoon Arts & Sciences University; 1975.
In this study taxonomical, morphological and histological characters of
Plantago major were conducted. Micro-chemical investigations of leaves stems and
roots of 1 month-, 2 month-, 3 month-, 6 month- and 1 year- old plants were made
concurrently with general qualitative tests of dried powdered leaves. Extracts of dried
leaves were analysed. Total water-soluble pectin content with respect to the age of the
plant was studied. Increase in pectin content was found in April and May irrespective
of the age of the plant. Pectin from four batches of leaves taken from three different
localilties and extracted from the ninth step of hydrolysis (designated PM-9) show
that the content is highest from Rangoon grown plants. Effect of pooled PM-9 on
bolld pressure of dog was determined and it was observed that the blood pressure fell
immediately.
289. Pharmacological and chemical studies on Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) Miq. Aye Than;
Win Myint; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Than Than Htay; Khin May Ni.
Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2002; 14 (1-3): p1-6.
The plant Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) [See-cho-pin or Tha-gyar-ma-gike in
Myanmar name] scientifically evaluated for its traditionally reputed activity of
hypoglycemic property. When aqueous extract of the leaf was tested on rabbit model,
blood sugar lowering effect was observed on both adrenaline-induced and glucose-
loaded models. Reduction in blood glucose concentration was significant and was
maximum at 1hr and 2hr. Acute toxicity test and physico-chemical studies of the leaf
extracts of the plant were also conducted. The acute toxicity studies carried out on
mice has not revealed an adverse or side effects of this extract at the dosages tested.
Detailed results on the evaluated hypoglycemic activity, acute toxicity study and
physico-chemical tests were discussed and reported.
290. Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Myanmar traditional medicine
formulations. Pharmacology Research Division. Yangon: DMR; 1989.
The reslts of screening of a total of 34 traditional medicine formulations for
selective pharmacological actions, such for anti-asthmatic, anti-diarrhoea, analgesic,
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities are described. All the 34
formulations (which are in the form of powder) were tested for acute toxicity (LD50).
For subacute or chronic toxicity, however, only two drug formulations were selected,
on the basis of their ingredients, some of which (e.g., arsenic) are known to lead to
chronic toxicity. Clinical evaluation was undertaken on two therapeutic actions, i.e.,
diuretic and antipyretic activities. Five drug formulations were tested clinically for
each of these activities. Full detalis of the 34 formulations tested including the
ingredients, (plant, animal, mineral/salt), their common name/scientific name,
Myanmar name, amount per 100g of mixture, main therapeutic indication/uses and
manner of administration, dose (human and animal); methods and results of
toxicological and pharmacological (i.e., animal studies as well as clinical trials) are
described. As regards the scientific evaluation of the efficacy of the traditional
medicine formulations, the pharmacological tests have indicated a number of
promising formulations. These will need to be followed up vigorously and more
extensive clinical trials undertaken before definitive conclusions can be drawn and
more widespread use of the formulations promoted.
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291. Pharmacological evaluation of some traditional medicine formulations and medicinal

plants on in vitro and in vivo experimental animals. Aye Than. Thesis, PhD.
(Zoology), University of Yangon; 2004.
The pharmacological evaluation of some Traditional Medicine Formulations
(TMFs) and selected medicinal plants in seven experimental areas namely
bronchodilating activity, antheminthic efficacy, activity on uterus, anti-diarrhoeal
activity, hypoglycaemic efficacy, anti peptic-ulcer effects and anti-inflammatory
actions were experimented on using animal models system during 1997 to 2004.
Three formulations out of seven reputed TMFs were found to produce significant
bronchodilating effect with relaxation of tracheal muscle as much as 127±12% and
110±18%. The effect of two different extracts of three medicinal plants namely Piper
betle L. (Kun), Coleus aromaticus (Ziyar-ywet-htu) and Ageratum conyzoides L.
(Khway-thay-pan) leaf extracts also significantly inhibited the contraction of tracheal
muscle induced by carbachol and histamine in rabbit and guinea pigs models. Out of
33 plant extracts, 22 plant extracts were found to have anthelminthic activity. Among
the active plants tested, 40-80mg/ml of Ananas sativa L. (Nanat-thee) juice was found to be
most effective. In the in vivo test model using pigs when 10g of fruit was consumed, it was
recorded that Ascaris suum was passed out with the feaces within 6 hours. The aqueous
extracts of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Kyeik-hman), Amaranthus spinosus Linn. (Hinnu-
nwe-subauk) and Averrhoea carambola Linn. (Zaung-yah) significantly induced
contraction of the uterine smooth muscle. Two TMFs (TMF-16 & TMF-35b) out of
five TMFs tested were found to possess significant anti-diarrhoeal activity, with
experimental antidiarrhoeal indices of 77% and 82%, respectively. Regarding the
hypoglycemic activity tested, only the water soluble extract of TMF-32 inhibited the
hyperglycaemic blood glucose level on adrenaline-induces diabetic rabbits (P<0.05).
The plant Orthosiphon aristatus Bl. (See-cho-pin or Tha-gyar-ma-gike in Myanmar
name) significantly reduced in blood glucose concentration with the maximum rate
between 1 to 2 hours. Fresh fruit juice (10ml/kg) approximately equivalent to
400mg/kg of the substance significantly inhibited the hyperglycemic blood glucose
levels on the rabbit models at two hours. In screening the anti-peptic ulcer activity of
the TMFs, only three (TMF-02, TMF-03B and TMF-08) markedly reduced ulcer
severity with the ulcer indices of 17.4, 15.6 and 14.5, respectively, whereas those of
the cimetidine showd 13.8 and of the negative control 35. These drugs also reduced
gastric acidity diminishing the free acid amount to one-third. In addition, Plantago
major Linn. (Akyaw-baung-ta-htaung) aqueous extract of air dried leaves had a
singnificant anti-ulcerogenic activity against aspirin-induced ulceration on in vivo rat
model (p<0.005). The ulcer severity and ulcer index of the test reduced to 59% when
compared with the control group. Aqueous extracts of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn.
(Seik-balu), Curcuma longa Linn. (Nanwin) and P. major Linn. showed a significant
antiinflammatory activity (p<0.005) at a dose of 3g/kg in rats tested in vivo. The data
obtained are compared and discussed, suggestions for future work are outlined.
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292. Pharmacological study on Orthosiphon aristatus (B1.) See-cho-pin. Khin Chit;

Aye Than; Khin Ye Myint; San San Win; Aye Aye Thein; Mu Mu Sein Myint.
The plant Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) (See-cho-pin) or Tha-gyah-ma-gike in
Myanmar name was scientifically evaluated for its traditionally reputed activity of
hypoglycemic property. First botanical identification of this plant and physico-
chemical studies were conducted. When aqueous extract of the leaf was tested on
rabbit model, blood sugar lowering effect was observed on both adrenaline-induced
and glucose loaded models. Acute toxicity test on mice and sub-acute toxicity study
on rats were also conducted. No toxicity was observed. Thereafter, a clinical trial to
determine the hypoglycemic potential of this plant was carried out on 13 healthy adult
volunteers. A significant blood sugar lowering effect was observed 1hr after
administration of 175ml of plant decoction (25g leaves) on glucose loaded model.
Then, a clinical trial was carried out on type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (30-70yrs).
Significant blood sugar lowering effect was observed in all patients 3hrs after
administration of plant decoction. There was no side effect clinically. Then,
preliminary study of long-term clinical trial was carried on 5 NIDDM patients. These
patients were administered in plain tea form in 3 divided doses (25g/day) for 1 month.
It was observed that blood glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
before drug administration and after drug administration were different. Blood
glucose levels were lowered significantly (p<0.025) at 1hr and (p<0.05) at 2 hrs,
respectively, after 1 month administration of the plant in plain tea form.
293. Physico-chemical analysis of home-based fluids. Win Myint; Hla Pe; Po Aung, Saw;
Win Kyi; Khin Aye Than; Mya Bwin. Med Res Congr, 1992: p30-31.
Rehydration measure should be instituted as early as possible when life threatening
dehydration state due to diarrhea or severe fever is suspected or detected. Home-based
fluids are usuaslly given under such circumstances and thus chemical compositions of
syrups (n=9), soft drinks (n=5), fresh fruit juices (n=4) and plant decoctions (n=7)
were analysed by using published methods and atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
High concentrations of total sugars (8.67 to 34.87g%) and free reducing sugars,
mainly as glucose and fructose (1.97 to 21.49g%) were detected in syrups and soft
drinks. Potassium was found to be rich in plant decoctions (34.08 to 273.10mg%) and
sodium in soups (140.0 to 475.0mg%). Soft drinks were found to be acidic (pH=2.76
to 3.63) whereas soups and plant decoctions had pH values (5.29 to 8.91). Colours
used in syrups and soft drinks were found to be permitted dyes. According to this
study, it can be suggested that jaggery-salt solution or plant decoction laced with
jaggery/sugar/starch with common salt could well be used as an alternative for ORS
where it cannot be easily available.
294. Physicochemical, enzymic and antioxidant properties of selected honey samples from
different localities in Myanmar. Hla Hla Than. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
The honey samples from different localities were collected. They are Zee honey
(HP) from Patheingyi Township in Mandalay Division, Pann-hnan honey (HK) from
Kalaw Township in Southern Shan State and Pe-sin-ngon honey (HC) from Chaung
Oo Township in Sagaing Division. Microscopic examination of pollen in honey
samples and related flowers were carried out for identification. The physical and
chemical properties of local honey samples were determined by recommended
methods of International Honey Commission (IHC). The honey samples Zee honey
(HP), Pann-hnan honey (HK) and Pesin-ngon honey (HC) have: refractive index, 1.486,
143
1.486 and 1.472; viscosity, 2625, 2575 and 575 centipoise (cP) at room temperature;
and specific gravity, 1.4054, 1.4121 and 1.3511, respectively. The honey samples HP
(Zee honey), HK (Pann-Hnan honey) and HC (Pe-sin-ngon honey) have: pH 5.8, 5.4 and
2.9; free acidity, 12, 19 and 56 meq/kg; water content, 23.64, 25.30 and 28.70%;
water insoluble matter content, 0.3945, 0.4700 and 0.4140%; total solid content,
49.773, 46.159 and 54.560%; ash content, 0.274, 0.109 and 0.147%; nitrogen content,
0.0368, 0.0272 and 0.0320%; protein content, 0.23, 0.17 and 0.20%; and hydroxyl-
methylfurfural (HMF) content, 6.512, 4.042 and 13.174 mg/kg, respectively. The Pe-
sin-ngon honey (Pyar-lay) obtained from Chaung Oo Township, Sagaing Division
showed the lowest pH value, the highest free acidity and water content values. Total
reducing sugars of honey samples HP, HK and HC from different localities were found
to be 93.75, 79.79 and 99.01% and non-reducing sugar obtained by acid hydrolysis
was found to be 3.22, 2.54 and 3.58%. The Pe-sin-ngon honey (Pyar-lay) showed
highest values of total reducing sugars and apparent sucrose. According to
discriminant function, Pann-hann honey was classified as honeydew and the other
samples Zee honey and Pe-sin-ngon honey were classified as floral honey. Quantative
determinations were carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Totally 12
elements (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pd and Zn) were found in all honey
samples. Diastase enzyme is responsible for converting starch to dextrins and sugars
and is introduced into honey by the bees. Its main point of interest is as an indicator of
heating. Diastase activity of the HP, HK and HC honey samples were determined to be
4.48, 5.45 and 5.66 DN, respectively. The literature value for diastase activity is not
less than 4 DN units. Invertase activity of the honey samples were determined using
Glucose-oxidase enzyme reagent method. The invertase activities of the HP, HK and
HC were found to be 2.640, 2.955 and 2.185μmolemin-1ml-1, respectively.
Antimicrobial activities of honey samples were studied using Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albican
and E. coli. Among the three honey samples, HC (Pe-sin-ngon honey) sample showed
the highest antimicrobial activity than that of HK (Pann-hnan honey) sample, whereas
HP (Zee honey) showed no antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activities of three
honey samples were determined by using DPPH assay method. It was found that HP,
Zee honey (IC50=0.1021mg/ml) exhibited the higher activity than that of HK, Pann-
hnan honey (IC50=0.8578mg/ml) and HC, Pe-sin-ngon honey (IC50=0.8513mg/ml),
respectively. In the assay test, ascorbic acid (IC50=0.1362μg/ml) was employed as a
standard. It may be inferred that the HP (Zee honey) showed the highest antioxidant
activity and HK (Pann–hnan honey) indicated the lowest antioxidant activity. In this
research, vitamin B6 content of the HP, HK and HC honey samples were found to be
0.0009mg, 0.0007mg and 0.0004mg/00g, respectively. Vitamin C contents were
0.15mg, 0.13mg and 0.08mg/100g, for HP (Zee honey), HK (Pann-hnan honey) and HC
(Pe-sin-ngon honey) samples, respectively. Vitamin B2 was present in all honey
samples.
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295. Phytochemical, adulterations, heavy metals and acute toxicity studies of some
Myanmar traditional medicines from private sectors. Mu Mu Sein Myint; May Aye
Than; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Mar Mar Myint; Moe Moe Aye; Phyu Phyu Win;
Thazin Myint; Myint Thuzar Thant. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2003: p64.
Myanmar people use to take traditional medicine formulations of health foods to
cure or to relieve from a wide range of diseases and disorders such as fever, ache and
pain, indigestion, asthma, diabetes, malaria, hypertension, diarrhoea and dysentery.
There is, however, a great need to explore whether they have any toxic effects and
whether they contain adulterations, heavy metals and cyanogenic compounds
respectively. In this study, a total of twenty samples of Myanmar traditional medicine
formulations from private sectors were coded and screened for phytochemical
constituents, heavy metals, adulterations and acute toxicity. Out of these formulations
(I) formulation showed acute toxicity, (2) formulation contained adulterations. No
formulations contained heavy metals. The results were compiled and analysed.
296. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity testing of quinine sulphate from Myanmar
Cinchona bark. May Aye Than; Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Kyi Kyi Myint;
Thazin Myint; Moe Moe Aye. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2002: p59.
Malaria is the top priority health problem and one of the major diseases in
Myanmar. Two varieties of cinchona trees (Indian and UNICEF strains) are being
grown locally around Thandaungyi area, Kayin State. Myanmar Pharmaceutical
Factory has successfully produced extraction of quinine sulphate from the bark of
cinchona tree. To be able to use it safely and effectively for the treatment of malaria,
the local quinine sulphate product needs to be confirmed by phytochemical analysis
and acute toxicity test. That was conducted as a controlled parallel, experimental
study on mice model comparing with quinine sulphate from Indonesia, Holland and
Germany. The same median lethal doses (0.72g/kg body weight) were found in all
different types of quinine sulphates powder. The LD50 of quinine sulphate powder
from Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory (QS-MPF) was 520mg (lower limit 419.4-
upper limits 644.8mg/kg) in mice. Basic identification and impurity testing of all
different types of quinine sulphates powder were tested. Same solubility of all
different types of quinine sulphates was also evident. Characterization by ultra-violet
spectrophotometer and infrared spectrophotometer revealed the same spectrum with
no major impurity peak. It was concluded that Myanmar quinine sulphate (QS-MPF)
was not different from other types of quinine sulphate in terms of toxicological and
phytochemical characters.
297. Phytochemical analysis of commonly known Banda trees (Terminalia catappa Linn.)
grown in Yangon Division. Mie Mie Nwe; Zaw Myint; Theingi Thwin;
Thet Thet Mar; Aye Myint Oo; Lwin Zar Maw; Tin Ko Ko Oo; May Thu Kyaw;
Yee Yee Sein. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2010 December; 22(3): p137-140.
The aim of the study is to identify and differentiate between two varieties of trees
which are commonly known as Banda trees grown in Yangon Division. The
morphological, phytochemical, and elemental studies of leaves, fruits and barks were
done. Two different varities of tree: Terminalia catappa Linn. variety 1 catappa and
Terminalia catappa Linn. variety 2 pubescens, are almost similar in general
appearance. The leaves are obovate to oblong, round or tapering at base and have
yellowish spot-like glands on the lamina and base of midrib in variety 1 and red
glands in variety 2. The mesocarp (flashy part) of fruits are either pink or yellow in
colour, pink are bitter and yellow are sweet. Both kinds of kernel contain catappa oil
(25-40%). Barks are smooth or nearly rough, the bark of variety 1 provides more oil.
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The phytochemical tests have shown the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, glycoside,
tannin, phenolic compounds, carbohydrate, saponin, reducing sugar and absence of
cyanogenic glycoside. But the content of flavonoid was higher in variety 2. In the
elemental analysis, potassium, calcium and silicon were found in leaves, fruits and
barks; iron, calcium and iodine were found in oil. Due to the different phytochemical
and elemental contants of these two varieties of Terminalia catappa Linn. they may
have different activities and these activities may be useful in the preparation of
traditional medicine.
298. Phytochemical analysis of Myanmar Green tea: implications to antioxidant properties
and health benefits. Khin Tar Yar Myint; Thaw Zin; Khin Chit; Win Win Maw;
Thandar Myint; Khin Myat Tun. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006: p24.
Many people around the world drink Green-tea for its reputed health benefits,
which are believed to be attributed to the presence of polyphenols. Polyphenols
contained in tea are classified as catechins, which are chemicals with potent
antioxidant properties and thus, act as scavengers of free radicals. This antioxidant
property of Green-tea is dependent on the gentle steaming method which prevents
oxidation and thus preserving the polyphenols in its original form. The fermentation
and oxidation process used for other kinds of tea destroys the polyphenols with loss of
health benefits. The objective of the study is to conduct the phytochemical analysis of
Myanmar Green-tea so as to evaluate the contents which can contribute to its health
benefits and further compare it with plain tea, which was also extensively consumed
by the Myanmar people. Myanmar Green-tea (Nara organic Green tea, Kachin special
group) and Plain tea (Htoo super plain tea), commercially available in the market,
were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of its constituents including
alkaloids such as caffeine, total phenols, catechin containing polyphenols, and
tannins. The results showed that Myanmar Green-tea has a higher percentage of
polyphenols than plain tea, thus supporting the preservation of anti-oxidant properties
and its health benefits. Persence of alkaloids including caffeine and related
compounds is responsible for the stimulant effect of both Plain tea and Green-tea.
Presence of tannins indicated the yellowish color and the refreshing aroma which is
unique to the pleasing effect valued by many people. The study supported the
importance of the processing methods in making tea if the beneficial effects are to be
preserved.
299. Phytochemical and toxicological activity on tubers of Gloriosa superba L. Sabai.
Gloriosa superba L. widely found in Zalum, Laymyethna, Bago and Yangon were
collected identified and classified. The microscopical characters of the leaves, stems
and tubers were also studied. The collected tubers were dried, powdered and stored in
air tight bottles for further use. The preliminary phytochemical tests and
determination of extractive values were determinated by using the powdered tubers.
The physico-chemical characterization and elemental analysis (EDXRF) were tested
from the poedered sample. The presence of alkaloids and tannins were mostly
dominant in the phytochemical investigation of the powdered tubers. So colchicines,
gloriosine and tannins were extracted and isolated by selective solubility method. The
isolated compounds were identified by column and thin layer chromatography using
benzene, ethyl acetate methanol (2:2:1v/v). The isolated compounds were
characterized by UV, FTIR spectroscopic techniques and melting point. The plant
extract was prepared from powdered tubers by using polar and non polar solvents.
These crude extracts were investigated for antibacterial activity in vitro by using
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plate agar well diffusion method and was found to possess antibacterial activities
against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans,
Mycobacterium species, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumalis. Toxicological
investigation of the aqueous extract was performed by using animal model
(Pharmacology Research Division, Department of Medical Research). The medium
lethal dose (LD50) of aqueous extract of powdered tubers was about 1.3 (0.261-
6.641)g/kg.
300. The phytochemical constituents and the antioxidant effects of different extracts of
Thea sinensis Linn. (Tea) leaves. May Aye Than; Mi Mi Aye; Than Soe; Win Win
Maw; Maung Maung Htay. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2009 December; 21(1): p12-
16.
Antioxidants may play a major role in the prevention of diseases, including
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, some forms of cancer and effective to be
long life and anti-aging. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical
constituents and the antioxidant activity of different extracts of Thea sinensis Linn.
(vufzuf) leaves. It was found that leaves of Thea sinensis Linn. contained alkaloids,
α-amino acids, basic compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars,
saponins, steroids and terpenoids. The chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether extracts
of tea leaves were tested for their antioxidant activity by using thiocyanate method
(the inhibition of linoeic acid autoxidation to detect lipid oxidation) in comparison
with the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). The chloroform,
ethanol, petroleum ether extracts and BHA significantly lowered the autoxidation of
linoeic acid when compared with that of control (p<0.01 - p<0.0005). The %
inhibition of antioxidation activity of the chloroform, ethanol, petroleum ether
extracts and BHA were 75.97%, 87.06% 59.10% and 85.34%, respectively, after 14th
day incubation.
301. Phytochemical constituents of Beta vulgaris Linn. (Beetroot) and its antioxidant
activity. May Aye Than; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Win Win Maw;
Ohnmar Kyaw; Mar Mar Myint; San San Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr,
2009: p67-68.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, acute
toxicity, metal content and antioxidant activity of beetroot which is recently
introduced in Myanmar as there is no scientific information available. It contained
alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, glycosides, reducing sugars,
carbohydrates, steroid/terpenoids, amino acids in the root and flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrate, steroid/terpenoids and amino
acids in leaves. Betacyanin and betaxanthins were isolated as major compounds from
fresh juice of beetroot by Harborne methods. Acute toxicity of fresh juice of beetroot
was done on mice. The median lethal dose was higher than 50ml/kg body weight per
orally. Heavy metal contents were determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent
spectrometer. Beetroot contained potassium (K) 62.8%, and calcium (Ca) 20.3% as
major elements and chlorine, sulphur, iron, rubidium, manganese, strontium, zine and
copper as trace elements. Antioxidant activity of beetroot was studied using DPPH
free radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity of
fresh juice and standard ascorbic acid was tested. The percentage inhibition of free
radical formation of ascorbic acid at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, & 10µg/ml were 69.2%,
83.2%, 94.6%, 98.9% and 99.5% and fresh juice at 66, 123, 198, 264 & 33µg/ml were
66%, 71.2%, 78.5%, 85.3%, and 93.2%, respectively. The IC50 of ascorbic acid and
fresh juice were 0.0139µg/ml and 48.06µg/ml, respectively. Thus it was concluded
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that beetroot had antioxidant activity. These findings provide necessary health benefit
data of beetroot.
302. Phytochemical investigation of Abrus precatorius L. and hypoglycemic activity of its
leaves. Thet Su Hlaing. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
Abrus precatorius L. is the medicinal plant which belongs to be the Fabaceae
family. It is known as “Ywe-lay” or “Zin-ywe” in Myanmar. This plant was collected
from Monywa Township in Sagaing Division. Morphological and histological
characters were investigated so as to ascertain their correct identification. The dried
powder has been examined and presented its diagnostic characters as a standard for
medicinal purposes. In morphological study, the plant was perennial twiner with
slender flexible and tough branches, stem scarcely woody and seed is bright scarlet
with a black spot at the hilum. In histological study, styloid (rod shap) crystals were
present in the upper surface and anomocytic stomata were present in the lower surface
of the lamina. The trichomes were unicellular with warty wall and pointed tip. The
lower epidermis of the lamina had papillose. The cortical region of the young stem
consisted of angular collenchymatous cells toward the outside and chlorenchymatous
cells toward the inside. Pith region of the mature stem was characterized by pitted
lignified parenchymatous cells. Phelloderm of the root was composed of
parenchymatous cells and groups of sclereids. The vascular bundle was collateral type
and endarch. In the surface view of fruit, anomocytic stoma, unicellular and glandular
trichomes were present. In transverse section, the epicarp and endocarp were
composed of tightly packed sclereids. The vascular bundles were occurred within the
mesocarp. The seed coat was composed of five tissue layers. The cotyledon consisted
of the epidermis and the spongy parenchymatous cells with aleurone grains. The
powdered leaves and the whole plant were tested for the phytochemical constituents
and physicochemical properties. Alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycoside, phenolic
compound, saponin, flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, starch, tannin, reducing sugar and
ά-amino acid were present but cyanogenic glycoside was absent in both samples.
According to physicochemical examination, the leaves and the whole plant were the
most soluble in methanol, ethanol and water. The presence of elements such as K, Ca,
P and S in the leaves and K, Ca, and Fe in the whole plant were analysed by using
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrophotometer. The four
phytoconstituents A (0.06%), B (0.08), C (0.04%) and D (0.03%) were isolated from
methanolic extract of the whole plant by using column chromatographic method. The
isolated compounds were identified by modern spectroscopic techniques such as UV,
FTIR spectroscopy, Thin Chromatography and melting point. According to the
chemical tests and spectroscopic data, the four isolated compounds were supposed to
be methyl abrusgenate, terpenoid, abruslactone A and precatorine. In antimicrobial
activity, the various solvent extracts of leaves and the isolated compounds of the
whole plant were tested by using agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic extract
especially more sensitive against Bacillus pumalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus. The chlorofome exract showed the highest activity on all six
micro-organism. The four isolated compounds exhibited against on Escherichia coli.
Analysis on nutritional values was conducted on the leaves of Abrus precatorius L..
The result revealed that protein, fat, vitamin B1, vitamin C and carbohydrate were
present in leaves. The acute toxicity of aqueous eatract and 70% ethanolic extract
from the leaves of Abrus precatorius L. was tested on mice. It was observed that the
both extracts were free from harmful effect during observation period of two weeks
with maximum permissible dose of 12g/kg. In this research, hypoglycaemic activity
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of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of Abrus precatorius L. leaves were studied on
adrenaline induced hyperglycaemic rats. The leaves produced significant reduction in
the blood glucose concentration when compared with that of control group.
303. Phytochemical investigation of Achyranthes aspera Linn. and its hypoglycemic
activity. Sandar. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
Achyranthes aspera L. (Kyet-mauk-sue-pyan) belongs to family Amaranthaceae
which was collected from Kamayut Township, Yangon Division from November to
March (2006) during the flowering periods. The plants are identified with the help of
available literature for morphological characters by using the vegetative and
reproductive parts. In morphological study, the plant is annual herb, leaves opposite
and decussate, flowers, ferile stamens and staminodes (sterile) alternate with each
other. The histological characters of whole plant were studied. The cells of upper and
lower surfaces of lamina were wavy and anisocytic type of stomata was present on
both surfaces. Calcium oxalate crystals were present in mesophyll tissues of lamina
and parenchymatous cells of midrib, petiole and stem. Collenchymatous cells were
present in transverse section of midrib, petiole and stem. In transverse section of stem,
collenchymatous cells beneath the ridges and collenchymatous cells beneath the
furrows. Two medullary bundles are fused in the lower internodes but free in the
upper internodes and opposite to each other in the pith region. Alteranation layers of
vascular bundles were present in transverse section of root. The qualitative analysis
examnation was showed the presence of alkaloids, ά-amino acids, carbohydrates,
flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, reducing sugar, saponins, starch,
steroids, terpenoids and tannins. In physicochemical properties, the powdered samples
were more soluble in polar solvents. The elemental analysis of the whole plant
powder was examined by using EDXRF technique. From this result, potassium (K),
calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), sulphur (S), iron (Fe) were found to be principal
elements and manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (St), zinc (Zn) and copper
(Cu) are found as trace elements. The nutrient content of this plant were also studies.
It revealed that the presence of carbohydrates, fats, fibres, proteins, vitamin B1 and
vitamin C. Isolation of the chemical constituents of the plant extract was carried out
by using column chromatography. The three isolated compound were indentified by
TLC, melting point, ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR). Yield percentage of these compounds were (0.03%), (0.02%) and (0.05%)
respectively. According to spectroscopic data three isolated compound were assumed
ecdysterone, terpenoid and aurone. In antimicrobial test, various solvent extracts and
isolated compounds were tested on six pathogenic microorganisms. It was found that
all are well potent except that in petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of this plant.
Acetone extract showed more active against on Bacillus pumalis. The isolated
compounds A, B and C showed the highest activity on Bacillus pumalis. The acute
toxity of 70% ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Achyranthes aspera L. was evaluated
on albino mice. It was observed that 70% extract did not show any toxic effect at the
maximum permissible dose of 12g/kg. Aqueous extract only at the maximum dose of
4g/kg, there was no lethality. The hypoglycaemic activity of 70% ethanolic and
aqueous extracts was also studies on adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rat’s model.
These effects were also compared with control and standard drug glibenclamide. The
effect of aqueous extract was faster than 70% ethanolic extract. The percentage
inhibition of blood glucose levels of aqueous extract and glibenclamide were not
significantly different. It was observed that aqueous extract of Achyranthes aspera L.
showed hypoglycaemic activity.
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304. Phytochemical investigation of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. and its hypoglycemic
and antibacterial activities. Thu Zar Tin. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of
Yangon; 2007.
Study of a medicinal plant Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. (Pazunsa) was
collected from Thingangyun and South Okkalapa Township and identified according
to the literature by using the morphological characters of the plant. The collected
plants were dried, powdered and stored in air tight bottles for further investigation. In
morphological study, Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. is perennial herb and the stem
is herbaceous, cylindrical and solid. In microscopical study, the cells of the upper and
lower surfaces of the lamina are slightly wavy and diacytic stomata are present on
both surfaces. In transverse section of the stem, the vascular bundles are oval shaped,
2 large bundles are on the opposite side, the other between them are small, collateral
type. Calcium oxalate crystals are present in the leaves, stem and roots. The
preliminary phytochemical test was carried out to detect chemical constituents. The
presence of terpenoid and steroid were found in the phytochemical examination. In
physicochemical characterization, polar solvents are more soluble. The elements of
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. were analyzed by using Energy Dispersive X-ray
Fluorescence (EDXRF), potassium was major constituent. The isolated compounds
stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were identified by Thin Layer Chromatography using
benzene: ethyl acetate (15:1) and isolated lupeol using hexane: isopropyl alcohol
(16:1). The yield of compound β-sitosterol and were 0.10, 0.03 and 0.3% respectively.
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform,
ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol. These extracts were used to screen for
antibacterial activities in vitro with six test organism. Only the ethyl acetate extract
showed antibacterial activity. The acute toxicity testing was made by method of
Litchfield & Wilcoxon in mice. It was observed that mice were found to be alive and
healthy during the observation period of 14 days even with maximum permissible
dose level of 18g/kg per orally. In vivo screening was done for inhibitory effect of
aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. on adrenaline induced
hyperglycaemic rabbits model. The results showed that significant hypoglycaemic
effects have been observed when tested on rabbits model.
305. Phytochemical investigation of Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzch. and
pharmacological activity of its rhizome. Sanda Myint. Thesis, PhD (Botany),
A medicinal plant Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzsch. was known as “Eik-
tharamuli “ in Myanmar which belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae. These plants
were collected from Thardukan (Hlawga), Shwe Pyi Thar Township, Yangon
Division. The collected plants were studied, classified and identified by the literature
references to confirm its identity. In morphological study, the plants were woody
climbers and shrubs. The leaves were simple and alternate. The leaves base was
cordately with a deep, narrow sinus and the twining petioles were present. The
inflorescences were axillary raceme. The flowers were purplish brown, base globose,
tube shortly funnel-shaped with mouth obique trumpet- shaped gradually passing into
the short oblong obtuse glabrous purple brownish lip. The ovaries were
hexacarpellary and axile placentation.The fruits were capsule, globose pyriform.
Seeds were numerous seeds. In microscopical study, the leaves were dorsiventral type
and anomocytic type of stomata. The papillose of leaves were confined in lower
surface and more rarely occur on both sides. The siliciferous cells embedded the
palisade mesophyll. Trichomes were present on lower surfaces. The multicellular
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uniseriate and a hooked terminal cell with a silicified tip of trichome were present on
lower surface. Calcium oxalate crystals were present in the midrib, petiole and
rhizome. In addition, the dried powdered of the leaves and rhizome was also
investigated for their standardization use in medicine. The microscopical studies were
examined with the microscope by literature of (Wallis, 1967 and Trease and Evans,
1978). Phytochemical investigation revealed that the twelve tests constituents were
present except cyanogenic glycoside was absent. According to the physicochemical
examination, the samples were more soluble in water, moderately soluble in ethanol
and methanol. Phytochemical and physicochemical investigation by the methods of
British Pharmacopeia, 1968. In elemental analysis of leaves and rhizome of
Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzsch. by using the Energy Dispersive X-Ray
Fluorescence (EDXRF). It was found that Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S)
and Iron (Fe) were found as principal elements and Chlorine (Cl) was moderately
presented in leaves only. Ethanol was used as a solvent for extraction. This extraction
was based onto the method of Coutte et al; (1959). Isolated compounds were
identified by thin layer chromatography, melting point, UV and FTIR spectroscopic
method. Aristolochic acid A (melting point 278-282ºC, Rf = 0.8, 0.05 % yield ),
berberine (melting point 142-144ºC, Rf = 0.75, 0.04 % yield ) and aristolochic acid D
(melting point 266-269ºC, Rf 0.3, 0.01 % yield ) were isolated from 95% ethanolic
extract by selective solvent solubility method. Antimicrobial activities with six
micro-organisms were also tested by using pet-ether (60ºC-80ºC), chloroform,
water,ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate extract and acetone extracts . In this
experiments, ethyl acetate of leaves and rhizome showed strongly. The rhizomes
extracts showed more activity than the leaves extracts of Aristolochia roxburghiana
Klotzsch. Isolated total acid, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were tested against six
microorganisms for their antimicrobial activites by using agar well diffusion method
according to Cruickshank, (1975). The acute toxicity test was carried out with
aqueous extract and 70% ethanolic extracts of rhizome on albino mice. They were
observes that these extracts did not show any visible symptoms of toxicity even with
the maximum permissible dose of 7g/kg. The lethal activity and the calculation of
LD50 of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were done according to the method of
Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949). Antidiarrhoeal activity of 70% ethanolic extract of
Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzsch. were studied on castor oil induced albino mice
by the method of (Robert et al., 1976, Zaval et al., 1988 and Mujunder et al.,
1988).The siginificant antidiarrhoeal effect was found at 3g/kg dose . Thus these
results showed that Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzsch. should be used in the
treatment of antidiarrhoeal activity. So, which was beneficial to human health.
306. Phytochemical investigation of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. and antipyretic
activity of its seeds. Shwe Shwe Hla. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon;
2011.
A medicinal plant Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. is commonly known as
Kyankpayon belongs to the family Cucurbitacae has been collected from Hinthada
Township. The collected plants were studied and identified with the help of literature
using morphological characters. It is a medical herb, with simple, palmate leaves
having 5 lobes, the lamina reniform in shape. The tendrils were lateral and 2-fid. The
flowers were monoecious and solitary pentamerous. The ovary inferior, tricarpellary
with 3- flexous stigmas. The fruit is pepo, large, oblong and fleshy. The present work
deals with the histological characters of the leaves, petioles, fruits and seeds of the
species Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. The leaves and petioles showed the
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particular characters of having bicollateral bundle, the hispid trichomes and presence
of both normal and abnormal stomata. The fruits having massive mesocarp which was
heterogeneous in structure with thick-walled sclerehymatous layer in the outer part of
pericarp (fruit wall) and the seed coat (or) testa having sclerenchymatous layer as
inner seed coat cells were the principal structure features. Qualitative analysis were
concerned with the determination of presence or absence of phytochemical in the pulp
and seeds of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. in qualitative value. The investigation
of these tests confirmed with the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, amino acids,
tannin are present in both pulp and seeds. Seeds contain only flavonoid and pulp
contain saponin glycosides. Cyanogenic glycosides was absent in both parts. The
physicochemical characterization of the dried fruits pulp and seeds were carried out.
In solubility test, fruits pulp was more soluble in water than the seeds but less soluble
in petroleum ether than the seeds. According to the Elemental Analysis by EDXRF
methods, 10 elements were found in fruits pulp in which potassium and cacium were
more abundant than the other elements. Whereas, 5 elements were found in seeds in
which potassium elements were more abundant than the others. In the present work,
the active compound I (Mannitol) was isolated by selective solubility method from
ethanolic extract and identified by authentic mannitol in Rf value, TLC, melting point
and infrared spectrum. Compound II (β-sitosterol) and compound III (oleic acid) from
petroleum ether seeds extract which were partitioned with chloroform. Chloroform
soluble β-sitosterol was isolated by PTLC method which also agreed with authentic β-
sitosterol in Rf value, TLC, UV, melting point and infrared spectrum. Chloroform in
soluble fraction which ethanol and chloroform giving yellow oil. It was confirmed by
authentic oleic acid in TLC, Rf value, boiling point and infrared spectrum. The
antimicrobial activities of crude extracts were carried out by using various solvents
such as petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled
water. Among the six different extracts, the ethanolic extract of fruits showed high
antimicrobial activities on Bacillus pumalis, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans,
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphyococcus aureus. Petroleum ether
extract had no activity on all test organisms. In acute toxicity test, no lethality and
toxic effect of the mice were observed up to 14 days, even with the maximal
permissible dose of 9g/kg of ethanolic extracts. Therefore, it can be observed that
these extracts were free from acute toxic or harmful effect for the mice. Therefore, the
LD50 of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. dried seeds powder in mice was supposed
to be more than 9g/kg body weight. The 70% ethanolic extract of
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. produced significant (p< 0.05) antipyretic effect in
dose of 3g/kg. The appreciable antipyretic effect noticed at 50mg/kg was slightly
comparable to standard drug paracetamol. Therefore, the results showed that the 70%
ethanolic extract of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. possesses significant
antipyretic activity.
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307. Phytochemical investigation of Camellia sinensis L. (Let-phet) and its antioxidant

