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    Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi

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    Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    40 views59 pages

    Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi 2

    Uploaded by

    mackerelfish
    Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 59
    ——_=—owvrrvrereoeeel ee SEE Eee ——— ss ll CUCU OU eT ee Ib 2 20 3a 3b 3c 3d 4a 4b ee Sa Sb 6b Ta Tb 8a 8b SIMPLIFIED KEY TO SOME SELECTED COMMON GENERA Having characteristics of the Mucorales; coenocytic mmycatium and sporangioles that segment or otherwise appear as conidia .. Having septate mycelium and other characteristics of the imperfect fungi... Conidiophores (sporangiophores) unbranched except near apex where loose heads of dark spores are borne .......... dase «- Choanephora Conidiophores (sporangiophores) unbranched, bearing an apical cluster of elongate sporangioles that break up into I-celled spores .......0...0se+0+se+s++ Symcephalastrum Conidiophores (sporangiophores) very slender, dichotomously branched, bearing a cluster of slender sporangioles that segment into short rod-shaped spores... Piptocephalis Conidiophores distinct although short or reduced to pegs in some genera; conidia typically I-celled, occasionally 2-celled . z conidia vey and Didone with 2 Conidiophores distinct or reduced to Pe OF MOTE CAlIS ...-s.ceeseseseseees Conidiophores indefinite or absent; conidia rod-shaped with truncate ends, formed by fragmentation of the mycelium........ : + Geotrichum No true conidiophores or conidia present; reproduction by sclerotia or similar structures. Cor Conidiophores compacted into an acervulus or sporodochium in nature, but may be evident as loosely arranged structure in culture ;phores contained within a pycnidium Conidiophore stalks compacted into synnemata. Conidiophores separate, not tightly clustered in any manner . Pycnidia separate, not in a stroma Pycnidia embedded in a stroma Conidia relatively large, with dark pigment. Sphaeropsis Conidia small, hyaline, no pigment present. Conidiophores with a few upright branches .. --Dendrophoma Conidiophores short, simple, unbranched ........+....4++ Phoma or Phyllosticta Pycnidia formed as irregular cavities in a stroma; conidia small ... . Cytospora Pycnidia rounded, regular; conidia large ....... Dothiorella Conidia held together in moist, slimy masses ......... 35 35, 68 33 176 162 162 170 166 10 36 9b 10a 10b 10c Ha tb 12a 12b 12¢ Ba 13b laa 14> 15a 1Sb 16a l6b Ma. 1b 18a 18b 18¢ 198 19 20a 20 2la 2Ib SIMPUFIED KEY TO SOME SELECTED COMMON GENERA Conidia dry, without slime . Conidia with dark pigment, more evident in mass . « Melanconium Conidia hyaline; dark setae present ... Colletotrichum Conidia hyaline; setae absent. - Gloeosporium (On leaves, twigs, or fruit; conidia dark, with pointed apex, .. Spilocaea On wood or bark; conidia hyaline, ovoid.......+++ -Tubercularia Both stalks or synnemata and conidia hyaline ..... Both stalks of synnemata and conidia dark Stalks of synnemata dark; conidia hyaline .. Graphium, Pesotum Conidia held in moist, slimy heads . = Stilbum Conidia in dry clusters, not slimy ..... = Isaria Conidial heads rounded, ovoid to subglobose; parasite on buds of Azalea or Rhododendron .. Briosia Conidial portion elongated, svally narrowed at apex and base, saprophytic -. Doratomyces Conidiophores branched or bearing a cluster of branches or phialides near or at the apex i Conidiophores typically simple or only occasionally branched . Conidia remaining together in chains of two or more Conidia not remaining together in chains .......+ Conidia acropetal, with youngest at the apex of chain Conidia basipetal, with the youngest at the base of chain... Conidia dark, variable in shape, ovoid, lemon-shaped to oblong, mostly |-celled, some may be 2- to 3-celled.... Cladosporium Conidia dark, uniformly globose, and I-celled seeessesss Periconia Conidia hyaline, uniformly ovoid to short cylindrical Monilia Conidiogenous cls (phiaides) borne on apex or swollen apex of conidiophores 4 aa Aspergillus Conidiogenous cells borne on slender branches, not on swollen apex of conidiophore ... Conidiogenous cells bearing annulate scars of previous conidia............Seopulariopsis Annulate scars not present on conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells (phialides) closely arranged in a brushlike head......... Penicillium Conidiogenous cells divergent, not in a close head .. Paecilomyces Conidia in small clusters held together by slime ... 190 188, 188 106 146 13 14 152 152 156 152 154 106 ” 2 Ba 23b 24a 24b 25a 25b 26a 26b 2a 27 28a, 28b 298, 29 30a 30b 3la 3ib 32a 32 32c Ba 33b 34 35a 35b 36a SIMPUFIED KEY TO SOME SELECTED COMMON GENERA, Conidia dry, not held in slime .........+. Conidiophore branches verti te, often 3 or more branches arise from the same level... =o ne Venticillium Trichoderma Conidiophore branches irregular, not verticillate ... Conia formed succesively at apex of conidiophore, which contnves to elongate... Nodulosporium Conidia formed in a head on the more or less swollen apex of the conidiophore... Apical sporogenous cell of conidiophore or branches slightly enlarged, globose .. Boirytis Apical condiogenous portion and branches distinely enlarged, clinical, or club-shaped .......- veces ‘Chromelosporium Conidia (chlamydospores, aleuriospores) terminal, single, globose... Conidia otherwise. Conidia black, shiny, smooth. ......0..ceccescesseseees cecssseese Nigrospora Conidia with yellow pigment, rough-walled .............. sosesses- Sepedonium Parasitic on plants, conidial states of powdery mildews... coceveeseevees Olu Not conidial states of powdery mildews ...........+.. Conidiophores indeterminate, apex elongating as new conidia are produced Conidiophores determinate, not elongating as new conidia are produced ..... Conidiogenous portion of conidiophore zig-zag, elongating to appear cbs ec ene cesasvencaaceenen zaseaavicasnesaeeinseeaeiar ies voces Beauveria Conidiogenous portion of coni iophore limited, not raciske Sporothrix Conidia produced simultaneously on swollen apex of conidiophore ..... Oedocephalum Conidia produced single or successively at apex of conidiophore or phialide.... Conidia exogenous, ovoid to globose, borne singly or in pairs on a dark hook (ale) of conidiophore . -. Zygosporium ~ Chalara Conidia ovoid to globose, held together in small apical clusters by slime; fales absent Conidia endogenous, rodshaped, often catenulate; no fales present . Conidiophores or phialides slender, hyaline Cephalosporium Conidiophores or phialides slender or somewhat inflated, with some dark pigment Conidiophores tall, slender, uniform in width .. «+ Chloridium - Phialophora Conidiophores short or sometimes absent, often somewhat inflated .. Conidia typically and uniformly 2-celled, seldom with fewer or more cells ......-. Conidia typically has more than 3 cells, sometimes variable ........+.c:ssscsseeseeees Conidia hyaline, no pigment in walls......... 37 24 2 92 36 a 0 38 36 37a 37 38a 38 39a 39b 40a 40b dla 4lb alc aa 42 Ba 43b 3c 44> 45a asp 46> 41a 47 48b 49a 49b 0b SIMPUFIED KEY TO SOME SELECTED COMMON GENERA Conidia with dark pigment in walls ..-..+2+++0000++ Conidiophores compacted into an acervulus in nature. Conidiophores separate, not clustered or compacted Conidiophores branched, with a sterile terminal branch and swollen apex: conidia long, cylindrical. sane Chlindrocladium Conidiophores simple; conidia ovoid or ellipsoid «+++ Conidia borne singly, apical on sympodial growing points ...1-++0-+- s Conidia produced basipetally in irregular groups, not on sympodial growing points... ae nenenne aa coves Trichothecium Conidia ellipsoid-clongate, cells equal ceveseseeses Dactylaria Conidia ovoid to elongate, apical cell somewhat larger -.. Anthrobotrys Conidiophores and conidia borne in a typical pycnidium.... Diplodia Conidiophores and conidia in an acervulus or a stroma in nature .- Spilocaea Conidiophores separate or in loose clusters... +.+++ereressrr00* Conidiophores slender, conidia in short acropetalous chains....-.--- Bispora Conidiophores rather stout, zig-zag in appearance; conidia apical, not in chains... .