Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

The Effect of Legundi (Vitex trifolia) Biofungicide

Abstract:- Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae (FoC), the twisting, stunting, and root rot (Sudantha et al., 2020;
causing agent of Fusarium wilt disease in shallot, is a Sudantha and Suwardji, 2021)
destructive pathogen and causes serious crop damage and
yield loss. To control this disease, legundi leaf extract Fusarium wilt disease is relatively difficult to control,
biofungicide fermented with T. harzianum was applied. even with the use of synthetic chemical fungicide. This is
This experiment aimed to determine the effect of because the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capable of
Trichoderma fermented legundi biofungicide doses (T. survive in the soil for a long time (up to 8 years) even though
harzianum) on Fusarium wilt disease in two local shallot zonder plants are hosts (Bennett et al., 2012; Fall et al., 2018;
varieties. The experiment was arranged in a completely Gordon, 2017). There is a mechanism Chlamydospores make
randomized factorial design (CRD) with tests in a this fungus persistent in the soil as a saprophyte. Control
greenhouse. The dose factor of the Trichoderma Fusarium wilt disease in the field is still faced with the option
fermented legundi biofungicide consisted of 5 levels: 0 of using chemical fungicides systemic synthetic with active
ml/plant, 2,5 ml/plant, 5 ml/plant, 7,5 ml/plant, and 10 ingredient benomyl. However, benomyl has been banned
ml/plant. The shallot variety factor consisted of Keta from its use globally because it has a negative impact on the
Monca and Bali Karet. The experimental results showed environment and humans, such as has the potential to cause
that the application of legundi Trichoderma biofungicide new races of pathogens that are more virulent and resistant,
starting from a dose of 2,5 ml/plant was able to reduce the health problems: skin irritation, liver, and reproductive
intensity of Fusarium wilt disease in both shallot varieties, function disorders, and benomyl residues that are difficult to
with suppression percentages of 12,17-42,73% (Keta dissolve in the land (Pearson and Miller, 2014).
Monca) and 19,56-66,57% (Bali Karet), reduced the
infection rate and the area under the disease progress An environmentally friendly Fusarium wilt control
curve (AUDPC). The highest disease suppression is option is the use biofungicide. Amaria et al. (2016) defined
obtained by the application of 10 ml/plant legundi biofungicides as protection products plants containing
Trichoderma biofungicide. Bali Karet showed lower biocontrol agents formulated into carriers certain. One of the
disease incidence (35,40%) and lower AUDPC (222,7) most widely involved biocontrol agents in disease-control
than Keta Monca (68,74% of disease incidence and plants is Trichoderma harzianum (Astiko and Muthahanas,
1192,912 AUDPC). 2019). The fungus Trichoderma harzianum can do this
parasitization, releasing antibiotic compounds that are toxic
Keywords:- Biological control, fusarium wilt disease on to pathogenic fungi and producting hydrolytic enzymes that
shallot, legundi biofungicide, plant resistant; Trichoderma play a role in plant disease biocontrol activities (Sudantha et
harzianum. al., 2020). Previous experiments reported that T. harzianum
was capable controlling root rot disease caused by F. solani
I. INTRODUCTION on olive plants (Ben et al., 2017); stem rot disease in corn
plants caused by F. graminearum (Saravanakumar et al.,
The development of domestic shallot production is 2017), a white rot disease of shallots caused by S. cepivorum
faced with attack constraints and plant diseases that are (Elshahawy et al., 2017), Fusarium wilt disease in tomatoes
difficult to control. One of the main diseases often reported (Bader et al., 2020) and Fusarium wilt disease on shallots
attacking shallot plants is Fusarium wilt disease, caused by (Sudantha et al., 2020).
the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae.
Potential attacks of this disease cause damage and high yield Using easily degradable materials, such as vegetable
loss, more than 50% even crop failure (Wiyatiningsih et al., extracts as formulations biofungicides, is currently receiving
2009; Fitriani et al., 2019). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae attention (Akhtar and Javaid, 2016). A number of Previous
cause damage to plant vascular tissue, resulting in water studies reported that the use of Imperata cylindrica extract,
distribution and inhibited plant nutrients (Bectas and Kusek, Raphanus sativus and Acacia nilotica showed growth
2019). As a result, the plants wither, leave chlorosis and inhibition of Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Sclerotium rolfsii (Javaid