activity. Moet Moet Khine. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2007.
Camellia sinensis Linn. belongs to the family Theaceae was collected from
Thandaung-gyi Township, Kayin State during their flowering and fruiting period from
October to December, 2004-2005. Morphology and microscopical characters of
Camellia sinensis Linn. were investigated so as to ascertain their correct identification
by using liberature in Botany Department of Dagon University. Evergreen trees or
shrubs, usually growing to a height about 609.60cm but under cultivation it is usually
pruned down to a height about 30.48-183.88cm. Inflorescences axillary, clusters 2-4
flowered, white and fragrant, fruits loculicidal capsule, 1-3 lobed and seed 1-3.
Stomata are present on the lower surface of laminum and are anomocytic type.
Tanniniferous cells with yellowith brown content scattered throughout the lamina,
various sizes of astrosclereids and calcium rosettes are abundant in the leaves and
fruits. The plant materials were dried at room temperature for 7 days and then crushed
and powdered by using grinding mill and stored in air-tight bottle for further use.
Plant materials were preliminary studied for photochemical and physicochemical
tests. Tannin and alkaloid were present dominantly, and more soluble in polar
solvents. Elemental analysis of the leaves were conducted by using energy dispersive
X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(AAS). Potassium and calcium were major constituent and lead, Arsenic and Cadium
were present but their contents were lower than the toxic level. Fixed oil (0.05%) was
isolated from pet-ether extract and physical properties such as saponification, iodine
and acid values were also investigated. Saponification value was 190.5%, iodine value
was 90 and acid value was 3.1. Isolated copaene alcohol compound A (0.008%) from
fixed oil was identified by TLC, UV, FTIR and GC-MS spectroscopic method.
Alkaloid compound B (0.7%) was extracted from water extract by soxhlet extraction
method and was identified as caffeine by caffeine by melting point TLC, UV, and
FTIR spectroscopic method. Tannin compound C (0.14%) was consequently isolated
from the chloroform insoluble portion and identified as catchin by melting point,
TLC, UV, and FTIR spectroscopic method. In addition, the plant extracts were
prepared by various solvents such as methanol, ethanol, pet-ether and ethyl acetate.
These extracts were tested with six types of microorganisms by using agar-well
diffusion method in vitro. Methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts showed good
antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the acute toxicity studies of caffeine was perform
by using albino mice and harmful effect was observed up to 0.4g/kg dose. The
medium lethal doses (LD50) of caffeine from the powdered leaves was about 400
(210-750) mg/kg. In vitro antioxidant activity of caffeine compound (0.1g/kg dose)
from Camellia sinensis Linn. was studied in albino rats. Caffeine treated rats showed
significant reduction in Malondialdehyde levels than carbon tetrachloride treated
hepatotoxic rats. Thus it can be conducted that caffeine had an antioxidant activity.
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308. Phytochemical investigation of Canna indica L. and its antimicrobial and diuretic
activity of rhizomes. Khin Thu Zar. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon;
2007.
The plant Canna indica Linn. locally known as (Budatharana), belonging to the
family Cannaceae, which is growing wild in Yangon vicinity were collected,
identification and classified. The morphology and taxonomy of this plant have been
studied by using the standard methods used in Botany Department of Yangon
University. To study the microscopical characters the free-hand sections of fresh plant
materials as well as the dried powdered drugs were prepared. In anatomical study, the
cells of epidermal of the laminae are straight. Stomata present and tetracytic type.
Stellate or armed aerenchymatous cells are present in the petiole. In transverse section
of the rhizome, the vascular bundles are scattered, collateral and closed.
Calciumoxalate crystals are abundant in the rhizome. Using grinding mill the rhizome
also is thoroughly powdered and phytochemical and physicochemical tests were
conducted. In this research work, the concentration of elements was analyzed by using
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluoresence spectrometer techniques (EDXRF) and atomic
absorption spectrometer analytical techniques (AAS). The presence of glycosides and
flavonoids were mostly common in the phytochemical investigation of the powdered
rhizomes. So, cyaniding, kaempferol and quercetin were extrated and isolated by
selective solubility method. The isolated compounds were identified by thin layer
chromatography, melting points, Ultra Violet (UV) and Infra-red spectroscopic
methods (FTIR). The yield of cyaniding, kaempferol and quercetin compounds was
0.64, 0.15, 0.32% respectively. The plant extract was prepared from powdered
rhizomes by using polar and non-polar solvents. These crude extracts and isolated
compound cyaniding were investigated for in vitro antimicrobial activity by using
agar well diffusion method and found to be potent. In addition, the acute toxicity
studies of the crude extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) were performed by using albino
mice. It was observed that, mice were found to be alive and healthy during the
observation period of 1 day even with the maximum permissible dose of extract
(24g/kg). There was neither acute toxic effect nor lethality. Moreover, the diuretic
effect of Canna indica Linn. (aqueous and ethanolic)were studied in laboratory
animals; albino rats of Wistar strain. Significant diuretic was found with both aqueous
and ethanolic of Canna indica Linn. at 6g/kg dose. The ethanolic extract exhibits
more effective diuretic activity than aqueous extract. Urinary electrolyte content such
as Na+and K+ are determined by digital flame analyzer FGA-350 L (Gallenkamp).
The results showed the significance of Na+ and K + loss in urine.
309. Phytochemical investigation of Cassia glauca Lam. and its hypoglycaemic activity.
Ni Ni Aye, Thesis, PhD, University of Yangon, 2011.
Cassia glauca Lam. was the medicinal plant which belongs to the family
Caesalpiniaceae. It was known as “Pyi-pan-nyo” or “Pyi-pan-shwe” in Myanmar.
This plant was collected from the vicinity of Yangon Technological University,
Yangon Division. The plants were identified with the help of available literature for
morphological characters by using the vegetative and reproductive parts. In the
morphological study, the plant was small trees. The leaves were simple, alternate,
unipinnately compound, flowers were bright yellow. Fruits were oblongoid pods with
20-25 seeded. In the histological study, the cell walls of the upper surface were wavier
than the lower surface and paracytic stomata were present on both surfaces of the
lamina. Collenchymatous cells were present in transverse sections of midrib, petiole,
rachis and stem. In petiole and rachae, the vascular tissue composed of large
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peripheral vascular bundle and small wing bundles. The cortical region of young stem
consisted of angular collenchymatous cells and numerous starch grains. Phelloderm of
the root was composed of parenchymatous cells and groups of sclerieds. The
transverse section of pericarp composed of thick-walled epicarp, thin-walled
parachymatous mesocarp and highly sclerified endocarp. The epidermal layer of the
seed frequently develops very thick-walled and filled with colouring matter. In
addition, diagnostic characters of dried powders of the leaves and barks were also
investigated for their standardization in medicine. The powdered leaves and barks
were tested for the phytochemical constituents and physicochemical properties.
Glycoside, alkaloid, carbohydrate, saponin, phenolic compound, flavonoid, terpenoid,
steroid, starch, tannin, reducing sugar and α- amino acid was present but cyanogenic
glycoside were absent in both samples. According to the physicochemical
examination, the leaves and barks were the most soluble in ethanol and methanol,
moderately soluble in water. In elemental analysis, leaves and barks were examined
by using EDXRF technique. From this result, Possium (K) and Calcium (Ca) were
found to be principal elements and Strontium (St) was found as trace element. The
nutrient content of this sample were also studied. It revealed that the presence of
carbohydrate, fats, fibers and proteins. The six phytoconstituents A (0.08 %), B(0.04
%), D(0.06%), E(0.04%), F(0.06%) were isolated from methanolic extract of barks by
using column chromatographic method. The isolated compounds were identified by
TLC, melting point, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. According to the chemical tests and
spectroscopic data, the six isolated compounds were assumed to be β-sitosterol,
flavonone, anthraquinone, flavonol, β-amyrin and tannin. In anitimicrobial test,
various solvent extracts and isolated compounds were tested on six pathogenic
microorganisms. In this experiment, acetone extract of leaves and barks showed the
highest activity on all six microorganisms. The six isolated compounds exhibited
against on Escherichia coli. The acute toxicity test was observed that the 70%
ethanolic and aqueous extract showed lethality effect. At the minimum dose of both
extracts were 2g/kg body weight, there was no lethality. The hypoglycaemic activity
of 70% ethanolic and aqueous extracts were also studied on adrenaline- induced
hyperglycaemic rats model. These effects were also compared with control and
standard drug, glibenclamide. The effect of aqueous extract was more effective than
70%ethanolic extract. It was observed that aqueous extract of barks of Cassia glauca
Lam. showed hypoglycaemic activity. There was no scientific information about
Cassia glauca Lam.with hypoglycaemic activity and antimicrobial activity in
Myanmar. Therefore, this present experiment was to study antimicrobial activity,
toxicity test and hypoglycaemic activity of Cassia glauca Lam. growing in Myanmar.
310. Phytochemical investigation of Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr. and antidiarrhoeal
activity of its roots. San Mar Lar, Mi. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of
Yangon; 2011.
The medicinal plant Cnestic palala (Lour.) Merr. belonging to the family
Connaraceae has been undertaken in the present study. This plant has not been studied
by previous workers therefore specimens were collected from Myeik Township,
Tannintharyi Region, in Southern Myanmar. The collected plants were studied,
classified and identified with the help of literatures for morphorlogical characters. In
morphorlogical study, the plant was a shrub which later became a liana; the leaves
were unipinnately compound, exstipulate; inforescences axillary, fascicled raceme or
cauliflorous; flowers small and fragrant follicle, 1-3 per flower; seeds with aril. In
histological study, the epidermal cells and the cortex of the midrib have secretary
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cavities which produce mucilage. Stomata were paracytic type and confined only to
the lower surface of the leaflets. Epidermal papillae were distinctly present only on
the lower surface of lamina. The simple and glandular trichomes were abundantly
located on the lamina, midrib and petiole. Solitary prismatic crystals had been
observed in cortical cells especially around the bundle sheath. In addition,
microscopical characters of dried powdered roots were also examined for their
standardization use in medicine. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of the
leaves and roots from Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr. were determined for the presence
or absence of chemical constituents. Glycoside, terpenoid, reducing sugar, saponin,
phenolic compound, α-amino acid, carbohydrade, tannin, flavonoid and coumarin
were present but alkaloids were found to be absent in both plant parts, In addition,
fats, fibers, proteins and carbohydrates were observed as nutritional content.
According to the physicochemical examination, the sample was more soluble in water
and moderately soluble in pet-ether. The elemental analysis of the leaves and roots of
this plant were examined by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
Spectrometry. From the analysis Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K) and Sulphur (S) were
found as principal elements in both plant parts. However, Chlorine (Cl) and Zinc (Zn)
were absent in roots. Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe) and Rubidium (Rb) were moderately
present. Calcium (Ca) was found to be a major element in both plant parts. Column
chromagraphic separation of EtOAc extract of roots of isolated compounds were
identified by TLC, UV and FTIR spectroscopic methods which were compound A (Rf
0.75, 0.029g, 0.007% yield), Compound B (Rf 0.52, 0.035g, 0.008% yield) and
Compound C (Rf 0.74, 0.021g, 0.005% yield) that may be compound A, phenolic
group (coumarin type); B, fatty acid ester group and C, flavonoid group respectively.
Antimicrobial activities with six different microorganisms were also tested by using
pet-ether (60-80˚C), choloform, water, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone
extracts. It was revealed that among these extracts, chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate
(EtOAc) and ethanol (EtOH) extracts exhibited antimicrobial properties against all
tested organisms. Chloroform (CHCl3) extract showed the most significant activity,
while pet-ether (PE) and watery extracts did not show any activity. In addition, the
determination of antimicrobial activities of the isolated compounds from this plant by
agar well diffusion method revealed that compound A showed antimicrobial activities
against all six tested microorganisms, however, compounds B and C were non effective
on Bacillus subtilis, Compound A showed the best activity against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Bacillus pumalis. The acute toxicity test of the aqueous extract and
70% ethanolic extract of roots showed no toxicity on albino mice, even with the
maximum permissible dose of 16g/kg body weight. Andiarrhoeal activity of the
extract of roots was evaluated by castor oil induced diarrhoeal test, intestinal transit
test and enteropooling test on albino mice. The significant antidiarrhoeal effect was
found at 6g/kg dose. Therefore, these results showed that the 70% ethanolic extract of
Cnestic palala (Lour.) Merr. possesses significant antidiarrhoeal activity.
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311. Phytochemical investigation of Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Merr. and

pharmacological activities of its roots. Myint Myint San. Thesis, PhD (Botany),
A medicinal plant Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Merr. (Hingala) belongs to the
family Capparaceae which has collected from Thaketa Township in Yangon Division
and the period of June to October, 2006. The collected plants were classified and
identified with the help of literatures from morphological characters. In
morphological study, the plant is herbaceous, annual and cylindrical stem with
puberulunt and branches.The filament of white flowers were adnate below to the
slender gynophore to androgynophore. In the microscopial characters, the anomocytic
type of stomata and glandular hairs of the leaves were present on both surfaces. The
mesophylls were made up of only one palisade and spongy cells. In surface view of
midrib, the epidermal cells were rectangular in shape with multicellular head and
biseriate stalk glandular hairs and stomata. In transverse section of midrib, the
papillose were present only the lower epidermal cells. The vascular bundles were 6-9
in number of cresent-shaped and collateral type. In surface view of petiole, stomata,
glandular and covering trichomes were present. In transverse section of petiole,
semicircular in outline with canaliculated on the upper side and 7-9 vascular bundles
were separated. In transverse section of stems, the patches of sclerenchymatous
pericycles were distinct. In transverse section of young root, the cortex was made up
of parenchymaatous cells and vascular bundles were tetrarch. In addition,
microscopial characters of dried powdered of the whole plant were also investigated
for their standardization used in medicine. Preliminary phytochemical examination of
leaves and roots from G. gyandra (L.) Merr. determined the presence or absence of
chemical constituents. This examination showed that alkaloid, glycoside, reducing
sugar, saponin, steroid, phenolic compound, α-amino acid, carbohydrate, tannin,
flavonoid were present. Moreover, protein, fibre, fat, vitamin B1, Vitamin C and
carbohydrate were observed as nutrients content. According to physicochemical
examination, the samples were more soluble in water. In elemental analysis of leaves
and roots of G. gyandra (L.) Merr. were examined by using the Energy Dispersive X-
Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). From the analysis, Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P),
Potassium (K), Sulphur (S) and Chlorine (Cl) were found as principle element and
Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Strontium (Sr) and Rubidium (Rb) were found as trace elements
in leaves. From this analysis Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Sulphur(S) and Chlorine
(Cl) were found as principle elements and Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Strontium (Sr) and
Rubidium (Rb) were found as trace elements in roots. The isolated compounds such
as trimyristin and β-sitosterol were isolated from leaves. The glucosinolate, myristic
acid and β-sitosterol were also isolated from roots of Gynandropsis gynandra (L.)
Merr. The isolated compounds were identified by thin layer chromatography, melting
point, UV and FTIR spectroscopic methods. In vitro screening of antimicrobial
activity, the leaves and roots extracts were prepared by various solvent such as
chloroform, pet-ether, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. The crude
extracts were tested on six pathogenic microorganisms by using agar-well diffusion
methods. In the result, ethyl acetate extract of leaves and roots showed the highest
activity against on Bacillus pumalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Pet-ether exract of leaves, acetone
extract of leaves and roots were shown to be non effective antimicrobial activity on
six microorganisms. Moreover, the isolated compounds such as trimyristin, β-
sitosterol, glucosinolate, myristic acid and β-sitosterol from this plant were tested on
six pathogenic microorganisms by using agar-well diffusion methods. In this result,
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all the compounds were shown to be effective antimicrobial activity against on six
microorganisms. The acute toxicity tests were carried out with aqueous extract and
70% ethanolic extract of roots on albino mice. They were observed that both extracts
free from acute toxicity or harmful effect during observation period of two weeks
maximum permissible dose of 16g/kg. The antipyretic activity of aqueous and 70%
ethanolic extracts of roots from G. gynandra (L.) Merr. were tested on yeast induced
fever in albino rats. The significant antipyretic effect was found at 3g/kg dose. The
results showed that the 70% ethanolic extract of G. gynandra (L.) Merr. possesses
significant antipyretic activity.
312. Phytochemical investigation of Heliotropium indicum L. and its hypoglycaemic
activity. Phyo Phyo Win, Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2011.
Study of a medicinal plant Heliotropium indicum L. (Sin-nha-maung-gyi) belong
to the family Boraginaceae which were collected from Thakayta Township, Yangon
Division and prepared herbarium sheet. After collection the specimens were identified
by using vegetative and reproductive parts according to the literatures. In
morphological study, the plants are annual herbs, stem herbaceous, cylindrical; leaves
simple, alternate, exstipulate, and both surfaces pubescent; inflorescence terminal and
axillary, heliocoidal spike, the tips prominently coiled; flowers are pale purple;
stamens epipetalous; overy bicarpellary, becoming 4-loculed at maturity due to false
septum. Histological characters of whole plant were studied. The cells of upper
surfaces and lower surfaces of lamina are wavy. Anomocytic stomata and unicellular
trichomes with warty wall, pointed tips and basal swollen with cystoliths are present
on both surfaces. Epidermal cells of midrib, petiole and stem are made up of
parenchymatous cells. These cells are rectangular or polygonal in shape.
Collenchymatous cells are present in transverse section of midribs, petioles and stems,
vascular bundles are collateral, closed types and ring shape in midribs and stems. In
petioles, vascular bundles are crescent-shaped and collateral type. In transverse
section of root, secondary phloem consists of phloem cells and medullary ray’s cells
and secondary xylem consisting large abundant vessel and medullary rays. The
preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out to the chemical constituents of the
plant. Alkaloids, reducing sugar, glycosides, saponin, carbohydrates, tannins, starch,
phenolic compounds, ά-amino acids, steroids and terpenoids were present but
flavonoids and cyanogenic were absent in Heliotropium indicum L. Three organic
compounds were isolates from the petroleum-ether extract of H. indicum L. by using
chromatographic method. Three isolated compounds were identified by using TLC, Rf
values, melting point, UV and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. According to
spectroscopic data, the three isolated compounds may be assumed as fulvoplumierin,
steroid and stigmasterol. The elemental analysis of H. indicum L. was determined by
using energy dispersives. X-ray flurescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. According to the
EDXRF data, potassium (K), chlorine (Cl) and calcium (Ca) are observed principle
elements. Nutrition values of H. indicum L. were also investigated. In antimicrobial
activity, the different solvents extracts of the wholes plants and isolated compounds
were tested by using agar-well diffusion method. The solvents extracts were tested
against six pathogenic microorganisms. Among solvents extracts, petroleum-ether and
watery extracts did not show the antimicrobial activity. According to this experiment,
three isolated compounds were not showed against on Eschrichia coli. In this
research, acute toxicity test on animal models have been conducted by using aqueous
and 70% ethanolic extracts of H.indicum L. investigation was carried out on the
medium lethal dose (LD50) of the drug in albino mice. It was observed that both
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extracts were free from harmful effect during observation period of two weeks with
permissible dose of 2000mg/kg. The hypoglycaemic activity of aqueous and 70%
ethanolic extract of H. indicum L. were tested on adrenaline induced hypoglycaemic
rats. It was found that 70% ethanolic extract showed more effects than the aqueous
extract in response to dose dependent manner.
313. Phytochemical investigation of Jatropa gossypifolia L. (Kyetsu-kanakho) and its
uterine relaxant activity. Khin Thandar Win. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of
Yangon; 2007.
Jatropa gossypifolia L. is one of the flowering plants belonging to the family
Euphorbiaceae. It is known as (Kyetsu-kanakho) in Myanmar, it grows wild in dry
zone of Myanmar. This plant was collected from Salingyi Township in Sagaing
Division. The morphology and taxonomy of this plant have been studied and
identified by using available literatures from Botany Department of Yangon
University. The microscopical characters of the leaves, stems and roots were
investigated so as to ascertain their identification. Calcium oxalate crystals were
abundantly found in the plant. The collected samples were washed and then dried in
room temperature for thirteen days until constant weight was obtained. After drying
completely, the samples were ground to get powder and stored in air-tight containers
for microscopical, chemical and pharmacological studies. The powdered leaves, stems
and roots were tested for the phytochemical constituents and physicochemical
properties. Cyanogenic glycosides were show in stems. Flavonoids were not shown in
roots. The plant extracts were prepared from the powdered leaves, stems and roots by
using polar and non-polar solvents. The presence of (Ca, K, Fe and Mn) elements in
roots were observed by using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluoresecence (EDXRF)
spectrometer and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The preliminary
phytochemical tests showed thar the roots of (Kyetsu-kanakho) (Cotton leaves,
Bellyache bush) plant contained terpenoids and phenolic conpounds. Jatrophone
(melting point 153˚C, Rf=0.35, 0.001% yield) was isolated from ethnol extract. Two
lihgnans arylnaphthalene (melting point 184˚C, Rf =0.52, 0.001% yield) and gadain
(melting point 145˚C, Rf=0.64, 0.001% yield) were isolated from petroleum-ether
extract by column chromatographic method. Jatrophone (terpernoids),
arylnaphthalene and gadain lignans (phenolic compounds) were isolated from the
roots. The isolated compounds were identified by melting point, thin layer
chromatograpy and spectroscopic methods such as UV and FTIR. Then extracts
obtained by using ethanol, acetone, petroleum-ether (60-80˚C), chloroform extracts
and Jatrophone compound were tested on six microorganisms by using agar-well
diffusion method. It was found that roots extract was more effective than the extracts
of leaves and stems. The acute toxicity of the aqueous, 95% and 50% ethanol extracts
of Kyetsu-kanako root was evaluated on mice. Aqueous 95% and 50% ethanolic
extracts did not show any toxic effect even with maximum permissable dose of
24g/kg of aqueous extract and 12g/kg of ethanolic extracts at the dosages tested.
Ethanol extracts (0.3mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 0.8mg/m1, 1.0mg/ml and 1.2mg/ml) were
tested in vitro on the isolated rat uterus model. It was found that the, extract produced
relaxation activity on oxytocin induced contraction in the isolated rat uterus. So also
the highest dose (1.2mg/ml) bath concentration was observed to inhibit the
contraction produced by oxytocin (0.002IU/ml) bath concentration.
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314. Phytochemical investigation of Leucas cephalotes Spreng. and its antipyretic activity.
Moe Zin Zin Thet. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
Leucas cephalotes Spreng. is a herb of the family Labiatae (Lamiaceae) which
grows wild on the near foot hills and railway tracks, especially of Mawlamyine, Mon
State. The plant is a crude drug which is known as Pongu-hteik-peik and has been
used for snake bite, jaundice, fever and scabies. This plant popularly used for snake
bite in Myanmar. It is an indigenous Indian plant sacred to Hindus, where is used in
folk medicine. Investigation of morphological and histological characters have been
carried out for identification and its use as standard drug: Qualitative and quantitative
analysis of relative abundance elements and mineral elements, nutritional values,
extraction and isolation of active constituent compounds. The biological properties of
this plant, preliminary pharmacological and clinical studies with Leucas cephalotes Spreng.
show that its crude extracts and isolation of active compounds possesses antimicrobial
activity, acute toxicity for safety and antipyretic activity. In this research a detailed
study of the morphological and histological characters of Leucas cephalotes Spreng.
collected from Uzina pagoda and Taung-yoe-tan roads in Mawlamyine. This plant is a
stout, annual herb, inflorescence verticillate, leaves opposite and decussate, simple.
Flowers bilabiate, bisexual and zygomorphic with upper and lower lips, gynobasic
style and disc present. In histological characters, stomata and trichomes occur on both
surfaces. Basal midribs are two to three separate vascular bundles; small vascular
bundle is present in petiolar wing. Stem quadrangular with well-defined group of
collenchyma in the four angles. Some cells replaced by pericycle fibers at maturity.
Calcium oxalate crystals in the form of (small needle) occur in parenchyma cells of all
aerial plant parts as well as in the root. The preliminary phytochemical examination
showed the presence of alkaloids, α-amino acid, carbohydrate, starch, reducing sugar,
glycoside, tannin, saponin, phenolic compound, steroid, terpene, flavonoid and
cyanogenic glycoside was not detected. In physicochemical properties, moisture
content, total ash, acid insoluble as well as water insoluble ash, polar and non polar
soluble matter were found in leaves and whole plant to determine the extract was
more soluble using ethyl acetate than other solvents. Mineral elements Ca, K, P, Cl,
Fe, S, Ti, Zn, Cu and Zr were common in Leucas cephalotes Spreng. Analyzed by
using (EDXRF) spectrometer to find the concentration of principle and trace
elements. This plant showed relative abundance of mineral elements. For detail
mineral elements, Cu, K, Ca, and Fe have been carried out using Atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS). In the present work, the active organic compounds were
isolated from the whole plant of Leucas cephalotes Spreng. with ethyl acetate solvent
by applying silica gel column chromatography with gradient elution of petroleum
ether: ethyl acetate solvent system, compound I was, white, solid Rf=0.46,
mpt=216°C, 0.002%, compound II found colourless needle, Rf=0.52, mpt=139°C,
0.03%, compound III is pale yellow needle, Rf=0.44, mpt=252°C, 0.06%, compound
IV was yellow needle, Rf =0.87, mpt=346°C, 0.003%. Compound I may be diterpene,
compound II as β-sitosterol, compound III and compound IV may be flavone
characterized by comparing the physical properties as mpt, Rf solubility, chemical
reagents as 10% FeCl3, 10% H2SO4 reagent test. Characterization of compound I was
confirmed as lupeol, compound II as β-sitosterol by comparing with an authentic
sample. Compound I and II were inactive to UV, FT-IR spectral data of compound I
and II were identical with those of lupeol and β-sitosterol. Among them, compound
III (luteolin 7-O-glucoside) has been identified by physical data as well as complete
spectroscopic data analysis that is including 1H NMR, 13CNMR, ESI-MS to elucidate
its structure. Whereas the other three have been characterized by its physical data and
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UV, FT-IR spectroscopic analysis only. The examination of nutritional values of the
whole plant showed carbohydrate was the highest. Evaluating data were obtained
from research to determine the amount of carbohydrate, fat, fibres, proteins and
vitamins. Many carbohydrates and fats processing involved for energy production.
Protein in take in excess of that required to build muscle. There are six main classes
of nutrients that the body needs: carbohydrate, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals and
water. It is important to consume these six nutrients on a daily basis to build and
maintain healthy bodily function. In antimicrobial activity, the leaves and whole plant
crude extracts and isolated compounds (sitosterol and flavonoid) were tested by agar-
well diffusion method with six microorganisms. The ethyl acetate crude extract leaves
and the whole plant showed the highest activity except against E.coli. The isolated
compounds such as β-sitosterol and luteolin 7-O-glucoside also indicated
antimicrobial activity. The present study of acute toxicity examination, the aqueous
and 50% ethanolic extracts of whole plants were administered on albino mice; the
maximum permissible dose was 12kg/kg. Both extracts were found to be free acute
toxic effect. So, this plant may be used safely. The aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts
of Pingu-hteik-peik have the significant antipyretic effect when tested on yield
induced pyrexia in albino rats. The 50% ethanolic extract of the whole plant was more
effective than aqueous extract of wholeplant.
315. Phytochemical investigation of Mangifera indica L.Cv. Parr-ni-thayet. Ni Lar Khin.
Thesis, PhD (Pharmacognosy). University of Yangon, 2011.
The morphology and histology of Mangifera indica L.Cv (Parr-ni-thayet) have
been studied and identified by using available literatures. This plant is large tree and
spreading panicel with distinct reddish colour. Yellowish colour in staminate and
reddish in pistillate flower with 5-lobed disc. Stamens one fertile and four reduced to
staminode. Drupe pyriform with a pink blush on the cheek. Histological studies of
leaves, stem, bark and root were investigated. The epidermal cells of upper and lower
surface were more or less silicified cell and anomocytic stomata type. Petioles are
diverse sorts of complex architecture. Separate collateral bundle are consistently with
the resin canals in the phloem, It was one of the most important features of the genus
were present in continuousing elongated tannins sac and sclereids are abundant in
mature stem. The preliminary phytochemical examination of the powdered leaves and
bark of Mangifera indica L.Cv. (Parrni-thayet) were conducted alkaloids, amino
acids, carbohydrate, starch, reducing sugar, glycoside, tannin, saponin, phenolic
compound steroid, terpenoid and flavonoid were present. Cyanogenic glycoside was
not found. In physicochemical properties, moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble
as well as water insoluble ash, polar and nonpolar soluble percentage were tested in
powdered leaves and bark. Mineral elements Si, Ca, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Al were
common in leaves and bark powder of Mangifera indica L.cv (Parrni-thayet) and
analyzed by using EDXRF spectrometer to find out the concentration of principle and
trace elements. The total ash sample was used for toxic elemental analysis by using
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer analytical technique (AAS) University of Research
Centre (URC). Confirmation test of terpene and steroid in powdered leaves and bark
were carried out and averaage percent of crude yield of steroid were determined.
Extraction and isolation of active constituents from the leaves and bark of Mangifera
indica L.Cv. (Parrni thayet) had been carried out by selected chemical method with
selected solvents. The purification of isolated compound I, II, III, IV, V, and VI were
subsequently identified and characterized by melting points, crystals shapes, thin layer
chromatography behaviour, ultra-violet spectrum and FT-IR spectrum data. Isolated
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active compounds (Polyphenol, Triterpere and Sterols) were characterized by

comparing the physical properties using the variable chemical reagents. Among them,
compound V and VI may be mangiferin and mangiferincin a and b. Some isolated
compound was confirmed by comparing with their standard samples. Isolated
compound V (mangiferin) was identified by detection with successive reagent
(phenolic and flavone test) (Kokate, 1993). The decolorization in phenolic compound
and flavone, xanthone assumed as mangiferin. Phenolic and polyphenolic compound
constitute the main class of natural antioxidant present in plants, food and beverages.
Bioassay test was carried out determined the effect of antimicrobial and antioxidant
activity of isolated compound V (mangiferin). The susceptibility of the
microorganisms on the basis of zone of growth in inhibition varied. Antimicrobial
activity of major isolated compound (mangiferin) were assayed indicate the presence
of more sognificantly effective than mangiferincin a and b (DCPT). Investigation of
antioxidant on mangiferin was prepared and evaluated the free radical scavenging
activity by using 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl hydraxyl (DPPH) asssay at Department of
Medical Research. Major compound mangiferin possess the effective antioxidant
activity.
316. Phytochemical investigation of Melastoma malabathricum L. and antipyretic activity
of its leaves. Aye Aye Thaw. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae) is one of the medicinal plants
reputed for its medicinal value and used by local people. It is wild plant found
growing in open land and waste places. It can also be seen near water stream. Both
morphological and histological characters of M. malabathricum L. were studied to get
correct identification. Powder of leaves, stems and roots were also examined which
can be used to ascertain their identification and standardization for traditional
medicine. In morphological study, the plants were evergreen shrubs, up to 3m tall;
leaves simple, opposite and decussate, palmately 5-nerved; flowers showy
pentamerous; Inflorescences corymbose cymes; Fruits were fleshy capsules and
opening irregularly transversely at maturity. In histological study, the lower surface of
the lamina were wavy, anomocyticrpe type of stomata were abundant in lower surface
only. Druses were abundant at the base of the trichome. In transverse section of the
lamina, the hypodermal layer was present below the epidermis. Scale-like
multicellular shaggy hairs were occurred interface view of midrib and petiole. In
transverse section of petiole, midrib and stem, intraxylary phloem was observed.
Starch grains were abundantly found in midrib and petiole. Cortical and internal
phloem was also found in transverse section of petioles and stems. In transverse
section of old stem, sclereids and druses were prominently found in phelloderm layer.
Transverse section of root, calcium oxalate (druses) were observed in phelloderm
layer. Phytochemical screening, alkaloids were absent among the twelve tested
constituents. Physicochemical properties showed that the powdered leaves were more
soluble in polar solvents. Elemental analysis of the leaves of M malabathricum L.
were conducted by using with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (E DXRF)
technique. In addition, toxic elements such as As, Cu, Pb and CD were analyzed by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) whether it possess toxic elements or
not. Nutritional values of the leaves of the specimens were also studied because it is
used for tonic and vegetables. The four organic compounds were isolated from the
methanolic extracts of the specimens by applying column chromatography method.
These isolated compounds A (0.04%), B (0.06%) and C (0.02%) and D (0.03%) were
identified and characterized by using TLC behaviour, shape of crystals, melting point,
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UV and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. Based on the chemical test and spectroscopic
data, isolated compounds A, B, C and D were may be assigned as
β-sitosterol (steroid), ursolic acid, lupeol and α-amyrin (triterpenoid). The
antimicrobial screening of the leaves and the whole plant extract by different solvents
were tested against six pathogenic microorganisms using agar-well diffusion method.
The methanolic extract from the leaves showed the highest activity especially more
sensitive against Escherichia coli. In the case of the whole plant, all of the extracts
(except aqueous) exhibited antimicrobial activity on all tested microbes, however;
pet-ether (60°C-80°C) extract showed Bacillus subtilis only. Acute toxicity test of
both aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts from the whole plant of M malabathricum L.
pointed out no lethality and any toxic symptoms up to the maximum given dose of
16g/kg body weight of the extracts. In antipyretic activity, both 70% ethanol and
aqueous extracts of M malabathricum L. were evaluated in three doses, 1.5g/kg, 3g/kg
and 6g/kg orally. In this experiment, 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts showed
significant reduction of fever on Wister albino rats. But aqueous extract did not act in
dose dependent manner.
317. Phytochemical investigation of Nerium odorum Soland. (Nwe-thar-gi). Sandar Wynn.
Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Yangon, 1998.
Phytochemical investigation was conducted on leaves and flowers of
Nerium odorum. Cyanidin and quercetin from flowers were analysed by paper
chromatographic and spectroscopic methods after acid hydrolysis. Flavonoids in
leaves, mainly rutin, was extracted and the latter was isolated by paper
chromatographic method and identified by chromatographic, chemical degradative
and various spectroscopic methods. The yield percent of the chemical constituents in
Nwe-thar-gi plant were cyaniding (1%) and quercetin 0.14% in flowers, rutin 0.33%,
quercetin 0.1% in leaves.
318. Phytochemical investigation of Polygonum tomentosum Willd. and its antioxidant
activity. Khin Nyo. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2011.
Polygonum tomentosum Willd. is the medicinal plant belongs to the family
Polygonaceae. This plant is locally known as Wet-kyein or Kywe-hna-khaung. It was
widely distributed and usually grown wild in marshy places, along roadsides and on
banks of river and lakes of Myanmar, which was collected from Maubin Township,
Ayeyarwady Division. The flowering and fruiting period is from September to
January. The morphological and histological characters of the plant have been studied
and identified by using available literature. In morphological study, the plant is annual
or perennial herbs stem cylindrical, fine reticulate roots with tumid nodes and hollow.
Leaves alternate and simple, superficial mucilage glands present on young leaves,
ochreate stipule present. Flowers are small, white in colour and fruit shining black.
Seeds are globose. The histological characters of whole plant were studied, the cell
walls of upper and lower surfaces of lamina are slightly wavy, and anomocytic
stomata are present. The trichomes present are simple, tapering towards the ends with
pointed tips and have a multicellular base sunken in the epidermis. Calcium oxalate
crystals were present in mesophyll tissue of lamina, parenchymatous cells of midrib,
petiole. Vascular bundles are collateral and close type form continuous ring, around
the parenchymatous pith however in the petiole the vascular bundles are concentric.
In root, the epiblema cells are rectangular and compactly arranged. Xylem cells
arranged in radial rows, the cells wall lignified. The medullary ray lies between the
xylem in transverse section. The preliminary phytochemical tests of the powdered
sample of the whole plant were carried out. In this study, the main constituents
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observed were saponins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, tannins, reducing sugar,

terpenoids and steroids and alkaloids. In physicochemical properties, the powdered
sample was found to be most soluble in polar solvent. In chemical studies, active
principles were isolated from powdered sample of Polygonum tomentosum Willd. by
solvent extraction and column chromatography method. The three isolated
compounds were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC), Ultraviolet (UV)
and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer method. According to the
chemical test and spectroscopic data, three isolated compounds were assumed lupeol,
stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The elemental analysis of powdered sample was
determined by using EDXRF technique. Among them, potassium was found to be
highest percentage. Nutritional values were conducted from the powdered sample of
Polygonum tomentosum Willd. In antimicrobial activity, the various solvent extracts
from the powdered sample of the whole plant were tested on six pathogenic
microorganisms by using agar-well diffusion method. The acetone extract showed
more active against on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus pumalis. The isolated
compound B (stigmasterol) showed the inhibition against on Bacillus subtilis and
Staphylococcus aureus. The acute toxicity of 70% ethanolic extract and aqueous
extract of Polygonum tomentosum Willd. was evaluated on albino mice. It was
observed that both extracts were free from acute toxic or harmful effects during
observation period of 2-weeks even with maximum permissible dose of (5000mg/kg).
The antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract from powdered sample was also
investigated by using DPPH staining method and UV spectrophoptometer method.
The result indicated that ethanolic extract from the whole plant of
Polygonum tomentosum Willd. had the radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity.
319. Phytochemical investigation on four selected legume cultivars and the extraction of
lecithin from Glycine Max (Linn.) Merr. and Arachis hypogaea Linn. and their
bioactivity. Thandar Oo. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2007.
The fourteen legume cultivars such as Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean),
Arachis hypogaea L. (Peanut), Cicer arietinum L. var. karbuli, Cicer arietinum L.var dessi
(Chickpeas), Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill. var flavus, Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill. var bicolor
(Pigeon peas), Phaseolus lunatus L. cultivar Pe-htaw-bat, Phaseolus lunatus L. cultivar
Pe-ni-bya (Butter beans), Phaseolus radiatus L. (Green gram), Phaseolus mungo L.
(Black gram), Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. Unguiculata , Vigna unguiculata
(L.) Walp. subsp. Cylindrical (Cowpeas), Dolichos lablab L. (Lablab bean) and
Pisum sativum L. (Sweet pea) were widely cultivated in six townships of Hinthada
District such as Hinthada, Zalun, Ingapu, Laymyethna, Myanaung and Kyangin
Townships. The plants were collected, classified and identified. Their utilization was
noted from the available literature and their uses were also obtained from the people
living in this district. Most of them were cultivated for consumption for their
medicinal purpose. Among them, the exported four legume cultivars namely Glycine
max (L.) Merr. (Soybean), Arachis hypogaea L. (Peanut), Cicer arietinum L. var.
karbuli (Chick pea) and Phaseolus lunatus L. cultivar Pe-ni-bya (Butter bean) were
selected and studied. The macroscopical characters of matured ripe seeds of the above
mentioned four selected legume cultivars were examined in details in order to
ascertain their identification. For chemical studies, the preliminary phytochemical
investigation, physicochemical characterization and elemental analysis of four
selected legume cultivars were performed from the powdered sample of the seeds. In
addition, the phosphotide lecithin from Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Arachis hypogaea L.
were extracted from the powdered seeds. Lecithin was isolated by preparative thin-
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layer chromatography method. Then, the isolated lecithin was identified and
characterized by thin layer chromatography, UV and FTIR spectroscopic techniques.
In the pharmacology studies, the seeds of 4 selected legume cultivars were extracted
using 95% ethanol and petroleum-ether (60ºC-80ºC). Their extractions were tested for
antimicrobial activities in vitro with six test organisms. Among the four selected ones,
the ethanolic extracts of only Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Arachis hypogaea L.
showed definite results. According to the survey of literature, the cyanogenic
glycosides were found in the seeds of Phaseolus lunatus L. var. I (Butter bean). The
acute toxicity test of Phaseolus lunatus L. cultivar Pe-ni-bya has not been studied yet
in Myanmar. So, the purpose of this research is to investigate the acute toxicity of
ethanolic extracts of butter bean seeds included in albino mice. Besides this,
experiments on the growth rate of animal model by dosing the aqueous suspension of
Cicer arietinum L. var. karbuli (Chickpea) was also undertaken. This research reveals
that the extraction has potentiality. The growth rate of animal model namely weight,
height, and width had increased owing to the high protein content of chickpea. Hence,
this scientific research has helped in revealing the effectiveness and usefulness of
leguminous seeds not only for consumption but also for pharmaceutical uses.
320. Phytochemical investigations of five selected species of Zingiber and
pharmacognostic studies on Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Ni Ni Htun. Thesis, PhD
The five species of Zingiber were collected from Pyin Oo Lwin and surrounding
areas of Yangon during the flowering period (July to November, 2004-2006).
According to the morphological characters present in the vegetative and reproductive
parts of the plants, these plants have been identified by using available literature.
Among them Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Meik-tha-lin) is found to be the important
aromatic medicinal herb in South East Asia including Myanmar. So, an attempt was
made to investigate its medicinal properties in the present research. The microscopical
characters of root, rhizome and dried rhizome powder were examined to ascertain its
identification. Starch and oleoresin were abundantly found and closed collateral type
vascular bundle scattered in T.S of rhizome. The dried rhizome powder of 5 species
was tested to determine the phytochemical characters and physicochemical properties.
Terpene, resin and starch were present dominantly and more soluble in water and
chloroform. Elemental analysis of rhizome was conducted by using energy dispersive
X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. Potassium was found to be dominant.
Then the active essential oils present in rhizome were extracted by water distillation
method. The yield % of essential oil was 1.5% v/w. The odour, taste and yield of
essential oil were studied as preliminary examination. Physical measurements such as
specific gravity, optical rotation and refractive index were conducted for identification
and assessment of purity. Then the camphene, camphor and terpineol compounds
were isolated from essential oils by column chromatographic method and identified
by thin layer chromatography, melting point, boiling point, UV and IR spectroscopic
methods. The different solvent extracts of rhizome, essential oil and isolated
compounds were tested against different microorganisms for their antimicrobial
activity by using agar well diffusion method. It was found that the essential oil and
isolated compounds showed more significant antimicrobial activity than different
solvent extracts. Acute toxicity test of aqueous extract of rhizome of Zingiber
cassumunar Roxb. on mice was done. The median lethal dose (LD50) of aqueous
extract of rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. was found to be 16g/kg (between the
upper limit 21.6g/kg and lower limit 11.85g/kg). The smooth muscle relaxant activity of
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Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. was tested on the isolated rat uterus. It was found that the
aqueous extract of rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.caused relaxation on the
oxytocin-inducion in dose dependent manner with ED50 of 1.643.
321. Phytochemical investigations on 4 selected species of Musaceae and pharmacognostic
studies on Musa paradisiaca L. Sandar Cho. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of
Yangon, 2007.
In the present investigation of Musa paradisiaca L., (Nanthabu-hnget-pyaw),
Musa sapientum L.var. arakanensis Ripl. (Yakhine-hnget-pyaw), were collected from
Twante area during the month of July to November in 2004. Species of Ensete galaucum
Roxb., (Shwe-kyin-hnget-pyaw), Musella lasiocarpa Franch., (Kyar-hnget-pyaw)
were collected from Pyin Oo Lwin Area during the flowering time from January to
July in 2004. The morphology and taxonomy of the vegetative and reproductive parts
of four species of Musaceae have been studied, identified and also compared, by
using available literature from Botany Department of Yangon University. The
microscopical character of the leaves of Musa paradisiaca L. and the powdered drug
were investigated so as to as certain their identification. The collected plant samples
were washed and dried at room temperature for about one week and then crushed and
powdered by using grinding mill and stored in air tight bottle for future use. The
powdered leaf sample of the four species of Musaceae was tested for its
phytochemical and physico-chemical properties. It was found that tannin, steroid and
resin were present dominantly and it was more soluble in ethanol. In addition, when
elemental analysis of the plant of Musa paradisiaca L. leaves were conducted by
using energy disperse X-ray flucorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry, potassium and
calcium were found as major constituents. In addition, the extraction and isolation of
compounds A (β-sitosterol), B (stigmasterol) and C (9, 19 tetracycline triterpene)
from leaf powder were performed by using column chromatography method. And
compound D (gallic acid) is also isolated by application of chemical process.
Identification of the compounds was achieved by TLC, melting point, UV and
infrared spectra. The yield of isolated compound A, B, C and D from powdered leaves
were 0.026%, 0.024%, 0.057% and 0.0246% respectively. Antimicrobial activity of
the two extracts such as chloroform and 50% ethanol extract; 50% ethanol extract
from leaves showed effective antibacterial activities on all tested microorganism
except Bacillus pumalis and four isolated compounds, namely β-sitosterol,
stigmasterol, 9-19 tetracyclic triterpene and gallic acid were investigated against six
different microorganism by employing agar well diffusion method. The isolated
compound of gallic acid from Musa paradisiaca L., leaf exhibited more significant
antimicrobial activity than that of other isolated compound of β-sitosterol,
stigmasterol and 9-19 tetracycline triterpene. The acute toxicity studies on both
aqueous and 50% ethanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca L. leaves were tested and
calculated to be between 10.5 (7.789-14.154)g/kg for aqueous extract and 10.9
(8.014-14.824) g/kg for 50% ethanolic extract. The contractile spasmogenic effect of
both aqueous and 50% ethanol extract of Musa paradisisca L. leaf were tested on
isolated guinea pig ileum preparation. The observed effects of both extracts were
similar to that of acetylcholine-like activity.
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322. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of