- Polythrincium Conidia spiral or in coill.....++ . Helicomyces Conidia phragmosporous, with cross but not oblique walls Conidia dictyosporous, with both cross and oblique Walls....-----++++++ Conidia with slender appendages, at least at apex --.+++++ .Pestalotia Conidia without appendages « Conidia dark....2...-ssee Conidia hyaline .... Conidia borne in acervuli in bark ... seses Coryneum Conidia not borne in acervuli .....+++ Conidia in acropetalous chains; some conidia with 1 or 2 cells Cladosporium Conidia single, not in chains Conidiophores with several upright branches... «-Dendryphiopsis Conidiophores simple, without branches ....-++- Conidia produced through pores on sides of conidiophores ..--- Helminthosporium Conidia borne apically on new sympodial growing points ...- seenees Conidia straight or slightly curved; cells nearly equal .....- » Bipolaris Conidia, with one median cell larger than others . ceeeveeeeseCuarvudaria 4l 190 38 108 39 108 0 110 180 106 42 106 12 136 32 192 45 31 194 47 106 120 49 124 50 126 122 nee ae ea te SGsSSEEHOLLELTLELTLTTS ELEESAS ddd das EE EEESSHErErE TT” sla sib Sle Sid S2a 52b 526 53a, 53 S4b SIMPUFIED KEY TO SOME SELECTED COMMON GENERA Conidiophores simple, clustered, dark; conidia long, attenuated ......-..-..» Cereospera Conidiophores hyaline, branched; conidia long, cylindrical ....-..+..-- Oplindrocladium Conidiophores short, simple or branched, hyaline; larger conidia typically canoe-shaped, [-eelled conidia usually present ae Fusarium Conidiophore tall, slender, simple; conidia with pointed apex and rounded base .... s+ Pyricularia Conidia borne in acervuli in bark ...... sees Steganosporium Conicia borne typically in'small sporodochia ..... Epicoccum Conidia borne on separate conidiophores ......+- Cosidia attenuate or pointed at apex, often in chains .. -- Alternaria Conidia rounded, borne singly ....0..2--e-sseeneeseess ee «. Stemphylium No conidiophores, no conidia formed; sclerotia more or less ‘globose, compact ......+++2++ deseeseeeeneees sees Selerotium Noconidiophores, no conidia formed; sclerotia mostly flattened or irregulas, often loose... .++++ seevee Rhizoctonia Large conidiophorelike structures present on leaves; many branches ‘compacted into globose or pointed structures Cristulariella 39 128 108 130 18 94 150 33 132 132 196 THE HUGHEST UBAKI-BARRON SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION ly on the development of the conidia and to a lesser extent on the development of the conidiophore®, Shape, pigmentation, and seplatior ‘of conidia are reduced (0 every characteristics. Although ‘this classification, followed by Barron (1968), is not complete for all genera of imperfect funel itis eet established and accepted by Tan. myeologists and cant applied Ber rately to most of the Monies eae authors do not dispute the validity ‘of the more recent system of classification proposed by the ‘Kananaskis ‘Conference (1971) and followed by Ellis (1971), but do not clasp time has come to sift to that SY treet denifiation of genera by the Ase families (Moniliactae and The following Key to series, section. ‘and genera of the two largest Dematiaceae) is included for the * avenience of those who can easily *ccopnize and distinguish the bes of conidia, It may not be helpful in "Jentiying those genera in which he ‘mode of conidial formation is comjear or indefinite. In these cases, USE Ne cey based on the Saccardo System iS recommended. 40 s e s s go a GS Ss o o o e e e e Ce e e ° e Le 6 Ae + e ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ f ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA (Moniliaceae and Dematiaceae) is inadequate knowledge of ‘Tuberculariaceae and Stilbaceae, as well as some genera in which there conidial formation, are excluded from this key. la Conidia (arthrospores) formed by segmentation of vegetative hy- phae or branches of nonmeris- tematic conidiophores; mature conidia usually with truncate ends, ellipsoid or cylindrical (Examples: Geotrichum, Ambly- osporium)... Series ARTHRO- SPORAE, 2 Arthrosporae, Geotrichum Lb Conidia (arthrospores) develop- ing in basipetal succession by meristemie growth of the speci partion of conidiophore, re: ing in a gradual change from conidiophore to conidium; coni- dia usually, but not necessarily, hanging together in chains (Examples: Qidium, Basipeto- spora) ... Series MERISTEM ARTHROSPORAE Meristem Arthrosperae, Oidium 41 KEY 10 6 Conidia (aleuriospores) usually single and apical on conii phore or sporogenous ¢ often thick-walled and. pigme ted but may be hyaline, often not easily deciduous or decid- uous by means of a special cell at apex of conidiophore: a sory conidial states often present (Examples: Humicola, Sepe donium, Microsporum) Series ALEURIOSPORAE 0 Alevriosporae, Nigrospore Conidia (annellospores) produced successively on apex of conidio- genous cells or conidiophore which increases slightly in length by percurrent proliferation through previous conidial scars: successive scars appear as faint unnellations at apex of conidio- genous cell ... (Examples: Spilo- caew, Scopulariopsis) ... Series \NNELLOSPORAE 52 Annellesperae, Spilocaea Conidia (blastospores) develop- ing as buds from simple or branched conidiophores. or dir~ cetly trom vegetative cells or previous conidia, often forming simple or branched acropetalous chains ... (Examples: Aureo- havidiun, Monilia, Cladaspor ium) Series. BLASTO: SPORAE 59 Blostesperae, Monilia PETS SPIIVIVVVIIVTIPITFRELTITIIIIGMVMIPWIIIINaGIGNIAT? SEES PFI III ISS SSS SEATS ISS ISAS ISS ISISISISISISIS IIS te Conidia (blastospores) _pro- duced on well differentiated swollen cells whieh bear many conidia simultaneously. [orming clusters or heads. solfiary or in simple or branched acropetalous chains: mature conidia easily deciduous revealing small den ticles on sporogenous cells (Examples: Oedecephatian, Bo~ Lut, Gunaroboures)... Series BO TRYOBLASTOSPORAE sl Botryablastosporae, Botrytis Conidia (porospores) developing through pores in outer wall at apen or side of conidiophore. cor in some genera produced jecessive new growing points formed by sympodial prolifera~ tion... (Examples; Helmin- hrosporiuay, Bipataris, Semphv= ain) ries PORO- SPORAE 90 Poresperae, Bipelaris [sympodulospores) dee cloping at tips of conidiophores or conidiogenous cells (not from pores in outer wall) and forming successively on new growing tips by sympedial proliferation: i crease may be sli ate of dillercat includes some genera placed by some authors in the Porosporae (Examples: Fusictadiem, Triuirachiun, Cercaspora) Series, SYMPODULO- SPORAE 102 Sympedulesporae, Sporothrix 44 AMTERNATE KEY TO Conidia (phialospores) formed successively from open apex of conidiophore or conidiogenous cell (phialide), which ordinarily does not increase in length; con dia often collect in droplet of mucilage or slime at apex oF remain attached in basipetal chains; in a few gencra the sim- ple conidiophore proliferates percurrently and forms new phialides ... (Examples: Cha~ lara, Phialophora, Verticillium, Aspergillus) ... Seties PHIALO- SPORAE.....-+ 151 Phialesporae, Chalara ARTHROSPORAE 2b 3a 3b 4a 4 Sa Sb 6a 6b Conidiophores poorly developed or none Conidivphores distinct and well developed Conidia truncate at both ends, formed by segmentation of mycelium Conidia rounded with truncate base, formed by segmentation of mycelium : Conidiophores simple. Conidiophores branched : Conidia globose Conidia cylindrical with truncate ends Conidiophores stout, branched only near apex Conidiophores slender with both apical and lateral branches MERISTEM ARTHROSPORAE a 7 8a 8b 9a 9% 9 Parasitic on plants, powdery mildews - Saprophytic or weakly parasitic, not powdery mildews Conidia in basipetal chains Older conidia falling off before new one is formed Conidia L-celled, hyaline Conidia 2-celled, hyaline Conidia dictyosporous, dark Geotrichum Chrysosporium Wallemia Ampulliferina Amblyosporium Oidiodendron Oidtium Ovulariopsis Basipetospora Trichothecium Coniesporium 8 70 108 134 mmm mea aaa ae EEEEEPPIIVITVIPIVPIIVIIVIIVILTLE eee eee ee eee eC ewe Se ee 8 eee CSCC ee ee Vee wwewwewee VY AITERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA, ALEURIOSPORAE 10a Conidia long, slender (scolecosporous), |- to severalcelled ............... Anguillospora lb Conidia typically I- to 2-celled, globose to oblong . 