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
and Bashir, 2015; Sana et al., 2016; Banaras et al., 2017). The ml/plant, d2 = 5 ml/plant, d3 = 7.5 ml/plant, d4 = 10 ml/plant.
use of dry plant biomass of W. somnifera combined with T. The shallot varietal factor (V) used consisted of two levels:
harzianum effectively controlled F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae v1 = Bali Karet, and v2 = Keta Monca. The treatment was a
(Akhtar and Javaid, 2016). combination of shallot varieties and legundi biofungicide
dose with three replications, so a total of 30 were obtained
One of the potential vegetable substrates to be treatment or experimental units.
developed as a biofungicide is legundi leaf (Vitex trifolia),
because the material is cheap, easy to obtain, and not toxic to D. Research Implementation
humans and plant. Legundi is an aromatic shrub that contains The planting medium is prepared by mixing garden soil,
metabolites extensively secondary and fungi toxic against and manure soil cattle (naturally decomposed) in a ratio of
fungal pathogens. Trial Sudantha et al. (2018) reported that 3:2 (6 kg of garden soil and 4 kg of soil cow dung), then put
legundi biofungicide fermented with Trichoderma can into a 40x50 poly bag with a capacity of 10 kg. Basic fertilizer
control Fusarium wilt disease up to 72,50-82,39% on shallots application is carried out using Phonska fertilizer at a dose of
of the Keta Monca variety. 50% recommendation (400 kg/ha) or 200 kg/ha or 0.8 g per
planting hole or plant (Sudantha et al., 2020). Provision of
However, information on the effectiveness of combined basic fertilizer is made before planting shallot seeds. Onion
legundi biofungicides is lacking with Trichoderma fungus in planting is done by immersing the bulb in the planting hole
controlling Fusarium wilt in some Shallot varieties is still until the tuber is flush with the soil surface. Each planting
very limited. This study aims to determine the effect of hole planted one tuber. One polybag contains seven plants.
biofungicide application of legundi extract fermented by
Trichoderma on various ranges of application doses to control The application of the Trichoderma fermented legundi
Fusarium wilt in two varieties of shallot. biofungicide was given after planting with how to inject using
a pipette into the rhizosphere of the plant with the
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS concentration that has been determined (2.5 ml/plant, 5
ml/plant, 7.5 ml/plant, and 10 ml/plant). Legundi
A. Time and Place of Research biofungicide application was carried out 2 times, namely at 7
The research was conducted at the Gaharu Greenhouse days after planting (dap) (first application) and on 21 dap
and the Faculty's Microbiology Laboratory at Mataram (second application). Fusarium inoculation was carried out at
University of Agriculture. The experiment was carried out the age of 14 dap. A total of 2.5 ml of Fusarium pure
from March to June 2022. suspension was dripped around the plant (rhizosphere) using
a pipette.
B. Research Materials
The manufacture of biofungicides was carried out Plant watering is given every day with an interval of
according to the Sudantha procedure (2020). Legundi leaves once every day in the morning or afternoon. Follow-up
dried in the sun. After drying, grinding it using a blender, fertilizer is given at the age of 35 dap plants. Follow-up
powdered biomass was obtained. Biofungicide fermentation fertilizer Urea is used at a dose of 165 kg/ha (50%
is carried out by mixing as much as 300 grams of legundi recommendation) or 0.33 g/plant.
powder biomass into 3 liters of water solvent. Then
ingredients were inoculated with 300 ml of T. harzianum E. Observation Parameters
SAPRO-07 mother liquor (spore density 1.38 × 10 7).
Furthermore, the substrate is added in the form of dextrose as  Fusarium Wilt Disease Incidence
much as 90 grams. Ingredients are anaerobically fermented Disease incidence was observed at 21 dap, 28 dap, 35
for two weeks. After fermentation, the material is filtered dap, 42 dap, 49 dap, 56 dap, and 63 dap. The formula for
from the dregs to obtain legundi extract containing calculating the incidence of the disease is as follows:
Trichoderma spores. Culture The mushrooms used as
biocontrol agents are from Prof.'s personal collection. Dr. Ir. 𝑥
𝐼= 𝑥 100 %
I Made Sudantha, MS. Pathogenic fungus Fusarium 𝑁
oxysporum isolated from plant tissue sick shallot.
Description:
The shallot seeds used were the Keta Monca and Bali x: number of diseased plants
Karet varieties from seed growers. The seeds used have N: total plant population per treatment or polybag
passed the period store of two months and have visible
growing points on the roots. Before planting, seed tubers  Fusarium Wilt Infection Rate
shallots are cut at the end about ¼ part. The infection rate is used to determine the development
of Fusarium wilt infection. The infection rate or r (infection
C. Research Design rate) is calculated based on the incident data disease.
The experimental design used is a factorial completely Calculation of the infection rate using the monomolecular
randomized design. The factorial consisted of two factors, formula model according to Van der Plank (1963). The
namely the dosage factor of Legundi biofungicide and factor monomolecular formula can be seen below:
shallot varieties. Legundi biofungicide dose factor (D)
consists of five levels: d0 = 0 ml/plant (water), d1 = 2.5