Cassia fistula Linn. (Ngu-shwe-war) leaves extract. Myo Thurein, Sai. Thesis,
MPharm, Yangon: University of Pharmacy; 2011.
Cassia fistula Linn. belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae which contains about
600 genera and 12,000 species. The plants belonging to this family are widely
distributed throughout the tropical countries. This plant is well known in Myanmar as
Ngu Shwe War. It is recognized because of its beautiful flowers, laxative activity and
cures certain skin infections such as ringworm. In the present study, the vegetative
and floral parts of Cassia fistula Linn. were collected from the campus of University
of Pharmacy. The plant parts were pressed for Herbarium sheet and air dried and
powdered for further use. The plant parts were investigated for botanical
identification, morphological description and histological examinations. Qualitative
analysis or phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis of the leaves of Cassia
fistula Linn. were carried out according to international standard procedures. The
dried leaves sample was extracted with sodium bicarbonate, concentrated
hydrochloric acid to obtain free anthraquinones. The isolation and purification of
crude extracts was done by using column chromatography. From the column
chromatography, the active compound was isolated. The purity and identification of
isolated compound was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Ultraviolet
(UV) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). The
antimirobial activity of different rude extracts was tested for skin pathogens suh as
Staphylocous aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherihia coli and Candida albians.
The antimirobial activity the crude extracts was examined by using agar disc diffusion
method and was evaluated by measuring the diameter of inhibiting zones.
Ciprofloxain and econazole were used as standard antibiotis. Among the crude
extracts, aqueous leaves extract showed largest zone size of 25mm against
Staphylocous aureus. Minimum Inhibitory Conentration (MIC) of active rude extracts
was also determined by agar disc diffusion method. MIC of aqueous leaves extract
was also carried out by broth dilution method. In the present study, two types of aute
toxicity test were performed for Cassia fistula Linn. leaves extracts. The crude
aqueous extract was utilized because of having largest inhibition zone among the
extracts. Aute toxicity study was performed in albino mice by the method of
Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1947). The results showed that three was no lethality up to
maximum permissible dose of 16g/kg. Acute toxicity study was also done with the
brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The brine shrimp toxicity test was a simple and rapid
test for plant produts (Sam., 1993) The analysis revealed that the LD50 for the aqueous
extract was 3600μg/ml (3.6mg/ml) which indiates that the extract has wide margin of
safety. Then, ointment for the skin infection aused by Staphylocous aureus was
formulated using aqueous extract and hard paraffin oinment B.P. as a base. Then for
the effect of wound healing effect was seen within seven days. Finally, it was onluded
that Cassia fistula Linn. leaves could be manufactured locally.
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323. Phytochemical study of Allium cepa L. and hypoglycemic activity of its bulb.
Khin Aye Aye San. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
Allium cepa L. locally known as Kyethun-ni were collected from Bago Division.
According to the morphological characters present in the vegetative and reproductive
parts of the plants, it has been identified by using available literature. Allium cepa L.
belongs to the family Liliaceae, which was widely cultivated in Myanmar. The
microscopical characters of fresh leaves, leaf-sheath, bulbs, roots and dried powder of
bulbs were examined to ascertain its identification. The bulbs of this plant were tested
to determine the preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical properties. Tannin,
cyanogenic glycoside was found to be absent and alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids,
phenolic compounds, reducing sugar, carbohydrate, saponins, and steroids were
present. The powdered were more soluble in ethanol. Elemental analysis of bulb was
conducted by using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescense EDXRF spectrometry.
Calcium and potassium were found as principal but iron was found as trace element.
Moisture, protein, fat, ash, fibre, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin C
and vitamin B1 were also investigated and found to be the constituents of the bulbs.
So, diosgenin, quercetin and cyanidin were extracted and isolated by selective
solubility method. The isolated compounds were identified by thin layer
chromatography, melting points, Ultra Violet (UV) and Infra-red spectrophotometer
(FTIR). The antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanolic and aqueous extracts and the
isolated compounds were tested effective activity on different microorganism by agar-
well diffusion method. So, the results provided much useful information for the
development of the traditional medicine from natural products. The acute toxicity of
70% ethanolic and aqueous extracts of bulbs of Allium cepa L. were tested on albino
mice. The median lethal dose LD50 was supposed to be more than 24gm/kg body
weight, which was a maximum permissible dose. The hypoglycaemic activity of 70%
ethanolic and aqueous extracts of bulbs was also studied on adrenaline induced
hyperglycaemic rabbits model. These effects were also compared with standard drug
glibenclamide. After oral administration of 70% ethanolic and aqueous extracts of
3g/kg body weight, a significant lowered of blood glucose level at 4hr and 2hr, 3hr
were respectively, when compared with that of a control group. The percentage
inhibition of blood glucose level of 70% ethanolic extract and standard drug
glibenclamide were not significantly different. It was found that 70% ethanolic extract
of bulbs of Allium cepa L. showed hypoglycaemic activity.
324. Phytochemical study of barks and leaves from Mimusops elengi L. and its antipyretic
activity. Sandar Sann. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
A medicinal plant Mimusops elengi L. was collected from Insein and Mingaladon
Townships in Yangon Division. It is known as Kha-yay or Thit-cho-cha-yar. The
collected plants were studied, classified and identified by the literature references to
confirm its identity. In morphological study, the leaves were simple, alternate and
coriaceous, pedicel was tomentose. Calyx, corolla and stamens were in two series.
Ovary was superior with axile placentation. In microscopical study, laticiferous sacs
were abundant in the mesophyll cells, rarely in the midrib and the petiole. The
anomocytic type of stomata was abundant only in the lower surface of lamina. Two
armed or T-shaped trichomes were present on surface of the petiole. Prismatic and
tetragonal calcium oxalate crystals were present in leaves. The oil cells, calcium
oxalate crystals and stone cells were present in transverse section of bark. In ad'dition,
the dried powder of leaves and bark from Mimusops elengi L. were also studied.
Phytochemical investigation revealed that cyanogenic glycoside was absent.
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According to the physicochemical examination, the samples were more soluble in

aqueous, ethanol and methanol. In elemental analysis of leaves and bark of Mimusops
elengi L. by using the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), it was found
that Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Iron (Fe) were showed as principal elements and
Manganese (Mn) was moderately present, only in bark. Betulinic acid (melting point
315-317°C, Rf = 0.85, 0.5% yield) and lupeol (melting point 211-213°C, Rf 0.66,
0.02% yield) were isolated from petroleum-ether extract of bark by selective solvent
solubility method. β-sitosterol (melting point 136 -138°C, Rf 0.75, 0.01% yield) was
isolated from petroleum-ether extract of leaves with the same method. Isolated
compounds were identified by thin layer chromatography, melting point, UV and
FTIR spectroscopic method. In the result of antimicrobial tests, methanol extract of
bark showed the highest activity especially more sensitive against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis and Candida albicans. Acetone extract of leaves showed
the highest activity especially more sensitive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Candida albicans. Similarly, isolated compounds (betulinic acid, lupeol and β -
sitoserol) were tested against different microorganisms for their antimicrobial activity
by using agar well diffusion method. It was found that betulinic acid was active
against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Lupeol was
active against all tested microorganisms. β-sitoserol was active against
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The acute toxicity test was
carried out with aqueous extract and 70% ethanolic extract of bark on albino mice.
They were observed that the two extracts did not show any visible symptoms of
toxicity even with the maximum permissible dose of 10g/kg. Antipyretic activity of
aqueous extract and 70% ethanolic extract of if Mimusops elengi L. were tested on
yeast induced pyrexia in albino rats. The significant antipyretic effect was found at
3g/kg dose.
325. Phytochemical study of leaves from Acanthus ilicifolius L. and its antipyretic activity.
Yin Yin Khaing. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
There is a well-known plant (Ye-khayar) in village and the leaves of which are
medicinally used by local people. The leaves are used as a major remedy in traditional
medicine for the treatment of fever, arrow poison, oedema, arthritis and various
ailments. Mostly the decoction of leaves was used as an oral medicine. The plant
Acanthus ilicifolius L. belongs to the family Acanthaceae are widely distributed
throughout the mangroves forests. Very few phytochemical investigations on this
plant were informed. So, this phytochemical investigation was conducted to find out
some compounds from this plant. The morphology and histological studies of the
roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds and these were investigated so as to ascertain their
correct identification. This plant was a short bushy shrub, leaf with sharp spinous
teeth on the margin and midrib.The cells of upper lamina were polygonal and lower
epidermises were wavy and diacytic stomata were present in only lower surface.
Vascular bundles were collateral type and accessory bundles were present in midrib
and petiole. In transeverse section of roots and stems, arenchymatous cells well
develop and crystals occur in the cavity. The preliminary phytochemical tests and
physicochemical properties were also performed from the powdered leaves. The
presence of phenolic compounds, steroid and terpene were mostly found in the
phytochemical examination. The elemental analysis was conducted by using the
Energy Dispersive X-rays Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Methanolic extracts
of leaves was separated by column chromatography method. The organic compounds
separated were found to be stigmasterol (0.02%), terpenoid compound (0.04%) and
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phenolic carboxylic acid (0.03%). Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts and isolated
compounds were performed by using agar well diffusion method. The acetone crude extract
was found to be significant against Candida albicans. The antioxidant activity was
screened by the semi quantitative Dot-Blot method, spectrophotometer method and
DPPH staining. 12.5μg was found to be more significantly effective than other
concentration. Further more, the extracts from the leaves of this plant was not found
to be significant compared with ascorbic acid. The acute toxicity test was carried out
with the aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of Ye-khayar leaves by using albino
mice. It was observed that both extracts were free from harmful effect during
observation period of 2 weeks with maximum permissible dose of 24g/kg. The study
of bioactivity, the aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of leaves were tested for
antipyretic activity on albino rats. This study indicates that both extracts can be used
as an effective agent against fever which was comparable to that of a standard
paracetamol.
326. Phytochemical study of leaves from Cleodendrum inerme Gaertn. and etc antipyretic
activity. San San Maw. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
Cleodendrum inerme Gaertn. (Pinle-kyauk-pan), is an evergreen shrub, belongs to
the family Verbenaceae which grows only in marshy places, especially along tidal
creeks. It was collected from Ka-mar-aung creek in Dalla Township and identified by
the available literatures. In morphological characters, the plants are aromatic and
perennial shrubs, the stems are profusely branched. The microscopial characters of the
leaves and roots were investigated for their identification and standardization of
drugs. Unicellular and multicellular head of glandular trichomes and anomocytic
stomata were present. The powdered leaves were tested by the determination of
phytochemical and physicochemical properties. In phytochemical investigation,
glycoside, phenolic compound, terpenoid, steroid and tannin were present. According
to the physicochemical results, the leaves were found more soluble in polar solvent.
The elements in powdered leaves were observed by using Energy Dispersive X-ray
fluorescence (EDXRF) Spectrometer and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(AAS). The isolated compounds apigenin, scutellarein and β-sitisterol were identified
by melting point, thin layer chromatography and spectroscopic methods of UV and
FTIR. The antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds apigenin and scutellarein and
extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and water
were investigated against six microorganisms by employing agar well diffusion
method. In this result, ethyl acetate extract was more significant and isolated
compound apigenin and scutellarein exhibited against six microorganisms especially
most effective activity on Staphylococcus aureus. 70% ethanolic extract of leaves was
tested with albino mice for acute toxicity. The mice were no lethality and healthy
during the observation period of two weeks with maximum dose of 16g/kg body
weight. Accordingly, the antipyretic activity of 70% ehtanolic extract from the leaves
of C.inerme Gaertn. was investigated, yeast induced pyrexia in albino rats. The leaves
possess a significant antipyretic effect have been observed.
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327. Phytochemical study of Morus alba L. (Posa) and its hypoglycemic activity on animal
models. May Oo Khine. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2008.
Morus alba L. belong to the family Moraceae. It is known as Posa in Myanmar and
its widely cultivated for their leaves used in sericulture. The specimens of this plant
were collected from Pyin-Oo-Lwin Township in Mandalay Division. The
morphological characters of the vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant had
been identified in the department of Botany, University of Yangon. In morphological
study, Morus alba L.was a cultivated, medium sized tree with leaves variable in size
and shape; ovate or irregularly lobed. Flowers were monoecious and unisexual. The
microscopical characters of leaves and powdered leaves were investigated. Stomata
present were more abundant on lower surface. They were anomocytic type.
Unicellular and glandular trichomes were present on both surfaces. In transverse
section of lamina, the upper epidermal cells were bulliform or motor-shaped, in which
cystoliths of calcium carbonate crystals were present. The collected samples were
washed and dried in room temperature. Then, they were crushed to get powdered and
stored in an an air tight container for microscopial, chemical and pharmacological
studies. Preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical properties of the leaves were
analysed. The alkaloid was riched in leaves but saponins, terpenoids and cyanogenic
glycosides were absent. When elemental analysis was carried out by using Energy
Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) Spectrometer and Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS), calcium was found to be dominant in leaves. Firstly,
leaves were defatted with petroleum ether by using Soxhlet extraction method and
meal cake was analysed for the presence of amino acids composition. Crude amino
acids mixture was obtained by acid hydrolysis of meal cake. Amino acids present in
the hydrolysate of leaves were detected by one dimensional paper and thin layer
chromatography comparing with 12 standard amino acids and the standard amino acid
mixture. According to the result, 9 amino acids such as lysine, aspartic acid, serine,
glycine, glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, methionine and leucine were present.
Antimicrobial activity of the 70% ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves were tested
against thirty microorganisms by using paper disc diffusion method and was found the
aqueous extract was more effective than ethanolic extract. The aqueous extract
showed activity against Escherichia coli EHEC, E. coli EPEC, Staphylococcus aureus L43,
Staphylococcus aureus ws, Shigella aureus cosmoe, S. aureus LLC, S. aureus us,
Bacillus subtilis A, B.subtilis B, Samonella typhi and Shigella flexneri. The acute
toxicity of the 70% ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Morus alba L. leaves were
evaluated by using albino mice. The extracts were found to be toxic at 24g/kg body
weight on albino mice. The median lethal dose LD50 of both 70% ethanolic and
aqueous extract of leaves were also studied on adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic
rabbits model. These effects were also compared with standard drug, glibenclamide.
After oral administration of ethanolic extract (3g/kg) body weight, a significant
inhibition of blood glucose level at 1hr, 2hr and 3 hr were observed when compared
with that of that of a control group. After administration of aqueous extract (3g/kg)
body weight, it caused a significant inhibition of blood glucose level at 1hr, 2hr, 3hr
and 4hr which were almost the same with that of glibenclamide administration. The
percentage inhibition of blood glucose level of ethanolic extract was shown to be
significantly increased only at 2hr after administration of drugs when compared with
that of glibenclamide. Aqueous extract could significantly reduced glucose level when
compared with that of ethanolic extract.
171
328. Phytochemical study on Carissa carandas L. and its anthelmintic activity.

Aye Aye Naing. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2009.
The plant Carissa carandas L. locally known as “Khan-pin”, belongs to the family
Apocynaceae are generally used as ornamental in Myanmar and its attractive by its
fruits. Very few phytochemical investigations on this plant were informed. So, this
phytochemical investigation was conducted to discover some new compounds from
this plant. It was collected from Taungoo Township, Bago Division. The
morphological and histological characters of this plant have been studied and
identified by using available literatures from Botany Department of Yangon
University. The plant is perennial small tree, latex present. Axillary spines present
were stout sharp. Leaves are simple and coriaceous. Flowers are pale pink colour.
Fruits colours are white in young stage, red in mature and purplish-black when ripe.
The distinct histological characters of roots were xylem exarch and polyarch in
primary root, oil cells and starch grains were present in phelloderm of secondary root.
The cells of upper and lower surfaces of lamina were wavy and anomocytic types of
stomata were present on the lower surface. Calcium oxalate crystals were present in
mesophyll tissues of lamina and parenchymatous cells of midrib and petiole. Vascular
bundles were bicollateral type in midrib and petiole. Angular collenchyma and
parenchymatous cells were present in mesocap of the fruits. The testa of seeds was
composed of brachy sclereids and tegmen was parenchymatous cells. Oil globules and
tannin were present in the seeds. The qualitative analyses showed the presence of
alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoid, glycoside, phenolic compound, saponin, starch,
terpenoid, steroid, reducing sugar and tannins. The powdered roots were more soluble
in polar solvents. The presence of elements in roots was observed by using Energy
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrophotometer. The quantitative
analysis was carried out by column chromatography method. Isolated compounds A,
B, C and D were found to be present 0.1%, 0.06%, 0.06%, 0.04% and 0.6, 0.4, 0.6 and
0.5 of Rf values respectively. Nutritioinal analyses of the powdered root was
conducted and found that carbohydrate, protein, vitamin B1, vitamin C, fat and fibre
were present. Various solvent extracts and compounds A and B were tested against
six microorganisms for their antimicrobial activity by using agar well diffusion
method. It was found that acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts were more effective
than compounds A and B. But the isolated compounds were effective than petroleum-
ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water extracts. The acute toxicity of aqueous
extract and 70% ethanolic extract from roots of Carissa carandas L. was evaluated on
albino mice. It was observed that aqueous and ethanolic were free from acute toxicity
or harmful effect during observation period of 14-days even with maximum
permissible dose of 24g/kg. In anthelmintic activity, aqueous extracts was found to be
more effective than ethanolic extracts. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract from
roots was also investigated by using Dot-blot and DPPH staining method and
spectrophotometry method. In the former method, ethanolic extract showed the
antioxidant activity up to dry matter amount 25µg (Conc.0.125mg/ml). But the latter
showed that the ethanolic extract from the roots of this plant was found to be
significant as the ascorbic acid.
172
329. Phytochemical study on Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and its antipyretic activity.
Khin Ohnmar Saw. Thesis, PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2008.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. locally known as Sin-ngo-myet were collected from
North Dagon Myothit Township, Yangon Division and the whole plant was studied in
this research. According to the morphological characters present in the vegetative and
reproductive parts of the plants, it has been identified by using available literature.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. belongs to the family Poaceae , which naturally grown in
fields and open grounds and found abundantly during the rainy season.The
microscopical characters of fresh leaves, culms, roots and the dried powder of the
whole plant were examined to ascertain its identification.The epidermal cells are
arranged in parallel row. The bulliform or motor cells and two types of vascular
bundles are observed in tranverse section of lamina. The vascular bundles are
scattered, except in the center of the culm in tranverse section. The whole plant
powder of this plant was tested to determine the preliminary phytochemical and
physicochemical properties. Tanins and cyanogenic glycosides were found to be
absent and carbohydrate, starch, α-amino acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids,
tannins, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides and reducing sugar were present. The
powder was more soluble in water and least in petroleum ether. Elemental analysis of
whole plant was conducted by using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence EDXRF
spectrometry. Phosphorus, potassium, calcium and iron are found as principal
elements. Moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron,
vitamin C and vitamin B1 were also investigated and found to be the constituents of
the whole plant. The chemical compounds were extracted and isolated by selected
chemical method and identification of each of them were achieved by TLC, UV, FT-
IR and by finding melting points. Accordingly, two compounds were detected, one
was assumed to be vitex and the other saponarin. The antimicrobial activity of
different solvent extracts of the whole plant and the isolated compounds were tested
against different microorganism by agar-well diffusion method. The acetone extract
was found to show the best activity and none in aqueous extract on all tested
microorganisms. Compound A (vitexin) showed the activity on all tested
microorganisms but compound B (saponarin) did not show any activity against
Staphylococcus aureus. So, the results provided much useful information for the
development of the traditional medicine from natural products. The acute toxicity of
70% ethanolic extract of whole plant of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. were tested on
mice. The median lethal dose LD50 was supposed to be more than 16g/kg body weight
which is a maximum permissible dose. This plant has found to be applied in folk
medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The 70% ethanolic extract of this plant
was tested for antipyretic activity on yeast induced pyrexia in albino rats. The
antipyretic activity of 70% ethanolic extract was compared with standard drug
paracetamol. It was found that the extract reduced fever more than paracetamol.
173
330. Phytochemical study on the Myanmar Momordica species, the isolation of

hypoglycemic Charantin and their antibacterial activities. Sanda Hlaing. Thesis,
PhD (Botany), University of Yangon; 2006.
A phytochemical study had been undertaken out on the four speices and a variety
of the genus Momordica of the family Cucurbitaceae, out of which some
pharmacological study was made on Momordica charantia L. In Myanmar, they
commonly grow wild or are cultivated.The diagnostic characters of Momordica charantia
L., Momordica charantia variety, Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng., Momordica
dioica Roxb. and Momordica subangulata Blume. have been described and compared
for the identification of this species. The microscopical characters of the leaves and
fruits of Momordica charantia L. and the powder drugs have been supplemented for
identification. The phytochemical tests for all the plants have been made. The species
Momordica charantia L. was selected for the isolation for the active compounds
glycoside charantin, an alkaloid momordicine and a steroidal diosgenin. The isolated
compounds were characterized by thin layer chromatography, melting point, UV and
IR spectroscopic methods. In the pharmacological study the effect of antidiabetes was
tested with ethanolic extract and fresh juice of leaves of Momordica charantia L. The
antibacterial activities were undertaken by testing with various crude extracts of the leaves
and fruits of Momordica chrantia L. The species Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.,
Momordica subangulata Blume. were also tested for antibacterial activity .
331. Phytochemistry of the root of Thu-yaung Talinum cuneifolium. Kyaw Min;
Chit Maung; Sein Gwan. Rep Burma Med Res Counc, 1972: p51.
Thu-young root (identification as Talinum cuneifolium) was collected from the
Southern Shan State. The local people believe that it possesses adaptogenic properties
like Panax ginseng. The two roots are similar in physical structure. The chemical
investigation was carried out and the separated products identified qualitatively. The
petroleum ether extract contains triglycerides, hydrocarbon waxes and a trace of sterol
or triterpene. Alcohol soluble portion contains an acid insoluble in water and which is
found to be either a steroid or triterpene in nature, potassium nitrate, reducing sugars
and a coloured mother liquor which gives a positive glycoside test. In the water
soluble portion, the following compounds were detected: starch, pectins, reducing
sugars, phenolic compounds and glycoside. Metallic ions and salts are also present
namely, potassium nitrate, trace of iron, and calcium. No sulphate and choloride ions
are present.
332. Pilot study of hypoglycemic potential of Bay-dar-pwint (Eichhornia crassipes Solms.)
on healthy person. Myat Myat Ohn Khin, Thaung Hla, Thidar Swe, Than Tun,
Myint Myint Than, Kyaw Myint Tun. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1998: p87.
The plant Eichhornia crassipes Solms. (water hyacinth) known as Bay-dar in
Myanmar belong to the family of Pontederiaceae was scientifically evaluated for its
traditionally reputed activity of hypoglycemic property. The acute toxicity of
Bay-dar-pwint extract was done and it was found that LD50 of this herb is more than
3.8g of the extract kg body weight in albino mice. (collaboration with DMR). Base
on the above mention scientific knowledge in this study, a pilot scale clinical trial was
done on its hypoglycemic and side-effects in healthy human volunteers. Decoction of
45g of Bay-dar flower (i.e., 50ml) was tested on healthy human volunteers, blood
sugar lowering effect was observed. Also found that no side-effects of physiological
action on human body.
174
333. Plant diversity in Mae-san-mhe Hill and pharmacognostic study on

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. for it antioxidant activity. Khin Thinn Kyi. Thesis,
PhD (Botany), University of Yangon, 2007.
Tephrosia purpurea (L) Pers. (Mae-yaing) is widely grown in hilly regions of
Monywa Township in Sagaing Division including Mae-san-mhe hill. A vegetation
survey was made on Mae-san-mhe hill in the letpadaung area from June 2004 to
December 2005, related to the Myanmar Ivanhoe Copper Company Limited (MICCL)
project. Five stations were established at different altitudes to study distribution of
plants. The area of each station was 256 square meters.The species found in each
station were recorded, counted and species area curve of cumulative number of
species per block had been surveyed during wet and dry season by the method of
Horn (1993). The total number of plants species found in this research is 28-families.
45-generas and 50-species. Only those plants which were characteristic to the central
dry zone were photographed and described. These plants are used by the local people
for medicinal pruposed. Among them, Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. was used as
traditional medicine for the treatment of liver, asthma and tuberculosis. So these
plants were collected, classified and verified for its identifying (Nair, 1962; Backer,
1963; Hooker, 1897; kirtikar and Basu, 1933). In Myanmar, the same vernacular
name Mae-yaing is given to two different species, namely Indigofera tinctoria L. and
Tephrosia purpurea (L) Pers. Belonging to the same family Fabaceae (figure 5,6).
The leafkets of the Indigofera tinctoria L. is 9-13, green but drying a grayish black,
oblong or oblasnceolate, flowers numerous, in nearly sessile lax spicate reacemes,
pinka, pod cylindric, straight or slightly curved, seeds 8-12 in each pod. The leaflets
of the Tephrosia purpurea (L) Pers. Is 5-25 green but brown when drying
oblanceolate, inflorescence racemose, flowers violet to purple, fruit flattened, linear,
slightly curved, seeds 5-7 in each legume. In surface view of leafblade, stomata are
present on both surfaces. They are anisocytic type. Trichomes are numerous on both
surfaces and more abundant in the lower epidermis. In surface view of midrib,
stomata are absent. In transverse section of midrib and petiolule, the vascular bundle
is cresent shape in outline and close collateral type. The distinct macrosclereids are
present as a layer in the epicarp of fruit wall and in the testa of seed-coat but the
arrangements are different. In the former they are elongated transversely whereas in
the latter they are elongated radially with a layer of shorter sclereids. The preliminary
phytochemical tests were determined by using the powderd leaves. The
physicochemical characterization and the elemental analysis (EDXRF) were
conducted from the powdered sample. The presence of steroids and flavonoids were
observed in the phytochemical investigation of the powdered leaves. As such β-
sitosterol and rutin were isolated rom the leaves of Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. By
using column chromatography. And then rutin compound was hydrolysed by
refluxing with IN sulphuric acid and to form quercetin compound. These isolated
compounds were identified by TLC and spectroscopic analysis. In addition
Tephrosia purpurea (L) Pers. Leaves were extracted with n-hexane, chloroform,
petroleum ether, benzene, acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Their
extractives were used to screen for antimicrobial activities in vitro with six test organisms
and was found to posses antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus
aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albicans and
Mycobacterium spp. Finally, in this research Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. was
studied for free radical scavenging activity (antioxidant activity) by 1,1-diphenyl -2
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay according to the method of Tsuchiya (1985) Tomoko
Yamaguchi (1998). Three extracts (ethanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate) were prepared and
175
the antioxidant activity was evaluated. According to DPPH assay, the aqueous extract
possess the most effective antioxidant activity (% inhibition=76.804).
334. Plants possessing antibacterial activity. Mar Mar Nyein; New Yee Win; Win Myint;
Aye Aye Thein; Mi Mi Htwe; Win Win Maw; Aye Than. Myanmar Health Sci Res
J. 1999; 11(1-3): p26-32.
Forty one plants were tested for antibacterial activity by using 18 species of
bacteria and found to be active on some bacteria by 28 plants. The tested bacteria include:
five species of Escherichia coli; four species of shigella; three species of vibrios; and one
each of Klebsiella aerogenes, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus morganii, Pseudomonas
pyocyanea, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. Plants having antibacterial
activity include Ageratum conyzoides (Hkwe-thai-pan), Azadirachta indica (Tamar);
Cassia fistula (Ngu); Coleus aromaticus (Ziyarywethtu); Cuminum cyminum (Ziyarzai);
Cyperus scariosus (Nwamyetyin); Embelia robusta (Eikmwethee); Embilica officinalis
(Zibyu); Eugenia caryophyllata (Layhnin); Eugenia jambolana (Thabye); Eupatorium
odoratum (Bizat); Euphorbia milli (Shahzaungtinga-neah); Euphorbia splendens
(Shahzaungtinga-neah-ni and wah); Garcinia mangostana (Min-good); Giradimia
zeylonica (Petya); Leucaena glauca (Bawsakaine); Neptunia oleracea (Yehtikayone);
Nerium oleander (Nwethagi); Nyctanthes arbortristis (Seikphalu); Phyllanthus
urinaria (Taungzibyu); Pinus kesiya (Htinyu); Piper betle (Kun); Piper nigrum
(Ngayokekaung); Plumeria rubra (Tayokesaka-ni); Rhoeo discolor (Mikwingamone);
Terminalia chebula (Panga); and Vinca rosea (Thinbawmanyo).
335. Polypetabus flora of Tharrawaddy town and its vicinity. Win Thida. Thesis, MSc
The present work is on the Polypetalous angiosperm flora of Tharrawaddy town
and its vicinity, in Pegu Division. The area covered includes the local Peoples'
Councils area of Zaypaing, Quetthit, Alepaing, Kyaung-su, Kayin-su, Yewai and
Ywagyigon. Intensive collection of the specimens was undertaken over a three -year
period from 1985 to 1988 at fortnightly intervals. Approximately 120 species of
polypetalous flowers belonging to 86 genera distributed among 28 families have been
collected. They consist of the wild angiosperms. The families Malvaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Papilionaceae, are seen to be the
most abundant. Highly valuable timber plants such as, Hopea odorata, Shorea
siamensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Pterocarpus macrocarpus were also collected. The
medicinally important plants found in this area are Ricinus communis, Jatropha sp.,
Croton oblongifolius, Acalypha indica, Cassia alata, Leucaena glauca, Alysicarpus
vaginalis, Callistemon lanceolatus, Melaleuca leucadendra. The economically
important species are fibreyielding plants such as Hibiscus tiliaceus, Gossypium
barbadense, Salmalia malabarica and tannin-yielding plants like Acacia catechu and
Lawsonia inermis which are used to stain finger nails, teeth and beard. Out of the
species collected from this area, it was found that about 84 have already been reported
in floras previously compiled by other students in the Botany Department, University
of Rangoon. About 36 species that were not reported in those floras are treated in
detail. To support the descriptions, line drawings of the habit, longitudinal sections of
the flowers, fruits and seeds were included and described in detail. The families have
been classified according to Rendle's systems. Keys to the genera and species of the
families with two or more species have been included. A location map of the area
covered in included.
176
336. Potential use of Kyethingha-thee (Momordica charantia L. fruit) in the treatment of

maturity onset diabetes mellitus. May Aye Than; Ye Thwe; Thaw Zin;
Mu Mu Sein Myint; Hla Pe; Aung Naing; Maung Maung Wint. Myanmar Health Sci Res
J. 1996; 8(3): p148-154.
The hypoglycemic efficacy of Kyethingha-thee dired powder capsule was
conducted on five uncomplicated type II non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
patients, who were admitted to the No. 2 Military Hospital, Yangon. Preliminary
study revealed that it has hypoglycaemic effect with minimum effective dose of 3
grams for each patient and the time of maximum effect was 4 to 6 hours respectively.
Kyethingha-thee was found to be 79.94% as effective as tolbutamide and 154.53% as
effective as TMF-32. So far no adverse side effects were observed in any of these
patients.
337. The Potential usefulness of Plantago major Linn. in management of peptic ulcer.
Thein Saw; Myo Khin; Win Myint; Than Than Swe; Aye Than; Kyaw Soe.
Peptic ulcer is a common condition in clinical practice. Modern management of
peptic ulcer includes eradication of the associated Helicobacter pylori infection with
the use of expensive drugs such as colloidal bismuth citrate and a combination of
antibiotics. Regimens such as proton-pump inhibitors and newer antibiotics such as
clarithromycin are also used but unfortunately these medicines are also expensive and
may not be affordable for a developing country like Myanmar. Plantago major Linn,
(Ahkyaw-baung-tahtaung) is a readily avaiable and affordable plant compound with
reputed healing activities and with documented anti-ulcerogenic properties. Thus, a
treatment regimen containing P. major in combination with standard antibiotics was
tested in five patients with proven peptic ulcer disease. Pepto-major solution
containing (900) mg of P. major extract was given (3) times a day for 28 days. In the
initial (7) days, they also received Amoxicillin (1000mg) twice a day and Tinidazole
(500mg) twice a day. Histological examination of the gastric biopsies for gastritis
severity and biopsy urease testing and 14C breath test for the presence of H. pylori
infection were carried out initialiy and at the end of the treatment. Eradication of H.
pylori with improvements in clinical and histology findings was seen in three patients.
P. major is a potential candidate to be used as a medication in the management of
peptic ulcer disease in Myanmar.
338. Pre-clinical sub acute toxicity testing of antihyperglycemic medicinal plants
(MAT/MP014). Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report 2007, Yangon:
DMR (LM): p99.
The study was carried out to fulfill the pre-clinical study on diabetic patients,
preliminary experiment on acute toxicity and sub acute toxicity of traditional
antihyperglycemic medicinal plants (yJeHãomaph) was mandatary. The samples collected
were air dried and grinded into powder. Acute toxicity was done in mice. The median
lethal dose was higher than 16g/kg body weight. Two doses levels of medicinal plants
(MAT/MP 014) were administered orally to (2) groups of rats for (14) weeks and one
group served as control group in subacute toxicity test. At the end of (14) weeks, all
the rats were sacrifed and blood samples were collected for haematological and
biochemical studies. In control groups showed Hb% 13.3±0.6%, WBC count
6000±0.78/Cu mm, AST 54.11±5.71mmol/L, ALT 83.67±11.37mmol/L and blood
urea 53±1.79mmol/L and test group (low dose) showed Hb% 15±0.5%, WBC count
5640.±134.3/Cu mm, AST 49±23.63mmol/L, ALT 98.13±27.85mmol/L and blood
urea 29.25±1.96mmol/L and Hb% 14.7±1%, WBC count 7666.7±193.7/Cu mm,
177
AST65.17±16.41mmol/L, ALT 130.5±34.97mmol/L and blood urea 46±2.5mmol/L