0c Conidia typically 3- to several-celled Ia Conidia hyaline or subhyaline (with slight pigment) . J1b Conidia with distinct dark pigment. 12a Pathogenic to man; macroconidia tuberculate «- Histoplasma 12b Pathogenic to man; macroconidia smooth . -- Blastomyces 12¢ Saprophytic or parasitic on plants or fUNgi.......s.scesessessesereeseeseseesesssetereee 13a Conidia L-elled, in small groups at apex of forked conidiophores......... Glomerularia 13b Conidia 1- or 2-celled, not in clusters at apex of conidiophores .... evereeestee 14a Conidiogenous cells slender, radiating from swollen cell ......:....++s+se+e+s Umbelopsis 14’ Conidiogenous cells short, stout; conidia smooth... coesiesesesees Botryoderma 4 Conidiogenous cells slender; conidia rough-walled or with attached smooth cells .. 15a Conidia with attached small smooth cells ......0+.c+ceseesecseseteesseseseeStephanoma 15b Conidia L-celled, without attached smooth cells ....... esesses Sepedonium 15¢ Conidia with large apical rough-walled cell and smaller smooth basal cell ......+.2++++ 16a Basal cell of conidia rounded. sossseseMycogone 16b Basal cell wedge-shaped .. oes Chlamydomyces 17a Conidiophores short, poorly developed, or missing... 176 Conidiophores usually well developed......... 18b 1c 192 19b 19¢ 20a 20b 20 2la 21b 2a ith broad truncate base and pointed apex. Conidia ovoid to obclavate with rounded apex sesssesessEchinobotryum pescsssesess-Asteromyees Conidia globose to broadly ellipsoid .... Conidia I-celled, subglobose, shiny black, situated on a flat hyaline vesicle .. Nigrospora Conidia 2- or more-celled ....... Conidia I-celled, light to dark, not on vesicle Conidiophores tall, slender, simple, dark . Endophragmia Conidiophores mostly short, simple hyaline ..........cssesesssesssesseses Trichoeladium Conidiophores well developed, branched ......0....cssesceeseesesesseseesee es Balanium Setae present ee sen eteresocrsnede nse sens Botrpotr icles Setae absent Humicola Conidia with small hyaline cells attached ........c+scccesceseseesererseesesStephanoma 45 ug ug 106 Bk 46 22 23a 23b Be 24b 24d 25b 26a 26 26c 2a 28a 28 29a 29 30a 306 30c 3la 31b 3le 32a 32 3a 33b 34a 34 AITERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA ‘Conidia without attached hyaline cells . Conidiophores short, thick, branched . . - Wardomyces Conidiophores tall, slender, repeatedly branched ....... Staphylotrichum Conidiophores tall, simple ..........204 ‘Microclavia Conidia typically 3- to several-celled (phragmosporous) ... Conidia with cross and oblique septa (dictyosporous . Conidia (or propagules) branched (staurosporous) . Conidia curved or coiled (helicosporous) - Xenosporium Conidia hyaline or subhyaline.... Conidia with distinct dark pigment... Parasitic on plants ........ Causing dermatomycoses of man or animals . Saprophytic or trapping nematodes ... Macroconidia spindle-shaped or ellipsoid ... «++ Microsporum Conidia ellipsoid, with broad enlarged middle cell... - Monacrosporium Conidia cylindrical to long and sometimes tapering, with distinctly enlarged middle cell cteeereeeereistsitisttsarseaseesrevsneses Dactylella Conidia ovoid to ellipsoid to oblong Conidia much longer than Wide ...........;cecsceeee Conidiophores tall, simple, single or clustered .. Conidiophores short, poorly developed, clustered .. Conidiophores usually short, single . Endophragmia, Phragmocephala Bactrodesmium Conidia mostly 2- to 3-celled; ovoid to clavate - Trichocladium Conidia 3- to several-celled; broadly ellipsoid wall not unusually thick ...... Pithhomyces Conidia several-celled, ellipsoid, wall very thick ........0..0.0ccesccsssesssMurogenella Conidia cylindrical .. Camposporium Conidia narrower at ends, especially at apex . Apical cell of conidia attenuated, hooked or pointed .. -.Ceratophorum Apical cell of conidia rounded, not attenuated ... Clasterosporium Conidiophores clustered, sometimes in loose sporodochia Conidiophores single, not clustered 23 ses 38 136 26 29 u6 2 28 6 8 128 30 32 us 150 31 us 132 ud 6 3B 8 18 35 36 LELLLITEFIVLILILIFEEFE SES SESIIIPVVIIDADADAAQA000a 358 35b 36a 36b 378 37 38a 38b 398 39b 39¢ 405 4a 41b 42a 42 aac Ba 43b AITERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA, Conidia globose or subglobose . Conidia large, elongate to obovoid ... Apical cell of conidia darker, much enlarged... . Apical cell of conidia not enlarged, equally pigmented .. “ nn Conidia broadly ellipsoid, most septa transverse. Pithomyces Conidia globose to ovoid, most septa oblique .. - Stigmella Conidia hyaline or subhyaline Conidia with distinct dark pigment... Propagule with many branches compacted into a large globoid or conical structure; no true conidia produced soe Cristulariella Conidia with few branches, symmetrical or neatly so. Conidia with few branches distinctly asymmetrical... Main axis of conidia distinctly swollen, with large cell... Main axis of conidia slender or short, without swollen cell Central cell of conidia globose, with 4 slender radiating arms..... Actinospora ‘Main axis of conidia 2-celled, with 3 slender radiating arms, Clavariopsis Main axis of conidia long, slender . Tetrachaetum Main axis of conidia short; arms widely divergent... Triscelophorus Main axis of conidia short; arms not widely divergent... Tridentaria Not aquatic, parasitic on higher plants .» Thallospora ‘Aguatic, in fresh water on decaying leaves Branches of conidia developed one at a time .. Branches of conidia developed simultaneously... ‘Conidia with 3 slender branches on slender main axis, ‘Conidia with 3 slender branches on thick main axis .. . Articulospora Culicidospora Conidia with 2 branches arising from primary axis, Conidia with 3 or more branches arising from primary axis Branches of conidia long, tapering to fine point .. . Ingoldia Branches of conidia slender but not tapering to fine point somone Tricladium Branches of conidia more or less upright .. . Tetracladium Branches of conidia widely divergent, imegular.... .. Dendrospora Conidiophores distinct; conidia triangular or with several uprightbranches Conidiophores reduced to a short peg; conidia with 2 to 3 upright or spreading “horns” Triposporium a7 150 134 132 7 132 134 39 49 74 43 41 42 140 140 140 138 440 142 142 140 47 48 138 138 140 140 50 51 144 48 ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA 50b Conidia with several close upright branches .. . Dietyosporium Sla Mostly parasitic on leaves... Hirudinaria Sib Mostly saprophytic on wood. Cerarosporium ANNELLOSPORAE 52a Conidia typically 1- to 2-celled ... 52b Conidia mostly 3-10 several-celled . +++, Scopulariopsis 53a Conidiophores hyaline 53b Conidiophores dark. 54a Conidiophores tall, branched; conidia in moist heads ......+++.+++.+-++-Lepfographium ‘54 Conidiophores short, simple, not in heads.....+..++ . Spilocaea 58a Conidia with 2 or more upright branches . Ceratosporella 55b Conidia unbranched 56a Mostly parasitic; mycelium within leaves; conidiophores short - 6b Saprophytic or with external mycelium; conidiophores short... 57a Conidiophores single, arising from epidermal cells ........--.+++ seesereses Deightoniella 57» Conidiophores clustered, arising through stomata. = Stigmina 58a Conidiophore apex with distinct cuplike structures .. sessesses Endophragmia 58b Conidiophore apex with conidial scars or rings, not cuplike .............+ Annellophora BLASTOSPORAE 59a Conidiophores arising from basal globose mother cells, with thick dark septa, increasing in Jength only in basal region... : ve . 59b Conidiophores, if present, not as above .. 60a Conidia 1-celled . cesetueveseeseeeeserseeeseseves Arthrinium 6b Conidia 4-celled, cross-shape: -. Dietyoarthrinium 61a Conidia more or less coiled (helicosporous) .....+-- Glb Conidia branched (staurosporous) .....+s+sessesesscssreseeeesseneases 6lc Conidia neither coiled nor branched .......+++00++ 62a. Small conidia produced by budding of large conidia ........:+..s++,+++ Helicodendron 62b Conidia not budding...... seseesccsseses Helicoon 63a Conidiophores present, distinct ......2.++ssssesesescseterseestiees psa 63b Conidiophores absent. 