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
2,3025 1 1 Description:
𝑟= (log10 − log10 ) yi: previous disease occurrence (e.g. week 1)
t2 − t1 1 − Xt 1 − x0
yj: disease occurrence next time (eg week 2)
Description: ti: i-th observation time (previous observation time)
r : infection rate tj: next observation time
t2 : time of observation next week i: i-th time
t1 : time of observation the previous week
1 : the number that describes the symptoms of an  Data analysis
absolute attack (100%) Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance at 5%
Xt :proportion of diseased plants the following week significance level using Costat software version 6.400.
x0 :proportion of diseased plants the week before Variables that indicate treatment interactions further tested
2,3025 :the constant number resulting from the conversion with Tukey's HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) means-
of natural logarithms to ordinary logarithms (ln x = tested at a 5% level of significance.
2,3025 log x)
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) is used A. Incidence of Fusarium Wilt Disease
to assess the development of wilt disease Fusarium during the Application of legundi Trichoderma biofungicide doses
infection cycle. AUDPC calculation is used with the formula succeeded in reducing the intensity of the incident Fusarium
below (Sudarjat & Damayanti, 2019): wilt disease on both shallot varieties until the end of the
observation (63 dap), respectively 12.17-42.73% (Keta
i
yi + yj Monca) and 19.56-66.57% (Bali Karet) (Table 1). Table 1
AUDPC = ∑ ( ) (tj − ti) shows that the application of legundi Trichoderma
2 biofungicide doses ranging from a dose of 2.5 ml/plant has
n=1
reduced disease incidence compared to controls (0 ml/plant).
The highest incidence of disease was found at a dose of 10
ml/plant, thus causing the lowest incidence of disease.

Table 1:- Interaction of legundi Trichoderma biofungicide doses and shallot varieties against the occurrence of Fusarium wilt
disease (Numbers followed by different letters in the column show significance according to the HSD test at the 5% level).
Incidence of Fusarium wilt disease (%)
Treatment
21dap 28 dap 35 dap 42 dap 49 dap 56 dap 63 dap
0 ml/plant 22.20a 44.10a 57.32a 75.19a 90.00a 90.00 90.00
b b b b b
2,5 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 18.40 25.29 33.75 49.46 79.04
b b b b b
Keta Monca 5 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 11.24 11.24 19.52 30.47 63.33
b b b b b
7,5 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 14.76 23.07 59.81
b b b b b
10 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 11.24 19.52 51.54
b b b b b
0 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 21.77 55.05
b b b b b
2,5 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 14.76 44.28
b b b b b
Bali Karet 5 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 14.76 30.47
7,5 ml/ plant 0.71b 0.71b 0.71b 0.71b 0.71b 0.71 28.81
b b b b b
10 ml/ plant 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 18.40
HSD 5% 0.0048 11.39 22.28 28.61 48.92 - -