respectively. Haematological parameters and biochemical data were not siginificant
difference from control group. The internal organs were excised and weighed. Gross
examination and histological studies were carried out on internal organs. No
significant changes were observed in grossly. Histopathological results of tested
groups showed not significant difference from control group. In conclusion there was
no acute and subacute toxicity in mice and rats.
339. Pre-clinical sub acute toxicity testing of antihyperglycemic medicinal plants
(MAT/MP009). Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report 2009. Yangon:
DMR (LM). p107.
The study was carried out to fulfill the pre-clinical study on diabetic patients.
Preliminary experiment on acute toxicity and sub-acute toxicity of traditional
antihyperglycemic medicinal plants (yef;cg;) was mandatory. The samples collected
from Ka-yhar State were air dried and ground into powder. Acute toxicity was done in
mice. The median lethal dose was higher than 6g/kg body weight. In sub-acute
toxicity test, total of 30 albino rats were used. They were divided into 3 groups. Two
dose levels (1.5g/kg and 3g/kg) of medicinal plant (MAT/MP009) were administered
orally to (2) groups of rats and one group served as control group was administered
distilled water for 3 months. The rats were observed for behaviour and toxic signs
daily for 3 months. At the end of 3 months, all the rats were sacrificed humanly and
blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical studies and sent to
Experimental Medicine Research Division for liver function tests and blood urea and
Blood Research Division for complete picture, platelet count. In this study, gross
examinations of the internal organs were found to be normal. The internal organs
were sent to Pathology Research Division for histological studies. The histological
and biochemical, heamatological parameters of the control group and two test groups
are not significantly different. Therefore, it was concluded that there was no sub-acute
toxicity on rat model.
340. Pre-clinical sub-acute toxicity testing of antihypertensive medicinal plant
(Shan-myinkhwa) (7Srf;-rif;cGg). Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report
2008. Yangon: DMR (LM), p35-36.
The study was carried out to fulfill the pre-clinical study on hypertensive patients.
Preliminary experiment on acute toxicity and sub-acute toxicity of traditional
antihypertensive medicinal plants was mandatory. The samples collected from Shan
State were air dried and ground into powder. Acute toxicity was done in mice. The
median lethal dose was higher than 6g/kg body weight. In sub-acute toxicity test, total
of 30 albino rats were used. They were divided into 3 groups. Two dose levels (1.5g/kg and
3g/kg) of medicinal plant (MAT/MP 004) were administered orally to (2) groups of
rats and one group served as control group was administered distilled water for 3
months. The rats were observed for behaviour and toxic signs daily for 3 months. At
the end of 3 months, all the rats were sacrificed humanly and blood samples were
collected for haematological and biochemical studies and sent to Experimental
Medicine Research Division for liver function tests and blood urea and Blood
Research Division for complete picture, platelet count. In this study, gross
examinations of the internal organs were found to be normal. The internal organs
were sent to Pathology Research Division for histological studies. The histological
and biochemical, heamatological paremeters of the control group and two test groups
178
are not significantly different. Therefore it was concluded that there was no sub-acute
toxicity on rat model.
341. Preliminary dose finding study of Swietenia macrophylla seed (ra[mf*eDaph) and
(MAT/MP014) seed for hypoglycemic effect on maturity onset diabetes. Clinical
Research Unit (Traditional Medicine). Annual Report 2003. Yangon: DMR (LM).
p22.
Preliminary dose finding study of Swietenia macrophylla seed was done on seven
maturity onset diabetic patients. The patients were tested for oral glucose tolerance
test for base line examination 3 days after withdrawal of all antidiabetic drugs. After
that the Swietenia macrophylla seed 0.5g, orally per day for 2 days was given and
fasted at 2nd night. On next day, after fasting blood sample was collected, the 3rd dose
was given and oral glucose tolerance test was done. After 2 days washout period one
group was given 1g/day dose and the second group was administered with 1.5g/day
after which crossover study was done. OGTT showed singnificant inhibition at 0hr,
3hr and 4hr (p<0.05) after administration of glucose to the test groups where 1g/ day.
It was also showed siginificant inhibition at 0hr,1hr, 2hr, 3hr and 4hr (p<0.05-p<0.01)
after 1.5g/day of test drugs were administered. The untoward side effects were also
monitored. It was observed that dyspepsia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting were due to
its bitterness at high doses and the compliance of the test seed was not good because
of its side effects and 2 patients tested with high doses, were dropped out from the
study. The compliance at lowest dose was good but which was not effective
significantly. Therefore, because of its side effect the study was stopped and another
test on MAT/MP014 seed was tested clinically instead of continued testing for
Swietenia macrophylla seed.
342. Preliminary screening of medicinal plants for biological activity based on inhibition
of cAMP phosphodiesterase. Kyi Thein; Win Myint; Mar Mar Myint; Po Aung,
Saw; Myo Khin; Aye Than; Mya Bwin. Med Res Congr, 1992: p54-55.
Hot aqueous extracts of medicinal plants were tested for their inhibitory effect on
phosphodiesterase to detect biologically active compounds present there in using
nuclear-based techniques. Out of 34 plants, 6 plants; Coptis teeta Wall. (Khan-tauk),
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. (Nwe-cho), Millingtonia hortensis Linn. (Aye-ka-rit),
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. (Taung-ma-yo), Quisqualis indica Linn. (Htar-we-hmaing)
and Cleistocalyx operculatus Roxb. Merr & Perry. (Tha-pyai-chin-gyuk) were found
to be biologically active with reproducible inhibition (30). The aqueous extracts were
partitioned with chloroform and the chloroform solubles and insolubles were tested.
The former showed higher activity principles are more soluble in organic solvents.
Responsible inhibitor in Coptis teeta Wall. was found to be berberine which is one of
the well known pharmacologically active substances. Our findings support that the
biological activity (inhibitory effect on the camp) correlates with the pharmacological
activity.
343. Preliminary screening of the reputed hypotensive property of the indigenous plant
Plantogo major. Khin Kyi Kyi; Mya Bwin; Sein Gwan; Chit Maung; Aye Than;
Mya Tu, M; Tha, Saw Johnson. Burma Res Congr, 1970: p42.
Crude extracts of the indigenous plant, Plantago major, from Rangoon, Kalaw and
Taunggyi were tested for hypotensive action anaesthetized normotensive dogs. Early
trials with the crude watery extract in a dose of 125mg/kg given intravenously were
found to produce sustained fall in blood pressure of 20-40mmHg. Fractionation of the
crude extract was carried out and similar screening of the various fractions was done.
179
344. Preliminary study on blood sugar lowering effect of Eichhornia crassipes Solms.
flower (Beda-pwint) in rabbit models. Myat Myat Ohn Khin; Thidar Swe;
Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Tin Myint. 43rd Myanmar Med Conf, 1997: p38.
The plant Eichhornia crassipes Solms. Flowers (water hyacinth) known as Beda in
Myanmar was scientifically evaluated for its traditionally reputed activity of
hypoglycaemic property. When aqueous extract of the flower (48g/Kg) was tested on
rabbit models, no blood sugar lowering effect was observed on both of adrenaline-
induced and glucose-loaded model. But the flower decoction (20ml/Kg) was tested
rabbit model, blood sugar lowering effect was observed on glucose-loaded model.
Acute toxicity test and qualitative chemical studies were also conducted on the
aqueous extract of the flower. Detailed results on the evaluated pharmacological
activity, acute toxicity study and qualitative chemical tests were discussed and
reported.
345. Preliminary study on hypoglycemic activity of Cuminum cyminum Linn. (Ziya).
Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; Aung Aung Maw; May Aye Than;
Khin Tar Yar Myint; Win Win Maw; Myint Myint Khine; San San Myint; Thandar
Than. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2005: p54.
This study is to determine the phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity and the
hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract of dried seeds of Cuminum cyminun Linn.
(Ziya). Qualitative identification tests of the chemical constituents present in the crude
powder and aqueous extract were conducted. Acute toxicity study of the aqueous
extract of dried seeds was evaluated and was observed that it was not toxic up to
6g/kg body weight. Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract was carried
out on adrenaline-induced diabetic rabbits. It was found that the aqueous extract of
3gm/kg body wt of dried seeds significantly lowered the blood glucose levels at 1hr
(p<0.01), at 2hr (p<0.05), and at 4hr (p<0.05), respectively.
346. Preliminary study on hypoglycemic effect of Phyllanthus niruri Linn.
(Taung-ze-phyu) on rabbit model. Mu Mu Sein Myint; May Aye Than; Khine
Khine Lwin; Aye Than; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Mar Mar Myint; Phyu phyu Win;
Hla Phyo Lin; Khin May Nyo. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2009; 21(1): p17-21.
and hypoglycemic effect of aqueous and 95% ethanol extract of whole plant of
Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Taung-ze-phyu). Phytochemical results showed that crude
powder, aqueous extract and 95% ethanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannins, saponins, steroids, amino acids and polyphenols. Acute toxicity study of
crude powder, aqueous extract and 95% ethanol extracts were evaluated in mice. Both
crude powder and 95% ethanol extracts showed no evidence of toxicity up to the
maximum feasible dose level of 3gm/kg body weight. In contrast, the maximum
feasible dose level of aqueous extract was 6g/kg body weight. Therefore, the median
lethal dose (LD50) of crude powder and 95% ethanol extract was observed to be more
than 3g/kg body weight. The median lethal dose (LD50) of aqueous extract was
observed to be more than 6g/kg body weight. Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of
95% ethanol extracts (1.5gm/kg body weight) and aqueous extract (3gm/kg body
weight) was carried out on adrenaline-induced diabetic rabbits. It was found that 95%
ethanol extracts significantly lowered the body glucose levels at 2hr (p<0.05).
Aqueous extract also lowered the body glucose levels at 1hr, 2hr,3hr and 4hr
(P<0.005~P<0.05) respectively when compared with those of the control.
Hypoglycemic effect of standard drug glibenclamide (4gm/kg body weight) was also
studied to compare with that of the plant extracts. Between the two extracts, the
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effects of aqueous extract (3gm/kg body weight) when compared with that of
glibenclamide was not significantly different.
347. Preliminary study on the efficacy of Myanmar traditional medicine in the treatment of
multi-drug resistant/chronic TB cases at Aung San TB Hospital, Yangon.
Than Lwin; Khin Chit; Ti Ti; Thaw Zin; Phyu Phyu Win; Mar Mar Myint; Tin Nu
Swe; Paing Soe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2002; p3.
The outbreak of MDR-TB in 1991 had alarmed the global population, as it is well
known that there is little chance of survival in tuberculosis without proper treatment.
Treatment with second-line anti-TB drugs in MDR-TB is empirical and impractical
because, not only are they inferior to the first-line drugs, they are more toxic and are
also extremely expensive, making compliance and prolong treatment questionable.
Reports of in vitro efficacy of Myanmar traditional medicine against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, especially multi-drug resistant strains, has sparked new hopes for MDR-
TB since they are less expensive and readily available locally. During the phase I
clinical trial, 5 promising Myanmar traditional medicine were given, exclusively of
other anti-TB drugs, in culture-proven MDR-TB patients who cannot afford the
second line or newer anti-TB agents. Results were not optimistic since 2 of the
patients expired within 5 months, one showed no improvement, and gradual
deterioration in chest X-ray. Therefore, during phase II trial on 8 MDR-TB cases,
these 5 Myanmar traditional medicines, in their maximum tolerable dose, were added
to the second line drugs/new drugs (Kanamycin, clofazamine and either thiacetazone
or quinolones both). All patients showed significant improvement between 3 months
to one year of treatment. Six showed radiological improvement and sputum
conversion to negativity (one showed negative AFB culture), and one patient revealed
reduced bacillary load on direct smear examination with chest X-ray improvement.
The last patient revealed fall and rise phenomenon in bacillary load on direct smear
examination. It was concluded that Myanmar traditional medicine, although not yet
comparable alternatives to the first-line anti-TB drugs (HRZES), can of great value as
adjunct therapy to newer anti-TB drugs in MDR-TB cases. They may even find place
as alternative to extremely expensive drugs like macrolides and beta-lactam
antibiotics. However, more studies with longer period of therapy and follow up
observation for relapses is mandatory before its place in MDR-TB can be fully
documented.
348. Purgative effect of Euphorbia geniculata Ortega. leaves. Tha, Saw Johnson;
Aye Than; Kyaw Min. Burma Res Congr, 1979: p13.
Fresh leaves of E. geniculata administered orally to mice could significantly
increase (p<0.05) gastro-intestinal propulsion rate to 36.8±3.5 per 10 min. On human
subjects the fresh leaves showed no purgative action unless heat-treated by boiling
otherwise. It caused purgation in 1-2 hours, with maximum effect within 3-6 hours
and no effect after 12 hours following the injection. The active principle was found to
be acetone-soluble and non-pectate bound. Preparations of various tincture forms to
withstand storage were tested and it was observed that there was no marked difference
in potency between that from the fresh leaves and that from the partially dried leaves.
Administered together with meal it was found to be significantly more effective
(p<0.005) than that of the prior-to-meal administration, the results being 2.4±0.5 and
1.1±0.3 frequencies/man/hr respectively.
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349. Purgative effect of Pway-mezali (Cassia alata Linn.) leaves on healthy subjects.
May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; Myint Thuzar Thant; Thandar Myint;
Tin Nu Swe. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2002; 14(1-3): p17-21.
Majority of Myanmar national people lived in rural areas and have been using
traditional medicinal plants for hundred of years. Many people have used some
medicinal plants, which claimed to have purgative activity, as crude drugs or as
traditional medicine formulations. With the aim to evaluate the therapeutic purgative
efficacy of Cassia alata Linn. (Mezali-gyi or Pway-mezali), on healthy subjects was
conducted at Clinical Research Unit (Traditional Medicine) Department of Medical
Research, Lower Myanmar. The study was a controlled, complete cross-over single
dose design using magnesium sulphate and phenolphthalein as positive standard. Ten
clinically healthy volunteers were participated in this study. Pway-mezali fresh leaves
4g which was just heated for few seconds for softening, magnesium sulphate 1
teaspoonful, and phenolphthalein 0.8g and placebo 2g were administered weekly.
Pway-mezali, magnesium sulphate and phenolpthalein showed significant
(p<0.00005) purgative efficacy on frequency and volume when compared to placebo.
Pway-mezali fresh leaves showed no significant different efficacy on frequency,
volume and onset when compared to phenolphthalein. It was also found that the onset
time of action of Pway-mezali and phenolpthalein is prolonging than magnesium
sulphate due to the different mechanism of action. No side effects were observed in
any of these subjects. It was concluded that Pway-mezali leaves showed purgative
activity.
350. Quantitative determination of Senna ingredient from Traditional Medicine
Formulations TMF-09, TMF-10 and TMF-12. Mya Bwin; Saw Han; Swe Swe
Thaung. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1992; 4(3): p138-143.
Quantitative determination of a major plant ingredient Senna contained in
Myanmar Medicine Formulation (TMFs) - namely TMF-09, TMF-10 and TMF-12
were estimated by following schedule XIII and XIV of Wallis (1953). Quantitative
microscopic work conducted at the Pharmacognosy Laboratory of the Pharmacology
Research Division, could quantify the proportion of Senna ingredient, from the above
three TMFs.
351. Role of Say-tha-gya plant, Stevia rebaudiana cultivated in Shan State, Myanmar:
Either as dietary sugar substitute or hypoglycemic agent for diabetics. Nwe Nwe
Yee; Group from Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control; Htun Naing Oo;
Mu Mu Sein Myint; Moh Moh Htet Kyaw; Khin Tar Yar Myint; Yin Yin Aye;
Zaw Naing Win. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2005: p58-59.
A composite plant Stevia rebaudiana (Bertono) Bertoni, Say-tha-gya (Sweet herb)
has been cultivated in Shan State, Myanmar as “Stevia-Poppy Substitution Project”
since September, 2002. That plant is 200-300 times sweeter than ordinary sugar. It is
used as a sweetener in food and drink in some areas. There is controversy on its
beneficial effect on glucose tolerance. This research was also done to exclude the
effect of biodiversity. Aqueous extract of that plant clutivated in Myanmar, 3g/kg was
tested on normal and adrenalin induced hyperglycemic rabbits for its effect on blood
glucose levels. Acute toxicity test was performed on mice at different doses: 1g/kg,
2g/kg, 3g/kg and 4g/kg. After oral administration, blood glucose levels did not rise in
normal rabbits after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24hr (p<0.05). There was no acute toxic effect up to
the 4g/kg does. Chemical constituents were analyzed qualitatively and thin layer
chromatogram and ultraviolet spectrum of the extract were taken. Although, Stevia
plant has the potential role for dietary sugar substitute in diabetics, it cannot be used
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as a hypoglycemic agent at this dose. Cultivation of this plant may highly benefit our
nation as a natural source of non-sugar sweetener.
352. The role of traditional medicine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary
tuberculosis, Myanmar. Paing Soe; Than Lwin; Khin Chit; Thaw Zin; Ti Ti.
WHO Southeast Asia Reg, Reg Health Forum. 2006; 10(2): p1-10.
Extracts of reputed medicinal plants used in Myanmar for treatment of suppurative
lung disease were screened for in vitro activity on Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(H37 RV strain). Plants showing satisfactory efficacy were further subjected to phyto-
chemical characterization and acute and sub-acute toxicity testing before having
approval from the National Ethical Committee, Department of Medical Research
(Lower Myanmar). Five out of 11 medicinal plant extracts, coded as PTBOO2,
PTBOO3, PTBOO5, PTBOO7 and PTBOO9, were found to possess significant
in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity. Chemical screening did not indicate any presence
of toxic organic constituents. Acute and sub-acute toxicity tests in mice and rats
showed no significant abnormalities in biochemical, haematological and
histopathological changes in both the control and the test groups. With due
consideration to medical ethics in human trials, the above-mentioned five promising
plant extracts were allowed for clinical trials, on selected culture-proven multidrug-
resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients from the Aung San Tuberculosis Hospital
who had not shown satisfactory response to the routinely-administered second-line
anti-TB drugs up to a minimum of two years. Also, for ethical reasons, the plant
extracts were only allowed to be given in addition to the second-line anti-TB drugs
already being administered (kanamycin, thiacetazone or quinolones), to which the
patients had shown no response. A dose-finding study was conducted, starting from
the minimal dose used by traditional practitioners, and slowly increasing it to its
maximum tolerable level. All plant extracts were found to be well tolerated and all
patients showed significant improvement after three to 12 months of treatment. This
study indicated that the reputed indigenous medicinal plants of Myanmar can become
potentially valuable anti-TB drugs in the future.
353. Safety and in vivo antiamoebic efficacy of Euphobia hirta Linn.
(Kywe-kyaung-min-say) on Caecal amoebiasis in mice. Nu Nu Aung. Thesis, PhD
(Zoology), University of Yangon; 2010.
Amoebiasis is an invasive disease of the caecum and large intestine, and affects
mainly the low socio-economic groups living under crowded, poor hygienic conditions.
Because of low cost, safety and easy availability, herbal remedies, like Kywe-kyaung-min-
say (Euphobia harta Linn.), are popularly used for amoebic dysentery among these
people. Thus, it is of interest to scientifically evaluate its safety by acute toxicity
testing (LD50) and antiamoebic acivity against Caecal amoebiasis in mice. The study
tested the effect of crude 50% ethanolic extract of Euphobia hirta on the Caecum
amoebiasis induced in mice by E. histolytica (HM1: MISS) strain. E. histolytica
trophozoites (2x105) were administered orally and infection comfirmed on the fourth
day through detection of trophozoites in mice stools. The ethanolic extract, in serial
dilutions of 3, 6 and 9g/kg of Euphobia hirta, were administered daily for 3
consecutive days, to 3 groups of mice infected with E. histolytica. On the fourth day,
the mice were sacrificed and the reduction in caecal wall ulceration was compared
with a negative control group of non-infected mice and a positive control group of
infected mice receiveing metronidazole (78mg/day). Marked antiamoebic activity of
Euphobia hirta was seen as reduction of ceacal wall ulceration in mice treated by the
extract and metronidazole when compared to the control animals. The 50% ethanolic
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extract, at doses of 9g/kg, affect cure in 40% of the mice treated, as compared to 80%
with metronidazole. The remaining 2 doses of 3 and 6g/kg extract still showed 20-
25% effectiveness in treated mice. Since acute toxicity study (LD50) did not indicate
significant toxicity, the study signified the potential usefulness of (Kywe-kyaung-min-
say) (Euphobia hirta Linn.) in caecal amoebiasis.
354. Screening, isolation and charaterization of natural antioxidants from Myanmar
medicinal plants: Thea sinensis Linn. (Tea) and Curcuma longa Linn. (Nanwin).
Mie Mie Aye. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2005.
In the present work, leaves of Thea sinensis Linn. (Tea) which is widely consumed
in Myanmar as a drink “Green tea” and rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn. (Nanwin)
which is used both as a colouring material and as a condiment in Myanmar traditional
cooking have been selected and screened for antioxidative activity. The antioxidative
activities of the extracts of the two plants were studied by a model system of linoleic
acid (Thiocyanate method) in comparison with the synthetic antioxidant butylated
hydroxyl anisole (BHA). The antioxidative activity of the chloroform extract (%
Inh=75.970) of T. sinensis was slightly less than synthetic antioxidant BHA (%
Inh=85.340) by the thiocyanate method after 14th day incubation while the
antioxidative activity of its ethanol extract (% Inh =87.055) was higher than that of
the synthetic antioxidant BHA. Caffeine (3.9%) from chloroform extract, and catechin
(0.0438%) and epicatechin (0.075%) from ethanol extract were isolated by column
chromatography on silica gel. Similarly, the chloroform extract (% Inh=81.779) of C.
longa showed as nearly effective an antioxidative activity BHA by the thiocyanate
method. Chromatographic separation of chloroform extract yielded three
curcuminoids, namely curcumin (6%), demethoxycurcumin (0.033%) and
bisdemethoxycurcumin (0.026%). The isolated compounds were identified by melting
point, optical rotation, TLC, V, TIR, R, NMR with DEPT and mass spectrometric
methods. Among these isolated compounds, catechin (% Inh =89.404) from T.
sinensis and curcumin (% Inh =88.266) from C. longa showed more antioxidative
activities than the synthetic antioxidant BHA by the thiocyanate method. Thus, from
the observation, it is found out that, “catechin” have strong potential to be used as
“natural anti-aging substances” for men, and in food industry, they may be employed
as “natural antioxidant additives” in place of “synthetic antioxidant additives”
355. Screening of diuretic activity of medicinal plant extracts on in vivo animal model.
Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; Aye Aye Thein; Win Win Maw; Kyi Kyi Myint;
San San Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2000: p44.
Eight Myanmar medicinal plants which are reputed for use in the treatment of urinary
ailments and which had never been tested before were selected. The aqueous and 50%
alcohol extracts of Plantago major Linn.; Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.; Orthosiphon
aristatus Bl. Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Allium cepa Linn., Allium sativum Linn., Acorus
calamus Linn. and 95% alcohol extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. were studied.
Out of eight plants tested five plants were found to have diuretic activity in albino
rats. Aqueous extracts of P. major (1g/kg), H. asiatica (1g/kg) 50% alcohol extract of
O. aristatus (1g/kg), Z. officinale (1g/kg), 95% alcohol extract of H. sabdariffa
(1g/kg) and the standard drug hydrochlorothiazide (25mg/kg) significantly increased
the urinary excretion when compared with that of the control group (p0.05 to p0.005).
Among these extracts, 95% alcohol extract of H. sabdariffa was determined to have
most effective diuretic activity. It also increased the excretion of sodium and
potassium in the urine. 50% alcohol extract of O. aristatus (1g/kg) also showed potent
diuretic activity but with less potassium loss than H. sabdariffa. Three plants
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(H. asiatica, P. major and Z. officinale) had mild diuretic activities, but the remaining
3 plants (A. cepa, A. sativum and A. calamus) had no significant diuretic activities.
356. Screening of five Myanmar medicinal plants for hypoglycemic activity on rabbit
model. May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; Mar Lar Than;
Kyi Kyi Myint; San San Myint; Thazin Myint; Win Win Maw; Wai Lwin Oo.
The aim of this study was to reveal scientific proof on hypoglycemic properties of
reputed Myanmar medicinal plants, usually claimed to be effective for diabetes
mellitus in Myanmar traditional medicine system. A complete cross-over
experimental study of hypoglycemic activity was tested on glucose-loaded
hyperglycemic rabbit model. The aqueous extract of dried leaves of Aegle marmelos
Corr. (Oat-shit-ywet), Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Say-khar-gyi or Nga-yoke-
khar), Cassia glauca Lam. (Pyi-pan-nyo), Vitex glabrata R.Br. (Htauk-sha or Kyet-le-
zan) and Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (Pe-natha-seet) powder 3gm/kg body
weight in glucose water were administered, 1 week after studying of glucose loaded
hyperglycemic control curve. The blood glucose levels were determined at 0, 2, 3, 4
hours after administration of extracts and powder of plants. Among the plants tested,
only Pe-natha-seet was observed that the blood glucose level of glucose loaded
control group were 238.7±2.3mg. At 2hr, 149.7±6.7mg. 3hr whereas the blood
glucose levels of the test group were 136.0±3.7mg. At 2hr, 118.5±11.6mg. At 3hr,
respectively. It was found that the Pe-natha-seet powder only significantly lowered
the blood glucose levels at 2hr (p <0.005) and 3hr (p<0.025).
357. Screening of Myanmar medicinal plants for antimalarial activity. Ye Htut;
Kyin Hla Aye; San San Htwe; Myint Lwin; Myint Oo; Win Myint; Tin Ko Ko Oo;
Khin Myo Aye; Ni Ni. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2000: p43.
Many medicinal plants are well known for the prevention and treatment of malaria.
With the aim of exhibiting scientific proof for their antimalaria activity, some
medicinal plants namely Artemisia annua (Daw-na-shwe-war), Coptis teeta (Khan-
tauk-myit), Brucea javanica (Ya-dan-se), Swertia chirata Buch-Ham, (Say-khar-gyi),
Aristolochia bracteata (Nga-phone-say) and Andrographis paniculata (Nga-yoke-
khar) were screened using both in vitro drug testing and in vivo experimental mouse
model systems. Among the medicinal plants tested, only petroleum ether extract of
Artemisia annua (Daw-na-shwe-war) showed therapeutic effect on malaria in both
systems. The importance of requirements for screening system as well as the nature of
traditional medicines tested were discussed.
358. Screening of natural larvicides from Spilanthes acmella L. (Pe'-laynyin) and
Melia azedarach L. (Pan-tamar). Khin Su Latt. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry),
Two plant materials, aerial part of Spilanthes acmella L. (Pè-laynyin) and bark of
Melia azedarach L. (Pan-tamar) were selected for the screening of mosquito larvicidal
activity against third and fourth instar larvae (Aedes aegypti mosquito). Petroleum
ether extract from aerial part of Pè̀-laynyin and EtOH extract from Pan-tamar bark
showed potent larvicidal activities (LC50=0.0065%, LC90=0.0146% and LC50=1.008%,
LC90=3.693%, respectively). Activity guided fractionation lead to isolate β-sitosterol
(I) (0.18% yield m.pt. 141°C), N-isobuty 1-2,6,8-decatrienamide (II) (0.01% yield,
m.pt. 81°C) and 5-hydroxy dihydroedesmol (III) (0.02% yield, m.pt. 133°C) from
petroleum ether extract of aerial part of Pè̀-laynyin, and β-sitosterol- β-D-glucoside
(IV)(0.01% yield, m.pt. 264-268 °C) from ethyl acetate soluble portion of ethanol extract
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of Pan-tamar bark. Although compound I does not possess larvicidal activity,

compounds Il and III have significant larvicidal effect (LC50=0.0017% and
LC90=0.0035%, LC50=0.0017% and LC90=0.0072%, respectively). Their activities are
better than those of their mother crude extracts. However, the larvicidal activities of
these compounds were much lower than that of synthetic larvicide (Abate).
Compounds II and III could be considered as natural larvicidal agent and used as
alternatives for conventional chemical control that is environmentally safe and
biodegradable. In addition, PE extract from aerial part of Pè-laynyin and EtOAc
extract from bark of Pan-tamar could also be used as natural larvicidal agents.
Ethanolic extract of Spilanthes acmella in mice had no sign of toxicity at 10g/kg dose
and can be safely used as larvicide that has no harmful effect to mammalian. The
maximum giving dose for ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach in mice was 8 g/kg
within survival period for 7 days to be looked forward. At a dose of 10g/kg, one out
of three mice was found to be dead and therefore, care must be taken if bark of Melia
azedarach is used as larvicide. PE extract from aerial part of S. acmella showed no
lethality on fishes Clarias batrachus (Nga-khu) at 0.025% concentration level. PE
extract at this concentration was seemed to be no harmful effect to aquatic vertebrates
and can safely be used as natural larvicide in fresh water.
359. Screening of six Myanmar medicinal plants for hypoglycemic activity on rabbit
model. May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; Mar Lar Than; Kyi Kyi
Myint; San San Myint; Thazin Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2002: p35-36.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the six major priority diseases in Myanmar. Myanmar
has a rich tradition in the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes
mellitus. The aim of this study was to reveal scientific proof on hypoglycemic
properties of reputed Myanmar medicinal plants, usually claimed to be effective for
diabetes mellitus in Myanmar traditional medicine system. Thus, the complete cross-
over experimental study of hypoglycemic activity was tested on glucose-loaded
hyperglycemic rabbit model. The fresh leaf juice of Aegle marmelos Corr.
(Oat-shit-ywet), Cassia glauca Lam. (Pyi-pan-nyo), Anacardium occidentale L.
(Thi-ho-thayet), fruit juice of Morinda angustifolia Linn. (Ye-yo), whole plant juice
of Shan-myin-khwar and Hmyit-kha 10ml/kg with 3gm/kg body weight in glucose
water were administered, one week after studying of glucose loaded hyperglycemic
control curve. The blood glucose levels were determined at 0, 2, 3, 4 hours after
administration of fresh juice of plants. Among the plants tested, Shan-myin-khwar
was observed that the blood glucose level of glucose loaded control group were
396±2.4mg% at 2hr, 141.3±8.6mg% at 3hrs whereas the blood glucose levels of the
test group were 121±17.1mg% at 2hr and 83.2±7mg% at 3hrs, respectively. Thi-ho-
thayet was observed that the blood glucose level of glucose loaded control group were
244±23.1mg% at 2hr, 173.3±19.2mg% at 3hrs and 144.5±19.6 at 4hrs whereas the
blood glucose levels of the test group were 168.5±29.3mg% at 2hr, 123±6.2mg% at
3hrs, and 90.5±13 at 4hrs, respectively. It was found that the fresh juice of Shan-
myin-khwar significantly lowered the blood glucose levels at 2hr (p<0.01), 3hr
(p<0.001) and Thi-ho-thayet at 2hr (p<0.01), 3hrs (p<0.05) and 4hrs at (p<0.05),
respectively.
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360. Screening of six Myanmar medicinal plants for hypotensive activity on anaesthetized
normotensive dogs. May Aye Than; Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint;
Kyi Kyi Myint; Thazin Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2002; p52-53.
Hypertension is one of the six major priority diseases in Myanmar and one of the
leading causes of death. Myanmar has a rich in variety of medicinal plants and people
use various herbal medicines tremendously for using hypertension. But, so far, there
has not been full and systematic exploitation of these natural resources with regard to
hypotensive effect. So it is rational to screen of these extract preliminary on
laboratory test models. The experimental design using anaesthetized normotensive
dogs. After intravenous administration of the aqueous extract of Shan-myin-khwar
whole plants, Hmyit-khar, Na-nwin-khar rhizome (Curcuma comosa Roxb.), Ye-yo-thee
(Morinda angustifolia), Ponna-yeik leaves (Ixora coccinea Linn.) and Thagyar-ma-
gike leaves (Othosiphon aristatus Bl.), the blood pressure lowering levels were
determined by kymograph. Among the plants tested, the aqueous extract of
Na-nwin-khar, Ye-yo-thee and Thagyar-ma-gike produced transient fall of mean
systolic blood pressure about (31.4%-39.9%), (14.6%-30.2%), (17.1%-35%) and mean
diastolic pressure (33.9%-43.2%), (13.9%-29.8%), (18.5%-37.7%) respectively, for
2-10mins in all dose levels and then returned to baseline level. The aqueous extract of
Shan-myin-khwar produced fall of mean systolic blood pressure (15.2%-31.2%) and
mean diastolic pressure (16.5%-33.9 %) for 15-30 mins at all dose levels and then
returned to baseline level. The aqueous extract of Hmyint-khar and Ponna-yeik reduced the
mean systolic blood pressure about (19.4%-51.8%), (27.2%-67.2%) and mean diastolic
pressure (22.4%-55.5%), (31%-72.8%) respectively, at all dose levels without
returning to baseline after 45 mins. It was found that the aqueous extracts of
Hmyit-khar and Ponna-yeik, Shan-myin-khwar reveal hypotensive activity for
30-40mins after drug administration whereas Na-nwin-khar, Ye-yo-thee and
Thagyar-ma-gike had mild transient hypotensive activity for 2-10mins only.
361. Screening of some anti-bacterial indigenous plant extracts. Mar Mar Nyein;
Tu, Margaret. Rep Burma Med Res Counc, 1972; p18.
An aqueous extract of Brucea sumatrana (Ya-tan-sai), Butea frondosa (Pauk),
Coptis teeta (Khan-tauk), Ixora coccinea (Pon-na-yeik) and Peperomia pellucida
(Tein-ta-la) were tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella boydii,
S. flexneri, S. schmitzi, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae Eltor. Agar disc
diffusion technique (Fairbrother & Sherris, 1959) was used. Zone of inhibition of
more than 2mm from the edge of the disc, were recorded ‘sensitive’. An extract of
Brucea sumatrana had an antibacterial activity on P. vulgaris and Shigella boydii. An
extract of Butea frondosa had no antibacterial activity on the 12 tested organisms.
Proteus mirabilis and S. paratyphi were sensitive to an extract of Ixora coccinea. An
extract of Peperomia pellucida showed an antibacterial activity on S. paratyphi. An
extract of Coptis teeta showed an antibacterial activity on S. paratyphi, Shigella
boydii, S. aureus and Vibrio cholerae Eltor.
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362. Screening of some indigenous plants for anthelminthic action against Ascaris suum.
Mya Bwin, Aye Than; Saw Han; Tin Myint. Burma Res Congr, 1985, p13.
Thirty three indigenous plants, traditionally claimed to be useful for purging
human intestinal round worms and yet not been scientifically tested, were evaluated
experimentally for their anthelminthic actions on an in vitro test Ascaris suum. Plant
extracts were screened generally by a modification of the method of Sen and Hawkins
(1960), and specific testing was done by the method of Goodwin (1958) as modified
by Thawka-Kyin (1976). On the basis of producing muscle paralysis of the worm
within predetermined experimental periods, twenty two of the plants tested were
found to possess a moderate degree of anthelminthic activity and three of the plants,
were highly potent ; the latters were Urginea indica, Ananas sativa and Hydnum sp.
363. Screening of some medicinal plants reputed for anthelminthic activity on in vitro test
models. Aye Than; Mya Bwin; Saw Han; Tin Myint; Marlar Lwin; Po Aung, Saw.
Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1993; 5(2): 79-84.
Thirty three medicinal plants, traditionally claimed to be useful for purging human
intestinal roundworms were evaluated experimentally for their anthelminthic action
against Ascaris suum in vitro. On the basis of producing muscle paralysis of the worm
within predetermined experimental periods, seventeen of the plants tested were found
to possess anthelminthic activity. Urginea indica and Ananas sativa were most
effective and a fungus, Hydnum repanda also showed good activity.
364. Screening of two indigenous medicinal plants for snake venom neutralization.
Chit Maung; Aung Tun. Rep Burma Med Res Counc. 1972: p51.
Two indigenous medicinal plants, *rkef;wdrf-ym and ydef;&kdif; both of which have not
yet been botanically identified were screened for their viper venom neutralization
activity. The method has already been described in the 1969 Annual report. Water-
saline soluble extracts of both the plants showed no inhibitory activity on snake
venom toxicity.
365. Screening of the anti-peptic ulcer activity of some Myanmar traditional drugs
experimentally. Aye Than; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Mya Bwin;
Tha, Saw Johnson. Med Res Congr, 1990: p11.
Five Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulations (TMFs) namely TMF-02,
TMF-03A, TMF-03B, TMF-05 and TMF-08, traditionally claimed for treating
dyspepsia, were screened for anti-peptic ulcer activity by employing two experimental
in vivo anti-ulcer test models on rats. Both negative control (no drug) and positive
control (cimetidine) were included. Only TMF-02, TMF-03B and TMB-08 markedly
reduced ulcer severity to the ulcer indices of 17.4, 15.6 and 14.5 respectively. The
effects were comparable to cimetidine-being 13.8, whilst that of the negative control
was 35. A further test model of gastric juice acidity in rats, employing pyloric ligation
method, confirmed these three drugs reduced gastric acidity, particularly in
diminishing the free acid amount to one-third and concomitantly attaining the pH of
the gastric content to the value of 6-7. The promising antacid action of the three
formulations were discussed.
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366. Standardization, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of traditional drugs