144 1 44 33 55 98 54 98 106 14 56 7 38 ug 120 us 8 6 co 134 2 63 66 136 136 werner ernr ee 8 O88 8 O88 8 eee S| eee 8 8 OSes eS Se ee ewe ee 64 65a 65b 66 61a 67 68, 68 69a 69 70a 70b He Ta 7 Ta 72 Re 72d Ta 3b Be AITERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA Conidia hyaline, with slender divergent arms seceiesesseseseesesss Varicosporium Conidia dark, branches more or Jess upright Speiropsis Conidia with 3 to 4 upright to spreading branches .....s.see+0++ soos Reraploa Conidia with 4 to 5 widely divergent branches.....+.0.secsssee+s Tripospermum “Conidiophores” (propagules) compactly branched, globose to conical, ultimate cells globose, conidialike; no true conidia produced ............. w+. Cristulariella Conidiophores poorly formed or reduced to pegs or short conidiogenous cells ... Conidiophores distinct, simple or loosely branched. ‘Mycelium with clamp connections; conidia forcibly discharged.........-+.+.+ Mersonilia With neither clamp connections nor forcibly discharged conidia..........++1++ Parasitic on grasses; conidia 2-celled, not budding. cesceeses Rhynchosporium Usually saprophytic; conidia I-celled, budding ..-.....ee1ssseseeesesseeereseeeees Mycelium and conidia hyaline .. soceesees Candida . Aureobasidium Mycelium and conidia with dark pigment Conidia hyaline, 2-celled - Trichothecium Conidia hyaline or subhyaline, I-celled .. Conidia with distinct dark pigment. Conidia borne in acropetalous chains ... Conidia not in chains . Conidiophores dark; conidia in moist heads..... +» Haplographium Conidiophores hyaline; conidia uniform globose to short ellipsoid, in long branched Chains... .e..2++ : eee Monilia Conidiophores hyaline branched; conidia variable, in short chains ...,... Hyalodendron Conidiophores subhyaline, conidia elongate, slender ......+.+.1sssese+e+se+++ Tilletiopsis Conidiophores dark; conidia ovoid, 2 to 3 on each swollen dark cell ...... Zygasporium Conidiophores hyaline; conidia lunulate, not clustered . coeseesees Lunulospora Conidiophores hyaline; conidi globose to broad ellpssi single, apical on long denticles ... : tenes erveeeee Olpitrichum Coni all or mostly I-celled Conidia mostly 2-celled «2.4.4... as Conidia 3- to severabcelled (phragmosporous) ........eesceesrseeereseeterees Conidia variable, some typically lemon-shaped Cladosporium Conidia uniform, mostly ovoid to ellipsoid -- Papularia Conidia uniformly globose .. 49 138 142 142 142 ” or 70 70 68 108 ° 70 70 108 1 14 n B 30 2 2 2 2 138 m 8 n B 106 76 50 AITERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA 6a. Setae present; apex of conidiophore globose . . Lacellinopsis 6b Setae present; apex of conidiophore not enlarged +: Lacellina Toc Setae absent 7 . Periconia 77a. Conidiophores branched; conidia variable.......- cotsesseseeserees Cladosporium 47» Conidiophores mostly simple; conidia uniformly ellipsoid ».....+.++.:+-s-000+1+- Bspora 78a Conidia borne on special globose cells 7 78b Conidia not borne on special globose cells o 79a Conidia catenulate .....+.s+s0+++ . Pseudororula 79> Conidia not catenulate .. Dwayabeeja 80a Conidia catenulate, cylindrical .....-..-..se00 .. Septonema 80b Conidia catenulate, cells strongly rounded . «- Torula 80c Conidia not catenulate .....+..+++ . «+» Gonatophragmium BOTRYOBLASTOSPORAE 81a Conidia in simple or branched chains of 2 or more..... cactbenndes 81b 82a 82 83a, 83d 84a, 84 85a 85b 86a 86b 87a 87 88a 88 8c 89a 89b Conidia not catenulate .. Conidiophores tall, dark; conidia dark ie . Gonatobotryum Conidiophores variable, hyaline; conidia hyaline a Gonatorrhodiella Conidia dark, phragmosporous ....-+++ Cephaliophora Conidia hyaline, I-celled .... Conidiophores short, reduced to | or few cells ... Conidiophores tall, well developed ....++++ Conidiogenous cells globose or with globose lobes ... seneeee Conidiogenous cells or fertile portion of conidiophore elongated to irregular ... Conidiophores simple or with few branches ... Conidiophores with several branches, at least near apex... Conidiophores determinate, with a single head of conidia ...........-.-» Oedocephalum Conidiophores proliferating percurrently, with several clusters of conidia... a scseconndtisvatestaresdvererr = Gonatobotrys Conidiophore branches many, lateral on main axis = Botryosporium Conidiophore branches regularly dichotomous... = Dichoborrys Conidiophore branches irregular .......+++ cesses Botrytis: ‘Conidiophore branches dichotomous near apex... . . Chromelosporium Conidiophore branches irregular .... .-Acladium 2B 7” 106 106 ” 80 116 116 16 " 12 82. 83 B 8 U6 Ye 85 86 89 87 88 76 76 76 16 % 2PPSAPPIRARAGD ee es eeceeeo ese eee seseeseeseeeseseeesesesese se Sess evs Fsoeewee [AITERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA POROSPORAE 90a 90 0c Sta 91b 92a, 92 93a, 93 93e 94a, 94 95a 95b 96a 96b 97a 97 100a 100b 100c 10la 101b Conidia with transverse and oblique septa (dictyosporous) .. Conidia with transverse septa only (phragmosporous)....... Conidia 2celled, catemulate ........csee0ee « Diplococciurn Conidia long-beaked, obclavate, or ovoid ...... . Alternaria Conidia not beaked, globose to broadly ellipsoid Conidiophores elongating sympodially seteseeeseesereeseess Ulocladium Conidiophores elongating percurrently «- Stemphylium Conidiophores tall, branched; conidia catenulate ...........cs:sse+sese+ses Dendryphion Conidiophores tall, branched; conidia not catenulate... Conidiophores mostly simple ... Conidiophores dichotomous near apex; conidia mostly several: celled Dichotomophthora Conidiophores not dichotomous near apex Conidia mostly 3-celled Spondylocladielta - Dendryphiopsis Conidia 4- to several-celled Conidia in acropetalous chains, often n breaking up into I- to several-celled fragments... + Torula Conidia not catenulate Conidiophores indeterminate, extending sympodially ... Conidiophores determinate .. Conidia bent by enlargement of one cell +++ Curvularia Conidia not bent by enlarged cell, straight or slightly curved . Mid-cells of conidia larger than end cats germ tubes originate from any cell... : see cecesetessesesesrersceveeessDrechslera Mid-cells of conic cells. eeeeee not disney larger than other; germ tubes only from end » Bipolaris Conidiophores clustered; conidia apical .... seseees Exosporium Conidiophores single; conidia apical and lateral....... Conidiophores single; conidia single, apical Corymespora, Sporidesmium Conidia several-celled, cylindrical to obclavate . raseeea +» Helminthosporium Conidia often less than 4-celled, ellipsoid to obovoid........... Spadicoides 51 91 93 a4 m 97 98 100 122 126 148 lor 120 124 a4 52 SYMPODULOSPORAE ATEN ND GENERA Note: The key to this section includes some genera described as producing porospores and in which the conidiophores commonly extend by sympodial growth. 1022 102b 1032 103d 104a 104b 10Sa 105b 106a 1066 106e 1072 107 108 108b 109 109b 10a 110 Ila 1b 12a 112 13a 113b 14a, 114b 4c tery Conidia coiled, helicosporous. Conidia not coiled... Conidia thick in proportion to length, not hygroscopic Conidia thin in proportion to length, hygroscopic .. Parasitic on higher plants; some conidia nearly straight .........+..+.+.-++-Helicomina Saprophytic on wood or bark; conidia uniformly coiled am Helicoma Helicomyces Conidiophores and conidia hyaline . Conidiophores dark; conidia pale to dark . Helicosporium On living plants in nature, principally on leaves, mostly parasitic Closely associated with other fungi, often parasitic on them ........+. Saprophytic on various substrata ........ Conidia hyaline or subhyaline .......+.s20sse+ Conidia distinctly pigmented, pale brown to dark Conidia predominantly I-celled........00++ Conidia typically 2- to several-celled..... Conidiophores relatively short, simple ........40eesseeeveseseeeesesreescesesees Mariella Conidiophores tall, repeatedly branched near apex Conidia collecting in moist slimy heads......+...+++ seccteseressese Perticicladielta Conidia dry, not in moist heads... te Verticicladium Conidia catenulate in acropetalous chains ... zs Conidia not catenulate... . Conidia mostly 2-celled, with some I-celled........2+s0++ --Ramularia Conidia mostly with 3 or more cells «.....