The fact that the legundi Trichoderma biofungicide is that compounds Antifungals such as flavonoids, saponins
able to reduce the incidence of wilt Fusarium is caused by and alkaloids have fungistatic properties that play a role in
legundi leaf extract and consortium T. harzianum as the inhibiting vegetative growth of fungi and bacteria.
biofungicide active ingredient can inhibit the pathogenicity
of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae (FoC) in the plant In addition, the successful reduction of Fusarium wilt
rhizosphere. Sudantha et al. (2021) stated that legundi leaf occurs simultaneously with the presence of T. harzianum
extract contains secondary metabolite compounds that have fungus consortium contained in biofungicides legundi.
antibacterial, and anti-fungal roles and feed for plant pests. Fitriani et al. (2019) stated that mutualist symbiosis between
Legundi leaf extract contains compounds methanol fungi biocontrol with the host could increase growth and host
(saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids and resistance to the pathogen. The fungus T. harzianum can
terpenoids) which are antimicrobial to Staphylococcus control pathogenic fungi through mechanisms of
aurensi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, E. coli, and Klebsiella mycoparasites, production of antibiotics and hydrolytic
pneumoniae (Zulkifli et al., 2021). Isnaini et al. (2021) stated enzymes that are toxic to pathogens, production of secondary

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
metabolites that are fungi toxic and competition for nutrients and physiology, including structural and biochemical
and space quickly by Trichoderma (Howell, 2003). defenses, which contribute to plant resistance. Prakoso et al.
(2016) stated that the shape of a large shallot bulb with a
The average incidence of Fusarium wilt disease in Bali thicker bulb wall thickness (multiple tuber epidermal layers),
Karet is lower (35.40%) compared to Keta Monca (68.74%) as well as thicker and stronger root tissue, makes it more
at the end of the observation (63 dap) (Table 1). In the plant difficult for pathogens to penetrate, thereby reducing the
resistance category (Table 2), Bali Karet has moderate ability to infect pathogen. Based on visual observations, the
resistance and Keta Monca has a vulnerable resistance. Bali Karet shallot variety has a size larger tubers and a
There is a difference in resistance indicates the role of thicker layer of tuber walls and root architecture compared
genetics in controlling the character of plant resistance. to Keta Monca. The thicker epidermal layer makes the
Agrios (2005) states that differences in plant resistance penetration of pathogens more difficult becomes more
characteristics provide different genetic potential responses difficult resulting in a longer incubation period and intensity
in the development of defense characters plant morphology of attacks lower disease (Marlitasari et al., 2016).

Table 2:- Criteria for the resistance of shallot plants to Fusarium wilt (Anisti, 2022).
Disease percentage (%) Resistance category
0-10 Very resistant
>10-30 Resistant
>30-40 Fairly resistant
>40-50 Somewhat vulnerable
>50-70 Vulnerable
>70-100 Very vulnerable

B. Fusarium Wilt Infection Rate 63 dap (Table 3), although based on analysis of variance, it is
In addition to reducing the incidence of disease, the not significant. Fusarium wilt infection rate is presented in
application of legundi Trichoderma biofungicide doses was Table 3 below.
also able to reduce the infection rate of Fusarium wilt up to

Table 3:- The infection rate of Fusarium wilt in both shallot varieties Legundi Trichoderma biofungicide dose treatment (Digits
followed by letters are not the same in the column indicates significance according to further tests with HSD at the 5% level.
Description of Treatment: d0 (0 ml/plant), d1 (dosage 2.5 ml/plant), d2 (dosage 5 ml/plant), d3 (dosage 7.5 ml/plant), d4 (dosage
10 ml/tan); v1 (variety Keta Monca), v2 (Bali Karet variety).
Infection rate (units per week)
Treatment
r1 (28 dap) r2 (35 dap) r3 (42 dap) r4 (49 dap) r5 (56 dap) r6 (63 dap) r7 (70 dap)
a
d0v1 0.049 0.036 0.095 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.000
d1v1 0.000b 0.029 0.014 0.022 0082 0.108 0.069
d2v1 0.000b 0.018 0.000 0.021 0.069 0.066 0.152
b
d3v1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.026 0.027 0.113 0.60
d4v1 0.000b 0.000 0.000 0.018 0.021 0.105 0.182
d0v2 0.000b 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.036 0.117 0.174
b
d1v2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.026 0.058 0.242
d2v2 0.000b 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.026 0.082 0.218
d3v2 0.000b 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.052 0.275
b
d4v2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.029 0.298
HSD 5% 0.03 - - - - - -