and herbal medicine: Project findings and recommendations. Pharmacology
Research Division. Yangon: Dept Med Res; 1989.
The book includes five specimen texts. It describes the ingredients of each
formulation with the retrospective weights, along with taste, dosage and indications.
The ingredients of traditional drugs are mainly medicinal plants, while a few are
materials of animal origin, mineral/inorganic salts or organic substances. The findings
and recommendation consists of outputs, objectives achieved and conclusions. The
five specimen texts were mentioned and Annexes.
367. Structural and anti-hepatitis B viral activity study of some organic compounds present
in the leaves of Urena lobata Linn. (Kat-si-ne) and Bryophyllum pinnatim Kurz.
(Ywet-kya-pin-bauk). Malar Khaing. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of
Yangon; 2008.
In vitro anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) activity of Urena lobata Linn. (Kat-si-
ne) leaves and Bryophyllum pinnatim Kurz. (Ywet-kya-pin-bauk) leaves were
investigated by using ELISA (Enzyme Link Immuno-Sorbent Assay) test kits. Two
different concentrations (4mg cm-3 and 6mg cm-3 in PBS buffer) of ethnolic crude
extracts each (ethnol and ethnol water extracts) were prepared for these plant samples.
Ethnolic crude extract of Bryophyllum pinnatim Kurz. (Ywet-kya-pin-bauk) leaves
(effective at HBsAG titre 1/32) and Urena lobata Linn. (Kat-si-ne) leaves (effective
at HBsAG titre 1/1024) possess anti-HBsAg like activity. By percolation and silica
gel column chromatographic separation methods, tiliroside, (3-O-β-D (6"-O-
coumaryl) – glycopyranoside) (I) (0.004% yield, m.p.220-222˚C) and (I – [3-
methoxy-4-((1Z, 3E) – 2, 5, 6 - trihydroxy hepta-1, 3-dienyl) –phenyl] ethanone) (II)
(0.026% yield, m.p. 252-254˚C) were isolated from ethanolic extract of "Kat-si-ne”
leaves. Similarly, β-sitosterol β-glucoside (III) (0.007% yield, m.p. 235-237˚C) was
isolated from petroleum ether extract and flavonoid (IV) (0.003% yield, m.p. 210˚C)
and flavonoid (V) (0.005% yield, m.p. 263-265˚C) from ethyl acetate extract of
“Ywet-kya-pin-bauk” leaves were isolated, respectively. The isolated compounds
were identified and the structure elucidated by the joint application of UV, FT-IR, 1H
NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques. The isolated compounds I
and II possess a weak anti –HbsAg like activity (negative at HBsAg titre 1/2048).
Compound III also exhibited a weak anti-HBsAg like activity
(at HBsAg titre 1/2048), and compound V indicated a mild anti-HBsAg like activity
(HBsAg titre 1/512). Anti-HBsAg like activities of all isolated compounds was found
to be lower than their respective crude extract. The present investigation revealed that
either crude plants or ethanolic extracts of Kat-si-ne and Ywet-kya-pin-bauk leaves
could be used in the treatment of HBV infection as claimed by Myanmar traditional
medicinal practitioners. However, the ethanolic extracts of Ywet-kya-pin-bauk leaves
were more effective than those of Kat-si-ne leaves extracts.
368. Structural elucidation of potent anti-bacterial constituents from Oroxylum indicum
L.Vent. (Kyaung-sha) bark used in the treatment of diarrhoea. Htoon Lwin Htoon.
Bark of Oroxylum indicum L.Vent. (Kyaung-sha) traditionally used in the
treatment of diarrhoea was chosen for investigation of chemical constituents and
bioactivity. By silica gel column chromatographic separation, five compounds
namely, oxoylin-A (A) (0.026% yield, m.p. 282-230ºC); chrysin (B) (0.049% yield,
m.p. 282-284ºC); baicalein (C), (0.073% yield, m.p. 212-214ºC) and scutellarein (E)
(0.017% yield, m.p.>300ºC) were isolated from EtOAc soluble fraction of petroleum
189
ether extract of defatted bark. In vitro antibacterial activity tests using agar disc
diffusion method and agar well diffusion method revealed that ethanol and ethyl
acetate extracts have moderate antibacterial activity against all tested organisms
(Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli (ATCC), Salmonella typhi,
Shigella flexneri and Vibrio cholarae O139, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli
(ETEC), Shigella sonnei and Samonella krefeld) while petroleum ether and aqueous
extracts did not show any antibacterial activity. In vitro screening of antifungal
activity using agar well diffusion method revealed all extracts (pet-ether, ethanol,
methanol and ethyl acetate extracts) except aqueous extract were able to inhibit the
growth of Candida albican. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
compound D was determined by using microplate dilution method against the strains;
Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli (ATCC), Salmonella typhi,
Shigella flexneri and Vibrio cholarae O139. The most potent activity was found
against S. aureus with MIC value (0.625mg/ml). Investigation of acute toxicity in
mice revealed that 70% ethanolic extract was found to be free from harmful effect at
maximum permissible dose of 16g/kg bw and the medium lethal dose (LD50) would
be greater than 16g/kg bw. In vitro anti-diarrhoeal effects of 70% ethanolic extract (at
dose of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0g/kg BW) were studied in castor oil induced diarrhoeal mice
model. The investigation was conducted via diarrhoeal test, enteropolling test and
gastrointestinal transit test. Results revealed that 6g/kg dose provided significant
frequencies of diarrhoeal reducing effect, anti-secretory effect and anti-motility effect.
In vivo antidiarrhoeal index (ADIin vivo) at 6g/kg dose was 56.02% for ethanolic extract
and 123.9% for standard drug, loperamide (Dicotil). Thus, 70% ethanolic extract of
Oroxylum indicum L.Vent. bark possessed less potent antidiarrhoeal activity than that
of standard drug, loperamide. DPPH staining Dot-blot method was applied for
screening antioxidant activity. Both pet-ether and ethyl acetate extracts of O. indicum
bark showed antioxidant activity down to 50μg of dry matter. However, ethyl acetate
extract more rapidly discharged the purple background when compared to that of
pet-ether extract showing much higher anti-oxidant potency. ED-XRF analysis
revealed the presence of Ca, K, Cl, Fe, Cu, Sr and Zn in the bark. Thus, the bark of
Oroxylum indicum L.Vent. (Kyaung-sha) is hoped to be useful as antimicrobial and
antidiarrhoeal and in treating degenerative disease.
369. Structure study of some organic compounds in Bombax malabaricum DC. (Let-pan)
(Flowers) and Glinus oppositifolius L.A.DC. (Ganga-lar) and their anti-Hepatitis B
virus activity. Myat Theingi. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon;
2008.
In vitro anti-hepatitis B virus surface antigen like activity of Bombax malabarium
DC. (Family: Ambacaece) (Let-pan in Myanmar) flowers and Glinus oppositifolius
L.A.DC. (Family: Molluginaceae) (Gangalar in Myanmar) have been investigated by
using ELISA (Enzyme Link Immuno-Sorbent Assay) test kits. (4 and 6mg/cm3)
concentration of ethanol or ethanol-water crude extract of both samples were prepared
by dissolving in PBs buffer. All ethanolic crude extracts showed anti-HBsAG like
activity. The order of potencies of B. malabaricum > ethanol extract of B.
malabaricum > ethanol extract or ethanol-water extract of G. oppositifolius. Isolation,
solvent partition, successively column chromatographic separation on silica gel
followed by sephadex LH-20 and crystallization provided β-sitosterol (I) (0.006%
yield, m.p. 137-142˚C), β-sitosterol β-glucoside (II) (0.005% yield, m.p. 264-268˚C)
and triterpene trigluciside (III) (0.004 % yield, m.p. 200-208˚C) from active ethanol
extract of B. malabaricum. Triterpene digluciside (IV) (0.005% yield, m.p. 280-
190
283˚C) was similarly isolated from active ethanol extract of G. oppositifolius. All
isolated compounds were identified and characterized by melting point
determination and UV, FI-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectroscopic
measurements. Anti-HBsAG like activities of all isolated compounds was lower than
their respective crude extract. Ethanol extracts of both B. malabaricum (Let-pan)
flowers and G. oppositifolius (Gangalar) hoped to be successfully applied in the
treatment of hepatitis B viral infection.
370. Studies on bioactivity and chemical investigation of Myanmar Traditional Medicine
Formulation (TMF-06) and medicinal plants used for the treatment of dysentery
and diarrhoea. San San Aye. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon;
2002.
Traditional Medicine Formulation-06 (TMF-06) which is used for the treatment of
dysentery and diarrhoea in Myanmar was selected and screened for antibacterial
activity by using agar disc diffusion technique. Polar and non-polar extracts of TMF-
06 as well as its two constituent plants were tested on 33 species of standard and
hospital bacterial strains and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the
active extracts was also determined. Rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn. one of the two
constituent plants of TMF-06, was fractionated by column and thin layer
chromatographic methods. Chromatographic separation of active ethyl acetate
extracts yielded three curcuminoids, namely curcumin (5.9%), desmethoxycurcumin
(0.018%) and bisdesmethoxycurcumin (0.0136%). Nigella sativa Linn. seeds, the
other plant constituent, were also steam distilled and the essential oil obtained was
fractionated by column chromatography to give thymoquinone (0.01%). Kaempferol
(0.12%), quercetin (0.001%), a beter-diketone (0.002%) and an ester (0.02%) were
also isolated by column chromatography from the 70% EtOH polar extract of the
Nigella sativa seeds after defatting and acid hydrolysis. The isolated compounds were
identified by UV, FT-IR, H 1NMR, C13 NMR and mass spectroscopic methods.
Isolated curcumin, thymoquinone, kaempferol, quercetin and the beter-diketone were
found to show bactericidal activity.
371. Studies on the in vitro antibacterial activity of some indigenous plant extracts.
Thandar Oo. Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Yangon; 1998.
The dry plant of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Taung-zipyu), the dry seeds of Piper
nigrum L. (Nga-yok-kaung) and the fruits, bark and leaves of Terminalia chebula Retz.
(Panga) were extracted with ethanol, 50% ethanol and water. These plant extracts
were tested for antibacterial activity on 18 bacterial organisms. Agar disc diffusion
test by surface-swab method as described by Bauer et al. (1966) was used for
screening. The tested samples were extracted with ethanol, 50% ethanol and water.
The test organisms include five species of Shigella, three species of Vibrio and one
species of each of Klebsiella, Plesiomonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and
Staphylococcus. It was investigated that the plant of Phyllanthus niruri with
ethanolic, 50% ethanolic and watery extracts were active on one strain of Sr. No. 2;
two strains of Sr. No.11, 15 and three strains of Sr. No.11.15 and 16. The percentage
activity of the three extracts and the number of bacteria tested were 7.14%, 12, 5%,
16.6% and 14, 16 and 18 respectively. It was found that the watery extract of
Phyllantus niruri possessed the highest antibacterial activity. The three different
extracts of Piper nigrum seed had no activity on the tested bacteria. The ethanolic,
50% ethanolic and watery extract of Terminalia chebula fruit was active on three
strains (23.07%) out of 13 strains; five strains (27.77%) out of 18 strains ; nine strains
(56.25%) out of 16 strains respectively. The extracts of bark were active on two
191
strains (13.33%) out of 15 strains; two strains (13.33%) out of 15 strains and six
strains (40%) out of 15 strains respectively. The extracts of leaves were active on 11
strains (73.33%) out of 15 strains; three strains (20%) out of 15 strains and ten strains
(66.6%) out of 15 strains respectively.
372. Studies on the morphology and anatomy of Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Dan-gyi) and
extraction of bioactive compounds from it. Khin San Nu. Thesis, PhD (Botany),
The species of Lawsonia inermis Linn. in Myanmar as Dan-bin is used in
Myanmar for its medicinal properties and grown as an ornamental as well. This
research deals with the study on the morphological characters of the plant and
anatomical characteristies of the leaf, the stem, the barks and the root. The species
being medically important for its possession of anthraquinone compounds; chemical
extractions are carried out for naphthoquinone (Lawsone) tannin as gallic acid and
xathone. Crude extraction is made using water, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol, and
chloroform and petroleum ether to study the pharmacological activity. The extracts
were tested against 13 pathogenic bacteria, comprising 2 strains of Proteus, 2 strains of
Staphylococcus, 4 strains of Shigella, 1 strain each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholera Eltor. The
effectiveness of the extracts was shown on eleven species of bacteria and test on
Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic organism for the treatment of diarrhea and
dysentery showed positive results.
373. Study of disease morbidity and drug dispensing patterns on patients utilizing
traditional medical care at the Traditional Medicine Centers in Yangon and
Mandalay. Thaw Zin; Thaung Hla; Nwe Nwe Win; Win Kyi; Kyin Thein;
Aye Lwin; Soe Moe; Mya Bwin; Aung Naing; Thein Hlaing; Hla Pe.
Med Res Congr, 1991; p28-29.
With the purpose of narrowing the gap in health service coverage between urban
and areas, the National Health Plan in Myanmar envisaged the development and
involvement of traditional medicine in the support of the primary health care. For the
delivery of the traditional medical care to effectively support the National Health
Plan, the first step is the development of a list of essential drugs which will offer the
widest possible coverage of the prevalent morbidity effecting the population. This
study was conducted with the aim to identify the prevalent morbidity pattern
encountered in traditional medical care and the drugs most needed to treat which
ailment, to study the drug dispensing patterns and to find out the rationale behind such
prescribing, and finally, to develop a common treatment schedule for the diseases
identified above so as to get as overview of the cost of the traditional medical care.
The records and charts of all patients who attended the traditional medicine hospital
and dispensaries in Yangon and Mandalay during the specified months, namely
January, April and July, 1991 as well as the total amount of drugs used for various
illnesses for one year (1stSeptember, 1990 to 31stAugust, 1991) were studied. The
amount of drug used in the record was compared with the total amount of drugs that
would be needed according to the common treatment schedule which was developed
through interview and discussion of 19 well-experienced traditional medicine
physicians. The association between seasonal variation and disease morbidity, and
subsequent drug dispensing pattern, as well as the cost and rationale behind drug use
was discussed.
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374. A study of hypoglycemic effects of the extracts of Caesalpinia cristata L. (Gray

Nicker & Bean.) in rabbit models. Phone Myint Aung. Thesis, PhD (Zoology),
Diabetes mellitus is one of the dreadful diseases threatening the health of people in
Myanmar. Many synthetic medicines are used in curing the diabetes. However, most
of them are paired with side effects. So that synthetic medicines are substituted by
traditional medicine with the least side effect. The seed shell of Caesalpinia cristata
L. (Ka-lein), one of the herbal medicines already used traditionally in Myanmar, has
not been systematically and scientifically studied on its hypoglycaemic effect. This
study was conducted to determine the phytochemical constituents and median lethal
dose LD50 of the extracts of C. cristata seed shell and to search the hypoglycaemic
activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts systematically and scientifically. Aqueous
and ethanolic extracts were extracted from the air dried seed shell powder of C.
cristata. Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, resins and polyphenol
were present in crude powder and the extracts of C. cristata whereas steroids and
saponins were absent. When the acute toxicity test was conducted, it was found that
the median lethal dose (LD50) of C. cristata was more than 8g/kg body weight. So it
was observed that it was not toxic at 8g/kg. Statistical analysis (Student’s‘t’ test) was
applied in comparing the hypoglycaemic effects of aqueous extract and ethanolic
extract of C. cristata seed shell (test group) with control group. Comparison of
hypoglycaemic effects of the extracts of C. cristata and that of standard drug,
glibenclamide was also made. It was observed that aqueous extract of the seed shell
produced a significant inhibition of blood glucose level at 2hours (p<0.05) and 3hours
(p<0.05). The ethanolic extract of it also produced a significant inhibition of blood
glucose level at 1hour (p<0.01). Here the maximum hypoglycaemic activity was
observed at 1hour (p<0.01). Both extracts of C. cristata seed shell showed significant
hypoglycaemic effects. The results were compiled and discussed. Suggestions for
future work were outlined.
375. The study of hypotensive and hypoglycemic effect of medicinal plant MAT/MP 004.
May Aye Than; Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Kyi Kyi Myint; San San Myint;
Tin Nu Swe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2003: p62.
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the two of the six major priority diseases in
Myanmar and it now stands prioritized health problem and leading cause of death.
MAT/MP004 from the north-east areas of Shan State of Myanmar was introduced as
medicinal herb for longevity of elderly for few years. But so far, there has not been
full and systematic exploitation of these natural resources with regard to hypotensive
and hypoglycemic effect. So it is rational to screen the herb extracts on laboratory test
models. Thus, the experimental design using anaesthetized normotensive dogs for
hypotensive activity was tested on glucose loaded hypoglycemic rabbit model.
Different intravenous administration of aqueous extract of MAT/MP004 10ml/kg
produced fall in blood pressure in anaesthetized dogs. High and medium dose levels
of the extracts produced significantly fall of mean systolic blood pressure (p<0.05)
and mean diastolic pressure (p<0.05) which again returned to baseline level. In
hypoglycemic study, 3gm/kg body weight glucose dissolved in distilled water was
administered, and blood glucose levels were determined at 0hr, 1hr,2hr, 3hr and 4hr,
After one week, fruits juice of MAT/MP004 10ml/kg and glucose 3g/kg body weight
was administered and the blood glucose loaded control group were 392±2.4mg% at
2hr. 141.3±8.6mg% at 3hr whereas the blood glucose levels of the test group were
121±17.1mg% at 2hr and 83.2±7mg% at 3hr, respectively. It was found that the fresh
193
juice of MAT/MP004 significantly lowered the blood glucose levels at 2hr (p<0.01),
and at 3hr (p<0.001). It was concluded that MAT/MP004 revealed hypotensive
activity as well as hypoglycemic activity and it was the first findings reported.
376. The study of hypotensive effect of medicinal plant MAT/MP008. May Aye Than;
Sandar Moe; Aye Than; Yee Yee Tin; Maung Maung Htay; Hla Myint, Saw;
Hnin Pwint Aung; Moe Thida. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2003; p51.
Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity
and mortality. The higher the arterial blood pressure, will be the greater the risk of
stroke, congestive cardiac failure and ischaemic heart disease. Hypertension is one of
the six major priority diseases in Myanmar and it now stands prioritized health
problem and leading cause of death. Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn. a plant widely
distributed in Myanmar, was reputed to have hypotensive action traditionally. But
there was no scientific information about Gisekia pharnaceoides having hypotensive
activity in local and internationally. The aim of this study was to reveal scientific
proof on hypotensive properties of reputed plants, usually claimed to be effective for
hypertension. The effects of the aqueous and the 70% ethanolic extracts taken from
whole plant of Gisekia pharmaceoides have been studied on the blood pressure of
anaesthetized normotensive dogs. The blood pressure was recorded by a mercury
monometer connected to the kymograph. Intravenous injection of the extracts in the
doses of 10, 20 and 40mg/kg body weight lowered the blood pressure significantly
(p<0.05-0.005). The average percent fall of mean arterial blood pressure with
10mg/kg, 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg of the aqueous extract were 17.5%, 28.7% and
26.2% respectively, whereas the average percent fall of mean arterial pressure with
10mg/kg, 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg of 70% ethanolic extract were 18.6%, 22.9% and
27.3% respectively. It was concluded that Gisekia pharmaceoides revealed
hypotensive activity. This finding is the first report on hypotensive activity of Gisekia
pharnaceoides Linn.
377. Study of inhibitory effects of some traditional medicine formulations on adrenaline-
induced hyperglycaemia in animal models. Aye Than; Tin Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint;
Win Myint; Mya Bwin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 1993 April; 5(1):
p25-30.
Traditional Medicine Formulations TMF-27, TMF-28 and TMF-32 have been used
traditionally to treat diabetes in Myanmar. Blood glucose levels of adrenaline-induced
diabetic rabbits were determined after oral administration of maximum dose of the
Traditional Medicine Formulations TMF-27 TMF-28 and TMF-32 and their watery
extracts respectively. From the data obtained, it was concluded that the oral
administration of 1.6g/kg TMFs did not produce inhibition of hyperglycaemic effect
in rabbits. Only the water soluble extract of TMF-32 inhibited the hyperglycaemic
blood glucose level on adrenaline-induced diabetic rabbits (p<0.05) and rats (p<0.05).
378. Study of knowledge, perception and practice of patients utilizing traditional medical
care at the traditional medical centres in Yangon and Mandalay. Thaw Zin;
Thaung Hla; Nwe Nwe Win; Win Kyi; Kyin Thein; Aye Lwin; Soe Moe;
Mya Bwin; Aung Naing; Thein Hlaing; Hla Pe. Med Res Congr, 1991: p28.
With recognition of traditional medicine as a great potential in contribution to
primary health care, the National Health Plan in Myanmar is at present, engaged in
developing the most appropriate method for inclusion of traditional medicine in the
health care strategies for the attainment, by the people of Myanmar, the goal known as
“Health for all by the year 2000”. For the traditional medicine system to contribute
194
usefully to primary health care, factors such as sociocultural background, strength of

traditional belief, economic considerations distance to be covered in attaining health
care, knowledge and compliance in taking traditional remedies, etc., has to be taken in
to account if realistic health plan and related training programmes are to be
developed. Thus, the study was conducted on 922 patients attending the traditional
medicine health centres in Yangon and Mandalay and their socio-cultural background,
strength of the traditional medicine was studied so as to identify the target
beneficiaries and to develop methods by which traditional health care can be delivered
effectively to the population for which it is intended. The acceptable role of traditional
medicine in primary health care was discussed.
379. The study of phytochemical constituents and hypoglycemic effect of medicinal plant
MAT/MP009. May Aye Than; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than;
Khin Tar Yar Myint; Kyi Kyi Myint; San San Myint; Mya Thet Lwin. Myanmar
Health Res Congr, 2003; p52.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the six major priority diseases in Myanmar. Myanmar
has a rich tradition in the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes
mellitus. Swertia angustifolia from the border of Kayin and Kayah States of Myanmar
was introduced as antidiabetic in Myanmar traditional system for few years, but there
was no scientific information about Swertia angustifolia having hypoglycemic
activity in Myanmar. The aim of this study was to reveal scientific proof on
hypoglycemic properties of reputed plants and its constituents, usually claimed to be
effective for diabetes. Thus, the complete crossover experimental study design was
tested on adrenaline induced hyperglycemic rabbit model. Adrenaline 0.2mg/kg body
weight was injected subcutaneously and blood glucose levels were determined at 0hr,
1hr, 2hr, 3hr and 4hr after administration of adrenaline. After one week, aqueous
extracts of Swertia angustifolia 3g/kg body weight was administered with 1% methyl
cellulose and the blood glucose level were again determined after adrenaline injection.
The result showed that blood glucose levels of adrenaline induced hyperglycemic
rabbits were 197.8±17.1mg% at 1hr, 478.3±40.4mg% at 2hr, 271.2±35.2mg% at 3hr
and 253.5±47.2mg% at 4hr. In contrast, the blood glucose levels of the test group
were 148.7±10.1 at 1hr, 120.2±20.8mg% at 2hr, 92.7±7.3mg% at 3hr and
97.8±5.5mg% at 4hr, respectively. The study showed that the aqueous extracts of
Swertia angustifolia significantly lowered the blood glucose levels at 1hr (p<0.05);
2hr (p<0.005); 3hr (p<0.001) and 4hr (p<0.05). Flavonoid, steroid, saponin,
polyphenol, glycoside, protein and carbohydrate were detected. It was concluded that
Swertia angustifolia revealed hypotensive activity and reported as first finding.
380. The study of phytoconstituents and hypoglycemic activity of two medicinal plants of
(Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. and Cassia fistula L.) on rabbits model. Cherry.
Thesis, PhD (Zoology), University of Mandalay; 2007.
Diabetes is a condition in the body where the pancreas does not produce enough
insulin to process glucose or the insulin receptor are not working properly. In this
study,the hypoglycemic activity of some medicinal plant Coccinia indica (C. indica )
and Cassia fistula ( C. fistula ) were tested on adrenaline induced hyperglycemic
rabbit model and were compared with standard drug Glibenclamide. Acute toxicity
study of 3g/kg of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. indica (Kin-bon) and C. fistula
(Ngu) on albino mice did not cause any death within 24 hours and for two weeks.
Phytochemical contituents detected in crude powder, aqueous and 70% ethanolic
extract of C. indica and C. fistula were found alkaloid, steroid, amino acid, phenolic
protein to be the same C. fistula bark contains flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and
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tannins but do not contain in C. indica leaves. This study will try to determine the
effectiveness of medicinal plants, which lowering blood glucose levels on
hyperglycemic rabbits. The aqueous extract and 70% ethanolic extract of dried leaves
of C. indica and bark of C. fistula 3g/kg body weight were administered, one week
after studying of base line adrenaline induced hyperglycemic control curve. The blood
glucose levels were determined at 0hr primarily and at 1hr, 2hr, 3hr, and 4hrs after
administration of adrenaline. The aqueous extract of C. indica at the dose level of
3g/kg showed significant hypoglycemic effect at 1hr and 2hr (p<0.005). Whereas
rabbits treated with 3g/kg of 70% thanolic extract of C. indica administration showed
blood glucose levels, significantly lowered at 1hr, 2hr, 3hr and 4hr (p<0.0005,
p<0.005, p<005 and p<0.05) after administration of adrenaline injection, respectively.
The treated aqueous extract of C. fistula caused significant reduced of the blood
glucose level when comparison was made between the test and control group at 2hr
(p<0.05) and at 4hr (p<0.005). Whereas 70% ethanolic extract showed a decreasing
blood glucose level throughout the 4hr period time (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05,
p<0.005). Glibenclamide caused a significantly lowering to the blood glucose level at
2hr (p<0.05) to 4hr (p<0.05). C. indica lowered the blood glucose level similarly to C.
fistula. C. indica and C. fistula had the same ability to lower glucose level as
Glibenclamide.
381. The study of phytoconstituents and hypolipidemic effect of Phyllanthus emblica
(Zebyu) & Leucaena glauca Benth. (Bawzagaing) on hyperlipidemic rat models.
Cho Cho Win.Thesis, PhD (Zoology), University of Yangon, 2005.
Two medicinal plants Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphobiaceae) and Leucaena glauca
Benth. (Mimosaceae) reputed to possess the lowering effects in hyperlipidemia were
selected, tested and evaluated for their antihyperlipidemic effect on Triton induced
hyperlipidemic albino rats. The plants were extracted using different concentration of
ethanolic and aqueous solution. These extracts were used to test antihyperlipidemic
effect and acute toxicity in vivo. The median lethal dose of both plants more than
3g/kg body weight (i.e.maximum permissible dose) in mice. Phytoconstituents of the
two plants extracts showed that aqueous extract of Phyllanthus emblica (P. embilica)
contains flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, polyphenols, tannins and 96% ethanolic
extract contains alkaloids, steroids, saponins, amino acids, polyphenols, tannins and
proteins. Aqueous extract of Leucaena glauca (L. glauca). contains alkaloids,
saponins, amino acids, polyphenols, proteins, tannin and 70% ethanolic extract
contains alkaloids, steroids, saponins, resins, amino acids, polyphenols, tannins and
proteins. The hyperlipidemic action was induced by Triton WR-1339 (400mg/kg)
injection to albino rats subcutaneously and the test drugs were given 1g/kg body
weight intraperitoneally. After 18hrs injection of Triton, the rats were anaesthetized
and blood was taken from cardiac puncture for lipid profile. Ultra-Violet
Spectrophotometer was used to determine the rat’s serum lipid levels. Significant
antihyperlipidemic effect was found with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P.
emblica. With the aqueous extract of L. glauca, significant antihyperlipidemic effect
was not found at the dose level of 1g/kg body weight although, significant
antihyperlipidemic effect was found with ethanolic extract. Antihyperlipidemic
effects of both aqueous and 96% ethanolic extracts of P. emblica. (1g/kg) and 70%
ethanolic extract of L. glauca (1g/kg) have no significant difference from standard
reference drug lovastatin (500mg/kg). However, antihyperlipidemic effect of aqueous
extract of L. glauca was inferior to that of standard reference drug lovastatin
(500mg/kg).
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382. Study of the antihyperglycemic effect of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Family
Moringaceae on albino rats. Ei Mon Hla. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: University of
Pharmacy; 2009.
Moringa oleifera Lam. ('eãf'vGef) Family; Moringaceae grows wild or is
extensively cultivated as a vegetable throughout Myanmar. It is also used as
medicinal plant. Various parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, seeds, barks, flowers
and immature pods are being employed for antitumor, antipyretic, antiepileptic, anti-
inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, antioxidant,
antidiabetic, hepato-protective, cholesterol lowering, antibacterial and antifungal
activities in the indigenous system of medicine. The purpose of the present study is to
evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam.
('eãf'vGef) on adrenaline induced hyperglycemic rat model and to identify the organic
flavonoid compound, quercetin by using Thin Layer Chromatography, Ultraviolet
Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. For evaluation of
antihyperglycemic effect, the doses of crude aqueous extract (1.5g/kg, 3g/kg, 6g/kg)
and the doses of crude 95% ethanolic extract (1.5g/kg, 3g/kg, 6g/kg) were
administered by oral route on adrenaline induced hyperglycemic rat model. Aqueous
extracts (1.5g/kg, 3g/kg, 6g/kg) showed significantly antihyperglycemic effect at 2hr
(p<0.05), 3hr (p<0.05), and 4hr (p<0.05), respectively. Ninety-five percent ethanolic
extract (1.5g/kg) showed antihyperglycemic effect significantly at 4hr (p<0.05) only.
Ninety-five percent ethanolic extract (3g/kg and 6g/kg) showed significantly
antihyperglycemic effect at 2hr (p<0.05), 3hr (p<0.05) and 4hr (p<0.005)
respectively. Comparison of antihyperglycemic effects between different doses of
extracts and glibenclamide showed that both extracts and glibenclamide have
antihyperglycemic activities but percent inhibition of glibenclamide was superior to
crude extracts. The antihyperglycemic effect of crude extracts had late onset and short
duration of action than glibenclamide. The acute toxicity study of aqueous extract and
95% ethanolic extract were performed by using albino mice. The result indicated that
there was no lethality up to maximum permissible dose of 12g/kg in both extracts.
Phytochemical and physicochemical analyses were also conducted by using reference
analytical procedures for quality control of leaves materials of Moringa oleifera Lam.
('eãf'vGef). Flavonoid compound, quercetin which is known to have antihyperglycemic
activity was qualitatively isolated by using Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography
from acid hydrolysed extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. ('eãf'vGef). The
isolated compound was identified by Thin Layer Chromatography, Ultraviolet
Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. It can be concluded that
the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. ('eãf'vGef) contain quercetin which is known to
have antihyperglycemic activity; the aqueous and 95% ethanolic extracts have no
acute toxic effect on mice and have significant antihyperglycemic effect on adrenaline
induced hyperglycemic rats.
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383. A study of the anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Gyin-sein) on

albino rats. Khine Khine Lwin. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Mandalay:
Institute of Medicine; 2000.
These investigations were performed to find out whether the extracts of
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Ginger) possess anti-inflammatory activity or not. The
dried rhizomes powder of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. was extracted with both water
and 50% ethyl alcohol to obtain aqueous extract and 50% ethanolic extract
respectively. In order to study the anti-inflammatory action of both aqueous and
ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe., the experiments were carried out on
albino rats of same sex and same strain i.e Wistar strains. Plethysmographic apparatus
was used to measure the volume changes of the rat's paws oedema. Inflammation was
induced by subplantar injection of 0.1ml of 1% carrageenan (in 0.9% normal saline)
in right hind paws of the albino rats. Anti-inflammatory action of both extracts was
investigated by using three doses levels i.e-3g/kg, 1.5g/kg, 0.75g/kg body weight,
orally. Significant anti-inflammatory action was found with both aqueous and
ethanolic extract of Ginger. It was found that the anti-inflammatory action of
ethanolic-extract started to appear with the dose of 0.75g/kg and the anti-
inflammatory action had dose-response relationship in nature. With aqueous extract,
the anti-inflammatory action began with the dose of 1.5gm/kg and the action had
dose-response relationship in nature. The results also indicated that the anti-
inflammatory action of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. was found to be
superior to that of aqueous extract. However, anti-inflammtory actions of both
aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of Ginger (3g/kg) were inferior to that of standard
reference drug acetylsalicylic acid (i.e Aspirin 3000mg/kg). Acute toxicity studies of
the extracts were performed by using the albino mice. The results indicate that there
was no lethality up to 3g/kg body weight with both aqueous and 50% ethanolic
extract. General pharmacological screening test of both aqueous and ethanolic
extracts of Ginger on albino rats has shown no abnormal changes. The
phytochemistry of the extracts showed that the aqueous extract contained saponins,
alkaloids, tanninoids, flavonoids, steroids and the 50% ethanolic extract contained
saponins, alkaloids, resin, tanninoids, flavonoids and steroids. It was observed that
anti-inflammatory action of both extracts of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. can be due to
one or more compounds obtained in those extracts (i.e-saponin, alkaloid, resin, tannin,
steroids and flavonoid). It was found that anti-inflammatory action of 50% ethanolic
extract of Ginger 3g/kg was (0.49-0.66) times that of aspirin and aqueous extract
3g/kg was (0.52-0.55) times that of aspirin. Therefore, it can be concluded that both
extracts of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. may probably make use in joint pain and
inflammation.
384. Study of the antimycobacterial activity of biologically active medicinal plant:
Desmodium triquetrum DC. (Lauk-they). Khin Chit. Thesis, MMedSc
(Pharmacology), Yangon: Institute of Medicine (1); 1996.
Tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases all over the world. It is
a major cause of death in young adults following Human-immunodeficiency virus
epidemic and emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of mycobacteria. Hence, there
is a clear need to develop new and effective drugs for management and control of
tuberculosis. In the present study, reputed medicinal plants such as Azadirachta indica
A.Juss. (Tama), Acorus calamus L. (Lin-ne), Alpinia galanga Wall. (Ba-de-gaw-gyi),
Desmodium triquetrum DC. (Lauk-they) were investigated for their biological and
anti-mycobacterial activities. Plant extracts which were to be tested for biological and
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anti-mycobacterial activity were prepared by solvent extraction. Common solvents