+++ «+ Septocylindrium Conidia filiform to cylindrical or long ellipsoid . Conidia shorter, ovoid to pyriform or short ellipsoid .. Conidiophores hyaline; conidia with attenuated apical cell .... Spermospora Conidiophores hyaline; conidial cell not attenuated..... sssstese Cereosporella Conidiophores dark; conidial cell not distinctly attenuated ” . Cercospora, Cercosporidium Conidia broader near base; cells unequal ........csccsesecesstssesreserreses Pyrieularia 103 106 128, 122 128 eee ee Orn st eweewe eee 8 8 83 eeeee:Dh hmv CUC CU OCC OC OC er ere eer eee ey 115 16a 116 17a 117 Ba 118b 1192 119 1208 1206 12la 121b 12a 122b 12 13a 1236 124 124 124e 125a 125 126a 126> 12a 127 128 128b 1298 129 AUTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA Conidia oblong; cells nearly equal...... ees: secseseseeeDidymaria Conidiophores tal, dark, simple below, branched near apex and bearing a number of conidiogenous cells . = ccsesesesssveseses Periconiella Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells not as above... Conidia mostly I- to 2-celled .......2.sseee ceseeeesesestseseseses Conidia 3- to several-celled (phragmosporous) .......0:sessseceeees Conidia rough-walled, cells equal -Asperisporium Conidia smooth, cells unequal .. Beearseree Conidiophores distinctly wavy in appearance... seseses Polythrincium Conidiophores often irregular but not distinctly wavy .. Conidiophores usually arise from beneath cutical layer .........0-.ssss+++++ Fusicladium Conidiophores emersing through stomata or from surface of leaves -Scolecotrichum, Passalora Conidia with | to 4 hyaline appendages on apical cells . Pleiochaeta Conidia without appendages roeres Nakataea Conidiophores and conidia hyaline; conidia I-celled... : Calearisporium Conidiophores and conidia hyaline; conidia 3- to 4-celled, mostly ovoid ...... Dactylium Conidiophores and conidia dark; conidia long, slender .. . Cladosporiella Conidia hyaline to subhyaline (slightly pigmented) ............. . Conidia with distinct dark pigment... Conidia typically I-eelled... Conidia typically 2-celled Conidia 3- to several-celled.. Conidiophores variously branched, rarely simple... Conidiophores typically simple, rarely branched Conidiophores branched only near apex .. Conidiophore branches lower or lateral on main axis .....+.+++ Conidia in moist heads of slime .. Verticicladiella Conidia dry, not in moist heads .. . Verticicladium Conidiophore branches verticillate on main axis ....+..0.++00 Conidiophore branches irregular; conidiogenous cells may be verticillate ........+++++ Conidiophores hyaline; conidia ovoid ......4..++0++ soseeees Thitirachtum Conidiophores pigmented; conidia long, slender... . Selenosporella 33 0 104 117 18 121 a2 119 12 120 12 112 128 128 102 130 9 124 139 125 135, 137 126 131 127 128 dod 104 129 130 100 102 $4. ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA we Hansfordia 98 30a. Fertile area of conidiogenous cell slender, not enlarged... 130b Fertile area of eonidiogenous cell somewhat enlarged, atleast at apex... Nodulosporium 100 130¢ Fertile area of conidiogenous cell much elongated; not enlarged .....- Geniculosporiur 100 ve Sympodiella 104 [31a Conidia catenulate . 131b Conidia not catenulate ” 132 32a Fertile area of conidiogenous cell slender, rachislike .....cceeerererereeet 133 134 132b Fertile area of conidiogenous cell not slender or rachislike «+++ 1332 Base of conidiophore enlarged; mostly on insects...- cecavesees Beauveria 100 133b Base of conidiophore not enlarged: saprophytic cease Tritirachium = 100 Ib4a_Conidiophores slender, hyaline, single, only slightly enlarged at apex.-----* Sporothrix 98 {4b Conidiophores pigmented, single, greatly enlarged at apex _Basidiobotrys 100 Ovularia 104 134 Conidiophores hyaline, im clusters.---+4----+-" 35a Apical cel of conidium equal to or smaller than basal cell, sometimes elongated nae : veceneseessenees 135b Apical cell of conidium larger or wider than basal cell, rounded ..- Dactylaria, 110 136 vices Arthrobotrys U0 veeves Candelabrella 0 ceceveseGenicularia 110 1362 Conidia in loose clusters, on short denticles 136b Conidia in loose clusters, om Long DEBS «+++ 136¢ Conidia single on sympodial branches of conigiophore. 13ta_ Conidia forked, with 2 parallel prongs --ars--s3. 90077777 ceecsese Dieranidion 138 137 Conidia not forked... fee 188 138a Conidiophores shor, hyaline; conidia eslindrc to clavale-- ccceeeseessrees, Dactylaria 110 1386 Conidiophores tall, hyaline; conidia cylindric to fusoid.... ccceesvevee Dactylella 128 138¢ Conidiophores tall, dark; conidia fuscid Pleurothecium 126 1394 Conidiophores tall, dark, slender, bearing at aP°® several divergent conidiogenous cee cuesspenunennsenetests ect beeest0e" aes. Pseudobotrytis 106 143b Conidia asymmetric, one side flat or conca¥e « e e Rs calls. es i e 1396 Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells not as above cee 40) ¢ 140a_ Conidia Heelled see ee t+ 141 e 14ob At least some conidia 2- or more-celled .- 147 e LétaConidia biconic, tapering toward both ends : 104 e at. Conidia otherwise..yssovseeeesssvenrereeressseeees 8 142 e 142a Conidia oblong-elongate ...---+-+" “ 102 e 142b Conidia mostly globose oF ovoid .. 143 € 1432 Conidia symmetric, both sides rounded oe 144 ‘ Virgaria 100 ; Soe earner eee eee eesese seeds ddd dd ddd dd ddd ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA 14a Conidiophores branched Jnegulary;conidiogenous cells somewhat enlarged, at least at PEK eee. caanaee Nodulosporium 144b Conidiophores simple ¢ or branched, conidiogenous cells not enlarged at apex... 145a_ Conidiophore branches somewhat spiral, appearing Wavy .........cc.se0.00 Conoplea 145b_ Conidiophores or branches more or less straight, not wavy............... Rhinocladiella 146 Conidiophores or conidiogenous cells, short, mostly 1- to 3-celled..... 146b Conidiophores tall, well developed ..............005 areenensens 147 Conidia 1- to 2-celled, ovate, oblong or T-shaped ............-....4.+. Scolecobasidium 147b Conidia staurosporous, several-celled, Y-shaped, with 2 pointed arms ..., Diplociadiella 147¢ Conidia staurosporous, with 3 or more branches - Speiropsis 148 Conidia dictyosporous, some phragmospores present .... Dactylosporium, Sirosporium 148b_ Conidia typically phragmosphorous.......... sos 1492 Conidia often catenulate .. - Heterosporium 149 Conidia not catenulate .... 1502 Conidia attached by slender pedicels to apex of conidiophores .......,.. Brachysporium 150b Conidia attached directly to hyaline apex of conidiophores. Cacumisporium PHIALOSPORAE 1Sla_ Normally aquatic, growing on decaying vegetation ..... 151b Not normally aquatic .... toes ” 152a Conidia or branches long, slender... - 152). Conidia unbranched ... vee Heliscus 153a Conidia Jong, slender, unbranched .. - Flagellospora 153b Conidia each with 4 slender arms . seeevesees Lemonniera 1542 Conidia typically 2- to several-celled ........ 154 Conidia typically I-celled .. . 155a_ Conidiophores with dark pigment........... 155 156a 1566 156¢ 1872 Conidiophores (or conidiogenous cells) hyaline... Conidiophores tall with lateral branches and sterile apex; conidia not catenulate... cee eveessees cesses, Chaetopsis ‘onidia catenulate but not end to Conidiophores with few branches near ape: end . Fusariella Conidiophores simple; conidia endogenous in end-to-end chains ... Sporochisma Conidiophores repeatedly branched; one sterile branch hypically wi with swollen apex euernees ; = Cylindrocladium 35 100 145 102 104 147 148. 4 142 142 134 149 122 150 126 124 152 154 153 108 138 138 155 159 156 187 96 130 4130 108 56 157 158 158b 158¢ 1584 1592 1658 165 1664 166b l67a 167 1682, 168b 1692 169 10a 170b 10¢ Ila ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA Conidiophores simple or irregularly branched; without sterile branches .....:.+++++-0+4 Conidia mostly cylindrical, straight, 2- to several-celled .. -Cylindrocarpon Conidia ovoid, 2-celled, not in slime heads Cladobotryum Conidia ovoid, 2-celled, in small slime heads ......+.+++ sesvseese Diplosporium ‘Macroconidia typically canoe-shaped, several-celled; microconidia I-celled .... Fusarium Apex of conidiophore much enlarged, covered with flask-shaped phialides; conidia in dry chains. : dutateceisiargatestavers «+s sees Aspergillus Conidiophores, phialides or conidia otherwise....+.++++ Conidia hyaline or subhyaline..... Conidia distinctly pigmented, at least in mass Conidia crescent-shaped, typically with hyaline apical appendages. Conidia globose, ovoid, oblong, or hooked, without appendages ..:+.