Based on Table 3 above, the highest average infection population death were in the d0v1 treatment caused by the
rate is found in control plants on both shallot varieties up to absence of antagonistic microbial inhibition. Fitriani et al.
63 dap. Treatment d0v1 (Keta Monca + Control) experienced (2019) state that antagonistic microbes associated with plants
the highest and fastest infection rate, which occurred at 49 can increase plant growth and resistance, thereby enabling the
dap with an infection rate 0.111 (11 plant units per week). plant to resist infection pathogens. The absence of association
The high of infection rate in the d0v1 treatment (Keta Monca with antagonistic microbes makes the pathogen Fusarium
+ Control) indicates infection with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. oxysporum f.sp. cepae more actively develop and infect
cepae very fast on This treatment causes the death of the plant plants.
population in a short time. This can be seen in the data on the
incidence of disease at the age of 49, 56 and 63 dap (Table 1), Referring to Table 3, the application of legundi
with a very high intensity of disease incidence, reaching 90% Trichoderma biofungicide doses successfully reduced the
(plants totally dead). The highest infection rate and the fastest infection rate in both shallot varieties. Application of

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
biofungicide dosage legundi Trichoderma starting from 2.5 fewer are more able to demonstrate resistance to pathogen
ml/plant is capable and effective in inhibiting infection with infection (Marlitasari et al., 2016).
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae on plants. This fact shows
that Legundi Trichoderma biofungicide used was effective in At the end of the observation (70 dap), the infection rate
reducing the pathogenicity of FoC up to 63 dap. This is increased in all combinations treatment. In Table 3 it can be
thought to be due to the content contained in legundi seen that the infection rate is relatively high at 70 dap with a
biofungicide capable of inhibiting the development of FoC in range of 0.152-0.298 (15-29 plant units per week). The high
plants. Sudantha et al. (2021) stated that legundi leaf extract rate of infection in This period is due to the proportion of
contains metabolite compounds secondary synergistically healthy plants in all treatments available sufficient to provide
with T. harzianum antagonism is able to control the disease host tissue for FoC pathogens to infect, especially when
Fusarium wilt. Zulkifli et al. (2021) stated that methanol environmental conditions favor infection of the pathogen.
extract (saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, and This matter is also in line with Manengkey and Senewe
terpenoids) in legundi leaves are able to show inhibition to (2011), which stated that the infection rate can occur, caused
Staphylococcus aurensi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, E. coli, by the available pathogen inoculum quite a lot, healthy host
and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Akhtar and Javaid (2016) tissue is still abundant enough to be infected, and
reported that methanol compounds (saponins) extracted from environmental factors trials supporting infection. It is known
the leaves of W. somnifera effectively reduced the growth of that the fungus F. oxysporum develop more optimally at
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae in-vitro scale. temperatures of 25-30°C, spore germination is more intensive
Phytochemical compounds contained in plant extracts can act at temperatures warm (28°C) and moist soil (Soesanto, 2013).
as an antimicrobial that can disrupt the permeability of the
cell wall, thus resulting in the destruction of microbial cells C. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
(Isnaini et al., 2021). Application of legundi fermented Trichoderma
biofungicide doses was able to reduce widespread under the
In addition, the presence of T. harzianum associated development curve of Fusarium wilt in both shallot varieties
with after-plants applied biofungicides are thought to be able compared to controls. The area under the Fusarium wilt
to induce plant resistance so that make plants more resistant disease curve is shown in Table 4.
to FoC infection. The mushroom T. harzianum is able to
stimulate plants to produce plant defense enzymes, such as Giving a dose of 10 ml/plant provides the highest
peroxidase, polyphenols oxidase, chitinase, oxidative disease suppression, so it is widespread below the disease
compounds, phenylpropanoid, PR-protein, and hormonal progression curve. This fact is due to the success of legundi
status in plants so as to make plants resistant to pathogenic Trichoderma biofungicide in controlling pathogens Fusarium
infections (Ben et al., 2017; Elshahawy et al., 2017). oxysporum f.sp. cepae. The success of this reduction is
Sudantha's experiment (2007) reported that fungal thought to be due to the active ingredients contained in the
inoculation Endophytic Trichoderma on vanilla seedlings is biofungicide effectively suppresses the disease. Sudantha et
able to make vanilla plants not infected by F. oxysporum f.sp. al., (2021) stated that the fungus T. harzianum was able to
vanilla. control Fusarium wilt disease Through the mycoparasite
mechanism, the production of antibiotics that are toxic to
Bali Karet variety reacts more resistant to FoC infection pathogenic fungi and rhizosphere competition that makes
than Keta Monca. Thing This can be seen in Table 3 where pathogenic fungi unable to compete with fungi Trichoderma.
infection has not appeared in this variety until age 49 dap In addition, Sudantha et al. (2021) added that the metabolite
(0.000) and an increase in the rate of infection began to appear extract secondary antibacterial and antifungal properties
at 56 dap. This indicates that there are differences in the contained in legundi leaves synergistically able to control
resistance of the two varieties. Allegedly the resistance of Fusarium in the soil. This is supported by Trials Zulkifli et
Bali Karet is caused by the presence of structural defense al., (2021) where the methanol extract of legundi leaves such
mechanisms, namely the morphology of the epidermis and as terpenes, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, and
thicker root tissue. Prakoso et al. (2016) stated that shallots saponins have shown successful inhibition of gram-positive
with larger tubers, thicker epidermal layers, and root tissue pathogenic bacteria. Flavonoid compounds derived from
provide a physical barrier that it is difficult for pathogens to plant extracts (betel red betel and green betel) are fungistatic
penetrate, resulting in disease development is slower and against the pathogenic fungus S. rolfsii, namely can damage
lower than shallots with smaller tubers and thinner tuber the integrity of the fungal cell wall thereby inhibiting the
epidermis. The onion plant has a defense structure in the form vegetative growth of the fungus pathogens (Isnaini et al.,
of a thicker epidermal layer, and stomata that are thicker 2021).