such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water were used. Soxhlet assembly
for extraction and rotatory evaporator were used to get solvent-free plant extracts.
Biological activity was determined by the inhibition of cyclic AMP metabolism as
assessed by nuclear-based analytical technique. This assay was developed through a
modification of isotope dilution principle. Among the biologically active plant
extracts screened as mentioned above, alcoholic extract of Lauk-they had the highest
biological activity and it was evaluated for anti-mycobacterial activity by using in
vitro method. Effects of various concentrations of alcoholic extract of Lauk-they on
different isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were tested in vitro, both
qualitatively and quantitatively. These effects were compared with those of minimal
inhibitory concentrations of isoniazid and rifampicin. Lauk-they was found to have
anti-mycobacterial activity at 72mg/ml concentration even on strains resistant to
isoniazid and rifampicin. Phytochemical analysis of Lauk-they alcoholic extract
showed that it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpene steroids and tannins. No
acute toxicity was found in this study and median lethal dose of Lauk-they was
assumed to be above 1g/kg concentration.
385. Study of the effecf of Da-nyin-thee (Pithecellobium lobatum Benth.) on
sulphadimidine pharmacokinetics of the Burmese. Chit Maung; Tha, Saw Johnson.
Res Paper Reading Session, Med Sci Div, 1985-86: p6.
The effect of Da-nyin-thee (seed of P. lobatum Benth.) after ingestion 70-75gm a
day for seven consecutive days, on sulphadimidine pharmacokinetics was studied on
12 healthy adult Burmese, of both sexes, whose acetylator phenotypes being
predetermined. The parent and its metabolite N4-acetylsulphadimidine elimination
half-lives, deduced from their time profiles of plasma and urine, were monitored
spectrophotometrically. The seeds under investigation revealed no significant effect
on any of the pharmacokinetic criteria, regarding hepatic acetylation or renal
excretion in either of the phenotypes.
386. A study of the hypotensive effect of leaves of Moringa oleiferlam (Danthalun).
Kyaw, Maung. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Institute of Medicine
(1), 1993.
The extraction of green mature leaves of Moringa olifera Lam. was done by solid-
liquid extraction method using water as a solvent. In order to study the hypotensive
action of the aqueous extract of Moringa olifera Lam., the experiments were carried
out on normotensive anaesthetized dogs of either sex. The blood pressure recording
method used throughout the present work was kymographic method. The hypotensive
activity of Moringa olifera Lam. was found to be dose-related. The extract had also
effect on isolated heart, isolated intestinal smooth muscle, isolated aortic strip,
vascular smooth muscle of rabbit ear and bilateral carotid occlusion reflex.
Tranquilizing effects were also found to be present. Diuretic and ganglion blooking
actions were not seen with the extract. It was found that the acute toxicity of the
extract was very low. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of flavonoids,
glycosides, amino acids, tanninoids and phenolic compounds as organic constituents,
and iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium and sopper as inorganic constituents. The
results were discussed with regards to possible mechanism of action of Moringa
olifera Lam.
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387. Study of the protective effect of Bizat (Eupatorium odoratum Linn.) on carbon
tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in albino rats. May Aye Than;
Mu Mu Sein Myint; Ohnmar Kyaw; Moh Moh Htun; Khin Taryar Myint; Phyu Phyu
Win; San San Myint; Nu Nu Win; Thandar Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr,
2008: p55.
Bizat (wild) is the most popular medicinal herbs reputed for many ailments such as
liver diseases, cancer, wound, abscess and AIDS in Myanmar, but so far there is no
scientific information about hepatoprotective effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to
extract of Bizat was physicochemically and phytochemically standardized by using
the methods for it herbal pharmacopoeia. Glycoside, polyphenol, flavonoid, steroid,
terpene carbohydrate, saponin, protein, resin and reducing sugar were present. The
media lethal dose (LD50) of aqueous extract was supposed to be more than 16g/kg
body weight per-orally in mice. The hepatoprotective activity was done on carbon
tetrachloride (CCL4), induced liver toxicity in albino rats. Study design was control
parallel experimental design. The first and second groups were administered distilled
water as control. CCL4 was given orally to second and third group. The aqueous
extract 3g/kg/day was given orally to the rats of third group up to 7th day, one hour
prior to CCL4 administration. Twenty four hours after CCL4 treatment, the animals
were counted in order to calculate the percent mortality, the remaining animals were
sacrificed. The blood and liver tissue were collected for biochemical and histological
assessment of liver damage. The mortality rate with CCL4 was 16.67% whereas
pretreatment with aqueous extract was 50% and no mortality in normal control. Both
aqueous extract protected and unprotected (CCL4 only) groups showed signigicant
rise in serum alanine aminotransferase ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and
alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels (p<0.01-p<0.005) compared with control. The
serum enzyme activities and histological appearance of degeneration, necrosis and
fibrosis were no significant difference between aqueous extract protected and
unprotected groups. Therefore it was concluded that Bizat leaves had no protection of
liver from hepatotoxic effect of CCL4.
388. Study of the utilization pattern of traditional medicine on the management of malaria.
Pharmacology Research Division. Annual Report 2006, Yangon: DMR (LM). p74.
This study was undertaken in 5 townships (Bago, Daik-U, Kyauk-ta-ka,
Tharyarwaddy, Oke-Po in Bago Division to determine the use of modern drugs and
traditional medicine for malaria. Among 2096 household members, 507 (24.2%)
reported history of malaria. Modern drug use (93.3%) was higher than traditional
medicine (43.8%) and 78.4% of modern drug use was prescribed by health staff. None
of the children under 5 used traditional medicine only. Modern drugs use included
artesunate/artemether (64.2%), mefloquine (21.9%), quinine (5.8%), chloroquine
(3.3%), sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (3.3%) and antipyretics only (19.3%). One-fifths
of artesunate use was self-treatment. Incorrect use of artesunate was 52%. The use of
prepackaged modern drugs from local shops was 12.4% and some contained
antimalarials. Some traditional medicine packets contained antipyretics like aspirin.
Commonest reasons for traditional medicine use were usual practice (60.6%),
perceived curability (57.1%) and unavailability of modern medicine (46.5%). Five
hundred and seven respondents with history of malaria fever during the last 3 months
were face to face interviewed. Qualitative information was collected through informal
conversation with shop owners, interviews with traditional healers, persons with
history of malaria fever and focus group discussions with community members.
Traditional medicine use for malaria fever was 222 (43.8%) and 182 (82%) of them
200
used it as the first line self-treatment. None of the children under 5 used traditional
medicine only for malaria. Traditional drugs use included packets with antipyretics
(59%), packets with traditional medicine (22.5%), packets with other contents (8.5%),
(Andrographis paniculata) (5%) and other traditional herbs (21.6%). The cost of each
packet ranges from 10 to 100 kyats. aq;cg;juD; is used by a few respondents only for
unavailability, difficult preparation and unpleasant taste. . Licensed traditional healers
usually refer malaria patients to the health staff. Health education should include
emphasis on avoidance of such medicine packets which are not approved by the
Traditional Medicine Department.
389. Study on acute and sub-chronic toxicities of Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab.
(aygufO) Family: Fabaceae. Win Ko Ko. Thesis, MPharm, Yangon: Military
Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences. 2011.
There are many species of Pueraria. Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab.
(aygufO) was naturally grown in Myanmar and it belongs to the family Fabaceae. The
use of this plant has been reported as a medicine plant since Poutkam (Bagan)
Dynasty. In Myanmar traditional medicine systems, there can be confusing on the
names of Pout-oou (aygufO) and Pouk-nwe-oou (aygufEG,f) because of their similar
names. Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab. (aygufO) is used for women’s health
and beauty purpose and Butea superb Roxb. (aygufEG,f) is useful as an aphrodisiac
agent. Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab. (White Kwao Krua) has business
potentials for females, Butea superb Roxb (Red Kwao Krua) seems to have such
commercial promises for males that it has been called the ‘herbal Viagra’. In present
study, plant samples were collected from Thar Du Kan, Shwe Pyi Thar Township,
Yangon Division. Its habits, morphological characters were documented in this thesis
for the plant authenticity purpose. Physicochemical and phytochemical studies were
also conducted by using appropriate references and methods. For the purpose of safe
and effective uses of P. mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab. Tests for the absence of
pesticide residues, heavy metals, aflatoxins were performed. Acute and sub-chronic
toxicities were also studied on experimental mice and rats. P. mirifica Airy Shaw &
Suvatab. Dried rhizome powder was tested with the various doses of 2, 4 and 8g/kg
for acute toxicity study. There were on death occurred in acute toxicity. LD50 of P. mirifica
Airy Shaw & Suvatab. Dried rhizome powder was greater than 8g/kg of body weight.
In sub-chronic toxicity study, there were no significant differences in the average
organ weights of brain, lungs, heart, small intestine, colon, stomach, liver, spleen and
kidney of between the rats treated with the dried rhizome powder of P. mirifica Airy
Shaw & Suvatab. At the doses of 1g/kg and control group. The rest of organs were
significant differences (p<0.05) in the average organ weights between the rats treated
with the dried rhizome of this at the doses of (1g/kg, 2g/kg) and control group. There
were no significant differences in haematological parameters between the rats treated
with 1g/kg of dried rhizome powdwe of this plant and control group. It was found that
significant differences (p<0.05) in monocyte and eosinophil between the rats treated
with 2g/kg of dried rhizome powder of this plant and control group. It was also noted
that the difference was slightly higher than the normal range. There were significant
differences (p<0.05) in serum aspartate amino transferase, serum alanine amino
transferase and blood urea between the rats treated with 1g/kg of dried rhizome
powder of this plant and control group and the differences were lower than the normal
ranges. But, higher dose 2g/kg of rats total serum bilirubin showed slightly higher than
normal range. Histological changes were observed in some internal organs but most are
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normal compared with control group. P. mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab. is relatively
safe. However, optimal doses of P. mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab. Dried rhizome
powder should be clinically assessed.
390. A study on anthelimintic properties of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Let-htoke-kyi).
Khin Linn. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Institute of Medicine (2),
1990.
Helminthiasis especially ascariasis is common in Myanmar and its impact on
health and economic status of the country is considerable. Although a lot of
anthelmintics are available, some more addition from the indigenous source is highly
desirable. It will be highly more so, if the indigenous drugs are proved to be safe and
more effective than the currently used anthelmintics. Let-htoke-kyi (LTK)
(Holarrhena antidysenterica) indigenous in upper Myanmar is studied for its activity
against nematodes using Ascaris suum as the test model. Extract of Let-htoke-kyi was
found to contain alkaloids. The anticholinesterase activity of alcoholic extract of
Let-htoke-kyi was found to be 802u/gm. Let-htoke-kyi also has anthelmintic activity.
The attempt to elucidate its mechanism of action on the ascaris was carried out by
camparing with other known anthelmintic drugs such as piperazine, pyrantel and
levamisole. The acute toxicity was studied by the method of Litchfield & Wilcoxan
(1949) and LD50 intraperitoneal route was found to be 0.8mg/gm body weight in
mice. The toxicity study using the oral route was limited because the dose used cannot
go larger than 15.0mg/gm since the thick suspension cannot be pushed through the
gastric tube. At the level of 15.0mg/gm, it did not show any toxic effect.
391. Study on chemical constituents and bioactivity of the tubers of Asparagus racemosus
Willd. (Shin-ma-tet). Khine Khine Hla. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of
Yangon; 2008.
Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Shin-ma-tet) tubers were chosen for the
investigation of chemical constituents and biological action. The tubers of this plant
have many activies such as diuretic, antidysentery antibacterial, antioxidant and
antidiarrheal activities. The tubers of this plant are used in traditional medicine for
cough, gastric ulcers, and blood diseases and for general tonic in local regions. It has
has not yet been scientifically sutidied of its anti-diarrheal activity in Myanmar.
Qualitive elemental analysis was done by EDXRF spectrometer. Some heavy toxic
metals such as, As, CDd and Pb were not detected in the sample by EDXRF method.
In the examination of nutritional values, carbohydrate was found to be high content in
the sample. Before the investigation of anti-diarrhea activity, antimicrobial activity
was formally done in order to make sure that the sample may have positive effect on
microorganisms, especially diarrhea causing microorganisms. In the screening of
antimicrobial activity by agar disc diffusion method, the activity of EtOAc extract is the
highest on all the organisms tested. Column chromatographic separation of activity guided
EtOAc extract of Asparagus racemous Willd. provided compounds, KKH-1(0.03%, 5,7-
dihydroxy flavanone), KKH-2 (0.0001%, a flavonoid containing free OH and
methoxy group), KKH-3( 0.0001%, 2 (2-butenyl) 6-(methoxy) benzoic acid) and
KKH-4 (0.0015%, 2,2-dimethoxy, 5-Keto.-3- hexenoic acid), KKH-5 (a flavonoid ,
0.0015%) and KKH-6 (a terpenoid , 0.0015%) repectively. Compound, KKH-7 (β-
sitosterol, 0.0001%) was isolated from PE extract of the tubers of this plant. Activity
guided extract was separated by column chromatographic method. The isolated
compound was identified by conventional chemical test and modern spectroscopic
method such as UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR and spectroscopy. The minimum inhibitory
concentration of isolated compounds KKH-1 and KKH-2, isolated from anti-diarrhea
202
activity guided EtOAc extract of the tubers of Asparagus racemosus Willd. were
determined on focusing main diarrhea causing microorganisms such as Escherichia coil
ATCC, Escherichia coil O157, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella boyddi,
Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera O1 and Vibrio cholera O139 by agar disc diffusion
method. The MIC values of isolated compounds from the tubers of Asparagus racemous
Willd. were KKH-1≥1.25µg/ml and KKH-2≥2.5µg/ml, respectively. Acute toxicity
test was done before investigating anti-diarrhea activity because the extracts were
taken orally for this activity. The acute toxicity effect of 70% ethanol and the aqueous
extract of the tubers of Asparagus racemous Willd. were assessed on mice of 25-30g
body weight. In acute toxicity test, toxic or harmful effect did not occur on both
extract. In vivo anti-diarrhea effect of the aqueous extract was studied on castor oil-
induced diarrhea mice model. The investigation was conducted by castor oil-induced
diarrhea test, castor oil-induced enterpooling test and castor oil-induced intestinal
transit test. From the results, it can be inferred that the tubers of Asparagus racemosus
Willd. possessed anti-diarrhea activity which can be used in non-specific diarrhea due
to its similar action with that of the standard drug, loperamide.
392. Study on hypoglycemic activity of Swietenia macrophylla King. seed kernel in rabbit
models. Myat Myat Ohn Khin; Aye Than; Thidar Swe; Mu Mu Sein Myint;
Myint Oo; Cho Cho Yee. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2002: p51.
There is a very long history of health care system using herbal medicine in
Myanmar. In the past decades, the knowledge of herbal drugs is directly utilized by
Myanmar people. Swietenia macrophylla King. is one of the famous plants for the
effect of hypoglycemic activity. Locally, it is believed that the seed kernel of
Swietenia macrophylla King. possess hypoglycemic activity. The authors chose the
plant seed kernel to investigate whether the seed kernel of the plant possess
hypoglycemic activity. OGTT was done. The percentage inhibition of blood glucose
levels were 38% in adrenalin-induced method and 25% in the glucose-loaded method
respectively. The peak of action was found to be at 1hr in both the methods tested.
Blood glucose levels rose again to normal levels by 2hrs and 4hrs respectively. It was
observed that the inhibition of hypoglycemia was for a short period. It had transient
lowering activity on blood glucose level in two induced diabetic rabbit models. The
acute toxicity of the seed kernel paste was also studied. It was observed that the kernel
was not toxic at the dose level of 2.4g/kg orally.
393. A study on hypoglycaemic effect of Tinospora cordifolia, Miers. Khin Maung Myint.
Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Institute of Medicine (1); 1990.
Investigations were carried out to determine whether the extract of
Tinospora cordifolia possesses oral hypoglycemic activity. The ability of alcoholic
extract of Tinospora cordifolia to lower the fasting blood glucose level was
investigated using albino rats as experimental diabetes models. The results indicate
that the extract of Tinospora cordifolia capable of significantly lowering the fasting
blood glucose level. LD50 and ED50 were found to be 126.7±2.221mg/100g body
weight and 101.5±1.1124mg/10g body weight respectively. Central nervou system
depression and cardiomyotoxic effects were observed in acute toxicity study with
lethal dosage. No side effects were seen with median effective dose. The site of action
was on the beta cells of the pancreas and mechanism of action could be stimulation of
endogenous insulin secretion.
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394. Study on pattern of traditional health care utilization of the community. Thaw Zin;
Nwe Nwe Win; Thein Han Oo; Hlaing Aung; Soe Moe; Soe Soe Yin;
Khin Aye Than; Tin Mi Mi Naing; Cho Cho Yee; Aung Naing;
Maung Maung Wint. Med Res Congr, 1992: p52-53.
Although Myanmar has a well-developed allopathic health care system with highly
trained medical professionals, many rural areas still remained underserved by the
existing health care facilities and pharmaceuticals are in short supply. With the aim to
compare the availability, accessibility care facilities among urban and rural areas, a
health systems research was conducted in 5 areas of Taikkyi Township, defined
according to the accessibility of different health care facilities. Community based
knowledge; attitude and practice study was also conducted on randomly selected 1215
respondents and 20 traditional medicine practitioners so as to identify the factors that
influence the pattern of decision-making by patients in choosing different healing
practices. Results indicated that despite the extremely low availability and
accessibility of traditional medicine health centre and practitioner, majority of the
population still prefer and use traditional medicine above others. In addition, local
traditional medicine practitioners and herbal remedies were found to play a much
more important role than government provided traditional medicine dispensaries and
traditional medicine formulations.
395. Study on rejuvenating agents from different plant sources. Thwe Thwe Oo. Thesis,
PhD (Botany). University of Yangon; 2006.
The eight medicinal plants namely Butea spps, Asparagus racemosus Willd.,
Sida carpinifolia Linn., Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl., Tribulus terrestris Linn.,
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn., were collected from Yangon and Mandalay
Divisions during 2002-2005. The morphology and taxonomy of their vegetative and
reproductive parts have been studied and identified by using the standard methods
used in Botany Department of Yangon University. These plant materials were washed
and dried at room temperature for 3 days and then crushed and powdered by using
grinding mill. The dried powders were conducted for phytochemical and
physicochemical tests. They were also extracted by using pet-ether (60-80) ºC and
95% ethanol successively. These pet-ether extracts were studied for the presence of
total steroids and then the estradiol present in the pet-ether extracts of Butea frondosa
Roxb., B. superba Roxb., B. parviflora Roxb., were isolated by column
chromatographic methods using alumina as an adsorbent. The remaining 95%
ethanolic extracts were further studied for the presence of total alkaloids. The
presence of flavonoids in all the plant species were conducted by using the aqueous
extracts of the powder. The diosgenin have been extracted from the five species of
Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sida carpinifolia Linn., Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl.,
Tribulus terrestris Linn., and Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn., powders by using
n-hexane after acid hydrolysis. The alkaloid trigonelline was also isolated from the
powder of Trigonella foenum-graeum Linn., by using solvent-solvent extraction
method. The isolated compound estradiol, diosgenin and trigonelline were identified
by thin layer chromatography, melting point, UV and IR spectroscopic methods. The
percentage of estradiol was found to be higher in B. parvijlora Roxb. than the other
two Butea species in this investigation. The isolated estradiol and diosgenin were
tested with animal model to find out the rejuvenating effect of uterus activity. The
promising results of hormonal activities and sources of herbal origins were observed.
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396. A study on some medicinal plants of Shwebo Township and antimicrobial and
antioxidant properties of “Triphala” used in traditional medicine. Thet Thet May.
A study on 54 medicinal plants of Shwebo Township were conducted based on the
objective of treating diarrhea and dysentery diseases, with the help of available
literatures and information from traditional practitioner. The outstanding characters of
54 species belonging to 45 genera of 30 families and their uses were also described.
Among them, three species namely Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia bellerica
Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. were selected for detailed studies. The
combination of these three fruits is known as “Triphala”. In Myanmar Triphala is
reputed to have curative power for antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
Histological examination was also conducted on these plants. Phytochemical and
physicochemical tests have been undertaken on fruits of three species and Triphala. In
addition, gallic acid was isolated from Triphala and identified. The isolated compound
was identified by thin layer chromatographic method, UV and FT-IR spectroscopic
analysis. Elemental analysis on the powdered fruits of these three species was
conducted by using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. In
addition, five different extracts using water, ethyl acetate, ethanol (95%), pet-ether
(60ºC-80ºC ) and chloform were prepared from fruits of three species and Triphala
and their in vitro antimicrobial activities was tested with five bacteria Bacillus
subtilis, B. pumilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Esherichia coli
and a fungus Candida albicans. Acute toxicity test of both aqueous and ethanolic
(95%) extracts of Triphala on albino mice have been conducted. The LD50 of the
aqueous and ethanolic (95%) extracts of Triphala was found to be higher than 14g/kg
and 9g/kg body weight of albino mice. Finally, the investigation of radical scavenging
activity of both aqueous and ethanolic (95%) extracts from Triphala was performed
by using the 1, 1, Diphenyl 1-2 Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant
activity in ethanolic (95%) extract is higher than that of aqueous extract from
Triphala. Their activities were compared against standard ascrobic acid and the
antioxidant activity of gallic acid isolated from Triphala. From these results, the
antioxidant activity of gallic acid was found to be higher than that of ascorbic acid.
397. Study on the anti-diabetic activity and chemical constituents of Tinospora cordifolia
Miers. (Sindon-ma-nwe) and Wedelia calen-dulaceae Less. (Negya-gale).
Mon Mon Thu. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2003.
Two medicinal plants, namely Tinospora cordifolia (Sindon-ma-nwe) and
Wedelia calendulaceae (Negya-gale), which are used in traditional medicine for the
treatment of diabetes, have been selected for chemical and pharmacological
investigations. In the pharmacological investigation, aqueous and 70% ethanolic
extracts of W. calendulaceae were subjected for the first time to in vivo
antihyperglycemic test with JB strain rabbits model, where they exhibited significant
antihyperglycemic activities on the rabbits model. Solvent fractionation of the 70%
ethanolic extract of W. calendulaceae and chromatography on silica gel column with
PE-EtOAc (8:2) solvent system has yielded stigmasterol (0.013%) and with EtOAc-
MeOH (95:5) solvent system, three steroidal glycosides (0.1, 0.01 and 0.1 % yield)
respectively. Similarly, the 70% ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia, after solvent
fractionation and by chromatography on silica gel co1umn with EtOAc-MeOH (9:1)
solvent system, yielded two diterpene glycosides, namely methyl ester of 12-0-P-D-
glucopyranosyl-15-16-epoxy-12-hydroxy-3, 13(16), 14 -clerodatrien -17-6-olid-18-
oic acid (0.06%) and borapetoside B (or methyl ester of 6-0-β-D-glucopyranosyl-15-
205
16-epoxy-2,6- dihydroxy-3,13(16), 14-clerodatrien-17-, 12-olid-18-oic acid) (0.05%)

respectively. The isolated compounds were identified and characterized by TLC, UV,
FT-IR, 1H NMR, 1H-1H COSY, ESI and EI mass spectroscopic methods. The two
diterpene glycosides that have been isolated may be reported as the new finding in
Tinospora cordifolia (Sindon-ma-nwe).
398. Study on the antihypertensive activity and chemical constituents of
Millingtonia hortensis Linn.f. (Egayit) & Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn. (Gangala).
Sanda Moe. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2003.
Two medicinal plants, namely M. hortensis (Egayit) and G. pharnaceoides Linn.
(Gengala), which are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension,
have been selected for chemical and pharmacological investigations. In the
pharmacological investigations, aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of G.
pharnaceoides were subjected for the first time to in vivo antihypertensive test with
anaesthetized dogs model, where they exhibited significant antihypertensive activities
on the anaesthetized dogs. Solvent fractionation of the 70% ethanolic extract of G.
pharnaceoides and chromatography on silica gel column with EtOAC-CH3COOH-
HCOOH-H2O (100:11:11:26) solvent system has yielded 2 aliphatic nitro compounds
(0.2 and 0.27%). Similarly, the 70% ethanolic extract of M. hortensis yielded, by
chromatography on silica gel column with PE-EtOAc (9:1) solvent system, and
sometimes by PTLC on silica gel layer with PE-EtOAc mixture, β-sitosterol-
stigmasterol (3:1) (0.162%), acacetin (0.36%) 7-methoxy-4', 6, 8-trihydroxyisofavone
(0.08%) and 7'–carboxy-6, 8-dihydroxy -4' –methoxyisoflavone (0.04%). This may be
the first time that these flavonoids are reported in M. hortensis. The structure of the
isolated compounds were elucidated by UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopic
methods.
399. Study on the effects of Phyllanthus niuri L. (Taung-zebyu) on animal models.
Khin May Nyo. Thesis, PhD (Zoology), University of Yangon; 2007.
The effect of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Taung-zebyu) widely distributed in Myanmar
was studied using appropriate animal models during the study period from October
2003 to October 2006. The effect of watery extract of the whole plant on blood
glucose level was tested on adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemic rabbit models. Oral
administration of aqueous extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in the
tested models within 1, 2, 3 and 4 hour. Its effect on blood pressure was investigated
in normotensive mongrel dogs. The plant extract reduced both systolic and diastolic
blood pressure and the hypotensive activity was significant at the dosage levels of
mg/kg at 10, 20, 30 and 40. The effect of alcoholic plant extract on urine formation
was investigated in rats and was found to exhibit significant diuretic effect at 3, 4 and
5hr. The chemical that could affect the health of man was not recorded in the data
obtained from phytochemical analysis. Acute toxicity test carried out in mice also did
not show the toxic effect. Suggestions for future work are outlined.
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400. A study on the hypotensive action of leaves and root bark of Millingtonia hortensis Linn.f.
(Aykayit) .Yee Yee Tin. Thesis, MMedSc (Pharmacology), Yangon: Institute of
Medicine (2), 1997.
The hypotensive action of aqueous extract of leaves and that of root bark of
Millingtonia hortensis Linn.f. (Aykayit) was studied in laboratory animals by using
in vivo and in vitro preparations. The hypotensive effect of extracts was studied on
adult normal anaesthetized dogs of either sex. The blood pressure of the dog was
recorded on smoked drum of Kymograph and measurements were obtained from
mercury manometer. Both of the extracts of Millingtonia hortensis Linn.f. showed
dose independent hypotensive effect up to the dose of 20mg/kg beyond which they
lowered blood pressure in dose dependent manner. In intact preparation, i.e. on
anaesthetized dog, hypotensive action of the extracts was not blocked by propranolol,
atropine and chlopheniramine pretreatment. They did not abolish the noradrenaline
induced rise in blood pressure. Both of the extracts suppressed the myocardial
contraction in isolated rabbit heart. They also relaxed noradrenaline induced
contraction of rabbit aortic strip. Acute toxicity study revealed that both extracts did
not cause toxicity in mice. The extracts were also found to have diuretic action with a
significant potassium loss in urine. Phytochemical analysis showed that both extracts
have glycosides, saponins, tanninoids, carbohydrates and steroids. The extract of
leaves also contains alkaloids.
401. Study on the hypouricaemic action of csOfapmfum;oD; (Chin-saw-kha-thee).
Biochemistry Research Division. Annual report 2000. Yangon: DMR (LM). p13.
Most of the people living in various parts of Myanmar, especially in Shan State,
use Cydonia cathayensis Hemsl. csOfapmfum;oD; a sour fruit, as folklore medicine for
relief of joint pain. However, it has never been subjected to scientifically controlled
trial in human volunteers. Thus, a randomized two way cross over study was
conducted on twenty apparently healthy subjects of both sexes and ages between
25-55 years. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups and allopurinol 100mg
three times a day (standard hypouricaemic drug) was administered to the first group
for 14 days. It was followed successively by the washout period of 7 days and
csOfapmfum;oD; (5gm of dried fruits was mixed with 150ml of water, over night and
watery mixture (excluding dry fruits) was administered daily for 14 days. For the
second group, csOfapmfum;oD; was administered in the first 14 days and after a washout
period of 7 days, it was followed by allopurinol for 14days. Blood samples were
collected on Day0, Day14, Day21 and Day 35 to determine the serum uric acid level
before and after administration of drugs. Serum uric acid level of first group before
and after administration of allopurinol was 4.88±1.25 and 2.96±1.21mg% respectively
and for second group it was 4.02±0.38 and 2.73± 0.76mg% respectively. There was a
significant difference between the values (p<0.05). Serum uric acid level of first
group before and after administration of csOfapmfum;oD; was 4.73±0.98 and 4.69±1.27
and for second group the values were 3.94±0.5 and 4.13±0.82 respectively. There was
no significant difference between the two values. Thus it seems that csOfapmfum;oD; had
no hypouricaemic action and the mechanism of action for relief of aches and pains
may be due to other actions of csOfapmfum;oD;.
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402. Study on the larvicidal activity and chemical constituents of Calotropis procera R.Br
(Ma-yo) latex and Tagetes erecta Linn. (Htat-taya-pyin-thit) flowers. Htay Htay
Khaing. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2008.
The main aim of this work is to develop environmentally safe, biodegradable, low
cost, indigenous methods for vector control, which can be used with minimum care by
individual and communicaties in specific situations. Two plant materials, viz.,
Calotropis procera R.BR (Ma-yo) latex and Tagetes erecta Linn. (Htat-taya-pyin-thit)
flowers, were chosen to study this larvicidal activity. CH3OH extracts of “Ma-yo”
latex and PE extract of “Htat-taya-pyin-thit” flower showed potent larvicidal activity
(LC50=0.014% and LC90=0.28%, LC50=0.04% and LC90=0.28%, respectively) against
the late third and four instar larvae (Aedes aegypti mosquito). Activity guided fraction
lead to isolate stigmasterol glucoside (A) (0.4920% yield, m.p. 200-204ºC), lupeol (B)
(0.015% yield, m.p.215ºC) and stigmasterol (C) (0.17% yield, m.p. 172ºC) from
CH3OH extracts of “Ma-yo” latex; and 3-keto-23-hydroxy-β-amyrin (D) (0.02%
yield, m.p.168ºC) and 3-keto-β-amyrin (E) (0.016%, m.p. 189ºC from methanol
soluble portion of petroleum ether extract of “Htat-taya-pyin-thit” flowers. The
isolated compounds were identified and the structures elucidated by joint application
of FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EI-MS spectroscopic techniques. Compounds C
and D have significant larvicidal effect (LC50=0.007% and LC90=0.017%,
LC50=0.005% and LC90=0.13%, respectively). Their activities are better than those of
their mother crude extracts. However, the larvicidal activities of this compound were
much lower than that of synthetic larvicide (Deltamethrin). However, A and B do not
possess larvicidal activity. C and D could be considered as natural larvicidal agent
and used as alternatives for conventional control that is environmentally safe and
biodegradable. In addition, CH3OH extracts of “Ma-yo” latex and PE extract of “
Htat-taya-pyin-thit” flowers could be also used of natural larvicidal agent. The LD50
of ethanolic extract of C. procera latex in mice was 5.8g/kg. Therefore, care must be
taken when latex of C. procera is used as larvicide it may have harmful effect on
mammalian. Water extract of Tagetes errecta show on lethality of the mice up to 7
days with a maximum giving dose level of 7g/kg indicating it has no harmful effects
and hoped to be safety used as larvicide.
403. Study on the organic chemical constituents & antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica
A.Juss. (Tama) and Stephania hernandifolia (W.) Walp. (Taung-kya).
Khin Thandar Shwe. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of Yangon; 2006.
This thesis described about the investigation of phytoconstituents from two
selected Myanmar medicinal plants and their pharmacological effects. Azadirachta
indica A.Juss (Tama) is very famous especially for the treatment of skin diseases. The
chemical investigation of Stephania hernandifolia (Willd.), Walp (Taung-kya) has
limited investigational reports. Acute toxicity on 70% ethanol extracts of S.
hernandifolia and A. indica was done on albino mice.The LD50 value of Tama and
Taung-kya are 8g/kg and 3.87g/kg respectively. The 70% ethanol effect of Taung-kya
exhibited also sedative effect (medium effective dose MED50 = 4g/kg) and good
relationship between dose and sedative effect. Rotundine isolated from Taung-kya
was also determined its analgesic activity in vivo compared with that of standard
morphine by using tail clip method. Analgesic effect was measured by determining
tail-pinch pressure needed to elicit a withdrawal response. As a result, the time onset
of pain response of post treatment with rotundine was significant delayed (p<0.005)
than that of post treatment with placebo. Comparative effect of pain response on pre
and post treatment showed significant delayed the onset of pain response (p<0.005).
208
Antibacterial activity of four extracts (PE, CH2Cl2, EA, n-butanol) of both plants was
studied on 8 bacteria strains: Salmonella derby, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus,
Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus
subtilis. All extracts except PE of both plants showed antibacterial activity against seven
strains (ID 12-20mm). EA and n-butanol extracts of both plants have significant
activity against S. aureus, S. derby and B. subtilis. Chemical investigation of A. indica
and S. hernandifolia have been done by means of solvent extraction and
chromatography. Structure elucidation was made by UV, IR, 2D NMR, melting point
determination. Two compounds were identified as nimbin (0.012%) and
β-sitosterol (0.008%) from the bark of Tama. Two compounds (KTD-003, 004) were
isolated from the tuber of Taung-kya. KTD-003 could be confirmed as rotundine
(0.018%).
404. Study on the potential use of preparation of Artemisia annua plants and its extracts on
malaria infections. Nyein Nyein. Thesis, MMedSc (Microbiology), Yangon:
Institute of Medicine (1); 1994.
The global problem of multi-drug resistance in falciparum malaria is serious and
prompt effective treatment of critically ill patients is mandatory. Nowadays,
Qinghaosu, the active antimalarial principle of the Chinese herb Qinghao (Artemisia
annua L.) is widely accepted to treat drug resistant malaria. Hence, the antimalarial
activity of crude plant materials such as leaves, stems, leaves together with stems and
the extracts of A. annua plants grown in Myanmar were scrutinized in experimental P.
berghei mouse model as well as in man. 1'107 inoculum size was chosen as the
standard inoculum for experimental malaria. Petroleum ether was considered to be the
solvent of choice for preparing the extracts. Dried leaves powder of A. annua showed
maximum effects while testing the plant materials separately. The stems of the plant
were found to be devoid of the active compound. On the basis of parallel comparative
studies of A. annua leaves and stems powder with chloroqunie in P. falciparum
infections, it has been shown that the mean asexual parasite clearance time by
powered A. annua is remarkably shorter than that by chloroquine (p<0.025). There
was no evidence of drug toxicity and side effects observed. However, further research
on therapeutic treatment regimen, dosage and drug toxicity should be continued.
405. Study on the screening of some biological activities and isolation of some bioactive
compounds from Cissus quadranglularis Linn. (Shasaung-let-set) and Acacia arabica
Wall. (Subyu) bark. Theint Theint Aung. Thesis, PhD (Chemistry), University of
Yangon; 2007.
The present research deals with the screening of some biological activities of
Cissus quardrangularis Linn. (Shazaung-let-set) and Acacia arabica Wall. (Subyu)
and isolation of some bioactive constituents by activity guided fractionation of plant
extracts. In the DPPH staining, methanolic extract of the two medicinal plants and the
two isolates, friedelin and catechin had the radical scavenging activity. Among all the
test samples, the methanolic extract of A. arabica showed the highest radical
scavenging activity at 6.25μg dry matter due to the presence of the highest amount of
phenolic compounds. The acute toxicity study on aqueous and ethanolic extract of the
two selected medicinal plants on albino mice by oral administration indicated that
aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. quadrangularis were free from acute toxicity
effect at maximum permissible dose (16g/kg) while LD50’s of aqueous and ethanolic
extracts A. arabica were found to be 4.2g/kg and 8.6g/kg body weight, respectively.
Study on the analgesic activity of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of A. arabica
in albino mice by Haffner’s tail clips method showed that both extracts (2g/kg)
209
significantly (p< 0.05) elongated the time onset of pain response and exhibited
moderate analgesic activity compared to standard drug morphine. Antimicrobial
activity of different crude extracts of two selected plants were tested against six
species of bacteria such as, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Bacillus pumalis, Candida albican, and Mycobacterium species. CHCl3,
EtOH and EtOAc extracts of C. quadrangularis and A. arabica showed antibacterial
activity for all six microorganisms whereas PE extract of A. arabica showed
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumalis and Candida
albican. The MIC values of β-sitosterol from C. quadrangularis were 3μg/mL against
Proteus morganii, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli LT, Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli ETEC, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus subtilis and > 6μg/mL against
Shigella flexneri. Ethyl gallate from A. arabica inhibited growth at 1μg/mL against
Staphylococcus aureus while 2μg/mL against other seven test organisms. Therefore
ethyl gallate was more active against Staphylococcus aureus than against other test
organisms. Chromatographic separation of petroleum-ether extract of C.
quadrangularis yields three phytoconstituents A (friedelin) (0.007%), B (β-sitosterol)
(0.01%), C (0.002%). Three phenolic compounds from A. arabica, D (ethyl gallate)
(0.004%) from the bioactive EtOAc extract and E (catechin) (0.006%) and F
(0.007%) from the bioactive EtOH extract were isolated by using column
chromatographic technique. The isolated compounds were characterized by modern
spectroscopic methods such as UV-vis, FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy and Mass
spectroscopy.
406. Study some physicochemical characteristics and acute toxicity on Jatropha curcas oil
obtained by petroleum ether extraction. Myint Myint Shein. Thesis, MPharm,
Yangon: University of Pharmacy, 2007.
This study consists of two parts. Part A was the study of the physico-chemical
properties of Jatropha curcas (Chan-siyo-kyetsu) oil by using pharmacopoeia
analytical text book procedures. The seeds were collected from Katha Township,
Kachin State, Shan State and along with the seeds of Htantabin Township and
Mingaladon areas, Yangon Division. In this research work, crude J. curcas seed oil,
degummed J. curcas seed oil (expression method), roasted and non-roasted J. curcas
seed oil (petroleum ether extraction method) were used. Various pharmacopoeia
parameters were measured, such as, specific gravity, refractive index, saponification
value, iodine value, acid value, Ultraviolet spectrometry and pH values were assessed
according to the British Pharmacopoeia (1993). Part B was the study of acute toxicity
of Jatropha curcas (Chan-siyo-kyetsu) oil, using 170 albino mice (ddy strain). The
acute toxicity of crude oil, degummed oil, roasted and non-roasted oil was
determined. Ten mice were used as control group and (100%) peanut oil (Shwe brand)
used as control test oil. From the results saponification values of J. curcas oil were
high. Thus, this oil can be used as an emulsifying agent in the preparation of liniments
for local application. However, all the extracted J. curcas oils have shown acute
toxicity effects, when orally administered. Therefore, J. curcas (Chan-siyo-kyetsu) oil
cannot be used as pharmaceutical intermediate aids in present status finding via oral
administration route. However, LD50 of degummed oil is not statistically significant
and therefore it is of interest as a pharmaceutical intermediate in pharmaceutical field.
According to the research findings, degummed J. curcas oil can be recommended as
an emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical preparation of liniments for skin application.
210
407. Subacute toxicity study of Plantago major Linn. (Ahkyaw-baung-tahtaung).

Thaung Hla; Khin Saw Aye; Ne Win; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Moe Moe Aye;
Win Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2000: p12-13.
The subacute toxicity of the Plantago major Linn. (Ahkyaw-baung-tahtaung) was
tested on a group of laboratory rats supplied by Animal Services Research Division,
Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar). This group comprises 9 male
and 9 female rats making a total number of 18. All of them were divided into 3 small
groups each belonging equal number of both male and female sex. Two dose levels of
watery extract of Plantago major Linn. admixed with honey were used. Low dose
0.5ml/100gm body weight (i.e 16.5 times that of the human dose) was administered to
group 1. High dose 1ml/100gm body weight (i.e 33 times that of the human dose) was
introduced to rat group number 2. The remaining group was served as control and
receiving distilled water 1ml/100gm body weight. The test drug was given once daily
through the oro-gastric tube up to a total period of 3 months. Test animals were placed
in metal cages. Male and female sex of each group was separated in different cages.
All the rats were allowed free access to laboratory chow and drinking water.
Behaviour, food intake, excreta, body hairs and movement of each individual rat was
observed and recorded daily. Body weight also noted once a week. At the end of 3
months, they were sacrificed humanly. Blood was collected by aortic puncture and
tested for urea, complete picture and liver function. Internal organs and tissue were
examined grossly to explore visible pathological changes. They were then processes
for histopathological study. In conclusion, it was found that test drug while
administering 3 months daily to rats; provoke no significant change in blood urea,
liver function, and complete picture and body tissues.
408. Subacute toxicity study of Yar-dan-tze. Thaung Hla; Mya Mya Win; Aye Than.
Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2000; p89.
The study was conducted on 24 rats supplied by Animal Services Research
Division, Department of Medical Research. It consists of 12 males and 12 females.
They were divided into 4 groups, each of which included equal number of both male
and female sex. Three dose levels of defatted kernel of Yar-dan-ze were used for
testing its subacute toxicity. One dose level was administrated to each test group. The
remaining one group was kept as control receiving only vehicle in which the test drug
in powder form was suspended. The drug was given once daily for a total of 3
months. At the end of the drug administration period all the rats were sacrificed
humanely. Blood was tested for urea, liver function and complete picture. Bone
marrow was observed for its haemopoietic activity. Body tissues and internal organs
were examined for grossly visible pathological changes. The organs were then
prepared for histopathological study. It was found that the drug powder of the
defatted kernel produce no significant changes in urea level, liver function, blood and
bone marrow picture and body tissues.
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409. Symposium on the present status of research on indigenous medicinal plants in Burma
- some work done during the Japanese occupation. Sein Gwan. Proc Burma Med
Res Soc, 1960; 2: p17-18.
Pan-oo. is a tuber. The botanical name of this plant is not yet known. It has two
varieties, the smaller and the bigger tubers. It is used in the treatment of ulcers and
leprosy. The active principle is thick greenish yellow fragrant oil just like balsam. A
2% solution of this in soft paraffin was applied externally to obstinate ulcers and
found to have an extremely good effect. It has a strong antiseptic action. Let-htok-gyi.
Holarrhena antidysterica Wall. (Apocynaceae). Owing to the scarcity of western
imported drugs for the treatment of amoebiasis during the occupation period attention
was turned to a locally available source that is the alkaloids from the bark of this tree.
An improved method of extraction of alkaloids (1) double iodide of bismuth and total
alkaloids for therapcutic use, the former for oral administration and the latter for
intramuscular injection. The efficacy of this drug was tested on patients suffering
from amoebic dysentery. Generally the patient's condition improved in ten day's time.
There were no side effects seen during the course of the treatment Hang-Chick. This
is the name of the arrow poison used by the hill tribes of Wa State. Found to contain
5% of alkaloid and the rest 95% is non-alkaloids material soluble in water which has
no poisonous effect. The alkaloids so obtained are turned into hydrochloride and the
experiment with animals showed that the effect is very similar to South American
curare alkaloids.
410. Taxonomical, pharmacognostical and anti-tubercular studies of two species of Vitis.
San San Yee. Thesis, MSc (Botany), University of Yangon; 1989.
In this study, two species of Vitis were studied taxonomically and identified as
Vitis repens W&A. and Vitis discolor Dalz. Histological characters and
pharmacognostical aspects of the plants were investigated. The pharmacognostical
portion includes anatomical studies, preliminary phytochemical studies, fluorescence
analysis and microchemical colour reaction tests. Preliminary phytochemical
investigations were conducted on various soluble extracts and aqueous extract of
air-dried aerial part and underground rhizome powder. Glycoside and flavonoid were
detected in 95% ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Anti-tubercular studies were
conducted on crude drug powder and aqueous extract of aerial part and underground
rhizome of both the species. No anti-tubercular action was detected on Tuberculli
bacilli with the above drug preparation.
411. Tissue culture and pharmacognostic study of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Hemsl. and its
hypoglycemic effect on animal model. Kyi Kyi Khaing. Thesis, PhD (Botany),
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Hemsl. Say-tha-gyar has been selected to evaluate the
activities concerning and benefits of people in the rural area and hilly remote regions.
The multidisciplinary approach on the usefulness of the plant has been performed to
give the way as an opium-substituted plant and also to get regular income so as to
upgrade the socio-economic status of native people. In the present work, botanical
study included identification based on morphology of vegetative and reproductive
parts of the plant. Moreover, tissue culture was studied as the field of plant
biotechnology to compare the production and activities of secondary metabolites
between the powder of Stevia leaves and callus tissue. Rapid multiplication of callus
was achieved by using the Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium containing plant
growth regulator and coconut water. In chemical study, preliminary phytochemical
properties have been undertaken from leaves and callus tissue of Stevia plant. Results
212
observed on preliminary phytochemical tests and thin layer chromatography of callus

mass and those of leaves were not apparently different. Separation and isolation of
some organic constituents by using column chromatography and identification of
these compounds was preceded with the help of thin layer chromatography, Ultra-
violet Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analyses.The
prescence of glycoside group were apparently observed. The concentration of
elements was analyzed by using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer
tenique (EDXRF). In pharmacological study, acute toxicity tests of both ethanolic
extract and aqueous extract of leaves and expressed juice of Stevia callus on albino
mice have been conducted. The median lethal dose (LD50) of Stevia was found to be
more than 12g/kg body weight of mice. There was no acute toxicity effects and
lethality up to the maximum giving dose of 12g/kg of these extracts. In this research,
the effect of aqueous extract and ethanolic extract of the leaves on normal rabbits and
glucose loaded hyperglycemic rabbits were studied. After oral administration of
aqueous extract (3g/kg) blood glucose levels did not rise in normal rabbits after 1,2,3
and 4hrs. After administration of (6g/kg) aqueous extract at blood glucose level was
only significantly reduced in blood glucose level loaded hyperglycemic rabbits at 1hr
(p<0.05) and not significant in blood glucose level at 2,3 and 4hr.
412. Toxicity study, isolation and identification of gelsedine from toxic plant,
Gelsemium elegans Benth. Khin Tar Yar Myint; Mu Mu Sein Myint;
May Aye Than; Win Win Maw; San San Myint; Mar Mar Myint; Aung Aung Maw;
Thaw Zin. Myanmar Health Sci Res J. 2011 August; 23(2): p84-88.
Since plants contain multiple chemicals and classes that work independently or in
concert, understanding plant toxicity is often poor. Additionally, plant themselves are
inherently variably and potency and type of toxic depend on the season, geography,
local environment, plant part and method of processing. However, in cases of plant
poisoning, species and phytochemical characterization for crude recognition of likely
toxins in relations to known plant toxics should be attempted. So, the present study
investigated the toxicity of G. elegans Benth. Followed by isolation and structural
identification of toxic alkaloid compound. This plant, indentified as Gelsemium elegan Benth.
(emudk/emaigh). family of Loganiaceae is a well known toxic indigenous plant of
Southeastern Asia, used among hilltribes for committing suicide. Its leaves are
morphologically similar to Dregea volubilis Benth. (acG;awmuf) and was mistaken by
people at Mine-khon Village, Kyineton Township who suffered strychnine-like toxic
symptoms soon after ingestion. Toxicity studies were concluded using animal model
and pure compound isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) was
identified by UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C spectrums. Acute toxicity study of watery
extract of leaves and stems of G. elegans (400mg/kg and 600mg/kg) and total alkaloid
fraction of leaves (100mg/kg) showed lethal effect within 10 minutes, per orally in
mice. Isolated pure alkaloids compound from total alkaloids fractions of leaves was
identified to be 14-hydroxygelsedine (C19H25N2O4).
213
413. Toxicological and histopathological evaluation of Momordica charantia Linn. fruit