+-:---+s-rssss00+" | collarette of phialide small, inconspicuous . Menispora Apical collarette of phialide large, flaring ... Codinaea Conidia produced well within phialide (endogenous), mostly rod-shaped Conidia produced at apex of phialide, not rod-shaped ....-..-+.++++++ Dark aleuriospores (chlamydospores) also present... Dark aleuriospores absent .- Aleuriospores rounded, celled, single or in short chains sssse-Chalaropsis ‘Aleuriospores cylindrical, breaking up into lcelled fragments........-.... Thielaviopsis +» Chaetochalara sees Chalara Tall dark setae present Dark setae absent... Conidiophores short or mostly reduced to a single phialide......./+..-+ Conidiophores well developed, simple or branched .... Conidia in dry chains, no slime present .....-..0sccsreeerees + Monocillium Conidia in small, moist, slimy heads - sess Cephalosporium Conidia dry, not in moist heads .... Conidia held together in moist slimy heads.. Conidiophores mostly simple, dark; conidia single or catenulate. ....,.... Monilochaetes Conidiophores branched, dark; conidia catenulate ......++.++++ ‘Thysanophora Conidiophores branched, hyaline; conidia catenulate........ eee Conidia cylindrical, aggregated into dry columns... « Metarrhizium 158 130 108 108 130 160 16L 18 162 163 33 164 167 165 16 92 ss 168 169 86 94 170 12 86 9% i 94 e e ee e e oe e e e e & oe EE OO EEE SS CPP Pee eS Cedi iwi ww IIb Ie 17a 1726 1Ba 1736 173¢ 14a 174 175a 175 175¢ 176a 176 17a 177 Ie 178a 178b 1798 179 180a 180b 180¢ 181a 181d ALTERNATE KEY TO SERIES AND GENERA Conidia globose, ovoid or rod-shaped; conidiophore “brush” compact ...... Penicillium Conidia fusiform to lemon-shaped; conidiophore “brush” loose ........... Paecilomyces Conidiophores simple or reduced to short, I-celled phialides .. Conidiophores variously branched, at least at apex... Conidiophores dark; coiled setae absent. -++ Chloridium Conidiophores (phialides) hyaline; coiled setae present, unbranched ..... Circinotrichum Conidiophores (phialides) hyaline; with coiled branched setae + Gyrothrix Conidial masses large, only at apex of conidiophore ..... Conidial masses small, at apex of conidiophore Conidiophores hyaline, apex often enlarged, branches Aspergillus-like : oe Conidiophores hyaline, branches Penicillium-like .. +++ Glioeladium Conidiophores dark, branches Penicillium-like . +» Phialocephala Conidial mass subtended by sterile arms + Gliocephalotrichum Conidial mass not subtended by sterile arms cesses Gliocephalis: Conidiophores hyaline, branches (or phialides) verticillate sos Verticilium Conidiophores hyaline, branches regular « Trichoderma Conidiophores dark, branches arising at points on main axis... - Gonytrichuur Conidiophores mostly reduced to phialides, Conidiophores well developed Phialides slender, tapering upward; collarette not evident. ... = Gliomastix = Phialophora Phialides cylindrical to inflated; collarette often flaring........... Upper portion of Conidiophores branched; phialides lon, slender conidia dats in small, moist heads . esti = Stachylidium Upper portion of conidiophores branched; conidia 419, dark, emon-shaped, catenulate... secteseses - Phialomyces Conidiophores unbranched; short thick phialides at base of simple conidiophores ....... Conidia in moist slimy heads, not catenulate cititiettetecsereeress Stachybomrys Conidia not in slimy heads, catenulate . ++, Memnoniella 37 94 173 174 88 90 175 ” 176 92 96 22 92 92 98 179 180 86 92 94 181 83 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA 60 Cr HELICOCEPHALUM Thext. Conic. duced in a spiral, forming 2 bead held in saprophytic on dung or decaying wood. shores upright, long, slender, simple, nonseptate: con drop, I-celled, ellipsoid, hyaline or slightly pigmented: Mustration: (A) H. sarcophilien; redrawn from Thaxter (438); (B) H. oligosporum: original, from material on decayed wood. Other reference (98). RHOPALOMYCES Corda. Mycelium sparse; conidiophores upright, slender, simple; conidia borne on enlarged tip of conidiophore, which is hexagonally acrolate, I-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid: saprophytic on plant material, or destroying nematode eggs. Mlustration: R. strangulatus; redrawn from Thaxter (436). (A) conidiophore and head of conidia: (B) ead of conidia enlarged; (C) conidia. References (36) CUNNINGHAMELLA Mau. Mycelium white, extensive in culture, nonseptate; conidiophores (sporangiophores) simple or branched, with enlarged tips bearing heads of conidia (sporangioles); conidia hyaline, [-celled, globose: common saprophytes in soi Mlustration: C. elegans; original, from pure culture. (A) simple conidiophore and head of conidia: (B) branched conidiophore; (C) detail of tip of conidiophore showing denticles; (DD) conidia. References (70, 171). MYCOTYPHA Fenner. Mycelium at first nonseptate, later becoming septate, hyaline; conidiophores (sporangiophores) crect, tall, simple, septate: head of spores cylindrical; conidia (sporangioles) L-eelled, borne singly on short denticles; saprophytic. Illustration: ©. microspora; original, from culture. (A) group of conidiophores; (B) head of conidia enlarged; (C) conidia, Reference (132). MORTIERELLA Coemans. Mycelium typically appressed to substrate, fine; conidiophores (sporangio- Phores) hyaline, simple or branched, typically tapering upward: conidia (sporangioles) globose, hyaline, single, apical; typical multispored sporangia present in some species, absent in others; common in soil, saprophytic. Mustration: Mortierella sp; original from culture. Reference (136). = HELICOCEPHALUM © Eco MYCOTYPHA, DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA V2 RHOPALOMYCES: iy Yi (MORTIERELLA 9 6 a ND ILLUSTRATIONS OF GENERA S¥NCEPHALIS Van Teigh. and Le Monn. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) upright, straight or bent ‘near the apex, with prominent rhizoids at the base; apex enlarged, producing branches, bearing radbike sporangioles which break up to form short conidia; parasitic on other Mucorales Wustration: S. pycnosperma. (A) general habit of nearly mature fertile hypha; (B) formation of separate spores; redrawn from Thaxter (440). Other reference (17). PIPTOCEPHALIS de Bary. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect, septate, repeatedly dichotomously branched. tips more or less swollen, deciduous, bearing cylindrical, rodlike sporangioles; sporangioles break up into short conidia at maturity; haustorial parasites on other fungi, principally Mucorales. Mlustration: P. virginiana; original, from a culture on Mucor. (A) conidiophore and sporangioles: (B) heads of spores: (C) chains of spores breaking apart; (D) haustorium of parasite in host mycelium, References (22, 256). COEMANSIA Van Tiegh and Le Monn. Mycelium sparse, nonseptate; conidiophores upright, slender, septate, sparingly branched, at intervals bearing sporocladia that produce conidia only on the lower (outer) surface; conidia hyaline, I-celled. ovoid to fusoid; saprophytic on dung Mlustration: C. erecta; (A) conidiophores; (B) sporociadia and conidia; redrawn from Linder (268). Other reference (22). DIMARGARIS Van Tieghem. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect, septate, at first simple, becoming irregularly cymosely or verticillately branched and producing fertile terminal heads; sterile branches absent; conidial heads composed of many sporogenous branchlets, consisting of short chains of cells formed by budding, each cell giving rise to a whorl of 2-spored sporangioles; conidia finally separating, immersed in liquid at maturity, ellipsoid or rod-shaped; parasitic on other Mucorales, producing branched haustoria. Mlustration: D. verticillata; redrawn from Benjamin (23). (A) upper portion of sporangiophore; (B) enlarged branch apex; (C) branchlet with several 2-spored sporangioles; (D) conidia TIEGHEMIOMYCES Benjamin. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect, septate, simple below, giving rise above to fertile branch systems; branches septate, several repeatedly, irregularly branched, the ends consisting of fertile cells bearing whorls of 2-spored sporangioles; conidia finally separating, smooth subglobose to ovoid, dry at maturity; parasitic on other Mucorales, producing branched haustoria. Wlustration: 7. calfornicus; redrawn from Benjamin (23). (A) habit of sporangiophores; (B) branch of sporangiophore; (C) branchlets with 2-spored sporangioles; (D) conidia PPPPPPPPPPRPPKPP PPP PP PP PPP KKHKHT PTT TWUIWIWAG DESCRIPTIONS AND muustRe 6 + terminate in rhizoid systems; conidiophores dark brown, terminating in primary sdiate stalks and secondary vesicles; conidia borne on tertiary stalks, subglobose to ellipsoid. conidia hyaline, reniform to oblong-ellipsoid: saprophytic. Mlustration: R cynbreci: (A) apex of conidiophore with conidia! head; (B) single branch of conidial head; (©) single branch void of conidia; (D) conidia; redrawn from Benjamin (24), Other reference (127), MARTENSELLA Cocmans. Mycelium sparse; conidiophores upright, simple, bearing lateral or apical sporocladia; conidia borne on upper surface of sporocladia, hyaline, I-celled; saprophytic. Ilustration: Af. corticii; (A) conidiophores; (B) sporocladia and conidia; redrawn from Jackson and Dearden (240). Other references (22, 268). KICKXELLA Coemans. Mycelium sparse; conidiophores simple with an apical disk bearing sporocladia, conidia produced on the upper surface of sporocladia, hyaline, |-celled; saprophytic on horse dung, IMlustration: K. alabastrina; (A) conidiophore; (B) sporocladium and conidia redrawn from Benjamin (22). Other reference (268). LINDERINA Raper and Fennell. Conidiophores long, septate, branched, bearing several domelike sporocladia with pseudophialides and conidia on the upper surface; conidia hyaline, I-celled, elongated; saprophytic in soil Mlustration: L. pennispora; (A) diagram showing habit of growth; (B) a single sporocladium, redrawn from Raper and Fennell (348). MARTENSIOMYCES Meyer. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect or ascending, becoming irregu- larly eymosely branched; sporocladia stalked, borne in umbels on recurved branchlets, producing pscudo- phialides on one side (resembling Coemansia), pscudophialides ellipsoid, each bearing a single conidium (sporangiole); conidia obclavate, hyaline, enveloped in liquid at maturity; saprophytic, from soil Illustration: Mf, prerosporus; redrawn from Benjamin (23). (A) conidiophore; (B) group of sporocladia; (©) sporocladium; (D) conidium, SPIRODACTYLON Benjamin. Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect or ascending, septate, giving rise above to coiled. fertile branches; sporocladia borne successively on the lower surface of the coils, septate. with narrowed apices, producing laterally pseudophialides that bear single sporangioles (conidia); conidia short-ellipsoid, not enveloped in liquid at maturity; saprophytic on dung. Mlustration: S. cureum; redrawn from Benjamin (22). (A) conidiophore; (B) group of sporociadia: (Q) sporocladium bearing conidia, Ce ae ee ee eee IONS AND ILLUS: oe 0.0 ah 0 RADIOMYCES my oO KICKXELLA MARTENSIOMY CES, 66 DESCRERONS nO WESETO"S © SYNCEPHALASTRUM Scirece Mycciem growing rapidly, abundantly branched: coasdiopincees (Sporenpopineess) ex Grenched ps enlarged, bearing a head of rod-shaped sporanscies cach Produce = row of meaty spiral conidiz: wall of sporangiole dissolving to release conidia: sepropiytic Miustratiom: S recemesuec: original. from pure culture. (A) conidiophore and head of spore= (B_ ©) Beads of sperenscles and developing conidia, (D-G) stages in formation and release of coma References (23, 435) DISPIRA Van Teezh_ Conidiophores (sporangiophores) erect, branched, the sterile branches slender and spiral, fertile branches enlarecd, bearing a head of cylindrical sporangioles that produce rows of short conidiz, parasitic on other Mucorales and one species on Chaetomium. Mlustration: D_ cormia. (A) terminal portion of fertile hypha; (B) portion of fertile head showing conidia: redrawn from Thaxter (438). Other references (26). CHOANEPHORA Currey. Mycelium white, extensive and growing rapidly in culture: conidiophores (sporangiophores) long, enlarged, and branched at the apex, each branch bearing a head of conidia (sporangioles); conidia I-celled, brown or purplish, ellipsoid; sporangia typical of the Mucorales also formed in culture; parasitic on flowers and fruits, or saprophytic, principally curcurbits. Mlustration: C. curcurbitarum; original, from culture. (A) conidiophores; (B, D) portion of head of conidia; (D) conidia. References (136, 172, 335, 474, 475). SPIROMYCES Benjamin. Conidiophores arising from substrate hyphac, forming a loose spiral as they develop upward, septate, each segment giving rise to 2 t0 3 short, stout sporocladia, each of which forms a loose cluster of conidia (sporangioles) on terminal globose enlargements on denticles; conidia subgiobose to globose; saprophytic. Mlustration: S. minutus; redrawn from Benjamin (23). (A) portion of conidiophore; (B) enlarged fertile branches. PPLE PPP POPP P PP PIP T HRP PERTTI TAA eC a : GILMANIELLA SCaNOSOTRYUM 6 DECRG EEC: CLOMERUEARES Past Comiiceters borne in groups in spots on living Jeaves, mostly short, byslee Simei Ge Eee coms Glecxiospores) globose, somewhat unequally clustered forming few-spored beads, Fectied Sraiime paras on leaves Minstratiem: G corm: erect Soc berbarium material on leaves of Cornus canadensis. (A) habit on eal: (B) comidiopibores amd comcia. BOTRYODERMA Papcodocf and Upadhyay. Mycelium hyaline; conidiophores short, hyatine, variable, sometimes missing: comidiogenows erlls subglobose or obpyriform: conidia (aleuriospores) terminal or lateral, sessile or on short sisrigmata, I-elled, broadly ellipsoid to globose, hyaline, smooth, often with Prominent scar. seprophytic in soil. Mlustration: & lecerititum: redrawn from Papendorf and Upadhy conidiophores: (B) conidia (321). (A) mycelium and branched UMBELOPSIS Amos and Barnett. Conidiophores hyaline, often septate, older conidiophores typically with 2 swollen apex bearing 2 to several Jong cylindrical branches, each with a single apical conidium; conidia (aleuriospores) I-celled, hyaline, globose: saprophytic in soil. This fungus may prove to be a Mortierella, but because of its similarity to the imperfects itis included here Mlustration: T. versiformits: original, from culture, (A-D) stages in development of conidiophores and conidia. References (2, 17). MONILOCHAETES Halst. Conidiophores dark, erect, slender, usually simple, septate; conidia (phialo- spores) hyaline or becoming pigmented in age, borne singly at the apex or produced in chains under conditions of high humidity; parasitic, Mlustration: M. infuscans; (A, C) conidiophores and conidia on sweet potato; (B, ©) conidiophores and conidia produced in culture. (A, B) redrawn from Harter (160). (C, D) redrawn from Taubenbaus (431). MONOCILLIUM Saksena. Conidiophores simple, septate, consisting of a pedicel and a swollen vesicle terminating in a single phislide that bears a long chain of conidia formed basipetally (phialospores) Ielled, hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth; saprophytic, from soil Mlustration: M. indicwm; redrawm from Saskena (362), (A) mycelial rope bearing conidiophores; (B) conidiophore and conidia. GLIOMASTIX Gucg. Mycelium hyaline to dark, forming aerial “ropes” in culture; conidiophores mostly reduced to simple phialides, hyaline or dark, slender, tapering toward the apex; conidia (phialospores) dark, Leelled, globose to ovoid to ellipsoid, formed in basipetal chains without slime or ageregsted in slime droplets: saprophytic. Mlustration: G. murorum; original, from culture, (A) mycelial rope; (B) conidiophores (phisliées): (©) conidia. References (42. 92). PTET TT TT TT ATT TTT T TPT AA AAATAAPADADADD VDDD DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS O=Genees 87. 