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Table 4:- Effect of legundi Trichoderma biofungicide doses and shallot varieties on the area under the development curve of
Fusarium wilt.
AUDPC
Treatment
Keta Monca Bali Karet
0 ml/plant 3122.07 374.885
2,5 ml/ plant 1179.85 288.120
5 ml/ plant 872.91 239.785
7,5 ml/ plant 498.99 135.625
10 ml/ plant 420.56 99.190

The Bali Karet variety shows the average area under the disease progression curve much lower (222.7) than Keta Monca
(1192.912). Area under the curve disease development of both varieties is shown in Figure 1.

Fig 1:- Area under the development curve of Fusarium wilt on two varieties of shallot

The narrower the area of disease development, the more IV. CONCLUSION
resistant the plant is. Figure 1 shows that Bali Karet is a more
resistant variety Fusarium wilt attacks. The larger morphology Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded
of the Bali Karet tuber, more tuber layers, and more vigor root that the dosage application legundi Trichoderma biofungicide
tissue make Bali Karet more resistant and difficult to infect by 2.5 ml/plant-10 ml/plant was able to reduce the incidence of
pathogens. This is in line with the opinion of Prakoso et al. Fusarium wilt in both shallot varieties, respectively 12.17-
(2016), which state that the epidermal cells are thick and 42.73% (Keta Monca) and 19.56-66.57% (Bali Karet)
strong-walled or have a tuber layer which will make the compared to other crops without the application of
penetration of pathogens more difficult. There is a defensive biofungicides, reduced the infection rate of Fusarium wilt, and
structure. This morphology is thought to make Bali Karet dampened area under the disease progression curve
experience an area under the development curve with lower (decreasing AUDPC value) compared with control. A dose of
disease than Keta Monca. However, it is necessary to 10 ml/plant provides the best disease suppression. Onion
xperiment to see the morphological characteristics of Bali varieties red Bali Karet is more resistant to Fusarium wilt with
Karet that contribute to resistance of this variety. a disease incidence lower (35.40%) and lower AUDPC (222.7)
than Keta Monca with a higher disease incidence (68.74%)
and a higher AUDPC (1192.912).

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
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