(Kyet-hin-gha-thee) powder in rats. Thaung Hla; Aye Than; Maung Maung Wint.
Myanmar Health Res Congr, 1997. p96.
Momordica charantia Linn. fruit powder with proven hypoglycemic property was
evaluate for its subacute toxicity in rats before the long term administration to human
diabetics. A total of 24 rats (12 males and 12 females) were tested. Each sex was
divided into 4 groups. Three drug dose levels were administered, the lowest being
6mg/gm body weight and the highest being 48mg/gm body weight (i.e. 800 times that
of the human dose). One group in each sex serves as control, having only vehicle in
which the drug powder was suspended. The drug was given for a total of 3 months
continuously during which the animals were observed daily for visible sign and
symptom of toxicity. Body weights were monitored weekly. At the end of three
months, all the rats were sacrificed. The blood was tested for liver function, urea and
complete picture. Bone marrow was also taken from the femur and its picture was
observed. Gross examination and histopathological studies were carried out on
internal organs. The biochemical tests data and tissue study results of the drug fed
groups were compared with that of the controls. No significant toxicity was provoked
by Kyet-hin-gha-thee powder during its 3 months administration to rats.
414. Toxicological evaluation of Orthosiphon aristatus (BI.) in mice and rats. Khin Chit;
May Aye Than; Ne Win; Moe Moe Aye; Win Win Kyaw; Khin Ye Myint.
It was reported and confirmed that Orthosiphon aristatus (BI.) (See-cho-pin or
The-gyah-ma-gike) had hypoglycemic activity. It had been scientifically evaluated for
its activity on in vivo animal model. Clinical study had also been carried out on
normal healthy volunteers and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Acute
and subacute studies are essential to study before studying long term trial on diabetic
patients. The aqueous extracts prepared from dried leaf of Orthosiphon aristatus (B1.)
was administered to mice and rats. Following a single dose for three months of daily
oral administration, the extracts produced no changes in serum urea, SGOT, SGPT
and blood counts. Gross and histopathological investigations showed no
abnormalities. These results taken as a whole indicated that the leaves of O. aristatus
(See-cho-pin) used in Myanmar traditional medicine are not toxic for mice and rats. It
was concluded that long trem clinical trial on patients could be carried out as the leaf
did not show any toxic effect on acute and sub-acute toxicity tests.
415. Toxicological studies of combination of alcoholic extracts of five Myanmar medicinal
plants. Mu Mu Sein Myint; Khin Chit; Aye Than; Ne Win; San Aye;
Win Win Kyaw; San Kun; Kyi Kyi Myint; Thazin Myint. Myanmar Health Res
Congr, 2002. p55.
A prospective combination of 95% alcoholic extracts of five Myanmar medicinal
plants which are famous for their anti-mycobacterial activity were carried out for
sub-acute toxicity test in rats. A total of 18 rats (9 males and 9 females) were tested.
They were divided into 3 groups. Two drug dose levels were administered. A high
dose level being a combination of 95% alcoholic extracts of Desmodium triquetrum
DC. (Lauk-thay) 1.5gm/kg; Azadirachta indica A.Juss (Ta-mar) 1.5gm/kg; Vitis discolor
Dalz. (Dabin-daing-mya-nan) 0.75gm/kg; Alpinia galanga Willd. (Badegaw)
0.6gm/kg and Acorus calamus Linn. (Lin-ne) 0.2gm/kg, was administered to Group I.
The low dose level being a combination of 95% alcoholic extracts of D. triquetrum
0.75gm/kg; A. indica 0.75gm/kg; V. discolor 0.375gm/kg; A. galanga 0.3mg/kg and
A. calamus 0.1gm/kg was administered to Group II. Group III received only distilled
214
water and served as a control group. Combination of 95% alcoholic extracts of five
medicinal plants was given for 3 months. All rats were observed daily for visible sign
and symptom of toxicity. Body weights were observed weekly. At the end of three
months all the rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for haematological
and biochemical studies. The internal organs were excised and weighed. Gross
examination and histological studies were carried out on internal organs. It was found
that there were no significant biochemical and haematological differences between the
control and test groups. In addition, no significant histological lesions were observed.
416. Toxicology and chemical analysis of local synthetic (Kyauk-thway). May Aye Than;
Than Htut Oo; Mu Mu Sein Myint; Aye Than; San San Myint; Thandar Than;
Mar Mar Myint. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2004; p37.
Local synthetic (ausmufaoG;) is used for the treatment of anaemia in Myanmar
traditional system as blood tonic since years ago, but there was no scientific
information about its chemical constituents and toxicity in Myanmar. The aim of this
study was to do scientific evaluation on its chemical constituents and LD50 for the
safety of local synthetic (ausmufaoG;)which is easily available in the market.
(ausmufaoG;) collected from Sandi indigenious shop was identified by using FT-IR
(Fourier Transform Infra Red spectrophotometer) and UV spectrophotometer.
Ultraviolet and IR spectra of standard ferric ammonium citrate (BDH) and test sample
were the same? Toxic elements of arsenic and lead were determined by using UV
spectrophotometer and AAS (Atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Iron content
was determined by using Redox titration method and zinc, copper, manganese,
chromium was determined by using AAS. Arsenic was not detected in both samples.
Lead, zinc, copper and chromium contents were 1.54 ppm (0.00015%), 543ppm
(0.0543%), 1118ppm (0.118%) and 998 ppm (0.0998%) respectively, in test but not in
the standard. Manganese content was 1837.50ppm (0.1838%) in standard and
1467.5ppm (0.1468%) in test. The iron content of sample was 22.39% which was not
different from standard sample (21.56). The LD50 testing of synthetic (ausmufaoG;)
was conducted as a controlled parallel, experimental study on mice model. The LD50
of synthetic (ausmufaoG;) (Sandi) was 3.5g/kg (Lower limit 2.5- upper limits 4.9g/kg)
in mice.
417. Treatment outcome of MDR-TB treated with herbal plants in combination with
Amoxycillin, Clofazimine, Quinolone and Kanamycin. Paing Soe; Than Lwin;
Khin Chit; Thaw Zin; Ti Ti; Kyi May Htwe; Kyi Kyi Myint; Mya Mya Moe;
Zar Zar Lwin. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2008: p3.
In the treatment of MDR-TB, not only were the second line drugs extremely
expensive, they were less effective and more toxic than the first line drugs and a
greater defaulter rate and non-compliances make these regimes impracticable. With
the aim to overcome these problems, less expensive available western medicines such
as Amoxycillin, Clofazimine. Quinolone and Kanamycin were administered to MDR-
TB patients in combination with 5 Myanmar herbal plants extracts. These plants have
been proven to be safe by acute and sub-acute toxicity studies and effective by in vitro
efficacy study against in M. tuberculosis. With due consideration to medical ethics in
human trials, these 5 promising plant extracts were allowed for clinical trials on two
groups of TB patients. The first group (Group-A) consisted of 30 category II failure
patients who had never been treated with second line western anti-TB drugs. The
second group (Group-B) consisted of 14 culture proven multi-drug resistant tuberculosis
(MDR-TB) patients who showed persistent positive sputum smear for 2 to four years,
215
inspite of completing full treatment with both first line and second line anti-TB drugs.
In both groups, all plant extracts were found to be well tolerated. The findings
indicated 83.3% of the patients in Group-A and 50% of the patients in Group-B to
obtain cure after 2 years of treatment without subsequent relapse. This indicates the
potential of reputed indigenous medical plants of Myanmar to become valuable anti-
TB drugs in the future.
418. Use of locally availabel traditional medicine for malaria in Bago Division, Myanmar.
Ohnmar; May Aye Than; Wai Wai Myint; Tun Pe; Poe Poe Aung; San Shwe.
Locally available traditional medicine packets were collected to identify their
contents from 21 villages of 5 townships, Bago Division during the household survey.
Five hundred and seven respondents with history of malaria fever during the last 3
months were face to face interviewed. Qualitative information was collected through
informal conversation with shop owners, interviews with traditional healers, persons
with history of malaria fever and focus group discussions with community members.
Traditional medicine use for malaria fever was 222 (43.8%) and (82%) of them used
it as the first line self-treatment. None of the children under 5 used traditional
medicine only for malaria. Traditional drugs use included packets with antipyretics
(59%), packets with traditional medicine (22.5%), packets with other contents (8.5%),
(Andrographic paniculata) (5%) and other traditional herbs (21.6%). The cost of each
packet ranges from 10 to 100 kyats. Relatively costly (1200 kyats) traditional
medicine like Plasmogyn was not available in this village. Is used by a few
respondents only for unavailability, difficult preparation and unpleasant taste.
Licensed traditional healers usually refer malaria patients to the health staff. Health
education should include emphasis on avoidance of such medicine packets which are
not approved by the Traditional Medicine Department. A scrutiny on marketing of
ineffective medicine packets is recommended.
419. Use of modern drugs and traditional medicine for malaria in Bago Division,
Myanmar. Ohnmar, May Aye Than; Wai Wai Myint; Tun Min; Tin Maung
Maung; San Shwe. Myanmar Health Res Congr, 2006: p15-16.
A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 21 villages of 5 townships, Bago
Division in 2006 to determine the use of modern drugs and traditional medicine for
malaria. Overall, 411 households with reported malaria fever within the last 3 months
were selected. Qualitative information was obtained through informal conversation
and focus group discussions. Locally available traditional medicine packets were
collected. Modes of transmission of malaria by key household respondents included
infected mosquito bite (79%), use of stream water (75%) and eating banana (47%).
Only 9.2% could answer it correctly. Among 2096 household members, 507 (24.2%)
reported history of malaria. Modern drug use (93.3%) was higher than traditional
medicine (43.8%) and 78.4% of modern drug use was prescribed by health staff. None
of the children under 5 used traditional medicine only. Modern drugs use included
artesunate/ artemether (64.2%), mefloquine (21.9%), quinine (5.8%), chloroquine
(3.3%), sulfadoxine-phrimethamine (3.3%) and antipyretics only (19.3%). One-fifths
of artesunate use was self-treatment. Incorrect use of artesunate was 52%. The use of
prepackaged modern drugs from local shops was 12.4% and some contained
antimalarials. Some traditional medicine packets contained antipyretics like aspirin.
Commonest reasons for tradicine use were usual practice (60.6%), perceived
curability (57.1%) and unavailability of modern medicine (46.5%). Efforts should be
made to improve availability and correct use of antimalarials through health staff and
216
drug sellers. Avoidance of use of locally available ineffective packets should be

highlighted.
420. Utilization of “Paya-say”, prepared from traditional method, for the treatment of a
variety of ailments in Yangon and Mandalay. Pharmacology Research Division.
Annual Report 2005, Yangon: DMR (LM). p86.
The usefulness of Paya-say, documented in the relics of Lord Buddha for the
prevention and treatment of a variety of ailments, has influenced strong belief and
extensive use within some communities in Yangon and Mandalay. Paya-say was
prepared from 4 fruits (ZD;-zLoD;/zefcg;oD;/uspkoD;/o#pfo#m;oD;) which are dried and
immersed in cow’s urine contained in ceramic jars for 1-3 months. The sediment
residues of the fruits were discarded (although some formulated them into tablets),
and the filtered urine was taken as single or divided doses of 50-100mL daily, either
as health promoter or as a prevention or cure for ailments. A cross-sectional survey on
the utilization of Paya-say for various ailments were studied in Yangon and
Mandalay, retrospectively, using secondary data from registers, and prospectively,
using structured questionnaires and recording of interviews to those who come and
collect the urine at the distribution centre (distributed free of charge as donation). The
objective is to identify the population utilization Paya-say, their socio-demographic
characteristics, knowledge, perception and ailments for which it was used, the reason
underlying its use, mode of collection, preparation and dispense outcome and
satisfaction of the consumers. In the prospective study, a total of 48 out of 62 subjects
who came to collect the urine either for themselves or as behalf of the consumers
agreed to participate in answering the structured questionnaires and interview. In the
retrospective study, secondary data from register of 1217 patients for the year 2004-5
were recorded into proformas. The overall findings indicated that majority of users
were from Mandalay (77.1%), between 26-67 years (mean 45.8 years) with 66.7%
having treated with western medicine before. The education status varied widely from
illiterate, laborers to skilled professionals including teachers and doctors. Most users
have strong belief (72.9%) in its preventing, curing or alleviating of ailments while
others used it out of hopelessness of disease, curiosity, no cost and nothing to loose by
trying attitudes. Majority (70.8%) claimed to be regular, long-term users, who have
noticed no problems or side effects during consumption. Some (10.4%) mentioned
about the nauseating smell and unpalatable taste of urine which they soon got use to
after some time. However, many patients were non-compliant, taking it as convenient
in the form of health promoter for feeling of well-being rather than a medicine
needing strict compliance to dose, frequency and duration of use. In spite of these
limitations, more than 75% of patients were totally satisfied saying that they
experienced some relief of symptoms within a month of taking treatment. Secondary
data from registers indicated that the primary area treated were of chronic, disabling
diseases such as cerebro-vascular diseases/paresis (23.1%), hypertension and heart
diseases (21.1%), diabetes and its complications (14.5%), chronic recurrent arthritis
(13.9%), chronic obstructive airway diseases (12.6%), skin disorders and chronic skin
ulcers (9.3%), recurrent oedema secondary to liver and kidney diseases (8.7%),
chronic indigestion and heart burns (4.1%), menstrual disorders (1.9%) and hopeless
cases like cancer, HIV and hepatitis B (10.8%). About 4% did not have any disease or
disorder but took treatment either for preventive purposes or as health promoter
saying that they feel alert and could work better with regular intake. It was
recommended that an in-depth study is needed to assess its true value and utilization
as a traditional medicine.
217
218
AUTHOR INDEX
A
A Mo Htet 263
Ah Yu 101
Angelina, Naw 213
Aung Aung Maw 72, 121, 127, 163, 186, 345, 412
Aung Khin 80, 256
Aung Ko Ko 8
Aung Myint 7, 21
Aung Naing 76, 84, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 141, 219,
336, 373, 378, 394
Aung Tun 364
Aye Aye Cho 250
Aye Aye Maw 22
Aye Aye Mon, Mi 117
Aye Aye Naing 233, 328
Aye Aye Swe 32
Aye Aye Thaw 316
Aye Aye Thein 21, 55, 83, 155, 167, 292, 334, 355
Aye Kyaw 105
Aye Kyi 18
Aye Lwin 373, 378
Aye Mi Mi Htwe 142, 244
Aye Myint Oo 10, 137, 138, 148, 297
Aye Myint Sein 221, 232
Aye Myint Swe 5
Aye Than 14, 16, 18, 24, 38, 42, 44, 45, 47, 56, 63,
66, 70, 76, 83, 91, 106, 115, 116,119,
124, 130, 134, 151, 155, 166, 167, 168,
181, 189, 190, 191, 193, 199, 200, 206,
222, 276, 289, 291, 292, 296, 334, 337,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 355,
356, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 375, 376,
377, 379, 392, 408, 413, 415, 416
Aye Thanda 241
Aye Tun 55
Aye Win Oo 154
B
Ba Han 27
Biochemistry Research Division 401
Blute Tser, Naw 275

219
C
Cherry 380
Chit Maung 16, 146, 200, 209, 220, 227, 276, 331,
343, 364, 385
Cho Cho 104
Cho Cho Win 381
Cho Cho Yee 392, 394
Clinical Research Unit 95, 129, 341
(Traditional Medicine)
E
Ei Ei Khin 252
Ei Ei Khine 27
Ei Ei Mon 60
Ei Ei Soe 7, 117, 127, 186, 234
Ei Mon Hla 382
G
Group from Central Committee for 351
Drug Abuse Control
H
Han Min 259
Hkun Saw Lwin 1, 136
Hla Hla Than 294
Hla Maung Din 102
Hla Myint 3
Hla Myint, Saw 34, 52, 205, 221, 376
Hla Naing 219
Hla Ngwe 52
Hla Pe 17, 30, 86, 293, 336, 373, 378
Hla Phyo Lin 183, 188, 346
Hla Thidar Aung 229
Hlaing Aung 394
Hnin Hnin Aye 64
Hnin Lwin Tun 10, 137, 138, 148
Hnin Nu Wah 18
Hnin Pwint Aung 376
Hta Hta Zin 74
Htay Aung 134, 155
Htay Htay Khaing 402
Htay Htay Lwin 236
Htet Phone Aung 41
Htin Linn Naing Soe 143
Htoon Lwin Htoon 368
Htun Naing Oo 351
I
Irene Hla 76
220
K
K Khine Thu 125
Kay Khine Soe 69
Kay Zin Kyaw 266
Khaing Khaing Shwe 240
Khin Aye Aye San 323
Khin Aye Than 86, 94, 293, 394
Khin Chit 42, 43, 55, 62, 91, 92, 99, 114, 115, 119,
167, 189, 190, 191, 206, 219, 221, 223,
292, 298, 347, 352, 384, 414, 415, 417
Khin Cho Cho Oo 274
Khin Hla Win 110
Khin Hnin Pwint 62
Khin Khin Aye 53
Khin Khin Cho 134
Khin Khin San 284
Khin Khin Su 17, 30
Khin Kyi Kyi 200, 343
Khin Latt, Maung 262
Khin Lay 205
Khin Lay Hnin 76
Khin Linn 390
Khin Ma Gyi 245
Khin Mar Naing 271
Khin Maung Aye 99
Khin Maung Maung 123, 153
Khin Maung Myint 393
Khin May Ni 289
Khin May Nyo 346, 399
Khin May Oo 69, 214
Khin Mg Tin 102
Khin Min Min Phyo 211
Khin Myat Tun 148, 298
Khin Myo Aye 142, 357
Khin Myo Hla 111
Khin Myo Naung 44
Khin Nwe Oo 53, 207
Khin Nyo 318
Khin Ohnmar Kyaing 49
Khin Ohnmar Saw 329
Khin Phyu Phyu 9, 50
Khin Pyone Kyi 105
221
Khin San Nu 372

Khin Sanda Myint 238
Khin Saw Aye 407
Khin Saw Mon 22
Khin Saw Oo 259
Khin Soe Win 235
Khin Su Latt 358
Khin Sunn Yu 34, 228
Khin Swe Win 262
Khin Tar Yar Myint 7, 61, 116, 119, 123, 163, 176, 181, 183,
188, 193, 247, 295, 298, 301, 345, 346,
351, 379, 387, 412
Khin Than Swe 262
Khin Than Yee 137, 148
Khin Thandar Shwe 403
Khin Thandar Win 313
Khin Thida 282
Khin Thidar Lwin 112
Khin Thinn Kyi 333
Khin Thu Zar 308
Khin Win Sein 111, 147
Khin Win Yi 273
Khin Ye Myint 189, 190, 292, 414
Khine Khine Hla 391
Khine Khine Lwin 7, 43, 62, 117, 119, 126, 181, 183, 188,
191, 346, 383
Khine Kyi Oo 272
Khine Zar Pwint 54, 204
Kyaw, Maung 386
Kulkarni, H J. 38
Kyaw Min 331, 348
Kyaw Moe 22
Kyaw Myint 83, 167
Kyaw Myint Tun 332
Kyaw Nyein 96, 97, 98, 101
Kyaw Sein 94
Kyaw Soe 337
Kyaw Zin Thant 9
Kyawt Kyawt Khaing 9
Kyi Kyi 114, 223
Kyi Kyi Khaing 411
Kyi Kyi Myint 14, 55, 106, 296, 355, 356, 359, 360, 375,
379, 415, 417
Kyi May Htwe 223, 417
222
Kyi Minn 100

Kyi Nwe Aye 164
Kyi Phyoe Latt 173
Kyi San 9
Kyi Thein 115, 167, 342
Kyin Hla Aye 52, 61, 357
Kyin Thein 373, 378
Kyipyar Soe 203
L
Laboratory Animal Service Division 144, 145
Lay Sandar 231
Le Le Win 123
Lei Lei Win 9
Lwin Ko 92, 99, 219
Lwin Lwin Cho 3
Lwin Moe May 59
Lwin Zar Maw 10, 53, 137, 138, 148, 297
M
M Mya Tu see Mya Tu, M
Ma Mya Sein see Mya Sein, Ma
Malar Khaing 367
Mar Lar Than 195, 356, 359
Mar Mar Myint 91, 106, 115, 117, 127, 167, 295, 301,
342, 346, 347, 412, 416
Mar Mar Nyein 3, 4, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 120, 130, 149,
161, 206, 209, 220, 222, 227, 334, 361
Margaret Tu see Tu, Margaret
Marlar Lwin 201, 363
Maung Khin Latt see Khin Latt, Maung
Maung Kyaw see Kyaw, Maung
Maung Maung Htay 34, 58, 246, 300, 376
Maung Maung Wint 93, 94, 103, 104, 108, 196, 336, 394, 413
Maung Than Aung see Than Aung, Maung
Maung Thant Zin see Thant Zin, Maung
Maung Thet Htun see Thet Htun, Maung
Maung Win Naing see Win Naing, Maung
May Aye Than 5, 7, 14, 43, 44, 45, 58, 61, 103, 104,
106, 110, 111, 116, 117, 126, 127, 130,
154, 161, 162, 163, 176, 181, 183, 186,
188, 193, 204, 207, 246, 248, 295, 296,
300, 301, 336, 345, 346, 349, 356, 359,
360, 375, 376, 379, 387, 412, 414, 416,
418, 419
223
May Kyi Aung 3

May Oo Khine 327
May Phyu Thein Maw 23
May Thu Aung 88
May Thu Kyaw 10, 297
Mi Aye Aye Mon see Aye Aye Mon, Mi
Mi Mi Aye 58, 246, 300
Mi Mi Htwe 3, 4, 24, 27, 165, 205, 206, 207, 334
Mi Mi Sein 158
Mi San Mar Lar see San Mar Lar, Mi
Mie Mie Aye 354
Mie Mie Nwe 10, 53, 137, 297
Min Min Myint Thu 7
Min Wun 43
Min Zaw 149
Moe Moe Aung 251
Moe Moe Aye 114, 154, 221, 223, 295, 296, 407, 414
Moe Moe Lwin 268
Moe Moe San, Nant 269
Moe Moe Thinn 128
Moe Thida 376
Moe Thida Kyaw 150
Moe Thuzar Min 142
Moe Wint Oo 45, 113, 130
Moe Zin Zin Thet 314
Moet Moet Khine 307
Moh Moh Htet Kyaw 351
Moh Moh Htun 387
Mon Mon Thu 397
Moongkarndi, Primchanien 62
Mu Mu Sein Myint 5, 7, 14, 28, 34, 44, 47, 56, 61, 62, 66, 70,
83, 106, 116, 124, 127, 151, 154, 155,
161, 162, 163, 166, 168, 176, 181, 183,
186, 188, 190, 193, 206, 221, 289, 292,
295, 296, 301, 336, 344, 345, 346, 349,
351, 355, 356, 359, 360, 365, 375, 377,
379, 387, 392, 407, 412, 415, 416
Mu Mu Thin 29
Mu Mu Win 154
Mya Aye 176
Mya Bwin 28, 63, 70, 73, 76, 77, 78, 84, 86, 124,
151, 166, 168, 200, 201, 202, 220, 227,
253, 276, 277, 278, 293, 342, 343, 350,
362, 363, 365, 373, 377, 378
224
Mya Malar 9
Mya Mya Aye 207
Mya Mya Moe 114, 223, 417
Mya Mya Thein 262
Mya Mya Win 196, 408
Mya Sanda, Sao 283
Mya Sein, Ma 288
Mya Thet Lwin 44, 45, 130, 193, 379
Mya Tu, M 63, 146, 200, 343
Myat Moe 119
Myat Myat Ohn Khin 105, 108, 332, 344, 392
Myat Theingi 369
Myint Lwin 189, 190, 357
Myint Myint Gyi 262
Myint Myint Khine 5, 34, 44, 52, 119, 161, 162, 163, 176,
181, 183, 186, 188, 345
Myint Myint San 55, 311
Myint Myint Shein 406
Myint Myint Than 170, 332
Myint Oo 209, 216, 357, 392
Myint Thuzar Thant 106, 114, 295, 349
Myint U 15
Myo Khin 69, 115, 167, 214, 337, 342
Myo Kyaw Swar 171
Myo Lwin 105
Myo Myint 18, 204
Myo Thanda Htut 182
Myo Thu Zar 260
Myo Thurein, Sai 322
Myo Win 153, 189
N
Naing Thar Myint 172
Nant Moe Moe San Moe Moe San, Nant
Naw Angelina see Angelina, Naw
Naw Blute Tser see Blute Tser, Naw
Naw Ohnmar Tun see Ohnmar Tun, Naw
Naw Wah Wah Phaw see Wah Wah Phaw, Naw
Ne Win 407, 414, 415
Ni Lar Khin 315
Ni Ni 52, 357
Ni Ni Aye 309
Ni Ni Htun 320
Ni Ni Than 67, 214, 230
225
Ni Thet Oo 154
Nilar Aung 62
Nu Nu Aung 353
Nu Nu Lwin 69, 214
Nu Nu Win 43, 117, 127, 161, 162, 183, 186, 188, 193,
387
Nwe Ni Lay 99
Nwe Ni Thin 204
Nwe Nwe Soe 208
Nwe Nwe Wai 135
Nwe Nwe Win 94, 118, 373, 378, 394
Nwe Nwe Yee 123, 174, 351
Nwe Yee Win 21, 68, 159, 334
Nyein Nyein 404
Nyo Nwe Win 109
Nyo Nyo Win 99
Nyunt Nyunt 140
O
Ohn Mar Than 107
Ohnmar 42, 133, 418, 419
Ohnmar Ko 160, 161
Ohnmar Kyaw 126, 301, 387
Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing 42, 43, 191
Ohnmar Than 117
Ohnmar Tun, Naw 110, 162
Ommar Win Naing 69, 243
Oo Aung 21
P
Pa Pa Cho 123
Paing Soe 91, 248, 347, 352, 417
Pe Than Htun 142, 156
Pharmacology Research Division 6, 11, 12, 26, 57, 79, 169, 175, 184, 187,
192, 197, 198, 258, 287, 290, 338, 339,
340, 366, 388, 420
Phone Myint Aung 374
Phone Myint Ko 177
Phyo Phyo Win 312
Phyu Phyu Aung 191
Phyu Phyu Myint 51
Phyu Phyu Win 5, 25, 61, 91, 117, 162, 191, 213, 295,
346, 347, 387
226
Po Aung, Saw 84, 86, 293, 342, 363

Poe Poe Aung 418
Prawat, Hunsa 248
Pyae Phyo Paing 37
Pyae Sohn 31
R
Ruchirawat, Somsak 248
S
Sabai 299
Sai Myo Thurein see Myo Thurein, Sai
San Aye 415
San Kun 415
San Mar Lar, Mi 310
San San Aye 18, 87, 131, 370
San San Htwe 357
San San Maw 326
San San Moe 267
San San Myint 5, 14, 34, 44, 106, 127, 161, 162, 163,
181, 183, 188, 193, 301, 345, 355, 356,
359, 375, 379, 387, 412, 416
San San Nwe 202
San San Oo 69, 214
San San Win 191, 255, 292
San San Yee 410
San Shwe 418, 419
San Yu Maw 214, 215
Sanda Hlaing 330
Sanda Moe 398
Sanda Myint 305
Sandar 303
Sandar Aung 71, 122, 181
Sandar Cho 321
Sandar Kyaing 75
Sandar Moe 376
Sandar Sann 324
Sandar Wynn 317
Sao Mya Sanda see Mya Sanda, Sao
Saw Han 253, 264, 277, 278, 350, 362, 363
Saw Hla Myint see Hla Myint, Saw
Saw Johnson Tha see Tha, Saw Johnson
Saw Po Aung see Po Aung, Saw
Saw Thi Dar 205
227
Sein Gwan 77, 78, 85, 120, 146, 200, 209, 216, 259,
331, 343, 409
Sein Hla Bo 156
Sein Kyi 219
Sein Min 134, 142, 155, 156
Sein Thaung 142, 155, 156
Sein Win 114, 154, 223
Shwe Lynn Aung 185
Shwe Shwe Hla 306
Shwe Sin Oo 237
Soe Lu Gyaw 63
Soe Moe 373, 378, 394
Soe Moe Aung 180
Soe Soe Htwe 19
Soe Soe Yin 394
Soe Thein 213
Su Su Hlaing 66
Swe Swe Thaung 278, 350
T
Tha, Saw Johnson 16, 38, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 141,
199, 200, 220, 343, 348, 365. 385
Than Aung, Maung 262
Than Dar Shwe 2, 15
Than Htike Win 35
Than Htut Oo 82, 416
Than Lwin 91, 347, 352, 417
Than Myat Htay 134, 155, 156
Than Soe 58, 246, 300
Than Swe 105, 219
Than Than Aye 43
Than Than Htay 89, 196, 224, 289
Than Than Lwin 61, 127
Than Than Swe 155, 156, 337
Than Tun 332
Than Yee 259
Thandar Aung 249
Thandar Myint 116, 176, 298, 349, 387
Thandar Oo 319, 371
Thandar Than 345, 416
Thant Zin, Maung 262
Thant Zin Win 178
Thaung Hla 7, 93, 108, 196, 332, 373, 378, 407, 408,
413
228
Thaw Zin 9, 34, 42, 62, 91, 92, 94, 99, 103, 104,
114, 119, 176, 186, 221, 223, 257, 298,
336, 347, 352, 373, 378, 394, 412, 417
Thawka Kyin 218, 239
Thazin Myint 14, 106, 295, 296, 356, 359, 360, 415
Thein Aung 262
Thein Han Oo 394
Thein Hlaing 373, 378
Thein Kyaw 43, 111
Thein Saw 337
Thein Tut 45, 130
Theingi Myint 153
Theingi Thwin 10, 137, 138, 148, 297
Theint Theint Aung 405
Thet Htun, Maung 262
Thet Htun Aung 33
Thet Su Hlaing 302
Thet Thet Mar 10, 48, 53, 137, 138, 148, 297
Thet Thet May 396
Thida Myint 254
Thida Tun 13, 226
Thidar Swe 265, 276, 332, 344, 392
Thin Thin Aye 61
Thin Thin Yu 22
Thongsoi, Jirapan 62
Thu Zar Tin 304
Thura Aung 40
Thuzar Win 123
Thwe Thwe Oo 395
Ti Ti 55, 91, 167, 219, 347, 352, 417
Tin Aung 99
Tin Aye 25, 28
Tin Htay Naing 261
Tin Htun Hla 45
Tin Ko Ko Oo 10, 137, 138, 148, 297, 357
Tin Maung Maung 419
Tin May Nyunt 42, 43
Tin Mg Lay 114, 223
Tin Mi Mi Naing 94, 104, 394
Tin Moe Mya 99
Tin Myint 47, 56, 66, 70, 83, 124, 141, 151, 166, 168,
289, 344, 362, 363, 365, 377
229
Tin Nu Swe 14, 99, 106, 130, 347, 349, 375

Tin Nwe Oo 36
Tin Ohn 104
Tin Sein Mar 281
Tin Tin Aung 191
Tin Tin Aye 157
Tin Tin Htay 217
Tin Tin Kyu 280
Tin Tin Lay 103, 104
Tin Tin Nu Yi 286
Tin Tin Thein 9
Tin Tun Hla 130
Tin Wah Wah Win 46
Tin Win 17, 30
Tu, Margaret 1, 136, 216, 218, 361
Tun Lin, W 156
Tun Min 419
Tun Pe 418
W
W Tun Lin see Tun Lin, W
Wah Wah Aung 22, 205, 207
Wah Wah Phaw, Naw 110
Wai Lwin Oo 356
Wai Mi Aung 212
Wai Myint Aung 285
Wai Wai Myint 418, 419
Win Aung 105
Win Khine 104
Win Ko Ko 389
Win Kyi 86, 213, 293, 373, 378
Win Maung 55
Win Maung Maung 139
Win Maw Tun 207
Win Myint 3, 21, 28, 39, 47, 56, 66, 70, 73, 80, 83,
84, 86, 94, 115, 116, 124, 134, 151, 166,
167, 176, 202, 213, 219, 289, 293, 334,
337, 342, 357, 377, 407
Win Naing, Maung 81
Win Thida 335
Win Win Aung 279
Win Win Khine 152
Win Win Kyaw 414, 415
Win Win Mar 214, 242
230
Win Win Maw 5, 58, 115, 116, 126, 156, 163, 167, 181,
183, 186, 188, 204, 246, 298, 300, 301,
334, 345, 355, 356, 412
Win Win Myint 191
Wut Hmone 38
Y
Yan Naung Maung Maung 142
Ye Hla 123
Ye Htut 18, 52, 61, 357
Ye Lin Kyaw 132
Ye Thwe 196, 336
Ye Tint Lwin 154
Yee Mon Myint 16, 225
Yee Yee Nyunt 90
Yee Yee Sein 297
Yee Yee Tin 65, 376, 400
Yi Yi Win (2) 262
Yin Min Htun 5
Yin Tway Si 194
Yin Yin Aye 123, 351
Yin Yin Khaing 325
Yin Yin Waing 270
Yu Yu Lwin 196
Yu Yu Nwe 221
Z
Zar Zar Lwin 417
Zarni Myint 210
Zaw Hlaing Oo 179
Zaw Htet 42
Zaw Lynn 153
Zaw Myint 10, 53, 297
Zaw Myo Tint 163
Zaw Naing Win 351
Zin Lu Aye 126
Zin Zin Oo 123
231

232

MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS

A
Acetaminophen 173
Acetylcholine 321
Aedes 142, 233, 251, 358
Alcoholic Extracts 20,21, 55, 68, 120, 124, 149, 153, 218,
222, 227, 265, 276, 280, 283, 384, 390,
393, 399, 415
Alcoholic Intoxication 146
Amebiasis 18, 19, 353
Amino Acids 85, 262, 279, 327
Ammonium Chloride 15
Amoxycillin 417
Analgesic Agents see Analgesics
Analgesics 13, 14, 103, 106, 251, 290, 405
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic 90, 314
Anopheles dirus 134, 156
Anthelmintics 16, 17, 30, 101, 102, 218, 225, 226, 239,
276, 328, 362, 363, 390
Anti-Asthmatic Agents 61, 166, 290
Anti-Bacterial Agents 4, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 55, 68, 81, 115, 120, 131, 136, 149,
165, 174, 201, 205, 206, 207, 216, 227,
231, 237, 299, 304, 319, 330, 334, 361,
368, 370, 371, 403, 405, 409
Anti-Infective Agents 53, 54, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 220, 228,
229, 232, 235, 240, 241, 308, 314, 315,
322, 324, 327, 368, 396, 405
Anti-Inflammatory Agents 44, 45, 46, 47, 90, 130, 147, 224, 290,
291, 383
Anti-Ulcer Agents 59, 60, 65, 66, 168, 268, 337, 365
Anticholinergic Activity 31, 132
Antidiuretic Agents 100, 125, 126, 127, 128, 236, 259, 260,
290, 308, 355, 399
Antigout Agents see Gout Suppressants
Antihistaminic Effect 31, 124, 132, 166
Antihypertensive Agents 42, 43, 78, 340, 343, 360, 375, 376, 386,
399, 400
233
Antimalarials 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 61, 157, 158, 217, 235,
357, 388, 404, 418, 419
Antimicrobial Agents see Anti-Infective Agents
Antioxidants 57, 58, 62, 88, 107, 164, 203, 212, 226,
229, 232, 238, 241, 245, 246, 250, 294,
298, 300, 301, 307, 315, 318, 333, 354,
396
Antipyretics 13, 63, 90, 96, 97, 98, 141, 240, 274, 290,
306, 311, 314, 316, 324, 325, 326, 329,
388, 418, 419
Antispasmodic Agents 54, 238, 271, 382
Antitubercular Agents 64, 91, 92, 167, 174, 219, 347, 352, 384,
410, 417
Antiviral Agents 67, 69, 213, 214, 215, 243, 367, 369
Aphrodisiacs 144, 154
Arsenic 2, 15
Artemisinins 12
Arthralgia 401
Ascariasis 239
Ascaris suum 16, 218, 291, 362
Ascorbic Acid 328
Aspirin 65
Asthma 108, 295, 333
Avocado 133
B
Bees 25
Beetroot 301
Berberine 135
Bertoni 315
Bioactivity 82, 230, 266, 319, 372, 405
Black Gram 319
Blood Glucose 10, 70, 71, 72, 152, 292
Blood Pressure 42, 78, 199, 200, 288, 289
Body Weight 152
Borax 15
Bronchodilator Agents 76
Butter Beans 319