8 MONILOCHAETES i: \ \ | 8 c er UMBELOPSIS. GLIOMASTIX @ } —_ MONOCILIUM c 0 SEs we Se PHIALOPERRA Mesdie: Comdiostores short or reduced to phialides, dark, simple or Seance lids colitis as eid farm with flaring collarette at apex: conidia (phialospores) saineaiine se ark Eeclied globose 22 ovend. cutrading from phialide in moist heads; parasitic or sepropinysic TRe (Sass Mergersaommers i often iecnded under Phialophora, Mieseratiom: (4-0) Flsiclophors sp original, from culture. (A) rope of mycelium with slime Beads of ‘conidis: (Ep comideptiors (piaid-s): (C) conidia; (D, E) Phialophora sp. (Margarinomyces Sutsatot original, Sexe cottare (D) sevccum bearing phialides; (F) conidia. References (47, 312, $61, 140) (CHLORIDIUM Link (Bisporomyces van Beyma). Conidiophores erect, simple, septate. dark. frequently proliferating at the apex after producing an apical head of conidia, with a distinct collarette 2: apex: conidia (phialospores) I-celled, hyaline, frequently in pairs at the end of the conidiophore or held together in small beads by mucus: alcuriospores (where present) |-celled, terminal; saprophytic, on deczying wood Diustration: C ciinydosports; original, from culture. (A) group of conidiophores with slime heads: (B) conidiophores with slime heads; (B) conidiophores and conidia; (C) conidia; (D) aleuriospores. References (280, 251, 318, 452). MENISPORA Pers. Setae (if present) straight, bent or coiled; conidiophores dark, simple. or branched: hialides slender, somewhat curved with an inconspicuous collarette; conidia (phialospores) hyaline. I-celled (sometimes septate), borne apically in slimy masses, narrowly fusiform to curved: conidia of some species have a slender hyaline appendage at each end: saprophytic. Mlustration: (A) . cobaltina; original, from herbarium material on dead leaves of N)ssa; conidiophores and conidia: (B) M. ciliate: original, from culture; conidiophore and ciliate conidia. References (174, 215). STACHYBOTRYS Corda. Conidiophores subhyaline to dark, simple, determinate bearing at apex & cluster of thick, short phialides; conidia (phialospores) dark, I-celled, globose to ovoid, borne in moist heads at the apex of the phialides, not catenulate; saprophytic. Illustration: |S. atra; original, from culture isolated from soil. (A) habit sketch; (B, C) conidiophores and clusters of conidia; (D) conidia. References (33, 34, 480) CODINAEA Maire (MENISPORELLA Agnihothrudu). Setae straight or slightly bent, thick-walled, dark independent or a sterile portion of conidiophore; phialides mostly terminal, straight, sometimes proliferating, forming conspicuous collarettes that are cupulate, or funnel-shaped, flaring: conidia (phialospores) hyaline, I-celled (sometimes to 4-celled), with a slender seta at each end: saprophytic on plant material or soil. Mlustration: Codinaea sp.; original, from fresh material on over-wintered acorn. (A) conidiophores showing collarette; (B) ciliate conidia. Reference (17) MEMNONIELLA Hohn. Conidiophores dark, simple, bearing at apex a cluster of thick. short phislides conidia (phislospores) dark, I-celled, globose, catenulate; saprophytic: probably closely related to Stachyborrys. Mlustration: Memnoniella sp.; drawn from photography by Zuck (480). Reference (34) ITTTTEPTIT ILLITE IA IAIFIFIVAMMMAMQAAAAAe | 90 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIO CIRCINOTRICHUM Nees ex Persoon. Hyphae subhyaline to brown, bearing setae and phates seme Simple, erect, verrucose, dark, brown, wider at base and tapering toward apex that is paler and circa phialides short, obclavate, hyaline or subhyaline, arising from superficial mycelium; conidia (phislosperss hyaline, I-celled, narrowly ellipsoid, straight or curved, aggregated into apical clusters. Sapr eaves or twigs. Compare with Grrothrix. Mustration: C. maculiforme; redrawn from Pirozynski (330). (A) seta; (B) phialides and comidss. GYROTHRIX (Corda) Corda. Mycelium subhyaline to brown; setae erect, repeatedly branched, sts or flexuous, pale to brown, broader and darker at the base; arising from the mycelium, obclavate, hy conidis (phialospores) hyaline, I-cclled, narrowly ellipsoid, straight or curved, often aggregates. Compare with Circinosrichum, Saprophytic on leaves and twigs Mlustration: G. circinata; redrawn from Pirozynski (330). (A) branched seta; (B) phialides and conidia CHALARA Corda. Mycelium typically dark; conidiophore typically has some dark pigment but may be hyaline under some cultural conditions, unicellular or basal portion septate, the apical cell (phialide) sometimes tapering upward slightly and producing conidia endogenously; conidia (phialospores) hyali cylindrical, somewhat variable in length, often hanging together in chains; parasitic or saprophytic. Mlustration: (A) C. quercina (Ceratocystis fagacearum): original, from pure culture; conidiophores and conidia; (B-D) Chalara sp.; original, from fresh material on rotted wood; (B) habit of conidiophores: (C) enlarged conidiophore showing deep collarette; (D) chain of conidia. References (17, 169). CHAETOCHALARA Sutton and Pirozynski. Mycelium partly immersed in leaves, emerging through stomata, giving rise directly to brown, simple, pointed setae and to hyaline to brown phialides; phialides cylindrical with swollen rounded base; conidia (phialospores) 1- to 2-celled, hyaline, cylindrical, in chains: saprophytic on leaves. Mlustration: C. cladii; redrawn from Sutton and Pirozynski (427). (A) phialides and seta; (B) enlarged hialide; (C) conidia. CHALAROPSIS Peyron. Conidiophores usually pigmented or subhyaline, slender phialides slightly larger near the base and tapering upward; producing conidia endogenously; conidia (phialospores) hyaline, cylindrical, often in chains; aleuriospores present, ovoid, dark, thick-walled, single or in short chains: parasitic or saprophytic; similar to Chalara except for the production of aleuriospores. Illustration: Chalaropsis sp.: original from pure culture. (A) hyphae producing aleuriospores; (B) conidia and phialide. EEEEEEEEE TIT LLIPI TTT PP TPIT PP ee aaa aaa NERA, THIELAWIOESS Bex Conicior: ealied sicersespeess Gat Sstuclly break apart; parasitic or saprophytic: conidial states of spenes of Cormsocrsa phialides and phislospores like Chalaropsix aise femme ici Wistestiem: F Sesceie ocisnal. from culture, (A) phialide and phialospores; (B) chains of alessiesporss (Op bepptice producins both Kinds of spores. GLIOCLADIEM Conde. Conidiophores hyaline, the upper portion bearing penicillate branches forming = compact “bres 2s in Fensicilium: conidia (phialospores) hyaline or brightly colored in mass. Ioclied. Produocd seccrssively apically and collecting in mucilaginous droplets; saprophytic. common in soil. @. roseuum also produced a Verricillium state. See Verticillium figure D. Mlustration: G. deliquescens; original, from culture isolated from soil. (A) conidiophores and heads of conidia 2s seen in dry mount; (B) conidiophores and conidia in water. References (298, 350, 378). VERTICILLIUM Necs, Conidiophores slender, branched, at least some of the branches or phialides Verticillate, conidia (phialospores) ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, I-celled, borne singly or in small moist clusters apically: vascular parasites causing wilts on higher plants, parasitic on other fungi, or growing seprophytically. Also see Vercicillium states of Gliocladium roseum, Stilum, Sepedonium, Mycogone, Stephanome, etc. Tustration: ¥. albo-atrum; original, from pure culture. (A) conidiophores growing in moist atmosphere: (B) conidiophore in water mount; (C) conidia; (D) Ferticillium state of Gliocladium roseum. References (44, 236, 237, 359), STACHYLIDIUM Link. Conidiophores dark, upright, slender, upper portion branched bearing whorls of phialides; conidia (phialospores) subhyaline to brown, I-celled, ovoid, small, held in heads by slime; saprophytic on vegetable material, Mlustration: Stachylidium sp.; original from culture. (A) branched conidiophore; (B) phialides with heads of conidia. References (125, 193) TRICHODERMA Pers. Conidiophores hyaline, much branched, not verticillate; phialides single or in groups; conidia (phialospores) hyaline, I-celled, ovoid, borne in small terminal clusters; usually easily recognized by its rapid growth and green patches or cushions of conidia: saprophytic on seil or on wood, very common, some species reported as parasites on other fungi Mlustration: T. viride; original, from pure culture. (A, B) large conidiophores showing extensive branching: (C, D) phialides showing production of conidia; (E) conidia, Reference (354) CLADOSPORIELLA Deighton. Mycetium slow-growing, dark in culture, conidiophores simple, length variable. pale olive to pale brown, with distinct conidial scars; conidia (sympodulospores) cateaulste acropetal, variable, long-

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