234
C
Carbon Tetrachloride 140, 170, 172, 387
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular 117
Cathartics 284, 286, 348, 349
Chickpeas 319
Chilli 117
Chlorhexidine 113
Cholesterol 148, 152, 249
Cholinesterase Inhibitors 17, 30
Clinical Trial 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106
Clofazimine 417
Clove Oil 74
Coconut Water 80, 256
Colchicine 118
Cowpeas 319
Crude Drug 79
Cultural Characteristics 114, 223
Cumin 117
Cyanidin 317
Cyanogenic Glycoside 116
Cyclic AMP 115, 342
D
Dehydration 293
Dental Plaque 45
Diabetes Mellitus 10, 41, 70, 110, 191, 245, 336, 341, 398
Diabetes Mellitus, Non Insulin see Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 190, 292
Diarrhea 4, 24, 86, 207, 370
Dietary Fiber 75, 137
Digestion 16, 107, 119, 123, 225, 295, 420
Djenkol Beans 85
DOTS 99
Drinking Water 22
Drug Dispensary 373, 394
Drug-Induced Liver Injury 39, 140, 170, 171, 172, 173, 387
Dysentery 4, 19, 24, 207, 353, 370
Dysentery, Amebic 93, 409
235
E
E. coli see Escherichia coli
Edema 56
Element 297
Entamoeba histolytica 216
Enterotoxins 34, 135, 221
Epinephrine 377
Escherichia coli 4, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 53, 54,
81, 88, 121, 135, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231,
232, 237, 240, 241, 245, 250, 267, 294,
302, 306, 309, 311, 312, 314, 316, 322,
324, 327, 334, 361, 368, 372, 396, 403,
405
Eugenol 64, 74, 112, 233
F
Fatty Acids, Omega-3 203
Fever 270, 274
Fish Paste 1
Fluid Therapy 80, 84, 86, 256, 293
Folklore 401
Food 22, 117
Free Radical Scavengers 57
G
Garlic 3, 150, 159, 269
Gastrointestinal Diseases 24, 210
Ginger 111, 383
Gingivitis 45, 113, 130
Gout Suppressants 14, 105, 106
Grape 164
Green Gram 319
Green Tea 298, 354
H
Heavy Metals 119, 295
Hepatitis 110
Hepatitis, Toxic see Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Hepatitis B Virus 67, 214, 215, 242, 243, 367, 369
236
Hepatocellular Carcinoma see Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Herpes Simplex Virus see Simplexvirus
Histamine 124
Home Based Fluids 293
Honey 84, 294
House Fly 1
Hypercholesterolemia 138, 148, 150, 252
Hypertension 43, 199, 200, 259
Hypoglycemic Agents 9, 10, 40, 41, 70, 71, 72, 77, 88, 89, 94,
95, 122, 129, 131, 143, 175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193,
194, 195, 196, 245, 247, 254, 289, 292,
302, 303, 304, 309, 312, 323, 327, 330,
332, 336, 338, 339, 341, 344, 345, 346,
351, 356, 359, 374, 375, 377, 379, 380,
382, 392, 393, 397, 399, 411, 413, 414
Hypolipidiemia 197, 198, 381
I
Insect Repellents 134, 142, 155, 156, 233, 234, 244, 251
Integrating 257
Iron 83
J
Jaundice 73
K
Kanamycin 417
Kant 15
Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice 114, 223, 378
L
Lablab Bean 319
Larvicidal Activities 358, 402
Laxatives 75, 266, 267, 278
L-Dopa 264
Lecithin 319
Lemongrass 229
Lime 22
Lingzhi 6, 144, 145, 175, 243
Lipid Peroxidation 138
237
Lipids 133, 138, 150, 252

Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol 137
Liver Diseases 139, 387
Lycopodium 253
Lycorine 264
M
Malaria 110, 296, 404, 418, 419
Malaria, Falciparum 217
Mango 160, 161, 205
MDR-TB see Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Mercury II Sulphate 15
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning 299
Transmission
Modern Medicine 257
Mouthwashes 45, 113, 130
Musca domestica 1
Muscle Relaxation 124, 132, 313, 320
Muscle Smooth 151, 166, 291
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 174, 219
N
Neem 122, 181
Nephrotic Syndrome 260
Neptune 198
Neutralization Tests 364
Noni 254
O
Oils, Volatile 23, 28, 112, 256
Onion 10
Osteoarthritis, Knee 111, 147
Oviposition 251
Oxidative Stress 141
Oxytocin 320
P
Peanut 319
Pepper 117
Peptic Ulcer 59, 60, 65,168, 268, 337, 365
238
Pharmacognosy 117, 202, 255, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267,

268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275,
276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283,
284, 285, 320, 321, 411
Pharmacokinetics 385
Phosphatidylcholines 319
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors 115, 342
Physical Therapy 111
Phytotherapy 353
Pigeon Peas 319
Pineapple 16, 102
Plain Tea 191, 298
Plant Ingredients 287
Plant Tubers 8, 118, 285, 299, 391, 403, 409
Plasmodium berghei 61, 157
Plasmodium falciparum 158
Pollen 25
Pomegranate 148, 164
Prescriptions 373
Propolis 25, 213
Purgative see Cathartics
Pyranoflavanone Compounds 248
Q
Quercetin 317
Quinine 296
Quinolone 417
R
Rehydration Therapy, Oral see Fluid Therapy
Rejuvenation 394
Reproductive Performance 145
Rhizome 188
Russell's Viper 153
S
Saponins 124
Self Medication 419
Septicemia 3
Simplex virus 213
239
Sitosterols 279, 282, 283

Snake Venoms 364
Soybean 319
Spasmogenic 321
Spirulina 152
Standardization 366
Staphylococcal Infections 22, 24, 211, 371, 372
Staphylococcus aureus 3, 4, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 53, 54, 81, 88,
120, 121, 165, 204, 205, 206, 208, 222,
226, 361, 396, 403, 405
STEM see Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Transmission
Steroids 284
Sterols 87
Stress 154
Sugar 80
Sulphur 15
Sweet Broom Weed 195
Sweet Pea 319
Sweet Potato 57, 88
T
Tamarind 153
Tea 58, 301, 354
Temperature 118
Termiticidal Activity 244
Thymol 54
Toxicity Tests, Acute 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 40, 71, 72, 192, 212,
224, 234, 244, 245, 254, 295, 296, 301,
313, 320, 332, 344, 353, 389, 399, 405,
406, 414
Toxicity Tests, Subacute 5, 6, 7, 8, 338, 339, 340, 389, 407, 408,
413, 414, 415, 417
Toxicology 258, 298, 366, 412, 416
Triton see Neptune
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant 91, 174, 347, 352, 417
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary 92, 99
Turmeric 117, 122

240
U
Uterine Relaxant 124, 151, 291, 313, 320
V
Viper Venoms 153
W
Wax-Bath Physiotherapy 111
Wound Infection 3, 23, 206, 222, 322
Z
Zingiber 320
241
242
INDEX OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
A
Abarema bigemina L. Kosterm. 245
Abroma augusta Linn. f. 279
Abrus precatorius Linn. 302
Acacia arabica Wall. 405
Acacia catechu Willd. 177
Acalypha indica Linn. 116
Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. 325
Achyranthes aspera Linn. 237, 303
Acorus calamus Linn. 27, 62, 99, 115, 167, 261, 355,
384,415
Adansonia digitata Linn. 48
Adhatoda vasica Nees. 108
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. 35, 132, 195, 359
Ageratum conyzoides Linn. 108, 124, 165, 206, 291, 334
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 31, 239, 240
Allium cepa Linn. 10, 323, 355
Allium sativum Linn. 3, 150, 159, 269, 355
Alpinia galanga Wall. 27, 62, 64, 115, 167, 384, 415
Alpinia galanga Willd. 99, 115, 415
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. 81, 342
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. 237, 304
Alysicarpus vaginalis (D.C) 125, 283
Amaranthus spinosus Linn. 29, 151, 291
Anacardium occidentale L. 359
Ananas sativa Linn. 26, 225, 291, 362, 363
Andrographis paniculata Nees. 13, 81, 184, 195, 357, 388, 418
Annona cherimolia Mill. 109
Annona muricata Linn. 109
Annona reticulata Linn. 109
Annona squamosa Linn 109, 143
Apium graveolens Linn. 259
Arachis hypogaea Linn. 319
Aristolochia bracteata 357
Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzch. 305
243
Aristolochia tagala Cham. 51

Artabotrys burmanicus A.DC. 270
Artemisia annua L. 155, 156, 158, 357, 404
Artemisia vulgaris Linn. 20, 221, 234
Asparagus racemosus Willd. 391, 395
Atalantia monophylla Correa. 271
Atalantia monophylla DC. 231
Averrhoa carambola Linn. 151, 291
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 3, 62, 65, 71, 99, 122, 134, 181, 219,
334, 403, 415
B
Balanites aegyptiaca Linn. 226
Barleria prionitis Linn. 34, 228
Benincasa cerifera Savi. 226
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. 306
Berberis aristata DC. 135
Beta vulgaris Linn. 301
Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr. 221, 232
Bombax malabaricum DC. 369
Brassica napus 29
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. 51, 201, 357
Brucea sumatrana 216, 220, 361
Bryophyllum pinnatim Kurz. 367
Butea frondosa Roxb. 218, 239, 361, 395
Butea monosperma Roxb. 67, 230
Butea superba Roxb. 8
C
Caesalpinia cristata Linn. 374
Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill. 319
Calotropis gigantea R. BR. 32, 402
Calotropis procera R. BR. 402
Camellia sinensis Linn. 260, 307
Canna indica Linn. 308
Capparis sepiaria 227
Carica papaya 239
Carissa carandas Linn. 328
244
Carthamus tinctorius L 187, 197

Carum copticum Benth & Hook. 54, 204
Cassia alata Linn. 349
Cassia angustifiolia Vahl. 278
Cassia fistula Linn. 29, 67, 215, 322, 334, 380
Cassia glauca Lam. 195, 309, 359
Cassia siamea 29
Cassia tora Linn. 272
Catharanthus roseus Linn. 87
Centella asiatica Linn. 59, 126
Cephalandra indica Naud. 213, 284
Cicer arietinum Linn. 262, 319
Cinnamomum cassia Blume. 241
Cinnamomum iners Reinw. 74
Cinnamomum javanicum Blume. 74
Cinnamomum nitidum Blume. 74
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. 74
Cissus quadranclularis Linn. 405
Citrus lemon Linn. 22
Cleistocalyx operculatus Roxb. Merr & Perry 342
Clerodendrum inerme Gareth. 326
Clerodendrum neriifolium Wall. 215
Clerodendrum siphonanthus 29
Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr. 310
Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. 182, 380
Coleus aromaticus Benth. 28, 124, 165, 166, 206, 291, 334
Coptis teeta Wall. 20, 51, 216, 217, 220, 222, 342, 357,
361
Crataeva nurvala 29
Crinum asiaticum Linn. 263
Cuminnum cyminum Linn. 5, 62,72, 121, 165, 206, 334, 345
Curcuma comosa Roxb. 62, 183, 360
Curcuma longa Linn. 28, 36, 47, 56, 60, 122, 246, 291, 354,
370
Cydonia cathayensis Hemsl. 14, 106, 137, 138, 401
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. 28
Cymbopogon plexsuosus Stapf. 229
245
Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitts. 234

Cyperus rotundus Linn. 27, 64
Cyperus scariosus R. Br. 34, 228, 334
D
Dendrobium nobile Lindl. 250
Dendrobium parishii Rchb. F 250
Derris elliptica Benth. 142, 244
Derris reticulata 248
Desmodium triquetrum (L.) DC. 136
Dicentra scandens Walp. 285
Dichroa febrifuga 49, 217
Dolichos lablab L. 319
E
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. 39, 40, 67, 90, 139, 151, 230, 291
Eichhornia crassipes Solms. 332, 344
Elephantopus scaber L. 230
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 329
Embelia robusta Roxb. 334
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. 29, 165, 170, 206, 211, 334
Enhydra fluctuans Lour. 267
Eugenia caryophyllata 29, 334
Eugenia jambolana 334
Eupatorium horsfieldii Miq. 255
Eupatorium odoratum Linn. 3, 211, 334, 387
Euphorbia geniculata Ortega. 286, 348
Euphorbia hirta Linn. 220, 239, 249, 353
Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn. 18, 131, 174
Euphorbia milii 21, 68, 334
Euphorbia splendens 334
Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. 273
F
Ficus bengel Linn. 185
Ficus hispida Linn. 37
Foeniculum vulgare 165, 206

246
G
Ganoderma lucidum 69, 243
Garcinia mangostana Linn. 33, 334
Gelsemium elegans Benth. 412
Giradimia zeylonica 334
Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn. 376, 398
Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A.DC. 369
Gloriosa superba Linn. 118, 299
Glycine max Linn. 319
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. 342
Gynandropsis gynandra(L.) Merr. 311
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. 40, 212
H
Hedychium coronarium Koenig. 274
Heliotropium indicum Linn. 312
Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. 355
Hiptage madablota Gaertn. 220, 239
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. 17, 390, 409
Holoptelea integrifolia 227
Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. 29, 355
Hydrocotyle umbellata Linn. 127, 186
Hygrophila spinosa 227
I
Ipomoea aquatica 29
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 88
Ipomoea batatas Poir. 57
Ipomoea reniformis 29
Ixora coccinea Linn. 45, 113, 130, 361
J
Jatropha curcas Linn. 406
Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. 313
K
Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. 277
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. 238

247
L
Lantana aculeate 239
Lawsonia alba 20, 209, 220, 222, 239
Lawsonia inermis Linn. 46, 372
Leucaena glauca Benth. 334, 381
Leucas cephalotes Spreng. 314
Lpinia galanga Wall. 167
Lxora coccinea Linn. 360
M
Madhuca lobbii (C.B.Clark) H. J. Lam. 224
Mangifera indica Linn. 160, 161, 205, 315
Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. 233
Melastoma malabathricum Linn. 160, 316
Melia azedarach L. 358
Millingtonia hortensis Linn. F. 7, 62, 146, 342, 398, 400
Mimusops elengi Linn. 324
Mitragyna parviflora 227
Momordica charantia 29, 70, 197, 330, 336, 413
Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. 330
Momordica subangulata Blume. 330
Morinda angustifolia Linn. 195
Morinda angustifolia Roxb. 359, 360
Morinda citrifolia Linn. 55, 254
Morinda tinctoria Roxb. 275
Moringa oleifera Lam. 235, 382, 386
Morus alba Linn. 327
Mucuna pruriens DC. 264
Mucuna utilis Wall. 264
Murraya koenigii Spreng. 178
Musa paradisiaca Linn. 321
Myristica fragrans 20, 220
N
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. 266
Neptunia oleracea 334
Nerium indicum Mill. 281
Nerium odorum Soland. 317
248
Nerium oleandes 334

Nicotiana tabacum 251
Nigella sativa Linn. 370
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. 47, 48, 56, 165, 206, 291
O
Ocimum sanctum Linn. 61, 62
Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn. 236, 249
Oroxylum indicum L. Vent. 368
Orthosiphon aristatus (BL.) Miq. 89, 189, 190, 191, 195, 289, 291, 292,
355, 360, 414
P
Paederia foetida Linn. 107
Paederia tomentosa Blume. 107
Panax ginseng 331
Payena paralleloneura Kurz. 268
Peperomia pellucid 361
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. 203
Phaseolus lunatus L. Cultivar. 319
Phaseolus mungo L. 319
Phaseolus radiatus L. 319
Phyllanthus emblica Linn. 163, 206, 381, 420
Phyllanthus niruri Linn. 73, 128, 230, 346, 399
Phyllanthus urinaria L. 334, 371
Phyllanthus simplex Retz. 420
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle Ex. Benth 242
Pinus kesiya 29, 334
Piper betle Linn. 27, 29, 41, 64, 112, 124, 165, 166,
206, 291, 334
Piper longum Linn. 19, 27
Piper nigrum L. 28, 81, 165, 206, 334, 371
Pisum sativum L. 319
Pithecellobium dulce 220
Pithecellobium lobatum Benth. 385
Plantago major Linn. 42, 43, 47, 56, 66, 199, 200, 288, 291,
337, 343, 355, 407
Plumeria rubra 334
Polygonum tomentosum Willd. 318
Polypetabus flora 335
249
Premna integrifolia Linn. 176, 247

Prunus persica 239
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. 171
Pterocarpus santalinus 20, 220
Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatab 389
Punica granatum Linn. 164, 193, 198
Q
Quisqualis indica 20, 149, 218, 220, 222, 239, 342
R
Rhoeo discolor 334
Ricinus communis 29
S
Sanmarae saman (Jaeq) Merr. 240
Sauropus albicans Blume. 73, 242, 280
Saxifraga ligulata (Wall) 227
Scoparia dulcis Linn. 194, 208
Sida carpinifolia Linn. 395
Spilanthes acmella Linn. 358
Spilanthes acmella Murr. 172
Stephania hernandifolia Walp. 220, 222, 403
Sterculia versicolor Wall. 75
Stevia rebaudiana 351
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Hemsl. 411
Strychnos nux-blanda A. W. Hill. 282
Swertia affinis 50
Swertia anguistifolia 50, 51, 162, 379
Swertia chirata Buch. Ham 215, 357
Swertia decussata Nimmo. 110
Swertia pulchella Buch. Ham. 110
Swertia purpurascens Wall. 50, 110
Swietenia macrophylla King. 341, 392
Symplocos paniculata 220
Symplocos santalinus 220
Syzygium aromaticum Linn. 211
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. 179

250
T
Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl. 395
Tagetes erecta Linn. 402
Talinum cuneifolium 331
Tamarindus indica Linn. 153
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 333
Terminalia bellirica Bel. 11
Terminalia catappa Linn. 53, 297
Terminalia chebula Retz. 29, 165, 206, 334, 371, 420
Thea sinensis Linn. 58, 298, 300, 354
Tinospora cordifolia Miers. 29, 393, 397
Tribulus terrestris Linn. 395
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. 131, 252, 395
U
Urena lobata Linn. 367
Urginea indica Kunth. 265, 276, 362, 363
V
Vernonia elaeagnifolia DC. 202
Vigna catjang Walp. 262
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. 319
Vinca rosea 165, 206, 334
Vitex glabrata R.Br. 195
Vitex negundo Linn. 23
Vitex trifolia Linn. 173, 235
Vitis discolor Dalz. 62, 99, 115, 167, 410, 415
Vitis repens (Lam.) W& A. 410
Vitis vinifera Linn. 164
W
Wedelia calendulaceae Less. 397
Z
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. 231
Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. 320
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. 28, 180, 355, 383
Zizyphus jujuba Kernel. 105, 154
Zizyphus oenoplia 227
251
252
Index of Medicinal Plants (Myanmar)
(u)
u'Gwf 37
ueazgh 267
uvefyif 233
uvdrf 374
ukvm;yJ 262/ 319
ukvm;refusnf; 220
ukvm;rsufpd 207
uif;yHkoD; 182/ 213/ 284/ 380
upfrDuGpf 21
uefpGef;&Guf 29
uefpGef;O 57/ 88
uefãuvm 369/ 376/ 398
uef;aZmf 224/ 268
uyfap;ESJ 207/ 367
udk,f7H}uD; 263
uspkoD; 420
ausmufaq;'ef; 15
ausmufz&Hk 226/ 306
ausmufaoG; 82/ 83/ 416
jumiSufaysm 321
jumrkwfqdwf 395
juufql (oabmFjuufql) 29
juufqluecdk 313
juufarmufql;-yef 237/ 303
juufvnfqef 356
juufo[if; 73/ 242/ 280
juufoGefeD 323/ 355
juufoGef-zL 3/ 150/ 159/ 269/ 355
juuf[if;cg;oD; 29/ 70/ 196/ 330/ 336/ 413
ajumifaq;yif 116
253
ajumifyef; 28/ 173/ 235

ajumifyef;juD; 23
ajumif&dkaoyif 116
ajumifv#m 207/ 368
judwfrSef 39/ 40/ 67/ 90/ 139/ 140/ 151/ 214/ 230/
291
uGrf; 29/ 27/ 41/ 64/ 112/ 124/ 165/ 166/ 206/
291/ 334
u|Jausmif;rifaq; 18/ 131/ 220/ 239/ 249/ 353
u|JJESmacgif; 318
(c)
caygif; 282
c7m 325
c&koif;yef; 273
ca7yif 324
c7rf;a7mifvGif-yif 250
cHyif 328
acgif7rf; 207
crf;awmuf 20/ 51/ 216/ 217/ 220/ 222/ 342/ 361
crf;awmuf-rpf 157/ 357
csOfapmfum;oD; 14/ 106/ 137/ 138/ 401
csOfaygifeD 355
-cHpnf;&dk;juufql 406
acG;awmuf 412
acG;av;,m; 264
acG;ao;yef;&Guf 108/ 124/ 165/ 166/ 206/ 291/ 334
(*)
*rkef;wdrf_ym 364
*VKef7mZm 279
*sL;-rpf 207
*sifqif; 331
*sif; 28/ 180/ 355/ 383
254
(i)
ia-y&Sif; 270
izHkaq; 51/ 357
i&kwfcg; 13/ 81/ 184/ 195/ 356/ 357/ 388/ 418
i&kwfaumif; 28/ 81/ 165/ 206/ 334/ 371
ik 29/ 67/ 214/ 215/ 322/ 334/ 380
ika&$0g 322
aiGyef; 274
(p)
pyg;vif 28/ 229
pyg;vifar$; 234
pyspfyif 164
prkefpyg; 165/ 206
prkefeuf 370
prkefEG,f 330
prkef-zL 54/ 204
pm;awmfyJ 319
plvmezm 236/ 249
pifudkem 296
apmif;vsm; (aZmif;,m;) 151/ 202/ 291
pdefem;yef 239
pdefeD-rif;oGm; 15
(q)
aq;ausmfjuD; 42/ 43/ 47/ 56/ 66/ 199/ 200/ 288/ 291/
337/ 343/ 355/ 407
aq;cg;}uD; 13/ 81/ 184/ 195/ 356/ 357/ 388/ 418
aq;ojum; 351/ 411
aq;tkyf 160
ql;aumufeuf 227
ql;ya'gif; 227
ql;yef;yif 187/ 197
ql;-zLyif 405
255
qll;avodrf 395
qDrD;awmuf 118/ 299
qD;csdKyif 89/ 189/ 190/ 191/ 195/ 289/ 291/ 292/
360/ 355/ 414
qD;aphtqH 105/ 154
qD;ysm;7nf 294
qDD;-zLoD; 29/ 163/ 165/ 170/ 206/ 211/ 334/ 381/ 420
qifa-c 230
qifidk-ruf 174/ 329
qifwHk;rEG,f 29/ 393/ 397
qifESmarmif;}uD; 312
aqmif;arcg; 242
qdyfzvl;yif 47/ 48/ 56/ 165/ 206/ 291/ 334
qdyfzl; 207/ 221/ 232/ 277
(Z)
Z0ufom 15
ZD7m 5/ 62/ 72/ 165/ 121/ 206/ 334/ 345
ZD7m7Gufwl 28/ 124/ 165/ 166/ 206/ 291/ 334
ZmwdyÿdKvf 20/ 220
aZmf*sDawmifar$; 207
(w)
wwdkif;ar$; 270
wyifwdkif-reef; 62/ 99/ 167/ 410/ 415
wrmyif 3/ 62/ 65/ 71/ 81/ 99/ 122/ 134/ 181/ 219/
334/ 384/ 403/ 415
w&kwfpum;teD 334
w&kwfeHeH 259
awZAdkvf (a*:7cg;eHeH) 231
awmjuufoGef 265/ 276/ 362/ 363
awma'ge 157
awmrkefvm 230
awm7J,dk 275
awma&Smuf 231/ 271
256
awmopf}uHydk; (opf}uHydk;t&dkif;) 74
awmifjum 220/ 222/ 403
awmifZD;-zL (a-rqD;-zL) 128/ 230/ 334/ 346/ 371/ 399
awmifwefjuD; 176/ 247
awmifr&dk;yif 81/ 342
wdefnif; ('nif;) 85/ 245/ 385
wefãu|Jyif 272
(x)
xm;0,frdS+if; 20/ 149/ 207/ 210/ 218/ 221/ 222/ 239/ 342
axmywfyJ 319
axmuf&Sm 195/ 356
xif;&l; 29/ 334
axmifacgif;yG 47/ 56/ 66
xdkif0rf_rif;cGm 127/ 186
xdefao 227
xyfw7m-yifopf 402
(')
'nif;oD; 85 245 385
'l7if;joZm 109
a'gea7$0g 155/ 156/ 158/ 357/ 404
a'gif;_rD;opfcG 249
'kwÔm 15
'EWokc 194/ 208
'efãu|J 272
'efãovGefyif 235/ 382/ 386
'ef; 20/ 46/ 209/ 220/ 222/ 239/ 372
(e)
e*g;ab (a-rGqdwfa-zyif) 279
eEGif; 28/ 36/ 47/ 56/ 60/ 122/ 246/ 291/ 354/ 370
eEGif;cg; 62/ 183/ 361
eEGif;euf 238
emudk,f emaigh 412
257
emewf 16/ 26/ 102/ 225/ 291/ 362/ 363

eDyg;aq; 254/ 275
eDyg;aq;}uD; 360
aejumuav; 397
eHomzl;iSufaysm 321
eHHãomeD (pENul;) 20/ 220
ewfaq;*rkef; 227
ewfjoZm (oabFmjoZm) 109
EGm;-ruf7if; 34/ 228/ 334
EG,fcsdK 342
EG,fomuD 281/ 317/ 334
(y)
ywJaum 62/ 99/ 115/ 167/ 415
ywJaum}uD; 27/ 64/ 384
yg;eDo7uf 315
ydpyf 3/ 211/ 334/ 387
ydpyf=t0g 172
ydawmuf 171
yDw'g&k (aq;a7$) 135
yDykyfEG,f (yJykyfEG,f) 107
ykpGefpm 237/ 304
yJiSufusm; (w&kwfyJ-ym;) 319
yJZif;iHk 294
yJwDpdrf; (yJaemuf) 319
yJaxmywf 319
yJe-ym; 319
yJeãHom 131/ 252/ 356/ 395
yJrwf (rwfyJ) 319
yJav;!Sif; 358
ydk;pm 327
aygufEG,fyif 8
aygufyif 218/ 239/ 361/ 395
aygufyGifh 67/ 214/ 230
258
aygufO 389
yifpdrf;euf 61/ 62
yifv,fausmufyef; 326
yifhulxdyfydwf 314
aygifyJh 227
ykï 7duf 45/ 113/ 130/ 360/ 361
ydwfcsif; 19/ 27
yef;cg; 50/ 110/ 215
yef;nKd 255
yef;nKdjuD; 207
yef;wrm 358
yef;a'ge 157
yef;ESrf;ysm;7nf 294
yef;O 277/ 409
ydef;&kdif; 364
ysm;-rD;7Guf 40/ 212
-ynfanmif 185
-ynfyef;nKd 195/ 309/ 356/ 359
-ynfyef;a&$ 309
-yOf;awmfodrf 178
ayG;udkif; 278
ayG;rZvD 349
yGJawmif[if;cg; 50/ 51/ 110/ 162/ 379
(z)
zm;ausmf&Guf 47/ 56/ 66
zuf,m; 334
zefcg;yif 24/ 29/ 165/ 206/ 334/ 371/ 396/ 420
azsmufpdyf 227
(A)
aA'gyGifh 332/ 344
Aef'g 53/ 297
Ak'<®Ho7%yif 308
259
(b)
abmpudkif; 334/ 381
(r)
raumufuav; 220
ruyf 231
r&dk; 32/ 174/ 402
r[m*gjuHqpf 318
ra[mf*eD 341/ 392
rd\vif 320
rD;uGif;*rkef; 334
rk,m;juD;&Guf 108
rJ'D'kwf 20/ 220/ 234
rufref; (rufrHk) 239
rufvifcsOf 48
rif;uGwf 33/ 334
rnf;&kdif; 333
rwfyJ 319
refusnf; 153
ref;pkyf&Guf 47/ 56/ 66
rkefvmOe (ADwGwf) 301
r,fZvD 29
r,fZvD}uD; (oabFmr,fZvD) 335/ 349
a-ryJ 319
-rufrkefnSif; 27/ 64
-rif;cGmyif 59/ 126/ 186
arGrEdkifyif 279
r#pfcg; 359/ 360
(7)
7cdkifiSufaysm 321
7mwefaph 51/ 93/ 201/ 216/ 221/ 357/ 361/ 408
a7c7m 325
a7cHwuf 29
a7xdu&kef; 334
a7rkefnif; 266
260
7J,dkoD; 55/ 196/ 254/ 359/ 360

7if;-ym; 24/ 49/ 217/ 220/ 239
a&G;uav; 302
&Gufusyifayguf 367
&Sm; 177
&Sm;apmif;vufquf 405
&Sm;apmif;o*Fedwf 21/ 68/ 334
a&SmufoD; 22
7SOfhrwwf 207/ 391/ 395
&Srf;aq;cg;juD; 51/ 110
&Srf;ESrf; 203
&Srf;-rif;cGm 340, 360
a&$usifiSufaysm 321
(v)
av;!Sif; 29/ 211/ 334
vufcsm; 15
vufxkwf}uD; 17/ 30/ 157/ 216/ 390/ 409
vufyHyif 369
vufzuf 58/ 260/ 298/ 300/ 307/ 354
avmufao 1/ 62/ 99/ 167/ 239/ 384/ 415
vifZD;r+d 69/ 243
vif;ae 27/ 62/ 99/ 115/ 167/ 261/ 355/ 384/ 415
vdyfql;a7$ 34/ 228
avSsmf-zL© 75
(0)
0ufjudrf 318
(o)
ojum;rudkVf 89/ 189/ 190/ 191/ 195/ 289/ 291/ 292/ 360/
355/ 414
oa-y 179/ 334
oa-ycsOfacguf 342
o7uf 160/ 161/ 205
ovJoD; 164/ 193/ 198
oD[dkVfo7uf 359
oD[dkVfopf}uHydk; (tdEdN,opf}uHydk;) 74
261
ola,mif 331
ola,mifcg; 157/ 285
oHrEdkifausmufrEdkif 125/ 283/ 335
ouf7if;u'dk; 227
oabmFukuUdK 240
oabFmyif 239
oabmFr!SdK; 87/ 165/ 206/ 334
opfjuHydk; 74/ 207/ 241
opfqdrfhqD 11
opfyavG 226
odrfovm 361
o#pfo#m;oD; 420
o#rf;ESrf; 203
([)
[if;*vm 311/ 376/ 398
[if;Eke,fql;ayguf 151/ 291
[if;&dkif;eD 15
[kef;yif 142/ 244
(t)
tajumaygif;wpfaxmif 42/ 43/ 47/ 56/ 66/ 199/ 200/ 288/ 291/
337/ 343/ 355/ 407
tnmukkuUdK 31/ 239/ 240
tdyfarGãoD; 334
ï \7rlvD 305
Oo#pfyif 35/ 132/ 195/ 356/ 359
{u7mZf 7/ 62/ 146/ 342/ 398/ 400
joZmyif 109/ 143

262
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE FORMULARIES

Abain-nyin 63, 120
Ahtoo-lane-hsay 111, 147
Halleidda-sonna 63, 120, 141
IDF No. 03 101
IDF No. 06 98
IDF No. 16 38
IDF No. 24 97
IDF No. 25 97
IDF No. 35-A 98
IDF No. 35-B 38, 98
Khun-hnit-par-shaung 2, 15
MAT/MP004 340, 375
MAT/MP008 376
MAT/MP009 26, 339, 379
MAT/MP014 95, 129, 338, 341
MHT-03 42
Nandwin-ngan-say 63, 120
Paya-say 192, 420
PM-9 199, 288
Thetyinnkalat-hsay 9
TMF-01 108
TMF-02 168, 253, 291, 365
TMF-03A 100, 168, 365
TMF-03B 168, 291, 365
TMF-05 365
TMF-06 4, 44, 96, 103, 370
TMF-08 168, 291, 365
TMF-09 350
TMF-10 350
TMF-12 350
263
TMF-16 104, 291

TMF-21 100
TMF-23 4, 44
TMF-24 96, 103
TMF-25 96, 103
TMF-27 377
TMF-28 9, 377
TMF-32 94, 291, 377
TMF-35A 96, 104
TMF-35B 96, 291
TMF-43 104
TMF-44 255
TMF-ACC 52
Triphala 396
264
1. Aung-Naing. Bronhial asthma and traditional medicine. DMR Bull. 1994 April; 8(2): 1-9
2. Aye-Than; Mu-Mu-Sein-Myint. Medicinal values of Glycyrrhiza glabra (EG,fcsdK) .
DMR Bull. 2002 Apr; 16(2): 1-14
3. Aye-Than and Mu-Mu-Sein-Myint. A review article on Plantago major Linn.
(tajumaygif;wpfaxmif). DMR Bull. 2002 July; 16(3): 1-23
4. Aye-Than. Scientific studies on Myanmar medicinal plants. DMR Bulletin. 1996 Jan;
10(1): 1-16
5. Khin-Nwe-Oo. Antibacterial activity of some Myanmar traditional plants.
DMR Bull. 2008 May: 5
6. Mar-Mar-Nyein. Plants and their constituents used in traditional. DMR Bull. 2004
July; 18(3): 1-12
7. Mar-Mar-Nyein. Zibyu (qD;-zL) and Panga (zefcg;) : Natural herbs for good health.
DMR Bull. 2001 April; 15(2): 1-15
8. May-Aye-Than. Hepatotoxic effects of Bizat (wild). DMR Bull. 2009 Otober; p.1-2
9. May-Aye-Than; Mu-Mu-Sein-Myint and Aye-Than. Hypoglycemic effect of
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. DMR Bull. 1998 Jul; 12(3): 18-19
10. May-Aye-Than. Interaction of Herbs and Drugs. (Part 1). DMR Bull. 2006
December; p.3
September; p.2-3
November; p.2-3
13. May-Aye-Than. Interaction of Herbs and Drugs. (Part 4). DMR Bull. 2008 October;
p.1-2
December; p.1-2
15. May-Aye-Than. Interaction of Herbs and Drugs. (Part 6). DMR Bull. 2009 January;
p.1-2
December; p.1-2
17. May-Aye-Than. Interaction of Herbs and Drugs. (Part 8): Cayenne Pepper. DMR Bull.
2010 April; p.1-2
265
18. May-Aye-Than. Malaria and medicinal plants. DMR Bull. 2003 April; 17(2): 1-22
19. May-Aye-Than. Pharmacological evaluation of Kyethingha-thee (Momorindica
charantia Linn.). DMR Bull. 1998 Oct; 12(4): 1-15
20. May-Aye-Than. Scientific evaluation of Yar-dan-zeet (Brucea javania (L) Merr.).
DMR Bull. 2002 January; 16(1): 1-23
21. May-Aye-Than. Traditional Medicine Research in Department of Medical Research
(Lower Myanmar). DMR Bull. 2001 October; 15(4): 1-6, -32
22. Saw-Johnson-Tha. Indigenous medicine: Myanmar traditional drug research. DMR
Bull. 1990 Jan; 4(1): 1-15
23. Thaw-Zin. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants. Paper presented at
the National Seminar on enhancing utilization of research findings
(DMR/WHO). Department of Medical Research, Yangon; 1999 April 6.
24. Thaw-Zin. Influence of indigenous culture on the use of traditional medicine health
care practices in Myanmar. First Research Paper Reading Session on Traditional
Medicine and Symposium on Netkhatta Naya System, Abstracts of papers, 2009
Feb, p9.
25. Thaw-Zin. Research on the pharmacological action of herbal plants in Myanmar.
Paper presented at the National Meeting of Traditional Medicine Physicians,
Mandalay. Ministry of Health, 1997.
26. Thaw-Zin, Aye-Than and May Aye-Than. Scientific evaluation of traditional
medicinal plants in Myanmar. Proceedings of the third meeting of the ASEAN
expert Group on herbal and medicinal plants, Sedona Hotel, Yangon: 2000 July
5-6, pp 115-122.
266

Annotated Bibliography of Traditional Medicine Research Carried Out at DMR (LM) During 1965-2011

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Annotated Bibliography of Traditional Medicine Research Carried Out at DMR (LM) During 1965-2011

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MINISTRY OF HEALTH

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

6rdffi t u 6 l6'6 ktibilicetidiT

Staff of Central Biomedical Library

May Aye Than

Staff of Pharmacology Research Division

Aung Myo Min

Dr. Myo Khin

1st Burma Res Congr - 1st Burma Research Congress

Burma Med Res Counc - Burma Medical Research Council

Myanmar Health Res Congr - Myanmar Health Research Congress

Med Res Congr - Medical Research Congress

Myanmar Health Sci Res J - Myanmar Health Science Research Journal

Pharmaceutical Biol - Pharmaceutical Biology

Union Burma J Life Sci - Union of Burma Journal of Life Sciences

1. The action of Desmodium triquetrum (Lauk-thay-ywet) on the development of

Lingzhi tested and control rats showed no pronounced gross or microscopic

of air dried leaves of Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Say-khar-gyi) showed reduction

15. Analysis of arsenic content in "Khun-hnit-par-shaung" Myanmar indigenous

C. zeylanicum, Cuminum cyminum, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, Dichroa febrifuga,

S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of water

31. Anti-diarrheal activity of Albizzia lebbeck Benth. (Anyar-kokko) on experimental

33. Anti-diarrheal activity of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Minn-good) on experimental

diarrhesa where non-specific anti-diarrheal agents are contraindicated. The present

38. Anti-diarrhoeal efficacy of some Burmese Indigenous Drug Formulations in

51. Anti-malarial activity of selected Myanmar medicinal plants: A profile of

62. Anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity of some Myanmar medicinal plants.

weight. Evaluation of hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract 3g/kg bodyweight

81. Characterization & evalution of antibacterial activity of phytoconstituents isolated

102. Clinical trial on the anthelminthic action of Burmese pineapple, Nanat.

112. Comparative study on quantitative determination of eugenol in the essential oil of

utilized than TM (67.2-83.2%) irrespective of its location. The main influence on TM

scanning densitometer. Amount of colchicine were 0.35-0.36% in seed and 0.26-

120. Determination of the susceptibility of some bacteria to (3) Burmese drugs.

easily available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Ponna-yeik

contraction caused by either histamine or acetylcholine. In isolated rabbit jejunum,

Medicine paste (txl;vdrf;aq;). An experimental study was conducted as a

significantly lower (p<0.001) when compared to ad libitum animals

0.90µg/mL), Pomegranate seed aqueous extracts (IC50=0.94µg/mL) and Pomegranate

166. An experimental evaluation of anti-asthmatic potential of some plant extracts.

169. Handbook of botanical and physico-chemical characterization of Myanmar traditional

171. The hepatoprotective effect of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Padauk) on

findings suggested that aqueous extract of Pyin-daw-thein possessed significant

186. Hypoglycemic effect of Hydrocotyle umbellata on adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic

188. Hypoglycaemic effect of medicinal plant (MP/CR) rhizomes on rabbit model.

190. Hypoglycemic effect of Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) (See-cho-pin) on Type II

202. Identification of cultivated chounggyah plant and comparative pharmacognostic

standard thymol and control antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, econazole. It was

(2 species); Emblica officinalis syn. Phyllanthus emblica: Zibyuthee (11 species);

215. In-vitro assessment of the anti-hepatitis B viral activity of selected Myanmar

228. Investigation of antimicrobial activities of some organic constituents from

230. Investigation of bioactive phytoconstituents and the biological activities of some

232. Investigation of chemical constituents and bioactivities of some organic compounds

233. Investigation of chemical constituents and mosquito repellency of

Yield percentage of three isolated compounds (oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol and

two phenolic compounds; D (apigenin glycoside) (0.0032%) and E (vitexin

(IC50=16.06µg/ml) was better than compound B (IC50=19.26µg/ml). Both test samples

241. Isolation and identification of some bioactive phytochemical constituents present in

257. Myanmar experience in integrating traditional medicine into modern medicine.

276. Pharmacognostical and pharmacological study on Taw-kyet-thun reputed for

291. Pharmacological evaluation of some traditional medicine formulations and medicinal

292. Pharmacological study on Orthosiphon aristatus (B1.) See-cho-pin. Khin Chit;

307. Phytochemical investigation of Camellia sinensis L. (Let-phet) and its antioxidant